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SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION.
UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

4% BULLETIN
Zoof
a ane

———

UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

OF THE

Nias 4G

THE FISHES

OF

NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA:

. DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF THE SPECIES OF FISH-LIKE VERTEBRATES FOUND IN THE
WATERS OF NORTH AMERICA, NORTH OF THE ISTHMUS OF PANAMA.

BY

DAVID STARR JORDAN, Ph.D.

PRESIDENT OF THE LELAND STANFORD JUNIOR UNIVERSITY,
AND es

BARTON WARREN EVERMANN, Ph.D.,

A
'
\
ICHTHYOLOGIST OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION,

PART I.

WASHINGTON :
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE,
L806,

ADV HRTISEMENT.

This work (Bulletin No. 47) is one of a series of papers intended
to illustrate the collections belonging to the United States, and
constituting the National Museum, of which the Smithsonian Insti-
tution was placed in charge by the act of Congress of August 10.
1846.

The publications of the National Museum consist of two series—
the Bulletins, of which this is No. 47, in continuous series, and the
Proceedings, of which the eighteenth volume is now in press. A
small edition of each paper in the Proceedings is distributed in
pamphlet form to specialists, in advance of the publication of the
bound volume.

The Bulletins of the National Museum, the publication of which
was commenced in 1875, consist of elaborate papers based upon the
collections of the Museum, reports of expeditions, etc., while the
Proceedings facilitate the prompt publication of freshly-acquired
facts relating to biology, anthropology, and geology, descriptions
of restricted groups of animals and plants, the discussion of par-
ticular questions relative to the synonymy of species, and the diaries |
of minor expeditions.

Other papers, of more general popular interest, are printed in the|
Appendix to the Annual Report. |

Full lists of the publications of the Museum may be found in
the current catalogues of the publications of the Smithsonian
_ Institution.

‘ Papers inteuded for publication in the Proceedings and Bulletins
of the National Museum are referred to the Committee on Publi-
cations, composed as follows: FREDERICK W. TRUE (chairman), }
R. EpwARD EARLL (editor), J. E. BENEDICT, OTIs T. MASON,
LEONHARD STEJNEGER, and LESTER F. Warp.

S. P. LANGLEY,

Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.

WASHINGTON, D. C.,
March 18, 1896.

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION.

UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

THE FISHES

OF

NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA:

A DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE

OF THE

SPECIES OF FISH-LIKE VERTEBRATES FOUND IN THE
WATERS OF NORTH AMERICA, NORTH OF
THE ISTHMUS OF PANAMA.

BY

DAVID STARR JORDAN, Pu. D.,

PRESIDENT OF THE LELAND STANFORD JUNIOR UNIVERSITY,

AND
BARTON WARREN EVERMANN, Pu. D.,

—S5
ICHTHYOLOGIST OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION,

, iy ae
f OPPAR TMC Ne a

WASHINGTON:
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE,
1806.

Dedicated to the Memory

OF

THOSE ICHTHYOLOGISTS OF THE PAST WHO HAVE STUDIED
AMERICAN FISHES IN AMERICA,

IN TOKEN OF

“THE ONLY REWARD THEY ASKED—A GRATEFUL
REMEMBRANCE OF THEIR WORK.”

Grora Marcerar, 1610-1644.

Maurice or Nassau, 1604-1679.

CHARLES PLumIeER, 1646-1704.

GEORGE WILHELM STELLER, 1709-1745.

Marx Catressy, 1679-1749.

HAns SLoane, 1660-1752.

Patrick Browne, 1720-1790.

ALEXANDER GARDEN, 1730-1791.

ANTONIO PARRA, 1750*-1800.

JOHANN Davin Scuopr, 1752-1800.

STEPHAN KRraASCHENINIKOW, 1786*.

Perrus Simon PALLAs, 1741-1811.

Orro Faprictus, 1744-1822.

WILLIAM DANDRIDGE Peck, 1763-1822.

JEAN Baptiste Sprx, 1781-1826.

Samvuet Latuam Mircnit1, 1764-1831.

Wittiam THEOPHILUS TILEsIus, 1775*-
1835*.

CHARLES ALEXANDRE LE SuEuR, 1780*-
1840*.

CONSTANTINE SAMUEL RAFINESQUE, 1784—
1842.

JameEs PitswortH Dr Kay, 1799-1851.

Zapock THompson, 1796-1856.

ALEXANDER VON HumBoxpr, 1796-1859.

RAMON DE LA SAGRA, 1810*-1860*.

CLAUDE GAY, 1800-1863.
JoHN RicHarpson, 1787-1865.

Rogpert HERMANN SCHOMBURGK, 1804-1865.

FRANCIS DE CASTELNAU, 1800*-1865*.
GEORGE SuCKLEY, 1830-1869.

JoHN Epwarps Horsroox, 1794-1871.
Louis AGAssiz, 1807-1873.

HERBERT Epson CopeLAND, 1849-1876.
JARED PoTreR KirTLAND, 1793-1877.
JAMES WILLIAM MILNER, 1841-1880.
SAMUEL STEHMAN HALDEMAN, 1812-1880.
CHARLES Ropert Darwin, 1809-1882.
CHar Les LEsLtig McKay, 1854-1883.
SPENCER FULLERTON Barrp, 1823-1887.
JAMES CARSON BREvoort, 1818-1887.
Puittp Henry Gosse, 1810-1888.

SILAS STEARNS, 1859-1888.

CHARLES HARVEY BoLLMAN, 1868-1889.
FrELire Pory y Atoy, 1799-1891.
Witi1am O. Ayres, 1817-1891.

Davip Humpureys Storer, 1804-1891,
Puito RomayneE Hoy, 1816*-1893.
CHARLES GIRARD, 1822-1895.

Joun ApAm RypeEr, 1852-1895.
MARSHALL McDoNnALD, 1836-1895.

* Circa,

(IIT)

PREFACE.

In this work the writers have endeavored to give concise descriptions
of all the species of fishes known to inhabit the waters of North and
Middle America. In scope the work includes, therefore, all the species
known to exist in North America, Central America, the West Indies, the
Caribbean Sea, the Galapagos Archipelago, with the offshore banks and
continental slopes of both oceans included, as well as the waters of the
Gulf Stream. All marine species known to occur north of the Equator,
and all fresh-water species north of the Isthmus of Panama are included.
The fact that over a hundred species have been added to the list within
the time taken for printing the present volume, shows that this catalogue
is still far from complete.

The classification and sequence of groups adopted by us is essentially
that of Dr. Theodore Gill, freely modified to suit our present purposes.
This system in many of its details is purely tentative, to be confirmed
or changed when the anatomy of the various forms is better known.
This fact has been strongly emphasized by Dr. Gill and needs no further
discussion here. In the arrangement of the families and genera we
have endeavored to avoid unnatural associations and incoherent groups,
even at the risk of what may seem an excessive subdivision. In gen-
eral, however, no correct idea of the relation of large groups can be
formed until the component parts are separated and defined.

The rules of nomenclature recently formulated by the American
Ornithologists’ Union, and now adopted by nearly all American natural-
ists, have been followed in this work. The only exceptions are those
arising from the operation of two minor regulations which seem to be

impracticable or unnecessary.*

*The first of these exceptions concerns Canon xviI, 2, which gives to specific names applied
to males, precedence over names used for females, when the two occur on the same page. In
such cases of synchronous names, we have awarded priority to the name standing first on the
page, regardless of other considerations. The other exception is in the rule abandoning a
name (as Scaphirhynchus; Xiphidion; Canthidermis) when a prior generic name is of like etymology
and of nearly the same spelling (as Scaphorhynchus, Xiphidiwm, or Acanthoderma). We regard all
generic names as different unless originally spelled alike, and the original orthography (mis-
prints aside) is in all cases retained.

(v)

vi PREFACE.

The present work is, in a sense, a revision of the “Synopsis of the
Fishes of North America,” published in 1883 by Jordan & Gilbert, as
Bulletin XVI of the United States National Museum. While the gen-
eral character of the work is the same as in the Synopsis, the text in the
present work has been entirely rewritten, and the geographical range
greatly extended by the addition of the faunas of Mexico, Central Amer- —
ica, and the West Indies. The number of species included has been thus
more than doubled. An effort has been made to show in the sequence -
of forms, something of our knowledge of the line of evolution of the
different groups of fishes.

Our recognition of indebtedness should include in greater or less
degree most contemporary workers in systematic ichthyology, for it is
not easy to separate the aid given to our individual studies from that
given as direct assistance in the preparation of the present work.

Dr. Charles Henry Gilbert has turned over to the present junior
author his share in Jordan & Gilbert’s “Synopsis,” and has also freely
given help and advice, unpublished observations, descriptions of new
forms, and other aids which increase the usefulness of the work. Most
of the descriptions here published have been written in his laboratory
or verified in the museum in his charge.

In ways similarly important, we are under the deepest obligations to
Dr. Theodore Gill, who has looked over all our proof sheets, and who
has given numberless valuable suggestions arising from his extensive
knowledge of comparative anatomy and of the literature of zodlogy.
Every part of the work has been made more valuable by the friendly
interest of this master of taxonomy.

Still other aids of importance have come from Dr. G. Brown Goode,
Assistant Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution in charge of the United
States National Museum. The work of rewriting the Synopsis of 1883
was undertaken at his suggestion. Every help toward its completion
has been freely extended, the most important being the use of the
advance proof-sheets of the “Oceanic Ichthyology” of Goode & Bean,

To Timothy Hopkins, esq., of Menlo Park, Cal., a generous patron of
biological research, we are indebted for the kind interest which made it
possible for the junior author to associate himself with the present work.

Dr. George A. Boulenger, of the British Museum of -Natural History,
has examined many type specimens for us, and has most kindly furnished
advance proof-sheets of the first volume of his Catalogue of Teleostean
Fishes. Large use of these proof sheets has been made in our accounts
of the Percide and Serranide. |

PREFACE. Vit

Valued aids in the solution of doubtful questions have been received
from Dr. Franz Steindachner of Vienna, Dr. Franz Hilgendorf of Berlin,
Dr. Christian F. Liitken of Copenhagen, Dr. Robert Collett of Chris-
tiania, and from Dr. Léon Vaillant, M. F. Bocourt, and M. Alexandre
Thominot, in Paris.

In our own country, we have especially to express our obligations for
favors received from Dr. Tarleton H. Bean, of the New York Aquarium;
from his brother, Mr. Barton A. Bean, and Mr. R. Edward Earll, of the
United States National Museum ; from Prof. Edward D. Cope, of Phila-
delphia, and Mr. Samuel Garman, of the Museum of Comparative
Zodlogy; Dr. Hugh M.Smith and Mr. William C. Kendall, of the United
States Fish Commission; Dr. Stephen A. Forbes, of the University of
Illinois; Dr. Edwin J. Nolan, of the Academy of Natural Sciences of
Philadelphia, and Prof. Simon H. Gage, of Cornell University. To
the Hon. Marshall McDonald, United States Commissioner of Fish and
Fisheries, and Mr. Richard Rathbun, chief of the Division of Scientific
Inquiry of the United States Fish Commission, we are under especial
obligations for assistance in many ways.

Our own students, present and past, especially Dr. Seth E. Meek, Dr.
Wilbur W. Thoburn, Mr. Edwin C. Starks, Dr. Frank Cramer, Dr. Carl
H. Eigenmann, Mr. Albert J. Woolman, Mr. Cloudsley Rutter, Mr.
Keinosuke Otaki, Mr. Thomas M. Williams, Mr. George B. Culver, Mr.
Norman B. Scofield, Miss Susie B. Bristol, Mrs. Flora Hartley Greene,
and others, have rendered aid of various kinds. Dr. Meek has devoted
a winter in Palo Alto to the preparation of the first draft of the account
of the Pomacentrida, Gadide, Brotulide, and other families. Mr. Cramer
is the author of the account of the Scorpwnide and Agonida, and to Dr.
Thoburn we owe the outline of the Cottédw. Mr.Starks has spent much
time in the verification of descriptions. An especially important service
has been rendered by Prof. Walter Miller of the chair of Archeology in
Leland Stanford Junior University, and Mr. William Barnum, Editor of
the United States Fish Commission publications, in reviewing and
correcting the etymology of names of the genera and species. Prof.
Augustus T. Murray, of the chair of Greek in the Leland Stanford Junior
University, has also contributed valuable suggestions. To Mr. George A.
Clark, President’s Secretary of the Leland Stanford Junior University,
we owe many favors in connection with the preparation of manuscript.

Under the head of each species, enough synonymy has been given to

connect this work with other descriptive works, and no more, Reference

—_

—— we ee ee

VIII PREFACE.

is made to each original description of supposed new species or genera,
to the descriptions in Dr. Giinther’s “Catalogue of the Fishes of the
British Museum,” to Jordan & Gilbert’s “Synopsis of the Fishes of North
America,” and to other works in which special information is given.
The limits of the present work prevent us from giving a bibliography
of the works consulted. In general, we have tried to examine every
paper which throws light on American Ichthyology.

In conclusion, we may say that no one can realize the imperfections
of this work more keenly than we do. We offer no excuse for inaccu-
racies and errors, but it is fair to say that, throughout the four years in
Which this work was written, both its authors have found their ener-
gies crowded to the utmost by executive work to which systematic
ichthyology bears no relation. Had it not been so, this book would
have come somewhat nearer our own ideals, and especially would it be
more exact and detailed on the side of Osteology, Embryology,and Pal-
exontology. As it is, we trust that the work will be a useful representa-
tion of the present state of our knowledge of the fauna in question.

Davip STARR JORDAN,
BARTON WARREN EVERMANN.

LELAND STANFORD JUNIOR UNIVERSITY,
PALo ALTO, SANTA CLARA County, CALIFORNIA.
March 15, 1895,

|
|

)

De £- E.

In our descriptions of species, we have attempted to bring the prin-
cipal comparative measurements first. The expressions ‘head 4,” or
‘depth 4” mean that the length of the head in the one case, or the
greatest depth of the body in the other, is contained 4 times in the
length of the fish measured from the tip of the snout to the end of the
last caudal vertebra, the caudal fin being not included. The size of the
eye and the length of snout and other head parts are compared with the
length of the side of the head, unless otherwise stated ; thus “‘eye 5”
means that the horizontal diameter of the eye is 4 the length of the
head. ‘Scales 5-64-7” means that there are 5 rows of scales between
the base of the dorsal fin and the lateral line (the scale in the lateral
line excluded), 64 oblique transverse series crossing the lateral line and
7 horizontal series between the lateral line an@ Lhe vase Co **7% OF
the vent. When the number of pores in the lateral line is fewer thas
the number of scales in it, we have ~cually indicated the fact.

The fin formule are usually shortened as much as possible; thus D.
10,” “D. IV, 9,” or “D. VIII-138,” means that in the first case the fish has
a single dorsal fin of 10 soft or articulated rays; in the second case, a
single dorsal fin of 4 spines and 9 soft rays; and the last indicates a fish
with 2 dorsal fins, the first composed of 8 spines and the second of 18 rays.

Spines are always indicated in Roman letters.

The abbreviations for the other fin formule are similarly explained.

The measurements given in the text are intended to apply to the aver-
age of mature fishes. Young fishes usually have the depth less, the head
and eye larger, and the mouth smaller, than adult examples of the same
species.

Descriptions not taken from specimens, or at least not verified by us,
are credited to the author from whom they have been copied.

“Eu.” after the account of any species indicates that it is found in
Europe.

The names of the localities from which the types of the species were

A
_ obtained, are printed in antique old style type in connection with the
synonymy of each species.

When the type specimens are in the United States National Museum,

we have given the numbers which they bear on the register of that

institution.

An atlas, containing anatomical figures and illustrations of many of
the more important species, is now in preparation and will appear upon
the completion of the second volume of the present work.

(Ix)

,
7

tsantte aa

) CONTENTS. XIII
\

“LASS III. PISCES—Continued.

OrpeER E. ASTEROSPONDYLI—Continued.

Family XI. Galeide—Continued. : Page.
SDE RDUEMIS aD TO ht DOM Cy ty peak Ae es IRE ee RE 40

A EO | POLAT ey Gl TRerG) ose os ee ah 40

fees eens ¢ Meniior & Premio) ~<A ee 40
PemrurnynoWuG (Nirier o ROM) —o =>. eit Pe a ee 40
os Ly poplion, Mtilieré Henle: —---— a 41

PUL OUIEURLTIO. EUCY,- foo oo a oe Ss ee eee ee 41

PEs, (SRST 2 02, eae el a a a ee a ES SEE SE alee eee 41

Nee sUn urs rai ser ERNST TUS TAUITA OTE” GEL a or = a ce 42

57; isodon (Miller & Henle):_..._______..__. et hg ee 42

Gener os Sponodon, Mutier & Henle W-2-<5-2 232 a 42
Beene urio (wardan & Giipert) = —— xe ee Se 42

BEER Ise NU (RICH ATGROID) 92S oe ee ee ee 43

iy CCP ECEE SE IPE OLILEE: eS Se Oe ee ee eee 43
Gene ee Sp yTHA. RAUneSQUS 22.6 BS ee 43
EEE LEU Ce Olt Col ce a ae eae a iret te Ane oe 44

SI MERPRU GE GRENIER ELE Poco ee Se an es 44
NUEeGHS -ElAbySQualUS, SWINSON: .. 55 = so ee da
OT Dh Seca EE ea caer ot’ aan Eee a gen ees CRS 44
See RE PICINSIVERU SNE Sh a BS ae 45

pi, RAWETED Gola STE 1) ee ee le i ET eee OE Ste RS ee Se 45

Family XIIT. Alopiide __--------- pe me ag nel Eee RA 45
One rIG DISS, IA MNGCQUO 72 a 45
A EST Eee rca SP. AE a aes aera See 45

ETT UE a ae ee Sere ee ee SE eee ee 46
Oe | a ee ree Soe eee 46
raMemnas Mponipnbaus, GN An oS ee ees sees 46
Co |) SS ee 2 eee eee ae 46

SEE EINCTRR ota et oae eee 47
naman: Wratipe@. 47
IEE Ee CPN RIO EMRE PD LENS, 48
ES Rr ae ees tee Sere ae, Seneca e Sree ae 48
PURINE PERRET oo oe aa ie eb eee a 48
Serer RW ETie- PAN HOPGUO. o-oo 8 <5 oS 48

Padre A OUVIOY oe ik eee SEY ee see Be 49
ES) SI SRS oer 2 Ysrer? Reenenee een a oe ee 49
NE i cc Se Sa ee eee 50

6 OLED RCTS TED) | Ri a Ts eS ir ee ae Te ee 50

Ce EE LS ae eee. Sa ee See eee 50
SS BSE ETS TO 2 | a cc ee 51
TES STOLE 100 CY gana en a SS ee ee ee 51
ES ESTEE 5 LAPSES SE ST TR Se a SOE Te 52
NEL OR ST CAC Re eg oe eae | Se as ee 52
ESS eae era EEE eee Oe ne A 52
EE aE eS EE Ee ate ee ery So ck ee nee ee 52
OTE ES Re LE Ne ee a CE ne 3
SOE SEIS DOT ES ee MESES ee Oe SOE 53
Seen OTs) CCMA AXCOGI) JLArmsOTN oe now dic Sted ee ee 53
ES ESO SE Se PS Se ee ee Pe 54
OE a Rr EE 9 A = EPaL Sy ee a eee 54

Genus 38. Centroscymnus, Bocage & Capello _......-.-_---....-.--.-..-.--_- 54

ey eenmenenee, oenaee & Cemetle nn i li et een ens n= 55
/ Gewns ee. Remoncerus, Banmosgue. oak oon ok sk lc wee meen nanens'= 55
hee gL Ae ee nee Fee ee atl ae 2 ee 55

Genus 40. Centroscyllium, Miiller & Henle_........-.......-------.-.-------- 56
EE ae ee Ree see ee 7 © ae 56

XIV CONTENTS. |

CLASS III. PISCES—Continued.

OrRvDER F. CycLosponpyLi—Continued. Pa:
Family XTX, Dalatiids ————_— -—-— on ie rn cial
Genus 41, Somniosus, Le Sueur---_.--" =. -=- 5-2 -=- ee 56
76. microcephalus (Bloch) __...<-=-—— 2 = oo 57
Bmiley 2k OX. Fecha ltriah se oa a a 57
Genus 42. Eckinorhinus, Blainville___________-__-___-_ a es oe ie 57
Tidan SURO UL (GeO NIN) foe ee me 58
SUBORDER TECTOSPONDYEN 2 nooo nen 58
array NST, SQUIRE 58
Genus4s, Squatina, Dummer i222 22 eee 58
78. squatina (uinnseus)) ----_—_ == = 58
ORDER G. SSATOIDED 2225 <n ee 59
SUBORDER SARCURA =. 5 S228 oo sen a 60
Fomily XOXTT, “Pristidse = 25 25 60
Genus 442 Pristis,, Wathan ss oso a 60
19. perrotteti, Valenciénncs-—-—--_-_ = 60
80: pectinatus, Latham_..__-.---_. -----_ 5-2 = Seer 60
SCT A| SNL SE RTUUTLOD CLC SE me em ea 61
Genus 45. Rhinobatus, Bloch & Schneider —.+______-_ = {eee 61
SI, lentiginosus, Garman = n-ne 62
82. glaucostigma, Jordan & Gilbert_._.--_-_-2 =< <a 62
83. leucorhynchus, Gitinther_—___ .--_._ —_.- 52 62
84. productus, Avy TCS a a ana a 63
85. percellens (Walbaum) —...°__..__....-- = 5 = ee 63
86. spinosus, Giinther_......_______....-=--- - ee 63
87. planiceps, Garman. 2232 2 = oe ee 64
Genus 46. Zapteryx, Jordan & Gilbert-22_—__ _______ SSeS 64
88. exasperatus (Jordan & Gilbert)__--_ 21-2 64
89. xyster, Jordan & Hvermann —22__2-_-_~ 2 ae 65
Genus 47. Platyrhinoidis, Garman —.=..2-_ 52. 5 $= 525 ee 65
90° triseriatus (Jordan & Gubert)_-___ =. = SS 65
Family” XXIV. Rijide. 2-222 se 66
Genus'48. Raja (Artedi) Linnsus-._....... .--. 4... eee 66
oI: erinacea, Mitchill.._2_.....-. 2.2... ee 68
92. -ovellata, Mitchill__.-_------_ =.= 2.2 255 68
93. fylle, Liitken___._..-_.-.---..__._-..._.... 69
94, ‘radiata, Donovan. -— 2 oe ek oe eee wee 69
95:“plutonia, Garman ____ .-.__...._..._...__._.._ 2 ae 69
96. ackléyi, Garman __=_ 2. .<-. 2-2 2 eee 70
97." ornata, Garman ___—_-=__-_ =. 22.2 ne ee 70
98.- eglanteria, Bose===--.25 2266554 —- oe oe eee ie!
99; senta; Garman 22... +. 2-- oe see 71
100 leevisi(Mitchill) 222.202.5505. n2=25c22a ee ee UL
101. rhina, Jordan, & Gilbert: ._._.- -..- 2. 72
102. .binoculata, Girard: .........-.__. 72
103. inornata, Jordan & Gilbert —..._....-.- = os eee eee eee ee 73
104. equatorialis, Jordan & Bollman___..-...-. 22-2 Se eee Ts
106.. parmifera, Bean... <5. ee 74
106,. stellulata, Jordan, & Gilbert. __...__. ___ -.- - See ee 1o \-
1O7. aletitica, Gilbert & Thoburn’ _--.+.+-.2~- 2 75
108. trachura, Gilbert. —-__...-. on ee See 75
109.. abyssicola, Gilbert & Thoburn....c2 =..-4 seen etee eee ee 76
Family XXV. Narcobatide.... 22. so oti es eee eee 76
Genus 49. -‘Tetronarce, Gill sod se sede cee 77
110.. occidentalis (Storer)... ese ee ee 77
111, .califotnica (Ayres) ...--- 5-2-3 o. s eee 1h
Genng'50,Narcine, Henle ove.) ooo tes ee dene eee 7

JAZ cbranilisnaie: (Ofer) aac reece avenidea eeaes ae

~s

CONTENTS. xXvV
CLASS III. PISCES—Continued.
OrpEr G. BatorpEr—Continued. -
Family XXV. Narcobatide—Continued. Page.
EE ip re Sj eee eS 78
Sree GARIN RRNA SS: ey Mr tN 78
TST aS ee 79
U0 SLA SO 62 Ses SS ee 79
eso wncloplias. Witller & Henle == 2 ose ee 79
114. halleri, Cooper_————________________--_____-_________________...-____. 80
LOE QO Uae) a eS ae eres eee 80
ire Pure cerisis: (Cuvier). a ne ee 81
LL ESTER) pe en eee 81
TEEPE! ORGAN Cy SOU LIAR MN er ee 81
permanant. Jordan d& Gilberts = == a 81
Pa anierite, JOrdal & Gubpert = a 82
SOR TS. DTS RES Ge 0 Ea SS ee 82
Subgenus Hemitrygon, Miiiler & Henle_____-____________-___-_____.-._.._. 83
2) ee ee eee 83
Pabeenus Dasyatis_—___+______.-___._. ~_ e - 83
USE. Jap a A) ee ee 83
0 6) ee eee 84
cee ES EE LE ESTE CRY) ee ee ee 84
Len JRL (AO) ee eee 85
ER DOLTITH./ SORGAT Ch GIDC ee oe ee ee 85
lL. PLY | LIGIS 0G0iy | a ee ee ee eee 86
amet ecoropiatea, Muller & Henle .2 = as 86
i, maclura (Le Sueur) _____ ___________-__-___________._____-_____..--- 86
PE TORD REIT COATS. EOLGES — = = ee ee ee 87
U2 Toc Sting 0) ee 87
Benicar meer ON STS OCLC 0 re 87
PPE OLORALLHM: Distt VO — oo a rr 88
LU. DPSS WG nC 1) Sa ee ee 88
Se RINNE PS GT) er rr 88
Ramtron? mi ylObatis. DuUmMEeTI~ 52 Wea ee ee 89
090005) ea eee ee ee ee eee 89
SEER CNMENGT UO, "WO SUCUT. we a 89
RARER EL OOMSULATIROIS GOEL Es es ee 89
Men CMON TNIGYS,, Cath Se Se 8 on ie cig mes eee eed 89
Sun ERGENPURACSUSP CAT GAS) PU UNNN oo eS a 90
BEMETNN TEMITIOVVOND ni Sok Sh oe 90
SEPA DDERRNTIEL ( CRDCDRLL ean es Se ar ee een ee 90
foo, eteindachneri, Hvermann:& Jenkins 222 > 6 ca eer eee een 91
OL PG GU PSR sn 91
UE EOS CDSE TE GS 2 | 11 ee a ree Sy aa 91
SAR RE Sc ES NS a a ea 91
OS GTS FOP it | Se a Se ee ae eee Se 91
(ORISA perp EGG os |) EE he a See ee 92
RE RE TSR OST) 8) a aa ae: ee ene 92
Lelie on ig Ey ge) ee a an 92
EE RE ae oe 93
SET ES Se SNS oe er ae ea 93
ER gO I BEE SSP SR oe a ne Te ee ne ee 93
| na OS Lo ee ee a he 94
Cg Tag ERE SS BE RE SE ens AP So Rc ee a 94
CG ES Os RE Ey See oe oe a 95
ge SS Ce | aE SR oa Ee 95
OP rag Ge 5) a ae a 95
renee tral (RUremaINEIEE” GOOG O G5 SIORNI eo i ee ee neceeennannn 96
pe i ED ee ee a 96
F.N. A. Il,

xVI CONTENTS.

CLASS III. PISCES—Continued. Page.
SUBCLASS TELEOSTOMI---_-_------.------------------------------------------------- 97
Series Ganoidei ------------------~----------------=-----~-----------------. - 100
Chondroganoidea___-_------------_.--- --=-------- <== === =<-~ = <== =n 106
ORDER I. SELACHOSTOMI--=s-----~------------=---------------.-=---==-=- ==-~==------- 100
Family XXX. Polyodonlide ~--.---------=-----~----------------------------------- 101
Genus 63. Polyodon (Lacépéde) Bloch & Schneider ~___----_-----------.------ 101
142 spathnila(Walbavi) ase aoe a ee 101
OrDER J. CHONDROSTI ~-~~-~~--------==~====~- = ==---- === ~ 3-5 = 555 2 === = 102 |
Family XXXI. Acipenserid#._.__--------------<~----- ------_-—~---_--—-___-_- =__5 102 |
Genus 64. Acipenser, hinngcus) 2 103
145. transmontanus, Richardson=2=""- "=" 22-3 104
V46> medirostric, Ayres neers ee 104
147. sturio, Linnseus 222 e eee eee ee ae 105
148: rubicundus; Le'Sueur 22-22... ~<=-_ ==" _ Ss) SS 106_
149. brevirostrum, Jie Sueur_2-22-+-2222+-==__ 222 a eee 106
Genus 65. Scaphirbtynchus) Heckel 22_—22-=—_ ==" S22 es 107
150; platorynchus (Rafinesque)__-_.___- -__-_- == eee 107
Holostel 2-2 ee 107
ORDER KK; RHOMBOGA NORDEA aoe 108
amily XOM XT. Tie p tS OSE CL ae a a a 108
Genus 66. Lepisosteus, Lacépéde__.__._.__-- 2 eee 109
Subgenus Lepisosteus® 2. +2 << 255 -=25 5 a 109
151. osseus; (binneens)= - =e a 109
Subgenus Cylindrosteus, Rafinesque____.__- 110
152. platostomus, Rafinesque —_-_—____ == ee 110
Subgenus Atractostens, Rafinesque.._-2=-=--=-2-- 2-2 111
153. tristoeechus (Bloch & Schneider) ---= 2. --- a 111 |
15%. tropicus (Gill)..=-=.-<:~__.--.-.-2. eee 111
ORDER Lb. CYCLOGANOIDEA —-...=--2-.-~-~-=.-- 5 =t-<n eee 111
Family XXXII. Amiids _ === se 5 seen eosasse cone 112
Genus 67.. Amia, Linnzus _-_._-2___._- -_-- sss. eee 112
155. calva, Linnseus._.2.. 2... sas2226 5. eee aS
Series Teleostel _._..._.-______.--._. 5-8 eee 113
Ostariophiysi ..2-..=--2.~.... 3. aaa eee 114
Oxpur M.. NEMATOGNATHL 2... -..-_-- +a eee 114
Family XXXIV. Stluride 2-2-2223 che ee eee eee eS 115
Genus 68. Felichthys, Swainson ~2.=---=2-2552) 3:23 116
166: panamensis (Gill). ..-...--...-.....-. 2.4. eee 117
L67.. bagre (Linn2us)--=s:<2-=-.+--<<. 22 eee eee 117
168: ‘pinnimaculatus (Steindachner)_-.--.-_22- =: eee eee 117 |
159, eydouxii-(Cuvier -& Valenciennes) =. 2222-4. _ 2 ee ee 118 }
160, filamentosus, Swainson. -==<- .-..202<25.:. 55 118 |
161, marinus (Mitchil))...2.-.-2-~.2:--2--. 2. 118; 4
162: bahiensis (Castelnau)==~=-. =. 2-2. c2s5. 2 eee 118 /
Genera 69-74. Galeichthys, etc., Cuvier & Valenciennes_____-_-___ ~__-____ ~~~ HY /
Genus 69. Galeichthys, Cuvier & Valenciennes —.= --22s-25 28s ss 12? \
163. lentiginosus (Eigenmann & Eigenmann)-_—-_____-___--__-____________ re |
164. pernvianus (Liitken). ...0052s5s0.-++.=.-2-i34 eee 122
Genus 70, Sciadeichthys, Bleeker .. =~... -.-=.-=-~=... 22-23. = 122
166. troscheli (Gill) 2...22sece. 22022655 eee 1295
166, emphysetus (Miller & Troschel)<u..-2-<_.- 3 =: ee a
167. temminckianus (Cuvier & Valenciennes) _-__-_.--..____-_--_-_______ 1
168. flavescens (Cuvier & Valenciennes) .__.-.<.=- 42.55 eee 1
169. mesops.(Cuvier & Valenciennes)... 2... 2.) 5 1 \
170. proops (Cuvier & Valenciennes) ._....- 2s. ee 123
171. passany (Cuvier & Valenciennes) .___ 2. 222-42 124

172. albicans (Cuvier & Valenciennes) __-____---__-_______- eR ps 2 124

CONTENTS. XVII

CLASS III. PISCES—Continued.
OrpvER M. NEMATOGNATHI—Continued.

Family XXXTV. Siluride—Continued. Page.
Genus 71. Selenaspis, Bleeker ___--_--------------~---------------=---------- 124
173. herzbergii (Bloch)_---------_----=---------------------------------- 124
174. dowi (Gill)_-------------------------=~---== ~-<-------------------~-- 125
175. luniscutis (Cuvier & Valenciennes) ~-.--.--+------------------------- 125
176. parkeri (Traill) _---_--.---.-------------+-=--~---------=------------ 125
Genus 72. Netuma, Bleeker _---.-------------------------------------------- 126
177. grandicassis (Cuvier & Valenciennes) ~---------------~-~-- ------------ 126
178. stricticassis (Cuvier & Valenciennes) ~-..s.-+-===--~-+-<=------ --...- 126
179. dubia (Bleeker) ~-_---__.---sass2 2-54 5-54555-----=-==55 eee 126
180. kessleri (Steindachner) ~..._----------------------------=--~--~-------- 127
181. insculpta (Jordan & Gilbert)_ ~~~ —-=+=s0=2s<2-~--+-2+s---=. ~----~--~--- 127
fee) planiceps (Steindachner)_—--- .sestoee seat 127
183. platypogon (Giinther) 2 22.222--s-swesen.-s2ee2sisse-sess+---------~- 127
184 oscula (Jordan: & Gilbert)s2=- =- = =s2et: S22 ens = 127
185. elattura (Jordan & Gilbert) --+-.--..=------=+=--=+~++--=+~------------ 128
Genusiioshexanematichinys, Bleeker = _-_ 225 cles seas 128
186. felis (Linnecus)_..-.._-.------- s2ssasensesnn sen ss--~s-------- =~ 128
dei. eeemani (Gtinther) —2.2--2e2ssscsedeescwed ee en Se eens 128
188, yordani (Kigenmann & Higenmann) 122. --222-2------==------_______ 128
iagmonrnlescens. (Glimther)= +22. 5 ese aa oS Se ee 129
1o0senatemalensis (Gunther) -- 222-5. oe oaeet naa la a ee oe 129
DU DL. s PS Sheer EM (Gti a Ae) @) eee ne OMe eee ee See 129
fageenrnamensis: (Bleeker) —.- -—- 2 - =a set eeen aes tee een 129
feeeedasyoopnalus:(Giinther) =... --s2s22226 2256 sechs es e een 130
194. longicephalus, Eigenmann & Eigenmann__--------------------~----- 130
196; rdgispinus (Cavier & Valenciennes) — 2. 210..5+—sses—- 5 2-— ~~~ == 130
196. phrygiatus (Cuvier & Valenciennes)_--_=.~=-=~..s.0s--+-.--i--------= 130
Gommene kachvsurus, Lachpede 2— 5.2) eee 2 a ee ee 131
femenmenalic: (Gtinther) 2-5) 22-~ 2 ae ee a on ee 131
ios nesns (Cuvier & Valenciennes) ss. .cs.--=-—- = ao ee 131
100, epixii (Agassiz) _ =. ------ 2 st ss sr se renee 131
200. melanopus (Giinther)_---__-- id es Pee chow case ee eet eet 132
EOE (SLeIndS CONC!) | a2 = sense aaa er ea 132
202. variolosus (Cuvier & Valenciennes) ........_.....--~---~+~-~.------—- 132
i temliiradiatus (Gtinther) on-set wae een 132
Genuene. Cathorops, Jordan & Gilbertess=. s22-— ot oan = 133
202abyoophthalmnus (Steindachner) 2.2225. ass nota eee 133
205. gulosus (Higenmann & Eigenmann) ......--.-.........--.-------..--- 133
SO eA GIAUIPTIS, RATNOSQUG = 2 one te hee eee eee 133
2 RECS ELED:( 810 JOTLO UBT) fee ae cas hes SE la Sree ele Ser eet cee 134
COUN CtntOs (BAlneOsque) a= oo 6 obedience ee 134
see THprGlOnalis (GUNG!) . = 25266 a ek ec tee eee 135
Seon. LAmeinins, Rafinesque son a kena d ee ete irene ped daw men 135
Subgenus Haustor, Jordan & Bvermanns.--...._.-.......=--..—. .-.---..-- 137

/ Boer CUB UTI (Wal DRUM) ose nna an he he react itn an 1387
/ iD Matyi UC Ch ns) SS eS SS ee an ee ae ee eee ee ae 137
a ee ee ee 1388
212. dugesi, Bean__---__- 2 SOUS Se ee a a ae pee 138
iD ORGECUODCCDAIS (MMOL DEID ) oe oe ktendtn ame pode hase ene enn ae sen= 138
NTI TI 5a cree ted clechstacscatives eg tip tn Wop Pinan osins nee 139
lee OPE DONIC 0 OTOQ Nas cealon as noe Reason etc annette tame been one awen 139
URE dh CAUCE) a a ee 139
PN SRG AP oe hy POU 6 GS cc) af a) re ee oa ee 140
Bg SAS CR MIE C2 ROLLY) Vi ti cp scale ilies he ci Saas eae oem ewes mene 140
217a. catulus (Girard).....- eS a ee 41

2170... marmoratos (Holbrook)... .cuccasundancuneneneneenecsnecucnucene~ 41

XVIII CONTENTS.

CLASS III. PISCES—Continued.
OrpDER M, NEMATOGNATHI— Continued.

Family XXXIV. Siluride—Continued. Page.
218. melas (Rafinesque) —2=---.===-.= ..--===— <=... < = 141
219. -platycephalus (Girard)__.:..-.--..-_-___-_+___4-- E——— 142

Subgenus Gronias, Cope----52-2-=—-- 2 142
220. nigrilabris (Cope). --2----_-2-_-=.--s==--<2-2~5 2525 142 -
Genus 78. Leptops, Rafinesque =2...--=-...-=s-.----=-_-. 142
221. olivaris (Rafinesque)_-....-..-_____ <= 2.222.525 148
Genusi/9. Noturus, Rafinesque 2222 2>-_ = 2 143
222. flavus, Rafinesqué_.-+-22--2_—~=-2—=== 2-22 = eee 144
Genus 80. Schilbeodes, Bleeker---_=_.-2=_=-+_-—--= == Se 144
Subgenus Schilbeofles —--—.-- ==. === 22. = ee 146
223. gyrinus (Mitchill) +--+ =.
224. leptacanthus.(Jordan) —.-=-2-.2+__-—-. 2-22 146
Subgenus Rabida, Jordan & Hyvermann__——_-__ 22222 See 146
225. nocturnus (Jordan & Gilbert) —--=-_ —-== = eee 146
226. funebris (Gilbert & Swain)_<.....-_. = <5 5 ee 147
297.. exilis (Nelson). .---=+-=ss=2-5-5.-5-2.02 2 147
228, insignis (Richardson) ..=-=--=-=- =.= 147
229. cilberti (Jordan & Eivermann)=-2= 2252225522 148
230, eleutherus (Jordan) 2222.222225.. 2222S ree 148
231. miurus (Jordan) _ === 222222 Se ee 148
232, furiosus (Jordan & Meek) 2225-22 222i 2 149
Genus 81. Rhamdia, Bleeker .2-2 --- 2
Subgenus Rhamdia....._-=---2225 = 355 =e ee ee 150
233. ‘wagneri (Giinther) 22 "==. 22 6s. 150
Subgenus Rhamdella, Eigenmann & Higenmann__--_-_______________________ 151
234, -baronis-mulleri (‘Troschel)__.--- ——- = 5 <= 2 So eee 151
235. motaguensis, (Giinther) —..--_____. = 2 151
236. brachyptera (Cope) -=-.---.__-____-2_ 2.5 ee ‘151
237. salvini (Giinther)_._-=---2.2.-- 2. --__ ee 152
238. hypselurus (Giinther)..._.-.-.-._._...._..__ oe ——————————— 152
239. laticauda (Heckel)... _.-_--____._.-_.____ 152
240. godmani (Giinther)__.__-___-+ .____.. -___.- = 152
241. guatemalensis (Gtinther) -__-_.____..._.___— 152
242. nicaraguensis (Gunther)_-.__.-_-.__.._.-. 152
243. microptera (Gtinther) —.-_-__- so eee 153
244, managuensis (Gtinther)=—-___-_--_ <_<. = ee 153
245, -polycaulus (Gtinther)-...-___.____....._. 153
246. “spetenensis (Gtinther) ~=-_-=__ c=. ._ er 153
247. parryi (Bigenmann)____...-2- 4 ee Oct
Genus 82. Pimelodella, Eigenmann & Eigenmann_____________.___ --_- --_ i
248. chagresi (Steindachner)___.________. 2. _ \ ¢ |
249. modesta (Giinther)).--- =... === 2.5 =

Family XXXV. Doricartide 2.32 eee 1.5
Genus 84. Loricaria, Linneus_.-.- 232 ~_ 252 eee 156
Subgenus Hemiodon, Kner_--..._1-=- eee 157

251. panamensis, Eigenmann & Higenmann________________________ 157
Subgenus Sturisoma, Swainson —___._.=2=-._-______.___.) 157

252. rostrata, Spix......-. 3. 02 28=s eee 157
Subgenus Rineloricaria, Bleeker... .._________.2_.__.._ 158

263. lime, Kner 8 eee ee eee 158

26%. bransfordi, Gill 22082 158
Subgenus Parahemiodon, Bleeker_....-_...__._.. +. 158

265. uracantha, Kner & Steindachner...___.._.__-__ 158

|
CONTENTS. XIx
CLASS III. PISCES—Continued.
OrpEer M. NemMatogNaTHi—Continued.

Family XXXV. Loricaritide—Continuea. Page.
SUL WOTIE TR LR ETE 2 ee 2 ee ee 159

C00, ST ETeee repeiiaye HV) (ely Se Se Se 159

(Sel DE Ne ate 1 le ee ee eee 159
Zaieernacharote (Ouvier dé. Valenciennes) = - 5 sa 159

“oo GSR Ry cU Gir) ty es ee Se eee 159

HiT TTS Se WCE POSTS CU ORG (Gy ge ee ee 160

Bap HSCOOr., ShOImOaCONOl oo on. a A ee eee 160

PEERS 2e. WANTS) et Se 6G 12) Oe Ee Se ete ee ee eee 160
260; enacresi, Hicenmann & Migenmant —22_- 3-8 160
Detar ee EE REO DOM DIY Bln 8 ee eh EE en ee ee 160
SERGE 1 Rae ee ee ee ee 161
Feet ny ROO AER COLDSION GIG 2 ee SL Se erent cone 161
eminem rei OnUN. Eariniesgue =2. 2. =e es Se 163
Subgenus Sclerognathus, Cuvier & Valenciennes__________-__-----_-- -------- 163
Awmesevoriiieis (Cuvier é Valenciennes)= 29222-5222 163
Sy pcan cf Teac ea ee ee ee 164
OL A 1 SS, eee aeeeres AE Relic ee ee 164
ieee TOIALIN (Geer) a a ee 164
Pennie DUGOTICHa TIO). 2s se 164
peemnmrinated Tratinesque 25 165

SD? CEO ee ie ne ee es ee ee 166
emeaermniys GODC. =. =. 8 SF a eS a eee 166
PERRRMISREDSATAACA CARS 7. — 22 es 2 RN Pe ee 167
DENG IRALICRUC) 22-5 2 =. SS 167
MEET RINETES, (LG WSO ED) so ke oe eee 168
eae Orciontius, Rafinesque. 2 168
Paeclonsaus (hie Sueur) 5-025 = ee ee 168
Cabiee DantOntcus,, OOpe =< .3<-5 = ee i eee 169
err Agni Goll bert. .2= 26 2) acs Cee eS 2 RS ee 170
Seemeonerosus (Girard). <20 =) 2. 525-20 ss Se BE LD PON are eae AS 170
PEEBnaris: (Baird ee Gitard)—2= = 2 ee Is ne 170
eC PA TERES REESE OPO rected Pen SR ae a ee 171
Perens (Gitar) oo ee Se eee 17s
Pee eats OVORGigih- << 62sec Se 171
HON EEE OS Se) UR OS ae ne ws 172
epeauerici (bated ae- Garard =a fe 55 2. TE S SNS ne 172
one mC RTORCOM US Nie) Suenriue 28 6. Be Woe te) ee 173
Sh RUS EE EDS) PSS ees a se a A SE 174
Bennie Baar GGitard 2-9 <= -'o on 174
OO PETE CC rb PRs ty a pee eS i a alee ee ee 175
Ree Docetello, Gilbert:a@>Evermann= += | ee 175
aman MC SERELTROA ES (CL ONAUOL? ) caw ce ee nee oe a ioe 176
RE TE BS NES I ee BS aS eC 17

PeeerOw erent ONIb RON se tsa tee Se 177

rmanie Dockery iis, Mmatimerngue soa 177

2 BU TOR Ms oe Se ek fie. Oe Py de oa 177
OU AU CES 39 CD ae SO RS ae Bn CL a ie 178

/ 6 A SPS ME nach gn Oo See ne os Siar es a eee eee ee a 178
EES OS i Cu V hit Le vig gs ee a SR 2 aR A Se a ar apa eae Aes 178

Bea RP EETEOOIE (LOR DOUG \ 26 eet baleaita ada keene mes acm meen cre yi:

Beer atin ORGANI CN DOIG ose oe ee el 179

291. gila, Kirsch .__... ene 0 at Se ee ee 180

ER ES aa TIN Se HER Og he ht (Ee eS ee, ces Se ee 180
OES DOES ERC hg ge) eae pn ee Re ee 180

SE GR re Dr ag CYC ee a er 181
gO a VEE SET OS eC Sige Re ipa re ee et 181
Ne EE re Sa he eee eT ape ee 181

xXx

CONTENTS. £S

CLASS III. PISCES—Continued.

OrvER N. PLecrosponpDyLI—Continued.

Family XXXVI. Catostomide—Continued, Page.
Genus 93. Chasmistes, Jordan) --- = ee 182
Ben Vorivs, sOrnai=. 265 ss ee ae eeprom ee 183
PH OIE Oe) ee Se Se eee See 183
998, brevirostris, Cope _--------.~s 2-252 183
POG? Vea buss (Cope. sae 183
Genus'94. Xyrauchen, Higenmann.& Kirsch ——_-_--_==—=-_= 52 eeeee 184
300, cypho (hocking ton) 222-2 =e a 184
301. uncompahgre, Jordan & Hivermann., -_-=-~ SS 2 — ee 184
Genus 95; Hrimyzon; Jordan 22 222 oe ee a 185
302. sucetta (Lacépéde) .._.._------<---- = en 185
3024, oblongus (Mitchill) .—....-___. -__--=— = =ss222— 186
Genus 96. Minytrema, Jordan ———-. (=<. <= 2 Se ea 186
303. melanops (Rafinesque)_...- ~~. --==-- 3 re 187
Genus 97.. Moxostoma, Rafinesque -=<-=-.----. =.= 187
304. papillosum (Cope) =<.~= -2s226=2.225sos5-2—6 oe 189
305, anisurum (Rafinesque) =_..--_---.--.---._- 190
306. collapsum: (Cope) .....-.- -.--<s.. -4 nee ee 190
307: bucco (Cope)... -.----.-.4. = Se ee eee 190
308. pidiense (Cope)_...---.--- 3 2 sno Sen 191
309. coregonus (Cope) =sasan==-nn~anewase eee eee 191
310. album (Cope) ------- ee ee 191
311. thalassinum (Cope)..-=-22-42-5--2=..—25.2 2 191.
312. congestam (Baird & Girard)\—_...--2=-. 192
313. austrinum, Bean._.._==-_.--+-_-_2.s- 3 eee eee 192
314. aureolum (Le Sueur)=.-.-.---2.-2:.2.. 2 eee 192
315. robustum (Cope) ....-.<=..-2...-222en.2-40 = es 193
316. macrolepidotum (le Sueur) ---.-22) = 193
3l7., crassilabre (Cope) --—-~=+.—--.-2-— .- 552-5 se 194
318. lesueuri (Richardson): .........<..<=<---.._-_-- = eee 194
319: bréviceps (Cope)__-.-..--.-~_-..._. +42 eee 196
320. conus. (Cope)__--..-..-_.__=._..-.._- 3 err 196
321. poecilurum: (Jordan)=_=___-_-_.—__-. ee 196
322. rupiscartes, Jordan & Jenkins __!.-=2_-_- eee 196
323: cervinum (Cope) 2_-...-.=+ 197
Genus'98. Placopharynx; Cope =... -2 2. a ee 197
324. duquesnii (Le Sueur)__.___ +. __ "= 3 - eee 198
Genus 99. Lagochila, Jordan & Brayton —--2-_- 2-2 eee 198
325; lacera, Jordan & Brayton_....-..._._> eee 199
Family XXXVI. Cyprinids... a 199
Genus 100. ‘Campostoma, Agassiz __._-_____--__-- soe 204
326.-ornatum, Girard ..=.....- 2 eee 1 re,
327. pricei, Jordan’ & Thoburn —.-_-_.. = eee \\ /
328. anomalum:(Rafinesque) ——22 =. 2s
329, formostlum, ‘Girard... .__. 2. eee
Genus 101. Orthodon, Girard___...-.-_._.-_- .- ee
300. microlepidotus\(Ayres) =<... =<-2 4 ee
Genus 102. Oxygeneum, Norbes...._. 22-2. ee eee 2
331.. pylverulentum, Forbes... -2_- 2
Genus 103. Acrocheilus, Agassiz _..__. 2 eee 26
332. alutaceus, Agassiz & Pickering_—_ 2 ___-_______ 2 ee 20:
Genus 104.. Lavinia, Girard_o2_- 3+ EEE eee 208
383. exilicauda, Baird's Girard ............ 2 Eee 209
Genus 105. Chrosomus, Rafinesque__._.__-____...._._ 5 3 ee 209
334, erythrogaster, Rafinesque —........-__.____.. eee 209
334a, eos (Cope)... -- 2 e EE E—E—e——————————— 210
235, dakotensis, Kvermann & Cox ....=-2._______-__-. eee 210
Be eee eet eee ewes ome ee

336. oreas, Cope

CONTENTS. xXxI
CLASS III. PISCES—Contlnued.

OrpER N. PLEcTosponDYLI—Continued.
Family XXXVII. Cyprinide—Continued. Page
Genus 106. Algansea, Girard _____------------------------------------------- 211
337. tincella (Cuvier & Valenciennes) ~__-____----------------------- ------ 211
338. dugesi, Bean_____-_------------------------------------------------ 211
339. sallei (Giinther) --_---___---.-_..___----.-~--.--------------------- 212
Genus 107. Hybognathus, Agassiz_______.---.--------------~----------------- 212
Subgenus Hybognathus --_.___._-__-_-----------=----------------- -------- 213
340. nuchalis, Agassiz ——______--_______...-—.__---__---.--_--- --------—- 213
341. argyritis, Girard ________________--.--~-----_----------------------- 214
Sf2 “hayi, Jordan 2-.._-_._____-__............------ = ==+ == === --------— 214
Subgenus Dionda, Girard ____._-..-------------------~--------- ------------ 214
en. gorena (Girard) 2 5 ee = == 214
a4, episcopa (Girard)____ ._-_ ..-._----_-..--- - = ea -- === == === 214
6 Es) a ee Se ee nee ca eee ee 215
346. amara (Girard)___________ ___.___-_----_---------------------------- 215
(ana SEE GC 1) id a er a ee ee eee 216
Co EEE Cs he ees re eres err ree ee 216
Boumst0s.s > imoephales, Ratinesques = —— > 216
349. promelas, Rafinesque -.______-...__-__--_--=--~--==-----=-------==--- 217
enemas STS TINONENG (CATRIILY cee Sap es ioe ee 217
Same, ecmiertus (Girard) =— 2 re ee 217
Sanne Use SATA: EnsM LEN CSCELC) ce pms 218
peaanies Mvlopharodon, Ayres. 2—— - ett ee 218
pealerconocephalus (baird & Girard) 222 So = = a ee 219
Gera O, iy lochollus, Apassiz =<. === Se eee ne ane 219
fee euerinus (Richardson) = a a eee ee 219
Gouncciioronypodon, Garman =... ak, ee er a 220
creme moniter GATMiaN 2s a ee eae 220
GeeRnei Ce Semin, RATTOSGUE.- 2 =o ee en ee ees 220
Broce Te iCuCconnimus, becke) 2222 ee Ae a ee ee 221
Siro ica ot N Gui it ye) ob LD ee eS eee ES 2 ee ee 221
SITS RCW SENT etG 1] VT ae ee pen ee ee Se nee ae ee 222
Sree atmo ALVA Miike RllL oe - = eo Oe ee een ee 232,
Berd a hOronm Anis (Ordam) sso <= (2 e0 So See ees 293
DELS EG gene OTE MW Zea Cale A a eee oe 223
PrP MeO OT OOLIS | ANT CS) eo ee a ee crc 223
EARn LAs Ve UPCNOCHCINUS, AC OSSUZ = a= 8 Aol Ce on Se ee 224
BCR AMONODSIS (FGM AMUSO) a ne er et a op i ee 224
Saye een ETON. GhOLUR Rid (MD OPb Sse S one ee ee ee ee Shs emer 225
EPS AITO EDESS TG) We cn RR eS OS ee ee eee 225
OO CaSO E ALG Ts Peal 20 7 |S Rn tay Se ene ope pa a ee 226
Sra arepeirian Matra Wo CPA cos eee te ete ee ne ae ee mee 226
COUPEE OOS Tt Bf RB 0 A ee ea a EA SO cae a eee pa 227
EEN ann nity ots Pee fea PMC Aa Od 0) ee oe Sp Ary Se 228
OES SRD CT CB 0 Tha (21 ds Se ee ae eae 5 ey Oe ars eet er 228
PARDONS MIDOMSs., (Girard oe 6a on es ee eee ee enema enna 231
Sir re TOMEI CASIO SC ESAATCL Qo EATEN jis oss soe oe co a kl emis a renee amine 231
rE DOI, CHIANG. coh. eee eh ie tne ee aa wa crn men ome 231
ree maar mans ald fe: AR REE ) air sil en see nk oe = meee 231
CONT GMAT) bao lodes Siecle sears atime Be emi ate amt eames 232
OE EN as eee ae re pa ny CP Ee Se ee ee ee Te 232
BOT Wirrencene (GIR) oe ene ieee eean seas eeenecemen meme 233
SCC ryt t. (Cte hs | a ae 234
GO Tre earnty PCL GUNINIIOL ) si mwanirs Se e wo m escem es ce nen wenn re 235
LENS ES fo eS a ope een ee 235

Ts GEIB CIO on pect cienedumenene saneiteenestoonsennernnnnnanaies 236

XXII CONTENTS.

CLASS ITI. PISCES—Continued.
ORDER N. PLEcTOsponpyLI—Continued.

Family XXXVII. Cyprinide—Continued. Page. _
Subgenus Cheonda, Girard _______-_--==...--------------------------=--=--=- 236
372. cooper! (Girard) = SS eee 236
373. humboldti (Girard) ~-----~----------------------------------------- 236
374. eprepius (Girard) _-—-____. eee 237
375. nydropbiox (Cope). = eee 238
Subgenus Richardsonius, Girard ________________--_-_-___--___________—_—— 238
$76. -balteatus (Richardson) ==... ees 238
Subgenus Clinostomus, Girard__________--_---_--~------- ---------------—-=- 239
877. vandoisulus, Cavier & Valenciennes.....-_- =. _-§_—_—— 239
378. elongatus (Kirtland) —.-- =... = eee 240
Subgenus Phoxinus, Rafinesque ———__--___ ___ 240
379. neogeeus (Cope) ..-2----- ==. + ee eee 240
380. margarita (Cope) 2. -__ "ee 241
381. orcutti (Eigenmann & Higenmann) —__..__.- ee 241
Subgenus Hemitremia, Cope _______._____. = 242
382. milmerianus (Cope) ———~—- =. 4. 242
383. flammeus (Jordan & Gilbert)__.____ 3 eee 242
Subgenus Iotichthys, Jordan & Evermann __---------_----------- a 243
384. ‘—phlegethontis (Cope), ==... ee 243
Genus 117. Rutilus, Rafinesque__=. => > 243
Subgenus Leucos, Heckel... eee 244
385. olivaceus (Cope)__..<..- = 4 ee eee 244
Subgenus Myloleucus, Cope 2 === eee i ds 244
386. bicolor (Girard) ...--22 "=. 2 ee eee 244
387. symmetricus (Baird & Girard)_*- 2 ee 245
388, boucardi (Giinther) __.. 22. se eee _ 247
Genus 118. Luxilinus, Jordan eee 247
389. occidentalis (Baird & Girard) ......... eee eee 247
Genus 119: Opsopoeodus, Hay... 6 ee 247
Subgenus Opsopoeodus 2-2-2 kn ee 248
390: osculus, Evermann=._.. .-)-_ 2 ee eee 248
391: ‘emilin, Hay — 8 ee eee 248
392. megalops (Worbes)_..-.- = 2 eee 248
Subgenus Opsopoea, Jordan. & Mvermann => Eee Eee 249
393: bollmani, Gilbert 8 eee 249
Genus 120: Abramis, Cuvier... eee 249
Subgenus Notemigenus, Bafinesque .. ... ee 250
394, crysoleucas’( Mitchill)_ 2 5 eee ee 250
394a. bosci (Cuvier & Valenciennes)... = eee 251
395. -gardoneus (Cuvier & Valenciennes) _.__. =.=. 251
Genus 12). ‘Cochlognathus, Baird & Girard:2.. eee eee 251
396; ornata, Baird '& Girard. eee 252
397. biguttata, Cope = Se eS eee 252
Genus 122. ‘Cliola, txirard! =~... | = eee 252
398.. vigilax (Baird & Girard)... = 253
399. smithii, Hvermann & Cox... 2 8s eee 253
Genus 123. Notropis; Rafinesque 2 eee 254
Subgenus Azteca; Jordan & Myvermann = 222-) s eeeeeeeeeee 258
400. aztecus, "Woolman. 9 oo) en eee 258
Subgenus Ghrigne, Jordan 3 <4 #7 8s ag Se ee se ee ee ee 258
401. bifrenatus (Cope)... a eee _ 258
402, jordani, Kigenmann & Higenmann.___=__- Se eee 259
403. maculatus (Hay) os ee 259
404, anogenus, Forbes...
406; cayuga, Meek... 260

40a. atrocaudalis, Evermann « ..—. 20201 -ndcnennksccal eee 260

CONTENTS. XXIII

CLASS IIT. PISCES—Continued.
OrvpER N. PLEcTosponpyti—Continued.

—
-

Family XXXVIT. Cyprinide—Continued, Page.
PEE aC EOE CHA OBIE ee Sa ree ee BS Se a 261
SP ACMTN TA I DATHOpS., Git ante. =. ae SS Se eee ee 261
EDT, SUE STEROL 0S) ga ae ee A 261
Se eTHInHN (Girard) == nes eee ee ee eee as 261
Pee RonyIti ee MOTOR rl GllpOre = — = ss | ween es ee ea 262
TEN 0) ae aR RL ee Ee Dent oa eee 263
pimeree rev sk CONTE Wy ae eee eg eee Le ee Ts sev awed ete ee 263
Per mnPNTeN IiEs) (CMEC ees eS ee en en eR 264
eee roteninnos (Gunther) 8 =< 5 aes ee ee a ee 264
en mma, ORGIES Ox SOW ims: 0 2 Ss Sk ee 264
Pree Dicky bonim JOLGan. &. Hvermann tees 528200 2 eos ee ee 264
EECA DOGHT EME HUEES) (OOPC) aa ero 2 See oe 2) See ee ee 265
cURL ZEET CC LERMLE IOC Kame ee Pon Shen 7 vee ee ee Yo 265
borer Cini Re. WOOL nao 2 Sos 8 een a oe Ae ee 265
ureTO pel. Gilbert. =.- oes et lees © 2 ee ee ee 266
Se aeeLHOROTITUR.: Girard. == eS Nee e ee ee ee 266
Peer beh MOTI) Gs, GG = oa Tens Lie ei ee ee 26(
Pam IR RIO ESTEE (CCG) eo ers eh ee PS Pe ho 266
EL SID DYES Ye) RS cn aan one Oe Ts AT ee ee ee 267
Fe ee ECRPPOSTE EI RT (NET QO er a Se Ee ee oe eS et 267
Pee raaee PENT INUULTD Ses ee 2 a, Se ee Ee 267
eeeeper eats POEM aT oo 2 Se ee ee ee ee 268
Pe mEPeEEERESTOLE CTY (GATT) tS ee ee 268
Pee REA LORM: (Gitar jcc is: ee ee ee ee 268
Peeertinios (Oe. Witt Clinton). 5-22 ses 59 ee ee eS 269
ee PIEn CRON CAN i = ne eo. 28 SS es ee ee 269
Pan eases ( Granth): . pk = See oe eB Se eee 270
Peeweaiaanns. (Jordan &. brayton)i22 "222222 eee 270
Meee amrOMs. Girard 22 225 os) es See ee eee 270
a Se ete SP en cea en a 270
nN OMIA. “GALATI 8 = oe he ee es Bch» Ty Merete BE 271
Pera GOMER ( GATT G))> oo. oe Ss Sn Se ea oe es 271
eee ema Tar ee HeOga SI (HUT SULA Joe en Se cE ae ee SS ee te 271
432. lutrensis (Baird & Girard) ....._.._....____ ob lh a et Kirn eR ae 271
SEES PUNO E PIRAGLA (CATER RO ee ee ae COR OP eS eee 272
Speen CHAIRED AN DO LOGE) k= Ce ee ea Gy Ae Pe ee oe 272
Subgenus Cyprinella, Girard__..______._._-..._.._ EE oe 273
PeOOU LoS (Baird wy Girard) a. 22) 8 oe a 273
a LPPRR PCA TICULLS (AGADATO) sh = Se Se 273
TT | oe ger 274
Oe SUNDRIES Ciutat dC aa) soe eal a Oe PR Mae SG A ee re Set
wo OT (UN SO SN RS © AR 2a a a 27
Seem STAAL (CHAD) = 22 soe oe ee ee eee 274
ol Ba sh upon al Ghay ac ea DEE SS SS SS I i Se ee a 275
mena ati (OTHE) ses aces eee ee ee 275
aan. wicoromiius (Jordan & Gilbert) ..-.....__....__.__.._._-_........-.... 275
EY SENS IST a a 276
aao.. Surystomus (Jordan) -—..._.-.2.......__.- at ee ee sales i Eee 276
CG nO 277
IES lle SSE © ee ee Sp ain Oe aS pe BT
447a. chloristius (Jordan & Brayton) —--...-.--- fthetse tao Sele ee 278
Pg SUNG ea eS os ae ee 27
I Sie ot 279
SETS EEN I ei ays oe 279
Re Re 279
ener MeN ODOMT ) ani Beat Eke Gaaeeocded cdce chad Gomerenencaccsucncen 280

MLV CONTENTS.

CLASS III. PISCES—Continued.
Orper N. PLEcTOsPONDYLI—Continued.

Family XXXVITI. Cyprinide—Continued. Page.
453, lhypselopterus)(Glinther)__-— = ===: = ee 280
454. pyrrhomelas (Cope) _.------- 8 os ee eee 280
455, garmani, Jordan ...2.--- 2-5 =) ee 281

Subgenus Luxilus, Rafinesque .....-..----- =e See 281
456. cornutus (Mitchill)-—. -.--2) et ee eee 281
456a. frontalis (Agassiz) --=--- =. = ee 283
456b. cyaneus (Cope)=---.5-=--4-.-.-- 4. 2te ee ee ee 283
457. cerasinus (Cope)..s=22=_ -=5+ =e poe eee 283
458. albeolus (Jordan) ..2-.--.22-=) 32). = 2 ee 283
459. lacertosus: (Cope)... 4. = ee 284
Subgenus. Hydrophlox. Jordan —.2.-- 2) ee 284
A60. macdonaldi, Jordan: & Jem ims se ee ee 284
461. coccogenis (Cope) 222=2-..2-=--_...5- = 3 ee 284
462.. zonatus (Agassiz) __...____.._-:_ 10 3¢-: 3 eee rr 285
463, zonistjms (Jordan).--=...---...-... (2 eee 285
464. rubricroceus (Cope)... ee Lo eee 286
465. chlorocephalus,(Cope))_=__.- = Se. =9- 2 a ee ee ee 286
466. lutipinnis (Jordan.&, Brayton)......-. <s8° = 3s ee 286
467. chiliticus (Cope). 22. 3 = 287
468. altipinnis. (Cope) 22.2. 222225222 Se eee 287
469. roseus (Jordan) 22 2 iseceCacenass-naseee ee Dy
470. chalybeeus (Cope) 222-3252. 422 eet eee 288
471. chrosomus (Jordan) 2_.--=-.---.__ = eee 288
472.. xeenocephalus (Jordan): 2322 ie e———————————— 289
Subgenus! Oreella, Jordan’ & Pivermann = 2222. eee 289
473. orca, Woolman —_-~ 20 - eee 289
Subgenus Notropis.....-= 2 290
474, ariommus (Cope)...u..----22.-. 3) (2. ee 290
475. -stabriceps'(Cope)_.-=2. 2-5-5 ee 290
476. jejunus (Forbes)... 2 .2n eo ee 290
477. swaini, Jordan . 222. -csessc eden 290
478. .amabilis (Girard)2..2.0:25..22022-2 ee ee 291
479. leuciodus (Cope)_.=2~ ---=-. nse see 291
480. scopifer, Bicenmann & Bicenmann 22.222 sss == see 291
481. telescopus (Cope)... -- ona a eee ee 292
48la. arcansanps, Meek 00 2 8 222 See 292
482. socius (Girard) 2......22_2__ =) | eee 292
483. notemigonoides, Wvermann 2222 =— <a 292
484.stilbius, Jordan... 22-8 293-
485. atherinoides, Rafinesque_.___.-- 2-22 ee 293
486: arge (Cope) —-=.3.=_- 38 en ee 294.
A8i. dilectus (Girard) —..._... 2.50. oe 294
488. fumeus, Hvermann._______-_..-- 2) | ee 294
489: rubrifrons (Cope)...__<.- soe ee 295
490; photogenis: (Cope) = 23.02 295
491. amoenus (Abbott) 2.20 ohe oS 296
492. scepticus (Jordan & Gilbert)_.2. 2-2 pe 296
493, mucropteryx (Cope)....-=-.....-_.. 3 296
494, metallicus, Jordan & Meelk . nue - 35025 = 297
PubgenuEiythrumTs, Jordan - oss ta ee eR eS 297
496. bellus (Hay) .--.<..-...-- 2-2-2 ie 297
496, lirus (Jordan)... 5 oe 297
497. roseipinnis, Hay =.=. or 298

498. umbratilis (Girard)
498a. umbratilis (Girard) f

498). atripes (Jordan) ,

——

CONTENTS. xXxV

CLASS III. PISCES—Continued.
OrpER N. PLectrosponpyLi—Continued.

Family XXXVII. Cyprinide—Continued. Page.
Saree mn RENCUA SA ESE ARR cen 300
\ fend evanorephaius (Copeland). 2.2. 6 ee 300

0 SERS 0) ee ee oe ee es 301

} OSM TARCIOLALIS Gil Pelb a. Sa Sats sae eee 301
Osa. maiming (COPC) — een OS ee a a 301

eee PUN Chul ApS CERAM) == = ot Je Sot ee ee eee oe eee et 301
enriepeel Mamcympa, COPCs =. a ee 302
IRAE EM COA LN CODE Sa at a Se, 302
Ponmnee-bhenacopius, Cope 9. 2 2 —- ae ee eee ee ae 302
pr enter CUNUS OO) Ce 2 2 na ost eS eee eee 303
pienniranilis, (Girard) o-oo 5 8 st Sees ee ee ee ee, 303
Do ce ES 2) ees eae ener fo, Shee et ee ae oe 303
Bile ORIODS,, CO DC = 2-2 a Fe ek ee ee eS 304
Di ReALOSPOMIUS: J ORGAN == ao. Soo See oe A ee eee eae 304
eMneec oe ivartdoe W OOMMAN: 2.23 2a Se ak Se eee 8 hee 304
peer CNeeLN ET. WOOUMAN ye 2s = - 5 eee AS ee eee 304
Gemini a aaroo ts GirAnGe. .. = be 22 = 25 8 ee ee Se ee aes staeae 305
Ch. eT BECK Coe gs | eR re ene eo See ee ee eee ee 305
eater ree tnt GOGLYS. AC Assi + 2 ee oe os ee 305
Biieesiaracte (Cuvier & Valenciennes)=.2---— 5. - =. 2- eo. 306
nrCpRe es Mit GIN OTNG) oo se ee 306

pam PA er Ge EAA eee So ee ee en 307
PeemDNCLTOS TES (VETECHIND) 2 a ee 307
muna CROCGUS (SLOLCE)) © = 2 ae = eee ee es oe 308

eee EERIE, (CODE) se ae a 308
pune eap ris (AGASSIZ). 2 ooo es ee ee 308
Genpciee. Aoosia, Girard =.= 2220 o soa e e e e 308
MRD ManoRPApOCODG, COPO.. 322 222=. =e ese e ee ee 309
perimeters (GUANO) a2 ts ne ee ee ee ee Eee 309
miieegierowl. Jordan & Wvermann = 2<) ok. Se 309
Se SE) re eile eat a RSs mie oem ur Ow Re eecenie Se meer 310
BeeanOpe. Jordan. a Hyvermann. — <2 5.2. = 26 ee 310
REM WRRCLLIRIS CAN TEDOTGY ans Oe re i ee eS a ee 310
LLES DEP OTT CG th? i NN OS Se ee ee er ee ee eee ee | 311
Pie COLMNe LON: (WONG) s-2o a= aoa Sees nee eee ee 311

8 TEESE, 9 eee en eS SS a en eee ee D 312
Breeumotilin, Gilbert & Hyermann = 5-* 9-25 2-33 ee ae 313
Piogialcata, Hicenmann & Wicenmann —<-=-e08~25-—- —<-.5— pase ---- = 313
Ch SLA URS Ea DUR ee a Ee ee ee ay aa eee a a 313
SIEEGUIEVRODARLGO; (nina 225s 2 Fa ee. ee ie Se OS econ 313
REITER SE ACO TOPIC), A ODES geet ele eg a A ae 314
ReIRRrSE NOLS OPM ONDA + ORCI he sete eS a eee, CLO
CU UST RAG TG TEE ET 6L oe ee 2 SE Sa CE ee ee a 315
ET TTS, SR EES oS eee ee pon a 316
Bete TUArCONIS, JOPGan: ty GOUDEN ow cer So a 316

NY OMEMTNTAS, UOIOTS Yaa foe Sadie pig emintaiavis eines mein enn ea Taek 316
Ms SPOT ETE ehh ce) RRs a See a eS © a es ee 316
Bets THGGB I. oC OTUAN We: MV CRON ee ee ee crip see 317
UE de ce I nay) Sh ICY Se nee aie EE ef EEE oe eee ee eer ea 317
Hire EP THI CE UHD A Nie) i) loo ee OE SLE ae ee 318
ig Seen Get (O21 NPR a Se. i Cae ae) SSS es ene Pe ke ee 318
eh ETRE Ne TOTES hr LES 0) EC SR Se Ae A a a er es Oe a 318
Doe. Walaa.) OLGBL (GAUTENG woe cae imc inh ans ap met amen meen aman 319
COE A Ne ape AS a a Se ee ee 319
LIDS Sg, cat Wy 90 fo:) a Sa oe ee eee a a ee ro 319
SNR COI al a a ak i min eipeinwines mime . 820

xxVI CONTENTS.

CLASS III. PISCES—Continued.
OrpDER N. PLEcrosponDyLI—Continued.

Family XXXVII. Cyprinide—Continued. Pag
532) mul rt OWS) (POrCAI)) meee ce 7
533! sa blo ps (eat rescue) ieee ec ee eee ‘
534. storerianus (Kirtland).22.=<2 2 So eee 3

Subsenus Yuriria, Jordanc& Pivern ari 2a soe ae eee eee er 32.
535, altus (Jordam)2.222 222 oe oe eee 321
Subgenus Nocomis, Girard... 2s2.2--.-----.- 42 322
536. kentuckiensis (Rafinesque)_.. "25. 322
Genus 131. Couesius, Jordan..2_=---)-=-+ 5.5 4st 8 ee 323
537. squamilentus (Cope) ---.=_.. 22... 4. es 323
538. plumbeus (Agassiz)= =~ =o: == 5 323
539. dissimilis (Girard) ......-.-- 5...) 3 324
540. greeni, Jordan = 2... 5-224 a ee 324
541, adustus, Woolan ..--=.2-3 2 er 325
Genus 132. Platyeobio, Gill... = 2 ee 325
542. physignathus (Cope)_2-—_ +2320 oe 325
543, gracilis (Richardson ).....---. 222... --.- oe 326
544... pallidus, Worbes_....- =. ee eee 326
Genus 133. Exoglossum, Rafinesquei.-.22-- 0 oe 327
545. mnaxillingua (Le Sueur). ee 327
zenus 134. Lepidomeda, Copé: 2-2 eee 328
546. vittata, Cope.uc.-2-2. ees 328
547. jarrovii, Copé.io-o_3 3 ee ee eee eee 328
Genus 135. Meda, Girardi2-22322 25 ee 328
548. fulgida, Girard_...2. 22223 ee eee 329
Genus 136. Plagopterus,; Cope-.-2_-_ 2. eee 329
549) argentissimus, Cope 22) Sse eee Gaston 3 Bens al ee 329
SUBORDER PIETEROGNATHI ~ W222: s2oe 2 eee 329
Family XXXVI. Erythrinide <0 82 ee eee 330
Genus 137, Macrodon; Miller. eee 330
550. microlepis, Giinther_..._.2.--_ eee 330
Family XXXIX. Characinide 2 o.-5 es ee eee 331
Genus 138. Curimata (Cuvier) Cloquet 22-5 332
551. magdalene, Steindachner 2.2 =. eee 332
Genus 139. Piabucina, Cuvier & Valenciennes 22) 92 ee 332
552. panamensis, Gill ......_..«.-....... _ eee 332
Genus 140. Tetragonopterus (Artedi) Cuvier 2-225) ee ee 332
subgenus Astyanax, Baird & Girard 22 eee 333
653, -eeneus, Glinther_.. == 3 333
554, ritilus, Jonyns_..___.-. =. a 334
655. panamensis, Giinther_ 22 -2o_ 334
556. .microphthalmus, Gtinther 2... |. 3. 334
557. cerstedil, Kartyer 2.2... <5. ee 334
558, petenensis, Giinther_...--- ee 335
959. iscabripinnis, Jenyns.oo >. 2 ee 335
560: bruise) Guim her. oo ee a td tA 335
561. brevimanus, Giinther-—. 3-5 ee eee 335
562. mexitanns, Wilippi 2222.2. 23.2 eee 335
563. argentatus (Baird & Girard): -. =. -2-_ 2-2 336
Genus 141, Brycon, Miller & Troschel_-... eee 337
Subgenus Chalcinopsis, Kner... ee 2 = eee 337
564. dentex, .Giinther 2... Se 337
665. striatulas (Kner) _.< 2-222... 337
Genus 142. Gasferopelecus:(Gronow) Pallas.-—-=—— 2 337
506. maculatus, Steindachner__-==-2-. 2-43. 22) 338
Genus 143. Roeboides, Gtinther =__.-.2-.3- =. oon eee 338
667. guatemalensis (Gtinther).......0-cenuscncsene=ccacaune lo Da Ae doe ee 338

oe

CONTENTS. XXVII

CLASS IIT, PISCES—Continued.
Orver N. PLectosponpyLi—Continued.

Family XXXVIII. Erythrinide—Continued. Page.

CE BLESS ee 2 veel oF eb. Gan El SR Oe ee eee a 338

SPs [poe Nits Dg Ga le eee ee ee ee ee 339

ipomeelto.) MUCIOCHATAX, SOMO aGhNenre 25285 Se OSs 2 foo SBS

ee eSC HUD ENB.) UCL GACH MOT 2a ts aan eae ae Sy. ee ee ees Se 339

Og Eg SE SS ee Se eh ne See Se ee 339

RG ee SS ee a 340

A ee fe on ee 340

OS OR ag SUC) ae a ie oe SER aa SOC ee er ee 340

Genus 147, Eigenmannia, Jordan & Evermann__.__.-.--_--__---_____________ 341

ME PUREED LAT (PUCIROACHMON joo a2 Ak ee 341

Ce OAL Sy a ee ee See eee 341

Bteser ace sume nem SS PPITELISLIRCLEDOUCE ones Se wn a ee ae ee ee es Se 342

PMS pens Y TD LAM CNUs: Es LOCH <2: 255 oes fie ee 342

pang eee SYS SRETTEY ON AA; ES OO EVR ie a te Fk 342

EE a Se a 343

Te SSR Se ee a ee ee Oe 343

eaetiremicte IIONICHGINYS,. Gaull seks ae 343

0S 2 eS a ee ee ae ee Oe ee Se 343

CALE Ne Jan Gilet Se ell eee ne ee ee 344

a eee re ee eC eee 346

Ce a OES ae ee ee a eer eee 346

epunnnnnEU EPTPNIRIN. FSG on es A ee 347

On Ce i ne eee Oe ee en ee ee eee a. 348

EUG a ee Ne eB a ne ey 348

puenewermrmnonenolye, "Gath. es a 349

SS NS | Se ee ae ea ena ee Sees ee 349

SIRO a eee ee 349

peemee peyopriis. Guber hes hs ee 349

Smmemunmmmnnncretet,. GRO 5S ee 350

Bn ene Re MOIFETGOVONCINGE a ee 350

Genus tos. Synaphobranchus, Johnson. ---- 2 so 351

Re) SS een a AY REESE SN sera 351

AE a CUT CART 6 th SS cn, a 351

Sig ES 5S RE Se nn 352

Oo Rt Re See ee a ca a 352

RE Se a SS a ee 352

Genus 155. Leptocephalus (Gronow) Scopoli___..__._-___.....__.---.---_______ 353

OES OEP (MITISE CB) 5st te Se eee 354

See rec eneLN ETA ALUS (OGY) a eee ge so 355

Seatrnre pes CONS OTMUrsna SAUD ae oo oes eee 855

ne, pelemticn (els Meche; S58

a US) Rae ne a le A nS EA ae ee 5° |

8 ON 1) EAS SSE EAL Se apa el ee es sy

ree am NUDAS (cP COUT TMIRTE, At ECM RRNMUR YD a ees escent erg imeecnem cena 357

Eu APC Tne rads Eggs ES Ne Ls a iy EE gn a Nn 357

Ea. Cet COOTEION MRI ao casciainctaceceuarain ean kiminn awmnaaiewannn. S68

: pa OR eRe 2 SS 358

REET Res TN LY ETI) ONIN a wile recs vielen Ccbancioiceeeieeca SBR

enue te, oLurdnerox, McClelland — oo 359

| nnn aT ONO Wy en tee ee ee 359

Deans CORIeOsy sOLGGl) we Ar Ner ee oo ee 359

PC CY SOU igs Cg | SU I 2 I Re a .. 860

Sesh e A Or OnnV eter. GH DONG tee i ee ieee cei een mn 360

BES ON RD VT OE I, ee naps 361

| Genus 160, Hoplunnis, Kaup ~-..----..-_____ ies. ee ae aesen 361

| I ES MENS FESO SS STEEDS 361

| Dumr GLOMIGGIANGM, GOOUG Gy DORI) once cece eee onan nu memoesccummeewnan 361
el

XXVIII CONTENTS.

CLASS III. PISCES—Continued.
OrvER Q. ArpopEs—Continued.

Family XLVIIT. Mureenesocidee-—Continued. Page-
Genus 161; Neoconger, Girard ss: .225-225 oo so <i oscen noe sane eee 362
593.- mucronatus, Girard: 2:s2<5-2- 255-025-250 2- 82 362
594. vermifoxmis, Gilberts22:-2.2---22 224) Sse eee 362
Genus 162: Leptoconger, Poeyi22.2=~ -- <-- Sasa seen ae 362
695. perlonigus (Poey)-2. 2222.2 2seacos 22 SS eee 363
Genus 163. Stilbiscus, Jordan & Bollman=+__ 2-222 2- =s2 eee ee 363
596. edwardsi, Jordan & Bollman22 22. .2 2 22 22 363
Genus 164. Gordiichthys, Jordan’ dé Dayis==="=->- -- see eee 363
597. irretitus, Jordan & Davis'.-+--.-- 4. 2 eee 363
Fomily XDLIX. Nettastomids 22-86 22 aa nen oo a 364
Genus 165: Chilopsis; Rafinesqtie = eee 364 ©
598; equatorialisGiulbertes === -===— === =e sk aS ee 364
Genus 166. Venefica, Jordan & Davis 222-9 oa 365
599. procera, Goode.& Bean —2.22 =. 5-32 5 Se 365
Family L... Nemichthijide. .2==35s25252- 55-2 so sen oes ee 366
Genus 167. Serrivomer, Gill & Ryder_-2322- 22 ee 367
600: beanii, Gill & Ryder. = ee 367
Genus 168° Spinivomer, (Gull & Nyderl= 2222s) ssa oe ee 367
60l. poodei, Gill & Ryder... - =. == ee 367
Genus 169: Avocettina, Jordan @ Davis 22-2222 - ee ee 367
602: infatis, Giinther: ._+.._2 +=] 42 32 = ee ee 367
Genus 170. Labichthys, Gill & Ryders 222 = 22-2 = ee 368
603. carinatus, Gill & Ryder... se re ee 268
604. elongatus, Gill & Ryder 222 228 a ee 369
Genus 171. Nemichthys, Richardson 2-2-2" =- ===" eee ee 369
605. scolopaceus, Richardson =-2+ 2 ---= === {822 eee 369
606. avocetta, Jordan & Gilbert_______- "=== 2 ee 369
Family BY, Myride:. <2. .--=- esses ke se a ee 370,
Genus 172. Ahlia, Jordan:& Davis 2.22.22: eee 370
607. egmontis (Jordan).....--.---<..-.--4. 2535 ee 370
Genus Jd. Miyrophis, iitkenW 22 22. 22.22) a ee ee eee Gamers 371
608. punctatus, Liitken . .._-_-..+. 3-222 371
609. vafer, Jordan .& Gilbert... ..-_- 22 ee 372
Genus 174. Chilorhinus, Liitken.___--_..-2_- ---2 372
610..suensonii, Liithen=-=. -..-..=.-..2 22222200552 372
Family LIT. Ophichthyide: —.2-s222222. =, woe eee eee eee 372
Genus 175. Sphacebranchus, Bloch -.....--.. 2-22 2 “818
611. anguiformis (Peters) _..-<.-. 4. ssc.) ee 374
G12. selachops (Jordan/& Gilbert)... 5 = ee 374
Genus 176. Verma, Jordan & Hivermann_....- 22 374
O13. kendalli,(Gilbert))_.__._...- 2... os. eS 375
Genus 77. etharchus, Goode & Bean) ~-.-..22— ss 375
61f, velifer, Goode .& Bean —.__2_.--<=25-42-2 22.2520 375
Genus le. Myrichthys, Girard. .+ =...) <2 2- 8 Se 37
Olortigrimus, .Girard)<o2.. 352% 2. 376
616, oculatus (Kawp) 2252 222-835 ose 376
O17. acumimatus:(Gronow), = 22-=-=2-- 5) es = ee 37
Genus.179. Pisoodonophis, Kaup —..==- 2-5... 371
618. cruentifor,; ‘Goode & Bean. 5. - "ce eee 37
Genus 180, Callechélys, Kaup 2o .se.2c0. s-222.. 2-3 eee 37!
GLO. mursena; Jordan .& vermann.——..2 52) 25 = 252 37
Genus 181. Bascanichthys, Jordan & Davisis2.2.-_-_-- 23 3T
620, scuticaris\(Goode:& Bean). 2.22223 2226. 378
621... peninsule (Gilbert)... 224-525-2802 03k oe eee 379

622, bascanium. (Jordan) .2.-=---s22s.2cs2 0 or 379

CONTENTS. XXIX

CLASS III.. PISCES—Continued.
OrpDER Q. AropEs—Continued.

Family LIT. Ophichthyide—Continued. Page.
Se MONGERTOMMUN SOTERR i) IVI 22 380
Seer LELOC IIE Ry OG TNT ONE) nee es hs 380

oo erscnines (Jordan & Bollman)——— 380
Roreeiees-Opnicuinus, Chunberg do Ania 3222s. 2a ee 381
Ses er DLO DUETS, AUP 2-2 a ee 382
oo ee eee eee eee 382
SEE CC Pe fa ee ee 382
Panay annenais ( lock & Schneider)——— = 2. oa se 382
A a STG PE | en ee a ee 383

Bp prGrnd NE MT-PNODRIS® CCAUp = secs ae ae a ee 383
pesmeemuuitor( bean d& .Dresel) 2 oe a a 383
(ii, (EHIME Ct SUG) ty ee a ee ee ee eee 383
ASD. ETE TELS SG LC) so ps nr a Se es 384
Par MESS SC MEEL LO PENI | WCET) a a 384
I EE ————————————E———————————— 384
ao mnoenir (Jordan d Gilbert). <n 385
Seennsnrrennrent < PRGSRIO) Se na 385

ee See mmr AgTTOUEES (CRESCENT CSOD: a a a snes 386

SE LSE bce i SuELe eyo In Cag 21 ua em aS a cae aaa eer eee es 386
Soo Veh isy0 V0 ag 0 el a ee 386
See ee meEnG ES ( PRICHASYIOTY ) = 386
Gees tee. Scyinlichihys, Jordan & Davis—_—.—__ ___________.._____...__— 387
je mearad (Jordan & Gilbert) . 2 ss 387
Geuas tes, rach ysomopbhis, Kap -.- e et 387
apy erocndirnds (Bonnett) 2 2 388
ae ut ft a ae a ae fr eee ee ee eee 388
LOMO TR TP SINCE =o = io as oe ee ea aa es aie moe Gee 388
Re EE SRMOTOLVCOEC, IE UU) eserves cata 389
Gem, Meerionns (Bonnaterre) qa a actin aoe 389
Genmnwou, © ythonichth ys: Poey. 2s: 6222 Sab et ee neeiceae tea 390
Gee SARE TIROUS, « P OCY ssc ates tae Sac Sos See Sah inc 390
Gounet60-Rabule, Jordan :& Davissssscssessa sas Sas beeen 390
cost sero 8 LL) en ee ne en ee 390
Cane menrmmowom ( Valoncionnes) 323 oe tose soe eee 391
fee WEREABONSIN ( PLOIMGRCNN OF ) i — 8 SS or eh 391
nT es) ee oe ee ee ee 391
Genus100- liycodontis, McClelland oi5.1oss a so te 392
IY RW OO OR csc cece a nk ieee 393
eae warmacna Co Order: & GINORY) sce sists nen tee 393
ED) a ee ee 394
uo gd 9 De ne Se ew ee 394
repay OMINON CP OOS) css cess retention asain ene 394
Reem UNECE HU Sed (OU VIOD) acres sera as et es este eee eee 395
RR ee TESS 395
et ou cpa EOS 1) | ee Sk OR ce a a 396
eau meroune-metemes (GURUISOR airs ts haiti tedeenmen nano 397
RBDaae ORV RN (PUL ENORION ) Sarcastic Smt ce hes ac eres cnet 397
SENRUCGUBDOLSUS Ul OOS) odarrdncd ris ca taccis sansa ae ondelceaks thd bia cene 397
TO SEE ESE, CE OR eC ee A re 397
Eg BES EERE SAT RP as SOR Lye ie eS 398
ST TC se eeeeeeenns 808
Gers Curovesces (Jordan & Gilbert) 2... 2a 2_.._.... 808
hg OE EE ES SES ee ee

— 658. ocellatus Daan ee ee camer OOO
EE Aa RE rp ee 399

658). nigromarginatus (Girard) _..................______- le iéeloemtia ta iadicbacd 399

XXX CONTENTS.

CLASS III. PISCES—Continued.
OrpverR Q. ApopEs—Continued.

Family LUI, Mureenide—Continued. Page-
Genus 191. Mursena (Artedi) Linnwus______ eee 400

659. insularum, Jordan & Davis.____-_____.._.__ eee 400

660: argus(Steindachner)_—.-__— =" == ee as pe ee 401

661. retifera, Goode -& Bean___--__ >. eeee——EEee 401

662. melanotis (Kaup)_-=- —___-._—. -__._._._ = eee 401

663. lentiginosa, Jenyns_---- 2 A 402

Genus 192: Echidna, Yorster... =... _._._. = ee eee 402
664. nocturna (Cope) 22) =! 2 ee 402

665. catenata (Bloch) = 2-22.23 =.=. = 403

Genus 193. Uropterysius, .Rtppell--___________. eee 403
Subgenus Scutica, Jordan & Everman) 3 404

666. necturus (Jordan & Gilbert)—_- =. ee eee 404

Genus 194. Channomursena, Richardson... - —_- = eee 404
667. vittata (Richardson) __W- = ee 404

ORDER R. UWYOMERU22—. 2). = 52-52-22 Sa ee 404
Family LIV. Saccopharyngide_... =... =22 405
Genus 195. Saccopharynx, Mitchill == ee eee 405
668. ampullaceus (Harwood) \=.---==..__-3-2 406

Family LY. Eurypharyngidse —-- =. <2 352 oe ee 406
Genus 196. Gastrostomus, Gill & Ryder>— = eee 406
669. bairdii, Gill & Ryder_.. "+ eee 406

Orbe: §. ISOSPONDYLI _--.~-~---- =e 407
Family LVI. Flopid 2.3225 eee ae Se 408
Genus 197. Tarpon, Jordan &devermann 2222 2 409
670. atlanticus (Cuvier & Valencienn¢s)_—-_ ———————E—E—E——E———Ee 409

Genus 198. Hlops, Linneus-.-....--.---- Eee 409
671. saurus, LinneUs..-=.===--—--.-— 410

Family LVI... Albulide_._-_... -.- =... =... Ee 410
Genus 199. Albula (Gronow) Blech & Schiele Ee 411
672. vulpes (Linnwus)__._2..3_..-._-. eee 411

Family LVI, Hiodontide....----+---- == 2 ee 412
Genus 200, Hiodon, Le Sucur_-_--___.___-- 2 aaa ee 412
Subgenus Amphiodon, Rafinesque —___-- = eee ee 413

673. alosoides (Rafinesque) ....___.-- 2 ee eee 413
Subgrenus Hiodon ....=--...2..-.- =. see 413

G74. tergisus, Lo Sucur_._.__.._.=.2. 2 413

675, .selenops, Jordan & Bean...-...... 414

Family LEX. Chante _-_._._________.._. eee 414
Genus 201. Chanos, Lacépéde_......-__ -... = 414
676. chanos (Forsk)) ___...____._-._____ 414

Family LX. “Dorosomids____....- --.2 3 -nno eo ee 415
Genus 202. Dorosoma, Rafinesquc______._._____. eee 415
677. cepedianum (Le Sueur) _____._..._-_- 416

677a. exile, Jordan & Gilbert _.._____.___._ 416

678. mexicanum (Giinther)s.___.=..._--. 2... eee 416
679. petenense (Giinther)__._-___.._.___ se 417°

Family LAL. Ciapeide — =... —- eee a ALS
Genus 208. Jenkinsia, Jordan & Evermann .... .._.. = eee eee 418
680. acuminata (Gilbert)___.. <2. ==... -_--_... eee 419

681. ‘lamproteenia (Gosse) = 2520-0202. =_- 419

682. ‘stolifera (Jordan & Gilbert) _-_—_= —__= 73 419

Genus 204. Htrumeus, Bleeker. = =-—-. == == ee = era Si!
683. sadina(Mitchill)___.__

Genus 205. Perkinsia, Rosa Smith Eigenmann____---________. es i

ee a ene oe ee ew ee we

684. othonops, R. 8. Eigenmann eee yt) |

CONTENTS. XXxXI

CLASS III. PISCES—Continued.
OrpDER S. IsosponpyLI—Continued.

Family LXI. Clupeide—Continued. Page.
eons 20o..Glupea.(Arted:), binned) 2 23 rose a a 421
Gp rae Narran ous hangers = 2 eee ee SS oe he ee ee 421
Gag: pallaan: ‘Cuvier & Valencievnes_< 2 2-) oe oe et See 422
Sonme20) 1 clapanedon lacepede -_-- 2 7- es ete Ce 422
Bee coeru Los (Gitar) see 2S el eS ee ae 423
owes pacudobispamions (Poey (ssa 8 a oe = ee to 423
iGenns20s.) Povmolobus, ainesquerss > 2 >- = ee isso, Ws 424
bao> chirveeciloniss Ratim esque =< Se+ 25 28 2 oe ee Se 425
Ransomedtocrix, WMitehill ies. os tj et Se ee ee 425
GEleEpEsoudOnarenouiK ( WilOni = ao! =e 2 Fae pe ee ee 426
oem eSsE iy cubes CIV EG TURD) sre es oe 8 aN ee oo ae 426

i ORME) ALORA OUVICK eo 2-2 Ses ta ee a) ee ee 427
Gap pieissinaa (WOIRGM)!_ 2. Reet he eee ee eo cee 427
Genus/210: -Sardinella, ‘Cuvier & Valenciennes 2.22: s2.52--=--4-2---------..- 428
SUAVE ES PSLS OG Uae) ME a gs Se ee 429
[et anehovia (Cavier & Valenciennes)! 2.3325 <2<22-- =} 2 >_-_-_______.. 429
Baps.elaupeola| (Cuvier. a Valenciennés) <4 s-2 33h se eee ee —_ 429
qeerapienlis (Miller &)'Troschel) 2 xcs) aot ass oo a eee 429
nnn (Miller &:Troschel)) .. -_- Beene ee eS 430
Subgenus Harengula, Cuvier & Valenciennes2__s---=2—-—---2 ==. 2. —--= 430
fe ae ETN: ORY, )) 5 eet ne et eae ae be eet eo eee 430
fassowacrophthalmns)(BRanzani) 2 ==9>> ae ee es | ee ee 430
ieee tains (Jordan & Gilbert) _.2<-29s Sst ee es 430
oie usmoralis: (Cuvier & Valenciennes)e2s=22 :=2=2n22526..252_= === 431
Subpenus Idle, Jordan & Jevermanm )2— 23 = 520s assed - 5 Sse 431
poze erolitera, (sordan & Gilbert). ss=ee¢e= oe ate eS be 431
Comme Onintnonems, Gull... soe ee ee ee es aoe 432
Remeron (ie) SUSU) aoe cee ee ee 432
feeeberpate (Gtinther) .—.- >... ee ee eee 433
Gone erovoortia,: Gill... 3 es ee ee ee eee 433
peceniyreannus: (uatrobe) - = 22. ee SS oe 433
SeesTeas UID (GA AAS) a SS ee 434

ADOnS Dravicnndatac: GOOde=: 132s, al eee en 434

Rare UL ONUS GOOG G eta SP meter eC eae Se eae 434
pense iomonirocentrodon. Glinther S222) + 422s eae Le 435
Timea eC eT GOT os me ote et eaten a et eS 435
Semon TNS AGIAN = 22 on a eee eect a 2S Se a 435
in Seaviniinis (Valenciennes). 2. 2. 2.0. Sanches e——------ 493
Meaeboribue (Rie). 54 jaime ati ee 493
779e. virginaisteindachner’ aM es eee oh ae Se 495
SAT ELSES MR Be oe ANON Es Arh 5s CER De ee 495

oe eo EB) es ae a a aon 496

fishes Douviort! (Bondine) ...0 52 as oe ~~ ~~ --- 496

i ae | i: a ee ean Seats iit 497

779j. macdonaldi,.Jordan & Evermann .-_..........-.----~------------ 497

Tete -COITOmetl, - TIGRONAROE 6 aos s acnncee ceases ene eeeeeeen---==~ 497,498
PeOde ROM OORE {FT OTORD ) a pcisctrrentin Ses enn ae aon ear EE, 499

A I larceny shies sien ities einen ax enehia agai wt Bo carceened OOM
a hg ES) es ae 501

FOr UU MCLE io ea Bh keane atoms rete meer . 502

78le. gilberti (Jordan)_...........---.......-----= ----=------------- 502

fala MOBO! (WOTGRN) coe. oboe n nn noe lence teen icannenne OOD

NE ESS SSS a a ee ee ee I

Genus 236. Cristivomer, Gill & Jordan__.....--..------------------ ---- 504
782. namaycush (Walbaum)._--..-..---------------...---------------- _ 504
782a. siscowet (Agaselz)......_...-.-..-.-.--------------------------- 505

XXXII CONTENTS.

CLASS III. PISCES—Continued.
OrvER S. IsosponpyLi—Continued.

Family LXIT. Engraulidide—Continued. Page.
721. perthecatus, Goode-& Bean << —-_—s oi ee 442
722. ischanus, Jordan & Gilbert=— == o222"S >.) 442
723, brownli (Gmelin) ________ = eee 443
724. cultratus, Gilbort...<2.2--_- 3 eee 443
725.- delicatissimus (Girard) -——.- 23 = <==. Se oso oe 444
726. choerostomus (Goode) 222255 0-5-4 ee eee 444
727. argyrophanus (Cuvier & Valenciennes) == 2 ee At
728. curtus, Jordan: & Gilbert: 2222-225 S252 ee 445
729. poeyi (Kner & Steindachner) .._..--- eee 445
730... opercularis, Jordan, & Gilbert =2="-* =222 2 445
731. mitchilli (Cuvier & Valenciennes)=— eee 446
732. lucidus, Jordan .& Gilbert -=___=_.- == SS a 446
733. clupeoides:(Swainson) 2—--—-+— 2355-2 Se 447
734, productus (Poey) 2 ee 447
735. -compressus-(Girard) —— -s35. ==... eee eee 447
136. panamensis (Steindachher) {== = = Sea 448
731. spinifer (Cuvier & Valenciennes)=*- = ee 448

Genus 219. ,Engraulis, Cuvier_-2:2-25. 22 ee eee 448
738.. mordax, Girard 222205... Se ee eee 448
Genus'220.Anchovia, Jordan/é ivermnan eee 449
739. macrolepidota (Kner & Steindachnen) = 449
Genus 221. Cetengraulis, Giinther 222) 4233 eee 450
140.-mysticetus (Gunther) ee eee 450
141. edentulus (Cuvier) -= == = eee 450
Genus 222. Pterengraulis, Giinther 22---.—. = ee eee 450
742.-atherinoides (Linnzus)=-- 2 = Se eee 450
Genus 223. Lycengraulis, Giinther _..----2— = eee 451
743. grossidens (Cuvier) ....=-...-s.. — 2 eee eee 451
Family LATE... Alepocephalidx _.==.. ..-=+.+ =. ==) se eee 451
Genus 224. Alepocephalus, Risso _-______________ idee ee 452
744, productus, Gill. ==. 4-2 2 ee eee 452
745. agassizii, Goode:& Bean \2- 32 ee 453
746. stenevrosus, Gilbert 22-=- >. oe aise A eae 453
Genus 225: Mitchillina, Jordan & Hyermann 222-32 eee 453
147. -bairdii (Goode: & Bean) = 2.2. 5 = ee eee 454
Genus'226: Bathytroctes, Gtnther=_... = eee 454
148. stomias, Gilbert... .2-—- 2. eee 454
=” “alismania, Goode & Bean____---2==5 See se a ee ED
Family LIX. Chanide “oode & ean a 4,
Genus 201. Chanos, Lacé peQgan --------2 ssp eee 414
676. chanos (WorsK@l) .---..-_---2 +. es 414
Family UX. Dorosomidgs. —==- 2-335 oe oe ee 415
Genus 202. Dorosoma, Rafinesque__-_ = =- -.- =e 415
677. cepedianum (Le Sueur)... ---2__ = ee giants 416
6iia. exile, Jordan’ & Gilbert... os.2222- ee 416
678: mexicanum’ (Giinther)2-= 252... = oe 416
679: “petenense:(Gitnther) =... = 226 417
Family OXI, Chipevdse = =- +2 nn eae Aly,
Genus’203, Jenkinsia, Jordan & Evermann ——.._-.._- =) ee eee 418
680. acuminata (Gilbert) _-_-- ----s="—_. ==. 5 419
681. lamprotsenia (Gosse)_----.--0 2. ee 419
682. stolifera (Jordan & Gilbert) ~-=-_>-_.-.. 3 3-5 419
Genus:204. -Htrumeus, Bleeker===-— 22-225. —-2_ 4 eee x a soe LD
683, ‘sadina(Mitehill)_<.. 2 < \- a e . B Siacepp
Genus 205. Perkinsia, Rosa Smith Ligenmann____------_~---. haze 379
684. othonops, R. 8. Eigenmann_-_-___.._...--------.--- \--- 379

CONTENTS. XXXIII
CLASS III. PISCES—Continued.
Orver S. IsosponpyLi—Continued.
Family LXIV. Salmonide—Continued, Page.
Subgenus Coregonus __---------------------------------------- ------------ 465
760. clupeiformis (Mitchill) _-------------------------------------------- 465
761. nelsonii, Bean _----.----------------------------------------------- 466
762. labradoricus, Richardson _____---------------------------- ---------- 466
Genus 232, Argyrosomus, Agassiz__------------------------------------------ 467
Subgenus Argyrosomus-___--~---- ------------------------------------------ 468
= 763. osmeriformis (H. M. Smith)_---------------------------------------- 468
764. artedi (Le Sueur) ~------------------------------------------------- 468
764a. sisco, Jordan---------------------------------------------------- 469
765. hoyi, Gill____..-------------------- ---------------+---------------- 469
766. pusillus (Bean) ._------------------------ --------------------------- 470
767. lucidus (Richardson) ~------~--------------------------------------- 470
768. laurettz (Bean) ---------------------------------------------------- 471
769. prognathus (H. M. Smith)------------------------------------------ 471
770. nigripinnis, Gill___-____-------------------------------------------- 472
Subgenus Allosomus, Jordan ~__------------------------------------------- 473
771. tullibee (Richardson)_~-__------------------------------------------ 473
7Tla. bisselli, Bollman ____-------------------------------------------- 473
Genus 233. Stenodus, Richardson ____---------------------------------------- 473
772. mackenzii (Richardson) -------------------------------------------- 474
Genus 234. Oncorhynchus, Suckley ------------------------------------------ 474
Subgenus Oncorhynchus ~__----------------- ------------------------------ 478
773. gorbuscha (Walbaum)-_---_----------------------------------------- 478
774. keta (Walbaum)-__--____-------------------------------------------- 478
775. tschawytscha (Walbaum)-_-__---------------------------------------- 479
776. kisutch (Walbaum) ~----------------------------------------------- 480
Subgenus Hypsifario, Gill_-__-__------------------------------------------ 481
777. nerka (Walbaum) ___----------------------------------------------- 481
Genus 235. Salmo (Artedi) Linneeus __--------------------------------------- 483
Subgenus Salmo _____--.-. --------------- --------------------------------- 486
778, salar, Linneus__--------------------------------------------------- 486
7178a. sebago (Girard)._----------------------------------------------- 487
778b. ouananiche, McCarthy MS _------------------------------------- 487
Subgenus Trutta, Linnewus___-----------------------------~--------------- 487
779. mykiss, Walbaum___-------------------------------------------- 487, 492
779a. clarkii (Richardson)_--_----------------------------------------- 492
779b. lewisi (Girard) _----.-------------------------------------------- 493
779¢. gibbsii (Suckley) ----------------.-------------------------------- 493
779d. henshawi (Gill & Jordan)__-------------------------------------- 493
779e. virginalis (Girard) ---------------------------------------------- 495
779 f. spilurus (Cope) ---------------------------- --------------------- 495
779g. pleuriticus (Cope) ----------------------------------------------- 496
779h. bouvieri (Bendire) ~--.---------------------------- -------------- 4196
779i. stomias (Cope) -------------------------------------- a arn eee 497
779). macdonaldi, Jordan & Evermann ---~-~-------------------------- 497
780. gairdneri, Richardson__----------------------------------------- 497, 498
780a.. kamloops (Jordan) -...------------------------------------------ 499
781. irideus, Gibbons .._..------------ ------------ ---------------------- 500
78la. masoni (Suckley) -----.----------------------------------------- 501
781b. shasta (Jordan) _......------------------------------------------ 502
781c, gilberti (Jordan)_.._------------------------ -------- (i EES 502
781d. stonei (Jordan) ......~----------------------------- ok a
78le, agua-bonita (Jordan) .---...---------------- -------------- -------- 503
Genus 236. Cristivomer, Gill & Jordan....------------------------- -------- 504
782. namaycush (Walbaum).-------------------------------------------- 504
782a, siscowet (Agassiz)__.____--------------------------------------- 505

XXXIV CONTENTS.

CLASS IIl. PISCES—Continued.
ORDER S. IsosponpyLI—Continued.

Family LXIV. Salmonide—Continued. Page.
Genus 237. Salvelinus (Nilsson) Richards0n___. ----=--=-——— === 506
783, fontinalis (Mitchill)_..._-- .. s2asans2- SS 506
783a. agaseizii (Garman) ———- —— Soo eee 507
784. malma (Walbawm) ooo 2 a ee ae ee 507
785. alpinus (Linneus) 2... 225 se ee 508
785a. alipes (Richardson) _———— <= so ee 509
785b. stagnalis (Fabricius) 22222-1243 eee 510
785c. arcturus (Gtinther) .... --- 2 = -_=+224e = 22 Seen 510
785d. aureolus (Bean) 22s Se ee 511
786. Ocumasse (Guimaraes 514
7860, naresi (Gimthen) 22222) - ne eee 515
7860.. marstoni, Garman soe nee ee ee eee 515
ormilay) TG Vs, "Davari ce ee eee 517
Genus 238. ‘Thymallus, Cuvier —-=--222s25- 22-3 eeeone see eens nee, 517
787. signifer (Richardson) —.+.—~-- 24+ =--<2-s-cescceees eee 517
788. ontariensis, Cuvier & Valenciennes = ——-=26 225 2s eee nena 518
788a.. montanus (Milner) .—.-_- hea ee te ee 519
Family GXVIL Arg entint d res aa a a ns 519
Genus 239. Mallotus, Cuvier 2.2 sec2. 225 Ss nee 520
789. villosus (Miller) __:~ +222) 22: 2222452. 22e eS ssa e eee eee 520
Genus 240, Thaleichthys, Girard =--222353)=) 2 eR 521
190. pacificus (Richardson) 22202222 322 Sa eee 521
Genus'241. Osmerus (Artedi) Jiinneeus) 222222625 2 eee 522
Subgenus Spirinchus, Jordan) Myermann)] 2222 ses. == a eee 522
791. thaleichthys,. Ayres .-2252 22-5525 5) 6 eae 522
792.. attenuatus, Lockington 2. —=.-==22 2255s ee 523
Subgenus. Osmerus_._..==..=+ <2=- 2-228 Se es 523
793. mordax (Mitchill) —.---__..-__- -- +2 eee 523

7930. spectrum (Cope) —..=-- 2822552223 b a Sone §23
(93b;-abboutl (Cope)! -2 222 o=-e2===e Mewes abe ee eee 524
794... dentex, Steindachner ......-_-._._ eee 524
Genus 242, ‘Hypomesus, Gills... =--_ -. =. 52a eee 524
795. pretiosus (Girard) ..-2=. 02-2) 22236555 Se ee 525
7196.. olidus (Pallas). 22 -.....5... == ee eee 525
Genus 243. Argentina (Artedi) Winnseus_2 222s. = = ee ee 525
(9%. Bilus, Ascanius,..-<- 2. =. .s22 5.552 ee ee 526
798. sialis, Gilbert_..2.....-=<... = see 526
799. striata, Goode & Bean. ...----. ese == ee 526
Genus'244. Leuroglossus, Gilbert....221 522-3 es ee 527
800. stilbius, Gilbert__-== --._._-._23.=-5 SS eee 527
Family LAVIL. Microstomide ——....==—~~2-.-— -6 22 se ee ee 527
Genus/245. Nansenia, Jordan & Nvermann=2=-=222csese oe eee 528
S01. groenlandica (Reinhardt) -=.. 5 Se 528
Genus 246: Bathylagus, Giinther_—__ ---__- 42.2 528
802. benedicti, Goode & Bean... .....- see 529
803; euryops, Gooderé Bean ...=..-- 22-2 2bl eee 529
80S; pacihcus, Gilbert.=... +5. 2es--Lsceseoe ee eee 530
OnpeEp (ls INIOM0L 23-3224 $2552 on ee eee ee 530
amily DX Vi, Bynodoniide = oo ee ee eee 532
Genus 247. Trachinocephalus, Gill —- 22. en eee 533
805. .myops (Forster) .._..-.._- «5 tees eo eee 533
Genus 248. Synodus (Gronow) Bloch & Schneider_____.--__________-__--~_-____ 533
806. intermedius (Agassiz); ~~. sees cae ee 535
S0y.. evermanni, Jordan & Bollman oo: 2-22.44 -25 eee 535
$08. ‘poeyi, Jordans sso seco seek ne eeew cule se 536

809. synodus (Linneeus)_____-..._______- sina ne Cece a 536

CONTENTS. XxXxXV

CLASS III. PISCES—Continued.
OrvER T. IN1om1—Continued.

Family LX VIII. Synodontide—Continued. Page.
Se nC ORLNTIS Gia DOE — = ee = ee 536

Slee SOUT (bis: WO eee 537 -
Siz. scituliceps. Jordan,é Gilbert 4. == 25s == 537
Sto. sOnicinsl> Jordan wo bollman) 2 = = A A ee es = == 537
ne eS eee 538
Bie tucioee psi (A VTE) 22 = oa a ee Te he er ee 539
ce Tw Hetrs. Gilt ROP Se 539
Spee ESE GNU TUL OR eS ae ee 539
otto. Sati yiacd. Goode & bean <2. 222-2 Ss8 = a 540
ew tenn. S,OOde: dy Wem a aS oe ee 540
aerareiin pT PRION ARID) trl oe rere See es Ss eS ee 541
Guanmwcat Chicrephthalimus, Bonaparte_-_2 + Ss eee a 541
DR SER S96) ge ee ee ee ee = ee ee 541
umn eunminenine [GOOUG) 2228 er ee 542
woeaipaucniontus: Goode & Bean=! == — 3 5 is 542
Snomaere rennin DeRInORRUTIA ei a Eh a ee eS ees 543
Gouger. bonthosanrus, Goode’& Beam =--* 22.52. oe 543
fee emanation. Conte i Bean = Se ene 543
og | ee ee ee ee ee eee 544
Peer A etry pLOLOis, Gint hor. 2) 2) se ae eet Se ee 544
Subgenus Synapteretmus, Goode & Bean _._. ,------------------------------ 545
Remnrmemaersinia GUn ther 25 ot oe eS
menmrmintas: GUTLNOr nn a a a eee 546
fiamreerE Pree TYINO PUTS =x oe > eae . 546
emg Tpnops: Gunther a= 2 2. So eee 546
mee geeeriny i. Gtinther 2-2 ose ee ee ee 547
Tit aE REP OME ITT, TON ACL CUMS: a ee ee 547
Bonunmtopo. hondeletia, Goode’ & Beans oo 2s- 2s ee 548
mae bicolor Goode G Beat 32 4s. ee Sh ee eee 548
eermeraraelibe. Caolomimttse =. ae ee 548
Gann ate Cotomimus. Goode & Bean S2-29. 5. 2 es ae eee 549
Rn ETN uA DUSCLG) CL: RDEERTN oe Ao epee 549
SrIner GOoOde We bDeaih = ake = et a Di ee eee 550
CONE NE OG SD IT 11, Zp a EE eae 2 Ape a a fr eT Re eee NRE 550
NT ea a ge ae ee se eR 554
BeeGUerGuiUmy (GOOG: Gi Real) ee ee enn 554
Sap, warraritiferum: (Goode & Bean), , ee ee 655
EEN EPIX ISTO CTA; "RmMSC) eee eae ee ne le mn 555
SrA MTC ERTR STATED (CHOON NG CESAR ) a eee sem wren 556
A Eh a a a 656
Brera: > OOTATORCODGLUG, Gre TRO eee 557
I a ey BE I yee 557
Sire ERI SS AEN UTUR TIDY OC LTNELS ESOT) O/T CC nemo 557
bal ROY AE TO) eS ed a Se eS ee eee 558
835. townsendi (Eigenmann & Eigenmann) ~--------------.-------------- 558
SURI RRA TLD CRC CUA ic PRR Tce ee noo 559
aa BN RR OL i ae 2 eS en 559
Og a ei a ne Ta 559
IIe 7 PARASITE DOER TCE COEDGL CS GA) REN ce ema wanee 560
Genus 260. Lampadena, Goode & Bean..__._..__...-.--...--..---.------------ 560
Mimi rn, SET ON cn ee nmenion 561
RMPNUI a ERA TENI OUT PUCHULA LENIN GLI TN GNIS ee mmermaann 561
841, leucopsarum (Kigenmann & Kigenmann) ~.----..-.---..------------- 562
I UU on eee genannannanen 562
eerT ERG MIREE, CANON 0 nn nkelnenndeseacdannebacremes amo 563
ee EE ee ee 563

XXXVI CONTENTS.

CLASS III. PISCES—Continued.
OrpeErR T. Inrom1—Continued.

Family LXXV. Myctophide—Continued. Page.
845. macdonaldi, Goode.& Bean 2---_- 2 Se eee 563
Genus 262. Diaphus, Higenmann & Higenmann_____—-------_-s.--______-____- 564
846. theta, Higenmann & Higenmann’_-=~____ 2-2 eee 564
Genus 263. /thoprora, Goode.& Bean 2-2 == 222 ee ee 565
847. lucida, Goode& Bean 2.2 ==). =22) 565
848. effulgens, Goode & Bean.2--=..-+ 2-2 eee 566
Genius, 264: Collettia; Goode & Beani- ===. = en 567
849. rafinesquel:(Cocco)-s.4-"- 3. - 2 eee 567
850. nocturna’ (Poey): =. == 2-5. eee 567
Genus 265.. Rhinoscopelus; itken- =-2-2 ==> = 568
851. coccol. (Cocco){-- =e ee ee 568
$52. andres \(Liitken).. =. 22 =. == Jaen eee 569
253.. rarus (Liitken)=--=.--.-+=-2=2.. =.= ee 569
Genus 266.. Myctophum;, Rafinesque’-—---- —-= eee 569
854. punctatum; Rafinesque =.= 225. = ee ee ee 570
855. ,affine (Liitken),===..--2+=..255 > 5 570
856; opalinum, Goode: & Bean=_-. 2 a 571
857. humboldti (Risso) :o-2=2 322s ee 2 ee 571
858. californiense, Kigenmann & Higenmann__-__—__-----_-__--__________ 572
859. -gracile (Liitken) --)-:: 22520 3 3 SS ee 572
860: benoiti-(Cocca)<2. <2. Ea ee 573
861. hygomii (Liitken)==<: =.=" eee 573
Genus 2o7.. Benthosema, Goode &Beans= 2220.) ) te ee 573
$62. mulleri-(Gmelin)-_.-.--=2523 tt ee eee 574
863. arcticum (Liitken) _-_______ a a 574
Genus‘268. Dasyscopelus, Giinther=2=-====— 2-22 ee 574
864, ‘spinosus (Steindachner)-—.2.<<.... 575
Genus 269. Tarletonbeania, Eigenmann & Eigenmann -__.--__--__------------ 575 ~
865; -crenularis (Jordan: & Gilbert) ">=. ee 575
866: -tenua, Hicenmann-& Higenmann=s—2 sooo ee en - 515
Family LXXVI. ~“Maurolicids 22. — =. = ee 576
Genus 270: -‘Maurolicus; Cocco ....52) 2 ee 576
867. pennanti-(Walbaunt) 22-222 eee 577
Genus 271. Vinciguerria, Jordan & Evermann 2222 ee 517
868: attenuata, (Cocco)! 22.25.22. eee Ret 2 oe ee a8 577
Genus 272. Valenciennellus, Jordan & Evermann —__-~___-- == 577
869: tripunctulatus (Hsmark)_2.~ = 578
Ramily LXX VII. ‘Chaultodontide =. ee 578
Genus 273. Gonostoma, Rafinesque _...._-.— EE 578
70: ‘denudatum, Rafinesque____.____... 579
Sil. brevidens, Kner &Steindachner _....- 579
Genus 274. Bonapartia, Goode & Bean ...2. 2... 580
S72. pedaliota, Goode & Bean _.._____..... ee 580
Genus 275. Cyclothone, Goode & Bean. _.-_...-__ 581
subsenus Cyclothones--— 3 nn eee 582
873: microdon"(Gitinther)—_ 5. 5 2 582
874. bathyphila (Vaillant)... 23 -___ e 582
Subgenus Sipmops Gills. =) ae eee 583
TO. elongatenGiumtbenys es. eee eee ee a ee 583
Genus 276. Yarrella, Goode & Bean__..-2--_ =)... 583
876: blackfordi, |'Goode & Bean. ee 584
Genus 277. Chauliodus, Bloch & Schneider 2... .__._ 2... = eee 584
877. sloanei, Bloch }& Schneider —_...... 3 eee 585

878; mMiacouni, Bean ==. 5-0 os. ee 585

CONTENTS. XXXVII

CLASS III. PISCES—Continued.
Orper T. Inromi—Continued, Page.
BiiareirmePE ew VWI © AUP ON CRE INCL a ee 586
eanminia (Se ASUrOnesinGs. HighaATanon ===). 586
20 2 RS Re eee eee 586
elem eceTEITINE SOT CrOOUG) 0s, WORN ea 586
ee ——eEeE—E—E——E——————————— 587
Cg fp ES ES ISSO es Se ne ee ee 587
een Ran eS UORAR OHM LOT = ee ee 588
Peers a eernivandy 9 oot ee ee 588
Pen GENE oo te ee A Se ek 588
Sees ROS DOTNA POW Ora os ne 589
abun ESD E ETAT IO WG eS ee en eae 589
Speen MeOET ity GOORG (65 Beans oe 589
Genus 2ol. Grammatostomias. Goode & Bean i --—— t— e 590
fap aeucatus. Goode & bear 220 Sn ee ee = 590
Costs oom noLonectes. Gungner a= 2a rn See 591
Sdimearsenin Goode: & beat. = fo -~ ee ee e e e 591
JE DES ED SON E S S e Sag a k ae ae 592
Genusi2e83; Malacosteus; Ayres) o- 0 o- + 3 en wet ee ee 592
Rap RD RTE VEO a eS ee te ee ES 593
SEES O TO SES Ee TES ee aS ee Oe eee 593
peste Aete COLCEIGABIETGS, ) MON OS - 2 ns SI ee 594
UO PAE PERIL SP ELC PVERSALER HP a 595
aes ET CaN ee eet 595
fie CRRA DUS (GGT) Se 595
OP Da CM DT CUT LS) | ine eens Sees PS eS ee ee eee 596
PERRET COE POON 8 eS ee 596
S055 OSA Cr) eee See. ee ee eee 596
DiS EEO, a eh <5) eee ce aaa: 597
ameter eel. Odonlostomide os ae ee a 2 aS 597
eee OmmOsnGIs. Ginter - oo es Se Se eee 598
CL, WP Se ST rire) ra eee Re nes a cae REE NPR ge es ace 5 AN 598
ieenaeiemenem il. Puralomidtase = * os Sn 599
Seeenne SetGre AIH | NRT SOUNG See a) cee en et ee 599
Bu Eanner COU (OGY) ==. one ee ee A 600
pa rpons. orden és Gluberhe. = a = a eee eee 600
aneN SL Miner er NeLOZO IRN CML), Se es Ss Ses 8 ee 601
Boye. EOrOr Ns (EMNATCL) =o ee ne ee ee 601
Boy coruscans (sordan & Gilbert) i 225-52" 5a a a en 601
Oe SEC EETCSTE CMR ST ea pe GE ee Re eee 602
Ee GEORGI OLCGH, SENIRE C= ee ee enone 602
SRR EReRCeE ye HORNOP IU CHMISE: oa aaa he none ee an aan ean 603
NE obra nbero) ae cog a cic 1112) | ape eae eee a ee ne ee eee Se ee 603
SUE CONS eC TER gS 11g 1 Cis b2 ee ean Se Oe ee Pn AE Oe pt ec 603
eens Cah TT ODOLOC UB, OCCU air rec meee oes ee ee eke em 603
Dimes ROUTE VINNTN WOCCO Sonn ore ee ae ee 604
SS IERIE A A ee 604
ETE CI V5) CUMS ORCI pag a Se ese 604
Re ee” SCIROR ENTE. WOLOI6 eo a 605
sos aE Ne ES ee) 2 ae ee 605
CU povonds cole) aCe S802 g Sse ane Sas ee ae See er 605
a hE Be IE penn ee ee ey ae ee ee 606
ER ac OEE EES GOSS Se 2 2 ee ee ee ea 606
; Sean MUR PERMAGME UIA, DOOTBON. ooo oon ce (ene a sees mene eene 607
{ en OCI TAN Nr ee Eo. ce cnemmenmamen OOF
: TOBE NS) 9 LPO Bs oie US 2 A ee ee -—-« 608
Genus 293. Aldrovandia, Goode & Bean _......-..---.--------- ae, GPE 52 608
Ae as en ie al os SS 2 IE a OE OPO CS Ee a ce er ve eee 609

XXXVIITI CONTENTS.

CLASS ITI. PISCES—Continued.
OrpER U. Lyopomi—Continued.

Family LXXXVI. Halosauride—Continued. Page.

SO8macrochir (Ginther) Sao a es 609

909. goodei (Gill) =. o> eS eee 610

O10) eracilis;\Goode:e, Beans een. as ee ee 610

Oil pallida. Goole & Bean) eee G11

ORDER V; HETEROME 22. - 5-6 ae eee 612

Family LXXX VTi. Notacontfide 228 2 613

Genus 294. Notacanthus, Bloch=:--_-.. +. -_--_____ =. ee 614

912. chemnitzii, Bloch _....-.--:-—.--___= >. eee 614

913. ‘analis, Gill. 2-2. 2 22a ses Eee 615

914. phasganorur, Goole. =--- <==. ees 616

Genus 295, Macdonaldia, Goode & Bean... sae 617

915. “rostrata (Collett) 4 1. os = ee 617

916. challenger: (Vaillant)_.___.__— __.__.-._._. eee 617

Family LDXXX VII Tipogenyids eee 619

Genus 296. Lnpogenys, Goode & Bean ____-______- eee 619

917. -eillii, Goode & Bean. 2. eee 619

ORDER LW. XENOMT = 22 ee Se ee ee ee ee 620

Family, UX XLS, Dalitiie ee 620

Genus,29%. Dallia, Beah _______- | e 621

S18. pectoralis, Bean...--" 5-25. 5. 2 8 eee 621

ORDER X: WAPLOMI..2. 2+ 33 eee 622

Family XG, Unibridse 2 == a ee 622

Genus 298.. Umbra (Krimer) Miller _.___.______-_-=- = eee 623

Subgenus Melannra, Agassiz) —-— =... 2-5-5) 623

919. limi (Kirtland)... ee 623

920: pygmea (De. Kay). 624

Daman XiGl. Tuciidse= = OE 624
Genus.299. Lucius, Rafinesque=-—-~._--=_ =.= t2. 2552 ee 625

Subgenus Kenoza, Jordan) &,Myermann, —__ 2 ee 626

991.-americanns (Qmelin)|.- -- 5+ =_s-- <=) =e ee 626

929... vermiculatus (he Sieur)/=_...._25- 33-0 eee 627

923. reticulatus (Le Sueur)... = 5 eee 627

Subgenus iiucius....—-——- 2 Se eee 628

924. lucius (Linneus) = _=--— ees 628

Subgenus Mascaloncus;Jordan___-._ == 5 eee 629

925, Taasquinongy.(Mitchill) (= =. ee 629

9250. ohiensis (Kirtland). <2 < eee 629

995b. immaculatus (Garrard) 2-2) ee 630

Kamily XOUL » Peciliidse === =o oe ee eee 630

Genus 300, .Nunduins, Lacépéde..-._. - = ee ee ee a 632

Subgenus Wundulus-.--.-----s2- =. eee 637

926. punctatus, Giinther =. .0- 32 = ee eee 637

927.. vinctus, Jordan. & Gilbert. --» >= eee 637

928. pallidus, Hyermann ——=-..=.____-_.._-2 = eee 638

929. similis (Baird &)Girard) ...-._=*-____ = ee ee 638

930; majalis (Walbauim)___=_--.._*+ "Se eee 639

931. parvipinnis, Girard. <=. - -) —eeee 640

932. heteroclifas:(Linnseus)-2-=—-...-<-..-.-_.- =.=. 5-640

932a."macrolepidotus (Walbaum), =... -_- = iS Se ee 641

932b. grandis (Baird & Girard). 2 ees 641

933. ocellaris, Jordan’ & Gilbert_..-- 3 =_ = 64°

934. fonticola, Cuvier & Valenciennes.—._-_--- = eee 64

935. bermuiiz, Gtinther______.._.- eee 64:

936, robustus, Bean _-2-. 3s eo eee 644

O37. Jabialis) Ginther ee Rete ee ae 644

7
CONTENTS. XXER
CLASS III. PISCES—Continued.
OrpeR X. Haptomi—Continued.
Family XCII. Peciliide—Continued. Page.
Subgenus Fontinus, Jordan & Evermann__-_--~---------------------------- 645
938. adinia, Jordan & Gilbert___._. --_----------------------------------- 645
939. diaphanus (Le Sueur) ~~. ---_ -__---_------------------------------- 645
939a. menona (Jordan & Copeland) ~_-___------------------------------ 645
940. extensus, Jordan & Gilbert --_--_-_------_--------------------------- 646
941. zebrinus, Jordan & Gilbert ____-------------------------------------- 646
942. seminolis, Girard_____---------------------------------------------- 647
Subgenus Xenisma, Jordan_____-------------- ----------------------------- 648
943. catenatus (Storer) ---.---------------------------------------------- 648
944. stellifer (Jordan)__---------~--------------------------------------- 648
Subgenus Gambusinus, Jordan & Evermann_--------~~~-----.---------------- 649
945. lineatus (Garman) -—— -___ __+----____-___-_...---_----_----------- ---- 649
946. rathbani, Jordan & Meek_-------_-__-_-_______-__- ae UE ee 649
047. albolineatus, Gilbert —-_—_---=_--_-_=__-__--_---..__---------------- 649
948. confluentus, Goode & Bean______--------------------..----- ---------- 650
(> fandwleides (Hvormann)-— = ______-____-.--_,--. 650
Subgenus Zygonectes, Agassiz _____---- -------- -------------------------+-- 650
950. dovii (Giinther) -_______-_-__---------------- ------~- ---- ------------ 650
Gat macdonala:- (Meek)-— ~~ —--_._ -_--___-_.____-___-_--_+__----_- -=_——- 651
952. floripinnis (Cope)_—.------____---_--_--.-.~-----~------------------- 651
953. jenkinsi (Evermann) ---------_------------------------------------- 651
954. pulvereus (Evermann)_____-_---_----.--------.-------------~.-------- 652
955. arlingtonius (Goode & Bean)______---------------------------------- 652
we nencnallt (Jordan) 2-2 =—o2.--_-S LS 653
S67: rubrifrons (Jordan)_--..------. 2 653
Gee: ecertes, Meck -<.-- = 2222--5-2 S22 5-- Lee 654
ie. seisthieus, Cope: _. 2 = 2 22 ee 654
960. lucize (Baird) ~.____.-_- het een 6 ASIA te 654
Ser, ehryectus, Holbrook _-=-- 2. 22> 2 ate 655
962. cingulatus, Cuvier & Valenciennes___-_------.-.-------------------- 656
Meermatta) Ca pueis 2S ee 656
See entiatas (Aganiz) =~ =< 25) ete ost te 658
S667 bieroglyphicos '(Agassiz)_ =~ ___ => _-.-+__-s__.-_-_..-.----------=-- 658
Geer @ispar (Agamiz)--~---- aos nee 658
Gey, sotatus (Mafinesque) 2... -__-_--__- _-..---=-+----—- === 659
pee, mclapleuras (Gome) {22 -22--22- et 659
et: en oe a ea i ee ea 660
969. guatemalensis (Giinther)=----______-___-___-_+--_----==.----------=-- 660
Om. Haohycephala (Giinther).2cseeere >". =. + -.-- ----+------ 660
yas umount (Moan): 2. = oo Veleeeten sol = nnn enn 2 = 661
COREE OO ea ae ee ee 661
SON IVE, POOe «ako fo sos oo ee ee eae 662
O78, cylindraceus, Pooys=.—-.-2-.-....- =----=-.-..---.------.~-------.-- 662
G14; mavmorntue, Poey. 222.25. +=. <.....------ --.-.---------- =. 663
Remar ss) nucania. GIinetde- 22222 ee sls. == ==. ug Wk Ey BES FR — es RE 663
076, ominate (Jordan)... ....22.--2<---------_.--..-..-----..---- ----- 663
O76) goodel, Jordan sacs 554-05 5.0 ps = 5-2-- 22-2. 2-2 -- --- 2 = 664
O77. weneet, Girard)... 22-5532 <1. ss... 5-- --- = ---- 665
° 978. parva (Baird & Girard) .......-._-..--.-_~-.-_..---..--=.~----------- 665
1 Genus 304. Girardinichthys, Rleeker____- ~ teemens a= qa Se 666
070. jpnaminatue Rieal -) ---------------------------------- --2----- === ben
} Genus 325. Athlennes, Jordan & Fordice -_-.._---.--------------------------- T1T
L ) 1067. hians (Cuvier .& Valenciennes)__----..-...------------- ------------ 718
( | Family XCV. Hemiramphide .......--------..------- ----------------------------- 718
. Genus 326. Chriodorus, Goode & Bean__-.....---.-.------------------ -------- 719
ip 1068, atherinoides, Goode & Bean._....---- ------------------------------ 719

XL CONTENTS.

CLASS Til. PISCES—Continued.
OrpER X. HapLtomi—Continued.

Family XCII. Peeciliide—Continued. Page.
983. \Vanieius,. Bean) = 3 ee ee 669
984. furcidens, Jordan’ &. Gilbert 2-22. 2.3 eee 669

Genus-307. ‘Cyprinedon, Lacépéde— =. 2 ee 2610
985. variegatus, Lacépétde_..__ -___._-. =. eee 671
985a. -riverendi\((Pooy)-.< 222222. 6 = 23 a ee 673
986. eximius, Girard... 2222-2 eee 673
987. bovinus, Baird:& “Girard *-= "> 52224. Eee 673
988. macularius, Baird «Girard... =... ee 674
989. baileyi (Gilbert)_S2- <5 956 =o ee ee One. 675
990., elegans, Baird & Girard — =~. Se EE 675
991. marte, Steindachvier,_-=.22 2 4 a ee eee 675
992. carpio, Giimiher.=— 7 2 er a ee 675
993. -felicianus (Roey) =e == 32 eee eee 676
994. latifasciatus, Garmanes--- = 3-. 1221s ee 676
Genus 308. Jordanella, Goode: & Bean, 2+-=.+ 5. .-- ee ee 677
995.. florid; Goode &. Beanso22.-222=-2so5 2... eee 677
Genus'309. Pseudoxiphophorus, Bleeker... =. 678
996.- bimaculatus (Heckel). - 3. eee 678
Genus 310. Gambusia, Poey=-=- ==22-20 5... Eee 678
997. punctata, Poey...-==--.. <= 222... 2. ee 679
998: puncticulata, Poey —5--2~ === eee 680
999. Infans; Woolman...=<-=) 254-2 ee eee 680
1000: .affinis(Baird & Girard) --— == 222-5 eee 680
1001: nobilis\(Baird & Girard) = 2-22. =--.=-_ =... eee 682
1002, nicaraguensis, Glinther==- - 5-22. 5-3 682
1003. gracilis; Heckel_._...-- =... -+. -3-.-.< =". = 683
1004; episcopi; Steindachner: —— ~~ =e ee ee 683
1005. picturata, Poey.1 =) ==... 42) eee 683
Genus 311... Belonesox, Kner .2- ===. 2 Eee 684
1006; belizanus, Kner 2222.2 2. >. oe os eee eee 684
Genus'312.Anablepsi(Artedi) Bloch. .._+__- 2. 684
LOOT. dovil; Gill Sten 2 oo Se Ss es 685
Genus 313. Goodea, Jordan __—_ = 5 ee 685
1008.-atripinnis, Jordan 2-5 -.- 2-5) 23 22s 685
Genus 314: Platypoecilus, Giinther=. 2 =2"5--" ee ee eee 685
1009. maculatus) Giinther_- =... =" ==" eee eee 686
1010: .mentalis, Gill 22220238. ee

Genus 315. Heterandria,. Apassiz_===- 2 2 eo ee eee
TOM. -uninotata (Poey) '-222 => 2 a ee eee
1012.metallica (Poey)=----=--—-..2 2-2 = ee ee
L013; formosa, Agassiz: -2--.22-. 25-22-24 3
1014. pleurospilus.(Giinther).....-.-._- >. eae
1O15-sversicolom(Gunther)222_.==- == ae or
1016. occidentalis, Baird & Girard

Genus 316. Lebistes, De Filippi
1017. poeciliodes, De Filippi

ee = ne ee oe ee oe oe

932b. grandis (Baird & Girard)
933. ocellaris, Jordan & Gilbert

935. bermude, Giinther
938. robustus, Bean... sus oe
937. labialis, Giinther

CONTENTS. xLI

CLASS III. PISCES—Continued. *
OrpER X. HapLtomi—Continued.
Family XCII. Peciliide—Continued. Page.
1026. chisoyensis, Giinther_--------------------------- ------------------- 693
1027. petenensis, Giinther_-___-----_-_----------------------------------- 694
1028. sphenops, Cuvier & Valenciennes__---~------------~---------------- 694
1029. dovii, Giinther ___-_-__-------.------------------------------------ 695
1030. couchiana (Girard)___----.----.------------------------------------ 695
1031. boucardi, Steindachner__-__-----------------~------------------------ 695
1032. vandepolli, Van Lidth de Jeude______--------------------- --------- 696
1032a. arubensis, Van Lidth de Jeude____--_--------------------------- 696
1033. dominicensis, Cuvier & Valenciennes _-__-_--_----.----------------- 696
1034. melanogaster, Giinther___-____...----------------------------~----- 696
1035. spilurus, Giinther___-__-------------------------------------------- 697
1036. elongata, Giinther____________--_---------------------------------- 697
1037. presidionis, Jordan & Culver_..._------~--------------------------- 697
Genus 319. Mollienisia, Le Sueur_-___-_--------~----------------------------- 698
1038. jonesi, Giinther________-_------------------------ ------------------ 698
1039. formosa (Girard)__--_-_---------..---------------- ----------------- 699
1040. latipinna, Le Sueur-_----------------------------------------------- 699
1041. petenensis, Giinther ______-_-_------------------------------------- 700
Genus 320. Xiphophorus, Heckel___-----_----------------------------------- 701
1042: helleri, Heckel. ________________________-____-.-------------------- 701
1043. guntheri, Jordan & Evermann ~____-_--------- --------------------- 702
Family XCIII. Amblyopside-_..------------------ ------------+-------------------- 702
- Genus 321. Chologaster, Agassiz___-__--------------------------------------- 703
1044. cornutus, Agassiz___.___-_----------------~------------------------ 703
Deiibegticir Pater =
1046; papilliferus, Forbes_________._ ____.-___-.-----------_——--==-.—---—- 704
Genus 322: Typhlichthys, Girard..._..______-------------------~-----------~--- 704
1047. subterraneus, Girard_______.____-_.----------- ----------------------- 704
Genus 323: Amblyopsis, De Kay__-_--..-------------------------------------- 706
1048; speleous; De-Kay ~~ ..~--______ _-_--.-~_-=------------=---=----=- 706
Oniee i SVRENTOGNATHI: + =~ --2-= S eeeneeee ene T07
Family XCIV.- Esocidx___-=---------- -----------------------~-------------------- 708
Genus 324. Tylosurus, Cocco-_-__-------------------------------------------- 708
1049. notatus (Poey)-_--..-___-_------------.-~.------------..------------ 710
1050. scapularis, Jordan & Gilbert ___-_..-------------------------------- 711
1051. timucu (Walbaum) ________-__.------------------------------------ 711
1052. euryops, Bean & Dresel___._-._------------------------ ------------ 711
1058; diploteenia (Cope)____-_.~.--_-----------_--------------------------- 712
1054. microps (Giinther)_.__---~-____-.~-=.-...-.------------------------- 712
1065. angusticeps (Giinther) ._._._..__-----_- ----.------------.----------- 712
1056. ardeola (Cuvier & Valenciennes)__--_------------------------------- 713
1057. stolzmanni (Steindachner)._....--__.----~.~. ------------------------ 713
1058. exilis (Girard)_______________.__.-.-_- +... ----.~-=..---=------- 714
[ee marions.( Walbawm ie oo2 o> en se-- === =~ 714

1060. almeida (Quoy & Gaimard)____.-.._. -.-..-------------------------- 715

1061. fodiator, Jordan & Gilbert __.__.....-. .-__-..----—. --------------- 715

ieee. xanhidome, (Mansan!) 1 2 3-2 = 2 --~ = = === 715

1063. galeatus (Cuvier & Valenciennes)___._..---------------------------- 716

1064.. pacificus (Steindachner)___...._.._-...-..---------------------- ---- 716

nee eS ) a a a ae are a om 716

1066. caribbsus (Le Sueur) ..-._._...-----....-..-----.--------~4-------- 717

Genus 325. Athlennes, Jordan & Fordice _.....-.----------------------------- 717
1067. hians (Cuvier & Valenciennes)__..........------------+ ------------ 718
Family XCV. Hemiramphide ..-..-.-----.-~.---------------.--------------------- 718
Genus 326. Chriodorus, Goode & Bean__.......--.-.--.----.----------- -------- 719

1068, atherinoides, Goode & Bean.-......--..---.-- -------------.-------- 719

XLII

CONTENTS.

CLASS III. PISCES—Continued.
ORDER Y. SYNENTOGNATHI—Continued.

Family XCV. Hemiramphide—Continued. Page.

Genus 327. Hyporhamphus, Gill). 122... ee 719

1069. unifasciatus (Ranzanl)__—-___-___. eee 720

1070. xoberti (Cuvier & Valenciennes)_____ 5 eee 721

1071. rose (Jordan & Gilbert)_.-.--- 2 erie 6 721

Genus 328: Hemiramphus, Cavier-=—:.__2==-—-=-_- = 722

1072. brasiliensis (Lianngeus)=. =". - = ee 722

LOTS.: balao, Le Sueur <2 —2- === - =>... = 25 ee 723

Genus'329. Huleptorhamphus, Gill_—___.___ | = = eee Bee Se ee 7123

1OT4. velox, Poey <22.2 2 -<ncecncens an 724

Family X CVI. Scombresocidxe 2 *=--- 2 an ee 724

Genus 330: Scombresox, Tnacépéede_-.-—-- =... 725

1076. «saurds (Walbaum)_... "= 2 eee 725

Genus'331. Cololabis} Gill.2 22. se ee 726

L076. brevirostris:(Peters) —-..--..2s=-- 4. = 726

Ramily CV. Pa0cwtids -. 2-9 oe 8 eek SE eS 726

Genus:332. Hodiator; Jordan :& Meek-=_-... 2. = ee 727

1077. -acutus (Cuvier ’& Valenciennes)... EEE 728

Genusi333.. Parexoccetus: Bleeker. ---. 2 eee ee 728

1078. mesoraster .( Bloch) 222-5 eee 728

Genus 334. -Halocypselus, Weinland 2-2-2 eee 729
1079. evolans: (Linnzeus)_ == -2=—=2-.... =. es

ORDER. Z.. HEMIBRANCGHID.2. = 23. 3 a ee eee
Family X CVI -Gasterasteidse 22 eS eee eee

>

Genus 335. “Mxocoetus (Artedi)(hinnseus: 52 2 eee
Subgenus Hxoccetts2.--2- 2." es ee ee
1080:..exsiliens, P. i. 8. Willer. =-_-=. =
1081. rondeletii; Cuvier & Valenciennes ==. --— a2 eee
1082. vinciguerre: Jordan & Meek-__- 2 eee
1083." :volitans, Linnzeus:2<) 2... 22. A ee
1084. rufipinnis, Cuvier & Valenciennes: =< —- = =) eee
Subgenus: Cy pselurus, Swainson. 22 == 2a. eee
1085; heterurus, (Rafinesque. £22222 25. 3 eee Bee ae
1086. lutkeni; Jordan.& Hyvermann._== 22. = 2 eee
108i: farcatus,” Matchill-— = 3 = ee
1088.ynigricans: ‘Bennett, .22.. 2 as ee eee
1089. xenopterus, Gilbert: 252. — 2s ee eee
1.090: lineatus, Cuvier & Valenciennes —2. = ee
109). <eyanopterus, Cuvier’& Valenciennes: —2- == ee eee
1092. ‘bahiensis, Ranzani == * 2... = == eee
1093; : californicus;: Cooper —=.2t =~ 2282
1094: .callopterus, Glinther 2. 5 2 eee
1095. gibbifrons, Cuvier & Valenciennes_-__-----___---_-_----__------------

Genus 336... Hucdlia, Jordans 2-322.) se es ee
1096: anconstians (Kirtland)... 2 ee eee
1096a. icayuga, Jordan... 2282. eee
1096b.“py gues (Agassiz) <2. ee eee eee
Genus 337.. Pygosteus, Brevoorti<=. 2.) Sa eeee eeeee
1097... pungitius (inntwus)s=_2 3 See
1097a.. brachypoda (Bean) ..-__—_-- - 5 2 ee
Genus 338. Gasterosteus (Artedi) Linnzews_2_—________----===-— == === =k =
1098... aculeatus, Linnseus.—-— 222. => os ee :
1099. bispinosus, Walbaum 22022422) 0) 3) eee
1099a.. atkinsii: (Bean) 2-24. ---.2..--- 42 eee
1099b, :cuvieri. (Girard) ....2:.2+.. —. 2 oe Eee
1100. cataphractus- (Pallas) 220... = 23) See eee

’ CONTENTS. XLIII
CLASS III. PISCES—Continued.
OrvER Z. HEMIBRANCHII—Continued.

Family XCVIII. Gasterosteide—Continued. Page
SR IC Es ee nc en ee 750
niOlas microcephalns (Girard) = <= 2s022> oak ase ng eee 751
Sete.) A peltess De) Maye. So oe tae a 752
SNNa greed MA ACRNSSRIC LIS (QSVECH UCL) ws ce a gc a 752
one ALOT HUNG MOe = e e e ee B s 752
Apeseealer Sy ALOPEL YT CHC, | GUNS = 5 ek at ae i a wt ore ye Sh 753
TES SE OS sai OT | A ES Se ne Re aE a 754
EAE Oe HAO SLON GEE = Sar ane ee i 8 eee tk eh eee 754
Gengte4). -Anlestomus. acépede- == =-—-2-—- 5282 tee 754
i205. Mancnlabud, Valenciennes: =.= 2.5.0: Le sebee Sette 754
Pia GInOTOUS YP OC ase onn a at ea ies eo sete ees See ee 755
SO) ESE US DAE OF Ase a a a el ee 755
estiiiroe a, MONt Mania. MONO US § on ee eee ee eS 756
OG: tahacaria, linneuss +22 == <cssnasneeaoon AL Seo eh ett Sas 757
MGB NCSSAn GHG NOT ooo cee ee LA See Re 757
TEE Mea Ye) iin] 1p Badd GEC 1°00 (| ei he . a ee 758
ATHOLL EACK OC UOINP ROSIE a ao A Sees eee 758
Genus.245, Macrorhamphosus, Lacépéde_._- se = a ee 759
u00. scolopax.(bintiwws)=2 2.25. 02.ccbessus. flere le pS See 759
rarer pene ineO BE ANCMIT 28 eee Fo on OS hs ee as ers 759
SULI EUooi is BIS MM ea eee ne a ap a ae tnd ener eee ht 760
Risa EC URL AN BIN EP e ee 760
Golan to) SIpaOstoilAa,, MatinChQ Ue. 2 a ee 761
PEON UD Grin AGORLO UNA, Cll — 0S Se mene 763
ee PENC NNO (GULL) oe ee 763
Sot ud DOVES SEY SLOTS 27 a ee er Fe ret coche ek Catal Seer are he 763
REP CHIN ATI, GI DOL Uo. nn a me ee ee ree mae 763
RIBERA EOC EOTISO SU MEOL OL ) 2 cai a ee a a er 764
Bile CAMBEOMMEAGUIR (CA VIOS) =o - cance ee eee 764
ilace loybornrye MMI (GTAT) 2 nn ee eee ee 764
i 1 RR a a a ae a 765
LDS APD Sh ee re a a 765
DUMP IRACRONI SWAIN. NECO Ko ket ee ee 766
PR Nseoe EL COMIUCA RE eA TCL EAC CRD ET) ON a a 766
Mm MOEVA, QOLOR Or AU VOLIDGIE: oo a a eee 766
VEN SS SOT pO) 1 | ee es a a Sakae a ee ee 767
1 pS EL vai era EV WW 6 075) YESS ae ae I eae Se A 767
I SPR RN a ee ope eee greene veer snl tanin eran 767
Ls RELL VCTETE FSG eS J fara es ar i ae ls Pe RSA ls eA 768
EARP ORISSA (USA TUNIS ae as een ein 768
aa Wracnoconenm trang) 769
1 AUS ETE ICG ik a 720 Sec Ae ae a RR ele 769
tar BOOVON Ts Wu VGnUtmnn ew PRONOUN a in ei re we ee 769
OR A Lo nn en 770
as DOTA TMIA NERS ( OnE ste ete ti ae en ee a es eee 70
(IES TST (eu) UME se he a ie a I Eee Sa Se 770

SE TPR DO TA foal bb CMe aie a Sie eT 77
ORS oe SUG be Ut Oy tik i a a er 771
- Ug SE a OR ig LI) a) | ae a eee eee ee 771
BOORGHOS COre tT OICHUNYR, BAUD nse aes eens nce emcees h «aan sane 772
NN | a a a ee 772
A Gti I Oh) Sec a a 7172
( | SOUT ae eal 0 a a ca 773
| ep chel MOl se elle dk i 773
} Aide. Btieneus ( Valenciennes)... eee one enw e sewe eeneneneoene 173

XLIV CONTENTS.

CLASS III. PISCES—Continued.
OrpER AA. LopHOBRANCHII—Continued.
Family CIIT. Syngnathide—Continued.

Subgenus Doryrhamphus===- 2222. -S8> 225 een ee

JIS%. -califomicnsiss Gila - 228s 2. ee eee

Genus 346. Syngnathus; Linnsus..--..-.. ++ +_5._ 3 a eee

Subgenus :Synenathuss == 2 = a ee ee eee eee Aree mee Se

1138. 2equorenus; Linnweuss =~. 2 ee eee

Genus 347. -Osphyolax, Cope =2s_—. = —.- 2523 as Se eee

1139--pellucidus, Cope 22---=-—-+ 222. + ee

Genus 348: ‘Hippocampus, Rafinesque=-_..__ 35 eee

1140. ingens, Girard =. .-2=-Sncee. 2h _ 2. ee

1141. hudsonius, De May is-22 342282 eee

1142 punctulatus, Guichenot-._=- =. ==

1148. stylifer,; Jordan & Gilbert.__._..-.--2...-__ =.

Lj44-zostere, Jordan & Gilbert’ <..2.--.-.<-_-- 2

OnbER BB. ACANTROPTERY 2208 an

SUBORDER .SALMOPERCMH ~..— 3 -=. os snes SS eee

Pamily CLV. sPercopeids 2= 2 3255 Joo Sae oe SS ee

Genus'349. -Percopsis, Agassiz... =. se eee

M145: putiatus, A passiz.. 22-322. 25 sae ee ee

Genus 350. Columbia, Eigenmann & Higenmann--__-__~------_--__-___~------_
1146, transmontana, Eigenmann & Eigenmann

SUBORDER XENARCMI 2. - =. 222525 -sss iso a8 oo ea oon ee

Family OV. Apliredoderidg_.- = 22202255 =k 5 eee

Genus 351. Aphredoderus, Le Sueur.-___-__- ee

1147. sayanus (Gilllams)222222-—.. =

SUBORDER PERCESOCES 2... -2---_ Ss 320 6 Se enn eee

Family OVI. -Atherinidee 222-52.s550 22 8 seen o ooo en eee

Genus'352;_ Atherina) (Artedi) Thinnteus-= 2 ee ee

1148. stipes, Miiller & Troschel_._..--.. -___...

1149. laticeps, Poey —.2 2.

1150: area;) Jordan & .Gilbert=2225_ 22). Se

1151; tharrinetonensis,, Goode=_2=— = Bee! ee

1152. carolina, Cuvier &) Valenciennes_=---- 2 ee eee

1153. microps;, Poey..2+2=2.. 2-2 sa

Genus,353. Lethostole, Jordan & HKvermann. ee

1154. -estor (Jordan): =- 2-5-2 5- o e e

Genus'354. .Chirostoma,. Swainson....--22 == = ee ee
1155. humboldtianum (Cuvier & Valenciennes)

1156. bartoni, Jordan’ & Everman 2222-2 ose aa ee

1157, jordani,Woolman == 2222-2. == eee Sey Sel SS

Genus 355. Kirtlandia, Jordan & Hvermann=_-- --2- ee

1168. -vagrans (Goode: & Bean):~£2—-- 22-2. ee fae ee SS

1159. martinica (Cuvier & Valenciennes)- =

1160. laciniata (Swain) =2-—. ==. = --2 2. os

Genus 356. Menidia (Bonaparte) Jordan & Gilbert _-____-__---_______-________

LI6L..peninsule (Goode & Bean). =_—_- —- - e eee

1162; -grevilis (Giinthbr) 4+ eo ee SEE ET

1162<a.,beryllina (Cope)=_ =... 222... eee

1163. audenss Hay. =.= ee oe ee

L164.. gilberti; Jordan:& Bollman ...._.---- -<_---

1165. sardina (Jenkins & Evermann)___~--_____________ .. Seema ee

Tiov. notata (Mitchill) 2... -. 2 252. ee a eee

1167. menidia. (Linneeus) _--_ .-.--..=-- =. == ee

1168. guatemalensis (Gtinther) ----—.-..-_-.._-.... .-

1169.. pachylepis:(Giinther)=—-— =~... = ee ee

1170. clara, Evermann'& Jenkins —-2-- =. -- Se

1

CONTENTS. XLV

JULASS III. PISCES—Continued.
OrpER BB. ACANTHOPTERI—Continued.

Family CVI. Atherinide—Continued. Page.
Remnbiar. AcHresthes, Joraan a Gilberg._ = 801
BEDE Clann, J GEUKE of MIVerIIAnyy 2. i Se 802

ian er A te WR eS es 802
Gemunass. wurystole, Jordan’ & Evermann — 9.2 802
PMiaveniarcha(sordan & Gilbert) == 29 ge ee $03
Pee SHUT INS. Jovan Oo Culver a =o => = 2s Se ee ee 803
er evennannt, Jordan & Culver 2-9-2 st 804

Bivo veryaLa linia JOrmal a OULVer = I ee 804
Geumeaod. Athermola, Stemdachner.-~" 20! 805
eee pemamoneis, Giciiddchier -—- 64 805
eg 2 a as Faerie a eee ee 805
(ES iy) Sea tA a A ete a 805

Co eG Ss a a eee 806
Rise CRE RICHAIN, GALATth ofa Se Se 806
Sent. AGHEriInOpS, Stemmaaehner 20k 807
TUS Speed nen aaa a a ee 807

ESR EERSTE ECR pretreat ON ee 807

peeele TEPIE, SOHKING a Pryerminnns 57 toes Fe ee 808

I 808
Sees eee! (Arted!) Linnseus. 809
UNOPS TESCHICIG: OER UZ. SSS 8 ee eee es ee 810

boas PE oad Deg 1 Se i ee ee 811
IESE SSS es ea 2S i ee 812

Nipbeded > eR EPOULEINL, "oh OV ULART Oo) CATS Soo ee 812

ieee seurema. Ouvier © Valenciennes) 3. oe 813

DTS LCS or One ly A) ee ee a 814

mee weumarcietos, Derinaresh = 814

etter MELON, (AMID AUG 2 eo ee eee 815
SLEIGH UGE SE ORY) on ee ee ee ee 816

“PLT SETS ACSC AG 7 ea ee a 816
freoemrtonuonciaens (Gtinther) sae 9 = oe 816
Genugises. Quermmana, Jordan & (rilbert____ . —. —-—_ 817
PRSIEDME AEE OHISTEEES (CH ULTUR TION Yio eee ee ee 817

eee ery aL: SOPOT do) Gal bOrG = 29 8 818
ened AP OUOSLOMTUS, bennett. 25s a 818
Subgenus Dajaus, Cuvier & Valenciennes ___.--______--____________________ 819

Sm EOPIR TEST SSA ICC» GRUP INL LRT 2 = oes Sete te 819

ee RESTIOIOD tel (ATI OKOLL) oe ae 819

NEI RLHIEVELGULS CUTER GTNO TS 2 ee oe pe ee ee ee 819
te a ee 820

Ls RSET cg Ba £0, SE pe See 820
I SR LS AE pe ee 821
ET Mt) LS Re 2 ee Se a ae a 822
Genus 369. Sphyrena (Artedi) Bloch & Schneider____.___-_--________________. 822
Sg TEMS Fe hs er Se 823
A ES Se ee eee 824

1201. guachancho, Cuvier & Valenciennes....__..__.-..........-_......... 824

a Fey DS SS ES 824

} OU ES ks gp Ee I nae ea ee 825
ES TSUN SS NE a eee 826

ce et OE TC) ee Se ee 826
SE te SR a 827
EE ES OTS RS SOE a Se ey SE ee 827
Genus 370. Polynemus (Gronow) Linnewus____. ---.---- : = 828
Bo0c. Guinguerius, Linneus. 8. seen en ceeiieena er eee Se

XLVI CONTENTS.

CLASS III. PISCES—Continued.

OrvER BB. AcANTHOPTERI—Continued.
Family CIX. Polygnemide—Continued.
Genus 371. Polydactylus, Lacépede 4. .____.-___.___.__§_ =...
1207. approximans (Lay & Bennett). <= _-__ ee eee
1208: ‘virginicus|(linnseus) ——-- -__- --- +. Eee
1209: octonemus (Girard)=__-- = 5 ee eee
1210. ‘opereniaris'(Gill) ©2233-0252 = See
Group Ammodytoidel 22-2 U2 = 2 8 a ee eee
Family (CX. Ammodytide: ==. 22222. so ees
Genus 372. Ammodytes (Artedi) Tinneeus —-__--___- ee
1211..dubius, Reinhardt=.__-..- 2 .-s2- eee
1212. alascanus, Cope... --- 0 >. Eee
1213. americanus, De Kay. === _- =. Se eee
1214. ‘personats; Girard _-_-_=. =... 3. = ee
Group .Berycoider.t- ~~ 22. Se eee
Family GXI. Bathyelupéeidae >. _- __ == = oe = eee
Genus/373:. Bathyclupea, Alcock... == .5- = eee
1215. argzentea, Goode & Bean: 2.2. 2222...
Family ‘CX, Stephanobery cide — eae
Genus314; Stephanoberyx. Gill2 = ee
1216; mone, Gillas22 = 2S ee re
1217. gilli; Goode &. bean=- - 2. => 2)
Family CRT: Prachtehtiijidae == 52 - eee
Genus 375. Hoplostethus, Cuvier & Valenciennes
1218. mediterraneus, Cuvier & Valenciennes
Family GXIV.. Beryculie. = == 2. 2 8 ee
Genus'376.° Caulolepis, Gill22 222 =e
1219. longidens, ‘(Gill =. 92°24.
Genus 377. Anoploraster, Glinther-2_- -=_-__ =
1220. cornutus'(Cavier.& Valenciennes) —=-* 22 — = ee
Genusi378:*Poromitra, Goode'& Bean == eee
1a2t-\capito, Goode & Bean!" "== == s— 332s ee
Genus'379; ‘Plectromius; (Gill S22 = Se ee ee
1222. “suborbitalier Gill 225285 22 Seo oe ee ee
1223; slee@abris: (Gilbert) 225-2 ee eee
724. beanti\ (Gunther) 02-320. ee
1225. “Crassiceps, Gunther 2-2-2 -. 2
1226-eristiceps (Gilbert) 222. 2-. 26 ee
Genus (380; Beryx, Cuvier ss... 22335
1227. decadactylus, Cuvier & Valenciennes=_-.-_ =
1228. splendens; Wiowe'.— 32282522
Family CX. Holocentridze 2. = =. =. ee eee
Genus'38l. diyripristis, Cuvier’. 3-22... __
subgenus Ostichthys (langsdorf) =... =.=. Se a ie a
1229. trachypoma,, Gunther 222. = se a eee
Subgenus Miyripristis= =" 2. 2 oo so Seas ee
1230;:jacobus;-Cavier & Valericiennes = 2. 22. = eee
1231: voccidentalis, Gill|s-s9s)\--_ 2. eeee
1232. spoecilopas (Gill) =< 2.2 <2 eee
Genus 382. “Holocentrus (Gronow) Scopeli__==-- -2 = ee
1233. eecengomis'(Osbeck)\ ==" * =. ° S222. 2. ee
i233a, rifer (Walbaum)-~...__.__.-_._____.
1254, piceifer, Cope 2a 22, eee
1235; “suborbitalis; Gil =< 25. 22S ee ee
1236. coruscus; Potty 2232-22 sasha eel Eee
1237.°brachypterus, Poeys. 2222.22.22 ee eee
1238, marianuk&, Cuvier & Valenciennes... <--.+.-2. eee
1239... vexillarias, Pooy ~~ 2..-<s-se25.: 62. Oe ee

CONTENTS. XLVII

CLASS III. PISCES—Continued.
OrpeR BB. AcANTHOPTERI—Continued.

Family CXV. Holocentride—Continued, Page.
Ley LS Tal 1G ee seeped sete a Si a ep 853

eee ORCU PAE im GUN Ol Se 853
PENNS Serer EECLEVOCDHs Cle Se en so ee en ee 853
Pe em REE TNCHONOL) eee, ee et 853

SEL DE RT COC OP SS ee ee ee ae eee 854

SMI Sete ORME MONO ka kat eS 854
TLS GOR SEEM ESTA S155 a aS i oe a eg ce 854

Family CXVII. Myllidx___-_--------------------------------- ---- ---- ------------ 855
TE Reer AP SES IMAP IVIL VRURES UNTER TUES LES es hp 856
eee eer POU Cama NORG) soe ee ee ee 856

CSI SE SIDS Pg 2 RE 2) ee eek ee eee 857
ian. ratebant (ivermann & Jenkins)... 857

MOLE SRE RS 0 ee eee See nee eee eee 857
TUE E2 TERPS TILEH Wet Ea CC (e) 2) ae Se ee ee eee 858

Cans TUT GN A GaN Es ee eee eee 859
EOS A ee a Se See ee ee 859

iA0- martinicus, Cavier & Valenciennes ...._.___-.___-..._-______==._____ 859

SE Seg he a SS 5 9 ae cc Se A 860

LL tig, Seg Toyo IESTo hee: tev (AM 6 3 | et ee ee ee ees 860

oP OCIETT ENS 00 (oy ES Se eee 860
Prana et COTTE BASE fa Sn ae ee 863
Semieone- sscomber (ATtOdL) Uinnweus 2 =o ne 865
BRIPENEIRRSSCOMIDOD. <2 5 oy 22 fo ee ee 865

ere HCOERI TSCM GR PTL TI SIRS = 5 ee Se Se 865

Subgenus Pneumatophorus, Jordan & Gilbert --_.---.--._.-__-____---_______ 866

DES: CUE TS STN 515 ne eee eA Oct eee ees eee ee 866
“etal Sih E00 thn a es ee 867

eerste ZATO: (ACE DCGO) = = Soe a ate es eee 867

Sean Ge VETITIORATO A) GUA Ws 22 2 ee ee ee 868

LEE. TCLS eG Ohne, Sr) eS aoe Se ee fe ee ee ee 868

anos naloterata (ieetinesgue) = Sos ee 869

Sears cou etooy CPL EPTUTT CIS, « SOU GDN: i= ee 869
20h ips Ca ie 2) a i i ee 87

0 CE SUR Gena N (0 Fy eS SS ee ae a ee ee 870
12565 welnnes (Gmelin) 22... ee RN a SRE re 871
oS ig al hp a SS oe ee Oe eo ee ee 871

eter Sere WIION) 2 oe Sn 872

fac0. enilensig, Cnvyiek a Valenciennes. 2 =e 872

Geet ooe ScOMmberomorug, Liacépede._.. 873
eto Matures feta Fag fl (fated ah ata 00) 1) PERE a ee 873

Ufo BRS ESP PSy g 6le 9o7 10 pS Sa aan tl SS 874

Uy NR Sa CR fond CGP. hs Cre] sa a Pe ie ea ee 874

CEVA RNR OLS Fare) SOO SR BLS SIS RE See an el ees ncaa ne 875

ieGp,. CAvaUe (CONIer a) VeLONClONNOS) qa em eee 875
(PR TCES ST Vote 109 a 1 a © sD aE Ea a a 876
Pano. BOIANGr! (OMVIer a VGlCNCIONNGS) 88 ok eect cernesenesen 876
ICES AT C en uses nies ater eens rem erm 877
Genus $96, Bipinnula, Jordan & Hvermann _..... .....--s.-<+--------------== 878
Py GRE MCS | SE ae a ne 878

OT LET ot Taf 0 0c) aa Sh oe ee ee ae eee 879
PE US ES ES Se a ae ee eee oe 879
IT SY I EYE a See a ae 880
BE TS fo eS Ee ee eee 880
TRS RN uN ad ict pdm eenon es eemntewer oeeeses prenemenet orem einer 881
ES SD RU a ES a ee ee ree 881

F, N, A.——IV.

XLVIII CONTENTS.

CLASS IIi. PISCES—Continued.
Orper BB. AcANTHOPTERI—Continued.

Family CXIX. Gempylide—Continued. Page.
Genus 400. Promethichthys, Gill _—..—_--______________.____..____ === one
1271. prometheus, Cuvier & Valenciennes ~------------------------------ 882
1272, parvipinnis (Goode & Bean), ------------------------=_--___--- ———
Genus 401. Gempylus, Cuvier & Valenciennes ____-_______-_______..--_-____-- 883
1273. serpens, Cuyier & Valenciennes ___________ 884
Family CXX. Lepidopide _----.-------------------------------------------------- 884
Genus 402. Aphanopus, Lowe ~—~-__----__-______._____-_________-__————— 885
1274. minor, Collett=—— es 885
Gonus 403) Hvoxymetopon, focy eS eee 885
jp fis pews His MGT oy ee eS 2 SS RE esse 886
Genus 40+ ‘hepidopus, Gouan. ee 886
1276. caudatos (Muphrasen) | --2 20222 ees 886
Genus 405. Benthodesmus, Goode & Bean —..-______________________ 887
1277. atlanticus, Goode & Bean —— .--_._.. -_____ eee
DOT OD. OG EOL VT A 888
Genus 406. Srichiorus, Dinneus.--.. >... eee 889
1978. lepturus; Linnsus: 2 8 eS 889
Family CXXU. TWsliophoridse..=- 2 2s ee 890
Genus 407. Istiophorus, Lacépéde —.—. ~__. -__. -__.. eee 890
1279. nigricans (Lacépede) 22... se 891
Genus 408. Tetrapturus, Rafinesque —-.-...—. ......._.___ 891
1280. imperator (Bloch &{ Schneider)... ee 892
1281. amplus,Poey —-:. 222. eee 892
Family CXATIL. Xiphiide 2. =. => 893
Genus 409. Xiphias, Linnseus-. =: _..._-._. ee ————— Eee 893
1282... sladius; Thinnveus.... 22 ee 894
Family OXXIV. Nematsitids 22. ss 894
Genus 410; Nematistius; Gill eee 895
1983. *poctoralie) Gill {eee 895
Family CXXV. Carangjid2=2— -.—-....- == eee 895
Genus 411. ‘Qligoplites, Gill =.= .- =o Ss rr 898
1284, saurus (Bloch & Schneider)... 6 EEE 898
1285. ‘saliens' (Bloch) :-.-* Eee 899
12850. palometa (Cuvier & Valenciennes) _.=.-_---- = 899
1286; ‘aling: (Gunther)... "= 1. Se EE eee 899
Genus 412, Naucrates, inafinesque......- 5. ---- ee 900
1287. ductor} Linnwzus 2 __3-- = s = 900
Genus 413. Sri Ouvier .=-2 3.5 SS. ee 901
1288; dorsalis. (Gill) =... ._._._<._-...____ .._.. 902
1289: zonata (Mitchill) =... 5. 902
1289a. carolinensis, Holbrook ——___.-._.-_-. = ee 902
1290. Ialandi, Cuvier’& Valenciennes —.___.-.. eee 903
1291-"dumerili: (Risso) —___.--__=_________. eee 903
subgenus Zonichthys, ‘Swainson ——.-._.______ <= ee 904
1292. mazatlana, Steindachner._<.__- -_._. .___._- = ee 904
4293. ‘fasciata (Bloch)=_.- os 904
1294. rivoliana (Cuvier & Valencietines) =... ee 904
1295. falcata! Wuyier’s Valenciennes 2... eee 905 ©
Genus'414. Elagatis, Bennett____..-___-_.__.. ee 906
1296. bipinnulatus (Quoy & Gaimard)__-=-.-_____________ ee eee eee 906
Genus 415. Decapterus, Bleeker _....- == 907
1297. punctatas (Agassiz) =... 907
1298, ‘scombrinus (Valenciennes)_..._________ 908
1299. sancte-helenw (Cuvier & Valenciennes) ________-_____.___---.-_-___ 908
1300. ‘hypodus, Gill =. ._=...2.._. Eee 908

1301. macarellus (Cuvier & Valenciennes)__________________--____-.______ 909

CONTENTS. XLIX

CLASS III. PISCES—Continued,
OgpDER BB. ACANTHOPTERI—Continited.

Family CXXV. Carangide—Continued. Page.
_ Genus 416. Trachurus, Rafinesque------------------- ------------------------ 909
1302. picturatus (Bowdich) —____.—_-_ -----____________-____-__________. 909
CSTE Peel no msts (Gere srs) | ee EE 910
“epee i, MET clernnwey ose 007 ee ee 911
Dee fetes cha vey oA Se WETERT (SW (155 [701 0) ee ee 911
Genus 418. Hemicaranx, Bleeker__-----_-- ee CO ee eee ee ee 912
1305. amblyrhynchus (Cuvier & Valenciennes)-_------_------------------ 912
[0G atnmanns: (Jordan, & Gilbert) =— ss 913
uA EBeC Hatin) CR OCY) a en eee eae 914
1308. farthii (Steindachner)__..___~__ -—-_—.---_-- >= -~—----—---—._ --- -----~ 914
ja00) loncaras (Gtinther)— eo 914
Commaa 9. Carans. Tacépede 2 es 915
Subgenus Selar, Bleeker ~--_------------------ ----------------------~---..-- 918
1310. vinctus, Jordan & Gilbert _-____-----.-----------------~------------ 918
Subgenus Caranx____----------------~------------------------------------ 919
1211, ruber (Bloch) _—_____ -_______- 2-3-5 --------—---~-- —. 919
1312. bartholomei, Cuvier & Valenciennes ~-__-~_----------------------- 919
Subgenus Tricropterus, Rafinesque ~----------------------- ---------------- 920
1313.. hippos (Linneus)__-+—— . ----~~-+------—___ --4-.---_--___.-__. 920
Subgenus Paratractus, Gill _._______-_-_-----~--.----------------------~---. 921
1314. crysos (Mitchill)_..____...------- —_---.~---_---------------~-~--- 921
1315. caballus (Gtinther)________._-.-.-.-----+-=-------—--—---=--=------ 921
Subgenus Carangichthys, Bleeker ~-_~--------------------------------- ---- 922
1316. marginatus, Gill_______.---_------------------ ----~------. ---- ---- 922
1317. latas, Agassiz. ....___........-..-_+---..--=.--==—-=----------_—— 923
isle wneausicola, Jordan d& Starks —_--___ sss ee 924
1319. lugubris, Poey ~----.~---...----=---.------.-~.-.-_--===------=—-= 924
1320. melampygus, Cuvier & Valenciennes____-__.----__-----_--.-------- 925
Subgenus Uraspis, Bleeker__.-._.____..----~------~-~---~------------------ 926
1321. guara (Bonnaterre) ~-_-..—.-..-.-...--~------~~---~------------=- 926
ae UG RAGE OOOD BIGGIE R See nse ee ala etter 927
1322. speciosus (Forskal)_...._..-..--------+-~-----~-~-~------=----~~--- 928
Genus 491. Carangoides, Bleeker =~... _=_ === =----- += 928
i223. orthogrammus (Jordan & Gilbert).=-_...__..—_- .—____..____.__--- 928
eee a eeOILIG OUNIOT SS. 2222 a a en rete 929
cE NESTS | |) See oo ee on Sn ee ee ee Be 930
POBME wea WAIOCtIS, DBTNGSQUG soos oe a a eee nee 931
PLOT Ce VET Ed 6S Cyc) 1) ae ee ee a ee Si ee eS 931
Genus.424,. Hynnis, Cuvier ~...-=- 2 Hes == 5-5-5 ---—- 932
TO EGIOGMRIA/ UE ORY) aoe es as ae oe ee eee eee ca ha 932
tel Depkinel, Jordan.” Starke! .5- 2202-22-25... =----=- 933
monun 425, VYomer, Cuvier & Valenciennes... --_. .--. --.-.......--=--- 933
TE OO oe Se a a et 934
nr UNA NATE (UMANUNRIND) ote ictal elec veeceina 6 or arin is 934
LeeO Dea DOneNGe, GUIONOROt..0- sacs wecabe seen — saan e wee wen een ee 934
SO AG RO IERE DiRCONOUD tet alc nen cette Sate oe ee een 935
eee OBTELOGIT MULE OT 0 ae et a eta eee 935
ED ea VORIOD (AN NSCOWE ) Ses cae oso ei i enna come rename 936
Genus 427. Chloroscombrus, Girard........=...........-- ee ee 937
ieee, orqueta, Jordan’ & Gilbert. -. 222 sans See enone 937
i504 Chrysuruse (Lannmus) —--.2-_-.- 5-2. nnn nano nee 938
Genus 428, Trachinotus, Lacépéde___.__.........-.-----......--------------- 939
BOs UR MCTI ( LOON)) a atten n sewn se noun 940
fe usin SE 9 | eae SEE Se eee eee SE I a 41
1387. falcatus (Linnesus)........... ....-.----...~..-.----- ----- noon -=-= O4l

L CONTENTS.

CLASS III. PISCES—Continued. i
Orper BB. AcAnrHuorpTerRt—Continued.

Family CXXV. Carangide—Continued. Page.
1338. culveri, Jordan & Starks.-__-..__---------------------=----=--=----- 942

1339. kennedyi, Steindachner _-_-______-_-----~=-----------------=.----_- 942

1340. goodei, Jordan & Evermann —__--_.-__-------------_----=---~--~---- 943

1341. argenteus, Cuvier & Valenciennes__________~----_->----------=-___- 944

1649 Carolinas, nlite Us ae e a e ee 944

ISAS se alOMl A Ww ONCAN Cop Sta eee ee ee ee 945

1344. cayennensis, Cuvier & Valenciennes-=--——=== =" === === eee 945

Family CXXVI. Pomatomide_—__—-=-- == — nn 945
Genus 429: Pomatomus diachpede --- = ===) 2a 2S ee 946
IBY ayy ey liey puab-< (OU brhavet eS) Sse eee ee eee eae eee 946

Family O3O% VIM. Rachijcentridse 2 ena nn a 947
Gong 430s ach cemt ron aie ee 948
TBS Toa G ays Ophnia API) CS ee a ee sa see SS 948

crriilay (CO SONGVATO. SING VC 1 enc esr ee 948
(Serb) BIE An(ovane ich, (C1 0 Oe eee tee ee ee eee eee ee Et 949

D3 ATiee ONO Lig ( Gut) OLN) Sa 949

Genus 432; “Psenes. Cuviend Valenciennes ==—- = =222 2 ese a) ee 950
13648—pellucidug, sition == = ee ee 950

1349, cyanophrys, Cuyier & Valenciennes: === 2-2 = ene 950

1350; maculatus. Titi kent 22a. = ee a ee 951

WBS. Tegws, "POC\ css oe eee eee ele ee 951

Family CXXIX. Coryphenids nna 28 = a a ee 951
Genus433: Corypheena, Uuinneeus 22a ee ee 952
1352... hippurus,, uinneus Sooo eee ae ee ee ee

1353. .equisetis, uinnseus:. 2522 2--2=—4 == SS ee 953

Bamily OXXX, Lamprides ..52a.~ SSS oe ee 953
Genus:434. Lampris, Retzius 1.22 2--+ 2323252520 eee eee 954
13545 uma) (Gmichin) 2226 2222S Se ee 954
Family OX, Ptenaclidea 3 so nope ee ee 955 -
Genus_435.. Pteraclis; Gron0W..2 22-2525. 2222S Se ee eee 955
1355. carolinus, Cuvier & Valenciennes) 22235-22222 sae. es eee eee 956

Family (CXC. Brant dees 2 a oe er 956
Genus 436; Taractes, Lowe: . -..2--=42-224. 2 2 eee 957
1356. saussuril (ounel)) sano02> = ae ee 957
Genusg'437. Brama; Bloch & Schneider —2=>- 23" 2s) Seas ee 958
1857. agassizil, Poey 13. ..=-~-- =. 5 se See ee 959

1858. brevoortii, Poey =... --se eek 22 eee 959

1359; rail: (Bloch) :22.2-25-..-.--. ee ee 959

Family OXXXITT, Stemegeriide...-.—--. .- Se ose oe eee ee 960
Genus 438, Steimegeria, Jordan & Nvermann —---2-= 2 Sas 960
1560. rubescens, Jordan’ é& Myermannr 22325) see ee 961

Family OXXXIV.. \Centrolophidee 222335 ao Se we eye 962
Genus)439, \Centrolophus, iacépede—=_. —-=2— S20 ee 962
1361. miger (Gmelin)... +250 22S eager 963
Genus/440. Palinuriehthiys, Bleeker 4-2-5 ee 963
1362. perciformis|(Mitchill) 2..--<.-252-- 8 eee 964

Family CASXV. Stromateide....2. +... oe 8 964
Genus 441; Rhombus, Lacépide 2...2_----22 2-35 -- 3 eee 965
Subgenus *Rhembus... -a< 2 e ec e ce eee 965

1368.2 paru (Gimneeus) 2 es a 965

1364. xanthurus (Quoy &'|Gaimard) sssccc. --—- =o 966
Subgenus Palometa, Jondan & Evermann =... -2.-...- e eeee eee ee 966

1365. palometa (Jordan.& Bollman)_—-_ oo = = — ne eee 966

1366, medius:(Peters) 2... ee 967

1367. simillimus (Ayres) .....-2<--- 5. — 322g oe 967
Subgenus Poronotus, Gill’ c-2____ =. ee 967

1368. :triacanthus (Peck) 20.22.52 ea eae eee 967

CONTENTS LI

CLASS III. PISCES—Continued.
OrpER BB. AcANTHOPTERI—Continued. Page.
LODO OG GOT CS a a ae ee ee 968
mane em anys Semen a CilDOr ho 969
et ese PAP GOT POTTING LDCR Ey = 8 oS 969
au SVE EE PNET EIS MEO 970
MA PC EMBO DEAS) GOCCO 6s 970
eran a UE CORRES DOCK ISRO Sa a 972
CES ROCCE ie a (pty ist Dave! 2 | Pg Fc: ee nc 972
(PELL EEE AGES es Rd SPY 9 ES 2 a ey eee ee eee 973
wee ice Sg 2 0g A Se an St ee 973
mane ak 9 1 renunicolemngidse. 973
Retire e100 DG AIRE COLE DIR WE ORY 974
egies. DEICREBHCONGHS © OGY 5 ae 974
wi EEG NG EU ERS ES (0 gf ee ee ee nS 975
ie BRA) ene EEN TANT IN PRESS ot ee eS 8 Ae a ae 975
eee CNT RISO ee oe 976
EE ERD ST OTR Oa a 977
Genus 448. Pempheris, Cuvier & Valenciennes________________________________ 977
i3i5. mexicanus, Cuvier & Valenciennes._._.__.____._.__ _-__ 978
fie. scnombarcki, Muller & Troschel_._-_ 78
een TINEA OTA OOO Es x oon 8S a 978
Cogs TEE EY AL SSS ea 2 Ee a Se ee 979
OU REPT Ge eine a pa ee le 979
Es DETER a a a ne ee ee at ee a ee ene. EST es 981
Peer eEen ENOTES OCU ENE 8 oS eee ee ee eas 982
es ePer CATER CRMCEINV DOU ONY gn re ee ee ee 982
i tOVGrOIniol SOLA n> 3 <- pees ee ee ee 982
CN LOE 7 EE As a ae Se een ey Sweet 984
Peete EON TIS ALAMOS UC 8 es ta es Sh Pe ee 986
Poateaunmians Ratinesque .2 2-2 22 eee 987
Pen parcioos: (hachpede): <= 5 - = oe ST el Se ee eee 987
Genus 451. Centrarchus, Cuvier & Valenciennes__________-___-____._________- 988
i orate benin Caeb Ned) — Sasa. one ee See ee ee 988
Genus 452, Acantharchus, Gill... ==.._.______ be mrk eee ¢ AR Bea Bere te = 989
ener aR SSRIS URES: CHEMELLYYOL) | oo ts See eee PEE 5 Bt SES 8 ee eh 990
PN set nop ced. afinesque sa 989
Mn MmOERIG TRAM NORA UG Vino. eioa— Sur PEM ae Ae SN 990
TL yee Wed LG) Re Se eS 5 990
6 BUG Ae GPL e ED UN EEE Se ee eee Se he et ee ee ee 990
OER ae ry UT C2) ct) een See ee Cn ee 991
Co EAS ERE ACE Tag p78 gt 2) UE DE a a a. 2 991
1ss7. guilosus: (Cuvier & Valenciennes) ~~~. 2-1 -.--..-.--__..... 992
LIES TED] FSO Ula a a pe 992
Ce EEE CES 97) SESS PO ae se a ly ee CS eS le 993
TEESE Fey (a aL 020] 3) gi ee Re alee Ss ee 993
ON yeahs ae oo, ep TORT OT eS a ee 5 ee 994
OS SUSE Ee) Mt 995
OSU SUL 0 MF ee 995
Cee CCU IS tO oh Be ee 996
BE) a ee 997
Be POUR UGS Do Ee ee ee 997
1394. punctatus (Cuvier & Valenciennes)__.....................-...----- 997
ae og eh UL go) | Sa a a a 998
Ia OR caer eeneneesneretnitonnnaananeaes 999
OE OES 1001
i BE EE a a 1001
1396a, solis (Cuvier & Valenciennes) ...................-----.-------<- 1001
Ne ee ee naesmnawauneceteniuint 1002

LII CONTENTS

CLASS III. PISCES—Continued.
OrpDER BB. ACANTHOPTERI—Continued.

Family CXLI. Centrarchidee—Continued. Page.
Stibpronuis x rio tis: Ona ae ae en 1002
1898) ranma: Monessen 1062
1999, ‘megalotis (Rafinesque) 2.2... 1... eee 1002
Subgenus Helioperca, Jordan ~_______------------------------------=------ 1004
1400." humilis (Game) oe a 1004
1401. “haplopniathus, Cope’ 2.3 5 2-_--_-. ee 1004
14023. “IMacrochirus, Rafinesque_2.- =. __...=---.. = =2-=2 ae 1005
14037 pallidus (teh) 2222 = 1005
Gonus 460; Huponiotis, Gill & Jordan =< -.-.. =... __ 2 1006
Subgenus Xystroplites, Jordan .—-_ =. _-.4 2... 1006
1404. “pallidus; ‘Awassi7 2 = 2 5 -- 1006
Subgenus upomotiss-=. eee ie ee 1007
1405, heros (Baird & Girard)_._____._-_- —_____-___._ 1007
1406. holbrooki (Cuvier & Valenciennes) ..._...._-------~----------------- 1008
1407. eauryorus (McKay) ._.._.__________ ___.._._. . — —— 1008
1408; -cibbosus'\(Linnseus), ....---=--- 2 ee 1009
Genus 461. Micropterus, Lacépéde___..__—.._.__._. 1010
7409: dolomiueu; Lacépéde a2. 2.5. ee 1011
1410. salmoides (Lacépéde) ..__.____._-__._-__. eee 1012
Family CX0U1.. Kuhltide:. =~ 2 ooo oe ees 1013
Genus 462.. Kublia, Gill 22-.- e Eeeeee——e 1013
1411. arge, Jordan & Bollman)2=*) 4. -) = ee 1014
1412. xenura (Jordan & Gilbert) __._._____. ___._._._._ 1015
Family OXLDY, Percide....- 3 eee 1015
Genus 463. Stizostedion, Rafinesque) _=_-__--_-_-.._-_._- eee 1020
Subgenus Stizostedion.--_—__._- 0. a ee 1021
1413. vitreum (Mitehill)__.- eee 1021
Subgenus Cynoperca, Gill & Jordan: 1022
1414. canadense (Smith)... = eee 1022
14140. griscum (De Kay)... 22.252 1022
1414). boreum (Girard) 5... =) eee 1022
Genus 464. Perca (Artedi) Linnm@usl..2 22 oe 1023
1415. flavescens (Mitchill).-_- 1023
Genus 465, Percina, Haldeman. 2... eee eee 1024
1416. rex, Jordan..& Hyermann 1025
1417. .caprodes '(Rafinesque)'_=_ +. -*) - 2a 1026
TAlfa. zebra (Agassiz) 2—- =. ee 1027
Genus 466. Hadropterus, Agassiz... <> a 1028
Subgenus Alvordius, Girard... 5 1030
1418. phoxocephalus (Nelson), =... 22 = 1030
1419. macrocephalus;(Cope) -=...2...2 +. 222 eee 1031
1420. maculatus (Girard) =... ooo ee 1031
1421. aspro (Cope & Jordan) ...._..-_ 1032
1422. giintheri (Higenmann & Higenmann)__._____--- 5 1033
1425. peltatus (Stauffer)... eee 1034
1424, ouachites (Jordan & Gilbert)... 1035
1425. roanoka (Jordan & Jenkins)). == =.=... 2 1036
Subgenus Ericosma, Jordan & Copeland: ._ =... 2 eee _- 1036
1426. evides (Jordan & Copeland)... ee 1036
Subgenus Serraria, Gilbert <2... 2 ee 1037
1427. Sclerus, Swain... 22 < eee 1037
1427a. serrula, Jordan & Gilbert ________ ieiecn hee 1038
Subgenus Hadropterus, Apassiz —......- oo
1428; nigrofasciatus, Apansiz =. 1038

Genus 467. Hypohomus, Cope —-.- =~. 1039

CONTENTS. LIII

CLASS III. PISCES—Continued.
OrpDER BB. AcANTHOPTERI—Continued.

Family CXLIITM. Percide—Continued. Page.
Subsenus Swainia, Jordan & Wvermanns.. Woo 2ss=—2 eo 1040
Paver sanlatiatus, (GilPOrb ais Wad) aso Sas hp oe 1040
STOTT g hig a erence Oe en ae ane ee. aera 1040
ree TEN CHOLINE (ONO) 2-8 ee Ae ek la ee 1040
ie cymatotenia (Gilbert: & Meek). 3225. =. see a} 1041
ieee ninnguse (Gilbert. db Nieek)< 44h ee eae sk 1042
Nepeas proce Gilbert) a= ee ee 1043
erro st OUEOCASION ~ Uthat. 2 ee a ee ek ee ee 1044
Pern Pete CO GLODASLCR: = Set. 0s yi Set SE eet eh ly ee eee es 1044
i uranides (Jordan. & Gilbert) 225225 es oe he 1044
eer Co panera). (Jorden) as ee 1045
Gapecuns tanesioma, Jordan 205 452 325 ha oe 1046
Og cs) See ee OC ny Pe en eee 1046
Genun soe: Ulocentra, Jordam ase Saas se Sa sa ese a 1047
fo el rE 0 a hn On ee 1047
wise, pulbertl, wvermanned Choburna so ss.2 220 soen Ae =e 1049
1459, verecunda (Jordan & Evermann)._=-..2..--.+-~-+.--+-<-----.-_-_.-. 1049
deseo tistrio (Jordan dsrGilbert) 2252 Sti ew es erate kee 1050
Pee sro Lera (OOPO)! 3-22 ssa eee Os a ee Se ce eae 1051
NY) oe ee ae ee 2 1052
Goum +70" Wiplesion, Rafinesque-. +2 2-2-5. 3h ee. oo 1052
wees. Miomniordes (Bafinesque).- ooo oe oe keene naenene 1053
Gemeeare. Boleosoma, Do Kayi--= =~ ssa! -5 2 ss eee eee 1054
Er One nan us (JOTORN) — =o. = 5 eee ee es et a 1054
1445. podostemone’(Jordan-& Jenkins) 2... -.5—--=--=s+—.=--.-=.= 1055
Peron moram: (Ratinesque) 2: soo ee Se Ss ee 1056
ited: Ounstedi (Stren) ==. <<+--==~-28~. 3.5. 2a eee 1057
ieeey. cituloens (Girard) *= 22-22 === ob ae Se eee 1058
Peto Voxtlare’ (JOTdan) H228 se Se Si SS eo ee 1058
fon. maculatceps (Cope) ae eek eee A es Sa ee 1058
pistes, FALGSrS TEE (COPE) ia oe ee ne aE gS =. 1059

Te] kone (POrdan a Swain) === ==. -2ses sso Ses keke 1059
Pape aiiien tie, GONrdan 5-52 Soe 2 es Fit eee cee 1060
SPReCoeTeO PTs WOT OG = er eens ao ee) ee Sa once aane 1060
Genus 472, -Orystallaria, Jordan: & Gilbert: 2-22-2222 ost nance 1060
BeeePem eaeaE TE UREN (GE OT CIN =n nen cone co ee ek BU ete ee 1061
METI ATOMOCEY Pla, 0 OFM — 2 Sty hs ee ee 1061
mre polneiay | baird je on ees Ce ee Se tee 1062
TanOn, ClarH (Onder ts WOei)= = Ae Lo eo 1063
Le balla os LG) eee ges ee ere Se oe ee REE 1063

Smear LPMERTND 7 gh SOCCER ENT eet he ee ee cn eemnee anes 1064
See ert COG. We OLGEM Or ESTER Y CON nee oo ch roe oe ooo eb amos 1064
PR oe NOt) ss) Ale ae lglg te 2 Un el Ce eS Ce pe ee 1064
A a eg Op eamtpaa a ice ee LR REE Se CS ae ee 1065
PeREIE eT, ORICOOOBLORIH. TEA LTLONG UG a2 go oe ec ics cee Se eee 1066
Erol plage ta etd igs ip 2 ate ee ed ee 1069
eg aa Shh cles SAAT net ake bee a albany ll ee en 1069
Seer Sr PRTOMDO bie TUT aie a eee nene meen 1070
aod, Swantenod, JOraan a IVeTti@NN ooo <n. 02 2 ne no-one ene 1070
foo, tielesenunD (JOUR @ OTAY0ON) ose. on on nee . 1071
Tay, AUSCLIDEOES (COLGMT Or DTAVUON) ce een ence tien cewame mens 1072
eG. RMEITIE CALE DOL Cr WO s cnwcnwcen cede casdmankaatlenene mene . 1072
Dee STOW Or GT CHLIETY th WEN ois = td See einnn betubsacndoenscedanane 1073
Tr ea ee ee er aoe OL dna ee an ie adnheeememnneen L074
ITs REIT OCIN oes a Ss neti watendhiname = nocihsipeeel mncign te ae
146ia; arcansanum, Jordan: &- Gilbert... 2.06 nna- cone ---2n enn nne oon 1075

LIV CONTENTS.
CLASS III. PISCES—Continued.
OrvDER BB. AcANTHOPTERI—Continued.
Family CXLIT. Percide—Continued. Page.
Subgenus Nothonotus, Agassiz ------=-----------------. ------------------ 1076
1462.eanurum, (Cope) 222s nn 1075
1463: yulneratum (Cope) <= ee 1077
1464. ammacniatum,-bartland = 2-2-2 oe 1077
1465. cinereum, Storer. =. eee 1078
1466. tessellatum. (Storer.- 1078
1467. silimesatum: (Cope) = ee 1079
1468. jordan, Gilbert <= ee 1079
Subgenus Torrentaria, Jordan & Evermann _--------------------- ----_---- 1080
1469: caritia, JOTdam dy Swale = ees 1080
14°70, australe, JO0dan =8 ee 1081
Subgenus Nivicola, Jordan & Hvermann.___--~- -—-_----___--_-_-_________ 1082
RASTA ORES (AOTC AND) eee 1082
Subgenus Rafinesquiellus, Jordan & Evermann_______-~------------------- 1082
1472. pottsii (Girard)... 1082
Subgenus Oligocephalus, Girard 2+ see 1083
1473. iows:, Jordan & Meek . 2. see 1083
1474, jessie (Jordan & Brayton) ____..____-____ =. ee 1084
1475. luteovinctum, Gilbert & Swain__-_ eee 1086
1476. lepidogenys, Hvermann’& Kendall_____-_--.. eee 1087
1477. ceruleum, Storer 2°) --- == ee 1088
147Ta. spectabile (Agassiz)=== 2 = = ee =e 1089
1478. lepidum (Baird & Girard) ___ >... eee 1089
1479. tippecanoe, Jordan & Hyvermann ._._+-____-- eee 1090
1480. punctulatum (Agassiz). - "eee 1090
1481. cragini, Gilbert=_2_.-* == eee 1091
1482. obeyense, Kirsch2)= so +22. sano See eee 1092
1483.-pacei, Meek_._..---22.22.. 3s ee eee 1092
1484. virgatum (Jordan) .2-2).2: -22. 2 eee 1093
Subgenus Claricola, Jordan & Hyvermann._—___ = eee 1093
1485. julie, Meek... .. 2.235. 08 eee 1093
1486. arbesie (Hay) =~ 2- 2.2.22. 22 ee 1094
1487. alabamz (Gilbert: &' Swain) =. ee 1095
1488. -whipplii (Girard) _...-- 2252s) eee 1095
1489. squamiceps, Jordan ..2:..2-..-3¢-3 = Eee 1096
Subgenus Etheostoma_____._________ Sep ee er 1097
1490.. flabellare, Rafinesque ......52-2 =. 3 ee eee 1097
1490a. cumberlandicum, Jordan. & Swain = ee 1098
14900. lineolatum (Agassiz) 2... 1098
Genus 476. Alvarius, Girard._-._._-._... Eee 1099
1491, lateralis; Girard. =... - eee ae ee 1099
Genus 477. Psychromaster, Jordan & Evermann__.-. == 1099
1492. tuscombia (Gilbert & Swain) _....._._._L-2 2 eee 1100
Genus 478. Copelandellus, Jordan & Evermann _...----=--.===---.---.--_-__ 1100
1493. quiescons{Jordan) = ____.___-+.. EE 1100
Genus 479; Boleichthys, Girard____... -.-.... ee 1101
1494, ‘fusiformis (Girard) \.-2-3.-S.2=_-._323 eee 1101
1495. -exilis, Girard — 5-2-2 ee 1103
Genus 480. “Microperca, ‘Putnam —..---...___.____ _- eee 1103
1496. ‘proeliaris, Hay —--~ <==... ---_- Ee 1103
1497. punctulata, Putnam_—_____...---"—=.._ | eee 1104
1498. fonticola (Jordan & Gilbert) ......._--.-. oe eee 1104
Kanily CXLTV. Ohellodipteridz__~_._... ==. =.=. eee 1105
Genus 481. Apogon,acépéde —......._.-.... 3. Eee 1106
1499. imberbis (Linnus)-___._.-.._..____.._.... >. ———————— 1107
p00; doyil, -GUinthers see ea oo seicene ee 1108

:
|

CONTENTS. : LV

CLASS III. PISCES—Continued.
Orver BB. AcANTHOPTERI—Continued.

Family CXLIV. Cheilodipteride—Continued. Page.
PSTD MRS goes eUll GON (Cor Py A 1108
Sanne aM TEL ERNE 1109
SRI, Sem EY EEOC AAEIRS (PE ONG ee Sete oe 1109
eee RIPEN PURINN (EO J 1109

Gennniis.. Anorzonichihys, Bleeker —.. =~... 25 + ee 1110
PoOies suet atts (Orden. i Gilbert) 2-25 1110
LIE TDS RST NCAA CGS of cat SSS es Pe eR ee Sea 1110
a eee Ia CW CHL RTEE POON Ores a!) ee ee 1111
Retain Toys SACOM ATI GEN A ee ee 1111
Tete, PRNCIONIRGOOGEG:W sean). fa oe ee 1111
Genes 4e4. Mpigonus, Bafinesque —_. _____._-- 1111
ue Oeciaentans: Goode a Aan 7 22 ek 1112
Geman4s5. Chenodipterus, Lacépéde..__. -_-- = 1112
TEL UPUDO TE ST SCT, a= oe ee eS ea ee 1113
PRPRHHES cilese NUT CELINA OO Ue |p = ns eo a 1113
a a) ER ee ee nae ee 1113
OS SERVE G2, Sta Lah veers V0 97s NE SR gee ENE eo 1114
MSE eeRUUTE RINGS POON) 29 eis oes a 1114
Genus. 488. Scombrops, Temminck & Schlegel__._____ = ---__/_-___ 1114
SUMIpe ARISE IA LODIHS, (POC yhe ee se Se Be tale a eee ng Nd 1114
TEDL GAEDE ma TPO Sa) C9) Ie ene RE aS P= a py ge ge era See a 1114
eens 408) Hypoclydonia, Goode & Bean...) 1115
aembiaE GOOUO A BORN oe = oe eS ae es 1115
Pent Renn rane OUR et COVEN OD ONE os oe ee 1116
Genus 200, Centropomns, Lacépede 5 oe 1117
PAVE TIOIS 5 PGC KATO OOM = 28s a ee 1118
COLSON (1 bd ne ee 1118
ibetmeredcens, Giinther: =~. -2 5 3 ee 1119
en me DPOR ENACT. ROG 2 pe Ok a a SS ee 1119
“619, grandoculatus, Jenkins & Evermann ——__..___.-_._-.-- -___-_....-.. 1120
MOO CRVIE TI PES GCOUND <= 55 San See oes ee 1121
Brpabea Temi CR Thess OCORY ba n4 Sa ee ee 1121
IDET LE SIEEY LYST 0) eka ge Pe gg EES 1122
PERE UBIES COON E Soba eee aa a se ee 1122
eH emMMOROMSIS MOCOUTt=Fo ok yas 2 ks 1122
OR EE Pe | ES oS Se ee en es a EA 2 er en 1123
i oeerorauro:lordan & Gilbert * . o 1123
Buea nas. ScoImaachner.-—-2 8k — 1124
PRMMIPOUIBELGUUN OOW = get. ee Sone 1125
OUT 1 0 Se eR eee eed a 1126
ENON CESAR EPCS gD hg 70 D0 ea 113
Sevens Nopioeme, Bannesiue 1132
ea er MELE hat 011) (ees a cr i rN 1132
ROT Ts ES, SS 1 ee ae nde ese eee 1132
TLR TAAL T7012 Mls Es a a 1132
LR GS MM Coca Nee ee eS ee eam fy b,°,
POE I eT PIG (Lh [OS ae cE a SD a ee L134
TEESE STS CONT ACEC C00 | a ee mee aon Se
Genus 493. Liopropoma, Gill ......._-_-_-.-._________ |. ee ; oa L135
We Coe eG: 2) a Se ne SSeS I
Out it 0h SES |) a L136
BD SOs, TROT UE OGY) reece it eects re ATLL. S Sueiee L136
Cee en ne ee ee is cmcwatminls somenimemmtm LAOt
a einteinruad ochinehow eae = 1137
I a ae Yh
1636, americanus (Bloch & Schneider) _...............--....-.---.------ 1139

LVI

CONTENTS. |

CLASS TIT. PISCES—Continued.
OrpER BB. AcANTHOPTERI—Continued.

Family CXLVI. Serranide—Continued. Page.
Genus 497— Gonioplectrus; Gill 222 === se Se ee ene 1139
1537. hispanus'(Cavier & Valenciennes) — —-__-____..__<-=---2 Sees 1140
Genus 498. Petrometopon, Gi] 2.--=<---2- +. 32 ee eee 1140
1538. panamensis (Steindachner)!=--=.-- "== 22 aS ae eee 1141
1539° .cruentatus:(hacéptde)ss-=_ 2 a eee 1141
1539a: coronatus (Cuvier & Valenciennes)\—_-----*2- saa see eee 1142
Genus 499:; Bodianus: Bloch-2----2-<*-2-_+__-.. ee 1143
1540: teniops (Cuvier & Valenciennes)'....2-_=2__--- eee 1144
1541° fulvus (Shinnesus)!2-- 22 22s a eee 1144
15412. ruber:(Bloch'&*Schneider)== 22-2- >= 2 52 ee 1145
15416, punctatus’ (binnseus)! == —- 2. <--- <2 eee 1146
Subgenus’ MenephorusPoey _----_ ..2= 20. See 1146
1542; dubius\(Poey)\<2- cS on eee 1146
15435 punctiferus(Poey) ==. -_- ==. =+-- -- =.=. eee 1147
Subgenus iinneistus; Jordan & Hyvermann 2-2-2 ee 1147
1544. acanthistius!(Gilbert)==.2-=*2--4_22 5222 ee 1147
Genus’600; Epmephelus; “Bloch= 2-25-22) 2 oe 1148
Subgenus Sthistorus, Gillis--- =< ee eee 1151
1645: smystacinus'(‘Poey)=.-— .-_- =..--.---24_2- 3 ee 1151
Subgenus Npinephelus =... es ee eee 1152
1646. analogus; Gill=--_=2).._- = 23 eee 1152
L547, sadscenstonis: (Osbeuk) 22-022 2-—. oo eee 1152
1548° guaza(inneeus) S222 = ee ee ee 1154
1549) labriformis (Jenyns)ke= =. 25 ae eee 1155
1550: flavolintbatus, ‘Poey# 2 ee 1155
1551. niveatus (Cuvier & Valenctennes) =222 22 sos 2 ee 1156
1552. striatus (Bloch) [22222 3 = ee 1157
1553. macutosus!(Cuvier & Valenciennes)2 2222955 =e ee 1158
1554. drummond=hayi-~Goode’® Beane sass ee 1159
1555.: morio' (Cuvier & Valencionmes) === eas ane ee ee 1160
Genus 501. Garrupa; Jordam- 2: 225 = 2 ee 1161
1566. nigrita (Holbrook)\=2.- 22) ee 1161
Genus’602: Promicrops (Gill) Poeya nse ee 1162
1567. guttatus (Linneeus)=. 22. - ee ee 1162
Genus'503: Alphestes, Bloch é:)Schineld@ nese 1164
1658. afer (Bloch)_...2. 2-0. 8 ee
1559. multiguttatus (Gtinther) —o 2222s See 1165
Genus'604.. Dermatolepis; Gill=.-22-- 222 1166
Subgenus’ Lioperca; Gill =. 22-222 eee 1167
1560. inerniisi(Cuvier-& Valenciennes))= 2-2. -o ee re 1167
Subgenus Dermatolepis’ ._-_ = eee ae pa ee Sate 1168
1561. punctatus, Gills 2. eee eee 1168
Genus:'b05: Mycteroperca, Gill.-..- 2... 6 Se 1169
Subgenus Archoperca, Jordan & Hvermenn = ose ose ab hal
1562. boulengeri, Jordanv& Starks 2... 22 ee qitivat
Sabgenus Trisotropis, 'Gill.____..—_.-__ Eee 1172
1563: venenosa (Linneus) __.s___-. eee 1172
1563a. anua (Bloch)=_.-__-._..___-______._ ees 1173

166#, bonact (Poey) _2...-_.__...._._...- -.. eee 1174
1664a. xanthosticta, Jordan & Swains__2___ 22 ee 1176

1565, jordani (Jenkins & Bvermanay~2 te ph h IA ae eee 1176
1666. microlepis (Goode & Bean).__-__.¢________ 2 se 1177
1667. interstitialis (Poey).___.._.....____._._.) 5 eee 1178
1568. dimiidiatus (Poey)_._.1_--___. <2... ee 1179
1669; xenarcha, Jordan iin. ne eee nee nnn tan se ece ee 1180

CONTENTS. LVII

CLASS III. PISCES—Continued.
OrpER BB. AcANTHOPTERI—Continued.

Family CXLVI. Serranide—Continued. Page.
Saas Patepinepnels Dicnker —— 1180
Lat ly TSE eS ee ee 1180
Subgenus Xystroperca, Jordan & Evermann____---~~------__-------------- 1181
imaeenerieane a8 GI OY Ss Se ee ee 1181
res Oe Sen er ee ee ae 1183
Loe Ue 6 er ee ae ee eee ee 1183
ian. THpeLrima,.. Orda a) Dolman. == 9 — ses oo 1183

Ta LAREES. (SErerin) a ee eS Se 1184
ULSI (ee ee ee ee eee 1184
hae ophelas JOTGAn, dis wale os £525 1185

Ta aeEnCRadOnuia: JOTARH. df; SLAEKA: => ee ee 1186
eMC LIGNE LOD y= 5 8 ee ee ea 1186
Seeaenis Commer & Valenciennes) 2s = a 1187
amie Chic ape renin (POy ioe) eS ee ee se econ 1187
Gams abe Oratinius. Stemdachner = 20-2 oa eS a 1188
are eeetics, Slominchiner 2 2 1188

Pa eeioe a kbe poplecinus:.. Gillin 5 oe et ee sat ee 1189
Toe amore Hs (bordarn:é:\Gilbert)e-2 2 See oe eee ee 1190.
eeEnICOLORe( Wal DANID) 25022 Fa BS eet) ee 1190, 1192
1580a.. puella (Cuvier & Valenciennes)__..:-----..__-_ -...=-.-~-.-~- 1192
ettemi atlas (Posy) ed ek 1192
Pee Oni aches (Oey) <2 +L ee 1192
_eeeeitiovarine (Poey) 222.2 ts 1192
meeven eurimiontts (POCy) ss Soe ee ee 1192
aueewarpentus. (Cope)iics i es 1192
eens wien (Posy) 25th a 1193
PRMIPACGOUSUS: (EOOY): <a 2a chs csad ea ean ee aes 1193
Bamermudinss. (POOY) = 2252 soo a Se ee 1193
1580). chlorurus (Cuvier & Valenciennes) _.__-___-__._--..------.------ 1193
Teena Cans (POCYy) =o. oa a ee ne 1193
Nr AUN AE OO) i ea et Rs ete reins 1193
ERM Das CE ORY) io eoee nt eS es 5 Se eee 1193

ayer peutic. Goode: dé. Beans 4425s 3.2. Se ee 1193
Gomera arninnras. Girard: 225-2 tee See ee 1194
SuereeI Mathai, (Cuero eee ee oe oe oe 1195
1683. macnlatofasciatus (Steindachner):=-——. === -=_-.-_.___-.-+------ 1196
a584> humeralis:(Cuvier & Valenciennes): = e.s222-2s-2.-.-=----------- 1196
ROMEO LPAUNA: (GHEBPO) S05 2 ee oe 1197
PPP IMn OSH IH DMELGS. OOMIOL = 5255 tel ole cee 1198
EEREDDMLEODTIN OSs =.= te is Bah) Sele ee se eee eee 1199
Seentee..C 1 yier, &) BlaDClOONeS i... Seat eee 32 ew ee 1199
Oe OE CHR LTT) ae eee a ee es © Ee ee rescence ee 1199
2588. ocyurus (Jordan & Hvermiann))......:2-..-.=.-.—......----------- 1200
ET te ee a, ae 1201
yO ET EN ete MPG be: oT) lor ee ee en ae 1201
Te SO PECEETIID FL OUOICO Bia a cscs to i ete a a eh ee eee 1203
rena waa ipercas Gill - 8 ons ees ted pete ese +e =~ 1204
MO CU OR eet 1204
Bet. Pacinle (QUO. & Gada ) oe ein sce cece enn Pete teniinl 1204
ioes.. macropoma (Glinther) 22. onc. o.oo se 2. noe 1205
1593. euryplectrum, Jordan & Bollman __--...-..-.--------------------- 1206
Oy ENO UG) 1207
es, formoenm (linneus) ......-22266565-.. 5-2 cc--.- ------- ne 1
re Be BIS aby Con 2 a a bas 1208
RO ACCNNUIN FLOR OU ia a is crew ene enone nedcne even aseecen= a«-- 1210
1505. sequidens(Gilbert)___........-. cennnce-n- enenne cennee === -----20-== 1210

LVIII CONTENTS.

CLASS III. PISCES—Continued.

OrpeR BB. AcANTHOPTERI—Continued, c
Family CXLVI. Serranide—Continued. Page.
1596 -Stusculus(Roey) ae a ae ee oe 1211
159) phuebe; POs yeaa ee a a ee ee 1231
1598. fascia buses JOD yas see sa a ae ae 1212
599 Saber k SOOM ere ea 1213
Subgenus Mentiperca, Gill=- 2 1214
1600, Aigrimus (Bloch)i=)2- 2s 15 oa 1214
1601. tabacarius (Cuvier & Valenciennes) _-_.________ <___-_ = = 1215
1602. flavescens, Cuvier & Valenciennes__22. <<. __-. == ee 1215
1603: Inciopercanus (Poey))<.<.--< ==. 22. eee 1216
1604. stilbostigma, Jordan .& Bollmans2 222s". ese 1216
Geannsbi2: Diules Guyer 52. a! rt van ee
1605 seublicamnsi(Cope) S39. =. =. ee 1218
1606. dispilurns (Giinther)., . = 2522522 62s ee 1219
L60iauricasCoviers Valenciennes. 2022 ==) os eee 1220
Genus'513. Paranthias, Guichenot -...---4. —.—---___.-. eee 1221
1608.. farcifer.(Cuvier &. Valenciennes) __..~--~—— <_—.--322 3 ee
Genus 514. Hemianthias ‘Steindachner =. ...2.- 2. eee 1222
1609. ..peruanus, Steindachner £--- 2-2. =22 2 eee 1222
1610): vivanus;(Jordan.&Swain)--.--.t--.2-)- = eee 1223
Genusibl5, ‘Pronotogrammus.Gull = 2 ee ee 1224
1611, eos.:Gilbertis. 2 ase 2 ee ee eee eee 1224
1612: multifasciatus;Gills- = SS eee 1226
Genus 516, ..Anthias, Bloch 2--2+_=---- >. Se eee 1226
1613: asperilincuis; Gunther =~ 3 Se 1227
Genus 5]7.Ocyanthias, Jordan & Hivermann =__ 222 ee 1227
1614... martinicensis (Guichenot)=___-_-_. -.. = eee eee 1228
Genus‘518: \Gramma,Poty. +32 a eee 1228
1615. loreto, Poey tes 2 see ee ee eee 1229
Genus 519.. Rypticus, Cuvier 2222-26556 = ee 1229
L616.) xaniti, Gillx._# ee ee eee 1231
161%. bicolor:( Valenciennes) =.=. =--- 3 a ee 1231
1618. saponaceus'(Bloch& Schneider)= == 1232
1619; arenatue, Cuviens Valenciennes:* >... 5) eee 1232
1620: <coriaceus! (Cope))=_..- _ =e ee ee aaa 1233
Subgenus:Promicropterus Gill. =. = ee 1233
1621. bistrispinus (Mitchill) =... 2255. eee 1233
1622. nigripinnis, Gillus2t =: | = see eee ee eee 1234
Family: CXGiW1L.- Lobotide 2.) =~. on eee 1235
Genus:520:. hobotes, ‘Cuvier... -=...-=2. =62- 2 eee 1235
1623. ‘surinamensis: (Bloch) :---=---_-..._.. eee 1235
Family OXi Vii. . Priacanthidse.———— 2." 2.8. 2 se ee 1236
Genus.521,. Priacanthus, Cuvier --..._.-.-. 22 Ee 1237
1624. arenatus, Cuvier & Valenciennes...- 22.20) eee 1237
1625...cruentatus,(Lacépéde)—. 2-2. 2. 3 1238
Genus'522. \Pseudopriacanthus, Bleeker.2. ~12..2. 5-25 - e eeeee 1239
1626... seurula, (Gilberts. ..-.-.... 226-0 eee 1239
L627 .altue (Gill) 22 ses 3 Ke La 1239

LIST OF NEW NAMES.

The following is a list of the family, generic, subgeneric, specific,
and subspecific names which appear as new in Part I of the present
work:

Page
EL EE ee ee ee a a ee ee 13
NE 25
SE SE og | a ae ee 65
eS ee ae ee ne aes eee ee 137
Rabida, (SA Sat pe lt i See 146
ian yee vordan & Thoburp 2... 205
ES 5 a a a 24%
Ee ee ae a ee ae 249
I ee a ae ere ee Cae ee 258
i nant weenie) OFaan) ao Hi VETMant on 264
se Vp LLU eT gl a eS 289
Penn diate faraanyd: Tvermann — 2 oe ene es oe 317
EE ae ee ee Oe Seer PERE ee eS Oa ra 321
pean emmnrana as EVOTOIARN oa. 341
SaaS 2 eR ey 374
Co EE SUN TEE) aR 404
EE ES a ee es Ae Ee ee See 409
Jenkinsia, Jordan & Evermann-------------_--_--- poise! Ee ee eo Se eee 418
NE ere ae Te eee a ee ae SS ees Se 431
ri) MACE Me EWOTIOAMM Pats ee 449
PERIMENT EU OYINATIT Fo ee | ee 453
mere menmrmnmmerre MOOR TENY. ns he 487
(LES AS STE AT) 0 0h a ne 522
Ps CMTE EV ONIN oo Sa ae eat Se 528
2 RECO aU oS ee 577
Nmemmcomeuueysorian oo Pvermann ——- — 2 Ss sono ne oe a ee 577
Ea I CUETO 2S SS ae ee Le ee 626
ES a ee Le 645
Ente ermenane Ce nV OYMATN a Ses oe ek ee 649
Xiphophorus guntheri, Jordan & Evermann —-_.....-...-.__-_---_---_L...-_--_--------- 702
at I a Ee Se Ee a ae ee or 726
Exoccetus lutkeni, Jordan & Evermann --__--~- Pe ee re sis se ok eek Ee Sy TRO 736
NS BU CUE AS CY 00) 5 ee ec ee a ee 766
RCT SY OX TERT oo a eee 792
Sureosvome parioni, ~ordan & Wyermann —--.—-_. 3. ~~ nn be een eee 793
NE SC a nee EDS Ee a a 794
er eremier yy OLUHN @ MVOTMOAN TM. o- oot ooo et eee ee 802
GG gE SR ae EE ee ne 802
TE OEY SCT EN ies al cen i ee ep ine ar eer miei eee wee Keon 812
a IS EB OE a a 878
neers C00ueL, POrual @ uuvermann. 5622-2... ee eee eee wens ewe 943
Steinegeriidw, Jordan & Evermann...._.-.-...---.----------- SASS Se ee 960
I 9S RSS ne a 966
GE EE OE a a 1040
EE RS ETT OR. T b) ):by rrs 1049

LX LIST OF NEW NAMES.

Page.
Morrentaria, JOPOAN a) TIVelINAN === en ee ee == L080
Nivicola, Jordan & Evermann=-=2—~ -..= --_ <== = eee 1082
Bafinesquiellus, Jordan’& Eyermann®_— __--_ _-- Ss=__ eee 1082.
@laricola, Jordan & Hivermann —..-—. ——-- = 5.5 sk eee 1093
Psychromaster, Jordan & Hyermann-—-— _.__ 2 eee _--. 1099
Copelandellus, Jordan & Hvermann =. .-=---_— =... =.= 5 eee 1100
Centropomus constantinus, Jordan & Starks ___._-__ _-=_ _-__. _____: _____ |=
Knweistus,, Jordan & Hvermann 5. . 2 5. i eee 1147
Archoperca, Jordan & Hvermann- ee 1171
Xystroperca, Jordan & Eyermann —-... U2... =. - =. eee 1181
Ocyanthias, Jordan & Mvermann... 2. 2-2 55. sas eee 1227

THE FISHES
NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA.

BY DAVID STARR JORDAN AND BARTON WARREN EVERMANN.

Ichthyology (iy%ic, fish; 2dyoc, a discourse) is the study of fishes. A
‘‘ fish,” in the popular sense, is a member of any one of the three classes
of aquatic or fish-like vertebrates, the groups here designated as Lepto-
cardii, Marsipobranchii,and Pisces. The Tunicata and Enteropneusta ( Balano-
glossus), now recognized as belonging to the CHORDATA and approximated
to the VERTEBRATA, are excluded in this definition, as in their adult con-
dition these creatures have undergone a retrograde metamorphosis and are
by no means fish-like. For an opposite reason, the BATRACHIA, which de-
velop jointed limbs in their adult condition, although closely allied to the
true fishes, are not included in the popular idea of a fish.

Among the forms commonly called fishes we recognize three classes—
Leptocardii, Marsipobranchii, and Pisces. We have preferred to leave the
Pisces as a single class, including all fish-like vertebrates with paired fins,
though there is much to be said in favor of regarding the Selachians and
Dipnoans as each constituting a distinct class codrdinate with the true
fishes and the Batrachians. Wesee no warrant for separating the Ganoids
as a class from the true fishes, still less for uniting the Ganoids and Sela-
chians in one class, Palwichthyes, while the true fishes are placed in another.

ANALYSIS OF THE CLASSES OF FISH-LIKE VERTEBRATES.

a. Acraniata.—Anterior end of the central nervous axis not dilated into a brain and not sur-
rounded by a protective capsule, or skull.

b. Notochord perfect, persistent, extending throughout the body, included in a membranous
sheath, as is the cord-like neryous axis above it; body elongate, lanceolate, not
worm-like nor enveloped in a tunic; walls of the body with muscular myotomes ;
middle line of body with rudimentary fins; no proboscis; the mouth slit-like,
fringed with cirri; heart a longitudinal tubular vessel which gives off branchial
tubes which unite in an aorta; gill slits inclosed externally by a fold in the in-
tegument which incloses a chamber (atrium) which opens below; vent remote
from mouth. LEPTOCARDH, I.

aa, Oraniota.—Anterior end of the nervous axis dilated into a brain which is contained within
a protective capsule, the skull ; notochord not continued forward beyond the pituitary
body ; heart developed and divided at least into two parts.

c. Skull imperfectly developed and without jaws; shoulder girdle and pelvis obsolete ;
no paired fins ; a single median nostril; gills purse-shaped ; skin naked ; skeleton
cartilaginous. MARSIPOBRANCHI, I.

ce. Skull well developed, and with jaws; shoulder girdle and pelvis more or less developed ;

nostrils not median ; gills not purse-shaped ; limbs, if present, developed as rayed
fins, never with fingers and toes like those of the higher vertebrates ; gills per-
sistent through life. Pisces, U1.

F.N. A. 2 (1)

2 Bulletin 47, United States «Vattonal Museum.

Classi) Per TOCcArRa:
(THe LANCELETS.)

Skeleton membrano-cartilaginous. Notochord persistent and extending
to the anterior end of the head, inclosed in a membranous sheath as is
the cord-like nervous axis above it. Heart a longitudinal tubular vessel
which gives off branchial vessels which unite in an aorta; end of the
nervous axis not dilated into a brain and not surrounded by a protective
capsule, orskull. Blood colorless. Respiratory cavity confluent with the
cavity of the abdomén; gill slits in great number, the water being expelled
through an abdominal pore in front of the vent. Jaws none; the mouth a
longitudinal fissure, with cirri on each side. Body lanceolate in form,
more or less fish-like, and not enveloped in a tunic. Dorsal fin present,
Jow ; anal fin usually more or less developed.

Small marine animals, highly interesting to the zoologist as exhibiting
the lowest degree of development of the vertebrate type. The class in-
cludes but the single order, AMPHIOXI or CIRROSTOMI. (Aerroc, thin;
xapdia, heart.) (Subclass Leprocarpil, Gtinther, Cat., vu, 513-514.)

Order A. AMPHIOXI.

(THE CIRROSTOMES.)

This order is equivalent to the family BRANCHIOSTOMIDE. (auoi, both ;
ogéc, sharp: Cirrostomi is from cirrus, a lock of hair; oréua, mouth.) (CrR-
ROSTOMI, Gunther, Cat., vill, 513-514.)

Family 1. BRANCHIOSTOMIDA.*
(THE LANCELETS.)

Body elongate, lanceolate, compressed, naked, colorless ; the fins repre-
sented by a low fold extending along the back, with usually a rudimentary
fold below which passes by the vent to the abdominal pore. Mouth ip-
ferior, appearing as a longitudinal fissure, surrounded by conspicuous,
rather stiff, cirri. Eye rudimentary. Liver reduced to a blind sac of the
simple intestine. Small, translucent creatures found imbedded in the
sand on warm coasts throughout the world. Eight species are now recog-
nized, referable to 2 or 3 genera. They are all very similar in appear-
ance and habits, and the numbers of the muscular impressions furnish
the only characters thus far known by which the species can be distin-
guished.t (CIRROSTOMI, Giinther, Cat., vim, 513-514.)

a. Gonads (reproductive structures) present on both sides of the median line ; anal fin present,

with traces of fin rays; no caudal process. BRANCHIOSTOMA, 1.

aa. Gonads present on the right side only ; anal fin without fin rays or successive fin-ray
chambers ; a long caudal process, or tail, about as long as the head. ASYMMETRON, 2.

*In the arrangement of the genera and species of.this group we have been guided by the con-
clusions of Dr. E. A. Andrews, in his recent paper, ‘‘An undescribed Acraniate ; Asymmetron
lucayanum.”’ (Studies Biol. Lab. Johns Hopkins University, v, No. 4, 213-247, 1893.)

7 See Giiuther, Rept. Zodl. Voyage H. M.S, Alert, 1884, where the value of this character is
first fully recognized.

Jordan and Lvermann.—Fishes of North America. 3

1. BRANCHIOSTOMA, Costa.
(LANCELETS. )

Branchiostoma, Costa, Cenni Zoilogici Napol., 49, 1834, (Iubricum = lanceolatum).
Amphioxcus, YARRELL, British Fishes, 468, 1836, (/anceolatus).

Lancelets with the gonads or reproductive structure present on both
sides of the median line. Anal fin present, with traces of rays. Verte-
bral column not produced backward into a caudal process. Six or 7
species recognized, found in the warm seas, usually buried in sand flats
at no great depth. They are very tenacious of life, and will endure con-
siderable mutilation. (@payyia, gills; oréua, mouth, the cirri about the
mouth having been taken for gills by Costa).

a. Myocommata or muscular bands, 58 to 64.
b. Myocommata behind vent, 11 to 13, the formula usually 35 + 14+. 12—61.
LANCEOLATUM, lL.
bb. Myocommata behind vent, 7 to 10, the formula usually 35 + 14 + 9 = 58.
CARIBZUM, 2.
aa. Myocommata or muscular bands, 65 to 70, the usual formula 44 + 16 + 969; size larger
than in other American species ; the tail short. CALIFORNIENSE, 3,

1. BRANCHIOSTOMA LANCEOLATUM, (Pallas).

(EvRoPEAN LANCELET; AMPHIOXUS.)

Muscular bands usually 35 + 14-+-12—61. Usual length 14 inches. The
common European species, with the tail stoutish and rather long; abun-
dant on the sandy shores of the Mediterranean, and known from Southern
England and Scandinavia. The Lancelet of the Chesapeake Bay, accord-
ing to Dr. Andrews, is referable to this species rather than to B. caribeum.
(lanceolatus, lance-shaped. ) (Ev.)
Limaz lanceolatus, PALLAS, Spicilegia Zoél., X, 19, 1774, Cornwall.

Branchiostoma lubricum, Costa, Cenni Zoél. Napol., 49, 1834, Naples.

Amphiozus lanceolatus, YARRELL, British Fishes, 468, 1836, and of many writers on anatomy ; Gin-
THER, Cat., vi11, 513, 1870; JonDAN & GiLBeERT, Synopsis, 867, 1883 ; Ginrner, Rept. Zoul. H.
M. S. Alert, 32, 1884; ANDReEws, Studies Biol. Lab. Johns Hopkins Univ., v, 288, 1893.

2. BRANCHIOSTOMA CARIBEUM,* Sundevall.

(West Inptan LANCELET.)

Muscular bands (myocommata) usually 35 + 14 + 9— 58; gonads 22 to
26 on each side ; usual length 1}inches; tail short; extremities attenuate.
In shallow waters, buried in the sand, from Beaufort, N. C., to the mouth
of the La Plata; abundant off the Carolina coast and in localities in
Florida (Port Tampa), Jamaica, Brazil, etc. (Name from the Caribbean
sea. )

Branchiostoma caribeum, SunpevaL., Olfers, Vet. Akad, Furhandl., 12,1853, St. Thomas; Rio
Janeiro; Ginruer, Voyage Alert, 32, 1884; Jorpan & Giinert, Synopsis, 3; ANDREWS, /. ¢.,
240, 1893,

* This species is not very different from B. lanceolatwm, and may vary into it,

4 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

3. BRANCHIOSTOMA CALIFORNIENSE,* Gill.

(CALIFORNIA LANCELET.)

Larger than the other American species, with the muscular bands in
greater number, usually 44-+ 16+9—69. Tailveryshort. Usual length
70 mm., or nearly 3 inches. Coast of California, from San Diego Bay
southward, very abundant at the mouth of San Diego Bay, where it was
first obtained by Dr. J. G. Cooper about 1868; lately taken in large num-
bers at San Diego and at San Luis Gonzales Bay, in the Gulf of California.
In specimens from the last-named locality (Albatross Coll.) the usual for-
mula is 45+ 14+ 9= 68.

Branchiostoma, species, Cooper, Cronise, Nat. Wealth California, 489, 1868, San Diego.
Branchiostoma californiensis, GiLL, MS., ANDREWS, l. c., 241, 1893.

2. ASYMMETRON, Andrews.

? Epigonichthys,t Peters, Berl. Monatsber., 327, 1876, (cultellua).

Asymmetron, ANDREWS, Studies Biol. Lab. Johns Hopkins Uniy., v, 237, 1898, (lucayanum).
Gonads, or reproductive structures, developed on the right side only.

Anal fin without fin rays or successive fin-ray chambers. A long caudal

process. Otherwise as in Branchiostoma. One species. (d-ctupuertpoc,

wanting symmetry.)

4, ASYMMETRON LUCAYANUM, Andrews.

(BAHAMA LANCELET. )

Right metapleuron continuous with the median ventral (anal) fin, which
passes to the right of the anus. Preoral hood extensive, the cirri united
by the membrane throughout the greater part of their length, and smooth,
without sensory papille. Gonads on the right, 29, extending from the
15th to the 43d myotomes inclusive. Myotome formula 44+9-+13—66.
Length 4 inch. Adult and young swimming at the surface in the evening
in June and July at Bemini and Nassau, Bahamas; also taken buried
in calcareous sand. (Andrews.) (Lucayas, the islands discovered by
Columbus in 1492, now the Bahamas. )

Asymmetron lucayanum, ANDREWS, I. c., 237, 1893, Bemini, Bahamas.

Class II. MARSIPOBRANCHILI.{
(THe LaAmpREys.)

Skeleton cartilaginous; the skull imperfectly developed, not separate
from the vertebral column. No true jaws, no limbs, no shoulder girdle,

* Closely allied to this species is B. elongatum, Sundevall. Myocommata 49 + 18 + 12= 79.
Length 1% to 244 inches. WChinchas Islands, Peru, probably extending northward to Panama,
but not yet recorded within our limits. (Sundevall, Olfers. Vet. Akad, Foérh., 147, 1853,
Chinchas Islands.)

+ Epigonichthys is said to differ from Branchiostoma in the absence of the anal fin. Dr. Andrews
states that Mr. Arthur Willey, who has examined its Australian type, E. cultellus, finds gonads
on the right side only, asin Asymmetron. If Asymmeiron is a valid genus, probably Epigonichthys
isalso valid. It is perhaps distinguishable from Asymmetron by the want of a caudal process.

{ Prof. Cope makes the Marsipobranchii a subclass under a class Agnatha, characterized by the
absence of jaws and shoulder girdle. This class is composed chiefly of extinct forms, most of
them belonging to the subclass Ostracodermi, and provided with bony dermal plates and lateral
limbs. See American Naturalist, October, 1889, 853. The group Marsipobranchiiis also often
known as Cyclostomi, as Dermopteri, and as Myzontes.

or

Jordan and Evermann.—Ffishes of North America.

no pelvic elements, no ribs. Gills in the form of fixed sacs, without
branchial arches, 6 or more in number on each side. Nostril single,
median. Mouth subinferior, suctorial, more or less circular. Heart with-
out arterial bulb. Alimentary canal straight, simple, without cecal ap-
pendages, pancreas, orspleen. Generative outlet peritoneal. Vertical fins
with feeble rays, usually continuous around the tail. Naked, eel-shaped
animals, inhabiting cool waters, both fresh and salt. They undergo a
metamorphosis, the young being often quite unlike the adult. (Subclass
CycLostomi, Giinther, Cat., vir, 1870, 499-512.) (uapcizir, pouch;

Bpayxea, gills.)
ORDERS OF MARSIPOBRANCHII.

a. Nasal tube duct-like, with cartilaginous rings, penetrating the palate; gill openings remote
from the head, opening directly into the pharynx; no eyes. HyYPEROTRETI, B.
aa, Nasal duct a blind sac, not penetrating the palate; gill openings close behind the head,
communicating with a common branchial passage which opens directly into the phar-
yux; eyes well developed in the adult. Hyreroartit, C.

Order B. HYPEROTRETI.*
(Tue HaGrisHEs.)

Nostril tube-like, with cartilaginous rings, penetrating the palate, its
position at the extremity of the head, over the mouth; snout with &
barbels; mouth without lips; 1 median tooth on the palate and 2 comb-
like series of teeth on the tongue. Branchial apertures at a great distance
from the head; a ssries of mucous sacs along each side of the abdomen.
Intestine without spiral valve. Eggs large, with a horny case provided
with threads for adhesion. Marine lamprey-like animals, burrowing into
the flesh of fishes, on which they feed. They may be referred to 2 families,
differing mainly in the structure of the gill openings. (izepea, palate;
tontoc, perforate).

a, Branchial apertures 6 to 14 on each side, each leading by a duct to a branchial sac.

HEPTATREMID®, II.

aa, Branchial apertures single on each side, from which diverge ducts to 6 branchial sacs.
MyYXINID®, 111.

Family Il. HEPTATREMIDZ.
(Tur BORERS.)

This family differs from the Myxinid@ chiefly in the structure of the
branchial apparatus, there being 6 to 14 sacs on each side which receive
water directly from the @sophagus, as in Myxine, but the emptying
ducts, instead of passing backward and downward to a common external
opening, as in Myzine, pass directly through the wall of the body, so that
there are as many external openings as there are gill sacs. Species about
5, referable to 2 genera, inhabiting the colder parts of the Pacific, their

* Fora general account of our species of Hyperotreti, seo Putnam, Proc. Bost. Soc, Nat, Hist.,
73.

6 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

habits similar to those of Myzine glutinosa. They fasten themselves on
the gills or eyes or isthmus of large fishes, whence they work their way
very rapidly into the inside of the body. They there devour all the flesh
without breaking the skin, so that the fish is left a mere hulk of head,
skin, and bones. (Myzinidw, genus Bdellostoma, Gunther, Cat., vit, 511.
The generic name Heptatrema, Duméril, has priority over Bdellostoma.)

a. Gill openings 10 to 12 on each side; base of tongue opposite sixth or seventh pair of gills.
POLISTOTREMA, 3.

3. POLISTOTREMA, Gill.
Polistotrema, Git, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1880, 30, (dombey).*

This genus is distinguished from Heptatrema (Bdellostoma) by the pres-
ence of 10 to 14 gill openings, instead of 6 or 7, as in Hepiatrema. Two
or 3 species known, from the eastern Pacific. (A superlative of toAtc,
many.; Tpyua aperture.)

5. POLISTOTREMA STOUTI, (Lockington).
(CALIFORNIA HaAGFISH; LAMPERINA.)

Gills usuallyt 12 on each side, the number varying from 10 to14. Teeth
10 in each series. Branchial artery dividing opposite sixth or seventh
pair of gills. Snout 20 times in total length; head to first gill opening
44; branchial region 8, tail 8. Plum color, paler below, the edge of the
lower fold pale. Skin thin, very lax, and separable from the muscles,
excessively slimy. L.14 inches. Coast of California, and north to Cape
Flattery, very abundant about Monterey, burrowing ¢ into the flesh of the
larger flounders and Sebastodes. (Named for Dr. A. B. Stout, of San Fran-
cisco. )

Bdellostoma stouti, Lock1INGton, Amer. Nat., 1878, 793, Eel River, California.
Baellostoma dombey, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 57, 1883, not of Cuvier.

* Polistotrema dombey (Cuvier) isaspecies distinct from P. sfouti. It isthus characterized by Put-
nam (Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1873, 160), from specimens from Chile: ‘* Head about 44 of total
length, and contained about 1% times in the length of the abdomen. Tail 7 to 8 times in total
length. Base of tongue between the 7th or 8th pair of gills. Gills, 10 on each side. Length
from 13 to 22 inches. Coast of Chile.*? According to Putnam the branchial artery divides atits
base into a right and a left trunk in this species.

Le Gastrobranche dombey, LAcirrpnr, Hist. Nat. Poiss., I, 531, 1798, Chile, non-binomial.
Gastrobranchus dombey, CUVIER, Régne Animal, 121, 1817, after Lacépéde.

Bdellostoma polytrema, GIRARD, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1854,199, Valparaiso.
Bdellostoma polytrema, GUNTHER, Cat., vi11, 512, 1870.

+According to Dr. Gilbert, in 54 specimens of Polistotrema stouti, 41 were found to have 12 gill
opening: on each side, 12 had 11 on each side, and] had13. Occasional specimens may have
either 10 or 14, but the normal number is 12.

t The hagfish fastens itself usually on the gills or isthmus of large fislies, sometimes on the
eyes, whence it works its way very rapidly into the inside of the body. It then devours all the
flesh of the body without breaking the skin, so that the fish is left a living hulk of head, skin,
and bones. It is especially destructive to fishes taken in gill nets. In every gill net in summer,
at Monterey, more or less of these empty shells of fishes are obtained. When these are taken
from the water the hagfish scrambles out with great alacrity. It is thought that the hags
enter the fishes after they are caught. A fish of 10 to 15 pounds weight will be devoured by
them in a single night. Large fishes of even 30 pounds weight are often brought up without
flesh and without viscera, and they certainly do not swim into a gill net in this condition.

The fishes chiefly infested are Sebastodes pinniger, miniatus, and mystinus, Ophiodon elongatus,
Paralichthys californicus, and Rhacochilus toxotes.

Jordan and Evermann.—Ffishes of North America. Fi

Family III]. MYXINIDZ.
(THE HAGFISHES.)

Body eel-shaped, covered by a thin skin, which is easily detached.
Along the lower side, for nearly the whole length of the animal, are 2
rows of mucous glands, each with an external opening, yielding an abun-
dance of mucus which renders these animals excessively slimy. No eyes.
Brain small, of the normal fish type. Skull little developed, cartilaginous:
the flexible notochord inclosed in its sheath, and extending from the base
of the skull to the end of the tail, representing the spinalcolumn. Mouth
round, suctorial, without lips, witha pair of barbelson eachside. Nostril
single, large, on the median line above, and at the very front of the head,
provided with 2 pairs of barbels. Teeth strong, a single median one on
the roof of the mouth, and 2 rows on each side of the tongue, which is
a powerful organ, with a strong fibrous tendon moving in a muscular.
sheath. Alimentary canal a simple nearly straight tube, without spiral
valve; gill sacs placed on each side of the wsophagus, lying directly
against its outer walls. ‘The water passes into them by a small pore open-
ing directly from the esophagus into each sac. It is then passed out by
a duct, which continues backward along the outer walls of the sacs to
the abdominal wall at the end of the last sac, where all the ducts from one
side unite in one, and the water is emptied at the branchial opening on
each side of the median line. In close connection with the branchial
opening on the left side there is a third opening that leads by a very short
duct to the esophagus, and hence into the branchial sacs, at the times
when the supply of water through the mouth is cut off by the head being
buried in the flesh of the animal on which it feeds. Ovary single, on the
rightside. Nooviducts; the mature eggs falling into the abdominal cavity
and excluded through the peritoneal opening at the side of the vent. Eggs
with a horny case, and threads for adhesion. Parasitic animals, burrow-
ing into the bodies of fishes, and found in the cold seas.

Two species are usually recognized—Myzine olivacea, Lacépéde (= aus-
tralis, Jenyns), from the coasts of Patagonia, and Myzxine glutinosa.
(Myxinide, genus Myxine, Ginther, vit, 510-511.)

4. MYXINE, Linneus.

Myxine, LINN vs, Systema Nature, Ed. x, 1758, 650, (glutinosa).
Gastrobranchus, Buocu, Ichth., x11, 51, tab. 413, 1797, (eawcus).
Mureenoblenna, Lacérkpe, Hist. Nat. Poiss., v, 647, 1803, (olivacea).
Anopsus, RAFINESQUE, Anal. de la Nature, 493, 1815, (olivacea).

Characters of the genus included above. (An old name, from wita,

slime).
6. MYXINE GLUTINOSA,* Linneus.

(Haarisn ; Borer.)

Head 34 to 4 in total length; tail 64 to 10; lingual teeth 8 to 11 in each
row. Bluish above, whitish below. North Atlantic on both coasts,

* * Myxine is generally or always in its young stago a male, while at a more advanced stage
it becomes transformed into a female, It seems to be an animal which in sexual respects isin a
transition stage, from what and to what it is hard to say, It seems to be seeking, without yet
reaching that mode of reproduction which is most profitable for it in the struggle for existence."’
— lridtjof Nansen.

8 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

south to Cape Cod. Not abundant in America. ‘‘Intrat et devorat

Pisces; aquam in gluten mutat.” (Linnieus). (Ev. )

Myzxine glutinosa, LINNUs, Syst. Nat., Ed. x, 650, 1758, Atlantic Ocean; GUNTHER, Cat., vitt,
510, 1870; Putnam, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1873, 135.

Myxine limosa, GirRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1858, 223, Grand Menan, Bay of Fundy;

JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 5, 1883.
Gastrobranchus cecus, Buocu, Ichth., x11, pl. 413, 66, 1795, Denmark, etc.

Order sa Tie PHROMNE Tite
(THe LAmpREYS.)

Nasal duct a blind sac, not penetrating the palate. This order is
equivalent to the single family Petromyzonida. (izepoa, palate; aprioc,
complete; i. e.,entire.) (PETROMYZONTID#, Giinther, Cat., vim, 499-509. )

Family IV. PETROMYZONIDZ.
(THE LAMPREYS.)

Body eel-shaped, subcylindrical anteriorly, compressed behind; the
mouth nearly circular, suctorial, usually armed with horny teeth, or tooth-
like tubercles which are simple or multicuspid, resting on papille; those
immediately above and those immediately below the esophagus more or
less specialized ; eyes developed in the adult; gill openings 7, arranged in a
row along the sides of the ‘‘ chest ;” nostril on top of the head just in front
of the eyes; lips present, usually fringed; dorsal fin more or less deeply
divided by a notch; the posterior part commonly continuous with the anal
around the tail; intestines with a spiral valve; eggs small.

These animals undergo a metamorphosis; the young are usually tooth-
less and have the eyes rudimentary. Separate generic names (Ammocetes,
Scolecosoma, Chilopterus) had been applied to these larval forms, before it
was discovered that they were the normal young of the true lampreys.

Genera about 7; species about 15; of the rivers of temperate regions.
They attach themselves to fishes and feed by scraping off the flesh with
their rasp-like teeth. Most of them ascend rivers or brooks at the spawn-
ing season, after which very many of theindividualsdie. (PETROMYZON-
TID, Giinther, Cat., vim, 499-509.)

a. Second dorsal continuous with caudal.

b. Supraoral lamina (‘‘ maxillary ’’) and infraoral lamina (‘‘ mandible ’’) destitute of teeth,
“‘the armature of the lamprey type being obsolescent;’’ otherwise as in Petromy-
zon; sea lampreys. BATHYMYZON, 5.
bb. Supraoral and infraoral laminzw with teeth or tooth-like tubercles.

e. Supraoral lamina contracted, the armature consisting of 2 or 3 cusps placed close
together ; discal teeth numerous, in concentric series ; anterior lingual teeth
with a median depression or groove ; buccal disk large in the adult, con-
tracted in the young. ;

Anterior lingual tooth with a deep median groove and terminating in an in-

curved point ; dorsal fin divided. Large lampreys; anadromous.
PETROMYZON, 6.

* For a detailed account of the North American Lampreys, see Jordan & Fordice, Ann. N, Y.
Ac. Sci., 1886. For an excellent account of the life history of certain species see Gage, in Wilder
Quarter-Century Book, 1893, pp. 420-479,

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. )

dd. Anterior lingual tooth divided by a median groove; dorsal fin continuous,
with a broad notch. Small lampreys; fluviatile. IcHTHYOMYZON, 7.
ce. Supraoral lamina very large, expanded laterally, forming a crescent-shaped plate
with a cusp at either end and sometimes a median cusp; anterior lingual teeth

more or less serrate.

e. Supraoral lamina with a well-developed median cusp; anterior lingual tooth
wedge-shaped, its edge finely serrate and nearly straight; dorsai fin divid-
ed; buccal disk moderate, some of its teeth bicuspid. Large lampreys;
anadromous. ENTOSPHENUS, 8.

ee. Supraoral lamina with a very small median cusp ornone; anterior lingual
tooth little developed, its edge crescent-shaped and dentate; the middle
denticle enlarged; buccal disk small, the teeth small and never tricuspid;
dorsal fins separate or deeply divided; small lampreys; fluviatile.

§ LAMPETRA, 9.
5. BATHYMYZON, Gill.
Bathymyzon, Git, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1883, 254, (bairdii).

Supraoral lamina contracted, its two converging teeth almost completely
fused, and only evident at the summit of the combined mass; infraoral
lamina crescentiform and spout-like at the middle and with the den-
ticles obsolete; discoperipheral teeth numerous and in obliquely arched
series of 4 to 7, declining downward ; innermost lateral teeth of the 4 rows
diverging from mouth, in each side bicuspid, with the cusps approx-
imated and diminishing downward rapidly; lingual teeth 3, pectinate,
the anterior deeply impressed and suleate backward at the middle, and
the posterior correspondingly curved backward at their inner lateral
angles; the anterior dorsal fin distinct from posterior. (adic, deep;
uvlw, to suck.)

7. BATHYMYZON BAIRDII, (Gill).

Head from snout to first branchial aperture about 7 times in total
length; eye midway between snout and fifth branchial aperture; diame-
ter of buccal disk equal to interval between eye and fifth branchial aper-
ture. the margin regularly fringed ; indications of 8 teeth on the infraoral
lamina; tips of the two supraoral ones barely perceptible; pectinations
of lingual teeth well marked. Chest about as long as snout. Fins mod-
erate ; anterior dorsal somewhat higher in front of middle than diameter
of orbit, second dorsal about twice as high, or equal to the distance be-
tween eye and first branchial aperture. Color dark, belly grayish ; second
dorsal darker across middle in front and toward margin behind ; caudal
blackish throughout. (Gill.) Gulf stream, once taken. (Named for
Spencer Fullerton Baird.)

Petromyzon (Bathymyzon) bairdii, Gin, Ll. c., 254, 1883; lat. 49° N., 547 fathoms; Goopr &
Bran, Oceanic Ichthyology, 4, 1894. (Type, No. 33311.)

6. PETROMYZON, (Artedi), Linneus.
‘ (LAMPREYS. )
Petromyzon, (ArtTEDI), LiInnamus, Systema Nature, Ed. x, 1758, 230 (marinus).
Ammocales, (Duméril), Cuvier, Régne Animal, Ed. 1, 119, 1817, (branchialis, larval form of any
or all European species. )
Ammocotus, BLAINVILLE, Faune Francaise, liv. xxiv, 3, 1828, (branchialis).
Lampreys with the supraoral lamina armed with 2 or 3 separate teeth,
pointed, and close together, not forming a crescent-shaped plate; anterior

10 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

lingual tooth with a median depression; buccal disk large, with numerous
teeth arranged in concentric series; dorsal fins separate, the second joined
to the caudal.

North Atlantic, ascending rivers; one species known, the largest of the
lampreys. (érpa, stone; uifw, to suck.)

8. PETROMYZON MARINUS, Linneus.

(GREAT SEA Lamprey ; LAMPREY EEL.)

Head large, longer than the branchial area; buccal disk large, with
numerous conical teeth, arranged in obliquely transverse series, 4 to 7 in
each row; lateral teeth on each side of mouth bicuspid, the other teeth
simple; dorsals low, well separated; the second dorsal with a depression
on the tail; lips moderately fringed; males and often females, in spring,
with an elevated fleshy ridge on back before dorsal fin; 64 muscular im-
pressions between gill openings and vent. Color bluish brown, mottled
with blackish confluent patches, rarely nearly plain; whitish below.
Length 24 to 36 inches. Atlantic coasts of Europe and North America,
southward to Chesapeake Bay, abundant northward, ascending streams
in the spring to deposit its spawn. (Ev.)

Petromyzon marinus, LINN«vS, Syst. Nat., Ed. x, 1758, 230, European Seas; (after Artedi);
GUNTHER, Cat., vit, 501; Jorpan & GILBERT, Synopsis, 11, 1883; Jonpan & Forpicr, Aun. |
Ac. Sci. N. ¥., 1886, 283.

Petromyzon americanus, Le SuEuR, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. Phila., 1, 383, 1818, Coast of Massachu- |
setts; Srorenr, Fish. Mass., 251, pl. 38, fig. 4, 1867.

Petromyzon nigricans, LE SUEUR, l. c., 385, 1818, Massachusetts.

Ammoceetes bicolor, LE Survr, l. ¢., 386, 1818,(larva), Northampton, Massachusetts.

Petromyzon appendix, DE Kay, N. Y. Fauna: Fishes, 381, 1842, (young). Providence; Hudson
River.

? Petromyzon lamotteni, LE SuBuR, in De Kay, I. c., 382, 1842, no locality.

Represented in fresh waters by

Sa. PETROMYZON MARINUS UNICOLOR, (De Kay).

A dwarfish form similar to the common lamprey; darker and more uni-
form in color, the dorsal ridge larger, the fins closer together; found land-
locked in the lakes of northern and central New York; abundant in
Cayuga Lake. |
Ammocetes unicolor, De Kay, N. Y. Fauna: Fishes, 383, 1842, (larva), Lake Champlain.
Petromyzon marinus dorsatus, Wilder MS., Jonpan & GILBERT, Synopsis, 869, 1883, Cayuga Lake.

(Type, No. 31368) ; Gacr, Wilder Quarter Century Book, 1893, 420.
Petromyzon marinus unicolor, MEEK, Ann. Ac. Sci. N. Y., 1886, 284.

7. ICHTHYOMYZON, Girard.

(RIVER LAMPREYS.)

Ichthyomyzon, GIRARD, Pac, R. R.Sur., x, 381, 1858, (argenteus).
Scolecosoma, GIRARD, I. ¢., 385 1858, (concolor, larva).

Allied to Petromyzor but with the anterior lingual tooth divided by a
median groove. Dor .1 fin continuous, with a broad noteh. Small
lampreys; confined to fresh waters in eastern United States. (iydic,
fish; wifw, to suck.)

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 11

a. Head 7)4 in length; infraoral lamina with 7 cusps. CONCOLOR, 9.
aa. Head 9 in length; infraoral damina with 7 to 12 cusps. CASTANEUS, 10.

9. ICHTHYOMYZON CONCOLOR, (Kirtland).

(SILVERY LAMPREY.)

Body considerably compressed; head broad, with large buccal disk.
which is moderately fringed; teeth strong and nearly uniform, the 2
supraoral teeth being similar to those on the rest of the disk; lateral
teeth all simple; infraoral cusps connivent, 7 in number, the middle ones
the longest; upper margin of dorsal scarcely depressed in front of the
vent; origin of dorsal nearly midway between the tip of snout and end
of tail; 51 muscular impressions between gill openings and vent. Head
74; depth 12. Color, silvery, bluish above, sometimes with bluish spots;
a small dusky spot above each gill opening, usually conspicuous even in
the larva; larva with small toothless contracted mouth, as in P. marinus.
It may be that this is the young of Petromyzon marinus. L. 12 inches.
Great Lakes and upper Mississippi Valley; rather common; ascending
small brooks in the spring. (concolor, uniformly colored.)

Petromyzon argenteus, KIRTLAND, Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist., 11, 1840, 342, with plate (name pre-
occupied), Big Miami River.

Ammocetes concol6r, KirTLAND, I. c.,473, with plate (larva), Mahoning River; Scioto River.

? Ammoceetes borealis, AGAssiz, Lake Superior, 252, 1850, Michipicoten River.

? Ammocetes szepyterus, ABBOTT, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, 327 (larva), Ohio River.

Petromyzon bdellinm, JorDAN, Cat. Fish. N. A., 4, 1885, after Kirtland.

Petromyzon concolor, JORDAN & Forpice, Ann. N. Y. Ac. Sci., 1886, 282.

Ichthyomyzon argenteus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 10, 1883.

10. ICHTHYOMYZON CASTANEUS, Girard.

Supraoral lamina tricuspid; some of the lateral teeth bicuspid; infra-
oral lamina with 7 to 12 cusps; head 9in length; otherwise as in J. concolor,
the color more yellowish. L.12 inches. Mississippi Valley, scarce.*
(castaneus, chestnut color. )

Tchthyomyzon castaneus, GIRARD, Pac. R. R. Sury., 381, 1858, Galena, Minnesota,

Tchthyomyzon hirudo, G1rarp, l. ¢., 382, Fort Smith, Arkansas. (Type, No. 980.)

Petromyzon castaneus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 868, 1883, and JorpAn & Forpice, I. ¢., 281, 1836;
Gintuer, Cat., vir, 507, 1870.

Tehthyomyzon hirudo, GUNTHER, Cat., vii1, 507, 1870.

8. ENTOSPHENUS, Gill.

Entosphenus, Griu, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, 331, (tridentatus, name only); Jorpan & GrL-
BERT, Synopsis, 7, 1883 (tridentatus).

Lampreys of large size, with the supraoral lamina forming a crescent-
shaped plate on which are 3 cusps, the middle one little smaller than
the others; anterior lingual tooth wedge-shaped, its edge almost straight
and finely pectinate; lips fringed; buccal disk moderate, its teeth conr-
paratively few; dorsal fins separate. One species, a large anadromous

*Recorded from Galena, Minn. (Girard); Mill Creek, Shawnee Co., Kans, (Cragin); Fort
Smith, Ark. (Girard); Forlorn Hope, La. (Bean); Manitoba (Evermann).

12 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

lamprey, found in the North Pacific, similar in habit to Petromyzon marinus
of the North Atlantic. (évréc, within; o¢7», wedge; the lingual tooth
being wedge-shaped. )

1i. ENTOSPHENUS TRIDENTATUS, (Gairdner).

Lips thick, fringed with numerous papille, within which are small
teeth. Infraoral lamina with 5 or 6 cusps; buccal teeth before month
unicuspid, those on sides larger, the first and last bicuspid, the middle
ones tricuspid; median supraoral cusp little more than + the length of
the other 2; first dorsal fin distant about 3% of its own length from the
second. Head 8 to 10 in length; 73 muscular impressions between gill
openings and vent. Color, plain dark brown, rarely mottled. Pacific
coast of America, Unalaska to Southern California; ascending streams to
spawn, going as far as Walla Walla, in the Columbia, its range southward
extends to Santa Ana River at Riverside, California. L.18 inches or
more. (tridentatus, three-toothed. )

Petromyzon tridentatus, (GAIRDNER MS.), Ricuwarpson, Fauna Bor. Am., 293, 1836, Falls of the
Walamet, now Willamette.

Petromyzon ciliatus, AYRES, Proc. Cal. Ac. Sci., 1855, 44, San Francisco.

Petromyzon lividus, GIRARD, Pac. R. R. Surv., 379, 1858, Wahlahmath River, Oregon (Willa-

mette River.) (Type, No. 976.)
Petromyzon astori, GIRARD, l. c., 380, 1858, Astoria, Oregon. (Type, No. 978.)
Ichthyomyzon tridentatus and astori, GUNTHER, Cat., vi1t, 506, 1870.
Entosphenus epihexodon, GiLu, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, 331, Fort Reading, California

after Girard.
Lampetra tridentata, astori, and epihexodon, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 7, 8, 1883.

Ammoceetes tridentatus, JORDAN & ForpDicr, /. c., 291, 1886.
9. LAMPETRA,* Gray.
(Brook LAMPREYS.)
Lampetra, Gray, Proc. Zobl. Soc. London, 1851, 235, (fluvialis).

Lampreys of small size, with the dorsal fin emarginate or divided into
two parts, the posterior portion continuous with the low anal fin around
the tail; supraoral lamina broad, forming a crescentic plate, with a large
bluntish cusp at each end, and rarely a very small median cusp; lingual
teeth small, with a crescent-shaped dentate edge, the median denticle
enlarged; buccal disk small, its teeth few and never tricuspid. Small
lampreys, inhabiting the brooks of Europe and North America. Five or 6
species known, bearing much the same relation to Entosphenus that Ichthy-
omyzon bears to Petromyzon. (lambere, to suck; petra, stone.) ‘

a, Dorsal fin divided into 2 parts which are separate, or joined at base only.

*The name Ammoceles was originally applied to the laryal forms of Petromyzonids which are
in that stage specifically indistinguishable and which were supposed by Dumeril and Cuvier to
be generically distinct from the adult forms. After the identity of the two was discovered, the
name Ammocoes was used by many writers, following a suggestion of Milne-Edwards, as a gen-
eral term to be applied to the blind or larval stage of all lampreys. Lampetra of Gray should
therefore be used for this genus, for which it was originally proposed. Inasmuch as no Euro-
pean Ammocetes can be referred to any determinate species of Petromyzonid, the nominal genus
corresponds with Petromyzonis a whole and not to any subdivision,

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America, 13

b, Infraoral lamina with 7 cusps; dorsals wholly separate. AUREA, 12.
bb. Infraoral lamina with 8 or 9 cusps.

c. Lateral teeth usually 4 on each side, all bicuspid ; dorsals separate.
SPADICEA, 13.
cc, Lateral teeth usually 3 on each side of disk, the middle one tricuspid, the others
bicuspid ; dorsais slightly connected. CIBARIA, 14.

aa, Dorsal fins distinctly united, with a sharp notch; lateral teeth usually 3, bicuspid.
WILDERI, 15.
12. LAMPETRA AURKEA, (Bean).

Dorsal fins separate, the first + the height of the second, the inter-
space $ the length of the first; infraoral lamina with 7 cusps, the outer
largest; head shorter than thorax, 103 in length. Plumbeous, golden
below. (Bean.) Yukon River and streams of Alaska and Kamchatka. L.
about a foot. Very close to the European L. fluviatilis. (aureus, golden.)
Ammocetes aureus, BEAN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1881, 159, Yukon River; (Type, No. 21524) ;
JorpDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 868, 1883.

Lampetra camischatica, PAttas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., 111, 67, 1811, Kamchatka. This was
apparently not intended as a binomial name.

? Petromyzon borealis, GIRARD, Pac. R. R. Sury., 377, 1858, after P. fluvialis, Richardson, mentioned
only asa small lamprey attached to an Inconnu in Great Slave Lake, ‘‘very like Bloch’s
figure”’ of L, fluviatilis.

13. LAMPETRA SPADICEA, Bean.

Dorsals separated, the interspace + the snout, insertion of first at
middle of body; second dorsal little higher than first; infraoral lamina
with 9 cusps, the outer largest; lingual teeth with about 20 pectinw; 4
bicuspid teeth on each side of disk. Guanajuato, Mexico. (Bean.) (spa-
diceus, nut-brown. )

Lampetra spadicea, BEAN, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1887, 374, Guanajuato, Mexico. (Type, No.
38005.)
14. LAMPETRA CIBARIA, (Girard).

Lips fringed; infraoral lamina with 8 or 9 subequal cusps; about three
teeth on each side of buccal disk, the middle one usually tricuspid, the
others bicuspid; teeth on upper part of disk simple; dorsal fins slightly,
connected at base; second dorsal not much higher than first, much lower
than in L. wilderi; insertion of dorsal a little behind middle of body;
63 muscular depressions between last gill opening and vent; head 10 in
length. Color plumbeous, sides silvery. L.8 inches. Pacific slope, from
Fraser River tothe Sacramento, Rather common in the rivers and brooks
northward. (cibarius, pertaining to food.)

Petromyzon plumbeus, AyRes, Proc. Cal. Ac. Sci., 1854, 28, (name preoccupied), San Francisco.
Ammocetes cibarius, GiRARD, Pac. R. KR. Sury., 383, 1858, larva, Puget Sound; Jorpan & Forpice,
l.c., 292, 1886. (Type, No. 6176.)
Petromyzon ayresi, GUNTHER, Cat., vin, 505, 1870, British Columbia,
Lampetra plumlea, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 8, 1883.
15. LAMPETRA WILDERI, Gage, new species.

(SMALL Brack LAMPREY.)

Head moderate, about as long as the thorax; mouth small; snout shorver
and lips, less fringed than in ZL. planeri; dorsal fins connected only in
breeding season, inserted behind middle of body, considerably depressed
in front of the vent, but not divided into 2 fins; posterior lobe highest ;

14 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

insertion of dorsal a little before middle of body; both dorsals high, the first
1} in height of second ; anal tube conspicuous in the spring; eyes moderate;
supraoral lamina with its cusps large, trianguiar, well separated; a small
pointed median cusp sometimes present in the adult; in half-grown speci-
mens the lamina forms a curved plate without distinct cusps; infraoral
lamina curved, with 5 to 9 feeble, bluntish, subequal cusps; about 3 bicus-
pid teeth on each side of mouth; other buccal teeth simple. Head 83; 67
muscular impressions between gill openings and vent. Bluish black
above, silvery below. L.6to10inches. A small species ascending west-
ern streams in the spring in great numbers to deposit its spawn; abundant
from Western New York (Cayuga Lake; Meek, Gage) to Iowa, both in
tributaries of the Great Lakes and the Ohio and Mississippi. Ourspecies
seems to be distinct from Lampetra planeri, generally common in North-
western Europe. (Named for Burt Green Wilder, the distinguished
anatomist, the first to study the lampreys of Cayuga Lake. Specimens
from that locality are taken as types of L. wilderi.)
Petromyzon nigrum, RA¥INESQUE, Ich. Oh., 84, 1820, (name preoccupied), Falls of Ohio.
Petromyzon branchialis, GUNTHER, Cat., vir, 504, 1870.
Ammocetes niger, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 9, 1883,
Anmocetes branchialis, JORDAN & Forpice, /.c., 293, 1886. GaAGr, in Wilder Quarter-Century
Book, 436, 1893,

Class Tit Pisces:
(Tue FisHEs.)

The Pisces, or Fishes, may be defined as cold-blooded vertebrates adapt-
ed for life in the water, breathing by means of gills which are attached to
bony or cartilaginous gill arches, the gills persistent throughout life;
having the skull well developed and provided with a lower jaw; the limbs
present and developed as fins, rarely wanting through atrophy; shoulder
girdle present, furcula-shaped, curved forward below, rarely obsolete
or represented by cartilage; pelvic bones present; exoskeleton developed
as scales or bony plates or horny appendages or sometimes entirely want-
ing, and with the median line of the body provided with one or more fins
composed of cartilaginous rays connected by membrane, the fins rarely
atrophied.

All recent writers on fishes agree that the Lancelets and the Lampreys
differ so widely in structure and development from the true fishes that
they must be regarded as forming distinct classes. Many writers go still
further, and remove from the class of fishes the Sharks, Skates, Chimeras
and Dipnoans. A smaller number remove the Ganoids, also. Itseems to us,
however, preferable to regard these, with the True Fishes, or Teleosts, as
members of the single class of Pisces.

The class Pisces may be conveniently divided into 5 subclasses—
SELACHII, HOLOCEPHALI, DIPNOI, CROSSOPTERYGIA,and TELEOSTOMI. As
there are no North American representatives of the DIpNOI (CERATODUS,
LEPIDOSIREN, PROTOPTERUS), or of the CROSSOPTERYGIA (POLYPTERUS),
these singular groups may be passed by without further mention in this
work,

Jordan and Evermann.—Hfishes of North America. id

SUBCLASSES OF PISCES.

a. Skull without system of membrane bones (opercles, etc.).

b. Suspensorium of the mandible present. Gills not free, being attached by the outer
margin to the skin; eggs few and large, impregnated and sometimes developed inter-
nally, covered with a thick leathery skin when developed externally ; embryo with
deciduous external gills ; no membrane bones about the head; upper jaw formed of
palatine and pterygoid elements without maxillary or premaxillary; skeleton car-
tilaginous ; skull without sutures ; tail heterocercal ; ventral fins abdominal ; male
with large intromittent organs or claspers attached to the ventral fins, these complex
in structure in existing species ; shoulder girdle not attached to the skull; skin
naked or covered with small rouzh scales, or spines, or bony bucklers; no air bladder;
arterial bulb with 3 series of valves; optic nerves with a chiasma ; cerebral
hemispheres united ; gill openings slit-like, 5 to 7 in number ; jaws distinct from
the skull, joined to it by suspensory bones ; teeth distinct. (Sharks and Skates.)

SELACHII.

bb. Suspensorium of the mandible wanting; no maxillary arch; ventral fins with claspers;
gill opening single, leading to 4 gill slits; jaws coalescent with the skull; teeth

united in the form of bony plates. (Chimeras.) HOoLOcEPHALI.

aa, Skull with a well-developed system of membrane bones (opercles, suborbital ring, etc.);
gills free, attached to the gill arches by their bases only; gill opening single on each

side; eggs comparatively small and numerous; no claspers; a maxillary arch; cerebral
hemispheres not united. (True Fishes.) TELEOSTOMI.

Subclass SELACHIL.*
(THE SHARKS AND SKATES.)

This group, sufficiently defined above, includes among recent fishes, the
Sharks and the Rays, marine fishes mostly of large size, abounding in all
seas. The group is commonly divided into 2 orders, which are widely
different in appearance, so far as the extremes are concerned, but which
pass into each other by insensible gradations.

We begin the group with the archaic type, the order or suborder Diplos-
pondyli, proceeding thence from the more generalized sharks to the special-
ized skates. The true sharks form an almost perfect gradation into the
skates, but there are no forms extant which connect the Diplospondyli
with modern sharks. (céAayoc, shark; the word originally meaning
cartilage. )

ORDERS OF SELACHII.
a. Gill openings 6 or 7; dorsal fin single; vertebral column imperfectly segmented, each seg-
ment being equivalent to 2 vertebra, and bearing 2 neural aches ; anal fin present.
DipLosronpy.i,"D.
aa, Gill openings 5; vertebral column well segmented, each segment forming a neural
arch and 1 centrum.

b. Vertebree each with the internal calcareous lamelle radiating from the central ring ;
anal fin present. ASTEROSPONDYLI, E.
bb. Vertebra with the internal calcareous lamellew not radiating, but arranged in one or

more concentric circles or series around the central ring; no anal fin; palato-
quadrate arch not articulated to the skull.

c. Gill openings lateral ; dorsal fins 2. CyCLOSPONDYLI, F.
cc, Gill openings ventral ; dorsal fins small and posterior, or wanting ; body and pee-
toral fins forming a depressed disk. Barorpes, G.

* Also frequently known as Llasmobranchii, Plagiostomata, Chondroplerygia, or Placoidei. Tu Prof,
Cope’s system, the Selachii constitute one of the 2 orders in this subclass and all the existing
sharks aud skates are referred toit. In the Selachii, as thus understood, the claspers are complex,
while in the extinct order of Ichthyotomi these organs are simple.

16 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

Order D. DIPLOSPONDYLI.

(Tue NotripaNoip SHARKS.)

Sharks with the palatoquadrate apparatus articulated or connected with
the postorbital processes of the skull; branchial apertures in increased
number, 6 or 7: only 1 dorsal fin. Vertebral column imperfectly seg-
mented so that from each segment 2 neural arches and 2 vertebral bodies
arise. Among existing sharks this group contains 2 families. Numerous
genera represented by fossils seem allied to these, which are among the
‘‘ oldest living vertebrates.” (dutAéoc, double; oxévdvioc, vertebra; Noti-
danus, (vwtidavoc, dry back) is a Greek name of some shark, in Atheneus. )

a. Body greatly elongate, almost eel-shaped ; dorsal, anal, and ventrals close together on pos-
terior part of body ; teeth in the 2 jaws alike; mouth anterior.
CHLAMYDOSELACHID, V.
aa. Body moderately elongate ; teeth in the 2 jaws unlike ; mouth inferior.
HEXANCHIDS, VI.

Family V. CHLAMYDOSELACHID.
(THE FRILLED SHARKS.)

Body elongate, slender, suggesting the form of an eel. Head broad,
depressed. Eyes lateral, without nictitating membrane. Nasal cavity
separate from that of the mouth. Mouth anterior. Teeth with broad,
backward-extended bases and slender cusps. Spiracles present. Gill
openings 6. One dorsal fin, without spine; anal fin present. No pit at root
of caudal. First gill membrane free across the isthmus. Intestine with a
spiral valve. Anterior basibranchial cartilages present.

This family contains a single species, recently discovered by Mr. Garman,
from whose papers this account is taken. It inhabits the open sea, and
may not occur in American waters.

Chlamydoselachidx, GARMAN, Bull. Essex Inst., 1884, 47, and elsewhere.

1o. CHLAMYDOSELACHUS, Garman.
Chlamydoselachus, GARMAN, Bull. Essex Inst., Jan. 17, 1884, 47, (anguineus).

Opercular flap forming a broad frill over first gill opening. Teeth simi-
lar in both jaws, each with 3 slender, curved, subconical cusps, sepa-
rated by a pair of rudimentary denticles, on a broad base; no median
upper series of teeth in front; a series on the symphysis below. Mouth
wide, without labial folds at the angles. Pupil horizontally elongate.
Fins broad; caudal without a notch. Basihyal elongate. One species
known, inhabiting waters of some depth in the open sea. An extinct
species, Chlamydoselachus lawleyi, Davis, has been described from pliocene
deposits in Tuscany. (yAauic, mantle or frill; céAayoc, shark.)

16. CHLAMYDOSELACHUS ANGUINEUWS, Garman.

Dorsal fin small, opposite the anal, which is more than twice its size;
pectorals small, placed low; ventrals large, placed far back, opposite
anal. Eyesmall. Gill openings large, curved, oblique, all of them before

ra
.

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 17

pectorals. Teeth nae Scales on upper edge of tail enlarged. Head 74

inlength. Greatest depth of body about 15. Color, plain brown. L. 5
to 6 feet (Garman). Seas about Japan; also taken off Madeira, in deep
water. Not certainly known from the American coast, but if fishermen’s
drawings can be trusted, this is found in the Western Atlantic and is
probably the original of some of the recorded “sea serpents.” (anguineus,
from anguis, the slow worm, the word allied to anguilla =iyyedvue, eel.)

Chlamydoselachus anguineus, GARMAN, l. c.,and in Bull. Mus. Comp. Zodl., 1885, x11, No. 1, with

plates and account of anatomy, off Japan ; Giinruer, Deep Sea Fishes, Challenger, 1884,
with plates, Japan; Cou.ert, Bull. Soc. Zoél. France, 1890, 219; Funchal, Madeira.

Family VI. HEXANCHIDA.

(THE Cow SHARKS.)

Body moderately elongate, somewhat depressed anteriorly, tapering
toward the caudal fin. Head depressed, oblong, with the snout project-
ing. Eyes submedian or anterior, without nictitating membrane. Mouth
subinferior, large, arched in front; no labial fold. Teeth in the 2 jaws
unlike ; in the upper jaw 1 or 2 pairs of awl-shaped teeth, the next
6 teeth broader and each provided with several cusps, one of which is
much the strongest. Lower jaw with 6 large comb-like teeth on each
side, besides the smaller posterior teeth. Spiracles small, on the side of
the neck. Only 1 dorsal fin, without spine, opposite the anal, and
similar to it. No pit at the root of the caudal. Gill opénings wide, 6
or 7 in number. Viviparous sharks, sometimes reaching a very large
size. Genera 3; species about 7; of the warm seas, (NOTIDANID®#, Giin-
ther, Cat., VIII, 397-399. )

a, Gill openings 7 on each side ; median tooth of lower jaw with a small median cusp or none.
2 NoOTORHYNCHUs, 11.
aa, Gill openings 6 on each side ; median tooth of lower jaw with a small median cusp or none.
HEXANCHUs, 12.
11. NOTORHYNCHUS,* Ayres.
Notorhynchus, Ayres, Proc, Cal. Ac. Sci., 1856, 1, 72, (maculatus).

Gill openings 7 on each side. Dentition in general much as in Hex-
anchus, the lower teeth uniform in size or decreasing toward corners of
mouth; cusps on the cutting edge regularly graduated, while the ascend-
ing inner margin of each tooth is finely serrated; median tooth of lower
jaw with the median cusp small or wanting. ‘Two species known;
spotted sharks of the Pacific. (vdroc, back; pvyyoc, snout; the allusion
not clear. )

17. NOTORHYNCHUS MACULATUS, Ayres.

Snout broad, rounded, the nostrils near its tip; spiracles large, nearer
the gill openings than the eye; a long furrow at the angle of the mouth.
No median tooth in upper jaw; 2 small teeth near together in front,
simple and pointed; 2 a little larger, behind and outside of these;

*In Heptranchias cinereus, the European type of Heptranchias, the lower median tooth has a
strong central cusp.

¥F.N.A.——3

18 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

then 2 others directly behind the first pair; next, on each side, a tooth
much larger, pointed, with a conspicuous cusp on the outer side at base,
and one or more denticulations beside; the other teeth larger, similar, but
more serrated and more oblique, approaching the lower teeth in form;
median tooth in lower jaw broad, with a small median cusp and 2 or
3 larger lateral cusps on each side; the other teeth, 6 on each side,
much broader than high, with 4 to 6 sharp, outward-directed cusps, the
first cusp longest and bearing a small tooth near its base; these teeth
are quite similar and increase slightly in size outward. Tail long,
2? in total length, the caudal fin mostly below it; anal small, just
behind the small dorsal. Sandy gray, with some round black spots,
larger than the pupil, rather sparsely placed. Pacific coast, from
Monterey northward to Washington ; rather common northward, espe-
cially in Humboldt Bay. (maculatus, spotted.)

Notorhynchus maculatus, AYRES, Proc. Cal. Ac. Sci., 1856, 1, 72, San Francisco.

Notorhynchus maculatus, GILL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, 495, and 1864, 149.

Notorhynchus borealis, GILL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, 150, Nisqually, Washington,
Heptranchias maculatus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 62, 1883.

12, HEXANCHUS, Rafinesque.

Hexanchus, RAFINESQUE, Caratteri, 1810, 14, (griseus).
Notidanus, Cuvier, Régne Animal, Ed. 1, 1817, 128, (griseus).
Monopterhinus, BLAINVILLE, Faune Francaise, 1828, 77, (griseus).

Two species known, distinguished from all other living sharks except
the eel-shaped Chlamydoselachus, by the presence of 6 gillopenings. (é,
81x; «yyoc, bend or sinus. )

a. Median tooth of lower jaw with a slight median cusp and about 3 marginal cusps ; first

lateral tooth with about 6 cusps. CORINUS, 18.
aa, Median tooth of lower jaw without median cusp, but with 4 or 5 marginal cusps; first
lateral tooth with 8 or 9 cusps. GRISEUS, 19.

18. HEXANCHUS CORINUS, Jordan & Gilbert.

(SHOVEL-NOSED SHARK.)

Head large, broad, depressed, and blunt. No median tooth in upper
jaw ; about 4 pointed teeth in front of upper jaw; all entire and without
basal cusps; the next 3 teeth with a single strong cusp on the outer
margin; others with more cusps, approaching form of lower teeth; me-
dian tooth of lower jaw very small, with a small cusp; lateral teeth
with 6 cusps, the first the largest, the others regularly smaller, the
median edge in the adult finely serrated. Tail long, twice as long as
head, about 3} in total length. Pectoral as long as lower jaw from
gill opening. Scales on upper edge of tail enlarged. Color almost
black, unspotted; a grayish lateral streak. Monterey Bay to Puget
Sound, not common. (corinus, northwestern, from corus or caurus, the
northwest wind.)

Hexanchus corinus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Proc, U.S. Nat. Mus., 1880, 352, Neah Bay; and Soquel
and Bay of Monterey, California; Synopsis, 62, 1883. (Types, Nos. 37369, 27196.)

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America, 19

19. HEXANCHUS GRISEUS, (Gmelin).

(Cow SHark; CaNa-Bora.)

Head large, depressed, blunt, the nostrils near tip of snout; no median
upper tooth; 2 on each side entire, hooked outward; the next teeth
with 6 or 7 cusps, the others similar; lower median tooth small, without
cusp; lateral teeth each with 7 to 9 cusps, the number of denticles on
most of the teeth being thus greater than in H. corinus. Tail not twice
head, 34 in length, its upper scales enlarged; pectoral shorter than
lower jaw from gill opening. Colordark gray. (Day). L.8 to 26 feet. A
very large shark inhabiting deep water, in the Mediterranean, thence
north to the west coasts of Scotland; also frequently taken in Cuba.
(Poey). (griseus, gray.) (Ev.)
Squalus griseus, GMELIN, Syst. Nat., 1495, 1788, Mediterranean, after Broussonet.

Squalus griseus, BONNATERRE, Tabl. Encycl. Ichth., 9, 1788, Mediterranean, after Griset of
Broussonet.

Notidanus griseus, GUNTHER, Cat., VIII, 397, 1870.

Notidanus griseus, Day, British Fishes, 308, 1870.

Hexanchus griseus, Pory, Synopsis, 454, 1875.

Order E. ASTEROSPONDYLI.
(THE TyricaL SHARKS.)

The essential character of this order isin the structure of the vertebre.
The calcareous lamelle within each vertebra radiate from the central
ring. The group contains the great body of living sharks, including all
of those with 5 gill openings, 2 dorsals, and an anal fin. (dorip, star;

orévdvaoc, vertebra. )

SUBORDERS OF ASTEROSPONDYLI.

a, Palatoquadrate apparatus articulated to preorbital part of skull; dorsal fins with spines,
PROARTHRI.
aa, Palatoquadrate apparatus not articulated with the skull; no dorsal spines. GALE.

Suborder PROARTHRI.

(Tue CresTRACIONT SHARKS.)

This group is characterized by the articulation of the palatoquadrate
apparatus by an extensive surface with the preorbital region of the skull.
Vertebrw asterospondylous. It consists of a single family, the HerERo-
DONTID, Which, like the preceding families, possesses much interest to
paleontologists from its supposed relation to extinct forms. (mp0, before;
ipOpov, joint; Cestracion,is an old name, from xéorpa, a pickax; the name
probably originally applied to Sphyrna. )

Family VII. HETERODONTID2.
(THe BULLHEAD SHARKS.)

Sharks with 2 dorsal fins, each provided with a strong spine; the
first dorsal opposite the space between pectorals and ventrals; the
second in advance of the anal. Body elongate, obtusely trihedral,

20 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

gradually tapering backward ; head high, with the forehead declivous,
little prominent; nostrils confluent with mouth; mouth rather narrow,
the upper lp divided into 7 lobes, the lower with a fold; spiracles
small, below the lower part of the eye; no nictitating membrane; gill
openings rather narrow; dentition similar in both jaws, small obtuse
teeth in front, which in the young are pointed, and provided with 3 to
5 cusps; lateral teeth large, pad-like, twice as broad as long, arranged
in oblique series, one series being formed by much larger teeth than those
in other series; scales small, sometimes cruciform; caudal fin moderate,
more or less bent upward, and usually notched at tip. Oviparous, the egg
cases very large, subconical, without tentacles and spirally twisted.
Species about 4, all inhabiting the Pacific Ocean, usually placed in one
genus; 2here recognized. Sizesmall. (CESTRACIONTID®, Gunther, Cat.,
vu, 417-418; but HETERODONTUS, Blainville, 1816, has priority over
CESTRACION, Cuvier, 1817.)

13. GYROPLEURODUS, Gill.

Gyropleurodus, GILL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, 489, ( francisci.)
Tropidodus, Git, I. c., (pantherinus = quoyi).

Branches of the lower jaw widely separated, the interval rounded in
front, growing wider behind. Molars in few rows; ridges above eye
prominent. Characters of the genus otherwise included above. Eastern
Pacific. (yipoc, whorl; zAcvpor, side, ddotvc, tooth.)

a. Gill openings not very high, the length of the first slit being less than that of the branchial

region; molars in 4 to 6 rows; ridges above eye very prominent.
b, Molars convex, the larger ones not much if any carinated. FRANCISCI, 20.
bb. Molars carinate along their middle, Quori, 21.

20. GYROPLEURODUS FRANCISCI, (Girard).
(BuLLHEAD SHARE.)

Head short and high, broad, but with subvertical sides; the forehead
very declivous from eyes, the snout wide and transverse, but prominent;
2 blunt, diverging ridges continued from each side of the snout, ab-
ruptly merging into the more conspicuous superciliary ridges, the in-
terval between which is nearly plane; teeth in front digitated, with
3 or 4 cusps, quincuncially distributed in rows slightly converging
toward the middle; in the upper jaw, on the sides, molars oblong and
flattened, arranged in about 4 oblique whorls, uniform or increasing
backward, except the last, which is smallest; on the sides of the lower
jaw, also, are molars, oblong, with flattened crowns, and arranged in
transversely oblique whorls, but decreasing backward. Branches of the
lower jaw widely separated by an interval rounded in front and becom-
ing wider behind, the sides themselves being curved outward ; the acute
teeth confined to the front, the molar teeth few and disposed in about
4 whorls, the first 3 of which slightly increase, while the fourth is almost
rudimentary. Branchial area almost oblong. Dorsal fins considerably
produced backward at their posterior angle; the compressed spine form-
ing about + of the base of each fin; anal fin large, reaching the root

Jordan and Evermann.— Fishes of North America, 21

of caudal; caudal fin about + of the length, a notch at its tip, opposite
last vertebra. Color brown, with small black spots scattered over the
body and fins. L. 2 feet. Coast of California; abundant south of Point
Concepcion. Its spirally twisted egg cases are very remarkable. (Name
from San Francisco, but its range probably does not extend sc far to the
north.)

Cestracion francisci, GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1854, 196, Monterey.
Cestracion francisci, GUNTHER, Cat., v111, 416, 1870.
Gyropleurodus francisci, GILL, Proc. Ac, Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, 492; Jonpan & GILBERT, Synop-
sis, 31, 1883.
21. GYROPLEURODUS QUOYI, (Fréminville).

First dorsal inserted nearer ventrals than pectorals; anal fin low, not
reaching base of caudal; body slender. Brown, with round dark spots
about aslargeaseye. (Valenciennes.) GalapagosIslands. (To M. Quoy,a
French naturalist. )

Cestracion quoyi, FREMINVILLE, Mag. Zoul., 1840, pl. 3, Galapagos.
Cestracion pantherinus, VALENCIENNES, Voyage de la Vénus, about 1850, 320, Galapagos.
Cestracion quoyi, GUNTHER, Cat., v111, 416, 1870.

Suborder GALEI.

(THe TRUE SHARKS.)

Asterospondylous sharks with the palatoquadrate apparatus not artic-
ulated with the skull; gill openings always 5 and always lateral. Dorsal
fins 2, well developed, each without spines. ‘This order contains most of
the living sharks. (yadcdc, a shark.)

a. First dorsal fin over or behind the ventrals ; spiracle present; no nictitating membrane.
b. Tail not bent upward ; nostrils not confluent with the mouth. ScyLLIORHINID™®, VIII.
bb. Tailabruptly directed upward and backward from the base of the caudal fin ; nostrils
confluent with the mouth. GINGLYMOSTOMID®, IX.
aa. First dorsal fin inserted more or less in advance of the veutrals.
c. First dorsal fin long and low, highest posteriorly ; spiracles developed; no pit at root
of caudal; gill openings all in advance of pectoral. PSEUDOTRIAKIDS&, X.
ec. First dorsal fin high, highest anteriorly, its base wholly in front of that of ventrals.
d, Caudal fin not lunate, its upper lobe two or more times the length of the lower, with
a notch below toward its tip ; side of tail not keeled.
e. Last gill opening above base of pectoral.
J. Tail moderately developed, forming less than 4 of the total length; eyes
with nictitating membranes.
g. Head normally formed. GALEID&®, XI.
gg. Head hammer-shaped or kidney-shaped by the extension of its sides.
SPHYRNID®, XII.
J. Tail exceedingly long, forming about \% the total length: eyes without
nictitating membrane. ALOPIID.®, XIII.
ee. Last gill opening entirely in front of pectoral; spiracles pore-like; tail mnoder-
ately developed. CARCHARIIDA, XIV.
dd, Caudal fin lunate; caudal peduncle with a keel on each side; size large.

h, Last gill opening entirely in front of pectorals.
* a. Gill openings moderate ; teeth large and sharp. LAMNID®, XV.
ii. Gill openings very large, nearly meeting under the throat; teeth very
small; size enormous, CETORHINIDM, XVI.
hh. Last gill opening above the base of the pectorals, RUINODONTIDA, XVII,

22 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

Family VIII. SCYLLIORHINIDZ.
(THE CaT SHARKS.)

Dorsal fins 2; both rather small, without spines, the first more or less
behind the ventrals; anal fin present, usually before the second dorsal;
caudal fin rather long, usually with a basal lobe; the tail not keeled, and
not bent upward. Spiracles present; no nictitating membrane; gill open-
ings small, the last one above the root of the pectorals. Mouth usually
broad, with small teeth, several series being in function; teeth each witha
median cusp and 1 to 4 small cusps on each side; nostrils rear the mouth,
sometimes confluent withit, sometimes provided with cirri. Mucous pores
about head numerous, especially on lower side of snout. Egg cases large,
quadrate, with prehensile tubes at the angles. (ScYLLIIDZ, Gunther, Cat.,
vill, 400-413.)

a, SCYLLIORHININ®E. Spiracies close behind eye; gill openings nearly equidistant; teeth small,
usually tricuspid.
b. Nostrils not separated by an isthmus, the nasal valves confluent ; tail not serrated.
ScyLLIORHINUS, 14.
bb. Nostrils separated from each other by a broad isthmus.
ce. Scales on upper margin of the tail little ifat all enlarged, usually similar to those
on rest of body, or at any rate not forming a serrated edge. CaTuLus, 15.

~14. SCYLLIORHINUS, Blainville.
(ROUSSETTES. )

Scylliorhinus, Blainville, Journ. Phys. 1816, 263 : (canicula, etc.).
Scyllium, Cuvier, Régne Animal, Ed. 1, 1817, 124, (canicula).
Scylliorhinus, Gill, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 1861, 41, reprint, (restriction to canicula).

This genus includes those Scyllioid sharks in which the nasal valves
are confluent, with their hinder border entire and free. Caudal moderate;
gill openings equidistant; spiracles close behind eyes; tail not serrated.
Species mostly of the old world. (cxvAdiov, a small shark; cxbAAw, to tear;
pivn, Shark. )

22. SCYLLIORHINUS PROFUNDORUM, Goode & Bean.

Nasal valves confluent, with a short blunt cirrus on the posterior as
well as on the anterior flap; length of nasal cavity about equal to hori-
zontal diameter of the eye, the 2 cavities separated by a space equal
to 4 interorbital area and ? snout; distance of posterior angle of nasal
cavity from root of teeth at nearest point } area between cavities;
distance from symphysis to tip of snout equal to width between angles
of mouth. A well-developed labial fold at angle of mouth, extend-
ing on lower jaw halfway from its angle to the symphysis, and on
upper jaw nearly in direction of nasal cavity, disappearing at 4 the
distance. Teeth moderate, with 2 small lateral cusps on each side of the
longer middle cusp, in about 5 rows. Gill openings narrow, some-
what less than long diameter of eye; distance from first to last, which,
like the fourth, is above angle of pectoral, equal to 4 snout. Ventral
fins thick, short, leaf-shaped, their origin twice as far from nasal cavity
as is last of gill openings; origin of anal under tip of first dorsal, its end

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 23

under end of dorsal; its base equal to } length of head to first gill
opening. Caudal continued in line of axis of body; lower lobe rounded,
and in its greatest height not deeper than the height of the caudal ex-
tension of the body at the same point. Color, uniform grayish brown.
One specimen (85646, U. S. N. M.), 203 inches, obtained by the Fish
Commission steamer Albatross at a depth of 816 fathoms, in latitude 39°
9’ N., longitude 72° 3’ 15’” W. (Goode § Bean). (profundorum, of the
depths.)

Scylliorhinus profundorum, GoovE & BEAN, Oceanic Ichthyology, 17,1894, Gulf Stream.

1s. CATULUS, Smith.

Catulus, ANDREW SMITH, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1837, 85, (stellaris).
Poroderma, SmtrH, l. c., (africanus),

Halelurus, Gitt, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 1861, 407, (biirgeri).
Cephaloscyllium, Gitt, l. c., (laticeps).

As here understood, this genus is very close to the European genus
Scylliorhinus,* from which it is distinguished by the separate nasal valves.
Gill has further divided the group into Catulus, having the nasal valves
provided with lobes or grooves, Halwlurus having the nasal valves simple,
and Cephaloscyllium, which has a very broad head and the stomach inflata-
ble. The latter group is perhaps generically distinct, but we lack the data
for properly defining it. Catulus differs from Pristiurus in having the
scales on the upper edge of the tail not much, if at all, enlarged and usually
not differentiated from the others. The prickles on the body are usually
much coarser in Catulus than in Scylliorhinus or Pristiurus. Species numer-
ous, usually in rather deep water. (Catulus, diminutive of low Latin
catus, cat.)

TI. Catutus: Head not very broad; belly not capable of great inflation.
a, Body plain brown, or marbled with whitish without black spots or markings; belly dusky.
b. Upper margin of tail with a broad band of enlarged closely appressed tricuspid scales
(obsolete in the young).
ec. Snout from mouth forward 14 width of mouth; anal much longer than second
dorsal; belly pale. XANIURUS, 23.
bb, Upper margin of tail without enlarged scales; belly not pale.
d. Snout, from mouth, 74 width of mouth; anal 214 times base of second dorsal.
BRUNNEUS, 24.
dd, Snout, from mouth, scarcely 14 width of mouth; anal scarcely larger than second
dorsal, CEPHALUS, 25.
aa, Body not plain brown; spotted, or banded, or marbled with black; no enlarged scales on
back.
e. Back of tail covered with narrow black lines which form a net work of polygonal
meshes; belly yellowish; body moderately elongate, the stomach probably not in-
flatable. RETIFER, 26.

II, CepHaLoscyLirum, (kepady, head; Scyllium, oxvAddov). Head very broad and depressed
Stomach capable of great inflation.

oy

Jf. Back with broad black crossbars; upper part with large round black spots. TER, 27.

* Scylliorhinus, Blainville, 1816 = Seyllium, Cuvier, 1829, type Sq. eanicula, Linnwus,

24 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

Subgenus CATULUS.
23. CATULUS XANIURUS, Gilbert.

Snout short, broadly rounded, its length from mouth, + greatest width
of snout, which is equal to width of mouth; angle of mouth with folds,
that on lower jaw twice as long as on upper, reaching about ¢ distance
to symphysis; teeth small; snout and sides of head with numerous mu-
cous pores; eyes large. Pectoral small, rounded; first dorsal over ven-
trals, its base 2 in the interspace between dorsals, shorter than that of
anal; second dorsal slightly shorter and lower than first, its base 1} in
anal; caudal 44 in length; upper edge of caudal in adult with a broad
band of enlarged, broad, crowded, tricuspid scales, the band broader than
in the European Pristiurus melastomus, and the scales less acute; scales
of body much coarser than in Pristiwrus. Color dark slaty brown, usually
uniform above, sometimes with small whitish spots, the fins often edged
with paler; belly pale. L. 2 feet. Pacific coast of Southern California,
abundant in rather deep water; apparently a transitional form between
Catulus and Pristiurus with the appearance of the former, but approach-
ing the latter in the scaling of the tail. (ariov, scraper; ovpa, tail.)
Catulus xaniurus, GILBERT, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1891, 540; off Southern and Lower Califor-

nia, in 184 to 684 fathoms.

24. CATULUS BRUNNEUS, Gilbert.

Body deeper, head narrower, snout longer and sharper than in C.
xaniurus. Preoral part of snout # greatest width of snout and ¢ width of
mouth. Angle of mouth with labial folds, the lower slightly shorter than
upper and reaching halfway to symphysis. Eye 3 in snout. Pectorals
more adnate to body than usual. First dorsal narrow and high, reaching
little beyond ventrals, its base 14in interspace between dorsals; second
dorsal slightly larger than first; anal very long, its base 24 times that of
either dorsal. Caudal 32 in body, the scales along its upper edge like
those on rest of body, not saw-like. Uniform warm brown above and
below, the snout and edges of fins blackish. L.20 inches. Gulf of Cal-
ifornia, in deep water; one specimen known, a female with mature eggs.
(brunneus, brown.)

Catulus brunneus, GILBERT, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1891, 542, Gulf of California. ~

25. CATULUS CEPHALUS, Gilbert.

Allied to C. xaniurus, but the head wider, the snout shorter, the preoral
portion less than 4 its greatest width; color darker, the belly dark brown
like the back, the second dorsal larger, more posteriorly placed, the first
dorsal larger, the anal smaller, scarcely larger than the second dorsal;
pores on head large, in rows instead of patches. Tail without band of
enlarged scales (these possibly developed in the adult). Teeth mostly
tricuspid, the inner sometimes with 4 or even 5 cusps. Size very small,
probably not over 15 inches whenadult. Gulfof California and southward,
in deep water; no full-grown examples known. (keguaay, head.)

Catulus cephalus, GILBERT, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1891, 541, deep water near the Revillagig-
edo Islands and in the Gulf of California, in 362 to 460 fathoms.

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 2

Or

26. CATULUS RETIFER, (Garman).

Body moderately elongate, the vent in front of its middle. Head de-
pressed, its width nearly equal to its length, from spiracles forward ; length
of snout from mouth less than distance between outer margins of nostrils;
nasal valves broader than isthmus; length of arch of mouth a little more
than 4 its width; lower labial fold reaching + distance to symphysis;
teeth small, each with a central cusp and 2 small ones on each side.
Pectorals short and broad. First dorsal inserted near middle of body;
caudalnotlarge. Light brownish, crossed at irregular intervals by groups
of 2 to 4 narrow black lines, which are joined by other lines, forming a
network of polygonal meshes; belly yellowish. (Garman.) Gulf Stream
in deep water, a few specimens taken off the South Atlantic coast. (rete,
net; fero, to bear.)

Scyllium retiferum, GARMAN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zoil., xt, 233, 1881, off coast of Virginia, in

deep water.
Scylliorhinus retifer, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 869, 1883.

Subgenus CEPHALOSCYLLIUM, Gill.
27. CATULUS UTER, Jordan & Gilbert, nom. new species.

(SWELL SHARK.)

Head very broad and depressed, broader than long, and not 4 as deep
as broad. Snout very blunt, projecting a little beyond the mouth. Mouth
very broad, little arched, with only a trace of labial fold. Teeth similar
in both jaws, small, tricuspid, in about 4 series, {2 in number. First dor-
sal beginning over middle of ventrals; second dorsal beginning behind
front of anal and ending before end of anal. Grayish, tinged below with
yellowish; back with black crossbars ; upper parts with large round black
spots; sides with small whitish spots also. L. 2} feet. Monterey to San
Diego; very abundant in Santa Barbara channel. A small voracious
shark, often taken in lobster pots. When caught it inflates its stomach
with air till its diameter is + its whole length. It will then float belly
upward. onthe water. (uter, an inflated bladder. )

? Scyllium ventriosum, GARMAN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zo6l., v1, 167, 1880, Chile.
Scyllium ventriosum, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 59, 1883. It is probable that the Californian
species is distinct from the Chilean ventriosus. Both are close to the Australian (, laticeps,

type of the genus or subgenus Cephaloscyllium, which differs from Catulus in the inflatable
belly and the broad depressed head.

Family IX. GINGLYMOSTOMID2.
(THe Nursr SHARKS.)

Large sharks with general characters of the SCYLLIORHINID®, but with
the tail very long and more or less abruptly bent upward at its base, as in
the GaLEIDs. First dorsal above or behind the ventrals, the second
opposite or rather before anal; eyes very small, with small spiracles behind
them; nostrils confluent with the mouth. Nasal valves on both sides
forming a quadrangular flap in front of the mouth, each being provided

26 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

with a free cylindrical cirrus; an upper and lower lip, the latter not ex-
tending across the symphysis ; fourth and fifth gill openings close together.
Genera 3, species about 5; large sharks of the warm seas.. (SCYLLIIDZ,
part, Giinther, Cat., vim, 407-409. )

a. Tail moderate, about 14 total length; spiracles minute; snout rather blunt. Teeth in both

jaws in many series, each with a strong median cusp, and 1 or 2 smaller cusps on ear h
side ; second dorsal nearly opposite anal. GINGLYMOSTOMA, 16.

16. GINGLYMOSTOMA, Miiler & Henie.
Ginglymostoma, MULLER & HENLE, Wiegmann’s Archiv., 22, 1837, (cirratus).

Characters of this genus givenabove. (yiyyAvuoc, hinge; oréua, mouth.)
28. GINGLYMOSTOMA CIRRATUM, (Gmelin).

(NuRsSE SHARK; GATA.)

Head obtuse, depressed; nasal cirrus reaching the lower lip; angles of
the fins obtusely rounded; tail forming nearly + of the total length;
skin very thick. Uniform brownish; young specimens with small, scat-
tered, round black spots. L.6 to 10 feet. A large shark of the warmer
parts of the Western Hemisphere, abundant about coral reefs in the
West Indies and on the west coast of Mexico, and occasionally on our
South Atlantic coast. (cirratus, bearing cirri.)

Squalus cirratus, GMELIN, Syst. Nat., 1, 1492, 1788; American Seas, after Broussonet.

Ginglymostoma cirratum, MULLER & HENLE, Plagiostomen, 23, 1838; GUNTHER, Cat., vit, 408, 1870.

Squalus cirratus, BONNATERRE, Tableau Encyclopéd. Ichthyol., 7, 1788; after Barbillon of Brous-
sonet.

Squalus punctatus, Bhocu & SCHNEIDER, Syst. Ich., 134, 1801 ; Cuba, after Gata Hispanis of Parra.

Squalus punctulatus, BLocu & SCHNEIDER, l. c., 549; Cayenne, after Squale pointillé of Lacépéde.

Squalus argus, BANCROFT, Zool. Jour., v, 82, 1832-1834, West Indies.

Ginglymostoma fulvum, Pory, Memorias, 11, 342, 1861, Havana. This name was applied to
unspotted specimens; these occur on both coasts of Mexico, and the absence of spots in the
young is probably an individual variation. If not, G. fuluum may rank as a species or sub-
species.

Ginglymostoma caboverdianus, CAPELLO, Jour. Sci. Phys. Lisb., 1867, 167, Cape Verde.

Family X. PSEUDOTRIAKIDA.

Body elongate; mouth wide, with a very short labial fold near the
angle; snout depressed; nostrils inferior, not confluent with the mouth;
eyes oblong, lateral, without nictitating membrane; spiracles well devel-
oped, behind the eye; gill openings moderate, in advance of pectoral; jaws
with many rows of very small, tricuspid teeth; first dorsal fin long and
low, highest posteriorly, inserted opposite the space between the pecto-
rals and ventrals; second dorsal rather large, larger than anal; ventrals
and pectorals well developed; no pit at root of caudal; caudal fin very
low and long. Skin with minute asperities. One species known, a large
shark of the North Atlantic, in most respects similar to the SCYLLIORHIN-
Ip, but having the dorsal fin different in form and placed farther forward.
The insertion of the first gill opening is also different. For these reasons
we have placed the genus provisionally in a distinct family. (PSEUDOTRI-
ACIS, Gunther, Cat., vir, 395.)

=

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 27

17. PSEUDOTRIAKIS, Capello.

Pseudotriakis, CAPELLO, Jour. Sci., Math., Phys., Nat., Lisbon, 1868, 321, (microdon).
Characters of the genus given above. (wevdic, false; Triakis.)

29. PSEUDOTRIAKIS MICRODON, Capello.

Grayish brown, the fins, except the first dorsal, edged with dusky;
base of first dorsal 7 times its height. Two specimens of this species are
known—the type from Portugal; the second, 10 feet in length, taken at
Amagansett, on Long Island. (wixpoc, small; ddoi¢, tooth.) (Ev.)

Pseudotriakis microdon, CAPELLO, Jour. Sci., Math., etc., Lisbon, 1868, 321, Portugal ; GinrueER,
Cat., vill, 395, 1870; Bran, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1883, 147.

Family XI. GALEIDZ.

(THE REQUIEM SHARKS.)

Sharks with 2 dorsal fins, the first short and high, entirely before the
ventrals, the second comparatively small, opposite the anal; no spines;
gill openings moderate, the last above the base of the pectorals; tail
more or less bent upward from the base of the caudal fin; sides of tail
not keeled; eyes with nictitating membranes; head not hammer-shaped,
the snout being longitudinally produced, as usual among sharks. Ovo-
viviparous. Spiracles small or obsolete.

A large family of 20 or more genera and about 60 species; found in all
seas. The species are often closely related and difficult of determination.
(CARCHARIIDA, part (CARCHARIINA and MUSTELINA), Giinther, Cat., vr,
357-380, and 383-388. )

a, GALEINE: Teeth flat and paved, without cusps or ridges; spiracles present; no pit at root of
tail; labial folds well developed.

b. Embryo not attached to the uterus by a placenta; teeth very blunt. Mustetvs, 18.
bb. Embryo attached to the uterus by a placenta; teeth more acute. GALEvs, 19.
aa. Teeth more or less compressed, with entire or serrate sharp edges,
GALEORHININ®E:

c. Spiracles present.
d. Root of tail without pit.
e. Teeth rather small, each with a medium cusp and 1 ‘or 2 small lateral cusps
on each side,
f. Teeth small, close-set, approaching those of Galeus but with pointed cusps;
snout slender; embryo attached to uterus by a placenta. (Coloration
plain.) RuiNorriacis, 20.
J. Teeth larger, with sharp cusps; snout of modsrate length; embryo not
attached to uterus by a placenta, (Coloration variegated.)
TRIAKIS, 21,
ee, Tooth larger, with a single cusp, oblique, notched and coarsely serrated on
the outer margin, GALEORHINUS, 22,
dd. Root of tail without conspicuous pit above; teeth all coarsely serrate, alike in both
jaws and all with a deep notch on outer margin; caudal fin with a double
notch, GALEOCERDO, 23,

28 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

CARCHARHININE:
cc. Spiracles obsolete; lower teeth narrower than upper teeth.
g. Angle of mouth without groove or with merely a slight depression, which does
not extend along either jaw.
h. First dorsal fin inserted posteriorly, nearer ventrals than pectorals; embryo
not joined to the uterus by a placenta; slender sharks, with very strongly
serrated teeth. PRIONACE, 24.
hh. First dorsal inserted anteriorly, nearer pectorals than ventrals; embryo (so
far as known) attached to the uterus by a placenta.
i. Teeth all serrate more or less, often entire in the very young.
CARCHARHINUS, 25.
ii. Teeth of upper jaw serrate at base only; lower teeth entire, erect.
Hypoprion, 26.
iii. Teeth all entire at all ages, and nearly all erect. APRIONODON, 27.
gg. Angle of mouth provided with a more or less distinct groove which extends along
one or both of the jaws; teeth entire, or very nearly s0, more or less obliquely
placed, their points turned away from the median line; embryo (so far as
known) with a placenta. ScoLropon, 28.

18. MUSTELUS, Cuvier.
(DoG SHARKS.)

Mustelus, Cuvier, Regne Animal, Ed. 1, 128, 1817, (mustelus and canis).
Mustelus, Grut, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, 148, (restricted to canis and its relatives, the
allies of Mustelus being called Plewracromylon).

Body elongate, slender; snout comparatively long and flattened ; mouth
crescent-shaped, with well-developed labial folds; teeth small, many-
rowed, flat and smooth, rhombic, arranged like pavement, alike in both
jaws, and blunter than in any othersharks; eyes large, oblong; spiracles
small, just behind the eyes; pectoral fins large; first dorsal large, not
much behind pectorals; second dorsal somewhat smaller; anal opposite
second dorsal and still smaller; ventrals well developed; basal lobe of
caudal almost obsolete, the tail nearly straight; embryo not attached to
the uterus by a placenta. Small sharks, among the smallest of the Ameri-
can species. (mustelus,a weasel or marten; the same word used for shark,
as is the synonymous word galeus. )

a. Middle of first dorsal evidently nearer posterior root of pectoral than anterior root of ven-

tral; snout long, its length from mouth more than width of mouth; teeth blunt. Em-
bryo not examined, probably asin M. canis. LUNULATUS, 30.
aa, Middle of first dorsal about midway between pectorals and ventrals (as above measured).
First dorsal higher than long, the tip of anterior lobe reaching, when depressed, beyond

tip of posterior lobe, its free margin deeply incised, its base 284 times in interval between
dorsals; teeth blunt. CANIS, 31.

30. MUSTELUS LUNULATUS, Jordan & Gilbert.
(GATO.)

Free margin of fins concave; first dorsal high, its narrow anterior lobe
reaching tip of the slender posterior lobe when deflected, the fin about as
high as long; interval between dorsals 2% times base of first; lower lobe
of caudal pointed; tail 5in body, its terminal lobe more than } its length;
pectoral rather sharp, its free margin incised, its tip about reaching mid-
dle of dorsal. Embryo unknown (probably without placenta). Very

|
|
;

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 29

pale gray, fins all pale. L. 20 inches. West coast of Mexico, common in
Gulf of California. (lunulatus, somewhat moon-shaped, from the concave
margins of the fins).

Mustelus lunulatus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1882, 108, Mazatlan, Mexico.
(Type, No. 29211.)

31. MUSTELUS CANIS, (Mitchill).

(SmootH Hounp; Doc-sHarKk; Boca DULCE.)

Body slender, tapering backward from the dorsal fin to the long slender
tail; snout depressed, moderately sharp: mouth small, the teeth all alike
bluntish; a fold at the angle of the mouth; lower lobe of caudal blunt;
tail more than 4 body, its terminal lobe more than 4 iislength; pectorals
rather obtuse, their free margins little incised, their tips reaching first
third of dorsal; inner lobe of ventra!s produced ; embryo without pla-
centa. Coloration light gray, nearly uniform, sometimes with pale spots.
Length 2 to 3 feet. Cape Cod to Cuba and in Southern Europe; abundant
on the Atlantic coasts of both continents, especially off New York and in

the Mediterranean. (canis, dog.) (Ev.)

Squalus canis, Mircui.y, Trans. Lit. Phil. Soc. N. Y., 1, 1815, 486, New York.
Mustelus asterias, CLOQUET, Dict., 407, 1820, Europe.

Mustelus vulgaris, MétLER & HENLE, Plagiostomen, 190, pl. 27, fig. 1, 1838, Europe.
Squalus hinnulus, BLAINVILLE, Faune Franc., 83, pl. 20, fig. 2, 1828, Mediterranean.
Mustellus stellaius, Risso, Eur. Merid., 111, 1826, 126, Nice.

Mustelus plebejus, BONAPARTE, Fauna Italica, part viit, 43, plate 132, 1834, Italy.
Mustelus vulgaris, GUNTHER, Cat., vill, 386, 1870.

Mustelus canis, STORER, Fish. Mass., 227, 1867; Jornpan & GILBERT, Synopsis, 870, 1883.

19. GALEUS, Rafinesque.

Galeus, RAFINESQUE, Caratteri Alcuni Nuovi Generi, 13, 1810, (mustelus,* etc.; the intended type
is apparently Sq. galeus, L., though that species is not mentioned by name).

Galeus,+ Leacu, Obsery. genus Squalus, 62, 1812, (mustelus).

Pleuracromylon, Grit, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, 148, (laeevis—= mustelus).

* Galeus mustelus (Linnaeus), the Smooth Hound, of Europe, has been listed as American by
Dr. Giinther, who records a stuffed specimen from New York. No American collector has rec-
ognized it.

7 The name Galeus was first used in binominal nomenclature by Rafinesque, for a genus thus
defined:

“VIII. G. Gateus. Due spiragli, due ale dorsati, un ala anale, cinque branchie da ogni lato,
coda diseguale, obliqua.

** Osservazione. La maggior parti delli Squali degli autori si annoverano in questo genere, il
quale si distingue dal vero genere Squalus della presenza di tn ala anale.”’

Four species are mentioned, vulpeculus, melastomus, catulus, and mustelus. The species which the
author had in mind was doubtless Squalus galeus, L.

This well-known species agrees with the above diagnosis, and although not explicitly included
in the genus (for Rafinesque’s paper treated only of new species and new genera), yet it would go
with the others as one of the ‘‘maggior parti delli Sguali.’ An important argument for this
view rests in the fact that Rafinesque adopteu many Linnean specific names for his genera, and
in most cases explicitly specified such Linnean species as the types of his genera. There can be
no doubt chat Syualus galeus, L., was his type of his genus Galeus, and Squalus carcharias, L., his
type of his Carcharias.

In 1812, Leach proposed a genus Galeus, to include sharks with the anal fin present and the
candal fin irregular (i. ¢., not lunate). This genus thus defined, corresponds nearly to Galeus of
Rafinesque. But one species, Galeus mustelus, is mentioned by Leach, the same species having
been included in Galeus, Rafinesque. Vor this reason we have formerly adopted the name
Galeus for G. mustelus, Still later, a subgenus, Galeorhinus, was proposed by Blainville for sharks
distinguished from Carcharinus, Blainville, by the presence of spiracles. This group again cor-
responds to the Galeusof Rafinesque and Leach, In this group are included with others, Squalus
mustelus aud Squalus galeus of Linnewus, the latter species being obviously intended as the type.
Still later (1817), the genera Mustelus and Galeus were defined by Cuvier, and with his definition

30 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

This genus is very close to Mustelus, with which it agrees in most ex-
ternal respects, the essential difference being in the presence of a placenta
connecting the embryo with the uterus. The teeth are rather sharper
than in Mustelus. The boundaries of this group and the preceding are
not yet well defined, and it may be that the two should be reunited.
(yadedc, a kind of shark, like yaA7, the weasel. )

a. Middle ot first dorsal about midway between posterior root of pectorals and anterior root
of ventrals; first dorsal longer than high; its tip not reaching tip of posterior lobe, its free
margin scarcely incised, its base about half the interval between dorsals; teeth sharpish.
(Embryo not examined.) DORSALIS, 32.

aa. Middle of first dorsal much nearer root of ventrals than pectorals; snout rather short, its
length from mouth a little less than distance between angles of mouth; teeth rather
sharp. CALIFORNICUS, 33.

32. GALEUS DORSALIS, (Gill).

Lower lobe of caudal not acute; tail less than } total length, its terminal
lobe less than 4 its length; pectorals obtuse, their free edges almost
straight, their tips reaching first fourth of dorsal; inner lobe of ventrals
not produced, the free edge of the fin straight. Embryo with placenta.
Color dark gray, axils of pectorals and ventrals dusky. L.3 to 4 feet.
Panama and neighboring waters, north to the Gulf of California, the
largest species of the group. (dorsalis, pertaining to the back.)

Mustelus dorsalis, GtLu, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, 149, Panama.
Mustelus dorsalis, JORDAN & GILBERT, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1882, 110.

33. GALEUS CALIFORNICUS, (Gill).

First dorsal longer than high, its blunt tip when depressed not reaching
tip of posterior lobe, its margin deeply incised, its base 24 times in the
interval between dorsals; lower lobe of caudal blunt; terminal lobe of
tail more than 4 its length, pectorals rather obtuse, their free margin
little concave, their tips reaching little past front of dorsal; inner lobe of
ventrals somewhat produced; embryo attached to uterus by a placenta.
Dark grayish; axils of pectorals and ventrals dusky. L.30inches. Cali-
fornia, north to San Francisco; rather common.

Mustelus californicus, G1LL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, 148, San Francisco.

Mustelus californicus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1882, 110.
Mustelus californicus, JoRDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 870, 1883.

20. RHINOTRIACIS, Gill.

Rhinotriacis, GiLL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, 486, (henlei).

General appearance of Galeus, but with the teeth distinctly tricuspid
and not paved. Snout sharp. Embryo attached to the uterus by a
placenta. Coloration plain. One species known. (iv, snout; Triacis).

they have been accepted by nearly all later authors. Itseems to us best in cases like this to
follow the rules of nomenclature strictly. The strict letter of the law seems to require the use
of Galeus in place of Pleuracromylon. :

The name Mustelus was at first applied by Cuvier to the whole group of smooth-mouthed
sharks. It has, however, been restricted by Gill to the subgenus typified by M. canis, and it
should be retained for this subdivision, leaving Pleuracromylon, or Galeus, as the name of the
other genus or subgenus.

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. dl

34. RHINOTRIACIS HENLEI, Gill.

Snout produced, slender. L. 2} feet. Color uniform reddish brown
above, pale below, the pectoral, ventral, and anal fins margined with
paler. Coast of California from Humboldt Bay to Monterey, arather rare
and imperfectly known species. (Named for Prof. J. Henle, the associate of
Johannes Miiller.) ;

Rhinotriacis henlei, G1LL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, 486, San Francisco.
Triacis henlei, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 20, 1883.

21. TRIAKIS, Miiller & Henle.

Triakis, Miter & HENLE, Magazine of Natural History, 11, new series, 36, 1838, (scyllium),
(Triacis, corrected spelling.)

Body compressed, elongate; mouth large, crescent-shaped, with well-
developed long labial folds; teeth moderate, numerous, similar in both
jaws, each with a longer median cusp, and 1 or 2 smaller ones on each
side; eyes small, with nictitating membrane; spiracles small, behind the
eyes; no pit at the root of the caudal; no lower lobe to the caudal; first
dorsal fin opposite the space between the pectorals and ventrals. Embryo
without placenta. Coloration variegated, black and gray. Pacific and
Indian Oceans. (rpeic, three; dkic, point.)

35. TRIAKIS SEMIFASCIATUM, Girard.

(Cat SHarRK; LEOPARD SHARK.)

Snout moderately produced, rounded. Nostril with a broad anterior
flap. First dorsal fin nearly midway between the pectorals and ventrals;
the second dorsal! not much smaller than the first, and partly in advance
of the anal. Gray, the upper parts with well-defined black cross bands,
narrower than the interspaces; a row of rounded black spots along the
sides of the body, alternating with the interdorsal crossbars. L. 3 feet.
Cape Mendocino to San Diego,common; a handsome shark, readily known
by its variegated coloration. (semifasciatus, half banded.)

Triakis semifasciatum, GIRARD, Proc. Ac, Nat. Sci. Phila, ,1854, 196, Presidio de San Francisco;

JoRDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 20, 1883; GUNTHER, Cat., vir1, 384, 1870.
Mustelus felis, AyRES, Proc. Cal. Ac. Sci., 1854, 17, San Francisco.

22. GALEORHINUS, Blainville.
(TOPEs.)
Galeus,* RA¥rINESQUE, Caratteri Alcuni Nuovi Generi, 13, 1810, in part, (galeus, etc., although
that species is not explicitly mentioned).
Galeorhinus, BLAINVILLE, Bull. Sci. Philom., 1816, 121, (galeus).
Galeus, CuviER, Régne Animal, Ed, 1, 127, 1817, (galeus).
Eugaleus, Giti, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, 148, (galeus).

First dorsal opposite the space between the pectorals and ventrals;
mouth crescent-shaped, with the teeth alike in both jaws, oblique,
notched, and serrated; spiracles present, small; nictitating membrane
present; no pit at the base of the caudal; caudal fin with a single notch.
Tropical seas. (yaAedc, a kind of shark, like a weasel, ivy, shark.)

* See note under Galeus.

32 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

36. GALEORHINUS ZYOPTERUS, Jordan & Gilbert.

(O1L SHARK; SOUP-FIN SHARK.)

Snout depressed, rather long, rounded at tip; nostrils nearer mouth
than tip of snout; teeth about 35, the 4 or 5 nearest the middle much
smaller, the median tooth of each jaw smallest, subtriangular, without
basal cusps; lateral teeth of both jaws similar, their points directed
strongly outward; a sharp angle near middle of outer margin, below
which are 2 to 5 sharp cusps or serrations; eye large; second dorsal
scarcely + size of first. Dusky grayish, most of pectoral, tip of caudal,
and anterior portion of both dorsals black. L.6feet. Coast of Southern
California from San Francisco to Cerros Island; very abundant. Valued
for the oil in its liver, and for the fins, which are much prized by the
Chinese; the gelatinous fin rays making a fine soup. Closely related to
the European Tope (G. galeus, (L.) ), from which it may prove to be indis-
tinguishable. ((vdv, soup; xrepov, fin.)

Galeorhinus zyoplerus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 871, 1883, San Pedro, California. (Type,
No. 26973.)

23. GALEOCERDO, Miiller & Henle.

taleocerdo, MULLER & HENLE, Plagiostomen, 59, 1838, (tigrinus).
Boreogaleus, Gitu, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., vir, 411, 1861, (arcticus).

Mouth crescent-shaped ; teeth alike in both jaws, large, oblique, coarsely
serrated on both margins, with a deep notch on outer margin; spiracles
present; caudal fin with a double notch; a pit on the tail above and
below at the base of the caudal fin ; first dorsal opposite the space between
pectorals and ventrals. Large sharks, found in most seas. (yuAe6c, a kind
of shark, like yaA7, the weasel; xepdo, a fox or weasel.)

37. GALEOCERDO TIGRINUS, Miiller & Henle.

(T1igeR SHARK; ALECRIN; TIGRONE.)

Caudal fin forming about 4 of the total length, much longer than the
space between the dorsal fins; second dorsal somewhat in advance of the
anal; a long labial fold along the upper jaw. Color brown, with numer-
ous dark spots larger than the eye; adult nearly plain. Tropical seas,
not rare, occasionally northward to Cape Cod and to San Diego. L. 15 to
30 feet. A very large and fierce shark, known by its variegated color-
ation, the most formidable of the West Indian species.* (tigrinus, tiger-
like).

Galeocerde tigrinus, Mitten & Henin, Plagiostomen, 59, 1838; GiinruErR, Cat., vir, 378, 1870;
JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 21, 1883.

Galeus maculatus,} RANZANI, De Novis Speciebus Piscium, Dissert. Prima, 7, 1838, Brazil.
Galeocerdo maculatus, Porky, Synopsis, 455, 1868.

* * Lehasacado del vientre del madre mas de 60 felos prontos 4 nacer vivos y a poblar el abismo.”
Poey.

+ We are unable to decide which of these two names of the same date, ligrinus and maculatus, is
entitled to priority. Common usage has accorded precedence to the work of Miiller & Henle.

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North Amertca. 33

24. PRIONACE, Cantor.
(BLUE SHARKS.)

Prionodon, MiLLER & HENLE, Plagiostomen, 36, 1838, (glaucus, etc., name preoccupied).
Prionace, CANTOR, Malayan Fishes, 399, 1850, (substitute for Prionodon).
Cynocephalus, (KLEIN), Gitt, Ann, Lyc, Nat. Hist. N. Y., 1861, 401, (glaucus). -

Large sharks with the body and head slender; no spiracles; the teeth
in both jaws strongly serrated in the adult, those in the upper jaw broad,
those below narrower, straight, and claviform; first dorsal large, inserted
midway between axils of pectorals and ventrals; second dorsal much
smaller, usually not larger than anal; embryo not attached to the uterus
by a placenta. Species rather few; large, slender, swift, voracious sharks
of the warm seas. The groups here called Prionace, Hypoprion, Apriono-
don, and Scoliodon are usually placed as subgenera under Carcharhinus or
Carcharias, a8 the group has been commonly called. Their retention as
distinct genera is apparently justified on the ground of convenience.
(mpiwy, Saw; axic, point).

38. PRIONACE GLAUCA, (Linnzus).

(GREAT BLUE SHARK.)

Snout very long; nostrils rather nearer to the mouth than to the
extremity of the snout; no labial fold except a groove at the angle of
the mouth; teeth of the upper jaw oblique, scarcely constricted near the
base; lower teeth slender, triangular in young examples, lanceolate, with
a broad base, in old ones. Pectoral fin long, falciform, extending to the
dorsal, which is nearer the ventrals than the root of the pectorals. Color
light bluish gray above, paler below. A large shark of the warm seas,
occasionally taken on our coasts (a few specimens from San Francisco
and Monterey). More common in Europe. (Ev.)

Squalus glaucus, LINN mus, Syst. Nat., Ed. x, 235, 1758, Seas of Europe.

Curcharias glaucus, GUNTHER, Cat., vu1, 364, 1870.

Carcharhinus glaucus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 22, 1883.

Squalus cxruleus, BLAINVILLE, Faune Francaise, 91, 1828, Medeiterranean.

Squalus hirundinaceus, VALENCIENNES, in Miiller & Henle, Plagiostomen, 37, 1838, Brazil.

25. CARCHARHINUS, Blainville.

Carcharias,* RA¥INESQUE, Caratteri Alcuni Nuovi Generi, 10, 1810, (in part; tawrus, the only species
named).

Carcharhinus, BLAINVILLE, Journ. Phys., 1816, 264; (commersoni, a name based on Lacépide’s
figure of ‘‘ Squalus carcharias’’ ; it apparently represents Carcharhinus lamia).

Carcharias, Cuvier, Régne Animal, Ed.1, 125, 1817, (carcharias, expressly identified with Canis
carcharias of Bélon (de Aquatilibus, 1,60), which is the species commonly called Curcharias
lamia).

Eulamia, Git, Ann, Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 1861, 401, (lamia).

Platypodon, Gru, 1. ¢., 401, (menisorrah).

Tsogomphodon, GiLu, 1. c., 401, (oxryrhynchus).

Lamiopsis, GIL, Ll. ¢., 401, (temmineki).

* The name Carcharias as a generic term was first used by Rafinesque in 1810, It was thus de-
fined:

“G, CAncHARIAS, Nessuno epiraglio, due ale dorsali, un ala anali, cinque aperture branchiali
da ogni lato. Coda disiguale obbliqua. Oss,, Questo genero 6 il primo nel!’ ordine delli Syualini,
e contiene le specie le pid enorme e le pia voraci; differisce notabilmente del genere Galens dalla

F. N. A.——4

34 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

Body rather robust, the head broad and depressed ; mouth inferior, with
the teeth in both jaws strongly serrated in the adult, less so or entire in
the young; those in the upper jaw broad or narrow, those below narrow,
straight, and nearly erect. No spiracles. First dorsal large, placed not
far behind pectorals; pectorals faleate; second dorsal small. Embryos
attached by placenta to the uterus, as in Scoliodon,* Triakis, and Galeus.
Species very numerous and difficult of separation. Voracious sharks of
the warm seas. (xapyapiac, an old name of C. lamia, from kapyapoc, jagged ;
pivn, Shark, the name first applied to Squatiua, from its rasp-like skin;
pivn, & file.)

a. Teeth in both jaws distinctly serrate in the adult; the serra on the lower teeth smaller;
upper teeth rather broad, lower teeth narrower ; snout not very acute.
PLATYPODON, (7Aatvs, broad ; iro, under ; ddovs, tooth):
b. Upper teeth oblique, deeply notched on the outer margin; lower teeth narrow,
scarcely or not notched.
c. Pectorals very large, 3 times as long as broad, falciform, extending beyond base
of first dorsal ; color blue-gray. OBSCURUS, 39.
cc. Pectorals shorter, not 3 times as long as broad, extending little if any beyond
base of first dorsal. ‘
d. Length of snout from mouth, little if any greater than width of mouth.
e. Distance from end of base of first dorsal to ventrals less than length of
base of first dorsal.
jf. Nasal flap without sharp lobe.

g. Second dorsal smaller than anal; snout depressed ; first dorsal
close behind pectorals. Light gray. PLATYRHYNCHUS, 40.

gg. Second dorsal and anal nearly equal; color blue-gray.
FALCIFORMIS, 41.

mancanza degli Spiragli.’’ Under this group one new species is described, Carcharias taurus, a
species of Odontaspis, as the genera have been understood.

No type is indicated by Rafinesque, but it is evident that he had the Squalus carcharias of Lin-
nus in mind as type, in accordance with his custom of raising Linnean species to the rank of
genera. In Rafinesque’s Indice, published in the same year, 1810, a few months later, Squalus
carcharias, li., appears as the type of Carcharias under the name of Carcharias lamia. The Squalus
carcharias of Linneus as understood by Rafinesque was Carcharhinus lamia. It was primarily
based on Carcharodon carcharias, a species not known to most of the succeeding authors, who
applied the name Squalus carcharias to Carcharias lamia instead of to Carcharodon. Cuvier dis-
tinctly makes lamia the type of his genus Carcharias as he refers to Bélon’s figure of ‘‘ Canis
carcharias’’ as the only good representation of his species.

Bélon’s figure plainly represents Carcharias lamia. It is also evident that Rafinesque has the
lamia in mind in referring to his ‘‘Squalus carcharias’’ or ‘* Carcharias lamia.”? The phrase *‘ Coda
disiguale, obbliqua,’’ shows this, as also does the fact that the species was placed in the list of Sicil-
ian fishes. Carchariaslamia is common in Sicily. Carcharodon carcharias is rare in the Mediterra-
nean. In fact, few of the earlier writers in Italy or France knew the Carcharodon, and referred
all accounts of it to the great shark known to them, Carcharias lamia. Sofar as intention of the
author goes, Carcharias of Rafinesque should be strictly synonymous with Carcharias of Cuvier,
and both based on the same type as the Eulamia of Gill. Carcharhinus of Blainville was originally
based, according to Gill, on his Squalus commersoni, which seems to be Carcharinuslamia. In this
connection we may note that Rafinesque, in 1810, seemed to have used but two general treatises
on fishes, the Systema Nature of Linneus, and the Historie Naturelle des Poissons of Lacépéde.
Rafinesque’s genus Carcharias is Lacépede’s ‘‘Premier sousgenre, une nageoiré de I’ anus sans
6vents.” His Galeus is the ‘Second sousgenre une nageoiré de I’ anus et deux évents,’’ while
the name Squalus is retained by him for the ‘‘Troisiéme sousgenre, deux évents sans nageoire
del’ anus.”’ Rafinesque’s remaining genera, Dalatias, Tetroras, Isurus, Cerictius, Alopias, etc., are
based on species supposed by Rafinesqne to be new.

If we should refer Rafinesque’s genera to the groups of Lacépéde, on which they were really
based, Carcharias would be equivalent to Carcharhinus and Galeus to Galeorhinus. . On the other
hand, the strict rule of requiring the type of a genus to be taken from the species actually men-
tioned by its author makes the arrangement here adopted tlie necessary one. As in other dis-
puted cases, we here follow the rules strictly.

* So far as known to us, the embryos in all our other viviparous sharks are without placentae.

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 35

Jf. Nasal flap with an acute lobe.
h. Snout not very short, its length from mouth not notably less
than width of mouth. Color yellowish brown.
ACRONOTUS, 42.
hh. Snout very short and blunt, its length from mouth but 24 width

of mouth. PEREZI, 43.
ee. Distance from end of base of first dorsal to ventrals greater than length
of first dorsal ; snout moderate. REMOTUS, 44.

dd. Length of snout from mouth greater than width of mouth; first dorsal small.

HENLEI, 45.
CARCHARHINUS:

bb. Upper teeth triangular, suberect, scarcely notched on the outer margin ; lower teeth
similar but much narrower,
i, Snout moderate, its length from mouth about equal to width of mouth.
j. Pectorals not falcate ; fins not conspicuously darker at tips. Atlantic.
MILBERTI, 46,
jj. Pectorals somewhat falcate ; second dorsal rather smaller than anal; fins
scarcely dusky at tip. Pacific. LAMIELLA, 47.
wi. Snout very short, its length from mouth less than width of mouth.
k, Pectoral long and falcate, reaching to posterior part of base of dorsal. At-
lantic.
Il. Anterior margin of first dorsal convex, the height of the fin about equal
to depth of body. LAMIA, 48.
kk. Pectoral fin moderate, scarcely faleate, not reaching to end of base of dor-

sal.
m. Second dorsal not larger than anal; length of snout from mouth 1144

times in breadth of mouth; upper teeth very broad. Atlantic.

PLATYODON, 49.
mm. Second dorsal larger than anal.

n. Length of snout from mouth but 14 breadth of mouth; upper teeth
not very broad; head very broad above. Pacific. FrRoNTO, 50,
nn. Length of snout from mouth more than 1% breadth of mouth;
fresh waters, ; NICARAGUENSIS, 51.
IsocomPHODON, (igos, equal; youdos, nail; ddovs, tooth):
aa. Teeth slightly serrated, similar in form in the two jaws, narrow, claviform, constricted at
base; snout rather sharp.
o, Snout moderate, its length from mouth not greater than the breadth of mouth; teeth
moderate, about 30 in each jaw; fins edged with black.
p. Base of anala little longer than that of second dorsal; pectoral reaching end of base

of first dorsal. ATHALORUS, 52.
pp. Base of anal equal to that of second dorsal; pectoral reaching past base of first
dorsal. LIMBATUS, 53.

oo. Snout very long and narrow, its length from mouth twice distance between nostrils;
teeth small, about 48 in each jaw. OXYRHYNCHUS, 54.

Subgenus PLATYPODON, Gill.
39. CARCHARHINUS OBSCURUS, (Le Sueur).
(Dusky Suark.)

Head rather pointed, flattened above and below; first dorsal rather
large; second dorsal smaller than the anal, and considerably produced
behind; pectorals very large, falciform, extending beyond the end of the
dorsal, their outer margin 4 times the inner. Dark clear blue above,
white below. A large shark, reaching a length of 9 or 10 feet, inhabiting
the Middle Atlantic and frequently taken on our coast. (obscurus, dusky.)

Squalus obscurus, Ly, Sutun, Jour, Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1818, 1, 228, New York,
Carcharias obscurus, GUNTHER, Cat., vit, 366, 1670,

Carcharhinus obscurus, JORDAN & Gitwerr, Synopsis, 22,1885,

Carcharias falcipinnis, Lown, Proc. Zo'sl. Soe, Lond., 1839, 90, Madeira,
Prionodon obvelatus, VALENCIENNES, Poiss, Iles Canaries, 103, 1856, Canaries,

s

36 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

40. CARCHARHINUS PLATYRHYNCHUS, (Gilbert).

Snout moderate, not pointed, very flat, and broadly rounded ; its length
from mouth slightly greater than width of mouth, and less than width of
snout opposite nostrils. No labial folds; nostril flap without acute lobe;
upper teeth broadly triangular, coarsely serrate, the inner edge oblique,
the outer more or less definitely notched ; lower teeth narrow, erect; eye
moderate. Pectorals little faleate, long, reaching beyond base of first dor-
sal, the fin about } as broad as long; first dorsal inserted close behind pec-
toral, its distance from pectoral 2 its base; its base 2} times in interspace
between dorsals, and less than its height, which is less than depth of bedy ;
second dorsal inserted over anal, its base 3 in first dorsal, the fin smaller
than anal; caudal 34 in total length. Light gray, the fins colored like
the body. Magdalena Bay to Galapagos Islands ; probably not rare. Re-
sembles C. lamiella, from which it differs in dentition and in position of
first dorsal. (adaric, flat; pryyoc, snout.)

Eulamia platyrhynchus, GILBERT, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., 1891, 544, Clarion Island, Socorro
Island, Magdalena Bay.

41. CARCHARHINUS FALCIFORMIS, (Bibron).

(CAZON DE PLAYA.)

Snout moderately prolonged and acute; nostrils without lobe; first
dorsal rather backward ; second dorsal and anal opposite each other and
of medium size; pectorals not twice as long as broad; upper teeth witha
marked reéntrant angle on the outer border; 2 pores on the nape, well
marked. Color, blue-black, deeper than in any other species. Lz. 10 feet.
(Poey.) Cuba and neighboring waters. (falx, scythe; forma, form.)
Carcharias falciformis, Brsron, in Miiller & Henle’s Plagiostomen, 47, 1838, Cuba,

Squalus liburo, Pozy, Memorias, 1, 331, 1861, Havana.
Platypodon falciformis, Porky, Enumeratio, 191, 1875.

42. CARCHARHINUS ACRONOTUS, (Poey).

Close to C. falciformis, but with an acute lobe to the nostril; first dorsal
farther forward; the second dorsal and anal larger; pectoral scarcely
falciform ; nuchal pores inconspicuous; color yellowish brown. (Poey).
Cuba. (axpdc, sharp; vdroc, back.)

Squalus acronotus, Pony, Memorias, 11, 335, 1861, Havana.

43. CARCHARHINUS PEREZI, (Poey).

Snout rounded, its length from mouth 3} width of mouth, and about
equal to length of mouth (measured from the line connecting the
angles); teeth oblique, with a deep notch on outer margin; lower teeth
narrow ; Nostril with a small, sharp lobe. Pectoral falciform, rather
large. First dorsal acute, inserted near tip of pectoral; anal opposite
second dorsal, which has a base nearly 4 as long as that of first dor-
sal. Gray, tips of finsdusky. Cuba. (Named for Don Laureano Perez,
of the University of Madrid.)

Platypodon perezi, Poty, Enumeratio, 195, 1875, Cuba.

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 37

44, CARCHARHINUS REMOTUS, (Valenciennes).

Muzzle rounded, the preocular length equal to the interorbital area;
snout before mouth equal to width of mouth; upper teeth oblique with
a reéntrant angle, the lower narrow; first dorsal a little higher than
long, commencing close behind pectorals ; second dcrsal lower than anal,
the interspace between dorsals nearly 3 times base of anal; distance
frgm first dorsal to ventrals greater than length of first dorsal; pectorals
13 times as long as broad, the posterior margin concave; the outer angle
rounded; caudal 5} in length. Color gray. Martinique. (Duméril.)
(remotus, remote; the ventrals remote from the first dorsal.)

Carcharias remotus, VALENCIENNES, in Duméril’s Hist. Nat. Poiss., 1., 374, 1870, Martinique.
> ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ q

45. CARCHARHINUS HENLE, (Valenciennes).

Snout produced, the distance between its extremity and the mouth
being more than the width of the mouth, upper teeth oblique, notched on
the outer margin; lower teeth narrow, nearly erect. Pectorals short, not
reaching end of dorsal, their lower margin ? lengthof upper. First dorsal
very small and short, its base much shorter than that of anal. Uniform
gray. (Giinther.) Coast of Brazil and northward to Guiana. (Named
for Dr. J. Henle.)

Carcharias henlei,* VALENCIENNES, in Miiller & Henle, Plagiostomen, 46, 1838, Guiana.
Carcharias porosus,* RANZANI, Noy. Pisc. Diss. Prima., 70, 1838, Brazil.
Carcharias porosus, GUNTHER, Cat., vimT, 365, 1870.

Subgenus CARCHARHINUS.
46. CARCHARHINUS MILBERTI, (Miiller & Henle).

This species differs from C. platyodon chiefly in the following respects:
Head longer, snout much less obtuse, its length from mouth equal to
breadth of mouth; distance between nostrils + less than length of snout.
Teeth and fins asin C. platyodon. Pectorals rather small, not falcate, 64 in
body; caudal 4 in body, rather narrow. Cape Cod to Florida; not rare,
but very imperfectly described. (Named for M. Milbert, a French natur-
alist who collected in America. )

Carcharias (Prionodon) milberti, MULLER & HentE, Plagiostomen, 38, 1838, New York.
Carcharias creruleus, De Kay, N. Y. Fauna: Fishes, 354, 1842, New York,

Carcharias creruleus, JORDAN & GiuBeRT, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1882, 244.

Lamna caudata, De Kay, l. c., 354, 1842, Brenton Reef, Rhode Island.

Enlamia milberti, Giti, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, 262.

Carcharhinus exruleus, JORDAN & Gitwert, Synopsis, 872, 1883.

47. CARCHARHINUS LAMIELLA, (Jordan & Gilbert).
(Bay Sark.)

Body robust, the back elevated. Head broad and flat; the snout long,
but wide and rounded, its length from mouth a little more than width
of mouth and greater than distance between nostrils, which are nearer

*We do not know which of these two names has priority of date.

38 hulletin 47, United States National Museum.

snout than angle of the mouth. Eye moderate. Teeth $}, their form as
in C. lamia, the upper regularly triangular, without notch, narrow in the
young, the lower narrowly triangular, erect, on a broad base; all the
teeth distinctly and evenly serrated. First dorsal beginning at a dis-
tance # its own base behind the pectorals and ending a little more than
its base before the ventrals. Space between dorsals 23 times base of first
dorsal, 7 times that of second. Height of first dorsal 3 the depth of the
body ; pectoral reaching past first dorsal. Second dorsal very small, not
+ the height of the first, smaller than anal and nearly opposite it. Pec-
torals long and broad, reaching past base of dorsal, 53 in body. Tail 33
in length. Color plain light gray. San Diego Bay and southward along
the Mexican coast. Very close to C. lamia, but the dorsals and pectorals
smaller and the first dorsal farther back. (Diminutive of lamia.)

Carcharias lamiella, JORDAN & GiLBERT, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1882, 110, San Diego; JorpAan &
GILBERT, Synopsis, 873,1883. (Type, No. 27366.)

48. CARCHARHINUS LAMIA,* (Rafinesque).
(CUB-SHARK; REQUIN; RequiEm; LAmta.)

Head broad, depressed; snout short and rounded, nostrils midway be-
tween its tip and the front of the mouth; breadth of mouth 23 times
length of preoral part of snout. First dorsal very large, inserted close
behind the base of the pectoral, its height a little greater than the length
of its base, its anterior margin convex, its upper angle rounded, its pos-
terior border nearly straight, its lower angle pointed, its height about
equal to greatest depth of body; second dorsal much smaller than first,
about equal to anal; pectorals at least twice as long as broad, 5 times
in body ; upper lobe of caudal ¢ the total length, twice the inferior lobe.
Grayish, fins rarely darker at tip. L.10 feet. Tropical parts of the At-
lantic ; common northward to Florida Keys, abundant in the Caribbean
Sea and in the Mediterranean; a man-eating shark, notorious in warm
regions as a greedy scavenger about wharves. (Aauia, lamia, sea-monster,
from Aaiuocg, devouring hunger.) (Ev.)

Canis carcharias, Lamia or Requin of early writers.

Squalus carcharias of most early French and Italian writers, not of Linnzxus,

Carcharias lamia, RAFINESQUE, Indice d’Ittiol. Sicil., 44, 1810, Sicily, (after Lacépéde).

Carcharhinus commersoni, BLAINVILLE, Bull. Sci. Philom., 1816, 121, (based on Lacépéde’s figure
of Squalus carcharias. )

Squalus carcharias, CuvieR, Régne Animal, based on Canis carcharias of Bellonius.

Carcharias lamia, Risso, Hist. Nat. Europ. Merid., 111, 119, 1826, Nice.

Squalus longimanus, Pory, Memorias, 11, 338, 1861, Cuba.

Eulamia longimana, Pory, Synopsis, 48, 1868.

Eulamia lamia, Pory, Enumeratio, 188, 1875.

Carcharias lamia, GUNTHER, Cat., Vi, 372, 1870; JonpaN, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1884, 104.

* Carcharhinus leucos, (Valenciennes): Pectorals rather long, but shorter than in C. lamia; first
dorsal with pointed angles, its anterior border not convex, and its posterior border little exca-
vated (Duméril); otherwise about as in C. lamia, with which it is probably identical. West
Indies; Algiers. (Aevxds, white.)

Carcharias leucos, Valenciennes, in Miiller & Henle’s Plagiostomen, 42, 1838, Antilles;
Dumeril Hist, Nat. Poiss., 358.

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 39

49. CARCHARHINUS PLATYODON, (Poey).

Body stout; head very short, broad, depressed, and bluntly rounded;
mouth twice as broad as long, its breadth about } more than length of
snout; upper teeth very broad, triangular, erect, coarsely serrate, not
notched ; lower teeth narrower, more finely serrate. First dorsal begin-
ning close behind pectoral, a little higher than long, not falcate, its base
2} in interspace between dorsals; second dorsal very small, its base 5
in interspace; caudal moderate, 2} in body; anal a little longer than
second dorsal, and placed a little farther back; pectorals rather small,
not falcate, 6 in total length, reaching a little past front of dorsal; width
of pectoral nearly % of its length. Slaty blue, white below; caudal
blackish, other fins with dark tips. L. 10 to 15 feet. Cuba to Texas;
abundant in the Gulf of Mexico; the specimen here described being from
Galveston. (Aaric, broad; ddotc, tooth.)

Squalus platyodon, Pory, Memorias, 11, 331, 1861, Havana.

Squalus obtusus, Pory, l. c., 337, Havana.
Carcharias platyodon, JORDAN & GILBERT, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., 1882, 243; Synopsis, 872,1883.

50. CARCHARHINUS FRONTO, (Jordan & Gilbert).
(TIBURON.)

Body short and stout; head very broad, depressed, broadly rounded
anteriorly, the front of snout parallel with cleft of mouth; snout from
mouth + the distance between angles of mouth; and about equal to
distance from chin to the line connecting these angles; interorbital
width twice length of snout to eyes. Teeth in both jaws narrowly trian-
gular, twice as high as broad, all nearly erect and scarcely notched on
outer margin. Free margins of fins concave; insertion of first dorsal
nearer pectorals than ventrals; length of base of first dorsal more than
its height, but less than interorbital width; interspace between dorsals
2¢ times base of first, 3} times base of second; tail 44 in body; anal
smaller than second dorsal; pectorals large, not acute, reaching a little
past front of dorsal. Slaty gray, the edges of fins brownish. L. 10 feet.
Pacific Coast of Mexico; a large voracious shark remarkable for its broad
head. (fronto, having a wide forehead. )

Carcharias fronto, JORDAN & GILBERT, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1882, 102, Mazatlan, Mexico.
(Type, No, 28167.)
51. CARCHARHINUS NICARAGUENSIS, (Gill & Bransford).

(TIGRONE. )

Snout short, obtusely rounded ; distance from mouth to snout # distance
between nostrils; teeth $2; upper teeth triangular, scarcely notched on
outer margin; first dorsal commencing just behind axil of pectoral, its
height greater than length of its base; second dorsal larger than anal,
its base 24 in that of first dorsal; pectorals moderate, their length not
twice height of dorsal. L. 7 feet. Lake Nicaragua and its outlet, Rio
San Juan, abundant, confined so far as known to fresh waters, the only
strictly fresh water shark recorded.

Eulamia nicaraguensis, Gin & Bransrorp, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci, Phila., 1877, 100, Lake Nica-
ragua, Nicaragua.

40 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

Subgenus ISOGOMPHODON, Gill.
52. CARCHARHINUS ETHALORUS, (Jordan & Gilbert).

Body robust, the head rather long and pointed in profile, flattish above;
snout from mouth equal to distance between angles of mouth, + greater
than from chin to line connecting these angles ; interorbital width slightly
more than snout from eye; 3 short furrows from angle of mouth; teeth
in both jaws narrowly triangular, nearly erect and scarcely notched
on the outer margin, all finely serrate; pores not conspicuous; gill open-
ings large. Free margins of all fins concave. Insertion of first dorsal
close behind base of pectoral; length of base of first dorsal less than its
height; interspace between dorsals 2 to 2} times base of first dorsal and
4 times second, which is much smaller than first. Tail about 3 total
length; anal a little longer than second dorsal. Eyes very small. Pec-
torals somewhat falcate, reaching to opposite posterior part of base of
dorsal, their tips pointed; pectoral, 6in body. Slaty gray; upper edge
of tail blackish; tips of all fins blackish. L. 6 feet or more. Mazatlan
to Panama; common; very close to C. limbatus. (aitaity, soot; dpoc,
margin.)

Carcharias xthalorus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1882, 104, Mazatlan. (Type,
Nos. 28202, 29549.)

53. CARCHARHINUS LIMBATUS, (Miiller & Henle).
(CACONETTA.)

Snout somewhat pointed in front, rather produced, the distance between
its extremity and the mouth somewhat less than width of mouth; nos-
trils nearly midway between the extremity of snout and mouth; teeth
aed similar in form in both jaws, erect, constricted, on a broad base, the
upper more distinctly serrated than the lower; gill openings wide, at
least twice as wide as the eye, which is small. Pectorals falciform, ex-
tending beyond end of dorsal, the length of their upper margin being
nearly 4 times that of lower. First dorsal commencing very close
behind the axil of the pectoral; origins of second dorsal and anal oppo-
site to each other, the bases being nearly equally long. Caudal fin long,
its length equal to distance between the origins of the 2 dorsal fins.
Color gray, lower side of the extremity of the pectoral, extremities
of the second dorsal and anal and of the lower caudal lobe, black.
(Ginther.) ‘Tropical seas, north to Florida; astray specimen taken at
Woods Holl, Mass.; common in Brazil; used as food by the very poor.
(limbatus, edged.)

Carcharias (Prionodon) limbatus, MULLER & HENLE, Plagiostomen, 49, 1838, Martinique.
Carcharias limbatus, GUNTHER, Cat., vitI, 373, 1870.

Isogomphodon limbatus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 23, 1883.

Isogomphodon maculipinnis, Pory, Repertorio, 1, 191, 1867, Cuba.

Carchariaz miilleri, STEINDACHNER, Sitzber. Akad. Wiss. Wien: , 1867, 356, West raids
Carcharias microps, Low£, Proc. Zod]. Soc., 1840, 38, Madeira.

Prionodon cucuri, CASTELNAU, Anim. Amér. Sud. Poiss., 99, 1855, Bahia.

54. CARCHARHINUS OXYRHYNCHUS, (Miiller & Henle).

Snout very much elongate, pointed, narrow; distance between mouth
and tip of snout about twice distance between nostrils; a short labial

Jordan and Eivermann.—Fishes of North America. 41
+

: 46-49 ;
fold on each jaw; teeth small, 7 ;,, erect, rather slenderer in lower jaw ;

only the upper teeth show serration near the tip. Pectorals very large
and broad, extending beyond dorsal, which begins above root of pectoral.
Second dorsal and anal sub-equal, only } size of first dorsal. Eye small,
gill openings moderate. (Giinther.) Surinam. (o5é¢, sharp; pryyoc, snout.)
Carcharias oxyrhynchus, MiLLER & HENLE, Plagiostomen, 41, 1838, Surinam.

Carcharias oxyrhynchus, GUNTHER, Cat., VIII, 375, 1870.

26. HYPOPRION, Miiller & Henle.

Hypoprion, Miter & HENEE, Plagiostomen, 34, 1838, (macloti).
Hypoprionodon, Git, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 1861, 401, (hemiodon) (teeth serrate on outer side
only).

Characters essentially asin Carcharhinus, but with the lower teeth entire,
the upper teeth coarsely serrated at base only, on one or both sides ; lower
teeth erect. (ixd, below; zpiwv, saw; the upper teeth being serrated at
base).

a, Snout obtuse ; its length from mouth 4 interorbital width ; upper teeth weakly serrate

on both sides in adult; second dorsal very large, more than 4 base of first.
BREVIROSTRIS, 55.

aa, Snout acute; its length from mouth 1% times width of mouth; upper teeth strongly
serrate on both sides; second dorsal small, about 14 as long as first. SIGNATUS, 56.

55. HYPOPRION BREVIROSTRIS, Poey.

Body robust; head flattened, the snout short, flat, broadly rounded;
nostril midway between tip of snout and posterior edge of pupil; preoral
part of snout half interorbital width; width of mouth equal to distance
from tip of snout to posterior margin of orbit; fold at angle of mouth
half orbit; upper teeth broadly triangular, the hase finely serrate on outer
edge only in young, on both sides in adult; lower teeth erect. Eye small.
Second dorsal unusually large, similar to first and nearly as high. Inter-
space between dorsals 2} times base of first, 2} times second; anal about
2 size of second dorsal; pectorals moderate, broad, nearly reaching
middle of first dorsal. Gray, fins dusky in young, inside of mouth
brilliant white. L. 7 feet. West Indies, north to Charleston, not rare at
Key West, where it frequents the wharves with its more dangerous rela-
tive, Carcharhinus lamia. (brevirostris, short-nosed. )

Hypoprion brevirostris, Pory, Repertorio, u, 451, tab. 4, 1868, Cuba; Jorpan & GILBERT, Proc.
U. S. Nat. Mus., 1882, 581; Jorpan, I. c., 1884, 104.
56. HYPOPRION SIGNATUS,* Poey.

Snout long, acute, the preoral length 1} times width of mouth; nostrils
with a short, acute lobe; pectoral acute, not falciform; second dorsal op-
posite anal, neither 4 base of first dorsal; upper teeth strongly serrate
at base, the claw sharp and nearly erect. Cuba. (Poey, description of
longirostris.) (signatus, marked.)

Hypoprion signatus; Pory, Synopsis, 452, 1868, Cuba; Pory, Enumeratio, 199, 1875,
Hypoprion longirostris, Pory, Euumeratio, 199, 1875, Cuba,

>

*Pooy has given names to 2 species of Mypoprion with the snout long, the 2 differing only
in form of the teeth. These are longirostris, described as above, and signatus, Known from the
teeth only. The upper teeth of signatus, according to Poey, have the claw triangular and
bluntish, the lower teeth bluntish, not flexuous, and somewhat oblique. Probably the 2 are
not different species, and signatus is the older name.

42 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

=

27. APRIONODON, Gill.

Aprion, MtLuER & HENLE, Plagiostomen, 32, 1838, preoccupied, (isodon).
Aprionodon, GiLL, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., vir, 1861, 411, (punctatus =isodon).

Snout more or less produced and conic; teeth entire, without serre, all
of them narrowed, on a broad base, the lower erect, the upper erect or
slightly oblique; dorsal more or less posterior, opposite the space between
pectorals and ventrals. (d-, privative ; zpiwv, saw; ddovc, tooth; the edges
of the teeth being always entire.)

57. APRIONODON ISODON, (Miiller & Henle).

Snout short, little pointed; distance from angle of mouth to nostril
twice that from nostril to end of snout; pectorals reaching end of first
dorsal, which ismuch longer and higher than second. Grayish. (Duméril.)
Atlantic Ocean, recorded from New York, Virginia, and Cuba; probably
rare. (icoc, equal; ddovc, tooth).

Carcharias isodon, MULLER & HENLE, Plagiostomen, 32, 1838, New York.
Carcharias punctatus, GUNTHER, Cat., v1, 361, 1870, New York, (not Squalus punctatus, MircHi11,
which is Scoliodon terrx-nove).

Aprionodon isodon, Porky, Enumeratio, 200, 1875.
Carcharias isodon, DumMERIL, Elasmobranches, 349, 1870.

28. SCOLIODON, Miiller & Henle.

Scoliodon, MULLER & HENLE, Wiegmann’s Archiv. f. Naturg., 111, 1837, (laticaudus).

Teeth entire or very nearly so, oblique and flat, the points directed
toward the sides of the mouth, so that the inner margins are more or less
nearly horizontal, the teeth in front more nearly erect; teeth not swollen
at the base, each of them with a deep notch on the outer margin below
the sharp point; lips with conspicuous grooves. Otherwise as in Carcha-
rhinus, from which the genus is scarcely distinct. Size small. (cayéAvoc,
oblique; ddotc, tooth.)

a, Teeth minutely serrulate above in the adult, less oblique than in the next; snout sharp, its

length from mouth greater than width of mouth. LONGURIO, 58.
aa, Teeth entire, all very oblique; snout not sharp, its length from mouth less than width of
mouth. TERRE-NOVA, 59.

58. SCOLIODON LONGURIO, (Jordan & Gilbert).

Snout much produced, sharp, its length from mouth 1} times width of
mouth; labial folds well developed, that on upper jaw reaching about 4
distance to middle of jaw, the lower fold 4 as long; upper teeth broadly
triangular, minutely serrated, serrulate on both margins; lower teeth en-
tire, suberect, less oblique than in S. terre-nove. Pectorals short, not
reaching end of first dorsal; first dorsal large, close behind pectorals, its
base 2} in interspace between dorsals; second dorsal very small, over anal,
whieh is nearly twice its length; base of anal nearly } that of first dorsal.
Dark gray, the young with the fins dusky edged. Pacific Coast of Mexico ;
not rare. (longurio, a slender youth, or stripling.)

Carcharias longurio, JORDAN & GILBERT. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1882, 106, Mazatlan. (Type, Nos.
28306, 28330, 28331, 29541, 29551.)

_— =

Jordan and Evermann.—Ffishes of North America. 43

59. SCOLIODON TERRE-NOV.E, (Richardson).

(SHARP-NOSED SHARK.)

Body slender; snout depressed, moderately rounded ; mouth U-shaped,
with a short labial groove at its angle, which groove extends on the upper
jaw as well as on the lower; distance between nostrils greater than dis-
tance from nostrils to end of snout; gill openings narrow; first dorsal mod-
erate, midway between pectorals and ventrals; second dorsal very small,
slightly behind, and rather smaller than anal; anal fin much shorter than
distance from anal to ventrals; pectoral fins rather large, reaching about
to middle of first dorsal; ventrals small. Color gray; caudal fin with
a conspicuous narrow blackish edge. Cape Cod to Brazil, very common
southward along the Atlantic Coast. Size rathersmall. L.3feet. (Name
from Newfoundland, where the species was erroneously supposed to occur. )

Squalus (Carcharias) terree-novee,* RICHARDSON, Fauna Bor. Amer., 111, 289, 1836, Newfoundland.
Carcharias terrx-novie, GUNTHER, Cat., vit1, 360, 1870.
Squalus punctatus, MiTcuILL, Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soc. N. Y., 1,483, 1815, New York ; name pre-

occupied.
Carcharias lalandi, MULLER & HENLE, Plagiostomen, 30, 1838, Brazil.

Family XII. SPHYRNIDA,
(THE HAMMER-HEADED SHARKS.)

General characteristics of the GALEID®, but the head singularly formed,
kidney-shaped or ‘‘hammer”-shaped, from the extension of its sides, the
nostrils being anterior and the eyes on the sides of the ‘‘ hammer”;
mouth crescent-shaped, under the “‘ hammer”; teeth of both jaws similar,
oblique, each with a notch on the outside near the base; no spiracles; last
gill opening over the pectoral; first dorsa] and pectorals large, the dorsal
nearer pectorals than ventrals; second dorsal and anal small; a pit at the
root of the caudal; candal fin with a single notch toward its tip, its lower
lobe developed. One genus with 5 species, inhabiting most warm seas.
Large sharks, known at once by the singular form of the head, which is
not quite the same in any two species. (CARCHARIID.©, part, group Zy-
GENINA, Giinther, Cat., VIII, 380-383. )

29. SPHYRNA, Rafinesque.
(HAMMER-HEAD SHARKS.)

Sphyrna, RarinesquR, Indice d’ Ittiol. Siciliana, 60, 1810, (2ygena).

Cestrorhinus, BLAINVILLE, Journ, Phys., 264, 1816, (2vgwna).

Zygena, Cuvier, Régne Animal, Ed, 1, 127, 1817, (2vgena; name preoccupied)

Platysqualus, SWANSON, Classn. Anim., 11, 318, 1839, (‘‘tiburo’’ tudes),

Cestracion (KLEIN ; pre-Linnmwan), Git, Ann, Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., vitt, 1861, 412, (sygena),
Busphyra, Git, l. e¢., (blochii).

Reniceps, Git, 1. ¢., (tiburo),

*This species, with others belonging to the Florida fauna, is said by Richardson to have been
brought from Newfoundland by Audubon, They doubtless came from some locality in Florida
or Carolina,

+4 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

Characters of the genus included above. In the form of the head, there
is a perfect gradation among the species from the narrow hammer of S.
blochii, with the lobes 3 times as long as broad and deeply grooved
along the anterior edge, to the kidney-shaped head of S. tiburo, in which
the anterior grooves are obsolete. (cdéipa, hammer.)

a. Nostrils near the eyes.

b. Nostril with the frontal groove short or obsolete; lateral extension of head moderate

so that the head is rather kidney-shaped than hammer-shaped.
c. RENICEPS, (rena, kidney ; ceps, head): Nostril with the groove obsolete ; anterior and

lateral margins of head confluent into a semicircle. TIBURO, 60.
cc. PLATYSQUALUS, (7AaTus, broad; squalus): Nostril with a short groove; anterior margin
of head curved, not continuous with lateral edges. TUDES, 61.

SPHYRNA:
bb. Nostril with a well-developed groove, which extends along the front of the hammer-

shaped head, the anterior and posterior outlines of which are nearly parallel.
ZYGENA, 62.

Subgenus RENICEPS, Gill.
60. SPHYRNA TIBURO, (Linnzus).

(SHOVEL-HEAD SHARK; BONNET-HEAD.)

Body rather slender, not much compressed; head depressed, semicircu-
lar in front, reniform, the posterior free margins short, the lateral margins
continuous with the anterior; pectorals Jarge; first dorsal high, midway
between pectorals and ventrals; second dorsal much smaller, produced
behind, higher and shorter than anal; ventral fins moderate; caudal
moderate; mouth small, crescentic; teeth small, very oblique, with a
deep notch on the outer margin. Head 44 in length, 6 to tip of caudal;
width of head slightly less than length of head. Color uniform ashy,
paler beneath. L.3to 5 feet. Atlantic Ocean; abundant on our coast
from Long Island southward; ranging to China. (tiburo,shark, in Spanish.)
Squalus tiburo, LINNZUS, X, 1758, 234, America.

Zygena tiburo, GUNTHER, Cat., vitr, 382, 1870.
Reniceps tiburo, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 25, 1883.

Subgenus PLATYSQUALUS, Swainson.
61. SPHYRNA TUDES, (Cuvier).

Intermediate in all respects between S. zyge@na and S. tiburo, the head
longer and the hammer less produced laterally than in the former. An-
terior margin of the head much eurved, but not continuous with the
lateral edge; length of hinder margin of one side of the hammer less than
its width near the eye. Nostril close to the eye, its groove longer than
in S. tiburo, but very short, continued for but a short distance along the
side of the head, and followed by a line of pores. A large shark, of the
warm seas; Gulf of California, West Indies, Mediterranean, and Indian
Ocean. (tudes, hammer.) ; (Ev.)

Zygzena tudes (CuvIER MS.), VALENCIENNES, Mém. Mus., 1x, 225, 1822, Nice, after Pantonflier of
Risso.

Sphyrna tudes, MULLER & HENLE, Plagiostomen, 53, 1838.

Zygena tudes, GUNTHER, Cat., VII, 382.

Sphyrna tudes, JORDAN & GiLBeERT, Bull. U. S. Fish Com., 1882, 105.

Sphyrna tudes, JoRDAN, Cat. Fish, N. A., 9, 1885.

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 45

Subgenus SPHYRNA.
62. SPHYRNA ZYGHENA, (Linnzus).

(HAMMER-HEADED SHARK.)

Head truly hammer-shaped; width of head about twice its length;
length of hinder margin of hammer nearly equal to its width near the
eye; nostril close to eye, prolonged into a groove which runs along nearly
the whole front margin of head; first dorsal large; second quite small,
smaller than anal; pectoral rather large. Color gray. A large voracious
shark, reaching a length of 15 feet or more, found in all warm seas; occa-
sional on our coasts from Cape Cod and from Point Concepcion south-
ward. (fvyawa, Zygena, the ancient name, from (vyév, yoke.) (Ev.)
Squalus zygena, Linwxus, Syst. Nat., Ed. x, 1758, 234, Europe; America.

Squalus malleus, Risso, Ichth. Nice., 34, 1810, Nice.

Zygena malleus, STORER, Fish. Mass., 238, 1867.

Sphyrna zygena, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 25, 1883.

Zygena lewini, Lord in GrirritH, Animal Kingdom, x, 640, 1834, New Holland.
Zygena subarcuata, STORER, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1848, 70, Cape Cod.

Family XIII. ALOPIIDA.

(THe THRESHER SHARKS.)

Body moderately elongate, the snout rather short; mouth crescent-
shaped; teeth equal in both jaws, moderate sized, flat, triangular, not
serrated; the third tooth of the upper jaw on each side much smaller than
the others; gill openings moderate, the last one above the root of the
pectorals; no nictitating membrane; spiracles just behind eye, minute or
absent; first dorsal large, midway between pectorals and ventrals; second
dorsal and anal very small; caudal fin exceedingly long, about as long
as the rest of the body, a pit at its root, a notch on the upper lobe near
its tip; lower lobe moderately developed; nocaudal keel; ventrals rather
large; pectorals very large, falcate. A single species, reaching a large
size, inhabiting most seas, known at once by the great length of the tail.
(Lamnide, part, Ginther, Vill, 393; genus Alopecias.)

30. ALOPIAS, Rafinesque.
(THRESHER SHARKS.)

Alopias, RAFINESQUE, Caratteri di Alcuni Generi, etc., 12, L810, (macrourusvulpes).
Alopecias, Mitten & Wente, Plagiostomen, 74, 1838, amended orthography.

The characters of the genus are included above. (dAwzoc, a fox, Latin,
vulpes. A. vulpes was known to the ancients as dAwmexiac, fox-like).

63. ALOPIAS VULPES, (Gmelin).
(THRESHER ; Fox-SuaArRK ; SWINGLE TAIL; LONG-TAIL SHARK.)
A large shark, abounding in all warm seas, especially in the Mediter-
ranean and Atlantic. It is also frequently taken on our Pacilic coast.
(vulpes, fox.) (Ev. )

46 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum,

Squalus vulpes, GMELIN,* Syst. Nat., 1, 1496, 1788, Mediterranean, (after Pennant).

Squalus vulpinus, BONNATERRE,* Tableau Encycl, Icthy., 9, 1788, Mediterranean, (after Pennant). -
Alopecias vulpes, GUNTHER, Cat., VIII, 393, 1870. ,

Alopias vulpes, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 27, 1883.

Alopias macrourus, RaAFINESQUE, I. c., 1810, 12, Sicily.

Squalus alopecias, GRONOW, Cat. Fishes, 7, 1854.

Family XIV. CARCHARIIDE.

(THE SAND SHARKS. )

Body rather elongate, the snout sharp; mouth crescent-shaped, wide ;
the teeth large, long, narrow, and subulate, most of them with 1 or 2
small cusps at the base, their edges entire; gill openings rather large, all
of them in front of the pectorals; two dorsals, moderate, subequal; the
anal similar; first dorsal well behind pectorals; caudal well developed,
with a short basal lebe and a notch toward its tip; no caudal keel; pec-
torals rather short ; no nictitating membrane; spiracles minute, pore-like.
A single genus, with 3 recognized species. A number of fossil species be-
long to this family. Voracious sharks of moderate size, chiefly inhabiting
the Atlantic. (LAMNID2, part, Gunther, Cat., vill, 392; genus Odontaspis.)

31. CARCHARIAS, Rafinesque.

Carcharias, RAFINESQUE,7 Caratteri di Alcuni Nuovi Generi, 10, 1810; in part, the only species
mentioned, tawrus, belongs here. (See note under Carcharhinus.)
Odontaspis, AGASS1Z, Poissons Fossiles, 111, 87, 1836, ( feroz).
Triglochis, MULLER & HENLE, Mag. Nat. Hist., 1837, 11, 88, (ferox).
Eugomphodus, G1uL, Proc, Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, 260, (littoralis).
Characters of the genus given above. («xapyapiac, a rough shark.)
a. Teeth large, awl-shaped, most of them with 1 or 2 small cusps at base.

EvGomruopus, (ev, true; youdos, nail; odovs, tooth):
b. First and fourth teeth of upper jaw and first tooth of the lower simple, without basal
cusps. LITTORALIS, 64.

Subgenus EUGOMPHODUS, Gill.

64. CARCHARIAS LITTORALIS, (Mitchill).

(SAND SHARK.)

Body elongate, its depth + the length; head rather pointed, about + of
the length; fins small, the first dorsal not much longer than the second,

* The general works of Dr. J. F. Gmelin and the Abbe Bonnaterre bear the same date, 1788. We
do not know which is the earlier, and follow common usage in retaining in this and other cases
the name given by Gmelin. Neither writer mentions the other. Gmelin’s preface is dated
March 16, 1788, while the page devoted by Bonnaterre to the “‘ Privilege du Roi” bears date of
May 16, 1788. Bonnaterre states that there have been thirteen editions of Linneus’ Systema
Nature. Of these the thirteenth isthe work of Gmelin. But there is no evidence that Bonna-
terre had seen or used this thirteenth edition, or that the Jatter had appeared when his own
work was published. The two works were nearly simultaneous in appearance, but there isa
slight probability in favor of Gmelin. Gmelin’s names have been generally used by subsequent
authors, while tiiose of Bonnaterre have heen almost totally ignored.

+ Carcharias, Rafinesque, was established for those sharks, ‘*the most enormous and most vora-
cious of their order, which differ from the genus Galeus, Rafinesque, by the lack of spiracles.”
The group corresponds to the first subgenus under Sgualus, in the arrangement of Lacépéde.
The type of this subgenus is Squalus carcharias, which was identified by Rafinesque with Carchar-
hinuslamia. Carcharias lamia should, therefore, have been designated as the type of Carcharias,
but Rafinesque failed to so indicate, and we leave the name with the only species he mentions.

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 47

both similar to the anal; pectoral fins short, obtuse or truncate. Color
‘gray. L.5 feet. A small voracious shark with very sharp teeth, rather
common on our Atlantic coast, especially between Cape Cod and Cape
Hatteras, said to differ from the European C. taurus in its more anterior
dorsal; the two species need further comparison. (littoralis, pertaining
to the shore.)

Squalus americanus, MircuILL, Trans. Lit. and Phil. Soc., 1815, 1,483, New York, (not of Shaw).
Squalus littoralis, and S. macrodus, MitcHILL, Am. Monthly Mag., 1, 1818, 328, New York.
Carcharias griseus, AYRES, Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist., 1844, 288, Long Island.

Odontaspis americanus, GUNTHER, Cat., vi1I, 392, 1870.

Eugomphodus littoralis, GiLt, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, 260.
Carcharias americanus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 27, 1883.

Family XV. LAMNIDZ.
(THE MACKEREL SHARKS. )

Sharks of large size, with the body stout, the mouth wide, with large
teeth, and the tail slender, the caudal fin lunate, the 2 lobes being not
very unequal, the upper lobe strongly bent upward; caudal peduncle
with a strong keel on each side; gill openings wide, all in front of the
pectorals, entirely lateral, not extending under the throat; first dorsal
large; pectorals large; ventrals moderate; second dorsal and anal very
small; a pit at the root of the caudal; spiracles minute or absent. Genera
3; species 6 or more, besides numerous fossil species. In this family the
dentition, as well as the muscular system, reaches its highest degree of
specialization. (LAMNID, part, Gunther, Cat., vir, 389-392.)

a, LAMNIN&. Teeth slender and sharp, with entire edges.
b. Teeth without basal cusps, long, flexuous, and acute. Isurvs, 32.
bb. Teeth, or most of them, with a small cusp on each side at base, compressed, sharp, and
somewhat triangular. LAMNA, 33.
aa, CARCHARODONTIN2Z, Teeth with serrated edges, compressed, and triangular in form, without
basal cusp. CARCHARODON, 34.

32. ISURUS, Ratinesque.

Isurus, RAFINESQUE, Caratteri di Aleuni Nuovi Generi, 11, 1810, (oxyrhynchus).
Oxyrhina, AGAssiz, Poissons Fossiles, 111, 276, 1836, (spallanzanit = oxyrhynchus).
Isuropsis, Gitt, Aun, Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y¥., vir, 153, 1861, (glaucus),

Snout rather long and pointed; the body formed much like that of a
tunny or mackerel; first dorsal and pectorals large; second dorsal and
anal very small; caudal peduncle slender; teeth long, lanceolate, with
sharp entire cutting edges and no basal cusps. (ioo¢, equal; ovpé, tail;
the two lobes of the tail being nearly equal, as in all the members of this
family.)

Isuropsis, (ivos, equal; ovpa, tail; 6yus, appearance):

a, First dorsal inserted entirely behind pectorals, nearly midway between pectorals and
ventrals,
b. Height of dorsal 1%4 in head; pectoral as long as head. DEKAYI, 68
Isurus:

aa, First dorsal inserted close behind pectorals, oxyrirynenus, 66,

45 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum,

Subgenus ISUROPSIS, Gill.
65. ISURUS DEKAYI, (Gill).

(MacKEREL SHARK.)

Head 5 in length to tip of caudal; pectoral as long as head, a little
longer than upper caudal lobe. Dorsals and pectorals falcate; first dorsal
inserted behind pectoral at a distance equal to 4 head ; base of first dorsal
2} in head, its height 13. Middle teeth very long, much longer and
narrower than lateral teeth. Dark bluish gray above, white below, the
color abruptly changing on the tail; upper fins dusky, lower pale.
L. 10 feet. Cape Cod to West Indies, not common; described here from
a specimen taken at Pensacola. The American species seems to differ from
the Asiatic J. glaucus in itslonger pectorals and higher dorsal. (Named
for James E. De Kay, author of the Fauna of New York.)

Lamna punctata, DE Kay, N. Y. Fauna: Fishes, 352, 1842, New York, (not Squalus punctatus,

MiTcHILL).
Isuropsis dekayi, Gi1LL, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 1861, 153, after De Kay.
Isuropsis glaucus, PoEY, Synopsis, 446, 1868 (not Oxyrhina glauca, MULLER & HENLE). =

Isurus dekayi, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 874, 1883.
Subgenus ISURUS.
66. ISURUS OXYRHYNCHUS, Rafinesque.

(MACKEREL SHARK; PEsce Tondo; CANE DI MARE.)

Muzzle long and pointed, the preoral portion of the snoat as long as
the cleft of the mouth and greater than interorbital space; snout in
the form of a cone flattened below; spiracles very small. Teeth }3 on
each side, long, lanceolate, without basal cusps; third tooth on each side
of upper jaw much smaller than that next to it. Gill openings very
wide, the width of the first rather more than its distance from the
last. Origin of dorsal close behind base of pectorals, which are falci-
form, the length of the lower margin } that of the upper; second dorsal
very small, opposite the anal and of the same size; caudal lunate, the
upper lobe } longer than the lower. Size very large. A voracious shark,
similar in habits to Jsurus dekayi, from which it differs in the back-
ward position of the dorsal; from Lamna cornubica it is separated by the
absence of lateral denticles on the teeth. Mediterranean Sea and neigh-
boring parts of the Atlantic, probably occasionally straying to our coast,
as the description of the large shark published by Capt. Nathaniel E.
Atwood, under the name of Carcharias tigris,* could refer to no other
known species. (0fv¢, sharp; pvyyxoc, snout.) (Ev.)

*Capt. Atwood describes this specimen, which was 8 feet 10 inches in length, as dark blue
above, an irregular lead-colored lateral band; belly white. Largest teeth 144 inches long, 14
inch broad at base, smooth (edged) and curving upward. Snout pointed, 2 feet long, from
first gill opening: branchial apertures 9 inches long, the distance from first to last 5 inches;
744 inches between the eyes; nostrils 234 inches before eyes. Front of first. dorsal 3 inches
behind pectorals; it is 13 inches high and 12 long at base, the free posterior edge 234 inches.
Second dorsal 25 inches behind posterior root of first, 244 inches high, 4 inches long; pectorals
23 inches high, 1114 broad at base; ventrals inserted at a point midway between the two dorsals;
anal similar to second dorsal, inserted an inch farther back. Upper lobe of caudal 23 inches
long, lower 18; the distance between the tips 3l inches. ‘‘The first specimen of this very rare
shark was brought from the Gulf of Mexicoand presented to the State Cabinet, the second was
taken at Truro and presented to the Museum of Comparative Zodlogy ; the third, which had
bitten off and swallowed large portions of asword fish, was captured in 1864, at Provincetown
and given to the (Boston) Society ; a fourth specimen, and the one described above, at Province-
town in August last.’’—Atwood.

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 49

Cane di mare di Messina, SPALLANZANI, Viaggio due Sicilie, rv, 325, 1797, Messina.
‘Tsurus oxyrhynchus, RAFINESQUE, Caratteri, etc., 12, 1810, Palermo.

Tsurus spallanzani, RAFINESQUE, Indice, 60, 1810, (after Spallanzani).

Oxyrrhina spallanzani, BONAPARTE, Fauna Italica, xxv1, 134, pi. 136, f. 1, 1839.

Oxyrhina gomphodon, MiLter & HENLE, Plagiostomen, 68, 1838, Atlantic Ocean.

Squalus rostratus, Macr1, Mem. Ac. Sci. Napoli, 55, 1819, Naples.

Lamna spallanzani, GUNTHER, Cat., vir, 390, 1870.

Oxyrhina spallanzani, DUMiRIL, Llasmobranches, 408, 1870.

Carcharias ligris, Arwoon, Proc. Bost. Soc, Nat. Hist., x11, 268, 1869, Provincetown, Mass.

33. LAMNA, Cuvier.
(PORBEAGLES. )

Lamna, Cuvier, Régne Animal, Ed. 1, 126, 1817, (curnubicus).
Lamia, Risso, Eur. Merid., 123, 111, 1826 (cornubicus, name preoccupied).
Selanonius, FLEMING, British Animals, 169, 1828, (walkeri=cornubicus).

Body short and stout, the back considerably elevated ; snout prominent,
pointed; teeth triangular, pointed, entire, each one with a small cusp on
each side at base; one or both of these sometimes obsolete on some of
the teeth in the young; gill openings wide; dorsal and pectoral fins some-
what faleate; second dorsal and anal fins very small, nearly opposite
each other; first dorsal close behind the root of the pectorals. This
genus is very close to Jsurus, with which fossil forms seem to connect it.
Perhaps the two should be united under the older name Jsurus. (Aduva,
a kind of shark, from Aauia, a horrible anthropophagous monster, a
bugbear used by the Greeks to frighten refractory children.)

67. LAMNA CORNUBICA, (Gmelin).

(PORBEAGLE; MACKEREL SHARK.)

Snout conical, pointed, rather longer than the cleft of the mouth;

teeth a
small; first dorsal beginning over the axil of the pectorals. Color bluish
gray, A large and fierce pelagic shark reaching a length of 10 feet.
North Atlantic and North Pacific, occasionally taken on the coast of New
England and southward; not rare in California. (cornubicus, from Corn-

wall, from which region the species was early described.) (Ev.)

on each side; the third tooth on each side in the upper jaw

Squalus cornubicus*, GMELIN, Syst. Nat., 1, 1497, 1788, shores of Cornwall.

Lamna cornubica, GUNTHER, Cat., vitt, 389, 1870; Jonpan & Grieert, Synopsis, 30, 1883.

Squalus nasus, BONNATERRE, Tableau Encycl., Ichth., 10, 1788, Cornwall, after Beaumaris of
Pennant,

Squalus pennanti, WaLnaum, Artedi Piscium, 517, 1792, Cornwall, after Pennant.

Squalus monensis, Suaw, Gen, Zvil., v, 350, 1804, Anglesea.

Squalus selanonus, Leacu, Edinb, Mem, Wern. Soc., 1819, 11, pl. 1, fig. 2, 55.

Selanonius walkeri, ¥Lemine, British Animals, 169, 1828, Lochfyne, Argyleshire, ‘‘ Sinus Sela

noneus,"?

*Wedo not know which of the two names, cornubicus and nasus, has|priority ; we follow usage
in retaining the name of Gmelin.

F. N. Au———5

50 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

— =

34. CARCHARODON,* Smith.
(MAN-EATER SHARKS.)
Carcharodon, ANDREW SmiTH, Proc. Geol Soc. London, v, 86, 1827, (capensis—carcharias).

General characters of Jsurus and Lamna, but with a different dentition,
the teeth being large, flat, erect, regularly triangular, their edges serrated ;
first dorsal moderate, nearly midway between pectorals and ventrals;
second dorsal and anal very small; pectorals large, ventrals moderate;
caudal peduncle rather stout; spiracles minute or absent. Sharks of very
large size; the strongest and most voracious of all fishes; pelagic, found
in most warm seas, (Kdapyupoc, rough; ddov¢, tooth.)

68. CARCHARODON CARCHARIAS,}+ (Linnzus).

(MAN-EATER SHARK; GREAT WHITE SHARK.)

Body stout, depth about 54 in total length; mouth very large; both
jaws with 5 rows of large, triangular, serrated teeth, those in the lower
jaw narrower, about $$ in each row; first dorsal somewhat behind pec-
torals; caudal fin large and strong. Color leaden gray; tips and edges of
pectorals black. One of the largest of the sharks, reaching a length of
30 feet. It is found in all temperate and tropical seas, and is occasionally
taken on our coasts, both in the Atlantic and the Pacific. One caught
near Soquel, California, was about 30 feet long and had a young sea lion,
weighing about 100 pounds, in its stomach. («apyapiac, an old name of
Carcharhinus lamia and of other man-eating sharks.) (Ev. )

Lamia, RonvEtet, Hist. Poiss,, 305, 1558, good figure, Nice, Marseilles.
Squalus carcharias,t Linnazvs,? Syst. Nat., Ed. x, 1758, 235, Europe, after Artedi.
Carcharias verus, AGASSIZ, Poiss. Foss., 111, 91, 1836.
Carcharodon rondeleti, MULLER & HENLE, Plagiostomen, 70, 1838, after Rondelet, Mediterranean
Sea and Atlantic Ocean.
Carcharodon rondeleti, GUNTHER, Cat., VIII, 392, 1870.
Carcharias atwoodi, Storer, Proc, Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 11,1848, 71, Provincetown.
Carcharodon carcharias, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 875, 1883.
Carcharodon capensis, SmiTu, Il. Zoil. 8. Africa, pl. 4, 1842, Cape of Good Hope.
Carcharodon smithi, BONAPARTE, Selach. Tab. Anal., 9, 1839, after Smith.

Family XVI. CETORHINID.
(THE BASKING SHARKS.)

Sharks of immense size, with the gill openings extremely wide, extend-
ing from the back nearly to the median line of the throat, all of them in

* One species of this genus, Carcharodon megalodon, now extinct, must have reached a far larger
size than the living Carcharodon carcharias. Its teeth are found in great abundance in tertiary
deposits along the coast of South Carolina.

+A good account of this species is given by Dr. W, B. Stevenson, Proc. Vassar Brothers Sci. Soc.,
Poughkeepsie, 1884, and in the American Naturalist for the same year.

t This species, well figured by Rondelet, and described by Artedi, and after him by Linnzeus,
seems to have been lost sight of by subsequent writers from 1758 to 1836, the various references
to Squalus carcharias, between Linnzeus and Miiller & Henle, belonging chiefiy to Carcharias lamia,
The true Squalus carcharias of Linnzeus is, however, unquestionably the Carcharodon.

2 ‘‘Jonam Prophetam, ut veteres Herculem trinoctem, in hujus ventriculo tridui spatio, basisse
yerosimile est,’’—Linnzus,

2

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. dl

front of the pectorals; mouth moderate, the teeth very small, numerous,
conical, without cusps or serratures; no nictitating membrane; spiracles
very small, above the corners of the mouth; first dorsal large, midway
between pectorals and ventrals; second dorsal and anal small; caudal fin
lunate, the upper lobe considerably the larger; caudal peduncle keeled ;
pectorals and ventrals large. Brain very small. A single genus, with
probably but one species; the largest of living fishes, pelagic, inhabiting
the northern seas. (LAMNIDZ, part, Ginther, viii, 394, genus Selache.)

35. CETORHINUS, Blainville.
(BASKING SHARKS. )

? Tetroras,* RAFINESQUE, Caratteri, 11, 1810, (angiova).

Cetorhinus, BLAINVILLE, Journ. Phys., 1816, 264, (gunneri = maximus).
Selache, Cuvier, Régne Animal, Ed. 1, 129, 1817, (maximus).

Polyprosopus, Coucu, Hist. Brit. Fish., 1, 67, 1861, (rashleighanus = maximus).

The characters of the genus are included above. | («ijtoc, whale; pivy, a
shark (Squatina), from pivy, a file or rasp, the rough skin of the shark being
used for polishing wood and marble.)

69. CETORHINUS MAXIMUS, (Gunner).
(BASKING SHARK; P£LERIN; ELEPHANT SHARK; BoNE SHARK.)

Body rugose, the skin very rough with smallspines; head small; snout
blunt; eyes small; teeth in 6 or 7 rows in each jaw, about 200 in each row ;
first dorsal large, triangular, over thespace between pectorals and ventrals ;
second dorsal much smaller, rather larger than anal; pectorals long, tail
large. Gill rakers slender, long and close set, resembling whalebone
(hence the name Bone Shark). Largest of the sharks, reaching a length
of nearly 40 feet; found in the Arctic seas, straying southward to Portugal,
Virginia, and California. Occasionally taken by whalers in Monterey Bay.
It is in general a rare species, but gregarious in the breeding season, num-
bers swimming together on the surface, sluggishly, like logs. (maximus,
greatest. ) (Ev.)

Squalus maximus, GUNNER, Trondhjem Selskabskr., 111, 33, 1765, Coast of Norway.

Selachus maximus, SvoRER, Fish. Mass., 229, 1867.

Selache maxima, GUNtTuER, Cat., vir, 394, 1870.

Cetorhinus maximus, JoRDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 31, 1883.

Squalus gunnerianus, BLAINVILLE, Jour. de Phys., 1810, 256, after Gunner.

Squalus pelegrinus, BLAINVILLE, /. c., 1810, 257, Europe.

Squalus homianus, BLAINVILLE, l. c., 1810, 257, after Everard Home.

Cetorhinus shavianus, BLAINVILLE, l. c., 1816, 264, after Shaw.

Squalus isodus, Savernto Macri, Mem, della R, Ac. Sci. Napoli, 1819, 1, 55, pl. 1, fig. 1, and pl. 2,
fig. 2, Naples.

Squalus elephas, Ly Sueur, Jour. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1, 343, 1821, New Jersey.

Squalus cetaceus, Gronow, Cat. Fishes, 6, 1854, Norway.

Squalus rashleighanus, Cbvcn, Trans. Linn. Soc., xrv, 91, 1825, Cornwall, (a monstrosity).

Acanthias blainvillei, CArELLO, Plagiostomos, 1, 21, 1866.

Polyprosopus macer, Coven, Hist. Brit. Fishes, 1, 67, 1861, England.

* The description of Tetroras is apparentiy taxen from hearsay, and applies to no known shark,
It comes nearest the present species, but may be mélange of Isurus and Jeptranchias, We have

therefore hesitated to substitute Tetroras for Cetorhinus. Tetroras angiova is described as having
“two dorsals; one anal; four gill openings; tail unequal, oblique; snout blunt; teeth rasp like;
a keel on each side of tail; eyes very small; gill openings rather large; length about 6 feet.
Called Angiova at Palermo,’’ The name Anciova is now applied at Palermo to Heplranchias cmereus,

according to Prof. Doderlein.

*

52 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

Family XVII. RHINODONTIDZ. :

(THE WHALE SHARKS.)

Origin of the first dorsal fin somewhat in advance of the ventrals; the
second small, opposite the anal; both without spines; a pit at the root of
the caudal; lower lobe of the caudal well developed; sides of the tail with
a keel; no nictitating membrane; spiracles very small; mouth and nostril
near the extremity of the snout; teeth very small and numerous, conical ;
gill openings wide, the last one above the base of the pectorals. Large
sharks, of warm seas. ‘Two species are known, Rhinodon typicus, from
the Cape of Good Hope, and the following. (RHINODONTID®, Giinther,
Cat., VIII, 396).

a. Teeth each recurved backward and acutely pointed, swollen, and with a heel-like projec-
tion in front rising from its base. Micrisropus, 36.

36. MICRISTODUS, (Gill).
Micristodus, G1LL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1865, 177, (punctatus).

This genus is known from its teeth only. These are described as fol-
lows: ‘‘The teeth are fixed and extremely minute, the largest little more
than a line in length (in a shark 20 feet long) and decrease towards the
ends of the jaw; they are disposed in regularly transverse rows, of which
there are 164 to 167 on each side, while in front there are 13 to 16 in each
transverse row; each tooth is recurved backward and acutely pointed,
swollen, and with a heel-like projection in front rising from its base.”
(Gill.) (uexpoc¢, small; iordc, an upright projection; ddovc, tooth.)

70. MICRISTODUS PUNCTATUS, Gill.

A very large shark found in the Gulf of California. No description has
been given, and only the teeth are yet known. (punctatus, spotted.)
Micristodus punctatus, GILL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1865, 177, Gulf of California.

Order F.-CY CEGSPOND YEA.

(THE CyCLospONDYLOUS SHARKS.)

Calcareous lamelle arranged in one or more concentric series or rings
about a central axis in each vertebra. Spiracles present. Anal fin want-
ing. Dorsal fins 2, with or without spine. As here understood, the order
Cyclospondyli includes the sharks of the groups called Cyclospondyli and
Tectospondyli by Hasse. The vertebre in the rays show similar structures,
and it is probably from sharks of this group that the Batoidei are de-
scended. (KvkAoc, circle; onxdvdvdAoc, vertebra. )

FAMILIES OF CYCLOSPONDYLI.

a. CYCLOSPONDYLI: Vertebrx with the calcareous lamelle arranged in a ring about the central
axis. Pectoral fins normal, not expanded ordeeply notched. Analfin absent ; spiracles
present ; no nictitating membrane; gill openings before pectorals; caudal bent upward,
the lower lobe little developed,

b. Dorsal fins each provided with a stout spine, the first dorsal far in advance of ventrals.
SQUALID”, XVIII.

Jordan and Evermann.—Lfishes of North America. 53

bb. Dorsal fins without spine, the first dorsal over or in advance of ventrals.

c. First dorsal much before ventrals; skin moderately rough.
DALATIID®, XIX.

cc. First dorsal opposite ventrals; skin with thorn-like tubercles.
EcHINORHINIDA, XX.
TECTOSPONDYLI (tTéxTwv, a builder; omdvdvaAos, vertebra) :

aa. Vertebre with the calcareous lamella ranged in several concentric series or rings about a
central axis ; pectoral fins very large, expanded horizontally and extended forward at

base in front, giving the body the form of the flattened disk of the rays; the anterior
extensio1. separated from the neck by a deep notch, in which the gill openings lie ; no

anal fin ; dorsal fins small, posterior ; mouth broad, anterior. SQUATINID, XXI.

Suborder CYCLOSPONDYLI.

Family XVIII. SQUALID.
(THE DOG-FISHES.)

Body more or less elongate. Head depressed. Eyes lateral, without
nictitating membrane. Mouth inferior, rather large, arched, a deep groove
on each side. Teeth compressed, variously formed. Nostrils inferior,
separate ; spiracles rather large; gills openings moderate, all in front of
the pectoral fins. Dorsal fins 2, each armed with a spine; the first dorsal
in front of the ventrals; anal fin wanting; caudal fin with the lower
lobe small or obsolete; ventral fins inserted posteriorly, not much before
second dorsal. Oviparous..

Genera 6 or more; species about 15; rather small sharks, chiefly ofthe
Atlantic. These sharks represent a comparatively primitive type, appar-
ently not descended from any other existing Squali. (SPINACID, part,
Giinther, Cat., vi, 417-425.)

a. Body rather elorigate; no fold of skin along side of belly; dorsal spines both directed back-
ward.
b. Upper teeth simple, without smaller cusps at base.
c. Teeth alike in both jaws, subquadrate, each with a nearly horizontal cutting edge

and a point directed outward. SQquaLus, 37.
ec. Teeth unequal, the upper very small, narrow, and lanceolate, erect, the lower more
or less oblique; dorsal spines hidden in the skin. CeENTROSCYMNUS, 38.

bb. Upper teeth each with 1 or 2 small cusps at base on each side.
d. Teeth unequal, the upper erect and tricuspid, the lower oblique. Ermoprrrus, 39.
dd, Teeth equal, very small and pointed. CEeENTROSCYLLIUM, 40,

37. SQUALUS, (Artedi), Linneus.

Squalus, (ArnvTEDI) LINN mus, X, 1758, 233, (includes all sharks),

Squalus, RAvinesqunr, Caratteri, etc., 13, 1810, (acanthias and wyato; first restriction of the name
Squalus, to species with spiracles and without anal fin).

Acanthorhinus, BLAINVILLE, Journal de Physique, 1816, 263, (acanthias),

Acanthias, Risso, Rurope Méridionale, 111, 131, 1826, (acanthias).

Entorychirus, Gru, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, 496, (uyato).

Body rather slender. Mouth little arched, with a long, straight, deep,
oblique groove on each side; no labial fold. ‘Teeth rather small, all sim-
ple, equal in the two jaws, their points so much turned aside that the
inner margin forms the cutting edge. Spiracles rather wide, just behind
the eye. Fins moderately developed, the first dorsal larger than the sec-
ond, much in advance of the ventral fins, which are behind the middle of

o-4 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

the body, although in advance of the second dorsal. Dorsal spines strong,
not grooved. Tail scarcely bent upward. Small sharks abounding in
the temperate seas; 4 or 5 species known.

The Linnean genus Squalus was first subdivided by Rafinesque, who
restricted the name to those species with spiracles and no anal fin, the
type being Squalus acanthias. This genus must therefore be called Squalus
and not Acanthias. (squalus, shark, a word cognate to the Greek yaAj7.)

a. Spine of first dorsal about 2 the height of the fin, second about 3; some of the white spots

on back usually persistent through life. ACANTHIAS, 71.
aa. Spine of first dorsal 14 to 44 the height of the fin, that of the second dorsal about 4;
white spots on back usually disappearing with age. SUCKLII, 72.

« 71. SQUALUS ACANTHIAS, Linneus.

(DoeFisH ; Prckrp DocGFisH ; BONEDOG; SKITTLE-DOG.)

Body slender; snout pointed; head 64 in length; depth about8. Dor-
sal spines rather high, that of the first dorsal about ? height of fin, the
second dorsal spine about ? height of fin. Slate color above, pale below,
back with oblong whitish spots, especially in the young, these rarely all
obsolete in the adult. L. 2 to 3 feet; weight 5to 15 pounds. A small
sharp-toothed shark, ranging widely in the Atlantic, very abundant along
the shores of the Northern and Middle States, and taken as far south as
Cuba. From its livers ‘‘ Dogfish” oil is extracted. It feeds largely on
herrings. (dxaviac, an old name from dkarda, spine.) (Ev.)
Squalus acanthias, Linn mus, Syst. Nat., Ed. x., 1758, 1, 233, Coast of Europe.

Squalus acanthias, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 16, 1883.

Acanthias americanus, StORER, Mem. Am. Ac., 11, 1846, 506, Massachusetts.
Acanthias americanus, STORER, Fish. Mass., 232, 1867.

Acanthias vulgaris, Risso, Eur. Mérid., 111, 131, 1826, Nice.

Acanthias vulgaris, GUNTHER, Cat., vi11, 418, 1870.

72. SQUALUS SUCKLII, (Girard).
(CALIFORNIA DOGFISH.)

Very similar to the Atlantic species, S. acanthias, but with the dorsal
spines lower, the first about 4 the height of its fin, the second about $.
Gray, the fins usually edged with black; young with white spots on the
back, which usually wholly disappear with age. Aleutian Islands to
Santa Barbara, very abundant, similar in habits to the preceding, and
likewise producing ‘‘ Dogfish” oil. Asimilar species, possibly the same,
S. fernandinus (Molina) occurs in Chile. (Named for Dr. George Suckley,
a naturalist on the U. 8. Pacific R. R. Survey.)

Spinax (Acanthias) sucklii, GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1854, 196, Fort Steilacoom, Wash-

ington.
Squalus sucklii, Gitu, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, 499.
Acanthias sucklii, GIRARD, Pacific R. R. Survey, 368, 1858.

38. CENTROSCYMNUS, Bocage & Capello.

Centroscymnus, Bocacre & CAPELLO, Proc. Zobl. Soc., 1864, 263, (caelolepis).

Dorsal fins each with aspine, which is hidden in the skin; mouth wide,
but little arched; a long, deep, straight, oblique groove on each side of

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 5d

mouth. Teeth of lower jaw oblique, with the point more or less directed
outward. Upper teeth lanceolate, on a quadrangular base, with a sin-
glecusp. Spiracles wide, behind theeye. Gill openings narrow. (Kévrpov,
spine; oxvyvoc, an ancient name of some shark, from cxiuvoc, a lion’s
whelp.)

73. CENTROSCYMNUS CELOLEPIS, Bocage & Capello.

Labial groove prolonged forward, but separated by a broad space from
that of the other side. Upper teeth very small, narrow, and lanceolate.
Distance between the nostrils rather less than 4 the length of the preoral
portion of the snout. Lower angle of the pectoral rounded, not produced.
Dorsal fins short, especially the first, the length of which (without the
spine) is only about { its distance from the second ; extremity of the ven-
trals below the end of the second dorsal. Scales on the head and nape
with striz, the others smooth, with a depression at the base. Uniform
blackish brown. (Gtnther.) Coast of Portugal and neighboring parts
of the Atlantic, occasionally taken in deep water off Gloucester, Mass.,
and off the banks of Nova Scotia. (xo?Aoc, hollow ; Aezic, scale.) (Ev.)
Centroscymnus coelolepis, BocaGr & CAPELLO, Proc. Zoil. Soc., 263, 1864, Portugal.

Centrophorus celolepis, GUNTHER, Cat., vit, 423, 1870.
Centroscymnus ceelolepis, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 17, 1883.

39. ETMOPTERUS, Rafinesque.

Etmoplerus, RAFINESQUE, Caratteri, etc., 14, 1810, (aculeatus).

Spinax, Cuvier, Régne Animal, Ed.1, 129, 1817, (acanthias and spinaz).
Spinax, Mitter & HENLE, Plagiostomen, 86, 1838, (spinax).
Acanthidium, Low®, Proc. Zo61. Soc. London, 1839, 91, (pusillum).

Mouth little arched. Teeth of lower jaw with the point so much turned
aside that the inner margin of the tooth forms the cutting edge; upper
teeth erect, each with a long pointed cusp and 1 or 2 smaller ones on each
side; spiracles wide. Two species, in the Atlantic. (ituayov, to cut;
mrepov, fin, the original type having frayed fins. )

74. ETMOPTERUS PUSILLUS, (Lowe).

Body smooth, scales very small, each with a minute tuberosity, but with-
out spines; first dorsal fin much shorter than the second, midway between
second dorsal spine and the eye; tail relatively shorter than in FP. spinax,
its length less than the space between the snout and the origin of the pee-
torals; color brown. (Gunther.)

The Blake took a single individnal, believed to belong to this species,
at Station CVIII, off St. Christopher, in 208 fathoms. It had previously
been known only from Madeira and Cuba, and the 7ravailleur found it at
the Cape Verdes at about 290 fathoms. (Goode & Bean.) (pusillus, weak.)
Acanthidium pusillum, Lown, Proc. Zotl. Soc. London, 1839, 91, Madeira.

Spinax pusillus, GUNrnen, Cat., vir, 425, 1870.
Spmaz hillianus, Poey, Memorias, 11, 340, 1861, Cuba.

56 Bulletin 27, United States National Museum.

40. CENTROSCYLLIUM, Miiller & Henle.

Centroscyllium, MULLER & HENLE, Systematische Beschreibung der Plagiostomen, 191, 1838, ( fab-

ricii). ;

Teeth equal in both jaws, very small, straight, pointed, each with 1 or
2 smaller cusps on each side at base; mouth crescent-shaped, with a
straight, oblique groove at its angle; spiracles moderate; gill openings
rather narrow ; dorsal fins small, each with a strong spine; the second
dorsal entirely behind the ventrals. One species, in the Arctic Seas.
(kévtpov, spine, cxvAdAiorv, Scyllium, an allied genus, from cxiAdw, to rend
or tear to pieces.)

75. CENTROSCYLLIUM FABRICII, (Reinhardt).

Body covered with minute stellate ossification ; dorsal fins short, with
strong spines; second dorsal behind ventrals; color nearly black; Green-
land Seas, southward in deep water; occasionally taken off Gloucester and |
off the Nova Scotia Banks. (Named for Otho Fabricius, a Danish natural-
ist, the first to study the fishes of Greenland.)

Spinax fabricii, REINHARDT, Dansk. Vid. Selsk. Forh., 1828, 111, x1v, Greenland.
Centroscyllium fabricii, GUNTHER, Cat., vir1, 425, 1870.
Centroscyllium fabriciit, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 16, 1883.

Family XIX. DALATIIDZ.
(THE SCYMNOID SHARKS. )

Sharks with no anal fin and with 2 dorsal fins, each without spine;
fins all small; gill openings small, entirely in advance of pectorals; mouth
but little arched; a long, deep, straight, oblique groove on each side of
it; spiracles present. Oviparous, the eggs without horny case (at least
in Somniosus). Vertebre cyclospondylous. The absence of dorsal spine
chiefly distinguishes this family from the SQUALID, of which these are
somewhat degenerate allies. Genera, 5; species, about 10, mostly of the
North Atlantic, some of them reaching a large size. (SPINACID, part,
Gunther, Cat., vill, 425-429.)

SOMNIOSINE:

a. First dorsal much in advance of ventrals.

b. Upper teeth narrow, the lower quadrate, with a horizontal edge ending in a point

directed outward ; body very robust, the fins very small, the dorsals about equal;
skin moderately rough. Somnrosus, 41.

41. SOMNIOSUS, Le Sueur.

Somniosus, LE SuguR, Jour. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1818, 1, 222. (brevipinna=microcephalus).
Leiodon, Woon, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 11, 174, 1847, (echinatwm—microcephalus).
Lemargus, MULLER & HENLE, Plagiostomen, 93, 1838, (borealis=microcephalus).
Rhinoscymnus, G1LL, Proc. Ac, Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, 264, (rostratus).

Body thick and clumsy; mouth transverse, little arched, with a deep,
straight groove running backward from its angle; nostrils near the
extremity of the snout; jaws feeble; teeth in upper jaw small, narrow,
conical; lower teeth numerous, in two or more series, the point so much

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 57

turned aside that the inner margin forms a cutting edge, which is entire:
spiracles moderate; no nictitating membrane; gill openings narrow ;
fins all very small, the ventrals between the dorsal fins; skin uniformly
covered with minute tubercles. Tail short, much bent upward. Eggs
large, soft, globular, without shell, dropped in the ooze on the sea bottom.
Species 2, of the Northern Seas, (Latin somniosus, sleepy.)

76. SOMNIOSUS MICROCEPHALUS, (Bloch).

(SLEEPER Snark; Nursz.)

Body robust, rapidly tapering behind; greatest depth a little more than

+ the length; head somewhat less; mouth moderate, upper jaw with 5
rows of small sharp teeth, which are incurved and lancet-shaped; lower
jaw with 2 rows of broad, quadrangular teeth, divided in their centers
by a perpendicular ridge and directed outward, about 26 teeth on each
side; fins small, the first dorsal about as large as the ventrals and larger
than the second dorsal; pectorals short, caudal short and bluntish. L.
about 25 feet. Arctic Seas south to Cape Cod, Oregon and France; a
huge clumsy shark, not rare northward. An enemy to the whales, biting
out large masses of flesh from their bodies. (ucxpoc, small; xeoad#, head.)
(Ev.)

Squalus microcephalus, Buocu & Scunriper, Syst. Ichth., 135, 1801, Northern Seas.
Somniosus brevipinna, Le Sueur, Jour. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1, 122, 1818, Massachusetts.
Seymnus brevipinna, STORER, Fishes Mass., 235, 1867.

Squalus borealis, Scoresby, Arct. Reg., 1, pl. 15, figs. 3 and 4, 1820, 538, Arctic.
Lemargus borealis, GUNTHER, Cat., vitr, 426, 1870.

Squalus glacialis, Faner, Fische Isl., 23, 1829, Iceland.

Squalus norwegianus, BLAINVILLE, Faun. Frangaise, 61, 1828, Norway.

Leiodon echinatum, Woon, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 11, 174, 1847.

Family XX. ECHINORHINIDZE.
(THE BRAMBLE SHARKS.)

Characters of the family included below in those of the single genus.

a. First dorsal opposite ventrals, both fins very small. Teeth equal in the two jaws, very
oblique; skin with scattered round tubercles, like the thorns of brambles.
ECHINORHINUS, 42.

42. ECHINORHINUS, Blainville.

Echinorhinus, BLAINVILLE, Bull. Sci. Philom., 1816, 121, (spinosus).
(oniodus, AGA8stz, Poissons Fossiles, 11, 183, 1836, (spinosus).

Two very small dorsal fins without spine, the first opposite the ven-
trals; no anal fin; skin with scattered, large, round tubercles, surmounted
by prickles like those on a bramble, and, like them, leaving a sear when
detached. Mouth crescent-shaped; a labial fold around the angie of the
mouth and the end of the snout. Teeth equal in both jaws, very oblique,
the point being turned outward; several strong denticulations on each
side of the principal point; no nictitating membrane; spiracles small;
gill openings of moderate width. A single species of the East Atlantic,
straying to our coast. (fyivoc, a hedgehog, or sea urchin; p/vy, shark.)

58 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

77. ECHINORHINUS SPINOSUS, (Gmelin).
Spiracles behind the eye, behind the vertical from the angle of the

mouth. Teeth — Dorsal fins close together. Each tubercle with a
small spine in the center. Brownish violet, with or without dark spots.
(Ginther.) <A large shark of the Atlantic coasts of Europe and Africa, in
rather deep water; a stray individual taken on Cape Cod. L. 10 feet.

(Ev.)

Squalus spinosus, GMELIN,* Syst. Nat., 1788, 1500, ‘‘the ocean.”’

Echinorhinus spinosus, Giinther, Cat., vitt., 428, 1870.

Echinorhinus spinosus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 14, 1883.

Squalus brucus, BonNATERRE,* Tabl. Encyclop., Ichth., 11, 1788, ‘‘the ocean.”’

Echinorhinus obesus, ANDREW SmitH, Ills. Zodl. So. Africa; Fishes, plate 1, 1845, Cape of Good

Hope.
suborder TECTOSPONDYLI.
Characters of the group given above. (See page 53.)

Family XXI. SQUATINIDZ.
(THE ANGEL SHARKS.)

Ray-like sharks. Body depressed and flat, the snout obtuse, the mouth
anterior; teeth conical, pointed, distant; pectoral fins very large, ex-
pauded in the plane of the body, but not adherent to the side of the
head, being deeply notched at the base; ventral fins very large; dorsal
fins 2, small, subequal, on the tail behind the ventrals; no anal fin;
caudal small; gill openings wide, partly inferior, partly hidden by the
base of the pectoral; spiracles wide, crescent-shaped, behind the eyes;
nostrils on the front margin of the snout, with skinny flaps; males with
small prehensile appendages; vertebre tectospondylous. A single genus
among living forms, with but one species so far as known; a small shark
of singular appearance, found in most warm seas. In appearance, as in
structure, this family is strictly intermediate between the sharks and the
rays. Its nearest living allies are probably the DALATIIDA. Two or more
related genera are found as fossils. (RHINID, Giinther, Cat., vi, 430.)

43. SQUATINA, Duméril.
(ANGEL FISHSS.)
Squatina, CONSTANT DuméRIL, Zobl. Analyt., 102, 1806, (angelus=squatina).
Rhina, RAFINESQUE, Caratteri Aleuni Nuovi Generi, 14, 1810, (squatina).
Rhina, (KLEIN), AucustE DumfRiL, Elasmobranches, 464, 1870, (squatina).
Characters of the genus included above. (Squatina, the ancient name,
akin to the English words ‘‘skate” and ‘‘squat.’’)

78. SQUATINA SQUATINA, (Linnzus).
(MonkrisH; ANGEL Fisu; SQuato.)

Caudal fin triangular, the lower lobe the longer; dorsals short and high ;
skin rough, with small stiff prickles, largest along the middle line of the
back; eyessmall. Ashy gray above, much blotched and speckled with olive,
white below. L.2to3 feet. Warm seas; common in the Mediterranean ;
rather scarce on our Atlantic coast from Cape Cod southward; rather com-
mon on the coast of California, especially from San Francisco to Monterey.

*We do not know which of these names has priority, but follow usage in retaining that of Gmelin.

—— ae eee

Jordan and Evermann.—Ffishes of North America. 59

The East coast form has been named Squatina dumérili, the Pacific form
Squatina californica, but all belong apparently to the same species. (Ev.)

Squalus squatina, LINN&ZUS, x, 1758, 233, Coasts of Europe.

Squatina levis, CuviER, Régne Anim., Ed. 1, 131, 1817, after Linnzus.

Squatina angelus, DuMER1L, Zéol. Aual., 102, 1806, after Linnens.

Squatina dumérili, LE SvEvr, Jour. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1, 225, 1818, probably Florida.
Squatina californica, AYRES, Proc. Cai. Ac. Sci., 1859, 29, San Francisco.

Rhina squatina, GUNTHER, Cat., vii, 430, 1870.

Squatina angelus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 35, 1883.

Squatina angelus, Cuvier, Régne Animal, Ed. 11, 369, 1829.

Squatina vulgaris, Risso, Ichth. Nice, 45, 1810, Nice.

Squatina fimbriata, Mitten & HENLE, Plagiostomen, 101 and 192, 1838, Mediterranean Sea.
Squatina oculata, BoNAPARTE, Fauna. Ital., Pesc., xxvur1, 1840, Italy.

Squatina japonica, BLEEKER, Act. Soc. Sci., Indo-Neerl, 111, Japan.

Squatina lewis, Coucu, Trans. Linn. Soc., xtv, 90, 1825, Cornwall.

Order G. BATOIDEI.
(THE Rays.)

—

Gill openings inferior, slit-like, 5 in number; spiracles present; no
anal fin; dorsal fins, if present, inserted on the tail ; body typically disk-
like, broad and flat, the margin of the disk being formed by the expanded
pectorals; tail comparatively slender, the caudal fin small or wanting.
Vertebre cyclospondylous. With the exception of the Rasip&, most or
all of the rays are ovoviviparous. (Suborder Barorper, Giinther, Cat.,
vill, 434-498.) (Garoc, a ray, eidoc, likeness. )

a. Sarcura (rapé, flesh ; ovpa, tail). Tail comparatively thick, with 2dorsals and a caudal fin;
no serrated caudal spine.

b. Snout saw-like, much produced, flat, armed with strong teeth on each side, set at right

angles to its axis; body somewhat shark-like, the disk gradually passing into the tail.

PRISTIDH, XXII.
bb. Snout not saw-like.

e. Electric organs absent; skin not perfectly smooth.
d, Species ovoviviparous, the young developed within the body of the parent.
Disk passing gradually into the long stout tail; pectorals not extending
to the snout. RHINOBATID®H, XXIII.
dd. Species oviparous; the eggs deposited in wheelbarrow-shaped leathery egg-
cases; disk abruptly contracted at base of the tail; pectorals extending to
the snout. RaJipm, XXIV.
ec. Electric organs present; a structure composed of honeycomb-like tubes between
pectoral fins and head; skin perfectly smooth. NARCOBATID®, XXV.
aa, MASTICURA (uaorté, whip. ovpa, tail). Tail comparatively slender, the dorsal fin single or
wanting; the back of the tail usually with a serrated spine.
e. Pectoral fins uninterrupted, confluent around the snout; teeth small.
DASYATID®, XXVI.
ee. Pectoral fins interrupted, one portion forming detached appendages cn the snout
(‘cephalic fins’’).

J. Teeth very larze, flat, tessellated, few in number. MYLIOBATIDA, XXVIT
J. Teeth numerous, very small, flat or tubercular; size enormous; cephalic fins
conspicuous, resembling horns. MANTID®, XXVUI

The rays form a highly specialized group of SeLacntans, of which the
typical forms present an appearance quite unlike that of the average
shark. The intergradations between the two groups are, however,
extremely perfect, the families of SQUATINIDA and PrisTiopHorip.®,

60 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

ray-like sharks, closely approaching the PRISTIDH and RHINOBATID#. As
above noticed, the Batoidei seem to be descended from the Cyclospondylous
sharks.

Suborder SARCURA.

(Tue THICK-TAILED Rays.)
Family XXII. PRISTID.
(THE SAWFISHES. )

Body elongate, depressed; pectoral fins moderate, the front margin
quite free, not extending to the head; snout produced into a very long,
thin, flat blade, which is armed with a series of strong, tooth-like pro-
cesses placed in sockets along each edge; teeth in jaws minute, obtuse;
gill openings moderate, inferior; spiracles wide, behind the eye; nostrils
inferior; no tentacles; no nictitating membrane; dorsal fins large, with-
out spine, the first nearly opposite the ventrals. Caudal well developed,
bent upward; a fold along each side of tail. A single genus, with 5 or
more species, inhabiting warm seas on sandy shores, sometimes ascending
rivers. A family of sharks, PRISTIOPHORID®, similarly armed with a
‘‘saw,” occurs in the Pacific Ocean. (PRISTID2, Ginther, VIII, 436-439. )

44. PRISTIS, Latham.

Pristis, LATHAM, Trans. Linn. Soc., 11, 276, 1794, (pristis).
Pristobatus, BLAINVILLE, Journ. Phys., 1816, 262, (antiquorum—=pristis).
Myriosteon, Gray, Proc. ZoGl. Soc., 1864, (higginsi, based on a fragment of a rostral process).
Characters of the genus included above. (zxpiornc, the ancient name,
meaning one who saws.)
a. Rostral teeth in 18 to 20 pairs; first dorsal chiefly before ventrals; caudal with a small
lower lobe. PERROTTETI, 79,
aa. Rostral teeth in 24 to 32 pairs; first dorsal opposite ventrals; caudal without lower lobe.
PECTINATUS, 80.

79. PRISTIS PERROTTETI, Valenciennes.

First dorsal fin chiefly in advance of ventrals; second dorsal much
smaller than first; caudal with a small lower lobe; root of pectoral
before first gill opening, its outer angle aright angle. Saw with 18 to 20
pairs of teeth, well separated and not trenchant behind. (Ginther.)
Tropical seas, north to Mazatlan on the Pacific coast; also said to occur
in the West Indies; not so common as the next. It may be that our
Pacific species is distinct from the true perrotteti, first obtained in Africa.
(Named for M. Perrottet, a French naturalist, who obtained the types.)

Pristis perrotteti, VALENCIENNES MS., MULLER & HENLE, Plagiostomen, 108, 1838, Senegal River;
GUNTHER, Cat., vii1, 436, 1870.

80. PRISTIS PECTINATUS, Latham.
(Common SAWFISH; Prez SIERRA.)

First dorsal over ventrals; second dorsal scarcely smaller than first;
no lower caudal lobe. Saw with 24 to 32 pairs of teeth, the posterior
farther apart than the anterior. L. 10 to 20 feet. Tropical seas; north
to West Indies and Florida; abundant in the Gulf of Mexico; ascending
the lower Mississippi. (pectinatus, comb-toothed.)

Jordan and Evermann.—Ffishes of North America. 61

Pristis pectinatus, LatuAM, Trans. Linn. Soc., 11, 278, 1794, ‘‘in the ocean.”

Pristis granulosa, BLocu & SCHNEIDER, Syst. Ichthyol., 352, 1801, (after Parra), Havana.
Pristis pectinatus, GGNTHER, Cat., V111, 437, 1870.

Pristis pectinatus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 875, 1883.

Pristis mississippiensis, RA¥INESQUE, Ich. Oh., 80, 1820, lower Mississippi.

Pristis negalodon, DumMER1L, Elasmobranches, 476, pl. 9, fig. 4, 1870, Cayenne.

Pristis acutirostris, DUMERIL, I. ¢., 479, 1870, Martinique.

Pristis occa, DuMERLIL, I. c. ,479, 1870, locality unknown.

Family XXIII. RHINOBATIDA.
(THE GUITAR FISHES.)

Shark-like rays. Trunk gradually passing into the long and strong
tail, which is provided with 2 well-developed dorsal fins, a caudal fin
and a conspicuous dermal fold on each side; disk not very broad, the
rayed portion of the pectoral fins not being continued to the snout; no
conspicuous spines, the skin being nearly smooth; no electric organs.
Genera about 5; species about 20; inhabiting warm seas, distinguished
from the Rasp chiefly by the fact that the eggs are hatched within
the body. The typical species are also much more elongated in form.
(RHINOBATID#, Giinther, Cat., vim, 440-448.)

a. First dorsal much behind the ventrals; anterior nasal valves not confluent.
b. Disk subtriangular or rhombic; the snout more or less produced; skin covered with
fine shagreen, usually with somewhat larger spines on the back of tail.
Rurnopatus, 45.
bb. Disk rhombic, the snout less produced; nasal valves dilated, extending on the space
between nostrils; body covered with irregular tubercles and prickles instead of

shagreen, ZAPTERYX, 46.
bbb. Disk broad, rounded in front; nasal valves broad; body covered with shagreen, with
stout spines on back and tail; labial fold well developed. PLATYRHINOIDIS, 47.

45. RHINOBATUS, Bloch & Schneider.
(GUITAR FISHES. )

Rhinobatus, Bhocu & ScunetpER, Syst. Ichth., 353, 1801, (rhinobatus).
Leiobatus, RAFINESQUE, Caratteri, 16, 1810, (panduratus).

Syrrhina, Mirirr & HEN ie, Plagiostomen, 113, 1838, (colwmnxe = panduratus).
Glaucostegus, BONAPARTE, Catologo Metodico, 14, 1846, (rhinobatus).

Body depressed, gradually passing into the tail. Cranial cartilage pro-
duced into a long rostral process, the space between the process and the
pectoral fin being filled by membrane; spiracles wide, behind the eye;
nostrils oblique, wide; anterior valves not contluent; teeth obtuse, with
an indistinct transverse ridge. Dorsal fins without spine; both far be-
hind the ventral fins; caudal fin without lower lobe. Claspers slender
and pointed. Species numerous in warm seas, varying considerably as to
the form of the snout; those with the snout shortened and the nasal
valves broader constituting the subgenus Leiobatus, or Syrrhina. (pivn,
a shark; Sdaroc, a skate.)

RWINOBATUS:
a, Nasal valves not extending on the space between the nostrils; disk subtriangular, the snout
slender and pointed,
b. Spiracle with two folds.
ec. Skin above everywhere closely freckled with whitish; ridges of rostral cartilage close
together, narrowly separated at base, LENTIGINOSUS, 81,

62 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

cc. Skin above plain olivaceous, or with obscure large whitish blotches.
d. Ridges of rostral cartilage separate throughout.
e. Disk above marked with faint, round slate-colored spots as large as eye;
snout 2% in length of disk, not very sharp at tip. |GLAUCOSTIGMA, 82,
ee. Disk without traces of pale spots above; snout rather longer, acute at

tip. LEUCORHYNCHUS, 83.
dd. Ridges of rostral cartilage confiuent about 44 the length; snout rounded at
tip. PRODUCTUS, 84.

ddd. Ridges of rostral cartilage united more than 4% their length; snout pro-
duced, narrow.
jf. Groove between rostral cartilages moderate; upper surface with some large,
faint whitish spots; shoulders with 2 patches of spines.
PERCELLENS, 85.
ff. Groove between rostral cartilages very short and small. SPINOSUS, 86.
bb. Spiracle with a single fold; snout blunt, rounded. PLANICEPS, 87.

81. RHINOBATUS LENTIGINOSUS, Garman.

Snout long and narrow, its ridges close together throughout. Eyes
large, twice as large as spiracles. Interorbital space narrow, concave, as
wide as nostrils or the interspace between them. Distance between outer
angles of nostrils more than ¢ the snout. Mouth straight, its width
not quite the interorbital space. Dorsal and preocular spines very small;
five larger spines on tip of snout; supraocular and scapular spines obso-
lete. L. 2 feet. Grayish, densely freckled with small paler spots, uni-
form below. Width 3 in length; tail about 2; snout to the mouth 53.
Charleston southward, not rare on the Florida coast. (lentiginosus,
freckled. )

Rhinobatus lentiginosus, GARMAN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zoél., 1880, 168, Coast of Florida.
Rhinobatus lentiginosus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 65, 1883.
82. RHINOBATUS GLAUCOSTIGMA, Jordan & Gilbert.
(GUITARRO.)

Disk long and narrow, the snout produced but not acute at tip, its
length 24} in disk; interorbital width 34 in snout; spiracle large, with
2 folds; rostral ridges moderately separated, slowly convergent ante-
riorly, but not united; snout in female without fimbriate appendage;
vent somewhat nearer snout than base of caudal; dorsal fins similar ; skin
everywhere rough with fine shagreen; no spines on snout; superciliary
spines very small; 1 or 2 spines on shoulder; a series of low, bluntish
spines along the middle of back, becoming larger and farther apart
behind. Color light gray, with the usual translucent area on sides of
snout. Disk with numerous round, clear slate-colored spots as large as
eye, symmetrically arranged; a blackish blotch below snout. L. 24 feet.
Gulf of California, locally abundant; close to the next, but well distin-
guished by its color, which does not fade in spirits. (yAavxdc, hoary blue;
oTiypua, spot.)

Rhinobatus glaucostigma, JoRDAN & GiLBeRT, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1883,210, Mazatlan. (Type,
Nos. 28205; 28206; 29547; 29602.)
83. RHINOBATUS LEUCORHYNCHUS, Giinther.

Disk rather long, the snout acute at tip; rostral ridges separate for
their whole length, converging toward tip of snout; eye moderate;

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 63

interorbital width 3} in snout; spiracle with 2 folds. Body covered with
uniform shagreen; small spines on orbital ridges; a row of small spines
on back, a pair on each shoulder; dorsal fins similar. Light olivaceous
brown, unspotted, the usual pale areas on snout. Panama and vicinity,
not rare. (Aevxdc, white; pvyyoc, snout.)

Rhinobatus leucorhynchus, GUNTHER, Proc. Zo]. Soc. Lond., 604, 1866, Panama.
Rhinobatus leucorhynchus, GARMAN, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1880, 517.

84. RHINGBATUS PRODUCTUS, Ayres.

(GUITAR FIsn.)

Snout rather long, rounded at the tip; rostral ridges armed with small
spines above and confluent about } their length; spiracle with 2 folds ;
moderate, hooked spines along middle line of back; smaller spines on
shoulder and around eye; females with a small digitate flap, free behind,
above tip of snout. Color dull grayish, unspotted, a black blotch below
snout. San Francisco to San Diego, common southward. (productus,
produced.)

Rhinobatus productus, AYRES MS., GrrRArRD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1854, 196, Monterey.

Rhinobatus productus, GARMAN, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1880, 517,
Rhinobatus productus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 876, 1883.

85. RHINOBATUS PERCELLENS, (Walbaum).

(FippLer FisH; PurAQue.)

Rostral cartilages very narrow, confluent more than + their length;
snout long and narrow, about 44 times interorbital width; eye moderate ;
spiracles with 2 tubercles on hinder margin. Mouth nearly straight.
Skin covered above and below with shagreen; a vertebral series of small
spines; a row of several near the middle of shoulder girdle on each side,
none on snout. Olivaceous, with a few round white spots on middle of
disk; snout with translucent spaces; adult sometimes unspotted. West
Indies to southern Brazil, generally common southward, north to Jamaica
(Cockerell). (percellens, smiting. )

Raja percellens, Waieaum, Artedi Piscium, 525, 1792 (after Puraque of Marcgrave, 151).

Rhinobatus electricus, Buocu & Scunerper, Syst. Ichth., 356, 1801, Brazil, based on Puraque of
Marcgrave.

Rhinobatus undulatus, OLrers, Torpedo, 22, 1831, Brazil.

Rhinobatus undulatus, GONtueR, Cat., vitr, 444, 1870.

Rhinobatus glaucostictus, OLrers, |. ¢., 1831, Brazil.
Rhinobatus maregravii, Heni¥, Ueber Narcine, 34, 1834, Brazil,

86. RHINOBATUS SPINOSUS, Giinther.

Snout much produced, the rostral ridges very narrow, largely contluent,
with a very small, short groove at base, their whole length armed with
spines; mouth nearly straight; compressed spines dilated at base along
median line of back, on shoulder, and above eye and spiracle. Color plain,
Mexico (probably the east coast). (Giinther.) (spinosus, spiny.)

Rhinobatus spinosus, GUNTHER, Cat., vitt, 518, 1870, Mexico; not recorded by any other author

G4 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

87. RHINGBATUS PLANICEPS, Garman.

Disk rhombic, about 14 times as long as wide; head broad, flat; rostral
cartilages moderate, dilated at tip, with the ridges close together anteri-
orly ; snout rounded; spiracle with a single fold. Back and tail with
compressed, hooked spines; 2 patches of spines on each shoulder and
a series above eye. Color brownish; young with some white spots on
back. Coast of Peru and Galapagos Islands. (Garman.) (planus, flat;
-ceps, for caput, head.)

Rhinobatus planiceps, GARMAN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zo@l.,168, 1880, Peru; Galapagos.

46. ZAPTERYX, Jordan & Gilbert.

Zapteryx, JORDAN & GILBERT, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., 1880, 53, (exasperata).

This genus is close to the section Leiobatus (Syrrhina) of Rhinobatus, from
which it differs mainly in having the upper parts covered with coarse, irreg-
ular stellated prickles, instead of a uniform shagreen. The snout is of
moderate length and the nasal valve broader, extending on the space
between the nostrils. Two species known. (a-, an intensive particle;
mrépvs, fin, the vertical fins being larger than in Raja, and the ventrals
not emarginate. )

a. Disk slightly longer than broad; no yellow spots above. EXASPERATUS, 88.
aa, Disk slightly broader than long; back with yellow spots above, surrounded with black.
XYSTER, 89.

88. ZAPTERYX EXASPERATUS, (Jordan & Gilbert).

Disk rhombic, rather longer than broad. Snout prominent, but bluntish
at tip, anterior margin of pectorals forming less than a right angle; eyes
rather large ; anterior nasal valve prolonged to the internal angle of the
nostrils ; rostral ridges parallel, separate their whole length. Tail stout,
depressed, with a narrow lateral fold. Upper surface entirely covered
with stout, close-set, stellated prickles of different sizes, largest on the ~
bases of the pectorals and smallest on the outer edges of the fins, those on
the tip of snout and anterior edge of the pectorals not enlarged; stout,
bluntish, slightly recurved spines present as follows: One at the upper
anterior angle of the eye and 2 behind it; 1 large one at the middle of
the shoulders, in front of which are 2 others; 2 series on the shoulders out-
side the median line, the inner of 2, the outer of 2 to 4; a series of about
a dozen on the median line of the back and tail; no lateral series on the
tail. Under side covered with shagreen, made of triangular depressible
asperities; region from the nostrils to the shoulder girdle smooth, except
the lower lip; a few other small naked areas below. Upper lip developed.
Teeth 3%. Color brown, mottled and barred with blackish ; the markings
mostly in the form of transverse bands; fore part of head blackish; a
black blotch on hinder part of pectorals below. Tail rather shorter than
disk. First dorsal not far behind ventrals, nearer hind part of root of
ventrals than front of second dorsal. Snout 4 the length of disk, twice
the interorbital space. San Diego Bay; locally abundant; only male
specimens known. L, 24 feet. (exasperatus, made rough.)

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 65

Platyrhina exasperata, JORDAN & GiuBeERT, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1880, 32, San Diego. (Type,
No. 35050.)

Zapteryx exasperatus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1880, 53.

Trygonorhina alveata, GARMAN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zodél., 1880, 169, San Diego,

Syrrhina exasperata, GARMAN, Proc. U. 8. Nat, Mus., 1880, 521.

Rhinobatus exasperatus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 63, 1883.

89. ZAPTERYX XYSTER, Jordan & Evyermann, new species.

Disk somewhat broader than long, its length slightly greater than that
of tail. Coloration similar to that of Z. exasperatus, including the large
black blotch on posterior angle of pectoral below ; upper side of disk with
several round yellowish spots as large as pupil, each spot ocellated with
blackish ; a very distinct spot on each side of shoulder; a second on pec-
toral fin near posterior angle; a third midway between latter and median
line of back; several fainter spots on back anteriorly. Spines and
prickles above as in Z. exasperatus, but entire lower surface covered with
fine shagreen, this perhaps a sexual character. L.22inches. Two female
specimens (Museum Yale University), collected by Prof. Frank H. Bradley
at Panama in 1866. (fvorip, a scraper.)

Syrrhina exasperata, JORDAN & GILBERT, Proc, U.S. Nat. Mus., 1882, 621.

47. PLATYRHINOIDIS, Garman.
Platyrhinoidis, GARMAN, Proc, U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1880, 522, (triseriata).

Disk broad, flat, and rounded, the tail moderate, depressed; dorsals
posterior; middle line of back and edges of pectorals and tail with stout
spines; skin covered with fine shagreen as in Rhinobatus ; labial fold well
developed; nasal valves not reaching the mouth, the posterior lobe rudi-
mentary. One species, with the general form of a ray and the color and
appearance of Rhinobatus, like which genus, it is viviparous. (Platy-
rhina, or Discobatus, an Asiatic genus of Rajidw, which species it resem-
bles in form; eidoc, like; Platyrhina from x2ari¢, broad; piv, snout.)

90. PLATYRHINOIDIS TRISERIATUS, (Jordan & Gilbert).

Disk broad, ovate, broader than long; snout very bluntly rounded, not
projecting; the angle formed by the pectorals anteriorly very obtuse;
anterior outline of the pectorals slightly convex, not undulated. ‘Tail very
stout, much longer than the disk, its edges with a broad fold, broader than
in Z. exasperatus ; pectoral fins extending almost to the tip of the snout;
rostral ridges wide apart, strongly converging forward, inclosing a trian-
gular area. Eyes small, wide apart; the broad spiracles close behind
them. Caudal fin well developed above and below; dorsals similar,
their posterior free margins very convex; first dorsal well backward,
its origin nearer root of caudal than ventrals. Mouth broad, its width
nearly equal to its distance from tip of snout, a deep crease passing around
it behind, in front of which the lower lip has 3 folds of skin; upper
lip not developed, a fold of skin passing from the angle of the mouth on
either side to the inner angle of the nostrils, thence straight across,
inclosing a depressed, trapezoidal Z_\ shaped area, bounded below by
the curved outline of the upper jaw: in this are 3 cross folds of skin,

Kk. N. A.——6

66 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

Teeth £2. Gill openings narrow. Skin everywhere, above and below,
covered with fine shagreen, the prickles coarser on the anterior outer
margin of the pectorals (¢), where are 2 or 3 rows of retrorse spines ;
4.strong spines on the tip of the snout, forming a rhombic figure; 4 or
5 spines around each eye; a long series of very strong spines along the
median line of back and tail, and a series of similar ones on each side
of the tail; a single strong spine on the outer edge of the shoulder girdle
and 2 between this and the median series. Breadth of disk ;4; more than
its length; tail usually 4 longer than disk; snout % of length of disk,
not + longer than width of interorbital area. Color light olive brown,
without distinct markings. L. 2 feet. Coast of California from Point
Concepcion southward; abundant. (triseriatus, 3-rowed, from the spines
on the tail.)
Platyrhina triseriata, JoRDAN & GILBERT, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1880, 36, Santa Barbara:
California. (Type, No. 26893.)
Rhinobatustriseriatus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 64, 1883.
Platyrhinoidis triseriatus, GARMAN, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1880, 522.

Family XXIV. RAJIDZ.
(THE SKATES. )

Disk broad, rhombic, the skin more or less roughened with spines or
prickles; tail stout, rather long, with a longitudinal fold on each side;
usually 2 dorsal fins and sometimes a caudal fin present, all on the tail;
pectoral fins extending to the snout; ventrals large; no serrated spine
on the tail; no electric organs. Oviparous, the eggs being laid in large
leathery egg cases, 4-angled, with 2 long tubular ‘‘horns” at each end.
Genera 4 or more; species 40, most of them belonging to the genus Raja.
Found in all cool seas, some of them in deep water. (RaJID#&, Giinther,
Vill, 455-471.)

a. Caudal fin rudimentary or absent; pectorals not confiuent around the snout; ventrals

deeply notched. Raga, 48.

48. RAJA, (Artedi) Linnzus.

Raja (ArTEDI) LINNEus, Syst. Nat., Ed. x, 1758, 231, (batis).

Dipturus, RAFINESQUE, Caratteri, 16, 1810, (batis).

Platopterus, RAFINESQUE, Analyse de la Nature, 93, 1815, (batis).

Dasybatus, BLAINVILLE, Journ. Phys., 1816, 260 (communis).

Propterygia, OTT0, Nova acta Acad. Ces. Leop. Carol, Nat. Curios., 1824, 111, (hyposticta ; mon-
strous example, with fins not adnate to head).

Leviraja, BONAPARTE, Fauna Italica, xxv, 130, 1839, (oxyrhynchus).

Uraptera, Mttiter & HENLE, Plagiostomen, 155, 1838, (agassizi) ; (species without caudal fin.)

Batis, BONAPARTE, Cat. Metod., 12, 1846, radula, no description. :

Malacorhinus, GARMAN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., x1, 236, 1881, (plutonia) ; (species with imperfect
rostral cartilage; probably recognizable asa valid genus, when the species are better known.)

Raia, various authors, change of spelling.

This genus, as here understood, comprises all those Rajide which have
the pectoral fins not continued around the snout, the ventrals deeply
notched, and the caudal fin little developed or wanting. The tail is very
distinct from the disk, and is provided with 2 rayed dorsal fins. The skin
of the body is usually more or less spinous; the dentition differs in the

|
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Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. . 67

two sexes, and the male is usually provided with a differentiated patch of
_spines on each pectoral. Species numerous, mostly of the Northern seas.
They are, on the whole, not very well known, and an analytical table
which would show their natural affinities can not be made out in the
present condition of our knowledge. There is considerable variety within
the genus, but the natural subgenera are yet to be defined. Thus far all
attempts at natural subdivision have resulted in failure. We are, there-
fore, forced to make a primary division on the unnatural character of the
geographical distribution of the species. Thesynonymy of some species is
still uncertain. The best account of the eastern species is that given by
Mr. Garman in Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1874, 170, et seg. Of this we
have made large use in the following analysis. (raja, or raia, a ray, or
skate. )

I. Atlantic species.

a, Middle line of back and tail behind shoulders unarmed in the adult, with a row of spines
in the young; outline of disk before spiracles obtuse, without acute angle at tip of
snout; species with round dark spots.

b. Teeth in about 50 series in each jaw ; size small. ERINACEA, 91.
bb. Teeth in about 90 series in each jaw; size large; usually a pectoral ocellus.
OCELLATA, 92.

aa. Middle line of back with a row of spines at all ages.
c. Tip of snout rounded, very blunt, without marked angle. Skin very rough; color varie-
gated. FYLLE, 93.
ce. Tip of snout with a more or less marked angle.
d. Angle at tip of snout short, obtuse; teeth in 30 to 50 series.
e. Body and tail armed with large bucklers, each with a radiated or stellate base.
RADIATA, 94,
ee. Body and tail armed with small, close-set, stellate spines; color dark brown
' with irregular markings. PLUTONTA, 95,
eee. Body and tail smooth or with small asperities. Larger spines on orbital re-
gion, back and tail; brownish, with lighter and darker spots.
f. Disk a little longer than broad. ACKLEYI, 96.
ff. Disk a little broader than long. OUNATA, 97.
dd. Angle at tip of snout acute, moderately long.
g. Spines on skin above scarcely stellate; teeth in 50 rows; color brown with

darker markings. EGLANTERIA, 98,
gg. Spines on skin above small, their base stellate; teeth in about 40 rows; color
brown, sometimes with 1 or 2 paler spots above. SENTA, 99.

ddd. Angle at tip of snout much produced, blunt at tip; teeth in 30 rows.
h. Skin nearly smooth, its spines few and small; color brownish, with paler spots.
L&/Vis, 100.
Il. Pacific species; median line of tail always with stronger spines.

i, Snout acute or acuminate, more or less projecting beyond the disk, the rostral
cartilage well developed.
j. Snout very long acuminate; usually no spines on median line of back in
front of ventrals; interorbital space little concave.
k. Snout tapering to apoint; skin almost everywhere prickly above; color
nearly plain brown. RUINA, LOL,
kk, Snout long, but bluntish at the tip; skin minutely prickly above,
smoother than in preceding; 1 or 2 spines at center of back; color
brown, with large rounded white spots above, HINOCULATA, 102,
jj. Snout of moderate length, rather sharp, but shortish; color brownish;
usually with 2 faint ocelli; interorbital space deeply concave; prickles
on body rather small,

68 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

l. Eye with few or no spines below it; disk ,4, broader than long.
INORNATA, 103.
ll. Eye with 4 rows of spines below it; disk 14 broader than long.
EQUATORIALIS, 104.
a, Suout bluntish, its tip little if any projecting; most of upper surface rough
with prickles; lower surface nearly or quite smooth; nasal cartilage weak.
m. Color olive brown; the spots, if any, pale; interorbital width 3% in snout.
PARMIFERA, 105.
mm, Color dark brown or blackish; whole upper surface rough with stellate
prickles.
n. Shoulder girdle with spines.
o. Orbital rim with a row of stout prickles; brown, much variegated
with black spots and bars, some of the spots ocellate.
STELLULATA, 106.
oo. Orbital rim without spines; prickles fine; size, very large.
ALEUTICA, 107.
nn. Shoulder girdle without spines; color dusky, nearly plain.
TRACHURA, 108.
ai. Snout soft, bluntish; disk above and below, with close-set, velvety prickles.
ABYSSICOLA, 109.

91. RAJA ERINACEA, Mitchill.

(Common Skate; LirrLe Skate; Tosacco Box.)

Form rhomboid, with all the angles rounded; spines largest on the
anterior extensions of the pectorals, where they are close set, strong,
laterally compressed, and hooked backward; smaller ones are scattered
over the head above the spiracles, above and in front of the eyes, and on
the back, the median line of whichis comparatively smooth, without larger
median series, except in the young; a triangular patch on the shoulder
girdle; inner posterior angles of the pectorals nearly smooth; in the males
near the exterior angles of the pectorals are 2 rows of large erectile
hooks, pointing backward. Females with groups of small scales on each
side of the vent; teeth small, the middle ones sharp in the males; all
blunt in the females; jaws much curved; each side of tail with a dermal
fold; caudal fins rough, not separate to the base. Color light brown, with
small round spots of dark brown; no pectoral ocelli; females larger than
the males. L.1to 2 feet. The smallest and commonest of our skates;
abundant on our coast, from Virginia northward to Maine. (erinaceus,
like a hedgehog.)

Raia erinacea, Mircur~t1t, Am. Jour. Sci. Arts, x1, 290, 1825, New York; GarMAN, l.c., 176;

Jornvan & GILBERT, Synopsis, 41, 1883.
Raia eglanteria, GUNTHER, Cat., vil, 462, 1870, not of Lacépéde.

92. RAJA OCELLATA, Mitchill.
(Bia SKATE.)

General form and appearance of the preceding but much larger; the
arrangement of spines similar, except that additional rows of spines are
present down the back and along the sides of the tail; caudal fin not
separate, rough with small spines; jaws curved. Color light brown, with
rounded dark spots; a translucent space on each side of the snout; near
the posterior angle of the pectoral there is usually (but not always) a
large white ocellus, with a dark spot in the center and a darker border;

“a
Yes
€

a ee

a eee

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 69

2 smaller similar spots often present. (Garman.) Coast of New York,
Massachusetts,and northward. Size very much larger than in R. erinacea,
reaching a length of nearly 3 feet. The egg cases are more than twice
as large as those of the smaller species. (ocellatus, with eye-like spots.)

Raia ocellata, Mitcuitt, Trans. Lit. Phil. Soc., 1, 477, 1815, New York; Garman, l. c., 177;
JoRDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 40, 1883.

93. RAJA FYLLE, Liitken.

Disk rather broader than long, broadly rounded anteriorly; the tip of
the snout very blunt and scarcely projecting; a row of strong backward-
hooked spines along median line of back and tail; 2 similar spines on
each shoulder and 4 or 5 over each eye; skin very rough with close
set spinules, which are coarser than in most species; sides of tail very
rough; tail longer than rest of body. Brown, with numerous rounded
blackish blotches on disk, tail, and fins. Davis Straits, Greenland, in
80fathoms. Known from a young example about 8 inches long. (Liitken.)
(Fylla, name of the Danish cruiser by which the type was taken.)

Raja fylle, LUTKEN, Vid. Medd. Naturh. Foren. Kjébenh., 1887, 1, pl. 1, Davis Straits.
94. RAJA RADIATA, Donovan.

Besides the spines on the pectorals, head, back, and tail common to
most species, this species is marked by the presence of large spinous
plates or bneklers; these are large, strong spines, with broad, stellate
or shield-like bases arranged as follows: 1 or 2 in front of each eye;
1 on each side between the eye and the spiracle; a pair on the shoulder,
the smaller in front; and 14 or more forming a dorsal row, beginning
just back of the head and extending to the caudal; an irregular row
of spines on each side of the tail, separated from the membrane by a band
of shagreen; males with 2 or more rows of claw-like spines on the
pectorals. Teeth with a long, sharp point rising from the middle and
hooking backward in the male, bluntish in the female; females larger
than the males and more spinous. (Garman.) Size medium. L. 14 to 2
feet. North Atlantic; found both in America and Europe, not common
on our coast. (radiatus, radiated.) (Ev.)
Raia radiata, DONOVAN, Hist. Brit. Fish., v, pl. 114, 1820, Great Britain; Ginrner, Cat.,

vit, 460, 1870; GARMAN, I. c., 177; JornpvAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 41, 1883.
Raia americana, De Kay, N. Y. Fauna: Fishes, 368, 1842, Staten Island.

95. RAJA PLUTONTA, Garman.

Disk broader than long, subquadrangular, rounded in front; snout
a very blunt angle; rostral cartilage short, imperfect; tail 4 longer than
disk; width of mouth 4 its distance from snout; teeth in 32 series. Eyes
large, their length more than interorbital width. Back and tail covered
with small, close-set, stellate spines, the points slender, compressed,
directed backward, a close series of large spines along median line of
back and tail; a supraorbital row, and asingle spine on each side of back
of head; about 5 on each side of shoulder girdle, in front of which are
1 or 2 more; 2 series on each side of tail; smooth below. Color brown,

70 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

the adults purplish, with irregular transverse series of ill-defined,
often confluent brown spots, besides some white spots; tail with white
and dark bands; dorsals dark, lower surface white. Deep water off
South Carolina. (Garman.) (plutonius, dusky; from Pluto.)

Raja plutonia, GARMAN, Bull. Mus. Comp. ZoGl., x1, 236, 1881, off South Carolina; JorpDAN &
GILBERT, Synopsis, 878, 1883. .

96. RAJA ACKLEYI, Garman.

Disk, including the ventrals, rhombic, longer than wide; anterior mar-
gins sinuous, posterior outline convex; tail moderate, depressed, with a
narrow cutaneous fold on each side; angle formed by snout less than
right. Rostral cartilage rather slender. Mouth moderate, much curved,
width 13 in distance from end of snout. Teeth small, cusps sharp, in 42
rows on the upper jaw (male adult). Eyes moderate; interorbital space
narrow, deeply concave, its width 3 times in the distance from the
end of the snout to the eye. Spiracles smaller than the eye. Ventrals
medium. Dorsals small, separated by a space with tubercles; a vertebral
series of small tubercles on back and tail; 2 lateral series on each side
of tail; a series on each orbital ridge; a group of several above the end
of the rostral cartilage; a group on each pectoral opposite eyeand spiracle;
a group of retractile spines opposite the shoulder near the outer angle of
the pectoral; the disk otherwise smooth above; lower side of snout with
fine, sharpscales or shagreen. Differing from LP. eglanteria, which it resem-
bles in shape, in a somewhat shorter snout and in coloration. Disk,
including ventrals, 9.5 inches; width 9; tail from vent 9.6; total length
16.25inches. Light yellowish brown, sprinkled with small spots of brown
intermixed with others of white; on base of each pectoral a little behind
the shoulder girdle, a transversely oblong spot of brown, 4 inch in
diameter, surrounded by a ring of small spots forming a sort of rosette.
Yucatan Banks, in deep water. (Garman.) (Named for Lieut. Seth N.
Ackley, of the ‘‘ Blake.”)

Raja ackleyi, GARMAN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zo@l., x1, 235, 1881, Yucatan Banks.

97. RAJA ORNATA, Garman.

Disk little broader than long, the anterior margins convex; tip of snout
obtuse; snout not produced; width of mouth # its distance from tip of
snout; teeth in 44 series; entire upper surface rough with small asperities;
a median series of spines on back and tail, a lateral series on each side of
this on back and 2 on tail, a series on each orbital ridge; a single spine
on forehead between eyes, several above tip of snout; a group on hinder
angle of pectoral and on its front; lower surfacesmooth. Tail a little
longer than disk, Light brownish, freckled with paler, marked witha few
groups of small darker spots; several spots on the tail; one at base of each
dorsal. Deep water off South Carolina and Florida. Perhaps a variety
of the preceding. (Garman.) (ornatus, adorned.)

Raja ornata, GARMAN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zo]., x1, 235, 1881; off South Carolina, and Alliga-
tor Key, Florida; Jorpan & GILBERT, Synopsis, 877, 1883.

Jordan and Evermann.—Ffishes of North America. rel

98. RAJA EGLANTERIA, Bosc.

Prickles comparatively small and very sharp, most numerous on the an-
terior portion of the pectoral, over the head, on the snout, on the middle
of the back, and on the tail between the rows of larger ones; enlarged
spines present around the eyes and spiracles, on the middle of the snout,
in a median row along the back, and in 2 rows along each side of the
tail; these spines very sharp; larger and smaller ones alternating in the
rows; a large spine in the middle of each shoulder; a spine between the
caudal fins. Color brown, with bands, bars, lines, blotches, and spots of
darker color in the middle of the pectoral; a translucent space on each
side of snout. (Garman.) L. about 2 feet. Cape Cod southward to
Florida; not very common. (eglantina, the briar rose.)

Raia eglanteria (Bosc), LAcépEprE, Hist. Nat. des Poiss., 11, 103, 1800, Charleston, South Caro-
lina; GARMAN, l. c., 179, 1881; JorpAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 41, 1883.
_ Raia diaphana, Mircui1t, Trans. Lit. Phil. Soc. 1, 1815, 478, New York.

Raia desmarestia, LE Surur, Jour. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., rv, 100, 1824, Florida.
Raia chantenay, LE SuEvR, l. c., 106, 1824, Delaware Bay.

99. RAJA SENTA, Garman.

Form of R. eglanteria. Snout projecting, its tip acute and flexible; inter-
orbital space concave, 3$ in snout; mouth little curved, + preoral part
of snout; eyes and spiracles small; teeth in 36 to 40 rows. ‘Tail slender,
tapering. Entire upper surface covered with very small, close-set spines,
each slender, acute, strongly hooked backward over a broad stellate base;
vertebral line with a series of large spines with smaller interspersed ; 2 or
3 large, hooked spines before each eye; a few moderate spines on snout and
back of head. Olivaceous, clouded with darker, a whitish spot sometimes
on middle of back, and a pale bar on back of tail. (Garman.) Banks of
Newfoundland to Cape Cod, in deep water. (sentis, briar.)

Raja senta, Ganwan, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1885, 43, Cape Red Bay; Le Have Bank. (Type,
No. 21004 and 24309.)

100. RAJA LEVIS,* (Mitchill).
(BARNDOOR SKATE.)

Angles of the disk more acute than in any of the others; muzzle much
produced, somewhat shovel-shaped at tip. Spines of the body very few
and small; some present above the eyes and spiracles, on the snout, along
the anterior border of the pectorals, and on the back; those on the back
very small; a median dorsal row of larger hooked spines extending along
the median line of the posterior portion of the back and the tail; usually
2 lateral rows on the tail. Female rougher, as usual among rays.
Color variable, brownish, with paler spots, which are usually ringed with
darker. The largest of our Atlantic species, reaching a length of 4 feet.
New England to Florida; not uncommon northward. (levis, smooth.)

*Raja granulata, Gill, Allied to R. levis. Back and ventralssurface covered with minute sharp
granular ossifications. Teeth in about 30 rows; claspers slender and scarcely expanded, Slate
color, the ventrals with reticulate markings. (G il, ) Banks of Newfoundland; a doubtful species,

imperfectly described, apparently not different from R. Levis. (granulatus, granular.)

72 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

Raja levis, Mrtcu1it, Amer. Monthly Mag., 11, 327, 1817, New York.

Raja levis, SrorER, Hist. Fish. Mass., 1867, 242; GARMAN, l. c., 180, 1881; JornpAN & GILBERT,
Synopsis, 41, 1883.

Raia granulata, Gitt MS., GoopE & BEAN, Bull. Essex. Inst., x1, 1879, 28, Le Have Bank.

101. RAJA RHINA, Jordan & Gilbert.

Disk broad, the outer pectoral angle sharp, farther forward than in R.
binoculata. Anterior outline of pectoral somewhat undulated and exceed-
ingly concave, so that the snout is very long, acuminate, and tapering to
the extreme point; interorbital space quite narrow, littleconcave. Supra-
ocular ridges slightly elevated; eyes large, much longer than spiracles.
Spines on body comparatively strong; 5 to 7 above the eyes; 2 or 3 near
the middle of the back; none on the median line of the back until oppo-
site the posterior end of ventrals, where a series of rather sharp spines
begins; prickles on body above rather large, sharp, strongly stellate,
those on the snout largest and most stellate; skin above everwhere
prickly in the female; the prickles small and sparse on the base and edges
of the pectorals and on ventrals; larger on the median region of the disk.
Male with bases of fins smooth, and the prickles generally fewer and
smaller; anterior edge of pectoral with spines; under side of disk almost
everywhere prickly in the females, smooth posteriorly in the males.
Mouth somewhat arched. Teeth 4§. Color light brown, nearly plain,
with a dark ring at base of pectorals, which grows obscure with age.
Disk +; broader than long, its breadth twice the length of the tail.
Snout nearly $ the length of the disk, 32 times the interorbital width. L.
2} feet. Monterey to Alaska; not rare, especially northward. ((iv, snout;
pivn, rasp.)

Raja rhina, JORDAN & GILBERT, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1880, 251, Monterey; San Francisco.
Raia rhina, JoRDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 45, 1883.
102. RAJA BINOCULATA, Girard.
(Bia SKATE or CALIFORNIA.)

Disk broad, its widest part behind the middle. Snout long, regularly
long acuminate, but not very sharp at tip; the anterior outline of the pec-
toral not much undulated, and little concave; interorbital space very
broad, almost flat, slightly depressed in the middle; supraocular ridge
scarcely elevated; eyes small, shorter than the spiracles. Spines on body
small and few; 2 or 3 small spines around the eye; 1or2 near the center
of the back; otherwise none on median line of back in front of base of
ventrals, where a series of spines begins, feeble anteriorly, but growing
larger backward; females (as in other species) with lateral series
of spines on the tail; upper surface mostly covered with minute prickles
which are largest on the median line of the back, on the tail, and the front
of the pectorals. Disk smooth below, except anteriorly. Teeth about 48;
the jaws rather strongly arched. Disk } broader than long, its width
twice the length of the tail; snout 34 in length of disk, 2? in interor-
bital width. Color brown, with a dark ocellate ring at base of pectorals;
upper surface everywhere with round pale spots. The largest of our

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 73

skates, reaching a length of over 6 feet ; the egg case nearly a foot long.
Pacific coast from Monterey to Sitka, abundant. (bis, two; oculatus,
eyed, from the pectoral ocelli.)

Raja bineculata, GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1854, 196, San Francisco; Jorpan & GII-
BERT, Synopsis, 878, 1883.

Uraptera binoculata, GIRARD, Pac. R. R. Survey, 375, 1858.

Raia cooperi, GiraRv, Pac. R. R. Survey, 372, 1858, Shoalwater Bay, Washington.

Raia cooperi, JonvAN & GILBERT, Proc. U. §. Nat. Mus., 1880, 135.

103. RAJA INORNATA, Jordan & Gilbert.

(Common SKATE OF CALIFORNIA.)

Disk broad, its widest part well forward; outer angle of pectoral blunt;
posterior edge convex ; anterior margin of pectoral undulated, not strongly
concave; snout rather pointed and projecting at tip, but not very long,
its acumination being confined to its anterior half. Interocular space
narrow, deeply and uniformly concave; eyes large, longer than spiracles;
supraocular ridge prominent. Spines on body rather stronger than in
related species; 4 or 5 over the eye; 5 or 6 (rarely fewer) along the
median line in front of the middle of the back; a series of very small
spines along the middle of the back, changing opposite the middle of the
ventrals into a series of rather strong, hooked spines; tail with a strong
lateral series in females only, as usual in the genus; prickles on the body
small and few; a small band of sparse prickles near the median line of
back on each side of the median series of spines; snout and interorbital
space prickly; no prickles on the shoulders or on the fins, except the an-
terior edge of the pectorals; smooth below, except on the snout and front
of pectorals; armature variable, smoothest specimens in deeper water.
Teeth 42. Jawssomewhat curved. Color light brown, slightly mottled;
a blackish ring at base of pectorals, which becomes faint in the adult; a
small dusky spot at base of ventrals and on posterior edge of pectorals.
Disk 75 broader than long, its breadth twice the length of the tail.
Snout + the length of the disk, 3 times the interorbital width. L. 2 feet.
Coast of California; very abundant from San Diego to Cape Mendocino.
(inornatus, unadorned.)

Raja inornata, JORDAN & GiLBERT, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., 1880, 457, and 1881, 74, San Francisco.
Raia inornata, JonDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 878, 1883.
Raia jordani,* GARMAN, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1885, 43, San Francisco. (Type, 16704.)

Raia inornata inermis, JonvAN & GinperRt, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1881, 74, Santa Barbara.
(Type, No. 26926.)

* Raja jordani,Garman. Disk broader than long, the snout a little sharper than a right angle, the
tip pointed ; width of disk 1 4% times length of tail from ventrals ; tail slender, tapering regu-

larly toa point. Dorsalsseparated bya large spine. Interocular space broad, deeply concave, 3
insnout, Kye moderate, as large as spiracle. Mouth wide, curved forward; 124 in preoral
part of snout; teeth in 38 rows. Head above, including rostral cartilages and skin between
them, rough with small spinos; a row of larger spines along orbital ridges and median line of
back and tail; type (7) without lateral spines on tail; 2 large spines side by side in front of
and near dorsals; a group of large spines on front of each pectoral; most of the disk smooth,
Claspers long, slender, pointed, their form unlike that of R. erinacea. Dark olivaceous, 4

rounded pale spot with a darker center on each shoulder; dark mottlings on lower side. L, 2
feet. a.) San Francisco, apparently not distinct from 2. inornata, (Named for David
Starr Jordan.)

74 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

104. RAJA EQUATORIALIS, Jordan & Bollman.

Disk to posterior base of pectorals 4 broader than long, the breadth
exceeding the length by a distance equal to snout and eye; the breadth
somewhat longer than length of tail (measured from vent); ante-
rior margin concave in front of eyes. Snout produced at a rather
acute angle, its tip rounded, its length from eye 3? in length of disk.
Interorbital space rather strongly concave, its width 2? in snout. Eye
not much larger than spiracles, 3 in snout. Width of mouth 13 in
prenasal part of head; nasal flaps at angle of mouth deeply fringed.
Pectorals reaching middle of ventrals, which are as long as from tip of
snout to posterior border of spiracle. Claspers in typical example 1? in
disk. Dorsals small, their length 2 in snout. Caudal small, not longer
than eye. Snout above with 2 rows of spines, besides smaller asperi-
ties; a row of about 12 before and above eye and spiracle; a row of
strong spines along line of back from posterior border of spiracle to sec-
ond dorsal, these alternately large and small on the tail; a row of similar
spines on each side of tail commencing just behind posterior base ot
ventrals and extending to caudal; a single spine on the shoulder on
each side; 4 or 5 irregular rows near the anterior margin of the disk
opposite the eyes; the length of this patch not as long as snout. Pec-
torals with the usual strong retrorse spines characteristic of the males of
this genus. Small prickles present along the outer anterior margin of
pectorals, interorbital area, on top of snout, and along its margin for a
distance equal to ? of snout, and beneath from tip to opposite posterior
teeth, the anterior prickles strongest; a small patch in front of eyes.
Teeth 43

Color light brown, spotted with paler; the back with obscure reticu-
lations of the ground color, forming honeycomb-like markings, surround-
ing paler ; an obscure roundish dusky blotch at middle of base of pectorals,
and a darker one near their posterior base; edges of ventrals, pectorals,
and snout pale; dark markings on interorbital area and below eye; no
markings below.

Related to Raja inornata, Jordan & Gilbert, from which it is at once
distinguished by having 4 rows of spines below eyes, a series of stout
spines on each side of tail in the male, and no prickles on back except the
median series and the spine on each shoulder. The size is much smaller,
it being one of the smallest of the rays, known from a single male speci-
men 14 inches in length; dredged at a depth of 33 fathoms, at station 2797,
off the west coast of Colombia, between Panama and the Galapagos
Islands, 8° 067 30/7 N., 78° 51’ W. (equatortalis, of the equator.)

Raja equatorialis, JORDAN & BOLLMAN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1889, 150, off Colombia. (Type,
No. 41132.)

105. RAJA PARMIFERA, Bean.

Disk considerably broader than long; tip of snout slightly projecting ;
interorbital width 34 in distance from snout to eye; tail as long as from
itsroottoeye. Teethin 27rows. Snout, supraoccipital region and whole
margin of pectorals and ventrals covered with small prickles, as also an

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America.

~]

Ov

area on tail; back and tail with a median row of 22 to 29 large spines;
tail with a marginal row of large spines (2); rest of disk mostly smooth ;
lower side mostly smooth except below snout. Olive brown, with
numerous paler blotches, 2 larger than the others. L. 3 feet. Coast of
Alaska, common. (Bean.) (parma, shield; fero, I bear.)

Raia parmifera, BEAN, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1881, 157, Iliuliuk, Unalaska ; (Type, No. 27651).
JORDAN & GI.BERT, Synopsis, 878, 1883.

106. RAJA STELLULATA, Jordan & Gilbert.

Disk much broader than long, anteriorly broadly arched; the snout
very obtuse, but its tip slightly exserted and acutish ; anterior margin of
pectorals somewhat undulated and convex; posterior margin very con-
vex. Arow of small stoutish spines above eye; about 6 spines on the
scapular region, and a median row of strong spines on the tail; entire
upper surface rough with strong stellate prickles; these largest on
head, middle of back, and on tail; underside smooth, except anteriorly.
Teeth 42. Nasal cartilage very weak. Color brown, everywhere strongly
variegated with light and dark colors; a black spot at base of each pec-
toral, surrounded by a pale ring, and this by a black ring; numerous
black spots of various sizes, some of them ocellated, scattered over the
body ; head with black crossbars. Disk + broader than long; the length
of tail more than 4 the width of disk; the snout 44 in length of disk,
and 24 times the interorbital width; the snout is as long as in inornata,
but much wider, appearing blunt and short. L. 24 feet. Coast of Cali-
fornia and northward, Santa Barbara to Unalaska: locally abundant
about Monterey. (stellula, a small star, from the form of prickles.)

Raja stellulata, JonDAN & GILBERT, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1880, 133, Monterey ; JorpAN & GIL-
BERT, Synopsis, 45, 1883.
107. RAJA ALEUTICA, Gilbert & Thoburn.

Closely related to R. stellulata, differing in the much finer stellate
prickles, which uniformly cover the entire upper side of disk, the con-
tinuous series of median spines, the narrower disk, and longer, sharper
snout. The latter forms a right angle, its length more than $ length of
disk. Interorbital space deeply concave, the rostral cartilage a slender
rod, with semitransparent spaces on either side. Anterior margins of disk
gently convex near snout, concave near pectoral angle. Length of tail
equaling distance from snout to vent. Teeth 33. No spines or enlarged
prickles on orbitalrim. ‘Two large spines on shoulder. A broad band of
enlarged prickles on each side of tail.

The single specimen is a young male, 33 inches long, taken south of Una-
laska Island, Aleutian group, at a depth of 81 fathoms. The species
evidently reaches a larger size than either stellulata or parmifera, as the
claspers failed to reach ventral margin, and the pectoral hooks were un-
developed in the type.

Raja aleutica, GituertT & Tropurn, Bull. U. 8. Fish Com., 1894; Sannak Island, Aleutians,
108. RAJA TRACHURA, Gilbert.
Allied to Raja isotrachys, a deep water species, but the disk broader, the

snout much blunter, the angle much greater than aright angle. Upper

76 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

surface sparsely and evenly covered with small sharp prickles with stellate
base, crowded between eyes, in a broad band along front of disk, behind
shoulders and especially on sides of tail; no spines on orbital rim or shoul-
ders; a small spine on middle of back between shoulders ; 23 spines along
median line of tail. Anterior outline strongly undulated, convex near
tip of snout, which slightly projects. Length of disk 13 in its width;
interorbital space concave, 1} times eye, which is 3? in snout. Distance
from front of eye to edge of disk, 13 in snout. Tail longer than body by
4 snout; dorsals small, equal, prickly. Color plum color, darker at
margin ; brownish below, becoming dark onfins. L.18inches. Onespeci-
men known from Santa Barbara Channel, in 822 fathoms. (Gilbert.)
(tpaxic rough; ovpd tail.)

Raia trachura, GILBERT, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1891, 539, Santa Barbara.

109. RAJA ABYSSICOLA, Gilbert & Thoburn.

Three strong spines on middle of back and a series down median line of
tail. No other spines present. A band of enlarged prickles on each side
of tail. Both upper and lower surface hispid with close-set, slender
bristles: the margins of disk, the ventrals, and the under surface of tail
partly naked. No scapular spines. Anterior margin of disk concave
near snout and near pectoral angle, a convex area intervening. Snout
broad, but not short nor blunt. Interorbital space deeply concave.
Claspers long, slender and flexible. Rostral cartilage imperfect; skeleton
generally very flexible. Hooks on pectorals in male imperfectly devel-
oped. Nearly uniform sooty brown on both upper and lower sides, with
a few scattered black spots above.

A single specimen known, a male 45 inches long, taken off the Queen
Charlotte Islands, British Columbia, at a depth of 1,588 fathoms, the
ereatest depth at which a ray has been found. A strongly marked spe-
cies, probably type of a distinct genus. (abyssicola, living in the depths.)

Raja abyssicola, GILBERT & THoBURN, Bnill. U. S. Fish Com., 1894, Queen Charlotte Islands"

Family XXV. NARCOBATIDZ.
(THE ELEcTRIC Rays.)

Trunk broad and thick, covered with perfectly smooth skin. .Tail com-
paratively short and thick, with rayed caudal fin, and commonly 2
rayed dorsal fins, the first of which is over or behind the ventrals; a longi-
tudinal fold on each side of the tail; anterior or nasal valves confluent
into a quadrangular lobe; a large electric organ composed of many hex-
agonal tubes between the pectoral fins and the head. Genera 7; species
about 15; rays of moderate or large size, noted for their power of giving
electric shocks; found in most warm seas. According to Fritsch, the tor-
pedoes pass through 3 distinct phases of development, a shark-like, a
ray-like, and finally a torpedo-like stage. The very young have long
external gills. (TORPEDINID2®, Ginther, Cat., vill, 448-455. )

a. Dorsal fins 2.

b. Ventral fins separate, tail moderate.
c. Spiracles at some distance behind the eyes.

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 77

d. Spiracles rounded, with entire edges, (not fringed). TETRONARCE,* 49,

ce. Spiracles placed close behind the eyes, not fringed, but with the margin sometimes
tuberculate. Narctng, 50.

bb. Ventral fins united ; spiracles close to the eyes, not fringed. Discopyeg, 51.

49. TETRONARCE, Gill.

Tetronarce, GILL, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 1861, v111, 387, (occidentalis).
Gymnotorpedo, Fritscu, Arch. Anat. Phys., 1886, 365, (occidentalis).

Electric rays with the disk very broad, abruptly contracted at the tail;
2 dorsal fins; caudal fin well devetoped; ventral fins large, separate;
spiracles large, rounded, with entire (not fringed) edges, placed behind
the eyes ; mouth small; teeth pointed; skin perfectly smooth. Species
about 4,2 European, the others American. (rétpu-, four—four-cornered ;
vapxn, an old name of Tetronarce narce, meaning numbness, equivalent to
Torpedo.)

a. Color nearly uniform black, rarely spotted ; first dorsal over middle of ventrals.

OCCIDENTALIS, 110.
ax Color dark brown, usually spotted with black ; first dorsal inserted behind middle of ven-

trals. CALIFORNICA, 111.
110. TETRONARCE OCCIDENTALIS, (Storer).

(CRAMPFISH ; TORPEDO ; NUMBFISH.)

First dorsal more than twice as large as second, its insertion over mid-
dle of the ventrals; spiracles not fringed, their edges smooth. Color
almost uniform black, with obscure darker spots; beneath white. L. 2
to 5 feet; breadth ? of length, the disk very blunt or almost emarginate
in front. Atlantic coast of United States, Cape Cod to Cuba; not very
common. A large species, allied to the European 7. nobiliana, said to
reach a weight of 200 pounds. According to the figures, 7. nobiliana has
the second dorsal smaller and inserted farther back. (occidentalis, western. )

Torpedo occidentalis, SroRER, Am. Jour. Sci. Arts, 1843, 165, Massachusetts.
Torpedo occidentalis, StORER, Fishes Mass., 247, 1867.
Torpedo occidentalis, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 39, 1883.

111. TETRONARCE CALIFORNICA, (Ayres).

(CALIFORNIA TORPEDO.)

Color very dark brown, with small round black spots, which are
sometimes obsolete. Eye small; spiracles at a distance behind them
more than twice eye and more than length of spiracle; edges of spira-
cles not fringed; breadth of mouth about equal to its distance from tip
of snout; teeth small, sharp. First dorsal more than twice second, half
of it opposite ventrals. A large species, reaching a length of about 3
feet. Coast of California, on sandy shores, scarce, rarely seen except
about San Francisco and Santa Cruz; not noticed south of Monterey.
Perhaps not different from 7. occidentalis.

*Tn the Old World genus Narcobatus, the typical genus of the family, the edges of the spiracles
are fringed with papille. The synonymy of this genus is :

Torpedo, Duménit, Zoil. Anal., 102, 1806, (torpedo); name preoccupied for an electric catfish,
Narcobatus, BLAINVILLE, Journ, Phys., 1816, 262, (maculatus, galeani, etc.).

Narcacion, (KLEIN), BLeEKeR, Neder|, Tidskr. Dierk. 111, 171, (torpedo),

Fimbriotorpedo, Frirscu, Arch. Anat, Phys. 1886, 365,(marmorata = torpedo).

78 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum,

Torpedo californica, AYRES, Proc. Cal. Ac. Sci., 1854, 70, San Francisco.
Torpedo californica, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 876, 1883.

50. NARCINE, Henle.

Narcine, HeNtE, Ueber Narcine, 31, 1834, (brasilensis).
Cyclonarce, GitL, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 1861, vi11, 387, (timlei).
Gonionarce, GILL, l. ¢., (indica).

Disk more or less rounded, not emarginate in front; spiracles very
close to the eyes, their edges tuberculate or smooth; mouth narrow, sur-
rounded by a circular fold of skin, which forms the frenum of the nasal
valve; teeth in quincunx, not occupying the whole of the jaw, most of
them visible when the mouth is closed. Tail about as long as disk; sec-
ond dorsal larger than first. Warm seas; the species usually smaller
than the species of Torpedo. (vépx7, numbness, an old name of the Tor-
pedo).

112. NARCINE BRASILIENSIS, (Olfers).

Disk oval or nearly circular, the snout broadly rounded, not exserted;
spiracles with roughened edges; snout 43 in disk, twice interorbital
width; mouth 1} in preoral part of snout; tail 1? times length of disk;
second dorsal a little higher and a little longer than first. Color varia-
ble, a fact which has given rise to several nominal species; sometimes
nearly uniform dark brown (in deep water); sometimes marked above
with dark spots and dashes (wmbrosa); sometimes with a dark band
across head and dark spots elsewhere (corallina). West Indies and
Brazil, occasionally northward to Key West and Pensacola. L. 2 feet.
Torpedo brasiliensis, VON OLFERS, Torpedo, 19, 1831, Brazil.

Narcine brasiliensis, GUNTHER, Cat., vi11, 453, 1870.

Narcine brasiliensis corallina, GARMAN, Bull, Mus. Comp. Zo6l., x1, 234, 1881, Florida; JorpAN &
GILBERT, Synopsis, 877, 1883.

Narcine wmbrosa, JORDAN, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1884, 105, Key West.

Narcine brasiliensis, JORDAN & HVERMANN, Proc, U.S. Nat. Mus., 1886, 472.

Torpedo bancrofti, GrirFitH, Anim. Kingdom, x, 649, pl. xxx1v, 1834, Jamaica.

Narcine nigra, DuMéR1L, Revue Zool., 272, 1852, Brazil.

Torpedo pictus, GRONow, Cat. Fishes, 13, 1854, Antilles.

51. DISCOPYGE, Tschudi.
Discopyge, TscuupI, Fauna Peruana, 32,1844, (tschudii).

Ventral fins united into a continuous disk below the tail. Disk cireu-
lar; tail with 2 dorsal fins and with a fold on each side; nasal valves
confluent; teeth flat, the hinder edge angular; spiracles close behind
eyes. Two species in the Eastern Pacific; small electric rays resembling
Narcine, but with united ventrals. (dioxoc, disk; tvy#, rump, from the
disk-like ventrals).

113. DISCOPYGE OMMATA, Jordan & Gilbert.

Spiracles with coarse fringes. Snout 4} in disk; eye small; interorbi-
tal space 14 in snout. Width of mouth 1% in preoral part of snout; tail
slightly shorter than rest of body; second dorsal narrower and higher

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 79

than first; ventrals large, adnate behind. Color brown, mottled and
spotted above with lighter and darker; center of disk with a large,
blackish, ocellated spot, the darker center surrounded by a pale ring, a
pale spot at center; ocellus as long as snout. Panama, rare. (duuaréc,
eyed, from the color markings. )

Discopyge ommata, JORDAN & GILBERT, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1889, 151, Panama. (Type, No. 41133.)

Suborder MASTICURA.
(THe Wuip-TAILED Rays.)

Family XXVI. DASYATID.
(THE STING Rays.)

Disk usually more or less broad than long; the pectoral fins uninter-
ruptedly confluent in front, forming the tip of the snout; tail variously
formed, usually whip-like, sometimes short and stout, sometimes bearing
a single dorsal or caudal fin, but never with 2 dorsals; usually 1 or
more vertical folds of skin on the tail, rarely a lateral fold. Tail gener-
ally armed with a large, sharp, retrorsely serrate spine on its upper sur-
face toward the base; 2 or 3 spines occasionally present. Ventral fins
not emarginate. Skin smooth or variously prickly or spinous, rough-
est in the adult; no differentiated spines on the pectorals in the males,
the sexes being similar. Mouth rather small; teeth small, paved,
usually more or less pointed or tubercnlar. Nostrils close together; nasal
valves forming a rectangular flap, which is joined to the upper jaw by a
narrow frenum. Spiracles large, placed close behind theeyes. Skull not
elevated, the eyes and spiracles superior. Ovoviviparous. Genera about
10; species 50. Found in most warm seas, some of them in the fresh
waters of the northern parts of South America. The large, jagged spine
on the muscular tail is capable of inflicting a severe and even dangerous
wound. (TRYGONID&, Giinther, Cat., vim1, 471-488.)

UROLOPHINE :
a, Tail stout, provided with a rayed caudal fin; no dorsal fin; disk roundish; caudal spine
strong. Uro.opuus, 52.
DASYATINE :

aa, Tailslender, without caudal fin; pelvis without sword-shaped * process. (Marine species).
b. Tail whip-like, longer than the disk which is rhomboid or roundish; caudal spine strong.
Dasyatis, 53.

bb. Tail very short, shorter than the very broad, transversely rhombic disk; caudal spine
weak, often wanting. No trace of dorsal fin. PTEROPLATEA, 54,

52. UROLOPHUS, Miiller & Henle.

(RounpD STING Rays.)

Leiobatus, | BLAINVILLE, Jour. Phys., LXxx111, 1816, 262, (cruciatus; not Leiobatus, Rafinesque,
1810).

*In the fresh water genera Ellipesurus and Paratrygon, species of which are found in the waters
of Colombia, Venezuela, and Guiana, the pelvis has a sword-shaped continuation or process,
See Garman, Proc, Bost. Soc, Nat. Hist., 1877, 210, and Steindachner, Fische des Magdalenen-
stromes, 1878, 58.

tIn the Faune Frangaise, 1828, Blaineville changes ‘ bafus’’ in this and all similar names to

“* batis,”’ thus Leiobatis, Avtobatis,

80 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

Urolophus, MULLER & HENLE, Plagiostomen, 1838, 173, (awrantiacus = cruciatus).
Urotrygon, GILu, Proc. Ac, Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, 173, (mundus).

Disk oval or rhombic, the length and breadth not very unequal ; snout
rounded or the tip exserted; skin smooth or more or less prickly. Tail
rather short, little if any longer than the disk, muscular, provided with
a distinct rayed caudal fin; no dorsal fin. Upper part of the tail with a
strong serrated spine. Warm seas. Sting rays of small size, the most
vigorous and most dangerous of the group, mostly confined to tropical
America. (ovpa, tail; Add0c, crest.)

a. Middle line of back or tail with no enlarged shields, spinesor prickles, the skinsmooth or

with prickles similar to those found elsewhere; disk roundish, the snout not prominent.
b. Skin everywhere perfectly smooth; snout little prominent; tail shorter than disk;
body with yellow streaks and spots. HALLERI, 114.

- bb. Skin more or less prickly above.

c. Skin mostly smooth, some weak prickles present on middle of back.
NEBULOSUS, 115.
ce. Skin above everywhere beset with small prickles.

d. Tail rather shorter than disk, which is longer than broad. Color brown,
everywhere sprinkled with yellow dots. JAMAICENSIS, 116.
dd, Tail rather longer than disk, the caudal spine inserted behind its middle; disk
as broad as long; prickles stellate. Color plain brownish. MuNDUs, 117.
aa. Middle line of back or tail with 1 or more enlarged spines or prickles; tip of snout more or
less prominent. Color nearly plain.

e. Middle of back with 1 or 2 stout spines; no spines on tail; rest of disk smooth or
slightly prickly; disk broader than long, shorter than tail. GOODEI, 118.

ee. Middle of back without differentiated spines; median line of tail with spines.
f. Median line of tail with 2 to 8 strong, broad rooted spines; rest of body entirely
smooth; tail longer than disk which is slightly longer than broad; the snout
strongly projecting. ASPIDURUS, 119.
Jf. Median line of back and tail with 18 to 22 recurved spinules; these largest on tail;
disk above mostly covered with small stellate prickles; snout slightly pro-

jecting; tail as long as disk, which isslightly broader than long.

ASTERIAS, 120.

114. UROLOPHUS. HALLERI, Cooper.

Disk nearly round, a little broader than long, with the anterior margins
straightish, meeting in a slight angle. Snout (from the eyes) longer than
the width of the interorbital space; less than ¢ disk. Tail somewhat
shorter than the disk. Teeth obtuse in both sexes. Skin perfectly smooth,
without spines or prickles. Color light brownish, with marblings and
wavy lines of yellowish and dusky, sometimes with yellowish spots, occa-
sionally with wide, obscure dusky streaks, which are crossed by similar
transverse streaks; belly yellowish tinged. Coast of California from
Point Concepcion southward to northen Mexico; exceedingly abundant in
sheltered bays. L. 12 inches. The smallest of our sting rays. Closely
related to the Australian U. cruciatus. (Named for Mr. Haller, of Port
Townsend, Washington, who, as a boy, was stung by this species at San
Diego in 1862.)

Urolophus halleri, Cooper, Proc. Cal. Ac. Sci., 1863, 111, 95, San Diego; Jorpan & GILBERT,
Synopsis, 46, 1883.
115. UROLOPHUS NEBULOSUS, Garman.

Disk nearly round, formed much as in U. halleri. Skin not quite
smooth, some asperities present about the middle of the back; no median

Jordan and Evermann.—Fftshes of North America. St

series of spines on back or tail; mouth with 3 small papille. Color
clouded olivaceous above, whitish below. Gulf of California to Panama;
not rare, replacing U. hallerisouthward, and differing chiefly in the prickly
back. (mnebulosus, clouded.)

Urolophus nebulosus, GARMAN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1885, 41, Colima. (Type, No. 7356.)
116. UROLOPHUS JAMAICENSIS, (Cuvier).

Disk ovate, longer than broad, rather longer than tail, its front
rounded, the snout not projecting. Skin above everywhere sparsely coy-
ered with small prickles. Color brown, sprinkled with small yellow
spots, edged with darker. West Indies, generally common; once (per-
haps erroneously ) recorded from New Jersey.

Leiobatus sloani, BLAINV1LLE, Journ. Phys., 1816, 262, name only.

Raja jamaicensis, CuviER, Régne Animal, u, 137, 1817, Jamaica, after Pastinaca Marina of
Sloane.

Trygonobatus torpedinus, Desmarest, Prém. Déc. Ichth., 6, 1823, Cuba.

Urolophus torpedinus, GUNTHER, Cat., vi11, 485, 1870; GARMAN, Proc. U. 8, Nat. Mus., 1885, 43.

Raja sloani, BANcror?, ZoGl. Journal, v, 83, 1829, Jamaica.

117. UROLOPHUS MUNDUS, (Gill).

Disk orbicular, rounded in outline; the snout slightly projecting, as
long as broad; taila little longer than disk; caudal spine inserted a little
behind middle of tail; as long as from nostrils to tip of snout; teeth
pointed. Skin beset with numerous small stelliform tubercles, largest on
the back. Color uniform dark brown. (Gill.) Panama; not seen by us.
(mundus, clean. )

Urotrygon mundus, GILL, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1863, 173, Panama.

118. UROLOPHUS GOODEI, Jordan & Bollman.

Disk broader than long, by a distance equal to snout and 4 eye;
front margins of disk slightly convex, the tip of snout exserted and
sharply pointed, its length 33 in length of disk ; eye equal to spiracle, 34
in snout; edge of spiracles entire; width of mouth 2 in snout before it;
ventrals projecting beyond disk, their length 14 in their breadth. Caudal
spine large, as long as snout and 4 eye, its edge with 8 to 10 retrorse
spinules, its insertion before middle of tail (from axil of pectoral), its tip
reaching front of caudal; tail longer than disk by a distance equal to eye
and spiracle; skin smooth or somewhat prickly on upper surface of snout;
1 or 2 strong spines near middle of back. Color plain brown, nearly uni-
form, the margins bright yellow in life. About Panama, at a depth of 33
fatkoms; also taken in Magdalena Bay; snout longer, 3 in disk (Gilbert. )
(Named for George Brown Goode.)

Urolophus goodei, Jonvan & Bouman, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1889, 151, near Panama, (Type,
No. 41150.)
119. UROLOPHUS ASPIDURUS, Jordan & Gilbert.

Disk very slightly longer than broad, its length slightly less than tail,
its anterior margins nearly straight, the tip of snout projecting abruptly
as a narrow triangular prominence, rounded at end; snout from eye 3

Fy. N. A——7

82 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

in disk; eyes small, much less than spiracles. Mouth 2} in its distance
from snout. Caudal spine very large,a little more than twice interorbital
width, its insertion in front of middle of tail. Skin entirely smooth, except
for a series of a few (2 to 8) strong, broad-rooted spines or bucklers on
upper part of tail before caudal spine; these are straight, sharp, directed
backward, their height equal to width at base, which is greater than pupil.
Color plain brown. L.18inches. Panama. (dozic, shield; ovpd, tail.)

Urolophus aspidurus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Bull. U. §. Fish Com., 1881, 307, Panama. (Type, Nos.

29410 ; 29307 ; 29454.)

120. UROLOPHUS ASTERIAS, Jordan & Gilbert.

Disk almost round, a little broader than long, about as long as tail; an-
terior margins of disk nearly straight, the tip acute, slightly exserted.
Snout, from eye,4in disk. Eyes small, much smaller than spiracles, about
4 interorbital width. Mouth 24 in distance to tip of snout. Teeth
sharp in males, pavement-like in females. Caudal spine very long, longer
than snout, inserted in front of middle of tail. Skin above everywhere
covered with small stellate prickles, these larger and more numerous on
median line; ventrals smooth; both sexes equally rongh; median line of
back with a series of 18 to 32 sharp, recurved, spinules, from shoulders to
caudal spine, these becoming larger and sharper backward, but all much
smaller than the prickles in U. aspidurus. Color plain light brown.
Mazatlan to Panama, not rare. (aorip, a star, from the stellate spines. )

Urolophus asterias, JORDAN & GiLBERT, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1882, 579, Mazatlan; Panama.
(Type, Nos. 28204 ; 29524 ; 29542 ; 29058 ; 29318.)

53. DASYATIS, Rafinesque.

(STING RAys.)

Dasybatus, KLEIN, 1742, (pre-Linnzan).

Dasyatis, RAFINESQUE, Caratteri di Aleuni Nuovi Gen., 16,1810, (wus=pastinaca).
Uroxis, RAFINESQUE, Indice d’Ittiol. Sicil., 61, 1810, (wus).

Trigonobatus, BLAINVILLE, Jour. Phys., 1816, 261, (vulgaris).

Trygon, (ADANSON), Cuvier, Régne Animal, Ed. 1,136, 1817, (pastinaca).
Hemitrygon, Mitter & HENLE, Mag. Nat. Hist., 1837, 90, (bennetti).

Himantura, MUtter & Hentz, Wiegmann’s Archiy., 1837, 400, (uarnak).
Pastinaca, SwAINson, Classp. Anim., 319, 1839, (olivacea).

Anacanthus, EHRENBERG, in SWAINSON, l. ¢., (orbicularis).

Pastinaca, DE Kay, N. Y. Fauna: Fishes, 373, 1842, ( pastinaca).

Dasibatis, GARMAN, in JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 65, 1883, (pastinaca ; corrected orthography).

Disk oval, flat, with rounded angles. Tail very long and slender, whip-
like, without fin, but often with 1 or 2 vertical membranous folds; astrong
serrated spine toward the base of the tail. Skin more or less spinous or
prickly, rarely smooth. Teeth small, paved; a few papille usually pre-
sent in the mouth behind the lower jaw. Species about 30. Sting rays
of large size, abundant in warm seas. Many of the spinous species are
nearly or quite smooth when young, becoming rough with age. Some of
our species are yet imperfectly known and much of the synonymy is
uncertain. (dacic, shaggy or rough; @aric, a skate; abbreviated from
Dasybatis. )

Jordan and Evermann.—Ffishes of North America. 83

HEMITRYGON, (npt-, half; tpvywv, Trygon, a dove, the same name also applied to the sting rays):
a. Tail with a keel or wing-like expansion below only ; adult with stout bucklérs on back and
tail; tail rough, more than twice length of disk. CENTRURA, 121.
DasyatTIs:
aa. Tail with a narrow keel or expansion both above and below.
b. Tail simply keeled above, with a wing-like expansion below.
c. Shoulder with 3 series of tubercles; tail less than twice length of disk.
HASTATA, 122.
cc. Shoulder with less than 3 series of tubercles.
d. Tail round, more than twice disk; back with strong tubercles; snout sharp.
GYMNURA, 123.
bb. Tail more or less compressed, with a wing-like expansion above, a larger one below.
e. Skin more or less prickly in adult, with a median series of tubercles on back.
jf. Tail more than ¥% longer than disk.
g. Disk subcircular, the snout prominent, SABINA, 124,
gg. Disk subquadrangular, the snout blunt. LONGA, 125,
Jf. Tail not 44 longer than disk; disk subquadrangular, the snout blunt.
DIPTERURA, 126.
ee. Skin nearly or quite smooth in adult; median line of back not prickly or with but
1 spine. SAY, 127.

Subgenus HEMITRYGON, Miiller & Henle.
121. DASYATIS CENTRURA, (Mitchill).
(CommON StinG Ray; STINGAREE; CLAM CRACKER.)

Disk quadrangular, about + wider than long. Anterior margins sinu-
ous, concave opposite the eyes, convex toward the slightly protuberant
snout and rounded outer angles; posterior margin straighter, very little
convex ; Inner convex; hinder angles blunt. Ventrals truncate, with
rounded angles. ‘Tail more than twice as long as the disk, much com-
pressed, rounded above, with keel or cutaneous expansion below, with 1
or more strong serrated spines at the termination of the anterior fifth of
its length, rough on all sider with spines or tubercles. Till half grown,
the young are smooth; as they approach maturity, broad stellate-based,
conical-pointed, irregularly placed bucklers appear on the middle of the
hinder part of the back and on top and sides of the tail; very large
examples have the central portion of the back closely mailed with small
flattened tubercles. Mouth arched forward, with 5 papille; teeth in
quincunx, blunt, smooth. Color on back and tail olive brown ; nearly
white below. From D. pastinaca, the common sting ray of Europe, which
this species resembles in shape, it is distinguished by the tubercles, by the
length and compression of the tail, and absence of all trace of keel or
expansion on its upperside. (Garman.) Coast of Maine to Cape Hat-
teras, abundant, reaching a length of 10 to 12 feet. (Kévrpov, spine; ofpa,
tail.)

Rajacentrura, Mircurit, Trans. Lit. Phil. Soc. N. Y., 1, 479, 1815, New York.
Dasibatis centrura, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 67, 1883.

Subgenus DASYATIS.
122. DASYATIS HASTATA, (De Kay).
Disk quadrangular, about + wider than long; anterior margins nearly

straight, meeting in a blunt angle on the end of the snout, curved near
the outer angle to meet the slightly convex posterior margins; inner

84 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

borders convex; outer and hinder angles rounded. Ventrals almost
entirely covered by the pectorals, their hinder margins convex. Tail
more than 14 times the length of the disk, low-keeled on the upper side,
a long, broad, membranous expansion below, roughened with small asperi-
ties; 1 or more serrated spines. Body smooth in young; very old with
scattered small asperities; a row of narrow compressed tubercles along
the middle of the back and on the base of the tail; the points of these
tubercles are depressed and directed backward. On each shoulder, par-
allel with the median row, there is a shorter row, the length of which
varies according toage. Mouth with 3 papille. Jaws with more curva-
ture than those of centrura and less than those of sabina; young without
tubercles. Color bluish or olivaceous brown, pale below. West Indies
to Brazil, north to Florida, the original description from a specimen taken
in Rhode Island. (hastatus, armed with a spear.)

Trygon hastata, Dr Kay, N. Y. Fauna: Fishes, 378, pl. 65, fig. 214, 9, 1842, Rhode Island.
Trygon hastata, SroRER, Syn. Fish. N. Amer., 261, 1846.

Trygon hastata, DuméR1L, Elasmobranches, 592, 1870.
Dasibatis hastata, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 70, 1883.

123. DASYATIS GYMNURA, (Miiller).

Disk quadrangular, a little wider than long. Snout produced, sharp-
pointed; anterior and posterior margins nearly straight, the anterior
curved near the outer angle to meet the posterior, and the latter curved
near the hinder angle to meet the inner. Tail nearly 3 times the length
of the disk, witha slight ridge above and a narrow cutaneous expansion
below, roughened with small spines similar to those on the head; a row
of elongated tubercles on the back and anterior portion of tail, and 1
or more smaller ones on each shoulder; the posterior tubercles of the
median row much elongated, so as to resemble the spines. Mouth much
undulated, with 3 papille; teeth small, unequal. Young without tuber-
cles; as the animal grows older a few scattered asperities appear on the
head; still later these increase in number and size to such an extent as to
cover the head and back with a heavy coat of mail made up of closely set
flattened scales; the tubercles of the back cease growing as the scales
enlarge, and ultimately there is little distinction between them; usually
the tubercle on the middle of the pectoral arch is larger; those on the tail
continue to increase in size with age. Disk wider than long; tail 3 times
length of disk. Color yellowish to olivaceous brown, darkening with age.
(Garman.) Surinam to Brazil, recorded from Grenada by Ginther, other-
wise not known from the West Indies. (yvuvdec, naked; ovpa, tail.)

Raie tuberculée, LACLPEDE, 11, 106, pl. 4, fig. 1, 1800, Cayenne.

Raia tuberculata, Suaw, Genl. Zool., v, 290, 1804, after Lacépéde, not of Bonnaterre, 1788.
Trygon gymnura, J. MULLER, Ermann’s Reise um die Erde, 25, taf. 13,1830, Brazil.
Trygon osteosticta, J. MULLER, l. c., 25, taf. 14, 1830, Brazil,

Trygon tuberculata, GUNTHER, Cat., viII, 480, 1870.
Dasibatis tuberculata, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 66, 1883.

124. DASYATIS SABINA, (Le Sueur).

Disk subcircular. Snout produced, blunt. Anterior margins of the
pectorals concave near the snout, becoming convex toward the broadly

Jordan and Evermann.— Fishes of North America. 85

rounded outer extremities ; hinderand inner margins convex. Upper jaw
with a deep indentation, receiving a corresponding prominence on the
lower. Teeth at the sides of this indentation much larger; mouth with
5 papille. Tail less than twice as long as the disk, tapering to a fine
point, rough with small prickles, similar to those scattered over the
head and back, a cutaneous expansion above, and a broader, longer one
below; these end nearly opposite each other, the lower extends for-
ward under the spine. A median row of tubercles on the dorsum and 1
or a pair on each shoulder. Distinguished from D. gymnura by the
shape of the snout, the rounded pectorals, the shorter tail, the larger
teeth, the greater curvature of jaws, the smaller size, and the 2 cuta-
neous expansions. Proportional length of body and tail as 44 to 8; in
no case is the tail twice as long as the disk. Color ochraceous brown.
Streams and estuaries of Florida, abundant on both cvasts; several speci-
mens were taken in Lake Monroe, at a distanee from salt water. (Gar-
man. )

Trygon sabina, LE Survr, Jour. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., rv, 109, 1824, Florida.
Dasibatis sabina, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 68, 1883.

125. DASYATIS LONGA, Garman.

Disk quadrangular, about } wider than long. Margins nearly straight,
anterior meeting in a blunt angle on the end of the snout. Outer
angles rounded, posterior blunt. Ventrals rounded. Tail variable in
length, usually more than twice as long as the body, roughened with
small asperities, depressed anteriorly, compressed behind the spine, keeled
above the compressed portion, with a long, narrow, cutaneous expansion
on the lower side. Mouth curved, with 5 papille; a row of small tu-
bercles behind the head on the shoulder girdle. Larger specimens prob-
ably with tubercles on back and tail. Gulf of California to Panama.
Perhaps not distinct from D. dipterura, from which it usually differs in the
slightly longer tail, and perhaps in the presence of 5 papillw instead of
3in the mouth. (longus, long.)

Dasibatis longa, GARMAN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zoil., v1, 170, 1880, Acapulco; Panama; Jor-
DAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 66, 1883.

126. DASYATIS DIPTERURA, Jordan & Gilbert.

Disk rhomboid, slightly broader than long, its anterior margins nearly
straight, meeting anteriorly in a very obtuse angle; posterior margins
curved; lateral angles rounded; tail variable, usually + longer than the
disk, with a conspicuous cutaneous fold below and a smaller but evi-
dent one above; jaws considerably arched; buccal papillw 3; teeth 34.
Young perfectly smooth; adult with a row of low but rather stont tuber-
cles on the median line of the scapular region and 2 others on the hnu-
meral region; tail with small prickles; caudal spine long, its length
nearly 3 times the width of the mouth. Color bluish brown, nearly plain.
L. 6 feet or more. Bay of San Diego, and southward ; locally abundant.
(dic, two; mrepov, Wing; ovpé, tail.)

Dasybatis dipternrus, Jonvan & GtinERrt, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1880, 31, San Diego.
Dasibatis diplerura, JonvaN & Gripert, Synopsis, 71, 1883.

86 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

127. DASYATIS SAY, (Le Sueur).

(SOUTHERN Stine Ray.)

Disk quadrangular, } wider than long, anterior margins nearly straight,
posterior and inner borders convex, outer and posterior angles rounded.
Snout not protruding beyond the lines of the margins. Ventrals rounded.
Tail strong, rather more than 14 times the length of the disk, with a
strong serrated spine, bearing a short, low, cutaneous expansion behind
the spine on the upper side, and a longer, little wider one below, ending
nearly opposite. Upper jaw undulated; lower prominent in the middle.
Teeth small, smooth in young and females, sharp in adult males; 3 pa-
pille at the bottom of the mouth, and 1 at each side. Body and tail
smooth. Color olive brown in adult, reddish or yellowish in young; lower
surface whitish. Closely resembles the European species, D. pastinaca.
In D. say, the anterior margins form a more blunt angle at the end of the
snout, which is less prominent at the apex, the outer and posterior extrem-
ities of the pectorals are rounder, the posterior margins are more convex,
the disk is broader toward the ventrals, and the tail is longer; in D. pas-
tinaca the lateral and hinder angles of the pectorals and the lateral angle
of the ventrals are marked by blunted corners; a single small rounded
tubercle on the middle of the back. Carolina to Brazil, common in Florida,
occasional northward to New York. (Garman.) (Named for Thomas
Say.)

Raja say, Le Sueur, Jour. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1, 42, 1817, New Jersey.
Myliobatis sayi, De Kay, N. Y. Fauna: Fishes, 376, 1842.

Trygon sayi, DuMERIL, Elasmobranches, 603, 1870,
Dasibalis sayi, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 69, 1883.

54. PTEROPLATEA, Miiller & Henle.

Pteroplatea, MULLER & HENLE, Plagiostomen, 168, 1838, (altavela).

Disk much broader than long, its anterior margins meeting in a very
obtuse angle, its outer angles more or less acute, the form, therefore,
transversely rhombic. Tail very short and slender, shorter than the
disk, without fin, armed with a very small serrated spine, which is often
wanting. Skin smooth or very nearly so. Size rather large. Warm
seas. The species are closely related. (7repdv, fin; wAaric, broad; an
ancient name of P. altavela.)

a. Spiracle without tentacle.

b. Front of disk with a row of close-set paler spots or half spots.
ce. Disk scarcely twice as broad as long; upper surface finely marbled with grayish
mottlings, besides specks; tail with 4 cross blotches. MACLURA, 128.
ce. Disk twice as broad as long; upper surface with thick-set dark points.
CREBRIPUNCTATA, 129.
bb. Front of disk without distinct pale spots; dark markings above forming reticulations

around pale spots; tail without dark cross blotches. MARMORATA, 130.

128. PTEROPLATEA MACLURA, (Le Sueur).
(BurrerRFLy Ray.)
Disk scarcely twice as broad as long, covered with perfectly smooth
skin. Tail about +as long as the disk, with a very slight dermal fold
above and below. Snout a little projecting, so that the anterior edge

oe

=

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 87

of each pectoral is somewhat concave. Color brownish olive, finely
marbled with grayish, and finely speckled; anterior edge of disk with
half spots of paler; tail with 4 dark blotches above, forming half rings.
(Caudal spine wanting in all the specimens examined.) Long Island
to Brazil; not uncommon on the Carolina coast. (Named for William
Maclure, founder of the Academy of Natural Sciences at Philadelphia. )

Raia maclura, Le Sueur, Jour. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1817, 41, Rhode Island; Dumérit, Elasmo-

branches, 1, 614, 1870.
Pteroplatea maclura, GUNTHER, Cat., vi11, 487,1870; JonDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 46, 1883.

129. PTEROPLATEA CREBRIPUNCTATA, Peters.

Breadth of disk twice the distance from tip of snout to vent. Snout
with a blunt projection; anterior margin of pectorals undulate, convex
anteriorly and posteriorly, medially weakly concave; outer angle sharply
rounded ; posterior margins weakly convex, the posterior angle rounded,
covering outer half of base of ventrals; spiracle without tentacle; tail
with a low fold on its upper edge. Brown above, with thick-set black
points ; a row of small close-set yellow spots on front of disk. Gulf of
California and southward, along the west coast of Mexico: common. (cre-
ber, abundant; punctatus, spotted. )

Pteroplatea crebripunctata, Peters, Monatsber. Berl. Akad., 703, 1869, Mazatlan.
130. PTEROPLATEA MARMORATA, Cooper.

Disk about twice as broad as long, covered with perfectly smooth skin.
Tail 3% in length of disk, with a rather small cutaneous fold above and
below, the lower fold the longer, the upper about as deep. Interorbital
space a little shorter than the snout. Snout slightly prominent, but
forming a very obtuse angle. Olive brown, finely mottled everywhere
with darker, the dark forming reticulations around pale roundish spots;
tail without dark rings. Caudal spine very small, present in all speci-
mens examined. Coast of California from Point Concepcion southward
to Cerros Island; common. (marmoratus, marbled.)

Pteroplatea marmorata, CooPrER, Proc. Cal. Ac, Sci., 111, 112, 1863, San Diego; JorDAN & GILBERT,
Synopsis, 47, 1883.

Family XXVII. MYLIOBATID2.
(THE EAGLE Rays.)

Disk broad; the pectoral fins not continued to the end of the snout,
but ceasing on the sides of the head and reappearing in front of the snout
as 1 or 2 fleshy protuberances (cephalic fins), which are supported
by fin rays. Tail very long and slender, whip-like, with a single dorsal
fin near its root, behind which is usually a strong retrorsely serrated
spine. Nasal valves forming a rectangular flap, with the posterior mar-
gin free, attached by a frenum to the upper jaw. Skull less depressed
than usual among rays, its surface raised so that the eyes and spiracles
are lateral in position. Teeth hexangular, large, tlat, tessellated, the
middle ones usually broader than the others. Ovoyiviparous. Skin
smooth; no differentiated spines on the pectorals in the males, the sexes

88 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

being similar. Ventrals not emarginate. Genera 3; species about 20.
Large sting rays; inhabiting warm seas, feeding chiefly on mollusks
which they crush with their large grinding teeth. (Group MYLIOBATINA,
Ginther, Cat., vilI, 488-495.)
AETOBATINE:

a. Teeth in a single series, very broad; muzzle entire. AETOBATUS, 55.

RHINOPTERIN®E:
aa. Teeth in several series, the middle series very broad.
b. Muzzle entire. My iopartis, 56.

bb. Muzzle emarginate ; cephalic fins below the level of the disk. RuINOPTERA, 57.
55- AETOBATUS, Blainville.

Aétobatus, BLAINVILLE, Jour. de Phys., Lxx x11, 1816, 261, (vulgaris, narinari, etc.).

Aetobatis, BLAINVILLE, Faune Francaise, Livr. 26, 38, 1828, (aquila, etc.).

Aétobatis, MULLER & HENLE, Plagiostomen, 179, 1838, (narinari, first restriction).

Stoasodon, Cantor, Catalogue Malayan Fishes, 434, 1850, (narinari, substitute for Aétobatis; re-
stricted to aquila),

Goniobatis, AGAssiz, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1859, 385, (flagellum).

General form of MW yliobatis. Muzzle entire. Teeth flat, broad, form-
ing a single series corresponding to the middle series in Myliobatis,
there being no small lateral teeth. Upper dental lamina straight, lower
curved, the latter projecting beyond the upper. Free border of the nasal
valve deeply emarginate. Skin smooth. Tropical seas. (deréc, eagle;
Baroc, ray).

a. Disk twice as broad as long ; pale spots rather small. Atlantic Coast. NARINARI, 131.

aa. Disk more than twice as broad as long; pale spots large. Pacific Coast. LATICEPS, 132.

131. AETOBATUS NARINARI, (Euphrasen).

(Sporrep Stina Ray.)

Disk twice as broad as long, its anterior borders a little convex, pos-
terior concave, outer angles pointed. Cephalic fin about 4+ broader
than long. Teeth of the lower jaw straight or more or less angularly
bent. Tail 3 to 4 times length of disk. Brown, with small round pale
spots. (Duméril.) Tropical seas, north on the Atlantic coast to Vir-
ginia; not very common on our shores. (narinari, a Brazilian name.)

Raia narinari, EUPHRASEN, Vet. Ak. Nya Handl., x1, 217, 1790, Brazil, (after narinari of
Marcgrave).

Raia flagellum, Buocn & ScHNEIDER, Syst. Ichth., 361, 1801, Coromandel.

Aétobatis narinari, GUNTHER, Cat., vimt, 492,1870; Dumf&rit, Elasmobranches, 641, 1870.

Raja quinqueaculeata, Quoy & GAIMARD, Voy. Uranie., 200, 1824.

Stoasodon narinari, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 879, 1883.

Myliobatis eeltenkee, RipreLL, Neu. Wirb., 70, 1835, Red Sea.

Goniobatis macroptera, McCLELLAND, Calcutta Jour. Nat. Hist., 1841, 1, 60, Bengal.

132. AETOBATUS LATICEPS, (Gill).

Disk rather more than twice as broad as long; fontanelle on top of head
gradually expanding backward; tail 4 to 5 times length of disk. Bluish
black with numerous rounded yellowish spots on head smaller than eye,
much larger on body, assuming on the pectoral the form of ocelli. Gulf
of California to Panama, abundant southward. (latus, broad; -ceps, head).

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 89

Aétobatis laticeps, GILL, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y. 1865, 137, locality unknown, received
from San Francisco. It has never been properly compared with A. narinari, and may
not be different.

56. MYLIOBATIS, Duméril.

(EAGLE RAys.)
? Cephaleutherus, RAFINESQUE, Indice Ittiol. Sicil., 61, 1810, (maculatus, probably a deformed ray).
Myliobatis, Dumér1t in Cuvier, Régne Animal, Ed. 1, 11, 137, 1817, (aquila).
Holorhinus, Git, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, 331 (vespertilio— californicus).

Disk broad, the outer angles acute. Cephalic fins forming a soft con-
vex appendage in front ofsnout. Jaws about equal. Median teeth very
broad, much broader than long in the adult, proportionally narrower in
the young. Several series of narrower teeth on each side of the median
series; teeth changing considerably with age. Free edge of the nasal
valve not deeply emarginate. Tail very long and slender, with a small
dorsal fin, and one or more serrated spines. Skin smooth or nearly so.
Size large. In all warm seas. (yvdiac, grinder; artic, ray.)

MYLIOBATIS:

a, Ventral fins moderate.

b. Teeth of main row 4 to 6 times as broad as long ; skin smooth. FREMINVILLEI, 133.
HOLORHINUS, (0Aos, solid ; piv, snout):

aa, Ventral fins large ; rhomboid, broader than long.

c. Teeth of main row 3 to 4 times as broad as long. CALIFORNICwS, 134,

Subgenus MYLIOBATIS.
133. MYLIOBATIS FREMINVILLEI, Le Sueur.

Disk broader than long; the breadth equal to the length of the tail.
Ventral fins much narrower than in C. californicus. Skin entirely smooth.
A blunt, whitish prominence over each eye. Muzzle prominent. Teeth
of the main row 4 to 6 times as broad as long; small teeth in 3 rows.
Reddish brown; tail nearly black. Cape Cod to Brazil; not uncommon.
(For Chrétien Paulin de Fréminville, a French naturalist.)

Myliobatis fréminvillei, Le Surur, Jour. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., rv, 111, 1824, Rhode Island.
Myliobatis bispinosus, StoreEnR, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist,, 1, 1841, 53, Massachusetts.
Myliobatis bispinosus, DuméR1L, Elasmobranches, 637, 1870.

Myliobatis acuta, Ayres, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1, 65, 1841, Connecticut.

Myliobatis fréminvillei, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 51, 1883.

Subgenus HOLORHINUS, Gill.
134. MYLIOBATIS CALIFORNICUS, Gill.

(CALIFORNIA STING Ray; BATFISH.)

Disk not quite twice as broad as long; the wings anteriorly convex,
posteriorly somewhat coneave. Cephalic fin very blunt, nearly 4 times
as broad as long. Tail nearly twice as long as the disk. Ventral
large, broader than long. Lateral teeth in 3 to 5 series on each side ;
median teeth only 3 to 4 times as broad as long, even in the adult. Skin
wholly smooth. Color dusky brownish; the young somewhat variegated.

90 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

California from Cape Mendocino southward; very common along mud
flats. Destructive to oysters.

Rhinoptera vespertilio, GIRARD, Proc. Ac, Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 187, Tomales Bay; not Myliobatis
vespertilio, BLEEKER, also a Myliobatis.

Holorhinus vespertilio, Git, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, 331.

Myliobatis californicus, GitL, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 1865, 137, (after Girard).

Myliobatis californicus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 51, 1883.

57, RHINOPTERA, Kuhl.

Rhinoptera, (KUHL), Cuvier, Régne Animal, Ed. 2, 1828, (marginata).
Zygobatis, AGAss1z, Poissons Fossiles, 111, 79, 1836, (jussieuz).
Mylorhina, Git, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 1865, 136, (lalandi).
Micromesus, GIL, l. c., (adspersus).

Disk broader than long, with the anterior angles more or less acute.
Snout more or less emarginate on the median line. Cephalic fin emar-
ginate and placed on a plane below the level of the pectorals, the snout
thus appearing 4-lobed. Free border of the nasal valve not emarginate.
Teeth in 5 to 20 rows, the median teeth enlarged or not, but often smaller
than in Cephaleutherus. Taillong, whip-like, witha small dorsal fin anda
serrated spine. Tropical seas. The species vary considerably in their
dentition. (piv, snout; wrepor, fin.)

RHINOPTERA:
a. Teeth of middle of upper jaw much broader than those of sides, the lateral teeth gradually
diminishing.
b. Teeth in 7 rows; the median teeth above about 4 times as broad as long ; breadth of disk
114 times its length. BONASUS, 135.
bb. Teeth in 7 rows, the median teeth 334 times as broad as long; breadth of disk 134
times its length. STEINDACHNERI, 136.

MICROMESUS (tkPos, small; fpeoos, middle):
aa, Teeth of middle of upper jaw not much larger than the outer teeth; teeth in many series.
c. Teeth of lower jaw in about 15 series; the teeth unequal but all small, the broadest
being those of the 6th to 8th series from the side which are twice as broad as long.
ENSENAD#, 137.

Subgenus RHINOPTERA.
135. RHINOPTERA BONASUS, (Mitchill).
(Cow-NOsE Ray.)

Disk 4 broader than long; anterior borders almost straight, posterior
undulated; muzzle deeply emarginate; teeth in 7 rows in each jaw, the
median teeth above 4 times as broad as long, the others gradually dimin-
ishing outward. Tail very slender, a little longer than the disk. Skin
smooth or nearly so. Color brownish. Cape Cod to Florida; not rare;
feeds on mollusks.* (bonasus, buffalo.)

Raja bonasus, Mitcurt1, Trans. Lit. and Phil. Soc. N. Y., 1815, 479, New York.

Raia quadriloba, Le Sueur, Jour. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1, 44, 1817, New Jersey.

Rhinoptera quadriloba, GUNTHER, Cat., vi11, 494, 1870.

Rhinoptera quadriloba, DuMERIL, Elasmobranches, 648, 1870; Jorpan & GILBERT, Synopsis, 51, 1883.

*“ He enters the bay and ranges very extensively on the flats where the soft clam lives. These
shellfish he is supposed to devour, for a shoal of cow-noses root up the salt-water flats as com-
pletely as a drove of hogs would do.’’—Mitchill.

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 91

136, RHINOPTERA STEINDACHNERI, Evermann & Jenkins.

(GABILAN.)

Width of disk 1? times its length; anterior border nearly straight; tail
very slender, 14 to 14 times length of disk; muzzle emarginate; cephalic
fin a little broader than head; tail with 1 or 2 serrated spines, their
length 2} times eye. Skin everywhere smooth. Teeth in lower jaw in
7 series, 7 in the median series, 6 in each of the others. Median teeth
hexagonal, their length 33 in the breadth, which is nearly twice the breadth
of a tooth in the second series; this is again nearly twice as wide as
teeth in third series; upper teeth very similar to lower. Uniform dark
brown above, paler below. Gulf of California. (Named for Dr. Franz
Steindachner, director of the Museum at Vienna, one of the most accurate
and conscientious workers in ichthyology.)

Rhinoptera steindachneri, EVERMANN & JENKINS, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1891, 130, pl. 1, fig. 1,
Guaymas, Sonora, Mexico. (Type, No. 43235.)
Subgenus MICROMESUS, Gill.

137. RHINOPTERA ENSENAD#, Rosa Smith.

Teeth of lower jaw in 14 or 15 series, all small, unequal in size, the
broadest being those of the sixth series from the left side, which are twice
as broad as long. Known only from a lower jaw picked up on the beach
at Ensenada, on Todos Santos Bay, in Lower California. (Smith.)

Rhinoptera ensenadze, Rosa Smiru (Mrs. 0. H. EIGENMANN), Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., 1886, 220
Ensenada, Lower California. (Type, No. 37966.)

Family XXVIIit. MANTIDZ.

(THE SEA DEVILS.)

>

Rays of enormous size, with the disk broader than long and the pectoral
fins not continued on the sides of the head, the anterior or cephalic
portion being separate, developed as 2 long horn-like or ear-like appen-
dages. Mouth wide, terminal or inferior. Teeth very small, flat or tuber-
cular, in many series, those of the upper jaw sometimes wanting. _ Eyes
lateral. Nostrils widely separated, their valves united, forming a flap as
wide as the cleft of the mouth. Tail long and slender, whip-like, with a
single dorsal fin at its base, and with or without a serrated spine. Ven-
tral fins notemarginate. Skin more or less rough. Males without differen-
tiated spines on the pectorals, the sexes similar. Ovoviviparous Genera
2; species about 7. Largest ofall rays and among the largest ofall fishes ;
found in the tropical seas. (MYLIOBATID&, group CERATOPTERINA,
Ginther, Cat., vit. 496-498. )

a. Teeth in both jaws; mouth inferior. Aopon, 58
aa, Teeth in lower jaw only; mouth terminal. Manta, 59
58. AODON, Lacépéade.
Aodon, Lactrine, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 1, 300, 1798, (massassa, French name only).
Aodon, RAFINESQUE, Indice, 46, 1810.
Mobula, RarinesQue, Indice d’Ittiol. Sicil,, 61, 1810, (auriculata —= edentula)

Apterurus, RAFINESQUE, l. c., 62, ( fabroni = edentulus).

92 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

Cephalopterus, (Dum®RIL) Risso, Ichthyol. Nice, 14, 1810, (giorna = edentula; not of Geoffroy St.
Hilaire, 1809, a genus of birds).

Dicerobatus, BLAINVILLE, Jour. de Phys., 1816, 262, (mobular = edentula).

Cephaloptera, (DuME£RIL) Cuvier, Réegne Animal, Ed. 1, 1, 188, 1817, (giorna). —

Aodon, Lact&pEnpE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., Edition Pillot, 11, 55, 1830, (massassa).

Pterocephala, SWAINSON, Nat. Hist. Fishes, 11, 321, 1839, (giorna).

Head free from pectoral fin, truncated in front, with the cephalic fin on
each side developed as a straight, horn-like appendage pointing forward.
Nostrils widely separated. Mouth inferior, wide. Teeth in both jaws
very small, flat, or tubercular, in many series. Tail very slender, with a
dorsal fin between the ventrals; the serrated spine present or absent.
Species about 5, in tropical seas, reaching an enormous size and therefore
not well known. (a—, without; ddoic, tooth; Mobular is a name said to be
used for the European species, dodon edentulus (Briinnich), in the Azores,
‘ diable des Caraibes.”)

138. AODON HYPOSTOMUS, (Bancroft).

Skin smooth; mouth inferior; anterior margin of pectoral straight;
the spiracles situated in a groove under anterior base of pectoral fin.

This species, described from Jamaica, is very imperfectly known, and
may be the same as Aodon olfersi (Miller & Henle), afterward described
from Brazil. (i7é, below; o7éua, mouth.)

Cephalopterus hypostomus, BANCROFT, Proc. Comm. Zod). Soc., 1830, 134, Jamaica.

59. MANTA, Bancroft.

Manta, BANcrort, Zool. Jour., 1828-1829, rv, 444, (manta = birostris).
Ceratoptera, MULLER & HENLE, Plagiostomen, 186, 1838, (vampyrus = birostris).
Brachioptilon, NEwMAN, Zodlogist, 1849, 74, (hamilton — birostris).

Diabolichthys, Hotmes, Proc. Elliott Soc. Nat. Hist., 1856, 39, (elliotti= birostris).

Disk broader than long, its exterior angles acute, the posterior margins
of the pectorals concave. Head truncate in front; the cephalic fins long,
turned forward and inward. Mouth large, terminal. Teeth minute,
present in lower jaw only. Tail whip-like, often (always?) without ser-
rated spine. Skin rough, with small tubercles. Two species known.
(manta, blanket, ‘‘a name used at the pearl fisheries between Panama and
Guayaquil to designate an enormous fish much dreaded by the divers,
whom it is said to devour after enveloping them in its vast wings.”

Duméril. )
1389. MANTA BIROSTRIS, (Walbaum).

(SEA Devin; Devi Fish ; MANTA.)

Disk not quite twice as broad as long. Tail about as long as the disk.
Teeth in about 100 longitudinal series, which are separated by distinct
interspaces. Skin of body and tail everywhere covered with small stellate
tubercles, rendering the surface very rough. Brownish, the margins of
the disk darker. Tropical waters of America; north to New Jersey and
San Diego; not rare on the Florida coast. Reaches a width of about 20
feet, one of the most enormous of aquatic vertebrates. (bis, two; rostrum,
snout. )

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 93

Raia birosiris, WALBAUM, Artedi Piscium, 535, 1792, after Diabolus marinus Willughby, etc.

Raia manatia, Buocu & ScuNnerer, Syst. Ichth., 364, 1801, Tropical America; after Raie ma-
natie, Lacépéde.

Raja diabolus marinus, Buocu & ScHNEIDER, l. c., 368, 1801, India; after Willughby.

Raia fimbriata, Lackpipz, Hist. Nat. Poiss., rv, 677, 1803, Gulf Stream, 58° N.

Cephaloptera vampyrus, MitcHitt, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 1823, 23, Delaware Bay.

Ceratoptera vampyrus, Dumf£R1L, Elasmobranches, 1, 660, 1870.

Ceratoptera vampyrus, GUNTHER, Cat., vi11, 498, 1870.

Cephalopterus giorna, Le SuruR, Jour. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., rv, 1824, 115, Georgia; (not Raja
giorna, Lacépéde).

Cephaloptera manta, or Manta americana, BANCROFT, Zoi], Journal, 1v, 144, 1828, Jamaica.

Cephalopterajohni, MULLER & HENLE, Plagiostomen, 186, 1838, West Indies.

Brachioptilon hamiltoni, NewMAN, Zodl., 74, 1849, Gulf of California.

Diabolichthys elliotti, Hotmes, Proc. Elliott Soc. Nat. Hist., 1856, 39, Charleston.

Manta birostris, JonpAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 52, 1883.

Subclass HOLOCEPHALI.
(THe CHIMA&RAS.)

Skeleton cartilaginous. Gill cavity with 4 clefts within, but having
one external opening only, which is covered by a fold of skin. No spir-
acles. Mouth inferior. Jaws with teeth, confluent inte bony plates;
upper jaw, palate, and hyomandibular coalescent with the skull; intestine
withaspiral valve. Pectoral fins normally developed, placed low; ventral
fins abdominal, with claspers in the male. Derivative radii sessile on the
sides of the basal bones of the limbs. Skin scaleless, its muciferous sys-
tem well developed. This group contains a single order, CHIM.EROIDEI.
(HOLOcEPHALA, Cat., Giinther, vit1, 348-352.) (édAoc, solid; xedaA#, head).

Order H. CHIMAZROIDEI.
(THE, CHIM4ROIDS. )

Characters of the order included above. The group includes one exist-
ing family, CHIMZRID®. (yiuaipa, chimera; ecidoc, resemblance. )

Family XXIX. CHIMARID&.
(THE CHIM2RAS.)

Body elongate, rather robust anteriorly, tapering posteriorly. Head
compressed; mouth small, inferior, the upper lip deeply notched. Nos-
trils confluent with the mouth, separated by a narrow isthmus; jaws
with the teeth confluent into 4 bony laminw above and 2 below. No
spiracles. Pectoral fins free, placed low ; ventral fins abdominal, many-
rayed, provided in the male with claspers; dorsal fin usually divided,
anteriorly with a very strong spine, which is grooved behind; caudal
fin low, fold-like. Skin naked, rarely somewhat prickly. Lateral line
present, usually with numerous branches anteriorly. Three free gills
and 2 half gills, 1 on each side; isthmus moderate; gill rakers small.
Oviparous, the egg cases long, elliptical, with silky filaments. Genera 4,
(the following and Callorhynchus); species about 7. Fishes of singular
appearance, found only in the seas of the cold regions. Numerous

94 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

extinct genera are also referred to this family. (CHIMARIDa, Gunther,
Cat., VIII, 349-352).
CHIM@RIN®:

a, Snout short, soft, not terminating in a cutaneous flap; tail not bent upward.

b. Claspers in the male trifid; tail ending in a filament. CHIMERA, 60.

bb. Claspers in the male bifid; tail not ending in a filament. HypDROLAGUS, 61.
HARRIOTTINE:

aa, Snout excessively long, with leaf-like lateral expansions; dorsal spine very large; claspers

small, simple. Harriorra, 62.

60. CHIMERA, Linnezus.

(ELEPHANT FISHES.)
Chimera, Linn&us, Syst. Nat., Ed. x, 1758, 236, (monstrosa).

Head somewhat compressed, the snout bluntish, protruding, fleshy,
not armed at tip with an appendage. Eyes very large, lateral. Teeth
rather strong. Lips thickish, the lower with a frenum. Lateral line
simple on the body, but forking anteriorly, forming several series of
mucous tubes on the head. Male with a club-shaped cartilaginous hook
on the head above the snout; this hook is curved forward and down-
ward, and is armed at its tip with decurved spines; its tip fitting into a
depression in front of the eyes; females without this appendage. Gill
opening small. Pectorals moderate; ventrals rather large, with large
bifid claspers in the male; male also with rough appendages at the base
of the ventrals, protruding from a sheath of skin. First dorsal triangu-
lar, preceded by a strong spine, which is grooved behind and serrated on
its edges; second dorsal and caudal fins low, often more or less notched.
Tail extending in the line of the axis of the body, more or less produced
in a filament at tip. Skin smooth. Fishes of singular appearance;
mostly of the northern seas; not valved for food. (Xiuaipa, chimera, a
fabulous monster, with the head of a lion, body of a goat, and tail of a
serpent).

a. First dorsal almost continuous with second; body stout; pectorals reaching posterior end

of ventrals. MONSTROSA, 140.
aa. First dorsal well separated from second; body slender; pectorals not nearly reaching
ventrals. AFFINIS, 141.

140. CHIMERA MONSTROSA, Linneus.

(CHIM@RA.)

Tail ending in a very long rayless filament about as long as body and
head. First dorsal fin close to second and subcontinuous with it, the
upper margin even, not notched except just in front of the low caudal
fin; pectoral reaching posterior extremity of ventrals. Each clasper of
the male with 2 long slender branches, each rather longer tkan snout,
the inner branch again divided into asimply cartilaginous styliform part,
and another coated with spiny membrane. Brown, marbled with lighter;
dorsal fins with a broad black margin. (Gitnther.) Deep waters off the
coast of Europe; recorded by Poey at Matanzas, Cuba. (monstrosus,
monstrous. ) (Ev.)

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 95

Chimera monstrosa, LINNEUS, Syst. Nat., Ed. x, 1758, 236, Atlantic.

Chimera monstrosa, GUNTHER, Cat., VIII, 349,1870; Pory, Synopsis, 445, 1868.
Chimera argentea, ASCANIUS IcoNnEs, Rev. Nat., pl. xv, 1806.

Chimera borealis, SHaw, Gen. ZoOl., v, 2, 365, pl. 157, 1804, after Linnzus.

Chimera mediterranea, Risso, Eur. Merid., 111, 168, 1827, Nice.

Chimera cristata, FABER, Fische Islands, 45, 1829, Iceland.

Callorhynchus centrina and C. atlanticus, GRonow, Cat. Fishes, 15, 16, 1854, Atlantic.

141. CHIMERA AFFINIS, Capello.

Body more elongate than in C. monstrosa; base of first dorsal equal to
interspace between them; second dorsal low, with a straight border; pec-
toral not nearly reaching ventrals; caudal very small, ending in a minute
filament; cephalic appendages with 5 spines on the inner surface; clas-
pers in male trifid, the division of the 3 portions at # the length from
the base, the cylindrical portion larger, different in form from the others.
(Capello.) L.3 feet. Deep waters of the Atlantic, off Portugal and off
the American Coast from Cape Cod northward. (afinis, related to Chimera
monstrosa. ) (Ev.)
Chimera affinis, CAPELLO, Jour. Soc. Math. Lisbon, 1v, 1868, 314, pl. 111, Coast of Portugal;

GUnrtuHer, Cat., viii, 350, 1870.
Chimera plumbea, GILL, Proc. Philos. Soc. Wash., Dec. 22, 1877, Gulf stream off Cape Cod.
Chimera plumbea, JoRDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 54, 1883.
Chimera abbreviata, GiLL, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1883, 254, Lat. 40° N., Long. 60° W. (Type,
No. 33435.)

61. HYDROLAGUS, Gill.
Hydrolagus, Gitt, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, 331, (colliei).

This genus is very close to Chimera, differing chiefly in the form of its
claspers, which are simply bifid, the 2 parts subequal. The tail is not
produced in a filament. The single species lives in the North Pacific, in
water of moderate depth. (idwp, water; Aayoc, hare, from the form of
the lips and teeth. )

142. HYDROLAGUS COLLIEI, (Lay & Bennett).

(RATFISH ; ELEPHANT FIsu.)

Body anteriorly stoutish, tapering into a slender tail, which is not pro-
duced in a filament. Pectorals about as long as head, reaching about to
base of ventrals. Dorsal spine } the length of the head. Second dorsal
low, highest in front, then very low, then higher, ending abruptly just
before the beginning of the upper caudal fold; a small fold between
first and second dorsal, free from both; lower caudal fold higher than
upper, neither quite reaching the tip of the tail.. No distinet anal fin.
Color grayish, with numerous round white spots; both dorsals edged with
blackish. L. 2 feet. Pacific coast from Monterey northward to Alaska;
very abundant in cold waters at a moderate depth; rarely used as food.
(A personal name).

Chimera colliei, Lay & Bennett, Beechey'’s Voy., Zotl., 71, 1849, North Pacific; GONTHER,
Cat., virt, 350, 1870; Jorpan & GiLuert, Synopsis, 55, 1883.

96 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

62. HARRIOTTA, Goode & Bean.

Harriotta, Goopr & BEAN, Oceanic Ichthyology, 32, 1894, (raleighana).

Snout exceedingly elongate, with a cartilaginous midrib, and foliaceous
lateral expansions of the skin at its base. Two dorsal fins, the anterior
with an immense triangular spine, finely serrated upon its lateral edges.
Anal fin reduced to a cutaneous fold. Longitudinal axis of the tail nearly
the same as that of the trunk, very elongate, with filamentous tip, the
fin below much more extensive than that above. No cephalic organ.
Gill openings lateral, separated by a wide isthmus. Claspers small and
simple. (‘‘ Named in honor of Thomas Harriott, the most eminent philos-
opher and naturalist of his day in England, who was a member of
Raleigh’s Roanoke colony in Virginia in 1585, and who published the first
work in English on American natural history.”)

i148. HARRIOTTA RALEIGHANA, Goode & Bean.

Tail extended in a very long filament, much longer in the older indi-
viduals than in the young; not present in very young. First dorsal fin
separated from the second by an interval nearly equal to the diameter of
the eye in the older individuals, very much greater in the younger ones,
in which the cartilaginous portion is exceedingly narrow and high;
Second dorsal fin long and low, its height about equal to diameter of the
eye, its length equal to that of head. Dorsal spine very strong; its
length in the older individuals equal to the distance from its own base
to the origin of the second dorsal; in the young it is proportionately
much Jonger and stouter; a double row of strong spines in advance of
the second dorsal, and in the notch between the second dorsal and its
continuation upon the upper part of the tail; a similar group of at least
6 strong spines upon the top of the head back of the interorbital space,
and surrounded by the curve of the forward extension of the lateral line.
Traces of these spines may be felt beneath the skin in older individuals
of both sexes. Claspers in the young male examined, small and simple,
in length scarcely equal to } the long diameter of the eye. Pectoral
fins immense, wing-like, rounded in the young, subfalecate in the older
individuals ; inserted slightly in advance of the origin of the first dorsal,
and extending in the older forms beyond the root of the ventral. Ven-
trals also subfaleate ; similar in form and appearance to the pectoral, and
extending toa point at } the distance from the origin to the end of the
second dorsal; in length little less than 4 the snout. In the young the
ventrals are placed somewhat farther back and reach to a point under
the origin of the third section of the dorsal fin. Tail prolonged in a
slender filament, and in the older individuals the cutaneous flap upon its
lower edge is 3 or 4 times as deep as that above, and extends beyond it
anteriorly and posteriorly. In the younger specimens the upper and
lower flaps are about equal in height, and the upper flap extends far in
advance of the insertion of the lower one. Lateral line extending in a
straight line from a point beneath the origin of the first dorsal approxi-
mately to the middle of the lower caudal lobe, which it follows along
its base for the remainder of its course; in advance of the dorsal fin it

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 97

bends downward in an elliptical course, and then rises vertically from
the occiput to join its counterpart from the other side; bridle-like
extensions of the same system extend on the sides of the head under
the eyes, curving upward in front of the eye, then downward and joining
on the underside of the snout to a branch running from beneath the eye
downward to the base of the pectoral in the young, or under the throat to
a junction in the older ones, and also forward from the same point under
the eyes to join on either side the circle which surrounds the mouth.
An elaborate system of mucous pores upon all sides of the snout; on the
under surface of the snout in 4 longitudinal series. In the older indi-
viduals there is an extension of the lateral line system on either side of
the midrib on the snout to its tip, and there are also symmetrical contin-
uations of the same upon the under surface of the snout. Color brown;
caudal filament pale. Eye 54 in snout in the older specimens, and the
distance between the eyes is equal to their diameter. Four specimens
known, the largest, a female (No. 39415, U. S. N. M.), 25 inches in length,
from 39° 44’ 30’ N. lat., 70° 30’ 45’” W. long., in 1,081 fathoms, taken by
the steamer Albatross. Another, a male (No. 38200, U.S. N. M.), 194 inches
in length, was taken by the Albatross in 36° 45’ N. lat., 74° 28” 30/7 W.
long., at a depth of 781 fathoms. A third, a young individual (No. 35520,
U.S. N. M.), 4 inches in length, was obtained by the Albatross in 39° 37’
45/’ N. lat., 71° 18’ 45’” W. long., in 991 fathoms. Still another (No.
35631), was taken at station 2235, lat. 39° 12’, long. 72° 03’ 30’’, 707 fath-
oms. (Goode & Bean.) (Named in honor of Sir Walter Raleigh, by whom
the first English scientific explorer was sent to the New World.)

Harriotta raleighana, GoopeE & BEAN, Oceanic Ichthyology, 33, 1894, 39° N., 70° W.

With this extraordinary creature we close the Selachian series and take
up the group of Ganoids, from which stock the true fishes of the present
day, as well as all the higher vertebrates, seem to be descended. The
old Ganoids were doubtless largely amphibious. The group has appar-
ently early differentiated into the lung-bearing series, from which the
two orders of the Dipnoi and the Batrachia are descended, and the aquatic
series, in which the lung becomes degraded to a swim bladder, the last
being the ancestors of the true fishes.

Subclass TELEOSTOMI.
(Tue TRvuE FisHes.)

Skeleton usually bony, sometimes cartilaginous. Skull with sutures;
membrane bones (opercle, preopercle, etc.) present; gill openings asingle
slit on each side; gills with their outer edges free, their bases attached
to bony arches, normally 4 pairs of these, the fifth pair being typically
modified into tooth-bearing lower pharyngeals; median and paired fins
developed, the latter with distinct rays. Ova small; no claspers. Heart

developed, divided into an auricle, ventricle, and arterial bulb, Lungs
imperfectly developed or degraded to form a swim bladder, or entirely
absent.

¥F, N. A.——8

98 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

We here include under one head the GANoIDs and the TELEOstTs. ‘The
former group is chiefly composed ofextinct forms. While many of its rep-
resentatives are extremely dissimilar to the bony fishes, there is a gradual
series of transitions, and between the CyCLOGANOIDEA of the GANOIDS and
the CLUPEOIDS and others of the true TELEOSTS, the resemblance is much
greater than that between the CYCLOGANOIDEA and many other GANOIDS.
The GANOIDS are, in fact, the most generalized of the true fishes, those
nearest the stock from which the TELEOSTS on the one hand, and the
DiIpNoI and BATRACHIA on the other, have sprung. The real value or
rank of some of the current orders or suborders is still doubtful. (réAevoc,
perfect; or6éua, mouth.)

Omitting orders not represented in our waters, we have the following
analysis of—

ORDERS OF TRUE FISHES.

a. Arterial bulb muscular with numerous valves; optic nerves forming a solid chiasma; ven-
trals abdominal; air bladder with a well developed duct; tail strongly heterocercal
throughout life; some fins usually with fulcra. (Series Ganoidei.)

CHONDROGANOIDEA:

b. Skeleton cartilaginous; ventrals with an entire series of basilar segments.
c. Maxillary and interopercle obsolete; skin naked; air bladder cellular.
SELACHOSTOMI, I.
cc. Maxillary and interopercle present; skin with bony shields; air bladder simple.

CHONDROSTEI, J.
Ho.LostTEI OR HYOGANOIDEA:

bb. Skeleton bony; ventrals with basilar segments rudimentary; air bladder cellular.
d. Vertebre opisthoccelian (concavo-convex); maxillary transversely divided into sey-

eral pieces; scales rhombic, enameled plates. RHOMBOGANOIDEA, K,
dd, Vertebre amphiccelian (double concave); maxillary not transversely divided; scales
eycloid. CYCLOGANOIDEA, L.

aa. Arterial bulb thin, with a pair of opposite valves; optic nerves crossing, not forming a
solid chiasma. (Series Teleostei.)

e. Anterior vertebrae (about 4), much modified, covssified and provided with ossicula aud-
itus, or weberian apparatus; shoulder girdle suspended from the skuli by a bony
post-tem poral; mesocoracoid arch well developed. Air bladder (if present) connected
by a slender air duct with the intestinal canal, this persistent throughout life;
ventral fins (if present) abdominal, without spines, their basilar segments rudi-
mental. (OSTARIOPHYSI.)

jf. Maxillary bone imperfect, forming the base of a conspicuous barbel; no suboper-

cle nor symplectic bone; no scales; supraoccipital and parietals codssified.

. NEMATOGNATHI, M.

ff. Maxillary bone perfect (rarely wanting) and never entering into the base of a
barbel; subopercle and symplectic present; scales usually present.

PLECTOSPONDYLI, N.

ee. Anterior vertebree unmodified, similar to the others, or more elongate ; separate and

without ossicula auditus. (Descendants of Holostean Ganoids.)
g. Body eel-shaped, provided with very many (100 to 250) vertebra; scales minute or
wanting; no ventral fins; gill openings restricted.
h. Gill arches 4 pairs; the hindmost being modified as pharyngeal bones; pal-
atopterygoid arch present. :

i. Premaxillary, maxillary, and palatine bones well developed and distinct
from each other as in ordinary fishes; no paired fins; gill openings
confluent; shoulder girdle joined to the cranium in our species (but
not in all). SYMBRANCHIA, O.

Jordan and Evermann.— Fishes of North America. 99

ii. Premaxillaries and maxillaries present, united by suture and immovably

connected to the cranium; otherwise as in Apodes. CARENCHELI, P.

iii, Premaxillary atrophied or lost; maxillaries lateral, more or less conflu-

ent with the palatines; shoulder girdle not attached to the skull.

APODEs, Q.

hh. Gillarches 5 or 6 pairs; the posterior not modified into pharyngeals, and all of

them, as well as the shoulder girdle, disconnected from the cranium; no

palatopterygoid arch; no opercular elements. Lyoment, R.

gg. Body not truly cel-shaped; the vertebrz usually in moderate or rather large num-

ber (14 to 150); ventral fins usually present; gill openings typically ample;

premaxillary always present, and maxillary usually 80; shoulder girdle near the
cranium, usually but not always attached to it.

Jj. Hypercoracoid and hypocoracoid coalesced in a single lamellar imperforate
plate; scapular arch formed of proscapula ‘and posttemporal, the latter
impinging on supraoccipital only; dorsal fin with many spines.

HETEROMI, V.
jj. Hypercoracoid and hypocoracoid imperfectly differentiated, represented bya
cartilaginous strip or plate, not perforate, and without separate actinosts;
ventrals abdominal; no fin spines. XENOMI, W.

jij. Hypercoracoid and hypocoracoid well developed, not coalescent.
k. Interclavicles present; air bladder without duct; ventrals abdominal or sub-

abdominal, if present; no mesocoracoid.

I. Gills pectinate; gill openings large; dorsal and ventral usually with

spines, HeMIBRANCHI, Z.
W. Gills tufted; gill openings very small; opercle a simple plate; skin
with bony plates. LopHoBRANcui, AA,

kk. Interclavicles wanting, so far as known.

m. Preopercle entirely detached from the suspensorium, rudimentary and
attached only to lower jaw,its normal position taken by the sub-
opercle; no spines; no mesocoracoid. Lyopomt, U.

mm. Preopercle normally connected.

n. Mesocoracoid well developed; fins without spines; air bladder with
a persistent duct; pectoral fins inserted low; ventrals abdominal.
IsosponpyLI, S.

nn. Mesocoracoid always wanting.
o. Ventral fins abdominal, without spines; no true spines in dor-

sal or anal fins.
p. Air bladder with a persistent duct; lower pharyngeals
separate.

q. Shoulder girdle not connected with the skull in the
usual way, the post-temporal barely touching the
cranium. (Mostly deep-sea fishes, with weak
skeletons.) Iniomi, T.

qq. Shoulder girdle connected with the skull by a bifid
post-temporal. (Mostly fresh-water fishes, the

skeleton well ossified. ) Hapriomi, X,
pp. Air bladder without duct in adult; lower pharyngeals
fully united. SYNENTOGNATHI, Y.

oo, Ventral fins usually anterior in position; spines usually
present in the fins; pectoral fins not on the plane of the
abdomen; parietal bones usually separated by the
supraoccipital. (Spiny-rayed fishes chiefly.)

r. Pectoral fins not pediculate, the gill openings in
front of them. AcANTHOPTERI, BB,
rr. Pectoral fins pediculate, the basal bones reduced
in number and elongate ; gills in the axil of
the pectorals. Prvicunatt, CC,

100 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

Series GANOIDEI,.
(THe GanorD FIsHEs.)

The name GANOIDEI was first used by Agassiz, for those fishes which are
armed with bony plates, instead of regular cycloid or ctenoid scales.
Later, Johannes Miiller restricted the group to those fishes thought to
show more or less distinct reptilian or batrachian affinities, and especially,
affinities with the mailed fishes of the Devonian and Carboniferous ages.
The group is a heterogeneous one, and one practically scarcely susceptible
of definition. In some of the GANOIDS, the air bladder still retains its
original function, alung. The existence of the solid optic chiasma, the
presence of several valves in the arterial bulb, and of a more or less devel-
oped spiral valve in the rectum, distinguish the living GaNnorps from all
TELEOSTS, but noneof these characters can be verified in the extinct
forms. We begin the series with forms having the skeleton still cartila-
ginous as in the sharks, but even less developed. (yavoc¢, splendor, from
the enameled scales. )

CHONDROGANOIDEA,
(THe CarTILAGINOUS GANOIDS.)

Skeleton chiefly cartilaginous, the vertebral column entirely so, the
vertebral segments little developed, arranged along thenotochord. Ante-
rior vertebre simple, imperfectly formed. Ventral fins abdominal, with
an entire series of basilar segments. No suboperculum or preoperculum.
Branchiostegal single or wanting; a mesocoracoid arch; no symplectic
bone. Mesopterygium distinct; interclavicles present.* Arterial bulb
with several pairs of valves. Opticnerves forming a chiasma. Intestine
with a spiral valve. Air bladder connected by a duct with the esophagus.
Tail heterocercal, its fin with fulera. Skin naked or armed with bony
plates, never with true scales. This group comprises two orders. Its
place seems to be intermediate between the Sharks and the Catfishes,
though without close relation to either. (CHONDROSTEI, Gunther, Cat.,
Vill, 332-347.) (yévdpoc, cartilage; Ganoidea.)

ANALYSIS OF ORDERS OF CHONDROGANOIDEA.

a. Maxillary and interopercle obsolete; skin naked; branchihyals cartilaginous; air bladder

cellular. SELACHOsTOMI, I.
aa. Maxillary and interopercle present; skin with bony shields; branchibyals osseous; air
bladder simple. CHONDROSTEI, J.

Order I. SELACHOSTOMI.
(THE PADDLE-FISHES. )

Notochord persistent, the division into vertebre imperfect. Mesocora-
coid developed; no symplectic bone; premaxillary forming border of
mouth; no suboperculum, preoperculum, nor interoperculum; mesopte-

* The osteological characters here and in some other parts of this work are partly taken from
Cope’s ‘‘Contribution to the Ichthyology of the Lesser Antilles,’ Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., 1870.

Jordan and Evermann.— Fishes of North America. 101

rygium distinct; basihyals and superior ceratohyal not ossified; inter-
clavicles present; maxillaries obsolete; branchihyals cartilaginous. This
order contains but one family, POLYODONTIDH. (ceddyy, shark; oréua,
mouth.)
Family XXX. POLYODONTID&.
(THE PADDLE-FISHES. )

Body fusiform, little compressed, covered with mostly smooth skin.
Snout prolonged, expanded into a thin flat blade, the inner portion formed
by the produced nasal bones, the outer portion with a reticulate bony
framework, the whole somewhat flexible. Mouth broad, terminal, but
overhung by the spatulate snout, its border formed by the premaxillaries,
the maxillaries being obsolete; jaws with many fine deciduous teeth;
similar teeth on palatines; no tongue. Spiracles present. Operculum
rudimentary, its skin produced behind into a long acute flap ; no pseudo-
branchie, or opercular gill; gills 44; gill rakers long, in a double series
on each arch, the series divided by a broad membrane; gill membranes
considerably connected, free from the isthmus; a single broad branchios-
tegal. No barbels. Nostrils double at base of blade. Lateral line con-
tinuous, its lower margin with short branches. Dorsal fin well back, of
soft rays only; anal similar, rather farther back; tail heterocercal, the
lower caudal lobe well developed, so that the fin is nearly equally forked ;
sides of the bent portion of the tail armed with small rhombic plates;
caudal fin with fulera. Pectorals moderate, placed low ; ventrals abdom-
inal, many-rayed. Air bladdercellular, not bifid; pyloric cecain the form
of ashort, broad, branching, leaf-like organ ; intestine with a spiral valve.
Two species known—Polyodon spathula and Psephurus gladius; singular
fishes, inhabiting the fresh waters of the United States and China. They
feed chiefly on mud and minute organisms contained in it, stirring it up
with the spatulate snout. (POLYODONTID®, Giinther, Cat., vir, 346-347. )

a. Gill rakers very fine and numerous; caudal fulcra small and numerous, Potyopon, 63.
63. POLYODON, Lacépéde.

(PADDLE-FISHES. )

Polyodon, Lackr2vr, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 1, 402, 1798, ( feuille); French name only.
Polyodon, Buocn & ScunerweER, Syst. Ichth., 457, 1801, (folium).

Spatularia, Suaw, Gen. Zoil., v, 362, 1804, (reticulata).

Platirostra, Lu Sueur, Jour. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1, 1817, 227, (edentula).
Planirostra, RAFINESQUE, Ich. Oh., 83, 1820, (edentula).

Proceros, RAFINESQUE, Ich. Oh., 87, 1820, ( maculatus).

Gill rakers exceedingly numerous, very slender; spatulabroad. Caudal
fulera 13 to 20 in number, of moderate size. Characters otherwise those
of the family. Rivers of the middle United States. (oAtc, many; ddove,

tooth. )
144. POLYODON SPATHULA, (Walbaum),

(PADDLE-FISH; Spoon-BiILL Cat; Duck-prnL CAT; SPADE-FISH.)

Opercular flap very long, nearly reaching to ventrals; premaxillary
extending far behind the smalleye. Skin smooth, or nearly so, except the

102 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

rhombic plates on the sides of the tail. Ventrals near the middle of the
body; dorsal well behind them; anal mostly behind the dorsal, and some-
what larger; these fins somewhat falcate. Fin rays slender. Spiracle
with a minute barbel. Isthmus papillose in the young. Spatula broad,
24 to 4 times in length, proportionately longer in young. Head, with
opercular flap, more than 3 length; head, without spatula flap, about 5.
Color pale olivaceous. D.50 to 60; A. 50 to 65; V. 45. L. 5 to 6 feet.
Mississippi Valley and rivers of the southern States; generally abundant
in the larger streams; also known from Lake Erie. A singular fish of
rather sluggish habits, the flesh coarse, resembling that of the larger cat-
fishes, but inferior in quality. (spathula, spatula.)

Squalus spathula, WALBAUM, Artedi Pisc., 522, 1792, after Spathula of Rozier, Jour. Phys., 1774,
384, pl. 2.

“Polyodon feuille,’’ LACEPEDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 1, 402, 1798, locality unknown.

Polyodon folium, Buocu & SCHNEIDER, Syst. Ichth., 457, 1801, after Lacépéde.

Spatularia reticulata, SHaw, Gen. Zodl., v, 362, 1804, after Lacépede.

Platirostra edentula (adult), LE Sueur, Jour. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1, 1817, 227, Ohio River.

Polyodon folium, GUNTHER, Cat., vi1I, 346, 1870.

Polyodon spathula, JoRDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 83, 1883.

Acipenser lagenarius, RAFINESQUF, Ich. Oh., 86, 1820, Ohio River.

Procerus maculatus, St. Genevieve, Missouri, and Proceros vittatus, Lake Ontario, RaArFrin-
ESQUE, Ich. Oh., 86, 87, 1820.

Planirostra spatula, OWEN, Osteol. Cat., 1, 83, 1853.

Order. }. CHONDROST EL,
(THE STURGEONS.)

Notochord persistent, the cartilaginous vertebre imperfectly developed.
A mesocoracoid. No symplectic bone. Maxillary present. No sub-
operculum or preoperculum. Interoperculum present. Mesopterygium
distinct. Interclavicles present. Basihyals and superior ceratohyal not
ossified. Branchihyals osseous. This group is composed of the single
family ACIPENSERID. (y6vdpoc, cartilage; do7éov, bone.)

Family XXXI. ACIPENSERID.
(THE STURGEONS. )

Body elongate, subcylindrical, armed with 5 rows of bony bucklers,
each with a median carina which terminates in a spine, which sometimes
becomes obsolete with age; a median dorsal series, and a lateral and
abdominal series on each side, the abdominal series sometimes decidu-
ous; between these the skin is rough with small irregular plates. Head
covered with bony plates joined by sutures; snout produced, depressed,
conical, or subspatulate. Mouth small, inferior, protractile, with thick-
ened lips. No teeth. Four barbels in a transverse series on the lower side
of the snout in front of the mouth. Eyes small; nostrils large, double, in
frontof eye. Gills 4; an accessory opercular gill; gill membranes united
to the isthmus; no branchiostegals. Maxillary distinct from the premax-
illary. Head covered with bony plates united by sutures. Fin rays
slender, all articulated ; vertical fins with fulcra. Pectorals placed low ;
ventrals many-rayed, behind middle of body; dorsal placed posteriorly ;

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 103

anal somewhat behind it, similar; tail heterocereal, the lower caudal lobe
developed; the upper lobe of the tail covered with rhomboid scales. Air
bladder large, simple, connected with the esophagus. Pseudobranchi«
small orobsolete. Stomach without blind sac; rectum with a spiral valve;
pancreas divided into pyloric appendages.

Large fishes of the seas and fresh waters of northern regions, feeding on
small animals and plants sucked in through the tube-like mouth. Most
of the species are migratory, like the salmon, which are found in the same
waters. Genera 2; species about 20; although more than 5 times that
number have been described. The American species‘especially have been
unduly multiplied, particularly by Auguste Duméril, who has found up-
wards of 40 of them in the museum at Paris. But 6 American species are
known to us, and we doubt if any more exist. The changes with age are
considerable; the snout, in particular, becomes much shorter and less acute,
and the roughness of the scales is greatly diminished; the ventral shields
sometimes disappear altogether. The number of plates, although one of
the best specific characters, is subject to considerable variation. (ACIPEN-
SERID®H, Gunther, Cat., VIII, 3382-345. )

a, Spiracles present; snout subconic; rows of bony shields distinct throughout; the tail not

depressed nor mailed; gill rakers lanceolate. ACIPENSER, 64.
aa, Spiracles obsolete; snout subspatulate, rows of bony shields confluent behind the dorsal so

that the depressed tail is completely mailed; gill rakers small, fan-shaped, ending in
3 or 4 points. ScAPHIRHYNCHUs, 65.

64. ACIPENSER, Linnezus.

(STURGEONS. )

‘Acipenser, (ARTEDI), LINN#vs, Syst. Nat., Ed. x, 1758, 237, (sturio).
Sturio, RAFINESQUE, Indice Itt. Sicil., 41, 1810, (stwrio).

Sterletus, RAFINESQUE, Ich. Oh., 79, 1820, (serotinus).

Dinectus, RAFINESQUE, I. c., 82, (truncatus).

Huso, BRANDT & RarzEeBura, Medizin. Zobl., 11, 3, 1833, (huso).
Sterletus, BRANDT & RatzEBURG, I. c., 3, (ruthenus).

Helops, Branpvt & RarzEesura, l. c., 3, (stellatus).

Tioniscus, Firzincer & HeckeL, Ann. Wien, Mus., 370, 1836, (glaber).
Antaceus, BRANDT, Bull. Ac. Sci. Petersb., v, 138, 1865, (schypa).

Snout subconical, more or less depressed below the level of the fore-
head. A small spiracle over the eye. Caudal peduncle moderately long,
deeper than broad, the rows of bony bucklers distinct to the base of the
caudal fin. Tail not produced into a filament, its tip surrounded by the
caudal rays. Gill rakers small, narrowed or lanceolate. Pseudobranchiw
present. Species numerous in all northern rivers and seas. (acipenser,
sturgeon.)

a, Plates between ventrals and anal small, in 2 rows of 4 to 8; space between dorsal and lateral
shields with stellate plates of moderate size, in about 5 rows, interspersed with smaller
ones, Dorsal shields about 12; lateral about 45; ventral about 2. D. 47; A. 29. Color
plain grayish. TRANSMONTANUS, 145,

aa, Plates between ventrals and anal large, in 1 row, or in 2 rows anteriorly and 1 posteriorly,
of 1 to4 plates each,

b. Space between dorsal and lateral shields with stellate plates of rather large size, in 5

to 10 series; last dorsal shield of moderate size, more than 4 length of one before it,

a

104 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

c. Shields all roughly striated and ridged; anal nearly as long as dorsal and almost
entirely behind it. D. 33; A. 22. Dorsal shields about 9; lateral about 26;
ventral about8. Color decidedly greenish. MEDIROSTRIS, 146.

ce Shields not roughly striated; anal a little more than 44 length of dorsal and
almost entirely below it. D. 38; A.27. Dorsal shields about 10; lateral 29;
ventral 9. Color grayish. sTuR10, 147.

bb. Space between dorsal and lateral shields with minute spinules in very many series.

d. Last dorsal shield of moderate size, more than 14 the one before it. Anal 144 in
dorsal and beginning below its middle. Dorsal shields about 15; lateral 38;
ventral 10. D. 35; A. 37. RUBICUNDUS, 148.

dd. Last dorsal shield very small, less than 14 length of the one before it; dorsal
shields 11; lateral 32; ventral9. D.41; A. 22. Anal entirely below dorsaland
¥% as long. BREVIRUSTRUM, 149.

145. ACIPENSER TRANSMONTANUS, Richardson.

(WHITE StuRGEON; OREGON STURGEON; SACRAMENTO STURGEON.)

Color dark grayish, scarcely olive tinged, and without stripes. Dor-
sal shields mesocentrous, with a compressed bluntish spine, which is
anteriorly often serrated, and followed behind by a compressed keel. Skin
with stellate roughnesses, but smoother than in 4A. medirostris. Space
between lateral shields with stellate plates of moderate size, in about 5
series interspersed with smaller ones; last dorsal shield 3 length of one
before it. Snout sharp in the young, becoming rather blunt and short
in the adult, when it is considerably shorter than the rest of the head.
Barbels ratber nearer to the tip of snout than to the mouth. Gill rakers
comparatively long, more than 3 times as high as broad, about 26 in
number. Upper lobe of tail with rhombic plates. First caudal fulcrum,
above and below, enlarged and granular. Lower lobe of caudal rather
sharp and long, not much shorter than upper. Dorsal plates 11 or 12;
lateral 36 to 50, usually about 44; ventral10to 12. Anal fin below dorsal,
its base about }aslong. D.45(44 to 48); A. 28 to 30. Depth 7in length ;
head 4. Pacific coast from Alaska south to Monterey, ascending the
Sacramento, Columbia, and Fraser rivers in large numbers in spring,
It reaches a weight of 300 to 600 pounds, and is largely used as food, but
is rather coarse. (transmontanus, beyond mountains. )

Acipenser transmontanius, RICHARDSON, Fauna Bor, Amer., 111, 278, 1836; Fort Vancouver.

Acipenser brachyrhynchus, and acutirostris (young), Ayres, Proc. Cal. Ac. Sci., 1854, 15, 16, San
Francisco.

Acipenser transmontanus and brachyrhynchus, GUNTHER, Cat., VIII, 336, 337, 1870,

Acipenser transmontanus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 86, 1883.

? Acipenser aleutensis, FirzinGER & HeckEL, Ann. Wien. Mus., 1836, Aleutian Islands, after
Pallas.

Acipenser caryi, ayresi, and putnami, DumMBRiL, Nouv. Arch. Mus., 111, 169, 171, 178, 1867, San
Francisco.

Acipenser transmontanus, Kirscu & Forpice, * Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1889, 254.

146. ACIPENSER MEDIROSTRIS, Ayres.
(GREEN STURGEON.)

Color olive-green, with an olive stripe on the median line of the belly
and one on each side above the ventral plates, these stripes ceasing

* This paper contains descriptions and synonymy of all the American Sturgeons.

Te ”6hChlr—oaH

Jordan and Evermann.— Fishes of North America. 105

opposite the vent. Shields generally opisthocentrous with a strongly
hooked spine; the surface very rough. Space between lateral and dorsal
rows of shields with about 5 series of stellate plates interspersed with
smaller ones; last dorsal shield moderate; more than 4 the one before
it. Snout about as in A. transmontanus, sharp in the young, becoming
blunt with age, usually rather shorter than the rest of head. Barbels
neatly midway between tip of snout and mouth. Gill rakers scarcely
higher than broad, about 17 in number. Upper lobe of tail with some
scattered plates. Caudal fulcra not enlarged. Lower lobe of caudal
short and blunt, little more than 4 the length of the upper. Dorsal
plates 10 (9 to 11); lateral 26 to 30; ventral 9(7 to 10). Anal nearly
as long as dorsal and mostly behind it. D. 33 to 35; A. 22 to 28. Depth
74 in length; head 44. Pacific coast, ascending the rivers from San
Francisco northward, reaching a large size; less abundant than 4. trans-
montanus, and smaller in size; not used for food, being reputed poisonous.
(medium, moderate; rostrum, snout.)

Acipenser medirostris, AYRES, Proc. Cal. Ac. Sci., 1, 15, 1854, San Francisco; Gintuer, Cat.,
vit, 342, 1870; Jonpan & GiLBERT, Synopsis, 86, 1883.

Acipenser agassizii, alexandri, and oligopeltis, DumMf&R1L, Nouv. Arch. Mus., 111, 181, 183, 184, 1867,
San Francisco.

Acipenser agassizi, GUNTHER, Cat., viii, 344, 1870.

Acipenser acutirostris, GUNTHER, Cat., vit, 344, 1870.

Acipenser medirostris, Kirscu & Forpice, l. c., 249, 1889.

147. ACIPENSER STURIO, Linnzeus.
(ComMoN STURGEON.)

Shields not strongly striated; stellate plates small, in about 10 rows,
with smaller ones interspersed; last dorsal shield moderate, more than
+ length of one before it. Snout rather sharp, nearly as long as the
rest of the head, becoming comparatively shorter and blunter with age.
Barbels nearly midway between mouth and tip of snout, shortish, not
reaching the mouth. Gill rakers small, slender, pointed, sparse, not
longer than the pupil. Fulera roughish, not enlarged. Lower lobe of
tail rather sharp. Anal more than } dorsal, placed mostly below it.
Anterior rays of pectoral thickened. D. 38; A. 27. Dorsal plates 10 to
14; lateral 29 (27 to 36); ventral plates 9 (8 to 11). Olive gray, paler
below. Atlantic coasts; ascending rivers of northern Europe and the
United States.

The American Sturgeon (var. oryrhynchus, Mitchill) has the number
of lateral plates generally fewer (27 to 29 instead of 29 to 36, as in Euro-
pean examples). The stellate ossifications are also said to be somewhat
rougher than in the European form. New England to Carolina; abun-

dant. (sturio, sturgeon.) (Ev.)
Acipenser sturio, LINN US, Syst. Nat., X, 1758, 237; GintHeER, Cat., vitr, 342, 1870,
Acipenser oxyrhynchus, Mircuitt, Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soc. N. Y., 1, 462, 1814, the American

form, New York; Jorpan & Gitpert, Synopsis, 86, 1883.
Sturio vulgaris, Rarinresque, Indice, 41, 1810, Palermo.

Acipenser lichtensteini, latirostris, hospitus, thompsoni, attilus, and yarrelli of European authors; A,
mitchilli, New York; kennicotli, James River; girardi, Maryland; macrorhinus, New York;
megalaspis, Lake Champlain, milberti, New York, bairdi, Maryland; soreri, Boston;

holbrooki, Charleston; and lecontei, New York; Dumérin, Nouv. Arch. Mus., rt, 1867.

106 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

148. ACIPENSER RUBICUNDUS, Le Sueur.
(LAKE STURGEON ; OHIO STURGEON; STONE STURGEON; Rock StuRGEON ; RED STURGEON.)

Dark olive above, sides paler or reddish, often with irregular blackish
spots. Body comparatively elongate; snout slender and long in the
young, becoming quite blunt with age, when it is considerably shorter
than the rest of the head; shields large, rough, with strongly hooked
spines, becoming later comparatively smooth, the old examples almost
smooth. Skin with minute rough spinules in many series; ventral shields
growing smaller with age, and finally deciduous; last dorsal shield of
moderate size, about 4 length of next the last. Anal $ length of dorsal,
beginning near its middle. Dorsal shields 15 (11 to 16); lateral shields 38
(30 to 39); ventral plates 10(8 to11). D.35; A. 26. L.6 feet. Weight
50 to 100 pounds. Mississippi Valley, Great Lakes, and northward; the
common fresh-water sturgeon of the lakes and streams of the middle
west, usually not descending to the sea. The small rough ‘‘Rock Stur-
geon,” A. maculosus, Le Sueur, we regard as the young of this species.
(rubicundus, reddish. )

Acipenser rubicundus, LE SuEuR, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., 1, 1818, 388, Lakes Ontario, Erie,
and all the upper Lakes.

Acipenser maculosus, Le SuEUR, l. c., 1, 393, 1818, (young), Ohio River.

Acipenser rupertianus, RICHABDSON, Fauna Bor. Amer., 11, 11, 1836, Albany River, Rupert
Land.

Acipenser levis, carbonarius, and rhynchzus, AGASSIZ, 267, 271, 276, 1850, Lake Superior.

Acipenser rubicundus and maculosus, GUNTHER, Cat., VIII, 338, 339, 1870.

Acipenser liopeltis, GUNTHER, Cat., v111, 341, 1870, Mississippi.

Acipenser rubicundus, MILNER, Rept. U. 8. Fish Com., 1872, 1873, 67.

~ Acipenser rubicundus, JonpvAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 87, 1883.

Acipenser serotinus, ohiensis, and macrostomus, RAFINESQUE, Ich. Oh., 80, 1820, Ohio River.

Dinectus truncatus, RAFINESQUE, Ich. Oh., 80, 81, 1820, (erroneous, on a drawing by Audubon).

_ Acipenser copei, ? upper Missouri; rauchi, Osage River; richardsoni, Missouri River; anasimos,

Missouri River; paranasimos, Huntsville, Ala.; anthracinus, Lake Erie; lamarii, Missis-

sippi River; atelaspis, Saskatchewan River; rajinesquei, Ohio River; rosarium, upper

Mississippi, or Lake Erie; platyrhinus, upper Mississippi or Lake Erie; kirtlandi,

Lake Erie; nertinianus, Michigan; honneymani, no locality; cincinnati, Ohio River; and

buffalo, Lake Erie; Dumférit, Hist. Poiss., 11, 108-231, 1870.

149. ACIPENSER BREVIROSTRUM, Le Sueur.

(SHORTNOSED STURGEON.)

Dusky above, paler below. Snout very short and obtuse, about + of
the length of the head. Barbels short, simple. Skin between rows of
shields with many rows of small prickle-like plates; last dorsal shield
very small, less than + the one before it. Shields rather large and
smoothish. Anal about half dorsal and entirely below it. Dorsal shield
11 (8 to 11); lateral 32 (22 to 33); ventral 9 (6 to 9); D.41; A.22. Cape Cod
to Florida, rare northward, extending further southward than other
species; our specimen from Charleston. (brevis, short; rostrum, snout.)
Acipenser brevirostrum, Lt SuEur, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., 1, 390, 1818; GiinrHeER, Cat., vit, 841;

JorpaN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 87, 1883.
Acipenser obtusirostris, LovetzKy, Nouy. Mem. Soc. Nat., 111, 257 (after Le Sueur).

Acipenser microrhynchus, New York; lesueuri, New York; dekayi, New York; and rostellum,
probably New York; Dumérit, Hist. Poiss., 11, 164-173, 1870.

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 107

65. SCAPHIRHYNCHUS,* Heckel.
(SHOVELNOSE STURGEONS. )

Scaphirhynchus, HECKEL, Ann. Wiener Mus. Naturgesch., 1, 1835, 71, (rafinesquei = platorynchus),
(not Scaphorhynchus, Maximilian, a genus of birds).
Scaphyrhynchops, GiLu, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., v, 12, 178, 1863, (platorynchus).

Snout broad, depressed, subspatulate or shovel-shaped. No spiracles.
Caudal peduncle very long, strongly depressed, broaderthandeep. Rows
of bony bucklers confluent below the dorsal fin, forming a complete coat
of mail on the tail; tail produced in a filament beyond the caudal fin,
this longest in the young. Gill rakers somewhat fan-shaped. Pseudo-
branchiz obsolete. Species about 4, one of them inhabiting the fresh
waters of the United States, the others in Central Asia (Tartary, etc.).
(oxagn, spade; pvyyoc, snout.)

150. SCAPHIRHYNCHUS PLATORYNCHUS, (Rafinesque).

(SHOVELNOSE STURGEON; WHITE STURGEON.)

Body elongate, tapering into a slender, depressed tail, which extends
beyond the caudal fin in the form of a filament; this filament is long and
slender in the young, but is usually lost in the adult. Bony shields
opisthocentrous (or with the bony spine behind the middle), sharply
keeled, the series confluent below the dorsal, obliterating the smaller
plates between; 2 occipital plates, with short keels; a spine in front
of eye, and one at the posterior edge of the rostral ‘* shovel”: snout in
the young with a few spines. Barbels nearer mouth than tip of snout.
Greatest width of head about its length. None of the fulera enlarged.
Dorsal and anal small; anal a little more than $ length of dorsal and
entirely behind it. Gill rakers small, lamellate, somewhat fan-shaped,
ending in 3 or4 points. Dorsal shields 18 (15 to 20); lateral 46 (41 to 46);
ventral 13 (11 to 13). D. 32; A. 20. Head 4in length. Color pale olive.
L. 5 feet. Mississippi Valley and streams of the western and southern
States; common. (zAaric, broad ; piyyoc, snout.)

Acipenser platorynchus, RAFINESQUE, Ichth. Oh., 80, 1820, Ohio River.

Acipenser cataphractus, Gray, Proc. Zoil. Soc. London, 1834, 122.

Scaphirhynchus rafinesquei, WeckeL, Ann. Wiener Mus. Naturgesch., 1, 1835, 71.
Scaphirhynchus cataphractus, GUNTHER, Cat., vi11, 345, 1870,

Scaphirrhynchops platyrrhynchus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 88, 1883.

Scaphirhynchus platyrhynchus, Kinscu & Forpice, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1889, 246.

HOLOSTEI.
(THe Bony GANoIDs.)

Skeleton bony. Ventral fins abdominal, with the basilar segments
rudimentary, as in ordinary fishes. Primary radii of posterior limb gen-
erally reduced to one rudiment. Subopereulum and preoperculum pres-
ent. Branchiostegals present. Coronoid bone and mesocoracoid present.
Arterial bulb with several pairs of valves. Optic nerves forming a chi»
asma. Intestine with a spiral valve. Air bladder cellular, lung-like,

* By the rules of the American Ornithologists’ Union, the generic name Scaphirhynchops should
be preferred. We regard all generic names not spelled alike as distinct.

108 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

connected by a sort of glottis with the esophagus. Tail heterocercal.
Skin covered with scales, which are ganoid or cycloid. As here under-
stood, this group consists of the two orders RHOMBOGANOIDEA and
CyYCLOGANOIDEA, the CROSSOPTERYGII” being considered as forming a dis-
tinct subclass. (GANOIDEI HOLOSTEI, part, Giinther, Cat., vit1, 324-325,
328-331.) (éA0c, complete; dcréov, bone; also called HYOGANOIDEA.)

Order K. RHOMBOGANOIDEA.
(THe Gar PIKEs.)

Parietals in contact; pterotic, basis cranii, and anterior vertebrz sim-
ple; symplectics present. Mandible with coronoid, angular, articular,
and dentary bones; third superior pharyngeal small, lying on fourth;
upper basilyal wanting; maxillary transversely divided. A cartilaginous
mesocoracoid. Vertebre opisthocelian, that is, connected by ball-and-
socket joints, the concavity in each vertebra being behind. Pectoral fins
with mesopterygium and 5 other basal elements. Tail heterocercal. Air
bladder lung-like, single, connecting with the dorsal side of the esopha-
gus. This order consists of asingle family, LEPISOSTEID®, ((0u8o0c, rhomb;
GANOIDEA; also called GINGLYMODI, j/yyAvuoc, hinge; <cidoc, like, in allu-
sion to the hinge joints of the vertebrz.)

Family XXXII. LEPISOSTEIDZ.
(THE GAR PIKES.)

Body elongate, subcylindrical, covered with hard, rhombic ganoid scales
or plates, which are imbricated in oblique series running downward and
backward. Both jaws more or less elongate, spatulate or beak-like, the
upper jaw projecting beyond the lower. Premaxillary forming most of
the margin of the upper jaw; the maxillary transversely divided into
several pieces. Lower jaw composed of as many pieces as in reptiles;
coronoid present. Both jaws with an outer series of small teeth, followed
by 1 (or 2) series of large teeth, besides which on the jaws, vomer, and
palatines are series of small, close-set, rasp-like teeth. Large teeth of the
jaws conical in form, pointed and striate, placed at right angles to the
jaw ; these large teeth rest, according to Agassiz, in a rather deep furrow,
protected on the outside by the raised border of the jaw, and on the
inside by a ridge of the same nature; these teeth are pierced in the center
by a foramen, which communicates with the maxillary canal, and through
which the nerves and blood vessels enter the pulp cavity of the tooth;
the forms of the folded layers of dentine within the teeth are peculiar.
Pharyngeals with rasp-like teeth. Tongue toothless, short, broad, emar-
ginate, free at tip. External bones of skull very hard and rugose. Eyes
small. Nostrils near the end of the upper jaw. An accessory gill on the
inner side of the opercle. Pseudobranchiz present. No spiracles. Gills
4, a slit behind the fourth. Branchiostegals 3. Gill membranes some-
what connected, free from the isthmus. Gill rakersveryshort. Air blad-
der cellular, lung-like, somewhat functional. Fins with fulera; dorsal

* Polypteridzx; all the species belonging to the Old World.
yp ’ >

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America, 109

fin short, rather high, posterior, nearly opposite the anal, which is simi-
lar in form ; tail heterocercal, in the young produced as a filament beyond
the caudal fin; caudal convex; ventrals nearly midway between pecto-
rals and anal; pectorals and ventrals moderate, few-rayed. Stomach not
cecal; pyloric appendages numerous. Spiral valve of intestines rudi-
mentary. Fishes of the fresh waters of North America and China, of
sluggish habits, but voracious and destructive to smaller fishes. The flesh
is tough and rank, valueless as food. One genus with about 5 species,
although more than 40 have been described. These fishes are of much
interest to geologists from their relationship to extinct ganoid genera,
many of which are usually placed in this family. (LEPIDOSTEID,Giin-
ther, Cat., VIII, 328-331. )

66. LEPISOSTEUS, Lacépéde. Gar PIkzs.

Lepisosteus, LAcEPEDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., v, 331, 1803, (gavialis = osseus).
Oylindrosteus, RAFINESQUE, Ich. Ohiensis, 72, 1820, (platostomus).
Atractosteus, RAFINESQUE, l. c., 72, (ferozx).

Sarchirus, RAFINESQUE, l. c., 86, (argenteus).

Tepidosteus, AGASSsIz, (corrected spelling).

Upper jaw with an outer series of small, sharp, even teeth, then a
series of large teeth, some of the anterior teeth being usually movable;
next comes a series of fine teeth, in one row in front, becoming a band
behind. In some species, the inner row of these teeth contains larger ones;
next the vomerine teeth, also in along band, and posteriorly a palatine
band. These bands on the roof of the mouth are frequently somewhat
confluent or irregular. In young specimens some of the palatine teeth are
often enlarged, these sometimes forming regular series. Lower jaw with
an outer series of small teeth, next a series of large teeth, next again a
broad band of fine teeth on each side. Each of the large teeth fitting into
a depression in the opposite jaw. Rivers of North America. A single
species (ZL, sinensis, Bleeker) found in China. (Aezi¢, scale; doréov, bone.)

a. Large teeth of upper jaw in a single row on each side.

LEPISOSTEUS:
b. Beak long and slender; the snout more than twice the length of the rest of the head.
ossEus, 151.
CYLINDROSTEUS, (KvAwwdpos, cylinder; d6aréov, bone) :
bb. Beak shorter and broader, little longer than rest of head. PLATOSTOMUS, L52.
ATRACTOSTEUS,* (atpaxtos, spindle; daTeov, bone):
aa, Large teeth in upper jaw in 2 rows on each side; beak short and broad, not longer than
rest of head.
ec. Scales in lateral line about 60. TRISTeCH US, 153.
cc. Scales larger, those in lateral line 52. rropicus, 14.

Subgenus LEPISOSTEUS.
151. LEPISOSTEUS OSSEUS, (Linneus).

(Lona-NoseD Gar; Brntrisn; Common Gar Pike.)

Snout a little more than twice the length of the rest of the head, its
length 15 to 20 times its least width. Olivaceous, pale, and somewhat

*The name Litholepis, Rafinesque, applied by him to a gigantic gar, Litholepis adamantinus, the
*Devil-jack Diamond tish,’’ is based on a drawing by Audubon, not intended by Audubon to
represent any possible fish,

110 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

silvery below; vertical fins and posterior part of the body with round

black spots, which are more distinct in the young; very young with a

blackish lateral band. Head 3 in length; depth12. D.8; A. 9; V.6;

P. 10. Lat. line about 62. L. about 5 feet. Great Lakes and rivers of the

United States from Vermont to the Rio Grande; generally abundant and

quite variable, the local variations having given rise to many specific

names.* Southern specimens are often more distinctly spotted. A de-

tailed comparison of many specimens, from different parts of the country,

will probably show the existence of recognizable subspecies, but this

comparison is yet to be made. (osseus, bony.)

Esox osseus, LINN EUS, Syst. Nat., Ed. x, 1758, 313, after Artedi, based on Acus maxima squamosa.
viridis, the Green Gar Fish of Catesby, 1738, pl. 30, Virginia.

Esox viridis, GMELIN, Syst. Nat., 1389, 1788, also after Catesby.

Lepisosteus gavailis, Lacipipr, Hist. Poiss., v, 333, 1803, ‘‘lakes and rivers of both Indies.”

Lepisosteus oxyurus, RAFINESQUE, Ichth. Ob., 73, 1820, Ohio River.

Lepisosteus longirostris, RAFINESQUE, l. c., 74, 1820, Ohio River.

Lepisosteus huronensis, RICHARDSON, Fauna Bor. Amer., 111, 237, 1836; Penetanguishene, Lake
Huron; GinruHer, Cat., vir, 330, 1870.

Lepidosteus gracilis, AGASSIZ, Poissons Fossiles, 11, 2, 1836.

Lepidosteus osseus GUNTHER, Cat., vi11, 330, 1870.

Lepisosteus semiradiatus, AGASSIZ, l. c., 11, 2, plate 2, 1836.

Lepidosteus osseus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 91, 1883.

Sarchirus vittatus, and Sarchirus argenteus, RAFINESQUE, Ichth. Oh., 86, 1820, (young), Ohio River.

Lepisosteus bison, De Kay, New York Fauna: Fishes, 271, 1842, Buffalo, New York.

Lepisosteus lineatus, THompson, Hist. Vermont, 145, 1842, Lake Champlain.

Macrognathus loricatus, GRoNoW, Cat. Fish., 148, 1854, after Linnzeus.

Lepidosteus leptorhynchus, Girarp, Pac. R. R. Expl., 351, 1858, Devil River, Texas.

Lepidosteus crassus, COPE, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1865, 86, Bombay Hook, Delaware River.

Lepidosteus otarius, CopE, l. c., 86, ‘‘ Platte River near Fort Riley;’’ but Fort Riley was on the
the Kansas River.

Subgenus CYLINDROSTEUS, Rafinesque.
152. LEPISOSTEUS PLATOSTOMUS, Rafinesque.

(SHORT-NOSED GAR.)

Snout usually about 4+ longer than the rest of the head, sometimes about
equal to it, its length 5 to 6 times its least width. Colors of L. osseus or
rather darker. Head 34 in length; depth8. D.8; A.8; V.6. Lat. line
about 56. L.2 to 3 feet. Great Lakes and southern and western rivers,
with the preceding, but less abundant northward. Still more variable
than the preceding; possibly more than 1 species confounded; not al-
ways readily distinguishable from the young of the next. (/artic, broad;
otéua, mouth.)

Lepisosteus platostomus, RAFINESQUE, Ichth. Oh., 72, 1820, Ohio River.
Lepisosteus albus, RAFINESQUE, I. c., 73, Ohio River.
Lepisosteus platystomus, GUNTHER, Cat., VIII, 329, 1870; JonDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 91, 1883.

*M. Auguste Duméril (Hist. Nat. Poiss., Vol. 11, 1870) divides this species, as represented in
the Museum at Paris, into 17, which are distinguished by trifling differences in proportions and
numbers of scales. His new names are ZL. treculi, Mississippi, 327; L. milberti, New York,
328; L. harlani, Wabash River, 329; L. smithi, upper Mississippi, 330; LZ. ayresi, Wabash
River, 331; L. copei, northern North America, 332; L. lesuewri, Wabash River, 335; L.
elisabeth, no locality, 336; L. lamari, northern North America, 337; JL. clintonii, no lo-
cality, 338; L. troosti, United States, 339; L. piquotianus, Lake Erie, 340; L. horatii, north-
ern North America, 341; L. thompsoni, upper Mississippi, 342; ZL. louisianensis, New
Orleans, 344.

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 111

Lepidosteus grayi, AGASSIZ, Poissons Fossiles, 11, 2, 1836, Louisiana.

Lepisosteus platyrhincus, DE Kay, N. Y. Fauna: Fishes, 273, 1842, Florida.

Lepidosteus latirostris, GinarD, Pac. R. R. Expl., 352, 1858, Rio Pecos, Texas.

Lepidosteus oculatus, WiNCHELL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, 183, Huron River, Mich.
Cylindrosteus productus, Cope, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1865, 86, San Antonio, Texas.
Cylindrosteus agassizii, Dum&R1L, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 11, 351, 1870, St. Louis.

Cylindrosteus zadocki, DuMERIL, l. c., 353, upper Mississippi.

Cylindrosteus rafinesquei, DUMERIL, I. c., 354, United States.

Cylindrosteus castelnaui, DuMEéRIL, I. c., 355, Lake Lafayette, Florida.

Cylindrosteus bartoni, DUMERLL, I. c., 356, New Orleans.

Subgenus ATRACTOSTEUS, Rafinesque.
153. LEPISOSTEUS TRISTECHUS, (Bloch & Schneider).

(ALLIGATOR GAR; GREAT GAR; MANJUARI.)

Snout usually not quite so long as the rest of the head, its least width
contained 34 times in its length. Head 34in length. D.8; A.8; V.6.
Lat. line 60. Scales in an oblique series from the ventrals to middle of
back 18 to 20. Color greenish, paler below, the adult usually not spotted.
L. 8 to 10 feet. Rivers of the southern States, Cuba, and northern Mex-
ico, north to St. Louis and Cincinnati. A huge, muscular, voracious fish,
useless as food, remarkable for its armature of enameled scales. (rpeic,
three; oroixoc, row.)

Esox tristechus, Bhocu & SCHNEIDER, Syst. Ichth., 395, 1801, Cuba, after Manjuari of Para.
Lepisosteus spatula, LacépipE, Hist. Poiss., v, 333, 1803, no locality.

Lepisosteus (Atractosteus) feroxr, RAFINESQUE, Ichth. Oh., 73,1820, Ohio River.

Lepidosteus manjuari, Porky, Memorias, 1, 273, 1860, Cuba.

Lepidosteus (Atractosteus) berlandieri, Ginarn, Pac. R. R. Expl., 353, 1858, Tamaulipas.
Lepidosteus viridis, GUNTHER, Cat., vitt, 329, 1870, not Esox viridis, GMELIN, which is L. osseus.
Litholepis tristechus, JORDAN & GILBERT; Synopsis, 92, 1883.

Atractosteus lucius, DumMERIL, 1. c., 364, 1870, Tampico, Mexico.

154. LEPISOSTEUS TROPICUS, (Gill).

Head 4 in extreme length; depth 84+; scales 8-52 to 54-12. Otherwise
as in L. tristechus, from which it may not be distinguishable. (Gill.)
Streams of the Pacific Coast of Central America. (tropicus, tropical.)

Atractosteus tropicus, G1LL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, 172, streams near Panama.
Atractosteus tropicus, DumERIL, l. c., 367, 1870.

Order L. CYCLOGANOIDEA.
(THe Bowrins.)

Parietals in contact. Pterotic, basis cranii, and anterior vertebra sim-
ple. Mandible with opercular and coronoid. Maxillary not transversely
segmented, bordering the mouth. Third superior pharyngeal lying on
enlarged fourth. Upper basihyal wanting. Vertebrw amphiccelian, the
anterior not modified. Pectoral fins with mesopterygium and 8 other ele-
ments. Air bladder cellular and lung-like. This order includes only the
family AMIID%. (KixAoc, circle; Ganoidea; also called HALECOMORPHI,
halecomorphus, formed like a shad; halec, in allusion to the resemblance
between this group of GaNorps and the IsosPONDYLI. It is probable that
the ancestors of the ISOSPONDYLI are to be found among forms allied to
the existing HALECOMORPHI. )

112 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

Family XXXIII. AMIIDZ.
(THE BOWFINS.)

Body oblong, compressed behind, terete anteriorly. Head subconical,
anteriorly bluntish, slightly depressed, its superficial bones corrugated
and very hard, scarcely covered by skin. Snout short, rounded; lateral
margins of upper jaw formed by the maxillaries, which are divided by a
longitudinal suture. Jaws nearly even in front; cleft of the mouth nearly
horizontal, extending beyond the small eye; lower jaw broad, U-shaped,
the rami well separated; between them a broad bony plate, with radiat-
ing striw, its posterior edge free; jaws each with an outer series of con-
ical teeth, behind which in the lower is a band of rasp-like teeth; bands
of small teeth on the vomer and pterygoids; palatines with a series of
larger, pointed teeth; premaxillaries not protractile; tongue thick,
scarcely free at tip. Nostrils well separated, the anterior with a short
barbel; suborbital very narrow; a bony plate covering the cheek, similar
to the plates on the top of the head; operculum with a broad dermal
border. Branchiostegals 10 te 12. No pseudobranchiw nor opercular
gill; no spiracle; gills 4, aslit behind the fourth; gill membranes not con-
nected, free from the isthmus. Two peculiar, long, lanceolate, obliquely
striate appendages on each side of the isthmus, projecting backward and
covered by the branchiostegal rays, the anterior wholly adnate to the
isthmus, the posterior free behind.“ Isthmus scaleless. Gill rakers stout-
ish, very short. Scales of moderate size, rather firm, cycloid, with a mem-
branous border. Lateral line present. Dorsal fin long and low, nearly
uniform; the posterior rays not much higher than the others; its inser-
tion in front of the middle line of the body, opposite the end of the pecto-
ral. Tail somewhat heterocercal (more so in the young), convex behind.
No fulera. Anal fin short and low. Pectoral and ventral fins short and
rounded, the ventrals nearer anal than pectorals. Vertebre amphicelian
or double concave, as usual among fishes, none of them specially modified.
Abdominal and caudal parts of the vertebral column subequal. Air blad-
der cellular, bifid in front, lung-like, connected by a glottis with the
pharynx, and capable of assisting in respiration. Stomach with a blind
sac; no pyloric ceca. No closed oviduct. Intestine with a rudimentary
spiral valve. Fresh waters of the United States. A single species known
among living fishes. Several fossil genera are usually referred to this
family. (AmiIp#, Giinther, Cat., vill, 324-325.)

67. AMIA, Linnzus.

(BOWFINS. )

Amia,t Linnxvs, Syst. Nat., Ed. x11, 1766, 500; (calva), not of Gronow, 1763, which is a non
binomial name for Apogon.

* See Wilder ‘‘ On the Serrated Appendages of the Throat of Amia,’’ Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv
Sci., 1876, 259, for a discussion of these curious organs,

+If the nonbinomial generic names of Gronow are to be recognized, the name Amia must be
transferred to Apogon and the present genus must be called Amiatus. The date of Gronow’s work
lies between that of the tenth edition (1758),of Linnzus, Systema Nature, and that of the twelfth
(1766). The character of Gronow’s work is essentially pre-Linnzan, and it contains no reference
to the Linnean system. It seems to us that the genera of nonbinomial writers should not be
given precedence over those of the binomial system.

Jordan and Evermann.—Ffishes of North America. 113

Amiatus, RAFINESQUE, Analyse de la Nature, 88, 1815, (calva); substitute for Amia, regarded as
too short for symmetry.
Characters of the genus included above. (duia, ancient name of some
fish, probably the bonito, Sarda sarda.)

155. AMIA CALVA, Linnzus.
(Muprisn ; Docrisn; BowFIn; GrinviF; “ Joun A. GRINDLE;’? LAWYER; Poisson DE MARAIs.)

Dark olive or blackish above, paler below; sides with traces of dark
reticulate markings; lower jaw and gular plate often with round blackish
spots; fins mostly dark, somewhat mottled. Male with a round black
spot at base of caudal above, this surrounded by an orange or yellowish
shade; in the female this ocellus is wanting. Lateral line nearly median,
directed slightly upward at each end. D.48 (42 to 53); A.10to12; V.7.
Lat. line, 67 (65 to 70). Head 3%in length; depth 4 to 44. Male about 18
inches in length; female 24 or more. Great Lakes and sluggish waters
from Minnesota to Virginia, Florida, and Texas; abundant. A voracious
and gamy fish of remarkable tenacity of life. The flesh is peculiarly soft
and pasty and is of no value for food.

Amia calva, LINN&US, Syst. Nat., Ed. x11, 1766, 500, Charleston, S.C.; Ginruer, Cat., virr, 325,
1870.

Amia ocellicauda, RicHarpson, Fauna Bor. Amer., 111, 236, 1836, ¢', Lake Huron.

Amia occidentalis, DE Kay, New York Fauna: Fishes, 269, 1842, 9, St. Marys River, Mich.

Amia marmorata, CuvrER & VALENCIENNES, XIX, 412, 1846, New Orleans.

Amia ornata, LE Sueur, in Cuvier & Valenciennes, l, c., 420, Chibault, on Mississippi River.

Amia viridis, LE Surur, l. c., 421, New Orleans.

Amia canina, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, l. c., 424, Lake Erie, after Kirtland.

Amia lentiginosa, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, l. c., 426, after Bonnaterre, no locality.

Aimia subcerulea, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, l. c., 427, New Orleans.

Amia cinerea, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, l. c., 430, Charleston, South Carolina.

Amia reticulata, Le SUEUR, l. c.. 431, Wabash River.

Amia thompsoni, DumEéR1L, Hist. Nat. Poiss., u, 419, 1870, Lake Champlain.

Amia piquotii, DuMERIL, 1. c., 423, 1870, Upper Mississippi.

Series TELEOSTEI.
(Tue Bony Fisues.)

This group is sufficiently characterized in the analysis on page 97. The
name (rtéAeoc, perfect; doréov, bone) is not entirely distinctive, inasmuch
as the skeleton is well ossified in certain Ganoids. In general, however,
the group is well characterized by the absence of the anatomical features
ascribed to the Ganoids.

We begin the series with those Teleosts in which the air bladder con-
nects throughout life with the alimentary canal as distinguished from
those in which this connection is a feature of-immaturity. Slight as this
character is, it has value as an indication of relationship. Among these
forms in which the air duct is retained there are 2 well-marked series,
probably distinct in origin, the one characterized by a singular modilica-
tion of the anterior vertebra, the other without this character. The first
of the groups (OSTARIOPHYSI) includes the great majority of living fresh-
water fishes. From the other group the specialized spiny-rayed fishes and
most marine fishes seem to be descended.

F. N. A.——9

114 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

OSTARIOPHYSI.

This group, which includes the great majority of the living fresh-water
fishes of the world, is characterized chiefly by the modification of the
anterior vertebre. These are codssified and have some of their lateral
and superior elements detached and modified to form a chain of small
bones, the Weberian ossicles, which connect the air bladder with the ear.
The three orders, NEMATOGNATHI, PLECTOSPONDYLI, and SCYPHOPHORI
(Mormyridw), which compose this group, are doubtless derived from a
common stock. (dcrép.orv, a little bone; gvocc, bladder.)

Order M. NEMATOGNATHI.
(THE CATFISHES. )

Parietals and supraoccipital confluent. Four anterior vertebr coossi-
fied, and with ossicula auditus or weberian apparatus. No mesoptery-
gium. Basis cranii and pterotic bone simple; no coronoid bone. Third
superior pharyngeal bone wanting, or small and resting on the fourth;
second directed backwards. One or 2 pairs of basal branchihyals; 2 pairs
of branchihyals. Suboperculum wanting, or modified into the uppermost
branchiostegal. Mesocoracoid present. Premaxillary forming border of
mouth above, except in one family, DIPLOMYSTID, in which the maxil-
laries also bear teeth. Interclavicles present. Noscales. Skin naked or
with bony plates.

“This division isthe nearest ally to the sturgeons (CHONDROSTEI) among
Physostomous fishes, and I imagine that future discoveries will prove
that it has been derived from that division by descent. In the same way
the Isospondylous fishes are nearest the HALECOMORPHI, and have prob-
ably descended from some Crossopterygian, hear the HapLisTi1a, through
that order. The affinity of the catfishes to the sturgeons is seen in the
absence of symplectic, the rudimental maxillary bone, and, as observed by
Parker, in the interclavicles. There is a superficial resemblance in the
dermal bones.”—(Cope, J. ¢., 454.)

This group comprises the SiLuRID®* and their relatives, now divided
into several families by Prof. Gill. (SILURIDZz, Gunther, Cat., v, 1-277.)
(viua, thread; yvaSoc, jaw; from the maxillary barbels, which are always
present. )

ANALYSIS OF FAMILIES OF NEMATOGNATHI.

a. Air bladder well developed, usually simple or with transverse constrictions, lying free in
the abdominal cavity. Mouth terminal; teeth villiform, conical, incisor or molar
like; intestines short; arranged in longitudinal folds; body naked, or with one series
of lateral plates; diaphragm membranous; tip of scapular process reaching basi-
occipital. Dorsal fin short, confined to the abdominal part of the vertebral column;
opercle well developed and movable; adipose fin normally present; gill openings gen-
erally wide; caudal vertebra not compressed, the neural spines simple, spine-like.
Maxillary rudimentary, forming the base of a long barbel, the premaxillaries alone
forming the margin of the upper jaw. SILURIDEH, XXXIV,

*In the arrangement of the tropical genera of NEMATOGNATHI, we have followed closely the
“Revision of the South American NEMATOGNATHI,’’ by Eigenmann & Eigenmann, 1890,

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 115

aa. Air bladder rudimentary, one division on either side of the coalesced vertebra and entirely
surrounded by a bony capsule; this capsule formed by the skull and by the lat-
eral processes of the anterior vertebre; diaphragm wholly ossedus, formed by the
expansions of the clavicle and scapuiar process. Scapula and its process firmly joined

to the skull. Gill membranes joined to the isthmus; skin covered with bony plates.
b. Caudal vertebra compressed, the neural and hemal spines expanded, forming a con-
tinuous ridge above and below; skin with several series of plates; mouth inferior,
the lower lip reverted; teeth turned abruptly back above and usually expanded;

>
a single series of teeth erect and in function, the premaxillaries and dentaries box-

shaped, filled with numerous relay teeth; intestinal canal coiled; cavity of air
bladder communicating with the exterior at a notch in the posterior margin of the
temporal plate at beginning of lateral line. LORICARIIDE, XXXV.

Family XXXIV. SILURIDZ.
(THE CATFISHES. )

Body more or less elongate, naked or covered with bony plates. No
true scales. Anterior part of head with 2 or more barbels, the base of
the longest pair formed by the small or rudimentary maxillary. Margin
of upper jaw formed by premaxillaries only. Suboperculum absent;
operculum present. Dorsal fin usually present, short, above or in front
of the ventrals. An adipose fin usually present. Anterior rays of dorsal
and pectorals usually spinous. Air bladder usually present, large, and
connected with the organ of hearing by means of the auditory ossicles.
Lower pharyngeals separate.

After the removal of numerous aberrant forms as distinct families, the
family of SILURID4 contains more than 100 genera and upward of 900
species. Most of the SILURID# are fresh-water fishes, inhabiting the
rivers of warm regions, particularly South America and Africa; compar-
atively few of them are marine, and these few are mostly tropical. They
are especially characteristic of the Amazon region in South America.
(SILURIDZ, part, Ginther, Cat., v, 30-65; 69-220.)

a, Gill membranes free or forming a free fold across the isthmus, rarely joined to the isthmus;
anal fin shorter than caudal portion of vertebral column.
TACHYSURINZE:
b. Nostrils close together, neither with a barbel, the posterior with a valve; teeth on the
palate; caudal forked. (Species chiefly marine.)
e. Lower jaw with 2 barbels; maxillary barbel band-like; pectoral spine with a band-
like filament. Fevicutuys, 68.
ce, Lower jaw with 4 barbels; palatine teeth fixed; both jaws with teeth.
d, Gill rakers few, 5 to 25; eyes above level of mouth.
GALEICHTHYs, etc., (genera 69 to 74),
dd, Gill rakers very many—40 or more, long and slender; eyes scarcely above
level of mouth. Carnorops, 75
bb. Nostrils remote from each other. (Fresh-water species. )

IcTALURIN”E:
e. Posterior nostril with a barbel; barbels 8; no teeth on vomer or palate.
Jf. Adipose fin with its posterior margin free.
g. Premaxillary band of teeth truncate behind; not produced backward at
the outer angles,
h. Eyes normal,

116 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

i. Supraoccipital bone continued backward from the nape, its notched
tip receiving the bone at base of dorsal spine, so that a contin-
uous bony bridge is formed under the skin from snout to base

: of dorsal; caudal fin forked. IcraLurRus, 76.
ii. Supraoccipital not reaching interspinal bones, the bony bride:
more or less incomplete. AMEIURUS, 77.
gg. Premaxillary band of teeth with a lateral backward extension on eacli
side; lower jaw projecting; dorsal spine weak. Leprops, 78.
Jf. Adipose fin keel-like, adnate to the back.
j. Band of teeth in upper jaw with a backward extension at its outer posterior
angle, as in Leptops. Noturts, 79.
jj. Band of teeth in upper jaw without backward extension, as in Ameiurus.

SCHILBEODES, 80.
PIMELODINE:

ee. Posterior nostril without barbel; barbels 6; adipose fin well developed; teeth in
villiform bands.
k. Teeth on yomer none, or in small patches.

l. Head covered with soft skin above, not granulated. Snout broad, scarcely
produced; barbels terete or slighlty flattened, noc margined; head longer
than broad.

m. Occipital process, if present, not reaching the dorsal plate; dorsal
spine pungent. RuAMDIA, 81.
mm. Occipitai process narrow, reaching the dorsal plate; fontanelle reach-
ing base of occipital process, a bridge across it above posterior
margin of eye; humeral process spine-like. PIMELODELLA, 82.
ll. Head granulated above, naked or partially naked; occipital process usually
reaching dorsal plate; fontanelle not continued behind eyes; adipose

fin longer than high; humeral process broad; not spine-like.
PIMELODUS, 83.

68. FELICHTHYS, Swainson.

(GAFF-TOPSAIL CATFISHES. )

Breviceps, SW AINSON, Nat. Hist. Fishes, 1, 328, 1838, (bagre), name preoccupied.
Felichthys, SWAINSON, l. c., 11, 305, 1839, substitute for Breviceps, (bagre).
Ailurichthys, BArrp & Grrarp, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1854, 26, (marinus).
lurichthys, GILL, corrected spelling.
Mystus, Gronow, Cat. Fishes, Ed. Gray, 165, 1854, (carolinensis), name preoccupied.
Pimelodus, BLEEKER, Silures de Suriname, 65, 1864, (bagre), not of Lacépéde, as restricted by Gill.
Body rather elongate, little compressed. Head depressed, broad above.
Mouth large, the upper jaw the longer. Teeth all villiform; those on the
yomer and palatines forming a more or less perfectly crescent-shaped band.
Barbels 4; maxillary barbels band-like, very long; chin with 2 short
barbels. Nostrils close together, the posterior with a valve; nuchal region
with a granulated, bony buckler. Fontanelle large, well forward. Dor-
sal fin short, in front of the ventrals, with lsharp spine and7rays. Pec-
torals with a similar spine; pectoral] spines, and sometimes dorsal spine
also, ending in a long, striated, band-like filament. Adipose fin moderate,
free behind. Caudal fin widely forked; anal moderate, emarginate; ven-
tral rays 6. Gill membranes somewhat connected. Tropical waters of
America, the species all marine. (felis, cat; iy@vs, fish.)
a. Dorsal spine not produced in a long filament; occipital process large, shaped like a clover
leaflet; gill rakers 5 + 14; base of ventrals about equidistant from snout and caudal.
PANAMENSIS, 156.

Jordan and Evermann.— Fishes of North America. 117

—— ——

aa, Dorsal spine produced in a long filament; occipital process normal; gill rakers not more
than 9.

b. Distance from dorsal fin to tip of snout 344 to 4 in length; base of anal more than } length.

e. Anterior lobe of anal with minute dots, its highest ray less than 1% its base;

vomerine and palatine patches of teeth separate; anal rays 32 to 35.
BAGRE, 157.

ee, Anterior lobe of anal with a large dark blotch, its highest ray more than 4 its
base; vomerine and palatine patches of teeth joined; anal rays 28 to 30.

PINNIMACULATUS, 158.

cec. Head broader; occipital process narrower than in F. pinnimaculatus; body and fins

uniformly colored; no black blotch on ventrals or anal. EYDOUXII, 159.

bb. Distance of dorsai from tip of snout about 3 in length; bighest anal ray about equal to

base of anal, which is about 1 the length; anal rays 20 to 26.

d. Anal rays about 26; occipital buckler large, triangular, its width at base 11¥ in its

length. FILAMENTOSUS, 160.

dd. Anal rays 22 to 24; occipital buckler small, oblong, nearly as wide behind as before;

top of head smoother than in most other species; pectoral spine shorter than

head, a little longer than dorsal spine. MARINUS, 161.
ddd. Anal rays 19 to 21; pectoral spine as long as head, much longer than dorsal spine;
palatine teeth in a narrow band. BAHIENSIS, 162.

156. FELICHTHYS PANAMENSIS, (Gill).

Body robust; dorsal spines not produced; maxillary barbels reaching
base of ventrals; caudal deeply forked. Steel blue, with bright reflections;
fins dotted. Head 4; depth 5. D. 1,7; A. 29. Mazatlan to Panama;
common. (panamensis, from Panama. )

Ailurichthys panamensis, GILL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, 172, Panama.
Ailurichthys nuchalis, GUNTHER, Cat., v, 179, 1864, Panama.
Ailurichthys panamensis, EIGENMANN & EIGENMANN, 8S. A. Nematognathi, 31, 1890.

157. FELICHTHYS BAGRE, (Linneus).

Body rather elongate; maxillary barbels reaching beyond front of anal;
gill rakers very slender, 2 + 6; dorsal filament reaching caudal. Dark
purplish, fins dotted. Head 43; depth 54. D.1I,7; A. 32 to 35. Coast of
Brazil, accredited to the West Indies, but rare north of Surinam. (bagre,
Portuguese name of some catfish. )

Silurus bagre, LInnxvs, Syst. Nat., Ed. x11, 505, 1766, South America, after Gronow.

Ailurichthys bagre, E1iGENMANN, 8. A. Nematognathi, 33, 1890.

Galeichthys gronovii, Cuvier & VALENCIENNES, XV, 40, 1840, Guiana, Maracaibo, Naua, Bahia,
Cayenne,

Ailurichthys gronovii, GUNTHER, Cat., Vv, 178, 1864.

Bagrus macronemus, RANZANI, Noy. Com. Ac, Sci. Bonon, 1842, v, 334, pl. 28, Brazil.

Mystus carolinensis, Gronow, Cat. Fishes, Ed. Gray, 156, 1854, Rivers of South America.

158. FELICHTHYS PINNIMACULATUS, (Steindachner),

Rather elongate; maxillary barbels reaching middle of anal; dorsal
spine 14 in head, its filament reaching to caudal. Metallic blue; anal
with a large black blotch in front; lower caudal lobe pale. Head 4°;
depth 4%. D. 1,7; A. 28 to 30. Mazatlan to Panama; common on sandy
shores. (pinna, fin; maculatus, spotted. )

Ailurichthys pinnimaculatus, Sternpacunenr, Ichth, Beitr., 1v, 15, 1875, Panama, Altata, Costa
Rica; EiGgkenMANN, l. c., 35, 1890.

118 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

159. FELICHTHYS EYDOUXII, (Cuvier & Valenciennes).

Head broader than in F. pinnimaculatus. Dorsal shield as long as broad,
the lateral edges rounded ; its surface granulated and grooved ; occipital
process narrower than in J’, pinnimaculaius. Teeth on palate forming a
transverse band, subinterrupted in the middle. Maxillary barbel reach-
ing middle of pectoral spine. Dorsal spine grooved, granulated on
anterior edge; pectoral filament reaching end of anal. Body and fins
uniformly colored, no black blotch on ventralsoranal. Head4}. D. I, 7;
A. 30. Guayaquil. (Sauvage.) (Named for M. Eydoux, its discoverer.)
Galeichthys eydouxii, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, XV, 43, 1840, Guayaquil.

Ailurichthys eydouxii, SAUVAGE, in Jordan, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1884, 40; description of original
type.
160. FELICHTHYS FILAMENTOSUS, Swainson.

Very close to F. marinus, which it represents southward. Shields on
top of head rougher than in F. marinus, the granulations extending on
each side of fontanelle to before it; granulated area before occipital pro-
cess broader than long, its width more than 3 head; occipital process
triangular, emarginate behind, its width at base 1 in its length; basal
bone of dorsal spine short but broad. Dorsal spine a little shorter than
head, a little longer than pectoral spine; its filament reaching to or
beyond adipose fin ; pectoral filament to front of anal; maxillary barbels
to end of pectoralspine. A. 26. Sandy coast of tropical America, on the
Atlantic side; here described from specimens from Lake Nicaragua. (fila-
mentosus, bearing filaments. )

Felichithys filamentosus, Swarnson, Nat. Hist. Anim., 11, 305, 1839, after Bloch, pl. 365.

Ailurichthys filamentosus, JORDAN, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1888, 411.
Galeichthys blochii, CuVIER & VALENCIENNES, XV, 44, 1840, Bahia.

161. FELICHTHYS MARINUS, (Mitchill).

(SEA Carrisi; GAFF TOPSAIL.)

Head rather short and broad, rounded anteriorly. Occipital buckler
small, oblong, not much broader before than behind; band of palatine
teeth nearly continuous, extremely variable. Maxillary barbels extend.
ing about to the end of the pectoral spine; pectoral spine longer than the
dorsal spine, # the length of the head, its filament reaching the vent;
dorsal filament reaching adipose fin; upper lobe of caudal much the
longer; anal fin faleate. Dusky bluish, silvery below. Head 4}. D. I,
7; A.23. P.I,12; B.6. Vert. 20+ 30. Cape Cod to Texas; common
southward; not valued as food.

Silurus marinus, Mrrcn111, Trans. Lit. and Phil. Soc. N. Y., 1, 1815, 433, New York.
Ailurichthys marinus, GUNTHER, Cat., v, 178, 1864.

Ailurichthys marinus, JORDAN & GiLBERT, Synopsis, 111, 1883.

Ailurichthys marinus, EIGENMANN, l. c., 36.

162. FELICHTHYS BAHIENSIS, (Castelnau),

Very close to F. marinus and perhaps not distinct, the pectoral spine
longer, as long as head, the maxillary barbels extending about to root of
ventral; palatine teeth in a very narrow band. A. 19 to 21. (Gunther.)

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 119

Mexico to Bahia, a doubtful species, placed by Eigenmann with F. fila-
mentosus, a8 synonym of FI. marinus.

Galeichthys bahiensis, CastTLENAU, Anim. Amer. Sud., 37, 1855, Bahia.
Ailurichthys longispinis, GUNTHER, Cat., Vv, 178, 1864, Mexico; South America.

69 to 74. GALEICHTHYS, Cuvier & Valenciennes
(SEA CATFISH.)

Tachysurus, LAcEPEDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., v, 151, 1803, (chinensis).

Galeichthys, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, XV, 28, 1840, ( feliceps, etc.)

Arius, Cuvier & VALENCIENNES, l. c., 52, (grandicassis, arius, etc.) (Restricted to arius by Bleeker
in 1858)—Tachysurus.

Ariodes, Mitten & TroscueL, Hore Ichthyol., 111, 9, 1849, (arenarius, etc.) (—Tachysurus.)

Hexanematichthys, BLEEKER, Ichthyol. Archip. Indici Siluri, 61, 1858, (sondaicus).

Cephalocassis, BLEEKER, l. c., 62, (nelanochir). (—Hexanematichthys.)

Netuma, BLEEKER, l. c., 62, (nasut.t).

Guiritinga, BLEEKER, l. c., 62, (commersoni). (= Netuma.).

Sciadeichthys, BLEEKER, l. c., 62, (emphysetus).

Selenaspis, BLEEKER, l. c., 62, (herzbergii).

Hemiarius, Bueexer, Neder]. Tijdskr. Dierk., 1, 1862, 90, (stormi). (—Hexanematichthys.)

Pseudarius, BLEEKER, l. c., 91, (arius; grandicassis being regarded as type of Arius). (—Tachysurus.)

Leptarius, G1LL, Proc, Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, 170, (dowi). (=Selenaspis.)

Ariopsis, GIut, l. ¢., (milberti=felis). (=Hexanematichthys.)

Notarius, Git, 1. ¢., (grandicassis). (—=Netwma.)

Body more or less elongate, subterete. Head armed with a bony shield
above, behind which projects an occipital shield; another smaller shield
at the base of the dorsal spine; these shields usually distinct but some-
times covered by the skin as in felichthys. Skull with a fontanelle.
Mouth not large, the upper jaw the longer. Teeth villiform or granular,
in a band in each jaw; teeth in 1 or 2 patches each on the vomer and
palatines, all of them sometimes confluent into one band; the palatine
teeth never movable. Barbels 6 (the nostrils without barbel), close
together, the posterior with a valve; maxillary barbels usually short and
terete or somewhat compressed. Eyes with a more or less free orbital
margin, the upper edge sometimes adnate. Dorsal fin short, in front of
the ventrals, with a pungent spine and about 7 rays; adipose fin well
developed, posteriorly free; caudal fin deeply forked; anal fin short;
pectorals each with a spine; ventral rays 6. Skin smooth, naked, except
on the occipital and nuchal regions, where it is usually confluent with
the surface of the bony bucklers. Marine catfishes. Species very num-
erous on sandy shores in the tropical seas, never about coral reefs. This
group has been treated as one genus by Giinther, Eigenmann, and Jordan
& Gilbert. It seems to us more natural to separate the American species
into several genera, which is done in the descriptive text below, too late
for insertion in the key. (rayic, swift; ovpd, tail.)

GALEICHTHYS,* (yaA7, weasel ; ix@vs, fish): (genus 69.)

a, Head and occiput entirely covered by flesh and skin; occipital process sparingly granu-

lated.

*This analysis of species is condensed from that given by Eigenmann, 8. A. Nematognathi,
43, and from that given by Jordan & Gilbert, Bull. U.S. Fish Com., 1882, 37. We omit from
this analysis all those species which have not as yet been found north of Guiana, Tho sub-
generic groups are recognized below as genera,

120 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

b. Anal fin twice as long as high, with 22 rays; fontanelle with an indistinct groove;

occipital process twice as long as broad ; sides freckled. LENTIGINOSUS, 163.

bb. Anal fin higher than long, with about 15 rays ; fontanelle continued as a deep groove

to base of occipital process, which is 3 times as long as broad ; sides with a broad

pale band. PERUVIANUS, 164.

aa, Occipital process and bones of head exposed or covered with very thin skin; bones on top
of head and occipital process granular.

c. Palatine patches of teeth with a backward projecting angle on the inner margin (this
often obsolete in the young in Selenaspis); vomerine bands:contiguous or confluent.
General color brown, with bronze reflections.

d. Dorsal plate saddle-shaped, enlarged; its length on the median line more than #,
that of head ; teeth on the palate villiform or bluntly conical ; vomerine bands
of teeth united.

ScIADEICHTHYS, (Sciades, a related genus, from oxta, shade ; ix@vs, fish): (genus 70.)
e. Posterior nasal openings not connected by amembrane. Species 165-172.

f. Dorsal plate longer than broad, pointed in front, entering the short, emargi-
nate occipital process; fontanelle large, ending acutely at a point
nearer base of dorsal than tip of snout; eye moderate, 51% or less in
interorbital space ; maxillary barbels not reaching beyond base of pec-
torals ; no pterygoid teeth ; head 314 in length. TROSCHELI, 165,

SELENASPIS, (ceAnvy, the moon; agzis, shield:) (genus 71.) Species 173 to 176.
ee. Posterior nasal openings connected by membrane (young with the dorsal
plate reduced and no backward prolongation to palatine patch of teeth).
Dorsal shield much broader than long, its anterior margin truncate.
g. Occipital process very short, truncate behind, 144 wider at base than at
tip, its length less than ¥4 its greatest width; gill rakers 7 + 15;
fontanelle short, ending obtusely at a point much nearer tip of snout
than front of dorsal ; head 314 in length. powl, 174.
dd. Dorsal plate crescent-shaped, not enlarged, its length on the median line much
less than 5 head.

Netuma, (Neiwma keleti, a name used at Pondicherry for Netuma netuma): (genus 72.)
Species 177 to 185.
h. Occipital process widest at its base. °

i. Fontanelle obtuse, not produced backward as a groove ; interorbital region

granular ; barbels short; caudal not 24 head ; posterior nostrils not
connected by membrane ; head very large, 314 in length.

KESSLERI, 180,

ii. Fontanelle continued backward as a groove (in one species nearly obso-

lete), and the top of head not granular.
j. Interorbital region and shields of head finely granular; no axillary
pore ; maxillary barbels long, reaching middle of pectorals; cau-

dal more than 2% head, which is 4 in length.
INSCULPTUS, 181.

jj. Interorbital region flat and smooth or with smooth ridges, a triangu-
lar smooth area extending backward from it.
k. Vomerine patches of teeth united, except in young.
l. Groove of fontanelle almost obsolete, not reaching occipital
process, which is about as broad at base as long, with con-
cave margins ; caudal a little shorter than head, which is
34 in length ; shields of head coarsely granular.
PLANICEPS, 182.
ll. Groove of fontanelle well defined, reaching occipital process,
which is longer than broad at base and with straight edges;
barbels short, compressed at base ; head long 32 in length,
its shields finely granular ; paired fins often black at base.
PLATYPOGON, 183.

kk. YVomerine patches of teeth separate on the median line.

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America, 121

m. Spines long, scarcely shorter than head ; caudal nearly as long

as head ; headsmall, 4in length ; mouth small, its breadth
not % head. OSscULUS, 184.
mm. Spines short, not 24 head ; head large, about 324 in length;

teeth on palate in 4 patches, bluntly conical; occipital
process scarcely as long as broad; caudal shortish;
mouth large, its breadth at least 44 length of head.
ELATTURUS, 185.
cc. Palatine patches of teeth without a backward projecting angle on the inner margin;
dorsal shield small, crescent-shaped ; general color brown with blue reflections.
HEXANEMATICHTHYS, (€&, six ; vjua, thread ; ix6us, fish): (genus 73.) Species 186 to 196.
n. Teeth on palate villiform.
o. Teeth on palate mostly in 4 patches.
p. Granulations of head not extending forward to between eyes.
q. Fontanelle continued backward as a narrow groove.

r. Occipital process long, about 14 head, its tip convex ; inner edge
of ventrals pale ; head 334 in length. FELIS, 186.

rr. Occipital process moderate, not 14 head; inner edge of ventrals

black ; head longer.
s. Head flat, depressed in front ; occipital keel bluntish ; granu-
lations of head coarse and conspicuous ; fontanelle reach-
ing base of occipital process. SEEMANI, 187.
ss. Head scarcely depressed ; occipital keel sharper than in any
other species ; shields of head smoother than in H. seemani;
patches of palatine teeth much smaller, fontanelle nar-
row, not quite reaching occipital keel. JORDANT, 188.
qq. Fontanelle not continued backward as a groove into the granulated
region of the head.

t. Palatine patches of teeth small, scarcely larger than vomerine
patches, which are widely separated ; occipital process keeled,
truncate at tip; barbels rather long ; vertical fins dark ; inside
of ventrals dusky. CERULESCENS, 189.

tt. Palatine patches much larger than vomerine.

u. Fontanelle almost obsolete, ending between eyes, not pro-
longed backward as a groove ; body slender, caudal about
as long as head ; paired fins pale. GUATEMALENSIS, 190.
uu. Fontanel.e ending midway between tip of snout and middle
of dorsal plate ; head broader than in preceding.
ASSIMILIs, 191.
pp. Granulations of head continued forward to between the eyes; fontanelle
continued as a groove to base of occipital process ; interorbital area
with 4 granular ridges.
v. Head moderate, 444 in length ; dorsal spine 114 in head ; highest anal

ray less than 2 in head. DASYCEPHALUS, 193.
vv. Head long, 33 in length ; dorsal spine 134 in head ; highest anal ray
21% in head. LONGICEPHALUS, 194.

Tactysurus : (genus 74.)
nn. Teeth on palate granular; gill membranes not forming a free margin across the
isthmus.
w. Anal rays 19 to 22; head broader than high, more than 3 in length.
x. Ventral fins blackish on inner margin ; axillary pore large ; groove of fon-
tanelle scarcely reaching base of occipital process ; vomerine teeth

small, the patches widely separated ; head 344 in length.
MELANOPUS, 200,

rx. Ventral fins pale ; axillary pore small; pectoral spine reaching at least
halfway to middle of ventral; occipital process little narrowed

behind ; vomerine teeth course, the patches close together; head 3%,

in length. rirriut, 201,

ww. Anal rays 27 ; teeth on palate in 2 small bands widely separated ; fontanelle
long and narrow ; head rough. MULTIRADIATUS, 202.

122 Jordan & Lvermann.—Fishes of North America.

69. GALEICHTHYS,* Cuvier & Valenciennes.
163. GALEICHTHYS LENTIGINOSUS (Eigenmann & Eigenmann).

Gill rakers 3+ 4. Color light brown, paler below, the sides freckled;
head 4 to 44. A.22. Panama. (Eigenmann.) (lentiginosus, freckled.)

Tachisurus lentiginosus, EIGENMANN, Proc. Cal. Ac. Sci., 1888, 139, Panama.
164. GALEICHTHYS PERUVIANUS, (Liitken).

Gill rakers 3+ 10. Back and sides blue black; a conspicuous broad
pale band along the lateral line. Head 3}. A.14 to16. Pacifie Coast of
Mexico to Peru, rather rare; this and the preceding species well marked
by the skin-covered head, similar to that of species of Felichthys.

Galeichthys peruvianus, LUTKEN, Vidensk. Med., 204, 1874, Callao.
Tachisurus peruvianus, EIGENMANN,S. A. Nematognathi, 51, 1890.

70. SCIADEICHTHYS, Bleeker.
165. SCIADEICHTHYS TROSCHELT, (Gill).
(BaGRE COLORADO.)

Body robust; dorsal plate longer than wide, its surface granular; gran-
ulations of head extending to above eye; occipital process short, emar-
ginate behind; fontanelle large, ending acutely at a point nearer base of
dorsal than tip of snout; upper caudal lobe 5in length. Head 3} to 3}.
A. 18. Noaxillary pore. Female as in some other species, with the head
smoother and covered with thicker skin, as in the subgenus Galeichthys.
Dark brown, with a brassy luster. Mazatlan to Panama, not rare; one of
the largest species, used as food. (Named for Dr. Franz Hermann
Troschel. )

Sciades troscheli, G1LL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, 171, Panama.
Arius brandti, STEINDACHNER, Ichth. Beitr., rv, 21, 1876, Altata; Panama.
Tachisurus brandti, EIGENMANN, S. A. Nematognathi, 55, 1890.

166. SCIADEICHTHYS EMPHYSETUS, (Miiller & Troschel).

Closely allied to S. troscheli, of which it is the Eastern representative.
Palatine bands of teeth with a backward projecting angle; teeth villi-
form; posterior nostrils not connected by membrane. Eye moderate, 5
in the interocular space, 1lin head. Maxillary barbels flattened, reach-
ing middle or end of dorsal fin. Dorsal plate pointed in front, entering
the notched occipital process ; as wide as long, its surface pitted. Granu-
lations of the head extending to above middle of cheeks. An elongate
patch of teeth behind each palatine patch. Caudal deeply forked, the
upper lobe 34 in the length. Head 33.° Depth6. D.17; A.18. Yellowish
brown, paler below. Surinam. (Eigenmann.) (éuovodw, to inflate.)
Bagrus (Sciades) emphysetus, MULLER & TroscuEL, Hore Ichthyol., 111, 8, 1849, Surinam.

Arius emphyselus, GUNTHER, Cat., v, 150, 1864.
Tachisurus emphysetus, EIGENMANN, S. A. Nematognathi, 53, 1890.
167. SCIADEICHTHYS TEMMINCKIANUS, (Cuvier & Valenciennes).

Palatine bands of teeth with a backward projecting angle on the inner
margin; teeth on palate villiform or nearly so. Dorsal plate pointed in

* For the characters of this and other genera related to Tachysurus see the analysis above.

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 123

front, entering the notched occipital process, 4 as wide as the skull be-
hind the eye; surface of the bones striate rather than granulate. Eye
small, 6 to 7 in the interorbital. Maxillary barbels reaching tips of ven-
trals. D. 1, 6; A. 21. (Cuvier & Valenciennes.) Cayenne. Like the
next, known only from the original description, both apparently allied
to S. troscheli. (Named for C. J. Temminck, then director of the Museum
of Holland.)

Bagrus temminckianus, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, XIV, 463, 1839, Cayenne.
Arius temminchii, GGNTHER, Cat., v, 151, 1864, after Cuvier & Valenciennes.
Tachisurus temminckianus, EIGENMANN, S. A. Nematognathi, 53, 1890.

168. SCIADEICHTHYS FLAVESCENS, (Cuvier & Valenciennes).

Palatine bands of teeth with a backward projection on the inner
margin. Dorsal plate enlarged, pointed in front, entering the notched
occipital process ; emarginate behind, as wide as the cranium behind eye;
granulations not extending forward to eyes ; opercle and humeral process
striate, not granular. Eye very small, 9 in interorbital. Dorsal and pec-
toral spines granular, moderately serrate. Upper jaw little longer; pala-
tine bands of teeth oval. Maxillary barbel extending to middle of
pectoral. Ventral shorter than pectoral fins; adipose 4 less than anal
fin. Upper caudal lobe little the longer D.I, 7; A. 18. (Cuvier &
Valenciennes.) Cayenne. (flavescens, yellowish.)

Bagrus flavescens, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, XIV, 462, 1839, Cayenne.

Arius flavescens, GUNTHER, Cat., v, 151, 1264.
Tachisurus flavescens, EIGENMANN, S. A. Nematognathi, 53, 1890.

169. SCIADEICHTHYS MESOPS, (Cuvier & Valenciennes).

Palatine teeth villiform, the band with a backward projection; poste-
rior nostrils not connected by membrane. Dorsal plate enlarged, notched
in front, receiving the point of occipital process. Eye midway between
snout and preopercle; occipital process twice as long as broad, its tip
mucronate, corresponding to a notch in the dorsal plate; top of head
granulated to front of eyes; opercle granulated superiorly; humeral pro-
cess as long as high, strongly granulated. Ventrals as long as pectorals.
D. I, 7; A.18. (Cuvier & Valenciennes.) Guiana. (péovc, middle;
oy, eye.)

Bagrus mesops, Cuvier & VALENCIENNES, XIV, 456, 1839, Guiana.

Arius mesops, GUNTHER, Cat., v, 145, 1864.
Tachisurus mesops, FiGRENMANN, S. A. Nematognathi, 57, 1890.

170. SCIADEICHTHYS PROOPS, (Cuvier & Valenciennes).

Head 4 to 44; depth, 7. D. 1,7; A.18. Palatine bands of teeth witha
backward projecting angle; posterior nostrils not connected by membrane;
dorsal plate large, butterfly shaped, notched in front, receiving the point
of occipital process; bones of head coarsely granular. Eye nearer snout
than to preopercle, 1} in snout, about 3 in interorbital. Jaws subequal:
occipital process broader than long, mucronate at tip; opercle striate.
Body slender and elongate; head depressed; teeth on roof of mouth in 6
contiguous patches. Caudal deeply forked, the longer upper lobe 4} in

124 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

body; pectoral spine 14 in head. Plumbeous above, with blue luster; fins
dotted with brown. (Eigenmann.) West Indies from Porto Rico to Suri-
nam and south to Pernambuco. (pod, before; ay, eye.)

Bagrus proops, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, XIV, 457, 1839, Guiana; Porto Rico.

Arius proops, GENTHER, Cat., v, 148, 1864.

Netuma proops, BLEEKER, Silures de Suriname, 62, 1864.

Tachisurus proops, EIGENMANN, S. A. Nematognathi, 57, 1890.

171. SCIADEICHTHYS PASSANY, (Cuvier & Valenciennes).

D.1I,7; A.17. Palatine patches of teeth with a backward projecting
angle; dorsal plate notched in front, receiving the point of occipital pro-
cess. Eye nearer snout than to preopercle. Lower jaw longer; occipital
process wider and shorter than in S. proops, its tip reduced ; dorsal plate
more or less crescent-shaped. Eye nearer snout than in S. proops. Head
flat, especially forward; opercle strongly granular; humeral process
obtuse, higher than long, granular; dorsal and pectoral spine granular
in front, weakly serrate behind; ventrals longer than pectorals. (Cuvier
& Valenciennes.) Cayenne. (passany,the vernacular name at Cayenne.)
Bagrus passany, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, XTV, 458, 1839, Cayenne.

Arius passany, GUNTHER, Cat., Vv, 149, 1864.
Tachisurus passany, EIGENMANN, 8S. A. Nematognathi, 58, 1890.

172. SCIADEICHTHYS ALBICANS, (Cuvier & Valenciennes).

D. 1,7; A.19. Palatine bands of teeth with an angle behind, the teeth
villiform; dorsal plate notched in front, receiving the point of occipital
process. Eye nearer snout than to preopercle. Jaws equal; dorsal plate
large, almost as wide as the skull behind eye; opercile striate; top of head
granular forward to between eyes; a triangular smooth area in front;
humeral process, dorsal plate, and outer margins of dorsal and pectoral
spines granular. Snout 3 in space from eye to preopercle; eye 5 in inter-
ocular space. Maxillary barbels scarcely reach gill opening. Adipose
almost as long as anal. Caudal lobes subequal, 54 in the total length.
Head 43 in the total, its width 14 in its length. (Cuvier & Valenciennes.)
Guiana to the Amazon. (albicans, whitish.)

Bagrus albicans, CuviER & VALENCIENNES, XIV, 461, pl. 420, 1839, Cayenne.
? Bagrus valenciennesi, CASTELNAU, Anim. Amer. Sud., 31, pl. xin, f. 1, 1855, Amazon.

Arius valenciennesi, GUNTHER, Cat., v, 150, 1864.
Tachisurus albicans, EIGENMANN, S. A. Nematognathi, 59, 1890.

71. SELENASPIS, Bleeker.
173. SELENASPIS HERZBERGII, (Bloch).

Head 33 to 33; depth,5to6. D.I,7; A.18. Palatine bands of teeth
with a backward projecting angle; teeth all villiform. Posterior nasal
openings connected by a membrane; dorsal plate and occipital process
truncate where they meet, at least in the adult; in the young the dorsal
plate is somewhat convex in front, the backward projecting angles of the
palatine patches not developed. Occipital process $ as wide at tip as at
base; its length more than + its width; its middle scarcely keeled ; ‘gill
rakers5-+10. Body elongate, the head longer than wide; plates on head

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 125

granular; fontanelle not continued behind the eyes and without backward

projecting groove. Plumbeous above, sides silvery, fins dusky. (Eigen-

mann.) Coasts of South America from Cayenne to Para; common. (Named

for Herzberg.)

Silurus herzbergii, Buocu, Ichthyol., vi1t, 33, pl. 367, 1801, Surinam.

Arius herzbergii, GUNTHER, Cat., v, 144, 1864.

Tachisurus herzbergii, EIGENMANN, S. A. Nematognathi, 59, 1890.

Pimelodus argenteus, LackpEDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., v, 94, 1803, Surinam.

Bagrus pemecus, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, XIV, 456, 1839, Cayenne.

Bagrus coelestinus, MULLER & TRoscHEL, Hore Ichth., 111, 7, 1849, Guiana.

Hexanematichthys hymenorhinus, BLEEKER, Silures de Suriname, 57, pls. x1 and x11, 1864, Suri-
nam,

174. SELENASPIS DOWLE, (Gill).

Head 3+: in length. Gill rakers 7+ 15; A.16. Dorsal shield and occip-
ital process truncate, the former much broader than long, the iatter very
short; the length of occipital process not 4 its greatest width; fontanelle
short, ending obtusely at a point much nearer tip of snout than front of
dorsal. Young with dorsal shield reduced, vomerine bands separated and
the backward prolongation of palatine bands obscure. Panama to Guay-
aquil. (Named for Capt. John M. Dow.)

Leptarius dowi, GiuL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, 170, Panama.
Arius alatus, STEINDACHNER, Ichth. Beitr., rv, 19, 1876, Panama.

Arius dowi, JORDAN & GILBERT, Bull. U. 8. Fish Com., 1881, 37.
Tachisurus dowi, E1GENMANN, 8S. A. Nematognathi, 61, 1890.

175. SELENASPIS LUNISCUTIS, (Cuvier & Valenciennes).

Head 33; depth 54 to 6. D.1,7; A.16to19. Palatine bands of teeth
with a backward projection. Teeth in jaws coarse, conical; those on
vomer and palate finely granular. The patches separate in young, but
united and covering most of roof of mouth in adult. Margin of dorsal
plate and of occipital process convex where they meet; palatine patches
of teeth connected by the vomerine patch in front, their inner margins
not touching behind. Body rather stout. Head large, flattish above;
top of head coarsely granular in young, becoming more finely granular
with age. Occipital process broader than long. Dorsal plate large, sad-
dle-shaped, broader than long or longer than broad. Fontanelle crossed
by 2 or 3 bony bridges, the middle portion more than } its total length.
Barbels short. Purplish brown, with brown dots below. (Eigenmann.)
Surinam to Rio Janeiro; common. (luna, moon; scutum, shield.)

Arius lunisculis, CuviER & VALENCIENNES, XV, 109, 1840, Brazil.
Arius lunisculis, GUNTHER, Cat., v, 152, 1864,
Tachisurus luniscutis, EtiGENMANN, 8. A. Nematognathi, 63, 1890.

176. SELENASPIS PARKERL, (Traill).
(Bresson. )

Allied to S. luniscutis; the teeth on the palate granular. Dorsal plate
large, emarginate in front, receiving the pointed occipital process; pala-
tine patches either separate or united for their whole length. (Bleeker. )
Muddy river mouths, Guiana to Para. (Named for Mr. Parker.)

126 Bulletin 47, Untted States National Museum.

Silurus parkeri, TRAILL, Mem. Werner. Soc., 1832, v1, 377, pl. 6, Guiana,
Arius parkeri, GUNTHER, Cat., Vv, 153, 1864.

Tachisurus parkeri, EtGENMANN, 8. A. Nematognathi, 65, 1890.

Arius quadriscutis, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, XV, 111, 1840, Cayenne; Mana.
Netuma quadriscutis, BLEEKER, Silures de Suriname, 59, 1864, with plates.

72. NETUMA, Bleeker.
177. NETUMA GRANDICASSIS, (Cuvier & Valenciennes).

Head 32 to 32; depth 53 to6. D. 1,7; A.18. Dorsal plates cresent.
shaped, not enlarged. Occipital process shaped like a clover leaflet,
emarginate at tip, narrowly and deeply constricted at base, its margins
regularly and strongly convex; its middle keeled or not; its length not
much greater than its breadth. Body cylindrical in front, tapering
behind. Head greatly depressed, longer than broad; center of fontanelle
over middle of eye, not continued backward as a groove; interorbital
region with 4 ridges; upper jaw considerably projecting; lip wide; vome-
rine teeth in small patches or wanting; palatine patches triangular, pro-
duced backward. Guianato Bahia. (Eigenmann.) (grandis, large; cassis,
helmet. )

Arius grandicassis, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, XV, 53, pl. 427, 1840, Guiana ?
Arius grandicassis, GUNTHER, Cat., V, 153, 1864.
Tachisurus grandicassis, EIGENMANN, 8S. A, Nematognathi, 65, 1890.

178. NETUMA STRICTICASSIS, (Cuvier & Valenciennes).

Entirely similar to NV. grandicassis, but with the occipital process much
narrowed, its margins scarcely convex, and its length 2 or 3 times its great-
est breadth. ‘The form of this process varies, so that Eigenmann regards
this form as a variety of N. grandicassis, another subspecies (parmocassis,
Cuvier & Valenciennes, from Bahia), being intermediate between the two.
Surinam to Bahia. (Eigenmann.) (strictus, narrowed; cassis, helmet.)

Arius stricticassis, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, XV, 58, 1840, Cayenne.

Arius stricticassis, GUNTHER, Cat., v, 154, 1864.

Tachisurus grandicassis stricticassis, EIGENMANN, S. A. Nematognathi, 68, 1890.
g ’ 5) 5 ’ ?

179. NETUMA DUBIA, (Bleeker).

Head 44 to 44 in length; eye 4 to 47 in head, 14 to 1¥ in interocular space ;
body little broader than high; caudal compressed ; head depressed, acute,
its width 1} to 1} in itslength; width of mouth 23 to 2}. D.I,7; A.18 to
20. Dorsal plate, crescent shaped, notenlarged. Palatine bands of teeth
without backward extension. Teeth villiform. Occipital process widest at
its base. Interorbital region granular, or if smooth, the fontanelle with-
out a groove. Posterior nasal openings not connected by a membrane.
Fontanelle not produced backward asa groove. Maxillary.barbels reach-
ing to base of ventrals. Occipital process keeled, not much longer than
broad; snout scarcely longer than eye, depressed, a large axillary pore;
dorsal spine 1} in head, granulated on its basal half in front; striate on
sides, slightly serrate behind; adipose longer than dorsal fin, twice as
long as high; pectoral spine broader but not longer than dorsal spine, its
inner margin conspicuously serrated ; ventrals much shorter than pecto-
rals; anal as high as long; caudal 4? to 6 in the length. Surinam.
(Bleeker.) (dubius, doubtful.)

Jordan and Evermann.—Ffishes of North America. 127

Netuma dubia, BLEEKER, Versl. Med. Ac. Wet. Amsterd., x1v, 382, 1862, Surinam,
Arius dubius, GUNTHER, Cat., v, 144, 1864.
Tachisurus dubius, EIGENMANN, 8S. A. Nematognathi, 69, 1890.

180. NETUMA KESSLERI, (Steindachner).

Head large, 3+; caudal not # head; fontanelle obtuse behind. A. 17.
Shields of head coarsely granular; barbels short, reaching base of pec-
torals. Altata to Panama; notrare. (Named for Dr. K. P. Kessler, author
of the Ichthyology of Turkestan. )

Arius kessleri, STEINDACHNER, Ichth. Beitr., tv, 24, 1876, Altata; Panama.
Arius kessleri, JORDAN & GILBERT, Bull. U. 8. Fish Comm., 1882, 40.
Tachisurus kessleri, ELGENMANN, S. A. Nematognathi, 69, 1890.

181. NETUMA INSCULPTA, (Jordan & Gilbert).

Head 4, A.18. Eye 64in head; Fontanelle gradually narrowd behind,
becoming a narrow groove nearly reaching occipital process; dorsal and
pectoral spines subequal, 14 in head; fins pale. Panama. (insculptus,
sculptured. )

Arius insculptus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Bull, U. 8. Fish Com., 1882 (1883), 41, Panama.

182. NETUMA PLANICEPS, (Steindachner).

Head 3} to4. A.17. Shields of head rather coarsely granular; barbels
very short, scarcely reaching pectoral; caudal a little shorter than head;
interorbital area flat and smooth; fins dusky. Altata to Panama; not
rare. (planus, flat; -ceps, head.)

Arius planiceps, STEINDACHNER, Ichth. Beitr., 1v, 26, 1876, Altata; Panama.

183. NETUMA PLATYPOGON, (Giinther).

Head 33. A.18. Shields of head finely and irregularly granular, the
granules not in lines. Inner margins of palatine patches of teeth straight;
fontanelle continued abruptly backward as a groove; anterior margin
of dorsal spine sharply serrate; body rather elongate, the top of head
with an unusually large smooth area. Gulf of California to Peru;
generally common. (rdaric, broad; toywv, beard, the barbels being
widened at base. )

Arius platypogon, GUNTHER, Cat., V, 147, 1864, San Jose de Guatemala.
Arius platypogon, JORDAN & GILBERT, I. c., 44, 1882.
Tachisurus platypogon, EIGENMANN, 8S. A. Nematognathi, 71, 1890.

184. NETUMA OSCULA, (Jordan & Gilbert).

Head 3%. A.18. Mouth small, with thick lips; occipital process narrow,
its edges almost parallel until abruptly widened at base; median kee! well
developed; fontanelle broad and shallow, becoming a narrow groove
behind, nearly reaching occipital process. Shields coarsely and sparsely
granular; interorbital space nearly plane, with smooth ridges; barbels
short; fins blackish. Panama; scarce. (osculus, diminutuve of os,mouth.)

Arius osculus, JORDAN & Giipert, l.c., 1882, 46, Panama,
Tachisurus osculus, EIGENMANN, 8, A. Nematognathi, 74, 1890.

128 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

185. NETUMA ELATTURA, (Jordan & Gilbert).

Head 33. A.18. Mouth rather large; vomerine teeth rather coarse;
palatine patches small; barbels rather short; occipital process short,
broadly triangular, with concave sides, the base abruptly broadened:
median keel well developed; fontanelle broad and shaliow, with a narrow
groove behind, nearly reaching occipital process; shields roughish, but
smoother than in N. kessleri; barbels rather short; caudal short, 12 in
head. Panama; scarce. (éAdrrwv, reduced; ovpd, tail.)

Arius elatturus, JORDAN & GILBERT, l. c., 45, 1882, Panama.

73. HEXANEMATICHTHYS, Bleeker.
186. HEXANEMATICHTHYS FELIS, (Linnzus).

(SEA CATFISH.)

Head 33; depth 5. D.1,7; P. 1,6; A.16. Body rather elongate, not
compressed, tapering into the slender tail; head subconic, depressed,
flattish above; maxillary barbel nearly as long as the head; gill mem-
branes broadly united, forming a narrow, free fold across the isthmus;
occipital process with a median keel, long, about + head, its tip convex;
fontanelle forming a narrow groove; top of head comparatively smooth;
humeral process nearly + the length of the pectoral spine; caudal deeply
forked, the upper lebe the longer. Steel blue, sides and belly silvery,
lower fins pale. L. 24 inches. Cape Cod to Texas; common southward
along the sandy coast, the most abundant of the salt-water catfishes on
the United States coast, and the only one of the Tachysurus type found
much north of the Tropic of Cancer. (felis, cat.)

Silurus felis, LINN=US, Syst. Nat., Ed. x, 503, 1766, Charleston, S. C.

Arius milberti, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, xv, 74, 1840, New York ; Charleston.

Arius milberli, GUNTHER, Cat., v, 155, 1864.

Arius equestris, BAtRD & GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1855, 26, Indianola, Texas.
Arius equestris, GUNTHER, Cat., V, 173, 1864.

Arius felis and equestris, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 110, 1883.

187. HEXANEMATICHTHYS SEEMANT, (Giinther).

Head 33. A. 18. Head flat, depressed in front, its shields coarsely
granular; occipital process wider than long, with a bluntish keel; fon-
tanelle open to above the posterior margin of the eye, with a deep back-
ward extending groove; barbels reaching slightly beyond base of pectorals;
vomerine teeth in 2 small ovate patches; each joined to a larger palatine
patch; axillary pore large; gill rakers 5 + 12. Paired fins dusky within.
Panama. (Named for Dr. Seeman, who obtained the type.)

Arius seemani, GUNTHER, Cat., v, 147, 1864, ‘“Central America.”’
Tachisurus seemani, EIGENMANN, 8. A. Nematognathi, 78, 1890.

188. HEXANEMATICHTHYS JORDANI, (Eigenmann & Eigenmann.)

Head 34. A. 18. Rather robust; interorbital area flat and smooth;
shields of head finely and sparsely granular; opercle smooth; occipital
process about as long as head, with an unusually sharp keel; fontanelle

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 129

continued as a deep groove to base of occipital process ; maxillary barbels
reaching axil; snout blunt; vomerine teeth in 2 small, separate patches,
contiguous to the larger palatine patches; gill rakers6+ 9. Caudal
deeply forked. Inner surface of paired fins black. Panama; two speci-
mens known. (Named for David Starr Jordan.)

Tachisurus jordani, EIGENMANN & EIGENMANN, Proc. Cal. Ac, Sci., 1888, 142, Panama; E1GEn-
MANN, S. A. Nematognathi, 79, 1890.

189. HEXANEMATICHTHYS CEERULESCENS, (Giinther).

Head 3} to 33. A.17. Palatine patches of teeth small, scarcely larger
than the vomerine patches whichare oval and widely separated on median
line; occipital process broader than long; head } as wide as long; eye
64 in head, 2 in snout, 3 in interorbital width; maxillary barbels to mid-
dle of pectorals; occipital process keeled, subtruncate posteriorly; dorsal
spine 2in head; pectoral spine equal to head without snout; upper caudal
lobe about as long as head. Steel blue; fins largely black. West coast
of Guatemala. (Gunther.) (Latin, bluish.)

Arius cerulescens, GUNTHER, Cat., v, 149, 1864, Rio Huamuchal, Guatemala.

190. HEXANEMATICHTHYS GUATEMALENSIS, (Giinther).

Head 3%. A.18. Palatine patches of teeth much larger than vomerine;
fontanelle almost obsolete, ending between the eyes, and not prolonged
into a groove; head # as wide as long; body slender; fins mostly dusky;
caudal about as long as head; body slender. Mazatlan to Central America;
not rare.

Arius quatemalensis, GUNTHER, Cat., v, 145, 1864, Guatemala; Chiapas.
Arius guatemalensis, JORDAN & GILBERT, l. c., 48, 1882.

191, HEXANEMATICHTHYS ASSIMILIS, (Giinther).

Fontanelle short and narrow, ending midway between tip of snout
and middle of dorsal plate; head { as wide as long. D. I, 7; otherwise
essentially as in H. guatemalensis. (Giinther). Atlantic coast of Central
America, ascending streams. (assimilis, similar.)

Arius assimilis, GUNTHER, Cat., v, 146, 1864, Lake Yzabal, Guatemala.
Arius assimilis, JORDAN, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1883, 281.

192. HEXANEMATICHTHYS SURINAMENSIS, (Bleeker).

Head 33; depth 6. D. 1,7; A. 18. Palatine bands of teeth without
backward projecting angle; teeth all villiform, those on the palate in 4
patches, the vomer and palatine patches sometimes contiguous. Granula-
tions of the head continued forward to between the eyes. Fontanelle not
continued backward as a groove; interorbital area without ridges; adipose
fin about as high as long, shorter than the dorsal fin. Depth of head 14 in
its length; width 14. Eye 5} in the head, 2} in the interocular, less than
2 in snout. Occipital process not longer than broad, not conspicuously
keeled. Snout depressed; upper jaw little longer than lower. Vomer and
palatine teeth contiguous. Maxillary barbels reaching to the base of the

FF, N. A.——10

130 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

pectorals. Opercle smooth. Dorsal spine shorter than the pectoral spine,
about 2 in the head, granulated in front, striated on sides; caudal 4 in
length Surinam. (Bleeker).

Hexanematichthys surinamensis, BLEEKER, Vers]. Med. Akad. Wet. Amsterd., 380, 1862, Surinam.

Arius surinamensis, GUNTHER, Cat., Vv, 148, 1864.
Tachisurus surinmensis, E1GENMANM, S, A. Nematognathi, 81, 1890.

193. HEXANEMATICHTHYS DASYCEPHALUS, (Giinther).

Head4}. A.21. Interorbital area with 4 very rough granulated ridges;
(smoother in @ ); shields of head coarsely granular; vomerine and palatine
teeth on each side confluent in a small roundish patch; gill membranes
not forming an angle; fontanelle continued backward as a groove to base
of occipital process; spines high; the dorsal 17 in head. Fins blackish.
Panama (wrongly ascribed to the Hawaiian Islands). (dacv¢, rough;
Keoaan, head.)

Arius dasycephalus, GENTHER, Cat., V, 1864, 157, Oahu, apparently an error.
Arius dasycephalus, JORDAN & GILBERT, l. c., 51, 1882.

194. HEXANEMATICHTHYS LONGICEPHALUS, Eigenmann & Eigenmann.

Head 33. A. 20. Allied to H. dasycephalus, but with the granular ridges
on the head largely obscured by thick skin; occipital process as long
as broad, its margins concave; fontanelle produced as a deep groove;
barbels short; gill rakers short and thick,4-+ 5; spinesshort; finsdusky.
Panama. (Eigenmann.) (longus, long; xegaday, head.)

Tachisurus longicephalus, EIGENMANN & EIGENMANN, Proc. Cal. Ac. Sci., 1888, 143, Panama ;
EIGENMANN, S. A. Nematognathi, 82, 1890.

195. HEXANEMATICHTHYS RUGISPINIS, (Cuvier & Valenciennes).

Head 34 to 4; depth 54 to6. D. 1,7; A.19to 21. Palatine bands of
teeth not continued backward; teeth all villiform. Teeth on the palate
in 2 patches. Eye small, about 10 in the length of the head; fontanelle
not continued as a groove. Sides of the dorsal and pectoral spines gran-
ular; fontanelle angular behind, its posterior portion separated by a
bridge and not ending in a groove; interorbital region with 4 ridges;
intermaxillary band of teeth 4 times as wide as deep; palatine patches
of teeth less than diameter of eye in width. Barbels villiform, the max-
illary barbel reaching beyond base of pectoral; mouth inferior, the lips
thick; no axillary pore. Body slender; head broad, depressed. Surinam
to Para. (Eigenmann.) (ruga, wrinkle or roughness; spina, spine.)

Arius rugispinis, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, XV, 77, 1840, Cayenne.
Arius rugispinis, GUNTHER, Cat., v, 156, 1864.
Tachisurus rugispinis, EIGENMANN, 8S. A. Nematognathi, 83, 1890.

196. HEXANEMATICHTHYS PHRYGIATUS, (Cuvier & Valenciennes).

This species or variety is very close to H. rugispinis, differing as follows:
Teeth on the palate in 2 patches. Eye small, about 10 in the length of
the head; fontanelle not continued as a groove. Sides of the dorsal and
pectoral spines striate; fontanelle broadly rounded behind; intermaxillary

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 131

band of teeth 6 times as wide as deep; palatine patches 14 diame-
ters of eye in width and length. (Eigenmann.) Surinam to Maranhao.
This form is regarded by Eigenmann as a subspecies of the preceding.
As the two inhabit the same waters, phrygiatus should be either a distinct
species or an extreme of individual variation. (phrygiatus, embroidered
in gold.)

Arius phrygiatus, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, XV, 79, 1840, Cayenne.

Arius phrygiatus, GUNTHER, Cat., v, 156, 1864.

Tachisurus rugispinis phrygiatus, EIGENMANN, S. A. Nematognathi, 84, 1890.

74. TACHYSURUS, Lacépéde.

197. TACHYSURUS NUCHALIS, (Giinther).
Head 4; depth5. D.I,7; A. 21. Teeth on palate large, granular; no
teeth on vomer; occipital process triangular, as long as broad, obtusely
keeled; groove of fontanelle not reaching base of occipital process; pala-
tine teeth in 2 subtriangular patches which sometimes meet in front;
maxillary barbels nearly reaching tip of pectorals. Dorsal spine slightly
serrated on both edges 1; in head; adipose fin shorter than dorsal; pec-
toral spine as long as dorsal spine and stronger. Guiana. (Ginther.)
(nuchalis, pertaining to the nape.)
Arius nuchalis, GUNTHER, Cat., V, 171, 1864, British Guiana.
Tachisurus nuchalis, EIGENMANN, 8. A. Nematognathi, 86, 1890.
198. TACHYSURUS FISSUS, (Cuvier & Valenciennes).

Head 3 in length; maxillary barbels reaching almost to the middle of
the pectoral fin. Teeth on the palate granular; no teeth on vomer; gill
membrane not forming a free margin across the isthmus. Head broader
than high. Soft portions of the head not pitted. Surinam. (Kigenmann.)
(fissus, split.)

Arius fissus, CuvieR & VALENCIENNES, XV, 107, 1840, Cayenne.

Arius fissus, GUNTHER, Cat., Vv, 172, 1864.

Tachisurus fissus, EIGENMANN, S. A. Nematognathi, 88, 1890.

Arius puncticulatus, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, XV, 108, 1840, Buenos Ayres.

199. TACHYSURUS SPIXII, (Agassiz).

Head 3? to 4; depth 5to 54. D. 1,7; A. 21. Palatine bands without
backward prolongation. Teeth on the palate, granular; no teeth on
vomer; gill membrane not forming a free margin across the isthmus.
Head broader than high, more than 3 in the length. Axillary pore much
smaller than nasal opening. Pectoral spine reaching halfway to the
posterior third of the ventrals, or shorter; upper jaw projecting; poste-
rior margin of the eye about in the middle of the head. Occipital pro-
cess greatly narrowed behind, its width at tip not more than 4 diame-
ter of eye. Teeth on the palate large, granular, 20 or fewer, some
of the posterior ones usually much enlarged. Body compressed; head
narrowed forward, fortanelle narrow; not interrupted, continued as a
deep tapering groove to near base of occipital process. Maxillary barbels
variable, long. Brownish above, silvery below, sometimes dotted, Coast
of Guiana and Brazil, south to Santos; common. (Named for Jean Bap-
tiste Spix, of Munich, explorer in Brazil.)

132 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

Pimelodus albidus, Sp1x, in Agassiz, Gen. Spec. Pisc. Brasil, 19, 1829, Equatorial Brazil; name
preoccupied,

Pimelodus spixii, AGAssiz, Gen. Spec. Pisce. Brasil, 19, 1829, after Spix.

Tachisurus spixii, EIGENMANN, S. A. Nematognathi, 88, 1890.

Arius arenatus, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, XV, 106, 1840, Cayenne.

Arius arenatus, GUNTHER, Cat., v, 172, 1864.

Arius laticeps, GUNTHER, Cat.. Vv, 171, 1864, British Guiana; Trinidad.

200. TACHYSURUS MELANOPUS, (Giinther),
Head 44. P.10; A. 21. Palatine teeth, bluntish conical; axillary pore
large. Dorsal spine as long as from front of eye to gill opening ; pectoral
spine nearly as long; shields of head finely granular; groove of fonta-
nelle not quite reaching occipital process ; orbital rim of eye not free above;
fins all more or less blackish; inner surface of ventral blackish. Both
coasts of Central America; Rio Motagua (Giinther); Panama (Steindach-
ner). Our specimens from Rio Ahome, on the west coast of Mexico, above
Mazatlan; the original specimens from the east slope of Guatemala. It is
possible that the Pacific Coast form may be different from the original
melanopus. According to Giinther, the axillary pore in melanopus is
nearly as large as the nostril. In our specimens the pore is much smaller
than the nostril. (uéAac, black; zovc, foot or ventral fin.)

Arius melanopus, GUNTHER, Cat., v, 172, 1864, Rio Motagua,

201. TACHYSURUS FURTHII, (Steindachner).

Head 33; A. 25. Palatine teeth granular, coarser than in JT. melanopus ;
pectoral spine reaching at least halfway to middle of ventrals ; jaws sub-
equal; occipital process not greatly narrowed behind; gill rakers long
and slender, 4 + 11; gillmembranes united to isthmus, without free mar-
gin; axillary poresmall. (Eigenmann.) Panama. (For Ignatius Furth,
Austrian consul at Panama.)

Arius fiirthii, STEINDACHNER, Ich. Beitr., rv, 29, 1876, Panama.

Tachisurus fiirthii, EIGENMANN, 8S. A. Nematognathi, 90, 1890.

202. TACHYSURUS VARIOLOSUS, (Cuvier and Valenciennes),

A. 22o0r 23. Teeth on the palate granular, the patches without backward
projection; no teeth on vomer; gill membrane not forming a free margin
across the isthmus. Head broader than high; soft portions of the head
pitted; length of head to end of occipital process little less than 3 in the
length, granular portion ; longer than smooth portion of the head. Fon-
tanelle not continued as a groove. Maxillary barbels extending beyond
middle of pectorals. Cayenne. (Cuvier & Valenciennes.) (variolosus,
pock-marked. )

Arius variolosis, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, xv, 107, 1840, Cayenne.

Arius variolosus, GUNTHER, Cat., v, 173, 1864.
Tachisurus variolosus, EIGENMANN, 8S. A. Nematognathi, 92, 1890.

203. TACHYSURUS MULTIRADIATUS, (Giinther).
Head 4in total length; depth 53. D.1I,7; A. 27 (5, 22). Barbels short,
not reaching gill openings; teeth on palate granular, paved, in 2 small
bands, widely separated on median line; fontanelle long and narrow,

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 133

reaching almost to occipital process; bones of head roughly grarular
and sculptured; occipital process as long as broad; fins pale. Rio Bay-
ano, near Panama. An ally of 7. fiirthii, apparently distinguished by the
longer anal fin. (Kner.) (multus, many; radiatus, rayed.)

Bagrus arioides, KNER, Sitzber. Akad. Wiss., Miinchen, 1863, 227, not of Cuvier & Valenciennes;
and Kner & STEINDACHNER, Bayer Akad., 1864, 47.
Arius multiradiatus, GUNTHER, Cat., v, 173, 1864; (after Kner), Rio Bayano.

75. CATHOROPS, Jordan & Gilbert.
Cathorops, JORDAN & GiLBERT, Bull. U. 8. Fish Comm., 1882, 54, (hypophthalmus).

This group is closely allied to the typical section or genus of Tachysurus.
It is distinguished chiefly by the slender and numerous gill rakers and by
the low insertion of the eyes, suggesting the genus Hypophthalmus. The
two species are American. (xaVopdw, to look down; v, eye.)

a. Upper jaw much produced; breadth of mouth 24% in head. HYPOPHTHALMUS, 204.

aa. Upper jaw scarcely produced; breadth of mouth 2 in head. GuLOosus, 205.

204. CATHOROPS HYPOPHTHALMUS, (Steindachner).

Head 3?. A. 22. Body elongate; head long, narrow, depressed; palan-
tine teeth small, bluntly conic, almost granular; vomerine bands widely
separate, each confluent with the Jarge palatine band, which is not pro-
duced backward; both jaws thin, depressed, with narrow bands of teeth ;
barbels very long; the maxillary reaching near middle of pectoral spine;
dorsal spine long; pectoral shorter; dorsal shield small; occipital pro-
cess subtriangular, longer than broad, its sides concave, its middle
angular but not keeled; fontanelle long and narrow, not quite reaching
occipital process; shields of head rugose, with reticulating furrows. Fins
mostly pale. Eye small, placed low, its middle below level of angle of
pret L. 14 inches. Panama, rather scarce. (i720, below; d¢0aAmuoc,
eye.

Arius hypophthalmus, STEINDACHNER, Ichth. Beitr., tv, 31, pl. x, 1875, Panama.

205. CATHOROPS GULOSUS, (Eigenmann & Eigenmann).

Head 34. A.23. Body slender; head broad, depressed; width of head
14 in its length; occipital process about as broad as long, obtusely
keeled; fontanelle narrow, continued backward as a groove; bones of
head rugose; eye oblique, its center over posterior end of mandible, on
level of angle of mouth; barbels reaching nearly to middle of pectoral;
jaws very thin; no vomerine teeth; palatine teeth widely separated, in
very narrow bands, the teeth obtusely conical; gill membranes united,
with free margin. Gill rakers 12 + 30,14 times diameter of eye; pectoral
pore large; spine slender, rather long. Panama. (Eigenmann.) (qulosus,
large-mouthed. )

Tachisurus gulosus, E1GENMANN & EIGENMANN, Proc. Cal. Ac. Sci., 1888, 146, Panama; H1ckn-
MANN, 8S. A. Nematognathi, 93, 1890.

76. ICTALURUS, Ratfinesque.
(CHANNEL CATs.)

Telalurus, Ravin esque, Tchth, Oh,, 61, 1820, (maculatus= punctatus).
Elliops, Rarinesque, lL. ¢., 61, (maculatus),
Synechoglanis, Gitt, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 1859, 39, (beadlei= punctatus).

134 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

Body elongate, slender, compressed posteriorly. Head slender and
conical. Supraoccipital bone or process prolonged backward, its emar-
ginated apex receiving the acuminate anterior point of the second inter-
spinal, thus forming a continuous bony bridge from the head to the dorsal
spine. Mouth small, terminal, the upper jaw longer. Teeth subulate,in -
a short band on each jaw. Dorsal fin high, with one long spine, and
usually 6 rays. Adipose fin over posterior portion of anal. Anal fin
long, with 25 to 35 rays. Ventral fins each with 1 simple and 7 branched
rays. Pectoral fins each with a stout spine, retrorse serrate within, and
about 9 rays. Caudal fin elongate, deeply forked, the lobes pointed, the
upper the longer. Coloration pale or silvery. Fresh waters of North
America; 3 species known; the best of the Catfishes as food. They are
active fishes, frequenting especially river channels and ripples in large
streams. (/ydic, fish; aiAovpoc, cat; hence more correctly, IJchthyalurus. )

a. Anal fin very Jong, its base nearly 14 its body, its rays 32 to 35. FURCATUS, 206.

aa. Anal fin shorter, its rays 25 to 29.

b. Barbels long, extending considerably beyond gill opening; anal rays usually about 26.
PUNCTATUS, 207.
bb. Barbels short, the longest only reaching gill opening; anal rays 28 or 29.

MERIDIONALIS, 208.
206. ICTALURUS FURCATUS, (Le Sueur).

(CHUCKLE-HEADED Cat.)

Head small, about 44 in length; depth 4 in adults to 54 in young.
Anal fin extremely elongate, its base nearly $+ the length of the body (with-
out caudal); its rays 32 to 35 in number. Eye small, wholly anterior, the
middle of the head being behind its posterior margin. Slope from dorsal
to snout somewhat concave, especially in adults. Pectoral spine rather
long; humeral spine stout, shortish, not reaching middle of pectoral
spine. Skin thin. Color silvery, plain, or somewhat spotted. Size rather
large, reaching a weight of over 40 pounds. Ohio to Iowwand Texas; not
very common. (furcatus, forked.)

Pimelodus furcatus, LE Sueur, in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1x, 136, 1840, New Orleans.
Ictalurus furcatus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 109, 1883.
Amiurus furcatus, GUNTHER, Cat., v, 103, 1864.
Pimelodus affinis, BAinp & GirARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1854, 26, Rio Grande. (Type,
Nos, 837 and 838.)
207. ICTALURUS PUNCTATUS, (Rafinesque).

(CHANNEL Cat; WuitTE Cat; BLUE Car.)

Head 4; depth 5. Anal 25 to 30. Head rather small, narrow, convex
above, so that the eye is little nearer the upper than the lower outline.
Eye jae ge, the middle point of the length of the head being near its pos-
terior margin. Mouth small. Barbels long, the maxillary barbels reaching
more or less beyond gill opening. Spines long. Humeral process long
and slender, more than $ the length of the pectoral spine, which is
strongly serrated behind. Color light olivaceous above, the sides pale
or silvery, and almost always with irregular small, round, dark spots ;
fins often with dark edgings. Body rather long and slender, back little
elevated. Rivers of the Great Lake region and Mississippi Valley and
streams tributary to the Gulf of Mexico; generally abundant in the

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 135

channels of the larger streams, especially southwestward. It reaches a
weight of 20 to 25 pounds, and is an excellent food fish, not inferior to the
Black Bass. Variable. (punctatus, spotted.)

Silurus punctatus, RAFINESQUE, Amer. Month. Mag., 1818, 359, Ohio River.
Ichthelurus punctatus, JORDAN, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., x, 1877, 76.
Pimelodus caudafurcatus, LE Susur, Mém. Mus., v, 152, 1819, Wabash River, Mississippi

River.
Pimelodus czrulescens, RAFINESQUE, Ichth. Oh., 63, 1820, Ohio River.

Amiurus caudafurcatus, GUNTHER, Cat., v, 102, 1864.
Pimelodus maculatus, pallidus, argentinus, argyrus, with varieties erythroptera, marginatus, lateralis,
leucoptera, RAFINESQUE, Quart. Jour. Sci. London, 1820, and Ichth. Oh., 62, etc., 1820, Ohio

River.
Pimelodus furcifer, CuVIER & VALENCIENNES, XV, 139, 1840, Surinam, by error.

Pimelodus gracilis, Houcu, Ann. Rept. Regents, Albany, 1852, 26, Somerville, N. Y.
Pimelodus vulpes, GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1858,170, Rivers of Texas. (Type,

Nos. 843, 845, and 846.)
Synechoglanis beadlei, Git, Trans. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 1859, 2, St. Catherines, Ontario.

(Type, No, 5115.)
Pimelodus houghi, Grrarp, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 159, Somerville; Ogdensburgh;

Foxburg, Penn. (Type, No. 1532.)
Pimelodus megalops,GIRARD, |. c., 161, Black Warrior River; Bigsby River, Alabama.

(Type, No. 1532.)
Pimelodus graciosus, GIRARD, l. c., 161, Prairie Mer Rouge, Louisiana. (Type, No. 1511.)
Pimelodus hammondi and notatus, Appott, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, 568, Fort Riley.
Ictalurus simpsoni, GILL, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1862, 43, Platte River.

Tetalurus robustus, JORDAN, Bull, U.S. Nat. Mus., x,1877,76, Cairo, Hlinois. (Type, No. 2056.)
208. ICTALURUS MERIDIONALIS, (Giinther).

Head 5; depth4. D. 1,6; A. 28 or 29. Similar to J. punctatus, but with
the barbels shorter, the longest only reaching gill opening. Brownish
above, with blue reflections, silvery below. Rio Usumacinta, Guatemala.
(Giinther.) (meridionalis, southern. ) ;

Amiurus meridionalis, GUNTHER, Cat., v, 1864, 102, and in Trans. Zoil. Soc. Lond., 1868, 473
Rio Usumacinta, Guatemala. ,

77. AMEIURUS,* Rafinesque.
(HORNED POUT.)

Ameiurus, RAFINESQUE, Ichth. Oh., 65, 1820, (cupreus—=natalis).
Gronias, Core, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, 231, (nigrilabris).
Haustor, JORDAN AND EVERMANN, subgen. nov., (lacustris).
Amiurus or Ameiurus, corrected spelling.

Body moderately elongated, robust anteriorly, the caudal peduncle
much compressed. Head large, wide; supraoccipital extended backward,
terminating in a more or less acute point, which is entirely separate from
the second interspinal buckler; skin covering the bones thick. Eyes
rather small, but developed. Mouth large, the upper jaw in most species
the longer. Teeth in broad bands on the premaxillaries and dentaries;

*The Horned Pout are “dull and blundering fellows,’’ fond of the mud and growing best in
weedy ponds and rivers without current. They stay near the bottom, moving slowly about

with their barbels widely spread, watching for anything eatable. They will take any kind of
bait from an angle worm to a piece of tomato can, without hesitation or coquetry, and they
seldom fail to swallow the hook. They are very tenacious of life, opening and shutting their
mouths for half an hour after their heads have been taken off. They spawn in spring, and the
old fishes lead the young in great schools near the shore, caring for them as a hen cares for her

chickens, ‘‘A bloodthirsty and bullying set of rangers, with ever a lance at rest and ready to
do battle with their nearest neighbor,’’—Thoreau,

136 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

backward prolongation at the angle. Dorsal between the pectorals and
ventrals higher than long, with a pungent spine and about 6 branched
rays. Adipose fin short, inserted over the posterior half of the anal.
Anal fin of varying length, with 15 to 35 rays, the usual number being
20 or 21. Caudal fin short, truncate in typical species, more or less
forked in those species which approach the genus Ictalurus. Ventrals
each with 1 simple and 7 branched rays. Pectoral fins each with a stout
spine, which is commonly retrorse serrate behind. Lateral line usually
incomplete. Species very numerous, swarming in every pond and slug-
gish stream in the Eastern United States; especially characteristic of
quiet waters; 1 species (A. cantonensis) in China. The species are
variable and not easily distinguished. Those in which the caudal fin is
forked make an approach to the genus Ictalurus. The lack of connection
between the supraoccipital and the interspinal buckler is the only char-
acter by which these species can be separated from Ictalarus, of which
group Ameiurus should perhaps be regarded as a section. (d, privative;
ueiovpoc, curtailed; the caudal fin not notched. )

Havstor, (haustor, one who swallows):

a. Caudal fin lunate or forked; occipital process produced backward, not falling far short of
the interspinal bones; species of large size, approaching Ictalurus; coloration more or
less grayish or silvery.

b. Anal rays 25 to 35; humeral process very short and blunt, usually covered by skin,
about 4 length of pectoral spine. LACUSTRIS, 209,

bb. Anal rays usually 20 to 22 (19 to 24).
c. Base of anal fin longer than head; head rather narrow, the bony occipital bridge
almost complete. LUPUvS, 210.

ce. Base of anal fin much shorter than head.
d. Humeral process strongly rugose; head and mouth narrow in young, becom-

ing very broad in the adult. CATUS, 211.

dd. Humeral process slightly furrowed; head narrow. DUGESI, 212.

bbb. Anal very short, of about 16 rays, its base not 3 length of body and little more
than 14 head; head broad, with long barbels. OKEECHOBEENSIS, 213.

AMETURUS:
aa, Caudal fin entire, truncate or very slightly marginate behind. Eyes well developed.
Coloration, brown or yellowish, not silvery.
e. Anal fin long, of 22 to 27 rays (counting rudiments), its base more than 14 body,
f. Head and body elongate, the back high, the head much longer than broad; pecto-
ral and dorsal spines very long. EREBENNUS, 214.
ff. Head and body robust, the back low, the head not much longer than broad,
pectoral and dorsal spines moderate. NATALIS, 215.
ee. Anal fin moderate or short, of 15 to 22 rays, its base 4 to 5in the body.

g. Lower jaw projecting; anal rays 20, VULGARIS, 216.

gg. Lower jaw not projecting.
h, Body rather robust, the depth in the adult 314 to 41% in length; head not

very flat above.
i, Pectoral spines long, 2 to 2% in head; anal rays more than 20.
NEBULOSUS, 217.
zi. Pectoral spines short, 244 to 3 in head, longest in young. Anal fin
shorter, of 17 to 19 rays counting rudiments. MELAS, 218.
hh. Body slender and low, varying with age, the depth 514 to 8 times in length;
head in adult broad and very flat; anal short, usually with 18 or 19 rays;
a broad dusky shade across the base of dorsal which is rather high.

PLATYCEPHALUS, 219.
GRONIAS, (ypary, & cavern):

aaa. Caudal fin entire; eyes covered by thick skin.
j. Color chiefly black. NIGRILABRIS, 220.

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 137

Subgenus HAUSTOR, Jordan & Evermann.
209. AMEIURUS LACUSTRIS, (Walbaum.)

(CATFISH OF THE LAKES; GREAT FORK-TAILED CaT; Mississippi Cat; FLoripa Cat; FLANNEL
MOUTH CAT; MATHEMEG, OR UGLY FISH.)

Head 4 in length; depth 5; distance to dorsal spine 2}. D.I,5; P. I,
9; A. 28 (25 to 32). Body rather stouter, head much broader, lower,
and more depressed than in Ictalurus punctatus, its greatest width #
its length. Interorbital space somewhat more than } the length of head.
Width of the mouth about + head. Eye moderate, wholly in front of
middle point of head. Top of head covered with a thicker skin than in
punctatus, so that the bones are nearly concealed. Upper surface of the
head quite flattish; so that the eyes are much nearer the upper than the
lower surface of the head. Barbels long, all black, the maxillary barbel
reaching beyond head. Humeral process very short and blunt, covered
by skin, a little more than } the length of the pectoral spine. Caudal
deeply forked, the upper lobe rather longer and narrower than the lower ;
dorsal a little nearer snout than adipose fin. Anal base as long as head.
Olivaceous slaty, growing darker with age; sides pale, without dark
spots; anal dusky edged. Saskatchewan River and Great Lakes to
Florida and Texas; abundant in all large bodies of water, especially
in the Mississippi and the Great Lakes. One of the largest of the cat-
fishes, reaching a weight of 150 pounds or more. (lacustris, living in
lakes. )

Gadus lacustris, WALRAUM, Artedi Pisc., 1792, 144, Arctic America, based on the Mathemeg,
or Land Cod, of Pennant.

Pimelodus nigricans, Le SuEuR, Mém, Mus., v, 153, 1819, Lake Erie; Lake Ontario.

Pimelodus nigrescens, Richarvson, Fauna. Bor, Amer., 111, 1836, 134, after Le Sueur.

Pimelodus borealis, RrcHARpDSON, I. c., 135, 1836, Pine Island Lake.

Amiurus borealis, GUNTHER, Cat., v, 100, 1864; JorDAN, I. ¢., 84, 1877.

Ictalurus lacustris, JonDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 108, 1883.

Amiurus ponderosus, * Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1879, 286, St. Louis. (Type, 23388.)

Ictalurus ponderosus, JORDAN & GiLBERT, Synopsis, 189, 1883.

Ictalurus nigricans, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 882, 1883.

210. AMEIURUS LUPUS, (Girard).

Anal 23. Body rather slender. Head narrow, longer than broad, its
width 4% in length, being less than its length above. Dorsal spine much
nearer snout than adipose fin. Base of anal longer than head. Pectoral
spines long and slender, dentate. Barbels long. Supraoccipital bone
almost meeting the interspinal; the relations of the species therefore very
close to Ictalurus punctatus. Dusky olivaceous, sides silvery. Rio Nueces
and Rio Pecos, Texas ; a rather doubtful species, apparently intermediate
between Ictalurus punctatus and Ameiurus catus. (lupus, wolf.)

Pimelodus lupus, Ginarp, Pac. R. R, Expl., x. 211, 1858, Rio Pecos; Jorpan, l.c., 83, 1877;
Gintuer, Cat., v, 101, 1864.
Tetalurus lupus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 107, 1883,

* Amiurus ponderosus, Bean, described from the Mississippi River at St. Louis from a specimen
5 feet long, weighing 150 pounds, is probably a giant example of this species, from which it
differs only in the presence of 35 anal rays. In 4 specimens, which we refer to A, lacustris,
we count 25, 27, 28, and 32 rays. We see no reason for doubting the identity of the **Land Cod,”
or Mathemeg of the Hudson Bay region, with Ameiurus nigricans, This northern species, called
borealis by Richardson, is the original lacustris of Walbaum,

138 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

211. AMEIURUS CATUS, * (Linnzus),

(Waiter Cat; CHANNEL CAT OF THE POTOMAC.)

Body stout, slender in the young, the head becoming excessively broad
intheadult. Barbels long, except nasal barbel; caudal fin deeply forked,
the upper lobe the longer. Humeral process more than + the length of
the spine, extremely rugose. Anal rays 21 (19 to 22); base of anal 44 to
5 in length. Dorsal fin inserted nearly midway between adipose fin and
snout. Pale olive bluish, silvery below without dark spots, but some-
times mottled or clouded. L. 2 feet. Delaware River to Texas, very
common in the coastwise streams and swamps, especially about Chesa-
peake Bay and in Florida; also lately introduced into the Sacramento and
San Joaquin rivers, where it is becoming abundant. (Low Latin, catus,
cat.)

Silurus catus, LINN©US, xX, 305, 1758; based on the Catfish of Catesby, (Bagre secundex speciei marc-
gravei affinis), which is a rude figure of the adult, or ‘‘lophius,”’? form of this species; North-
ern part of America.

Pimelodus albidus, Le Surur, Mém. Mus., y, 148, 1819, Delaware River.

Pimelodus lynx, GtRaARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 160, Potomac River.

Amiurus albidus, JORDAN, l. c., 84, 1877.

Ictalurus albidus, JonvDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 107, 1883.

Amiurus niveiventris, Cope, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc., 1870, 486, Neuse River; Jorpan, l. c., 83, 1877.

Ictalurus niveiventris, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 107 ,1883.

Amiurus lophius, Corr, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc., 1870, 486, Potomac River; Jorpan, 1. c., 85, 1877.

Ictalurus lophius, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 107, 1883.

Ictalurus macaskeyi and I. kevinskii, StAUFFER, History Lancaster County, Pa.,578,1869, Lancas-
ter County, Pa.

212. AMEIURUS DUGESI, Bean.

Allied to A. catus, but with narrower head, its width 5 in length;
humeral process slightly furrowed, not strongly rugose as in A. catus;
caudal deeply forked. Color plumbeous, silvery below. D.I, 6; A. 21.
Rio Turbio, Guanajuato, Mexico, west of the Sierra Madre. (‘To Alfredo
Dugés, a naturalist and teacher in Guanajuato.)

Ameiurus dugési, BEAN, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1879, 304, Rio Turbio, Guanajuato. (Type, No.
23122 and 23123.)

213. AMEIURUS OKEECHOBEENSIS, (Heilprin).

This species is known only from a figure,t no description having been
published. This figure shows the form of Ameiurus catus, the caudal
deeply forked, barbels long and slender, the fins low, the anal very short,

* We indentify the Silurus catus of Linneeus, or rather the figure of Catesby on which it is based
with Amiurus albidus of Le Sueur, the adult of which species well answers to Catesby’s account,
and fairly matches his rough figure. Catesby’s fish was from the ‘‘ Northern part of America,”’
and had a mouth so large that the fish could swallow another of its own size, (‘“‘ejusque amplitud-
inis rictus, et piscem equalis magnitudinis capere possit.’’ It reaches a length of 2 feet. The
adult form (called ‘‘lophius”) of the present species abounds in the Potomac, and. has a larger
mouth than any other of the tribe. Southern specimens called niveiventris by Cope, from the
Neuse to St. Johns, are rather slenderer in from, but we know of no character by which the two
can be positively separated. If a difference exists, the southern form may stand as Ameiurus
nivewentris, the northern as A. catis.

+The figure of Heilprin has much in common with that of Catesby, which is the basis of the
name Ameiurus catus,

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 139

apparently of 15 or 16 rays and much shorter than head, the spines small,
the occipital bridge apparently complete as in Ictalurus (to which genus
it may belong), and the color entirely black, as is the case with nearly all
fishes in black-water swamps. The type is from Kissimee River, near
Lake Okeechobee, in the everglades of Florida.

Ictalurus okeechobeensis, HEILPRIN, Trans. Wagner Inst. Sci. Phila., 1, 1887, pl. 18, Kissimee
River, Florida.

Subgenus AMEIURUS.
214. AMEIURUS EREBENNUS, Jordan.

Body rather elongate, compressed, the depth about 44 in length. Dorsal
region rather elevated; the head quite long and narrowed forward, 4 times
in length of body. Head more narrowed than in 4. natalis; width of
head in front of eye little more than 4 its length; width of the mouth
about 4 length of head. Greatest width of head contained 1} times in its
length. Dorsal finslightly nearer thesnout than the adipose fin, unusually
high, itsspine long. Pectoral spines strong, about + as long as the
head. Anal fin long, deep, nearly + the length of the body, of 22
to 24 rays. Adipose fin Jarge; caudal fin rather short, truncate behind.
Jaws subequal. Supraoccipital process but little free behind. Color
black; belly paler; fins and barbels black. Coast swamps and black-
water streams from New Jersey to Florida. Close to A. natalis, but with
narrower head and longer spines. (épeZevvdc, color of Erebus, which is
very black.)

Ameiurus erebennus, JORDAN, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., x, 85, 1877, St. Johns River, Florida;

JorpDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 105, 1883.
Amiurus prosthistius,* Cope, Proc, Ac. Nat, Sci. Phila., 1883, 133, Batstoe River, N. J.

215. AMEIURUS NATALIS, (Le Sueur).

,

(YELLOw Cart.)

Anal rays 24 to 27. Body more or less short and chubby, sometimes
extremely obese (var. natalis), sometimes more elongate (var. lividus).
Head short and broad; mouth wide, the jaws equal (var. lividus), or the
upper jaw longest (var. cupreus). Yellowish, greenish, or blackish. Great
Lake region to Virginia and Texas, and southward ; generally abundant,
extremely variable, and running into several varieties.t (natalis, having
large nates, or buttocks. )

* Except that the caudal fin is said to be rounded rather than truncate, A. prosthistius agrees

with A. erebennus, with which we think it will prove identical. Greatest width of head equal
to depth of body; eye small, 5in interorbital width; dorsal spine inserted much nearer tip of
snout than adipose fin; pectoral spines a little larger than dorsal spine ; maxillary barbel reach-
ing middle of pectoral spine; humeral process extending a little farther ; black, whitish below ;
fins black; pectoral and ventral pale at base; head 324; depth 4'4. D. I, 6; A. 24 to 27,

Batstoe River, New Jersey.— Cope.

+ These varieties have been thus diagnosed :
a. Dorsal considerably nearer snout than adipose fin.

b, Jaws equal; spinée very short; anal rays 25; colors yellowish brown, Ohio River to
Arkansas, North Carolina, and south. LIVipus
bb, Jaws unequal, the upper the longer.
ce. Anal rays 24 or 25, the fin rather low, its base 314 in body, nape not swollen,

4, Colors pale, yellowish brown. Mississippi valley and south, CUPREUS

140 Bulletin 47, Untted States National Museum.

Pimelodus natalis, LE SuEur, Mém. Mus., v., 154, 1819, North America.

Amiurus natalis, GGNTHER, V, 101, 1864; JorvAN, Ll. c., 86, 1877.

Silurus lividus, var. fuscatus, and Silurus cupreus, RAFINESQUE, Quart. Jour. Sci. London, 1820, 48,
51, Ohio River.

Pimelodus felinus et antoniensis, GIRARD, Pac. R. R. Expl., x. 209, 1858, Canadian and San An-
tonio rivers, Texas. (Type, Nos. 924 and 923. )

Pimelodus catus, GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 159, Aux Plaines, Illinois.

Pimelodus cupreoides, GIRARD, 1. c., 1859, 159, Aux Plaines, Illinois. (Type, No. 1497.)

Pimelodus coenosus, RICHARDSON, Fauna Bor. Amer., 111, 132, 1886, Lake Huron.

Pimelodus cupreus, RAFINESQUE, Ichth. Oh., 65, 1820, Ohio River.

Amiurus natalis, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 105, 1883.

Amiurus bolli, Copr, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., xx, 35, 1880, Little Wichita River, Texas.

Ameiurus bolli, JonpAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 881, 1883; this form has rather longer spines than
usual in natalis, approaching erebennus.

Amiurus natalis analis, JORDAN, l. c., 1877,81, Arkansas River. (Type, No. 31088.)

216. AMEIURUS VULGARIS, (Thompson).

Anal rays 20. Body moderately elongate ; depth 44 to 5 in length; head
3ito4. Barbels long; mouth wide; head longer than broad, rather nar-
rowed forward; profile rather steep, evenly convex; dorsal region more or
less elevated. Lower jaw more or less distinctly projecting: in other
respects scarcely distinct from A. nebulosus, with which it may inter-
grade. Dark reddisk brown or blackish. L.18 inches. Vermont to Min-
nesota and Illinois, chiefly northward; not rare. (vulgaris, common,
which is not true in most of its range.)

Pimelodus vulgaris, THompson, Hist. Vermont, 138, 1842, Lake Champlain.

Pimelodus dekayi, GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 160, Oswego, N.Y. (Type, No. 1513.)
Prmelodus ailurus, GIRARD, Pac. R. R. Expl., x, 210, 1858, L.Amelia, Minnesota. (Type, No. 904.)
Amiurus xlurus, JORDAN, l. ¢., 1877, 88.

Amiurus vulgaris, JoRDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 105, 1883.

217. AMEIURUS NEBULOSUS, (Le Sueur).

(Hornep Pout; Common BULLHEAD; SMALL CaTFIsH; SCHUYLKILL CAT; SACRAMENTO CAT.)

Body rather elongate; depth 4to 44 in length. Anal fin usually with
21 or 22 rays, its base4in body; dorsal fin inserted rather nearer adipose
fin than end of snout. Upper jaw usually distinctly longer than lower.
Humeral procéss more than 3 the length of pectoral spine, which is rather
long. Color dark yellowish brown, more or less clouded, sometimes yel-
lowish, sometimes nearly black. L.18inches. Great Lakes, Ohio Valley,
eastward to Maine, southwestward to Texas, and southeastward to
Florida. The common bullhead, or Horned Pout of the North and East,
abundantin every pond and stream; also introduced about 1877 into the
Humboldt, Sacramento, San Joaquin and Gila rivers, where it is now
excessively abundant. Variable. (nebulosus, clouded.)

Pimelodus nebulosus, LE Sueur, Mém. Mus., v. 149, 1819, Lake Ontario.
Pimelodus atrarius, De Kay, N. Y. Fauna: Fish., 185, 1842, Wappingers Creek, Dutchess
County, N. Y.

dd. Colors dark, black or greenish. Great Lake region, north and east.

CENOSUS.

ce. Anal 26; rays low, its base 3144 in body; spines weak; nape more or less swollen
and elevated. Alabama River to Texas. ANTONIENSIS.

cece. Anal 27, its base 314 in length, its rays high, more than 14 head; spines strong,
nape not swollen. Little Red River, Ark. ANALIS.

aa. Dorsal spine inserted nearer adipose fin than tip of snout, the posterior part of body thick-
ened and shortened; jaws subequal. Great Lakes to North Carolina and south.
NATALIS.

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 141

Amiurus catus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 104, 1883.

Pimelodus felis, AGAssiz, Lake Superior, 281; 1850, Lake Superior.

Pimelodus vulpeculus, GIRARD, Proc, Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859,160, Charleston. (Type, No. 1530.)
Pimelodus hoyi, GrRARD, I. c., 159,1859, Racine, Wisconsin. (Type, No. 1539.)

Ameiurus mispilliensis, CopE, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc., 1870, 486, Mispillion Creek, Delaware.

Of the variations of this species, the following seem worthy of recog-
nition as subspecies :

217a. AMEIURUS NEBULOSUS CATULUS, (Girard).

Color nearly black; profile very steep. Abundant in the streams of
Texas. (Diminutive of catus, cat.)

Pimelodus catulus, GIRARD, Pac. R. R. Survey, 208, 1858, Fort Smith, Arkansas.
217b. AMEIURUS NEBULOSUS MARMORATUS, (Holbrook).

Body sharply mottled with brown, greenish, and whitish ; jaws equal,
or nearly so; depth about 4 in length; slope of profile very steep. Dorsal
fin high; the spine more than 4 length of head; dorsal spine nearer
adipose fin than snout. Barbels long. Head 3} in length. Anal 21.
Lowland streams and swamps from soathwestern Indiana (Switz City)
southward and eastward to Florida; the color strongly marked, but this
intergrades with mottled specimens of A. nebulosus. (marmoratus, mar-
bled.)

Pimelodus marmoratus, Hotprook, Jour. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1855, 54, South Carolina. (Type,

No. 9031.)
Ameiurus marmoratus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 104, 1883.

218. AMEIURUS MELAS, (Rafinesque).

(Biack BULLHEAD; SMALL CATFISH.)

Color almost black, varying to yellowish and brown. Body stout,
short and deep, the depth 34 to 44 in length. Head broad behind, rather
contracted forward, the front steeply elevated. Pectoral spines short, 23
to 3in head. Anal fin short and deep, of 17 to 19 rays, its base nearly 5
in length, the color of the rays forming a sharp contrast with that of
the dusky membranes. Jaws nearly equal. Barbels longer than head.
Humeral process rather long, rugose. Size small. Northern New York
(Genesee River) to Kansas and Texas. Common, especially west of the
Mississippi. Variable. Much resembles 4. nebulosus, but smaller, with
shorter, deeper anal, and especially shorter pectoralspines. (uéAac, black.)

Silurus melas, RAFINESQUE, Quart. Jour. Sci. Lit. Arts Lond., 1820, 51, Ohio River.

Pimelodus confinis, Ginrarp, Proc. Ac, Nat, Sci. Phila., 1859,159, Racine, Wis. (Type, No. 1514.)

Amiurus obesus, GILL, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1862, 45, Nebraska. (Type, No. 8968.)
JORDAN, l. c., 89, 1877.

Pimelodus pullus, De Kay, N. Y. Fauna: Fishes, 184, 1842, Lake Pleasant, Lake Janet, N. Y.

Amiurus pullus, JORDAN, lL. c., 93, 1883.

Amiurus cragini, Giteert, Bull. Washb. Lab. Nat. Hist., 1884, 1, 10, Garden City, Kansas.
(Type, No. 36814.)

Amiurus brachyacanthus, Core, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xx, 35, 1880, Medina River, Texas.

Ameiurus brachyacanthus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 881, 1883.

Silurus xanthocephalus, RAFINESQUE, Quart. Jour, Sci. Lit. Arts Lond., 1820, 61, Ohio River;
JORDAN, lL. c., 42, 1877.

Amewrus xanthocephalus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, LO4, 1885.

142 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

219. AMEIURUS PLATYCEPHALUS, (Girard).
(Mup Cat; Brown Cat.)

Body extremely elongate; mesially,nearly terete. Head low, flat, and
broad; upper jaw strongly projecting, the head much broader and more
depressed in old specimens. Dorsal fin high, $ length of head, its spines
nearer snout than adipose fin; depth 5} to 8inlength. Head 3}; its width
3 to 5, base of anal 6; anal rays 16 to 20. Caudal slightly emarginate.
Young specimens much less elongate than adults. Clear olive brown,
varying into yellowish or greenish ; a blackish horizontal bar or shade at
base of dorsal. L. 18 inches; slenderest of the species of the genus,
and almost entirely herbivorous, its elongate intestine being always
filled with water plants. A good food fish. The form called brunneus
is the young, differing from the adult muchas the young of d4.catus differs.
Abundant in the streams of Carolina and eastern Georgia, Cape Fear to
the Chattahoochee. (mAaric, wide; kegaA7, head.)

Pimelodus platycephalus, GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 161, Anderson, S.C. (Type,
No. 1534.)

Amiurus brunneus, JORDAN, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 1877, 366, Ocmulgee River, Flat
Shoals, Georgia. (Type, No. 20148.)

Ameiurus brunneus, JORDAN, lL. c., 93, 1877.

Amiurus brunneus, JORDAN & BRAYTON, Bull. U. 5. Nat. Mus., xu, 28, 1878.

Amiurus brunneus and platycephalus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 103, 1883.

Subgenus GRONIAS, Cope.
220. AMEIURUS NIGRILABRIS, (Cope).

Black above; jaws and fins black; sides varied with yellowish; belly
pale. Eyes more or less rudimentary and concealed beneath the skin,
Jaws equal. Dorsal spine midway between snout and middle of adipose
fin; barbels short; caudal slightly emarginate. Anal with 18 rays.
Branchiostegals 10. Cave streams tributary to Conestoga River in east-
ern Pennsylvania. Very close to Ameiurus melas, from which, or some
similar species, it is doubtless recently descended. (niger, black ; labrum,
Lip).
rronias nigrilabris, Cope, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, 231, Conestoga River.

Amiurus nigrilabris, JORDAN, l. c., 92, 1877.
Gronias nigrilabris, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 102, 1883.

78. LEPTOPS, Rafinesque.
(Mup Cars.)

Leptops, RAFINESQUE, Ich. Oh., 64, 1820, (viscosus = olivaris).

Opladelus, RAFINESQUE, I. c., 64, (nebulosus).

Tlictis, RAFINESQUE, l. c., 66, (limosus).

Hopladelus, Gru, (corrected spelling).

Pelodichthys, JORDAN, corrected spelling of Pilodictis,* RAFINESQUE, which is an imaginary fish.
Body elongated, slender, much depressed anteriorly. Head large, very

wide and depressed. Skin very thick, entirely concealing the skull; su-

praoccipital bone entirely free from the head of the second interspinal ;

* © Pilodictis limosus,”? Rafinesque, Jour, Phys., Paris, 1819, 422, was based on a ‘‘ drawing by
Mr. Audubon,” which drawing, as shown by Rafinesque’s copy, is merely a fancy sketch of an
imaginary catfish. The name should therefore be disregarded, although it is the earliest sup-
posed to belong to this group. Of the remaining synonyms Leptops stands next in date.

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 1435

eyes small. Mouth very large, anterior and transverse, the lower jaw
always projecting beyond the upper. Teeth in broad villiform bands on the
premaxillaries and dentaries ; band ofupper jaw convex anteriorly, and at
insertion of the maxillaries, abruptly angularly deflected, proceeding back-
ward as an elongated triangular extension. Band slightly divided at the
symphysis; lower band of teeth anteriorly semicircular and attenuated to
the corners of the mouth. Branchiostegals 12. Dorsal fin over the pos-
terior half of the interval between pectorals and ventrals, with a spine
and 7 rays; spine rather small, more or less enveloped in thick skin.
Adipose fin large, its elongated base over posterior }of anal. Anal fin
small, commencing far behind the anus; of about 13 rays. Caudal cblong,
subtruncate, with numerous accessory rays, recurrent above and behind.
Pectorals with a broad compressed spine, serrated on both margins and
with a prolonged fleshy integument, obliquely striated. One species
known; a large catfish living in the muddy bottoms of deep rivers.
(Aerroc, slender; ow, face, the head being slender in profile. )

221. LEPTOPS OLIVARIS, (Rafinesque).

(Mup Cat; YeLrLow Cat; Basuaw; Russian Cart.)

Body slender, depressed forward, the head extremely flat, the lower jaw
the longer. Barbels short. Dorsal spine very weak, + the height of
the fin; caudal very slightly emarginate behind. Anal short, its base
about + the length, its rays 12 to 15. Humeral process short. Yellowish,
much mottled with brown and greenish, whitish below. Size very large,
reaching a weight of 50 to 75 pounds. Rivers of the Mississippi Valley
and Southern States, southwest to Chihuahua; abundant in deep, sluggish
waters. A fish of unprepossessing appearance, although one of the best
of the family as food. (olivaris, olive-colored.)

Silurus olivaris, RAFINESQUE, Amer. Month. Mag., 1818, 355, Ohio River.

Hopladelus olivaris, GiLL, Ichth. Simpson’s Expl., 426, 1876.

Pelodichthys olivaris, JORDAN, l. c., 95, 1877.

Silurus nebulosus, viscosus, and limosus, RAFINESQUE, Quart. Jour. Sci. Lit. Arts Lond., 1820, 50,
Ohio River.

Pimelodus punctulatus, GUNTHER, Cat., v, 101, 1864.

Pylodictis limosus, RAFINESQUE, Ichth. Oh., 67, 1820, based on a drawing by Audubon ; Ohio and
Mississippi rivers.

Pimelodus punctulatus, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, XV, 134, 1840, New Harmony, Indiana.

Pimelodus eneus, CUvViIER & VALENCIENNES, XV, 135, 1840, New Orleans.

Pilodictis olivaris, JonvAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 102, 1883.

Leptops olivaris, JonpAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 881, 1883.

79. NOTURUS, Rafinesque.
(STONE CaTs. )
Noturus, RAFINESQUE, Amer. Month. Mag., November, 1818, 41, ( /lavus).
This genus contains a single species, similar to the species of Schilbeodes
in appearance and habit, but having the dentition of Leptops, the band of
teeth in the upper jaw having a backward prolongation from the outer

posterior angle. The adipose fin is adnate to the back as in Schilbeodes,
and there is a poison gland at the base of the pectoral fin. The species

144 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

reaches a larger size than those of Schilbeodes, and it frequents rivers and
channels rather than small brooks. (v@roc, back; ovpa, tail, in allusion
to the connection of the caudal with the adipose fin; ‘‘ means tail over the
back.” Rafinesque.)

222. NOTURUS FLAVUS, Rafinesque.

(Stone Cat.)

Body elongate; the head depressed, broad, and flat, nearly as broad as
long; middle of body subcylindrical; tail compressed. Head about 47 in
length; width of head 54; depth 53 in length; distance to dorsal about
3inlength. Barbels short. A strong keel on back behind dorsal, lead-
ing to adipose fin; adipose fin deeply notched. Dorsal spine very short ;
pectoral spine retrorsely serrate in front, slightly rough or nearly entire
behind; its length 3 in distance from snout to dorsal; caudal rounded be-
hind. Analraysabout16. Humeral process very short and sharp. Color
nearly uniform yellowish brown, sometimes blackish above, fins yellow-
edged. The largest species of stone cat, reaching a length of more than
a foot. Great Lake region, westward and south to Montana, Wyoming,
and Texas; rather common, especially westward. (flavus, yellow.)
Noturus flavus, RAFINESQUE, Amer. Month. Mag., 1818, 41, Falls of Ohio River.

Noturus luteus, RAFINESQUE, Jour. de Phys., 1819, 421, Ohio River; GUNTHER, Cat., v, 104, 1864;
JORDAN, I. c., 99, 1877.

Noturus occidentalis, GILL, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1862, 45, Platte River; GinruHeER, Cat., v,
105, 1864.

Noturus platycephalus, GUNTHER, Cat., v, 104, 1864, North America.

Noturus flavus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 100, 1883. .

80. SCHILBEODES, Bleeker.
(Map Toms.)

Schilbeodes, BLEEKER, Ichth. Archip. Indici. Prodr. Siluri., 1858, 258, (gyrinus).
Rabida, JonpAN & EVERMANN, new subgenus, (furiosus).

Body more or less elongate, anteriorly subcylindrical, thence more or less
compressed. Head depressed. Skin very thick, entirely concealing the
bones. Supraoccipital entirely free from the head of the second interspinal.
Mouth anterior, rather large; the upper jaw more or less projecting. Teeth
subulate, in a broad band, in each jaw; the band in the upper jaw is
abruptly truncated at each end as in Ameiurus (not prolonged backward
by a continuation from the external angle, as in Leptops and Noturus).
Branchiostegals 9. Dorsal fin over the posterior half of the interval
between pectorals and ventrals, with ashort sharpspine and Trays. Adi-
pose fin long and low, usually more or less connected with the accessory
rays of the caudal fin, not free posteriorly, but adnate to the body; the
membrane sometimes high and continuous, sometimes notched. Caudal
fin very obliquely truncated or rounded, inserted on an equally obliquely
rounded base; numerous rudimentary rays present, both above and below
the caudal peduncle. Anal fin short, with 12 to 23 rays. Ventrals rounded.
Pectoral fins with a sharp spine, of different forms in the different species.
Vent at some distance in advance of the anal. Lateral linecomplete. In

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 145

or above the axil of the pectoral fins is an orifice, which is the opening of
the duct of a poison gland. ‘‘ From it may frequently be drawn a solid
gelatinous style ending in a tripod, each limb of which is dichotomously
divided into short branches of regular length.”—Cope. Thesting from the
pectoral spine is very painful, resembling the sting of a bee, but worse.
Very small catfishes of the fresh waters of the Eastern United States, hav-
ing somewhat the habits of Etheostoma, or Cottus, lying on the bottom
among rocks and weeds, and delighting in small rocky brooks. They
are especially numerous southward. (Schilbe, an African genus of Siluroids,
with which these fishes were supposed to agree in lacking an adipose fin ;
eldoc, likeness. The word Schilbe is of Arabian origin.)

SCHILBEODES:
a. Pectoral spine entire or grooved behind, never retrorse serrate; adipose fin high and con-
tinuous, not separated by a notch from caudal; caudal much rounded.
b. Head short, broad and deep; pectoral spine without serration anywhere, grooved behind,
2in head; barbels short; plain dark brown, with a narrow black lateral streak.
A. 15 or 16. GYRINUS, 223.
bb. Head small and narrow; spines very short and weak; pectoral spine weakly retrorse
serrate without, grooved within, 344 in head. A. 14. Color yellowish, slightly
mottled. LEPTACANTHUS, 224.
Rasipa, (rabidus, mad):
aa. Pectoral spine more or less distinctly serrate behind (the serres sometimes absent in S.
nocturnus),
c. Adipose fin continuous with the caudal, there being no evident notch between them;
pectoral spine short, 2 in head, its inner margin usually with a few short, sharp
teeth on basal half, its outer nearly entire, a few points near the tip. A. 15 or 16.
Color plain blackish. NOCTURNUS, 225.
cc. Adipose fin with a more or less distinct notch separating it from the caudal.
d, Anal fin comparatively long, of 23 rays; body elongate; adipose fin conspicuously
notched; spines slender and short, pectoral spines with weak teeth on each
margin. Color plain blackish. FUNEBRIS, 226.
dd, Aual fin rather short, of 12 to 18 rays.
e. Pectoral spine with its posterior serre short, their length not 44 diameter of
spine. Color nearly plain.
f. Adipose fin moderate, the notch shallow, not separating it from the caudal
fin; caudal slightly rounded; vertical fins broadly edged with black,
g. Pectoral spine very short and weak, about 3 in head in adult; head
small, 4in length. EXILIS, 227.
gg. Pectoral spine moderate, about 2 (134 to 214) in head; head larger.
INSIGNIS, 228.
ff. Adipose fin very low, the notch completely separating it from caudal;
pectoral spine very short, 4 to 5 in head, its outer margin nearly en-
tire, the inner with sharp teeth at base; caudal slightly emarginate;
base of dorsal and lower lobe of caudal black. GILBERTI, 229.
ce. Pectoral spine with its posterior serre strong, spine-like, recurved, almost as
long as the diameter of the spine, the long curved spive itself more than
¥ head; anal rays 13 to 15; caudal much rounded.
h. Adipose fin nearly or quite free from caudal; color nearly plain brownish,
the saddle-like blotches faint; everywhere covered with small dots;
anterior edge of pectoral spine retrorse-serrate. ELEUTHERUS, 230,
hh. Adipose fin not quite free from caudal; color much variegated, the back
with black saddle-like blotches; fins marbled with black.
i. Pectoral spine strong, about 124 in head, its anterior edge with fow

serrations. mrurus, 231.
ui, Pectoral spine very strong, about 144 in head, its anterior edge with
many serrations. FURTOSUS, 232.

F. N. A.——I11

146 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

Subgenus SCHILBEODES.
223. SCHILBEODES GYRINUS, (Mitchill).

Body comparatively short and thick. Head large, its width 34 to 44 in
length of body; depth 4 to 54; head 34 to 4. Spines stout and rather
long; that of the pectoral fin straight, not serrated, grooved behind, 24 in
the distance from snout to dorsal fin. Dorsal higher than long, inserted
nearer anal than snout. Anal13. Jaws nearly equal. Humeral process
short. Nearly uniform yellowish brown, sometimes blackish, without
transverse blotches; a narrow dark lateral streak and 1 or more dorsal
ones. L. 5 inches. Hudson River and westward through almost the
entire Mississippi Valley, and upper lake region; rather common, espe-
cially northwestward ; the western specimens more robust and perhaps
distinguishable as var. sialis. (yvpivoc, tadpole. )

Silurus gyrinus, Mircu1ti, Amer. Month. Mag., 1818, 322, Walkill River, New York.
Noturus gyrinus, JORDAN, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., x, 102, 1877.

Noturus sialis, JonpAN, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., x, 102, 1877, White River, Indiana.
Noturus gyrinus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 98, 1883.

224. SCHILBEODES LEPTACANTHUS, (Jordan).

Body slender, the head small and narrow, longer than broad. Eye
small. Upper jaw much projecting. Spines very short and slender; that
of the dorsal not 4 the height of the fin; all less than $ the length of the
head; that of the pectoral retrorsely serrate on the outer edge, entire
within. Head 44in body; its width 54; depth 5+; distance to dorsal 24;
pectoral spine 5 in this distance; dorsal nearer anal than snout. Anal 14.
Humeral process very short. Color yellowish, somewhat mottled. L. 3
inches. Gulf States in sandy streams; scarce, known from the basins of
the Ogeeche, Alabama, and Pearlrivers. (Aerxroc, slender; akavda, spine.)
Noturus leptacanthus, JORDAN, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 1876, 352, Silver Creek, branch of

Etowah River, Rome, Ga.

Noturus leptacanthus, JORDAN, I: c., 102, 1877.
Noturus leptacanthus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 98, 1883,

Subgenus RABIDA, Jordan & Evermann.
225. SCHILBEODES NOCTURNUS, (Jordan & Gilbert).

Head 3%. A.150r16. Rather robust; head moderate, little depressed,
eyes small; barbels short, barely reaching gill opening; pectoral spine
short, 2 in head, its inner margin with short, sharp teeth at base (entire
in specimens from the lower Wabash); its outer margin with a few points
near tip, otherwise entire; adipose fin high, continuous with caudal; anal
high. Colorvery dark brown, everywhere dotted with black; fins dusky
with narrow pale margins. L.3inches. Sandy streams, among weeds, in
Lower Mississippi Valley, known from the lower Wabash in Indiana, and
from the Poteau, Washita, and Saline rivers, Arkansas. (nocturnus, noc-
turna], from its black color.)

Noturus nocturnus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Proc, U. 8S. Nat. Mus., 1886, 6, Saline River, at Benton,
Arkansas. (Type, 36461.)

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 147

226. SCHILBEODES FUNEBRIS, (Gilbert & Swain).

Head 4. A. 23, its base 34 in body. Body elongate, the head slender
but not depressed ; mouth moderate, very convex, the lower jaw shorter ;
barbels slender, those of maxillary reaching beyond base of pectoral;
eye very small. Spines slender and short; pectoral spine 3 in head,
roughened without, and with 3 or 4 small weak teeth on inner margin.
Adipose fin well developed, with a conspicuous notch. Anal much longer
than in other species. L.3iinches. Body and fins uniform black. Tribn-
tary of Black Warrior River, Tuscaloosa, Ala. (funebris, funereal, from
the dark color.)

Noturus funebris, GILBERT & Swatn, Bull. U.S. Fish. Com., 1889, 153, North River. Tusca-
loosa, Alabama. (Type, No.36696.)

227. SCHILBEODES EXILIS, (Nelson).

Head 4 in length; depth 5 to 64. Anal rays 14 to 17. Pectoral spine
small, about 3 in head, slightly retrorse serrate without, with about 6
small straight teeth within, which are not 4 the diameter of the spine in
length. Head small, not very broad, but thin and depressed ; its width 5
to 6 in length of body; jaws nearly equal. Dorsal scarcely higher than
long. Distance from snout to dorsal about 3 in length. Pectoral spine
3¢ to 4 in this distance; dorsal spine low, as near snout as anal. Hum-
eral process obscure. Color yellowish brown, mottled, the fins somewhat
margined with dusky. L.4 inches. Wisconsin te Missouri and Kan-
sas, common in prairie streams; close to S. insignis, but slimmer, with
weaker armature. (exilis, slim.)

Noturus exilis, Newson, Bull. Ill. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1876, 51, Illinois River; Jorpan, l. c., 100,
1877; Jorpan & GILBEsT, Synopsis, 100, 1883.

Noturus elassochir, Swain & KA, Proc. U. 8, Nat. Mus., 1882, 639, Illinois River, Napierville,
Illinois. (Type, No, 29677.)

228. SCHILBEODES INSIGNIS, (Richardson).
(Map Tom.)

Body ratherelongate. Pectoral spine moderate, about 2 in head, retrorse
serrate without, weakly serrate within. Head broad and flat, upper jaw
projecting; head about 4¢ in length; depth 6. Dorsal fin } higher than
long. Distance from snout to dorsal about 2} in length. Length of
pectoral spine 2} in same distance. Dorsal much nearer anal than snout.
Anal rays 14 to 16. Humeral process conspicuous, sharp. Color dark
brown, somewhat mottled, fins all broadly and conspicuously dark-edged.
One of the largest species, reaching the length of nearly a foot. Pennsyl-
vania to South Carolina; very common in streams east of the Alleghanies.
(insignis, remarkable, )

Pimelodus insigne, Ricuarpson, Fauna Bor. Amer., m1, 32, 1836, based on Pimnelode livrfée. Le
Sueur, Mém, Mus., v, 1819, 155; locality not known.

Pimelodus lemniscatus, Cuvier & VALENCIENNES, XV, 144, 1840, after Le Sueur.

Noturus marginatus, (Baty), Corr, Jour. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1869, 237, Pennsylvania. (Type,

No. 1571.) ;
Noturus insignis, JORDAN, Ll. c., 100, 1877; Jonpan & Gitperr, Synopsis, 100, 1883

148 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum,

229. SCHILBEODES GILBERTI, (Jordan & Evyermann).

Body slender, less compressed than in S. insignis, the head narrower
and not so low; eyes small; lower jaw included; barbels short, not reach-
ing nearly to gill opening; spine very short, that of pectoral about 4 in
head, its inner margin with sharp teeth at base, its outer nearly entire.
Adipose fin very low, separated from the caudal by a deep notch which
reaches its base. Anal short and high; dorsal spine scarcely longer than
eye; caudal broad, slightly emarginate. Dark yellowish brown, base of
caudal and most of its lower lobe black; dorsal black at base. Head 44.
A. 15. L.4inches. Roanoke River in Southern Virginia, locally abun-
dant. (Named for Charles Henry Gilbert.)

jolurus gilberti, JORDAN & EVERMANN, Proc, U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1888, 352, Roanoke River. (Type,
No. 39931.)
230. SCHILBEODES ELEUTHERUS, (Jordan),

Head 33. A. 13. Head broad, flat, depressed, the form resembling that
of Leptops olivaris; humeral process obscure; eye 53 in head; lower jaw
included; barbels short, not reaching gill opening ; adipose fin free from
caudal; pectoral spine stout, of moderate length, 15 to 2 in head, its outer
margin more or less retrorse-serrate, its inner with about 6 to 8 retrorse
hooks, scarcely weaker than in S. miwrus. Color nearly plain brownish,
the black saddle-like blotches usually not very distinct; body everywhere
covered with fine dark dots. Dorsal blackish at tip; caudal dark at base.
L. 4inches. © Mississippi Valley, rare, but widely distributed. Tributa-
ries of French Broad River (Big Pigeon River, Clifton, Tenn.); French
Broad, at Hot Springs, N. C.; White River, Gosport, Ind.; Green River,
Greensburg, Ky. Schriner Lake, Columbia City, Ind.; White River, Fay-
ettesville, Ark.; Sallisaw River, Indian Territory. Only a few specimens
known. (éAevVepoc, free.)

Noturus eleutherus, JORDAN, Ann. N. Y. Lyc. Nat. Hist., 1877, 371, Big Pigeon River; not of
some later papers, in which it is confounded with S. furiosus.

231. SCHILBEODES MIURUS, (Jordan).

Head 33 to 4; depth 43 to 5. A.13to15. Body rather stout, not much
elongate nor much depressed; eyes not very small; barbels moderate,
about reaching gill opening, mouth moderate, the lower jaw included.
Adipose fin with a deep notch, but connected with the caudal fin. Dis-
tance from snout to dorsal about 2% in length. Pectoral spine 24 in this
distance; 13 to 13 in head. Dorsal nearer anal than tip of snout. Pec-
toral spine somewhat curved and finely serrated without, with 6 strong
recurved pectinations within, each nearly as long as the diameter of the
spine. Humeral process short. Body much mottled, black and grayish ;
top of head, tip of dorsal, middle of adipose fin, and edge of caudal defi-
nitely blackish, occiput dark; body with 4 broad cross blotches, 1 before
dorsal, 1 behind it, 1 on middle of adipose fin, and 1 small one behind it.
L. 4 inches. Mississippi Valley and tributaries of Lake Michigan, south
to Louisiana; common in the Ohio Valley. (eiovpoc, curtailed.)

Noturus miurus, JORDAN, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 1877, 371, White River, Indiana; Jor-
DAN, l. c., 100, 1877; Jornpan & GILBERT, Synopsis, 99, 1883.

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 149

232. SCHILBEODES FURIOSUS, (Jordan & Meek).

Form of Schilbeodes miurus ; eyes rather large; barbels moderate, reach-
ing gillopening; dorsal spine 2} in head; pectoral spine 1} in head, much
longer, stronger, more curved, and more heavily armed than in any other
North American catfish; anterior margin of spine with many small
antrorse teeth, the tip of spine without teeth; inner margin with 7 or 8
recurved hooks; adipose fin high, with a deep notch nearly to its base;
caudal long, much rounded in outline. Coloration much variegated, the
pattern as in S. miurus. Light brown, with black dots; a dusky area
between eyes; a black saddle across occiput; 1 before and 1 behind
dorsal, and 1 on adipose fin; a dusky bar at base of caudal; 3 dark
eurved streaks across caudal and 2: cross dorsal-and anal. Head 33;
depth 54. A.14. L.5inches. Eastern North Carolina, known from the
Neuse, Tar, and Little rivers. Very close to S. miwrus, and probably a
geographical variety of that species, from which it differs only in the
larger spines. Its sting is more virulent than that of any other ‘Mad
Tom.” (furiosus, furious. )

Noturus furiosus, JORDAN & MEER, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1888, 351, Neuse River, N.C. (Type,

39932. )
Noturus eleutherus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis 99, 1883, not type.

81. RHAMDIA, Bleeker.

(BAGRES DE Rio. )

Pteronotus, SWAINsON, Nat. Hist. Fishes, 11, 309, 1839, (quingue-tentaculatus); preoccupied in
mollusks.

Rhamdia, BuerKer, Ichth. Arch. Ind. Siluri, 1858, 197, (quelen).

Pimelonotus, Gitt, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., rv, 391, 1859, (vilsoni).

Notoglanis, GUNTHER, Cat., V, 136, 1864, (multiradiatus).

Rhamdella, FiGkNMANN & EIGENMANN, Proc. Cal. Ac. Sci., 2d series, 1, 129, 1888, (eriurcha).

Fresh water catfishes with no teeth on the vomer; the adipose fin
more or less elongate; snout rather broad, not produced; barbels terete
or somewhat flattened, not having a broad membranous border. Head
not especially widened; occipital process small or wanting, not reaching
to the dorsal plate; the fontanelle variously developed, in typical species
short, not continued backward beyond the eye, except in the young, in
which there are usually 2 bony bridges across the fontanelle, the one
behind the eye, the other in front of the occiput; the depressions behind
these bridges persistent, in some old specimens the entire fontanelle
becomes obliterated. In the subgenus Rhamdella, the fontanelle is better
developed, extending to base of occipital process. Species numerous,
in streams from Mexico southward to Western Peru and the Rio de la
Plata. This genus has been divided by Eigenmann into two—Rhamdia
and Rhamdella*—distinguished by the development of the fontanelle. As

*This genus Rhamdella contains those species hitherto referred to Rhamdia or to Pimelodus, in
which the fontanelle is continued backward to the occipital process, with a bridge across it
behind the eyes. Mentral placed below or behind the dorsal, orbit with a free margin, Two North
American species, pefenensis and parryi, are known to belong to Rhamdella, It is probable that
most of the others here mentioned belong to Rhamdella rather than to Rhamdia, In Bigen-
mann’s latest catalogue, nearly all of them are provisionally placed in Rhamdella,

150 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

but few of the following species have been examined as to this character,
we are forced to refer all to the single genus Rhamdia. (Nhamdia or Bagre
da Rio, a Portuguese name, applied by Marcgrave to Rhamdia sebe, and
written ‘‘ Rhamdia” by Valenciennes, perhaps a misprint.)

RHAMDIA:
a. Fontanelle in the adult not continued behind the eye; maxillary band of teeth not widened

at the edge; occipitai process present.
b. Sides with a dark lateral band; maxillary barbels reaching little beyond front of adi-
pose fins; pectoral spine short. WAGNERT, 233.
aa, Species with the fontanelle undescribed, most of them probably belonging to Rhamdella.
c. Anal rays 11 or 12.
d, Adipose fin moderately long, 314 to 32% in length.

e. Maxillary barbels very long, reaching tip of ventrals.
> E BARONIS-MULLERI, 234.
ee. Maxillary barbels reaching end of dorsal.

Ff. Depth 614 in length. MOTAGUENSIS, 235.
ff. Depth 51% in length. BRACHYPTERA, 236.
dd. Adipose fin short, 4 in length; barbels short, not reaching tip of pectorals.

SALVINI, 237.
ce. Anal rays 13

g- Adipose fin short, about 4 in length; barbels reaching end of dorsal.

HYPSELURUS, 238.
gg. Adipose fin moderate, 3 to 34 in length.

h. Occipital process rather short. LATICAUDA, 239.
hh. Occipital process rather long. GODMANTI, 240,
ggg. Adipose fin long, more than 14 of length.
i. Barbels very long, the longest reaching middle of adipose fin.
GUATEMALENSIS, 241.
ii. Barbels moderate, the longest reaching front of adipose fin.
NICARAGUENSIS, 242.
iii. Barbels shortish, the longest reaching end of dorsal. §MICROPTERA, 243.
cee. Anal rays 14 or 15.
j. Adipose fin long, more than 14 of length. MANAGUENSIS, 244.
: jj). Adipose fin medium, 314 in length. POLYCAULUS, 245.
RHAMDELLA, (diminutive of Rhamdia):
aaa, Fontanelle continued backward to the occipital process, with a bridge across it behind
the eye.
k. Upper jaw scarcely longer than lower; tail deep; pectoral spine about 14 the head.
PETENENSIS, 246.
kk. Upper jaw longer than lower; pectoral spine 2 to 24 in head; dorsal spine very weak,
about 214 in head; caudal fin about 5 in length. PARRYI, 247,

Subgenus RHAMDIA.
233. RHAMDIA WAGNERI, (Giinther).

(BARBUDO.)

Head 44; depth 53 to7. D.1,6; A.9to1l. Head flat above, with
vertical sides; occipital process narrow, reaching about halfway to dorsal
spine; maxillary barbel variable, never reaching to end of adipose fin,
sometimes little beyond base of dorsal; gill rakers 3+ 7; caudal deeply
divided; its lower lobe broad and rounded, the upper pointed. Color
brown, with many dark dots; a dark lateral band, darkest forward; base -
of dorsal pale. Rivers of Central America, on both sides of the moun-
tains, very abundant. (Eigenmann.) (Named for Prof. Moritz Wagner,

an authority in zoogeography.)

Jordan and Evermann.—Ffishes of North America. 151

Pimelodus wagneri, GUNTHER, Fishes Cent. Am., 474, 1869, Atlantic and Pacific rivers of
Panama.

Rhamdia bransfordi, Gitt, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1876, 337, Panama.

Rhamdia wagneri, EIGENMANN, S. A. Nematognathi, 133, 1890.

Subgenus RHAMDELLA, Eigenmann & Eigenmann.

Besides the species ascertained by Dr. Eigenmann to belong to Rhamdia,
the following additional species have been described from within our
limits, but in none of these has the character of the fontanelle been given,
so that it is impossible to say whether they belong properly to Rhamdia
or to Rhamdella; most likely the majority of them will be found to have
their places in the latter group:

234. RHAMDIA BARONIS-MULLERI, (Troschel).

Head 5 in total length. D.I,6; A.12; P.I,9. Head flat, forehead
broadly rounded; upper jaw the longer; maxillary barbels reaching tip
of ventrals; outer mandibulary barbels to beyond base of pectorals,
nearly twice as long as inner. Eye high, before middle of head; snout
nearly twice length of eye; interorbital space 1} timeseye. Head covered
with soft, smooth skin, occipital process narrow, pointed, covered with
skin; humeral process reaching middle of pectoral spine. Body taper-
ing backward from head, much compressed behind. Pectorals reaching
to opposite third dorsal ray, the spine serrate within; ventrals shorter
than pectorals, falling far short of anal, reaching halfway to base of
third anal ray. Adipose fin 3} timesin the whole length. Caudal deeply
divided, the lobes rounded, the lower larger. Brown, paler below, the
lateral line a narrow black streak. ‘‘ Pacific Ocean” in Mexico. (Tros-
chel.) (Named for J. W. von Miiller, the title ‘‘ Baron” distinguishing him
from the naturalist Johannes Miller. )

Pimelodus baronis-miilleri, TRoscHEL, in Miiller’s Reitriige zur Geschichte, Statistik und Zoilogie
von Mexico, 11, 636, 1865; no definite locality.

235. RHAMDIA MOTAGUENSIS, (Giinther).

Head 54; depth 64. D. 1,6; A. 12. Occipital process short; adipose
fin 34 in length; maxillary barbels to end of dorsal; dorsal spine very
feeble; pectoral spine striated; its inner margin strongly serrated. Cau-
dal peduncle as high as long; caudal forked; the lower lobe rounded ;
the upper pointed and longer. Brownish, dorsal witha white band. Rio
Motagua, Guatemala. (Giinther.)

Pimelodus motaguensis, GUNTHER, Cat., v, 127, 1864, Rio Motagua, Guatemala.

236. RHAMDIA BRACHYPTERA, (Cope).

Head 53; depth 54. D. 1,6; A.11; P. 1,9. Occipital process short;
maxillary barbels reaching beyond dorsal; lower jaw a little shorter;
dorsal longer than high, its spine very weak; pectoral spine striate, flexi-
ble at top, strongly serrate on inner margin; adipose fin 3% in body; caudal
deeply emarginate; its lobes largely rounded. Blackish, a pale shade on

152 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

dorsal. Orizaba, Mexico; allied to R. motaguensis, but with smaller eye,
deeper body, and slight difference in fin rays. (Cope.) (Spayic, short;
mrepov, fin.)

Pimelodus brachypterus, Cope, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., 1866, 404, Orizaba, Mexico.

237. RHAMDIA SALVINI, (Giinther).

Head 5; depth6. A.11. Occipital process short; adipose fin 4 in length;
maxillary barbels short, not reaching tip of pectoral; dorsal spine very
feeble; pectoral spine very short, not } head; caudal lobes subequal.
Coloration plain brown. Rio San Geronimo, Guatemala. (Gutnther.)
(Named for Oscar Salvin, who collected largely in Central America. )

Pimelodus salvini, GiNTHER, Cat., V, 180, 1864, Rio San Geronimo, Guatemala.

238. RHAMDIA HYPSELURUS, (Giinther).

Head 5; depth 6. D.1,6; A. 13. Occipital process triangular; adipose
fin 4 in length; maxillary barbels reaching to the end of dorsal. Caudal
peduncle deeper than long; caudal lobes both rounded. Uniform blackish.
Mexico. (Giinther.) (iypeddc, high; ovpa, tail.)

Pimelodus hypselurus, GUNTHER, Cat., v, 126, 1864, Mexico.

239. RHAMDIA LATICAUDA, (Heckel).

D. I, 6; A. 13. Occipital process short; adipose fin 3} in length,
maxillary barbels reaching ventral; tail about as deep as body; pectoral
spine + as long as the rays; caudal subtruncate. Mexico. (Heckel.)
(latus, broad; cauda, tail.)

Pimelodus laticaudus, HeckEt, in Kner, Sitz. Wien, Ac., xxv, 420, 1857, Mexico.
Pimelodus laticaudus, GUNTHER, Cat., v, 127, 1864.

240. RHAMDIA GODMANT, (Giinther).

Head 4; depth 6. D.I,6; A.13. Occipital process triangular, much
longer than broad. Adipose fin 3in length. Lower jaw little shorter
than upper. Pectoral spine not more than 3 head, serrated. Caudal
lobes equal. Color brown; dorsal with the usual band. Valley of Rio
Usumacinta, Guatemala. (Named for Mr. F. Godman, associate of
Salvin.)

Pimelodus godmani, GiNTHER, Oat., v, 124, 1864, Rio Usumacinta, Guatemala.

241. RHAMDIA GUATEMALENSIS, (Giinther).

Head 4; depth 6. A.13. Adipose fin long, 24 in length; maxillary
barbels about reaching middle of adipose fin. Dorsal spine very feeble;
pectoral short, +as long as head; lower caudal lobe long. Blackish; dor-
sal with very light band. Huamuchal, Guatemala. (Gtnther.)

Pimelodus guatemalensis, GUNTHER, Cat., v, 122, 1864, Rio Huamuchal, Guatemala.

242. RHAMDIA NICARAGUENSIS, (Giinther).

Head 44; depth 7. D.1,6; A.13. Adipose fin 24in length; maxillary
barbels reaching its front; pectoral spine } head. Blackish; dorsal with
a faint pale band. Lake Nicaragua. (Gunther.)

Pimelodus nicaraguensis, GUNTHER, Cat., Vv, 125, 1864, Lake Nicaragua, Nicaragua.

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 153

243. RHAMDIA MICROPTERA, (Giinther),

Head 44; depth 73; D.I,6; A.13. Occipital process slender, not reach-
ing base of dorsal; adipose fin 2} in length; maxillary barbels reaching
end of dorsal. Pectoral spine a little more than + head. Ventral very
short, shorter than pectoral. Anal small; caudal short, the lower lobe 7
in body. Blackish; dorsal with a faint band. Rio San Geronimo.
(Gunther.) (xpoc, small; repr, fin.)

Pimelodus micropterus, GUNTHER, Cat., v, 124,1864, Rio San Geronimo, Guatemala.

244, RHAMDIA MANAGUENSIS, (Giinther).

Head 5; depth 6. D.1I,6; A.140r15. Occipital process slender, not
reaching basal bone of dorsal; adipose fin more than $ length; maxillary
barbels short, reaching nearly to base of dorsal spine; dorsal spine short.
Color uniform brown; dorsal with a pale cross-band. Lake Managua,
Nicaragua. (Gunther.)

Pimelodus managuensis, GUNTHER, Fishes Cent. Am., 474, 1869, Lake Managua, Nicaragua.

245. RHAMDIA POLYCAULUS, (Giinther).

Head 5; depth 6. D.1I,7; A. 15. Occipital process short; adipose fin
long, 3} in length; maxillary barbels to tip of pectoral; dorsal spine very
short; caudal lobes equal. Uniform blackish. Rio San Geronimo. (Giin-
ther.) (7oAic, many ; kavdAoc, stem; the number of dorsal and anal rays
being greater than usual.)

Pimelodus polycaulus, GUNTHER, Cat., v, 131, 1864, Rio San Geronimo.

246. RHAMDIA PETENENSIS, (Giinther).

Head 44; depth 6. D.I,6; A. 11. Adipose fin low but long, more than
+ length, the maxillary barbels reaching to its front. Tail deep; its depth
more than + the head. Lower jaw scarcely shorter. Dorsal spine very
feeble; pectoral spine not quite ¢ head. Ventral fin short, brownish, with
a dark lateral band; dorsal with the usual band. Lake Peten, Yucatan.
(Giinther. )

Pimelodus petenensis, GUNTHER, Cat., V, 126, 1864, Lake Peten, Yucatan.
247. RHAMDIA PARRYI, (Eigenmann).

Head 43; depth 44 to5. D.I,6; A. 12 to 14. Upper jaw longer than
lower. Occipital process moderate. Dorsal spine very low and weak; 2
to 24 in head; pectoral spine 2 to 2} in head; caudal 44 to 54. Occipital
process very narrow and short. Maxillary barbels short, extending little
beyond dorsal fin; caudal lobe short and broad. Adipose fin 3 to 34
in length. Brownish, a dark lateral band. Rio Zanalenco, Chiapas.
(Eigenmann.) (Named for Dr. C. C. Parry, a well-known botanist.)

Rhamdella parryi, E1GENMANN, Proc. Cal, Ac. Sci., 1888, 130, Rio Zanalenco, Chiapas.

82. PIMELODELLA, Eigenmann & Figemannn.

Pseudorhamdia, StRiINDACHNER, Stisswasserf. Sudiistl. Bras., 111, 1876, 46, (lateristriga); not of
Bleeker, which is Pimelodus,
Pimelodella, E1GENMANN & E1GENMANN, Proc. Cal. Ac. Sci., 1888, 131, (cristatus)

154 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

Occipital process narrow, reaching the bony plate at base of dorsal
spine. Fontanelle continued to the base of the occipital process, with a
bridge across it above the posterior margin of the eye. Dorsal and pec-
toral spines pungent; humeral process spine-like. Dorsal rays I, 6. This
genus is an ally of Pimelodus and khamdia. The numerous species are
confined chiefly to the Amazon region. (Diminutive of Pimelodus; ziwerie,
fat.)

a. Adipose fin less than 14 the length. D.I, 6. Pectoral fins not reaching ventral, nor ven-
tral to anal. Pectoral spine moderate, with 8 to 15 recurved hooks.
b. Sides with a dark lateral band which continues forward on the head. Tip of pectoral

spine 14 diameter of the spine; spine very broad. CHAGRESI, 248.
bb. Sides without dark lateral band, the color plain. Maxillary barbels reaching front
of anal. MODESTA, 249.

248. PIMELODELLA CHAGRESI, (Steindachner).

Head 4%; depth 54. D.I,6; A. 1lor12. Body elongate, slender. Eye
3% in head. Maxillary barbels reaching front of adipose fin. Dorsal
spine straight, scarcely roughened in front, except near the tip, 14 in
head. Adipose fin 33 in length; caudal deeply forked, upper lobe much
the longer. Pectoral spine flat, 14 in head. Color brown, with a well-
defined band from tip of snout to middle of caudal; dorsal fin with a
dark bar on the membrane upon each pair of rays. Rio Chagres. (Eigen-
mann.)

Pimelodus chagresi, SYEINDACHNER, Ichth. Beitr., 1v, 34, 1876, Rio Chagres, at Obispo.
Pimelodella chagresi, EIGENMANN, l.¢., 130, 1888.

249. PIMELODELLA MODESTA, (Giinther).

Adipose fin long; nearly 3 in length. Maxillary barbels reaching front
of anal fin; eye 4in head. Dorsal spine slender, little more than 4 the
head, somewhat shorter than pectoral spine; caudal forked, the upper
lobe the longer. (Ginther.) (Esmeraldas, Ecuador; also recorded, per-
haps doubtfully, from Rio Chagres.) (modestus, modest.)

Pimelodus modestus, GUNTHER, Proc. ZoOl. Soc. Lond., 1860, 239, Esmeraldas, Ecuador. Gin-
THER, Cat., v, 117, 1864.

83. PIMELODUS, Lacépéde.

(CONGROS BARBOSOS. )

Pimelodus, Lacf&prpr, Hist. Nat. Poiss., v, 94, 1803, (quadrimaculatus, etc.; includes various
genera).

Pimelodus, Cuvier, Régne Animal, Ed. 1, 203, 1817, (quadrimaculatus, etc.; species with one band
of teeth above).

Pimelodus, SWAINSON, Class’n Fishes, etc., 11, 305, 1839, (quadrimaculatus).

Pimelodus, Gitt, LUTKEN, etc., who take maculatus as type.

Pseudariodes, BLEEKER, Neder]. Tijdsehr. Dierkunde, 1863, 99, (clarias).

Pseudorhamdia, BLrEkER, l. c., 101, 1863, (maculatus = clarias).

Teeth on the vomer in small patches or none; no teeth on palatines;
pterygoid teeth sometimes present. Fontanelle not extending backward
beyond the eyes. Humeral process broad, not spine-like. Crown of
head granulose, or covered with thin skin. Dorsal and pectoral spines

Jordan and Evermann.— Fishes of North America. 155

stout; adipose fin long, longer than high; dorsal rays I, 6. Species
chiefly Brazilian, about 10 recognized in the genus as now restricted.
(miuede, fat.)

250. PIMELODUS MACULATUS, Lacépéde.

(Conero BArsoso.)

Head 34 to 44; depth 3§ to5. D.I,6; A. 11. Head granulated, entirely
naked above. Vomerine teeth none or in very minute patches; teeth on
the pterygoids. Eye 5in head; interorbital space 3}. Maxillary barbels
extending beyond tip of dorsal. Dorsal spine with its dermal tip as long
as head, not qnite reaching the short adipose fin, which is 3} to 5} times
in body. Anal emarginate, some rays extending beyond tips of last rays.
No brown bars on caudal; a dark cross spot at base of first dorsal spine.
Rio Mamoni (Panama) and southeastward to Rio de la Plata; extremely
variable, generally abundant in Brazil. (Steindachner; Eigenmann.)
(maculatus, spotted.)

Silurus clarias, LINN&US, X, 306, 1758, in part, not the type.

Pimelodus clarias, STEINDACHNER, F lussfische Siidamer., 11, 10, 1879, and of various authors.

Pimelodus maculatus, LAck&P?DE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., v, 94, 107, 1803, Rio de la Plata; Giinruer,
Cat., v, 115, 1864, and many authors.

Piramutana blochii, GUNTHER, Cat., v, 111, 1864, Cayenne, Surinam.

Pimelodus rigidus, Sprx, in Agassiz, Pisc. Brazil., 19, 1829, Brazil.

Pimelodus blochii, Cuvirr & VALENCIENNES, XV, 188, 1840, after Bloch.

Mystus ascita, Gronow, Cat. Fishes, 156, 1854, no locality given.

Pimelodus macronema, BLEEKER, Silures de Suriname, 79, pl. 14, 1864, Surinam.

Pseudariodes pantherinus, LUTKEN, Meddel. Nat. Hist. Forem., 1874, Nos. 1, 2, pp. 194, 198, Vene-
zuela.

Pseudorhamdia piscatrix, Corr, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. Phila., x1, 569, 1870, Pebas.

Piramutana macrospila, GUNTHER, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., July, 1880, 10, pl. 11, Rio de la
Plata.

Pimelodus clarias, V1GENMANN, S. A. Nematognathi, 171, 1890.

Family XXXV. LORICARITD.

Catfishes with sides and back covered with bony plates and with the
caudal vertebre compressed; the neural and hemal spines expanded,
forming a continuous ridge above and below. Mouth wholly inferior,
provided with broad, disk-like lips. Maxillaries thin, with a terminal
barbel, which is partly united with the disk at the mouth. No barbels
at the chin or nostrils. Teeth, if present, hooked and usually two-lobed
at the tip; the functional ones in one series; premaxillaries separate
from each other, box-shaped, filled with numerous relay teeth; dentaries
separate from each other and formed like the premaxillaries ; no teeth on
palate; no frontal or occipital fontanelle. Dorsal fin present, situated
on the abdominal part of the vertebral column, not connected with the
occipital process. Adipose fin, if present, composed of a spine with a
thin membrane. Anal short. Gill membrane joined to the isthmus; the
gill openings restricted to the sides. Intestinal canal long and coiled
upon itself. Nostrils close together, a flap between them; placed a lit-
tle above and in front of the eyes; iris with a flap encroaching on and
sometimes dividing the pupil. Air bladder cavity narrow at the base;

156 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

expanded beneath the temporal plate, usually communicating with the
outside air at a notch in the posterior margin of a temporal plate or
sometimes by many holes in the temporal plate; strong movable bones or
ribs extending from near the posterior end of the coalesced vertebrz out-
ward; these compressed and sometimes forked at base; these structures
form a more or less complicated arrangement which gives fixity to the
dorsal spine, but prevents a lateral motion of the head. A large family
of small and singularly armed catfishes, chiefly confined to the rivers of
South America; 24 genera and 247 species are described by Dr. Eigen-
mann, who is the most recent authority on this group. (SILURID«# Hypos-
TOMATINA in part, Giinther, Cat., v, 221-260).

LORICARIINE :

a. Tail long, tapering posteriorly, with a single series of plates on the sides. Dorsal fin usu-
ally inserted behind the origin of the ventrals; no adipose fin. Intestinal canal usu-
ally not longer than body. Upper caudal lobe sometimes produced.

b. Dorsal fin inserted above or slightly behind anal; 2 to 5 plates between it and occipital
process. Eyes superior. Tail with strong lateral keels. Snout not expanded at
tip nor margined with spines. LoRIcARIA, 84.

HyposToMIN» :
aa. Tail short, compressed or rounded. Lips entire. Adipose fin usually present; ventral sur-
face naked, or covered with minute granular plates. Intestine greatly elongate,
many times as long asthe body; lower caudal lobe sometimes produced.
c. Temporal plate not perforate.

d. Margin of the snout granular, with sometimes a naked spot at tip. Scutes on
lower surface of tail exposed. Dorsal rays I, 7; or I, 8. Teeth fine and
numerous.

e. Interopercie with erectile spines borne ona moyable plate. Dorsal and anal

distinct. HEMIANCISTRUS, 85.

cc. Margin of the snout naked, without bristles, granules, or tentacles. Interopercle with

erectile spines. CHETOSTOMUs, 86.

cece. Margin of the snout with tentacles, or, in the female, sometimes naked. Ventral sur-
face naked. Interopercle with a bunch of spines inserted on a movable plate.

ANCcISTRUS, 87.

84. LORICARIA, Linnezus.

Loricaria,'LINN£US, Syst. Nat., Ed. x, 1758, 307, (calaphracta).

Sturisoma, SwAINSON, Nat. Hist. Fishes, 11, 304, 1839, (rostrata).

Hemiodon, KnER, Panzerwelse, 89, 1853, (depressus).

Loricariichthys, BLEEKER, Neder]. Tijdschr. Dierk., 80, 1863, (dura = cataphracta).
Pseudoloricaria, BLEEKER, I, c., 80, (leviuscula).

Parahemiodon, BLEEKER, l. c., 80, (typus).

Hemioloricaria, BLEEKER, l. c., 81, (caracasensis).

Pseudohemiodon, BLEEKER, I. c., 81, (platycephalus).

Rineloricaria, BLEEKER, l. c., 81, (lima).

Oxyloricaria, BLEEKER, l. c., 81, (barbata).

This genus, sufficiently characterized in the analytical key above, con-
tains a very large number of species, abounding in the rivers in the east-
ern part of South America. They are remarkable for their elongate form
and for the coat of mail which covers the body. A few of these extend
northward to the waters about Panama. There is considerable variation
in form among these fishes, but the different groups run into each other
and are best regarded as subgenera. (lorica, a cuirass, or coat of mail.)

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 157

a. Snout long and narrow, its lower surface granular.

Hemiopon, (jt, half; ddovs, tooth):
b. Margin of head in both sexes granular. Teeth minute or wanting. Lateral keels
becoming parallel, not coalescing. No keels on head or scutes before dorsal.
e. Teeth minute, numerous in both jaws. Lower surface of head partly naked; up-
per and lower caudal rays greatly produced. Scales 33. PANAMENSIS, 251.

SrurisoMA, (sfurio, sturgeon; c@ua, body):
bb. Margin of head in males with numerous bristles. Teeth well developed in both jaws;
lateral keels coalescing.

d. Belly with 5 series of plates. Outer caudal rays produced. Scales 34.
ROSTRATA, 252.
aa. Snout acute or rounded, not produced.

mee

RINELORICARIA, ("pivn, rasp; Loricaria):
e. Margin of the head in males with numerous bristles. Teeth well developed. Uppercau-
dal ray greatly produced. Lips not greatly expanded and without long cirri.
f. Orbit notched; head naked below.
g. Anal plate rather large, with 3 smaller plates before it; lower lip 2-lobed;
nuchal plates each with 2 strong keels; mucous pores of anterior part of

body black; all the fins spotted. Lima, 253.
gg. Anal region with small scales like those on belly; nuchal ridges very low;
fin rays spotted. BRANSFORDI, 254,

ee. Margin of the head in both sexes granular or hispid.
h. Plates between ventrals large; more or less connected to form a buckler.

PARAHEMIODON, (rapa, near; Hemiodon):
i. Head longer than broad. Belly with 3 or more longitudinal series of plates.
j. Uppermost caudal ray spinous; lower lobe emarginate with short cirri.
Each jaw with 8 or 10 teeth; no keel on caudal or nuchal plates.
URACANTHA, 255.
LORICARIA:
hh, Plates between ventrals, if present, small; no large anal plate.

k. Belly partly naked, the middle line and sides armed; lower lip with numerous
cirri and marginal fringes; teeth few, small; an occipital keel; upper
surface with light and dark lines ; all fins, except anal, spotted with violet.

VARIEGATA, 256,
Subgenus HEMIODON, Kner.
251. LORICARIA PANAMENSIS, Eigenmann & Eigenmann.

Head 44. D.8; A.6; V.I,5. Scales 33, Lower surface of head partly
naked; no keels on the head or nape; a large naked area about the mouth.
Orbit without notch, 4 in snout; anterior profile concave. Belly with 5
series of plates. Upper caudal filament about as long as body ; first dor-
sal ray very high. Brownish, a blackish area in front of eye; dorsal
somewhat spotted; a stripe on each lobe of caudal. Panama. (Eigen-
mann).

Loricaria panamensis, EiGENMANN, 8. A. Nematognathi, 365, 1890, Panama.

Subgenus STURISOMA, Swainson.

252. LORICARIA ROSTRATA, Spix.
Head 44. D. 8; A. 6. Scales 34. Body little depressed anteriorly ;
head without keels or ridges; its surfaces and plates evenly hispid ; nuchal
plates weakly bicarinate. Orbit without notch, 44 in snout, 74 in head.

Anterior profile very concave; the snout long and narrow; upper lip
granular; lower lip entire and rounded, elongate, papillose; free part of

158 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

barbel shorter than eye. Belly with 5 series of plates; lateral keels

moderate, coalescing into one at the twentieth scale; breast and lower

surface with many irregular plates. First dorsal ray longer than head ;

outer caudal rays 3 in length. Brownish; fins mostly spotted. (Kigen-

mann.) Rivers of eastern South America from Panama to the Paraguay,

widely distributed and abundant. (rostratus, long-nosed.)

Loricaria rostrata, SP1x, Pisce. Brazil, 5, 1829, Rio Branco; GUnrner, Cat., v, 256, 1864; E1cEn-
MANN, S. A. Nematognathi, 366, 1890.

Loricaria acuta, CuVIER & VALENCIENNES, XV, 472, pl. 452, 1840, Barra do Rio Negro.

Loricaria barbata, KNER, Panzerwelse, 87, 1853, Rio Cujaba.

Loricaria barbata, GUNTHER, Cat., V, 257, 1864,

Subgenus RINELORICARIA, Bleeker.
253. LORICARIA LIMA, Kner.

Head 43. D.8; A. 6. Scales 27. Body depressed and elongate, the
depth }the width. Head long, tapering; the cheeks in the male thickly
covered with fine bristles; slightly rough in the female. Superciliary
margins raised ; nape with 2ridges, which widen backward. Orbit with
a large notch behind; anterior profile convex. Teeth few; lips well de-
veloped, the surface covered with short cirri; barbels about as long as
eye. Head naked below; belly with 3 to 5 series of scutes; lateral keels
coalescing at the sixteenth scute. Upper caudal ray 24 in length; ventral
short. Marbled above, with about 4 faint forked cross-bars. Vertical fins
more or less spotted. Coastwise streams of Brazil, from the Parahyba
northward to Panama, widely distributed and abundant in rocky brooks.
(Eigenmann.) (lima, a file.)

Loricaria lina, Kner, Panzerwelse, 89, 1853, Brazil; GUNTHER, Cat., v, 260, 1864; EIGENMANN,

Ss. A. Nematognathi, 368, 1890.
Loricaria strigilata, HENSEL, Wiegm. Arch., 1868, 368, Santa Cruz.

254. LORICARIA BRANSFORD, Gill.

Allied to L. lima. Scales 28. Eye small, + interorbital width, which is
flat, bounded by slight crests; orbit with a slight notch (snout and jaws
lost in typical example); lower part of head naked; opercle and marginal
scutes of head witha broad dense band of erectile bristles. Scutes of neck
with 2 obsolete carine. Scutes of thorax polygonal, those of belly scale-
like; lateral ridges coalescing on eighteenth shield. Caudal fin slightly
emarginate, the upper spine swollen at its basal half, the lower lobe
truncated. Yellowish brown, the fin rays spotted. Isthmus of Panama.
(Gill.) (Named for Dr. J. F. Bransford, its discoverer.)

Loricaria bransfordi, Git, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1876, 338, Empire Station, Isthmus
Railway.
Subgenus PARAHEMIODON, Bleeker.
255. LORICARIA URACANTHA, Kner & Steindachner.

D.8; A.6. Uppermost caudal ray spinous; vertical diameter of eye 2
in interorbital width; belly with about 6 series of plates. No keels on
occipital or nuchal plates ; lower lip emarginate, fringed with short cirri;
each jaw with 8 to 10 teeth. None of the caudal rays produced; barbels
very short. Rio Chagres. (Eigenmann.) (ovpa, tail; dxavda, spine.)

Loricaria uracantha, KNER & STEINDACHNER, Abh. Bayr. Ac, Wiss., 56, 1865, Rio Chagres.

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 159

Subgenus LORICARIA.
256. LORICAR{A VARIEGATA, Steindachner.

Head 5. D.1I,7; P.1I, 6; V. I, 5; A. I, 5. Lat. line, 30. Body and
head strongly depressed, the head triangular, blunt forward; teeth very
few, 2 on each side above, 5 or 6 below; underside of head naked. Eye 9
in head, 5in snout; upper lobe of caudal produced in a long filament.
Upper parts with many brownish streaks; fins all, except the anal,
spotted with violet. Rio Mamoni, Panama. (Steindachner.) (varie-
gatus, variegated. )

Loricaria variegata, STEINDACHNER, F lussfische Siidamer., I. 15, 1879, Rio Mamoni,

85. HEMIANCISTRUS, Bleeker.

Hemiancistrus, BLEEKER, Tijdschr. Dierk., 1, 78, 1863, (medians).
Pseudocanthicus, BLEEKER, I. c., 79, 1863, (serratus).

Lips entire; tail short, compressed. Adipose fin entire ; remote from
the dorsal fin. Body covered with bony plates; teeth small; snout with
the margin granular; temporal plate not perforate ; interopercle erectile
and bearing spines. The numerous species are not well known and do
not seem to be abundant; they arechiefly Brazilian. (nuw-, half; dyxcorpoc,
Ancistrus, a related genus.)

a. Interopercle with about 20 erectile spines; the longest 14 head. GUACHAROTE, 257.
aa, Interopercle with very few short, setiform spines, the longest shorter than eye, not more
than 7, head. ASPIDOLEPIS, 258.

257. HEMIANCISTRUS GUACHAROTE, (Cuvier & Valenciennes).

D. I, 7; A. I, 5; P. I, 6; V. I, 5. Interopercle with about 20 com-
pressed, erectile spines, the longest + head; head depressed ; snout semi-
oval; bones of head rough, without keels; eye 5 in head; teeth very
fine, doubly curved. Pectoral spine reaching first fourth of ventral;
dorsal spine slender and rough. Caudal 4 in total length, forked, with
pointedlobes. Belly smooth tothe anal. Brownish. L.5inches. Porto
Rico. (Cuvier & Valenciennes.) (guacharote, the Spanish name. )

Hypostomus guacharote, CuvieER & VALENCIENNES, XV, 508, 1840, Porto Rico.
Chetostomus guacharote, GUNTHER, Cat., v, 245, 1864,

258. HEMIANCISTRUS ASPIDOLEPIS, (Giinther).

Head 34. D.1,7; A.5; P.1I,6. lLat.line,25. Head depressed, a little
longer than broad; snout very broad, rounded in front; interorbital
space nearly flat, 3 times diameter of the small eye; interopercle with
very few, short, setiform spines, the longest 4 eye. Thorax and belly
granulated, with naked patches. Seven scales between dorsals. Pectoral
spine strong, longer than head, with setiform spinules ; 12 scutes between
anal and caudal. Scutes of body with prominent keel, each kee! with
4 to 7 short, setiform spines. Each scale variegated with dirty yellow
and dark brown. Veragua. (Giinther.) (doric, shield; Aemic, scale.)

Chetostomus aspidolepis, GUNTHER, Fishes Central Amer., 478, 1869, Veragua.

160 Bulletin 47, Untted States National Museum,

86. CHAE TOSTOMUS, Kner.

Chetostomus, KNeR, Hypostomiden, 272, 1853, (loborhynchus).

This genus, as understood by Dr. Eigenmann, includes all the forms
allied to Hypostomus and Hemiancistrus in which the snout is naked. The
numerous species are chiefly confined to mountain brooks in South America.
(yaitn, bristle; o7oua, mouth.)

a. Pectoral spine longer than head; eye 814 in head, 3 in snout; interopercular spines short

and stout, 1 or 2 on each side, FISCHERI, 259,

259. CHETOSTOMUS FISCHERI, Steindachner.
(Coucnvu.)

Head 3+; depth 5%. D.1, 8; A. 1, 53, Vid, 5;,P.1, 6. Toteroperele
with 1 or 2 short but very strong curved teeth on each side. Mouth broad.
Eye 8+ in head, about 3 in snout. Pectoral spine very strong, longer
than head by 1 or 2 diameters of the eye; ventral spine 1} to 2 diameters of
eye shorter than head; longest ray of caudal slightly longer than head.
Seales 23 or 24. Yellowish, with very many yellow dots; fins with some
faint dark spots. Rio Mamoni, near Panama. (Steindachner.) (Named
for W. Fischer, who collected the type.)

Cheelostomus fischeri, STEINDACHNER, Flussfische Siidamer., 1, 14, 1879, Rio Mamoni.

87. ANCIST RUS, Kner:
Ancistrus, KNER, Hypostomiden, 272, 1853, (cirrhosus).

This genus includes numerous species of catfishes, allied to Hypostomus,
with the snout provided with tentacles. These tentacles are usually
present in both sexes, even in the very young. (dyxtorpog, a fishhook.)

260. ANCISTRUS CHAGRESI, Higenmann & EHigenmann.

Eye 6 to 74 in head. D. I, 7; A. 4 or 5. Scales 24. Margin of the
snout naked, provided with tentacles. Females with a narrow naked
margin and a series of simple tentacles; male with a much wider naked
area and simple marginal tentacles; thorax and belly naked; scutes of
the body not keeled; region between eyes and gill openings partly naked.
Opercle erectile; head broad, depressed, with keels. Lower caudal lobe
scarcely longer than upper; margin of the caudal obliquely truncate.
Preopercular spines 11to15. Breast with asmall granular patch of spines.
Rio Chagres. (Eigenmann. )

Ancistrus chagresi, EIGENMANN, Proc. Cal. Ac. Sci., 1889, 47, Rio Chagres, Panama.

Order N; PLECTOSPONDYLI.
(THE CARP-LIKE FIsHEs.)

Soft-rayed or physostomous fishes with the parietals broad, distinct ;
pterotic normal; symplectic present ; opercular bones all present; meso-
coracoid present; no interclavicles; the 4 anterior vertebra much moditied
and joined together, provided with the Weberian apparatus or ossicula

Jordan and Evermann.—Ffishes of North America. 161

auditus. Branchiostegals few, usually 3 or 4; shoulder girdle attached to
the skull. This group consists entirely of fresh-water fishes, and includes
about 8 families, to which belong the majority of all the fresh-water fishes
of the world. The essential character of the order lies in the modification
of the anterior vertebre, as in the NEMATOGNATHI, bat without the
character of the rudimentary subopercle and maxillary and the scaleless
skin which distinguish the catfishes. Three strongly marked suborders
are included in it—each of which has been sometimes regarded as a dis-
tinct order. There is no room for doubt that the EVENTOGNATHI and
HETEROGNATHI, as well as the GYMNONOTI, sprang from the same stock
as the catfishes, as it is not likely that the singular modification of the
vertebre, producing the Weberian apparatus has separately developed
inthe different groups. (aAexréc, woven together; oxdvdvdoc, vertebra. )

ANALYSIS OF SUBORDERS OF PLECTOSPONDYLI.

a. Lower pharyngeals falciform, parallel with the gill arches; jaws toothless; brain case pro-
duced between orbits; basis cranii simple; only 2 superior pharyngeal bones.
EVENTOGNATHI.
aa. Lower pharyngeals not falciform; 3 basal branchihyals; teeth in jaws often present;
brain case not produced between orbits; basis cranii double, sometimes with muscular
canal; 1 to 4 superior pharyngeal bones.
b. Anus submedian; body not eel-shaped; dorsal fin present; ventrals abdominal.
HETEROGNATHI,
bb. Anus at throat; body elongate, more or less eel-shaped; dorsal obsolete; ventrals want-

ing. GYMNONOTI.
Suborder EVENTOGNATHI,
(THE Carps.)

Plectospondylous fishes with the lower pharyngeals falciform, parallel
with the gill arches; 2 upper pharyngeal bones; brain case produced be-
tween orbits; jaws without teeth; dorsal fin present; no adipose fin; ven-
trals abdominal. Gill openings restricted, the gill membranes attached
to the isthmus. Streams and lakes of northern regions, the species ex-
cessively numerous. (ev, well; évréc, within; yvdafoc, jaw.)

ANALYSIS OF FAMILIES OF EVENTOGNATHI.

a, Pharyngeal teeth numerous, pectinate; maxillaries forming part of the margin of the up-

per jaw; basal branchihyals 2. CATOSTOMID.®, XXXVI.
aa. Pharyngeal teeth few; margin of upper jaw formed by premaxillaries alone; basal
branchibyals 3. CYPRINID&, XXXVII.

Family XXXVI. CATOSTOMID.,
(THE SUCKERS. )

Body oblong or elongate, usually more or less compressed. Head more
or less conical. Opercles normally developed. Nostrils double; no bar-
bels; mouth large or small, usually protractile and with fleshy lips.
Margin of upper jaw formed in the middle by the small premaxillaries,
and on the side by the maxillaries; jaws toothless. Lower pharyngeal
bones falciform, armed with a single row of numerous comb-like teeth.

F.N. A. 12

162 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

Branchiostegals 3; gill membranes more or less united to the isthmus,
restricting the gill openings to the sides; gills 4, a slit behind the fourth ;
pseudobranchie present. Scales cycloid, large or small. Lateral line
decurved, sometimes wanting. Head naked; fins not scaly. Dorsal fin
comparatively long (of 10 to 50 rays), without true spine ; anal fin short;
caudal fin more or less forked; ventrals abdominal, with about 10
rays; pectoral fins placed low, without spine; no adipose fin; belly not
serrated. Alimentary canal long. Stomach simple; no pyloric ceca.
Air bladder large, divided into 2 or 3 parts by transverse constrictions,
not surrounded by a bony capsule. Genera 14; species about 60; in-
habiting the fresh waters of North America; 2 species in Eastern Asia;
ascending streams in large numbers in the spring. They are not much
valued as food fishes, the flesh being flavorless and full of small bones.
(CYPRINID, group CATOSTOMINA, Gunther, Cat., viI, 12-24.)

a. Dorsal fin elongate, its developed rays 25 to 50 in number; air bladder in 2 parts.

IcTIOBINE:
b. Fontanelle present ; body ovate; scales large.
c. Dorsal rays 24 to 33.
d. Mouth large, more or less terminal, protractile forward ; lips thin ; pharyngeal
bones and teeth moderate ; large species, dark in color. Ictiosus, 88.
dd. Mouth smaller, inferior, protractile downward. Pharyngeal bones narrow,
with the teeth thin and weak; smaller species of pale coloration.
CYCLEPTINE : CARPIODES, 89.
bb. Fontanelle obliterated by the union of the parietal bones; body elongate.
e. Mouth small, inferior, with thick, papillose lips ; scales rather small.

CATOSTOMINE: CYCLEPTUS, 90.
aa, Dorsal fin short, with 10 to 18 developed rays.
j. Air bladder in 2 parts.
g. Lateral line complete and continuous; scales small, 55 to 115 in the lateral line.
h. Fontanelle nearly or quite obliterated in the adult by the union of the parietal
bones ; jaws with hard sheaths ; posterior division of air bladder slender.
PanrosteEvs, 91.

hh. Fontanelle broad and evident at all stages of growth; posterior division of air
bladder broad.

i. Nucbal region without hump, the interneural spines normally developed.
j. Mouth inferior, small, with thick papillose lips. CaTosTomus, 92.
jj. Mouth very large, terminal, oblique; lips thin and nearly smooth;

pharyngeals weak, with numeroussmall teeth. CHASMISTEs, 93.

ii. Nuchal region with high sharp-edged hump, formed by the greatly en-

larged and expanded interneural spines. XYRAUCHEN, 94.
gg. Lateral line interrupted or wanting ; scales large (40 to 50 in longitudinal series).
k. Lateral line entirely wanting. Ertmyzon, 95.

kk, Lateral line more or less developed, especially in the adult. Minyrrema, 96.
ff. Air bladder in 3 parts ; fontanelle present ; scales large ; lateral line complete.
I. Mouth normal, the lower lip entire or merely lobed, the upper protractile.
m. Pharyngeal bones moderate, the teeth compressed, gradually larger down-
ward; mouth moderate or small, the lips usually plicate. Moxostoma, 97.
mm, Pharyngeal bones very strong, with the lower teeth much enlarged, sub-
cylindrical and truncate, the teeth of the upper part of the bone small
and compressed ; mouth large, somewhat oblique, with very thick lips.
PLACOPHARYNX, 98.
u, Mouth singular, the upper lip not protractile, greatly enlarged, the lower lip
developed as 2 separate lobes; pharyngeal bones and teeth ordinary.
LAGOCHILA, 99.

Jordan and Evermann.—Ffishes of North America. 163

88. ICTIOBUS, Rafinesque.
(BUFFALO FISHES.)

Ictiobus, KAFINESQUE, Ichth. Oh., 55, 1820, (bubalus).

Sclerognathus, CuvieR and VALENCIENNES, XVII, 477, 1844, (cyprinella).
Bubalichthys, AGAssiz, Amer. Jour. Sci. Arts, 192, 1855, (urus).
Ichthyobus, AGAssiz, (corrected orthography).

Body robust; head very large and strong. Eye moderate, anterior.
Fontanelle large, well open. Opercular apparatus largely developed ; the
suboperculum broad; the operculum strongly furrowed. Mouth large
for a sucker, terminal, protractile forward, or downward and forward.
Mandible strong, oblique. Lips little developed ; the upper narrow and
smooth; the lower rather full on the sides, but reduced to a narrow rim
in front. Jaws without cartilaginous sheath. Mucitferous system of head
well developed. Isthmus narrow. Pharyngeal bones rather weak; the
teeth numerous, moderate or small; the lower ones gradually larger than
the upper ones. Gill rakers long and slender above, becoming shorter
downward. Scales large, thick, nearly equal over the body; lateral line
well developed, slightly decurved anteriorly. Dorsal fin elongate, its
rays 25 to 30; anterior rays somewhat elevated, their length about + that
of the base of the fin; caudal not much forked; anal fin not much ele-
vated, its rays about 9; pectorals and ventrals moderate, the latter with
about 10 rays. Sexual differences slight. Coloration dark, not silvery.
Air bladder with 2 chambers. Fishes of very large size, inhabiting deep
rivers, chiefly in the Mississippi basin. (iX@ic¢, fish; Botc, bull.)
ScLEROGNATHUS, (axAnpos, hard; yvados, jaw):

a, Mouth large, terminal, protractile forward; lips very thin; lower pharyngeals and teeth
weak. CYPRINELLA, 261.

IcTioBus:
aa, Mouth smaller, more or less inferior, protractile downward, and with thicker lips; lower

pharyngeal bones stronger; the teeth comparatively coarse and large, increasing in
size downward.

b. Back scarcely elevated, the depth 3 to3!4 in length.
c. Mouth rather large and oblique, approaching that of I. cyprinella, more oblique
than in the next. URUS, 262.
ce. Mouth small, inferior. MERIDIONALIS, 263.
bb. Back elevated and compressed, the depth 214 to 234 in length; mouth small, inferior.
BUBALUS, 264.

Subgenus SCLEROGNATHUS, Cuvier & Valenciennes,
261. ICTIOBUS CYPRINELLA, (Cuvier & Valenciennes).
(Rep Mourn Burravo Fisn; Common Burrato Fisu.)

Head very large and thick, 34 in length; depth 24 to 34 in length.
Developed rays of the dorsal 27 to 29; anal rays 9; ventrals 10. Scales
7-37 to 41-6. Body robust, moderately compressed, the outline somewhat
elliptical, but the back rather more curved than the belly. Opercular
apparatus very strong, the operculum itself forming nearly 4 the length
of the head. Coloration dull brownish olive, not silvery; fins dusky.
Size very large; reaches a length of nearly 3 feet and a weight of 20 to
30 pounds. Mississippi Valley; generally abundant in the larger streams,
(Diminutive of cyprinus, carp.)

-

164 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

Sclerognathus cyprinella, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, XVII, 477, 1844, Lake Pontchartrain.
Ichthyobus bubalus, Agassiz, Amer. Jour. Sci. Arts, 1854, 196, not of Rafinesque.

Tehthyobus cyanellus, Newson, Bull. Ill. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1,49, 1876, Illinois River.
Ichthyobus bubalus, Jordan, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., x11, 214, 1878.

Sclerognathus cyprinella, GUNTHER, Cat., vir, 24, 1868; JorDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 883, 1883.

Subgenus ICTIOBUS.
262. ICTIOBUS URUS, (Agassiz).

(MonGREL BUFFALO.)

Scales 8-41-7. D.30; A. 10. Body much less elevated and less com-
pressed than in J. bubalus, the back not at all carinated; axis of body
above ventrals about at the lateral line, and but very little farther from
the dorsal outline than from the ventral; depth 3 to 34in length. Head
very stout, strongly transversely convex, thicker, larger, and less pointed
than in J. bubalus, about 4in length. Eye about equal to snout, 54 in head,
much smaller than in J. bubalus. Mouth large, considerably oblique,
opening well forward, approaching that of J. cyprinella. Mandible longer
than eye. Premaxillary somewhat below suborbital. Dorsal fin lower
and less rapidly depressed than in the next, the longest ray scarcely the
length of the base of the fin. Anal fin rounded; its rays not rapidly
shortened; the middle ones not much shorter than the longest. Colors
very dark; fins all black. Mississippi Valley; in the larger streams,
less common than the others; certainly distinct from J. bubalus, but we can
not always separate it from J. cyprinella, and perhaps it is not really dif-
ferent. (wrus, a wild bull.)

Carpiodes urus, AGASSIZ, Amer. Jour. Sci. Arts, 1854, 355, Tennessee River, Huntsville, Ala.
Bubalichthys urus, niger, Ohio River, and bonasus, Osage River, AGAssiz, Amer, Jour. Sci. Arts,

1855, 193, 195.
Bubalichthys urus, JORDAN, 1. c., 209; JoRDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 883, 1883.

263. ICTIOBUS MERIDIONALIS, (Giinther).

Scales 7-88-7. D.29; A. 10. Mouth small, inferior, slightly corrugated.
Depth 33 to 34in length. Head 4to43,not much longer than high. Eye
rather small, + of the length of the head and 3 that of the snout. Subor-
bitals narrow. Anterior dorsal rays not much produced, shorter than the
head; caudal forked; origin of ventral vertically below the fourth dorsal
ray; pectoral not extending to ventrals. Coloration uniform. RioUsuma-
cinta, Guatemala. (Gunther.) (meridionalis, southern.)

Sclerognathus meridionalis, GUNTHER, Cat., VII, 23, 1868, Rio Usumacinta, Guatemala.

264. ICTIOBUS BUBALUS, (Rafinesque).

(SMALL-MOUTHED Burrato; RAzOR-BACKED BuF¥YALO; SUCKER-MOUTHED BUFFALO.)

Scales 8-39-6. D. 29; A. 10; V.10. Body considerably elevated and
compressed above; the dorsal region subcarinate; belly thicker; depth
24 to 2% in length; axis of body above the ventrals, below the lateral line,
and nearly twice as far from the back as from the belly. Head moderate,
triangular in outline when viewed from the side, 4in length. Eye equal

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 165

to snout, 4 to 5 in length of head, much larger than in J. urus. Mouth

quite small, notably smaller and more inferior than in J. urus; man-

dible about equal to eye. Dorsal fin elevated in front and rapidly

declined, the highest ray reaching much beyond the middle of the fin,

the seventh ray about + the length of the third or longest. Anal rays

rapidly shortened behind, the middle rays much shorter than the first

long ones. Coloration paler; the lower fins slightly dusky. Mississippi

Valley and southward; generally abundant. (Go0tadoc, buftalo. )

Amblodon bubalus, RAFINESQUE, Jour. Phys., 1818, 421, Ohio River.

Catostomus bubalus, KIRTLAND, Rep. Zoi]. Ohio, 168, 1838.

Bubalichthys bubalus, AGAss1z, Am. Jour. Sci. Arts, 1855, 195, Ohio River.

Bubalichthys bubalus, JORDAN, l. c., 206, 1878.

Sclerognathus urus, GUNTHER, Cat., Vi, 22, 1868.

Bubalichthys altus, Newson, in Jordan, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1877, 73, Cairo, Ill.; Jorpan
& GILBERT, Synopsis, 883, 1883.

(?) Carpiodes taurus, Mobile River, and C. vitulus, Wabash River, AGAssiz, Am. Jour. Sci. Arts»
1854, 355, 356.

Bubalichthys bubalinus, JoRDAN, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1x, 50, 1877, Ohio River.

89. CARPIODES, Rafinesque.

(CARP SUCKERS.)
Carpiodes, RAFINESQUE, Ichth. Oh., 56, 1820, (cyprinus).

Head comparatively short and deep; its length 34 to 5 times in that of
the body; its upper surface always rounded. Eye moderate, median or
anterior. Suborbital bones well developed. Fontanelle always well de-
veloped. Mouth small, horizontal and inferior; the mandible less than
+ length of head; lips thin, the upper protractile, narrow, the lower quite
narrow, fJ-Shaped behind; both lips feebly plicate or nearly smooth.
Jaws without cartilaginous sheath. Muciferous system moderately de-
veloped. Opercular apparatus well developed; the subopercle broad.
Isthmus moderate. Pharyngeal bones remarkably thin, laterally com-
pressed, with a shallow furrow along the anterior margin on the inside,
and another more central one on the outline of the enlarged surfaces;
teeth very small, compressed, nearly equally thin along the whole inner
edge of the bone, forming a fine, comb-like crest of minute serratures;
their cntting edge rises above the inner margin into a prominent point.
Gill rakers slender and stiff above, becoming reduced downward. Body
oblong; the dorsal outline more or less arched; the ventral outline nearly
straight; the depth from 4+ to $+ the length; sides compressed, the back
notably so. Caudal peduncle short and deep. Scales large, about equal
over the body; lateral line well developed, nearly straight, with 34 to
41 scales; 12 to 15 scales in a cross-row from dorsal to ventrals. Dorsal
fin beginning near middle of body, somewhat in advance of ventrals, fal-
cate; its anterior rays elevated, often filamentous, their height ranging
from 4 to 1} the length of the base of the fin; the number of developed
rays ranging from 23 to 30; caudal fin well forked, the lobes equal; anal
fin comparatively long and low, emarginate (in males), its number of de-
veloped rays usually 8; ventrals shortish, with usually 10 rays; pectorals

166 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

short. Sexual peculiarities little marked; in some species, the males in
spring have the snout minutely tuberculate. Coloration always plain;
pale olivaceous above, white below, but hardly silvery, the fins plain.
Air bladder with two chambers. Size medium or rather large. This
genus is very close to Jctiobus and its species are even more difficult to
determine. Compared with Ictiobus, the Carpiodes are smaller in size
and paler in color, with weaker dentition, but no technical character of

importance separates the 2 groups. (Carpio, eidoc, carp-like. )
a. Body subfusiform, the depth about 3 in length ; lips thin, silvery white in life, the halves
of the lower lip meeting ata wide angle. ~ CARPIO, 265.

aa. Body ovate oblong, the back elevated, the depth about 214 in length.
b. Opercle strongly striate.
c. Lips thin, silver-white in life, the halves of the lower lip meeting in a wide angle,
as in C. carpio.
d. Head large, with blunt snout, the nostril near its tip; eye large, 31% to 4 in
head. DIFFORMIS, 266.
dd. Head small and pointed, the snout projecting ; eye small, 5 to 514 in head.

THOMPSONI, 267.
ec. Lips full, thick, reddish in life, the halves of lower lip meeting in an acute angle;
first ray of dorsal usually very long. VELIFER, 268.
bb. Opercle nearly smooth ; otherwise essentially as in C. velifer. CYPRINUS, 269.

265. CARPIODES CARPIO, (Rafinesque).
(Carp SUCKER.)

Head comparatively short, its length 4 to 5 times in length of body.
Body more fusiform than in the others, compressed, but not much arched,
the depth 2% to 3 times in length. Anterior rays of dorsal short, notably
thickened and osseous at base, especially inthe adult; the first ray nearer
the end of the muzzle than the base of the caudal fin, the longest ray a
little more than 4 the base of the fin; caudal moderately forked. Eye
medium, anterior, 44 in head. Muzzle short but projecting beyond mouth:
D.30. Lat. line 36. Size largest of the genus. Ohio Valley; southwest to
central Texas, generally abundant, apparently a valid species but varia-
ble, and its synonymy uncertain. Perhaps more than one species is here
included. (carpio, carp.)

? Catostomus carpio,* RAFINESQUE, Ichth. Oh., 56, 1820, Falls of Ohio River.
Carpiodes nummifer, Corr, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. Phila., 1870, 484, Wabash River.
Carpiodes carpio, JORDAN & GILBERT; Synopsis, 118, 1883; Jorpan & GILBERT, Proc. U. S. Nat.

Mus., 1886, 20; Texas specimens.
?Carpiodes bison,t AGAssiz, Am. Jour. Sci. Arts, 1854, 356, Osage River.

266. CARPIODES DIFFORMIS, Cope.

Snout very blunt, the maxillary reaching to front ofthe pupil. Nostrils
very near tip of snout, above or below upper lip; lips thin, silvery colored

*The following is Rafinesque’s description: ‘‘Diameter 14 of the length; olivaceous above,
pale beneath, chin white; abdomen bluish; lateral line straight; dorsal fin somewhat falcated
with 36 rays; anal trapezoidal with 10 rays; head sloping, rounded. Seen at the Falls of the
Ohio, commonly called Carp. Length from 1 to 2 feet. Iyes very small and black; fins oliva-
ceous brown, the pectorals olivaceous, trapezoidal, short, and with 16 rays; tail with 24. Dorsal
beginning before the abdominal and reaching the end of the anal fin. Not so good to eat as the

Buffalo fish.”

{The following is Agassiz’s description: ‘‘Moreelongated than C. taurus. The head issmaller;
the opercle also smaller and the subopercle triangular. The dorsal has its anterior rays longer,
hence its hinder border is more deeply emarginate. Anal more lunate. Horizontal diameter of
scales greater.’’

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 167

in life, the lower f)-shaped. Head 4} in length; depth 2} to 23. Eye
quite large, 34 to4in head. First ray of dorsal nearer muzzle than base
of caudal, the anterior rays of dorsal usually very high. Scales 6-35-4.
D. 24; A. 8; V.9. Ohio Valley and westward, generally common. (dif-
formis, deformed. )

Carpiodes difformis, Cope, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. Phila., 1870, 480, Wabash River; Jornay, l. c.,
195; JorDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 120, 1883.
Carpiodes cutisanserinus, CopEx, l. c., 481, 1870, Kiskiminitas River, Pennsylvania.

267. CARPIODES THOMPSONT, Agassiz.
(LAkE CARP.)

Body stout, short, the back much arched, the depth 24 in length. Head
small, 4 to 47 in length, the snout pointed; lips thin, white, meeting at a
wide angle. Dorsal rays considerably elevated, % as long as base of fin.
Eye small,5to 5}in head. Tip of lower jaw much in advance of nostrils;
maxillary reaching line of orbit. Origin of dorsal about midway of
body. Scales rather closely imbricated, 8-39 to 41-6. D. 27; A. 7; V. 10.
Great Lake region; abundant; our specimens from Lake Erie at Toledo,
Ohio. (Named for Rev. Zadock Thompson, who found the species in Lake
Champlain. )

Carpiodes thompsoni, AGassiz, Am. Jour. Sci, Arts, 1855, 191, Lake Champlain, Jorpay, l. ¢.,
198; JorpAan & GILBERT, Synopsis, 119, 1883.
? Carpiodes selene,* Copr, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. 1870, 481, supposed to be from Root River,
Michigan.
268. CARPIODES VELIFER, (Rafinesque).

(QUILLBACK; SPEARFISH; SAILFISH; SKIMBACK. )

Muzzle conic, projecting, obtusely pointed ; tip of the mandible reach-
ing to opposite nostrils; maxillary reaching to opposite front of orbit.
Lips full, thick, flesh-colored in life, the lower lip A-shaped, the halves
meeting in an acute angle. Anterior suborbital as deep as long. Head
3? tod in length. Eye moderate or small, 4 to 5 in head. Body much
arched above, the depth 24 to 3 in length. First ray of dorsal usually
nearer muzzle than base of caudal; anterior rays of dorsal always elevated
or filamentous, sometimes as long as base of fin. Caudal deeply forked,
its lobes slender, the upper the longer. Scales 7-35-5. D.26 or27. Miss-
issippi Valley and southwestward to Rio Grande and upper Missouri, gen-
erally abundant and very variable. Much of the following synonymy is
doubtful, some of the names perhaps belonging to C. carpio or C. difformis.
(velum, sail; fero, I bear.)

Catostomus velifer, RAFINESQUE, Ichth, Oh., 56, 1820, Ohio River.

Carpiodes velifer, Cork, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc., 1870, 482; Jorpan, lL. c., 196, 1878.

Carpiodes cyprinus and twnidus, Jonvan & Gitpert, Synopsis, 119, 1883.

Ictiobus velifer, JORDAN, Man. Vert., Ed. 5, 45, 1890.

Ictiobus velifer, Jonvan & Giibert, Proc, U.S. Nat. Mus., 1886, 18, description of var. fwmidus, from
Texas specimens.

Carpiodes tumidus, Bainp & Grrarp, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1854, 28, Rio Grande at Fort
Brown, Texas. (Type, No.178.)

Carpiodes damalis, Ginarn, Proc. Ac, Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 170, Milk River, Montana.

*Eye 33 in head; color silvery white. D. 26. This may be identical with C. digormes

168 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum,

269. CARPIODES CYPRINUS, (Le Sueur).

(EasTERN CARP SUCKER.)

Very similar to C. velifer, the mouth similar but the opercle nearly
smooth with scarcely any wrinkles or furrows. Body rather elongate.
Eye quite small; dorsal fin high, colorsilvery, dorsal dusky; paired fins
edged with white. Streams about Chesapeake Bay, common in the Chesa-
peake and Potomac, rare in the Delaware. (cyprinus, carp.)

Catostomus cyprinus, LE Sueur, Jour. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1, 1817. 91, Elk River and other

tributaries of Chesapeake Bay; GUNTHER, Cat., vir, 19, 1868.
Carpiodes vacca, Acassiz, Am. Jour. Sci. Arts, 1854, 256, Susquehanna River.

90. CYCLEPTUS, Rafinesque.

(BLACK HORSE.)
Cycleptus, RAFINESQUE, Jour. Phys. Chymie. Hist. Nat. Paris, 1819, 421, (nigrescens).
Rhytidostomus, Heck et, Russeggers Reisen Syrien, 1023, 1842, (elongatus).

Head very small, short and slender, 6 to 7 times in body; its upper
surface rounded. Eye small, behind middle of head, not very high up.
Suborbital bones small and narrow. Fontanelle entirely obliterated by
the union of the parietal bones. Mouth small, entirely inferior, overlapped
by the projecting snout; upper lip thick, pendent, covered with several
rows of tubercles ; lower lip moderate, formed somewhat as in Catostomus,
but less full, incised behind. Jaws with rudimentary cartilaginous sheath.
Muciferous system not greatly developed. Operculum smooth and narrow.
Isthmus moderate. Gillrakers moderate, soft. Pharyngeal bones strong ;
the teeth stout, increasing in size downward, rather wide apart. Body
elongate, moderately compressed, not much elevated ; the caudal peduncle
long’; scales moderate, about equal over the body, with wide, exposed
surfaces, the number in the lateral line from 55 to 60. Lateral line well
developed, nearly straight. Fins rather large; dorsal fin beginning in
front of ventrals and ending just before anal, of about 30 rays, strongly
falcate in front, the first and second developed rays in length more than
+ length of base of fin, the rays rapidly shortened to about the eighth,
the remaining rays being all short; caudal fin large, widely forked, the
lobes about equal. Anal fin quite small, low, of 7 or 8 developed rays,
scaly at base. Ventrals moderate, with 10 rays. Pectorals elongate,
somewhat falcate. Sexual peculiarities marked; the males in spring
with black pigment; the head then covered with small tubereles. Air
bladder with 2 chambers, the anterior short, the posterior elongate.
One species known. (xixAoc, round; Aerroc, slender; ‘‘the name means
small round mouth.”—Ra/finesque.) -

270. CYCLEPTUS ELONGATUS, (Le Sueur).
(BLAcK HorsE ; GOURD-SEED SuCKER ; Missourr SUCKER ; SUCKEREL.)
Depth 4 to 5 in length; head 6 to 8}; eye small, 6 to 7in head. Dorsal

rays 30; anal 7 or 8; scales 9-56-7. Longest dorsal rays a little longer
than head; pectorals rather longer than head. Coloration very dark,

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 169

the males in spring almost black. Size large. Length 24 feet. Missis-
sippi Valley; rather common in large streams. A singular and interest-
ing fish. (elongatus, elongate).

Catostomus elongatus, Le SuEuR, Jour. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1, 1817, 103, Ohio River.
Sclerognathus elongatus, GUNTHER, Cat., VII, 23, 1868.

Cycleptus elongatus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 121, 1883.

Cycleptus nigrescens, RAFINESQUE, Jour. Phys., 1819, 421, Ohio River.

Amblodon niger, RAFINESQUE, I. c., 421, (description insufficient; at second hand), Ohio River.

91. PANTOSTEUS, Cope.

(MOUNTAIN SUCKERS.)
Pantosteus, Cope, Lieut. Wheeler’s Expl. W. 100th Mer., v, 673, 1876, (platyrhynchus).

Head rather small, 4 to 5 times in length of body, flattish and rather
broad above, anteriorly somewhat pointed. Eye rather small, usually
behind the middle of the head. Suborbital bones narrow. Bones of head
rather thick, the 2 parietal bones in the adult more or less united,
partly or wholly obliterating the fontanelle, which, however, is evident
in the young. Mouth rather large, entirely inferior; each jaw with a
more or less developed cartilaginous sheath. Upper lip broad, papillose,
with a rather broad free margin and 2 or more series of tubercles. Lower
lip largely developed, with a broad free margin deeply incised behind.
Pharyngeal bones and teeth essentially as in Catostomus. Isthmus broad.
Body elongate, subterete, little compressed. Scales quite small, 80 to 105
in the course of the lateral line, and 30 to 35 in a cross series between
dorsal and ventrals, usually more or less reduced in size and crowded for-
ward, as in Catostomus. Lateral line well developed, straightish. Fins
generally rather small. First ray of dorsal usually about midway of -
body, its rays few, 9to 12in number. Ventrals inserted under posterior
part of dorsal, the rays 10 or 9; anal short and high, with 7 developed
rays. Caudal rather shallow emarginate. Pectorals well developed.
Air bladder with 2 chambers, the posterior chamber very slender. Size
rather small. Rocky Mountain region, mostly in rocky brooks in the
arid district. The genus is close to Catostomus and may be inseparable
from it, as in 3 species of Pantosteus the fontanelle never quite disappears,
retaining through life the characters of the young of other species of
Pantosteus. This indicates the probability that Pantosteus is a modified
descendant of species of Catostomus. (mdvc, all; doréov, bone.)

a. Fontanelle entirely obliterated in the adult.

b. Scales of back very much enlarged, there being less than 20 between dorsal fin and
nape, along the median line; about 75 scales in lateral line. Head very broad, and
flattish above, Gila basin, ARIZON®, 271.

bb. Scales of back not notably enlarged, there being 30 to 50 before dorsal.

ce. Scales moderate, 80 to 90; mouth and lips moderate; dorsal rays usually 9.

d. Head short and small, nearly 5 in length ; body slender. Utah basin.
GENEROSUS, 272.

dd, Mead rather large, about 43 in length; body stout. Rio Grande,
PLEBEIUS, 273.
ec, Scales very small, 90 to 100 in lateral line, usually about 95; mouth large, with very
full lips; head short; tail slender; dorsal rays 9 to 12.

e. Caudal moderate, shallow-forked, its lobes shorter than head; fins low. Colo-
rado basin, DELPHINUS, 274,

170 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

ee. Caudal long, deeply forked, its lobes pointed, longer than head. Head short,
5in length. Coahuila basin. GUZMANIENSIS, 275,
aa. Fontanelle remaining partly open in the adult; scales small, crowded anteriorly; dorsal
short (transition species, approaching Catostomus).
Ff. Scales in lateral line 90 to 100; head short, 444 to 5 in length. Upper Missouri and
Columbia basins. JORDANI, 276.
Tf. Scales in lateral line about 70; lower lip more incised.
g. Scales before dorsal 42, the scales of the body being much crowded forward.
Nevada basin. ARZZOPUS, 277.
gg. Scales before dorsal 23, the scales of body little crowded forward. Gila basin.
CLARKI, 278.
271. PANTOSTEUS ARIZON #, Gilbert, new species.

Head 42; depth 4%. D.12; A.7. Scales 8-75-11 to 17; unusually large
scales before dorsal. Body rather robust, the caudal peduncle stoutish,
compressed. Head shortish, unusually broad and flat, the interorbital
very wide, flattened or even slightly concave, the orbital rim being some-
what raised; eye moderate, posterior, the snout very long, considerably
longer than rest of head; eye 3 in snout, 13 in postorbital part of head,
54 in head; mouth very wide, with wide papillose lips and well-developed
cartilaginous sheath to the jaws; fontanelle obliterated, the bone above
it very thin; isthmus broad. Fins all comparatively large, the pectoral
1,4; in head; caudal well forked, 1,/5 in head, with numerous basal rudi-
mentary rays; edge of dorsal straight. Scales peculiar, those on back
very large, those along lateral line moderate, those on belly very small,
becoming minute below; scales posteriorly along lateral line much larger
than anteriorly. Dark brown above, pale below. L.9inches. Gila basin.

Pantosteus arizonx, GILBERT, MS., Salt River, Tempe, Arizona.

272. PANTOSTEUS GENEROSUS, (Girard).

(MouUNTAIN SUCKER. )

Body moderately elongate, the depth 5 to 5%in length. Head short
and small, 42 to 5 in length. Dorsal rays 9 (rarely 10); ventral rays 10
(rarely 9); scales 15-81-14. Lower lip full, with 4 or 5 rows of tuber-
cles; upper with2. Isthmus very broad. Head witk conspicuous mucous
tubes. Lower fins large. Light brown above, with dusky spots and
clouds; males with the chin and fins red, and a crimson lateral band. L.8
inches. Great Basin of Utah; very abundant in streams about Great Salt
Lake and southwest through the Sevier basin and the desert. (Generosus,
generous. )

Catostomus generosus, GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 174, Cottonwood Creek, Utah.
(Type, No. 256.)

Minomus jarrovii, Corr, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. Phila., 1874, 129-139, Provo River, Utah. (Type,
No. 18008. )

Pantosteus generosus, JORDAN & GILBERT; Synopsis, 123, 1883.

M*omus platyrhynchus, Cope, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc, Phila., 1874, 134, Utah Lake at Provo.
(Type, No. 15763.)

Pantosteus platyrhynchus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 124, 1883.

278. PANTOSTEUS PLEBEIUS, (Baird & Girard).
Head comparatively large, 43 to 4% in length; depth 43; eye 5 in head.
Ventrals reaching nearly to vent. Scales moderate, scarcely crowded
anteriorly, 80 in the lateral line, 25 to 30 in a cross series. Body rather

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 171

stout, subfusiform. Dorsal inserted midway between snout and upper
caudal rays; caudal short, emarginate. Color dark brown, faintly
mottled, sides with orange in the males. L.1 foot. Basin of the Rio
Grande, Colorado toChihuanua; verycommon. (plebeius, commonplace. )

Catostomus plebeius, BAinp & GirARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1854, 28, Rio Mimbres, a
tributary of Lake Guzman, Chihuahua. (Type, No. 168.)

Catostomus plebeius, GUNTHER, Cat., vil, 15, 1868; Pantosteus plebeins, JoRDAN, I. c., 184, 1878;
JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 122, 1883.

Pantosteus jarrovii, Cope & Yarrow, but not Minomus jarrovii, Corr.

274. PANTOSTEUS DELPHINUS, (Cope).
(BLUEHEADED SUCKER.)

Head rather short, 43to 44 in length; upper lip broad and pendant;
lower lip very broad, more deeply incised than in P. jordani, the lobes
pointed ; tail very slender, the caudal long; mouth large, with very full
lips; depth about 5 in length; scales 16-96 to 105-14. D.10. Color dusky
bluish above, males with sides more or less rosy, the snout and fins tuber-
culate. A curved yellowish streak extending from belly behind, and
above pectoral axil. L.12 inches. Mountain streams tributary to the
Colorado River in Western Colorado and Wyoming; very abundant.
(delphinus, dolphin.)

Minomus delphinus, Cope, Hayden’s Geol. Sur. Wyoming for 1870, 435, 1872, probably Henry
Fork of Green River, Wyoming.

Minomus bardus, Corr, l. c., 436; locality not certain, but probably Henry Fork of Green
River, Wyoming.

Pantosteus virescens, Copez, Wheeler Survey, Zoil., 675, 1876, wrongly ascribed to Arkansas
River at Pueblo; Jorpan & GILBERT, Synopsis, 124, 1883. (Type, No. 16758.)

Pantosteus delphinus, JordDAN, Bull, U. 8S. Fish Com., 1889, 19.

275. PANTOSTEUS GUZMANIENSIS, (Girard).

Head 5; depth 5. D. 9; A. 8. Seales 14-90-14. Body stout, little
compressed. Head nearly as broad as eye; eye small, about 4 snout;
mouth small; lips with considerable free margin. Dorsal inserted mid-
way between snout and caudal; caudal deeply notched ; anterior rays of
dorsal longest. (Garman, description of C. nebuliferus.) Streams of
Coahuila and Chihuahua, tributary to the Rio Grande. Possibly iden-
tical with P. plebeius, but the small scales and short head approach
nearer P. delphinus, which is in a different river system.

Catostomus guzmaniensis,* Girarnp, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 173; Rio Janos, a tribu-
tary of Lake Guzman, Chihuahua. (Type, No. 260.)

Catostomus nebuliferus, GARMAN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.. vit, 89, 1881, Rio Nazas, Coahuila.
Catostomus nebulifer, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 883, 1883.

276. PANTOSTEUS JORDANI, Evermann.

Head 44 to 54; depth 44 to5. Eye4}to5in head. D.10or 11; A. 7.
Scales 16-90 to 100-14, 48 before dorsal. Body rather stout; subterete;
head short, conic; interorbital space broad, little convex ; snout long, 2 in
head; mouth large; lower lip broad, little incised, covered with moderate

*The type of Catostomus guzmaniensis is a Pantostens, Tt has 100 scales in the lateral line, 48
scales before dorsal, the fins high. Dorsal rays 11; head 5 in length, eyes small; an orange lat-
eral band, It is probably identical with C. nebulifer, from the same faunal area,

172 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

tubercles; upper lip broad, extending well down on sides of mouth, its
tubercles in 3 or 4 rows; lower lip thin; more deeply incised than in P.
generosus, the lobes rounded; the cartilaginous sheath well developed ;
caudal peduncle stout; scales small, much crowded forward; dorsal small,
its height 1! in head, a little more than base of fin ; pectorals long, as long
as head, reaching halfway to ventrals; ventrals short, not to vent; fon-
tanelle a very narrow slit, or quite obliterated in old individuals; air
bladder small, the posterior part very long and slender. Dark greenish,
finely speckled, males with an orange lateral band; peritoneum very black.
L. about a foot. Clear streams of upper Missouri and Columbia river
basins, Black Hills, and northwestward. (Named for David Starr
Jordan.)

Pantosteus jordani, EVERMANN, Bull. U. S. Fish Com., 1892 (Jan. 27, 1893), 51, with plate,
Whitewood Creek and other streams of the Black Hills, South Dakota; Red
Rock River, Red Rock, Montana, and numerous other localities. (Type, No. 43963.)

Catostomus discobolus, EVERMANN, Bull. U.S. Fish Com., 1891 (1892), 41, plate 18, fig. 1.

Pantosteus virescens, JORDAN, Bull. 4, U. 8S. Nat. Mus., 1878, 780.

Pantosteus columbianus*, EIGENMANN & EIGENMANN, American Naturalist, February 4, 1893, 151,
Boise River, Caldwell, Idaho. (Types in Indiana University and British Museum.)

_ Catostomus discobolus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 125, 1883; not of Cope.

277. PANTOSTEUS AREOPUS, (Jordan).

Fins moderate; dorsal higher than long, with 10, rarely 11, rays; ven-
tral rays 10. Scales small, crowded forward, 10 or 9-70-8. Body elon-
gate, fusiform, subterete, the greatest depth 47 to 43 in length. Head
small, conical, 4% in length. Mouth quite large, with full, thick lips,
the upper very wide and pendant, with about 6 rows of very strong
papille ; lower lip two-lobed, similarly papillose. Interorbital space
wide, convex; eye elevated, posterior, quite small. Color dark; scales
with dark punctulations. Kern River, California; Carson River and
Reese River, Nevada. (dapacdc, slender; o7%, aperture. )

Catostomus arxopus, JORDAN, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., x11, 1878, 173, Kern River, California.
(Type, No. 31228.)

Catostomus arxopus, JORDAN & HeNsHAW, Rept. Chief Engin., App. nn., 1878, 188; Jorpan & GIL-
BERT, Synopsis, 127, 1883; GiiBert, Death Valley Expedition, 228, 1893.

278. PANTOSTEUS CLARKI, (Baird & Girard).

Closely related to P. arwopus, with restricted fontanelle and cartilagi-
nous sheath to jaws, but with the scales less crowded anteriorly, there
being but 23 before dorsal. D.11. Scales 70; fins all small. Rio Gila
and tributaries in Arizona. (Named for John H. Clark, who first col-
lected it.)

Catostomus clarki, BAIRD & GrirRaAnD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1854, 27, Rio Santa Cruz,
Gila Basin, Arizona; Jorpan & GitperT, Synopsis, 130, 1883. (Type, No. 166.)

* Head 42 to 48. D.1lor12; A. 8. Scales 16 to 19-80 to 100-15. Eye 1} to 2 in snout, 1} to
12 in interorbital, 33 to4in head. All the fins pointed, the caudal lobes considerably longer
than the head. Light brown with indistinct clouds of darker. Three specimens, 92 to 100 mm.
in length. Boise River, Idaho, a tributary of the Columbia, Related to P. generosus, the eye
larger, the caudal longer. (Eigenmann.) (Named for the Columbia River.) An examination
of numerous specimens from the Columbia basin shows this to be the young of P. jordani,

Jordan and Lvermann.—Fishes of North America. 173

92. CATOSTOMUS, Le Sueur. >
(FINE-SCALED SUCKERS.)
Catostomus, LE SuEuR, Jour. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1, 1817, 89, (catostomus).
Hypentelium, RaFinEsque, Jour. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1818, 421, (macropterum = nigricans).
Eurystomus, RAFINESQUE, Ich. Oh., 59, 1820, (megastomus, based on an incorrect drawing).
Decactylus, RAYINESQUE, Ich. Oh. , 60, 1820, (bostoniensis = commersonii).
Hylomyzon, AGassiz, Am. Jour. Sci. Arts, 1855, 205, (nigricans).
Minomus, GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 173, (insignis).
Acowmus, GIRARD, I. c., 173, 1856, ( forsterianus).

Head more or less elongate ; eye rather small, high up; suborbital bones
narrow, fontanelle always present, widely open. Mouth rather large,
always inferior, upper lip thick, protractile, papillose; lower lip greatly
developed, with a broad free margin, usually deeply incised behind, so
that it forms 2 lobes which are often more or less separated. Mandible
horizontal, short, not } the length of the head and not reaching to oppo-
site the eye. Opercles moderate. Pharyngeal bones moderate; the teeth
shortish, vertically compressed, rapidly diminishing in size upward.
Body elongate, more or less fusiform, subterete. Scales comparatively
small, typically much smaller and crowded anteriorly, the number in the
lateral line from 50 to 115, the number in a transverse series between
dorsal and ventrals from 15 to40. Lateral line well developed, strai ghtish.
Dorsal with its first ray nearly midway of the body, with from 9 to 14
developed rays. Anal fin short and high, with 7 developed rays; ventrals
inserted under the middle or posterior part of the dorsal, with 9 or 10
rays; caudal fin forked, the lobes nearly equal. Sexual peculiarities not
much marked; the fins higher in the male and the anal somewhat swollen
and tubereulate in the spring. Breeding males in most species with a
rosy or orange lateral band. Air bladder with 2 chambers, the poste-
rior chamber large. Vertebre 45 to 47. Species very numerous, all
belonging to the United States, except the Siberian C. rostratus Tilesius.
Many of the western species are imperfectly known, and the following
key is far from complete. («atw, inferior; créua, mouth.)

a. Head transversely convex above, the orbital rim not elevated; scales in lateral line 60 or

more.
CATOSTOMUS :
b. Scales very small, much reduced and crowded anteriorly, the number in the lateral
line 80 to 115.
ce. Upper lip very broad, with several (5 or 6) rows of papille.

d. Dorsal fin of 11 to 13 rays, very high, especially in the male, the free edge of
dorsal deeply incised; caudal very strong; the rudimentary rays at its base
largely developed in the adult, the caudal peduncle slender; these charac-
ters all most strongly marked in adult males; lips very full.

- LATIPINNIS, 279.

dd. Dorsal fin of 10 to 12 rays, moderately developed; caudal fin moderate, its

rudimentary, rays few, the peduncle rather stout; lips full; lower lip split
to base. GRISEUS, 280,
ec, Upper lip thick but narrow, with 3 rows of papille, D. 9 or 10. pocaren.o, 281.
ece, Upper lip comparatively thin and narrow with 2 to 4 rows of papillw; dorsal rays

10 or 11,
e. Scales in lateral line 95 to 115; body slender, the head long-conical; mouth
narrow, lower lip split to base, but the lobes short. CATOSTOMUS, 282,
ee, Scales in lateral line 83 to 87; body and head stouter, TAHOENSIS, 283.

eee. Scales in lateral line 80; lower jaw strong. REX, 284,

174 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum,

DecacryLus, (déxa, ten; Saxtvaos, toe, i. e., ventral rays):
bb. Scales small, but larger than in the preceding group, the number in the lateral line
56 to 75.
f. Scales in lateral line 70 to 75; lower lip broad,
g. Dorsal fin moderate, of 11 to 13 rays.
h. Dorsal fin short, higher than long; head rather bluntish, 41% in leugth.
LABIATUS, 285.
hh. Dorsal fin longer than high.
i. Scales before dorsal about 40; head conical, small, 414 in length.
OCCIDENTALIS, 286,

ii. Scales before dorsal 31; head larger, 41% in length.

BERNARDINI, 287.

gg- Dorsal fin long, of about 15 rays, head large, the lips very full.
MACROCHEILUS, 288.

Jf. Scales in lateral line 58 to 70; lips with about 4 rows of papille.
j. ‘Nose’? little developed, not projecting much beyond the moderate mouth;
mandible nearly horizontal.
k. Dorsal moderate, scarcely higher than long, its base 144 to 12 in head;
the rays 11 to 13.

l. Mandible 34% to 324 in head; upper lip narrow, with usually but 3 to 5
rows of papilla, the number greater in western specimens (var.
sucklii); scales 10-64 to 68-9, crowded anteriorly.

COMMERSONII, 289.

Ul. Mandible 3 to 3144 in head; upper lip broader, with 4 to 6 rows of
papillae; scales 9-63 to 71-9, crowded anteriorly. ARDENS, 290,

kk. Dorsal short, distinctly higher than long, its base 114 in head, its rays 11 or
12; upper lip with 4 to 6 rows of papille.

m. Scalessmalland crowded anteriorly, 59 in lateral line; fontanelle large.
GILA, 291.
mm. Scales larger, little crowded anteriorly, about 56 in the lateral line,

each with a dark spot at base; fontanelle small.
INSIGNIS, 292.
jj. “Nose”? largely developed, slender and projecting at an angle beyond the
profile, its length 24% in head; mouth small, inferior, the lips smoothish;

D. 11 or 12; scales 64. (Approaches Chasmistes.) FECUNDUS, 293.

HyrENTELIUM, (U6, below; zevte, five; labiwm, lip, ‘* lower lip five-lobed’’):
aa. Head broad, depressed, and transversely concave between orbits; scales nearly equal over
the body, not crowded anteriorly 48 to 55 in the lateral line; lips very thick; lower
fins large.

n. Head large, 4 to 41% in length; interorbital space concave. NIGRICANS, 294.
nn. Head very small, 5 in length; interorbital space flattish. RHOTHGCUS, 295,

Subgenus CATOSTOMUS.
279. CATOSTOMUS LATIPINNIS, Baird & Girard.

(FLANNEL-MOUTHED SUCKER.)

Depth 5} in the length. Head moderate, 4% in length, rather slender,
with prominent snout and rather contracted, inferior mouth; outline of
the mouth triangular, the apex forward; lips very thick, greatly de-
veloped; lower lip incised to the base; its posterior margin extending
backward to opposite the eye; tubercles on lower lip smaller behind;
jaws with a slight cartilaginous pellicle. Eye small, high up; the head
flattish above. Scales long and low; posteriorly rounded, their horizontal
diameter greater than the vertical, 17-98 to 105-17. Body slender and
elongate; the caudal peduncle long and slender. Fins excessively

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 175

developed, especially in the old males; the free border of the dorsal deeply
incised. Height of each of the 3 verticai fins in the males greater than
the length of the head. Dorsal usually 11, sometimes 12 or 13, inserted
nearer snout than base of caudal. Caudal very strong, the rudimentary
rays at its base unusually developed; least depth of tail less than } the
head in males, stouter in females. Dark olive, abruptly paler below ;
sides and fins largely orange in both sexes, the anal and lower lobe of
caudal tuberculate in males. Herbivorous. L. 2 feet. Rio Colorado and

Rio Gila and their tributaries, very abundant, ascending the rivers in

spring. Variable. (latus, broad; pinna, fin.)

Catostomus latipinnis, BAtrD & GrRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1853, 388, Rio San Pedro, Gila
Basin; Ginruer, Cat., vil, 14, 1868; Jorpan, l. c., 178, 1878; Jorpan & Grizert, Synopsis,
125, 1883. (Type, No. 20078.)

Catostomus discobolus, Cope, Hayden’s Geol. Surv. Wyo., 435, 1870, (young), Green River,
Wyoming.

280. CATOSTOMUS GRISEUS, (Girard).

Body long and slender, subterete, compressed behind, the form essen-
tially that of C. catostomus, the depth contained 54 times in the length.
Head large, 4 in length of body; the interorbital space broad and flat, 24
in length of head. Scales 16-90 to 110-14. Eye small, high up, and rather
posterior. Mouth large, about as in C. latipinnis, the upper lip pendant,
very large, with 5 to 8 series of tubercles; lower lip incised to base,
lobes long; sheath pretty well developed. Dorsal fin not elongated, nor
especially elevated, its rays 10 to 12, usually 11, the beginning of the dorsal
rather nearer base of caudal than snout, much nearer in type of C.
retropinnis. Caudal fin long and strongly forked; anal fin long and
high, reaching base of caudal; ventrals not reaching vent. Caudal
peduncle stout and deep, its least depth more than + length of head; its
length about # thatofhead. Scales quite small, about as in C. catostom Us,
the exposed portion not notably lengthened. Coloration dusky brown,
sometimes with a dusky lateral band, sometimes irregularly mottled or
barred. Snout quite dark. Size large. Platte River and upper Missouri
regions, very similar to C. catostomus, and perhaps not separated from it,
apparently differing chiefly in the larger mouth and broader upper lip.
Specimens from Gardiner River (Yellowstone Park) have larger scales, 88
to 90, representing a possible var. lactarius. (griseus, gray.)

Acomus griseus, GIRARD, Proc, Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 174, Sweetwater Fork of Platte
River; GiUntTueR, Cat., vit, 14, 1868. (Type, No. 20257.)

? Catostomus lactarius, GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 174, Milk River, Montana; may
be C. catostomus,

Catostomus retropinnis,* JORDAN, Bull, U. 8. Nat. Mus., x11, 178, 1878, Milk River, Montana;
may possibly be a distinct species, distinguished by the fuller lips and more backward dorsal;
it is probably an adult griseus. (Type, No, 21197.)

281. CATOSTOMUS POCATELLO, Gilbert & Evermann.

Head 4; depth 5 to 54; eye 44 to 5 (about 4 in young); snout 2} to 2}
(24 in young); interorbital width 2}. D. 10 (rarely 9); A. 7. Seales

*The type of CO. retropinnis has very much larger lips than in any other specimens we have
examined, and the scales are smaller, It may be a good species.

176 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

about 96 (90 to 108 in 8examples counted), very much reduced in size and
crowded anteriorly, about 46 before the dorsal. Lateral line imperfect,
often undeveloped for as much as } its length.

Body moderately slender; head heavy; snout not very pointed; eye
rather large, high up, middle of pupil a little nearer posterior edge of
opercle than tip of snout. Upper lip thick and narrow, but not pendant,
3 rows of papille; lower lip incised to base, the two lobes short and
rounded, with about 6 rows of strong papille. Cartilaginous sheath of
jaws not much developed. Origin of dorsal about midway between tip of
snout and base of middle caudal rays; greatest height of dorsal fin 13
in head, its freeedge straight. Anal fin pointed, its height usually greater
than that of dorsal, reaching base of caudal, 1} in head; pectorals about
equal to anal in length; ventrals shorter, 14 in head. Least depth of
caudal peduncle 2} to 3 in head. Peritoneum pale, with dark punctula-
tions. Air bladder large. This species is related to C. griseus (Girard),
from which it may be distinguished by its heavier head, larger eye, rather
narrower mouth, shorter lobes of lower lip, and the less development of
the cartilaginous sheaths of the jaws. L.8inches. Snake River basin;
the types from near Pocatello, Idaho.

Catostomus pocatello, GILBERT & EVERMANN, Bull. U. S. Fish Com., 1894, 159, with plate, Ross
Fork of Snake River, near Pocatello, Idaho. (Type, No. 45385.)

282. CATOSTOMUS CATOSTOMUS, (Forster).

(LoNG-NOSED SucKER; NORTHERN SUCKER; RED SUCKER.)

Body elongate, subterete, the depth 4+ to 42 in length. Head quite
long and slender, 44 to 43 in length, depressed and flattened above, broad
at base, but tapering into a long snout, which considerably overhangs the
large mouth. Lips thick, coarsely tuberculate, the upper lip narrow,
with 2 or 3, rarely 4, rows of tubercles; lower lip deeply incised, the lobes
shorter than in C. griseus, and the mouth narrower. Lower jaw with a
slight cartilaginous sheath. Eye rather small, behind the middle of the
head. Scales very small, much crowded forward, 95 to 114 in the lateral
line, and about 29 (26 to 31) in a crossrow from dorsal to ventrals. Dorsal
rays 10 to 11. Males in spring with the head and anal fin profusely tuber-
culate, the tubercles on the head small; the sides at that season with a
broad rosy band. Size large. L. 24 feet. Great Lakes, upper Missouri
River, upper Columbia, and northwestward to Alaska; very abundant
northward, but not coming south of lat. 40°. The most widely distributed
species. (xatw, below; oroua, mouth.)

Cyprinus catostomus, ForsTER, Phil. Trans., 1773, 155, Streams about Hudson Bay.

Catostomus longirostrum, and hudsenius, after Forster, Le Sueur, Jour. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1817,
102, 107, Vermont.

Catostomus forsterianus, RicHARDSON, Franklin’s Journal, 1823, 720, Lake Huron; Great Slave
Lake.

Catostomus aurora, AGASSIZ, Lake Superior, 360, 1850, Lake Superior.

Catostomus hudsonius, GUNTHER, Cat., vir, 13, 1868; Jonpan, lL. ¢c., 175, 1878.

Catostomus longirostris, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 126, 1883.

Jordan and Evermann.— Fishes of North America. 177

Catostomus nanomyzon,* MaTHER, Twelfth Rept. N. Y. Fish Com., Survey Adirondack Region,
1884, 36, Big Moose Lake, northern New York. (Type, No. 33917.)

283. CATOSTOMUS TAHOENSIS, Gill & Jordan.
(Tanor SucKER.)

Rather stouter than C. catostomus, the depth 44 to 5in length. Head
very large and long acuminate, the muzzle nearly + its length, overhang-
ing the rather large mouth. Lips moderate, the upper pendant, with
about 3 rows of small papill#; the lower rather full, similarly papillose.
Eye nearly median, rather small, 8} in head. Scales small and crowded
forward, closely imbricated, 85 to 90 in the course of the lateral line,
and about 28 in a cross series from dorsal to ventrals. Dorsal short, but
longer than high, its rays 10. Coloration very dark; fins dusky; scales
everywhere finely punctate. Breeding males profusely tuberculate. Size
large. Lake Tahoe, very abundant. We have specimens also from Hum-
boldt River, at Winnemucca, Nevada.

Catostomus tahoensis, JORDAN, I. c.,173, 1878, Lake Tahoe, California (Type, No. 31226) ; Jorpan
& Hensuaw, Rept. Chief Engin., app. nn, 1878, 188; JorpAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 127, 1883.

284. CATOSTOMUS REX, R. S. Eigenmann.

Head 4; depth 4. D. 11; A. 6. Scales 13-80-8, 35 before dorsal.
Head broad, flattish, the cheeks very long. Mouth small; lower jaw
strong, the premaxillaries forming a hump on the snout; 2 rows of
papille on upper lip; eye 8 in head, little behind the middle; snout 2}
in head. Scales peculiar, covered with skin at base. Ventrals not reach-
ing halfway to vent. Dorsal as high as long, its last rays almost as
long as the first ; pectorals reaching halfway to ventrals. Caudal peduncle
long, terete. Lateral line interrupted behind. Teeth moderate. Black-
ish above, paler below ; scales of belly dark-dotted ; fins dark. Lengthof
type 32 inches. Lost River, Tule Lake, Oregon. (Eigenmann.) (rez,
king.)

Catostomus rex, Rosa SMITH E1GENMANN, American Naturalist, July, 1891, 667, Lost River,

Oregon.
Subgenus DECACTYLUS, Rafinesque.

285. CATOSTOMUS LABIATUS, Ayres.

Head 44 in length, rather bluntish; mouth moderate, the labial papillae
largely developed; the upper lip full, with about 5 rows of large but
rather sparse papillw. Scales 12-74-10. Dorsal fin short, higher than
long, of about ll rays. Color dark above; sides clouded with black and
yellow. Klamath Lake, Oregon; only one specimen yet known. (la-
biatus, large-lipped. )

Catostomus labiatus, Ayres, Proc. Cal. Ac. Sci., 1855, 32, Klamath Lake, Oregon; JorpDan,l.c.,
173; Jonvan & GitpeRt, Synopsis, 128, 1883.

* Thus described by Mr. Mather: ‘‘ Brown; male witha red lateral band in the breeding season;
head slender, flattened above, the snout shorter than in C, catostomus; lips thick, the lower with
3 or 4 rows of tubercles; eye lerge, 4in head, 14% in snout. Scales smaller anteriorly, but little
crowded; dorsal higher than long; pectorals reaching front of dorsal; head 4; depth 5. D. 1, 10,
A. 7. V.9. Scales 14-99-11; L. (spawning specimens) 414 inches. Big Moose Lake, Adirondack

region. Apparently a dwarfed brook variety of C. catostomus, but inhabiting the same region
and spawning at a much smaller size,”’

F.N. A.———13

178 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

286. CATOSTOMUS OCCIDENTALIS, Ayres.

(SACRAMENTO SUCKER.)

Body rather slender, little elevated. Mouth comparatively small,
smaller than in C. commersonii ; the upper lip with 5 or 6 rows of smallish
papille ; lipsrather thin. Head quite small, rounded above, 44 in length,
the profile steeper than in C. commersonii; the snout more pointed, the
two sides of the head more convergent forward. Eye small. Dorsal fin
longer than high, its rays 12 to 14; caudal well forked, the upper lobe the
longer. Scale 13-75-10, 40 before dorsal. Dark above, gradually paler
below. Streams of California; abundant in the Sacramento and San
Joaquin rivers. (occidentalis, western. )

Catostomus occidentalis, Ayres, Proc. Cal. Ac. Sci., 1854, 18, San Francisco; AaGassiz, Am. Jour.
Sci. Arts, 1855, 209, San Francisco; JorpAN, l. c., 172,1878; GUNTHER, Cat., vil, 17, 1868;
JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 128, 1883.

287. CATOSTOMUS BERNARDINI, Girard.

Closely allied to C. occidentalis, but with the head less conic and the
lower fins larger. Scales much crowded forward, 31 before dorsal, 75°in
lateral line; fontanelle large; lips broad, without sheath, formed as in
C. occidentalis, the lower deeply incised ; fins high, the dorsal longer than
high, with 12 rays ; caudal lobes equal; head 44 in length. San Bernar-
dino Creek, a tributary of Rio Yaqui, on the boundary of Arizona and
Sonora.

Catostomus bernardini, GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 175, San Bernardino Creek;
JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 128, 1883; Jorpan, Cat., 18, 1885. (Type, No. 174.)

288. CATOSTOMUS MACROCHEILUS, Girard.

(CoLtuMBIA RIveER SUCKER.)

Head 4in length, depth5. Scales 12-72 to 75-10, 40 before dorsal. Body
heavy forward; snout blunt, much overlapping the horizontal mouth;
mouth quite large, with very large lips, the upper full and pendant, with
6 to 8rows of moderate papille. Head large, 44 in length, rather narrow,
quadrangular, the snout projecting. Eye large, 6 in head. Dorsal fin
much longer than high, its rays about 13; pectorals long and narrow;
caudal well forked. Coloration rather dark; a dusky lateral stripe; below
abruptly pale. Columbia River as far as Flathead Lake, Montana; not
rare. (uakpoc, large; yeiAoc, lip.)

Catostomus macrocheilus, GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 175, Astoria, Oregon: JORDAN,

l. c., 171,1878; Jorpan & GILBERT, Synopsis, 128,1883; EvVERMANN, Bull, U.S. Fish Com.,
1891, (1892), 40, plate 18, fig. 2. (Type, No. 240.)

289. CATOSTOMUS COMMERSONIL, (Lacépede).
(Common SucKER; WuitTE Sucker; Brook Sucker; FINE-scALED SUCKER.)

Body moderately stout, varying with age, subterete, heavy at the
shoulders, the depth 4 to 43 in length. Head rather large and stout,
conical, flattish above, its length 4 to 44 in body (33 to 44 in young). Snout
moderately prominent, scarcely overpassing the mouth. Mouth rather
large; the lips strongly papillose, the upper moderate, with 2 or 3 rows

— ——

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 179

of papille; 4 to 6 in specimens from eastern Colorado, (var. sucklii).
Scales crowded anteriorly, much larger on the sides than below; scales
10--64 to 70-9. Coloration olivaceous; males in spring with a faint rosy
lateral band; young brownish, more or less mottled, often with confluent
blackish lateral blotches or a lateral band. Lateral line imperfect in the
very young. D. usually 12. L. 18 inches. Streams and ponds from
Quebec and the Great Lakes to Montana, Colorado, and southward to
Missouri and Georgia; the commonest of the suckers, excessively abund-
ant from Massachusetts west to Kansas. Variable; western specimens
(sucklii) have broader lips and approach C. Ardens. (To Philebert Com-
merson, an able early French naturalist and traveler, whose collections
were studied by Lacépéde. )

Cyprinus commersonii,* LAcEPEDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., v, 502, 1803, locality unknown.

Cyprinus teres, MircuiLt, Trans. Lit. and Phil. Soc. N, Y. 1815, 458, New York.

Catostomus teres, GUNTHER, Cat., vir, 15,1868; JorDan, l. c., 166, 1878.

Catostomus communis, Delaware River, and bostonensis, Boston, LE Sueur, Jour. Ac. Nat. Sci.
Phila., 1, 1817, 95, 106, etc.

Catostomus commersonii, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 129, 1883.

Catostomus flecuosus, RAFINESQUE, Ich. Oh., 59, 1820, Ohio River.

Catostomus reticulatus, RicHARDSON, Fauna Bor. Am : Fishes, 303, 1836, Albany River, (Scales 70

to 77).
Catostomus gracilis, KIRTLAND, Rept. Zodl. Ohio, 168, 1838, Cleveland, Ohio, etc.

Catostomus pallidus, De Kay, New York Fauna: Fishes, 200, 1812, New York.

Catostomus sucklii, GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 175, Milk River, Montana.
Catostomus chloropteron, Abbott, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, 473, Kansas.

Catostomus alticolus, Cope & Yarrow, Wheeler Survey, Zoil.,v, 677, 1876, Twin Lakes, Colorado.

(Type, Nos. 15777 and 12915.)
Moxostoma trisignatum, Core, l. c., 679, 1876, Arkansas River, Pueblo, Colorado.

Catostomus utawana,f Matuer, Twelfth Report N. Y. Fish, Com., Survey of Adirondacks, 1884,
36, a dwarf form from Blue Mountain Lakes, New York. (Type, No. 33918.)

290. CATOSTOMUS ARDENS, Jordan & Gilbert.
(MULLET or UTan LAKE.)

Head 3%; depth 44. D.12o0r13. A.7. Scales 12-70 to 72-12. Body
rather elongate, little compressed, the back broad. Head broad, conical.
Mouth entirely inferior, the mandible nearly horizontal; upper lip very

hh reonrnrrr———————————————— ere

*The Cyprinus commersonii of Lacépéde is a sucker and probably this species rather than C.
catostomus, The description is, however, very imperfect and the typesaid to have been observed
by Commerson in the East Indies; a statement apparently derived from a confusion of manu-
scripts and specimens of Commerson with those of Bosc, who collected at Charleston. Lacépéde
was indebted to Bosc for the next species he mentions, Cyprinus sucetta. Lacépéde’s description
is as follows: ‘Onze rayons a la dorsale; sept A la nageoire de anus; neuf a chaque ventrale;
huit a neuf A’chaque pectorale; la nageoire du dos et celle de Vanus quadrilatéres; Vanale
étroite; langle de l’extremité de cette derniere nageoire tres aigu; la caudale en croissant; la
ligne laterale droite; la machoire supérieure, un peu plus avancée que celle d’en bas; les écailles
arrondies et trés petites. Le Commersonnien dont nous publions les premiers la description,
et que le savant Commerson a observé, presente un double orifice pour chaque narine; sa téte
est denouée de petites écailles; ses ventrales et ses pectorales sont arrondies & leur extremité; la
dorsalé s’éléve vers lo milieu de la longueur totale du poisson.”

The small “June sucker” of the Adirondacks thus described by Mather: ‘‘Olivaceous, white
below; males without red in the breeding season; body slender; head not small, flattened
above; snout little prominent; upper lip with 2 rows of papille; eye 4 in head, 2 in snout;
dorsal as long as high; pectorals nearly reaching front of dorsal; head 4, D.I, ll; A. 5; V. 9.
Scales 9-6 7-8; length of adult 414 inches, Blue Mountain Lakes, Adirondack region. ‘This
small fish I was at first disposed to consider asa dwarfed mountain form of C. teres, but the fact
that the latter fish is found in waters inhabited by this species, and while it grows to a length
of 12 or more inches there, this little sucker barely reaches 5, Added to this the fact that
the larger species had finished spawning in the inlets in May, while this fish was found in
masses in the swift mountain streams which tumble rapidly over rocks in the latter part of
June, depositing their eggs, thereby showing that they are adult fish.”’

180, Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

wide, full, pendant, with 4 to 8 rows of coarse, irregular papille, lower
lip very broad, coarsely papillose, cut to the base by a sharp incision.
Eye small, 7 in head, 3} in interorbital width; snout 24in head. Dorsal
fin long and low, its anterior rays + longer than the last rays; pectorals
and ventrals short; caudal short; anal long. Pharyngeal bones rather
weak, with smallish teeth. Blackish above; males with the sides rosy;
fins dark. L. 18 inches. Close to C. commersonii, differing chiefly in the
rather larger mouthand lips. Lakes and streams of great basin of Utah,
swarming in myriads in Utah Lake. Also abundant in upper waters of
Snake River in Idaho. In Heart Lake, in the Yellowstone Park, it is
infested by a very large parasitic worm (Ligula catostomi, Linton), larger
than its own viscera. (ardens, burning, from the red shades of the male.)
Catostomus ardens, JonDAN & GitBERt, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1880, 464, Utah Lake, Provo; Jor-
DAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 128; JorpAN, Bull. U. S. Fish Com., 1889, 65, 77, etc; Linron,
Bull. U.S. Fish Com., 1889, 66. (Type, No. 27363.)

291. CATOSTOMUS GILA, Kirsch.

Head 43; depth 43. D. 11 or 12. Scales 11-58 to 60-10. Close to C.
ardens, but the nape lower, the tail shorter. Dorsal shorter and higher,
its longest ray nearly twice the last, and longer than base of fin; free
margin incised. Snout 24 in head; eye small; lips large, the upper with
4 rows of papille, the lower split nearly to base. L. 14 inches. Dark
brown, scales darker at base. Rio Gila.

Catostomus gila, Kinscu, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1888, 555, Rio Gila, Fort Thomas, Arizona.

292. CATOSTOMUS INSIGNIS, Baird & Girard.

Body rather elongate, subterete, heavy at the shoulders, tapering back-
ward, the depth about 5 in length. Head moderate, about 44 in length.
Fontanelle rather small; mouth comparatively small; lips moderate, the
upper narrow, with severai rows of large tubercles; no sheaths on jaws.
Scales subequal, about 56 in the lateral line, 19 in a cross series, 27 before
dorsal; scales on back large, those on belly small. A series of dusky spots
along each row of scales; the spots often obscure. D.11. Very close to
C. commersonii, the scales less crowded, the upper lip broader, the color
somewhat different. Gila basin; not rare. (insignis, notable. )

Catostomus insignis, BArrpD & GiRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1854, 28, Rio San Pedro,
Arizona; Corr & Yarrow, Wheeler Survey, Zool., v, 676, 1876; Jorpan, l.-c., 165, 1878 ;
JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 130,1883. (Type, No. 169.)

293. CATOSTOMUS FECUNDUS, Cope & Yarrow.
(WrEBUG SUCKER.)

Head 4; depth 44. D.11 or12; A.7; V. 9. Scales 8-64-8. Body mod-
erately stout, little compressed, the tail slender. Head subconic, the
profile decurved from the nape to the base of the premaxillary spines,
which abruptly protrude, forming a distinct ‘‘nose,” as in Chasmistes
liorus; premaxillaries in front scarcely below the preorbital. Mandible
large, oblique, placed at an angle of 30° when the mouth is closed, its
length 2? in head. Upper lip full, pendant, smoothish, with about 4 rows

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 181

of papille; lower lip moderate, divided by a broad notch, each lobe with
about 6 rows of papille. Eye a little behind middle of head. Dorsal
shorter and higher than in C. ardens. First ray of dorsal twice height of
the last, its length greater than that of the base of the fin; caudal forked,
the lower lobe longest; pectorals long; anal high. Dusky above, pale
below. L.a foot. Utah lake, rather scarce, and not yet seen elsewhere.
This species resembles Chasmistes liorus. (fecundus, fertile, in allusion to
its supposed abundance, but the ‘‘fecund” species which has made Utah
Lake the ‘‘greatest sucker pond in the world” is really C. ardens.)

Catostomus fecundus, Cope & Yarrow, Zoil. Wheeler Survey, v, 678, 1876, Utah Lake; Jorpan

& Gitpert, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1880, 463; Jorpan & GiLBERT, Synopsis, 120, 1883 ; JORDAN,
Bull. U.S. Fish Com., 1889, 31. (Type, No. 16930.)

Subgenus HYPENTELIUM, Rafinesque.
294. CATOSTOMUS NIGRICANS, Le Sueur.

(Hoe Sucker; Stone Rotter; Toter; Crawt-a-nortom; Hammer Heap; Stone Luacer;
Hog Motty.)

D. 10 or 11; V.9. Lat. line 48 to 55, 12 to 15 scales in a cross series.
Deph 4+ to 5 in length; head 4 to 44. Eye rather small, 44 to 5 in head.
Head flattened above, transversely concave between orbits, the frontal
bane thick, broad, and short, the physiognomy being therefore peculiar.
Upper lip very thick, strongly papillose, with a broad free margin, which
has upward of 8 to 10 series of papilla upon it; lower lip greatly devel-
oped, strongly papillose, considerably incised behind, but less so than in
Catostomus proper. Fontanelle shorter and smaller than in C. commersonii.
Pectoral fins unusually larger. Color olivaceous; sides with brassy
luster; belly white; back brown, with several dark cross blotches, irregu-
larly arranged, these becoming obsolete in old individuals; lower fins
dull red, with some dusky shading; young considerably variegated, the
sides spotted. Size large; length about 2 feet. New York to Minnesota
and Kansas, Arkansas, and the Carolinas; abundant in swift or rocky
streams, which it ascends to spawn; never found in muddy or warm
waters; less tenacious of life than the other species of Catostomus.
(nigricans, blackish. )

Catostomus nigricans, LE Surur, Jour. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1817, 102, Lake Erie; Ginruer,
Cat., vil, 17,1868; JorDAN, I. c., 162, 1878; Jorpan & GiLBeERt, Synopsis, 130, 1882.

Hylomyzon nigricans, AGAsstz, Am. Jour, Sci. Arts, 1855, 205.

Catostomus maculosus, Le SuEUR, I. c., 103,1817, Pipe Creek, Maryland.

Hypentelium macropterum, RAFINESQUE, Jour. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1, 1817, 420, Ohio River.

Catostomus xanthopus, RAFINESQUE, Ich. Oh., 57, 1820, Ohio River.

Catostomus planiceps, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Xvit, 450, 1844, Wabash River.

Catostomus nigricans etowanus, JORDAN, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 1877, 345, Etowah River,
Rome, Ga.; «a brightly colored variety from the Alabama basin.

Catostomus megastomus, RAFINESQUE, Ich. Oh., 59, 1820; based on anincorrect drawing; belongs
here if anywhere.

295. CATOSTOMUS RHOTH@CUS, Thoburn.
Head 5; depth 5. D.11; A. 8or9. Scales 7-48-5, 19 rows in front of

dorsal. Allied to Catostomus nigricans but with much smaller head, which
is less depressed between eyes. Head very small, flattened above but not

182 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

concave between the orbits; somewhat pointed in front, the snout pro-
jecting beyond the mouth. Width of head equal to its depth. Mouth
large, its width 2? in head, its opening nearly a straight line. Each jaw
with a strong cartilaginous sheath. Upper lip thin, with about 20 lines
of minute papille. Lower lip broad, each lobe with 8 or 9 broken plice,
each with minute papiliz on edges. Lobes of lower lip separated by a
notch from which astrong frenum reaches to the chin. Fontanelle short,
its length aboutdeye. Eye4in head. Pectorals large, 1} length of head
and reaching to the sixteenth line of scales. Dorsal inserted slightly in
front of middle of body. Anal reaching beyond base of caudal. Caudal
forked. Air bladder very small, with 2 chambers. Color dark olivaceous
above; a darker narrow lateral band from snout below eye straight to base
of caudal; the upper edge of the band obscure, the belly below the band
abruptly silvery; 5 or 6 obscure dark cross bars on back and side, most
distinct on the dark longitudinal] stripe; base of caudal with a light band,
edged behind with brown. Six specimens, 3} to 5 inches in length, col-
lected by Dr. Charles H. Gilbert, at some point in eastern Tennessee or
southwestern Virginia, thought to be from French Broad River at Wolf
Creek, Tennessee. It closely resembles Moxostoma cervinum, but the mouth
is different. (po%oc, torrent; oixéw, to inhabit.)

Cotostomus rhothccus, THOBURN, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1894; supposed to be from French

Broad River. ({Type, No. 44846.)
93. CHASMISTES, Jordan.

Chasmistes, JORDAN, Bull. Hayden’s Geol. Sury. Terr., rv, No. 2, 417, 1878, (liorus).
Lipomyzon, CoprE, American Naturalist, January, 1881, 59, (brevirostris).

Head large, broad and flattish above, the sides vertical. Eyes small,
high up, rather posterior. Mouth extremely large, terminal, the lower
jaw in the closed mouth being very oblique, placed at an angle of about
45°; lower jaw very long and strong, its length more than 4 length of
head, its tip, when the mouth is closed, about on a level with the eye;
upper jaw very protractile; upper lip thin and nearly smooth. Snout
usually elevated above the rest of head, the premaxillary spines gen-
erally forming a conspicuons rose. Lower lip moderate, consisting of a
broad flap on each side of the mandible, in front reduced to a narrow rim,
the surface of the lip nearly smooth, without papille; uostrils large.
Suborbital bones narrow, but rather broader than in Catostomus; pre-
orbital large; mucous channels moderately developed; fontanelle well
developed. Pharyngeal bones weaker than usualin Catostomus, the teeth
generally smaller. Fins moderate; pectorals rather long; dorsal rays 11
or 12; anal 7; anal fin high, reaching caudal; caudal fin rather long, its
lobes equal. Scales moderate, large on caudal peduncle, smaller and
crowded anteriorly, 60 to 80 in lateral line. Sexual peculiarities not
marked. Coloration as in Catostomus. Air bladder in 2 parts. Size
rather large. Species confined to the Great Basin. (yaoudo, to yawn;
one who yawns.)

a. Scales moderate, 60 to 65 in the lateral line.
b. Scales 9-63-8; dorsal rays usually 11; nose prominent. LIORUS, 296
bb. Scales 13-65-11; dorsal rays 12. cusus, 2.

Jordan and Evermann.—Ffishes of North America. 183

aa. Scales small, 70 to 80 in the lateral line.
e. Snout short, the premaxillary spines not forming a distinct projecting nose; dorsal rays

11; Scales 12-74-11. BREVIROSTRIS, 298.
cc. Snout long, the premaxillary spines forming a distinct projecting nose, as in C, liorus.
Scales 12-80-9. LUXATUS, 299.

296. CHASMISTES LIORUS, Jordan.

(JUNE SUCKER OF UTAH LAKE.)

Head large, 33 in length; depth about 5. Scales 9-63-8. Interorbital
space broad, 2¢ in head; eye 6 to 7 in head; width of the open mouth
34 in head. D. 11, the fin elevated in front, its longest ray twice the
height of the last and about equal to the base of the fin. A.7. Caudal
deeply forked, the lower lobe long; lower fins small. Color dusky
above, pale below; the scales of the back and sides profusely covered
with dark punctulations. L. 18 inches. Utah Lake; very abundant.
(Aeioc, Smooth; dpoc, margin, referring to the lips.)

Chasmistes liorus, JORDAN, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., x11, 219, 1878; Utah Lake at Provo, Utah;
JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 132,1883. (Type, No. 27361.)
297. CHASMISTES CUJUS, Cope.

(Covura.)

Head broad and flat; upper lip very thin; lower lip represented by folds
on each side, which do not connect around the symphysis; eye 84 in head;
interorbital space 44. D. 12; A. 8. Scales 13-65-11. Color pale olive.
Pyramid Lake, Nevada, in deep water. (Cope.) (cowia, the Indian name.)
Chasmistes cujus, Copr,* Proc. Ac, Nat. Sci. Phila., 1883, 149, Pyramid Lake, Nevada.

298. CHASMISTES BREVIROSTRIS, Cope.

Scales 12-74-11. D.11; A.9. Shorter than C. luxatus, especially the
muzzle, and the latter is without the hump produced by the protuberant
premaxillary spines. Parietal fontanelle small. Lower lip fold present
only on the sides of the mandible. Body nearly cylindric. Color dusky
above, silvery below; fins colorless. (Cope.) L. 16 inches. Klamath
Lake, Oregon. (brevis, short; rostrum, snout.)

Chasmistes brevirostris, Cope, American Naturalist, 1879, 785, Klamath Lake, Oregon; Jorpan
& GinBert, Synopsis, 132, 1883.

299. CHASMISTES LUXATUS, Cope.

Scales 12-80-9. D.11; A.9. Form elongate. Head long, flat above
with a large fontanelle. Mouth terminal, the spines of the premaxillary
projecting so as to form a hump on the top of the snout. Lower lip a
very thin dermal fold, extending entirely around the chin. Color clouded
above, with black punctulations, below paler, with red shades in some
specimens; fins uncolored. (Cope.) L.3 feet. Klamath Lake and River,
Oregon. (luxatus, put out of joint, referring to the nose.)

Chasmistes luxatus, Copr, American Naturalist, 1879, 784, Klamath Lake, Oregon; Jorpan &
GILBERT, Synopsis, 132, 1883.

*This paper ‘On the Fishes of the Recent and Pliocene Lakes of the Western Part of the
Great Basin and of the Idaho Pliocene Lake’? contains an important discussion of the fish fauna
of Nevada, Oregon, and Idaho, with description of numerous foxsil forms not long extinet and
closely allied to recent Cyprinidw and Catostomide.

184 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

— SSS Ss = - a -- ——- -—

94. XYRAUCHEN, Eigenmann «& Kirsch.
(RAZOR-BACK SUCKER.)
Xyrauchen, EIGENMANN & Kirscn, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1888, 556, (cypho).

Characters of the genus Catostomus in all respects except that behind
the occiput is a sharp-edged hump produced by the singularly developed
interneural bones. The anterior portion of the hump is supported by a
large jnterneural formed by a thick central pillar with anterior and pos-
terior wings, the former coming to a point on the medial projecting plate
of the supraoccipital, forming a large opening beneath it; the latter wing
is somewhat smaller and articulates with the second interneural. This
interneural is a thin, flat, subrectangular plate; the next is an irregular,
flat plate about + as large as the second, while the next 3 are small,
flat plates above and bent forward. Other bones of the anterior part of
the skeleton are somewhat modified in form, but the essential character
of the genus is in the great development of the bones at the nape, show-
ing externally as asharp-edged hump. ‘Twospecies known; large suckers
of the Colorado basin. (fvpéc, razor’ avyfv, nape.)

a. Scales about 13-73-13; dorsal rays 13 or 14. Body deep, the back high, the hump com-

mencing at the nape with no scales before it or on its edge. cyPHO, 300,
aa. Scales 16-81-13 ; dorsal rays 12; body more slender, the hump much lower; scales present
before it and on its edge. UNCOMPAHGRE, 301.

300. XYRAUCHEN CYPHO, (Lockington),

(Razor-BACK SucKER ; HuMP-BACKED SUCKER.)

Head 4; depth 4. D.18 or14; A.7. Scales 13 to 15-72 to 77-13. Body
stout, compressed, the head low, the profile ascending to the prominent
hump, which is largest in adult specimens and usually begins at the nape
with no scales before it, its anterior edge straight, sharp, and scaleless;
mouth wide, inferior; upper lip with 2 rows of papille ; lower lip deeply
divided, with 8 rows. Dorsal long and low, with concave edge; caudal
broad and strong, with numerous rudimentary rays; pectorals moderate.
Scales loosely imbricated. Pharyngeal teeth small, numerous; peritoneum
black. Coloration plain olivaceous. Basin of the Colorado and Gila
rivers ; very abundant where the water is not too cold; reaching a weight
of 8to 10 pounds. (cypho, hunchback.)

Catostomus cypho, LOcKINGTON, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1880, 237, Colorado River at mouth
of Gila, Arizona.

Catostomus cypho, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 129, 1883.
Xyrauchen cypho, Kirscu, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1888, 556; Jorpan, Bull. U.S. Fish Com., 1889, 26.

301. XYRAUCHEN UNCOMPAHGRE, Jordan & Evermann.

Head 4; depth 44. D.12; A. 7. Scales 16-81-13. Body more elongate
than in X. cypho of the same size, the form resembling that of a Gila;
head flatter, narrower, and less depressed than in X. cypho, the small lips
rather larger and more coarsely tuberculate. Nuchal hump much lower
than in X. cypho, but forming a sharp keel which does not extend for-
ward to the nape, there being 13 scales before it, its surface also scaly.

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 185

Snout 23 in head; breast naked; caudal peduncle much slenderer than
in X. cypho, dorsal fin lower; caudal large. Coloration plain olivaceous.
Known from a single specimen, 7 inches long, taken in Uncompahgre
River (Colorado basin); possibly a variation of X. cypho, but quite unlike
all known examples of the latter.

Xyrauchen uncompahgre, JORDAN & EVERMANN, Bull. U. 8. Fish Com., 1889, 26, published 1891,
Uncompahgre River, Delta, Colorado.

95. ERIMYZON, Jordan.

(CHUB SUCKERS.)

Mozostoma, AGass1z, Am. Jour. Sci. Arts, 1854, 200, (oblongus), not of Rafinesque.
Erimyzon, JoRDAN, Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Hist., 1876, 95, (oblongus).

Body oblong, compressed. Head moderate. Mouth moderate, some-
whatinferior; the upper lip well developed, freely protractile; the lower
moderate, infolded, A-shaped in outline, plicate, with 12 to 20 folds on
each side. Lower jaw without cartilaginous sheath, rather stronger than
usual, and oblique when the mouthis closed. Eye moderate. Suborbital
bones well developed, not much narrower than the fleshy portion of the
cheek below them; opercular bones moderately developed, not rugose.
Fontanelle rather large. Gill rakers rather long. Pharyngeal bones
weak; the teeth quite small, slender, and weak, rapidly diminishing in
length upward, each tooth narrowly compressed, with a cusp on the
inner margin of the cutting surface. Scales rather large, more or less
crowded forward. Lateral line entirely wanting at all ages. Dorsal fin
rather short and high, rays usually 11 or 12. Pectoral fins moderate.
Anal fin high and short, more or less emarginate or bilobed in adult males.
Caudal fin moderately forked or merely lunate, its 2 lobes about equal.
Air bladder with 2 chambers. One species; widely distributed. (ép:-, an
intensive particle; uvfaa, to suck.)

302. ERIMYZON SUCETTA, (Lacépéde).
(CrEEK Fisu; Caus SuCKER.)

Body oblong, compressed, becoming gibbous with age, the antedorsal
region more or less elevated in the adults, the depthabout 3in length, rang-
ing from 24in adults to 4 in young. Headstout, short, about 4} in length,
the interorbital space wide. Eye rather large, 44+ head. Scales usually
closely imbricated and more or less crowded forward, but often showing
various irregularities in arrangement, the usual number 386-15. D. usn-
ally 12; A.7; V.9. Coloration varying with age; usually showing pale
streaks along the rows of scales; young with a broad black lateral band,
bordered above by paler; in some specimens from clear water this band
is of a jet black color and very distinct; in others it is duller; later this
band becomes broken into a series of blotches, which often assume the
form of broad transverse bars; in adult specimens these bars disappear,
and the color is nearly uniform brown, dusky above, paler below, every-
where with a coppery or brassy, never silvery, luster; the fins dusky or
smoky brown, often reddish tinged. Sexual difference strong; males
in spring usually with 3 large tubercles on each side of the snout, and

186 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

with the anal fin mote or less swollen and emarginate. Length about 10

inches. Great Lakes, Mississippi Valley, and eastward in lakes.and low-

land streams; very abundant; the typical form, sucetta, occurring coast-

wise from Virginia to Texas. (French sucet, sucker.)

Cyprinus sucetta, Lac&PEDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., v, 606, 1803, South Carolina.

Mozxostoma kennerlyi, GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 171, Dry Creek, Victoria, Texas.
(Type, No. 161.) :

Mozxostoma campbelli, GIRARD, I. c., 172, 1856, Live Oak Creek and Devil River, Texas.

Moxostoma tenue, AGAssi1z, Am. Jour. Sci. Arts, 1855, 203, Mobile, Alabama.

Erimyzon goodei, JORDAN, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., x11, 148, 1878, St. Johns River, Florida.

Erimyzon goodei, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 134, 1883.

Represented northward by
302a. ERIMYZON SUCETTA OBLONGUS, (Mitchill).

Body more elongate and less compressed than in typical sucetta, the
greatest depth being contained about 3} times in the length. Nape more
gibbous than in # sucetta. Head quite small and short, the eye smaller,
about 4? in head, being almost exactly midway in its length, which is 44
in that of the body. Scales smaller and less uniform in their imbrication
than in E#. sucetta, the usual number 43-15. Color dark olivaceous above;
the adult nearly plain, the young with a distinct black lateral band
which breaks up into bars withage. Great Lake region to Maine and the
Dakotas, south to Virginia and Indian Territory, everywhere abundant in
northern upland streams, gradually passing southward into the typical
sucetta. (oblongus, oblong.)

Cyprinus oblongus, Mircu1it, Trans. Lit. and Phil. Soc. N. Y., 1815, 1, 459, New York.

Moxostoma oblongum, GUNTHER, Cat., vil, 21, 1868.

Catostomus gibbosus, Connecticut River, Northampton; tuberculatus, Germantown, Pa.;
and vittatus, Wissahickon River, Pennsylvania, Le Sueur, Jour. Ac, Nat. Sci. Phila.,
1, 1817, 92, 93, 104.

Catostomus fasciolaris, RAFINESQUE, Ichth. Oh., 58, 1820, Ohio River.

Labeo elegans, New York; esopus, New York; and elongatus,s Mohawk River, De Kay, N. Y.
Fauna: Fishes, 1842, 192, 195, 394.

Moxostoma claviformis, GIRARD, Proc. Av. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 171, Coal Creek, Canadian
River, Indian Territory. (Type, No. 165.)

Erimyzon sucetta, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 134, 1883.

96. MINYTREMA, Jordan.

(SPOTTED SUCKERS.)
Minytrema, Jonpdan, Man, Vert. E. U.S., Ed. 2,318, 1878, (melanops).

Head moderate, rather broad above; mouth moderate, inferior, hori-
zontal; the upper lip well developed, freely protractile; the lower rather
small, infolded, A-shaped in outline, plicate. Lower jaw without carti-
laginous sheath. Eye moderate, rather high, placed about midway of the
head. Suborbital bones well developed. Opercular bones well developed,
not much rugose. Fontanelle rather large. Gill rakers rather long.
Isthmus moderate. Pharyngeal bones essentially as in Moxostoma. Body
rather elongate, subterete, becoming deep and rather compressed with
age. Scales rather large, nearly equal over the body. Lateral line in-
terrupted in the adult, but with perfect tubes, imperfect in partly grown
specimens, entirely obsolete in the young. Scales in a longitudinal series,

— ~~

Jordan and Evermann.—Ffishes of North America. 187

44 to 47 in number, 12 to 14 in a transverse series. Dorsal fin rather short
and high, with about 12 rays beginning rather nearer snout than base of
caudal. Pectoral fins moderate. Anal high and short, more or less emar-
ginate in males. Caudal fin moderately forked, the lobes about equal.
Air bladder with 2 chambers. Males in spring with the head covered
with many small tubercles. This genus is intermediate between Erimyzon
and Moxostoma, differing from the latter mainly in the structure of its
air bladder. (uic, reduced; rpjua, aperture; in allusion to the imper-
fections of the lateral line.)

a, Dark streaks along rows of scales evident; scales 7-46-6. MELANOPS, 303.

303. MINYTREMA MELANOPS, (Rafinesque).
(WINTER SucKER ; SpoTTED SucKER.)

Body oblong, little compressed, the young nearly terete, the adults
deeper; depth about 4 in length, varying from about 3 in adults to 4$ in
the young. Head not very large, 44 in length of body (4+ to 44), not
specially depressed. Mucous pores rather strong. Eye small, 5 to 6in
head. Scales large, firm, regularly and smoothly imbricated, in 46 (44 to
47) longitudinal series, and 13 (12 to 14) transverse series, the scales not
crowded forward. Fin rays usually, D. 12; A. 7; V. 9. Coloration
dusky above, with usually a black blotch behind the dorsal fin; each
scale along the sides with a small, more or less distinct blackish spot at
its base, these spots forming interrupted longitudinal lines along the rows
of scales; these lines are usually very distinct, especially in the adult,
but young specimens often show them faintly; sides and belly silvery,
with a coppery luster. Sexual peculiarities moderately marked; very
old males with the head covered with small tubercles in spring; no great
change with age, either in form or coloration. Size large; maximum
length about 18 inches. Great Lake region to North Carolina (Cape Fear
River) and west to Texas; rather common westward. (uéAac, black; &y,
appearance. )

Catostomus melanops, RAFINESQUE, Ichth. Oh., 57, 1820, Ohio River.

Catostomus fasciatus LE SuEuR, in Cuvier & Valenciennes, xvi, 449, 1844, Mississippi River.

Catostomus fasciatus, GUNTHER, Cat., vit, 19,1868; Jorpan, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. x11, 138, 1878.

Minytrema melanops, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 136, 1883.

Moxostoma victorix, GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 171, Dry Creek, Victoria, Texas.

Ptychostomus haydeni, GrRARD, l. c., 1856, 172, Yellowstone River; Missouri River at Fort
Pierre, Nebraska. (Type, No. 20263.)

97. MOXOSTOMA, Rafinesque.
(Rep Horsk.)

Moxostoma, RAFINESQUE, Ichth. Oh., 54, 1820, (anisurus).
Teretulus, RAFINESQUE, I. c., 57, 1820, (anreolus).
Plychostomus, AGassiz, Am. Jour. Sci. Arts, 1855, 203, (awreolus).

Body more or less elongate, sometimes nearly terete, usually more or
less compressed. Head variously long or short, its length 34 to 54 in that
of the body. Eye usually rather large, from 3 to 6 times in the length of
the head. Suborbital bones very narrow. Fontanelle always well open.

Mouth varying much in size, always inferior in position, the mandible

188 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

being horizontal or nearly so. Lips usually well developed, the form of
the lower varying, usually with a slight median fissure, but never deeply
incised; the lips with transverse plice, the folds rarely so broken up as
to form papille. Jaws without cartilaginous sheath. Muciferous system
considerably developed. Opercular bones moderately developed, nearly
smooth. Isthmus broad. Gill rakers weak, moderately long. Pharyn-
geal bones rather weak, much as in Krimyzon and Catostomus, the teeth
rather coarser, strongly compressed, the lower 5 or 6 stronger than the
others, which rapidly diminish in size upward, each with a prominent
internal cusp. Scales large, more or less quadrate in form, nearly equal
in size over the body, and not specially crowded anywhere, usually
about 44 in the lateral line and about 12 series between dorsal and ven-
trals. Lateral line well developed, straight or anteriorly curved. Fins
well developed, the dorsal inserted about midway ot body, its first rays
usually rather nearer snout than caudal, the number of developed rays
usually about 13, but varying from 11 to 17. Anal fin short and high,
usually emarginate in the male, with 7 developed rays. Caudal fin
deeply forked. Air bladder with 3 chambers. Skeleton essentially as in
Catostomus, the vertebre (in VM. anisurum) 274-1441. Sexual peculiar-
ities little marked, the males in the spawning season with the lower fins
‘eddened, and the anal rays swollen and somewhat tuberculate. Species
very numerous in the United States east of the Rocky Mountains. They
spawn in spring, running up from the rivers into the smaller streams for
that purpose. They are difficult to distinguish and have been unduly
multiplied by authors. They are less tenacious of life than the species
of Catostomus. (uvfaw, to suck; ordua, mouth; hence, more properly
Myzostoma.)
a. Lips full, the folds broken up into evident papille; mouth very small, the snout project-
ing. D. 12 to 14. PAPILLOSUM, 304.
aa. Lips plicate, the folds not forming distinct papillx.
b. Dorsal fin large, of 15 to 18 rays; lower lip Y-shaped, somewhat papillose.
ec. Mouth moderate ; lower fin pale. ANISURUM, 305.
cc. Mouth quite small ; lower fin reddish. COLLAPSUM, 306
bb. Dorsal fin smaller, of 10 to 14 rays.
d. Lower lip narrow, infolded, Y-shaped when seen from below, with a distinct
median crease in which the halves meet, forming an acute angle.
e. Body stout, with broad, bluntish head, which is flattened above; dorsal rays 12.
Bucco, 307.
ee. Body elongate, subcylindrical, little compressed; snout truncate.
PIDIENSE, 308.
eee. Body compressed, the back elevated; muzzle projecting beyond the very
small mouth, COREGONUS, 309.
dd. Lower lip thin, forming a narrow, crescent-shaped border around the mandible.
f. Head small, 5 in length; snout prominent; dorsal rays12to 14. ALpum, 310.
jf. Head stout, 4 in length; snout not projecting; dorsal rays 14 or 15.
THALASSINUM, 311,
ddd. Lower lip full, truncate behind, not evidently Y-shaped or U-shaped.
g. Dorsal fin moderate, its rays 12 to 14, usually 13 in number; body more or less
compressed.
h. Caudal fin normal, the 2 lobes similarly colored.

i. Caudal fin with the upper lobe not conspicuously longer than the
lower.

a. i | ii

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 189

Jj. Head rather large, stout, broad above, 4 to near] y 5 in body; snout
little projecting beyond the month,
k. Dorsal fin low and small, its first ray when depressed reaching
middle of last, the number of rays 12; mouth small.
CONGESTUM, 312.
kk. Dorsal fin rather high and pointed, its first ray about reach-
ing tip of last, its rays but 11; mouth rather small.
AUSTRINUM, 313.
kkk. Dorsal fin larger and longer, its rays usually 13.
1. Dorsal fin with its free margin nearly straight; lower fin-
always red in life.
m. Body oblong or rather elongate, the back little ele-
vated. AUREOLUM, 314.
mm. Body stout, the back much elevated.
ROBUSTUM, 315.
UW. Dorsai fin with its free margin always more or less in-
cised or concave; lower fins pale.
n. Head moderate, 42 in body; back not elevated.
MACROLEPIDOTUM, 316.
nn. ILead very short and blunt, 5 in body; back elevated.
CRASSILABRE, 317.
J. Head short, low and small, conic, 5 to 514 in body; mouth very
small, the snout much projecting beyond it; caudal lobes
apparently equal. LESUEURI, 318.
ii, Caudal fin with the upper lobe more or less produced and falcate;
snout much projecting beyond the small mouth; head small and
conic, about 5)4 in length; dorsal fin with the free border incised,
the first rays produced.

o. Lower fins red in life; eye small, 5 in head. BREVICEPS, 319.
oo. Lower fins pale; eye larger. conus, 320.

hh. Caudal with the lower lobe distinctly longer than the upper, and jet black,

the 2 lower rays abruptly pale; upper lobe red; body elongate;

mouth moderate. PECILURUM, 321,

gg- Dorsal fin small, its rays 10 to 12 in number; body elongate, subterete, or

>

slightly compressed; head shortish; mouth moderate.
p. Scales 6-50-6, 18 before dorsal; dorsal with its free edge concave; color
nearly plain brownish, tips of dorsal and caudal somewhat dusky.
RUPISCARTES, 322.
pp. Scales 6-43-5, 15 before dorsal; series of pale streaks along rows of scales;
tips of dorsal and caudal inky black. CERVINUM, 323.

304. MOXOSTOMA PAPILLOSUM, (Cope).

(Waite MuLter.)

Body comparatively stout, the dorsal region somewhat elevated and
rounded, the depth 4 to 44 in length, the head about the same. Eye rather
large, high up and well back, the preorbital space being longer than in
most species; top of head flat. Dorsal rays 12 to 14. Scales rather large,
612-5. Lips moderate, deeply incised, the folds more broken up than in
other species. Caudal lobes equal. Color silvery; back with smoky
shading; lower fins more or less reddish. Size moderate, length lL to
2 feet. Coastwise streams from the Dismal Swamp in Virginia to the
Ocmulgee River, Georgia; common. (Papillosus, bearing papille.)
Ptychostomus papillosus, Core, Proc. Am, Phil, Soc, Phila., 1870, 470, Catawba and Yadkin

rivers, North Carolina,

Moxostoma papillosum, Jonvanx, Bull, U8, Nat, Mus,, x11, 134, 1878; Jonpan & Gituent, Synopsis,
137, 1883,

190 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

305. MOXOSTOMA ANISURUM, (Rafinesque).
(WHITE-NOSED SUCKER. )

Body stout, deep, compressed, the back elevated, the depth 3 to 4 in
length. Head short, heavy, flattish and broad above, 3% to 47 in length;
depth of cheeks + length of head. Eye rather large, midway in head, 4 to
5 in its length. Muzzle rather prominent, bluntish, overhanging the
rather large mouth; upper lip thin, lower strongly V-shaped; fins very
large. Dorsal long and high, its height 3 the length of head, its free border
straight, the first ray about as long as fin. Pectorals nearly reaching
ventrals; upper lobe of caudal narrow, longer than lower. D. 15 to 18.
Color very pale and silvery; smoky above; lower fins white or pale red.
Size large. Ohio River and Great Lake region; not very common, but
widely distributed. (dricoc, unequal; ovpa tail.)

Jatostomus unisurus, RAFINESQUE, Ichth. Oh., 54, 1820, Ohio River.

Catostomus carpio, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, XVU, 457, 1844, Lake Ontario, not of Rafinesque.

Oatostomus carpio, GUNTHER, Cat., vit, 20, 1868.

Moxostoma carpio, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 139, 1883.

Ptychostomus velatus, Cope, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. Phila., 1870, 471, Youghiogheny River,
Pennsylvania,

Moxostoma velatun, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 138, 1883.

Moxostoma valenciennesi, JORDAN, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1885, 73, substitute for carpio, preoccupied.

Moxostoma anisurum, JORDAN, Man, Vert., Ed. 5, 47, 1890.

306. MOXOSTOMA COLLAPSUM, (Cope).

Head 4; depth3}. D.15. Scales 6-42-5. Body rather stout, compressed,
the back elevated. Head short, small, conic, broad and flatabove. Mouth
small, the lips plicate, the lower lip A-shaped. Muzzle truncate, over-
hanging the mouth. Eye in middle of side of head, 4 in its length (in
specimen of 8 inches), 4 in snout, 14 ininterorbital. Depth of cheek,
4 length of head back to preoperele. Dorsal long, its free edge straight,
its first ray as long as its base, ? length of head. Caudal lobes subequal.
Silvery, dusky above, without dark spots on bases of scales; dorsal and
caudal membranes blackish ; other fins plain, said to be orange in life.
(H. M. Smith.) Lowland streams of North Carolina (Neuse, Catawba,
Yadkin, and Roanoke); said to be very abundant. Apparently very close
to M. anisurum, but with the mouth smaller; perhaps not distinet. (col-
lapsus, flattened sidewise. )

Ptychostomus collapsus, Copr, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc., 1870, 471, Neuse, Yadkin, and Catawba

rivers, North Carolina.
Moxostoma collapsum, Smitu, Bull. U.S. Fish Com., 1891, 198.

307. MOXOSTOMA BUCCO, (Cope).

Head short and very wide through the opercles ; front and vertex flat.
Body stout, the back somewhat elevated ; depth 4in length. Muzzle sub-
truncate, slightly projecting. Lips thin, the lower with lateral lobes
inclosing a A-Shaped interval. Eye large, 34 in head, width of head behind
orbits 17 in its length. Scales 6-40-5. D. 12; A.7; V.9. Olivaceous,

Jordan and Evermann.—Ffishes of North Amertca. 191

silvery below; dorsal fin dusky. (Cope.) Missouri River at St. Joseph.
Type about 4 inches long; a doubtful species said to be allied to Moxos-
toma collapsum, but the dorsal has fewer rays. It is possible that this is
a valid species between anisurum and pidiense, but no species with the
A-Shaped lips of anisurum have been found in the Missouri River by other
collectors. It will not unlikely prove to be a young red horse or possibly
the young of Minytremamelanops. (bucco, thick cheeks, from the interoper-
cular width of the head.)

Ptychostomus bucco, Cork, Hayden’s Geol. Surv. Wyoming, 1872, 437, St. Joseph, Missouri.
Moxostoma bucco, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 138, 1883.

308. MOXOSTOMA PIDIENSE, (Cope).

Head rather long, 4+ in length, flattish above. Body elongate, more
nearly cylindrical, little compressed. Muzzle truncate. Olivaceous,
sometimes with rows of faint spots along the series of scales; dorsal and
caudal fins black-edged. Size quite small. Resembles VW. cervinum but
the mouth entirely different. Great Pedee Basin. (Cope.) (Name from
Pedee. )

Ptychostomus pidiensis, Cope, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. Phila., 1870, 471, Yadkin River, North
Carolina.

Moxostoma pidiense, JORDAN, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., x11, 133,1878; Jonpan & GILBERT, Synopsis,
138, 1883.

309. MOXOSTOMA COREGONUS, (Cope).

(BLUE MULLET.)

Muzzle conic, much projecting beyond the very small mouth; body
much compressed, broadly fusiform, the back elevated and arched. Dor-
salrays14. Color silvery, with plumbeous shades above ; lower fins white.
Size small. Catawbaand Yadkin rivers, North Corolina. (Cope.) (cor-
egonus, the white fish, from the form.)

Plychostomus coregonus, Core, Proc. Am, Phil. Soc. Phila., 1870, 472,Catawbaand Yadkin rivers.

Moxostoma coregonus, JORDAN, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., x11, 134, 1878; Jorpan & GILBERT, Synopsis,
139, 1883.

310. MOXOSTOMA ALBUM, (Cope).

Head small, 5 in length. Muzzle prominent, but less so than in M.
coregonus. Mouth moderate. Back a little elevated. Depth about 34 in
length. Dorsal rays 12 to 14, 1ts free border often incised. Scales 6—45-5.
Coloration very pale; lower fins white. Sizelarge; reaches a weight of
4 pounds ormore. Catawba and other rivers of North Carolina. (albus,
white.)

Plychostomus albus, Cope, Proc. Am, Phil. Soc. Phila,, 1870, 472, Catawba River, North Caro-
lina.

Moxostoma album, JORDAN, Bull.U.S. Nat. Mus., xu, 130, 1878; Jorpan & GiLpert, Synopsis, 139,
1883.

$11, MOXOSTOMA THALASSINUM, (Cope).

Head stout, as in M. anisurum, rather long, 4 in length, flattish above,
muzzle truncate, not very prominent. Mouth moderate. Back elevated.

192 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

Dorsal fin long, of 14 or lb rays. Green above, white below ; lower fins
white. Yadkin River. (Cope.) (thalassinus, sea green.)

Ptychostomus thalassinus, CopE, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. Phila., 1870, 472, Yadkin River, North

Carolina.
Moxostoma thalassinus, JORDAN, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., x11, 131, 1878; JonpAN & GILBERT, Synopsis,

139, 1883.
312. MOXOSTOMA CONGESTUM, (Baird & Girard).

(Texas Rep Horse.)

Head 44 to 4%; depth 4. D. 12. Scales 6-45-5. General form of M.
aureolum, rather robust, moderately compressed, the back somewhat ele-
vated. Head comparatively short, rather broad above and pointed anter-
iorly; the snout a little projecting, mouth rather small, the lower lip full,
formed as in MW. aureolum; eye small, about 5 in head; dorsal fin unusu-
ally low and small, little elevated in front, its first ray, when depressed,
reaching about to middle of last ray; caudal not deeply forked, the lobes
equal; lower fins moderate. Smoky yellowish brown above, yellowish
silvery below; lower fins whitish; none of the fins red in life; the mem-
branes of the dorsal always dusky. Teethas in M. aureolum. Streams of
Texas (our specimens from Lampasas River), said to have been taken in
Ash Creek, Arizona, but this is doubtful. The types of congestum and albi-
dum belong to this species, which is close to macrolepidotum. (congestus,
swollen. )

Catostomus congestus, BAIRD & GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1854, 27, Rio Salado, Texas.

Ptychostomus albidus,* GiRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 172, Rio San Juan, Mon-
terey, New Leon. (Type, No. 170.)

Moxostoma albidum, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 141, 1883; JorpDAN, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1886,18.

Catostomus texanus, ABBOTT, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, 473, Colorado and New rivers,
Texas.

313. MOXOSTOMA AUSTRINUM, Bean.

Head 44; depth 4. D. 11; A. 6. Scales 6-44-6. Body rather stout;
lips pheate, truncate behind. Fontanelle very small. Eye small, nearly 6in
head. Dorsal rather high, its margin concave, its first ray when depressed
nearly reaching end of last ray. Air bladder in 3 parts. Light brown
above, yellowish below, some scales brownish at base; paired fins with
dark blotches in the adult, these markings wanting in the young which is
nearly plain silvery. Basin of Rio de Santiago, Michoacan, Mexico (west
of Sierra Madre). Ourspecimen from Rio Lerma, at Salamanca. (aus-
(trinus, southern. )

Myxostoma austrina, BEAN, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1879, 302, Piedad in Morelia, (Michoacan),
Mexico. (Type, Nos. 23120 and 23121.)
Minytrema austrinum, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 136, 1883.
314. MOXOSTOMA AUREOLUM, (Le Sueur).
(Common Rep Horse; MuuLer; Wuire Sucker; LARGE-SCALED SUCKER.)

Head comparatively elongate, bluntish, rather broad: and flattened
above, 4 to 5 in length, its size somewhat variable. Body stoutish, vary-

* The type specimen of Ptychostomus albidus has 44 scales in the lateral line, instead of 56,
as represented in Girard’s figure,

.

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 193

ing to moderately elongate. Lips rather full, the bluntish muzzle pro-
jecting beyond the large mouth; greatest depth of cheeks more than +
distance from snout to preopercle. Eye rather large. Dorsal fin medium,
its developed rays 12 to 14, usually 13 in number, its free edge nearly
straight, its longest ray shorter than head. Scales large, about 45 in the
lateral line. Olivaceous; sides silvery; lower fins in the adult red or
orange. Lake Ontario and Lake Michigan to the Missouri River, south
to Arkansas and Georgia; everywhere abundant west of the Allegheny
mountains. This perhaps may vary into M. macrolepidotum, of which it
has been considered a variety, but for the present atleast we think it
best to regard it as distinct. (aureolus, gilded.)

Catostomus aureolus,* Lx Sueur, Jour. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1, 95. 1817, Lake Erie, near Buffalo.
Catostomus erythrurus, RAFINESQUE, Am. Month. Mag., 1818,354, Ohio River.

Catostomus duquesni, GUNTHER, Cat., vit, 18, 1868.

Catostomus oneida,y DE Kay, N. Y. Fauna: Fishes, 198, 1842, Oneida Lake.

Rutilus melanurus, RAFINESQUE, Ich. Oh., 51, 1820, Ohio River.

Ptychostomus duquesnei,t erythrurus, oneida, etc., Copg, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. Phila, 1870.

Myxostoma euryops, JORDAN, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 1876, 348, Oostanaula River, Rome,
Georgia, is probably a monstrosity of this species.

315. MOXOSTOMA ROBUSTUM, (Cope).

Body stout, the back elevated. Head short and deep; the snout not
prominent, truncate in profile. Eye 4 to 5in head. Dorsal short, its
upper margin straight. D. 12. Head 4 to 44 in length. Color smoky or
clouded above,with golden reflections, yellowish below; dorsal, anal, and
caudal dark crimson. Size large, weight 6 pounds or more. Yadkin River,
North Carolina. (Cope). A doubtful species, apparently resembling MV.
aureolum, and perhaps identical with it. (robustus, robust. )

Ptychostomus rot=stus, Copr, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. Phila., 1870, 473, Yadkin River, North Caro-
lina.

316. MOXOSTOMA MACROLEPIDOTUM, (Le Sueur).

Head moderate, rather stout, its length 43 in body, eye 1} in snout;
dorsal fin with its free edge concave. Scales usually with dusky shade at
base; lower fins pale. Streams about Chesapeake and Delaware bays,

* O. aweolus.—‘‘ Anal fin long, pointed and passing considerably beyond the base of the caudal
fin, which is forked, with pointed lobes, the inferior of which is the largest ; abdominal fin
truncated. Body subcylindric, elevated at the nape; head quadrangular, gibbous above the
eye, almost as high as long; the rays of the anal fin are very strong and large; scales
rhomboidal, equal; body of a beautiful orange color, which is deepest on the back, the bases of
the scales dark red; the sides are heightened with golden reflections; pectoral, ventral and
ana) fins of a fine red orange, caudal fin of adeep carmine color—the dorsal fin is paler than
therest; the lateral lincis nearly straight, and commences in a line with the eye. Length of
individual described 16 inches, its depth 3 inches and its thickness 214 inches, P. 18. D. 14.
V.9. A.8 ©.18. This beautiful species I discovered near Buffalo on Lake Erie.”.—Le Sueur.

There is no reason for supposing this to be anything other than the common Red Horse.
The name Moxostoma aureolum has been applied by us tp short-headed specimens of Red Horse,
but we have never felt sure that these were specifically distinct from the ordinary sort. Some
specimens thus named probably belong to Moxostoma breviceps.

+ Moxostoma oneida (De Kay), & species with the back much arched, the head small, nearly 5
in total length with caudal; eye small, 6 in head; mouth inferior, Bluish above, paler below.
D.13. Oneida Lake (De Kay), This is probably identical with M. awreolwm.

tC. duquesmei, Le Sueur has been usually identified with this species. It seems, however,
more likely to have been what has usually been called Placopharynzx carinatus,

W.M. A 14

194 Bulletin 47. United States National Museum.

and southward to North Carolina. It seems in some respects interme-
diate between M. aureolum and M. crassilabre, but we can not at present
identify it with either. (uaxpoAendoric, large-scaled.)

Calostomus macrolepidotus,* LE SuEuR, Jour. Ac, Nat, Sci. Phila., 1, 94,1817, Delaware River.

Ptychostomus lachrymalis,} Cope, Proc. Am. Phil, Soc. Phlia., 1870, 474, Neuse River, at Newbern,
N.C.

317. MOXOSTOMA CRASSILABRE, (Cope).

Body robust, the back elevated and compressed. Head short, broad,
flattish above, mouth moderate, the lips full; lower, truncate behind;
snout short, little projecting. Scales large, 5-44-5. Dorsal rays usually
13. Head 5; depth 33; dorsal fin elevated in front, its edge much incised ;
its first soft ray longer than the base of the fin and about as long as head.
Caudal lobes equal. Color silvery, with smoky shading above, some of
the scales blackish at their bases; anal and caudal with some red; top of
head, humeral bar, and a broad shade across dorsal fin, dusky. Streams
of eastern North Carolina, our specimens from Little River at Goldsboro,
a tributary of the Neuse. (crassus, thick; labrum, lip.)

Ptychostomus crassilabris, COPE, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc, Phila., 1870,477, Neuse River, Raleigh.

Moxostoma crassilabre, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 140, 1883.
Moxostoma crassilabre, JORDAN, Bull. U.S, Fish Com. for 1888, 128.

318. MOXOSTOMA LESUEURI, (Richardson).

( Prcconov.)

A species from the far north, allied to M. breviceps, with short head
and small mouth. As it is unknown to us, we copy from Richardson the
following ‘‘ description of recent specimens at Cumberland House, April,
1820:

“Color: Back, sides, and gill covers wood brown, reflecting when
opposed to the light many brilliant tints, in which emerald green and
gold yellow predominate; bases of the scales bluish gray, producing an
appearance of reticulation; belly reddish white. The dorsal has the hue
of the back with a reddish margin, the other fins are almost entirely red.

‘* Scales large, quadrangular with parallel sides and irregularly curved
ends; their length and breadth nearly equal. Except in the pectoral
region, where they are small, their size when in situ appears nearly the

* ©. macrolepidotus. ‘* Dorsal fin short, greatly hollowed, upper lobe elevated and pointed,
lower lobe rounded. Bodya little compressed and fusiform, elevated on its anterior part,
rounded near the nape; head somewhat declivous and longer than deep ; anal fin straight, long,
and passing the base of the caudal; pectoral and abdominal fins small; caudal fin forked, with
pointed lobes, and of a gray color; dorsal, anal, and ventral fins tinted with blue and yellow;
scales large and disposed in a lozenge form; color of the back dark blue, base of the scales
brown; sides whitish, with yellow reflections ; opercula yellowish; head reddish brown; the
lateral line rises at the nape of the neek, descends along the gill cover,and thence to the tail
in a line with the center of the eye. Found in the river Delaware. P.18. D.16. V.9. A.9.
C.18 2 rays.’’—Le Sueur.

+ M. lachrymale is said to resemble the common Red Horse. The cranium, with oblique
superopercular region and elevated vertex, with a ridge on each side as in M. macrolepidotum.
Premaxillary spines forming a distinct projecting nose ; mouth inferior, but !arge, the lips large
and thick. Eye small, 2 in interorbital space. Back gently arched. Depth 334 in length.
D.12o0r13. Olivaceous, scales pale or smoky at base; lower fins white. Neuse River, (Cope.) It
is probably identical with M. macrolepidotum.

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 195

same over the whole body; the vertical height of their uncovered portion
considerably exceeds its length. A linear inch measured longitudinally
on the sides includes 3 scales, but vertically only 2. There are 47 scales
on the lateral line, and about 10 in a vertical line under the dorsal. A
scale detached from near the lateral line above the ventals measures 8}
lines in length, and 74in width. The lateral line turns up decidedly at
the anal as in C. hudsonius (Catostomus catostomus).

‘‘F'orm more compressed than in the preceding species, ( forsterianus).
Profile oblong, having the greatest height (which is about +of the total
length, including the caudal) at the beginning of the dorsal. The head
is smaller than in either of the preceding species, forming scarcely + of
the total length. The very small mouth is farther back than in C. hud-
sonius, being, when the jaws are retracted, an inch behind the tip of the
rather narrow snout, and just even with it when theyare protruded. The
lips, instead of being papillated, are furrowed vertically in a very regular
and beautiful manner. The palate and gullet resemble the same parts in
C. hudsonius, but are smaller, the comminuting apparatus being more deli-
cate, and the esophagus remarkably contracted at its origin.

“Fins. Br. 3-3. P.16. D.14. V.9or10. A.9 C. 18%.

‘The dorsal fin is larger than in the foregoing 2 species, and is nearly
in the middle of the fish. The pectorals measure rather less than | of the
distance between the gill openings and caudal fin. The ventrals are
under the middle of the dorsal. The tip of the anal, when turned back,
rather overlaps the base of the caudal; its last ray is very small, and its
first one short and applied to the base of the second. The caudal is more
forked than in the preceding species. The rays of all the fins are thick,
particularly those of the anal.

‘‘TIntestines: Lining of the abdomen white. There is no distinction
between the stomach and rest of the gut. The alimentary canal makes 4
convolutions between the gullet and anus, and bears a proportion to the
total length of the fish, excluding the caudal, of 41to 16. The lining of
the intestines has the same minute longitudinal ruge@ as that of the pre-
ceding 2 species. Theair bladder is divided into 3 portions, the central
one being the largest, and communicating with the wsophagus. The
upper one alone has a thick shining capsule.

‘This handsome species was observed by us only in Pine Island Lake,
lat. 54°, long. 110°; but it is not unknown in other parts of the fur
countries, though much more rare than the 2 preceding species.”

Elsewhere (p. 303), Richardson gives measurements of a specimen
from Albany River. From these we take the following, reducing the dimen-
sions to proportions of the length: Total length 19} inches. Head 54 in

length; eye 44 in head; caudal lobes 1} times length of head; caudal fork
1j in head. Height of dorsal equal to length of head. (Named for
Charles A. Le Sueur, artist and naturalist, the first to study the fishes of

the Great Lakes and author of the first review of the Calostomida.)

Catostomus lesueurti, Riouarvson, Franklin’s Journal, 1823, 772, Pine Island Lake, British
America.
Oyprinus (Calostomus) sueurii, Ricuanpson, Fauna Bor. Am., 111, 1836, 119, 808,

196 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

319. MOXOSTOMA BREVICEPS, (Cope).

Form of a Coregonus, with deep compressed body, small head and sharp-
ly conic snout, which overhangs the very small mouth. Caudal fin with
the upper lobe faleate, much longer than the lower, at least in the adult,
the lobes similarly colored. Dorsal fin short and high, faleate, the an-
terior rays 14 to 1} times base of fin, the free border much concave.
Depth 34 in length. Head 5 to 54 in length. Eye small,5in head. D.
12 or 13; anal long faleate, reaching beyond front of caudal. Scales
6-45-5. Lower fins bright red. Ohio Valley and Great Lake region,
abundant in Lake Erie; our specimens from Toledo, Sandusky, and Cin-
cinnati. This may prove identical with M. lesuewri, but the species of the
far north has never been critically examined. (brevis, short; -ceps, head.)
Ptychostomus breviceps, Cope, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. Phila., 1870, 478, Youghiogheny River,

Pennsylvania.
Moxostoma anisurum, JoRDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 141, 1883, not of Rafinesque.

Moxostoma crassilabre, JORDAN, Man. Vert., Ed. v., 48, 1890, not of Cope.
Cotostomus aureolus, DE Kay, and probably of Cope also, not of Le Sueur,

320. MOXOSTOMA CONUS, (Cope).

Body flattish, the dorsal outline elevated, the form like that of M.
coregonus. Head small and conic; mouth exceedingly small, the snout
far overpassing it, the muzzle being much longer than in M. aureolum.
Dorsal rays 14, the fin high, its free border concave. Caudal deeply
forked, the upper lobe the longer. Eye large. Coloration smoky above,
some scales dusky at their bases; sides pale; lower fins white. Neuse
and Yadkin rivers, North Carolina. Perhaps inseparable from M. brevi-
ceps. (conus, cone, from the form of the snout.)

Ptychostomus conus, Corr, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. Phila., 1870, 478, Yadkin River, North,Carolina.
Moxostoma conus, JORDAN, Bull. U. 8S. Nat. Mus. x11, 126, 1878; JornpAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 141,
1883.
321. MOXOSTOMA P@CILURUM, (Jordan).

Body elongate, moderately compressed, somewhat elevated forward.
Depth 4$ in length; head 44. Mouth medium, the lips full. Dorsal
rays 13. Scales large, 5-44-4. Coloration usual, except that caudal fin is
red, the lower lobe jet black, the lower margin abruptly white; other fins
all red, with blackish shadings. Size small. Southern Mississippi to
Eastern Texas (Pearl, Tangipahoa, and Sabine rivers); not rare in sandy
streams of the pine woods. (rocxiAoc, variegated ; oipd tail.) —

Myxostoma pecilura, JORDAN, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus.,x, 66,1877, Tangipahoa River, Louisiana.
(Type, No, 21096.)
Moxostoma pecilurum, Jorpan, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., x11, 129, 1878; JorpAN & GILBERT, Synopsis,
141, 1883.
322. MOXOSTOMA RUPISCARTES, Jordan & Jenkins.

(JUMP-ROCKS. )

Body long and low, subterete; head very short, broad, flat above ; snout
bluntish, projecting beyond mouth, 24 in head; eye moderate, 44 in head.
Lips full, the folds somewhat broken into papilla. Scales smaller than
in related species, 6-50-6, 18 before dorsal. Dorsal low and small, its free
edge concave, its first ray 14 in head. Caudal short, lunate, its lobes

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America, 197

bluntish and equal, pectorals long, ventrals short. Dark olive brown,
gradually paler below, young with pale streaks along the rows of scales -
a faint dark spot above pectoral; tips of dorsal and caudal more or less
dusky. Head 43; depth 53 to6. D.11; A.8& L.12 inches. Rivers of
Carolina and Georgia from the Catawba to the Chattahoochee; abundant
about rocks and rapids, representing the next species from the Catawba
southward. (rupiscartes, rupis, rock; oxdptyc, jumper, a word used by
Swainson for a blenny which jumps on rocks like a lizard.)

Moxostoma rupiscartes, JORDAN & JENKINS, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1888, 353, Catawba River, at
Morganton, N. C.; Buck’s Creek, at Pleasant Garden, N. C.; Pacollet River, at
Clifton, S. C.; Tiger River, near Spartanburg, S. C.; Saluda River; Chatta-
hoochee River; Ocmulgee River. (Type, No. 39927.)

323. MOXOSTOMA CERVINUM, (Cope).
(JUMPING MULLET.)

Head very short, roundish above, rather pointed forward, about 5 in
length. Cheeks subvertical, their depth less than 4 the distance from
snout to preopercle. Mouth rather large, with thick lips, which are
strongly plicate, the folds somewhat broken up. Eye small. Fins very
small; the dorsal rays 10 to 12; free edge of dorsal straight, its longest
ray less than head. Scales rather large, 6-43-5, 13 before dorsal. Color
greenish brown; a pale blotch on each scale, these forming continuous
streaks along the rows of scales, back with more or less distinct brownish
cross blotches; fins brownish, not much red, the dorsal and caudal inky
black at tip. Size smallest in the genus, length 8 to 10 inches. Rivers
of the South Atlantic States from the James to the Neuse, abundant in
rapids and pools among rocks. (cervinus, fawn color.)

Teretulus cervinus, Copr, Jour. Ac. Nat. Sci, Phila., 1868, 236, headwaters of Roanoke and
James rivers, Virginia. (Type, No, 14994.)
Ptychostomus cervinus, Coprk, Proc. Am, Phil. Soc. Phila., 1870, 478.

Moxostoma cervinum, JonDAN, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., x11, 129, 1878; Jorpan & GiiBeERt, Synopsis,
142, 1883, where specimens of M. rupiscartes are included with it.

98. PLACOPHARYNX, Cope.

Placopharynx, Corr, Proc, Am. Phil. Soc. Phila., 1870, 467, (carinatus).

Suckers like Mozostoma in all respects, except that the pharyngeal
bones are much more developed and the teeth reduced in number, those
on the lower half of the bone very large, 6 to 10 in number, nearly eylin-
dric in form, being but little compressed and with a broad, rounded, or
flattened grinding surface.* Mouth larger and more oblique than usual
in Moxostoma, the lips thicker. Size large. (7Adf, a broad surface;
gapvys, pharynx.)

* The forms and position of these enlarged teeth vary considerably ; in a specimen before us
the first tooth is the highest and most compressed, its summit being rounded and then abruptly
truncate ; the second tooth is notably shorter and thicker, much larger, and rounded on top, the
body of the tooth serving as a peduncle for the swollen grinding surface ; the third tooth is still
shorter and similar in form ; the fourth tooth is similar to the first, being much higher than the
second and third, and flat on top; the others seem to be irregularly alternated or arranged in

peirs, along one and ashort one, the long tecth in all cases being the most truncated, as if
their surfaces had been most worn off,

198 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

324. PLACOPHARYNX DUQUESNII, (Le Sueur),

Head 4; depth 34. Scales 6-45-6. Dorsal rays 12 or 13; ventral 9.
Body oblong, moderately compressed, heavy at the shoulders. Head
large, broad, and flattish above, its upper surface somewhat uneven. Eye
small, behind the middle of the head. Mouth large, the lower jaw oblique
when the mouth is closed, the mouth, therefore, protractile forward as well
as downward. Lips very thick, coarsely plicate, the lower lip full and
heavy, truncate behind. Free edge of dorsal concave, the longest ray
longer than base of fin, 14 in head; upper lobe of caudal narrower than
lower and somewhat longer. Color dark olive green, the sides brassy,
not silvery; lower fins and caudal orange red. L. 30 inches. Michigan
(Detroit) to Tennessee, Georgia, and Arkansas; abundant in the larger
streams, especially in the French Broad and in the Ozark region. (Named
for Fort Duouesne, now Pittsburg.)

Catostomus duquesnii,* Le Sueur, Jour. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1, 1817, 105, Ohio River at Pitts-
burg, Pennsylvania,
Placopharynx carinatus, Copr, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. Phila., 1870, 467, Wabash River.

Placopharynx carinatus, JORDAN, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., x11, 108, 1878.
Placopharyne carinatus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 142, 1883.

99. LAGOCHILA,t Jordan & Brayton.

(RABBIT-MOUTH SUCKER.)

Lagochila, JorDAN & Brayton, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1877, 280, (lacera); name similar to
Lagocheilus, a genus of mollusks.

Quassilabia, JorDAN & Brayton, Man. Vert. E. U. S., Ed. 2, 1878, 401, (lacera); substitute for
Lagochila, regarded as preoccupied.

Suckers like Moxostoma in every respect excepting the structure of the
mouth. Head shortish, conical, with lengthened snout; the opercular
region short, so that the eye is well backward. Suborbital bones nar-
row. Fontanelle large, widely open. Mouth large, singular in structure,
inferior, the upper lip not protractile, greatly prolonged, closely plicate ;
lower lip much reduced, divided into 2 distinct elongate lobes, which
are weakly papillose; the split between these lobes extends backward to
the edge of the dentary bones, which are provided with a rather hard,
horny plate; the lower lip is entirely separated from the upper at the
angles by a deep fissure; the skin of the cheeks forms a sort of cloak over
this fissure, the crease separating this skin from the mouth extending up

* CO. Duquesnii.—‘‘Head large and long; mouth wide; scales large, subtrilobate ; dorsal fin quad-
rangular ; the anal fin extends as far as the base of the caudal fin, which is greatly forked ; lateral
line arched at the center of the body. Body long, a little compressed; snout strong; the mouth
is furnished with thick, plicated, and very large lips; pectoral fins pretty large; the scales are
strong, greatly radiated, and as wide again as long—they are of nearly an equal size on the whole
body; the lateral line formsa long curvature toward the back ; lobes of the caudal fin pointed, the
upper lobe somewhat the largest; length from the snout to the extremity of the caudal fin 19
inches ; depth 3% inches; thickness2 inches; the head measures about } part of the whole fish.
P.17. D. 14. V. 10. A. 9. C. 184 rays. This new species is so strongly marked that it will
he easily distinguished from the foregoing. It inhabits the Ohio, and was discovered at Pittsburg,
the ancient Fort Duquesne, by Mr. Thomas Say.’’—Le Sueur.

The name duquesnii has been usually applied to the common red horse, but the description
applies much better to the species of Placopharynx.

+ By the rules of the American Ornithologists’ Union, Quassilabia would be preferred to Lago-
chila, on account of the similarity of the latter to Lagocheilus. As the two words are spelled
differently, we regard them as distinct.

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 199

on the sides of the muzzle; the crease between the lips extends down on
the under side of the head. System of muciferous tubes well developed.
Pharyngeal bones about as in Moxostoma, rather weak, with numerous
small teeth. Body elongate, not much compressed, not elevated. Fins
moderate, formed as in Moxostoma. Scales large, as in Moxostoma, the
lateral line well developed and nearly straight, with about 45 scales in
its course. Air bladder in 3 parts. Sexual peculiarities little marked.
(AayoyetAoc, hare-lipped.)

325. LAGOCHILA LACERA, Jordan & Brayton,

(HARE-LIP SucKER; Cut-Lips; SpLit-mMourH SuckER; May Sucker; Rappit-MouTH SucKER;
PEA-LIP SUCKER.)

Head short, conical, with lengthened snont, the region between the
eyes flattened and with prominent mucous ridges. Cheeks and lower
part of head rather swollen. Opercle much reduced, its greatest length
scarcely greater than the diameter of the eye. Head about 4% in length.
Eye 44 in length of head, about 2 in length of the snout, its situation
thus quite posterior. Length of the top of the head 23 in the distance
from the snout to the base of the dorsal. Body rather slender, the form
much as in Moxostoma cervinum, the depth 4% in the length. Dorsal fin
rather low, its rays 12. A.7; V.9. Scales 5-45-5. Color olive or bluish,
brown above; sides and belly silvery; lower fins faintly orange. Clear
streams of the Mississippi Valley, abundant only in the Ozark Mountains,
thus far known from the Scioto, Wabash, Clinch, Cumberland and Chick-
amauga rivers, and the White River-of Arkansas. (lacer; torn.)

Lagochila lacera, JonvDAN & Brayton, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1877, 280, Chickamauga

River, Ringgold, Georgia. (Type, No. 31129. Coll. Jordan & Brayton.)
Quassilabia lacera, JORDAN, Man. Vert., Ed. 2, 406, 1878; Jornpan & GitBERT, Synopsis, 144, 1883.

SUPPLEMENTAL NOTE ON CATOSTOMID.®.

Chasmistes brevirostris, Cope, should apparently be transferred to the
genus Catostomus, standing next to Catostomus fecundus, Copeeand Yar-
row. The two seem to constitute a distinct section, or subgenus (Lip-
omyzon, Cope), intermediate between Catostomus and Chasmistes.

Family XXXVII. CYPRINIDZ.

(THE CARPS.)

Cyprinoid fishes with the margin of the upper jaw formed by the pre-
maxillaries alone and the lower pharyngeal bones well developed, falci-
form, nearly parallel with the gill arches, each provided with 1 to 3 series
of teeth in small number, 4 to 7 in the main row, and a less number in the
others, if more are present. Head naked; body scaly (except in Meda and
Plagopterus, of North America, Phoxinellus and Aulopyge, of Europe, and
a few others). Barbels 2 or 4; absent in most of our genera, and not large
in any. Belly usually rounded, rarely compressed, never serrated. Gill
openings moderate, the membranes broadly joined to the isthmus. Bran-
chiostegals always 3. Gills 4, a slit behind the fourth. Pseudobranchiw

200 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

ee ——

usually present. No adipose fin. Dorsal fin short in all the American
species, elongate in many Old World forms. Ventral fins abdominal. Air
bladder usually large, commonly divided into an anterior and a posterior
lobe, not inclosed in a bony capsule, rarely wanting. Stomach with-
out appendages, appearing as a simple enlargement of the intestines.
Fishes mostly of moderate or small size, inhabiting the fresh waters of
the Old World and of North America. Genera about 200; species nearly
1,000; excessively abundant where found, both in individuals and species,
and, from their great uniformity in size, form, and coloration, constituting
one of the most difficult groups in natural history in which to distinguish
genera and species. Our genera are mostly very closely related, and are
separated by characters which, although reasonably constant, are often
of slight structural importance. The spring, or breeding dress, of the male
fishes is often peculiar. The top of the head, and often the fins or various
portions of the body, are covered with small tubercles, outgrowths from
the epidermis. The fins and lower parts of the body in the spring males
are often charged with bright pigment, the prevailing color of which is
red, although in some genera it is satin-white, yellowish, or black.

It is not easy to arrange the genera of Cyprinid@ in accordance with
possible lines of descent. The herbivorous species with straight teeth in
one series (as Orthodon), are doubtless nearest the primitive type, which
has degenerated into weak forms like Hybognathus. In like manner
Notropis seems to have degenerated from Leuciscus, and perhaps Hybopsis
from Gobio. Such forms as Mylocheilus and Ptychocheilus doubtless
approach the original line of descent. The Old World Cyprinide are at once
more primitive and more highly organized than American forms. The
Pacific Coast species approach the European types. (CYPRINIDS, part,
Gunther, Cat., v11, 25-339.)

Note.—Young Cyprinide are usually more slender than adults of the
same species, and the eye is always much larger; they also frequently
show a black lateral stripe and caudal spot, which the adults may not
possess. In the following descriptions the rudimentary’ rays of dorsal
and anal are not counted. The fins and scales, are often, especially in
specimens living in small brooks, covered with round black specks, imma-
ture trematodes. These should not be mistaken for true-color markings.

No progress can be made in the study of these fishes without careful
attention to the teeth, ‘as the genera are largely based on dental charac-
ters. The pharyngeal bones in the smaller species can be removed by
inserting a pin (or, better, a small hook) through the gill opening, under
the shoulder girdle. The teeth should be carefully cleaned with a tooth-
brush, or, better, a jet of water, and when dry may be examined by any
small lens. In most cases a principal row of 4 or 5 larger teeth will be
found, in front of which is a set of 1 or 2 smaller ones. ‘The two sides are
usually, but not always, symmetrical. Thus, ‘‘teeth 2, 4-5, 1,” indicates
two rows of teeth on each side, on the one side 4 in the principal row and
2 in the lesser; on the other side 5in the main row and 1 in the other.
‘(Teeth 4-4” indicates a single row of 4 on each pharyngeal bone, and so
on.

In the Leuciscine genera, these teeth, or the principal ones, are ‘‘ rap-
tatorial,” that is, hooked inward at the tips. A grinding or masticatory
surface is an excavated space or groove, usually at the base of the hook.
Sometimes the grinding surface is very narrow and confined to one or two

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 201

teeth. Sometimes a beveled or flattened edge looks so much like a grind-
ing surface as to mislead a superficial observer. In some cases the edge
of the tooth is crenate or serrate. ;

Besides the native species here mentioned, representatives of several
other genera have been introduced from Europe, and two of these have
become common inhabitants of many streams, east and west. These are
Cyprinus*, Linnzus, and Carassius, Nilsson. The first is distinguished by
the very long dorsal, which, like the anal, is preceded by a strong spine
serrated behind. About the mouth are 4 long barbels, and the teeth are
molar, 1, 3-3,1. This genus is represented by the carp (Cyprinus carpio,
L.). The carp is normally covered with large scales. In domestication,
however, variations have arisen, prominent ones being the ‘Leather
Carp,” naked, and the ‘‘ Mirror Carp,” with a few series of very large
scales.

Carassius, Nilsson, differs from Cyprinus chiefly in the absence of barbels
and in having the teeth compressed, 4-4. The goldfish (Carassius auratus,
Linneus), is originally olivaceous, but only the orange-red variety is
valued for aquaria. Both Carassius and Cyprinus are native in China.

*Cyprinine. Dorsal fin elongate; dorsal and anal fins each preceded by a serrated spine; teeth
molar. Species introduced from Europe and Asia,

a. Barbels 4; teeth 1, 1, 3-3, 1, 1. . CYPRINUS.

aa. Barbels none; teeth 4-4. CARASSIUS.

Cyprinus (Artedi) Linneus. THE CARPs,

Cyprinus, (Artedi), LInNxvus, Syst. Nat., Ed. x, 1758, 320, (carpio).

Body robust, compressed, resembling that of the buffalo-fish. Mouth moderate, anterior,
with 4 long barbels. Snout blunt, rounded. Teeth molar, broad and truncate, 1, 1, 3-3, 1,1.
Scales large. Lateral line continuous. Dorsal fin very long, with a stout spine, serrated
behind; anal fin short, also with aspine. Large fishes of the fresh waters of Asia; intro-
duced into Europe and America as food-fishes. It has been generally introduced into private
ponds in nearly all parts of the United States; from there it has escaped into the streams
and lakes, and is now an abundant fish in most of our larger, warmer rivers and in the
ponds and bayous of the Mississippi Valley. On the south shore of Lake Erie it has become
well established and is of considerable commercial importance, (xumptvos, the ancient
name of the carp.)

CyPRINUS CARPIO, Linnzus. CARP.

Dorsal TIT, 20; A. ITT, 5; scales 5-38-5; teeth 1, 1, 3-3, 1,1. Body stout, more or less com-
pressed, heavy anteriorly. L.18inches or more. Fresh waters of Central Asia; introduced
a# a food-fish into Europe and America. In domestication it has run into many varieties,
distinguished by differences in form, squamation, and development of fins, (Carpio, carp.)

Cyprinus carpio, LINNxUs, Syst. Nat., Ed, x, 1758, 320; Ginrner, Cat., vir, 25.
Carassius, Nilsson, Tue Cructan CARps.

Carassius, NILSsoN, Prodromus, Ichthy. Scand., 1832, (carassius).

Body oblong, compressed, and elevated. Mouth terminal, without barbels. Teeth 4-4,
molar, butcompressed. Scaleslarge. Lateral line continuous. Dorsal fins very long, with
the third ray developed into a stout spine, which is serrated behind; anal short with a simi-
lar spine. Ventrals well forward. Large species of the fresh waters of Europe and Asia;
often domesticated. (Carassius, a Latinization of the vernacular names Karass or Karausche,
applied to the European Crucian carp, C. carassius.)

CARASSIUS AURATUS (Linnzeus), GoLDFISH.

D. II, 18; A. II, 7; Lat. 1, 26; teeth, 4-4. Body stout, covered with large scales. Dorsal
and anal fins with the spines strong, coarsely serrated. Coloration olivaceous, usually
orange, or variegated in domestication. Length, 12 inches. China and Japan; introduced
everywhere as an aquarium fish, and now naturalized in many of our eastern streams, The
variations are innumerable, (auratus, gilded.)

Cyprinus auratus, LINN mus, Syst. Nat., Ed. x, 1758, 323.
Carassius auratus, GUNTHER, Cat., Vil, 32.

Other European species, as the Tench (Tinea tinca (Linneus)) and the Ide (Idus idus (Linneus)),
have been introduced into America, but none of these are yet well established anywhere,

202 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

A. Dorsal fin short, without developed spine ; no anal spine.
CAMPOSTOMINE :
a. Air bladder surrounded by many convolutions of the very long alimentary canal ; herbiv-

orous.
b. Teeth 4-4, or 1, 4-4, 0, with oblique grinding surface and slight hook ; peritoneum
black. Campostoma, 100.

aa. Air bladder above the alimentary canal, as usual in fishes.
CHONDROSTOMIN ®.* .
c. Intestinal canal elongate, usually more than twice the length of the body; teeth l-rowed,
with grinding surface well developed; peritoneum usually black; herbivorous.
d. Teeth 6-6, strongly compressed, knife-shaped ; pseudobranchiz none ; rudimentary
caudal rays greatly developed; scales very small. OrtHODON, 101.
dd. Teeth 5-5 or 4-5 ; dorsal fin inserted posteriorly ; scales small.
e. Pseudobranchix none ; lower jaw thin, with hard, sharp edge ; upper jaw pro-
tractile, with fleshy covering; body elongate, subterete. OXxyYGENEUM, 102.
ee, Pseudobranchiz present.
f. Jaws each with a conspicuous, broad, straight-edged, horny plate ; teeth
4-5, stout, bluntish, hooked, and short. ACROCHEILUS, 103,
ff. Jaws without horny plate.
g- Lateral line complete ; rudimentary caudal rays numerous ; anal basis
elongate. Lavinia, 104.
gg. Lateral line incomplete ; anal basis short ; scales minute.
Curosomus, 105.
ddd, Teeth 4-4; dorsal fin nearly median ; jaws without horny plate.
h. First (rudimentary) ray of dorsal slender, firmly attached to the first developed
ray, as usual among fishes.
i. Seales very small, 55 to 72 in the lateral line, which is complete.
ALGANSEA, 106.
wi. Scales larger, 35 to 45 in the lateral line. HysoGnatuvs, 107.
hh. First (rudimentary) ray of dorsal somewhat enlarged and blunt, connected by
membrane with the first developed ray.
PIMEPHALES, 108.
ec. Intestinal canal short, less than twice the length of the body; peritoneum usually
pale ; teeth 1 or 2-rowed; carnivorous or partly so.
MYLOPHARODONTIN]= :
j. Teeth scarcely hooked, some or all of them molar, blunt, or stump-shaped, much
enlarged and obtusely truncate ; large, coarse fishes.
k. Teeth 2, 4-5 or 5-5, 2.

l. Upper jaw not protractile ; no barbels. My LopHaropon, 109.
ll. Upper jaw protractile ; maxillary with a barbel. My ocueitvs, 110.
kk. Teeth 3-3; upper jaw protractile. Srypopon, 111.

jj. Teeth hooked, slender, none of them molar, the grinding surface, if present, nar-
row or rudimentary.
LEUCISCIN#E :
m. Lower jaw normally formed, the dentary bones curved, free from each other,
except at the symphysis.
n, Teeth in the main row, 5-5 or 4-5.

o. Abdomen behind ventral fins transversely rounded, the scales passing
over it; the edge not forming a scaleless ridge ; anal base gener-
ally, but not always, short.

p. Maxillary with a barbel; premaxillaries protractile.
q. Barbel minute, not quite terminal; teeth without grinding
surface ; caudal fin symmetrical, its rudimentary basal
rays not greatly developed. Sremortiuvs, 112. -

* This subfamily, as here recognized, is extremely heterogeneous. Some of the American
genera of herbivorous minnows and chubs, as Orthodon, Acrocheilus, and perhaps Oxygeneum and
Lavinia, are allied to the European Chondrostoma. The others may be descended from Leuciscine
types, or they may have degenerated from other herbivorous forms.

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 203

qq. Barbel terminal; teeth with grinding surface; caudal fin
unsymmetrical ; the upper lobe much the longer in the
adult, the basal caudal rays greatly developed.
PoconicutHys, 113.
pp. Maxillary without barbel.
r. Teeth 2-rowed; usually 2 teeth in the lesser row.

s. Teeth subconical, scarcely hooked, sharp-edged, wide apart,
the long limb of the pharyngeal bone elongate ; body
elongate ; mouth large ; lateral line complete.

PTYCHOCHEILUs, 114.

ss. Teeth compressed, close-set, strongly hooked ; the pharyn-
geal bone of the usual form.

t. Caudal peduncle slender and elongate, the caudal fin

widely forked, its basal rudiments much deyvel-

oped ; scales very small; head depressed in the

adult. Gita, 115.
tt. Caudal peduncle stout; basal rudiments of caudal
little developed. Levciscvs, 116.

rr. Teeth 1l-rowed, 4-5 or 5-5.
u. Mouth of moderate size ; teeth entire.
v. Gill rakers short and small; body not much com-
pressed ; anal fin short in American species.

: Rvritvs, 117.
vv. Gill rakers slender; body much compressed ; anal fin
rather long. Luxiinvs, 118.

uu. Mouth extremely small; teeth serrate.
Opsopmopus, 119.

oo. Abdomen behind ventral fins compressed to a sharp edge over which
the scales do not pass; abdomen in front of ventrals, rounded;
anal basis elongate ; dorsal posterior ; teeth 5-5, serrate or entire.

ABRAMIS, 120,
nn. Teeth in the main row, 4-4, the lesser row often absent ; anal basis usually
short.

w. Maxillary without barbels.

x. Upper jaw distinctly protractile.

y. Scales comparatively large, 30 to 60 in lateral line.
z. Jaws each with a hardened bony sheath ; first ray of dorsal
spine like, connected by membrane with the first devel-
oped ray; teeth 4-4. CocHLOGNATHUS, 121.
za. Jaws without bony sheath.

a’. Lower jaw with the lip thin or obsolete, not devel-
oped as a fleshy lobe on each side at base; scales

large, 30 to 50.
b’. Mandible, interopercle, and subopercle not cav-

ernous.

ce’. First (rudimentary) ray of dorsal simple,
detached from the first developed ray, to
which it is connected by membrane (pre-
cisely as in Pimephales and Cochlognathus) ;
a conspicuous black spot on front of

dorsal and on base of caudal.
CLIOLA, 122.

ce’. First simple ray of dorsal rudimentary and

closely adnate to the first branched ray

(as usuat in the family). Norropis, 123,

bb’. Mandible, interopercle, and suborbital with

conspicuous, externally visible, cavernous
chambers ; teeth 1, 44, 0; scales large.

Erioymna, 124,

204 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

aa’. Lower jaw with the lip developed as a fleshy lobe on

each side; teeth 4-4; dorsal anterior; scaies

rather small, 40 to 60. PHENACOBIUS, 125.

yy. Scales very small, 85 to 90 in lateral line; body long and low,
subterete ; mouth small, the upper jaw little protractile ;

teeth 4-4, Evarra, 126,
ax. Upper jaw not protractile ; lips fleshy; body elongate, covered
with minute scales; teeth small, 1, 4-4, 1. TIaROGA, 127.

ww. Maxillary with a small barbel at or near its extremity.
ad’. Premaxillaries not protractile ; the frenum very broad ; teeth 2,
4-4, 2; scales small, dorsal posterior. RuInicutuHys, 128.
dd’, Premaxillaries protractile (rarely joined to the forehead by a
narrow frenum).
e’. Scales very small, 60 to 90 in lateral line; lateral line often
incomplete ; dorsal posterior. ‘ Acosta, 129.
ee’. Scales large, 35 to 55; dorsal median ; lateral line complete.
jf’. Teeth 4-4, or 1, 4-4, 1 or 0, the lesser row with never
more than 1. Hysopests, 130.
jr’. Teeth usually 2, 4-4, 2, the lesser row rarely with less
than 2.
g’. Head convex above; teeth without grinding surface ;
barbel not quite terminal. Covrstus, 131.
gg’. Head more or less flattened above ; teeth with grind-

ing surface ; barbel terminal. PLatyGosro, 132.
EXxoGLossinz :

mm. Lower jaw singularly formed, the dentary bones parallel, united for their
whole length.
l'!, Premaxillaries not protractile; mandible with a conspicuous fleshy lobe on
each side at the base; teeth 1, 4-4, 0 or 1; no barbel; scales moderate.

Exoe.ossum, 133.
PLAGOPTERINE :

AA, Dorsal fin short, posterior, with a strong spine, composed of 2, the posterior received into
a longitudinal groove of the anterior; inner border of the ventral fins adherent to the
body; teeth hooked, without grinding surface, in 2 rows,

i’. Body with small scales; teeth 2, 4-4, 2; no barbels. LEPIDOMEDA, 134,
ii’. Body scaleless; teeth 2, 4-5, 2.
j'. Maxillary without barbel. Mepa, 135.
jj'. Maxillary with a barbel. PLAGOPTERUS, 136.

100. CAMPOSTOMA, Agassiz.

(STONE ROLLERS. )

Campostoma, Acassiz, Amer. Journ. Sci. Arts, 1855, 218, (anomalum).

Body moderately elongate, little compressed. Mouth normal, the jaws
with thick lips and rudiment of a hard sheath. Premaxillaries protractile;
no barbel. Teeth 4-4, or 1, 4-4, 0, with oblique grinding surface, and a
slight hook on 1 or 2 teeth. Air bladder suspended in the abdominal
cavity, and entirely surrounded by many convolutions of the long alimen-
tary canal, which is 6 to 9 times the total length of the body; ovaries
similarly inclosed by the alimentary canal. Peritoneum black. Pseudo-
branchie present. Scales moderate. Lateral line present. Dorsal nearly
over ventrals. Anal short. No spines. Herbivorous. Sexual differences
very great, the males being covered with large tubercles in spring. The
singular arrangement of the intestines in relation to the air bladder is
peculiar to Campostoma among all known fishes. Size moderate. (kau7j,
curve; ordéua, mouth)

1)
—)
Ou

Jordan and Evermann.— Fishes of North America.

a. Scales in lateral line about 73.
b. Length of top of head z distance to origin of dorsal fin; mouth rather large, maxillary

not quite reaching the eye. ORNATUM, 326.

bb. Length of top of head 1% distance to origin of dorsal fin; mouth smaller, maxillary
reaching vertical from anterior nostril. PRICEI, 327.

aa. Scales in lateral line 49 to 55. ANOMALUM, 328,
aaa. Scales larger, 45 to 47 in lateral line. FORMOSULUM, 329.

326. CAMPOSTOMA ORNATUM, Girard.

Head 37; depth 4; eye 4. D. 8; A. 8; lateral line 72; 41 before dorsal.
Body rather stout; head moderate, the snout projecting and somewhat
acute; mouth small, the maxillary not reaching to front of eye. Colora-
tion of male, brilliant, precisely as in C. anomalum, the scales of back
mottled. Like C. anomalum in all respects except the much smaller scales.
Chihuahua River, Mexico. Our specimens obtained recently by A. J.
Woolman. (ornatus, adorned.)

Campostoma ornatum, GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 176, Chihuahua River, Mexico.

(Type, No. 77. Coll. J. Potts.) Ginruer, Cat., vir, 183, 1868 ; Jorpan & GILBERT, Synopsis, 149,
1883.

327. CAMPOSTOMA PRICEI, Jordan & Thoburn, new species.

Head 3} in adult male; depth 4; eye 54; D. 8; A. 8; scales 10-75-9, 32
before dorsal; teeth 4-4. Body stout, moderately compressed; head large,
conical, with large tubercles, each with a central spine; mouth small,
maxillary reaching vertical from anterior nostril, } distance to eye, or 3}
in head. Dorsal fin opposite ventrals, its first ray + distance from snout to
base of caudal; anal basis short, 3in head. Length of top of head nearly
half distance from tip of snout to origin of dorsal (? in ernatum). Scales
rather small, deep, somewhat crowded anteriorly. Color as in C. anoma-
lum; brownish, with brassy luster on back and sides; scales above pro-
fusely speckled with black, the color arranged in longitudinal bands,
quite evident back of the dorsal; less-black below; a vertical black band
behind opercle; a distinct black spot at base of caudal; a broad band of
black across dorsal fin, and traces of a similar band on anal; fins all
flushed with red (in spring males). Very close to C. ornatum of the Chi-
huahua River; the head longer, the snout longer, and the mouth and eye
smaller. Springs in the Chiricahua Mountains in Southern Arizona, trib-
utary to the Rio Yaqui, locally very abundant. The waters of these
springs are lost on the desert, very rarely overflowing into the river. The
type a single specimen, 34 inches long, taken by Mr. W. W. Price, in
Rucker Cafion, Chiricahua Mountains, in southern Arizona. (Named for
William Wightman Price.) (Type, No. 1552, L. 8. Jr. Univ. Mus.)

328. CAMPOSTOMA ANOMALUM (Rafinesque).

(STONE-ROLLER ; STONE-LUGGER; STEEL-BACKED Cuusn; Mammy; Dovau-BELLy.)

Head 4+; depth 43. D. 8; A. 7; scales 7-53-8; teeth 4-4, or 1, 4-4, 0. Body
stoutish, moderately compressed, the antedorsal region becoming swollen
and prominent inthe adult. Snout moderately decurved. Scales deep, rather
small, and crowded anteriorly ; maxillary not reaching to opposite the
front of the eye. Color brownish, with a brassy luster above, the scales

206 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

more or less mottled with dark; a dusky vertical bar behind the opercle;
dorsal and anal fins each with a dusky crossbar about half way up, the
rest of the fin olivaceous in females, fiery red in the males in the spring;
iris orange in males. Males in the spring with the head and often the
whole body covered with large rounded tubercles. In no other Cyprinoid
are these nuptial appendages so extensively developed. Extremely var-
iable, the young very different in appearance from the old males.
Length 6 to 8 inches. Central New York to Tennessee, Wyoming, and
Texas; everywhere abundant in deep or still places in small streams, run-
ning up small brooks to spawn in spring. Herbivorous. One of the most
interesting and curious of our fishes. (anomalus, extraordinary.)

Rutilus anomalus, RAFINESQUE, Ichth. Oh., 52, 1820, Licking River, Kentucky.

Catostomus melanotus, RAFINESQUE, Ic th. Oh., 58, 1820, Ohio River.

Exoglossum spinicephalum, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, XVII, 489, 1844, Wabash River.

Leuciscus prolixus, SrORER, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., July, 1845, Alabama.

Exoglossum dubium, KirtTLANp, Journ. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., v, 1845, 272, Yellow Creek, Ohio.

Chondrostoma pullum, AGAssiz, Amer. Journ. Sci. Arts, 1854, 357, Burlington, Iowa. (Coll.
Dr. J. H. Rausch.) -

Campostoma nasutum, GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila,, 1856, 176, Cadereita, and near Mon-
terey, New Leon. (Type, No. 75. Coll. Lieut. Couch.)

Campostoma callipteryx, Cops, Proc, Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, 284, Flint River, Michigan.
(Coll. Prof. Manly Miles.)

Campostoma mormyrus, Corr, l. c., 284, Bruce, Michigan. (Coll. Miles.)

Campostoma gobionium, Cop®, l. c., 284, Bruce and Grosse Isle, Michigan. (Coll. Miles.)

Campostoma hippops, Cops, l. c., 284, Platte River, Nebraska. (Coll. Dr. W. A. Hammond.)

Campostoma anomalum, AGAssiz, Amer. Journ. Sci. Arts, 1855, 218; JorDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis,
149, 1883.

Campostoma dubium, GUNTHER, Cat., vil, 183, 1868.

Campostoma prolixum, JorDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 150, 1883; this name applied to southern
specimens in which the teeth are usually 1, 4-4, 0.

329. CAMPOSTOMA FORMOSULUM, Girard.

Head 4; depth 44. D. 8; A. 7; scales 46. Head short and blunt, with
broad, projecting snout. Grayish above, whitish below; sides more or less
marmorate; a black patch at base of caudal fin and one on the dorsal. San
Antonio River to the Rio Grande. (formosulum, diminutive of formosus,
pretty.)

Campostoma formosulum, GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 176, Rio Sabinal, near San

Antonio, Texas. (Type, No. 76. Coll. Dr. Kennerly.) Grrarp, U. 8. & Mex. Bound.
Surv., Zool., 4l, pl. xxv, figs. 5-8, 1859; JorDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 150; 1883.

101. ORTHODON, Girard.

Orthodon, GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 182, (microlepidota).

Body elongate. Jaws normal, the upper protractile, the lower sharp-
edged, with a knob at the symphysis; no barbel. Teeth 6-6 or 6-5, much
compressed, lancet-shaped, erect, nearly straight. Upper limb of the
pharyngeal bone very broad and concave, separated by a deep notch from
the dentigerous portion, the bone thin and brittle. Intestinal canal elon-
gate,about 7 times the length of the fish; peritoneum black; scales small;
lateral line present. Dorsal fin opposite ventrals. Basal rays of caudal
largely developed. Anal basisshort. Pseudobranchie none. Gill rakers
moderate, clavate, the inner edge fringed. Size large. This genus is

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 207

related to the European genus, Chondrostoma, differing chiefly in the
ubsence of pseudobranchie and of the horny mandibular plate. (dp4dc,
straight; odov¢, tooth.)

330. ORTHODON MICROLEPIDOTUS (Ayres).
(BLACK-FISH.)

Head 4; depth 44. D.9; A. 8; scales 21-105-12; Vert. 244-20. Teeth
6-6 or 6-5, very long. Body elongate, not much compressed. Head mod-
erate, flattish above, with two bony ridges; snout very broad; eye small,
about half length of snout. Mouth terminal, somewhat oblique, broad,
the maxillary not extending to the eye. Fins rather large; the caudal
strong. Lateral line decurved. Coloration plain olivaceous, paler below.
Size large. Length 12 to 16 inches. Lower Sacramento and San Joaquin
rivers and neighboring streams; locally abundant in quiet waters.
(uixpoAervdoréc, small-scaled. )

Gila microlepidota, AYRES, Proc. Cal. Ac, Nat. Sci., 1, 21,1855, Sacramento and San Joaquin
rivers, California. (Coll. W. O. Ayres.)

Orthodon microlepidotus, GIRARD, Pac. R. R. Surv., Fish., 237, pl, uru, fig. 1-4, 1858; GUNTHER,
Cat., v1, 275, 1868; JonpAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 152, 1883.

102. OXYGENEUM, Forbes.
Oxygeneum, ForseEs, Bull. Ill. Lab. Nat. Hist., 1855, 136, ( pulverulentum).

Body elongate, subterete; head small, conical; mouth large, terminal ;
upper jaw protractile, with fleshy lips; lower jaw thin, with sharp, hard
edge; no pseudobranchie; scales rather small; lateral line complete.
Alimentary canal elongate, more than twice length of body; teeth 4-5 or
5-5, in one row, not strongly hooked; peritoneum black. Herbivorous
species of small size. (dic, sharp; yévuc, chin.)

331. OXYGENEUM PULVERULENTUM, Forbes.

Head 44; depth 5; eye 4. D.8; A.7. Lateral line 63; 31 scales before
the dorsal. Form of Mozxostoma; head small, conical; mouth large,
terminal; gill rakers slender. Breast scaly. Dorsal fin high. Color
pale, the back and sides dusted with dark specks. Length 24 inches.
Illinois River. (Forbes.) (pulverulentus, dusted.)

Oxygeneum pulverulentum, Forees, Bull. Ill. Lab. Nat. Hist., 1885, 136, Illinois River. (Coll.
Forbes.) Jorpan, Man. Vertebrates, Ed. y, 52, 1890.

103. ACROCHEILUS, Agassiz.
(CHISEL-MOUTHS. )

Acrocheilus, Aaassiz, Amer. Journ. Sci. Arts, 1855, 211, (alutaceus).

Body elongate, little compressed. Each jaw with a large, straight,
horny plate, sharp externally and very conspicuous. Upper jaw pro-
tractile; no barbel. Teeth 4-5, stout, hooked, with broad masticatory
surface. Intestinal canal elongate; peritoneum black. Pseudobranchi«e
present. Scales small, loosely imbricated. Lateral line present. Dorsal
fin slightly behind ventrals. Anal basis moderate. Caudal fin broad, its
rudimentary rays recurrent on the caudal peduncle. Size rather large.
A single species, American. (dxpoc, sharp; yeiAoc, lip.)

208 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

332. ACROCHEILUS ALUTACEUS, Agassiz & Pickering.
(CHISEL-MOUTH ; SQUARE-MOUTH ; HARD-MOUTH.)

Head 44; depth 4; eye 54. D. 10; A. 9; scales 20-85-16. Teeth 4-5,
hooked, somewhat club-shaped, with a broad grinding surface. Body
elongate, not much compressed ; caudal peduncle very long and slender,
nearly terete. Head moderate, bluntish, the profile rounded, the inter-
orbital space strongly convex. Mouth horizontal, subinferior, overlapped |
by the broad, blunt snout, its breadth considerable, but the maxillary
not extending far back, to opposite the front of the eye. Upper jaw pro-
tractile, covered with a fleshy lip, inside of which is a small, straight,
cartilaginous plate, similar to that on the lower jaw, but much smaller
and not evident externally; lower lip covered with a firm cartilaginous
plate, sharp externally, the upper surface being formed by its beveled
edge. The transverse width of this plate is between 4 and 5 times its
(longitudinal) breadth; the plate extends in nearly a straight line from
one angle of the mouth to the other; its transverse width is contained
2? times in length of head. Eye rather large, 1} in snout, its position
anterior and not high up, 2} in interorbital space. Dorsal long, rather
low, its first ray just behind first ray of ventrals, midway between snout
and middle of base of caudal; caudal fin very long, the lobes about equal,
longer than head, widely forked, the accessory rays at its base very
numerous and recurrent on the caudal peduncle; about 8 of these may
be distinguished on each side of the fin. Anal fin rather large; ventrals
broad, reaching vent. Pectorals moderate, not reaching two-thirds of
the distance to the ventrals. Scales quite small, somewhat embedded in
the skin, very loosely imbricated, the exposed surfaces longer than high
profusely punctate; squamation quite irregular. The scales smaller on
back and belly than on sides, most exposed on caudal peduncle. Lateral
line much decurved. Coloration very dark; belly paler, but nearly all
parts of the body studded with minute dark points. Peritoneum black;
intestines much elongate, usually filled with vegetable substance. Length
12 inches. Lower Columbia River and tributaries, as far up as Spokane
and Shoshone Falls; locally abundant. (alutaceus, leathery.)

Acrocheilus alutaceus, AGASSIZ and PICKERING, Amer, Journ. Sci. Arts, xrx, 214, 1855, Willamette

Falls and Walla Walla River; GUNTHER, Cat., vi, 276; JoRDAN, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus.,
1878, 83; JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 150, 1883.

104. LAVINIA, Girard.
Lavinia, GmRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1854, 137, (exilicauda).

Body elliptical, elevated, moderately compressed, rapidly contracted
to the slender caudal peduncle. Head small, conical. Mouth moderate,
terminal, oblique; the lower jaw included. Scales moderate, not closely
imbricated, the exposed surfaces somewhat hexagonal. Lateral line
decurved, complete. Belly behind ventrals entirely scaled. Dorsal fin
well behind ventrals, its last ray just in front of beginning of anal,
which is rather elongate. Caudal fin little forked, its rudimentary basal
rays much increased in number and very strong. Intestinal canal elon-
gate, 3 times the total length of the fish; peritoneum dark. Teeth 4-5 or

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 209

5-5, scarcely hooked, cultriform, with rather broad but shallow grinding
surface, the largest standing up well above the surface of the bone. Gill
rakers rather long and slender; pseudobranchie large. Sizelarge One
species. American. (Lavinia, a classical name, without special applica-
tion to these fishes.)

333. LAVINIA EXILICAUDA, Baird & Girard.
(Hitcu; CHI OR CHIGH.)

Head 4%; depth 34; eye 4. D.10; A. 12; scales 13-64-8; teeth 4-5 or
5-5. Body deep, compressed, tapering to the caudal] peduncle, which is
very slender. Upper lip on the level of the lower part of the pupil, the
maxillary falling short of the eye. Preorbital short and deep; suborbital
moderate. Eye rather large, anterior. Scales rather large, 42 in front of
dorsal. Dorsal fin rather small; pectorals short; anal high and long;
caudal well forked, its rudimentary rays strong, about ten in number.
Color dark above, sides somewhat silvery; scales with dark specks.
Length 12 inches. Streams of the Coast Range about San Francisco and
Monterey, locally common as far north as Clear Lake. (ezilis, slender;
cauda, tail.)

Lavinia exilicauda, BatRD and GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1854, 137, Sacramento River,
California. (Type, Nos. 207 and 209. Coll. Heermann.) Guirarp, Pac. R. R. Surv., x, 241,
1858. Jorpan & GILBERT, Synopsis, 153, 1883.

Lavinia harengus, GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 184, Monterey, California. (Type,

No. 210. Coll. A. S Taylor.)
Leuciscus exilicauda, GUNTHER, Cat., vir, 248, 1868.

105. CHROSOMUS, Rafinesque.
Chrosomus, RAFINESQUE, Ichth. Oh., 47, 1820, (erythrogaster).

Body moderately elongate, little compressed. Jaws normal; no barbel;
teeth 5-5 or 4-5, moderately hooked, with well-marked grinding surface.
Alimentary canal elongate, about twice as long as body; peritoneum
black. Scales very small. Lateral line short or wanting. Dorsal behind
ventrals; anal basis short. Size small. Colors in spring brilliant, the
pigment bright red. This genus is of somewhat doubtful relationship,
and shows many analogies with the subgenus Phoxinus under Leuciscus.
(xpoc, color; caua, body.)

a. Lower black lateral band extending backward to base of caudal.

b. Lower black band ending in a black spot. : ERYTHROGASTER, 334,

bb. Lower black band broader, and not ending in a black spot. DAKOTENSIS, 3535,

aa, Lower black lateral band extending downward and backward, ending above base of anal,
the upper band forming the black caudal spot. OREAS, 336,

$34. CHROSOMUS ERYTHROGASTER, Rafinesque.
(Rep-BELLIED DAcE.)

Head4; depth4. D.7; A.8; scales 16-85-10; teeth usually 5-5. Body
oblong, little compressed, tapering each way from the middle. Head
moderate, rather pointed. Mouth moderate, terminal, oblique, the jaws
about equal. Fins rather small; the dorsal and anal high and short;

FN. A. 15

210 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

caudal long. Scales quite small, firmly attached, but not much imbri-
cated. Lateral line developed less than half the length of the body.
Color brownish olive, with a dusky dorsal line and often some blackish
spots; two black lateral bands nearly parallel, the one from the upper
angle of the opercle straight to the caudal, sometimes broken into spots
behind, the lower broader, extending from snout through eye, curved
downward along the belly and extending to the caudal, where it ends in
a black spot: between these bands a bright, silvery area; belly below
the lower band abruptly silvery; females obscurely marked. Males in
spring with the belly and the interspace between the lateral bands bright
scarlet; bases of the vertical fins also scarlet; in high coloration the
body is everywhere minutely tuberculate and the fins are bright yellow.
Length 2 to 3 inches. Ohio and Michigan to Iowa and Northern Ala-
bama; also common at Freeport, Maine, (Kendalland Smith.) Abundant
in small clear streams; one of the most beautiful of our fishes, especially
attractive in aquaria. (épvipoc, red; yaor7p, belly.)
Lusilus or Chrosomus erythrogaster, RAFINESQUE, Ichth. Oh., 47, 1820, Ohio River.
Chrosomus pyrrhogaster, JORDAN, Man. Vert., Ed. 1, 284, 1876, White River, Indiana. (Coll.
Jordan.)
Luxilus erythrogaster, KIRTLAND, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., Iv, 23, 1844.
Leuciscus erythrogaster, GUNTHER, Cat., VII, 247, 1868.
Chrosomus erythrogaster, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 153, 1883; Corr, Cypr. Penn., 391, 1868.

Represented in the Susquehanna River by
334a. CHROSOMUS ERYTHROGASTER EOS (Cope).

Head 4; depth 5. D.8; A. 8. Lateral line 77; teeth 5-5. Body slen-
derer than the preceding; the lateral line less distinct, often entirely
wanting. Male with the two black lateral bands uniting on the caudal
peduncle, the lower broader and decurved, the upper narrow and
straight. Length 2} inches. Susquehanna River. (yc, sunrise.)
Chrosomus eos, COPE, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1861, 5283, Meshoppen Creek, Susquehanna

County, Pennsylvania ; Corr, Cypr. Penn., 391, 1868; Jonpan & GILBERT, Synopsis, 154,
1883. (Coll. Cope.)

335. CHROSOMUS DAKOTENSIS, Evermann & Cox.

Head 35; depth 43; eye 34; snout 44. D.8; A. 8}; scaies about 80, 24
in a cross series; teeth 4-4, with slight grinding surface. Body moder-
ately stout, head heavy, caudal peduncle shorter than in related species.
Eye moderate; interorbital width 3 in head. Mouth small and oblique;
maxillary short, not nearly reaching vertical at front of eye, its length
1} in eye; lower jaw projecting; fins moderate; height of dorsal 14 in
head, its origin behind the base of ventrals a distance greater than
length of snout; anal similar to dorsal; pectorals short, 14 in head;
ventrals very short, not reaching anal. Color as in C. erythrogaster,
except that the back is darker and the upper dark line is continuous and
not at all broken up into spots; the lower black line is more distinct,
broader, and does not end in a black spot.. Length 2 inches. Missouri
River basin, in Nebraska and South Dakota.

Chrosomus dakotensis, EVERMANN & Cox, Rept. U. 8S. Fish Comm., xrx, 1895, Crow Creek,
Chamberlain, South Dakota. (Type, No. 45680. Coll, Evermann, Rutter, & Cox.)

SY 2. oe

Jordan and Lvermann,— Fishes of North America. 211

336. CHROSOMUS OREAS, Cope.

Head 4; depth 44. D.8;A.8. Lateral line 67; teeth 5-5. Snout, pre-
orbital, and maxillary a little longer than in C. erythrogaster. Coloration
similar to that of Chrosomus erythrogaster, except for the difference in pat-
tern, the upper band beginning opposite the vent and extending back-
ward to middle of caudal, ending in a black spot; lower band extending
from snout through eye downward and backward, ceasing at base of
anal; back clear olive-green, with dark spots and crossbars; belly,
interspace between the. lateral bands, and bases of vertical fins bright
crimson; fins otherwise yellow. Length 24 inches. Head waters of
Roanoke River. The most brilliant of the genus, locally abundant in
mountain streams. Specimens of erythrogaster approaching oreas in
coloration are also found in clear tributaries of the Tennessee River, in
Alabama. (oreas, dperac, a mountain nymph.)

Chrosomus oreas, Corr, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, 233. Head of Roanoke River,

Montgomery County, Virginia; (Coll. Cope); Jorpan & GiLBERT, Synopsis, 154, 1883 ;
JorDAN, Bull. U. 8S. Fish Comm., vri1, 1888, 121,

106. ALGANSEA, Girard.
Algansea, GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 184, (tincella).

This genus is very closely related to Hybognathus, differing chiefly in
the small size of the scales, there being 55 to 70 in the course of the
lateral line; preorbital bones very wide, as in Hybognathus ; teeth 4-4,
scarcely hooked, with rather broad grinding surface; intestinal canal
elongate; peritoneum black. Mountains of Mexico. (A coined name.)

a, Scales very small, about 70 in the lateral line; body and head robust.

b. Dorsal inserted over ventrals; maxillary not reaching eye. TINCELLA, 337.
bb. Dorsal inserted rather before ventrals; maxillary reaching front of eye. DUGESI, 338.
aa. Scales moderate, 55 to 60 in the lateral line; eye small. SALLE], 339.

337. ALGANSEA TINCELLA (Cuvier & Valenciennes).

Head 3}; depth 33; scales 17-70-9; teeth 4-4. Body stoutish, the head
heavy. Mouth moderate, oblique, the maxillary not reaching to the eye ;
jaws about equal; eye rather small; fins small, the caudal short.
Dorsal inserted just over ventrals. Scales quite small, firmly attached
and not closely imbricated, as in Mylocheilus and Gila. Coloration dark,
plain; fins unspotted. Length 6 inches. Lakes about the City of
Mexico. (diminutive of tinca, a tench.)

Leuciscus tincella, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, XVII, 323, 1844, City of Mexico; Giinrner, Cat.,
vir, 244, 1868. (Specimens, No. 2753, U. 8S. N. M.; original type in Museum of Paris. Coll.
Maj. Wm. Rich.)

Leucus tincella, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 245, 1883.

$38. ALGANSEA DUGESI, Bean.

Head 4; depth 4; eye 54. D. 7; A. 6; scales 18-69 to 72-13. ‘Teeth
4-4, slightly hooked, with well-developed grinding surface. Gill rakers
4415. Body robust. Lower jaw slightly included, with a small knob at
the symphysis; maxillary reaching opposite front of eye. Dorsal
inserted somewhat before ventrals at a point midway between snout and
base of caudal; lower fins short; caudal large. Scales very small and
crowded anteriorly, larger behind; lateral line sharply deeurved over
pectoral. Dusky brown; sides of head silvery, a very faint dusky spot at

7

212 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

base of caudal; upper fins dusky, unmarked. Length 64 inches. Cen-
tral Mexico, in streams tributary to Rio de Lerma; our specimens col-
lected by Mr. Woolman, at Salamanca. Very close to 4. tincella, but
probably distinct. (Named for Professor Alfredo Dugés, who collected
the types.)

Algansea dugési, BEAN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1892, 283, Guanajuato, Lake Yuriria. (Type,

Nos. 41818 and 43764.)
339. ALGANSEA SALLEI (Giinther).

Head 4; depth 33; eye 5. D.7;A.6. Lateral line 54; teeth 4-4, long,
curved, with grinding surface. Caudal peduncle not quite twice as iong
as deep. No barbels. Snout obtusely conical, longer than the eye.
Upper jaw slightly overlapping the lower. Maxillary not extending to
the eye. Dorsal immediately behind ventrals. Fins short. Intestinal
canal with few convolutions. Brownish, green above, minutely dotted
with black along the sides. Length 3+inches. Streams of central Mexico.
(Giinther.) (Named for M. Sallé, a collector in Mexico, who obtained
the types.)

Ceratichthys sallxi, GUNTHER, Cat., vit, 484, 1868, Cuernavaca, Mexico.

Zophendum australe,* JORDAN, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1870, 300, Lake Tupataro. (Type, Nos.
23130 and 23131, Coll. Prof. A. Duges.) Jorpan & GILBERT, Synopsis, 154, 1883.

Hudsonius sallxi, JORDAN, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1879, 226.

Cliola sallxi, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 164, 1883.

107, HYBOGNATHUS, Agassiz

Hybognathus, AGAss1z, Amer. Journ. Sci. Arts, 1855, 223, (nuchalis).
Dionda, GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 177, (episcopa).
Algoma, GIRARD, 1, c., 180, (amara).

Body elongate, somewhat compressed. Mouth horizontal, the jaws
normal, sharp-edged; lower jaw with aslight, hard protuberance in front;
no barbel; upper jaw protractile. Teeth 4-4, cultriform, with oblique
grinding surface and little if any.hook. Alimentary canal elongate, 3 to
10 times the lengthof the body. Peritoneum black. Scales large; lateral
line continuous. Dorsal inserted before» ventrals. Anal basis short.
Size moderate. Sexual changes very slight, no red or black pigment dis-
tinguishing the males in spring. Species numerous ; mostly southwestern,
and not well known. (v$6¢, gibbous; yvaloc, jaw.)

HYBOGNATHUS :
a. Teeth comparatively long and scarcely hooked ; silvery species, usually more than 34%
inches in length when adult ; scales about 38.
b. Suborbitals broad, the anterior not more than twice as long as deep.

c, Mouth narrow, its cleft not reaching nearly to eye ; lower jaw shorter than upper,
obtuse at tip. NUCHALIS, 340,
ce. Mouth wide, its cleft about reaching eye ; jaws subequal, the lower acutish at tip.
ARGYRITIS, 341.

bb. Suborbitals narrow, the anterior about 3 times as long as deep ; mouth rathersmall,
HAYI, 342.

* Algansea australis, (Jordan). Ilead 4; depth 414. D.8; A.7. Scales 10-56-8. Teeth 44.
Body rather elongate, formed as in Campostoma anomalum, somewhat compressed, the back
somewhat elevated and rounded anteriorly. Head rather large, slightly depressed above. Mouth
moderate, low; the lower jaw slightly.included ; the premaxillary below the level of the eye;
maxillary just reaching the front of the eye. Lower jaw thin-edged, with a slight symphyseal
knob. Hyesmall, 6in head. Scaies small. Lateral line complete, decurved. Dorsal slightly
behind ventrals. Dusky bluish above ; everywhere with dark points; a black spot at base of
caudal. Length 7inches. Lake Tupataro, Guanajuato, Mexico, a tributary of Rio Lerma, west
of the Sierra Madre. Doubtless the adult of Algansea sallei.

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America, 213

Dronpa (a coined name) :
aa, Teeth comparatively short, distinctly hooked ; suborbitals moderate ; plumbeous species,
usually with dark lateral band, the adult less than 3 inches long.
d. Scales in lateral line 32 to 43.
e. Body rather slender, the depth 4 to 414 in length.
f. Scales large, 32 to 34 in lateral line. SERENA, 343,
Jf. Scales smaller, usually 37 to 40 in the lateral line.
g. Sides with a dark lateral band, ending in a more or less distinct dark spot
at base of caudal.
h. Cleft of mouth about 5 in head ; snout bluntish. EPISCOPA, 344.
hh. Cleft of mouth about 4 in head, the snout moreacute. NuBILA, 345.
gg. Sides without distinct dark lateral band or caudal spot ; body elliptical in
outline ; eye 3!4 in head, rather longer than snout. AMARA, 346.
ee. Body rather stout, the depth 314 to 334 in length; scales about 37 ; sides with
dusky band and caudal spot. MELANOPS, 347.
dd, Scales in lateral line 50 to 60; body rather slender, the depth 414 in length.
Seam PLUMBEA, 348,

Subgenus HYBOGNATHUS.

340. HYBOGNATHUS NUCHALIS, Agassiz.

(SILVERY Minnow.)

Head 44 to 5; depth 44; eye 4. D.8; A.7. Teeth 4-4; scales 5-38-4.
Body elongate, comparatively slender. Head moderate, rather short, the
profile evenly curved ; suborbitals broad, the anterior about twice as long
as deep. Eye moderate, rather longer than muzzle. Upper jaw heavy;
lower jaw thin. Scales large and silvery. Lateral line decurved; 12 to
14 large scales in front of dorsal. Intestines very long, 7 to 10 times
length of bedy. Olivaceous green above, translucent in life; sides clear
silvery, with bright reflections; fins unspotted, coloration becoming
dusky in specimens living in dark waters. Length 4 to 7 inches. A
graceful minnow, abundant in clear streams from the Delaware and Neuse
to the Upper Missouri and southward to Georgia and Texas; common in
ornearlargerivers. Variable; tangible varieties are: subspecies placita,
(Girard), from the Arkansas and Missouri rivers, the eye smaller, 5 in
head; the snout depressed and blunt, with very small mouth; subspecies
regia, (Girard), Potomac River, more than 6 inches long (western forms
are usually less), with deeper body and larger eye, 3? in head; the form
called osmerinus, from Delaware River, is not evidently different from
nuchalis, which is the common form of the Missouri Valley. (nuchalis,
pertaining to the nape.)

Hybognathus nuchalis, AGass1z, Amer. Journ. Sci. Arts, 1855, 224, Quincy, Illinois, (Coll. Dr.
Watson.) Ginruen, Cat., vir, 184,1868 ; Jonpan & GILBERT, Synopsis, 156, 1883,

Hybognathus placitus, Giranp, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 182, sluices of the Arkansas
River, Fort Makee, Arkansas. (Type, No. 87. Coll. Dr. Suckley.)

Hyboqnathus evansi, Girarp, Proc. Ac, Nat. Sci, Phila., 1856, 182, Fort Pierre, Nebraska.
(Coll, Dr, Evans.)

Hybognathus regius, Girarp, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 209, Potomac River, (Coll.
Girard.) GUnriuer, Cat., vir, 185, 1868,

Hybognathus osmerinus, Corr, Proc, Amer, Phil. Soc, Phila., 1870, 466, Raritan River, New
Jersey. (Coll, C. ©, Abbott.)

214 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

341. HYBOGNATHUS ARGYRITIS, Girard.

Mouth wider than in H. nuchalis, its cleft reaching to opposite front of
eye; jaws subequal, the lower acutish at tip; suborbitals broad, the
anterior about twice as long as deep. Silvery. Length 4 inches. Very
close to H. nuchalis into which it may intergrade. Upper Missouri region
and Red River of the North. (argyritis, apyupitic, silvery.)

Hybognathus argyritis, GrRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 182, Milk River.

342. HYBOGNATHUS HAYI, Jordan.

Head 42; depth 42; eye 33; snout 44. D.8; A. 8; scales 5-36-3; teeth
4-4, Body rather slenderer than in H. nuchalis, the profile more rapidly
declined. Head small and low ; snout short, less obtuse than in nuchalis;

eye large; maxillary 5} in head, not quite reaching eye; suborbital bones

very narrow, the anterior 3 times as long as deep. Scales and fins essen-

tially as in H. nuchalis; color the same; intestine shorter, 44 to 74 times

body. Length 4 inches. Lower Mississippi and neighboring rivers,

known from Pearl River, from Memphis, Tennessee, and from streams in

Mississippi. Perhaps a variety of H. nuchalis. (Named for Dr. Oliver

P. Hay, discoverer of the species.)

Hybognathus argyritis, Hay, Bull. U. 8S. Fish Comm., 11, 1882, 68, not of GrraARD; JorDAN & GII-
BERT, Synopsis, 968, 1883.

Hybognathus hayi, JORDAN, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1884, 548, Pearl River, Jackson, Missis-
sippi. (Type, No. 32306. Coll. Hay.)

Subgenus DIONDA, Girard.

343. HYBOGNATHUS SERENA (Girard).

Head 45; depth 44; eye 3}. D.8; A.8; scales 5-32 to 34-3. Eye large,
a little less than interorbital width. Ventral fin nearly reaching vent.
Color dusky, with a black lateral band; fins plain. Length 24 inches.
Rivers of Western Texas; with the next, from which it may be known by
the larger scales. (serenus, serene. )
Dionda serena, GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 177, Sabinal River, Texas. (Type,
No. 48. Coll. Kennerly.) :
Dionda papalis, GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat Sci. Phila., 1856, 178, Delaware Creek, a tributary
of Pecos River, Texas. (Coll. Capt. Pope.)
Dionda chrysitis, GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 178, Live Oak Creek, a tributary
of Pecos River. (Coll. Clark.)
Hybognathus nigroteniata, Corr, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xvi, 37, 188i, Wallace Creek, a tribu-
tary of Medina River, Texas; JorpANn & GiipeRt, Synopsis, 156, 1883.

344. HYBOGNATHUS EPISCOPA (Girard).

Head 44; depth 4} to 44; eye large, 2§ to 3}. D. 8; A. 8; scales 9-37 to 41-4.
Slender, fusiform in profile, and compressed, with the back slightly
arched. Head large, the snout decurved to the small, terminal mouth, the
maxillary reaching about half way to the eye. Dusky above, a blackish
band along the sides, ending in a dusky blotch at base of caudal; fins
yellowish, unmarked; scales with fine black dots. Length 3 inches.
Rivers of Western Texas and Northeastern Mexico from Rio Comal to Rio

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 215

Grande; abundant. (ézvcxdroc, bishop or pope, a remote allusion to Cap-
tain, afterwards General, John Pope, in charge of the party by which the
species was collected.)

Dionda episcopa, GrRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 177, headwaters of Pecos River,
and Comanche Spring, tributary to Rio Grande. (Type, No. 45. Coll. Capt. Pope.)

Dionda texensis, GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 177, Nueces River, Texas. (Type,
No. 44. Coll. Clark.)

? Dionda argentosa!, GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 178, San Felipe Creek and Devil
River, tributaries of the Rio Grande, in Texas. (Type, No. 32. Coli. Clark.)

Hybognathus flavipinnis, Corr, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xvii, 36,1880, Johnson’s Fork of Llano
River, in Kimble County, Texas; Jorpan & GILBERT, Synopsis, 156, 1883.

? Hybognathus (Dionda) punctifer 2, GARMAN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zodl., vii, 89, 1881, Parras, and
spring near Saltillo, Coahuila, Mexico; Jorpan & GILBeEnT, Synopsis, 884, 1883.

Hybognathus civilis3, Cope, Trans. Amer. Philo. Soc., 1884, 167, Monterey, New Leon.

Hybognathus episcopus, JonDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 156, 1883.

Dionda punctifer and episcopa, EVERMANN & KENDALL, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., x11, 1892, 99.

345. HYBOGNATHUS NUBILA (Forbes).

Head 43; depth 4; eye 3. D.8; A. 9; scales 5-37-3; teeth 4-4, little
hooked. Head narrow; mouth inferior and horizontal. Lateral line
anteriorly deflexed. Eye large, rather longer than muzzle. 14 scales
before dorsal. Color very dark; a dark lateral band from muzzle to base
of caudal; fins all plain. Length 2+ inches. Western Illinois, west to
Wyoming, and southwest to the Ozark region, abundant. Close to H.
episcopa, but differing in the more pointed snout and larger mouth, the
cleft 4 in, head, not 5 as in H. episcopa. (nubilus, dusky.)

Alburnops nubilus, Fores, Bull. Ill. Lab. Nat. Hist,, 11, 56, 1878, Rock River, Ogle County,
Illinois. (Type, No. 28410. Coll. Forbes.)
Cliola nubila, JorpAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 167, 1883.

346. HYBOGNATHUS AMARA (Girard).

Head 4; depth4; eye3}. Dorsal 8; A.7; lateral line 35 to 38; teeth 4-4.
Body elliptical, rather chubby. Head short and blunt; front convex.
Suborbital bones rather narrow. Eye moderate, about as long as snout,
Scales moderate, 16 in front of the dorsal. Silvery; no dark lateral band,
nor caudal spot. RioGrande. Possibly the young of H. nuchalis or some
similar species; perhaps identical with H. argentosa. (amarus, bitter, the
type being found in brackish water.)

Algoma amara, Giranp, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 180, Lagoon near Fort Brown,
Texas. (Type, No. 149. Coll. Clark.)

Algoma flwiatilis, Ginarp, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 181, near Monterey, New Leon;
Ginarp, U. S. & Mex. Bound. Surv., Zoil., 45, pl. xxvit, figs, 17-20, 1859. (Coll, Couch.)

Hybognathus fluviatilis, JorDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 157. In Girard’s figure, jluviatilis has smaller
scales than amara, about 40 in lateral line, but the plates of the Mexican Boundary Survey
are very untrustworthy.

Hybognathus amarus, JORDAN & GitBeRtT, Synopsis, 156, 1883.

1One of the types of D. argentosa, recently examined, gives: Head 34; depth 3%4; eye 8*,
and is heavier and stouter than typical episcopa; the dorsal is less anterior. Possibly a distinct
species.

* Hybognathus punctifer, GARMAN, from Laguna del Muerte, Coahuila is not evidently different,
Scales 5-40-3. Head 4; depth 4; the form stouter than in H. episcopa.

8 Hyboguathus civilis, Corr, from Monterey, New Leon, is also not appreciably different,
Lateral stripe faint or obsolete; depth of body equal to length of head, 5!, in total with caudal;
eye 3%, in head; pectorals not reaching ventrals.

All these last (argentosa, punctifer, civilis) may belong to a distinct species, (/ybognathus argen-

toma), allied to HH. episcopa, but stouter, with smaller eye, and the lateral band faint or obsolete,
the ‘ ‘sides silvery as if painted with quicksilver,”

216 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

347. HYBOGNATHUS MELANOPS (Girard).

Head 4 to 44; depth 33 to 33. D.8; A.7; scales 7-36 to 384; teeth 4-4.
Body deeper than in related species ; snout rounded; eye medium. Black-
ish above, sides smoky, with black dots; a black spot at base of caudal.
Length 2} inches. Streams of Coahuila, Chihuahua, and Nuevo Leon.
Two specimens collected by Mr. Woolman in Chihuahua River agree with
H. episcopa in all respects except that the depth is 3? and the scales 42 or
43. It is doubtful whether the two species are really distinct. (éAac,
black; oy, eye.)
Dionda melanops, GiRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 178, Buena Vista, Coahuila.

(Type, No. 41. Coll. Couch.)
Dionda couchi, GIRARD, Proc. Ac, Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 178,Guajuco, Monterey, and Cadereita,

New Leon. (Type, No. 103, (20227). Coll. Miéllhausen.)
Hybognathus melanops, JORDAN, Bull. U. 8. Geol. Surv., 1v, No. 2, 402, 1878.

348. HYBOGNATHUS PLUMBEA* (Girard).

Head 44; depth 43. D.8; A.7; lateral line 53 to 58. Body rather slen-
der. Head moderate, rounded in front. Lower jaw included. Dorsal
inserted before ventrals. Color uniform, sometimes a black spot at the
base of the caudal. Tributaries of Arkansas River in Indian Territory.
(Girard.) (plumbeus, lead-colored.)

Dionda plumbea, GiRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 178, Canadian River. (Coll.
MOollhausen.

Dionda spadicea, GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 178, Fort Smith, Arkansas. (Coll.
Mollhausen.) .

Dionda grisea, GIRARD, Pacific R. R. Sury., x, 230, pl. Li, figs. 6-10, 1858, 20 miles west of
Choctaw Agency. (Coll. Méllhausen.)

Zophendum plumbeum, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 155, 1883.

108. PIMEPHALES, Rafinesque.
(FAT-HEADS. )

Pimephales, RAFINESQUE, Ichth. Oh., 52, 1820, (promelas).
Hyborhynchus, AGAss1z, Amer. Journ. Sci. Arts, 1855, 22, (notatus).
Coliscus, Copr, Hayden’s Rept. Geol. Surv. of Wyoming, 1872,437, (parietatis = young of promelas).
Body rather robust, little compressed. Head short and rounded. Mouth
small, inferior ; upper jaw protractile; no barbel. Teeth 4-4, with oblique
grinding surface, usually but one of the teeth hooked. Dorsal over ven-
trals, its first (rudimentary) ray separated from the rest by membrane,
not adnate to it, as usual in minnows; this character is most distinct in
adult males, in which the skin of the first ray is thickened. Anal basis
short. Intestinal canal elongate. Peritoneum black. Pseudobranchie
present. Scales rather small.* Lateral line complete or variously incom-
plete. Size small. Breeding males with much black pigment and with
large warts on the head. (riwedrje, fat; xepaay, head.)

a. Lateral line more or less incomplete ; body very short and stout. PROMELAS, 349.
aa. Lateral line complete ; body moderately elongate. NOTATUS, 350.

*The nominal species here united as Hybognathus plumbea are all unknown to us. Girard
figures all of them as having small scales, some 53 to 58 in the lateral line. In general appear-
ance these figures seem to agree, and* except for the scales, they seem to be close to the other
species called Dionda. It is possible that their relations are with Algansea rather than Dionda.
It may also be that the scales are erroneously figured by Girard.

Jordan and Lvermann.—Lfishes of North America. 217

349. PIMEPHALES PROMELAS, Rafinesque.

(FaT-HEAD; BLacKk-HEAD MrInnow.)

Head 4; depth 4; D.I, 7; A. 7; scales 7-43 to 47-6; teeth 4-4. Body
very short and deep. Head short, everywhere convex, almost gobular
in adnlt males, Mouth small, inferior, horizontal. Scales deep, closely
imbricated. Lateral line extremely variable, sometimes nearly complete
(confertus), sometimes almost wanting,(typical promelas). Olivaceous, the
dorsal with a large black bar across it, nearly half way up, most distinct
anteriorly, appearing as a simple dusky shade in the young. Male
fish dusky, the head jet-black, with several large tubercles on the snout
in spring; a dusky shade along sides of caudal peduncle. Length 2} inches.
Lake Champlain to Kentucky, Dakota, and the Rio Grande; abundant in
sluggish brooks, especially in the Missouri Basin. Varies greatly with
age, Sex, and season. (7pé, before; uéAac, black.)

Pimephales promelas, RAVINESQUE, Ichth. Oh., 53, 1820, pond near Lexington, Kentucky;
(Coll. Wm. M. Clifford); Ginrurr, Cat., vi, 181, 1868; Jonpan & GILBERT, Synopsis, 158,
1883.

Pimephales fasciatus, GIRARD, Proc, Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 180, Yellowstone River. (Coll.
Hayden. )

Plargyrus melanocephalus, ApBort, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, 325, Lake Whittlesey, Min-
nesota. (Type, No. 3374. Coll. Abbott.)

Pimephales milesi,* Corr, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, 282, Grosse Isle, Detroit River,
Michigan. (Coll. Miles.) Giinrner, Cat., vir, 181, 1868.

Pimephales agassizii, Corr, Cypr. Penn., 394, 1866, Miami River, tributary near Rich-
mond, Indiana.

Coliscus parielalis, Copr, Hayden’s Report for 1870, Geolog. Surv. of Wyoming, 437, 1871, Saint
Joseph, Missouri. (Coll. Hayden.) Jorpan & GiLBERT, Synopsis, 158, 1883.

Represented in Arkansas and Indian Territory by the closely related

349a. PIMEPHALES PROMELAS MACULOSUS (Girard).

Differs only in having the lateral line better developed; the pores want-
ing on less than half the scales. Coloration, so far as known, as in P.
promelas. Arkansas River, locally abundant, probably in other streams
from Kansas to Texas. (maculosus, spotted.)

Pimephales maculosus, GrRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 180, Sluices of Arkansas River,
Fort Makee, Arkansas; (Type, No. 158, (2729). Coll. Beckwith.) Grrarp, Pac. R. R.
Surv., x, 234, 1858.

Hyborhynchus nigellus, Corr, Zovl. Wheeler Sury., v, 671, 1875, (1876), Arkansas River, Pueblo,
Colorado. (Type, Nos. 15793 and 15784, Coll. Aiken.)

Hyborhynchus confertus, JORDAN & GiLBERT, in part, Synopsis, 159, 1883.

Represented in the Rio Grande basin by
349b. PIMEPHALES PROMELAS CONFERTUS (Girard).

Similar to the variety maculosus, but more chubby, and the male appar-
ently differently colored. An adult male from the Chihuahua River, col-
lected by Mr. Woolman, is black, with two broad white cross bands, the
one across the gill opening, including edge of opercle and shoulder
girdle; the other under front of dorsal. Another band, less distinet,

* Pimephales milesi may be a tangible variety; the scales are said to be 40, with only 3 series
between the lateral line and the ventrals, while there are usually 5 to 7 in P. promelas,

218 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

across base of caudal; pectoral fins white, except the black outer edge,

which is followed by a narrow, sharply-defined streak of bright silvery;

other fins white, the middle portions black ; head all black. Lateral line

complete. (confertus, compact. )

Hyborhynchus confertus, GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 179, (?), Hurrah Creek,a
tributary of Pecos River, Texas. (Coll. Méllhausen.) JorpAN & GILBERT, in part,
Synopsis, 159, 1883.

350. PIMEPKALES NOTATUS* (Rafinesque).

(BiuNtT-Nosep Minnow.)

Head 44; depth 5; D. I, 8; A. 7; scales 6-45-4; teeth 4-4. Body rather
elongate, not elevated, moderately compressed. Head moderate; the muz-
zle blunt and convex ; top of the head depressed. Cheeks vertical. Mouth
small, inferior, horizontal. Fins small; the dorsal moderate, the first ray
distinct and spine-like in the male, slender in the female; anal small,
caudal fin short. Scales moderate, deep, closely imbricated; scales in
front of dorsal small and crowded, in 23 rows. Eye moderate. Color oli-
vaceous, little silvery ; sides bluish; a black spot on the dorsal fin in front,
near the base, less distinct than in Cliola vigilax; a dusky shade at base
of caudal; fins often reddish; males in spring with the black on the dorsal
more extended and the head wholly black; snout with about 14 dispro-
portionately large tubercles. Length 4 inches. Quebec to Delaware,
Kentucky, Alabama, Arkansas, and northward to the Dakotas; generally
very abundant in small streams west of the Alleghanies. (notatus, noted
or spotted.)

Minnilus notatus, RAFINESQUE, Ichth. Oh., 47, 1820, Ohio River.

Catostomus melanotus, RAFINESQUE, Ichth. Oh., 58, 1820, Ohio River.

Hyborhynchus perspicuus, GIRARD, Proc. Ac, Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 185, Arkansas River, Fort
Smith. (Type, No. 144. Coll. Shumard.)

Hyborhynchus tenellus, GIRARD, Ll. ¢., 179, Choctaw Agency. (Coll. Méllhausen.)

Hyborhynchus puniceus, GIRARD, |. ¢c., 179, Antelope Creek, Canadian River. (Coll.
Kennerly.)

Hybopsis hiematurus, Corr, Cypr. Penn., 382, 1866, St. Joseph River, Michigan ; Michigan
City, Indiana.

Hyborhynchus superciliosus, Corr, Journ, Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, 234; Kanawha River. (Breed-
ing males with the lips thickened). (Type, No. 20532. Coll. Cope.) JorpaNn & GILBERT,
Synopsis, 160, 1883.

Hyborhynchus notatus, GUNTHER, Cat., VII, 182, 1868; JoRDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 159, 1883.

Hybognathus perspicuus, GUNTHER, Cat., VII, 185, 1868,

Leuciscus hiematurus, GUNTHER, Cat., vit, 259, 1868.

Cliola heematura, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 166, 1883.

1o9. MYLOPHARODON, Ayres. V
Mylopharodon, AYRES, Proc. Cal. Ac. Nat. Sci., 1855, 33, (robustus).

Body elongate; head large, pike-like, the upper jaw not protractile;
no barbel. Teeth 2,4-5,2; 2 or 3 of the teeth in the main row molar,

*The following nominal species is probably the young of Pimephales nolatus: Hybopsis hema-
turus, Cope. Head 4; depth44; eye3l4. D.8; A.7; scales 7-44-4; teeth 4-4, littlehooked. Head
moderate, the muzzle little obtuse. Mouth moderate, terminal, oblique, the maxillary reaching
orbit ; temporal region rounded. Scales rather small, 21 rows in front of dorsal, Lateral line
slightly decurved. Plumbeous above ; head blackish ; a faint dusky Jateral band, ending ina
dusky spot at root of caudal fin; caudal fin dull red; fins otherwise plain, Length 3 inches.
Streams about the head of Lake Michigan, Saidtobeabundant. (Cope.) (atma, blood ; ovpa, tail.)

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 219

truncate or bluntly rounded at the apex, muchenlarged. Mouth terminal,
rather large, with thickened lips. Scales rather small; lateral line con-
tinuous, Dorsal fin inserted behind the ventrals. Anal basis short. Size
very large. Pacificslope. This genus resembles Mylocheilus, from which
it differs in the nonprotractility of the upper jaw. “Both represent a
comparatively primitive type of Cyprinida, allied to Asiatic forms. (Short-
ened from Mylopharyngodon—wvA0c, grinder ; gdpvy£, pharynx; édoic, tooth.)

351. MYLOPHARODON CONOCEPHALUS (Baird & Girard).

Head 33; depth 43; eye 7. D.8; A.8; scales 17-74-7. Body elongate,
subfusiform, compressed. Head broad and depressed, the snout tapering.
Mouth horizontal, the jaws about equal, the maxillary extending to eye.
Eye small, 24 insnout; preorbital elongate. Interorbital space as long as
maxillary,3in head. Scales rather small, loosely imbricated. Dorsal fin
a little behind ventrals. Caudal fin 14 in head, the lower lobe very long,
longer than upper; caudal peduncle very long, 44 in length. Color dark,
_ paler below, no red. Length 2 to 3 feet. Sacramento and San Joaquin

rivers; not very common ; next to the species of Ptychocheilus, the largest
of our Cyprinide. (kavoc, cone; xedar7, head.)

Gila conocephala, Barrp & GiRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1854, 134, San Joaquin River.
(Coll. Heermann. )

Mylopharodon robustus, AyREs, Proc. Cal. Ac, Nat. Sci., 1855, 33, San Francisco. (Coll. Ayres.)

Mylopharodon conocephalus and robustus, GIRARD, Pac. R. R. Surv., x, 216, 1858.

Mylopharodon conocephalus, GUNTHER, Cat., vil, 262; JorpDAN & GrLBeRT, Synopsis, 225, 1883.

110. MYLOCHEILUS, Agassiz.

Mylocheilus, Aaass1z, Amer. Journ, Sci. Arts., 1855, 229, (lateralis).

Body elongate, not elevated, little compressed. Head rather short,
conic, somewhat pointed. Mouth rather small, little oblique, the lower
jaw included; maxillary with a small barbel at its end; upper jaw pro-
tractile. Scales moderate, not closely imbricated. Lateral line decurved.
Dorsal fin beginning nearly opposite ventrals. Caudal fin with the rudi-
mentary rays little developed. Anal basis short. Intestinal canal about
as long as body. ‘Teeth 2, 5-5, 2, or 2,5-4,2, those in the main row hooked
in the young; 2 or 3 of these becoming molar with age, much enlarged,
blunt and truncate above. (A third deciduous row sometimes present,
according to Girard, in this genus and in Mylopharodon; we have seen
nothing of the kind.) Size large. Pacific Slope. (wéAoc, grinder; yeidoc,
lip.)

352. MYLOCHEILUS CAURINUS (Richardson),

(CoLUMBIA Crus.)

Head 47; depth 44; eye 5; snout 34. D.8; A.8; scales 12-77-7; teeth
lor 2,5-5,20r1. Interorbital space broad, convex. Mouth horizontal
or nearly so, the maxillary not reaching the front of the eye; suborbital
bones wide; preorbital elongate. Teeth hooked in the young, some of
them becoming stump-like with age. Color dark above; sides silvery, a
dark lateral band; below this a pale stripe, under which is a dark stripe,
which extends about to the vent; fins plain; belly and pale stripe red in

220 Bulletin 17, United States National Museum.

spring males. Length 12 inches. Streams of Oregon and Washington,

from Frazer River, southward, ascending Clark’s Fork of the Columbia

as far as Flathead Lake, (Evermann), and Snake River to Shoshone Falls,

(Gilbert & Evermann); often entering the sea; abundant northward;

frequents the spawning beds of the salmon where it devours their eggs.

Specimens from Nanaimo sent us by Mr. Ashdown H. Green, who says

that this is the only Cyprinoid found in Vancouver Island. (caurus, the

northwest wind, hence caurinus, north western. )

Cyprinus (Leuciscus) caurinus, RICHARDSON, Fauna Boreali Amer., 111, 304, 1836, Columbia River
at Fort Vancouver.

Mylocheilus fraterculus,* GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 158, said to be from Monterey,
California, probably erroneously. (Type, No. 211 (2768). Coll. Trowbridge. )

Mylocheilus lateralis, AGAssiz & PickERING, Amer. Journ. Sci. Arts, 1855, 299, Columbia River at
Fort Vancouver. (Type, No. 212. Coll. Suckley.)

Leucosomus caurinus, GUNTHER, Cat., VII, 270, 1868.

Mylocheilus caurinus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 224, 1883; EvERMANN, Bull. U.S. Fish Comm.,
XI, 1891, 43, pl, 19, fig. 2.

111. STYPODON, Garman.

Stypodon, GARMAN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zodl., vi1t, 90, 1881, (signifer).

Body oblong, compressed, covered with large, deciduous scales. Lateral
line complete, decurved. Dorsal and anal fins short. Mouth small,
anterior; premaxillaries protractile; fold of lower lip not crossing the
symphysis; lower jaw trenchant, without horny covering; no barbels.
Gill rakers short. Pharyngeals strong. Teeth 3-3, of the Mylocheilus
type, more or less cylindrical, with rounded grinding surfaces ; posterior,
more slender and subconical. (orvzoc, stump; ddovc, tooth.)

353. STYPODON SIGNIFER, Garman.

Head 33; depth 33. D.8; A.8. Scales 6-35-2. ‘‘Teeth 3-3, stout, stump-
like, withconvexsummits.” Dorsaland ventraloutlines similar ; eye large,
longer than snout. Mouth oblique, the maxillary not reaching front of
eye; lower jaw the longer. Pectorals not reaching ventrals, the latter to
anal. Brown; silvery below; a broad, brown lateral band, bordered
above by a narrow'silvery line. Lago de Parras, an isolated lagoon in
Coahuila, Mexico. (Garman.) A singular fish of uncertain relations,
known only from the original type. (signum, sign; fero, I bear.)

Stypodon signifer, GARMAN, Bull. Mus. Comp, Zo6l., vii, 90, 1881, Lago de Parras, Coahuila,
Mexico; JorpANn & GILBERT, Synopsis, 224, 1883.

112 SEMOTILUS, Rafinesque. Vv

(FALL-FISHES. )

Semotilus, RAFINESQUE, Ichth. Oh., 49, 1820, (dorsalis= atromaculatus).
Leucosomus, HECKEL, Russeggers Reisen, 1, 1843, 1042, (‘‘ chrysoleucus ’’ = corporalis).
Cheilonemus, BAtrD, in Storer’s Hist. Fishes Mass., 285, 1855, (pulchellus = corporalis).

Body robust; head large; mouth terminal, wide, the upper jaw pro-
tractile ; a small barbel on the maxillary just above its extremity, not at
its tip as in most other American minnows. (In young examples the bar-
bel can not always be found.) Intestinal canal short; teeth 2, 5-4, 2,

* Mylocheilus fraterculus, GirARD, According to Girard’s descripticn and figure this speciesis
slenderer than Mylocheilus caurinus, with shorter head and smaller scales. Head 4! in length;
scales in lateral line about 85. D.&; A.9. Monterey, California, (Girard). No recent collector
has Hala any Mylocheilus in California and this locality needs confirmation. (jfraterculus, a little
brother.)

=—

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. yl

hooked, without grinding surface. Scales moderate. Lateral line con-
tinuous. Dorsal more or less posterior to ventrals. Anal basis short.
Vertebre 22+4+20—42. Species of largesize, the largest of the chubs found
in Eastern America, differing from Leuciscus in the presence of a maxillary
barbel. (ojua, banner, i. e., dorsal fin; the second part of the word was
elsewhere used by Rafinesque to mean ‘‘spotted.”)

LEvcosoMUs : (Aevkds, white ; mua, body):
a. Origin of dorsal midway between nostril and base of caudal, between 13th and 14th ver-
tebre ; scales not much crowded anteriorly.
b. Dorsal without black spot ; scales large, silvery, about 45 in lateral line,

CORPORALIS, 354,
SEMOTILUS :

aa. Origin of dorsal midway between middle of orbit and base of caudal, between 15th and
16th vertebrae. Scales crowded anteriorly.

ce. Dorsal with a black spot at base of its anterior rays ; scales smaller, little silvery, 45
to 65 in lateral line. ’ ATROMACULATUS, 355.

Subgenus LEUCOSOMUS, Heckel.
354. SEMOTILUS CORPORALIS (Mitchill).

(Fat-risu ; Sitver Cuus; W1ND-FISI ; CORPORAL.)

Head 4; depth 4; eye 44. D. 8; A. 8; scales 8-45-4; teeth 2, 5-4, 2.
Body oblong, robust, little compressed. Head large, conyex, the snout
bluntly conic ; mouth large, terminal, somewhat oblique, the lower jaw
included; premaxillary below the level, of the eye, the maxillary barely
reaching front of orbit. Eye moderate, rather high up and anterior.
Barbelshorter than pupil, not evident in young specimens. Scales large,
22 in front of dorsal, not much crowded anteriorly. Dorsal fin slightly
behind middle of body, just behind ventrals, inserted behind 13th vertebra.
Fins moderate. Coloration brilliant; steel-blue above ; sides and belly sil-
very; malesin spring with the belly and lower fins rosy or crimson ; nospots
on the fins. Length 18 inches. Abundant from the St. Lawrence to the
James, east of the Alleghanies, in clear, swift streams, rock pools, below
cataracts, and in clear lakes; .not found west of the Alleghanies. It is
much the largest of the eastern Cyprinida, ranking with the western and
some European forms. ‘‘ The chub is a soft fish and tastes like brown
paper, salted.” (Thoreau.) (corporalis, pertaining to the body; Mitchill
calls the fish Corporal or Corporaalen.)

Cyprinus corporalis,* Mircuitt, Amer. Monthly Mag., 1, July, 1817, 289, preliminary notice,
© Wallkill River; Mireur, I. c., ii, February, 1818, 324, detailed description.

Cyprinus bullaris, RAFINESQUE, Amer. Monthly Mag., 1, December, 1817, 120, Hudson River
and Wood Creek.

Leuciscus argenteus, SroRER, Fishes Mass., 90, 1839, Worcester County, Mass.

Leuciscus pulchellus, SrORER, Fishes Mass., 90, 1839, Walpole, Mass.

Leuciscus nitidus, DEKay, N. Y. Wauna: Fishes, 209, 1842, Lake Champlain.

Leuciscus chrysopterus, DEKay, N. Y. Fauna: Fishes, 211, 1842, N. Y. Harbor,

Leuciscus rotengulus, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, XVII, 318, 1844, Carolina.

Leuciscus pulchellus, SvORER, Synopsis, 412, 1845, Massachusetts.

Leucosomus cataractus,} Barrv iv Iconog. Encycl., 1, 216, and in Corr, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
1861, 523, Susquehanna River.

* As to the priority of the names of Mitchill and Rafinesque, see note under Notropis cornutus,
This species is evidently Mitchill’s Cyprinus corporalis, and the transfer of the name Semotilus
corporalis to the next species by Abbott, Putnam, and Cope, has been an unfortunate and confusing
error,

According to Cope, the nominal species, cafaractus and rhotheus, differ from the northern form,
nulchellus (or corporalis), in the smaller scales, these having 47 in the lateral line, while pulchellus
tn Massachusetts has 59. This difference has not been verified by later writers, who place all
under one head, Ginther counts 45 to 48in specimens mostly from Maine and Canada,

Leucosomus rhotheus, Copr, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci, Phila., 1861, 523, Brandywine Creek and Ran-
cocos Creek, tributaries of the Delaware River.

Squalius hyalope, Corn, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, 280, Conestoga River, Pa.; young.

Cheilonemus pulchellus, SrORER, Fishes Mass., 286, 1867.

Leucosomus pulchellus, GUNTHER, Cat., VU, 268, 1868.

Semotilus bullaris, Jonpan & GILBERT, Synopsis, 222, 1883.

Subgenus SEMOTILUS.
355. SEMOTILUS ATROMACULATUS (Mitchill).

HORNED-DACE ; CREEK-CHUB.
?

Head 32; depth 4; eye about 5. D. 7; A. 8: scales 9-55-6, those in
lateral line varying from 50 to 60 or even more, the number greatest in
northern examples; teeth 2,5-1,2. Body stout, the dorsal outline arched
in front of the dorsal, the body tapering backwards from a point consider-
ably in advance of the dorsal, so that the base of that fin is oblique.
Head large and heavy, broad and rounded above; snout broad; mouth
broad, oblique, lower jaw slightly included, the upper lip just below
level of pupil; maxillary barely reaching front of pupil; maxillary bar-
bel small, not evident in specimens of less than 2 or 3 inches in length.
Eye rather small. Scales small, considerably crowded, and reduced
anteriorly; about 30 series in front of the dorsal fin. Lateral line consider-
ably decurved. Fins small; the dorsal well behind ventrals, inserted
behind fifteenth vertebra, its last ray well in advance of base of anal.
Color dusky bluish above; sides with a vague, dusky band, black in the
young, disappearing in the adult; belly creamy, rosy-tinted in males
in spring; dorsal fin always with a conspicuous black spot at the base in
front, which is bordered with red in the male; a dark vertebral line;
scales everywhere edged with dark punctulations; a dusky bar behind
opercle; males with snout coarsely tuberculate in spring. Young witha
small black caudal spot. Length 10 inches. Maine (Freeport; Kendall
Smith) and western Massachusetts (Housatonic River, Jordan), to
southern Missouri, Wyoming, and Canada; everywhere abundant;
chiefly in small brooks, where it is often the largest and most voracious
inhabitant. (ater, black; macula, spot.)

Cyprinus atromaculatus, Mrrcui1, Amer. Monthly Mag., 11, 1818, 324, Wallkill River,

Semotilus dorsalis, RAFINESQUE, Ichth. Oh., 49, 1820, Kentucky River.

Semotilus cephalus, RAFINESQUE, Ichth. Oh., 49, 1820, Ohio River.

Semotilus diplemius, RAFINESQUE, Ichth. Oh., 49, 1820, Ohio Rives.

Leuciscus iris, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., xvir, 255, 1844, New York and Caro-
lina.

Leuciscus storeri, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, XVII, 255, 1844, New York.

Leuciscus pulchelloides, AYRES, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1849, 157, Connecticut.

Leucosomus pallidus, GikARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. -» 1856, 190, (lateral line 52), Antelope
Creek, Arkansas. (Coll. Kennerly.)

Leucosomus incrassatus, GIRARD, 1. ¢., 1856, 190, (lateral line 64), Choctaw Agency. (Coll.
MoUhausen. ) ,

Semotilus macrocephalus, GIRARD, l. c., 1856, 204, Fort Pierre, Nebraska. (Coll. Evans.)

Semotilus speciosus, GIRARD, l. c., 1856, 204, Sweetwater River, Nebraska. (Coll. Bowman.)

Semotilus hammondi, Appotr, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, 474, Kansas. (Coll. Hammond.)

Semotilus corporalis, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 291, 1883 ; Copr, Cyp. Penn., 363, 1866; not
Cyprinus corporalis, Mivcu ILL.

Leucosomus corporalis, GUNTHER, Cat., v1, 269, 1868.
Semotilus atromaculatus, BicKNELL & DresstaR, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1885, 16.

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 203

Represented south of Virginia and Tennessee by
355 a. SEMOTILUS ATROMACULATUS THOREAUIANUS (Jordan).

Head 4; depth 4. D. 8; A. 7; scales 9-46*-5; teeth 2,5-4,2. Rather
stouter, with larger scales, less crowded forwards, 45 to 48 in lateral line;
the head short and thick, almost round. Barbel well developed. Color-
ation of S. atromaculatus, the black dorsal spot distinct. Length 7inches.
Streams of Georgia and Alabama ; the extremes quite unlike atromaculatus ;
intermediate specimens with scales 48 to 50 occurring in Cape Fear River
and elsewhere. (Named for Henry David Thoreau, t naturalist and poet.)

Semotilus thoreauianus, JORDAN, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., x, 63, 1877, Flint River, Georgia.
(Type, No. 9296. Coll. Hugh M. Neisler.)

113. POGONICHTHYS, Girard.

Pogonichthys, GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1854, 136, (inzequilobus).
Symmetrurus, JORDAN, Bull. Hayden Geol. Surv. Terr., rv, 788, 1878, (argyreiosus— young).

Body elongate ; head small, conical ; mouth moderate, terminal, normal;
maxillary with a well-developed barbelat its end; premaxillaries protrac-
tile. Teeth 2, 4-5, 2, or 2, 5-5, 2, hooked, with well-marked grinding sur-
face. Scales rather large; lateral line continuous, decurved. Dorsal fin
beginning rather in advanceof ventrals ; anal basisshort. Caudal fin with
its rudimentary rays numerous and greatly developed, supported by strong
apophyses of the caudal vertebr, the upper lobe of the fin considerably
longer than the lower, this character not evident in the young, appearing
by degrees. Intestinal canal short; skeleton not peculiar, except in the
great development of the apophyses of last caudal vertebre. Chubs of
large size, replacing on the Pacific Slope, the eastern Semotilus. (moywr,
beard ; i7(ic, fish.)

356. POGONICHTHYS MACROLEPIDOTUS (Ayres).

(SPLIT-TAIL.)

Head 4}; depth 33; eye large, 44 in head. D.9; A. 8; scales 10-66-6;
vertebra 26+15; teeth 2, 5-5, 2, rarely 2,6-5,2. Body elongate, somewhat
compressed, back a little elevated. Head short, slender. Mouth mod-
erate, nearly horizontal, maxillary reaching orbit; lower jaw included;
preorbital longer than deep. Interorbital space convex. Dorsal fin mid-
way of body, rather in front of ventrals. Scales rather large, moder-
ately imbricated. Lateral line decurved. Fins rather large; upper lobe
of caudal half longer than head in adult, the lobes subequal in young.
Coloration uniform; sides bright silvery, especially in young; no red.
Length 12 inches. Lowland streams of central California; very common
in the Sacramento and San Joaquin. Singularly distinguished from our

* Scales 46 to 48 in the types from Flint River; 51 in specimen from Augusta, Georgia ; 52 in
one from Black Warrior River.

t “The first to say a good word for the study of Cyprinidw.’’ ‘Tam the wiser in respect to
all knowledge and the better qualified for all fortunes for knowing that there isa minnow in the
brook. Methinks I have need even of his sympathy and to be his fellow in a degree. I would
know even the number of their fin rays and how many scales compose the lateral line.”

( Thoreau.)

224 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

other Cyprinide by the great development of the upper lobe of the caudal

and its rudimentary rays. (saxpodezidotoc, large-scaled.)

Leuciscus macrolepidotus, AYRES, Placer Times and Transcript, 1854, May 30, San Francisco.

Pogonichthys inequilobus, Barry & GiRARD, Proc. Ac, Nat. Sci. Phila., 1854, 136, (August), San
Joaquin River, California; and Grrarp, Pac. R. R. Surv., x, 245, 1858.

Pogonichthys argyreiosus, GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1854, 153, Presidio, California.

Leucosomus argyreiosus, GUNTHER, Cat., VII, 267, 1868.

Leucosomus inequilobus, GUNTHER, Cat., vil, 271, 1868.

Pogonichthys macrolepidotus, JORDAN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1880, 326; Jorpan & GILBERT,
Synopsis, 223, 1883.

Symmetrurus argyreiosus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 222, 1883; young specimens, 4 inches long,

114. PTYCHOCHEILUS, Agassiz.

Ptychocheilus, AGASSIz, Amer. Journ. Sci. Arts, 1855, 229, (gracilis).
y , ’ > > >] g

Body elongate, little elevated, the caudal peduncle not ‘contracted.
Head long, slender, pike-like; mouth nearly horizontal, widely cleft, the
maxillary extending to below the eye, the upper lip rather below the
level of the eye; lower jaw included, both anteriorly and laterally ; no
barbel; lips thick. Scales small, little imbricated, mostly longer than
deep. Lateral line decurved. Gill rakers very short. Dorsal fin well
back, somewhat behind ventrals. Anal basis short. Caudal fin strong,
its rudimentary rays not greatly developed. Intestinal canal short.
Teeth 2, 5-4, 2; the straight limb of the pharyngeal bone extremely long
and slender, its teeth wide apart, subconical, scarcely compressed, and
but slightly curved at tip, the hook being turned in the direction of the
angle of the bone; no trace of grinding surface. Fishes of very large
size, reaching a length of more than 4 feet, the largest of the Leuciscine
Cyprinide. With a general resemblance to Leuciscus and Gila, this genus
differs strongly in the form of the pharyngeal bones and teeth. In this
genus, as in Gila, the vertebrx are more numerous than usual in Leuciscus,
45 or 46 instead of 42 to 45. (arvf, fold; yeiAoc, lip; the skin of .the
mouth behind the jaws being folded.)

a. Scales of the lateral line 73 to 86, those before dorsal about 55. OREGONENSIS, 357.
aa, Scales in the lateral line about 90.
b. Head 4 in length; cleft of mouth 374 in head. HARFORDI, 358,
bb. Head 31% in length; cleft of mouth 33 in head. Lucius, 359.

357. PTYCHOCHEILUS OREGONENSIS (Richardson).
(SQUAW-FISH ; CHAPPAUL; SACRAMENTO PIKE.)

Head 3#; depth 43 to 5; eye small, 74 in head, 23 in snout; snout3. D.10;
A. 8; scales 9-73 to 86-7, 42 to 60 before the dorsal; teeth 2, 4-5, 2. Body
comparatively robust, withstoutcaudal peduncle. Mouth large, the maxil-
lary reaching front of pupil. Eye small, in young specimens proportion-
ately much larger. Lateral line strongly decurved, much nearer belly
than back. Coloration muddy greenish, with a few silvery scales; belly
silvery; the fins, in spring, with red or orange; scales dusted with dark
dots; young with black caudal spot. Length 2 to 4 feet. Rivers from
Vancouver Island south to the San Joaquin; abundant in Columbia

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 995

River, Fraser River, etc.; ascending the Columbia and tributaries as far
as Missoula, Montana, and the Great Shoshone Falls in the Snake, (Ever-
mann), also everywhere in the Sacramento, San Joaquin, Salinas, and
other lowland rivers of California. Common; used as food.

Cyprinus (Leuciscus) oregonensis, RICHARDSON, Fauna Bor.-Amer., 111, 305, 1836, Columbia River,

Gila grandis, Ayres, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Cal., 1854, 18, San Francisco.

Ptychocheilus major, AGass1z, Amer. Journ, Sci. Arts, 1855, 229, San Francisco.

Ptychocheilus gracilis, AGass1z, Amer. Journ. Sci. Arts, 1855, 229, Willamette Falls.

Ptychocheilus oregonensis, GIRARD, Pac. R. R. Sury., 298, 1858 ; JoRDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 236,
1883 ; EVERMANN, Bull. U.S. Fish Comm., x1, 1891, 43, pl. 19, fig. 3.

Ptychocheilus rapax, GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 209, Monterey, California. (Coll.
Trowbridge.) Large specimens with deep body (depth 424) and scales before dorsal crowded,
49 in number GrrarRD, Pac. R. R. Surv., x, 300, 1858; Jorpan & GILBERT, Synopsis, 226,
1883.

Leuciscus oregonensis, GUNTHER, Cat., VII, 239, 1868.

Ptychocheilus grandis, GIRARD, Pac. R. R. Sury., x, 300, 1858.

Leuciscus grandis, GUNTHER, Cat., vi1, 239, 1868; in part; perhaps mixed with P. harfordi.

358. PTYCHOCHEILUS HARFORDI, Jordar & Gilbert.

Head 4; depth 5}. D.8; A. 7; scales 17-90 to 95-9; teeth 2,5-4,2. Form
of P. oregonensis, but more slender, the lateral line similarly much decurved,
but scales smaller. Caudal less deeply forked; pectoral longer, reaching 3
distance to ventrals. Maxillary 2% in head, reaching just past front of
eye. Length 18 inches or more. Lower Sacramento River, with P. ore-
gonensis, but much less common in the markets; possibly only the extreme
variation of that species. (Named for W. G. W. Harford, curator of the
museum of the California Academy of Sciences, now of the University of
California. )

Plychochilus harfordi, JORDAN & GILBERT, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1881, 72, Sacramento River.
(Type, No. 27246. Coll. Jordan & Gilbert.) Jorpan & GILBERT, Synopsis, 226, 1883.

359. PTYCHOCHEILUS LUCIUS, Girard.

(‘*WuitrE SALMoNn”’ OF THE CoLORADO.)

Head 34; depth 54; eye small, 24 in snout, 7in head. D.9; A.9}; lateral
line 83 to 87; teeth 2,4-5,2. Vertebre 45 or 46. Body slender, elongate,
with long, slender, depressed head; the form and general appearance
being that of P. oregonensis. Maxillary reaching past anterior margin of
the eye, 2? in head. Lateral line very strongly decurved. Fins moderate.
Seales very small. Coloration plain, darker above, the young always
with a black caudal spot and with a faint pale lateral band below a
darker one.” Length 5 feet. Colorado basin, very abundant in the river
channels as far north as the base of the Rocky Mountains in Colorado.
(Uncompaligre River at Delta.) The largest of the American Cyprinida,
reaching a weight of 80 pounds, and having considerable value as a food-
fish. Known locally as ‘‘Salmon.” (lucius, pike.)

Ptychocheilus lucius, Ginary, Proc, Ac. Nat. Sci. Phil., 1856, 209, Rio Colorado, (Coll, A. Schott.)
Mex. Bound. Surv., Ic}th., 65, 1859; Jonpan & GILBERT, Synopsis, 227, 1883.
F. N. A. lo

226 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

115. GILA,* Baird & Girard.
Gila, Barrp & GirarD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1853, 368, (robusta).

Body elongate, little compressed, the back arched, especially in the ~
adult; the caudal peduncle typically extremely long, slender, contracted,
much narrower than the base of the caudal fin, which is widely forked,
with its basal fulera very much developed. Head in typical species
broad, depressed, its profile concave. Mouth large, horizontal, and over-
lapped by the broad snout. Dorsal fin behind the middle of the body,
slightly behind ventrals. Anal basis short. Intestinal canal short.
Seales very small, little imbricated, sometimes scarcely imbricate at all,
longer than deep, especially posteriorly. No barbel. Pseudobranchize
present. Teeth 2, 5-4, 2, close set, compressed and hooked, without
grinding surface. Vertebre 42 to 46. Peritoneum dusky. Species of
large size, the typical form remarkably unlike the usual Cyprinoid type,
but varying through a series of intermediate forms directly into Leuciscus,
so that the genus has no very satisfactory technical character. (Gila, the
name of the river where the typical species was first obtained. )

a. Belly more or less fully scaled.
b. Caudal peduncle very slender, its least depth 124 in maxillary ; scales of back and belly

much reduced. ELEGANS, 360.
bb. Caudal peduncle not very slender, its least depth 114 in maxillary ; scales of back and
belly moderately reduced. ROBUSTA, 361.

aa. Belly naked ; caudal peduncle slender ; anterior profile scarcely concave.
SEMINUDA, 362.

360. GILA ELEGANS, Baird & Girard.
(Bony-TaIL; ‘‘GILA TROUT.”’)

Head 5; depth 5; eye 5. D.9; A. 10; scales 23-85-10; teeth 2, 4-5, 2.
The extreme species of this type. Body elongate, somewhat compressed,
the region before the dorsal elevated, forming a sort of hump, the dorsal
fin inserted on the downward slope of the back, so that its base is quite
oblique. Caudal peduncle extremely long and slender, as broad as deep,
and nearly terete, its length (from end of anal to middle of base of
caudal) 13 times the length of the head, its least depth 13 in maxillary;
its extremity dilated and compressed. Head short, broad, the snout
depressed and broadly rounded; the anterior part of the head from
behind the eyes broad and depressed ; the posterior part high so that the
profile forms a concave arc. All these traits of form more marked in old
examples; young specimens (emorii) having the anterior profile scarcely
concave. Month rather larger than in G. robusta, nearly horizontal, the
upper lip on the level of the lower part of orbit, the maxillary extend-
ing to the front of orbit, the lower jaw on all sides included; skin

*“ The food of Gila elegans consists almost entirely of Gasteropods and caddis worms, which
they crush with their powerful pharyngeals. The young differ greatly from the old, the cra-
nium probably not becoming depressed until the second year. They are very tenacious of life.
They have revived after being several hours out of the water and having become perfectly dry
and stiff. They take the hook freely.” (W. L. Carpenter, in Kirsch, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus.,
1888, 558.)

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 227

of the lower jaw hard. Eye small, anterior, placed low. Isthmus nar-
row. Gill rakers rather weak. Fins all long and falcate, larger than in
G. robusta. Pectorals reaching ventrals; caudal fin deeply forked, its
lobes long and pointed, the upper somewhat the longer; the rudimental
basal rays strong, about 12 in number on each side. Scales scarcely
imbricated at all, those on the caudal peduncle hardly touching each
other, on the sides of the body much longer than deep; their texture
thin and membranaceous; scales on back and belly much smaller than
on sides and smaller than in other species, those on middle line of back
obsolete or nearly so. Coloration bluish above, pale below. Length 12
inches. Colorado and Gila rivers, abundant in the channels, but not
ascending so far as G. robusta. (elegans, elegant.)

Gila elegans, BAinD & Girard, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1853, 369, Zuni, Colorado, and Gila
rivers. (Type, Nos. 935 and 20265, Coll. Maj."Thomas.) Grrarp, Pac, R. R. Surv., x,
286, 1858 ; JorpAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 227, 1883 ; Jorpan, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., 1x
1889, 27; Kirsch, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus.,*1888, 558. ;

Gila emoryi, BAinD_& GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phil., 1853, 388, Gila River. (Type, No. 247.

. Coll. John Le Conte.) Jorpan & GILBERT, synopsis, 229, 1883.

Leuciscus elegans, GUNTHER, Cat., v1, 241, 1868.

Leuciscus emorii, GUNTHER, Cat., v11, 242, 1868.

361. GILA ROBUSTA, Baird & Girard.

(RouND-TAIL.)

Head 4; depth 5; eyedto8. D.9; A. 9; scales 17-80-10; teeth 2, 5-4,
2. Body elongate, the back elevated and the head depressed as in Gila
elegans, but the caudal peduncle notably stouter, its least depth about
one-third its length, 3% in length of head and 1} in maxillary; young
with the head less depressed and the profile scarcely concave. Mouth
large, the upper lip on the level of lower part of orbit. Fins rather
lower than in G. elegans, the pectorals in the male reaching’ventrals, but
falling short in the female. Eye small, low, anterior. Lateral line much
decurved. Coloration plain; males in life with lower fins and lower side
ot head red, and a vertical red dash on cheeks. Length 16 inches. Trib-
utaries of the Rio Colorado and Rio Gila, very common up to the foot
of the mountains in Colorado (Uncompahgre’River at Delta); the flesh
full of small bones and nearly worthless as food. (robustus, stout.)

Gila robusta, BArnp & Girarp, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1853, 368, Zuni River. (Type, Nos.
276 and 277. Coll. Woodhouse.) Girarp, Pac. R. R. Surv., x, 285, 1858; Jorpan & Gu-
BERT, Synopsis, 228, 1883; Jorpvan, Bull. U. 8. Fish Comm., 1x, 1889, 27.

Gila gracilis, Bainp & Grrarp, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1853, 369, Zuhi River. (Type, No.
245. Coll. Capt. Sitgreaves.) Grirarp, Pac. R. R. Surv., x, 287, 1858; Jorpan & GiLpert,
Synopsis, 229, 1883.

Gila grahami, Barry & Grrarp, Proc, Ac, Nat. Sci. Phila., 1853, 389, Rio San Pedro, tributary
to Rio Gila. (Type, No. 252. Coll. Clark.) Grranrp, U. 8. & Mex. Bound. Surv., Ichth.,
61, 1859; Jorpan & Ginpert, Synopsis, 228, 1883.

Plychocheilus voraz, Ginarp, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila,, 1856, 209, and Pac. R. R. Surv., x, 301,
1858, locality unknown The type of “voraz,”’ examined by us is a true Gila, (Coll.
Kreuzfeld.)

Leuciscus cunnensis, GUnNruEn, Cat., vil, 241, 1868, Zui River; substitute for gracilis, preoceu-
pied in Lenciscus,

228 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

Gila affinis, ABBoTT, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, 474; type erroneously ascribed to Kansas
River. (Type, No. 21088, Coll. Abbott.) JorpAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 229, 1883.

Gila nacrea, Cope, Hayden’s Geol. Surv. Wyom. for 1870, 441, 1872; tributary of Green
River, Fort Bridger, Wyoming; young, perhaps, of G. elegans; JonpDAN & GILBERT, Syn-
opsis, 230, 1883.

Leuciscus robustus, GUNTHER, Cat., vit, 241, 1868.

Leuciscus grahami, GUNTHER, Cat., ViI, 242, 1868.

362. GILA SEMINUDA, Cope & Yarrow.

Head 5; depth 52; eye 4. D.10; A. 10; scales 21-98-12; teeth 2, 5-4, 2.
Body moderately deep, with slender and tapering caudal peduncle, the
least depth of which is about one-third its length. Back little elevated,
not arched in front of dorsal. Head small, transversely convex, its pro-
file continuous with that of the back and not concave. Mouth rather
small, oblique, terminal, upper lip opposite the middle of orbit, the max-
illary not reaching line of orbit. Eye large, rather anterior, but not
very low. Fins moderate. Dorsal slightly behind ventrals. Brownish
above, lower fins pink. Length 6 inches. Rio Virgen, in Utah, (Cope).
Not seen by us. This species forms a transition to Leuciscus and other
normally formed Cyprinidae. (seminudus, half naked. )

Gila seminudu, Cope & Yarrow, Zobl. Wheeler’s Expl. W. 100th Mer., vy, 666, 1875, (1876),
Rio Virgen. (Type, No. 16975. Coll. Yarrow.) Jorpan & GILBERT, Synopsis, 230, 1883.

116. LEUCISCUS, Cuvier.
(DACE.)

Leuciscus, (KLEIN) CUvIER, Régne Animal, Ed. 1,194, 1817, (dobula, rutilus, leuciscus, alburnus, and
phoxinus).

Phoxinus, RAFINESQUE, Ich. Oh., 45,1820. (No typ stated ; phorinus understood.)

Dobula, RAFINESQUE, Ich. Oh., 45,1820. (Notype mentioned ; dobula understood.)

Leuciscus, RAFINESQUE, l. c. 45. (No type mentioned ; leuciscus understood.)

Phoxinus, AGAssiz, Mém. Soc. Sci. Nat. Neufchatel, 1835, 37, (phoxinus).

Leuciscus, AGASSIZ, Mém. Soc. Sci. Nat. Neufchatel, 1835, 38, (Jeuciscus), (not Leuciscus, HECKEL,
and of GUNTHER, which is Rutilus of RAFINESQUE, the type being rutilus).

Squalius, BONAPARTE, Fauna Italica, 1837, § 6, (tyberinus).

Leuciscus, BONAPARTE, l. c., (argenteus = leuciscus).

Telestes, BONAPARTE, 1. ¢., (muticellus).

Cephalus, BONAPARTE, Catol. Metod., 1846, 39, (cephalus; no diagnosis),

Microlepis, BONAPARTE, I. c., (turskyi; no diagnosis).

Richardsonius,* GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 201, (balteatus).

Tigoma, GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 205, (pulchella).

Cheonda, GIRARD, lI. c., 207, (cooperi).

Siboma, GIRARD, l. c., 208, (crassicauda).

Clinostomus, GIRARD, l. c., 211, (elongatus).

Hemitremia, Corr, Proc. Amer, Philos, Soc., 1870, 462, (vittata).

Protoporus, Cope, HaypEN‘s Geol. Sury. Montana for 1871, 472, 1872, (dommninus).

Iotichthys, JonDAN & EVERMANN, new subgenus ( phlegethontis).

Body oblong, compressed or robust, covered with moderate orsmall scales.
Lateral line decurved, complete, or variously imperfect. Mouth usually
large and terminal, the lips normal, without barbel. Teeth mostly 2, 5-4, 2,
(in American species sometimes 1, 5-4, 2, or even by atrophy, 1,4-4,1),

* The ventral carination, used in the Synopsis as the distinctive character of Richardsonius,
has no real existence except in specimens shrunken by alcohol; the narrow belly is roundedin
cross section, fully ecaled over, and without keel.

sete tein pe

>
‘)
¥

Jordan and Evermann.—Ffishes of North America, 229

usually 2,5-5,2 in the European type; hooked, with rather narrow grind-
ingsurfaceornone. Anal basis short or more or less elongate. Dorsal fin
posterior, usually behind ventrals. Intestinalcanalshort. Size generally
large,some species very small. A very large group, one of the largest
current genera in ichthyology, represented by numerous species in the
rivers of Europe, Asia,and North America. Most of our species have been
poorly defined. As the species are extremely variable in form, the number
of nominal ones has been very greatly multiplied. Much larger series of
each form are necessary before the species can be properly discriminated.
Individual irregularities in dentition are common in this genus.

The typical species of the genus, Leuciscus leuciscus, is the common Dace-
or Vandoise of Europe, and differs greatly from any of the American
forms. The presence of various intermediate species, however, makes
it impossible for us to draw any satisfactory line between the Dace
(Leuciscus) on the one hand, and such extreme forms as the long-mouthed
minnows (Clinostomus) on the other.

In the subgenus Leuciscus the pharyngeal teeth are 2, 5-5, 2, rarely vary-
ing to 3,5-6,2,and the scales are rather large (about 50 in lateral line),
closely imbricated and along the sides distinctly silvery. The anal fin is
also long, of 11 to 12 rays, and the lateral line complete. The genus
Squalius, as understood by us, is strictly synonymous with Leuciscus. In
southeastern Europe and western Asia Leuciscus is replaced by the sub-
genus Telestes, which has the teeth 2, 5-4, 2, the scales much smaller (70 to
80), and not silvery, the anal fin stili remaining long, and the lateral line
complete. The American species ca.led Tigoma and Cheonda are very close
to Telestes, from which they differ only in the less closely imbricated
scales, most of them, but not al!, havirg the short anal fin generally char-
acteristic of American Cyprinide. Tigomacan not be generically separated
from Telestes, though it may be a question whether either should be united
to Leuciscus. Cheonda differs from Tigoma in having the long anal fin of
Leuciscus. Richardsonius is simply an extreme form of Cheonda. Siboma is
founded ona Tigoma with very deep body and the scales less loosely imbri-
cated than usual. Clinostomus is a peculiar group of small, fine-scaled
minnows, with the gape of the mouth larger than in any other Cyprinide
whatever. The relationship of the species to those called Richardsonius is,
however, very close. The type of Phoxinus differs from Leuciscus in its
incomplete lateral line and very small scales. In the latter respect the
subgenus Hemitremia forms a complete transition to Leuciscus, and some of

its species (as margarita) have the lateral line scarcely defective. Con-
sidering all the known species, Phoxinus can not be separated from
Leuciscus. It may even be necessary to merge /utilus and its American rep-
resentatives, Leucus and Mylolencus, in the same great group. (Leuciscus,
old name of the Dace, from Aevedc, white.)
I. Lateral line complete in the adult.
a. Mouth moderate, terminal, or subinferior, the lower jaw included, or scarcely projecting ;
teeth normally 2, 4-5, 2; scales rather small.
b. Anal basis short, its rays 7 or 8, rarely 9° fins low; males not brilliantly colored,
Srpoma, (a coined name without meanin z*);

* Like many other of Girard’s generic names; drawn ostensibly from “ words taken from the
North American Indians as more euphonic than any I might have framed from the Greek,”’

230 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

c. Caudal peduncle very deep and compressed, its least depth nearly equal to depth of
head; dorsal inserted above ventrals; scales comparatively large and well imbricated,
about 56. SRASSICAUDA, 363.
Tigoma, (a coined name):
ce. Caudal peduncle not very stout, its least depth not 24 depth of head ; scales small,
not closely imbricated ; dorsal usually inserted behind ventrals.
d. Scales of medium size, 50 to 75 in the lateral line ; young with the head more
or less conical ; adults with the head flattened and the back elevated.
e. Species from the Sacramento Basin; scales large, about 52.
; CONFORMIS, 364.
ee. Species from the great basins of Utah, Nevada, Idaho, and Oregon; scales
rather large, 53 to 63.
f. Sides of body abruptly silvery from a line just above lateral line; scales
13-60-7. BICOLOR, 365.
jf. Sides of body scarcely silvery, the scales everywhere much dotted; head
subconical; eye small; form extremely variable. LINEATUS, 366.
ece. Species from the basin of the Rio Grande; mouth large; head large; teeth
extremely variable; scales 60 to 67. NIGRESCENS, 367.
eeee. Species from the basin of Rio Yaqui; scales 62; body robust.
PURPUREUS, 368.
eeeee. Species from the Gila basin; head more blunt; scales 73 to 75; body
rather elongate. INTERMEDIUS, 369,
dd. Scales very small, 80 in the lateral line.
g. Head depressed above; back elevated with age; species of large size;

from the Gila Basin. NIGER, 370.
gg. Head not depressed ; the back not elevated; species of small size, from
the Great Basin of Utah. ALICI®, 371.

bb. Anal basis long, of 9 to 22 rays, the fins all high; body more or less compressed;
head bluntish, with large eye ; scales moderate, not closelyimbricated, 55 to 65 in
lateral line.
CHEONDA, (a coined name):
h. Anal rays 9 to 13, usually 11.
i. Coloration plain ; body not much compressed. COOPERI, 372.
ii. Coloration not plain ; sides with a dark lateral band, or with two dark bands; the
interspace and the belly bright red in spring males.
j. Body very deep, the depth 3 in length. HUMBOLDTI, 373.
jj. Body moderately elongate, the depth 4 to 44% in length; cheek with a silvery or
golden crescent; a pale streak from gill opening above eye.
k. Analrays usually 9 or 10; two dark lateral stripes. EGREGIUS, 374.
kk. Anal rays usually 11 or 12; one dark lateralstripe, forking anteriorly.

HYDROPHLOX, 375.
RICHARDSONIUs, (named for Sir John Richardson):

hh. Anal rays 14 to 22, usually 16; body much compressed; a dark lateral stripe ; crescent

on cheek very distinct. BALTEATUS, 376.
CLInostTomus, (kAtvw, to incline ; oroua, mouth):

aa. Mouth very wide, the lower jaw much projecting beyond upper; upper lip on the level of
the middle of the pupil ; maxillary reaching to below the pupil ; body elongate, com-
pressed ; dorsal well back ; males with red pigment, often brilliantly colored.
1. Scales moderate, 50 to 55 in lateral line. VANDOISULUS, 377.
ll. Scales miaute, 63 to 70 in lateral line. ELONGATUS, 378.
II. Lateral line more or less incomplete ; small species, the males usually brilliantly colored,
the sides and belly red in spring.
PuHoxinus, (boftvos, minnow; from doges, tapering; the old name of the European “minnow,”
Leuciscus phoxinus):
m. Scales minute, 80 to 100 in a longitudinal series ; lateral line very short ; snout blunt.

NEOGEUS, 379.
HEMITREMIA, (npt-, half; tpyua, aperture = lateral line):

mm. Scales moderate or large, 40 to 60 in a longitudinal series; lateral line variously devel-
oped, sometimes almost complete.

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 231

n. Scales in a longitudinal series 52 to 60; lateral line well developed, nearly complete.
o. Snout short and very blunt ; mouthsmall, not reaching orbit. MARGARITA, 380.

oo. Snout subconical ; maxillary about reaching front of eye. ORCUTTI, 381.

nn. Scales in a longitudinal series 40 to 45 ; lateral line more or less developed.
p. Caudal with a distinct black spot. MILNERIANUS, 382,
pp. Caudal without distinct black spot. FLAMMEUS, 383.

IoTICHTHYS,, (‘@Ta, the smallest letter ; (x@vs, fish ; from the small size.)
mmm. Scales in a longitudinal series about 36 ; no caudal spot ; no trace of lateral line.
PHLEGETHONTIS, 384.
Subgenus SIBOMA, Girard.

363. LEUCISCUS CRASSICAUDA (Baird & Girard),

(SACRAMENTO CHUB.)

Head 44; depth 3; eye 5. D.8;A. 8; scales 9-56-7 ; teeth 2, 5-4, 2, usually
without grinding surface. Body short, deep, compressed, the antedorsal
region arched, the caudal peduncle nearly as deep as long, about as deep
as the head. Head conic, the profile steep, the muzzle short and rather
pointed. Mouth small, oblique, the jaws nearly equal; upper lip on the
level of lower part of pupil; maxillary scarcely reaching front of eye;
isthmus very narrow; preorbital nearly as deep aslong. Eyesmall, ante-
rior. Finslow. Dorsal fin opposite ventrals, nearer caudal than snout;
caudal fin short, little forked, scarcely broader than the very deep caudal
peduncle, the spines of the caudal vertebre very strong. Scales large,
rather closely imbricated, their exposed surfaces rather deeper than long;
26 scales before dorsal. Lateral line decurved. Color brownish; sides
white ; young spotted above ; scales everywhere with dark dots ; fins plain.
Length 12 inches. Rivers of California; generally abundant in the Sac-
ramento and San Joaquin. (crassus, fat; cauda, tail.)

Leuciscus gibbosus, AYRES, Daily Placer Times and Transcript, May 30, 1854, San Francisco, not
of Storer, 1845.

Lavinia crassicauda, BAIRD & GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1854, 137, San Joaquin River.

Tigoma crassa,* GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 207, Sacramento River.

Siboma crassicauda, GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 208, and Pac. R. R. Surv., x, 296,
1858.

Leuciscus crassicauda, GUNTHER, Cat., vil, 243, 1868.

Squalius gibbosus, JORDAN & GiLBERT, Synopsis, 239, 1883.
Squalius crassus, JORDAN & GiLBeRtT, Synopsis, 241, 1883.

Subgenus TIGOMA, Girard,
364. LEUCISCUS CONFORMIS (Baird & Girard).

Head 34; depth 34; eye 5. D. 8; A. 8; scales 9-52-5. Body robust, rather
elevated. Head moderate, the mouth rather small, oblique; maxillary not
quite reaching eye. Eye mod-rate. Dorsal fin considerably behind ven-
trals. Scales large; lateral line decurved. Purplish brown above, yel-
lowish below. Length 4 inches. Tulare Valley, California; only the
types known; apparently close to L. crassicauda, but with larger scales;
perhaps the young of the same species. (conformis, uniform.)

Lavinia conformis, Bainp & Girarp, Proc. Ac, Nat. Sci. Phila., 1854, 187; Poso Creek, Tulare
County, California, (Coll. HMeermann.)

Tigoma conformis, Giranv, Pac, R. R. Sury., x, 289, 1858.
Squalius conformis, JORDAN & Giipert, Synopsis, 237, 1883.

*Teeth with narrow grinding surface; scales 10-57-7; head 4; depth 3'4, in Girard’s type,
which was 10 inches long. (Coll, Dr. J 8. Newberry.)

232 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

365. LEUCISCUS BICOLOR* (Girard).

Head 33; depth 3%; eye small, 6. D.8;A. 8; scales 13-60-7; teeth 2, 5-5, 2.
Body robust, heavy anteriorly, tapering backward. Head long, mouth
large, the maxillary reaching eye. Lateral line decurved. Dorsal fin
inserted almost directly over ventrals; fins rather small. Dusky above,
sides and below silvery, the color contrasting with that of the back.
Length 12 inches. Klamath Lake, Oregon. (bicolor, two-colored.)

Tigoma bicolor, GiraARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 206, Klamath Lake, Oregon; and
Pac. R. R. Surv., x, 289, 1858. (Type, No. 234. Coll. J. 8S. Newberry.)

Cheonda c:erulea, + GIRARD, l. c., 1856, 207, Lost River, Oregon. (Type, No. 237 (2790). Coll.
J. S. Newberry.)

Squalius cxruleus, Cope, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1883, 146; JorpaAn & GiLBER, Synopsis, 241,
1883.

Squalius bicolor, JonDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 237, 1883.

366. LEUCISCUS LINEATUS (Girard).

(Great Coup. CHuB or Uran Lake.)

Head 34; depth 34; eye 7. D.9; A. 8; scales 10-55 to 63-53} teeth 2,5-4,2,
short and stout, one of them with grinding surface. Body robust, elevated
anteriorly, the sides compressed, although the back is very broad. Head
broad, the interorbital space flattish. Adult with the profile concave, the
young with profile straight or convex. Snout broad, elevated at tip; pre-
maxillary on level of pupil. Mouth very oblique, the mandible project-
ing; maxillary reaching front of eye. Eye small, anterior, 1? in snout.
Isthmus .very narrow. Scales large, subequal, broadly exposed, firm.
Lateral line decurved. Dorsal nearly median, inserted directly over ven-
trals; caudal evenly forked, the peduncle long and deep. Pectoralsshort,
extending three-fifths the distance to ventrals; ventrals about to vent.
Lower fins short. Color blackish; everywhere dark; the scales much dotted
and with darker edges, which often form lines along the rows of scales;
males without red. Length 12 to 15inches. One of the largest and most
widely distributed species, found everywhere in the Great Basin of Utah,
and also abundant in the Snake River Basin above the Shoshone
Falls as far as the Yellowstone Park. Extremely destructive to other

*Mr. Barton A. Bean, who has kindly reexamined the types of Tigoma bicolor, writes to us:
“The types of Zigoma bicolor and Siboma atraria differ greatly in form, color, and somewhat in
size of scales. Atraria is more robust than bicolor, its scales are larger, and its color quite dis-
tinct. The silvery color on the sides of 7. bicolor, extends from considerably above the lateral
line to all the lower parts. The scales of bicolor count 13-60-7, while in S. atraria of the same
size they are but 11-52-53. In younger examples there arise a larger number of scales, the type
of atraria having 11-55,”

+Leuciscus cexruleus, (GIRARD). Head 334; depth 4144. D. 9; A. 7; scales 13-61-7 in type;
teeth 2, 5-5 2, with narrow grinding surface. Body slender, subfusiform. Head slender, the
snout long, conical, rather flattened above. Jaws equal, the maxillary reaching to orbit.
Dorsal fin inserted behind yentrals; anal fin quitesmall. Lateral line decurved. Dusky bluish
above, pale below; scales everywhere with fine punctulations. Lost River, Oregon; certainly
identical with L. bicolor. The original type has the head longer, the snout much longer and
pointed, the mouth larger, the maxillary longer and less oblique, the eye somewhat larger, and
the top of the head more flat than in Leuciscus lineatus.

{Scales 12-63-7 is the most usual number in the Snake River Basin. The number seems to
vary from 53 to 63,

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 233

fishes, especially to young trout. Varies greatly with age and surround-
ings. The present description is taken primarily from Utah Lake speci-
mens, typical of L. atrarius. We have examined specimens from Utah
Lake, Provo River, Bear River, Jordan River, Sevier River, Heart Lake,
and Jackson Lake, Wyoming, and other streams tributary to Snake River.*
(lineatus, streaked, a character usually not conspicuous, and produced by
the paler centers of the scales contrasting with the dotted edges.)

Tigoma lineata, GrRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 206; locality unknown, type lost.
(Coll. Beckwith.) ;

Tigoma obesa, GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 206, Salt Lake Valley; and Pac. R. R.
Surv., x, 290, 1858; the name obesus preoccupied in Leuciscus. (Type, No. 2773. Coll. Bow-
man.)

Siboma atraria, GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 208, Utah District near the Desert,
(Coll. Beckwith); and Pac. R. R. Surv., x, 297, 1858.

Tigoma squamata, GitL, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1861, 42; and Ichth. Capt. Simpson’s Expl.,
1876, 405, Salt Lake Basin; a very deep-bodied example; scales 10-50-3. (Type, No. 2607.
Coll. C. 8S. McCarthy.)

Protoporus domninus, CoprE, Hayden's Geol. Surv. Mont. for 1871, 473, 1872, Snake River, Fort
Hall, Idaho, (Coll. Carrington); a very young example with incomplete lateral line and
teeth 2,44, 1; scales 9-56-6; JonpAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 203, 1883.

Hybopsis bivittatus, Copr, Hayden’s Geol. Surv. Mont. for 1871, 1872, 474, Warm Springs, Utah,
(Coll. Carrington); young with teeth 2, 4-4, 2; scales 12-53-11.

Hybopsis timpanogensis, Corr, Proc. Amer. Philos, Soc. Phila., 1874, 134, Timpanogos, Utah;
young with incomplete lateral line ; scales 13-52-2, and teeth 2, 4-4, 2. (Type, No. 15769.
Coll. F. Klett); Corr & Yarrow, Zoél. Wheeler Surv., 654, 1875.

Siboma atraria, and variety longiceps,t Corr, Zovl. Wheeler Surv., 667, 1875, (1876), Snake Creek
Valley, Nevada, near the Utah line, and near the Sevier Basin, belonging to
the drainage of Lake Bonneville. (Type, Nos. 12910, 15770, 15782. Coll. Yarrow;
C. G. Newberry.)

Squalius rhomaleus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Proc, U. S. Nat. Mus., 1880, 461, very old ; scales 10-55-5,
Utah Lake. (Coll. Jordan.)

Squalius cruoreus, JORDAN & GILBERT, l. c., 460, 1880, Provo River; scales 11-56-6; young.
(Type, No. 30806. Coll. Madsen.)

Mimilus bivittatus, JonDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 195, 1883.

Minnilus timpanogensis, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 196, 1883.

Squalius eruoreus and rhomaleus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 234, 240, 1883.

Squalius lineatus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 236, 1883.

Squalius obesus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 237, 1883.

Squalius atrarius, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 241, 1883; Jorpan, Bull. U.S. Fish Comm., 1889, 33.

Squalius squamatus, JonDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 241, 1883.

367. LEUCISCUS NIGRESCENS (Girard).

-

(Pescapi1o; Cuus OF THE Rro GRANDE.)

Head 44; depth 42; eye about 6. D.8; A. 8; scales 15-67 (60 to 67)-10;
teeth 1, 4-4, 1, or 1, 4-5, 2, usually without grinding surface. Body rather
slender, little compressed. Head rather long and pointed. Mouth moder-
ate, oblique, terminal, the jaws about equal, the maxillary about reach-
ing front of eye. Eye rather small. Scales moderate. Lateral line
decurved. Fins large; dorsal behind ventrals, its tip when depressed
reaching the posterior base of the anal; pectorals nearly reaching ventrals.

* This species has been attributed to Lake Tahoe, apparently by error, Rutdus olivaceus having
probably been mistaken for it.

{This variety is said to differ from the typical form in having the head longer and the scales
larger. Scales 12-56-5.

234 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

Coloration dusky above; silvery below; males with the axil red; sides
with a vague dusky band; young with a black caudal spot. Length 6 to
12 inches. Rio Grande Basin, from San Luis Park to Mexico, everywhere
abundant in eddies and deep places in the river. Variable, the dentition
especially so. The present description from specimens taken in the Rio
Grande at Alamosa, corresponding to L. pandora; further south the species
grows larger with the back higher, the head more depressed. Probably all
are the same species. (nigrescens, blackish.)

Gila pulchella, BAIRD & GIRARD, Proc, Ac, Nat. Sci. Phila., 1854, 29, Rio Mimbres, Lake Guz-
man, Chihuahua; scales 66; teeth 2, 54, 2; not Leuciscus pulchellus, SrorER. (Type, No.
233. Coll. Clark.)

Tigoma nigrescens, GIRARD, Proc, Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 207, Boca Grande and Rio Janos,
Chihuahua. (Type, No. 219. Coll. Kennerly.) . .

Tigoma pulchra, GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 207, Chihuahua River; teeth 1, 44,
1, without grinding surface; scales 13-67-7; color bright. (Type, Nos. 227 and 228 (2782).
Coll. Potts); Grrarp, U. S. Mex. Bound. Sury., Ichth., 65, 1859.

Clinostomus pandora, Copr, Hayden’s Geol. Surv. Mont. for 1871, 475, 1872, Tributaries Rio
Grande, Sangre de Cristo Pass; scales 17-59-10 to 18-65-11; teeth 1, 4-4, 1 to 2, 4-5, 2,
with or without grinding surface. (Type, Nos. 15761, 15984, 15985, 15987, and 18000. Coll.
Cope, Aiken, Yarrow.)

Gila gula, Corr, Zo61. Wheeler’s Exp]. W. 100th Mer., v, 661, 1875, (1876), Rio de Acama, and
near Fort Wingate, New Mexico; large specimens with the scales 16-60-11, and the
mouth large; the teeth 2, 5-4, 2. (Type, No. 16979. Coll. Henshaw.)

Cheonda modesta, GARMAN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zoél., vit1, 92, 1881, Rio Salinas, Saltillo,
Coahuila; scales 14-65-9; head 314; depth 334.

Tigoma conspersa,* GARMAN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zo6l., viii, 92, 1881, Rio Nazas, Coahuila.

Squalius pandora, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 235, 1883.

Squalius gula, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 236, 1883.

Squalius pulcher and pulchellus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 236, 238, 1883.

Squalius conspersus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 239, 1883.

Squalius nigrescens, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 242, 1883; scales 16-70-10; teeth 2,4, with grind-
ing surface.

Squalius modestus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 242, 1883.

368. LEUCISCUS PURPUREUS (Girard),

Head 34; depth 33. <A. 8; scales 13-62-8; teeth 1, 4-?, ?. Stout and com-
pressed; head long. Lateral line decurved. Dorsal fin slightly behind
ventrals. Fins all small. Blackish above, pale below. San Bernardino
Creek in southern Arizona, a tributary of Rio Yaqui. Only known from
Girard’s type. It is not impossible that both intermedius and nigrescens may
prove indistinguishable from purpureus, and very likely niger also may be
the same. In view, however, of the general difference in the faunze of
the Rio Grande, Yaqui, and Gila, we admit the three species as distinct.
(purpureus, purple.)

Tigoma purpurea, GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 206, San Bernardino Creek, Ari-

zona. (Coll. Kennerly.)
Squalius purpureus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 238, 1883.

*Tigoma conspersa. Form of Leuciscus niger.—Head 334; depth 334. D.8; A. 8; ‘‘teeth 4, 1-1,
4, clawed;”’ scales 13-69-9. Profile of head concave, maxillary reaching front of orbit. Pector-
als extending three-fourths distance to ventrals, which reach vent. Brown above; scales of
back and sides speckled with darker; an obscure dusky lateral shade. Rio Nazas, Coahuila, a
tributary of Laguna del Muerte.

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 235

369. LEUCISCUS INTERMEDIUS (Girard).

Head 32; depth 4. D.8; A. 9; scales 15-73-9. Allied to L. nigrescens,
but from a different river basin. Body elongate, heavy forward, the
caudal peduncle slender. Head long, rather pointed, broad above,
depressed over the eye; mouth large, oblique, the jaws equal, the maxil-
lary just reaching eye. Fins moderate, the dorsal behind ventrals; pec-
torals long, nearly reaching ventrais. Color dusky everywhere, with
dark dots, the sides soiled silvery; a plumbeous lateral streak; fins plain.
Scales 75 in lateral line, in our specimen from Rio Santa Cruz at Tucson.
Gila Basin. Very close to L. purpureus, but that species has apparently
larger scales, and belongs to another river basin. (intermedius, interme-
diate—between L. pulchellus and L. purpureus. )

Tigoma intermedia, Ginarp, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 206, Rio San Pedro of the Gila.
Coloration silvery with dark dots; scales 15-73-9. (Type, No. 232. Coll. Clark.)

Squalius lemmoni,* Rosa Smiru, Proc. Cal. Ac. Sci., 1884, 3, Rillito Creek, near Tucson, Ari-
zona. (Coll. J. G. Lemmon.)

Squalius intermedius, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 238, 1883.

370. LEUCISCUS NIGER (Cope).

Head, 33; depth, 33; eye rather large, 5 in head. D. 8; A, 8; lateral
line 80; teeth 2, 4-5, 2, said by Girard to have a developed grinding sur-
face, which, however, we are unable to find. Body robust, the back ele-
vated anteriorly, the caudal peduncle shortened and not very stout.
Occiput depressed. Head large. Mouth large, moderately oblique, the
lower jaw included, the maxillary extending to pupil. Fins small,
the dorsal well backward. Scales small, posteriorly smaller and more
crowded. Lateral line little decurved. Color dusky, the scales with
black dots. Rio Gila. A large species, perhaps not distinct from L.
intermedius, the scales apparently a little smaller, the differences in form

no doubt due to age. (niger, black.)

Gila gibbosa, Batrp & GiraRD, Proc, Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila,, 1854, 28, Rio Santa Cruz, Arizona;
(the nameegibbosa is twice preoccupied in Leuciscus). (Type, No. 222 (2775). (Coll. Clark;
Heermann. )

Tigoma gibbosa, GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 207, and U. S. Mex. Bound. Suryv.,
Ichth., 64, 1859.

Gila nigra, Cork, Zoi]. Wheeler’s Expl. W. 100th Mer., v, 663, 1875, (1876), Ash Creek and San
Carlos, Arizona; scales 78 to 87. (Type, No. 16972. Coll. Henshaw.)

Squalius niger, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 239, 1883.

*The following is the description published by Miss Smith (Mrs. Eigenmann):

Squalius lenmmoni: Head 34 (444); depth 38 (44); length 5% inches; D. 8; A. 8. Body not
much compressed, but rather slender; the dorsal and ventral outlines about equally arched.
Head subconical, little compressed, nearly as wide as deep, and flat on top; maxillary oblique,
reaching front of eye, lower jaw barely included; diameter of eye not quite equal to snout, 1's
inch interorbital space, 44 in head. Teeth 2, 5-4, 2, with evident grinding surface on three in
the greaterrow. Pseudobranchiz present. Isthmus narrow. Scales68. Lateral line decurved,
but not strongly. Scales largest on sides anteriorly; much smaller on dorsal and ventral sur-
faces. Scales not very firm, a few rubbed off from each of the four examples studied. Insertion
of dorsal fin very slightly behind ventrals, nearer snout than base of caudal. Pectorals 124 in
head; ventrals 2 in head, very nearly reaching vent. Depth of caudal peduncle 2 in its length.
Color generally smutty. Top of head, from tip of snout to occiput, evenly bluish black, sharply
separating the head from the trunk; a median blackish streak from occiput to base of caudal,
paler behind dorsal. A leaden band about as wide as eye from upper angle of opercle to base of
caudal, running higher than the lateral line except at its posterior fourth, where it is upon the
lateral line. Sides of head and body dusky from numerous dark punctulations. Below, plain white
from chin to insertion of anal. Fins all dusky. Peritoneum blackish. Described from four
- Styaeaerp (the largest 514 inches long) collected in Arizona by Mr. J. G. Lemmon, for whom
the species is named. These specimens have been donated by the collector to the California
Academy of Sciences. Mr. Lemmon states that he found these fishes in Rillito Creek, a small
stream of the Santa Catalina Mountains, seven miles north of Tucson, Arizona, and that the
largest ones caught were about ten inches in length.

236 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

371. LEUCISCUS ALICLE (Jouy).
(LEATHER-SIDED Minnow.)

Head 44+; depth 33; eye 3} to 4. D.8; A. 8; scales about 19-80-12;
teeth 2, 5-4, 2, typically without grinding surface, but subject to an
unusual amount of irregularity, occasionally 2, 4-4, 1 or 2, and some-
times with grinding surface. Body comparatively elongate and com-
pressed, the caudal peduncle long and ratherslender. Head short, rather
broad and flattish above, the interorbital space convex and broader than
the eye. Eye moderate, as long as snout. Mouth rather small, low,
terminal, oblique, the premaxillary just below level of pupil, the maxil-
lary reaching to just beyond front of eye. Dorsal fin inserted somewhat
behind ventrals. Pectorals short, not reaching nearly to ventrals, the
latter not to vent. Scales very small. Lateral line somewhat decurved.
Bluish olive above, with dark points; sides silvery, a dusky lateral
shade; fins nearly plain; axils red in the males; coloration in spirits very
pale, largely silvery. Length 6 inches. Great Basin of Utah; very
abundant in the Bear, Provo, Jordan, and Sevier rivers ; not known out-
side the limits of the old Lake Bonneville, except from Little Wood
River, Idaho, where it has recently been found by Gilbert and Evermann,
who found that the fauna of the Upper Snake River in Idaho is practically
identical with that of Lake Bonneville. (Named for Mrs. Alice Jouy.)
Tigoma gracilis, GIRARD, Proc. Ac, Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 206, locality unknown, (Coll. Beck-

with); the type lost; the name gracilis preoccupied in Leuciscus.
Squalius copei, Jonpan & GILBERT, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1880, 461, Bear River, Evanston,
Wyoming ; Jorpan & GILBERT, Synopsis, 238, 1883 ; not Leuciscus copii, GUNTHER.

Squalius alicix, Jovy, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1881, 19, Provo River near Utah Lake. (Type,
No. 27412. Coll. Jorpan); JorDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 238, 1883.

Subgenus CHEONDA, Girard.
372. LEUCISCUS COOPERE (Girard).

Head 44; depth 44; eye large, 44 in head. D.8; A. 11 or 12; lateral
line 68. Body rather elongate, subfusiform, much compressed. Head
moderate, the snout thickish, subconical, slightly projecting. Mouth
oblique, the maxillary not quite reaching to eye. Fins large, the anal
notably so. Dorsal somewhat behind ventrals. -Coloration reddish gray;
sides and belly silvery. Lower Columbia River. Known only from the
original type, above described. (Named for Dr. John G. Cooper, of Oak-
land, one of the pioneer naturalists of California. )

Cheonda cooperi, GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 207, Fort Vancouver ; and Pac. R.
R. Surv., x, 294, 1858. (Type, No. 238. Coll. Dr. J. G. Cooper.)

Leuciscus cooperi, GUNTHER, Cat., VI1, 243, 1868.

Squalius cooperi, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 242, 1883.

373. LEUCISCUS HUMBOLDTI (Girard).

Head 4; depth 3; eye large, 4. D. 8; A. 12; scales 12-56-8; teeth 2,
4-5,1. Body short and deep; head moderate; mouth terminal, oblique,
the cleft rather short, the maxillary reaching front of eye. Lateral line
moderately decurved. Dorsal fin rather behind ventrals; anal fin
elongate. Color bluish; sides with two dusky lateral bands. Humboldt

ee

eee ——

I

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America, 237

River, Nevada; perhaps identical with L. egregius, but the type specimen
is much deeper than any egregius we have seen. (Named for Alexander
von Humboldt.)

Tigoma humboldti, eae Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 206, Humboldt River, Nevada;
and Pac. R. R. Surv., x, 291, 1858. (Type, Nos. 225, 226. Coll. Bowman; Beckwith.)
Squalius humboldti, Gavan a GILBERT, Synopsis, 234, 1883.

374. LEUCISCUS EGREGIUS (Girard).

Head 3# to 44; depth 3! to 44; eye 44. D. 8; A. 9; scales 12 or 13-52 to 56-6
to 8. Teeth 2, 4-5,2, without grinding surface. Eyelarge. Body rather
robust, compressed. Mouth oblique, the jaws equal, the maxillary about
reaching front of eye. Fins all high, the anal shorter than in L. hydro-
phlox. Back blackish, with a broad blackish vertebral streak ; usually
two parallel dark bands along anterior third of sides, separated by alight
streak one-half width of pupil. In life this light interspace is flushed
with red. Posteriorly the two dark bands merge into a single median one
on caudal peduncle and the lower issometimes wanting ; belly golden, with
some red in males, A broad red streak nearly as wide as orbit bordering
the dark lateral streak and extending to opposite front of anal. Top of
head, snout, chin, and an irregular band behind eye blackish; axil scar-
let; a golden crescent on cheek; fins unmarked. Length 3} inches.
Nevada to northern California, known from the Humboldt and Truckee
basins and from Napa Valley; extremely common in Lake Tahoe and
Truckee River. Here described from specimens from the Humboldt River
at Winnemucca, sent by Frank Germain. These have been compared
with the type of ZL. clevelandi, which seems to be identical with them.
This species may ultimately stand as Leuciscus humboldti. (egregius, sur-

prising.)

Tigoma egregia, GIRARD, Pac. R. R. Surv., x, 291, 1858, locality unknown, but probably Great
Basin of Nevada, the drainageof Lake Lahontan. (Coll. Kreuzfeld.)

Gila ardesiaca,* Corr, Zobl. Wheeler Sury., v, 660, pl. xxx, figs. 1, la, 1875, (1876), locality un-
known, probably Nevada. (Type, No. 16974. Coll. Yarrow & Henshaw.)

Squalius galtiz,+ Corg, Proc, Ac, Nat, Sci. Phila., 1883, 148, Pyramid Lake, Nevada.

Phoxinus clevelandi,t C. TI. and R. §. Eiaenmann, West American Scientist, 1889, 149, Aftna
Springs, Napa County, California.

Squalius ardesiacus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 235,1883.

Squalius egregius, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 236, 1883.

* Gila ardesiaca, Corr. Head 314; depth 4}; eye 4. D.8; A.8. Scales 17-63-8. Teeth 2, 5-4, 2
Body rather stout, compressed ; head heavy, muzzle short; mouth short, very oblique, the jaws
about equal, the maxillary reaching past front of the large eye. Pectoral fin long, nearly
reaching ventrals, Olivaceous above, a narrow plumbeous lateral band concurrent with the back.

TSqualius galtiv, Corr. Head 4; depth 444; eye 3 in head. D. 8; A.(probably) 8. Scales
12-60-5. Teeth 1 , 4-5, 1, without ‘grinding ‘surface. Dorsal inserted a little behind front of
ventrals ; muzzle’ short; mouth oblique, without prominent chin, the end of the maxillary
reaching a little beyond front of orbit. Interorbital region gently and regularly convex, as wide
aseye. Olive above, as far asa plumbeous band, which extends from the operculum to base of
caudal; below this line, sides and belly silvery, excepta broad band of crimson from the gill
opening to front of anal; side of head with a dusky band. Pyramid Lake, Nevada; abundant,

[Phoxinus clevelandi, Kiar NM ANN & E1GeNMANN, Head 414; depth 414; eye 444. D.9; A.9 or 10.
Scales 10-59-6, T eeth 2, 4-5 ,2. Mouth oblique ; jaws equal; maxillary reaching front of eye or
slightly beyond ; eye 14% in interorbital space; pectorals reaching ventrals in males, shorter in
females, Dark ‘brown above, bordered by a darker stripe; a black band from tip of snout to
base of caudal,a pale band betwee n this and dark of back; fins mostly dusky. Length 4
inches. Ait ... Springs, Napa County, California, One of the types received from Dr. Eigen-
mann seems to agree fully with L. egregius, In general, however, the fauna of the Sacramento
Valley has little in common with that of the Lake Lahontan drainage to which the Humboltd
and Trucrikee vers belong.

238 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

375. LEUCISCUS HYDROPHLOX (Cope).

(SILVER-SIDED MInNow; ‘‘ Po-HE-WA.’’)

Head 4}; depth 4; eye large, 3} to 34 in head, equal to interorbital space.
D.9; A.10 to 13, usually 10 or 11. Scales -12-58-5. Body rather elongate,
but deep and compressed, formed as in the section Clinostomus. Head
rather small, short, compressed, but broad above, the jaws equal. Mouth
oblique, short, the maxillary reaching front of orbit, the upper lip oppo-
site middle of orbit. Snout decurved and rather obtuse. Lateral line
decurved ; 33 scales in front of dorsal fin. Coloration greenish silvery;
the back dusky; a dark blue or blackish lateral band between 2 silvery
stripes; the lateral band and below bright orange-red in the males, the
red usually ceasing at front of anal; a bright silvery or golden crescent
on cheeks; a golden streak from snout above eye to gill opening; speci-
mens in alkaline waters are very pale. Length 3 to 5inches. Salt Lake
Basin; excessively abundant in Provo River, Jordan River, and other
clear streams; also recorded from the Snake River at Idaho Falls and else-
where in its upper waters as far as Heart Lake, Wyoming; the fish fauna
of this region being mostly identical with that of Lake Bonneville, which
was once tributary to Snake River. The species bears some resemblance
to Notropis coccogenis in form, color,and habits. Our description is drawn
primarily from specimens from Provo River, typical of L. tenia. L.
montanus is exactly the same, but L. hydrophlox may prove to have slen-
derer head and smaller eye. (idwp, water; ¢/0¢, flame.)

Clinostomus hydrophlox, Copr, Hayden’s Geol. Surv. Mont. for 1871, 475, 1872, Blackfoot
Creek, Idaho.

Clinostomus montanus, Cope, l. c., 476,Grass Creek, Idaho; Copr, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
1874,136. (Type, Nos. 15771, 15772, and 12908. Coll. Yarrow.)

Clinostomus tenia, Copz, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. Phila., 1874, 133, Utah Lake, Provo, Utah.
(Type, No. 16935. Coll. Yarrow.)

Gila montana, Corr, Zovl. Wheeler Surv., v, 657, 1875, (1876).

Squalius hydrophloz, tania, and montanus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 234, 1883.

Leuciscus montanus, JORDAN, Bull. U.S. Fish Comm., 1x, 1889, 32.

Leuciscus hydrophlox, JORDAN, l. c., 48.

Subgenus RICHARDSONIUS, Girard.
376. LEUCISCUS BAELTEATUS (Richardson).

Head 44; depth 34; eye 34. D. 10; A. 11 to 22, usually 16; vertebre 40.
Seales 13-55 to 63-6; teeth 2, 5-4, 2, without grinding surface. Body
strongly compressed and somewhat elevated. Head small, the snout
rather short and conical. Mouth terminal, oblique, the lower jaw slightly
projecting. Gill rakers very small. Eye large. Anal and caudal large.
Dorsal low, much behind ventrals. Base of anal 44 in length. Colora-
tion plain, the sides bright silvery, usually with a dark lateral band;
sides and belly silvery; cheek with a silvery crescent; a pale streak above
eye and opercle, crimson in males in spring. Length 4 to 6 inches.
Columbia River and streams about Puget Sound; generally abundant
everywhere in the Columbia Basin, and very variable; the specimens

=

Jordan and Evermann.—Ffishes of North America. 239

from any single locality usually alike but different localities showing
large variations. Also recorded (as L. gillz) from the headwaters of Clark’s
Fork of the Columbia. (balteatus, girdled.)

Cyprinus (Abramis) balteatus, RicHARDSON, Fauna Bor.-Amer., 111, 301, 1836, Columbia River.

Richardsonius lateralis,* GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 202, Fort Steilacoom, Wash-
ington, (Type, No. 64. Coll. Suckley); and Pac, R. R. Surv., x, 279, 1858; Jonpan & Gi1-
BERT, Synopsis, 251, 1883.

Leuciscus gilli, EVERMANN, Bull. U.S. Fish Comm., x1, 1891, 44, Browns Gulch Creek, Silver
Bow, Montana. (Type No. 43953. Coll. Evermann & Jenkins.)

Richardsonius balteatus, GIRARD, Pac. R. R. Surv., x, 278, 1858; Jorpan & GILBERT, Synopsis, 251,
1883. .

Abramis balteatus, GUNTHER, Cat., vir, 309, 1868.

Abramis lateralis, GENTHER, Cat., VII, 309, 1868.

Leuciscus balteatus and Leuciscus balteatus lateralis, EIGENMANN, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., xtv, 1894,
112 & 113.

Leuciscus balteatus, GILBERT & EVERMANN, Investigations Columbia River Basin, 46, 1894.

Subgenus CLINOSTOMUS, Girard.

377. LEUCISCUS VANDOISULUS, Cuvier & Valenciennes.

Head 3%; depth 3% to 44, the largest specimens most elongate, the
females deeper; eye moderate, 34. D.9; A. 8; lateral line 48 to 53; teeth
2,5-5, or 4,2. Body oblong, deep, and compressed. Head rather large.
Mouth large, oblique, the lower jaw projecting, the mandible extending
to the pupil. Lateral line decurved. Color bluish green; some of the
scales of the back irregularly darker, producing a mottled appearance;
a dark lateral band with a pale streak above it in the adult; young
nearly plain; males in spring with the region behind the head and above
the pectorals as far back as the anal of a bright rose-red, brightest anteri-
orily. Length 5 inches. Streams about Chesapeake bay to Georgia;
abundant in the clear, swift brooks east of the Alleghany Mountains;
also (as L. estor) in tributaries of the Tennessee and Cumberland, west of
themountains. (vandoise, French name of the Dace, Leuciscus leuciscus. )

Leuciscus vandoisulus, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., xvm, 317, 1844, South Carolina;
GUNTHER, Cat., vir, 256, 1868.

Clinostomus afinis, GIRARD, Proc, Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 212, James River, Virginia; (Coll.
Baird); Corr, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, 228.

Clinostomus funduloides, (Potomac River at Washington) and carolinus, (Salem, N. C.)
Girard, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 212; Corr, Cypr. Penn., 376, 1866, ;

* The following characters are assigned to the form called /ateralis : Body slenderer and less com-
pressed than in /?. balteatus. Mouth moderate, terminal, oblique; jaws equal. Anal base 5), in
length. Blackish above; a dark lateral band; the interspace and belly pale, crimson in males in
summer. Head 414; depth 334 to4. D. 10; A. 14: scales 13-55-6; teeth 2, 5-5, 2. Columbia
River and streams about Puget Sound. It apparently fully intergrades with the preceding, the
anal rays ranging from 11 to 22. The name Leuciscus lateralis is preoccupied, and this form, if dis-
tinct, should stand as Leuciscus gilli,

+The types of Leuciscus gilli are described as follows: Head 4; depth 3% to 384. D. 10; A. 14
18 to 16). Teeth 2, 4-5, 2. Scales 11-66-7, 32 before dorsal. Body deep, compressed, much
eeper than in L. montanus, the top of head broader, the eye and mouth smaller; eye 344 to 4in

head, 114 in interorbital space; maxillary not quite to front of orbit; snout short and blunt, 354
in head; lower jaw scarcely projecting; mouth oblique; caudal peduncle long. Dorsal small,
anal large; caudal large; dark above, a dark lateral band with a yellowish band above it; belly
reddish or orange; cheek with a bright yellow crescent; body and fins with black specks; a yel-
low blotch at base of pectoral. Length 444 inches. Browns Gulch, Silver Bow, Montana, and
Swan wake, near Flathead Lake, (Columbia Basin). Apparently not distinct from L. balteatus,

240 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

Gila estor,* JoRDAN & Brayton, Bull.U.8. Nat. Mus., x11, 66,1878, Elk River, Estill Springs,
Tennessee; Stone River, Murfreesboro, Tennessee.

Leuciscus affinis, GUNTHER, Cat., vit, 257, 1868.

Gila vandoisula, JORDAN & Brayvon, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., x11, 24, 1878.

Leuciscus fundulcides, GUNTHER, Cat., VII, 256, 1868.

Squalius vandoisulus and funduloides, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 232, 233, 1883.

Squalius estor, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 232, 1883.

378. LEUCISCUS ELONGATUS (Kirtland).
(RED-SIDED SHINER. )

Head 4; depth 5; eye about 4. D. 8; A.9; scales 10-70-5; teeth 2,
4-5, 2. Body elongate, compressed; head long, rather pointed. Mouth
very large, oblique ; the lower jaw notably projecting, with asmall knob
at the symphysis beyond tip of upper jaw; upper lip on level of pupil;
maxillary extending to middle of orbit; posteridr angle of opercle acute.
Eye moderate. Scales very small. Fins short and high, the dorsal some-
what behind ventrals. Lateral line decurved. Color dark bluish; the
scales mottled with paler; sides with a broad black band; belly more or
less silvery; the front half of the lateral band bright crimson in spring
males; belly and lower fins more or less reddened; a dark vertebral band.
Length 5 inches. Great Lakes and Upper Mississippi Valley, chiefly from
Pennsylvania to Minnesota; common in clear streams northward only.
(elongatus, lengthened.)

Luzilus elongatus, KirtLanp, Rept. Zodl. Ohio, 1836, 169, and in Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., 111, 339,
1841, Mahoning River, Trumbull County, Ohio, and Lake Erie, near Cleveland.

Leuciscus productus, STORER, Synopsis, Fishes N. A., 416, 1846, Wabash River.

Squalius proriger, CopE, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, 280, Michigan.

Leuciscus elongatus, CuviER & VALENCIENNES, XVil, 494, 1844; GinrneEr, Cat., vil, 245.

Clinostomus elongatus, GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat, Sci. Phila., 1856, 212.

Clinostomus proriger, Corr, Cypr. Penn., 375, 1866.

Leuciscus proriger, GUNTHER, Cat., vil, 245; sides more compressed and more silvery; lateral line
63; teeth 2, 4-5, 1.

Squalius elongatus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 232, 1883.

Subgenus PHOXINUS, Rafinesque.
379. LEUCISCUS NEOGEUS (Cope).

Head 4; depth 44; eye moderate, 34 in head. D.8; A. 8; scales 18-80-
10; teeth 2, 4-5,2. Body short and thick, little compressed, the back
little elevated. Head very large and broad, the muzzle blunt, 3 in head.
Mouth small, quite oblique, the lower jaw scarcely projecting ; maxillary

* Leuciscus estor, (Jordan & Brayton): Head 324; depth 414; eye 4. D. 8; A. 8; scales 8-50-5
teeth 2, 5-4, 2. Body elongate, compressed, the caudal peduncle rather long, but not so long as
head. Head very long and large, flattish, but not broad above. Mouth larger than in any
other of our Cyprinidx, very oblique, the upper jaw on the level of the pupil, the maxillaries
extending to opposite middle of orbit; length of gape a little more than half length of head;
lower jaw considerably the longer. Eye rather large, less than snout. Scales moderate.
Lateral line strongly decurved; 23 scales in front of dorsal fin; fins high. Color dark olive
above, many scales irregularly darker; sides silvery; no dark lateral band; a broad shade of
deep rose color along the sides in spring males, below which most of the belly is bright crimson,
these red colors brightest anteriorly; a narrow dark lateral streak like a pencil mark, from
head to tail, overlaid by the scales. Length 4 inches. Cumberland and Tennessee rivers; in
clear brooks; not very common. Perhaps a distinct species, but we are unable to find constant
characters for distinction. (Type, No. 31147, Coll. Jordan & Brayton.)

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 241

reaching to beyond front of orbit, 2 in head; upper lip on level of mid-
dle of pupil. Fins moderate; dorsal well backward, much nearer caudal
than snout, somewhat behind ventrals; pectorals long,1}in head. Scales
very small, almost embedded in the skin, covering the body evenly. Lat-
eral line decurved, very short, not extending to ventrals. Back and belly
sealy. Color pale or dark; back plain dusky; a black band through snout
and eye to caudal; above this a pale band; below this abruptly white;
belly and lower fins crimson in spring males; pectorals dusky ; no caudal
spot. Length 3inches. Mississippi Valley and neighboring waters; not
common ; the few specimens known, from Livingston County, Michigan;
Baraboo River, Wisconsin; White River, Arkansas; and the Black Hills
of South Dakota, (Cox Lake, Chicken Creek, etc). (véoc, new; y7, world;
the species is closely allied to the European Leuciscus phoxinus. )

Phoxinus neogeus, Cope, Cypr. Penn., 375, 1866, New Hudson, Livingston County, Mich-
igan; JorpAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 243, 1883.
Leuciscus neogxus, GUNTHER, Cat., vil, 247, 1868; EvrEMANN & Cox, Bull. U. 8. Fish Comm., xv,
1895.
380. LEUCISCUS MARGARITA (Cope).

Head 4; depth 43. D. 8; A. 9; scales 11-52 to 58-8; teeth 2, 5-4, 2.
Body stout and thick, little compressed, the back somewhat elevated.
Caudal peduncle thick. Head blunt, thick, and rounded. Mouth small,
terminal, oblique, the upper lip below the orbit; eye rather large; scales
rather small. Lateral line decurved, more or less incomplete, the pores
usually ceasing behind middle of body. Fins rather large. Dorsal fin
posterior. Coloration above dusky olive, dusted with dark specks; sides
plumbeous silvery, forming a narrow streak on tail; belly white, crimson
in spring males; snout dusky; fins plain; scales punctate. Length 3
inches. Susquehanna River to James River; not common; also taken
in the head waters of the Kanawha. A handsome little fish, quite unlike
most other American species, resembling most Leuciscus neogwus. (mar-
garita, wapyapitnc, a pearl.)

Clinostomus margarita, Copz, Cypr. Penn., 377, 1866, Conestoga River, Lancaster, Penn-
sylvania.

Phoxinus margaritus,* var., JORDAN, Bull. U. 8. Fish Comm., viir, 1888, 141, Reed Creek,
Wytheville, Virginia. (Coll. Jordan, Evermann & Jenkins.)

Leuciscus margarita, GUNTHER, Cat., vir, 246, 1868.

Squalius margaritus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 235, 1883.

881. LEUCISCUS ORCUTTI (Kigenmann & Eigenmann),

Head 3+ to 4; depth 34 to 44; eye moderate, 44 in adult, 14 in interorb-
ital width. D. 8; A. 7; scales 58; teeth 2,5-4,1; hooked, their tips black
in the adult. Body moderately compressed ; head subconical; maxillary
scarcely reaching front of eye. Lateral line little decurved, more or less

* These specimens seem to belong to L. margarita, but they have the scales larger, 52 to 54 in
lateral line, 28 before dorsal. Mouth very small, anterior; dorsal quite low, inserted behind
ventrals. Color dark ; a very distinct caudal spot, and a well-defined black lateral band, Head
4'4; depth 444. Length 2 inches. Reed Creek, head waters of Kanawha River, Wytheville, Vir-
ginia.

F, N. A——17

242 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

incomplete, usually extending to caudal peduncle. Dorsal inserted
slightly behind ventrals. Peritoneum black; intestine a little longer
than body. Dark gray, often a faint plumbeous lateral band. Rivers of
Southern California tributary to the Pacific, abundant; described from
Temecula River; also found in the Rio San Luis Rey and Rio San
Jacinto, (Edward Hyatt), and Santa Ana River, (Gilbert). (Named for
Charles Russell Orcutt, the well known botanical collector who first
obtained it.)

Phoxinus orcutti, EIGENMANN & EIGENMANN, Proc. Ac. Sci. Cal., 2d series, 111, 1890, 2, Temecula
River, Riverside County, California. (Type, No. 419235.)

Subgenus HEMITREMIA, Cope.
382. LEUCISCUS MILNERIANUS (Cope).

Head 4; depth53; eye3}. D.8; A.8; scales 8-40 to 45-7; teeth 2, 5-4, 2.
Body elongate; chin slightly projecting. Scales in 15 longitudinal rows
between dorsal and ventral. Orbit equal to length of muzzle. Dorsal
inserted behind the entire base of ventrals. Mouth very large, maxillary
extending nearly to pupil; head rather flat above. Length of lateral
line unknown, the scales posteriorly having been lost in the type.
Brownish olive above, below silvery ; a black band, not well defined on
the borders, extending from the end of the muzzle to the base of the caudal
fin, where it ends in a black spot ; a reddish spot at base of anterior dorsal
rays; muzzle dark. Length 24 inches. Upper Missouri River. (Cope.)
Not seen by us. (Named for James W. Milner, then Asst. U.S. Fish Com-
missioner, author of important contributions to Economic Ichthyology.)

Phoxinus milnerianus, CopE, Amer. Nat., July, 1879, 440, upper Missouri River, probably
Battle Creek, Montana; (Coll. Cope); Jorpan & GILBERT, Synopsis, 243, 1883.

383. LEUCISCUS FLAMMEUS (Jordan & Gilbert).

Head 4; depth 4; eye large, 34 in head. D.8; A. 8; scales 7-43-5;
teeth 2, 4-5, 2. Body moderately stout, slenderer and more compressed
than in LZ. neogeus. Head rather short and deep, the upper outline
rounded, the muzzle rather blunt. Mouth small, oblique, the jaws about
equal, the upper lip on level of pupil; maxillary extending to front of
orbit. Scales much larger and more loosely imbricated than in L. neogaus;
back and belly scaled. Lateral line short, decurved, on 14 scales, not
reaching base of ventrals. Fins small, the dorsal well backward. Back
dark; a black lateral band, formed of dark specks ; above this a pale band;
the belly below this pale; bright scarlet red in the males in spring; a
small black spot at base of caudal. Length 2} inches. In tributaries of
Tennessee River, common in clear streams in northern Alabama. (jfiam-
meus, flaming.)

Hemitremia viltata, Cope, Proc. Am. Philos, Soc. Phila., 1870, 462, Holston River, Knoxville,
Tennessee;.JoRDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 162, 1883; the name vitlatus is preoccupied in
Leuciscus.

Phozinus flammeus, JORDAN & Gruner, in Jordan, Man. Vert. E. U. §., ed. 2, 303, 1878, Elk,

River, Estill Springs, Tennessee; Jorpan & Brayton, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., x11, 66
1878; JoRDAN & GILBERT Synopsis, 243, 1883,

_— w-
-

Jordan and Evermann,—Fishes of North America. 243

Subgenus IOTICHTHYS, Jordan & Evermann,
384. LEUCISCUS PHLEGETHONTIS (Cope).

Head 33; depth 3}. D.7; A. 8; scales 6-36-4, 17 before dorsal; teeth
1,5-4,2. Body short,deep, compressed. Mouth short, very oblique, the
lower jaw projecting, the maxillary reaching front of eye, which is rather
large. Dorsal behind ventrals; pectorals about reaching ventrals.
Lateral line entirely wanting, nota pore developed in the many specimens
examined. Olivaceous; a broad plumbeous lateral band; a dusky dorsal
line; belly golden, probably red in spring males. Length 14 inches.
Tributaries of Great Salt Lake, and Sevier Lake (Basin of Lake Bonne-
ville) ; excessively common in ponds and warm pools. One of the smallest
of our fishes, and the most aberrant of those here referred to Leuciscus.
(oAeyéOw, to flame. ) E

Clinostomus phlegethontis, Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. Phila., 1874, 137, Beaver River, Utah.
(Type, No. 16983. Coll. Yarrow & Henshaw.)

Gila phlegethontis, Corr, Zoé]. Wheeler’s Expl. W. 100th Mer., v, 657, 1875, (1876).

Phoxinus phlegethontis, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 244, 1883 ; Jorpan, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm.,
1x, 1889, 34.

117, RUTILUS, Rafinesque.

(ROACHES. )

Rutilus, RAFINESQUE, Ich. Oh., 48, 50, 1820. (rutilus: no type indicated on page 48; on page 50,
rutilus * mentioned.)

Leucos, HeckeL, Russegger’s Reisen, 1, 1038, 1843, (cisalpinus). (Not Leucus, Kaur, a genus of
Gulls.)

Cenisophius, BONAPARTE, Catélogo Metédico Pesci Eur., 1846, 29, (pauperum ; no diagnosis).

Gardonus, BONAPARTE, l. c., (decipiens ; no diagnosis).

Pigus, BONAPARTE, lI. c., (pigus ; no diagnosis).

Pseudophoxinus, BLEEKER, Prodromus Cyprin., 1860, (zeregi).

‘Anchybopsis, Copr, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. Phila., 1870, 543, (latus, a fossil species).

Myloleucus, Cope, Bull. Hayden’s Geol. Surv. Montana for 187], 475, 1872, (pulverulentus).

Siphateles, Cope, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1883, 146, (vittatus), young with lateral line imperfect.

Body stout, compressed. Mouthnormal, oblique; no barbel. Teeth 4-5,
or 5-5, or 6-5, hooked, with moderate grinding surface. Scales moderate or
small. Lateral line continuous or incomplete, decurved. Anal basisshort
or rather long. Abdomen not compressed. Intestinal canal not elongate.
Species numerous in Europe, Asia, and America. The American species
are certainly closely allied to the European type of Rutilus, Rafinesque,
(including Leucos, Heckel), differing in the presence of teeth 5-5 or 5-4,
instead of 6-5 or 5-5, as most of the species of Rutilus have. The anal fin
is long in Rutilus, of 10 to 14 rays as in Leuciscus proper, and as in Euro-
pean minnows generally, while in these American Roaches (Myloleucus)
there are but 8 anal rays. But as this character has not generic
value in Leuciscus and Notropis, it can not be admitted here.

As in the case of Leuciscus, the American forms are confined to the
western waters. They are dusky in color, and have small, loosely-
embedded scales which give an appearance unlike that of their relatives
d in Europe. Asin the other case, Austrian and Asiatic species (subgenus
Pseudophoxinus, Bleeker) seem to form connecting links. utilus ceregihas
teeth 5-5, anal rays 9, and scales about 63. We are therefore unable to

***T call this genus Rutilus, in the supposition that the Cyprinus rutilus may be the type of it."
(Rafinesque. )

244 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

draw any satisfactory line between Rutilus on the one extreme and Mylo-
leucus at the other. The American species of this genus are very imperfectly
known, and some of them are subject to large variations. (rutilus, ruddy,
the ancient name of the European Roach or Rothauge, Rutilus rutilus.)
Lrvucos, (Aevxds, white.):
a. Teeth 5-5, never 4-5, nor 5-6 ; anal fin short, of about 8 rays; scales small, sexual differ-
ences slight, males with little or no red pigment.
b. Scales about 58 to 65 in the lateral line. Body slender, the depth 4in length; color
olive, the belly silvery. OLIVACEUS, 385,
MYLo.eucus, (uvAos, grinder ; Leucos) :
aa. Teeth 4-5, with grinding surface ; anal fin short, of about 8 rays; scales small. Dusky
species, the scales sprinkled with dark dots. Sexual differences moderate, usually some
red pigment in spring.
c. Scales in lateral line 45 to 67.
d. Scales 8-46 to 50-5; coloration paler and less dotted with black.
BICOLOR, 386.
dd. Scales 10 to 14-50 to 67-5 to 7; coloration dusky, much dusted with dark specks.
SYMMETRICUS, 387.
cc. Scales rather large, 39 in lateral line; about seven rows between lateral line and dor-
sal ; sides with a plumbeous band and a black caudal spot. BOUCARDI, 388.

Subgenus LEUCOS, Heckel.

385. RUTILUS OLIVACEUS (Cope).

Head 4; depth 4} to 44. D.8; A. 8; scales 11-56-6; teeth always 5-5,
with grinding surface. Body fusiform, compressed; head narrowed to the
muzzle, the mouth opening very obliquely forwards and upwards; maxil-
lary concealed in the closed mouth, its tip scarcely reaching front of eye.
Eye 14 in snout, 13 in interorbital space, 5in head; middle of front flat,
its edges sloping to the superciliary border; pectoral long, reaching # dis-
tance to ventrals. Dusky olive, with brassy luster, the belly silvery;
body and fins much dotted; no red or yellow; no lateral band; young
with lateral line incomplete. Length 1 foot ormore. Lake Tahoe, Pyra-
mid Lake, and neighboring waters; excessively abundant ; much resem-
bles Leuciscus lineatus in appearance and habits; a greedy fish, destruc-
tive to young trout. (olivaceus, olive-colored. )

Leucus olivaceus, CopE, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1883,145, Pyramid Lake, Nevada.

Leucus dimidiatus,* Copr, 1. c., 145, Pyramid Lake, Nevada.
Siphateles viltatus,+ Cope, Proc. Ac, Nat. Sci. Phila., 1883, 146, Pyramid Lake, Nevada.

Subgenus MYLOLEUCUS, Cope.
386. RUTILUS BICOLOR (Girard).

Head 4; depth 44; eye 44. D.8; A.7; scales 9-48-6; teeth 4-5. Body
moderately stout. Head rather heavy, the muzzle short and conical.
Mouth moderate, very oblique, the jaws equal, the maxillary reaching
line of eye. Scalesratherlarge. Lateralline decurved. Eye rather large.
Color transparent olivaceous; a distinct plumbeous lateral band; fins

*Eye equal to interorbital width, 31% in head, a little more than length of muzzle. Mouth
oblique, the maxillary reaching front of eye. Ventral a little behind front of dorsal. Light
brown above, becoming plumbeous lower, the belly pure silver white. Head 4; depth 44%. A.8.
Scales 14-65-8. Teeth 5-5, with grinding surface. Length 4inches. Pyramid Lake, Nevada;
very abundant. (Cope.) Evidently the half-grown of 9. olivaceus.

+ Head 4; depth 4144; eye 3. D. 8; A. 8; scales 11-55-5; teeth 5-5, with well-developed
grinding surface. Lateral line veryimperfect. Eyea little lessthaninterorbital width. Mouth
oblique, the maxillary not quite reaching front of eye. Ventral fins beneath anterior part of
dorsal. Brownish above, belly and sides silvery; a straight lateral band of lead color, inter-
rupted at base of caudal by a vertical band of straw yellow,- which has a dark posterior edge.
mich iy inches. Pyramid Lake, Nevada, evidently the young of R. olivaceus. (Cope.) (vittatus,
striped.

s

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 245

dusky shaded; scales with some brown dots, but not profusely dusted
with black specks as in the preceding species. Length 8 inches. Lakes
of southeastern Oregon (Klamath, Warner, Goose, etc.), the old Lake
Idaho; locally abundant; not found in Lake Lahontan, Lake Bonneville,
nor in the Sacramento Valley. Very distinct from L. symmetricus, the
scales larger, the color less opaque. It is, however, close to Rutilus oliva-
ceus, in appearance, but is more slender and has larger scales, besides the
difference in the teeth. (bicolor, two-colored.)

Algansex bicolor,* GirARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 188, Klamath Lake. (Type, No.
2750. Coll. Dr. J. S. Newberry.)

? Algansea antica,t Corr, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, 282, ‘‘Texas;°’ Jorpan, Proc. U.S.
Nat. Mus., 1885, 121.

Myloleucus thalassinus,{ Corr, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1883, 143, Goose Lake, Oregon.

Leuciscus bicolor, GUNTHER, Cat., vir, 245, 1868.

Leucos bicolor, JORDAN & HENSHAW, I. c., 193, 1878.

Leucus bicolor, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 246, 1883.

Leucus anticus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 246, 1883.

387. RUTILUS SYMMETRICUS (Baird & Girard).

Head 32; depth 41; eye3to4. D.8; A.8; scales 10 to 14-52 to 67-5,
extremely variable, usually 53 to 56; teeth 5-4. Body rather elongate,
moderately compressed, not elevated. Head short, rather slender; mouth
small, little oblique, the lower jaw included. Eye large, anterior; snout
usually a little convex, a little longer than eye; mouth not quite terminal.
Lateral line strongly decurved. Dorsal distinctly behind ventrals. Col-
oration, dusky above, sides pale,scales more or less dotted with black;
bright-colored specimens have a dark lateral band from snout to middle
of caudal, a second dark band or series of spots below lateral line ceasing
at vent; axils orange; cheekssilvery. Color much brighter in specimens
' from clear brooks (as Tres Pinos Creek, San Benito County, California).
Length 5 inches. Rivers of California and Nevada, probably generally
distributed. Originally known from the San Joaquin and Merced
rivers and Kern Lake. It is also very common in streams of the coast
ranges from San Francisco to Salinas River, being in the brooks of Santa
Clara Valley the most abundant fish. Cther specimens corresponding
rather to obesus occur in streams tributary to Owen Lake, Mohave River,
Washoe Lake, Truckee River, Humboldt River, etc., (the basin of the
Quaternary Lake Lahontan.). Still other records are from western and
northern Utah, in the Lake Bonneville basin. If three species are con-
founded under the name symmetricus, they are likely to be symmetricus
(= formosus), from streams west of the Sierra Nevada, obesus from the basin

*The following notes have been made on the types of Algansea bicolor: Length 7 inches; head
4, depth 444; eye 44% in head. Eye shorter than snout; snout pointed; maxillary not reaching
eye. Lower jaw little projecting. D.9; A. 8; scales 9-48-6. Scales larger than in types of
obesa, from which it is distinct.

+A specimen from unknown locality has been described as Algansea antica, Cope: Head acute,
subconic; snout rather pointed; insertion of dorsal midway between pupil and base of caudal.
Mouth small, the jaws equal; maxillary 4 in head, not reaching orbit. Lateral line decurved.
Candal short, little forked; pectoral short, not reaching ventrals. Eye 5 in head, Purplish
slate above, yellow below; sides of head and edges of scales punctulate. Head 32; depth 83;
D. $8; A. 8; scales 10-49-6; teeth 4-5, little hooked, with a very broad grinding surface. Length
inches. ‘Texas;’’ here described from the original type, its exact origin unknown, very
likely not from Texas, It is probably identical with &. bicolor or R. symmetricus,

} Rutilus thalassinus possesses the following characters: Slenderer than RP. parovanus, the color
a light translucent green, quite unlike the heavy olivaceous of the latter. Head 3%4; depth 444;
A. 9; scales 9-46-4; teeth 4-5. Length Ginches, One specimen known, from Goose Lake, Oregon.
probably identical with R. bicolor,

246 Sulletin 47, United States National Museum.

of Nevada (Lake Lahontan,) and pulverulentus (=parovanus), from the basin
of Utah (Lake Bonneville). In general the fish faunz of the basins of
Nevada and Utah are entirely distinct. But we know of no constant char-
acters on which a division of this species can be maintained. (symmetri-
cus, Symmetrical; it being supposed to differ from Pogonichthys macrolepi-
dotus in the symmetrical tail.)

Pogonichthys symmetricus,* BAIRD & GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1854, 136, Fort Miller,
San Joaquin Valley. (4% inches long).

Algansea formosa, GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 183, Merced and Mohave rivers.
(5% inches). (Type, Nos. 2754 and 2755. Coll. A. L. Heermann.)

Algansea obesa,} GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856,183, Humboldt River; Grrarp, Pac.
R. R. Surv., x, 239, 1858. (Type, No. 2752. Coll. Lieut. Beckwith.)

Myloleucus pulverulentus,{ Corr, Hayden’s Geol. Surv. Montana for 1871, 475, 1872, Warm
Springs, Utah. (Scales 13-58-9.)

Myloleucus parovanus, CopE, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. Phila., 1874, 186, Beaver River, Utah;
Corr, Zool. Wheeler Surv. , v, 669, 1875, (1876); Corr, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1883, 143.

Leucosomus symmetricus, GUNTHER, Cat., v1I, 267, 1868.

Ceratichthys symmetricus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 213, 1883.

Leuciscus formosus, GUNTHER, Cat., vit, 245, 1868.

Leucos formosa, JORDAN & HENSHAW, Report Chief Engineers, App. NN, 193, 1878.

Leucus formosus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 244, 1883.

Leuciscus obesus, GUNTHER, Cat., vir, 244, 1868.

Leucos obesus, JORDAN & HENSHAW, Report Chief Engineers, App. NN, 192, 1878.

Leucus obesus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 245, 1883.

_—— EEE

* The type of Pogonichthys symmetricus has no barbel; the teeth 4-5; the head 4 in length; the
depth 414; scales 9-53-6. It seems to be the same species as Algansea formosa, which has scales
10-57-7. The type specimen of Algansea formosa (No. 196), from Merced River, is 544 inches long.
Head 38; depth (eviscerated) 444. Eye 5, 114 in snout. Snout 4 in head. Mouth terminal,
oblique, about asin No. 193, but the lower jaw slightly included. Maxillary not reaching eye.-
D. 8; A. 8. Scales 10-57-7. Another of these specimens has the snout shorter and a little more
pointed. Scales 11-57-7. The type from Mojave River (No. 197), 444 inches long, has head 34;
depth 4. Eye 434, shorter than snout, which is pointed, 4 in head. Mouth oblique; lower jaw
slightly projecting. D.8; A. 8. Scales 11-51-7. This form from Mojave Riverseems to cor-
respond with specimens from tributaries of Owen Lake, Inyo County, California. These differ
from typical symmetricus in the form of the head, agreeing in this respect with the types of obesus
and parovanus. The snout in the Inyo County specimens is shorter, barely equal to the eye and :
not convex as in symmetricus; mouth very oblique; dorsal over ventrals. Scales 10-55-6. These
may be the same as F#. parovanus, the figure of which shows this form of mouth. Rutilus parovanus
is thus described: Body rather stout; muzzle short, conical; mouth very broad, the maxillary
reaching frout of orbit; profile gently arched; eye large, 3in head, equal to interorbital width;
pectorals reaching little more than half way to ventrals; the latter just to vent. ‘Translucent,
with a plumbeous lateral band. Ventrals and pectorals dusky; dorsal and caudal shaded with
dark. Head 3%; depth 444. D. 9; A. 8. Scales 10-48-5; teeth 4-5. Length 12 inches. (Cope.)
Beaver River, Utah, a tributary of Sevier River.

+ R. obesus is apparently identical with Rutilus symmetricus. Body stout ; head short; snout
4 in head, moderately pointed, not much convex. Mouth oblique, lower jaw not projecting;
maxillary not reaching eye. Head 3l4; depth 314; eye 5, 1144 in snout. Scales 12-57-8. Length
614 inches. Here described from notes on Girard’s type (No. 194, U.S. Nat. Mus.) from Hum-
boldt River.

Another of Girard’s specimens (No. 193, U. S. Nat. Mus.) from Humboldt River is 634 inches
long. Head 384; depth 344. Eye 5 in head, 114 in snout, which is 388in head. Mouth terminal,
oblique, the lower jaw scarcely projecting; maxillary not reaching eye; snout pointed. Scales
14-58-8. D. 9; A. 8.

Another*specimen from Nevada, 5 inches long, has snout a little longer than eye; scales 11-
56-6; depth 4, Still another, 8% inches long, from ‘‘ Camp 21, Nevada,’’ has scales 12-54-6;
snout not decurved; eye 144 in snout. Of specimens from Truckee River, one has aconvex snout
very pronounced; another the snout slightly convex, the two others not convex at all.

t Myloleucus pulverulentus is thus described: Form stout; head short, muzzle not decurved;
mouth terminal, slightly descending, the maxillary bone nearly attaining the anterior line of
the orbit. Head 3.75 times in length, exclusive of caudal; depth 34% times. Eye 4.2 in head,
lin muzzle. Preorbital bone deeper thanlong. Scales 13-58-9, Radii: D.1,9; A. II, 7. Caudal
well forked. Length 34% inches. A dark plumbeous band extends from the origin of the lateral
line above to the caudal peduncle and on it to the caudal fin; below this the color is silvery,
thickly dusted with black dots; above it is an olive-yellow band, then a dark dorsal region, all
dusted; sides of head silvery, dusted; fins unspotted. Numerous specimens from the Warm |
Springs, Utah.

a. a

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 247

388. RUTILUS BOUCARDI (Giinther).

Head 4; depth 4; eye moderate,44. D.8; A.9 or 10; scales 7-39-5;
teeth 5-4, hooked. Body moderately elongate. Head thick, obtuse;
mouth broad, its cleft not extending to the eye; snout convex, the lower
jaw included. Candal fin moderately forked. Origin of dorsal fin close
behind that of the ventrals. Pectorals not reaching nearly to ventrals.
Brownish; a bluish lateral band, forming a faint caudalspot. Length 34
inches. Cuernavaca, Mexico. (Ginther.) (Named for Alphonse Boucard,
an ornithologist who collected largely in Mexico.)

Leuciscus boucardi, GUNTHER, Cat., vi1, 485, 1868, Cuernavaca, Mexico. (Coll. Boucard.)
Leucus boucardi, JoRDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 246, 1883.

118. LUXILINUS, Jordan.

Luzilinus, JoRDAN, Catalogue Fishes N. A., 1885, 33, (occidentalis).

Body oblong, strongly compressed. Ventral edge of moderate width;
scaled over and not at all carinated; otherwise much as in Abramis. No
barbels. Gill rakers slender, of moderate length. Teeth 5-5, with entire
edges and well-developed grinding surface, their tips little hooked. Intes-
tines of the short type, but longer than in most related genera; anal basis
elongate. This genus seems nearest related to Abramis or to its section
Notemigonus, but in its technical characters it stands near Rutilus. One
species known. (Name, a diminutive of Luxilus; from lua, light.)

389. LUXILINUS OCCIDENTALIS (Baird & Girard).

Dorsal 10; A. 11; eye large, 4. Body moderately elongate; snout sub-
conical, rather tapering. Mouth oblique, the maxillary not reaching
orbit. Brownish above; sides silvery ; more or less speckled with gray.
San Joaquin Valley, California; not rare about Fresno. (occidentalis,
western.)

Leucosomus occidentalis, BAIRD & GIRARD, Proc. Ac, Nat. Sci. Phila., 1854, 137, Poso Creek; Four
Creeks, tributaries of Tulare Lake, California. (Type, No. 57. Coll. Heermann.)

Luzilus occidentalis, GIRARD, Pac. R. R. Surv., x, 280, 1858.

Abramis occidentalis, GUNTHER, Cat., V11, 305, 1868.

Notemigonus occidentalis, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 250, 1883.

A

- 119. OPSOPCEODUS, Hay. VY

Opsopwodus, Hay, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1880, 507, (emiliz).
Trycherodon, ForBes, in JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 247, 1883, (megalops).
Opsopwa, JonvAN & EVERMANN, new subgenus (bollmani).

Mouth very small, terminal. Body fusiform. Upper jaw protractile;
no barbels. Teeth 5-5 or 4-5, with little or no grinding surface and with
serrated edges, the tip strongly hooked. Abdomen not compressed. Dor-
sal nearly over ventrals. Anal basis short. Lateral line complete, or
more or less imperfect. Intestinal canal short, Peritoneum white. Sin-
gular fishes, of small size, confined to Eastern America. ((yoro.éw, to feed
daintily ; doic, tooth.)

Opsopmonus :
a, Mouth very oblique, terminal, its cleft almost vertical ; no distinct caudal spot.

b. Lateral line complete, or very nearly so.
¢. Dorsal fin plain, without distinct dark markings; head very slender. oscuLus, 390,

248 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

ec. Dorsal with black blotch on its anterior rays, usually none posteriorly ; head
deeper. EMILI®, 391.
bb. Lateral line always incomplete ; dorsal usually with a conspicuous black blotch on its
posterior portion. MEGALOPS, 392,

OpsoPpama, (0Vozotéw, to feed daintily):
aa. Mouth scarcely oblique, its cleft almost horizontal ; a black caudal spot nearly as large as
eye; lateral line imperfect. BOLLMANI, 393.

Subgenus OPSOPCG:ODUS.
390. OPSOPEODUS OSCULUS, Evermann.

Head 44; depth 4+ to 5; eye 3. D.10; A. 8; scales 7-38 to 41-3; teeth
4-5 or 4-4, serrate and hooked. Body slender; head subconic, its depth
at eye but half its length; snout blunt, shorter than eye. Mouth very
small, almost vertical. Breast naked; scales before dorsal small. Lateral
line complete. Pale, with brown specks along edges of scales above; a
narrow plumbeous lateral band; sometimes two rows of specks above and
one below it*; no black caudal spot and no black blotch on dorsal. Peri-
toneum silvery. Rio Neches, and other streams about Palestine and Hous-
ton, Texas. Very close to O. emilie, but quite different in color markings,
possibly a subspecies of O. emiliv. (osculus, a small mouth.)

Opsopeodus osculus, EVERMANN, U. S. Fish Comm, Expl. in Texas, 82, 1892, Neches River,
near Palestine, Texas. (Type, No. 45560. Coll. Evermann, Scovell & Gurley.)

391. OPSOPCEODUS EMILLE, Hay.

Head about 44; depth 423; eye3. D.9; A.8; scales 5-40-3; teeth 5-5,
very slender, strongly hooked, and deeply serrate. Body rather elongate,
moderately compressed, not elevated. Head short, slender. Muzzle blunt
and rounded. Mouth very small and very oblique, smaller than in any
other of our Cyprinide, with scarcely any lateral cleft; its size, when
opened wide, less than that of theeye. Mandible short and deep, strongly
curved; jaws equal. Eye longer than snout. Dorsal beginning over
posterior rays of ventrals, nearer snout than base of caudal. Pectoral
small, not reaching ventrals, the latter to anal. Caudal peduncle long
and slender, the caudal long and deeply forked. Anal short and deep.
Breast naked; 16 large scales before dorsal. Lateral line complete or
very nearly so. Yellowish; sides silvery; scales above dark-edged;
usually a dark lateral band from snout to caudal, above and below which
are series of black dots; no distinct caudal spot; anterior rays of dorsal
dark; no black spot on the posterior rays. Sandy lowland streams, Lake
Erie and southern Indiana (New Harmony) to Georgia and Mississippi.
Rather scarce, but widely distributed. (Named for Mrs. Emily Hay.)

Opsopwodus emilix, Hay, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1880, 507, Artesia, Macon, and Enterprise,
Mississippi. (Type, No. 32222. Coll. Hay.) Jorpan & G1LBERT,’Synopsis, 247, 1883.

392. OPSOPHODUS MEGALOPS (Forbes).

Head 4; depth 4 to 5; eye 23. D.7 or 8; A. Tor 8; scales 5-39-4, 15
before dorsal. Teeth 5-5, hooked and crenate. Lateral line always
incomplete, sometimes on 4 or 5 scales only, sometimes extending with
interruptions to middle of caudal peduncle. Body slender, fusiform;

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 249

mouth small, terminal oblique. Eye very large, longer than snout; fins
large, the caudal long, deeply forked; pectorals extending ¢ distance to
ventrals. Breast partly naked. Yellowish brown, sides faintly silvery;
scales above dark-edged. Dorsal with a submedian black blotch in front
on 4 rays; a second blotch usually present on 3 posterior rays. Length
24 inches. Western Ohio to Illinois, replacing O. emiliw northward;
perhaps not a distinct species. (ueyaAcw, large-eyed.)

Trycherodon megalops, Fores, in JorpaNn & GILBERT, Synopsis, 248, 1883, Illinois River at
Pekin and Peoria; MackinawCreek, Illinois. (Type, No. 28406. Coll. Forbes.)

Subgenus OPSOPGA, Jordan & Evermann.
393. OPSOPEODUS BOLLMANI, Gilbert.

Head 42; depth 4% to 5; eye 33. D. 8; A. 8; scales 5-07-4. Head
small, snout compressed, slender, somewhat rounded at tip, resembling
Hybopsis labrosus. Mouth small, subterminal, slightly overhung by the
snout, its cleft slightly oblique ; maxillary reaching vertical from posterior
nostril, shorter than snout, 44 in head. Eye equal to snout. Teeth 4-5
or 5-5, with well-developed grinding surface, one edge of which is con-
spicuously serrated, but less so than in O. emiliw. Insertion of dorsal
behind ventrals, slightly nearer caudal than snout; caudal deeply forked ;
lower fins moderate. Lateral line present on 7 or 8 scales only; breast
scaled. Dark olive, the scales edged with dusky; a black lateral band
through eye to caudal; chin black; a V-shaped pale area on snout; a
black spot nearly as a as eye at base of caudal; a dark dorsal streak
and one backward from anal; fins dusky ; males with a black blotch on
first two dorsal rays; marginal third of fin dusky ; anal and ventrals bor-
dered with black. Length 2 inches. Lowland swamps, known from
Satilla River, Waycross, Georgia, and Obion River, Cypress, Tennessee.
(Named for Charles Harvey Bollman, who first obtained the species and
who died untimely of fever, taken in the Georgia swamps.)

Opsopwodus bollmani, GiLeERT, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., viir, 1888, 226, 1890, Buckland Creek,
Millen, Georgia. (Coll. Bollman & Fesler.) Woorman, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., x, 1890,
272, 1892.

120. ABRAMIS, Cuvier.
(BREAMS. )

Abramis, Cuvier, Régne Animal, Ed. 1., 111, 1817, (brama).

Notemigonus, Ra¥inesque, Journ, de Physique, de Chymie, et d’Hist. Nat., Paris, 1819, 421,
(auratus).

Hemiplus, RavinEsQuE, Annals Nature, 1, 6, 1820, (lacustris).

Stilbe, De Kay, New York Fauna: Fishes, 204, 1842, (chrysoleuca).

Ballerus, Uncke1, Russegger’s Reisen, 1, 1032, 1843, (ballerus).

Stilbius, Gti, Canadian Naturalist, 1865, 18, (americanus),

Abramidopsis, SieB01.v, Siisswasserfische Oesterreichs, 117, 1863, (leuckarti; hybrid with Rutilus).

Body subelliptical, strongly compressed, both back and belly curved;
back narrowly compressed ; belly behind ventral fins forming a keel over
which the scales do not pass. Head small,conic. Mouth small, oblique
or horizontal, without barbels. Scales rather large. Lateral line con-
tinuous, strongly decurved. Dorsal fin inserted behind the ventrals.

250 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum,

Anal fin with its base more or less elongate, of from 13 to 40 rays; (9
rays in onespecies). Teeth 5-5, hooked, with grinding surface, the edges
of which, in American species, are more or less crenate. Alimentary canal
short, though rather longer than the body. Size rather large. As here
understood, the American genus Notemigonus is included in Abramis,
from which it differs in the much shorter anal fin, from 9 to 18 rays instead
of 20 to40. There is much variation in the length of the anal and in the
form of the mouth among the species left in Abramis, and a reunion cr a
different division of the group may benecessary. In the American species,
Notemigonus, the teeth are more or less crenate, in form approaching the
serrated teeth of the European genus Scardinius. In the European sub-
genera, Abramis and Ballerus, the teeth are entire, In Ballerus there are
30 to 40 anal rays; in Abramis proper 20 to 28. (Abramis, an old name of
the Bream, Abramis brama. )

NovrEMIGONUS (v@Tos, back ; nue-, half; ywvia, angle ; the back being almost carinated.)
a. Teeth crenate or serrate ; mouth terminal ; anal shortish, its rays less than 20.
b. Anal fin with 12 to 18 rays; scales in the lateral line 438 to 55. CRYSOLEUCAS, 394,
bb. Anal fin with 9 or 10 rays; scales in lateral line about 40. GARDONEUS, 395.

Subgenus NOTEMIGONUS, Rafinesque.
394. ABRAMIS CRYSOLEUCAS (Mitchill).

(GOLDEN SHINER; RoacH; BREAM.)

Head 43; depth 3; eye moderate, about 4 in head. D.8; A. 13, (12 to
14); scales 10-46 to 55-3; teeth 5-5. Body moderately elongate, strongly
compressed. Head short, subconic, compressed, the profilesomewhat con-
cave. Mouthsmall, oblique, the upper lip on level of upper part of pupil,
the maxillary not reaching front of eye. Fins medium. Color clear
greenish above; sides silvery, with bright golden reflections; fins yellow-
ish, the tips of the lower fins sometimes slightly orange in spring males.
Length 12 inches. Nova Scotia and Maryland to Dakota and Texas;
everywhere abundant in bayous and weedy ponds. One of the most
familiar and characteristic of our Cyprinidw. (ypvodc, gold* Aevxdéc, white.

Cyprinus crysoleucas, MITCHILL, Rept. Fish. N. Y., 23,1814, New York

Cyprinus hemiplus, RAFINESQUE, Amer. Monthly Mag., 1817, 121 Lake George; Saratoga
Lake.

Notemigonus auratus, RAFINESQUE, Journ. Phys., 1819, 421, Falls of Ohio River.

Hemiplus lacustris, RAFINESQUE, ‘* Annals of Nature, 1, 6,’ 1820, Lake George.

Abramis versicolor, De Kay, N. Y. Fauna: Fishes, 191, 1842, Connecticut and Hudson
rivers; Peekskill.

Luxilusseco, GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 203, Rio Seco, tributary of Rio Nueces,
Texas. (Coll. Kennerly.)

Luxilus leptosomus, GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 203, and U.S. Mex. Bound. Surv.,Ichth.,
60,1859, Dry Creek, Victoria, Texas. (Coll. Kennerly.)

Leuciscus, Leucosomus, Luxilus, Plargyrus, Stilbe, Stilbius, or Abramis americanus of various authors,
(not Cyprinus americanus, L., 1758. )

Stilbe americana, Corr, Cypr. Penn., 389, 1866.

Leucosomus americanus, STORER, Fishes Mass., 283, 1867.

Abramis americanus, GUNTHER, Cat., vi1, 305, 1868.

Abramis ? leptosomus, GUNTHER, Cat., VII, 306, 1868.

Notemigonus chrysoleucus, JORDAN, Bull, U.S. Nat. Mus., x, 65, 1877 ; Jorpan & GILBERT, Synopsis,
250, 1883.

Notemigonus leptosomus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 250, 1883.

EEE =

——

Ee ee

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 251

Represented southward by
394a. ABRAMIS CRYSOLEUCAS BOSCI (Cuvier & Valenciennes).

Head 43; depth 3}; eye3. D.8; A.15 to 17; scales 8-43 to 50-2; teeth
5-5. Scales larger, the anal fin more elongate, and the male with brighter
colors. Body moderately elevated, very strongly compressed; head rather
broad and flat between the eyes; mouth small, quite oblique, the maxil-
lary barely reaching the eye; eye very large and prominent, anterior.
Dorsal fin short and very high, almost falcate, well back; anal fin high
and long. Scales rather large, the lateral line running very low. Color
‘pale olive, with silvery luster; lower fins red in the males in spring.
Length 12inches. Rivers of the South Atlantic States; abundant from
the James to the Altamaha and St. Johns; intergrading with the typical
form. (Named for M. Bosc,a French naturalist and collector, consul at
Charleston toward the end of the eighteenth century. )

Leuciscus bosci, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, XVII, 313, 1844, Carolina; Pennsylvania; New York.

Cyprinus americanus, Linnmvs, Syst. Nat., Ed. x11, 530, 1766, Charleston ; not of Ed. x, 1758,
which is Menticirrhus.

Notemigonus ischanus, JORDAN, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 1876, 364, South Fork Ocmulgee
River, Flat Shoals, Georgia. (Type, Nos. 17865 and 20112. Coll. Jordan.)

Notemigonus americanus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 250, 1883.

395. ABRAMIS GARDONEUS (Cuvier & Valenciennes).

Head 54; depth 32; eye 4 in head. D.10; A.9; teeth 5-5, with grind-
ing surface and serrated edge; scales 7-39-3. Body moderately elongate,
compressed. Head obtuse. Isthmus narrow. Mouth small, oblique, the
lowerjaw included. Dorsal nearly midway of body, little behind ventrals.
Olivaceous. South Carolina; one specimen known, perhaps a hybrid
between A. crysoleucas and some other fish. (Gardon, a French name of
the Roach, Rutilus rutilus.)

Leuciscus gardoneus, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, XVII, 316, 1844, Charleston; Giinruer, Cat., vir,
258, 1868.

Chondrostoma gardoneum, Corr, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. Phila., 1866, 395,
Notemigonus gardoneus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 250, 1883.

121. COCHLOGNATHUS, Baird & Girard.

Cochlognathus, Barry & Girarn, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1854, 158, (ornatus).

This genus has the general character and appearance of Cliola and
Pimephales, the dentition and the structure of the fins being the same;
the teeth, however, are rather more strongly hooked and with deeper
grinding surface. It differs in the structure of the jaws, which are pro-
vided each with a hard cutting plate, in appearance similar to that of
Diodon, the sharp, bony edge being surrounded by the usual lip. First
ray of dorsal separated by membrane, and spine-like, as in Cliola and
Pimephales. Alimentary canal short. Peritoneum white. Pseudo
branchiz present. Lateral line complete. Anal fin small. Spring males
with tubercles and dark pigment as in Pimephales. We place this genus
and Cliola in the neighborhood of Notropis, on account of the shortness of
the intestines, but it is Jikely that their real relations are with Pime-
phales, and that the reduction in the length of the alimentary canal is a

252 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

character independently developed. (xéyAoc, shell; yvraboc, jaws; the
covering of the jaw being hard, like shell.)

a. Scales moderate, about 40 inthe lateral line. ORNATA, 396. —
aa. Scales large, about 34 in lateral line. BIGUTTATA, 397.

396. COCHLOGNATHUS ORNATA, Baird & Girard.

Head 4; depth 44. D. 8; A. 6; lateral line 40; teeth 4-4. Appear-
ance, dorsal fin, and coloration much as in Pimephales notatus or Cliola
vigilax. Body moderately elongate. Head rather long. Dorsal fin over
the ventrals, rather high; anal fin quite small; caudal fin short. Dorsal
fin with a black spot near the base in front and a dusky blotch behind;
caudal fin with a dusky median band, in front and behind which is a
pale area; a dusky lateral band. Snout tuberculate in spring males, as
in Pimephales. Length 3 inches. Rio Grande. A singular little fish,
with the mouth resembling that of Chondrostoma or Acrocheilus, but the
structure otherwise different from either. (ornatus, adorned.)

Cochlognathus ornatus, BArRD & Girarp, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1854, 158, Brownsville,
Texas: GUNTHER, Cat., v1, 187, 1868; JornpDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 161, 1883.

397. COCHLOGNATHUS BIGUTTATA, Cope.

Head 5 in length, with the caudal fin; depth a little less. Eye large,
32 in head, a little less than muzzle and than interorbital space. D. 8;
A. 7; scales 7-34-? Form of Pimephales notatus. Head oblong and
rather wide above. Muzzle decurved in profile; mouth terminal. Head
wide behind and flat above. Maxillary not quite reaching line of orbit.
Ventral fins inserted opposite second or third dorsal ray, reaching to
vent; anal fin small. Pectorals reaching three-fifths to ventrals. Color
silvery, without dark markings, except a black spot at the base of the
caudal and on the anterior rays of the dorsal. Length 23 inches.
Trinity River, Texas. Very close to the preceding, from which it may
perhaps differ in the larger scales. (Cope.) (biguttatus, two-spotted.)

Cochlognathus biguttata, Corr, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvir, 1880, 37, Trinity River, Fort
Worth, Texas. (Coll. Cope.) JorDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 161, 1883.

122. CLIOLA, Girard.

Ceratichthys,* BAIRD & GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1853, 390; (name only ; no definition;
applied to vigilax, which was not intended as type).

Cliola, GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 192, (vigilaz).

Hypargyrus, Forges, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1884, 200, (éuditanus).

Form and appearance of Pimephales, the same squamation, fin rays and
plan of coloration, and the first ray of the dorsal similarly separated by
membrane, the structure of the mouth similar, but with the intestinal
canal short, shorter than body, the peritoneum pale and the teeth more
hooked, as in Notropis. The single species bears a striking resemblance to
Pimephales notatus, butis distinguishable by the more contrasted coloration
and by the generic characters which ally it, with Cochlognathus, to the
carnivorous species called Notropis. The genus is certainly very near
Pimephales although in its technical characters it approaches nearer to
Notropis. (A coined name, without meaning, first applied to a railway
station in Illinois.) ;

* We do not use the name Ceratichthys for this genus, because no explanation of its use was
given in the paper when it first appeared. It was at that time a MS. name of Professor Baird
for the group typified by Hybopsis kentuckiensis, and to this group C. vigilax was wrongly referred.

Jordan and Evermann.—Ffishes of North America. 253

a. Anterior dorsal rays with a black spot. VIGILAX, 398,
aa. No black spot on dorsal fin. SMITHII, 399.

398. CLIOLA VIGILAX (Baird & Girard).

Head 44; depth 44; eye large, 3}in head. D.8; A.7;scales 8-42-6; teeth
4-4, with grinding surface, and slight hook. Body stout, somewhat
compressed, broad and flat above, with deep caudal peduncle. Head broad
and flat above, with an angle at the temporal region. Muzzle broad and
obtuse, less truncate than in Pimephales notatus. Mouth rathersmall, but
larger than in Pimephales, horizontal, terminal, the jaws about equal, max-
illary not reaching to opposite anterior margin of eye. Dorsal inserted
above ventrals, nearer snout than caudal. Scales before dorsalsmall and
crowded, as in Pimephales, in about 28 series. Dusky yellowish; sides
silvery, with an obsolete dark lateral band, which terminates ina jet-
black spot; a very distinct black spot on anterior rays of dorsal about
half way up. Length 3 inches. Strongly resembles Pimephales notatus,
but more silvery, less plumbeous, and the black spots more sharply defined.
The spring males have little if any black pigment. Ohio to Georgia,
Iowa and Texas, very abundant; southwest as far as the Rio Grande.
‘vigilax, watchful.)

Veratichthys vigilax, BAirD & GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1853, 390, Otter Creek, North
Fork of Red River, Arkansas. (Coll. Capt. Geo. B. McClellan.)

Cliola vigilar, Cliola velox, San Pedro Creek, tributary of Rio San Antonio (Type, No. 30,
Coll. Lieut. A. W. Whipple), and Cliola vivax, Rio Leon, tributary of Rio San Antonio,
Texas, GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1856, 192; and in Pac. R. R. Surv., x, 257, 258,
1858. O. vivaz is said to have scales “a good deal smaller,”’ but no data are given ; the types
of all three are now lost.

Hybopsis tuditanus, Corr, Cypr. Penn., 381, 1866, Detroit, Michigan.

Alburnops taurocephalus, Hay, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., 1880, 503, Chickasawha River, Enter-
prise, Mississippi. (Type, No. 27439. Coll. Hay.)

Leuciscus tuditanus, GUNTHER, Cat., vir, 259, 1868.

Hypargyrus tuditanus, GILBERT, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1884, 200.

Cliola tuditana, taurocephala, and vigilax, Jorvan & GILBERT, Synopsis, 165, 166, and 169, 1883.

399. CLIOLA SMITHII, Evermann & Cox.

Head 4; depth 3%; eye 4; snout 4; interorbital width 3. D. I, 8; A.
7; scales 9-47-6, 27 before the dorsal. Teeth 4-4, not hooked, grinding
surface slightly developed. Intestine not long. Body short and stout,
compressed; head moderate; mouth small, terminal, slightly oblique;
maxillary not reaching eye; preorbital broad. Back considerably arched;
caudal peduncle deep, its least depth 2 in head. Origin of dorsal fin over
ventrals, nearer snout than base of caudal. Color, above densely covered
with fine black specks, giving a general blue-black appearance; sides with
a broad plumbeous band # as broad as eye, darkest and best detined on
caudal peduncle; sides below this band with a few scattered specks
anteriorly; lower part of caudal peduncle pale; top and upper parts of
sides of head bluish-black; dorsal, anal, and pectorals with a few dark
specks; other fins plain. Length 24 inches. Southern South Dakota,
known only from Prairie Creek near Scotland, (Named for Dr. Hugh M.
Smith, Chief of the Statistical Division of the U. 8S. Fish Commussion.)

Cliola smithii, Evenmann & Cox, Rept. U. 8. Fish Comm., xrx, 1895, Prairie Creek, Scotland,
South Dakota, (Type, No, 45681. Ooll. Evermann, Rutter, & Cox.)

1)
ht

4 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

= ——— = = —

123. NOTROPIS,* Rafinesque.

(SHINERS. )

Notropis, RAFINESQUE, Amer, Monthly Mag., 11, 1818, 204, (atherinoides).
Minnilus, RAFINESQUE, Ich. Oh., 45, 1820, (dinemus). 4

Luxilus, RAFINESQUE, lL. ¢., 47, (chrysocephalus).

Plargyrus, RAFINESQUE, I. ¢., 47, (plargyrus).

Hypsolepis, (Barrp), AGassiz, Amer. Journ, Sci. Arts, 1854, 359, (cornutus).
Alburnellus, GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 193, (dilectus).
Alburnops, GIRARD, l. c., 194, (blennius).

Codoma, GIRARD, l. c., 194, (ornata).

Cyprinella, GIRARD, 1. c., 196, (bubalinus).

Moniana, GIRARD, l. c., 199, (lutrensis).

Hudsonius, GIRARD, I. c., 210, (hudsonius). -
Photogenis, Cope, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., 1866, 378, (spilopterus).

Graodus, GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes, vii, 485, 1868, (nigrotzeniatus).

Lythrurus, JORDAN, Man. Vert. E. U. 8., Ed. 1, 272, 1876, (diplemius).
Episema, Core & JORDAN, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1877, 77, (scabriceps ; name preoccupied),
Hydrophlox, JorDAN, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., x11, 18, 1878, (rubricroceus).
Erogala, JORDAN, l. c., 20, (stigmaturus).

Chriope, JORDAN, Bull. Hayden’s Surv. Terr., 1v, 787, 1878, (bifrenatus).
Miniellus, JorpAN, Man. Vert., Ed. v, 56, 1890, (procne).

Azteca, JORDAN & EVERMANN, new subgenus, (vittata = aztecus).

Orcella, JORDAN & EVERMANN, new subgenus, (orca).

Body oblong or elongate, more or less compressed. Mouth normal,
mostly terminal and oblique, sometimes subinferior. No barbels. Teeth
in one or two rows, those of the larger row always 4-4, hooked, sharp-
edged or with a narrow grinding surface. Scales large, often closely im-
bricated, those before the dorsal rarely very small. Lateral line complete
or nearly so, usually decurved. Dorsal fin inserted above, or more usually
behind, the ventrals; anal fin short or somewhat elongate... Abdomen
rounded, never sharp-edged. Coloration more or less silvery, often bril-
liant, the males in spring usually with red or white pigment and the head

* The following is Rafinesque’s original account of Notropis and its typical species:

N. G. Notropis: Holobranchial abdominal. Body elongated compressed, back carinated,
nearly straight, belly not carinated, scarcely bowed, a lateral line and a longitudinal silver band;
vent nearer the tail than the head. Head oval compressed, convex above, mouth diagonal large,
jaws without teeth, the lower longer and mobile, the upper extensible ; eyes very large; gill
cover large, smooth valviform, three branchial rays. One dorsal fin opposed to the interval
between the anal andabdominal fins, which have nine rays.

Observations. —The generic name means carinated or keeled back. It forms a remarkable new
genus, belonging to the third natural order Gastripia or the abdominals, the sixteenth natural
family Cyprinia, and the second subfamily Gymnopomia, (see Analysis of Nature) together with
the genera Cyprinus, Atherina, Hydrargyra, etc. It differs from the first by the compressed body,
cavinated back, Jateral band, largemouth. deep-cleft gill cover, etc., and from the two last genera
by the three branchial rays, nine rays to theabdominal fins, want of teeth, etc. .

Notropis atherinoides: Head silvery, brown above; body pale fulvous, transparent, with a
broad silver band; lateral line in the band; fins whitish, dorsal, and anal with eleven rays, the
first very short, tail slightly forked.

History.—This new fish was discovered in Lake Erie by Gov. De Witt Clinton, who had the
kindness to present me with many specimens; they are now deposited in the Lyceum of Natural
History. Ihave ascertained that they belonged to a new genus, next to Atherina, and the specific
name which I have adopted implies such an affinity. These fishes come on the shores of Lake
Erie, and even in the river of Niagara, in the spring, in great shoals; but they are sosmall that
they are scarcely noticed, and escape through the common nets; their usual size being from one
to two inches, and very thin and slender; they are called Minny or Minnow, together with twenty
different other species of fish, and often considered as the young of other fishes. They livein the
depth of the lake at otherseasons, and are probably common all over the greatlakes. Their eyes
are exceedingly large, occupying nearly the whole foreside of the head, the lips are very thin
and membranaceous, the nostrils large, the gill cover is nearly round, and split above to the
eyes; they have small, thin, broad scales, the rays of the fins are scarcely articulated, simple and
brittle ; the pectoral fins have about fifteen rays, and the caudal fin about twenty-four.—
Rafinesque.

es L

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 255

with small tubercles. A very large group of small fishes, especially
characteristic of the fresh waters of the Eastern United States.

As here understood, Notropis contains about 100 species of small Cypri-
noids, all of them confined to the streams of North America east of the
Rocky Mountains. They are in some respects a degenerate type—proba-
bly of comparatively recent origin and perhaps descended from such forms
as the European dAlburnus and Leuciscus. They are feeble fishes of small
size, none of them of value as food for man, but of great importance as
food for the larger predatory fishes, particularly the Centrarchide. The
species are highly variable, readily affected by surrounding conditions
while the really distinctive characters are very few. The identification of
species is very difficult and in the case of young specimens often impos-
sible. The following analytical key must be used with great caution as
all characters are subject to individual variations. Even the dentition is
subject to variations, the ancestors of the group having probably origin-
ally had grinding surfaces to the teeth, this becoming rudimentary in
some forms and disappearing altogether in others closely related. Vari-
ous attempts have been made to break up this group into smaller genera,
by subdivision according to the dentition. The various groups heretofore
proposed by Girard, Cope, and Jordan seem at the most to indicate sec-
tions of slight systematic value. The most practicable division is that
made in the Synopsis of Fishes of North America, by which the name
Notropis (Minnilus) is retained for the species having the teeth 2, 4-4, 2,
while those with but one tooth in the inner row, or with the inner row
wanting, would stand as Alburnops. The frequent presence of two teeth
in one or both inner rows in two species (heterodon, hudsonius) belonging
to Alburnops, renders this division of the genus unsatisfactory. (véaroc,
back; tpdzic, keel, but the supposed keel of Rafinesque’s type was due to
shriveling in drying.)

a. Teeth 4-4; 1, 4-4, 0; or 1, 4-4, 1, (sometimes two teeth in one or both inner rows in N. hud-

sonius and N. heterodon).
b. Scales not very closely imbricated, not notably deeper than long; dorsal inserted nearly
over the ventrals; anal short, its rays 7 or 8; no black spot on dorsa! fin.
c. Teeth one-rowed, 4—4, the grinding surface more or less developed at least on one
or two teeth. (Teeth sometimes 2, 4-4, 2 in N. heterodon.)
AzrEca, (Aztec, the ancient rulers in Mexico):
d, Scales small, about 50 in lateral line; body compressed; scales before the dorsal
small; head blunt, nearly round; coloration plain. AZTECUS, 400.
dd, Scales moderately large, 31 to 45 in lateral line.
CHRIOPE, (xpeta, want; warn, aperture):
e. Lateral line usually (but not always) more or less incomplete; scales before
the dorsal large. Small species, usually with a dusky lateral band.
f. Snout very obtuse; lower jaw not projecting.
g- Mouth moderate, the maxillary extending to opposite front of eye
or nearly so.

h. Chin black. BIFRENATUS, 401,
hh. Chin pale, JORDANT, 402,
gg. Mouth very small, the maxillary not nearly reaching front of eye.
i, Chin pale. MACULATUS, 403,
ii. Chin black. ANOGENUS, 404.
J. Snout rather pointed; lower jaw projecting.
j. Mouth very small; chin pale. CAYUGA, 405,

Jj. Mouth moderate; chin black. HETERODON, 406.

256 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

AtBurNops, (alburnus, the bleak; from albus, white; ow, appearance):
ee. Lateral line always complete; scales large, fewer than 40 in lateral line;
teeth 4-4, well hooked. Small, weak species.
k. Body rather elongate, the depth not more than 14 the length.
l. Scales before the dorsal 17 in number; aspect of N. heterodon.
FRETENSIS, 407.
ll. Scales before the dorsal 12 to 15 in number.
m. Body not marked with distinct round dark spots; the spots, if
any, mere punctulations,
n. Base of caudal without distinct black spot, (except in the
very young).
BLENNIUS; SABINE; VOLUCELLUS; SCYLLA; PROCNE;
NIGROTENIATUS; and KANAWHA, 408-414.
nn. Base of caudal with a small black spot more or less dis-
tinct.
BRAYTONI; SPECTRUNCULUS; OZARCANUS, 415-417.
mm. Body with many irregular round black spots and dots, the
largest often nearly as large as pupil; form rather stout.
CHIHUAHUA, 418.
kk. Body short and chubby, the depth more than 4 the length.
TOPEKA, 419.
Hupsontvs, (from Hudson River):
cc. Teeth two-rowed, 1, 4-4, 0 or 1, 4-4, 1 or 2; the grinding surface more or less devel-
oped.
o. Head comparatively large, 31% to 414 in body; teeth, 1, 4-4, 1; small, slen-
der species, without distinct dark spot at base of caudal.
p. Eye moderate, 31% to 4 in head in adult.
GILBERT1; PIPTOLEPIS; SIMUS; LONGIROSTRIS, 420-423.
pp. Hye very iarge, 3 to 34% in head in adult.
NUX; NOCOMIS; SHUMARDI; ILLECEBROSUS, 424-427.
oo. Head short, bluntish, 4 to 5 in body in adult; species of large size and sil-
very coloration, usually with a distinct black spot at base of caudal fin.
HUDSONIUS, 428.
bb. Scales deeper than long, more or less closely imbricated along sides of body; teeth with
the edges often crenate, the grinding surface sometimes narrow or obsolete.
q. Teeth one-rowed, 4-4, the young sometimes 1, 4-4, 1.
Copoma, (a coined name):
r. Head very thick, bluntly rounded on every side; mouth small, oblique, its
cleft chiefly anterior; scales large, about 40 in lateral line. oORNATUS, 429.
Montana, (a coined name):
rr. Head compressed, not bluntly rounded.
s. Dorsal without distinct black blotch on its upper posterior portion; body
more or less deep and compressed.
t. Scales small, 43 in lateral line; a dusky spot at base of caudai.
FORMOSUS, 430.
tt. Scales moderate, 33 to 38 in lateral line; adult without caudal spot.
FRIGIDUS; LUTRENSIS; PROSERPINA, 431-483.
ss. Dorsal with a black spot on its last rays above, the fin yery high.

CALLISEMA, 434,
CYPRINELLA, (diminutive of Cyprinus, carp): .

qq. Teeth two-rowed, 1, 4-4, 1.
uw. Anal fin moderate, of 7 to 9 rays.
v. Dorsal fin without large black blotch on its upper posterior rays in adult.
w. Caudal fin without black spot at its base in adult.
x. Body deep, compressed, broadly elliptical in outline. 3
BUBALINUS, 435.
ax. Body subfusiform in outline.
LUDIBUNDUS; MACROSTOMUS, 436; 437.

Jordan and Evermann.— Fishes of North America. 257

ww. Caudal fin with a distinct black spot at base in all ages.
TEXANUS; NOTATUS; VENUSTUS, 438-440.
vv. Dorsal fin with a large black blotch on its upper posterior rays in adult
(often obsolete in young), always conspicuous in old males; the fins in
males with satin-white, and often with red, pigment.
y. Base of caudal with a conspicuous black spot.
z. Fins in males with white or orange pigment, but no red.
CERCOSTIGMA; STIGMATURUS, 441; 442.
zz. Fins in males with red pigment.
TRICHROISTIUS; CALLISTIUS; EURYSTOMUS, 443-445.
yy. Base of caudal without a conspicuous black spot; no red pigment.
CH RULEUS; NIVEUS; WHIPPLII; ANALOSTANUS;
GALACTURUS; CAMURUS, 446-451.
uu. Anal fin long, of 10 or 11 rays; fins high; breeding colors brilliant, the males
largely red.
a’. Dorsal fin with a conspicuous black blotch on its last rays.
b’. Caudal with a dark spot at base. X#HNURUS; HYPSELOPTERUS, 452; 453.
bb’. Caudal with a dusky cross-band, but without dark spot at base.
PYRRHOMELAS, 454.
aa’, Dorsal fin in males without black blotch. GARMANI, 455.
aa. Teeth 2, 4-4, 2.
c’. Anal fin short, its developed rays 7 to 9, sometimes 10 in N. zonistius.
d’. Teeth with the grinding surface developed.
Luxitus (from lux, light):
e’. Species attaining a large size, with the scales along the sides very closely imbri-
cated so that the exposed surfaves are very narrow; lower jaw included;
dorsal over ventrals; adult with neither dorsal nor caudal spot.
CORNUTUS; CERASINUS; ALBEOLUS; LACERTOSUS, 456-459.
HypDropuiox, (vdwp, water; pAwé, flame):
ee’. Species of moderate or small size, the colors generally brilliant in spring
males; dorsal inserted more or less behind ventrals; no black spot at base
of dorsal.
jf’. Lower jaw projecting. MACDONALDI; COCCOGENIS, 460; 461.
ff’. Lower jaw included or scarcely projecting.
g'. Base of caudal without dark spot.
ZONATUS; ZONISTIUS; RUBRICROCEUS; CHLOROCEPHALUS;
LUTIPINNIS, 462-466.
gg’. Base of caudal with a more or less evident dark spot, at least in young.
' (HETERODON; HUDSONIUS.) CHILITICUS; ALTIPINNIS; ROSEUS;
CHALYBEUS; CHROSOMUS; XENOCEPHALUS, 467-472.
dd’, Teeth without evident grinding surface; scales not closely imbricated; no black
spot at base of dorsal in front; sexes usually colored alike.
ORCELLA (diminutive of Orca) :
h’. Top of head elevated, transversely convex, so that the small eye is as near ven-
tral as dorsal surface; body little compressed ; color pale, no markings.
orca, 473.
Norropis (part):
hh’. Top of head not especially elevated, the eye nearer dorsal than ventral out-
line of head.
i’. Dorsal fin inserted nearly over ventrals; no distinct black caudal spot.
ARIOMMUS; SCABRICEPS; JEJUNUS, 474-476,
ii’. Dorsal fin inserted more or less behind ventrals,
)'. Base of caudal without spot. SWAINI, 477.
Jj’. Base of caudal with a faint spot. AMABILIS, 478,
ji’. Base of caudal with a jet-black spot. Leuctopus; scoprrEerR, 479; 480.
ce’, Anal fin long, its rays 11 or 12, rarely 9; dorsal inserted behind ventrals.

¥. N. A.——18

258 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

Norropis, (part):

k’, Scales loosely imbricated, not crowded along sides; teeth mostly without grinding
surface; no black spot at base of dorsal; caudal spot faint or wanting; fins
mostly plain or with red; scales above lateral line usually large, in 5 to7
series.

TELESCOPUS; SOCIUS; NOTEMIGONOIDES; STILBIUS; ATHERINOIDES;

ARGE; DILECTUS; FUMEUS; RUBRIFRONS; PHOTOGENIS;
AMCNUS; SCEPTICUS; MICROPTERYX; METALLICUS, 481-494.

LYTHRURUS, (AVOo0v, gore; ovpa, tail):
kk’. Scales more or less closely imbricated so that the exposed surfaces are deeper than
long; teeth with a narrow grinding surface; scales above lateral line small,
in 7 to 10 series, those before the dorsal reduced; usually a dark spot on dor-
sal, rarely one at base of caudal; males largely red.

lV’. Dorsal fin without distinct dark spot, or at the most only a few punctulations,,

m’. Body short and deep. BELLUS, 495
mm’. Body slender and elongate. LIRUS, 496.

Ul’. Dorsal fin with a black spot on its anterior rays, more or less distinct.
n’. Black dorsal spot above the middle of the fin. ROSEIPINNIS, 497.
mn’. Black dorsal spot at the base of the fin. UMBRATILIS, 498.

Subgenus AZTECA, Jordan & Evermann.
400. NOTROPIS AZTECUS, Woolman.

Head 4; depth 34 to 4; eye 5; snout 3. D. 8; A. 8; scales 7-50-4,
about 23 before dorsal, small; teeth 4-4, hooked. Body rather stout,
heavy anteriorly, with long but strong caudal peduncle; back moder-
ately arched; head blunt and heavy, but less gibbous than in N. ornatus ;
snout short, not much longer than eye; jaws subequal; mouth moderate,
quite oblique, the maxillary not quite reaching eye, the cleft of the
mouth chiefly anterior; eye small; scales very small for the genus, not
closely imbricated. Fins alllow; dorsal small, inserted behind ventrals ;
pectorals short, not nearly reaching ventrals. Lateral line decurved.
Color, dark above, below this a silvery band, and still lower a dusky or
plumbeous lateral band; young with a faint plumbeous caudal spot;
fins all plain; cheeks silvery; sexes alike in color. Length 3 inches.
This species has the head formed much as in Notropis ornatus, but in
form of body, color, and in size of scales the two differ widely. Valley
of Mexico. Our specimens collected by Mr. A. J. Woolman, at the City
of Mexico, where it abounds in the canals. (Aztecus, Aztec.)

Codoma vittata, GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 195, Valley of Mexico, (Coll. Potts.);
and U.S. & Mex. Bound. Surv., Ichth., 53, pl. 29, figs. 18-21, 1859.

Notropis aztecus, WooLMAN, Bull. U. 8. Fish Comm., x1v, 1894, May 3, 1894, 63, plate 2, City of
Mexico. (Type, No. 45569. Coll. Woolman.)

Cliola vittata, Jonvan & GILBERT, Synopsis, 172, 1883, (not Leuciscus vittatus, De Kay, 1842, which
is also a Notropis). :

Subgenus CHRIOPE, Jordan.
401. NOTROPIS BIFRENATUS (Cope).
Head 43; depth 44; eye 3. D.8; A7; scales 5-36-3; teeth 4-4. Body
rather slender, the caudal peduncle somewhat contracted. Head moder-
ate, the muzzle very obtuse. Mouth oblique, the jaws about equal;

upper lip opposite lower part of pupil. Eye large, longer than snout.
Lateral line developed for a very short distance. 13 scales before dorsal.

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 259

Straw-colored, the scales brown-edged above; a shining black band from
snout through eye to caudal; this includes the edge of the lower jaw;
an orange band above this on the snout; regions below the black band
silvery. Length 13 to 2 inches. Massachusetts to Maryland, coastwise,
not common. A small but handsomely colored species. (bis, two;
frenatus, bridled. )

Hybopsis bifrenatus, Cope, Cypr. Penn., 384, 1866, Schuylkill River, Conshohocken,

Pennsylvania. (Coll. Cope.)
Hemitremia bifrenata, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 162, 1883.

402. NOTROPIS JORDANI,* Eigenmann & Eigenmann.

Allied to N. heterodon. D.9; A. 8; scales 4-35-4, 15 before dorsal.
Slender; fins all small; origin of dorsal over ventral, equidistant
from base of middle caudal rays and nares; scales closely imbricated,
the exposed edges little higher than long. Lateral line decurved, the
tubes developed on fewer than 10 scales. A plumbeous lateral band
overlaid with silvery ; a dark vertebral line from occiput to caudal; sides
with a few dark specks, dorsal surface more densely specked, the margins
of the scales darker. South Saskatchewan River, Medicine Hat, Assini-
boia. (Eigenmann.) (Named for David Starr Jordan.) (Coll. Eigen-
mann. )

Notropis albeolus, EIGENMANN & EIGENMANN, Amer. Nat., February, 1893, 152, Medicine Hat.

Notropis jordani, E1GENMANN & EIGENMANN, I. c., June, 1893, 592, substitute for albeolus,
preoccupied in Notropis.

403. NOTROPIS MACULATUS (Hay).

Head 43; depth 5; eye equal to snout, 34in head. D.8; A. 8; scales
5-38-3; teeth 4-4, with grinding surface. Body long and siender,
slightly elevated at the dorsal, somewhat compressed. Head flattened
above; snout rounded. Mouth small, terminal, slightly oblique, maxil-
lary not reaching to opposite eye. Dorsal slightly behind ventrals,
nearer snout than base of caudal. Lateral line with pores on 8 to 10
scales only. Straw color; a narrow dark dorsal band, and a dark streak
on each side of anal; a plumbeous lateral band, and black specks on
each scale; a black spot as large as eye at base of caudal. Length 24
inches. Chickasawha River, Mississippi. (Hay.) (maculatus, spotted.)
Hemitremia maculata, Hay, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1880, 505, Chickasawha River, Enterprise,

Mississippi, (Type, Nos. 32245 and 27438. Coll. Hay.) Jorpan & GitBErRT, Synopsis, 162,
1883.

404. NOTROPIS ANOGENUS, Forbes.

Head 44; depth 47; eye 34. D.8; A.7. Lateral line 34 to 37, 13 before
dorsal. Teeth 4-4. Very similar to N. heterodon, but with the lateral line
usually complete; the mouth very small and very oblique, almost wholly
anterior; the lower jaw included, the upper lip above level of pupil; snout

*The types of this species are now in the British Museum. Our friend, Dr. Boulenger,
writes us the mouth is of moderate size, the premaxillary extending to below front of eye;
lower jaw not included, as long as the upper, which is somewhat convex, about as long as the

moderate eye. Chin not black,

260 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

very short, blunt, shorter than eye. Dusky; a dusky lateral band through
eye, ending in a faint black spotat base of caudal; a black speck above each
pore of lateral line; chin black. Length 14 inches. Western New York,
(Cayuga Lake; Meek) to Northern Illinois; rather scarce. (a, without;
yévuc, chin.) ;
Notropis anogenus, Forbes, Bull. Ill. Lab. Nat. Hist., 1885, 138, Fox River, McHenry, IIli-
nois. (Coll. Forbes.)
405. NOTROPIS CAYUGA, Meek.

Head 44; depth 44; eye 34. Scales 36, 14 before dorsal. Teeth 4-4.
Allied to '. heterodon, from which it may be best known by the absence
of black on the chin. Lateral line wanting on some scales; mouth very
small, anterior, the maxillary not reaching the eye; jaws subequal; eye
large, equalto snout. Scales above dark-edged, the outlines very sharply
defined; chin not black; a black stripe through snout and eye, a dusky
lateral shade and a small caudal spot. Length 2} inches. Cayuga Lake
and northern New York, westward to Assiniboina, South Dakota,
Nebraska, Kansas, and Arkansas, (Arkansas River at Wichita, Kansas).
Not rare, but hitherto usually confounded with JN. heterodon.

Notropis cayuga, MEEK, Ann. Ac. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 1888, 305, Cayuga Lake, New York, (Coll.
Meek); Jorpan, Bull. U.S. Fish. Comm., 1x, 1889, 17.

Notropis heterolepis,* E1GENMANN & EI1GENMANN, American Naturalist, February, 1893, 152,
Qu’Appelle River, Fort Qu’Appelle, Canada. (Coll. Eigenniann.)

Represented southwestward by
405a. NOTROPIS CAYUGA ATROCAUDALIS, Evermann.

Head 42; depth 43; eye 3}. D.8; A.7; scales 7-36—-4, 13 before dorsal.
Snout somewhat longer; lateral line complete. Body moderately elongate;
head short and bluntly conic; snout slightly shorter than eye; caudal
peduncle short and deep; origin of dorsal slightly behind ventrals; anal
small. Olivaceous, dotted above, not crosshatched; a black lateral
band half width of eye, ending in a black caudal spot, this band extend-
ing through eye and snout. Rio Neches, Palestine, Texas. Also in Rio
Comal at New Braunfels, Texas. (ater, black; cauda, tail.)

Notropis cayuga atrocaudalis, EVERMANN, Bull. U. §. Fish Comm., x1, 1891, 76, (May 25, 1892,)
Neches River, Palestine, Texas. (Type, No. 45557. Coll. Evermann, Scovell, &
Gurley.)

* The following is the description given of Notropis heterolepis: D.9; A. 9: Scales 5-35-4, 15
scales before the dorsal. Teeth 4-4. Dorsal inserted equidistant between base of upper caudal
rays and anterior margin of eye, behind last ray of dorsal ; scales loosely imbricated, almost em-
bedded in front of dorsal ; scales along the median line with a deep notch near middle of posterior
margin ; the line nearly straight; a few black specks along base of anal, a dark line from anal
to caudal; a dark band from tip of snout along sides to caudal; a conspicuous black curyed line
at base of each scale of lateral line ; all the scales above lateral band dotted with black; a nar-
row vertebral line from occiput to dorsal, a broad dusky band on back between dorsal and caudal,
between this and Jateral band a lighter band; scales of back with dark markings ; series of min-
ute black dots along each ray of dorsal, anal, and anterior portion of pectoral; dorsal and caudal
quite dark.— Digenmann.

Dr. Eigenmann has omitted to describe the mouth of this species. According to Dr. G. A.
Boulenger, who has kindly examined the type in the British Museum, the mouth is quite small,
moderately oblique, the lower jaw not included ; premaxillary extending to below anterior nos-
tril; chin not black. Eye very large, longer than the short, convex snout. Only one specimen
iad pe long) known. Apparently not different from Notropis cayuga. (€Tépos, various; Aemts,
scale.)

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 261

406. NOTROPIS HETERODON* (Cope).

Head 4; depth 4; eye 3in head. D.8; A.8; scales 5-36-3, the lateral
line extending about half length of body; teeth 4-4, (sometimes 2, 4-4,
2, see below), often crenate. Body moderately stout, the back somewhat
elevated. Head rather pointed, the muzzle acuminate. Mouth oblique;
lower jaw projecting; upper lip opposite upper rim of pupil. Maxillary
extending to opposite front of orbit. Thirteen scales in front of dorsal.
Lateral line usually more or less imperfect. Color olivaceous; chin black;
a blackish rostral band; sides with a leaden or dusky band. Length 2}
inches. New York to Michigan and Kansas,common. Variable. (érepoc,
varying ; ddotvc, tooth.)

Alburnops heterodon, Corr, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, 281, Lansing; Grosse Isle,
Michigan.

Notropis germanus, Hay, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1887, 252, Smoky Hill River, Wallace,
Kansas. (Type, No. 37949. Coll. Hay.)

Notropis heterodon, var., GILBERT, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1884, 207, Switz City, Indiana, tribu-
tary of White River. (Coll. Gilbert.)

Hybopsis heterodon, Corr, Cypr. Penn., 382, 1866.

Leuciscus heterodon, GUNTHER, Cat., VII, 261, 1868.

Hemitremia heterodon, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 163, 1883.

Subgenus ALBURNOPS, Girard.
407. NOTROPIS FRETENSIS (Cope).

Head 4; depth5; eye 3} in head, as long as snout. D.8; A. 8; scales
6-35-3; teeth 4-4. Body slender and compressed. Mouth quite oblique,
the middle of the premaxillary being opposite line of pupil; maxillary
not reaching to orbit. Seventeen rows of scales in front of dorsal. Lateral
line decurved. Olivaceous; a dark median dorsal band; a plumbeous
silvery lateral shade; cheeks silvery ; a dark spot at base of caudal; fins
plain. Length 24 inches. Detroit River, Michigan, (Cope.) <A doubt-
ful species, perhaps identical with Notropis cayuga. (fretensis, inhabiting
fretum or straits, i.e. Detroit River.)

Hybopsis fretensis, Copr, Cypr. Penn., 382, 1866, Detroit.
Cliola fretensis, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 167, 1883.

408. NOTROPIS BLENNIUS (Girard).
(STRAW-COLORED MINNOW.)
Head 4; depth 5; eye large, 3 in head. Scales 5-36 (32 to 38)-4; teeth

4-4. Body moderately stout, little compressed. Head rather broad, with
rounded angles. Mouth small, inferior, horizontal; snout very obtuse;

* Notropis heterodon is apparently subject to large variations. The following description istaken
from specimens referred by Dr. Gilbert to this species, although there is a possibility that the
form in question isreally distinct and allied to N. xwnocephalus :

Head 4; depth 444. D.8; A. 7; lateral line 37, 13 scales before dorsal; teeth 2, 4-4, 2, with
strong grinding surface, the edge of some teeth denticulate. Body slender, compressed, the
form and appearance asin N. helerodon. Weadsmall, the snout short and rather sharp, slightly
decurved, Mouth small, oblique, the maxillary barely reaching front of eye, 4 in head; snout
4; eye very Jarge, 3 in head. Dorsal inserted just before ventrals ; pectorals not reaching ven-
trals. Lateral line complete, little decurved ; scales not crowded, Dark olive above, the scales
with dark edges; adusky streak along sides, ending in a spot at base of caudal, this streak
extending forward around snout ; dark specks along pores of lateral line; a row of specks along
base of anal; fins unmarked. Length 2 inches. Sluggish streams of Indiana and Illinois.
This description taken by Dr. Gilbert from specimens from Switz City Swamp, Indiana. Differs
from the ordinary heterodon in the number of teeth and in the complete lateral line.

262 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

15 rows of scales in front of dorsal. Dorsal low, its longest ray $
head. Pale olivaceous; sides usually pale; usually a darker dorsal band
and a small dark blotch before dorsal, sometimes a plumbeous lateral
stripe but no caudal spot; fins all plain. Length 2 to 24 inches. Ohio
and Michigan to Tennessee, Dakota, and Kansas, thence southwestward to
Texas; generally abundant in small streams; an insignificant little fish.
Very variable and running into several varieties, the typical blennius
(= deliciosus = missuriensis), Missouri to Texas, having the scales usually
32 to 35; var. stramineus, from Ohio to Iowa and southward with scales
34 to 38, usually 36. We follow Dr. Meek in identifying Girard’s Albur-
nops blennius with this species. (blennius, blenny, from the convex profile.)

2Minnilus microstomus,* RAFINESQUE, Ichth. Oh., 47, 1820, Ohio River; not certainly identifiable.

?Hybopsis dorsalis,t AGASS1z, Amer. Journ. Sci. Arts, 1854, 358, Burlington, Iowa; unidentifiable.

Alburnops blennius, GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 194, Arkansas River near Fort
Smith, Arkansas. (Coll. Shumard.) Grrarp, Pac. R. R. Sury., x, 261, pl. 57, figs. 13-16,
1858.

Moniana deliciosa, GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 199, Leon River, a tributary
ofthe San Antonio River, Texas. (Type, No. 119. Coll. Kennerly.)

- Hybognathus stramineus, Corr, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, 283, Detroit River, Grosse
Isle.

Hybopsis missuriensis, Copr, Hayden’s Sury. Wyoming for 1870 (1871), 437, Missouri River, St.
Joseph, Missouri.

Notropis reticulatus, EIGENMANN & EIGENMANN, Amer. Nat., February, 1893, 152, Fort Qu’Ap-
pelle, Assiniboia. (Coll. Higenmann.)

Hybopsis stramineus, Copr, Cypr. Penn., 381, 1866.

Cliola straminea, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 167, 1883. ‘

Cliola missuriensis, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 168, 1883. “us

Minnilus blennius, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 198, 1883.

409. NOTROPIS SABIN E, Jordan & Gilbert. eer

Head 34; depth 4%; snout 32 in head, as long as eye. D. 8; A. 7; scales
4-33-2; teeth 4-4, hooked, with some grinding surface. Allied to Notropis
blennius, but quite different in form, resembling a young Moxostoma. Body
robust, the tail long and thick, the back elevated, the sides little com-
pressed. Head long, broad and flattish above. Mouth rather large, nearly
horizontal, the maxillary reaching past frontof pupil. Scales very large,
those on back not reduced, 14 before dorsal. Dorsal inserted nearly over

*“Thirty-eighth species, Little-mouthea Minny, Minnilus microstomus, Minny microstomus.
Diameter one-seventh of total length; silvery, olivaceous on the back and head, sides with a few
black dots, lateral line straight, pectoral fins reaching the abdominal fins. Dorsal and anal fins
with 8 rays. A small species found in the Kentucky River. Mouth very small, nostrils large,
iris silvery, fins fulvous, the pectoral with 12 and the caudal with 24 rays. Head elongated.”’—
Rafinesque.

+‘‘ While these pages were setting in type, I have received another pretty species of this
interesting genus, through the attention of Dr. I. H. Rauch, from Burlington, Iowa. The large
number of specimens obtained enubles me to make some additions to the characteristics of the
genus:

The mouth is protractile downwards, after the fashion of Catostomus, s0 much so that had
I not ample opportunity to examine young Catostomi, and to study the changes they undergo
with age, I might have supposed my Hybopsis to be the young of some species of that genus.
Moreover the lips are not swollen nor thickened. The pharyngeal teeth differ also greatly from
those of Catostomi, there being only 4 or 5 compressed and hooked ones in each main row, and
1 or 2in a second row.

This new species differs from that of Huntsville by its smaller size, its more pointed snout,
and the peculiar coloration, A deep black narrow band extends from the neck to the base of the
caudal along the whole back, dividing in advance of the dorsal to encircle that fin, and uniting
again behind it upon the middle line. General color olive, silvery upon the sides, the dorsal
and caudal faintly tinged with rose color and a deeper rose-colored spot upon the base of the
first ray of the dorsal. I shall call this species H. dorsalis, Ag.’’—Agassiz.

Jordan and Evermann.— fishes of North America. 263

ventrals, the fin short and small; anal small; pectorals long, 13 in head.
Color very pale olive, scarcely silvery; edges of scales with dark points;
fins pale. Length 2 inches. Sabine River, Texas.

Notropis sabine, JoRDAN & GILBERT, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1886, 15, Sabine River, at Long-
view, Texas. (Type, No. 36484. Coll. Jordan & Gilbert.)

410. NOTROPIS VOLUCELLUS (Cope).

Head 32; depth 4; eye 33 in head. D. 8; A. 8; scales 4-34-3; teeth 4-4.
Body moderately stout. Head depressed, the snout rather long. Fins
more elongate than in most related species, the pectorals reaching ven-
trals. Caudal peduncle slender. Olivaceous, aslight dusky lateral shade;
no dorsalstripe; finsplain. Length2+inches. Michigan, Wisconsin, and
Northern Indiana; rare. Similar to N. blennius, but with notably higher
fins, and probably a distinct species. (volucella, a diminutive, from vo-
lucer, Winged or swift.) j ee
Hybognathus volucellus, Cope, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, 283, Grosse Isle, Detroit River.

Hybopsis volucellus, Cope, Cypr. Penn., 381, 1866.
Leuciscus volucellus, GUNTHER, Cat., vir, 260, 1868.

411. NOTROPIS SCYLLA (Cope).

Head 4; depth 44; eye large, about 34 in head, longer than snout, which
is 4. D. 7; A. 7; lateral line 31 to 33; teeth 44, with narrow grinding sur-
face. Allied to N. blennius, but with stouter body and shorter, blunter
head; mouth small, with subequal jaws, the cleft somewhat oblique; lips
_ Tatherthick. Scales larger than in N. blennius, those before dorsal smaller
and more crowded, 14 or 15 in number. Maxillary as long as eye. Dorsal
‘fin beginning directly over ventrals. Color pale; back greenish ; side with
a silvery band; no spots on fins; a dusky shade on each side of dorsal and
before it; some dark dots on snout; often a faint dark lateral shade.
Length 2? inches. Illinois River to Western Kansas and Montana, abun-
dant in the shallow sandy streams of the plains. (Reference unexplained.)

Hybopsis scylla, Cope, Hayden’s Geol. Surv. Wyom. for 1870, 1871, 438, Red Cloud Creek, trib-
utary of Platte River.

? Alburnus lineolatus,* AGassiz in Putnam, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zodl., 1863, 9, Osage River, Mis-
sotri; unidentifiable.

Cliola chlora, JORDAN, Bull. Hayden’s Geol. Surv. Terr., rv, 791, 1878, Upper Missouri region.
(Type, No. 20193. Coll. Dr. E. Coues.)

Notropis phenacobius, + Forbes, Bull. Ill. Lab. Nat. Hist., 1885, 137, Illinois River at Peoria,
Illinois. (Coll. Forbes.)

Cliola lineolata and Cliola chlora, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 169, 1883.

Notropis lateralis, (lapsus for lineolatus), GILBERT, Bull. Washburn Coll. Lab., 1886, 207.

*** Alburnus lineolatus, AGAss1z, MS. 1854. Body light brown with a broad silvery band having
dark points, extending from the head to the caudal fin. Average length, 24% inches. From the
Osage River. Collected by Mr. G. Stolley.’’—Putnam.

{The following description of this species is given by Prof. Forbes:

Notropis phenacobius.—This fish unites with a strong general resemblance to Phenacobius the
characters of Notropis. The body of the adult is short and deep, the head square, the nose long,
and the eyeunusually large. Length 2.5inches, depth3.5to 4; candal peduncle 4 to4.75. Color
in alcohol indefinite ; sides somewhat silvery, scales along and above the lateral line slightly
specked with black. The head is quadrate in transverse section, flat above, 3.75 to 4; nose
decurved, 3.4 to 3.5; interorbital space 2.9 to 3.1. The mouth is inferior, horizontal, rather
small, lips fleshy, not lobed, lower jaw much the shorter, 2.75 to 3.1 in head, upper lip opposite

the lower margin of the pupil, upper jaw to posterior margin of nostrils, 3.33 to 3.9 in head.
Teeth 44. Intestine about equal to head and body, 0.97 to 1.17. Eye very large, circular, placed
high up, 3.4 to 3.5in head. Branchiostegals free from isthmus. Dorsal I-8, decidedly before
ventrals, its length 7 to 8 in body ; anal low, I-8; paired finsrather broad and short; ventrals not
reaching vent, and pectorals falling far short of ventrals, the former 6.25 to 6.4in head and

body. Thescales are thin, large, crowded anteriorly upon the sides, breast wholly naked in all the
specimens seen. Lateral line 35 to 36, longitudinal rows 7 to 9, 13 to 14 beforedorsal, Described
from 10 specimens, the only ones seen, all taken at Peoria.

264 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

412. NOTROPIS PROCNE (Cope).

Head 43; depth 53. Scales 5-32 to 34-3; teeth 4-4; A. 7. Body slender,
with long caudal peduncle; the back higher and the tail slenderer than
in N. blennius, the profile steeper. Snout obtuse, the mouth horizontal,
inferior, small. 13 rows of scales in front of dorsal. Dorsal higher than
in NV. blennius, its first ray aslongashead. Eyelarge. Olivaceous; adark
dorsal line and a plumbeous lateral band overlying black pigment; fins
unspotted, sometimes very pale. Length2}inches. Delaware River and
southward, in coastwise streams, as faras the Neuse; very common, One
of the smallest of the Cyprinidae. (xpéxvy, a kind of swallow.)

Hybognathus procne, Cope, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, 279, Delaware River, Schuylkill
River, Conestoga River, White Clay Creek, Pennsylvania.

Hybopsis longiceps, Cope, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, 231, Head waters of James River
and Roanoke River, Virginia. (Coll. Cope.)

Hybopsis procne, Cope, Cypr. Penn., 385, 1866.

Leuciscus procne, GUNTHER, Cat., vit, 260, 1868.

Cliola microstoma and C, procne, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 168, 169, 1883.

413. NOTROPIS NIGROTENIATUS (Giinther).

Head 44; depth 5; eye 44. D. 8; A. 8; scales 6-35-3; teeth probably
4-4, although only 2-2 are present in one of the typical examples, and no
teeth at allin the others, no evident grinding surface. Body oblong;
snout obtuse, convex, longer than theeye. Mouth subinferior, small, the
upper jaw the longer; maxillary not reaching front of orbit. Silvery, with
black lateral band; no spots on fins. Length 4 inches. Atlisco, Mexico.
(niger, black; taniatus, striped.)

Graodus* nigroteniatus, GUNTHER, Cat., vit, 485, 1868, Atlisco, Mexico. (Coll. Boucard.)

Cliola nigrotzniata, JORDAN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1879, 226; Jonpan & GILBERT, Synopsis, 164,
1883. :

414. NOTROPIS KANAWHA, Jordan & Jenkins.

Head 42; depth 42; eye 34; snout 34. D.8; A.9; scales 4-37-2, 16
before dorsal; teeth 4-4, hooked, with grinding surface. Body rather
elongate, moderately compressed, the back a little elevated. Snout blunt-
ish, gently decurved ; jaws equal; mouth rather oblique, the maxillary 3
in head, reaching front of eye; interorbital space flattish, slightly broader
than eye which is large, preorbital broad; suborbitals narrow; fins all
rather high; dorsal inserted distinctly behind ventrals. Translucent
green, sides silvery, with few dark dots; no spot on fins or at base of
caudal. Length 3} inches. Tributaries of Kanawha River, southwestern
Virginia.

Notropis kanawha, Jonvan & JENKINS, Proc, U.S. Nat. Mus., 1888, 354, pl. xiv, fig.5, Reed Creek,
Wytheville, Virginia. (Type, No. 39928. Coll. Jordan, Evermann, & Jenkins.)

415. NOTROPIS BRAYTONI, Jordan & Evermann, new specific name. {oT

Head 33; depth 32. D.8; A.7; seales5-32-4. Body stout, rather deep;
eyesmallish, 3} in head; about equal to snout and about } less than inter-
orbital area, which is quite flat; margin of upper lip on level of pupil;

*The accidental loss of the teeth in two of the three typical examples was the occasion of
the establishment of the nominal genus, Graodus.

Eee

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America, 265

mouth rather large, oblique; snout little pointed; maxillary reaching
slightly past front of orbit, its length about 3} in head; lower jaw shorter
than upper, included; origin of dorsal slightly nearer tip of snout than
base of caudal; about 12 scales in front of dorsal; tips of dorsal rays all
coterminous when the fin is deflexed; length of longest ray 13 in head;
base of fin scarcely 2 in head; anal similar to dorsal, its longest ray 2 in
head ; base 3; pectorals reaching ? distance to ventrals, 13 in head; ven-
trals reaching % distance to anal, 13 in head; teeth 4-4, little hooked.
Color brownish, a faint silvery band along sides, little wider than eye, a
very small faint dark spot at base of caudal; fins all plain. Tributaries
of RioSan Juan, at Cadereita, andNuevoLeon. Allied to N. blennius, but
differing in the larger, more oblique mouth. (Named for Dr. Alembert
Winthrop Brayton, of Indianapolis, with pleasant memories of our explor-
ations in Georgia and the Carolinas in 1877 and 1878.)

Moniana nitida, Grrarp, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856,21, Cadereita, Mexico. (Type, No.
39657. Coll. Couch.) (Not Alburnus nitidus, KIRTLAND, also a Notropis.)

416. NOTROPIS SPECTRUNCULUS (Cope).

Head 4; depth 54+; eye 3. D.8; A.9; lateral line 37; teeth 4-4. Body
elongate. Head large, rather flat, nearly as broad as deep. Muzzle thick.
Mouth slightly oblique, maxillary reaching eye; 15 rows of scales in front
of dorsal. Pale olive, silvery white below; a leaden band along the sides
and a conspicuous black spot at base of caudal; head dusky; margins of
scales above lateral Jine, as well as bases of dorsal and anal fins, blackish;
pectorals, ventrals, dorsal, and anal more or less orange in life; no red on
snout. Length 3inches. Head waters of Tennessee River, in Tennessee,
Virginia,and North Carolina; abundant in cold mountain streams and
springs. A well-marked species. (Diminutive of spectrum, an image.)
Hybopsis spectrunculus, Copr, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, 231, Bear Creek, tributary of

Middle Fork of Holston River. (Coll. Cope.)
Cliola spectruncula, JoRDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 166, 1883. é

417. NOTROPIS OZARCANUS, Meek.

Head 44; depth 64; eye 3. D.7; A.8; scales 36; teeth 4-4, hooked, with
narrow grinding surface, their edges crenate. Allied to N. spectrunculus,
but with slenderer body and head. Body little compressed. Mouth
small, little oblique, maxillary not quite to eye; lips very thin; preorbital
large; pectoral short. Olivaceous, sides with dark dots forming a faint
lateral band. White River, Arkansas, in the Ozark Mountains.

Notropis ozarcanus, Merk, Bull, U.S. Fish Comm., rx, 1889 (1891), 129, North Fork of White
River, Arkansas. (Coll. Meek & Drew.)

418. NOTROPIS CHIHUAHUA, Woolman.

Head 4; depth 4; eye large, 3} in head, slightly longer than snout,
D.8; A.7; scales 33 to 37; teeth 4-4, hooked, with very narrow grind-
ingsurface. Body rather plump, little compressed, the back little elevated;
head large; snout blunt; mouth slightly oblique, the maxillary scarcely

266 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum,

reaching eye; front of dorsal midway between snout and caudal; scales
deeper than long; lateral line straight, complete. Light brown, scales
above dark-edged; numerous round dark dots above, the largest some-
times nearly size of pupil, the spots unequal and irregularly placed, much
as in Hybopsis estivalis, or H. hyostomus; a plumbeous lateral stripe from
eye through snout, ending in a black spot at base of caudal; fins plain.
Rio de los Conchos, Chihuahua; locally abundant. }
Jotropis chihuahua, Wootman, Amer. Nat., March, 1892, 260, Rio de los Conchos, Chihuahua,
Mexico. (Type, No. 44151. Coll. Woolman & Cox.)
/
419. NOTROPIS TOPEKA, Gilbert. P
Head 4; depth 33; eye 44. D.8; A.7; scales 5-35-4. Body compressed,
stout and chubby; snout blunt; mouth small, terminal, oblique; 14 scales
before dorsal; lateral line anteriorly decurved. Olivaceous, a dusky lat-
eral streak ending in a small caudal spot; males in spring and summer
with sides and lower fins bright red or orange. Length 2? inches. West-
ern Iowa and eastern South Dakota, (Evermann), to Kansas; locally
abundant in the prairie streams. A well-marked species, apparently
allied to the group called Codoma.
Notropis topeka, GILBERT, Bull. Washburn Lab. Nat. Hist., Topeka, 1884, 1, 13, tributary of
Kansas River, Topeka, Kansas. (Type, No. 36609. Coll. Cragin.)

Notropis xneolus, Hay, Proc. U.S. Nat, Mus., 1887, 245, Solomon River, Wa Keeney, Kansas.
(Type, No. 37945. Coll. Hay.)

Subgenus HUDSONIUS, Girard.
420. NOTROPIS GILBERTI, Jordan & Meek.

Head 4; depth 5; eye moderate, about 34. D.8; A. 9; scales 5-354.
Slender, with long tail; head long, flattish above; snout moderate;
mouth rather large, little oblique, the lower jaw included. Lips a little
thickened, especially near angle of mouth. 17 scales before dorsal, which
is inserted slightly behind ventrals. Light olive; sides with dusky
streaks and dark specks. Length 24 inches. Eastern Iowa to eastern
Colorado, abundant in muddy streams of the plains, from the Des Moines
River to the Platte. (Named for Dr. Charles Henry Gilbert, joint author
of the ‘‘Synopsis of the Fishes of North America.”)

Notropis gilberti, JonDAN & Merk, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1885, 4, Des Moines River and
Village Creek, Ottumwa, Iowa. (Type, No. 35840?. Coll. Jordan & Meek.)

421. NOTROPIS PIPTOLEPIS (Cope).

Head 4; depth 44+; eye 34. D.7; A. 8; scales 6-36-4; teeth 1, 4-4, 1.
Physiognomy of Hybopsis dissimilis. Body elongate, not elevated. Head
elongate. Mouth small, nearly horizontal, the maxillary reaching beyond
line of orbit, the mandible somewhat projecting. Region in frontot dorsal
fin more or less bare of scales. Dorsal beginning opposite ventrals, nearer
snout than base of caudal. Olivaceous; silvery below; a broad, silvery
lateral band, with dark specks; sides of head with black specks; a dark
vertebral band. Length 3 inches. North Platte River. (Cope.) A doubt-
ful species, perhaps the same as N. gilberti. (mittw, to fall; Aemic, scale.)

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 267

Photogenis piptolepis, CopE, Hayden’s Geol. Surv. Terr. Wyom. for 1870, (1871), 488, Red Cloud
Creek, a tributary of North Platte River.
Cliola zonata, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 183, 1883, (not Notropis zonatus).

422. NOTROPIS SIMUS (Cope).

Head 4}; depth 44; eye 44. D. 8; A. 9; scales 8-35-4, 22 series in front
of dorsal fin; teeth 1,4-4,1; said to be without grinding surface. Body
robust. Head short and broad, with short, decurved muzzle. Mouth
large, oblique, upper lip below level of pupil, maxillary extending past
front of orbit. Fins large, the dorsal well behind ventrals. Coloration

entirely silvery, brightest on sides. Length 3} inches. Rio Grande at
at San Ildefonso, New Mexico. (Cope.) (simus, ciwoc, snubnosed.)

Alburnellus simus, CopE, Zo61. Wheeler Surv., v, 649, 1875, (1876), San Ildefonso, New Mexico.
(Type, No. 16982. Coll. Yarrow.)
Cliola sima, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 170, 1883.

423. NOTROPIS LONGIROSTRIS (Hay).

Head 44; eye 4. D.8; A. 7; scales 4-36-3; teeth 1, 4-4, 0 or 1,* with
grinding surface. Form of Ericymba buccata. Head rather small; eye
shorter than the blunt snout. Upper jaw rounded, considerably project-
ing beyond lower. Mouth rather large, horizontal; maxillary extending
to front of eye. Scales large; about 12 large scales in front of dorsal.
Origin of dorsal midway between tip of snout and base of caudal, directly
over ventrals. Pectorals not reaching ventrals; the latter to vent. Straw
color, with an obsolete lateral band and a narrow dorsal streak; fins
dusky. Chickasawha River, Mississippi, to Escambia River, Florida.
(longus, long; rostrum, snout.)

Alburnops longirostris, Hay, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1880, 504, Chickasawha River at
Enterprise, Mississippi. (Type, Nos. 27440 and 32267. Coll. Hay.)

Cliola longirostris, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 167, 1883.
Notropis longirostris, GILBERT, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., 1x, 1889, 158.

424. NOTROPIS NUX, Evermann.

Head 4; depth 44; eye large, 3 in head, equal to snout, and to interorb-
ital width. D. 8; A. 7; scales 6-37-3, 13 before dorsal; teeth 1, 4-4, 1
or 0, rarely 1, 4-4, 2, the grinding surface developed and a little crenate.
Body slender, the back somewhat elevated; head subconic, the snout
rather blunt; mouth moderate, oblique; maxillary not reaching orbit;
lower jaw slightly included; caudal peduncle long and slender. Dorsal
inserted over ventrals, the longest rays as long as head; anal small; pec-
torals short, not to ventrals; caudal long; lateral line straight, complete.
Greenish, the back with crosshatching of dark specks; a dark vertebral
streak ; a plumbeous lateral band, ending in a small, but distinct, caudal
blotch, this band extending across opercles, eye, and snout; fins plain.
_ Known only from Neches and Trinity rivers, near Palestine, Texas. (nux,
nut; in Spanish, neche.)

Notropis nuz, EvermMann, Bull. U. 8. Fish Comm., xt, 1891, (May 25, 1892), 77, Neches and
Trinity rivers, Palestine, Texas. (Type, No. 45555. Coll. Evermann, Scovell, &
Gurley.)

* According to Dr. Gilbert ; Dr. Hay found the teeth 4-4.

268 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

425. NOTROPIS NOCOMIS, Evermann.

Head 44; depth 43 to 5; eye large, 3 to 3} in head, equal to interorbital
width. D. 8; A. 8; scales 6-36-3; teeth 1, 4-4, 1, small, hooked, the
grinding surface narrow, slightly crenate. Body slender, little elevated;
head heavy, formed as in Cliola vigilax; snout blunt and rounded, equal
to eye; mouth small, inferior, horizontal; lower jaw included ; maxillary
short, not nearly reaching orbit; preorbital broad; caudal peduncle long
and slender. Dorsal high, inserted over ventrals; pectorals short, not to
ventrals; lateral line complete. Yellowish, with crosshatching of dark
specks above; a dark lateral band, faint anteriorly; no caudal spot;
fins plain. Length 24 inches. Trinity, San Marcos, and Comal rivers,
Texas; locally abundant. (Nocomis,an Indian name, applied by Girard to
a group of fishes here regarded as a subgenus under Hybopsis.)

Notropis nocomis, EVERMANN, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., x1, 1891, (May 25, 1892), 78, Trinity

River, Palestine, Texas, and San Marcos River, San Marcos, Texas. (Type, No.
45556. Coll. Evermann, Scovell, & Gurley.)

426. NOTROPIS SHUMARDI (Girard.)

Head 33; depth 44; eye very large, 2} to 3 in head. A. 7; scales 5-36-2;
teeth 1,4-4, 1, (2, 4-4, 2, according to Girard), with deep grinding surface,
and the edge strongly crenate. Body compressed, the back elevated; tail
slender; snout short, not blunt; mouth terminal, very oblique; lower jaw
included ; maxillary reaching front of eye; dorsal inserted over ventrals;
12 scales before dorsal. Olivaceous, sides with dusky streaks and dark
specks. Length 3 inches. Ohio and Tennessee basins to Iowa and the
Ozark region, in cold streams and springs; abundant in Arkansas, and in
northern Alabama. (Named for Dr. George C. Shumard, naturalist on the
Mexican Boundary Survey.)

Alburnops shumardi, GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 194, Arkansas River, Fort
Smith, Arkansas. (Coll. Shumard.)

Notropis boops, GILBERT, Proc. U.S, Nat. Mus., 1884, 201, Salt Creek, Brown County, Indiana,
and Flat Rock Creek, Decatur County, Indiana. (Type, No. 34982. Coll. Gilbert.)

Minnilus shumardi, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 194, 1883.

Minnilus scabriceps, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 194, 1883, not of Cope.

427. NOTROPIS ILLECEBROSUS (Girard).

Head 44; depth 44; eye 3}; snout 33. D.8; A.8; scales 7-35-38, 11 before
the dorsal; teeth 1, 44, 1, slightly hooked, with slight grinding surface.
Body rather deep, compressed, caudal peduncle deep, its least depth 2} in
head. Mouth large, oblique, maxillary reaching eye; lower jaw included;
eye large, greater than snout; interorbital width equal to snout; width
of lower jaw at base 1+ in eye. Origin of dorsal very little behind inser-
tion of ventral fins, a little nearer snout than base of caudal. First rays
of dorsal somewhat produced, their length greater than that of head; free
margin of dorsal very slightly concave in the expanded fin ; base of fin 13
in longest ray. Longest anal ray 1} in head. Pectorals equal longest
dorsal ray. Pale straw color, side with a broad silvery band following
course of lateral line; sides of head silvery. Length 3inches. Descrip-

Jordan and Evermann.—Ffishes of North America. 269

tion here drawn up from the types. Lower Arkansas River basin, prob-
ably not distinct from Notropis shumardi. (illecebrosus, enticing. )

Alburnops illecebrosus, GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 194, Arkansas River, Fort
Smith, Arkansas. (Type No. 66. Coll. Dr. Shumard) ; Grrarp, Pac. R. R. Surv. x, 262,
pl. 57, figs. 5-8, 1858.

Minnilus shumardi, JonpaN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 192, 1883 (in part).

428. NOTROPIS HUDSONIUWS (DeWitt Clinton).

(SPAWN-EATER ; SPOT-TAILED MINNOW ; SHINER.)

Head 47; depth 4; eye3. D.8; A.8; scales 5-39-4; teeth 1, 4-4,0 or1,
or2. Body elongate, considerably compressed in the adult. Head quite
short. Muzzle blunt, decurved, shorter than the very large eye. Mouth
moderate, nearly horizontal, the jaws nearly equal, the maxillary nearly
reaching to the eye. Lateral line nearly straight, slightly decurved ante-
riorly. 18scales beforedorsal. Pectorals not reaching ventrals, the latter
not to vent. Coloration very pale, with usually a dusky or black spot at
base of caudal, especially in the young; sides with a broad, silvery band,
which is sometimes dusky. Length 4 to 6 inches. The Dakotas and
Lake Superior to New York, and southward to South Carolina; abundant
in the Great Lakes, and not rare east of the Alleghany Mountains; a large
and handsome minnow, the choice ‘‘live bait” of the St. Lawrence
River angler. The typical form, hudsonius, in the Lower Great Lakes
and the Hudson, Susquehanna, and other northeastern rivers, has
the head short, 43 in length; eye 33 in head, as long as the blunt snout;
mouth less oblique than in selene, more so than in amarus; maxillary not
reaching front of eye; caudal spot jet-black. Teeth2,4-4,1. Specimens
apparently referable to hudsonius rather than to amarus occur in the Poto-
mac, and in streams even so far south as South Carolina, but the bounda-
ries of hudsonius, amarus, and saludanus are hard to fix.

Clupea hudsonia, DeWitt CLintoN, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 1, 49, 1824, Hudson River.

Hudsonius fluviatilis, GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 210, Hudson River. (Type, No.
14. Coll. Baird.)

Hybopsis hudsonius, Corr, Cypr. Penn., 386, 1866.

Leuciscus hudsonius, GUNTHER, Cat., v11, 250, 1868.

Cliola hudsonia, JoRDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 171, 1883.

Represented in Lake Superior by

428a. NOTROPIS HUDSONIUS SELENE (Jordan).

With the head very short, 44 in body, the mouth quite oblique, the pre-
maxillary on level of lower part of pupil; snout # eye; maxillary reach-
ing front of eye. Caudal spot jet-black. Teeth 2,4-4,2 orl. (onAnvn,
the moon.)

Luxilus selene, JORDAN, Bull, U. 8. Nat. Mus., x, 60, 1877, Lake Superior, Bayfield, Wiscon-
sin. (Coll. Milner.)
Minnilus selene, Jonvan & Grivert, Synopsis, 188, 1883,

270 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

Southward it gives place to
428b. NOTROPIS HUDSONIUS AMARUS (Girard).

Very close to var. hudsonius, characterized by the longer and less obtuse
head, 44 to 42 in length, the eye 3} in head, longer than snout; the cau-
dal spot faint or wanting, and the teeth 1,4-4,0. Delaware and Potomac
rivers. This is notunlikely a distinct species, as Abbott has contended, but
there is some evidence of its intergradation with hudsonius. (amarus,
bitter, the type from brackish water.)

Hudsonius amarus, GIRARD, Proc. Ac, Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 210, Chesapeake Bay ; Potomac
River at Washington. (Coll. Girard.)

Hybopsis phaénna, Corr, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, 279, Delaware River, Trenton,
New Jersey. (Coll. Cope.)

Hybopsis storerianus, Cope, Cypr. Penn., 386, 1866.

Leuciscus storerianus, GUNTHER, Cat., vil, 250, 1868, not Rutilus storerianus, KiIRTLAND.

Hybopsis phaénna, ABBortT, Amer, Nat., 1874, 333.

Cliola storeriana, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 170, 1883.

This form gives place still further southward to

428c. NOTROPIS HUDSONIUS SALUDANUS (Jordan & Brayton).

Head 44; depth 44; eye large, 34, (3 to 4). D.8; A. 8; scales 5-39-3;
teeth 1, 4-4, 0, two or three of the teeth obtuse, not hooked, only one or
two of them showing a grinding surface. Body elongate, but less so than
in var. hudsonius ; moderately compressed. Caudal peduncle long. Head
large, rather heavy and gibbous forward, the muzzle rounded in profile.
Mouth moderate, subinferior, the maxillary not reachingeye. Scaleslarge,
thin and loose, about 12 in front of dorsal. Lateral line somewhat
decurved in front. Fins rather small; pectorals not reaching venrtrals,
the latter not to vent. Coloration pale olivaceous, nearly white, with
traces of a plumbeous lateral streak, this sometimes appearing as a black
lateral band, (var. euryopa), and sometimes leading toa black caudal spot
as in hudsonius. Length 4 inches. Coastwise streams from the James to
the Ocmulgee. Close to subspecies amarus with which it may intergrade.
Head notably longer, 4; to 44, the snout especially longer, as long as eye,
projecting beyond the inferior mouth.

Alburnops saludanus, JoRDAN & Brayton, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xu, 16, 1878; tributary of
Saluda River, Greenville, South Carolina. (Type, No. 31128. Coll. Jordan & Brayton.)

Hudsonius euryopa, BEAN, Proc, U.S. Nat. Mus., 1879, 285, McBean Creek, tributary of
Savannah River, Georgia. (Type, No. 23513. Coll. A. Graves.)

Cliolasaludana and euryopa, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 170, 171, 1883.

Subgenus CODOMA, Girard.
429. NOTROPIS ORNATUS (Girard).

Head 3% to 4; depth 3; eye 33 to 4. D.8; A. 7; scales 7-40-4, those
before dorsal large, 17; teeth 4-4. Body stout and compressed, the back
arched, the head very blunt, thick and rounded, almost spherical in the
male. Mouth small, somewhat oblique, the cleft mostly anterior; the
jaws equal. Eyesmallish. Scales deep, very closely imbricated, those on
sides much higher than long ; lateral line decurved. Dorsala little behind

eS

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 271

ventrals. Fins all rather small. Snout highly prickly in spring males,
Color dark; sides with about 8 to 10 more or less conspicuous crossbars;
head mostly black in males ; fins all with the middle part dusky or black,
the tips milk-white, the ventrals and the anal notably so; females paler,
the lateral bars narrower and shorter, the fins with less black. Length 2
inches. Chihuahua River, our specimens takea in the original locality
by A. J. Woolman. (ornatus, adorned.)
Codoma ornata, GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 195, Chihuahua River; and U.S.
Mex. Bound. Surv., Ichth., 53, pl. 29, figs. 22-25, 1859 ; this species and Notropis aztecus both

well figured by Girard. (Type, No. 91. Coll. J. Potts.)
Cliola ornata, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 173, 1883.

Subgenus MONIANA, Girard.
430. NOTROPIS FORMOSUS (Girard).

Head 32; depth 34; eye 34. D. 8; A.8; scales 7-43-4, 23 before dorsal ;
teeth 4-4. Body elliptic, compressed, the form about as in N. lutrensis.
Mouth moderate, oblique, the maxillary 34 in head. Dorsal fin rather
high. Sides with a dusky streak, a brown spot at base of caudal. Length
2+inches. Rio Mimbres, Chihuahua. Well distinguished from N. lutren-
sis and related forms by the small size of the scales. (formosus, comely.)

Moniana formosa, GirARD, Proc. Ac. Nat.. Sci. Phila., 1856, 201, Rio Mimbres, Chihuahua.
Cliola formosa, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 174, 1883.
Notropis formosus, JoRDAN, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1885, 125.

431. NOTROPIS FRIGIDUS (Girard).

Head 44; depth 34 to 4; eye moderate, 4in head. D.9; A. 9.; lateral
line 37. Body moderately elongate, compressed, with long caudal pedun-
cle. Head moderate, the snout subconical, somewhat pointed. Mouth
rather large, oblique, the maxillary scarcely extending to orbit. Lateral
line decurved. Length 3+ inches. Rio Frio, Texas; differing from N.
lutrensis in the smaller scales. (frigidus, cold; in Spanish, frio.)

Moniana frigida, GirakrD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 200, Rio Frio, Texas. (Type, No.
124. Coll. Clark.)
Cliola leonina, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 174, 1883, not of Girard.

432. NOTROPIS LUTRENSIS (Baird & Girard).

Head 3%; depth 3 (adult) to 4; eyesmall,4. D. 7or8; A.8; scales 6-35-2;
teeth 4-4. Body oblong, elevated, strongly compressed, the back arched;
caudal peduncle rather slender. Head stout and deep, its upper outline
depressed, the nape elevated, forming an angle, so that the profile is
somewhat concave. Young more slender, the form variously elongate or
elliptical. Mouth rather large, quite oblique, the lower jaw included.
Lateral line strongly decurved. Thirteen scales in front of dorsal. Males
profusely tuberculate in spring. Colors in life brilliant, steel-blue; the
lower parts silvery; the belly orange-red in the males; a conspicuous
violet-colored crescent behind the shoulders, followed by a crimson cres-
cent; fins reddish, the anal and caudal blood-red. Female plain greenish,
the fins unspotted. Length2$inches. Southern Illinois to South Dakota,

272 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

Kansas, and the Rio Grande; very abundant in clear brooks southwest-
ward; a very brilliant and very variable little fish. (lutra, the otter;
the species was first known from Otter Creek, Arkansas. )

Leuciscus lutrensis, BArrp & GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1853, 391, Otter Creek, tributary
of North Fork Red River, Arkansas. (Type, No. 104. Coll. Capt. Geo. B. McClellan.)

Cyprinella suavis, GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 197, San Antonio, Texas,

Moniana letabilis, Hurrah Creek, tributary of Rio Pecos; couchi, China, New Leon;
rutila, Cadareita, New Leon; and gracilis, Monterey, New Leon, Girarp, Proc. Ac.
Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 199-201. (Type, No. 116. Coll. Couch.)

Moniana leonina, Leon River near San Antonio; and complanata, Brownsville, Texas,
GrraRD : l. c., 199, are probably the same, though figured with smaller scales.

Moniana pulchella, GrraRD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 200, Sugar Loaf Creek, tributary
of Poteau River. (Coll. Méllhausen.)

Moniana gibbosa, GirARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 201, Brownsville, Texas. (Type,
No. 31159. Coll. Van. Vliet.)

@yprinella billingsiana, Copr, Hayden’s Geol. Surv. Terr. Wyom. for 1870, (1871), 439, St. Joseph,
Missouri. (Coll. Dr. Wm. Stimpson.)

Moniana jugalis, Copr, Hayden’s Geol. Surv. Wyom. for 1870, (1871), 439, St. Joseph, Mis-
souri.

Hysilepis iris, CopE, Zobl. Wheeler Surv., Vv, 653, 1875, (1876), Rio Grande, San Ildefonso, New
Mexico. (Type, No. 16976. Coll. Yarrow.)- ‘
Cyprinella forbesi, JoRDAN, Bull. Til. State Lab. Nat. Hist., u, 57, 1878, clear streams of

southern Illinois. (Type, No. 29867. Coll. Forbes.)

Cliola montiregis, Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., 1884, 168, Monterey, New Leon.

Leuciscus lutrensis, GUNTHER, Cat., VII, 258, 1868.

Cyprinella complanata, JORDAN, Bull. Hayden’s Geol. Surv. Terr., Iv, 3, 665, 1878.

Cliola iris, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 172, 1883.

Cliola jugalis, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 172, 1883.

Cliola gibbosa, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 174, 1883.

Cliola lutrensis, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 175, 1883.

Cliola suavis, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 176, 1883.

Cliola billingsiana, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 177, 1883.

Cliola forbesi, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 174, 1883.

433. NOTROPIS PROSERPINA (Girard).

Head 33; depth 4; eye 4; snout 3}. D.7; A. 7; scales 6-35-3, 14 before
dorsal. Body rather robust; mouth subinferior, nearly horizontal.
Brownish above, paler below, but no silvery lateral band; a metallic
band of dark points from upper edge of preopercle to upper edge of caudal.
Length 2 inches. Rio Grande region. (Proserpina, Proserpine, the allu-
sion not evident. )

Moniana proserpina, GIRARD, Proc. Ac, Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 200, Devil River, Texas. (Type,
No. 117. Coll. Clark.) ;

Moniana aurata, GIRARD, l. c., 200, Piedrapainte, New Mexico. (Type, No. 118. Coll. Clark).

? Moniana tristis, GIRARD, l. c., 1856, 201, locality unknown. (Coll. Beckwith.)

Cliola deliciosa, JoRDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 175, 1883.

Cliola aurata, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 175, 1883.

Notropis proserpina, JORDAN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1885, 125,

434. NOTROPIS CALLISEMA (Jordan).

Head 4; depth 42; eye 4+. D.8; A. 8; scales 6-39-3; teeth 4-4. Body
rather elongate, fusiform, compressed. Head elongate, the muzzle rather
blunt, projecting over the moderate, oblique mouth; maxillary not reach-
ing to opposite eye. Eye moderate. Scales firm, closely imbricated, 15

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 273

in front of dorsal. Dorsal fin extremely high; its height in the males one-
fourth length of body, in females somewhat lower; its insertion almost
directly over first ray of ventrals. In the other similarly colored species
of Notropis the dorsal is evidently behind the ventrals. Coloration bril-
liant, clear dark blue above, sides and below abruptly silvery; a blue
Jateral streak, much as in N. cwruleus, bounding the blue of the upper
parts, the white pigment of the lower parts looking as if painted over the
blue. Dorsal with a large black spot on its last rays above. Dorsal,
anal, and caudal with the usual satin-white pigment at their tips; these
fins otherwise of a clear, ferruginous orange. Females slender and dull-
colored. Length 2 inches. Ocmulgee River, Georgia. An elegant fish.
(xad6c, beautiful; o7jua, sail, from the dorsal fin.)

Episema callisema, JORDAN, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 1876, 363, South Fork of Ocmulgee

River, Flat Shoals, Georgia. (Type, No. 17864. Coll. Jordan & Gilbert.)

Codoma callisema, JoRDAN, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., x11, 52, 1878.
Cliola callisema, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 173, 1883.

Subgenus CYPRINELLA, Girard.

435. NOTROPIS BUBALINUS (Baird & Girard).

Head 44; depth 3; eye 4 in head. D. 8; A. 9; scales 32 to 35. Body
short, the back arched; head short and deep, blunt in profile; mouth
moderate, oblique, the jaws subequal; lateral linedecurved. Coloration
plain in spirits, the males probably with bright pigment. Length 34
inches. Streams of Arkansas and westward; not common. (Diminutive
of bubalus, buffalo.)

Leuciscus bubalinus, BArrD & GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1853, 391, Otter Creek,
Arkansas. (Coll. Capt. Geo. B. McClellan.)

Cyprinella beckwithi, GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci, Phila., 1856, 197, Arkansas River, near Fort
Makee. (Coll. Beckwith.)

Cyprinella gunnisoni, GIRARD, l.c., 197 ; said to be from Cottonwood Creek, Utah, which must
be an error, a8 no Notropis is found in Utah. (Type, No. 139. Coll. Kreuzfeld.)

Cyprinella umbrosa, GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 197, and Pac. R, R. Surv., x, 266, 1858 |
Coal Creek, tributary of South Fork Canadian River. (Type, No. 133. Coll. M@ll-
hausen.

Cyprinella lepida, GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 197, Rio Frio, Texas; may be
lutrensis; and Pac. R. R. Surv., x, 268,1858. (Coll. Kennerly.)

Oyprinella bubalina, GIRARD, Pac. R, R.Sury., x, 265, 1858.

Cliola lepida, JonDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 176, 1883.

Cliola umbrosa, bubalind, and gunnisoni, JorDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 176, 1883.

436. NOTROPIS LUDIBUNDUS (Girard).

Head 4; depth 42; eye large, 3 in head; snout 4. D.8; A. 7; scales
4-31-3, 13 before dorsal. Body elongate, subfusiform. Mouth oblique,
small, the maxillary extending toeye. Dorsal fin high. Silvery; lateral
line with black dots. Length 2 inches; locality unknown, probably
Indian Territory, (ludibundus, playful.)

Cyprinella ludibunda, Ginarp, Proc, Ac. Nat, Sci. Phila., 1856, 199, locality unknown, (Coll.

Beckwith.)
Oliola ludibunda, Jonpan & GiteeRrt, Synopsis, 177, 1883,

F. N. A.——19

274 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

437. NOTROPIS MACROSTOMUS (Girard).

Head 4; depth 44. D.8; A. 9; lateral line 36; teeth 1, 4-4,1. Body
slender, the form approaching that of N. atherinoides. Head moderate.
Mouth rather larger than in related species, oblique, the maxillary reach-
ing front of eye. Eye large. Lateral ine somewhat decurved. Dorsal
behind ventrals. Brownish above; cheeks and sides brightsilvery. Rio
Grande region, northward to Kansas, if wmbrifer is the same species.
(uaxpoc, Wide; ordua, mouth.) :

Cyprinella macrostoma, GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 198, Devil River, Texas.
(Type, No. 129. Coll. Clark.)
?Cyprinella luxoides, GIRARD, l. c., 198, San Pedro Creek, Texas. (Coll. Kennerly.)
?Cyprinella lugubris, GIRARD, l.c., 199, locality unknown. (Coll. Beckwith.)
_ 2Notropis umbrifer, Hay, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1887, 245, Solomon River at Beloit, and Saline
River near Wa Keeney, Kansas. (Coll. Hay.)

438. NOTROPIS TEXANUS (Girard).

Head 4; depth 44; eye 3in head. D. 8; A. 8; scales 5-35-4, 15 before
dorsal. Body rather slender; snout bluntish; mouth nearly horizontal,
the lower jaw slightly projecting. Lateral line nearly straight. Fins
moderate. Eye slightly longer than snout, equal to maxillary. Silvery,
dark points along lateral line; a small jet-black caudal spot slightly
larger than pupil; a row of dark points along base of anal. Length 2
inches. Rivers of Texas from the Trinity to the Salado.

Cyprinella tecana, GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 198, Rio Salado’ and Turkey
Creek, Texas. (Type, No. 182 (2710). Coll. Clark); MrxEx, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1885,
124.

Notropis texanus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., 1886, 17.

439. NOTROPIS NOTATUS (Girard).

Head 4; depth 33; eye 34. D. 8; A. 7; scales 5-35-3. Body stoutish;
the caudal peduncle slender. Eye moderate; snout bluntish. Mouth
small, oblique, the maxillary not reaching to theeye. Ventrals in advance
of dorsal. Fins moderate. Coloration plain in spirits, except the black
caudal spot; sides silvery. Streams of Texas, from Austin westward.
Allied to N. venustus, but the scales larger, and the caudal spot faint and
veiled by the scales. (notatus, spotted.) —

Cyprinella notata, GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 198, Rio Seco. Texas; and Pac:
R. R. Surv., x, 269, 1858. (Type, No. 136. Coll. Kennerly.)
Cliola notata, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 177, 1883.

440. NOTROPIS VENUSTUS (Girard).

Head 4; depth 32; eye large, 33; snout4. D.7; A. 8; scales ay
15 before dorsal; teeth 4-4. Body rather slender. Head long and rather
pointed. Mouth oblique, the maxillary reaching front of eye; jaws sub-
equal. Fins moderate; the dorsal behind ventrals. Coloration brownish
above; sides silvery; around black spot as large as eye at base of caudal.
Rio Sabinal, Vexas. Allied to NV. cercostigma, but with larger scales; com-
pared with N. notatus, the eye is smaller, the mouth more oblique, the
snout more pointed and the caudal spot more distinct in . venustus.
(venustus, beautiful, like Venus. )

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 275

Cyprinella venusta, GIRARD, Proc, Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 198, Rio Sabinal, Texas, (Coll.
Kennerly); and Mex. Bound. Survy., Ichth., 54, 1859.
Cliola venusta, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 178, 1883.

441. NOTROPIS CERCOSTIGMA (Cope).

Precisely like Notropis stigmaturus except that the scales are larger, 37
to 39'in the lateral line, and the fins in adult males more deeply colored,
orange yellow, with milky tips in life. Teeth 1, 4-4, 1. Caudal spot
nearly circular. Sandy streams tributary to the Gulf of Mexico, from
Pearl River and Red River to Rio Nueces; abundant, especially so
in Rio Colorado of Texas. («épxoc, tail; oriyua, spot.)

Cyprinella cercostigma, Corre, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, 157, Pearl River, Monticello,
Mississippi. by

Luxilus chickasavensis, Hay, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1880, 506, Chickasawha River, Mississippi.
(Type, No, 27419. Coll. Hay.)

Cliola urostigma, JORDAN & MEEK, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1884, 475, San Saba River, Fort Mc-
Kavit, a tributary of Rio Colorado; Clear Creek, Texas. (Type, Nos, 20446 and
17812. Coll. Anderson, Kumlein, & Earll.)

Minnilus cercostigma, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 173, 1883.

Notropis venustus, JonpaN & GILBERT, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1886, 19; but the true venustus seems
to have still larger scales.

442. NOTROPIS STIGMATURUS (Jordan),

(SPpoTTED-TAIL MINNOW.)

Head 43;.depth 42; eye small, 44 in head. D.8; A. 8; scales 7-42 to
44-3; teeth 1,4-4,1. Body elongate, fusiform, compressed. Head quite
long, rounded above, the snout pointed. Mouth rather large, somewhat
oblique, overlapped by the narrow upper jaw. Iris white. Maxillary
reaching beyond nostrils; premaxillary on level of lower edge of pupil.
Seales closely imbricated, 20 in front of dorsal. Fins low, the dorsal
rather behind ventrals, its height less than one-fifth body. Color pale,
clear olive; black dorsal spot not very distinct; fins with their tips
charged with satin-white pigment, otherwise plain; a very distinct,
large, oblong jet-black spot at base of caudal, the color extending up on
the rays; this spot is visible on all specimens, and is larger than in any
other of our Cyprinidaw; its length about one-third that of the head.
.First ray of dorsal dark in front; males with an obsolete black spot on
the middle of the sides in front of the dorsal; the head, ete., tuberculate
in spring. Length 44 inches. Alabama Basin; very abundant. Very
close to N. cercostigma, from which it differs chiefly in the smaller scales,
and of which it may be an eastern variety. (oriyua, spot; oipa, tail.)
Photogenis stigmaturus, Jonvan, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 1876, 337, Etowah River, etc.,

Rome, Georgia. (Type, No. 17891. Coll. Jordan & Gilbert. )
Codoma stigmatura, JoRDAN, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., x11, 52, 1878.
Cyprinella calliura, JORDAN, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., x, 61,1877, Black Warrior River, Alabama,

(Type, No. 6865. Coll. Prof. Alex. Winchell.)
Cliola calliura and stigmatura, JonDAN & GiLpert, Synopsis, 178 and 182, 1883.

443. NOTROPIS TRICHROISTIUS (Jordan & Gilbert).

Head 44; depth 4+; eye moderate, 3} in head; scales 6-42-3; teeth 1,
4-1, 1. Body rather slender, compressed. Head slender and pointed,

276 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

Mouth quite large, very oblique, the maxillary reaching anterior margin
of eye, the premaxillaries on level of middle of pupil. Lateral line con-
siderably decurved, usually with an abrupt angulation between pectorals
and ventrals; 19 scales before dorsal. Fins moderate; dorsal well behind
ventrals. Nuptial tubercles sparse on the head; caudal peduncle and
sides, as far forward as the ventrals, tuberculate in spring males. Males
bright steel-blue above; sides bright white; a large black spot at base of
caudal, precisely as in J. callistius; dorsal fin with a broad, dusky, hori-
zontal band at base, the membrane of the last rays jet-black, the tip
milk-white, the rest of the fin of a bright, pale vermilion-red; caudal
rosy, its tips white; anal and ventrals milky. Females duller, but the
black markings distinct. Length 3} inches. Alabama Basin; abundant
in clear streams, with the preceding and the next. (7peic, three; ypoc,
color ; loriov, sail.)

Codoma trichroistia, JORDAN & GILBERT, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., x11, 1878, 50, Etowah River,

etc., Rome, Georgia. (Type, No. 31131. Coll. Jordan & Gilbert.)
Cliola trichroistia, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 181, 1883.

444, NOTROPIS CALLISTIUS (Jordan).

Head 41; depth 43; eye large, 33. D.8; A.8; scales 5-40-3; teeth 1,
4-4,1. Body rather stout and compressed, rather heavy forward, the
dorsal outline considerably elevated. Head stout and rather blunt, its
upper part flattish; the nuptial tubercles not numerous, arranged in a
few distinct, longitudinal rows, not scattered without order, as in related
species. Mouth large, nearly horizontal, slightly overlapped by the heavy
snout, the maxillary reaching nearly to eye, the premaxillaries anteriorly
entirely below level of orbit. Scales large, not very closely imbricated,
16 in front of dorsal. Fins rather large, the height of the dorsal in males
nearly one-fifth length of body. Coloration dark and brilliant; males
with the back very dark steel-blue; sides a clear silvery violet; belly
and lower fins satin-white; a heavy black blotch on posterior part of
dorsal, extending downward and forming a horizontal bar at base of fin;
rest of the fin vermilion, except the milk-white tip; caudal fin bright red,
vellowish at base, milky at tip; a broad, golden vertebral band and a
reddish lateral streak; a large, distinct, round black spot at base of cau-
dal. Females olivaceous, with less black; the fins dull reddish. Length
4inches. Alabama Basin. («aAdoc, beauty; iorior, sail, i. e. dorsal fin.)
Photogenis callistius, JORDAN, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 1876, 337, Etowah River, etc., Rome,

Georgia. (Type, No. 17882. Coll. Jordan & Gilbert.)

Codoma callistia, JORDAN, Bull. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., x11, 52, 1878.
Cliola callistia, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 181, 1883.

445. NOTROPIS EURYSTOMUS (Jordan).

Head 44; depth 44; eye moderate, 3}in head. D.8; A.8; scales 6-39-3;
teeth 1, 4-4, 1, with narrow grinding surfaces, the edges of which are
usually crenate. Body elongate, compressed, tapering toward the snout
and the long caudal peduncle. Head moderate, larger than in N. niveus,
rather pointed, wide on top; snout rather long. Muzzle large, quite
oblique, the premaxillaries on the level of the pupil; upper jaw slightly

fordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America.

bo
~l
~)

the longer. Scales moderate, rather closely imbricated, but less so than
in N. whipplii. Pectorals not reaching ventrals, the latter about to vent;
vertical fins not especially elevated. Color olivaceous, the sides bright
silvery, a round black spot, nearly as large as eye, at base of caudal;
dorsal blotch rather faint; dorsal fin chiefly yellowish green, ferruginous
above, the extreme tip milky white; caudal fin rusty, with milk-white
tips; lower fins milk-white. Snout and front in males tuberculate; minute
tubercles on sides of tail. Length 4inches. Chattahoochee River. (eipirc,
wide ; ordua, mouth.)

Photogenis eurystomus, JORDAN, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 1876, 356, Nancy’s Creek, tribu-
tary of Chattahoochee River, near Atlanta; exclusive of the smaller specimens men-
tioned, which are Notropis zonislius ; (not Codoma eurystoma, JORDAN, Bull. U. 8S. Nat. Mus.
x11, 42 = Notropis zonislius).

Photogenis leucopus, JORDAN & Brayton, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., x11, 41, 1878, Chattahoochee

River, Gainesville, Georgia. (Type, No. 31124. Coll. Jordan & Brayton.)
Cliola eurystoma, JoRDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 180, 1883.

446. NOTROPIS CERULEUS (Jordan).

Head 44; depth 42; eye moderate, 34 in head. D.8; A.8; scales 6-38-3;
teeth 1, 4-4,1. Body fusiform, somewhat elongate, moderately compressed.
Head moderate. Snout rather pointed, overlapping the small, oblique
mouth, maxillaries reaching nostrils, premaxillaries below level of pupil.
Scales firm, 15 in front of dorsal. Lateral line decurved. Fins all high,
the height of dorsal nearly one-fifth length of fish ; dorsal behind ventrals.
Males with the snout thickly tuberculate. Color bright steel-blue; sides
and belly silvery white ; a very distinct lateral band of a bright blue-green
color, most distinct Kietncuny: and forming a spot at the base of caudal ;
black dorsal blotch rather faint and diffuse ; tips of dorsal, anal, and
caudal charged with satin-white pigment ; the fins uceea all of a
clear, bright yellow. Females and young with the markings obscure, the
blue lateral band usually evident. Length 3 inches. Alabama Basin;
common ; a very elegant little fish. (caruleus, blue.)

Photogenis cxruleus, JorDAN, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 1876, 338, Etowah River, Rome,
Georgia. (Type, No. 17883. Coll. Jordan & Gilbert.)

Codoma cerulea, JoRDAN, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., x11, 52, 1878.
Cliola cxerulea, JoRDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 182, 1883.

447. NOTROPIS NIVEUS (Cope).

Head 44; depth 54+; eye 34 in head. D. 8; A. 8; scales 6-39-3; teeth
1, 4-4, 1, with narrow grinding surface. Body regularly fusiform, the
dorsal outline more arched than the ventral. Headconic. Muzzle obtuse,
not projecting. Mouth nearly terminal, slightly oblique, maxillary reach-
ing front of eye. Coloration very pale, a narrow bluish band along
caudal peduncle, forming a faint spot at root of caudal. Dorsal fin in
males considerably elevated, largely dusky on its last rays, the rest of the
fin creamy; tip of dorsal, tips of caudal, and whole of anal with milk-
white pigment. Males withthe snout and antedorsal region covered with
small tubercles. Length 24 inches. Southern Virginia to South Caro-
lina; common; an extremely variable species, which may prove to be

278 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

inseparable as a species from . whipplii, from which it differs in the

slenderer head and in the blue caudal streak. (niveus, snowy.)

Hybopsis niveus, Cope, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. Phila., 1870, 460, Catawba River, North
Carolina.

Photogenis niveus, JORDAN & Brayton, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., x11, 20, 1878.
Cliola nivea, JonDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 180, 1883.

Represented in the Santee Basin by

447a. NOTROPIS NIVEUS CHLORISTIUS (Jordan & Brayton).

Head 4; depth 4; eye small, less than snout, 4 in head. D. 7; A. 8;
scales 5-36-3; teeth 1, 4-4, 1. Body short and deep, strongly compressed,
the form elliptical, as in N. pyrrhomelas, but rather deeper. Head rather
smalland pointed. Mouth quite oblique, the maxillary not reaching line
of orbit, the upper jaw projecting beyond lower; premaxillary on level of
pupil. Lateral line decurved. Fins moderate. Nuptial tubercles cover-
ing the whole body, except space anterior to ventrals and below lateral
line ; those on the body much smaller than those on the head. Coloration
dark steel-blue; a very distinct blue stripe along each side cf caudal
peduncle; back clear green; lower part of sides abruptly milk-white;
black dorsal blotch large, the lower part of the fin with bright pale-green
pigment, the tip milky; caudal dusky, its tips milky, its base pale; anal
and ventrals milky, a faint dusky spot on last rays of anal; iris white.
Females slenderer and less brightly colored; no caudal spot. Length3
inches. Santee River and tributaries; common. This form occurs in the
Catawba with the typical niveus, into which it seems to intergrade ; both
forms are very close to V. whipplii, but should probably be considered dis-
tinct species. (yAwpoc, green; ictiov, sail.)

Codoma chloristia, JORDAN & BRayTon, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., xm, 21, 1878, tributary of Saluda

River, Greenville, South Carolina. (Type, No. not given. Coll. Jordan & Brayton.)
Cliola chloristia, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 183, 1883.

448. NOTROPIS WHIPPLII (Girard).
(SILVER-FIN.) :

Head 44; depth 4 inadult males; females and young more slender, 43 to
5; eye small, 44 in head. D.8; A. 8; scales 5-38 to 40-3; teeth 1, 4-4, 1,
the edges more or less distinctly serrate. Body moderately elongate,
somewhatcompressed, the dorsal and ventral outlines regularly and gently
arched. Head rathershort anddeep. Mouth rather small, quite oblique,
the lower jaw received within the upper when the mouth is closed.
Leaden silvery, bluish in the males; edges of scales dusky; a dark verte-
bral line;’a large black spot on the upper posterior part of the dorsal.
Paired fins and lower part of belly, as well as the tips of the anal and cau-
dal, and the front and upper parts of dorsal, charged with clear, satin-
white pigment in males in spring; in full breeding dress the dorsal pig-
ment-with a greenish luster; no creamy band at base of caudal; males
with the head and front covered with small tnbercles. Length 4 inches.
Central New York, Cayuga Lake, to Minnesota, northern Alabama and
Arkansas, in clear streams; very abundant in the Ohio Valley. (Named
for Captain A. W. Whipple, who collected the types.)

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 279

Cyprinella whipplii, GiRaRD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 198, Sugar Loaf Creek, tributary
Poteau River, Arkansas. (Type, No. 137. Coll. Mélihausen.) .

Photogenis spilopterus, Corr, Cypr. Penn., 378, 1866, St. Joseph River, Southwestern
Michigan.

Iuxilus kentuckiensis, KIRTLAND, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., v, 27, pl. vil, fig. 3, 1847, (not of Rafi-
nesque),

Hypsilepis kentuckiensis, Cope, Cypr. Penn., 371, 1866.

Leuciscus spilopterus, GUNTHER, Cat., ViI, 254, 1868.

Cliola whipplei and analostana, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 178 and 179, 1883.

449. NOTROPIS ANALOSTANUS (Girard).

The eastern representative of N. whipplii. Entirely similar to whipplii
except that the body is less elongate, the adult male 33 in length instead of
4, and the scales larger, 34 or 35 in the lateral line instead of 38to40. Prob-
ably to be regarded as a different species, but possibly intergrading with
whipplii on the westward and perhaps with niveus southward. Streams
about Delaware and Chesapeake bays; abundant in the Potomac and
James ; recorded from the Susquehanna and Delaware. (From Analostan
Island, in the Potomac.)

Cyprinella analostana, GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 59, Rock Creek, Analostan
Island, Potomac River; Jorpan & GiLBERT, Synopsis, 179, 1883, (in part).
Leuciscus analostanus, GUNTHER, Cat., v1I, 256, 1868.

450. NOTROPIS GALACTURUS (Cope).

Head 44; depth 44. D.8; A. 8; scales 6-41-3; teeth 1, 4-4, 1, usually
with entire edges. Body fusiform, moderately elongate, not greatly
compressed. Mouth rather large, jaws nearly horizontal, the upper pro-
jecting. Larger than N. whipplii, more elongate and less compressed, the
scales less closely imbricated, the lateral line less decurved. Eye small.
Steel-blue above, silvery below; dorsal with a black blotch on its pos-.
terior rays; caudal fin conspicuously creamy yellow at base, then dusky;
males with the belly, paired fins, and especially tips of vertical fins
charged with milk-white pigment in spring, the head and front then
covered with small tubercles; in high coloration the anal and caudal are
sometimes pale reddish ; females olivaceous, obscurely marked. Length
5 to 6 inches. Ozark region to Cumberland, Tennessee, and Savannah
rivers; abundant in the mountain streams. Known by its large size and
the peculiar yellowish band across the caudal. (ydAa, milk; ovpd, tail.)
Hysilepis galacturus, Corr, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, 160, Holston River, Virginia.

(Type, No. 14981. Coll. Cope.)

Leuciscus kentuckiensis, GUNTHER, Cat., vi1, 251, 1868, not of Rafinesque.
Cliola galactura, Jonvan & GILBERT, Synopsis, 179, 1883.

451. NOTROPIS CAMURUS (Jordan & Meek).

Head 44; depth 34. D.8; A. 9; scales 6-38-4. More robust than N.
galacturus, the back elevated; anterior profile steep, the snout bluntly
decurved; mouth small, oblique; teeth crenate. Bluish silvery; dorsal
fin in adult with a large dark blotch as in N. whipplii; males with silvery
pigment. Length 4 inches. Arkansas River and tributaries, not rare in
Kansas and southwestern Missouri. (camurus, blunt-faced.)

280 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

Cliola camura, Jorpan & Merk, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1884, 474, Arkansas River, Fort
Lyon, Colorado. (Type, No. 12256. Coll. Dr. E. Palmer.)

452. NOTROPIS X.ENURUS (Jordan.) _

Head 4; depth 32; eye large, 33 in head. D.8; A. 10; scales 6-39-3;
teeth 1, et 1. Body moderately elongate, subfusiform, heavy forward.
Head heavy, somewhat elongate, rounded above. Mouth large, oblique,
the lower jaw included; maxillary reaching almost to orbit; premaxil-
lary on level of upper part of pupil. Fins all rather low, the height of
the dorsal fin, even in males, only two-thirds length of head; caudal fin
large. Color dark steel-blue; silvery below; a faint black spot at base
of caudal; scales above dark-edged; males with the fins mostly bright
crimson; the dorsal largely black at its upper posterior part; dorsal,
anal, and caudal fins with white pigment; belly and bases of ‘lower fins
likewise pigmented; head and caudal peduncle tuberculate in spring.
Length 3 inches. Altamaha Basin, Georgia; locally abundant. (faivo,
to scratch ; ovpa, tail.)

Minnilus xexnurus, JoRDAN, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1877, 79, Ocmulgee River, Flat Shoals, .

Georgia. (Type, No. 17862. Coll. Jordan & Gilbert.)
Codoma xenura, JORDAN, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., x11, 52, 1878.
Cliola xenura, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 184, 1883.

453. NOTROPIS HYPSELOPTERUS (Giinther).

Head 44; depth 4; eye 3. D.8; A. 11; scales 6-35-3; teeth 1, 4-4, 1.
Body short, much compressed, the back elevated. Head short, flattened
above, the muzzle pointed. Mouth large, very oblique, the jaws just
equal. Eye large, about equal to snout and to interorbital space.
Seales with the exposed surfaces very narrow. Lateral line much
decurved; 16 large scales before dorsal. Dorsal fin inserted entirely
behind ventrals, greatly elevated, its longest ray a little longer than
head; anal fin also very high and very long, extending almost to base of
caudal; these fins somewhat lower in females. Color silvery ; the dorsal
blotch conspicuous; a distinct black caudal spot, smaller than eye and
deeper than long; sides with a silvery band which passes around the

nose, below this a dusky band. Breeding colors unknown. Length 24.

inches. Southern Georgia and Alabama. (iw7Aéc, high; zrépor, fin.)

Alburnus formosus, PutNAM, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zo6l., 1, 9, 1863, Mobile, (not Moniana formosa,
Girard),

Leuciscus hypselopterus, GUNTHER, Cat., vII, 255, 1868, Mobile; substitute for formosus, preocu-
pied. (Coll. Thos. Moore.)

Photogenis grandipinnis, JonpaN, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., x, 62, 1877, Flint River, Georgia.
(Type, No. 9296. Coll. Hugh M. Neisler.)

Cliola hypseloptera, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 184, 1883.

454. NOTROPIS PYRRHOMELAS (Cope).

Head 4; depth 33; eye large, 3. D.8; A.10; scales 6-33-3 ; teeth 1, 4-4, 1.
Body deep and compressed. Head stout, rather blunt. Mouth oblique,
the jaws about equal; maxillary reaching front of orbit. Pectorals
barely reaching ventrals, the latter to anal; dorsal fin greatly elevated,
its height in male as great as length of head; caudal very broad and
long, its peduncle stout and compressed ; anal fin large and long. Color-
ation of males dark steel-blue above; the scales darker- edged ; belly

Ne

Jordan and Evermann.—Ffishes of North America. 281

abruptly milky white; head pale reddish; snout, tip of lower jaw, and
iris scarlet; dorsal dusky at base, the usual large black blotch above, red
in front, and broadly milk-white at tip; tips of caudal milk-white, next
to this a dusky crescent, a wide crescent of bright scarlet inside of the
black, extending into the two lobes of the fin; base of caudal pale;
anterior region and sides of caudal peduncle with rather large tubercles.
Females duller. Length 3+ inches. Santee Basin; very abundant, the
most ornate of our Cyprinide. (rip, fire; uédac, black.)

Photogenis pyrrhomelas, Cope, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. Phila., 1870, 463, Catawba River, North

Carolina. (Coll. Cope.)

Codoma pyrrhomelas, JORDAN & Brayton, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., x11, 22, 1878,
Cliola pyrrhomelas, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 184, 1883.

455. NOTROPIS GARMANTI, Jordan.

Head 44; depth 23. D.8; A. 11; scales 7-38-3; teeth 1, 4-4, 1. Body
deep, much compressed, the back arched. Head small; snout shorter than
‘eye; maxillary not reaching eye; pectorals not reaching ventrals, the lat--
ter to anal; caudal deeply forked; scales much deeper than long. Brownish
aboye, sides rosy or silvery; cheeks silvery, a brownish band from nape
to pectorals; lower fins salmon color; caudal reddish. Length 3 inches.
Tributaries of Lago del Muerte, Coahuila. (Garman.) (Named for Sam-
uel Garman, the accomplished ichthyologist of the Museum of Compara-
tive Zodlogy.)

Cyprinella rubripinna, GARMAN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zodl., vit, 91, 1881, Lago del Muerte.
Notropis garmani, JORDAN, Cat. Fish. N. Am., 813, 1885, (substitute for rubripinna).

Cliola rubripinna, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 884, 1883. The name rubripinnis has been twice
earlier used in Notropis.

Subgenus LUXILUS, Rafinesque.
456. NOTROPIS CORNUTUS* (Mitchill).

(SHINER ; Rep-FIn ; Dace.)

Head 44; depth 3t, varying much with age; eye 4 to 5. D.8; A.9;
scales 6-41-3; teeth 2, 4-4, 2, with rather narrow grinding surface. Body

*We adopt the specific name cornulus for this species, as the first preliminary notice by Dr.
Mitchill, in which the species is named Cyprinus cornutus, is sufficient for its identification. This
was published in July or August, 1817. In December, 1817, the same species was described by
Rafinesque as Cyprinus megalops, and in February, 1818, Dr. Mitchill gives a detailed account call-
ing it Cyprinus cornutus. The following is the preliminary notice of the Fishes of the Wallkill
River, Amer. Monthly Mag., 1, 1817, 289, July :

TRANSACTIONS OF LEARNED SocreTIES.—Lyceum or NaturaL History.

Sitting of July 7, 1817.—Dr. Benjamin Akerly presented several specimens of fish, which he had
obtained in Wallkill Creek, and which appeared to be undescribed species.

Sitting of July 14, 1817.—Dr. Mitchill made a detailed report on the ichthyology of the Wall-
kill, from the specimens of fishes presented to the Society at the last meeting by Dr. B. Akerly
in behalf of the committee of exploration. They consisted of several sorts of

CYPRINUS, OR CARP.
1. The Corporal, or C. corporalis, a splendid silvery fish inhabiting that stream, the sturgeon [?]
of Albany and the western waters. (New.)
2. The Mudfish, or C. atronasus, so called from his having a black stripe from tail to head, and
encompassing the nose. (New.)
3. The Red-fin, or C. cornulus, having elegant scarlet fins and knobs, or long protuberances over
the head. (New.) SILurvs, oR CATFISH.

1. The common Silure, or American 8. catus ; a steady inhabitant of our fresh riversand ponds,
2. The frog Silure, or S. gyrinus ; having but a single dorsal fin, and a lanceolate tail resembling
that of atadpole when full grown, (New.)
LABRUS.
1. The Sunfish, or L. auritus, with the scarlet fins to the gill covers.

2. The Brown Labre, or Labrus appendix ; so called from the black appendages to the gill covers,
broader and longer than the preceding species, and with various other marks of difference. (New.)
Esox or Pike.

1. The white-bellied Shilli-fish [ Killi-fish ], or Msox pisciculus, of his memoir on the fishes of New
York. The description by himself and the drawings by Dr. B. Akerly, are all completed,

282 Bulletin 427, United States National Museum.

elongate in the young, in the adult short, compressed, with the anterior
dorsal region much swollen and gibbous. Head rather heavy, compressed,
rounded between the eyes, the snout bluntish. Mouth moderate, nearly
horizontal, the jaws nearly equal, the lower somewhat included. Eye
moderate; maxillary scarcely reaching front of eye, the premaxillaries
below the level of eye. Scales always deeper than long on the sides, becom-
ing extremely deep in the adult. Lateral line decurved. Dorsal moderate,
inserted directly over ventrals in young, thrown somewhat backward in
adult by the growth of the nuchal region. Pectorals barely or not reach-
ing ventrals, the latter about to vent. Region in front of dorsal typically
with about 23 scales, the number ranging from 15 to 40. Coloration dark
steel-blue above; the scales with dusky edges, the bases also dusky; a
gilt line along the back and one along each side, these distinct only when
the fish is in the water; belly and lower part of the sides silvery, bright
rosy in spring males; dorsal fin somewhat dusky; other fins plain; the
lower fins all rosy in spring males; head dark above; a dark shade behind
scapula; lower jaw and region in front of dorsal to tip of snout covered
with small tubercles in spring males; female and young fishes are plain
olivaceous above and silvery below. Length5to8inches. Entire region
east of the Rocky Mountains excepting the South Atlantic States and
Texas; almost everywhere the most abundant fish in small streams. Its
variations are great, some of them appearing like distinct species. (cor-
nutus, horned.) te

Cyprinus cornutus, MircH1LLt, Amer. Monthly Mag. Crit. Review, 1, July, 1817, 289, Wallkill
River, New York; preliminary notice; Mircuitt, l. c., 11, February, 1818, 324, detailed
description.

Cyprinus megalops, RAFINESQUE, Amer. Monthly Mag. and Crit. Review, 1, December, 1817, 121,
Hudson River, above the Falls.

Cyprinus melanurus, RAFINESQUE, l.c., 121, Hudson River, above the Falls.

Lusilus chrysocephalus, RAFINESQUE, l. c., 47, 1820, Ohio River.

? Luxilus interruptus, * RAFINESQUE, lI. c., 49, Ohio River; may be N. rubrifrons.

Rutilus plargyrus, RAFINESQUE, Ichth. Oh., 50, 1820, Ohio River.

? Rutilus compressus, T RAFINESQUE, l. c., 51, Monongahela River, etc.; may be N. photogenis.

Leuciscus vittatus, DE Kay, N. Y. Fauna: Fishes, 212, 1842, Chittenonda Creek, tributary of
Mohawk River.

Argyreus rubripinnis, HECKEL, Russeggers Reisen, 1843, 1040.

Leuciscus spirlingulus, CuvVIER & VALENCIENNES, XVIT, 321, 1844, New Jersey; New Harmony,
Indiana. (Coll. Le Sueur.)

Leuciscus obesus, STORER, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., July, 1845, 48, Florence, Alabama. (Coll.
C. A. Hentz.)

* “42nd species, Yellow Shiner, Luxilus interruptus, Luxile jaundtre: Diameter one-sixth of
total length ; yellowish olivaceous above, silvery beneath, rufous brown above the head, a
rufous line from the dorsal to the tail, 2 straight and separated half lateral lines, the anterior
one above the posterior ; pectoral fins reaching the abdominal. Dorsal with 10 and anal with 9
rays. A small species, only 3 inches long, called Yellow Chub or Shiner. Seen in the Ohio.
Sides opaque, with violet shades. Iris silvery, mouth large, lips very apparent. Fins yellowish,
pectorals with 16 rays, caudals with 24.’’—Rajinesque.

+‘* 47th species, Baiting Fallfish, Rutilus compressus, Rutile appat: Diameter one-seventh of
total length ; silvery, back fulvous, sides compressed, lateral line straight, raised upwards at the
base, snout rounded, mouth hardly diagonal, nearly horizontal. Dorsal and anal fins with 9
rays. A small fish from 2 to 4 inches long, called Fallfish, Bait fish, Minny, etc. It is foundin
the Allegheny Mountains, in the waters of the Monongahela, Kanawha, and even in the
Potomac. The name of Fallfish arises from its being often found near falls and ripples. Body
more compressed than in the other species ; as much so as in the genus Minnilus. Scales large;
lips a little fleshy ; iris silvery gilt ; fins transparent ; the pectoral with 14 rays, and not reach-
ing the abdominal ; tail with 32 rays.’’—Rajinesque.

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 283

Plargyrus typicus, GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 196, after Rafinesque.

Plargyrus bowmani, GIRARD, l. c., 196, Sweetwater River, Nebraska. (Coll. Bowman.)

Plargyrus argentatus, GIRARD, l. c., 212, James River, Virginia. (Coll. Baird.)

Alburnops plumbeolus, Core, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, 282, Saginaw River, Flint,
Michigan.

Hypsilepis cornutus, Cope, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, 158.

Leuciscus cornutus, GUNTHER, Cat., viI, 249, 1868.

Minnilus cornutus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 186, 1883.

Minnilus plumbeolus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 192, 1883.

Represented northwards by the scarcely tangible

456a. NOTROPIS CORNUTUS FRONTALIS (Agassiz).

Thirteen to 18 scales before dorsal; head very heavy. Great Lakes;
everywhere common in mouths of brooks. ( frontalis, pertaining to the
forehead.)

Leuciscus frontalis and gracilis, AGAss1z, Lake Superior, 368, 370, 1850, Lake Superior.

Hypsilepis cornutus gibbus, CopE, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, 158, Monroe County, Mich-
igan.

In Northern Michigan occurs

456b. NOTROPIS CORNUTUS CYANEUS (Cope).

Scales of the dorsal and ventral regions very small, 31 to 40 in front of
dorsal fin. Scales 10-40-4. Coloration extremely dark ; blue-black above;
fins chiefly black. Northern Peninsula of Michigan; not known to us.
(xvavéoc, blue.)

Hypsilepis cornutus cyaneus, Corr, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867. 160, Montreal River.
Keweenaw, Michigan. (Coll. Dr. John H. Slack.)

In the Roanoke River are two strikingly different forms which should
perhaps rank as distinct species.

457. NOTROPIS CERASINUS (Cope).

Fifteen scales before dorsal ; scales 6-37-3. Eye 3} in head ; snout short
and blunt; dorsal and anal high, their edges concave. Head 4 in length;
depth 33. Colors very brilliant. Steel-blue, the sides always marked
with irregular blackish cross blotches and bars formed by a broad dark
edging on some scales. Males flushed with pink, the fins all deep red.
Length never more than 4 inches. Roanoke River, in mountain brooks.
(cerasinus, cherry-red. )

Hypsilepis cornutus cerasinus, Corr, Proc, Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867,159, Head waters of Roanoke
River, Virginia. (Coll. Cope.)

458. NOTROPIS ALBEOLUS (Jordan).

Snout sharper than in the ordinary cornutus, the caudal peduncle and
fin especially longer. Dorsal and anal high, their free edges concave.
Eye 34 in head; depth 4. Lateral line 38, 14 scales before dorsal. Pale,
olivaceous above, sides and fins silvery white, the tip of the snout sil-
very inthemale. Length5to7inches. Roanoke, Tar, and Neuse rivers,

284 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

in the lower stretches and in the river channels, never in the mountain
springs with XN. cerasinus. Probably the representative form in the streams
of the pine woods. The typical cornutus is not found coastwise south of
the James. (albeolus, whitish.) © :

Notropis megalops albeolus, JORDAN, Bull. U.S. Fish Comm., vit, 1888, (1891), 123, Roanoke River,
5 near Roanoke, Virginia. (Coll. Jordan, Evermann, & Jenkins.)

459. NOTROPIS LACERTOSUS (Cope).

Head 4!; depth 44; eye 34. D.8; A.8; scales 5-38-3, 17 before dorsal.
Teeth 2,4-4,2. Very close to N. cornutus, and resembling the young of
the latter, but the mouth larger and the lower jaw projecting ; maxillary
3in head, reaching just past front of eye. Body stout, head broad and
deep. Eye large, equal to muzzle and to width of interorbital space.
Fins all low, dorsal inserted slightly behind ventrals. Green above,
sides silvery ; a dark speck on front of opercle; nored. Length 4 inches.
Head waters of Tennessee River; rare. (lacertosus, lizard-like.)

Hybopsis lacertosus, COPE, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, 232, Bear Creek, tributary Middle
Fork Holston River. (Coll. Cope.) ;

Minnilus lacertosus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 192, 1883.
Notropis lacertosus, JORDAN, Bull. U. 8. Fish Comm., vri1, 1888, (1891), 144.

Subgenus HYDROPHLOX, Jordan.
460. NOTROPIS MACDONALDI, Jordan & Jenkins.

Head 3%; depth 4%; eye 44. D.8; A.9 or 10; scales 7-39-2; teeth
2,44, 2, with narrow grinding surface. Allied to Notropis zonatus. Body
elongate, compressed, the snout little convex; eye moderate, a little
shorter than snout; mouth large, terminal, oblique, the lower jaw pro-
jecting, the maxillary to opposite front of eye, 2 in head. Scales less
crowded than in N. cornutus, 17 to 20 before dorsal; dorsal inserted behind
ventrals; fins moderate. Greenish, with a diffuse band of plumbeous
silvery ; a dark streak along back; nocaudal spot; fins plain; males with
the snout, chin,and axils red. Length 5inches. Mountain streams of
Virginia, tributary to the James and Shenandoah; common. (Named for
Marshall McDonald, U. S. Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries.)

Notropis macdonaldi, JORDAN & JENKINS, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., 1888, 354, pl. 44, fig. 4, Shenan-
doah River, Luray, Virginia. (Type, No. 39859. Coll. Jordan & Jenkins.)

461. NOTROPIS COCCOGENIS (Cope).

Head 4; depth 44; eye large, 33. Scales 7-42-3; teeth 2,4-4,2. Body
elongate, compressed, not at all elevated. Head rather pointed. Mouth
large, very oblique, the premaxillary nearly on a level with pupil; lower
Jaw projecting beyond upper; maxillary reaching past front of eye.
About 20 scales in front of dorsal. Back olivaceous; the scales dark-
edged; belly and sides silvery, rosy in spring males; a dusky scapular
band; a scarlet bar down the line of the preopercle; muzzle and upper
lip red; a red axillary spot; outer half of dorsal black, lower half yel-
lowish; outer part of caudal dusky, base paler; a faint lateral streak and
a dark vertebral line; lower fins white; snout swollen and tuberculate

o

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 285

in spring males; females silvery, with only traces of red markings.
Length 5 inches. Cumberland, Tennessee, and Savannah rivers; abun-
dant in the mountain streams, especially in the head waters of the Ten-
nessee; a Showy little fish. (xéxoc, berry red; yévecov, cheek.)

Hypsilepis coccogenis, Copr, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, 160, pl. 27, fig. 5, Holston River. ~
(Type, No. 36849, Coll. Cope.) 4 :

Leuciseus coccogenis, GUNTHER, Cat., VII, 253, 1868.

Minnilus coccogenis, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 188, 1883.

462. NOTROPIS ZONATUS (Agassiz).

Head 44; depth 43; eye very large, 3. D.8; A. 9; scales 642-4; teeth
2,44, 2, with narrow grinding surface. Body rather elongate, less slender
than in NV. coccogenis, the head long, not acute. Jaws equal; maxillary 3
in head, not reaching eye; snout shortish; lateral line decurved. Oliva-
ceous, with a black lateral band, (plumbeous in female); no caudal spot
and no spots on fins. Male inspring with the sides and lower parts flame-
red. Length 5 inches. Mountain streams in the Ozark region of Mis-
souriand Arkansas; abundant. A brilliant fish, representing N. coccogenis
west of the Mississippi. (zonatus, banded.)

Alburnus zonatus (AGAssIz) PutNAM, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zodl., 1, 9, 1863, Osage River, Mo.
Notropis zonatus, JonDAN & GILBERT, Proc. U.S, Nat. Mus., 1886, 2.

463. NOTROPIS ZONISTIUS (Jordan).

Head 34; depth 3%; eye 34. D.8; A.10; scales 7-40-3; teeth 2, 4-4, 2,
with very narrow grinding surface on 1 or 2 of them. Body rather
stout, compressed, the back somewhat elevated, the form that of a yonng
Notropis cornitus. Head heavy, broad and flattish above, the profile evenly
descending. Mouth large, smaller than in N. coccogenis, oblique, the jaws
about equal, the upper lip opposite middle of eye, the maxillary reaching
front of orbit. Eye very large, longerthan snout. Scales not very closely
imbricated, 17 scales in front of dorsal. Lateral line strongly decurved.
Fins moderate, pectorals scarcely reaching ventrals. Steel blue above;
sides with considerable coppery luster; dorsal fin with a sharp jet black
horizontal bar about half way up, reddish in young fishes, the tip of the
fin somewhat milky, the base pale; a round black spot nearly as large as
eye at base of caudal; anal fin plain; caudal dull ferrugineous red, pale
at base asin JN. coccogenis, milky at tip; back and sides with gilt lines; a
faint red bar down the cheeks as in NV. coccogenis; a dark humeral bar;
males with the snout tuberculate ; females plain, so much resembling
Notropis eurystomus, from the same waters,that the two species were
at first confounded. Length 4 inches. Chattahoochee River; the typical
examples from Suwannee Creek. ({6vn, zone; ioriov, sail.)

Codoma eurystoma, JonDAN & Brayton, Bull, U. S. Nat. Mus., x11, 42, 1878, (excl. syn., not Pho-
togenis eurystomus, JORDAN).
Luvilus zonistius, JORDAN, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus,, 1879, 239, Suwannee Creek, tributary of Chat-

tahoochee River, in Northern Georgia. (Type, No. 23452. Coll. Jordan & Brayton.)
Minnilus zonistius, Jonvan & Girpert, Synopsis, 188, 1883,

286 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

464. NOTROPIS RUBRICROCEUS (Cope).

(RED FALLFISH.)

Head 4; depth 44; eye 34. D. 8; A. 9; scales 7-38-3; teeth 2, 4-4, 2,
the edges of the grinding surface often serrate. Body moderately elon-
gate, somewhatcompressed. Head comparatively long and rather pointed.
Mouth rather large, oblique, the jaws about equal. Eye large, as long
as snout, premaxillary rather below pupil; maxillary reaching beyond
front of orbit. Lateral line somewhat decurved; 19 scales in front of
dorsal. Dorsal inserted somewhat behind ventrals. Females olivaceous,
sometimes flushed with red. Males dark steel blue, a dark lateral band
of coaly punctulations, which is usually distinct on the anterior part of
the body, and passes through the eye around the snout; fins all rich, clear
red, the dorsal crimson, the caudal pink, the lower fins scarlet; head pale
red, the lower jaw flushed as if bloody; eyes bluish or flushed with red;
a lustrous streak along sides; silvery below. In high coloration the
whole body is more or less red. Males with the head and antedorsal
region dusted with fine white tubercles. Length 4 inches. Head waters
of the Tennessee and Savannah rivers; a surpassingly beautiful little fish,

abounding in rock pools at the foot of the cascades. (ruber, red; croceus, °

saffron color.)

Hybopsis rubricroceus, Copr, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, 231, pl. 28, fig. 4, Tumbling Creek,
tributary North Fork Holston River. (Coll. Cope.)

Hiydrophlox rubricroceus, JORDAN & BRAyYvoN, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., XII, 32, 1878.

Minnilus rubricroceus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 189, 1883.

465. NOTROPIS CHLOROCEPHALUS (Cope).

Head 4; depth 5; D. 8; A. 8; eye large, 3 in head; scales 6-39-3; teeth
2, 4-4, 2. Body stout, with deep caudal peduncle. Head broad, with
descending muzzle; mouth oblique, the maxillary reaching beyond line of
orbit; premaxillary opposite lower margin of pupil; interorbital space
greater than muzzle. Lateral line moderately decurved; 16 scales in front
of dorsal. Color olivaceous, everywhere dusted with blackish specks,
forming a lateral band which terminates in a dusky spot at base of
caudal; green vertebral and lateral lines; top of head and upper portion
of cheeks metallic green; males with the belly dark crimson, the whole
body more or less flushed; lower jaw not black; dorsal and caudal red at
base; sides of head and lateral band red; snout and antedorsal region
tuberculate; fins plain. Length 24 inches. Santee Basin, in North and
South Carolina; abundant in clear mountain streams. (yAwpdc, green;
kegaan, head.)

Hybopsis chlorocephalus, Copr, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. Phila., 1870, 461, Catawba River, North

Carolina. (Coll. Cope.)
Minnilus chlorocephalus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 190, 1883.

466. NOTROPIS LUTIPINNIS (Jordan & Brayton).

Head 44; depth 44; eye 33. D. 8; A. 8; scales 7-40-3; teeth 2, 44, 2.
Body stout and rather strongly compressed, the dorsal region somewhat
elevated, the outline of the back sloping each way from the dorsal fin.

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 287

Head short and rather deep, broad and flattish above, the muzzle moder-
ately rounded. Eye rather large.’ Mouth rather large, but smaller than
in the preceding, quite oblique, the maxillary reaching orbit; mandi-
ble included; 18 scales in front of dorsal. In life clear olive, with very
intense green dorsal and vertebral lines; an intense metallic blackish
band along sides; below this the sides are bright silvery; the whole body
in the males bright, clear red; head and fins all bright golden yellow,
with no red; tip of lower jaw black. Length 3 inches. Small clear
streams of the pine woods, tributary to the Santee and Oconee rivers;
rare. (luteus, yellow; pinna, fin.)

Hudrophlox lutipinnis, JORDAN & Brayton, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., x11, 36, 1878, Oconee River,

Hall’s Springs, Georgia. (Type, No. 31090. Coll. Jordan & Brayton.)

Minnilus lutipinnis, JonvaN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 190, 1883.
Notropis lutipinnis, JoRDAN, Bull. U. 8S. Fish Comm., vir1, 1888, (1891), 157.

467. NOTROPIS CHILITICUS (Cope).

Head 4; depth 54; eye large, 3 in head, longer than muzzle. D.8; A.8;
scales 7-36-2; teeth 2,4-4,2. Body elliptical. Head broad behind; occiput
convex. Muzzle acuminate, greater than interorbital width. Maxillary
extending beyond anterior rim of orbit; premaxillaries opposite middle of
pupil; lateral line strongly decurved. Dorsal fin small. Olivaceous, a dis-
tinct silvery lateral band; usually a dark caudal spot; dorsal scales brown-
edged; males with the lips and snout vermilion; a vermilion band through
dorsal and one through anal fin. Length2 inches. Allied to N. altipinnis,
but more slender, with larger mouth. Basin of the Great Pedee River,
North Carolina, common in upland streams. (yei/oc, lip.)

Hybopsis chiliticus, Copr, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc, Phila., 1870, 462, Yadkin River, Roane
County, North Carolina. (Coll. Cope.)

468. NOTROPIS ALTIPINNIS (Cope).

Head 44; depth 34; eye very large, Jonger than snout, 2? in head. D.8;
A.9; scales 5-36-2. Allied to N. chalybeus, but more robust in form. Body
rather short and deep; head short, compressed. Ventrals extending to
beyond last rays of dorsal, reaching anal. Dorsal elevated, its height
equal to half its distance from the snout. Scales before dorsal small.
Greenish ; a lateral silvery band, strongly punctate with black; a black
band across eye and snout; lower jaw always blackish; young with a
black caudal spot; no black at base of anal; snout yellowish; vertical
fins light reddish in life. Length 2} inches. Clear streams of the pine
woods, tributary to the Great Pedee and Cape Fear rivers; abundant.
(altus, high; pinna, fin.)

Alburnellus altipinnis, Copr, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc, Phila., 1870, 464, Yadkin River, Roane

County, North Carolina. (Coll. Cope.)
Minnilus altipinnis, Jonvan & Giipert, Synopsis, 195, 1883.

469. NOTROPIS ROSEUS (Jordan),

Head 44; depth 44; eye nearly 3. A. 7, never 8, as in the related
N. chalybwus. Scales 5-38-5; teeth 2,4-4,2. Body short and stout, little

288 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

compressed. Head rather short, thick, bluntly rounded. Mouth moder-
ate, slightly oblique, the jaws about equal. Eye large, about equal to
muzzle, a little less than the broad interorbital space. 15 scales before
dorsal; dorsal fin high, directly over ventrals. Olivaceous; scales dark-
edged; a broad plumbeous lateral band; lips black; a dark caudal spot;
a dark vertebral line; anal region dusted with dark points; cheeks and
belly silvery ; males with the dorsal, anal, caudal, and pectorals mostly
rosy red; iris, top of head, and tip of snout red. Length 2} inches. Low-
land streams of the Gulf States from the Ogeechee to the Mississippi;
the commonest species in the Okeefinokee swamps. (roseus, rosy.)

Luwilus roseus, JORDAN, Bull. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., x, 61, 1877, Notalbany River, near Tickfaw,

Louisiana. (Type No. 17831. Coll. Bean.)
Minnilus roseus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 189, 1883.

470. NOTROPIS CHALYBEUS (Cope).

Head 34; depth5; eye large,3 in head. D.8; A.8; scales 6-33-3; teeth
2,4-4,2. Body moderately elongate, the back a little elevated, with slen-
der caudal peduncle. Head flat above, rather narrow; muzzle rather
pointed. Mouth very oblique, the lower jaw the longer. Lateral line
decurved. Dorsal inserted behind ventrals; dorsal and anal very short
and high; pectorals and ventrals short; 16 to 18 scales in front of dorsal.
Color dark; a broad, black, shining lateral band from muzzle to base of
caudal; a light band above it on the muzzle; belly straw-colored, bright
orange in spring males; fins plain; a small dark spot at base of caudal;
a dark streak along base of anal. Length 2 inches. Delaware River to
the Ogeechee River; in coastwise streams and swamps, rather scarce.
Strongly resembles N. anogenus, the teeth, and scales of back different.
(yaAvBaioc, iron-colored.)

Hybopsis chalybeus, Corr, Cypr. Penn., 383, 1866, Schuylkill River, Pennsylvania.
Minnilus chalybeus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 191, 1883.

471. NOTROPIS CHROSOMUS (Jordan).

Head 44; depth 5; eye 34, as long as muzzle. D.8; A. 8; scales 5-37-3;
teeth 2, 4-4, 2. Form chubby, little compressed, the back somewhat eile-
vated; caudal peduncle not much contracted. Head rather large, rounded
above, the snout somewhat pointed. Mouth moderate, oblique, the upper
jaw the longer. Scales everywhere large, 16 before dorsal. Lateral line
little decurved. Scales hyaline green in life, with blue reflections; belly
clear silvery ; a scarlet bar across dorsal, anal, and base of caudal; a nar-
row scarlet band from upper edge of opercles straight to caudal; below
this a silvery band; a row of black dots along lateral line, forming a
small, distinct spot at base of caudal; top of head and vertebral line
golden. Snout tuberculate in males. Length 2} inches. Alabama Basin;
very abundant in clear streams and outlets of springs. A graceful little
fish. (chrosomus, colored body, rame of a related genus.)

Hybopsis chrosomus, JORDAN, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 1876, 333, Etowah River, etc., Rome,
Georgia. (Type, No. 17881. Coll. Jordan & Gilbert.)

Hydrophlox chrosomus, JORDAN & BRAYTON, l. c., 49, 1878.
Minnilus chrosomus, JoRDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 191, 1883.

Jordan and Evermann.—Ffishes of North America, 289

472. NOTROPIS X.ENOCEPHALUS (Jordan).

Head 44; depth 5; eye very large, 2? in head. D.8; A.7; scales 5-38-3;
teeth 2,4-4,2. Body rather short and deep, with thick caudal peduncle;
back wide, not elevated. Head large, flattish and broad above, the snout
rounded; mouth large, oblique, the jaws nearly equal. Lateral line some-
what decurved ; 13 scales in front of dorsal; dorsal slightly behind ven-
trals. Dark olivaceous above, the scales being extensively dark-edged,
so as to give a checkered appearance; a dark band along sides of caudal
peduncle, which vanishes in black points along sides of body, reappear-
ing on the head and passing around the snout; a dusky blotch at base of
caudal; males without red markings, the snout swollen and tuberculate
in the spring. Length 2? inches. Georgia to Mississippi; common in
streams of the pine woods, descending to brackish water; abundant in
Perdido Bay. (faivw, to scratch; «eda2#, head, from the tuberculate male. )
Hybopsis xxnocephalus, JORDAN, Ann. Lyc. Nat, Hist. N. Y., 1876, 334, Etowah River, etc.,

Rome, Georgia. (Type, No. 20116. Coll. Jordan & Gilbert.)
Minnilus xzxnocephalus, JonDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 192, 1883.

Subgenus ORCELLA, Jordan & Evermann.
473. NOTROPIS ORCA, Woolman.

Head 44; depth 5; eye 4, small, slightly shorter than snout. D.7; A.8;
scales 8-42-4. Teeth, 2, 4-4, 2, strongly hooked, with little or no grind-
ing surface. Body plump, little compressed, with broad back and belly;
dorsal outline somewhat elevated; head heavy, snout blunt, decurved;
mouth subinferior, little oblique, lower jaw slightly included ; maxillary
searcely reaching vertical of pupil. No barbel. Top of head unusually
high and transversely rounded so that the eye is as near the lower as to
the upper profile of head ; interorbital space very wide and very convex,
equal to distance from tip of snout to pupil. Fins moderate, origin
of dorsal a little nearer snout than base of caudal, slightly behind inser-
tion of ventrals; dorsal falcate, its first rays longest, 1} in length of head:
its last rays less than half length of first; anal not so high, its longest
rays 14 in head, and about twice as long as its last ray; margin concave;
pectorals slightly falcate, about reaching ventrals, 14 in head; ventrals
short, 2 in head, not reaching vent; caudal very deeply forked, the mid-
dle rays 24 in longest lateral ones, which are as long as head. Scales
rather large, thin, lateral line somewhat decurved. Color in spirits pale;
side with a broad, distinct silvery band, as broad as length of snout, bor-
dered above by a narrow plumbeous line; back sparsely covered with fine
dark punctulations, median line of back with a faint plumbeous band;
top of head darkish, rest of head silvery; under part pale; fins pale.
Length 34 inches. Rio Grande at El Paso, Texas; several specimens. A
curious species, little related to any other. (orca, the great killer, from
a slight resemblance in form of head to that of a dolphin.)

Notropis orca, Woouman, Bull. U.S. Fish Comm., xrv, 1894, (May 3, 1894), 56, Rio Grande, El
Paso, Texas. (Coll. Woolman & Cox.)

F, N. A.——20 )

290 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

Subgenus NOTROPIS.
474. NOTROPIS ARIOMMUS (Cope).

Head 32 to 43; depth 44 to5. D.8; A. 9; scales 6-39-2; teeth 2, 4-4, 2.
Body stout, moderately elevated, somewhat compressed. Head heavy,
broad above, the snout moderate, somewhat decurved. Mouth moderate,
oblique, the jaws equal, the upper lip on level of pupil, the maxillary
reaching the front of eye. Eye very large, 2? in head, much longer than
snout, larger than in any other of the American Cyprinidew, except N.
swaini. Fins moderate, the dorsal almost directly opposite ventrals.
Scales large, 15 in front of dorsal. Lateral line much decurved. Oliva-
ceous; scales above dark-edged ; sides and below bright silvery; no red.
Length 5inches. Ohio and Tennessee valleys, generally rare, but abund-
ant about Indianapolis; Greensburg, Kentucky; and Florence, Alabama.
A handsome species. (dpi-, an intensive particle; duua, eye.)

Photogenis ariommus, Cope, Cypr. Penn., 378, 1866, White River, near Indianapolis.
Minnilus ariommus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 194, 1883.

475. NOTROPIS SCABRICEPS (Cope).

Head 4; depth 44; eye very large, 3 in head, longer than snout. D. 8;
A. 8; scales 6-38-3 ; teeth 2, 4-4, 2. Body rather stout, little compressed,
the back slightly elevated, the form as in Hybopsis amblops. Head rather
short and broad, the muzzle bluntish, somewhat decurved. Mouth mod-
erate, terminal, little oblique, the jaws subequal, the maxillary reaching
front of orbit. Lateral line not much decurved. Fins rathersmall; dor-
sal inserted over ventrals. Color plain olivaceous; scales dark-edged
above; sides white, with a lateral band formed of dusky specks, this band
running through the eye around the snout. Males tuberculate in spring.
Smaller than NN. ariommus and less silvery. Kanawha River, scarce; not
yet recognized elsewhere. (scaber, rough ; —ceps, head.)

Photogenis scabriceps, Corr, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, 166, Sinking Creek, Walker’s

Creek, tributaries of Kanawha River. (Coll. Cope.)
Minnilue scabriceps, part, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 194, 1883; confused with N. shumardi.

476. NOTROPIS JEJUNUS (Forbes).

Head 4; depth 43; eye rather large, 33 in head, equal to snout, less than
interorbital space. D. 8; A. 7; scales 5-37-3 ; teeth 2,4-4,1. Body rather
slender; head flattish above, the snout blunt and rounded ; mouth rather
large, oblique. Dorsal over ventrals; 16scales before dorsal. Color pale,
with a broad silvery lateral band overlying a plumbeous shade; dorsal
sometimes punctulate. Length3inches. Western Pennsylvania to Kan-
sas, and north to Winnipeg; not rare. (jejunus, hungry.)

Episema jejuna, Forses, Bull. Ills. Lab. Nat. Hist., 11, 60,1878, Illinois River. (Coll. Forbes.) —
Minnilus jejunus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 194, 1883.

477. NOTROPIS SWAINI, Jordan.

Head 41; depth 43; eye very large, 2; in head, half longer than the
bluntish snout.. D. 9; A. 8 or 9; scales 6-35 to 38-3, 14 before dorsal;
teeth 1, 4-4, 2, or 1, with very narrow grinding surface or none. Body

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 294

moderately elongate, compressed, rather stouter than in N. rubrifrons.
Head short and broad, the interorbital space eye. Mouth large, oblique,
the lower jaw projecting; maxillary to near front of pupil, 2¢ in head;
dorsal inserted behind ventrals; fins small. Color greenish, with a plum-
beous lateral shade and dark dots; no spot at base of caudal; fins pale.
Length 23 inches. Rivers of Texas from the Colorado westward, the type
from Rio Comal. (Named for Dr. Joseph Swain, President of the Uni-
versity of Indiana.)
Alburnus megalops, GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 193, San Felipe Creek, Texas.
Notropis swaini, JoRDAN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1885, 123, Rio Comal ; Evermann and KENDALL,
Bull. U. 8. Fish Comm., x11, 1892, (1894), 103, plate xvi, fig. 3.

Alburnellus megalops, GIRARD, U. 8. Mex. Bound, Sury., Ichth., 52, 1859. (Coll. Clark.)
Minnilus megalops, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 195, 1883, not Cyprinus megalops, RAFINESQUE.

478. NOTROPIS AMABILIS (Girard).

Head 34; depth 44; eye large, considerably longer than snout, 3 in
head. D.8; A.8; scales 5-34-3. Body elliptical, rather deep, head short
and rather deep, less acute than in V. dilectus. Mouth terminal, oblique,
the maxillary reaching front of eye. Jaws equal, snout moderately
pointed. Lateral line decurved. Fins moderate. Dorsal somewhat
behind ventrals. Color olivaceous; sides silvery; a faint dusky blotch
at base of caudal. Length 24 inches. Rio Leona, a tributary of Rio
Nueces, Texas. (amabilis, amiable.)

Alburnus amabilis, GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 193, Rio Leona, Texas.
Notropis amabilis, JORDAN, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus. 1885, 122.

Alburnellus amabilis, GIRARD, U. 8S. Mex. Bound. Sury., Ichth., 51, 1859. (Coll. Clark.)
Minnilus amabilis, JonpAN & GiILRERT, Synopsis, 195, 1883.

479. NOTROPIS LEUCIODUS (Cope).

Head 43; depth 5. D. 8; A. 8; scales 5-39-3. Body rather slender;
muzzle rounded in profile. Mouth oblique, the mandible not projecting.
Lateral line nearly straight; 13 scales in front of dorsal; dorsal a
little behind ventrals; anal short and high. Olivaceous; scales above
dark-edged ; sides silvery, with a purplish band; a black spot at base
of caudal, always very distinct; muzzle and base of dorsal red in males.
Length 3 inches. Tennessee Basin, in mountain streams very abun-
dant, but not ascending cold brooks as far as N. telescopus, spectrunculus,
and rubricroceus. It is close to N. telescopus, but has the anal shorter,
the eye smaller, paler colors, and always a distinct caudal spot. (Aecvxdc,
white ; e/doc, appearance. )

Photogenis leuciodus, Corr, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci, Phila., 1867, 165, Holston River, Virginia.
Minnilus leuciodus, Jonvan & GiLBeRt, Synopsis, 194, 1883. (Coll. Cope.)

480. NOTROPIS SCOPIFER, Eigenmann & Higenmann.

Head 4 to 44; depth 44; eye 3 in head, little less than interorbital.
D.9; A. 8 or 9; scales 6-36 to 42-4; 14 to 18 scales in front of dorsal;
teeth 2, 4-4, 2, grinding surface very narrow, on two teeth only. Allied
to Notropis leuciodus. Wead heavy, compressed, flat above; snout blunt,
much decurved; mouth small, little oblique; maxillary extending to

292 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

eye; lateral line complete, evenly and gently decurved to above origin
of anal; a conspicuous black spot at base of middle caudal rays; a
silvery lateral band, its dorsal margin distinct. Manitoba; comimon;
obtained at Winnipeg, Brandon, Fort Qu ’Appelle and Medicine Hat.
(Eigenmann & Eigenmann.) (scopa, broom; fero, I bear.)

Notropis scopiferus, EIGENMANN & EIGENMANN, Amer. Nat., February, 1893, 153, Winnipeg.
481. NOTROPIS TELESCOPUS (Cope).

Head 44; depth 4? to 53; eye very large, longer than muzzle, 2? in
head. D.8; A.10; scales 5-58-3. Body elongate, not much compvessed;
snout short, sharp; 13 scales before dorsal; dorsal fin inserted about mid-
way between snout and base of caudal, a little behind ventrals. Mouth
very oblique; mandible not projecting. Color pale greenish; the dorsal
scales extensively dark-edged, the two uppermost rows of scales running
into outline of back. Length 4 inches. Tennessee River; in cold moun-
tain streams, very abundant; with NV. leuciodus, making the bulk of the
small minnows in the Holston River. (rt7AécKxozoc, far-seeing. )

Photogenis telescopus, Cope, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, 165, Holston River, Virginia.
(Coll. Cope.)

Leuciscus telescopus, GUNTHER, Cat., Vil, 252, 1868.

Minnilus telescopus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 201, 1883.

Represented in the Ozark region by

- 48la. NOTROPIS TELESCOPUS ARCANSANUS, Meek.

Head 42; depth 5 to 53; scales 5-35 to 38-3, 15 before dorsal. A. 10 or
11. Eye 2? in head, the pointed snout 33. Smaller than the eastern form
and darker, the dorsal farther back, midway between nostril and base of
caudal; slightly behind ventrals. White River and Little Red River,
Arkansas.

Notropis telescopus arcansanus, MEEK, Bull. U. 8. Fish Comm., 1x, 1889, (1891), 133, White River,
Eureka Springs, Arkansas; Mammoth Springs, Arkansas. (Coll. Meek & Drew.)
482. NOTROPIS SOCIUS (Girard).

Head 4; depth 44; eye 3. D. 8; A. 10. Lateral line 33. Allied to
Notropis swaini, but deeper; the eye smaller, maxillary past front of eye;
lower jaw longest. Silvery, the sides without dark dots ; fins plain.
Live Oak Creek, southwestern Texas. (socius, social.)

Alburnus socius, GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 193, Live Oak Creek, Texas. (Type,
No. 70. Coll. Pope.)

483. NOTROPIS NOTEMIGONOIDES, Evermann.

Head 4 to 44; depth 4 to 44. D. 8; A. 10 or 11; scales 10-41-3, 29
before dorsal; teeth 2, 4-4, 2, hooked, crenate, with moderate grinding sur-
face. Body slender, greatly compressed, the back somewhat elevated,
the form much as in Abramis (Notemigonus) crysoleucas; snout pointed,
equal to eye, which is 3} to 34 in head; caudal peduncle long. Fins
moderate; dorsal well behind ventrals; anal long; pectorals falcate, not
reaching ventrals. Yellowish, silvery below; upper parts dusted with

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 293

—— = — ——

black; spots on anterior part of sides so arranged as to form about 16
obtuse angles fitting into each other, the angles opening forward, thus,
>>. these markings on alternate scales; tip of lower jaw with dark
specks; fins pale, dusted with dark specks. Rio Neches, near Palestine,
Texas, and streams about Houston. (Notemigonus; ecidoc, likeness. )
Notropis notemigonoides, EVERMANN, Bull. U.S. Fish Comm., x1, 1891, (May 25, 1892), 81, Neches
River, Palestine, Texas, and Sims Bayou, Houston, Texas. (Type, No. 45559.

Coll. Evermann, Scovell, & Gurley); Evermann & Kendall, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., x11,
1892 (1894), 103, pl. xvu11, fig. 2.

484. NOTROPIS STILBIUS, Jordan.

Head 4!; depth 5; eye 3. D. 8; A. 10; scales 5-37-2; teeth 2, 4-4, 1.
Body rather slender. Head rather long, somewhat pointed. Mouth
large, oblique, the maxillary reaching eye. Eye very large, greater than
snout and interorbital width. Fins rather high; the ventrals reaching to
opposite last rays of dorsal. Color pale green; side with a broad silvery
band, on which are many dark punctulations; these are numerous just
behind shoulder girdle and at base of caudal, where they form an evident
spot, a mark which will usually distinguish this species from the related
ones; cheeks pure silvery; lipsdusky. Length 3 inches. Alabama River
and tributaries; common. (o7{/G7, shining.)

Notropis stilbius, JoRDAN, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 1876, 343, Etowah and Oostanaula

rivers, Rome, Georgia. (Type, No. 31132. Coll. Jordan & Gilbert.)
Minnilus stilbius, JonDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 201, 1883.

485. NOTROPIS ATHERINOIDES, Rafinesque.

Head 43; depth 54; eye 34. TD. 8; A. 11; scales 5-38-3, 15 before dorsal;
teeth 2,4-4,2. Body long and slender, compressed, the back not elevated,
Head blunt, conic, proportionately shorter than in related species.
Mouth moderate, very oblique, upper lip on level of upper part of pupil;
maxillary about reaching front of eye. Eye large, rather longer than
snout. Fins low; dorsal well behind ventrals; tips of ventrals extending
to beyond middle of dorsal. Lateral line decurved. Color translucent
green above; sides bright silvery; scales above faintly punctate, but not
enough so to render them dark-edged, nor to form blotches along sides;
a faint dark vertebral line; males in spring with the snout rosy. Length
4to6 inches. Great Lake region and Ohio and Mississippi valleys, and
north to Winnipeg. Abundant in lakes, quiet places, and river channels;
very variable. Next to N. arge, the largest and handsomest species of this
type. (atherina, the silverside; ¢idoc, resemblance. )

Notropis atherinoides, Ra¥inesque, Amer. Month. Mag. & Crit. Rey., 1818, 204, Lake Erie.

Minnilus dinemus, RAvinesque, Ichth. Oh., 45, 1820, Ohio River.

Alburnus rubellus, AGAssiz, Lake Superior, 364, 1850, Lake Superior.

Alburnus nitidus, Kintuanv, Cleveland Ann. Sci., 1854, 44, tributaries of Lake Erie.

Alburnellus jaculus, Corr, Cypr. Penn., 387, 1866, St. Joseph River and Dowagiac
River, Michigan.

Leuciseus rubellus, GUNtiuEr, Cat., vi, 254, 1868.

Leuciscus copii, GUnrurnr, 1. c., 255, substitute for jaculus, preoccupied in Leuciseus.

Minnilus rubellus and dinemus, Jonpan & Gitpert, Synopsis, 202, 1883.

294 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

486. NOTROPIS ARGE (Cope).

Head 4+; depth 6; eye 2? to 3. D. 8; A. 11; scales 5-39-3. Close to
N. atherinoides but the eye very large, longer than snout; lateral line
nearly straight, head large, the snout not very blunt; mouth large, the
chin projecting. Pale greenish, the silvery band on sides bounded by a
blackish line; a dark vertebral streak. Length 3}inches. Upper Wabash
Valley, southern Michigan, Green River, Kentucky, etc.; slenderer than
the usual atherinoides, the eye much larger, but apparently varying into
the latter, hence of doubtful validity. (dpy7, shining white.)

Alburnellus arge, Corr, Cypr. Penn., 388, 1866, Detroit River or St. Joseph River; locality

confused.
Notropis arge, EVERMANN & JENKINS, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1888, 47; JornDAN, Man. Vert., ed. v,
62, 1890.

487. NOTROPIS DILECTUS (Girard).

Head 43; depth 43; eye 3. D.8; A. 11; scales 7-38-3; teeth 2, 4-4, 2.
Body elongate, compressed, but a little deeper and more compressed, with
blunter snout; eye large, larger than snout ; mouth oblique, smaller than
in related species, the jaws subequal, the maxillary:3} in head, reaching
eye. Colors very pale; silvery, snout and bases of fins rosy; a row of
black dots above base of anal; young often finely speckled. Length 34
inches. Lower Ohio to the Rio Grande , abundant in Arkansas and eastern
Texas, in sandy streams; representing rubrifrons southwestward, and per-

_haps varying into it. (dilectus, delightful.)
Alburnus dilectus, GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 193, Arkansas River, Fort Smith.
(Type, No. 71 (36927). Coll. Shumard.)
Alburnus lepidulus,* GiRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 212, Black Warrior River,
Alabama. (Coll. Winchell.)
Alburnus oligaspis, CopE, Proc, Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, 282, Kansas ; anal rays given by error
as I, 14. (Coll. Dr. W. A. Hammond.)
Alburnellus jemezanus, Copr, Zoil. Wheeler Survey, v, 650, 1875, Rio Grande, San Ildefonso,
New Mexico. (Type, No. 15981. Coll. Cope & Yarrow.)
Alburnellus dilectus, GiRARD, Pac. R. R. Surv., x, 259, 1858.
Albramis ? oligaspis, GUNTHER, Cat., v11, 309, 1868.
Minnilus oligaspis, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 200, 1883.
Minnilus jemezanus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 203, 1883.

488. NOTROPIS FUMEUS, Evermann.

Head 4%; depth 44 to 5; eye large, 34. D. 8; A.11; scales 7-40-3;
teeth 2, 4-4, 2. Close to Notropis dilectus, but the lateral line more
decuryed, the scales a little smaller, and the sides with a dark band.
Body slender, greatly compressed, the outlines gently arched; snout
pointed, shorter than eye; lower jaw somewhat projecting ; maxillary

* This nominal species is probably identical with N. dilectus. The following description istaken
from 3 specimens 234 inches long, collected in Pearl River, Jackson, Miss., by Dr. 0. P. Hay:

Body long andslender. Maxillary scarcely reaching front of orbit. Front of dorsal equidistant
between snout and concavity of caudal. Eye 3 in head, equal to interorbital space. Mandible
projecting slightly, its tip, when closed, opposite middle of pupil. Lateral line decurved; 17
scales in front of dorsal. Dorsal fin high, its highest rays equal to head. Color pale, the sides
bright silvery ; a row of dots along base ofanal. Head4'4; depth 5or6. D.11; A.12. Scales
7-35-3. Sandy streams of Alabama and Mississippi.

a ee

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 295

scarcely reaching orbit. Yellowish above, much speckled, sides with a
broad dark plumbeous band, overlaid with rather large brown spots, most
numerous and distinct posteriorly; base of anal with row of specks; fins
plain, with dusky specks. Length 2 inches. Hunter Creek, Houston,
Texas. Perhaps a variety of N. dilectus. (fuwmeus, smoky.)

Notropis fumeus, EVERMANN, Bull. U.S. Fish Comm., x1, 1891, (May 25, 1892), 81, Hunter Creek,
Houston, Texas. (Type, No. 45558. Coll. Evermann, Scovell, & Gurley); Evermann &
& Kendall, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., x11, 1892 (1894), 103, pl. xvutt, fig. 1.

489, NOTROPIS RUBRIFRONS (Cope).

Head 4; depth 4?; eye4. D.8; A.10; scales 5-39-3, those. before dorsal
large, 15to17innumber. Teeth 2, 4-4, 2, little hooked, one of them some-
times showing a slight grinding surface. Body moderately elongate, the
back scarcely elevated, the caudal peduncle somewhat contracted. Head
longer than in most related species, conic and rather pointed. Mouth
rather large, very oblique, upper lip above line of middle of pupil, max-
illary reaching to opposite eye. Eye moderate, anterior, usually shorter
than the sharp snout. Olivaceous above; scales with darker edges; sides
silvery ; a dark vertebral line; a row of dark dots along base of anal;
males with the snout tuberculate in spring, the forehead, opercular region,
and base of dorsal being then flushed with red. Length 2 inches. New
York and western Pennsylvania to southern Michigan, Kansas, and
Kentucky; very abundant in clear streams, especially in the Ohio Val-
ley. An elegant species, smaller than atherinoides, with larger head and
deeper body. It will probably be found. to grade into N. dilectus, but
in all specimens examined the eye is larger*in dilectus, the sia shorter
and more blunt. (ruber, red; frons, forehead.)

Alburnus rubrifrons, Cope, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1865, 85, Kiskiminitas River, a tribu.
tary of Alleghany River. (Coll. Cope.)

Alburnellus percobromus,|Corr, Hayden’s Geol. Surv. Wyom. for 1870, 440, 1871, Missouri River
at St. Joseph, Missouri.

Alburnellus rubrifrons, Corr, Cypr. Penn., 388, 1866.

Leuciscustrubrifrons, GUNTHER, Cat., v1I, 225, 1868.

_Minnilus rubrifrons, Jonvan & GiieeRt, Synopsis, 202, 1883.

- Minnilus percobromus, Jordan & GILBERT, Synopsis, 202, 1883.

490. NOTROPIS PHOTOGENIS (Cope).

Head 44; depth 54; eye 3. D. 8; A.10; scales 6-40-3. Body slender,
compressed, the form similar to that of N. rubrifrons. Head moderate.
Mouth quite oblique, lower jaw scarcely projecting; maxillary about
reaching‘orbit. Back broad. Dorsal fin inserted behind middle of body,
alittle behind ventrals. Scales before dorsal 25. Lateral linerdecurved.
Eye larger than in N. rubrifrons. Color olivaceous, with brown vertebral
and dorsal lines ; sides and below, bright silvery, with dark specks along
the lateral line; none along base of'anal. Length 3 inches. Alleghany
region, thus far recorded only from the Youghiogheny and Kanawha,
unless V. amanus should prove to be a variety of it. The latter is stouter,
with larger eye, and has dark dots along base of anal. Var. engraulinus,

296 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

Cope, from the Kanawha is slenderer, the depth 6 in length, the head 33.
(doc, light; yévecov, cheek.)
? Rutilus compressus, RAFINESQUE, Ich. Oh., 51, 1820, Monongahela River, etc.; not identifia-

ble ; may be N. cornutus.
Squalius photogenis, CorE, Proc, Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, 280, Youghiogheny River, Penn.

Photogenis leucops, Corr, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, 164., Sinking Creek, and near Aus-
tinville, Va. (Coll. Cope.)

Photogenis leucops engraulinus, Cope, l. c., 1867, 164, tributaries of Kanawha River, Austin-
ville, Va. (Coll. Cope.)

Leuciscus photogenis, GUNTHER, Cat., vi, 252, 1868.

491. NOTROPIS AMEENUS (Abbott).

Head 4; depth 53, (4% to 54); eye 34. D.8; A.10; scales 6-39-3. Close
to Notropis rubrifrons, but the scales before dorsal smaller, as in N. photo-
genis. Body elongate, compressed; eye large, longer than snout. Mouth
large, oblique, the jaws subequal, the maxillary to front of eye; 22 to 25,
(rarely 18 te 20) scales before dorsal; lateral line much decurved. Dorsal
high, behind ventrals; pectorals moderate. Translucent green, sides
silvery, with sometimes a faint plumbeous band ending in an obscure
plumbeous spot. Length 3?inches. Clearstreams east of the Alleghanies
from the Raritan to the Neuse; abundant; formerly confounded with
N. photogenis, of which it may be a variety. (amenus, attractive.)

Alburnellus anenus, AsporT, Amer, Nat., vii, 1874, 334, Raritan River, New Jersey.
Notropis amenus, JORDAN, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., x11, 1888, (1891), 102.

492. NOTROPIS SCEPTICUS (Jordan & Gilbert).

Head 32; depth 44; eye 3. D.8; A. 10; scales 6-38-3; teeth 2,4-4,1. Body
short and deep, compressed and somewhat elevated. Head rather large,
deep, bluntish. Mouth moderate, terminal, oblique, lower jaw slightly
included; upper lip opposite middle of eye; maxillary extending to front
of orbit. Eye very large, longer than snout; interorbital space broad,
flattish. Lateral line much decurved. Scales before dorsal large, in 13 to
15rows. Fins moderate; dorsal well behind ventrals; tips of ventrals
extending to last dorsal ray; caudal peduncle moderate. Coloration very
pale green; sides with a bright silvery band; scales with very little dark
edging; a dark line at base of dorsal; males in spring with the snout pro-
fusely tuberculate. Length 3 inches. Rivers of Carolina from the Cape
Fear to the Santee; abundant, replacing the allied amenus, from which it
differs in the deeper body and largernuchal scales. (oxerrixdc, observant,
from the large eye.) .

Notropis photogenis, (“‘ pale variety ’’), JonpAN & BRAYTON, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., x11, 23, 1878,
Minnilus scepticus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 200, 1883, Saluda River, Greenville, South
Carolina. (Type, No. 31081. Coll. Jordan & Brayton.) '

493. NOTROPIS MICROPTERYX (Cope).

Head 44; depth 53; eye 34. D.8; A. 10; scales 5-38-2. Body very slen-
der, compressed; head moderate, rather pointed. Mouth large, oblique;
upper lip on level of pupil; maxillary reaching to opposite front of
orbit. Eye moderate, about as long as muzzle. Scales large. Lateral
‘ine decurved. Fins all quite small, the dorsal farther back than in
related species, so that the short ventrals do not reach much beyond its

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 297

anterior rays, their length 2 in head. Color olivaceous; sides bright
silvery ; dorsal scales conspicuously dark-edged ; a dusky blotch at base
of caudal, underlying the silvery luster. Length 2?inches. Head waters
of Cumberland and Tennessee rivers and also in the Ozark region; abun-
dant in clear streams in northern Arkansas. (uixodc, small; xrépvé, fin.)

Alburnellus micropteryx, CopE, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, 233, Holston River.
Minnilus micropteryx, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 203, 1883.

494. NOTROPIS METALLICUS, Jordan & Meek.

Head 4; depth 5; eye 3. D.8; A. 11. scales 5-35-3, 16 before dorsal;
teeth 2, 4-4, 2, the grinding surface obsolete. Body elongate, compressed,
the back a little elevated. Head small, the snout little acute, shorter
than eye, which is large. Mouth large, oblique, the cleft reaching front of
eye, 34 in head; chin projecting. Lateral line decurved. Dorsal inserted
well behind ventrals; dorsal and anal high, the anal very long. Dark
brown, a rosy band from eye to upper lobe of caudal; below this a metal-
lic dusky band broader than eye, ending in a black spot at base of cau-
dal; dorsal with a black band obliquely across it; no spot at its base;
other fins nearly plain. Length 13 inches. Swamp streams in Georgia
and Florida, from the Suwannee Basin to the Escambia. (metallicus,
metallic. )

Notropis metallieus, JonpAN & Merk, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1884, 475, Allapaha* River, Nash-
ville, Georgia. (Type, No. 28511. Coll. W. J. Taylor.)

Subgenus LYTHRURUS, Jordan.

495. NOTROPIS BELLUS (Hay).

Head 44; depth 32. D. 8; A. 10 or 11; scales 7-41-3; teeth 2, 4-4, 2,
‘‘sharp-edged, but with a masticatory surface.” Body short, deep, con-
siderably compressed; the back elevated. Head short; muzzle short,
rather pointed, the profile somewhat concave; mouth large, oblique, the
maxillary extending to opposite front of orbit; lower jaw projecting.
Lateral line much decurved. Scales crowded forward, 25 in front of
dorsal. Dorsal midway between snout and caudal, behind ventrals;
pectorals not reaching ventrals; the latter to vent. Dusky above, with
a narrow, dark dorsal line; sides silvery, with plumbeous streak; no spot
at base of dorsal; fins mostly black-tipped; belly flame color in life; fins
orange at base. Length 24inches. Tombigbee River, Mississippi. (Hay.)
(bellus, beautiful. )

Minnilus bellus, Hay, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1880, 510, Tombigbee River, Artesia and Macon,
Mississippi. (Type, No. 27426. Coll. Hay.) Jorpan & GiLBerRt, Synopsis, 199, 1883.

496. NOTROPIS LIRUS (Jordan).

Head 44; depth 54; eye 3. D.8; A. 10; scales 845-4; teeth 2, 4-4, 2,
with very narrow or obsolete grinding surface. Body slim, compressed.
Head small, short, moderately deep, flattish above. Mouth rather large,
very Oblique, the lower jaw slightly projecting. Eye very large, longer
than snout; the maxillary about reaching its front. Scales small, loosely

’ imbricated, their outlines extremely distinct. Fins moderate. Colora-

tion very pale translucent green; scales of back finely punctate; sides
with a very distinct metallic blue band formed of dark punctulations,
this band passing through the eye and snout, forming a most character-
istic color marking; a streak of black dots along the bases of dorsal and

* Not “‘Aliamaha River,’’ as misprinted. The Allapaha is a tributary of the Suwannee River.

298 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

anal, that on the dorsal suggesting the peculiar spot of N. umbratilis; tip

of snout black; fins pale olivaceous, red in the males. Males in the spring

with the head and antedorsal region profusely tuberculated. Length 24:

inches. Alabama River; abundant in sandy streams. (Aevpdéc, lily-white.)

Notropis lirus, JonDAN, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 1876, 342, Etowah River, etc., Rome,
Georgia. : Rees
Jotropis alabamee, JORDAN & MEER, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1884, 476, Alabama River, Mont-
gomery, Alabama. (Type, Nos. 35295 and 35297. Coll. McDonald.) “3

Minnilus lirus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 199, 1883.

497. NOTROPIS ROSEIPINNIS, Hay.

Head 44; depth 4; eye 34. D.8; A. 11; scales 8-45-3. Body long and
slender, much compressed. Mouth large, oblique, the lower jaw some-
what projecting, the maxillary reaching vertical from front of eye. Eye
large, slightly longer than snout. Scales small, especially along the back,
somewhat higher than long, but not so closely imbricated as in N. bellus.
Lateral line much decurved. Dorsal far back, midway between pupil
and base of caudal, considerably posterior to ventrals; pectorals not
reaching ventrals, the latter to vent. Dark; scales above all with black
points; a plumbeous lateral band, ending in a vague caudal spot; a nar-
row dorsal band; a black spot on the upper anterior portion of dorsal
and also on anal, each surrounded by a diffuse blotch; tip of ventrals
and edge of pectorals dark; vertical fins red. Length 2t inches. Sandy
streams of the Gulf States, from the Escambia to the Chickasawha.
(roseus, rosy; pinna, fin.)
Minnilus rubripinnis, Hay, Proc. U. 8. ‘Nat. Mus., 1880, 509, (not Argyreus rubripinnis, Heckel = N.

cornutus), Chickasawha River, Enterprise, Mississippi. (Type, Nos. 27420 and 32302.
Coll. Hay.) JorpAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 198, 1883. ;
Notropis roseipinnis, Hay, in Jordan, Cat. Fish. N. A., 1885, 27, substitute for rubripinnis, preoc-

cupied in Notropis.
498. NOTROPIS UMBRATILIS* (Girard).

(RED-FIN.)

Head 4+; depth 4 to 44; eye 3 to4. D.7; A. 11; scales 9-40 to 52-3;
teeth 2, 4-4, 2. Body compressed, the caudal peduncle long. Head long,

* “A comparison of these specimens from the Tennessee River with others from the Roanoke
River (ardens), the Pamlico and Neuse (matutinus), the Wabash in Indiana, (cyanocephalus) [rather
lythrurus ; cyanocephalus came from Racine, Wisconsin], various streams in Illinois (atripes), and-
the Arkansas River (winbratilis) [= nigripinnis], has shown the impossibility of recognizing any of
these forms as distinct species. Matutinus is smaller and paler than ardens andshows less brilliant
coloration, these differences being apparently dependent on thesluggish character of the streams
it frequents, with their frequent sandy stretches, The resemblance between specimens from the
Roanoke and the Tennessee is very close. Both have larger mouth and eye, more brilliant color-
ation, and more elongate form than in specimens from the north and west. Our specimens
from the Tennessee, however, average distinctly deeper than typical ardens, and are further
characterized by the presence, in males, of several (5 to8) dark steel blue, vertical bars, irregular
in position and shape. This form I here distinguish provisionally as subspecies fasciolaris. In
Tennessee and Kentucky it undoubtedly passes insensibly into the form common in tributaries
ofthe Ohio and Mississippi (cyanocephalus, atripes), which shows usually an evidently deeper body,
asmaller eye, anda tendency to the accumulation of black pigment in the tips of the ventrals
and the anterior rays of the dorsal and anal. Typical umbratilis from Kansas and Arkansas
appears very distinct from the more easterly form. It has the larger eye of fasciolaris, a very
deep body, and adult males have all the fins largely black and the sides uniformdusky. Further-
more, the black spot at the base of the anterior dorsal rays, so characteristic of related forms, is
here indistinct or wanting. In Iowa and Missouri, however, wmbratilis appears to pass imper-
ceptibly into cyanocephalus, some specimens lacking the dorsal spot, while others from the same
locality, and not otherwise differing, have it well developed.

“T have thought it best, therefore, to consider all these forms as poorly defined varieties of a
single widespread species, which may stand provisionally as N. wnbratilis wnbratilis, N. wmbratilis
cyanocephalus, N. umbratilis fasciolaris, N. wnbratilis ardens, and N. wmbratilis matutinus. East of the
Alleghanies the species has not been recorded north of the Roanoke nor south of the Neuse, and
is not known from the Gulf States south of the Tennessee and Arkansas Basins. Rafinesque’s
Semotilus diplemius, so long identified with this species, is evidently Semotilus atromaculatus, as a
synonym of which it must appear.”’ (Gilbert, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., 1x, 1889, 148.)

ee eee Oe eee

— i) — Ss, = ~~ ~~ — ee eee

— ©,

A

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 299

conic, rather pointed. Mouth large, moderately oblique, the premaxil-
lary on level of pupil, the maxillary extending to opposite eye; lower jaw
somewhat projecting. Eye moderate, about equal to muzzle. Scales
closely imbricated, erowded anteriorly, about 30 before dorsal. Dorsal fin
high, inserted about midway between ventrals and anal; pectorals not
reaching ventrals, the latter to vent; caudal fin long. Coloration dark
steel blue above; paleor silvery below ; a more or less evident black spot
at base of dorsal in front ; the fins otherwise all plain. Males with the
anterior dorsal region and the head profusely covered with small whitish
tubercles, the belly and lower fins being of a bright brick red in the
spring. Females very pale.olive, sometimes almost colorless. Length 34
inches. Minnesota to Western New York, (Cayuga Lake), North Carolina,
Alabama, and Kansas; generally abundant in small, clear streams. An
ornate and excessively variable little fish, of which the following are
recognizable varieties.

The typical, that is, earliest known form, but the most aberrant of
the series, occurs in Iowa and southwestward to the Arkansas Basin.

498a. NOTROPIS UMBRATILIS UMBRATILIS (Girard).

Head 4; depth 3} to 33; eyeabout4. D.8; A.11; scales 40 to 44. Body
short, deep and compressed. Eye smaller than in other forms. Lateral
line deflexed. Male steel blue, smutty above, a dark curved bar on scapu-
lar region; dorsal black except at base mesially, the dark spot in front
obscure ; lower fins all dusky, flushed with red; females very pale oliva-
ceous, the black scapular bar usually plain, the dark spot represented by
dark punctulations. Length 3 inches. Arkansas River and streams of
Kansas and southwestern Iowa. (uwmbra, shade.)

Alburnus wmbratilis, GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 193, Sugar Loaf Creek, tributary
Poteau River, Arkansas. (Type, No. 73. Coll. Méllhausen.)

Iuzilus lucidus, Girard, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. 1856, 203, Coal Creek, tributary South Fork
Canadian River. (Coll. Millhausen.)

Minnilus nigripinnis, GILBERT, Bull. Washb. Lab. Nat. Hist., 1, 1884, 14, Shunganunga Creek,
near Topeka, Kansas. (Type, No. 36613. Coll. Cragin.)

? Notropis macrolepidotus, * Fores, Bull. Ill. Lab. Nat. Hist., 1885, 138, Illinois. (Coll. Forbes.)

Alburnellus umbratilis, Girarp, Pac. R. R. Sury., x, 260, 1858.

Minnilus umbratilis, Jonvan & GiLBert, Synopsis, 200, 1883.

Notemigonus lucidus, JoRDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 249, 1883.

* The following is Prof. Forbes’ account of Notropis macrolepidotus: This fish, represented by
a single specimen in our collections from Illinois, closely resembles Nofropis atripes, from which
it differs especially in the larger scales, and in the entire absence of any blotch at the front of the
base of the dorsal fin. Itis elliptical in outline, strongly compressed, its greatest thickness being
less than half its depth, the back making a uniform curve from the front of the dorsal to the
nostrils. Length 2.1 inches, depth 4.2 in length, caudal peduncle 4.6. Color in alcohol plain,
the sides somewhat silvery, the opercles brightly so; no dark vertebral line, but the scales upon
the back and upon the upper part of the sides thickly sprinkled with rather large circular black
specks; fins all plain; upper surface of the head a little dusky, and thickly sprinkled with black.
The head is a compressed cone, 4.5 in length, upper surface convex ; snout regularly decurved,
3.5in head; mouth rather large, terminal, oblique ; upper lip opposite the middle of the pupil;
maxillary to posterior margin of nostril; upper jaw 3.15 in head, lower not projecting, 2.6 in
head ; teeth 4, 2-2, 4; eye large, circular, 3.75in head ; dorsal fin I-8, about 4 scales behind the
ventrals ; anal 11 ; scale formula 6-40-3, 19 before dorsal.

300 Bulletin 27, United States National Museum.

Further eastward in Lilinois and Iowa in prairie brooks occurs

498b. NOTROPIS UMBRATILIS ATRIPES (Jordan).

Head 44; depth 4; eye 4. D. 7; A. 11: scales 9-52-5. Body very
strongly compressed. Head comparatively pointed; eye small, shorter
than muzzle. Coloration of body dark bluish, without traces of vertical
bars; sides not silvery, the scales dusted with dark -punctulations:
dorsal with the usual black spot at base in front, smaller than in lythru-
rus or ardens; a black bar crosses its upper part; anal colored like the
dorsal, with a black spot at base in front, the markings paler; ventral
fins dusky; males profusely tuberculate, and doubtless red in spring.
Length 3 inches. Southern Illinois and Iowa. (ater, black; pes, foot.)
Lythrurus atripes, JORDAN, Bull. Til. Lab, Nat. Hist., m1, 59, 1878, streams of Union and

Johnson counties, Illinois. (Type, No. 26295. Coll. Forbes.)
Minnilus atripes, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 197, 1883.

Represented throughout the Ohio Valley and neighboring regions by
498c. NOTROPIS UMBRATILIS LYTHRURUS (Jordan).

The central type from which the others seem to have diverged. Body
moderately elongate, the depth 44 in length, the females nearly 5; eye
large, about 34 in head. Scales 9-47-3. Dorsal with a conspicuous
black spot in front, the rest of the fin mostly pale; no anal spot. Length
34 inches. Ohio Valley and rivers of neighboring states. (A/Apov, blood;
ovpa, tail.)

Rutilus ruber®, RAFINESQUE, Ich. Oh., 52, 1820, Elkhorn and Kentucky rivers; named but not
described.

Notropis lyjthrurus, JORDAN, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1884, 476, White River, Indianapolis,
Indiana. (Type, No. 20115, Coll. Jordan & Copeland.)

Hypsilepis diplemia, Corr, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, 162.

Minnilus diplemius, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 197, 1883; not Semotilus diplemius, Rafinesque.

Represented northward by the deep-bodied
498d. NOTROPIS UMBRATILIS CYANOCEPHALUS (Copeland).

Head 44; depth 4; eye 34. D.8; A. 12; scales 9-46-4; teeth 2, 44, 2.
Body short, stout, chubby, moderately compressed, the form resembling
that of Pimephales. Head very short, deep, 1s greatest depth three-
fourths its length. Snout blunt, shorter than eye. Eye large, not so
wide as the interorbital space. Coloration dark bluish above; sides not
silvery; males in spring profusely covered with small tubercles; the
sides and fins clear, bright red; the back, and especially the top of the
head, of a clear glaucous blue; dorsal in both sexes with a large black
spot at the base of its anterior rays, this spot about as large as eye;
dorsal, anal, and ventrals blackish at tip. Length 2} inches. Rivers of
southern Wisconsin, etc. (Kvayeoc, blue; xeoaA7y, head.)

Lythrurus cyanocephalus, COPELAND, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1877, 70, Racine River,
Wisconsin. (Type, No. 17857. Coll. Hoy & Copeland.)
Minnilus cyanocephalus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 196, 1883.

* “51st species, Red Minny, Rutilus? ruber, Rutile rouge. Entirely red;-tail forked. I add-
here a fine small fish, which I have never seen as yet, but it is said to live in the small
streams which fall into the Elkhorn and Kentucky. It, isa slender fish, only 2 inches long,
compressed, and of a fine purple red. It may belong to this genus, or to any other of this
tribe. It is commonly called Red Minny.’’—Rafinesque.

_

Jordan and Evermann.—Ffishes of North America. 301

Represented east of the Alleghanies by the slim-bodied
49S5e. NOTROPIS UMBRATILIS ARDENS (Cope).

Slender and brilliantly colored, the depth 4% in males; eye 34 in head.
Steel blue, the fins bright red, base of dorsal largely black. Roanoke
River, Virginia. A beautiful inhabitant, with Notropis cerasinus, of the
clear mountain streams. (ardens, burning.)

Hypsilepis ardens, Cope, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, 163, headwaters of Roanoke River,
Montgomery County, Virginia. (Coll. Cope.)

Leuciscus ardens, GUNTHER, Cat., VII, 257, 1868.

Minnilus ardens, JoRDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 198, 1883.

Represented in Tennessee and northern Alabama by
498f. NOTROPIS UMBRATILIS FASCIOLARIS, Gilbert.

Body usually deep, the males with 5 to 8 dark blue vertical crossbars
asin Notropis cerasinus. Colors brilliant. Southern bend of Tennessee
River, in limestone streams; abundant. (fasciolaris, with small cross
bands. )

Notropis umbratilis fasciolaris, GILBERT, Bull. U.S. Fish Comm., rx, 1889, (1891), 148, streams
about Florence, Alabama. (Type, No. 42504. Coll. Gilbert & Swain.)

Represented in the Carolina pine woods by the slender and pale
498g. NOTROPIS UMBRATILIS MATUTINUS (Cope).

Head 44; depth 54; eye 34. D.8; A.11; scales 7-44-3. Body slender;
eye large, scarcely longer than muzzle, equal to interorbital width.
Olivaceous above; the scales brown-shaded; a plumbeous lateral band
with dark points; a small black spot at base of dorsal in front, preceded
by a dark streak along middle of back; a dark spot at base of caudal.
Males with the snout, chin, and upper half of dorsal red. Length 23
inches. Neuse and Pamlico rivers; common in sandy brooks, with Notro-
pis albeolus. (matutinus, of the morning, rosy.)

Alburnellus matulinus, Cope, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. Phila., 1870, 465, Neuse River, Wake
County, North Carolina. (Coll. Cope.)

Minnilus matutinus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 199, 1883.

Notropis matutinus, JonpdAN, Bull. U. 8. Fish Comm., virr, 1888, 125.

Represented in tributaries of the lower Mississippi by the deep-bodied
498h. NOTROPIS UMBRATILIS PUNCTULATUS (Hay).

Head 43; depth 44; eye moderate, 3. D.8; A.10 or 11; scales 11-49-3;
teeth 2, 4-4, 2, with grinding surface. Body short, deep, compressed;
back elevated in front of dorsal. Head short and deep; the profile nearly
straight; mouth large, quite oblique, maxillary reaching front of orbit.
Scales small, 25 in front of dorsal. Lateral line much decurved. Dorsal
beginning midway between muzzle and base of caudal. Straw color;
silvery on sides and below; scales above dark-edged; a dark dorsal line;
a dark band on caudal peduncle; a small black spot at base of dorsal.
Length 2inches. Tributaries of Big Hatchee River, northern Mississippi.
(Hay.) (punctulatus, speckled.)

302 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

Minnilus punctulatus, Hay, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1880, 508, Tuscumbia River, a tributary
of the Big Hatchee, near Corinth, Mississippi. (Type, No. 27430. Coll. Hay.)
Minnilus punctulatus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 198, 1883.

124. ERICYMBA, Cope.

Ericymba, Corr, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1865, 88, (buccata).

Body rather elongate, little compressed; muzzle broad. Premaxillary
protractile. Interopercle, suborbital, and dentary bones containing con-
spicuous, externally visible, mucous channels; lips thin; no barbel,
Teeth 1, 4-4, 0, without grinding surface, hooked, the edges entire.
Seales rather large; the lateral line continuous. Dorsal fin above ven-
trals. Anal basis short. Silvery fishes of small size, known at once from
all other minnows by the cavernous bones of the lower part of the head.
One species known; a curious and interesting little fish of the larger
creeks. (épi-, an intensive particle; kiusn, a cavity; in allusion to the
development of the mucous channels.)

499. ERICYMBA BUCCATA, Cope.

Head 4; depth5; eye large,4in head. D.8; A.8; scales 5-33-3; teeth
1,4-4,0. Body fusiform, rather elongate, little compressed, the back not
elevated. Head rather long, somewhat depressed above, with broad and
prominent muzzle. Mouthrather small, horizontal, subinferior, the lower
jaw considerably shorter than upper; upper lip below level of pupil;
maxillary not reaching to eye; dentary bones dilated, the mucous chan-
nels conspicuous. Suborbital very broad, silvery, with an elevated longi-
tudinal ridge and conspicuous cross lines; opercle small. Fins small,
dorsal over ventrals. Scales moderate; lateral line nearly straight;
breast scaleless; 15 large scales before dorsal. Color olivaceous, rather
pale; sides bright silvery with bluish reflections; a dark dorsal streak,
conspicuous posteriorly; fins plain; males without tubercles or bright
colors. Length 3 to 5 inches. Michigan and western Pennsylvania to
Kansas and southward to West Florida; locally very abundant. One
of the most remarkable of our little minnows. (bucca, cheek.)

Ericymba buccata, Core, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1865, 88, Kiskiminitas River, western
Pennsylvania, a tributary of the Monongahela. (Coll. Cope); Corr, Cypr. Penn., 361,
1866; GinrHER, Cat., vir, 185, 1868; Jonpan & GILBERT, Synopsis, 204, 1883.

125, PHENACOBIUS, Cope.

Phenacobius, Corr, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, 96, (teretulus).
Sarcidium, Corr, Hayden’s Geol. Surv. Wyom. for 1870, (1871), 440, (scopiferum).

Body elongate, little compressed. Head moderate, subterete; mouth
inferior, the lower lip thin mesially, but enlarged into a fleshy lobe on
each side toward the angle of the mouth, thus presenting a superficial
resemblance to that of Hxoglossum, with which the genus has probably
real affinities; upper lip with a callous covering within; dentary bones
distinct, except at symphysis. No barbel. Upper jaw protractile. Teeth
4-4, hooked, without grinding surface. Scales rather small; lateral line
complete. Dorsal fin in front of ventrals; anal basis short. Isthmus

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America, 303

extremely wide. Intestines short; peritoneum white. Small species,
with the aspect of young suckers. (gévas, deceptive; /ioc, life; the
appearance of the fish suggesting an herbivorous species with long
intestines, which it really is not.)

a, Scales moderate, 42 to 53 in the lateral line.

b. Breast scaly ; no distinct spot at base of caudal. TERETULUS, 500.
bb. Breast naked ; caudal spot very distinct.
c. Scales in lateral line 49 to 53, their outlines blended. MIRABILIS, 501,

ce. Scales in lateral line 43 to 45, their outlines emphasized by dark edgings.
SCOPIFER, 502,
aa. Scales small, about.60 in the course of the lateral line; breast naked.
d. Body very slender ; base of caudal with a distinct black spot. URANOPS, 503.
dd. Body moderately slender ; base of caudal with a vague dusky blotch.
CATOSTOMUS, 504,

500. PHENACOBIUS TERETULUS, Cope.

Head 4%; depth 4%; eye large, high up, 34 in head. D.8; A.7; scales
6-43-5; teeth 4-4. Body slender, little compressed, the back not elevated,
the caudal peduncle stout. Head stout, the muzzle elongate, obtusely
decurved, heavy. Mouth small, inferior, horizontal, the maxillary not
reaching to eye. Isthmus wide. Breast scaly. Lateral line nearly
straight. Pale yellowish; the scales above dark-edged; snout blackish; a
plumbeous lateral band; fins plain. Length 3s+inches. Kanawha River;
notcommon. (Teretulus, an old name of the Red Horse, Moxostoma.)

Phenacobius teretulus, Corr, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, 96, Kanawha River, Eggleston
Springs, West Virginia. (Coll. Cope.) Jorpan & GILBERT, Syhopsis, 204, 1883.

501. PHENACOBIUS MIRABILIS (Girard).

Head 44; depth 44; eye large, 4 in head. D.8; A.7; scales 7-48 to 52-5.
Body moderately slender. Head short, rather blunt anteriorly. Mouth
small, the maxillary not reaching to eye. Pale olivaceous; a silvery lat-
eral band and a conspicuous black spot at base of caudal, smaller than
eye; outlines of scales blended, not emphasized by dark edgings. Fins
pale. Length 34 inches. LIlinois River to Arkansas, rather common in
sandy streams ; speciniens examined from the Illinois, Des Moines, Osage,
Missouri, Arkansas, and Sabine rivers. (mirabilis, wonderful.)

Exoglossum mirabile, GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 191, and Pac. R. R. Surv., x, 256, 1858,
Arkansas River, Fort Smith. (Coll. Shumard.)

Phenacobius mirabilis, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 205, 1883; Jornpan & MEEK, Proc. U. 8, Nat.
Mus., 1885, 6.

502. PHENACOBIUS SCOPIFER (Cope).

Head 4 to 44+; depth 4+; scales 6-43 to 45-5. Very close to the preced-
ing, differing so far as known only in the larger scales, the outlines of
which are sharply defined on account of dark edgings. Caudal spot dis-
tinct. Illinois to the Rio Grande, about as abundant as the preceding,
perhaps more widely distributed. It is possible that this form represents
simply the extreme of variation of P. mirabilis. (scopifer, bearing a stem.)

Sarcidium scopiferum, Corr, Hayden's Geol. Surv, Wyom, for 1870, (1871), 440, Missouri River,
near St. Joseph, Missouri.

Phenacobius teretulus liosternus, NELSON, Bull. Ill. Lab, Nat. Hist. 1, 1876, 46, brooks of McLean
County, Illinois.

Phenacobius scopiferus, JonvAN, Bull. Hayden's Geol. Sury., rv, 666, 1878.

Phenacobius mirabilis, in part, Jonvan & GiLtperT, Synopsis, 205, 1883.

304 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

503. PHENACOBIUS URANOPS, Cope.

Head 4%; depth6; eye 34. D. 8; A. 7; scales 7-60-6; teeth 4-4. Body
very siender, little compressed; back not elevated, caudal peduncle long
and slender. Head long and rather slender, flat above, the muzzle broad,
blunt, and projecting. Mouth entirely inferior, larger than in the other
species, with conspicuous lips. Eye large, placed high, behind middle ef
head. Scales small, 24 in front of dorsal. Lateral line straight. Breast
and middle line of belly naked; width of isthmus half length of head.
Fins small. Color pale olivaceous, with a distinct dark spot at base of
caudal. Upper Tennessee Basin, rather common in river channels, not
ascending brooks. (ovpavoc, sky; oy, eye; =stargazer.)

Phenacobius uranops, Corr, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, 96, Holston River, Saltville, Vir-

ginia ; (Coll. Cope); Jorpan & GILBERT, Synopsis 206, 1883; JorpAN, Bull. U. 8. Fish
Comm., VII, 1888, 146.

504. PHENACOBIUS CATOSTOMUS, Jordan.

Head 43 to 5; depth 53; eye 34. D.8; A. 7; scales 7-60-5; teeth 4-4.
Body rather slender, nearly terete, scarcely compressed; back not elevated;
caudal peduncle stout. Head deep, the muzzle blunt and heavy, the
cheeks tumid. Mouth small, inferior, altogether below level of eye, the
maxillary barely reaching nostrils; lips much thinner than in P. wranops,
Eyes large, high up, behind middle of head. Scales small, thin, loosely
imbricated; back and belly scaled; breast naked. Lateral line nearly
straight; 22 scales in front of dorsal. Fins all small. Width of isthmus
24 to 3 in head. Pale olivaceous; white below; a silvery lateral band,
underlaid by dusky, which forms vague blotch at base of caudal; back
dusted with dark specks; top of head black; a yellowish vertebral line.
Length 4 inches. Alabama Basin, rather common. (Catostomus, a sucker,
which it much resembles. )

Phenacobius catostomus, JORDAN, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 1876, 332, Etowah and Oosta-

naula rivers, Rome, Georgia. (Type, No. 17889. Coll. Jordan & Gilbert.) Jordan &
GILBERT, Synopsis, 206, 1883.

126. EVARRA, Woolman.
Evarra, Woouman, Bull. U. 8. Fish Comm., xtv, 1894, May 3, 1894, 64, (eigenmanni).

Body long and low, formed as in TJiaroga, subterete and covered with
very small scales. Head small, bluntish and thick at tip; mouth very
small, terminal, oblique, without barbels, the lips thickish; the upper
jaw protractile, but not much movable. Eye moderate; isthmus moder-
ate; lateral line complete. Dorsal low, inserted rather posteriorly ; anal
small and short. Teeth small, 4-4. Intestine about as long as body.
One species known, from Mexico. (varra, an Indian name, ‘‘ maker of
gods in lands beyond the sea.”’)

505. EVARRA EIGENMANNI, Woolman.

Head 44; depth 5}; snout 34 in head; eye small, 4. D. 8; A. 7; scales
about 17-88-10; teeth 4-4; intestine as long as body. Body long and low,
subterete, looking like a small sucker; head small, the snout anteriorly
truncate, the interorbital space broad and flattish; mouth short, mostly

Jordan and Evermann.—Ffishes of North America. 305

anterior, the maxillary not reaching to eye; premaxillary protractile, but
not much movable; lips somewhat thickened ; scales very small, those on
belly and before dorsal minute; lateral line complete, decurved anteriorly ;
fins all very small, the dorsal slightly behind ventrals, its tip not pointed;
pectorals short, reaching about half way to anal. Olivaceous, belly sil-
very, sides with a rather faint plumbeous lateral band ending in a small
black caudal spot; a darker dorsal stripe; fins all pale. Length 3 inches.
City of Mexico ; here described from one of Mr. Woolman’s types. (Named
for Dr. Carl H. Eigenmann.)

Evarra eigenmanni, WooLMAN, Bull. U.S. Fish Comm., xiv, 1894, May 3, 1894, 64, City of Mexico.
(Type, No. 45571. Coll. Woolman & Cox.)

127. TIAROGA, Girard.

Tiaroga, GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 204, (cobitis).

Body decidedly elongate, having the form of a loach (Cobitis), subfusi-
form, little compressed and covered with minute scales. Lateral line
complete. Head small, subconical, depressed, the mouth very small, ter-
minal, oblique, without barbels, the lips fleshy and the premaxillary not
protractile. Eyemoderate. Isthmus very wide. Dorsal inserted slightly
behind ventrals, the fin high, its first rudimentary ray somewhat enlarged;
anal with short base. Teeth very small, apparently 1, 4-4, 1, and without
grinding surface. One species known, a very singular iittle fish from the
Gila region- (A coined name.)

506. TIAROGA COBITIS, Girard.

Head 43; depth 6; eye 33. D.8; A. 7; lateral line 65. Teeth without
grinding surface, 1, 4-4,1.* Maxillary falling far short of eye, 4 in head;
luwer jaw included. Eye moderate, high up, midway in head; isthmus
very wide. Lateral line nearly straight. Body olivaceous, with dusky
specks above; a black spot at base of caudal. Length 2} inches. Rio
San Pedro, a tributary of Rio Gila; only the types yet known. (cobitis,
the loach, a European fish of similar form. )

Tiaroga cobitis, GIRARD, Proc, Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 204, Rio San Pedro, Arizona.
(Coll. Clark.) Grrarp, U. 8. Mex. Bound. Surv., Ichth., 60, 1859, .

Leuciscus cobitis, GUNTHER, Cat., v1, 247, 1868.

Cliola cobitis, JonvAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 170, 1883.

Tiaroga cobitis, JoRDAN, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1885, 126.

128. RHINICHTHYS, Agassiz.
(BLACK-NOSED DACE.)
Argyreus, Hecker, Russeggers Reisen, 1, 1040, 1843, (atronasus), name preoccupied in Entomology.
Rhinichthys, AGassiz, Lake Superior, 35%, 1850,. (atronasus).

Body rather elongate, not much compressed. Mouth small, subinferior,
the upper jaw not protractile, the upper lip continuous with the skin of
the forehead, forming avery broad frenum; a small or minute barbel ter-
minalonthe maxillary. Teeth mostly 2, 4-4, 2 orl, hooked, without grind-
ing surface. Intestinal canal short. Scales very small; lateral line con-
tinuous. Dorsal fin inserted behind the ventrals. Anal basis short.

* Not 1, 3-3, 1, as stated by Girard,
F. N. A. 21

306 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum,

Coloration dark, the males rosy in spring. Active little fishes inhabiting
mountain springs, the species very difficult to distinguish. (iy, snout;
ixOvc, fish ; the snout being prominent. )

a. Snout long and prominent, projecting notably beyond the mouth, about twice length of eye
in adult ; barbel evident.

b. Scales 14-65-8 to 14. CATARACT, 507.
bb. Scales 9-60-7. simus, 508.
aa, Snout moderate, projecting little beyond the smali mouth, its length 114 times eye in adult;
barbel minute or obsolete. ATRONASUS, 509.

507. RHINICHTHYS CATARACT (Cuvier & Valenciennes).

(LONG-NOSED DACE.)

Head 4; depth 5; eye 2insnout, 5in head. D.8; A. 7; scales 14-65-8,
(62 to 68); teeth 2, 4-4, 2. Body elongate, little compressed, not elevated.
Head long, the muzzle flattened, narrowed, and extremely prominent, the
mouth being entirely inferior and horizontal. Eye nearly median.
Isthmus wide. Barbel evident. Pectoral fins enlarged in males. Inser- .
tion of dorsal nearly median. Color olivaceous, paler below, with numer-
ous dusky punctulations ; the back often almost black ; ‘some of the scales
usually irregularly darker, producing a mottled appearance; no distinct
black lateral band; young specimens with a dusky lateralshade; ablackish
spot on the opercle; males in spring with the lips, cheeks, and lower fins
crimson. Length 5inches. New England to Virginia and Wisconsin; its
varieties ranging to Utah and the Columbia Basin, frequenting clear and
boisterous streams and rock pools. (cataracte, of the Cataract, the orig-
inal type being from Niagara Falls.)

Gobio cataracte, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, XVI, 315, 1842, Niagara Falls. (Coll. M. Milbert.)

Leuciscus nasutus, AYRES, Journ. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., rv, 1848, 299, West Hartford, Conn.

Rhinichthys marmoratus, AGAsstz, Lake Superior, 354, 1850, Lake Superior. (Type, No. 9053.)
Scales smaller, 10-70-10 ; otherwise similar. GUNTHER, Cat., viI, 189, 1868.

Argyreus nasutus, COPE, Cypr. Penn. 369, 1866.

Rhinichthys nasutus, GUNTHER, Cat., vi1, 189, 1868.

Ceratichthys cataracte, GUNTHER, Cat., vil, 176, 1868.
Rhinichthys cataractex, JonDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 207, 1883.

Represented in the Rocky Mountain region on both sides of the divide by
507a. RHINICHTHYS CATARACTE DULCIS (Girard).

Head 4; depth 5 to 54. D. 8; A.7; scales 11 or 12-63 to 70-9 to 12.
Body elongate, not elevated. Head long, the muzzle long and projecting,
asin R. cataracte, but rather sharper. Barbel evident, but smaller than
in R&. cataracte. Insertion of dorsal a little farther back than in cata-
racte, being usually midway between nostril and base of caudal. Silvery;
darker above; a dusky lateral shade, at least in the young; maleslargely ©
rosy. Length 5inches. Headwaters of the Missouri, Platte, Arkansas,
and Rio Grande; also throughout the Columbia basin, and in tributaries
of Great Salt Lake, the Jordan, Provo, and Bear rivers, with the species
of Apocope, which it closely resembles; abundant in swift brooks. (dul-
cis, sweet, first taken in Sweetwater River.)

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 307

ee — = — -— - ————— So

Argyreus dulcis, GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 185, Sweetwater River, Nebraska.
(Type, No. 210 (20225). Coll: Bowman.) Jorpan, Bull, U. 8. Fish Comm., rx, 1889, 8.
Rhinichthys mazillosus, Cope, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, 278, Kansas. (Coll. Hammond.)
Core & Yarrow, Zoil. Wheeler Survey, v, 644, 1875.

Rhinichthys transmontanus, Cort, Amer. Nat., July, 1879, 441, tributaries of Rio Grande in
Colorado and New Mexico. (Type, No. 17084. Coll. Yarrow.)

Rhinichthys ocella, GARMAN, Science Observer, 1881, 58, Northeastern Wyoming and
Montana.

Rhinichthys luteus, GARMAN, Science Observer, 1881, 59, Bear River, Ogden, Utah; scales
below lateral line about 14.

Rhinichthys dulcis, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 885, 1883; EVERMANN, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm.,
x1, 1891, (1892), 42.

Rhinichthys maxillosus and transmontanus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 207, 1883.

508. RHINICHTHYS SIMUS, Garman.

Head 44. D.9; A.8; scales 9-60-7. Head depressed above and in front
of eyes; snout rather broad, thin, little projecting. First ray of dorsal
midway between eye and base of caudal. Clouded brown, a dark lateral
stripe, bordered above by a silver one. Coahuila, Mexico. (Garman);
not seen by us. (simus, civoc, blunt-nosed, an epithet early applied to
Socrates. )

Rhinichthys simus, GARMAN, Science Observer, 1881, 61, Coahuila; Jorpan & GILBERT, Synopsis,
886, 1883.

509. RHINICHTHYS ATRONASUS (Mitchill). — Z

(BLAcCK-NOSED Dace.)

Head 4; depth 44; eye 14 in snout, 44 inhead. D.7; A. 7; lateralline
64; teeth 2,4-4, 2. Body moderately elongate, little compressed. Head
moderate, rather broad and flattish above. Snout moderate. Mouth
small, horizontal, subterminal, the lower jaw included; barbel minute
but probably always present; upper lip on level of the lower part of
pupil; maxillary not reaching nearly to eye. Eye small, nearly median.
Fins rather small; dorsal fin well back, its insertion about midway be-
tween nostril and base of caudal. Scales quite small, somewhat embedded.
Color blackish above ; some of the scales irregularly darker; a black band
passing from snout through eye and along sides of body; a paler streak
below this; belly silvery ; males in spring with the lateral band and the
lower fins, and sometimes the whole body, bright crimson; males in late
summer with the lateral band scarlet or orange, the red color growing
fainter later in theseason. Length3inches. New England to Minnesota,
Northern Alabama, and Virginia; very abundant in clear brooks and
mountain streams. Excessively variable, running into several varieties,
the extremes of which seem like distinct species. (ater, black; nasus,
nose. )

Cyprinus atronasus, Mircnit1, Trans. Lit. and Phil. Soc. N. Y., 1, 1815, 460, Wallkill River;
brooks of New York; Mircuin1, Amer. Monthly Mag., 1, 1817, December, 289.
Cyprinus vitlatus, Rarinesque, Amer. Monthly Mag. 1, 1817, 121, December, Hudson River

above the Falls.
Rhinichthys atronasus, GUNtuER, Cat., vit, 191, 1868; Jorpan & GILBERT, Synopsis, 208, 1883.

308 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

Represented in the Tennessee Basin by
509a. RHINICHTHYS ATRONASUS CROCEUS (Storer).

Head 4; depth 44; eye 5. D.7; A. 6; scales 70; teeth 2, 4-4, 2. Very
similar to R. atronasus, but usually rather stouter, the scales smaller, the
barbel more distinct, the head a little shorter, the upper jaw more pro-
jecting, and the coloration somewhat different. Back olivaceous, much
mottled with darker; sides with a rather faint brownish band, margined
above and below with creamy yellowish; a dusky blotch in the middle of
the base of the dorsal fin; males with the pectoral fins enlarged, and with
the lateral band rosy. Length 3 inches. Tennessee Basin; abundant in
clear brooks. (croceus, saffron color.)

Leuciscus croceus, STORER, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., July, 1845, 48, Florence, Alabama.
(Coll. Chas. A. Hentz.)

Rhinichthys obtusus, AGAss1z, Amer. Journ. Sci. Arts, 1854, 357, Huntsville, Alabama ; GinrHEr,
Cat., vir, 190, 1868 ; JorpDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 208, 1883.

Rhinichthys badius, GARMAN, Science Observer, 1881, 60; ‘‘ Scales 14-80-10,” Clinch River.

Replaced northwestward by
509b. RHINICHTHYS ATRONASUS LUNATUS (Cope).

Much like var. croceus, the coloration mottled, the lateral band obsolete,
the mouth more inferior, with shorter and wider cleft. Eye 5 in head;
depth 5in length. Insertion of dorsal midway between nostril and base
of caudal. Scales 62. The common form in the lakes and brooks of Michi-
gan and Indiana, and probably of Wisconsin and Minnesota, also.

Rhinichthys lunatus, CopE, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, 278, Grosse Isle, Michigan. (Coll.
Prof. Fox.)
Rhinichthys arenatus, GARMAN, Science Observer, 1881, 62, Sand Hill River, Minnesota.

Represented in the prairie streams by
509c. RHINICHTHYS ATRONASUS MELEAGRIS (Agassiz.)

Similar to subspecies croceus, but the jaws nearly equal. Head broad,
narrowed anteriorly. Scales 11-70-8. Illinois and Iowa, perhaps indis-
tinguishable from lunatus. (meleagris, generic name of the turkey, from
its color?)

Rhinichthys meleagris, AGassiz, Amer. Journ. Sci. Arts, 1854, 357, Burlington, lowa. (Coll.
Dr. Rausch.) JoRDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 886, 1883.

129. AGOSIA, Girard.

Agosia, GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 186, (chrysogaster).

Apocope, Corr, Hayden’s Geol. Surv. Mont. for 1871, 472, 1872, (carringtoni).
Eritrema, Cope, Zo0l. Wheeler’s, Geol. Surv. W. 100th Mer., v, 648, 1876, (henshavii).
Zophendum, JORDAN, Bull. Hayden’s Geol. Surv. Terr., rv, 1878, 786, (siderium).

This genus differs from Rhinichthys only in having the premaxillaries
protractile. Even this character shows a disposition to disappear by
degrees, a8 many specimens of Agosia yarrowi possess a narrow frenum,
which, however, is distinct from the very broad frenum of Rhinichthys.
In form, appearance, and habits the two groups agree perfectly, ail the
species inhabiting mountain streams and springs. Rocky Mountain region.
(A coined name without meaning. )

;''

Jordan and Evermann,—Ffishes of North America. 309

APpocoPE, (a7oxo7n, a cutting away, from the imperfect lateral line):
a. Teeth two-rowed, usually without grinding surface.
b. Dorsal fin rather low, and not strongly falcate; caudal lobes obtuse.
ec. Snout rather long, less than 4 in head, resembling that of Rhinichthys.
d. Scales small, usually more than 70 in lateral line.

e. Head 4; snout 4; scales very small, about 89 in lateral line. oscuta, 510.

ee. Head rather long, about 41%; scales larger, about 78 in lateral line.
YARROWI, 511,

eee. Head shorter, 414 to 5; scales about 74. couEsII, 512.
dd. Scales larger, fewer than 70 in lateral line.
f. Scales about 65; snout 224; eye 5 to 514. ADOBE, 513.

Jf. Scales large, usually 52 to 65.
g- Body quite deep, depth 31% to 4 in length; fins low. NEVADENsIS, 514.
gg. Body more slender, depth 334 to 5 in length.
h. Scales moderate, usually fewer than 70. NUBILA, 515.
bb. Dorsal fin high and strongly falcate.
i. Inner rays of ventral fins without membranous stays joining them to the body.
j. Eye large, 3 in head; scales large, about 56 in lateral line. VELIFERA, 516.
jj. Eye smaller, 3% to 4 in head; scales smaller, 63 to 70 in lateral line.
UMATILLA, 517.
ii. Inner rays of ventral fins united to body by 2 or 3 membranous stays.
FALCATA, 518.
AGOSIA:
aa. Teeth one-rowed, 4-4, with grinding surface; scales very small; intestinal canal somewhat
elongate. CHRYSOGASTER, 519.
Subgenus APOCOPE, Cope.

510. AGOSIA OSCULA (Girard).

Head 4; depth 4%; eye 4, shorter than snout. D.8; A.7; scales 18-89-15;
teeth 1, 4-4, 1. Body rather elongate, the tail stout; muzzle obtuse, but
narrowed anteriorly, not overhanging the mouth; barbel small, some-
times obsolete. Scales very small. Dusky olive above, a blackish lateral
band; males with axils of pectorals and ventrals scarlet; a scarlet patch
above gill opening and one on side of muzzle. Length 2 to 3 inches.
Lower Colorado and Gila rivers; not rare. (osculus, small mouthed.)
Argyreus osculus, GIRARD, Proc, Ac, Nat. Sci. Phila., 1855, 186, Babocomori Creek, a tributary

of the Rio San Pedro, Arizona. (Type, No. 50. Coll. Clark.) Grrarp, U. S. & Mex.
Bound. Surv. Zoél., 47, plate xxvut, figs. 9 to 12, 1859.

Argyreus notabilis, GIRARD, I. c., 1856, 186, Rio Santa Cruz, Sonora, a tributary of the Rio
San Pedro, which is a tributary of the Rio Gila. (Coll.Clark.) Girarp, Mex. Bound.
Surv. Zoil., 47, plate xxvu, figs. 5 to 8, 1859.

Ceratichthys ventricosus, Corr, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. Phila., 1874, 136, Arizona ; Plagop.
Ichth. Utah, 10, 1874. (Type, No. 15784. Coll. Newberry.)

Apocope ventricosa, Cork & YARRow, Zobl. Wheeler Sury., 648, plate xxvim, figs. 1 and 1a, 1875,
(1876).

Apocope oscula (in part) and ventricosa, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 211, 1883.

511. AGOSIA YARROWI, Jordan & Evermann.

Head 44; depth 5 to 54; eye 54 to 6; snout short, obtuse, 23 to 23.
D. 7; A. 7; scales small, averaging about 16-78-13. Barbel small but
distinct. Body elongate, little compressed; head long and rather heavy,
bluntish, upper lip with or without narrow frenum joining it mesially
to snout; the frenum present in about half of our many specimens; lips
full, maxillary about 3} in head. Lateral line complete. Dorsal fin well
backward, its origin about midway between base of caudal and eye;

310 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

pectoral 1} in head, usually not quite reaching ventrals, the latter reach-
ing past vent; caudal large. Color dark olive, more or less mottled above
with black; sides with two ill-defined dark lateral bands, the interspaces
paler; axils of the fins mostly crimson in life, as in related species. Length
2 to 5 inches. Streams of Colorado in the Colorado River Basin, very
abundant in small streams in the mountain meadows, less common in the
larger streams. (Named for Dr. Henry C. Yarrow, naturalist of the
Survey West of the Hundredth Meridian.)
Agosia yarrowi, JORDAN & EVERMANN, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., rx, 1889, (1891), 28, Tomichi
Creek and Gunnison River, Gunnison, Colorado. (Coll. Jordan, Evermann, Fesler,
& Davis.)
Apocope oscula, Copr & YaRRow, Zobl. Wheeler Survey, 647, 1875, (1876), notof GrRARD ; JORDAN
& GILBERT, Synopsis, 211, 1883, in part.

512. AGOSIA COUESII (Yarrow).

Head 4 to 44; depth 4} to 44; eye 44 to 5; snout 24. D. I, 8, (some-
times 7); A. 1, 7; scales 12-74-11, (range from 70 to 76); teeth 1 or 2,
4-4,2o0r1. Barbel present. Body moderately stout, ventral and dorsal
outlines gently arched; head long and pointed; snout pointed, mouth
broad, inferior; eye small, high up; interorbital width equal to snout;
caudal peduncle long, slender, and compressed. Origin of dorsal behind
insertion of ventrals, about midway between base of middle caudal rays
and nostril. Scales small, firm and close-set; lateral line complete.
Color dark gray above and on sides to lateral line; below pale; no
lateral band; fins all plain. Length 44 inches. Colorado River Basin.
(Named for Dr. Elliott Coues, the well-known ornithologist.)

Apocope couesii, YARROW, Field and Forest, 1876, and Zodl. Wheeler Surv., 648, 1875, (1876),
Camp Apache, Arizona,
513. AGOSIA ADOBE, Jordan & Evermann.

Head 3% to 32; depth 44 to 5; eye 2 in snout, 5 to 53 in head. D. 8;
A. 7; scales 12-63 to 70-10. Body slender and elongate, the head long
and low, sharp in profile. Snout long, about 23 in head, its tip project-
ing considerably beyond the thick upper lip; mouth larger than in 4.
nubila, the maxillary extending beyond nostril; barbel well developed.
Lateral line complete. Insertion of dorsal midway between front of eye
and base of caudal; pectorals shortish; caudal large. Length 2 to 4
inches. Clay-colored, with a dark lateral band; back with some dark
dots. Sevier River, Utah, locally abundant. (adobe, clay, in Spanish.)

Agosia adobe, JORDAN & EVERMANN, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., rx, 1889, (1891), 36, Sevier River,
Juab, Utah. (Type, No. 41674. Coll. Jordan, Evermann, Fesler, & Davis.)

514. AGOSIA NEVADENSIS (Gilbert).

Head 3} to 4; depth 34} to 4; eye very small, 54 in head, half interor-
bital width, which equals distance from tip of snout to middle of eye.
D. 8; A. 7; scales 65; pores about 58. Body robust, with broad,
heavy head, its greatest depth at occiput, 5 in body, (64 in A. nubila,
of same size). Mouth terminal, very oblique, the lower jaw included,
the premaxillaries not overlapped by snout. Maxillary 3 in head, reach-

ing front of eye; barbels well developed; scales small, very irregularly

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North Amertca. 311

placed, the lateral line incomplete in adult. Fins all small; front of
dorsal midway between base of caudal and middle of occiput, behind
base of ventrals. Ventral rays apparently seven, the outer rudimentary.
Brown, much speckled above, white below, a dark lateral stripe ending in
an obscure caudal spot. Warm springs in the deserts of southwestern
Nevada; Ash Meadows, Indian Creek, and Vegas Creek, Nevada.

Rhinichthys (Apocope) nevadensis, GILBERT, Death Valley Expedition, 230, pl. v1, fig. 1, 1893, Ash

Meadows, Amargosa Desert. (Coll. Merriam & Bailey.)

515. AGOSIA NUBILA (Girard).

Head 32 to 42; depth 3? to 5; eye 34 to 5; snout 2% to 34. Dorsal
usually 8, sometimes 9, one or two rudimentary anterior rays; anal 7;
scales variable, ranging from 47 to 70, usually between 52 and 65. Teeth
1, 4-4,1; 1, 44, 0; 1, 4-4, 2; or 2, 4-4, 2. Barbel usually present, espe-
cially in coastwise specimens. Body not compressed, head rather short,
snout moderate, mouth inferior, horizontal or oblique. Fins not falcate;
origin of dorsal usually somewhat behind insertion of ventrals and
usually midway between base of middle caudal rays and posterior edge
of preopercle, but varying either way as much as diameter of eye.
Color usually dark grayish above, becoming paler below, a faint lateral
band of dark, extending through eye and around snout, especially plain
in specimens from the heavily wooded region of western Washington. An
extremely abundant and variable species, and a study of a large amount
ef material from many different localities in the Columbia River basin
has not enabled us to recognize any differences of value for purposes of
specific separation. Length 3tinches. Basin of the Columbia River from
western Idaho, below the Shoshone Falls of Snake River to the coast,
and in coastwise streams from Washington southward into Oregon.
Specimens from the following localities are included under this species in
the above description: Clearwater River, Potlatch Creek, near Lewiston,
Idaho; Boise River, Caldwell, Idaho; Pataha River, Starbuck, Wash-
ington; Umatilla River, Pendleton, Oregon; Mill Creek, Walla Walla;
Walla Walla River, Wallula, Washington; Coeur d’Alene Lake, Idaho;
Little Spokane River, Spokane, Washington; Hangman Creek, Tekoa,
Washington; Columbia River Umatilla, Washington; Colville River,
Colville, Washington; Natchess River, North Yakima, Washington;
Newaukum River and Skookumchuck River, Chehalis, Washington.
(nubilus, dusky. )

Argyreus nubilus, GIRARD, Proc, Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 180, and Pac. R. R. Sury., 244, 1858,
Fort Steilacoom, Puget Sound. (Type, No. 51. Coll. Suckley.)

Apocope nubila, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 210, 1883.

Agosia nubila, Ginpert & EVERMANN, Investigations in Columbia River Basin, 41, 1894.

Represented eastward by

5l5a. AGOSIA NUBILA CARRINGTONIL (Cope).
Head 34 to 43; depth 4} to 5; eye 4 to 4$; snout 3 to 34. D. I, 9,
rarely I, 8; A. I, 7; scales 64, (53 to 72). Barbel usually present. Teeth
variable, but usually 1, 4-4, 2, hooked. Body rather stout, back little

o12 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

elevated, caudal peduncle compressed; head moderate, snout broad,
gently decurved; mouth broad, inferior, oblique; interorbital width
equals length of snout. Fins not faleate; insertion of dorsal slightly
behind ventrals, about midway between base of middle caudal rays and
pupil; height of dorsal and anal about equal, 1{ in head; caudal not
deeply forked. Lateral line often, but not always, incomplete. Color
grayish, with scattered dark spots or blotches; faint dark lateral band
extending forward through eye and around snout; dorsal and anal fins
with some dark markings; other fins plain. Length 4 inches. Upper
Snake River Basin to Heart Lake in Yellowstone Park, thence extending
southward in the Great Basin to Utah Lake; very abundant and extremely
variable. To this form we also refer provisionally specimens from Lake
Tahoe and elsewhere in the Lahontan basin, and also those from various
coastwise localities in central and southern California, where it is
abundant in clear streams and springs as far south as San Luis Obispo.
These California and Nevada forms may be distinct species, but if so, we
are unable to define them. (Named for Campbell Carrington, naturalist
of the Hayden Survey in Utah and Idaho.)

Apocope carringtonii, Corr, Hayden’s Fifth Annual Report U. S. Geological Survey, 1871, (1872),
472, Warm Springs, [Box Elder County], Utah. (Coll. Campbell Carrington.) Copr
& Yarrow, Zo6l. Wheeler Survey, 645, 1875, (1876).

Apocope vulnerata, Cops, l. c., 473, Logan, Utah. (Type, No. 15768. Coll. Henshaw.) Corr
& Yarrow, Zod]. Wheeler Surv., 646, 1875, (1876).

Tigoma rhinichthyoides, Corr, l. c., 473, Logan, Utah. (Coll. Carrington.)

Rhinichthys henshavii, Cork, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. Phila., 1874, 133, Provo, Utah; Plagop.
Ichth. Utah, 7, 1874.

Agosia novemradiata, Corr, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1883, 141, Weber River at Echo, Utah.

Ceratichthys nubilus, Copr, Hayden’s Fifth Annual Report U. 8. Geol. Surv. 1871, (1872), 472.

Apocope henshavii, Cope & YARRow, Zobl. Wheeler Surv., 645, 1875, (1876).

Apocope carringtoni and vulnerata, JORDAN & HENSHAW, Report Chief Engineers, U.S. Geol. Surv.
W. 100th Mer., 191, 1878.

Apocope carringtoni, vulnerata, and henshavii, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 210, 1883.

Agosia nubila, JORDAN, Bull. U. 8. Fish Comm., 1x, 1889, (1891), 32 and 48.

Agosia nubila carringtonii, GILBERT & EVERMANN, Investigations in Columbia River Basin ,41, 1894.

516. AGOSIA VELIFERA (Gilbert).

Head 4; depth 43; eye 3. D. 8; A. 7; lateral line with 56 pores; 10
scales between lateral line and dorsal; teeth 2, 4-4, 2, hooked. Upper
lip as in A. yurrowi with a narrow frenum, thus indicating a transition
toward Rhinichthys. Snout narrow, bluntly rounded, not projecting
beyond premaxillaries. Mouth small, horizontal, the maxillary equal to
eye, reaching front of eye, 34 in head. Pectorals nearly reaching base of
ventrals, the latter beyond front of anal; origin of dorsal behind ventrals,
midway between base of caudal and middle of eye, the fin unusually high;
caudal lobes more pointed than usual. Brown; a black lateral band and
a small black caudal spot. Three specimens from a hot spring in Pahran-
agat Valley, southwestern Nevada. (velum, sail; fero, I bear.)

Rhinichthys (Apocope) velifer, GILBERT, Death Valley Expedition, 229, pl. v1, fig. 2, 1893, Pah-
ranagat Valley, Nevada. (Coll. Merriam & Bailey.)

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 313

517. AGOSIA UMATILLA, Gilbert & Evermann.

Head 4; depth 4? to 5; eye 3+ to4; snout 3. D.I,9; A. I, 7; scales
13 or 14-63 to 70-7 or 8; teeth 1, 4-4, 1, hooked. Body rather slender,
back somewhat elevated; head pointed, narrow; caudal peduncle com-
pressed, its least depth 2 in head. Origin of dorsal fin slightly behind
insertion of ventrals, midway between nostril and base of middle caudal
rays; dorsal falcate, its anterior rays nearly as long as head; rudimentary
rays not much enlarged nor spine-like; anal strongly falcate, the anterior
rays much produced, about as long as head; pectorals not quite reaching
ventrals, 1} in head; ventrals reaching front of anal, 14 in head; caudal
deeply forked. Color as in A. falcata, which it resembles, but from which
it differs in the absence or very weak development of ventral stays, and
in the notably smaller scales. Known from the Columbia River at Uma-
tilla and Payette River at Payette, Idaho. (Umatilla, type locality.)

Agosia umatilla, GILBERT & EVERMANN, Investigations in Columbia River Basin, 42, pl. rx, fig. 2,
1894, Columbia River, Umatilla, Oregon. (Type, No. 45390. Coll. Gilbert & Rutter.)

518. AGOSIA FALCATA, Eigenmann & Eigenmann.

Head 3% to 43; depth 4} to 54; eye 3} to 44; snout 2? to 3. D. II, 9;
A. I, 7; scales 52 to 57. Body slender, caudal peduncle and head very
slender; mouth inferior, nearly horizontal, overhung by the rather long
snout; eye large, interorbital space wide. Fins falcate; dorsal about
over insertion of ventrals, about midway between base of middle caudal
rays and pupil, its longest rays nearly as long as head; the two anterior
rays strong and spine-like; anal rays about as long as those of dorsal ;
pectorals variable, usually nearly as long as head ; ventrals provided with
2 or 3membranous stays uniting the inner rays with the body. Dark,.
mottled above, blotched with dark on sides and at base of caudal fin;
head dark above and down to lower level of eye; underparts pale. . Fins
with some dark markings, especially the caudal; pectorals and ventrals
palest. Body and inner sides of pectoral fins often profusely covered with
minute tubercles. Columbia River basin; locally abundant; Boise River
at Caldwell, Idaho; Payette River at Payette, Idaho; Columbia River at
Pasco and Umatilla; and Mill Creek at Walla Walla. ( falcatus, falcate.)

Agosia falcata, E1GENMANN & EIGENMANN, American Naturalist, xxvi1, February 4, 1893, 153,
Boise River, Caldwell, Idaho. (Coll. Eigenmann.) GriLpert & EverMANN, Investiga-
tions in Columbia River Basin, 42, 1894.

Agosia shuswap,* EIGENMANN & EIGENMANN, American Naturailst, xxvi1, February 4, 1893, 154,
Shushwap Lake, near mouth of Eagle River, British Columbia. (Coll. Kigen-
mann.)

Agosia falcata shuswap, E1GENMANN, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., xiv, 1894, (July 7, 1894), 111.

Subgenus AGOSIA.

519. AGOSIA CHRYSOGASTER, Girard.

Head 4; depth4; eye4. D.8; A.7; scales 88; teeth 4-4, without grinding
surface. Barbel small, but evident. Body fusiform ; head rather heavy, con-
ical; snout Uiberculnte in males in pyting. Mouth terminal, the Upper jaw

* Dorsal didietint f from base of middle caudal rays and posterior half of eye, inserted directly
over origin of ventrals; lateral band well marked, otherwise asin A, falc sata, (Kigenmaan. )
Apparently not differing from A. falcata,

514 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

the longer; maxillary reaching about line of orbit; mouth forming more
than a semicircle. Fins long, the ventrals reaching anal. Color, dark iron
gray above, sometimes spotted; a darker band of same along sides above
lateral line, extending from end of snout to middle of caudal where it
is most conspicuous; males with the belly yellow or orange. Tributaries
of the Gila River, not rare in mountain brooks. (ypvodc, gold; yaornp,
belly.)

Agosia chrysogaster, GIRARD, Proc, Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 187, and U. 8S. & Mex. Bound.
Surv.. Zo6l., 49, plate xxvurr, figs. 5 to 8, 1859, Rio Santa Cruz, Sonora. (Coll. Clark.)
JorDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 209, 1883.

Agosia metallica, GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 187, and U. S. & Mex. Bound. Surv.,
Zool., 49, plate xxvu1l, figs. 1 to 4, 1859, Rio San Pedro, Arizona. (Coll. Clark.) Jor-

DAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 209, 1885.

Hyborhynchus siderius,* (lapsus for Hybognathus), Cope, Zoél. Wheeler Sury., v, 670, plate xxx1,
figs. 6, 6a, 1875, (1876), Camp Lowell, Arizona. (Type, No. 16984. Coll. Rutter.)

Zophendum siderium, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 155, 1883.

130. HYBOPSIS, Agassiz.

(HORNY-HEADS.)

_ Hybopsis, AGass1z, Amer. Journ. Sci. Arts, 1854, 358, (gracilis = amblops).

Nocomis, GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 190, (nebrascensis = kentuckiensis).

Ceratichthys, Baird MS., Grrarp, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 212, (biguttatus = kentuckiensis).
Erinemus, JORDAN, Man. Vert., Ed. 1, 279, 1876, (hyalinus = amblops).

Erimystax, JoRDAN, Geol. Surv. Ohio, tv, ZoGl., 858, 1882, (dissimilis).

Yuriria, JORDAN & EVERMANN, new subgenus, (altus).

Body robust, or variously elongate. Mouth terminal or inferior, with
lips thin or somewhat fleshy, a conspicuous barbel always present and
terminalon the maxillary; asecond barbel sometimes present on each side;
premaxillaries protractile. Teeth 4-4, or 1, 4-4, 1, or 0; hooked, the grind-
ing surface narrow or obsolete. Scales usually rather large, 35 to 58 in
lateral line; Jateralline continuous. Dorsal fin inserted over, in front of,
or slightly behind ventrals; anal basis short. Males usually with nup-
tial tubercles, and sometimes flushed with red. A large and varied group,
closely allied to Notropis, from which it differs chiefly in the presence of
the small maxillary barbel. We here divide it into 4 subgenera, but a
greater number of subordinate groups could be recognized. The group
shows a range of variation as wide as that in Notropis, though with a
smaller number of species. (iG6c, gibbous; duc, face.)

a. Species of moderate orsmall size, the mouth inferior, horizontal; preorbital broad, silvery ;

sexes similar, the male sometimes tuberculate or with the fins rosy.
ERIMystTAXx, (€pt, an intensive particle ; pvstaz, barbel or moustache) :
b. Teeth one-rowed, 4-4; lips thickish ; body long and low, with the aspect of Gobio or
Phenacobius.
c. Teeth without grinding surface ; sides not marked by a series of dark blotches con-
nected by a lateral band ; eye moderate, 31% to 544 in head.
d. Scales rather large, 35 to 44 in the lateral line; barbel very long, sometimes

duplicated ; dorsal fin without black blotch on its upper posterior por-
tion ; snout projecting ; body slender; fins high.-

* In the type of H. siderius the barbel is plainly evident, a fact which Mr. Barton A. Bean has
recently kindly verified for us.

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 315

e. Barbels four; body sprinkled with black dots. TETRANEMUS, 520.
ee. Barbels two.
f. Back and sides sprinkled with dark dots.
g. Lower lobe of caudal pale ; snout moderate.

h. Eye small, 314 to 4 in head. ZESTIVALIS, 521.

hh. Eye rather large, 314 in head. HyYOSTOMUS, 522.

gg. Lower lobe of caudal black in life; color of back darker; snout
very long. GELIDUS, 523.

jf. Back and sides pale, not dusted with dark dots.
i. Lower lobe of caudal black in life ; eye small, 44% in head.
MEEKI, 524.
ii. Caudal fin with both lobes pale ; eye larger, 334 in head.

j. Scales 37. MONTANUS, 525.

jj. Scales 45. CUMINGI, 526.

dd. Scales small, about 56 in lateral line ; dorsal fin with a large black blotch
on its posterior rays ; a dark spot at base of caudal. MONACUS, 527.

cc. Teeth with aslight grinding surface ; eye very large, about 234 in head; sides
with a dark lateral band, expanded at intervals into round dark blotches.
k. Scales in lateral line about 44; 17 before dorsal. DISSIMILIS, 528.

kk. Scales in lateral line about 50; 20 before dorsal. WATAUGA, 529.
HYBOPSIS :

bb. Teeth two-rowed, 1, 4-4, 1 or 0, without grinding surface ; mouth small, below the
blunt snout ; scales large, 34 to 42 in lateralline. Silvery species, with conspic-
uous preorbital. Aspect of Notropis.
1. Dorsal fin in adult with a large dark blotch on its last rays above; lips thick, the
barbel very long; eye 3% in head. LABROSUS, 530.
Ul. Dorsal fin plain, without distinct markings.
m. Eye moderate, 314 to 314 in head; fins with red in spring males; sides with
a dark band ending in a caudal spot.
n. Head small, conical ; depth 4; scales 5-40-3. F7PSINoTts, 531,
nn. Head larger and less conical; depth 5; scales 5-36-3. RUBRIFRONS, 532.
mm. Eye large, 234 to 3 in head.
o. Sides with a dusky shade; size small, length 2 to 3 inches. AMBLOPS, 533.
oo. Sides bright silvery ; silvery preorbital broad and conspicuous ; size large,
4 to 10 inches or more in adult. STORERIANUS, 534.
Yurrrra, (from Lake Yuriria, Guanajuato, where the typical species abounds):
bbb. Teeth one-rowed, 4-4, with broad grinding surface and slight hook ; mouth rather
large, terminal; scales moderate, about 45; 18 before dorsal. Silvery species,

with conspicuous preorbital and very small barbel; size verylarge. ALtus, 535.
Nocomis:

aa. Species of large size, not silvery, with the mouth large, nearly terminal, the dorsal inserted
slightly behind ventrals; the teeth 44, or 1, 4-4, 1. Eye small; scales in lateral
line about 41. Aspect of Semotilus. KENTUCKIENSIS, 536.

Subgenus ERIMYSTAX, Jordan.
520. HYBOPSIS TETRANEMUS, Gilbert.

Head 4; depth 54; snout 24 in head, + of it projecting beyond moath;
eyesmall,5in head. D. 8; A. 8; lateral line 36 to 38; teeth 4-4. Closely
resembling H. wstivalis but with two long barbels at each angle of the
mouth, the one pair taking the place of the fleshy prominence seen in
gelidus and estivalis; longest barbel as long as eye. Head very slender,
slenderer than in wstivalis. Dorsal over ventrals,a little nearer tip of snout
than caudal. Fins large. Color as in e@stivalis, translucent silvery, with
irregular, scattered black dots above; median rays of each caudal lobe
dusky at base. Length2inches. Tributaries of Arkansas River in Kansas

316 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum,

and Arkansas; not rare; a most remarkable little fish, the only American
minnow with more than two barbels. (rezpa-, four; v7ua, barbel.)

Hybopsis tetranemus, GILBERT, Bull. Washburn College Lab., 1886, 208, Elm and Sp ing creeks,
Medicine Lodge, Kansas. (Coll. Cragin.)

521. HYBOPSIS ESTIV ALIS (Girard).

Head 3$; depth 53. D.8; A. 8; scales 6-36-4; teeth 4-4. Body slen-
der, with long caudal peduncle, the back scarcely elevated. Head long
and slender,the snout much projecting and rather pointed. Mouth mod-
erate, inferior, the maxillary reaching posterior nostril. Barbels con-
spicuous, nearly as long as snout, about 3 in head; each maxillary with
but asingle one. Eye small, 4 to 44in head. Fins rather long, the caudal
deeply forked, its lobes subequal; dorsal over ventrals, nearer snout than
base of caudal]. Color silvery; everywhere sprinkled with small black
dots; fins plain. Length 24 inches. Arkansas River to the Rio Grande,
abundant in sandy river channels, not in small brooks. (estivalis, per-
taining to-summer.)

Gobio eestivalis, GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 189, Rio San Juan, near Cadereita,
New Leon. (Coll. Couch.)

Ceratichythys sterletus, Cope, Zoil. Wheeler Survey, Vv, 652, 1875, (1876), Rio Grande, at San Ilde-
fonso, New Mexico. (Type, No. 16973. Coll. Cope & Shedd.)

Ceratichthys.sterletus and exstivalis, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 216, 1883.
Hybopsis xstivalis, JORDAN & GILBERT, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1886, 8.

Represented in Central Texas by

521a. HYBOPSIS ESTIVALIS MARCONIS, Jordan & Gilbert.

Eye larger than in estivalis, 3} in head; caudal peduncle stouter than
usual, its least depth half greatest depth of body. Length 3 inches.
Abundant in Rio San Marcos, a clear stream issuing from an immense
spring at San Marcos, Texas; also known from the Guadalupe River,
near San Marcos, and the Rio‘Comal at New Braunfels.

Hybopsis xstivalis marconis, JORDAN & GILBERT, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1886, 22, Rio San Mar-

cos, San Marcos, Texas. (Type, No. 36524. Coll. Jordan & Gilbert.) EVERMANN &
KENDALL, Bull, U. S. Fish Comm., x11, 1892, (1894), 104, plate 19, fig. 1.

522. HYBOPSIS HYOSTOMUS (Gilbert).

Head 4; depth 54; eye 3}. D. 8; A. 8; lateral line 37. Body and
head very slender; snout long, acute, projecting beyond mouth for half
its length; mouth short, wide, inferior; barbel long; pectoral large;
other fins small; 13 scales before dorsal. Silvery, everywhere dusted
with dark specks; fins pale, the lower lobe of caudal like the other.
Length 24 inches. Indiana to Iowa, and south to the Alabama River;
rather common in sandy river channels. (ic, hog; créua, mouth.)

Nocomis hyostomus, GILBERT, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1884, 208, White River, Bedford, Indi-
ana, (Type, No. 34980. Coll. Gilbert.)

523. HYBOPSIS GELIDUS (Girard).

Head 4; depth 5; eye 64; snout 2?. D.8; A. 9; scales 6—44-4. Body
slender, not much compressed, back little arched ; head long and slender;
mouth inferior, horizontal, broad, overhung by the very long, pointed

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 317

snout, which is considerably decurved ; barbel short, 13 in eye; eyes very
small, high up, midway of head; interorbital width equal to width of
mouth, about 3 in head. Caudal peduncle very long and slender. Fins
moderate; origin of dorsal a little nearer snout than base of caudal,
directly over base of ventrals; free edge of dorsal fin slightly concave,
the anterior ray but little produced, its length 1? in head; free edge of
anal little concave, length of first rays 12 in head; pectorals much
shorter than in H. meeki, 14 in head, the first rays not produced nor fila-
mentous, and not reaching ventrals; ventrals barely reaching vent, 13 in
head; caudal very long and deeply forked, the lobes as long as head, the
lower slightly the longer. Lateral line complete, straight; teeth 4-4,
strongly hooked. Color, sides silvery, pale below, scales of back each
with a group of fine dark specks on posterior border, these extending
almost to lateral line; rest of back and upper part of sides sparsely
dusted over with minute brownish specks; fins all pale except the cau-
dal, the lower lobe of which is dark, with a narrow white border below ;
upper lobe slightly dark at base. From Hybopsis meeki, which it most
closely resembles, this species may be distinguished by the much
longer and more pointed snout, the smaller eye, the much shorter pectoral
fins, and the darker coloration of the back. Middle Missouri River
basin from Wyoming to eastern Nebraska, locally common, but hitherto
overlooked; our specimens from Powder River at Arvada, Wyoming,
collected by Cox and Gillum. (gelidus, frozen.)

Gobio gelidus, GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 188, Milk River, Montana. (Coll.

Suckley.) Grrarp, Pac. R. R. Sury., 248, 1858.
Ceratichthys gelidus, JORDAN & GJLBERT, Synopsis, 216, 1883, (in part).

524. HYBOPSIS MEEKI, Jordan & Evermann, new species.

Head 4; depth 54. D. 8; A. 8; lateral line 44. Body very slender, not
elevated. Snout long, thick, blunt, overhanging the rather large mouth.
Barbel as long as eye. Head slender and elongate. Eye small, rather
high, 44 in head. Mouth small, subterminal, the maxillary not extending
to eye. Fins all large; pectoral as long as head; caudal deeply forked.
Lateral line decurved; scalesrather large. Coloration silvery, unspotted;
a dusky lateral streak ending in a blackish spot at base of caudal; lower
lobe of caudal abruptly black, edged below with white. Male with the
nuptial tubercles excessively developed, covering most of the body.
Length 2 inches. Missouri River at St. Joseph and elsewhere, in the
river channel; the types (No. 35889) collected by Jordan and Meek. A
curious little fish, heretofore confounded with JH. gelidus. (Named for
Dr. Seth Eugene Meek, of the University of Arkansas. )

Ceratichthys gelidus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 216, 1883, (in part).
Hybopsis gelidus, JonDAN & Meek, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1885, 10.

525. HYBOPSIS MONTANUS, Meek.

Head 3%; depth 5. D. 8; A. 6; scales 4-37-4, 14 before dorsal; teeth 4-4.
Body slender, little elongate, the eye high up, 3} in head; snout blunt,
rather long, 3} in head; mouth rather large, inferior, the lower jaw
included; the maxillary past front of eye; barbel long. Dorsal above

318 Bulletin 47, Untied States National Museum.

ventrals; fins moderate. Color plain brownish, without black dots, sides
and below silvery; fins plain. Length 2} inches. Types supposed to be
from the upper Missouri. ;

Hybupsis montanus, MEEK, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1884, 526, locality unknown, but collected
by Dr. F. V. Hayden. (Type, No. 36882.)

526. HYBOPSIS CUMINGII (Giinther.)

Head 44; body 5. D.8; A. 8; scales 6-45-6; teeth one-rowed? Barbels
minute. Eye entirely in the anterior half of the length of the head, and
nearly as long as the snout, which is obtuse, rounded, convex, the mouth
being subinferior. Interobital space convex, as wide as the orbit. Sub-
orbital ring extremely narrow. Origin of dorsal fin a little behind ven-
trals, somewhat nearer root of caudal than end of snout. Pectorals not
reaching ventrals. Olivaceous, a grayish silvery band from gill opening
to the root of caudal, where it terminates in a black spot. Length 34
inches. California, (Gunther.) Notseen by us. (Named for H. Cuming.)

Ceratichthys cumingii, GUNTHER, Cat., v1, 177, 1868, California, (Coll. H. Cuming); copied in
JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 213, 1883.

527. HYBOPSIS MONACUS (Cope).

Head 4; depth 54. D.8; A.8; scales 8-56-4; teeth 4-4. Body slender,
somewhat compressed, not much elevated. Head long and rather slender,
flattish above, with projecting muzzle; mouth inferior, horizontal, small,
the maxillary not reaching the eye, which is quite small, 4+ in head.
Seales rather small; 24 scales in front of dorsal. Fins moderate. Color
light olive; a metallic vertebral band; sides and belly silvery ; no lateral
band; a conspicuous black spot at base of caudal; muzzle dusky; mem-
brane of upper posterior part of dorsal fin black as in Notropis whipplii
and related species. Length 4 inches. Tennessee Basin, in the river
channels; rather scarce. (monachus, uovayoc, solitary.)

Ceratichthys monacus, Cope, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, 227, Holsten River, Washing-

ton County, Virginia. (Coll. Cope.)
Ceratichthys monachus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 217, 1883.

528. HYBOPSIS DISSIMILIS (Kirtland).
(SpoTTED SHINER.)

Head 44; depth 5. D.8; A. 7; scales 6-40 to 47-5; teeth 4-4, often with
slight grinding surface. Body long and slender, little compressed, with
long caudal peduncle. Head long, rather flat above, the snout somewhat
bluntly decurved, projecting a little beyond the rather small, horizontal
mouth; lower jaw included; both jaws with the skin hard in front. form-
ing asort of liplaterally. Barbel considerably shorter than pupil; max-
illary not reaching nearly to orbit. Eye very large, high up, somewhat
directed upward, rather behind middle of head, forming more than one-
third length of head. Opercle small. Dorsal rather large, its posterior
border oblique; anal small; caudal well forked; pectoral rather long.
Scales rather large, 16 to 18 in front of dorsal. Lateral line nearly straight.
Olivaceous ; back irregularly mottled; sides silvery, with a bluish lateral

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 319

band, which is widened into several dusky spots, formed by dark punctu-

lations,and most distinct posteriorly; a dusky band on head, through

eyes and snout; finsplain. Length3to4inches. Lake Erie to the head-

waters of the Tennessee, west to Arkansas and Iowa; rather common in

the river channels. (dissimilis, not similar, to other shiners.)

Iuzxilus dissimilis, KirTLaND, Bost. Journ, Nat. Hist., m1, 1840, 341, pl. rv, fig. 2, Mahoning
River, Ohio, and Lake Erie, near Cleveland.

Ceratichthys dissimilis, Copr, Cypr. Penn., 367, 1866; GUNTHER, Cat., vil, 177, 1868; JonDAN &
GILBERT, Synopsis, 215, 1883.

529. HYBOPSIS WATAUGA, Jordan & Evermann.,

Head 44; depth 54 too. D. 7; A. 7; scales 5-48 to 52-4, 20 to 24 before
dorsal ; teeth 44, small, hooked, with slight grinding surface. Body more
elongate than in H. dissimilis, the scales smaller and the coloration less
variegated. Olivaceous, with a bluish lateral stripe not so wide as eye
passing around snout; on this stripe 8 to 12 blackish spots, diffuse and
smaller than eye, one of these at base of caudal; a dark speck on front
of opercle; fins plain. Length 4 inches. Known from Holston River,
Virginia; Watauga River, Tennessee; White River, Arkansas; Big Barren
River, Kentucky ; and Tippecanoe River, Indiana; probably abundant and
apparently replacing H. dissimilis in mountain streams; size usually larger
than in H. dissimilis.

Hybopsis watauga, JoRpDAN & EVERMANN, Proc. U.S, Nat. Mus., 1888, 355, Watauga River, Eliz-
abethtown, Tennessee ; North Fork Holston River, Saltville, Virginia. (Type,
No. 39929. Coll. Jordan, Jenkins, & Evermann.) Woo.iman, Bull. U.S. Fish Comm., x1,
1892, 258.

Subgenus HYBOPSIS.
530. HYBOPSIS LABROSUS (Cope).

Head 4+; depth 44. D. 8; A. 7; scales 5-34 to 40-3; teeth 1, 4-4, 1.
Body long and slender, little compressed. Head rather long, narrow, and
pointed, very slender in young specimens, stouter in adults. Snout
decurved in profile, long, overhanging the large mouth; lips much thick-
ened, the lower with an internal fringe of papille; barbels extremely
long, more than half diameter of eye. Eye moderate, nearly median, 3}
in head. Scales moderate, closely imbricated, 16 in front of dorsal. Fins
rather small; caudal deeply forked, its peduncle long and slender. Males
dark steel blue, with black markings on back and especially at base of
dorsa. ; females very pale silvery, with a blue streak along sides of tail.
A small round black spot at base of caudal; a dark lateral streak, obso-
lete anteriorly ; large specimens with a large dark patch on the last rays
of the dorsal, as in Notropis whipplii; base of the caudal with dark points,
males in spring with the head and neck profusely tubereulate and the tins
flushed with crimson. Length 3 inches. Basin of the Santee, in North
and South Carolina; common. (labrosus, thick-lipped. )

Ceratichthys labrosus, Cork, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., 1870, 458, tributaries of Catawba River,
McDowell and Burke counties, North Carolina. (Coll. Cope.)
Ceratichthys zanemus, JonvAN & Brayton, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., x11, 1878, 24, Saluda River,

Greenville, North Carolina. (Type, No. 31126. Coll. Jordan & Brayton.)
Ceratichthys labrosus and zanemus, JorvAN & GiLbeRt, Synopsis, 217, 1883.

320 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

531. HYBOPSIS HYPSINOTUS (Cope).

Head 32; depth 4. D. 8; A. 8; scales 5-40-3; teeth 1, 44, 1. Body
stouter, more elevated, and more compressed than in H. rubrifrons. Head
short, broad above, much smaller and more conical thanin H. rubrifrons ;
outline of back rather abruptly declining bebind front of dorsal fin, so that
the base ofthe fin is oblique. Mouth inferior, horizontal, small, the max-
illary reaching line of orbit. Barbels small. Eye small, 33 in head.
Color silvery, with a double series of black specks along lateral line, and
a lateral band of dusted blackish, which passes through eye and snout and
ends in a faint caudal spot; males with the fins bright red, and the body
with a deep violet luster, as in Notropis rubricroceus. Length 3 inches.
Santee Basin, in North Carolinaand South Carolina; ratherrare. Resem-
bles Notropis procne, but has an evident barbel. (dwu-, high; varoc, back.)

Ceratichthys hypsinotus, CopE, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. Phila., 1870, 458, tributaries of Catawba
River, McDowell County, North Carolina. (Coll. Cope.) Jorpan & Brayton, Bull.
U.S. Nat. Mus., x11, 1878, 25, and JorpAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 215, 1883.

532. HYBOPSIS RUBRIFRONS (Jordan).

Head4; depth 5, D. 8; A. 7; scales 5-36-3; teeth 1, 44,0. Form of
Hybopsis amblops.. Head long, narrower than in H. amblops. Eye moder-
ate, 3+ to 3} in head, wider than the interorbital space. Mouth small,
inferior, overhung by the bluntly decurved but not very broad muzzle;
barbels quite long and distinct, 13 scales in front of the dorsal.
Fins well developed ; the first rays of the dorsal about twice height of
last. Pale olivaceous; sides with a plumbeous silvery band, in some
specimens forming a stripe through eye and snout, and a dark spot at base
of caudal; cheeks silvery; snout in males red, with numerous dust-like
tubercles; specimens in high spring coloration have the fins largely red.
Length 3inches. Basin of the Altamaha, Georgia; common. (ruber, red;
frons, forehead. )

Nocomis rubrifrons, JORDAN, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 1876, 330, Ocmulgee River, Flat
Shoals, Georgia. (Type, Nos. 17863 & 20146. Coll. Jordan.)
Ceratichthys rubrifrons, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 214, 1883.

533. HYBOPSIS AMBLOPS (Rafinesque).

(SILVER CHUB.)

Head 4; depth 5. D. 8; A. 7; scales 5-38-4; teeth 1, 4-4, 1. Body
rather slender, somewhat heavy anteriorly, not much compressed. Head
large, flattened and broad above; eye very large, longer than snout and
longer than interorbital space, 3in head. Mouth horizontal, subinferior,
and rather small; muzzle bluntly decurved; upper lip below level of
orbit; maxillary not reaching line of front of orbit; barbel evident.
Fins moderate. Lateral line somewhat decurved; sixteen scales before
dorsal. Color translucent greenish; scales somewhat dark-edged; sides
with a bright silvery band which overlies dark pigment, so that some-
times a plumbeous or even blackish band appears; a dark band through
eye around snout; males without tubercles or red coloration. Length 2

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 321

to 3inches. New York to Iowa, and southward to Alabama. Very com-
mon in the Ohio Valley and the Tennessee Valley. Southern specimens,
(var. winchelli), have the head narrower and the barbel rather shorter.
(auG2vc¢, blunt; ow, face.)

Rutilus amblops, RAFINESQUE, Ichth. Oh., 51, 1820, Ohio River, at the Falls.

Hybopsis gracilis, AGAssiz, Amer. Journ. Sci. Arts, 1854, 358, Huntsville, Alabama.

Hybopsis winchelli, GrRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 211, Black Warrior River, Ala-
bama. (Coll. Winchell.)

Ceratichthys hyalinus, Cope, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, 226, tributary Holston River.
(Type, No. 14995, Coll. Cope.) Gtnruer, Cat., vir, 179, 1868.

Nocomis amblops, JORDAN, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 1876, 328,

Ceratichthys amblops, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 214, 1883.

534. HYBOPSIS STORERIANUS (Kirtland).

Head 44; depth 4; eye 3; snout 3. D. 8; A. 8; scales 5-42-4. Body
elongate, compressed, the back somewhat elevated from the occiput to
base of dorsal, thence rapidly declined to the long and slender caudal
peduncle. Head short, compressed, the cheeks nearly vertical. Interor-
bital space rather broad and flat, somewhat grooved. Eye very large,
circular, high up, about 3 in head, nearly midway of length of head, its
diameter about equal to length of snout, scarcely greater than width of
interorbital space. Preorbital bone large, oblong, conspicuous, and sil-
very. Mouth rather small, horizontal, the lower jaw included; edge of
premaxillary below level of eye; maxillary not reaching’ to front of orbit.
Barbel conspicuous. Snout boldly and.abruptly decurved, much as in H.
amblops, the tip of the snout thickened, forming a sort of pad. Lateral
line somewhat decurved. Rows of scales along back converging behind
dorsal, where the upper series run out, as in Notropis cornutus. Fins
rather higher and more falcate than in H. kentuckiensis; dorsal fin inserted
well forward, over ventrals; pectoral fins pointed, not reaching ventrals ;
ventrals not reaching vent; caudal long, deeply forked. Teeth usually
1,4+4, 0, hooked, without grinding surface. Translucent greenish above ;
sides and below brilliantly silvery; cheeks and opercles with a bright sil-
very luster; fins plain; aslight plumbeous lateral shade; no caudal spot ;
no red. Length 5 to 10 inches. Lake Erie to Nebraska and eastern
Wyoming, Tennessee, and Arkansas; abundant in the larger streams,
especially in lowa. (Named for David Humphreys Storer, author of the
excellent History of the Fishes of Massachusetts, and of the first ‘Syn-
opsis of the Fishes of North America,” (1846).

Rutilus storerianus, KiRTLAND, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1, 1842, 71, Lake Erie.

Gobio vernalis, GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 189, Arkansas River, Fort Smith.
(Coll. Shumard.)

Ceratichthys lucens, JORDAN, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1879, 238, Falls of Ohio River, New Albany,
Indiana; (Type, No. 23462. Coll. Jordan.), and Jornpan & GILBERT, SynObpsis, 213, 1883,

Hybopsis storerianus, JORDAN & Meek, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1885, 6.

Subgenus YURIRIA, Jordan & Evermann.
535. HYBOPSIS ALTUS (Jordan),

(Pesca BLANCA.)

Head 3% to 44; depth 3% to4}. D.8; A. 8; scales 9-45-3, 16 to 19 before
dorsal; teeth 4-4, with broad grinding surface and slight hook. Body

F.N. A. 22

322 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

rather elongate, compressed, the back elevated; head rather long and
low, the anterior profile gently curved, a little depressed over the eye;
snout long, rather blunt at tip, 34 in head; eye rather small, 54 in head;
mouth rather large, oblique, the lower jaw slightly included, the pre-
maxillary on level of pupil; maxillary reaching about to eye, 3} in head;
a very small, but evident barbel at tip, (overlooked in the original
description); preorbital broad; suborbital narrow; opercle broad, silvery.
Lateral line complete, decurved anteriorly. Scales large, not closely
imbricated, those on breast and back little reduced. Dorsal high, pointed,
the anterior rays much longer than posterior, tbe first over ventrals and
over 17th scale of lateral line, 14 in head; caudal well forked; anal
short, pointed; pectorals pointed, reaching ventrals. Color pale oliva-
ceous above; sides silvery; fins plain; sexes alike. Length 15 inches.
Lakes and streams of Guanajuato, tributary to Rio Lerma, Pacific drain-
age. One of the largest minnows; a food-fish of some local importance;
here described from specimens obtained by Mr. Woolman in Rio de Lerma,
at Salamanca, in Guanajuato. (altus, high, from the form of the body.)

Hudsonius altus, JORDAN, Proc. U. S. ‘Nat. Mus., 1879, 301, Lake Tupataro, Guanajuato.
(Type, No. 23125-9. Coll. Dugés.)

Cliola alta, JonDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 163, 1883.

Hybopsis altus, WooLMAN, Bull. U. 8. Fish Comm., xtrv, 1894, 61.

Subgenus NOCOMIS, Girard.
536. HYBOPSIS KENTUCKIENSIS (Rafinesque).

(Horny Heap; River Cuvus; JERKER; INDIAN CHUB.)

Head 4; depth44. D.8; A.7; seales 6-41-4; teeth 1, 4-4, 1, or 1, 4-4, 0,
sometimes 4-4. Body rather robust, little elevated, not much compressed.
Head large, rather broadly rounded above; the snout conical, bluntish.
Mouth rather large, subterminal, little oblique, the lower jaw somewhat
the shorter; upper lip rather below level of eye; maxillary not reaching
to front of eye. Eye small, median, high up. Barbel well developed.
Suborbitals very narrow; preorbital large. Fins moderate; the dorsal
rather posterior, slightly behind insertion of ventrals; caudal broad,
little forked. Scales large, not crowded anteriorly, 18 rows in front of
dorsal. Lateral line somewhat decurved. Color bluish.olive; sides with
bright green and coppery reflections; a curved dusky bar behind opercle;
scales above with dark borders; belly pale, but not silvery, rosy in spring
males; fins all pale orange, without black spot; males in spring with a
crimson spot on each side of head; adults with the top of the head
swollen, forming a sort of crest, which is sometimes a third of an inch
higher than level of the neck and is covered with large tubercles;
young with a dark caudal spot. Length 6 to 9 inches. Pennsylvania to
Wyoming and Alabama, on both sides of the Alleghanies; everywhere
abundant in the larger streams, seldom ascending small brooks; one of
the most widely diffused of our Cyprinidw; western specimens usually
have the teeth in two rows. Variable.

Lusxilus kentuckiensis, RAFINESQUE, Ichth. Oh., 48, 1820, Ohio River.

Catostomus melanotus, RAFINESQUE, I. c., 58, 1820, Ohio River, at the Falls.

Semotilus biguttatus, K1RTLAND, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., 1840, 111, 344, pl. v, fig. 1, Yellow Creek,
a tributary of Mahoning River, Ohio.

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. B20

Nocomis nebrascensis, GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 190, Sweetwater River,
Nebraska. (Coll. Bowman.)

Nocomis bellicus, GIRARD, I. c., 213, 1856, Black Warrior River. (Coll. Winchell.)

Ceratichthys leptocephalus, GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 213, Salem, North Carolina.

Ceratichthys cyclotis, Cope, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, 277, Grosse Isle, Waterford, Clin-
ton River, and Bruce, Michigan; GUNTHER, Cat., vl, 178, 1868.

Ceratichthys micropogon, Corr, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, 277, Conestoga River, Penn-
sylvania. (Coll. Jacob Stauffer.)

Ceratichthys stgmaticus, Cope, l. c., 278, 1864, Michigan; GUnrueEr, Cat., vir, 179, 1868.

Ceratichthys biguttatus, Corr, Cypr. Penn., 366, 1866; GUNTHER, Cat., v1, 178, 1868.

Ceratichthys biguttatus and C. micropogon, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 212, 1883.

131. COUESIUS, Jordan.

Couesius, JORDAN, Bull. Hayden’s Geol. Sury. Terr., rv, 785, 1878, (milnert).

Body elongate. Head normal, not depressed, the profileconvex. Mouth
terminal, normal, a well-developed barbel on the anterior side of maxil-
lary, just above its tip. Teeth 2, 44, 2, hooked, without grinding sur-
face. Scales rather small; lateral line continuous. Dorsal fin over or
slightly behind ventrals; anal basis short. Size rather large. This genus
is closely related to the section Nocomis under Hybopsis, from which it
may be separated by the presence of 2 teeth in the lesser row, by the posi-
tion of the barbel, and by the smaller scales. Its relations with Semotilus
are equally close. The species are not well known. (Named, for Dr.
Elliott Coues, the most versatile and most inspiring writer on American
ornithology, (1842 ) who collected the-type species in large numbers. )

a. Scales in a cross series from dorsal to lateral line about 17; 66 in the lateral line.
SQUAMILENTUS, 537.

aa. Scales in a cross series from dorsal to lateral line 10 to 13.
b. Scales in the lateral line 63 to 72.
c. Free margin of dorsal fin concave, the anterior rays extending beyond the last rays

when the fin is depressed. PLUMBEUS, 538.
cc. Free margin of dorsal not concave, the tips of the anterior rays not reaching tips
of last rays when the fin is depressed, DISSIMILIS, 539.
bb. Scales in the lateral line 55-to 58.
d. Scales before dorsal about 36. GREENI, 540,
dd. Scales before dorsal about 27. ADUSTUS, 541.

537. COUESIUS SQUAMILENTUS (Cope).

Head 34; depth 5; eye 4%. D.8; A.7; scales 17-66-14; teeth 2, 4-4, 1.
Form stout, the profile nearly plane; muzzle not prominent. Mouth hori-
zontal, the maxillary not reaching orbit; eye rather small, shorter than
snout. Isthmus wide. Barbel quite small. Dorsal fin slightly in advance
of ventrals, behind middle of body. Scales quitesmall. Olivaceous above;
sides silvery ; a lateral band of dark punctulations; fins plain. Henry’s
Fork of Green River in southwestern Wyoming. (Cope.) Perhaps not
distinct from C. dissimilis, but the scales in transverse series said to be
much more numerous. (squamilentus, small-scaled. )

Ceratichthys squamilentus, Cork, Hayden’s Geol. Surv. Wyom., 1870, (1871), 442, Henry Fork
of Green River, Wyoming, Colorado basin.
Conesius sqwamilentus, JonDAN & GiLLpeRt, Synopsis, 218, 1883.

538. COUESIUS PLUMBEUS (Agassiz).

Head 44; depth4+; eye 4. D.8; A. 8; scales 11-60 to 70-7; teeth 2, 4-4, 2.
Form of Semotilus atromaculatus, but more elongate and less compressed.

324 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

Head flattish above, the snout broad, somewhat projecting over the large,
oblique mouth; maxillary reaching front of eye. Barbel evident. Eye
large, as long as snout, 1} in interorbital space. Scales small, crowded
forwards, those on the back smaller. Dorsal beginning over last ray of
ventrals. Height of dorsal fin 1 to 1} in head; free margin of the fin con-
cave, the anterior rays produced and extending beyond the others when
the fin is depressed; longest anal ray 12 to 12 in head, its form similar to
that of dorsal. Dusky above; sides somewhat silvery ; an obscure dusky
band through eye around snout; fins plain. Length 6inches. Streams
and lakes, from Lake Superior east to the Adirondack region and New
Brunswick; not very common, except northward. (plumbeus, lead-colored.)
Gobio plunbeus, AGAss1z, Lake Superior, 366, 1856, Lake Superior. (Coll. Agassiz.)
Ceratichthys prosthemius, Corr, Cypr. Penn., 365, 1866, Montreal River, Keweenaw Point,
Lake Superior. (Coll. Dr. J. H. Slack.)
Nocomis milneri, JORDAN, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., x, 64,1877, Lake Superior. (Type, No. 20332.
Coll. Milner.)
Ceratichthys plumbeus, GUNTHER, Cat., VII, 176, 1868.
Couesius dissimilis, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 218, 1883, in part.
Couesius prosthemius, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 219, 1883.

539. COUESIUS DISSIMILIS (Girard).

Head 43 to 43; depth 4 to 5; eye 4 to 5in head; snout3to4. D.8; A.
8; scales 12-68-8, varying from 64 to 72. Very close to C. plumbeus, the
only important difference being in the form of the dorsal fin. Height of
dorsal fin 14 to 1} in head; free margin of fin nearly straight, the anterior
rays littleif at all produced; when depressed barely reaching end of
other rays; longest anal ray 13 in head, the free margin of fin straight,
the first rays where depressed not reaching beyond others. Upper Mis-
souri and Black Hills region; generally common; probably a variety of
C. plumbeus. (dissimilis, dissimilar, to Semotilus atromaculatus.)

Leucosomus dissimilis, GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 189, Milk River and Little
Muddy River, Montana. (Type, No. 158. Coll. Suckley.) :

540. COUESIUS GREENI, Jordan.

Head 4,5; depth 4,5; snout 33. D.8; A. 8; scales 10-57-7; teeth 2,
4-4, 2. Body robust, the back convex before the dorsal, profile of
head straight and rather steep, space between eyes broad and flattish,
3+ in head. Snout bluntish, but rather long; premaxillary just above
level of lower part of pupil; maxillary reaching almost to orbit, 32 in
head; barbel well developed, not quite at end of maxillary; its length
considerably less than that of pupil. Mouth moderately oblique, the
lower jaw slightly included. Dorsal fin inserted behind base of ventrals
and behind middle of body, at a point midway between preopercle and
base of caudal, the fin of moderate height. Pectoral shortish, 13 in
head, ventrals nearly 2. Caudal well forked, the lobes equal; scales
larger than in most related species, scarcely reduced forward and but
little smaller on the back than on the sides; 36 scales in front of the
dorsal. Color dark olive above, the sides reddish silvery; slight traces
of a lateral band, a dark streak below the eye, undulating and extending

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 325

from side of upper jaw to opercle. Lining of shoulder girdle dusky;

fins without definite marking, the upper somewhat dusky. Length 6

inches. Stuart Lake, headwaters of Fraser River, British Columbia, and

Lake Pend d’Oreille, Idaho. (Named for its discoverer, Ashdown H.

Green, of Victoria.)

Couesius greeni, JORDAN, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1893, 313, Stuart's Lake, British Columbia.
(Type, No, 44454.) Gitpert & EveRMANN, Investigations in Columbia River Basin, 44,
1894.

541. COUESIUS ADUSTUS, Woolman.

Head 44; depth 4%; eye moderate, 33 to 4; snout 34 to 34. D.8; A.
7; scales 13-58-8, 27 before dorsal; teeth 2, 4-4, 2. Body moderately
elongate, compressed, the back a little elevated, the anterior profile
rather convex. Snout rather long, slightly pointed; mouth low, ter-
minal, oblique, the jaws subequal, the maxillary opposite posterior nos-
tril; barbel evident in young, inconspicuous in adult, its position not
quite terminal. Interorbital space broad, flattish ; eye moderate; preor-
bital broad. Scales small, those before dorsal and on belly smallest;
lateral line decurved. Dorsal inserted over or a little behind ventrals, the
latter reaching the vent. Olivaceous, dusky above; sides silvery, a nar-
row plumbeous lateral band from snout to caudal, ending in asmall black
caudal spot which is obsolete in adult; fins all plain. Length 4 inches.
Rio de los Conchos, Chihuahua; three specimens known. The smallest
of these is deeper in body, more silvery, and with the barbel more
conspicuous. (adustus, scorched.)

OCouesius adustus, WooLMAN, Bull. U. 8. Fish Comm., xiv, 1894, 57, May 3, 1894, Rio de los
Conchos, Chihuahua. (Coll. Woolman & Cox.)

132. PLATYGOBIO, Gill.
Platygobio, G1tu, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. Phila., v, 12, 178, 1863, (communis).

Body rather elongate, somewhat compressed. Head rather short, more
or less broad or depressed above; mouth normal, rather large, subter-
minal, with a well-developed barbel at its angle, at the extremity of the
maxillary. Scales large. Lateral line continuous. Dorsal inserted ante-
riorly, rather in front of ventrals. Teeth 2, 4-4, 2, with rather narrow
grinding surface. Size large; males without nuptial pigments or bright
colors. (mAatic, broad; Gobio, a gudgeon.)

a, Anterior profile nowhere concave, the head not specially depressed above; eye moderate,

424, in head. PHYSIGNATHUS, 542.
aa, Anterior profile more or less concave above the depressed and flattened head.

b. Eye small, 4 to 6in head in adult; snout not tuberculate in males, so far as known;

size large. GRACILIS, 543,

bb. Eye large, 334 in head; males with the snout tuberculate; size small. PALLIDUus, 54.

542. PLATYGOBLO PHYSIGNATHUS (Cope).

Head 4}; depth 4%; eye 4% in head, 14 in snout, which is 3 in head,
D.8; A. 8, scales 6-48-5, 20 before dorsal; teeth 2, 4-4, 2, with distinet
grinding surface. Body slender, the caudal peduncle stout. Head
shorter, narrower, blunter, and less depressed than in P. gracilis. Dorsal

326 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

outline little arched, the profile descending steeply to the lip, nearly
even and nowhere concave. Lower jaw included, maxillary reaching
anterior border of orbit. Barbels well developed. Dorsal fin inserted in
front of ventrals. Olivaceous above, white below; a plumbeous lateral
band; fins plain. Length 6 inches. Upper waters of Arkansas River;
very abundant in the channels, the most common fish at Pueblo, Colo-
rado. (@vodw, to thicken; yvafoc, jaw.)

Ceratichthys physignathus, Cork, Wheeler Sury., Zodl., v, 651, 1875, (1876), Arkansas River,

Pueblo, Colorado. (Coll. Aiken.)

Couesius physignathus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 219, 1883; JorDAN, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm.,
Ix, 1889, 17.

543. PLATYGOBIO GRACILIS (Richardson).

(FLAT-HEADED Citus.)

Head 44+; depth 4%; eye 6 in adult. D.8; A. 8; scales 6-50-5; teeth
2,4-4,2. Body rather elongate, somewhat compressed, little elevated.
Head small and short, its upper surface very broad and depressed, the
interorbital width being nearly half length of head; region behind nape
gibbous, so that the anterior profile is more or less concave. Mouth
rather large, slightly oblique, the upper lip on level of lower part of
eye; maxillary reaching front of eye; upper jaw very protractile, lower
jaw included. Eye small, rather high up and anterior. Fins rather
large; dorsal in advance of middle of body; pectorai faleate, its upper
rays elongate; caudal peduncle rather stout. Scales large and silvery;
lateral line decurved; 23 scales in front of dorsal. Snout not tuberculate
in males, so far as known. Coloration pale; back olive, sides and below
silvery ; head mostly white; fins pale; no dark lateral band or caudal
spot. Length 12 inches. East slope of the Rocky Mountains, from the
Missouri and Yellowstone rivers to the Saskatchewan; abundant in river
channels as far south as Kansas City, not ascending to springs. (gracilis,
slender.)

Cyprinus (Leuciscus) gracilis, RICHARDSON, Fauna Bor.-Amer., Fishes, 120, 1836, Saskatchewan
River, at Carleton House. ;

Pogonichthys communis, GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 188, and Pac. R. R. Sury., x, 247,
1858, Fort Pierre, Fort Union, Milk River, Yellowstone River, Sweetwater
River. (Type, No. 189, etc. Coll. Suckley.)

Pogonichthys (Platygobio) gulonellus, Cork, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, 277, near Bridger’s
Pass; ‘‘anal rays 9; scales 48.’’ (Coll. Hammond.)

Leuciscus gracilis, GUNTHER, Cat., vit, 240, 1868.

Leucosomus communis and gulonellus, GUNTHER, Cat., vil, 267, 268, 1868.

Platygobio communis, G1LL, Captain Simpson’s Expl. Utah, 408, 1876.
Platygobio gracilis, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 220, 1883.

544, PLATYGOBIO PALLIDUS, Forbes.

Head 4; depth 4%; eye 33, 2 in interorbital width; snout 33. D.8; A.
8; scales 6-55-5; teeth 2, 4-4, 2, hooked and with masticatory surface.
Head flat above, the snout overhanging the mouth, which is large and
wide, with a maxillary barbel about one-third as long as eye. Mandible
reaching vertical through middle of iris. Scales with 22 rows before dor-
sal, where they are much smaller than elsewhere. Lateral line straight,

——

:

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America, 327

except for a few scales in front. Pectoral fins large and pointed, reach-
ing ventrals, the latter to vent; front of dorsal a trifle before ventrals
and a little nearer snout than caudal. Color plain, with a plumbeous
luster along sides, and traces of a dusky lateral stripe behind dorsal.
Length 24 inches. (Forbes.) One specimen from the Ohio River at Cairo,
probably adult, as the snout is tuberculate. A doubtful species, per-
haps the young of P. gracilis. (pallidus, pale.)

Platygobio pallidus, Fores, MS., Jorpan & GILBERT, Synopsis, 220, 1883, Ohio River, at
Cairo, Illinois. (Coll. Forbes.)

123. EXOGLOSSUM (Rafinesque).

Exoglossum, RAFINESQUF, Journ. Ac, Nat. Sci. Phila., 1, 1818, 420, (lesweurianum).
Mavillingua, RAFINESQUE, |. c., 1818, 421, (mavillingua).

Body moderately elongate, little compressed. Mouth peculiar, the
mandible being contracted and incurved, its outline strongly 3-lobed;
this appearance is due to the fact that the dentary bones lie close
together, parallel, and are united throughout their length, instead of
forming a broad arch, as in all other Cyprinoid fishes; lower lip repre-
sented by a broad, fleshy lobe on each side of the mandible. Upper jaw
not protractile; upper lip thick, somewhat plicate. Pharyngeal bones
small, the tooth hooked, without grinding surface, 1, 4-4, 1. Scales
moderate. Lateral linecomplete. Fins without spines. Dorsal slightly
behind ventrals. Anal basis short. Isthmus broad. Gill rakers weak.
Pseudobranchiz present. Air bladder normal. Alimentary canal short;
peritoneum white. Size rather large. Sexual changes not marked, the
males with some black pigment. One of the most strongly marked genera
of Cyprinidae, with a single species. (w, outside; y/Adécca, tongue. )

545. EXOGLOSSUM MAXILLINGUA (Le Sueur).

(Cur-Ltips ; Nigger Coup; Niacer Dick.)

Head 4; depth 44. D.8; A. 7; scales 8-53-5; teeth 1, 4-4, 1. Body
rather stout, little compressed. Head large, broad and flattish above,
with tumid cheeks. Mouth moderate, slightly oblique, the end of maxil-
lary not reaching line of orbit. Upper jaw longer than lower. Scales
rather crowded anteriorly, those in front of dorsal small. Color oliva-
ceous, smoky or dark above; a blackish bar behind opercle, and a dusky
shade at root of caudal in young; fins unmarked. Length 6inches. Lake
Ontario, St. Lawrence River, Lake Champlain, Hudson River, and Cayuga
Lake, and southward to Virginia; abundant in the basins of the Susque-
hanna, Hudson, Potomac, James, Roanoke, and Kanawha, but not widely
distributed. One of the most singular of the Cyprinidae, distinguished
at sight by its 3-lobed lower jaw. (mazilla, jaw; lingua, tongue.)

Cyprinus mazillingua, Le Suevr, Journ, Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1, 1817, 85, Pipe Creek, Mary-
land.

Exoglossum annulatum, Rarinesque, Journ. Ac. Nat, Sci, Phila., 1, 1818, 421, Hudson River.

Exoglossum nigrescens, RAFINESQUE, I. c., 1818, 421, Lake Champlain.

Exoglossum vittatum, RAFINESQUE, ?. c., 1818, 421, Hudson River.

Broglossum lesueurianum, RArinesque, l. ¢., 1818, 421, (after Le Sueur).

Exoglossom mazillingua, GUNtuER, Cat., vil, 188, 1868; Corr, Cypr. Penn., 360, 1866; Jorpan &
GILBERT, Synopsis, 160, 1883,

328 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

134. LEPIDOMEDA, Cope.
Lepidomeda, Corr, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc, Phila., 1874, 131, (vittata),

Body elongate. Mouth terminal, without barbels. Teeth 2, 4-4, 2,
hooked, without grinding surface. Scales small; lateral line complete.
Dorsal fin with a strong spine, composed of two, the posterior received
into a longitudinal groove of the anterior. Inner border of the ventral |
fins adherent to the body. Dorsal fininserted behind the ventrals. Anal
basis short. Size small. Extraordinary little fishes of the desert region
of Arizona. (Aezic, scale; Meda.)

a, Eye 334 in head; depth 414 in length. VITTATA, 546.
aa. Eye large, 314 in head ; depth 5 in length. JARROVI, 547.

546. LEPIDOMEDA VITTATA, Cope.

Head 32; depth 44; eye 3?. D.II,7; A.9; teeth2,44,2. Body rather
stout. Head wide and flat above, slightly depressed behind the eyes.
Muzzle obtuse, not prominent. Mouth terminal, oblique. Scales small,
covering the whole body except space behind pectorals; 26 series above
lateral line and 56in front of dorsal. Preorbital bone trapezoidal. Second
dorsal spine as long as the first and wider. Dorsal] rayssomewhat enlarged
and ossified. Pectorals scarcely enlarged. Color silvery ; a lead-colored
lateral band and a black dorsal band. Length 32 inches. Known
only from the Colorado Chiquito River, Arizona, and from Panranagat
Valley, Nevada. (vittatus, striped.)

Lepidomeda vittata, Corr, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. Phila., 1874, 131, Rio Colorado Chiquito,
Arizona; (Type, No. 15785. Coll. Henshaw;) and Zoil. Wheeler Surv., v, 642, pl. xxvI,
figs. 2, 2a, 1875, (1876); Jorpan & GitBeRT, Synopsis, 251, 1883, (1876); GiBERT, Fishes of
Death Valley Expedition, 231, 1893.

547. LEPIDOMEDA JARROVII, Cope.

Head 4; depth 5; eye 34. D.II,7; A. 9; teeth 2, 4-4, 2. Body more
elongate. Mouth nearly horizontal, lower jaw somewhat projecting. Eye
larger than in L. vittata, maxillary reaching its anterior border. Spines
slender. Scales very small and difficult to detect, 51 series before dorsal
fin. Olivaceous; a median black vertebral band ; sides silvery; bases of
ventral fins red. Length 3 inches. Colorado Chiquito River, Arizona,
(Cope), also in southern Nevada, in springs in the desert, (Gilbert).
(Named for Dr. Henry C. Yarrow.) -

Lepidomeda jarrovii, Cork, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. Phila., 1874, 133, Rio Colorado Chiquito,

Arizona; (Type, No. 15786. Coll. Henshaw;) and Zoiél. Wheeler Surv., v, 643, pl. XXvI,
figs. 1, la, 1875, (1876); Jornpan & GILBERT, Synopsis, 251, 1883.

135. MEDA, Girard.
Meda, GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 191, ( fulgida).

Body elongate. Mouth terminal, normal; no barbels. Teeth 2, 5-5, 2,
hooked, without grinding surface. Body entirely scaleless. Fins as in
Lepidomeda. Sizesmall. Gila region. (Meda, a classical feminine name,
of no evident application to these singular fishes. )

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 329

548. MEDA FULGIDA, Girard.

D. ti, 7; A. 8; teeth 2, 5-5, 2. Body slender, elongate, compressed.
Head elongate, subconical, the snoutrounded. Mouth large, subterminal,
slightly oblique, the lower jaw included; maxillary extending to below
orbit. Second dorsal spine highest; dorsal behind ventrals. Coloration
silvery. Closely allied to Plagopterus argentissimus, but with the eye a
little larger, the snout shorter, the lower jaw more prominent. Rio Gila.
(fulgidus, shining. )

Meda fulgida, Girarp, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 191, Rio San Pedro, Arizona. (Type,
No. 154, Coll. Clark.) GUNTHER, Cat., vu, 263, 1868. JorDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 251,
1883.

136. PLAGOPTERUS, Cope.

Plagopterus, Corr, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. Phila., 1874, 301, (argentissimus).

Body slender. Mouth terminal; a barbel at the extremity of the maxil-
lary. Teeth 2, 5-4, 2, hooked, without grinding surface. Body entirely
scaleless. Fins as in Meda and Lepidomeda. Size small. (zAayf, wound;
mrepov, fin; in allusion to the armature of the dorsal fin.)

549. PLAGOPTERUS ARGENTISSIMUS, Cope.

Head 4; depth 6; eye 44. D.II, 7; A. 10; teeth 2,5-4,2. Body slender.
Head rather broad, the muzzle slightly depressed, overhanging the rather
small, horizontal mouth. Lips thin, the maxilliary reaching front of eye.
Eye moderate. Dorsal fin entirely behind ventrals, the first spine curved,
longer than the second; soft rays of dorsal thickened and ossified at base;
fifth ray of ventral bound to the abdomen by a membrane for nearly its
wholelength; pectoral rays osseous at base. Lateral linecomplete, slightly
deflexed. Color clear silvery; back dusky, with minute black dots.
Length 23} inches. Colorado Basin in western Colorado, (Cope;) Fort
Yuma, (Gilbert.) (argentissimus, most silvery.)

Plagopterus argentissimus, Corr, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. Phila., 1874, 130, San Luis Valley, Col-

orado; (Type, No. 15776. Coll. G. C. Newberry;) and ZoGl. Wheeler Surv., vy, 640, pl.
XXVI, figs. 3, 3a, 1875, (1876); Jornpan & GILBERT, Synopsis, 252, 1883.

Suborder HETEROGNATHI.

Brain case not produced between the orbits. Lower pharyngeals rarely
modified into falciform structures bearing differentiated teeth. Jaws
with or without teeth; no pseudobranchize. Adipose fin present or
absent. Fins with soft rays only. Fresh water fishes of the tropics, con-
stituting two families. They are really allied to the Cyprinida@ and to the
other groups with modified anterior vertebra, but in appearance they have
many analogies with the Salmonide. (é&repoc, different; yvatoc, jaw.)

ANALYSIS OF FAMILIES OF HETEROGNATHI.

a, Supra-occipital confined to back of skull and with avery slight vertical crest. Adipose fin
wanting. ERYTHRINID®, XXXVIUUL,
aa, Supra-occipital partly superior and carinated by a procurrent crest. Adipose fin well

developed. OHARACINIDA, XXXIX,

330 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

Family XXXVIII. ERYTHRINIDA.

Heterognaths with the skull above truncated behind, and the supra-
occipital confined to back of skull and carinated by a very slight vertical
crest. (Gill.) Adipose fin none; gill openings wide, the membranes
slightly united, free from the isthmus; nostrils close together; teeth in
jaws well developed; pharyngeal teeth villiform; cheeks covered by the
suborbitals; brain case inclosed above. Body elongate, belly rounded.
Dorsal fin short, of 8 to 15 rays. Carnivorous species, with short intes-
tines. Otherwise as in the Characinide. Fresh waters of South America.
Genera 4. Species about 20, one of them reaching our limits.

a. Dorsal fin inserted in advance of anal, over ventrals ; gape very wide, little oblique ; both
jaws with strong canines ; maxillary with fine pectinate teeth ; teeth on palatines ; cau-
dal rounded ; lateral line developed.

b. Walls of air bladder normal ; teeth all pointed ; maxillary with a canine; palatine teeth
with an outer series of enlarged teeth separated from the villiform teeth.
Macropon, 137.

137. MACRODON, Miller.
(TRAHIRAS OR AIMARAS.)

Macrodon, MiittEr, Archiv., 308, 1842, (trahira = malabaricus).

Adipose fin none. Body elongate, the belly rounded; gill openings
wide, the membranes slightly united, free from the isthmus; nostrils close
together. Mouth very large; snout pointed. ‘Teeth well developed; an
outer series of palatine teeth enlarged and separated from the villiform
teeth; a detached patch of teeth in front of palatines; lower jaw with
canines anteriorly and laterally ; all the teeth pointed; maxillary with a
canine anteriorly ; dentary process joined to the dentary at the symphy-
sis within the lateral canines and merging into the dentiferous ridge mid-
way between symphysis and posterior angle of dentary; the pit formed
behind the larger canine and the one behind the lateral canine filled with
numerous short conical teeth which lie concealed in the muscles; a deep
pit in the premaxillary for the reception of the larger dentary canine;
supratemporal plate single. Two species; large, voracious fishes, espe-
cially abundant in the Amazon region. (uaxpéc, long; ddovc, tooth.)

a. Scales across back of tail from lateral line to lateral line eleven in number.

MICROLEPIS, 550.
550. MACRODON MICROLEPIS, Giinther.

D. 14; A. 11; lateral line 43 or 44; scales a little smaller than in M. mala-
baricus,* there being 11 in a row across the tail above, from the lateral

* This species, Macrodon malabricus, is universally common throughout eastern South America,
from Trinidad and Rio Magdalena to Rio de la Plata. Its scales are nine from lateral line to
lateral line as above indicated. Its occurence north of the isthmus is not improbable.

Concerning the name of this species Professor Cope remarks: ‘‘ Authors who think, with the
American Ornithologists’ Union, that scientific nomenclature may record error instead of truth,
call this well-known South American species Macrodon malabaricus, because Bloch described it
first under that name, under the mistaken idea thatit was a nativeof India.”’ In the judgment
of the present writers, the law of priority by which the first unpreoccupied name is
right, and all others wrong, a rule which tends to secure fixity of nomenclature, is more impor-
tant than any rule leading toward truthfulness or purism in the name itself. On this ground,
Macrodon malabaricus does not mean a Macrodon from Malabar. It simply designates that Macro-
don of which the earliest unpreoccupied binominal specific name is malabaricus, The errors in
meaning in specific names deceive nobody and rarely cause inconvenience.

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America, ddl

line on one side to that on the other; sides mottled with light or dark
brown. Panama to Ecuador, chiefly west of the Andes. Known from
Rio Chagres and from Ecuador. (Eigenmann). (wucxpoc, small; Aezic,
scale. )

Macrodon microlepis, GUNTHER, Cat., v, 282, 1864, Western Ecuador; Chagres River,
Guatemala; (Coll. Fraser.) E1rcenmann, Ann. N. Y. Ac. Sci , 1889, 102.

Family XXXIX. CHARACINIDA.

(THE CHARACINS.)

Heterognaths with the skull above more or less invaded by reentering
valleys from behind, and the supra-occipital partly superior and carinated
by a procurrent crest. (Gill). Body variously formed, covered with
cycloid scales. Head naked. Margin of upper jaw formed mesially by
the premaxillaries and laterally by the maxillaries; no barbels; premax-
illaries not protractile. Teeth various, often incisor-like, often wanting.
Branchiostegals usually 3. Gill membranes united to the isthmus or not;
no pseudobranchie; gills 4, a slit behind the fourth; lower pharyngeals
not truly falciform, but more or less curved, armed with small, sometimes
villiform teeth. Adipose fin present or absent.* Pyloric ceca usually
numerous. Air bladder transversely divided into two portions, and com-
municating with the organ of hearing by means of auditory ossicles, as
in Cyprinide; anterior vertebre coalesced and modified. A very large
family of some 55 genera and 300 species, inhabiting the fresh waters of
South America and Africa, where they take the place of the Salmonide
and Cyprinide of the Northern Hemisphere. A single species reaches the
United States. The few species enumerated below are but the overflow
of the vast South American river fauna.

(Characinide, GUNTHER, Cat., v, 278-380, 1864).

CURIMATINE :
a. Dentition imperfect.
b. Teeth none ; no gill rakers; belly trenchant or not, with a median series of scales not
ending in spiniform processes ; lateral line complete; mouth nearly horizontal;
tongue adnate, short and thick. CuRIMATA, 138,
aa, Teeth well developed in both jaws; dorsal fins short ; gill openings wide, the membranes
not attached to the isthmus; nostrils close together.
TETRAGONOPTERINE :
ec. Teeth compressed, notched or denticulated.
d, Anal fin short, (10 to 12 rays) ; no lateral line; premaxillary teeth in one series.
Piabucina, 139.
dd, Anal fin more or less elongate ; lateral line more or less developed.
e. Belly in front of ventrals rounded ; gill rakers slender.
jf. Premaxillary teeth in a double series ; no conical teeth behind front teeth

of lower jaw. TETRAGONOPTERUS, 140,
ff. Premaxillary teeth in three or four series ; a pair of conical teeth behind
middle of the front series of teeth in lower jaw. Brycon, 141,

ee. Belly in front of ventrals compressed ; no canines; ventral fins very small.
GASTEROPELECUS, 142,

*The adipose fin in Characinide is probably a survival from a remote ancestry which they

share with Siluroid forms. In the Salmonida, it is doubtless also a survival, but notw ithstanding
the superficial resemblances in certain genera, (as Curimatine and Coregonine, ) there is no evi-
dence of any special relationship between the Salmonidee and Characinide. They should not be

placed in the same order; scarcely even in related — The adipose fin in Percopside is
probaby also an independent survival,

Jol Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

CHARACININE :
cc, Teeth in premaxillary and mandible all conical; dorsal short; gill membranes
free from isthmus.
g. Teeth on the palate none ; anal fin long ; body oblong or elevated.
h. Scales very small; jaws with external tooth-like processes; teeth in lower
jaw uni-serial; in upper uniserial or irregularly biserial.
RaporpeEs, 143.
hh. Scales of moderate size; jaws without tooth-like processes ; teeth in jaws

uniserial. BRAMOCHARAX, 144.
gg. Teeth on the palate numerous, very small; head and body elongate; jaws very
long; scales moderate, (48). LuctocHARAX, 145.

138. CURIMATA (Cuvier) Cloquet.

Les Curimates, CuviER, Régne Animal, Ed. 1, 11, 165, 1817, (edentulus).

Curimata, CLoQuEt, Dict. Sci. Nat., x11, 240, 1818, (edentulus).

Curimatus, CuvIER & VALENCIENNES, xxit, 5, 1849, (edentulus).

Curimatella, EIGENMANN & EIGENMANN, Ann. N. Y. Ac. Sci., 1889, 7, (lepidwrus).
Semitapicis, EIGENMANN & EIGENMANN, I. c.,.9, ( planirostris).

No teeth anywhere; no gill-rakers. Body oblong or elevated, the out-
line of belly behind ventrals trenchant or not, always with a median series
of scales which do not end in spinous processes. Lateral line complete.
Tongue short and thick, adnate; no lips; margins of jaws trenchant.
Dorsal fin nearly median ; adipose fin present; anal moderate; ventrals
below the dorsal. Amazon region; one species north to Panama. (Curi-
mata, a Portuguese name used by Marcgrave, analogous to Queriman and
Curema.)

551. CURIMATA MAGDALEN #, Steindachner.

(SARDINA BLANCA.)

Head 33; depth 4%; eye 3% to 44 in head. D. III, 9; A. III, 7; scales
6-37-6. Body not greatly compressed ; caudal short, its lobes equal. A
silvery lateral streak; no caudal spot and nospot on dorsal. Rio Magda-
lena; and Rio Mamoni, Panama. (Steindachner.)

Curimatus magdalen, STEINDACHNER, Fisch-fauna des Magdalenen-stromes, 34, 1878, Rio Mag-
dalena ; STEINDACHNER, Flussfische Siidamerikas, 1, 167, 1879.

139. PIABUCINA, Cuvier & Valenciennes.

Piabucina, Cuvier & VALENCIENNES, XXII, 161, 1849, (erythrinoides).

Body oblong, covered with moderate scales ; belly rounded. No lateral
line. Mouth moderate, the teeth rather small, tricuspid, those of the pre-
maxillary in one series, those of the mandible in two ; a few small teeth
on the maxillary; palate toothless. Nostrils close together. Gill open-
ings wide, the membranes free from the isthmus. Anal fin short; dorsal
fin inserted just behind the ventrals. Adipose fin present. Species few.
(Diminutive of Piabuca, a related genus, Piabuca being a Brazilian name.)

552. PIABUCINA PANAMENSIS, Gill.

Head 34; depth 4. D.10; A. 12; scales 30-8. Lower jaw slightly pro-
jecting; maxillary reaching middle of eye; eye 4 in head, longer than
snout. Caudal emarginate; pectoral 4 in head, longer than ventrals.

Jordan and Evermann.— fishes of North America. 333

Yellowish, with a dark lateral band extending from humeral spot to dark
area at base of caudal; dorsal with a dark spot at base. Length 3}
inches. Rio Frijoli, Atlantic slope of Isthmus of Panama. (Gill.)

Piabucina panamensis, GILL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1876, 336, Rio Frijoli, Isthmus of
Panama.

140. TETRAGONOPTERUS, Cuvier
(SARDINAS BLANCAS.)

Tetragonopterus, CUVIER, Regne Animal, Ed. 1, Vol. 11, 166, 1817, (argenteus),
Astyanax, BAtRD & GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1854, 26, (argentatus).
Pecilurichthys, Giut, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 1858, 417, (brevoorti),
Hemigrammus, GIiu, 1. c., 420, (unilineatus).

Hemibrycon, GUNTHER, Cat., v, 330, 1864, (polyodon).

Body oblong or elevated, compressed, covered with moderate scales.
Lateral line complete, ( Tetragonopterus), or interrupted, (Hemigrammus).
Belly rounded. Cleft of mouth medium. Anterior teeth strong, incisor-
like; lateral teeth small; premaxillary and mandibular teeth equal in

' size, with a compressed, notched crown, the former ina double, the latter

in a single series ; maxillary with few or many teeth, not produced at tip.
Nostrils of each side close together, separated by a valve only. Lower
pharyngeals very slender, curved, approaching the form in Cyprinidae,
armed with a single series of slender, hooked teeth. Gill openings wide,
the membranes free from the isthmus and from each other. Gill-rakers
setiform. Dorsal fin midway of body, just behind ventrals ; anal fin long.
Fin rays in males in some species rough with small prickles. Species
about 40, in all the warmer parts of America, one of them entering the
United States. (retpaywvoc, four-angled ; zrepér, fin or wing; of nospecial
application to this group, the original word used by Klein for his genus
including Chetodontids, being Tetragonoptrus =“ Tetpaywvortpic, i. e.,
quadratus aspectu.”
a, Lateral line complete ; caudal fin with an oblong spot or band at base.
b. Maxillary with few teeth or none along its edge.
ASTYANAX:* (Astyanax, Aotvavaé, a son of Hector.)
c. Body ovate, the depth less than half the length ; anal rays less than 40.
d, Anal fin long, its rays 25 to 35.
e. Depth 234 to 224 in length.
JENEUS ; RUTILUS ; PANAMENSIS ; MICROPHTHALMUS, 553 to 556.
ee. Depth 3 to 314 in length.
(ERSTEDII ; PETENENSIS ; SCABRIPINNIS; HUMILIS, 557 to 560.
dd, Anal fin moderate, its rays 20 to 23; humeral spot obsolete.
Ff. Pectoral not reaching ventrals, BREVIMANUS, 561.
J. Pectoral reaching ventrals. MEXICANUS ; ARGENTATUS, 562 ; 563.

Subgenus ASTYANAX, Baird & Girard.
553. TETRAGONOPTERUS ENEUS, Giinther.

Head 4; depth 23; eye 34 in head. D. 11; A. 26; V. 8; scales 7-35-6.
Snout rather compressed; upper profile slightly concave; maxillary to
front of eye; pectoral extending about to ventrals. Deep bronze color; a

*The species of this group needs a critical revision ; some of them are of doubtful validity.

3o4 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

blackish caudal spot. (Gunther.) Oaxaca, Mexico, and Rio Chagres,
south to Brazil. (@neus, brassy.)

Tetragonopterus xneus, GUNTHER, Proc. Zodl. Soc. Lond., 1860, 319, Oaxaca, Mexico. (Coll.
Sallé.) GinTHER, Cat., v, 326, 1864.

554. TETRAGONOPTERUS RUTILUS, Jenyns.

Head 44; depth 23; eye 34 in head. D. 11; A. 25 to 29; scales 6-37-6;
upper profile little concave; maxillary reaching beyond front. of ventrals;
dorsal inserted just behind root of ventrals: pectorals reaching ventrals.
Silvery, with an indistinct round dark spot behind shoulder; generally
a band-like blackish spot on root of caudal; sometimes extending as a
dark band to humeral spot; this band sometimes silvery; sometimes both
band and spots absent. Mexico to Ecuador and Rio de la Plata, recorded
as common in Central America. (Rio Chisoy, Rio Guacalate, Huamuchal,
Cordova, etc.) (Rutilus, the roach, from rutilus, ruddy.)

Tetragonopterus rutilus, JENYNS, Zobl. Beagle, Fish., 125, 1842, Rio Parana. (Coll. Darwin).
FIGENMANN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1891, 52.

Tetragonopterus tzeniatus, JENYNS, l. c., 126, 1842, Rio Janeiro. (Coll. Darwin.)

Tetragonopterus fuscoauratus, CASTELNAU, Anim. Amér. Sud; Poiss., 66, pl. 33, fig. 2, 1855, Bahia.

Tetragonopterus microstoma, GUNTHER, Cat., v, 323, 1864, Bahia, (Coll. Dr. Wucherer.)

Tetragonopterus fasciatus, GUNTHER, Cat., V, 222, 1864, (not of Cuvier & VALENCIENNES).

555. TETRAGONOPTERUS PANAMENSIS, Giinther.

Head 3i; depth 23; eye 33 in head. D.11; A. 28; scales 8-36-7. Simi-
lar to 7. rutilus, but with more scales in a transverse series. Maxillary to
front of eye; pectorals reaching a little beyond ventral base. Humeral
and caudal spots present, united by a silvery band. (Gtnther.) Streams
about Panama and Lake Yzabal; locally abundant.

Tetragonopterus panamensis, GUNTHER, Cat., v, 324, 1864, Panama; Yzabal. (Coll. Godman &
Salvin.)

Tetragonopterus fischeri, SVEINDACHNER, Flussfische Siidamerikas, 1, 167, 1879, Mamoni River at
Chepo, Colombia.

556. TETRAGONOPTERUS MIiCROPHTHALMUS, Giinther.

Head 44; depth 23; eye about 4 in head. D.11; A. 26 to 29; scales
7-36-8. Similar to 7. rutilus, but the pectoral fin shorter, not reaching
base of ventral. Maxillary reaching front ofeye. Silvery, with a band-
like spot at root of caudal; usually a silvery lateral band. Guatemala,
(Lake Amatitlan), to Peru. (Ginther.) (uxpo¢, small; o@lasudc, eye.)
Tetragonopterus microphihalmus, GUNTHER, Cat., v, 324, 1864, Lake Amatitlan; Rio Rimac,

Peru. (Coll. Salvin.)

557. TETRAGONOPTERUS CERSTEDIT, Kroyer.

Head 4; depth 3; eye 3in head. D. 11; A. 29 to 31; scales 7-37-8.
Mouth moderate, the maxillary about to front of eye; pectorals about to
ventrals. Humeral and caudal spots present, connected by a faint silvery
band. Rio San Juan, Nicaragua. (Liitken.) (Named for Professor A. S,
Orsted of Copenhagen. )

Tetragonopterus cerstedii, KrOyvER, MS., LirKen, Ict. Bidrag, m1, 229, 1874, Rio San Juan, Nica-
Tagua,

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 335.

558. TETRAGONOPTERUS PETENENSIS, Giinther.

Head 4; depth 3; eye 33 in head. D.11; A. 27; scales 7-37-7. Snout
rather compressed ; upper profile of head scarcely concave; maxillary to
front of eye; dorsal inserted very slightly behind ventrals; pectorals not
reaching ventrals. A silvery lateral band ending in an oblong black
caudal spot. Lake Peten to western Ecuador, southeast to Argentine
Republic. (Ginther.)

Tetragonopterus petenensis, GUNTHER, Cat., v, 326, 1864, Lake Peten. (Coll. Salvin.)

559. TETRAGONOPTERUS SCABRIPINNIS, Jenyns.

Head 34; depth 3. D. 10; A. 25 to 28; scales 6-37-5. Upper profile
scarcely concave; maxillary to beyond front of eye; pectoral extending
beyond base of ventrals; humeral and caudal spots present, united by a
silvery band. (Gunther.) Jamapa, Mexico to Rio Janeiro. (scaber,
rough ; pinna, fin, the males having, as in humilis, brevoortii, etc., some of
the fin rays roughened.)

Tetragonopterus scabripinnis, JENYNS, Zo6], Beagle, Fishes, 125, 1842, Rio Janeiro. (Coll. Dar-
win.) GUNTHER, Cat., v, 325, 1864.

560. TETRAGONOPTERUS HUMILIS, Giinther.

Head 44; depth 3t; eye 3%. D. 11; A. 27 to 31; V.8; scales 7-36-7.
Upper profile of head straight; maxillary to front of orbit; dorsal
inserted behind ventrals; pectoral about to ventrals. Humeral and cau-
dal spots more or less distinct; sides silvery; anal and ventrals with
broad, red margins. Lake Amatitlan, Guatemala. (Giinther.) (humilis,
humble.)

Tetragonopterus humilis, GUNTHER, Cat., Vv, 327, 1864, Lake Amatitlan, Guatemala. (Coll,
Salvin.)

561. TETRAGONOPTERUS BREVIMANUS, Giinther.

Head 34; depth 3. D.11; A. 22; scales 6-38-5. Snout short and thick;
eye about 4 in head; upper profile of head not concave; maxillary extend-
ing to beyond front of eye. Dorsal inserted just behind ventrals; pec-
torals not reaching ventrals; caudal spot usual. Guatemala. (Giinther.)
(brevis, short; manus, hand. )

Tetragonopterus brevimanus, GUNTUER, Cat., Vv, 325, 1864, Yzabal; Rio San Geronimo, Gua-
temala. (Coll. Godman & Salvin.)

562. TETRAGONOPTERUS MEXICANUS, Filippi.

Head 4; depth 23; eye 34. D. 10 or 11; A. 21 to 23; scales 7-39-5.
Snout bluntly rounded, projecting beyond the mouth; forehead trans-
versely convex; maxillary to beyond front of eye; pectoral about to ven-
trals, as usual a little longest in males. Sides with the usual silvery
band, ending in an oblong black caudal spot. Lakes about the City of
Mexico. (Steindachner.)
Tetragonopterus mexicanus, Fitivr1, in Guérin’s Rev. Mag. Zoiil., 1853, 166, City of Mexico;

SreinpacuNnenr, Ichthyol. Notizen, vi, 11, 1868, :

3036 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

563. TETRAGONOPTERUS ARGENTATUS (Baird & Girard).

Head 4; depth3. D.10; A. 21; scales 6-38-6. Body oblong, compressed.
Snout blunt, lower jaw scarcely included. Pectorals reaching ventrals,
the latter to vent. Olivaceous; a broad silvery band along sides; an
oblong black spot at base of caudal, running up on the fin. Southern
Texas and Mexico, (Rio Nueces, Rio Leona, and Rio Grande); also recorded,
probably by error, from Arkansas by Le Sueur. Locally abundant; the
northernmost representative of the family, perhaps identical with T. mezi-
canus, but apparently a little more slender, the lower jaw less included.
Our specimens collected by Woolman and Cox in Chihuahua River.
(argentatus, silvered.)

Astyanax argentatus, BAIRD & GIRARD, Proc, Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., viz, 1854, 27, Rio Nueces; Rio
Leona; Zoquito, Texas; Comanche Spring; Elm Creek; Turkey Creek; San
Felipe; Devil River; Brownsville; Rio Sabinal. (Coll. Clark.) Grrarp, U. S. &
Mex. Bound. Surv., Ichth., 74, 1859.

Tetragonopterus argentatus, GUNTHER, Cat., v, 380, 1864; JoRDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 255, 1883.-

Nore.—In addition to these species more or less well defined, we add the following, too scantily
characterized to receive a definite place in the system. They are noted by M. F. Bocourt, in
Annales des Sciences Naturelles, 5eme Série, Zodlogie, T. 1x, p. 62, 1868.

NOTE SUR LES PoISSONS DU GENRE TE£TRAGONOPTERE PROVENANT DU MEXIQUE ET DE GUATEMALA,
PAR M. Bocourr.

La division générique des Poissons de la famille des Salmonides & laquelle Cuvier a réservé le
nom de Tétragonopteére, employé précédemment par Artédi dans une acception plus large, compte
de nombreux représentants dans les eaux douces de la région mexicaine et parmi les espéces que
j’ai rencontrées pendant mon voyage dans cette partie de l’Amérique, il en est plusieurs qui me
paraissent nouvelles. Je me propose d’en publier prochainement une description détaillée,
accompagnée de figures, et en attendant, pour prendre date, j’en donnerai ici la liste.

* 1, Espéces chez lesquelles la Jongueur de l’espace interorbitaire est égale au diamétre longi-
tudinal de 1’ ceil:

1. Tetragonopterus cobanensis.
Cette espéce est bien caractérisée: 1° par la longueur et l’épaisseur de la téte ; 2° par la direc-

tion rectiligue du profil suscéphalique ; 3° par les dimensions de la base de J’anale qui sont
moindres que l’espace comprise entre les deux dorsales. Riviere de Coban.

2. Tetragonopterus oaxacanensis.
Cette espéce différe de la précédente par la forme de la téte qui est plus courte et plus épaisse.
Oaxaca.
3. Tetragonopterus nitidus.
Cette espéce ressemble au 7. argentatus par le peu de longueur de la base de ses anales, mais elle
s’en distingue nettement: 1° par la largeur de son interorbitaire ; 2° par la forme et la structure

de ses écailles, dont les stries radiées sont nombreuses, bien dessinées et traversées par des lignes
concentriques non diagonales, comme dans l’espece précédente. De Tasco.

*2. Especes chez lesquelles la largeur de l’espace interorbitaire est plus grande que le diamétre
de l’ceil:
4. Tetragonopterus fulgens.
Cette espéce se distingue aussi du 7. nilidus par les dimensions moindres de ses yeux et par la
situation de la dorsale placée un peu plus en avant. Province de Cuernavaca,
5. Tetragonoplerus finitinus.

Cette espéce, trés-voisine du 7. macrophthalmus, mais qui s’en distingue : 1° par la position plus
reculée de la dorsale dont le premier rayon est environ au milieu du corps ; 2° par les écailles
plus fortement striées; 3° par la grandeur de ses yeux. Environs de Orizaba.

.

6. Tetragonoplerus belizianus.

Espéce voisine du 7. panamensis: elle se distingue par une plus grande élévation du corps;
par la disposition et le nombre des stries des écailles (12 & 13) et par le syst¢me de coloration,
Environs de Belize, °

Jordan and Evermann.— Fishes of North America. 307

141. BRYCON, Miiller & Troschel.

Brycon, MULLER & TRoscHEL, Hore Ichthyologia, 1, 15, 1845, (falcatus).
Chalcinopsis, KNER, Sitzungsber. Akad. Wiss. Miinchen, 1863, 226, (striatulus).
Megalobrycon, GENTHER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1869, 423, (cephalus).

Dorsal inserted behind ventrals, in middle of length of body; anal fin
long. Body oblong, covered with scales of uniform size; belly rounded
‘before ventrals, compressed behind them. Mouth wide, the premaxillary
with 3 or 4series of tricuspid teeth; maxillary with small teeth; mandible
with a series of strong tricuspid teeth and a pair of conical teeth in the
middle, behind them. Nostrils close together, separated by avalve. Gill
openings wide, the membranes slightly united, free from isthmus. Gill-
rakers lanceolate. Species numerous, chiefly Brazilian. (GpiKw, to bite.)
Cuacrinopsis, (Chalcinus, a related genus ; dys, appearance):

a. Premaxillary teeth in four series.

b. Scales moderate, 48 to 55 in lateral line. DENTEX, 564,
bb. Scales small, 73 to 80 in lateral line. STRIATULUS, 565.

Subgenus CHALCINOPSIS, Kner.
564. BRYCON DENTEX, Giinther.

Head 44; depth 34. D.11; A. 35; scales 9-48 to 55-7. Snout longer
than eye in adult; maxillary not reaching to center of eye; caudaldeeply
forked ; pectoral reaching about to ventrals. Silvery,some scales spotted
or margined with black; humeral part of gill opening black; usually a
black spot at base of caudal; anal usually black-edged. Yucatan to
Ecuador. (Ginther.) (dentex, large-toothed.)

Brycon dentex, GUNTHER, Proc. Zoél. Soc. London, 1860, 240, Esmeraldas, Ecuador. (Coll.
Fraser.) .
Chalcinopsis dentex, GUNTHER, Cat., Vv, 337, 1864.

565. BRYCON STRIATULUS (Kner).

D. 11; A. 36 or 37; scales 13-73 to 80-9. Scales much smaller than in
B. dentex ; sides of body immaculate, or with rows of oblique brownish
spots; caudal spot sometimes present. Rio Chagres and streams about
Panama. (Kner.) (striatulus, narrowly streaked.)

Chalcinopsis striatulus, KNER, Sitzungsber, Akad. Wiss. Miinchen, 1863, 223, Panama; GUNTHER,
Cat., v, 337, 1864.
Chalcinopsis chagresensis, KNER, l. c., 223, Rio Chagres ; GUNTHER, l. c., 338, 1864.

142. GASTEROPELECUS (Gronow) Pallas.

Gasteropelecus, GRonow, Mus. Ichthyol., 11, 7, 1763, (nonbinomial).
Gasteropelecus, PALLAS, Spicilegia, 1769, viir, 50, (sternicla).

Body strongly compressed, the thoracic region dilated into a semicir-
cular disk ; the belly compressed toa sharp edge ; scales moderate ; lateral
line incomplete, descending backwards towards anal fin. Mouth
moderate, with compressed tricuspid teeth in 1 or 2 series in pre-
maxillary, in 1 series in lower jaw ; maxillary with a few minute conical
teeth ; palate toothless ; nostrils close together. Gill openings wide, the

F. N. A.——23

308 Bulletin 47, Untted States National Museum.

membranes free from isthmus; gill-rakers slender, lanceolate. Dorsal fin
inserted behind middle of body, above anal; anal long; pectorals long ;
ventrals small or rudimentary. Species few, chiefly Brazilian. (yuorp,
belly ; weAéxuc, axe.)

566. GASTEROPELECUS MACULATUS, Steindachner.
(PECHE-PRCHE.)

Head 33; depth 14. D.11; A. ITI, 33; P. 10; scales 31 or32. Premax-
illary teeth in two rows; upper jaw with three simple canines on each
side; pectoral falcate, nearly half length of body; ventrals minute; dor-
sal small; caudal moderate; anal very long; lateral line not reaching
anat. Length 3 inches. Silvery, many of the scales above with dark
spots; a silver gray stripe from shoulder to caudal. Rio Mamoni, near
Panama. (Steindachner.) (maculatus, spotted.)

Gasteropelecus maculatus, STEINDACHNER, Fluss-fische Siidamerikas, 168, 1879, Rio Mamoni, at
Chepo, Panama.

143. RCEBOIDES, Giinther.
Reeboides, GUNTHER, Cat., v, 347, 1864, (microlepis).

Body oblong or rather elevated, covered with very small scales; lat-
eral line complete. Belly rounded in front of ventrals, which are close
to pectorals; humerus dilated or produced in a process before pectorals.
Mouth wide, with conical teeth in premaxillary, maxillary and mandible;
those on mandible uniserial; those in upper jaw uniserial or irregularly
biserial; front of jaws with short, conical, tooth-like processes directed
forwards; palate toothless. Nostrils close together, separated by mem-
brane only. Gill-openings wide, the membranes separate, not attached
to the isthmus; gill-rakers slender, lanceolate. Dorsal fin short, nearly
median, behind ventralis; anal long, beginning below or before dorsal.
Adipose fin present. Species few. (/ao.djc, crooked-looking. )

567. REBOIDES GUATEMALENSIS (Giinther).

Head 4; depth 2%; eye 3} in head. D. 11; A. 51; scales 19-80-22. Ver-
tebrae 12 + 22. Each jaw anteriorly with a short, conical, tooth-like
process directed forward on each side ; no canine teeth above, those below
small and short; lower jaw shortest ; maxillary reaching nearly to middle
of eye. Back elevated, the upper profile forming an §-shaped curve.
Humeral process ending in a point. Dorsal inserted above fifth or sixth
anal ray; caudal deeply forked; ventral below middle of pectoral, which
nearly reachesanal. Olivaceous, with asilvery lateral band. Rio Chagres,
and streams of Guatemala. (Gunther.)

Anacyrtus guatemalensis, GUNTHER, Cat., Vv, 347, 1864, Rio Chagres; Huamuchal. (Coll. Salvin
& Dow.)
144. BRAMOCHARAX, Gill.

Bramocharax, Git, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1877, 189, (bransfordi).

Body elongate, fusiform, compressed, covered with moderate-sized
scales; belly before ventrals rounded; lateral line decurved, complete.

Jordan and Evermann,—Fishes of North America. 339

Head moderate, with slender and pointed snout; suborbital bones well
developed; nostrils separated by a membranous partition; mouth rather
large, oblique, reaching to beyond front of eye; teeth in each jaw in
1 series, compressed and conical, some of the lower teeth enlarged near
symphysis ; teeth of maxillary extending along nearly its entire edge,
small, compressed, and multicuspid; teeth on palate undescribed, proba-
bly wanting; gill openings broad, the membranes separate and free. Dor-
sal fin short, behind ventrals; anal moderate; pectorals moderate. One
species, apparently allied to the South American genus, Salminus, but the
téeth uniserial, not biserial. (Brama, bream; Charaz, for Characin.)

568. BRAMOCHARAX BRANSFORDI, Gill.

Head 33; depth 2?; eye large,4in head. D.11; A.II,26; V.1I,8. Snout
somewhat longer than eye, attenuated and projecting slightly beyond
chin; maxillaries much decurved, reaching beyond middle of eye; Physi-
ognomy of subgenus Astyanaz, (Tetragonopterus). Scales and color unde-
scribed. Lake Nicaragua. (Gill.) (Named for Dr. J. F. Bransford.)

Bramocharaz bransfordi, GILL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1877, 190, Lake Nicaragua,

145. LUCIOCHARAX, Steindachner.
Luciocharax, STEINDACHNER, Fisch-fauna des Magdalenen-stromes, 67, 1878, (insculptus).

Head and body elongate, the belly rounded; surface of head bony;
snout produced, conical; jaws very long, each armed with 1 series of
very small teeth with the points directed backward; maxillary short, with
teeth ; many small teeth on the palate. Gill membranes free and separate.
Seales not very small; lateral line incomplete. Dorsal behind ventrals
and behind middle of body; dorsal and anal extended backward. Intes-
tinal canal short. Onespecies. (Lucius, pike; Charaz, used for Characin.)

569. LUCIOCHARAX INSCULPTUS, Steindachner.

Head 3; depth 6; eye 9in head. D. II,8; A. III,9; P. 20; scales 44, 10
in transverse series, the lateral line on 20 to 24. Body elongate; all the
bones of the head sculptured; snout long and narrow. Grayish, sides
silvery, a black spot edged with pale at base of caudal. Length a foot.
Rio Magdalena and Rio Mamoni, (near Panama). (Steindachner.)
(insculptus, chiseled.)

Luciocharax insculptus, SYEINDACHNER, Fisch-fauna des Magdalenen-stromes, 67, 1878, Rio Mag-
dalena and Rio Mamoni.

Suborder GYMNONOTTI.

Body more or less elongate and eel-like, with many vertebre. Shoulder
girdle suspended from the skull; parietal bones distinct, largely in con-
tact; pterotic normal; symplectic bone present; opercular bones com-
plete; mouth with its upper edge formed chiefly by the premaxillaries;
no precoracoid or interclavicles; anterior vertebre united, modified, and
with the ossicula auditus, as in the Nematognathi and the other Plectospon-
dyli. Superior pharyngeal bones simple. Dorsal fin wanting or reduced
to an adipose strip. Vent near the head, the anal fin being exceedingly

340 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

long. Scales small or wanting. Ribs well developed. Air bladder pre-
sent, double. Stomach with a blind sac and pyloric ceca. Ovaries with
oviducts. Fresh-water fishes from South America, about thirty species
being known. The group is divisible into two families quite diverse from
each other, the one containing the singular Electric Eel, (Hlectrophorus
electricus), which Cope regards as intermediate between the eel-like Silu-
roids, (Clariidw), and the Eels. In this group the maxillaries are rudi-
mental and the form decidedly eel-like. The remaining species, consti-
tuting the suborder Gymnonoti, resemble the Characins rather than the
Eels, and have no appreciable relationships to the latter. It seems to us
unlikely that any of the Eels are descended from fishes like the Gymnon-
oti, with the anterior vertebrae modified. The eel-like form of Electro-
phorus is probably the result of independent skeletal degradation. (Gym-
notide, Giinther, Cat., viii, 1-11, 1870.) (youvoc, naked; vdroc¢, back.)

Family XL. GYMNOTIDA.

Body elongate, compressed, covered with rather small scales, the tail
much produced and usually ending in a point. Mouth small, the teeth
moderate, sometimes wanting, the margin of the upper jaw formed partly
by the maxillaries. Dorsal fin absent or reduced to an adipose strip;
caudal fin rudimentary or wanting; no ventrals. Vent close behind the
head, the anal fin very long. Genera 6; species 30; abounding in the
rivers of South America, with the Characinide, to which group they are
probably most closely related. (Gitnther, Cat., vim1, 1-9, 1870.)

a. Tail ending in a point without fins; no trace of dorsal fin.

b. Each jaw with a series of conical teeth. GITON, 146.
bb. Each jaw with a patch or band of very small teeth; eyelid covering the eye, without
free rim. EIGENMANNIA, 147.

146. GITON, Kaup.

Carapus, CUVIER, Regne Animal, Ed. 1, 237, 1817, (in part ; macrourus, fasciatus, etc.).

Carapus, MULLER & TROSCHEL, Hore Ichthyol., 111, 13, 1845, (restricted tosfasciatus ; not Carapus,
Rafinesque).

Giton, Kaur in Dumérit, Analyt. Ichth., 201, 1856, (fasciatus; no description.)

Snout of moderate length, depressed. A series of conical teeth in each
jaw. Lower jaw projecting. Anterior nostrils wide, in the upper lip.
No trace of caudal or dorsal fin. Vent below the gill opening. (yeiTwr,
neighbor. )

570. GITON FASCIATUS (Pallas).
(CARAPO.)

Eye very small; scales moderate. Anal beginning below point of pec-
toral; teeth °°". Color dusky, the young with irregular dark cross-
bars, which break up into spots with age. Guatemala to Rio de la Plata;
generally abundant, especially in South America; recorded from Rio
Matagua and Grenada. (fasciatus, banded.)

Carapo, MARcGRAYE, Hist. Pisc. Bras., 170, 1648, Brazil.

Gymnotus fasciatus, PALLAS, Spicilegia Zoil., vir, 35, 1769, anal rays about 180, fresh waters of
America.

Gymnotus albus, PALLAS, l. c., 36, 1769, Surinam.

Gymnotus brachiurus, Buocu, pl. 157, fig. 1, 1787.

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America, 341

Gymnonolus carapo, Buocu, Naturg., pl. 157, fig. 2, 1787; BLocw & ScHNEIpER, Ichth., 521, 1801,
anal rays 193, fresh waters of America, (after fasciatus, Pallas).

Gymnolus putaol, LAcéPEDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 11, 176, 1801, Brazil.

Carapus inxquilabiatus, VALENCIENNES, in d’Orb. Voy. Amer. Merid. Poiss., pl. 14, 1839.

Carapus fasciatus, GUNTHER, Cat., VIII, 9, 1870.

147. EIGENMANNIA, Jordan & Evermann, new generic name.

Cryptops, EiGENMANN, Ann. N. Y. Ac. Sci., vii, February, 1894, 625, (humboldti) ; preoccupied in
Worms.

This genus differs from Gymnotus or Sternopygus, only in not having
the orbital rim free. No trace of dorsal or caudal. Mouth mod-
erate, the jaws subequal, both with a patch or band of small villiform
teeth; a patch of minute teeth on each side of palate; snout moderate;
anterior nostrils on upper side of head; vent behind the orbit. Only
one species in our waters. (Named for Dr. Carl H. Eigenmann, in recog-
nition of his excellent work on the fresh-water fishes of South America.)

571. EIGENMANNIA HUMBOLDTI (Steindachner),
(Macana.)

Head 1? in greatest depth; P. 18, its length 1}in head. A. 24. Body
strongly compressed, the snout pointed. Eye without free margin, its
diameter 2 in snout, which is3 in head. Mouth small, the jaws equal, the
upper as long aseye. Anal beginning below upper ray of pectoral; vent
under posterior edge of interopercle; scales largest near front of second
half of body, along lateral line; scales on nape very small. Length 1} feet.
Rio Magdalena and Rio Mamoni, (near Panama). (Steindachner.) (Named
for Alexander von Humboldt. )

Sternopygus humboldti, SrEINDACHNER, Fisch-fauna des Magdalenen-Stromes, 55, 1878,Rio Mag~
dalena.

We next append four orders of fishes which agree in the degradation of
the skeleton and in the eel-like form of the body, this form being pro-
duced by the development of a great number of vertebra, and the corre-
sponding deterioration of the fins and their basalsegments. These fishes
are all probably descended from extinct soft-rayed fishes, but the line of
descent is not yet traced. We put them in this place in the series because
less interruption seems to be caused by doing so than would result from
interpolating them elsewhere.

Order O. SYMBRANCHIA.

_ Body eel-shaped; premaxillary, maxillary, and palatine bones well
developed and distinct from each other, as in ordinary fishes. Shoulder
girdle joined to the skull in typical species, (in one family, Amphipnoida,
distinct from the skull as in the eels). No mesocoracoid; symplectic
present or absent; scales minute or wanting; no paired fins; vertical
fins rudimentary, reduced to folds of the skin; vent at a great distance
from the head; gill openings confluent in a single slit; no air bladder;
stomach without blind sac or pyloric ewca; ovaries with oviducts; skull
solid, the bones firmly united; vertebrw numerous, the anterior unmodi-
fied. Kel-like fishes, widely distributed in warm seas and in fresh waters.

342 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

The species are few, but highly diversified in structure, constituting two
suborders and four families. They are probably related to the Apodes, but
this is not certain, and in the structure of the head they approach more
nearly to the true fishes. They represent degraded rather than primitive
types, and the line of their descent isas yet unknown. It is not even
certain that the forms grouped in this order are closely related. Cope
makes two orders of them, Jchthyocephali, (Monopteride), and Holostomi,
(Amphipnoide of Gill,and Symbranchidw). But Dr. Gill has shown that the
Symbranchide belong rather with the Monopteride. (Symbranchide, Gin-
ther, Cat., vim1, 12-18, 1870.) (cév, together; Spayya, gills.)

ANALYSIS OF FAMILIES OF SYMBRANCHIA.

a. Symplectic present.
b. Shoulder girdle connected to the skull by a bony post-temporal ; vent behind the mid-
dle of the body ; vertebrz about 80 + 55; gills well developed ; palatine teeth in a
band ; gills without peculiar modification. SYMBRANCHID®, XL.

Family XLI. SYMBRANCHID.
(THE SYMBRANCHOID EELS.)

Body eel-shaped, naked, the abdomen very long, longer than the tail;
shoulder girdle attached to the skull by a well-developed, bifurcate post-
temporal; snout short; eyes small, anterior; teeth small; palatine teeth
in a band; gills well developed; gill openings confluent in a narrow slit;
4 gill arches; no accessory breathing sac; gill membranes free from the
isthmus. Fresh water fishes, 1 genus and 3 species known. (Symbran-
chide, genus. Symbranchus, Gunther, Cat., VII, 15-17, 1870.)

148 SYMBRANCHUS, Bloch.

Symbranchus, BLocu, Ichthyologia, 1x, 87, 1795, (marmoratus).
Unibranchapertura, LACEPEDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., v, 658, 1803, (marmoratus).
Ophisternon, MCCLELLAND, Calcutta Journ. Nat. Hist., v, 197, 1845, (bengalensis).
Tetrabranchus, BLEEKER, Nat. Tyds. Ned. Ind., 11, 69, 1862, (microphthalmus).
Characters of the genus included above. ‘Three species known, two

from India, and the following. (civ, together: Spayyxoc, gill.)
572. SYMBRANCHUS MARMORATUS, Bloch.

Snout short, rounded or pointed ; eyes small, rather close to the end of
the snout. Gill opening narrow, not extending to the edge of the ventral
surface, generally transverse, arched, frequently appearing as a longitu-
dinal slit unless drawn out. Vertebre 79-+ 57. Color brownish, variously
marbled, sometimes immaculate. Tropical America, in streams from the
Amazon northward to southern Mexico and St. Lucia; generally abundant.
Recorded northward from Vera Cruz, Trinidad, St. Lucia, Lake Peten,
Huamuchal, Rio Chisoy, ete.

Symbranchus marmoratus, BLocu, Ichthyologia, 1x, 87, pl. 418, 1795; GinTHER, Cat., vii, 15, 1870.

Symbranchus immaculatus, BLocn, l. c., pl. 419, fig. 1.

Synbranchus transversalis, BLocH & SCHNEIDER, 524, 1801, Guinea, after Gronow.

Unibranchapertura grisea, marmorata, immaculata, and lineata, LackpEpe, Hist. Nat. Pass., v, 658,
1803, Surinam. ,

Synbranchus fuliginosus, RANZANI, Nov. Comm. Ac. Sci. Inst. Bonon., rv, 75, plate 11, fig. 1,
1840, Brazil.

Murzna lumbricus, Gronow, Catalogue Fishes, 18, 1854, Sea of Guinea.
Symbranchus vittatus, CASTELNAU, An. Amer. Sud., 84, pl. 44, fig. 3, 1855, Rio de Janeiro.

Jordan and Evermann.— Fishes of North America. 343

Order P. CAR ENCHELYT.

(THe Lonc-NECKED EELS.)

Teleost fishes with the intermaxillaries (premaxillaries), and supra-
maxillaries (maxillaries), developed and united by suture, and immov-
ably connected with the cranium; branchial apparatus as in Apodes;
scapular arch remote from the skull, and the body anguilliform. This
order includes a single family, Derichthyida, lately discovered in the
deep seas. (Gill.) (xdpa, head; éyyedve, eel.)

4 Family XLII. DERICHTHYIDZ.

Body anguilliform, slender, with a neck-like contraction between the
_ head and pectoral fins, and submedian anus. Scales absent, the skin being
perfectly smooth. Lateral line commencing on the side, behind the head,
near the back, but submedian behind. Head oblong, oval. Eyes in the
anterior half of the head. Nostrils lateral, in front of the eyes, neither
tubular. Mouth with the cleft little oblique, extending behind the eyes.
Jaws well developed, maxillaries approximated to the front of the vomer
and attenuated backwards. Mandible moderately stout; the dentary with
the coronoid process moderate and not far from posterior end. Teeth
conic, in cardiform bands on the jaws and vomer. Lips moderate.
Tongue moderate. Preorbital bones and opercular apparatus moderately
developed ; operculum inserted rather low on the hyomandibular by a
peduncle, horizontally oblong, with emarginate upper edge and convex
lower one; suboperculum curved and applied below operculum; interoper-
culum long, connected in front with angle of jaw and behind with front of
suboperculum; preoperculum moderate. Branchial apertures lateral;
vertical slits in front of pectorals. Branchiostegal rays insmall number,
(about 6), rather slender and curved upwards behind the opercula. Dor-
sal, anal, and caudal confluent in an uninterrupted fin ; dorsal commenc-
ing far behind the head; anal commencing about midway between snout
and end of tail or middle of body; caudal pointed and reduced. Pectorals
inserted nearer the breast than back, narrow and rather long, with about
10 or 11 fineyays, and bent forward. Branchial archesslender; glossohyal
moderately long; urohyal very slender and pointed; first basibranchial
very long; second and third basibranchials moderate; epipharyngeals
reduced to a pair (?); hypopharyngeals long and closely appressed and
superincumbent on the rudimentary fifth arch. One species known, an
eel like fish, from the abysses of the Atlantic. (Gill.)
(Derichthyide, Gitt, Amer. Nat., xviit, 1884, 433.)
149. DERICHTHYS, Gill.

Derichthys, Guu, American Naturalist, xvi11, 1884, 433, (serpentinus).

The generic characters are included in the family diagnosis above.
(dépn, neck; iyfic, fish.)

573. DERICHTHYS SERPENTINUS, Gill.
Body stout, somewhat compressed, especially behind vent; greatest

height in region of vent, nearly equal to head; its postanal portion
equal to distance from vent to posterior margin of orbit. Head small,

344 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum,

snake-like, its resemblance to that of a serpent being enhanced by the
contracted neck-like appearance of the anterior portion of the body; its
anterior portion depressed, the outline from above abruptly truncate;
width of tip of snout considerably greater than interorbital space.
Lower jaw narrower and included; upper jaw projecting beyond its tip
a distance nearly equal to diameter of eye. Length of snout one-third
that of head. Cleft of mouth extends behind eye a distance equal to or
slightly greater than diameter of orbit. Nostrils elongate, the exterior
slit occupying the middle third of the space between anterior margin of
orbit and tip of snout. Length of neck four-fifths that of head, equal
to distance from posterior limit of nostril to posterior portion of head.
Pectorals inserted high up, almost in median line, and composed of 2 or
3 flexible, filiform rays. Origin of dorsal about midway between vent
and tip of snout, the fin composed of flexible, delicate rays, not suffi-
ciently differentiated from the thin membrane to be easily counted,
those rays being longest in region above vent. Vent nearly median;
anal fin beginning immediately behind vent, similar in height and
appearance to dorsal fin, which it apparently joins at tip of tail. No
ventrals. Lateral line inconspicuous, with minute pores, though its
location is emphasized by the lancelet-like arrangement of the muscular
fibers. Length of type 8 inches; of head, + inch; of region in advance
of pectorals, 1 inch; greatest height, seven-sixteenths of an inch.
Color, in life, ruddy brown; in alcohol, light yellow. (Goode & Bean.)
A single specimen known. (serpentinus, like a snake.)

Derichthys serpentinus, GILL, Amer. Nat., xvi, 1884, 433, Gulf Stream, Albatross Station

2094, in 1022 fathoms. (Coll. Albatross.) Goopr & Bran, Oceanic Ichthyology, 161, fig.
169, 1895.

Order OQ, APODES.
(THE EELS.)

Teleost fishes with the premaxillaries atrophied or lost, the maxillaries
lateral, and the body anguilliform and destitute of ventral fins. The
most striking feature is the absence of the premaxillaries, taken in con-
nection with the elongate form and the little development of the scapular
arch, which is not attached to the cranium. Other characters not con-
fined to the Apodes are the following: The absence of the symplectic bone,
the reduction of the opercular apparatus and of the palatopterygoid arch,
the absence of ventral fins, the absence of the mesocoracoid or przecora-
coid arch, and the reduction or total absence of the scales. There are no
spines in the fins, the gill openings are comparatively small, and there
are no pseudobranchie. The vertebre are in large number* and none

* Numbers of verlebre in Apodes.

Murezenesox coniceps .------------ 40+ 71=111. Lycodontis wnicolor__._.____..... 65 + 71=136.
Anguilla anguilla __--------.---.. 46+ 70=116. Mursna helena _______- = === 70+ T1=141,
Echidna catenata.__<-.-_-__-=---- 65-+51=116. Ophichthus gomesi ___.--------- 45+ 96=—141.
Lycodontis meleagris____--__----- 60 + 60=120. Lycodontis ocellatus __. --------- 48+ 941—142.
Lycodontis nebulosus_------------ 65-57 = 122. Lycodontis moringa ------ a 65+ .79=144,
Lycodontis undulatus ------------ 64 + 68=182. Synaphobranchus pinnatus_______ 31 +115 = 146.
Ophichthus ocellatus_-...-------- 52 + 82=134. Leptocephalus conger _.___-_----- 55+ 99= 154.
Echidna zebra 2 eee 97 + 38=135. Gordiichthys irretitus.__.----.-- 125 + 100 = 225,

_Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 345

of them are specially modified. The tail is isocercal; that is, with the
caudal vertebre remaining in a straight line to its extremity, as in the
embryos of most fish, and in the Anacanthini.

We begin our discussion of the eels with the forms which seem nearest to
the primitive stock from which the members of the group have descended.
It is evident that among the eels, the forms of simplest structure, as Uro-
pterygius, Channomurena, and Sphagebranchus are not in any sense primitive
forms, but the results of a long continued and progressive degeneration,
so far as the fins and mouth parts are concerned. The Apodes are proba-
bly descended from Isospondylous or Iniomous types, possibly from ances-
tors of the Anacanthini, and their divergence from typical forms is, in
most respects, a retrogression.* (a, without; rovc, foot, from the absence
of ventral fins.)

(Murenide, GUNTHER, Cat., VIII, 19-145, 1870.)

FAMILIES OF APODES.
ENCHELYCEPHALI :
a. Gill openings well developed, leading to large interbranchial slits ; tongue present ; opercles
and branchial bones well developed ; scapular arch present.

b. Skin covered with rudimentary embedded scales, usually linear in form, arranged in
small groups, and placed obliquely at right angles to those of neighboring groups;
pectorals and vertical fins well developed, the latter confluent about the tail ; lateral
line present ; posterior nostril in front of eyes ; tongue with its margins free.

ec. Gill openings well separated ; branchiostegals long, bent upwards behind.
'd, Gill openings lateral and vertical ; snout conic, the jaws not very heavy ; gape
longitudinal ; lips thick ;-lower jaw projecting ; teeth in cardiform bands
on jaws and vomer ; eggs minute. ANGUILLID®, XLIII.

dd, Gill openings horizontal, inferior.

e. Snout very blunt, with very strong jaws; gape transverse ; lips obsolete;
teeth blunt, in one series, on jaws only. SIMENCHELYID, XLIV.
ee. Snout conical and slender, the jaws of moderate strength ; gape lateral;
lips obsolete ; tongue but little developed; teeth acute, in bands on
jaws and vomer. ILYOPHID®, XLY.
ec. Gill openings inferior, very close together, apparently confluent ; branchiostegal
rays abbreviated behind; head conical; tongue small; posterior nostrils in

front of eye. SYNAPHOBRANCHID#, XLVI.
bb. Scales wholly wanting ; eggs (so far as known) of moderate size, much as in ordinary
fishes.

Jf. Tip of tail with a more or less distinct fin, the dorsal and anal fins con-
fluent around it; the tail sometimes ending in a long filament.
Coloration almost always plain, brownish, blackish, or silvery, the
fins often black-margined.

g- Posterior nostril without tube, situated entirely above the upper lip.
h. Tongue broad, largely free anteriorly and on sides ; Vomerine
teeth moderate.
i, Pectoral fins well developed ; body not excessively elon-
gate ; lower jaw not projecting ; anterior nostril
remote from eye. LEPTOCEPHALID.®, XLVII.
hh. Tongue narrow, adnate to the floor of the mouth or only the
tip slightly free ; vomerine teeth well developed, some-
times enlarged.
j. Jaws not attenuate and recurved at tip ; gill openings
well separated ; anterior nostrils remote from eye.

~ * For a detailed account of the species of Apodes, see ‘“‘A Preliminary Review of the Apodal
Fishes or Kels,"* Rept. U. 8. Fish Comm., 1888, (first published June 14, 1892), pp. 581-677, by
David Starr Jordan and Bradley Moore Davis.

346 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

k. Pectoral fins well developed ; skin thick; skeleton
firm ; snout moderate; tail not ending ina
filiform tip. MUR NESOCID™®, XLVIII.
kk. Pectoral fins wholly wanting; snout and jaws
much produced, the upper longer; jaws
straight ; skin thin, the skeleton weak ; tail
ending in a filiform tip ; gill openings small,
subinferior; teeth sharp, subequal, recurved;
a long series on the vomer; deep-sea eels,

soft in body, black in color.
NETTASTOMID#, XLIX.
jj. Jaws long and slender, tapering to a point, recurved
at tip; nostrils large, both pairs close in front of
eye; gill openings convergent forward, separate
or confluent; pectorals and vertical fins well
developed ; membranes of fins thin, not envelop-
ing the rays ; skeleton well developed ; deep-sea
eels. NEMICHTHYIDS, L.
gg. Posterior nostril close to the edge of the upper lip ; tongue more
or less fully adnate to the floor of the mouth ; teeth subequal.
Myrip&, Lt.
jf. Tip of tail without rays, projecting beyond the dorsal and anal fins (not
filiform) ; posterior nostril on the edge of the upper lip; anterior
nostril near tip of snout, usually in a small tube; tongue usually
adnate to the floor of the mouth. Coloration frequently varie-
gated. OPHICHTHYID2, LII.

CoLocEPHALI :
aa, Gill openings small, roundish, leading to restricted interbranchial slits ; tongue wanting;
pectoral fins (typically) wanting: opercles feebly developed ; fourth gill arch modi-
fied, strengthened, and supporting pharyngeal jaws.

l. Scapular arch obsolete or represented by cartilage ; heart not far back ; pectorals want-
ing ; skin thick ; coloration often variegated. MvuRENID2, LIII.

Suborder ENCHELYCEPALI.
(THE EELts.)

The characters of this group are given above. (éyyeduc, eel; kepaay,
head. )
Family XLIII. ANGUILLIDA.

(THE TRUF EELS.)

The true eels or Anguillide are characterized by their scaly skin in
association with a conical head and a general resemblance to the Congers.
The group is thus diagnosed by Dr. Gill:

Enchelycephalous Apodals with conical head, well-developed opercular
apparatus, lateral maxillines, cardiform teeth, distinct tongue, vertical
lateral branchial apertures, continuous vertical fins, with the dorsal far

from the head, pectorals well developed, scaly skin, and nearly perfect
branchial skeleton.

The Anguillide approach more nearly than most of the other eels to the
type of the true fishes. In one respect, that of the minute ova and con-
cealed generation, however, they differ widely from these. The single
genus of living Anguillide is widely diffused in temperate and tropical
waters. Unlike the other eels the Anguillide freely ascend the rivers,
descending to the sea for purposes of reproduction. One genus, withior
more valid species. (Murenide, genus Anguilla, GUNTHER, Cat., VIII, 23
to 37, 1870.)

a Dorsal fin inserted well behind base of pectorals, shoulder girdle well developed ; lower
jaw projecting. ANGUILLA, 150.

:

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 347

150. ANGUILLA, Shaw.
(EELS. )

Anguilla, SHaw, General Zoblogy, tv, 15, 1804, (anguilla).
Murzna, BLEEKeR, Pory, etc., (taking as type Murzna anguilla, the first species mentioned by

ARTEDI under Murzna).

Body elongate, compressed behind, covered with embedded scales
which are linear in form and placed obliquely, some of them at right
angles to others. Lateral line well developed. Head long, conical,
moderately pointed, the rather small eye well forward and over the angle
of the mouth. Teeth small, subequal, in bands on each jaw and a long
patch on the vomer. Tongue free at tip. Lips rather full, with a free
margin behind, attached by a frenum in front. Lower jaw projecting.
Gill openings rather small, slit-like, about as wide as base of pectorals
and partly below them. Nostrils superior, well separated, the anterior
with a slight tube. Vent close in front of anal. Dorsal inserted at
some distance from the head, confluent with the anal around the tail.
Pectorals well developed. Species found in most warm seas, (the eastern
Pacific excepted), ascending streams, but mostly spawning in the sea.
The eels often move for a considerable distance on land, in damp grass.
Waterfalls, dams, and other obstructions are often passed in this way.
It is thought that the eel spawns only in the sea, the female dying after
having once produced ova. ‘The females are larger than the males, paler
in color, with smaller eyes and higher fins. Eels are among the most
voracious of fishes. ‘‘ On their hunting excursions, they overturn alike
huge and small stones, beneath which they find species of shrimp and
crayfish, of which they are excessively fond. Their noses are poked into
every imaginable hole in their search for food, to the terror of innumera-
ble small fishes.” (W. H. Ballou.) The single American species differs*
slightly from the European Anguilla anguilla (Linnus). (anguilla, the
eel.)

*As is shown in the following analysis:

a, Distance between origin of dorsal and vent § to 114 in head; pectoral 3 to 324 in head;
head 2) to 24 in trunk; upper jaw 334 to 4144 in head. Yellow, brown, or black,
underparts paler. ANGUILLA.

aa, Distance between origin of dorsal and vent 13 to 2 in head; pectoral 28 to 32 in head;

head 2 to 24% in trunk; body more robust and trunk slightly shorter than in
anguilla, otherwise similar. CHRYSYPA, 568.

Dr. Giinther states that a specimen of the European eel from New Jersey is in the Liver-
pool Museum. There is no ether American record, and this must be regarded as very
questionable.

Dr. Seth E. Meek, (Bull. U. 8. Fish Comm., 1883, 430), after a careful comparison of American
and European eels, concludes that “in American specimens the dorsal fin is proportionately
farther from the end of snout, making the distance between front of dorsal and front of anal a
little shorter than in European specimens. Otherwise no permanent differénce seems to exist.
We should not, therefore, in my opinion, consider the two as distinct species, but rather as
geographical varieties of the same species.”

In A. chrysypa, according to Dr. Meek, the distance from tip of snout to front of dorsal is, on
an average, .J3'% of the length; the distance from front of dorsal to front of anal, .09%4, or
less than length of head, (.12'4).

In the European Anguilla anguilla the first distance is .301%4, the second, .13%4, or a little more
than length of head (.13}). Cuban specimens, (Anguilla cubana, Kaup), agree fully with A.
chrysypa, a8 also Texan ones (Anguilla ‘‘ tyrannus”? or ‘texana’’). Probably our eel should be
regarded as a subspecies, (chrysypa), of A. anguilla.

348 Bulletin 27, United States National Museum.

574. ANGUILLA CHRYSYPA,* Rafinesque.

(AMERICAN EeLt; FresH WATER EED.)

Distance from front of dorsal to vent 1{ to 2 in head; pectoral 22 to
3? in head; head 2 to 24 in trunk. Form rather robust. Brown, nearly
plain, often tinged with yellowish; paler below, the color extremely
variable. Length 4 or 5 feet. Atlantic coast of the United States; very
abundant from Maine to Mexico; ascending all rivers south of Canada
and east of the Rocky Mountains and resident throughout the Missis-
sippi Valley. Common in the West Indies. Not found in the Pacific. A
food-fish of importance. (ypvodc, gold; i706, below.)

Anguilla chrysypa, RAFINESQUE, Amer. Month. Mag. & Crit. Rev., 1817, 120, Lake George ; Hud-
son River; Lake Champlain.

Anguilla blephura, RAFINESQUE, Amer. Month. Mag. & Crit. Rev., 1817, 120, Long Island.

Anguilla laticauda, RAFINESQUE, Amer. Month. Mag. & Crit. Rev., 1817, 445, Ohio River.

Anguilla aterrima, RAYINESQUE, Ich. Ohiensis, 78, 1820, Tennessee and Cumberland rivers.

Anguilla xanthomelas, RAFINESQUE, Ich. Ohiensis, 78, 1820, Ohio River.

Anguilla lutea, RAFINESQUE, Ich. Ohiensis, 78, 1820, Ohio River.

Murena rostrata, LE SuEuUR, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1821, 81, Cayuga Lake.

Murena bostoniensis, LE Sueur, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1821, 81, Boston.

Mureena serpentina, L& SuEuR, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1821, 82, Newport, Rhode Island.

Murna macrocephala, LE SuEuK, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1821, 82, Saratoga, New York.

Murna argentea, Lr Surur, Journ, Ac, Nat. Sci. Phila., 1821, 82, Boston Bay.

Anguilla tenmrostris, DE Kay, Fishes N. Y., 310, 1842, New York.

Anguilla novorleanensis, Kaup, Apodes, 43, fig. 33, 1856, New Orleans, Louisiana.

Anguilla punctatissima, Kaur, Apodes, 44,1856, Niagara River.

Anguilla cubana, Kaur, Apodes, 44, 1856, Cuba.

Anguilla novieterre, Kaur, Apodes, 45, fig. 35, 1856, Newfoundland.

Anguilla texana,, Kaur, Apodes, 45, fig. 36, 1856, Texas.

Anguilla wabashensis, Kaur, Apodes, 46, 1856, Wabash River.

Anguilla tyrannus, GIRARD, U. 8. and Mex. Bound. Surv., 75, 1859, Rio Grande.

Anguilla rostrata, Dr Kay, Fishes N. Y., 312, 1842.

Murvena cubana, Pory, Synopsis, 421, 1868.

Anguilla anguilla rostrata, MEEK, Bull. U. 8. Fish Comm., 111, 1883, 430.

Anguilla chrysypa, JORDAN & Davis, Review of Apodal Fishes, 668, 1892.

Family XLIV. SIMENCHELYID 4.
(THE SNUB-NOSED EELS.)

This family contains a single species, a large deep-sea eel, parasitic in
larger fishes, having the general characters of Anguilla, but with the
form of the head strikingly different. The following diagnosis is given
by Dr. Gill: 3

Apodal fishes with a blunt snout, transverse, anterior mouth, massive

jaws with an acrodont dentition, and inferior longitudinal branchial slits
moderately far apart from each other.

*Among the multitudes of American eels examined by us we have been unable to detect
specific differences. As all these specimens differ in a slight degree from any we have seen
from Europe, we may provisionally recognize the American form under its oldest name, Anguilla
chrysypa, asa distinct species, As these differences are slight, it is not unlikely that interme-
diate forms may occur, in which case the American form may stand as var. chrysypa. Dr. Bean
records in the ‘‘ Nineteenth Report of the Commission of Fisheries of New York,’’ page 280,
five individuals from Great South Bay, Long Island, which he thinks may represent Anguilla
argentea (Le Sueur). These specimens are described as having ‘large eyes, short snout, and
long pectoral fins as compared with the common form, silvery gray above with a clear satiny
white abdomen separated from the color above by the lateral line.’’ These specimens are very
interesting because they were found ‘to be males with the generative glands so well developed
as to leave no doubt concerning the sex.”

-
.
“

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 349

The skin has the peculiar rudimentary scales of Anguilla; the teeth are
blunt, uniserial, on the edge of the jaws only, and there are no lips.

151. SIMENCHELYS, Gill.

Simenchelys, G1LL, in GoopE & BEAN, Bull. Essex Inst., 27, 1879, ( parasiticus).
Conchognathus, COLLETT, Bull. Soc. Zoél. France, 122, 1889, (grimaldii).

Body eel-shaped, covered with linear embedded scales, disposed at right
angles as in Anguilla. Lateral line present, faint. Head very short,
rounded, very blunt anteriorly, slightly compressed. Mouth small,
entirely anterior. Premaxillaries and maxillaries of each side coalesced
and separated from those of the other side by the ethmoid. Jaws equal,
their edges hard, provided with a single series of small, rounded, close-
set, incisor-like teeth. No vomerine teeth. Tongue broad, somewhat
free anteriorly. Mandible very deep andstrong. Operculum saber-shaped.
Gill openings very small, inferior, longitudinal, well separated, situated
in front of the pectorals and below them. Both nostrils large, the anterior
with a slight rim, but no tube. Lips full. Pectorals short; vertical fins
confluent around the tail, the dorsal beginning not far behind pectorals;
vent in front of anal, near middle of body. One species known. (ozuoc,
pug-nosed; éyyedve, eel.)

575. SIMENCHELYS PARASITICUS, Gill.

Eye 14 to 2 in snout; pectoral 24 in head ; head 44 to 43 in trunk; taila
head’s length longer than head and trunk ; anterior profile of head bluntly
rounded; angle of mouth at a point half way between the tip of snout
and anterior edge of eye; body stout, the depth at vent about equal to
length of head ; dorsal beginning about a head’s length behind gill open-
ings; color dark brown, nearly plain. Length about 2 feet. Offshore
banks, in deep water, south of Newfoundland; also recorded from the
Azores; abundant; often found burrowing in the flesh of the halibut,
(whence the name parasiticus, parasitic. )

Simenchelys parasiticus, Gitu MS., in GoopE & Bran, Bull. Essex, Inst., 27, 1879, Newfound-
land Banks; Bran, Proc, U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1880, 113; Jorpan & GiLBERtT, Synopsis, 363,
1883 ; GOnTHER, Voy. Challenger, xx11, 252, 1887 ; Jorpan & Davis, l. c., 670.

Conchognathus grimaldii, COLLETT, Bull, Soc. Zoél. France, 122, 1889, Azores.

Family XLV. ILYOPHIDZ.
(THE OOzE EELS.)

This family contains a single species with characters intermediate
between the Simenchelyide and the Synaphobranchidw, combining the gen-
eral physiognomy of Synaphobranchus with the separate gill slits and
long-bowed branchiostegal rays of Simenchelyidw. Deep-seaeels from the
eastern Pacific.

152. ILYOPHIS, Gilbert.

Tlyophis, GitnERt, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1891, 351, (brunneus).

Body scaly ; pectorals well developed ; lateral line prominent; gill slits
horizontal, inferior, well separated ; nostrils lateral, the posterior mme-
diately in front of the eye, the anterior with a short tube, near tip of

350 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

snout. Maxillaries asin Synaphobranchus; the clamping processes closely
appressed to the side of the vomer behind its head; lower jaw strong,
apparently with the coronoid process well developed ; series of teeth on
head and shaft of vomer continuous; no lips; tongue little developed,
with narrow free margin; branchiostegal rays 15 in number, (as deter-
mined without dissection), not shortened, some of them curved around
and above the opercle. Dorsal, anal, and caudal confluent, rather high,
the rays clearly visible through the skin ; dorsal beginning well forward,
its origin immediately behind the base of pectorals; origin of anal near
end of anterior third of body. (iAic, ooze; ddic, snake.)

576. ILYOPHIS BRUNNEUS, Gitbert.

Body narrow, compressed throughout; snout and jaws slender; gape
one-half length of head, extending beyond the eye for a distance less than
the diameter of the latter; maxillary teeth small, bluntly conic, in nar-
row bands; teeth on vomer large, conic, those on shaft of vomer in a single
row ; teeth in mandible in narrow band, those on the inner series enlarged
and retrorse though less than half the size of the vomerine teeth ; front of
pupil over end of second third of length of jaw ; gill slits narrow, inferior,
horizontal, crescent-shaped, about equaling horizontal diameter of eye,
their lower (anterior) ends separated by a distance equal to their own
length, their upper (posterior) ends by 14 times that distance; head 2 in
trunk ; head and trunk 34 in total length ; pectorals small, 6 in head, rays
evident; scales very fine, arranged in groups at right angles to one
another ; lateral line running high anteriorly, its pores white and con-
spicuous. Color brown, the fins, lower side of head, and branchial regions
darker. (Gilbert.) Length 15 inches. One specimen, from Chatham
Island, Galapagos Archipelago, in 634 fathoms. (brunneus, brown.)

Ilyophis brunneus, GILBERT, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1891, 352, Chatham Island; Jorpan &
Davis, I. c., 670. (Coll. Albatross.)

Family XLVI. SYNAPHOBRANCHID.

This group consists of deep-sea eels, differing from the Anguillide in
having the gill openings externally confluent into a single slit. The fol-
lowing diagnosis is given by Dr. Gill:

Enchelycephalous Apodals with conic, pointed head, moderate opercu-
lar apparatus, lateral maxillines, cardiform teeth, distinct tongue, inferior
branchial apertures discharging by a common aperture, continuous ver-
tical fins, pectorals well developed, scaly skin, and nearly perfect branchial
skeleton.

Body eel-shaped, covered with linear, imbedded scales placed at right
angles, asin Anguilla. Lateral line present. Head long and pointed, the
snout produced. Mouth very long, the eye being over the middle of its
cleft. Jaws aboutequal; teeth small, sharp, in a broad band in each jaw,
becoming a single series anteriorly ; those of inner series in upper jaw and
of outer series in mandible somewhat enlarged; vomerine teeth in a nar-
row band anteriorly. Gill openings inferior, horizontal, close together,
convergent forward, somewhat confluent at the surface, but separated by
a considerable isthmus within. Branchiostegals peculiarly formed, in

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 301

moderate number (about 15), attached to the sides of the compressed cera-
tohyal and ephiyal, slender, abbreviated, and moderately bowed, not
being curved up above the operculum. Tongue long, free only at the sides.
Nostrils large, the anterior with a short tube, the posterior before the

lower part of the eye. Pectoral well developed ; dorsal low, beginning

behind vent; anal longer than dorsal, rather high, its rays slender,
branched, not imbedded in the skin; vertical fins confluent around the
tail. Vent near the anterior fourth of body. Muscular and osseous sys-
tems well developed. Stomach very distensible. Deep-sea fishes; two
genera with 6 or 8 species known. (Murenide, group Synaphobranchina,
Giinther, Cat., v1, 22-23.)

a. Dorsal fin low, beginning behind vent ; vomerine teeth in a single patch ; pectorals long,

longer than the rather slender snout. SYNAPHOBRANCHUS, 153.

aa, Dorsal fin beginning close behind base of pectorals; vomerine teeth in two patches, one
behind the other ; pectorals short, not longer than the short snout.

HIsSTIOBRANCHUS, 154.

153). SYNAPHOBRANCHUS, Johnson.

Synaphobranchus, JOHNSON, Proc. Zobl. Soc. London, 1862, 169, (kaupii).

Dorsal beginning behind vent. This genus contains two or three species,
deep-sea fishes from the Atlantic and Pacific. (cvvagyc, united; 8payya,
gills.)

577. SYNAPHOBRANCHUS PINNATUS (Gronow).

Dorsal fin beginning + to } head’s length behind vent; maxillary reach-
ing a point almost opposite gill opening; head 3 to 3} in distance from
tip of snout to dorsal, + to # in trunk; snout 3} in head; eye 2 to 2} in
snout; cleft of mouth 1} to 1 in head; pectorals 3 in head, their inser-
tion about equidistant from snout and anus. Uniform brown, vertical
fins darker behind, light-edged anteriorly ; inside of mouth blue-black;
gill openings dark. North Atlantic and western Pacific, common about
the Madeiras, Canaries, etc., and also about the banks of Newfoundland;
‘a common resident of the deep waters of the offshore banks in 200 to
300 fathoms, where individuals are often taken on the fisherman’s trawl
lines.” The Japanese species, S. afinis, Giinther, is probably the same.
(pinnatus, feathered or finned.)

Murena pinnata, Gronow, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., 19, 1854, locality unknown.

Synaphobranchus kaupii, JouNSON, Proc. Zobl. Soc. Lond., 1862, 169, Madeira. (Coll. J. Y. John-
son.)

?Synaphobranchus afinis, GUNTHER, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., xx, 1877, 445, Inosima, Japan.

Synaphobranchus pinnatus, GUNTHER, Cat., vul1, 23, 1870; Goopr & Bran, Bull. Essex Inst., 26,
1879 ; BEAN, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1880, 113; Goope & Bean, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zodl., 222,
1883; JorpAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 364, 1883; GinrnerR, Voy. Challenger, xx11, 253, 1887;
VAILLANT, Voyage Travailleur et Talisman, 89, 1888; Jornpan & Davis, l. c., 672.

154. HISTIOBRANCHUS, Gill.
Histiobranchus, G11, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1883, 255, (infernalis).

This genus is close to the preceding, from which it is distinguished by
the more anterior insertion of its dorsal. T'wospecies have been described,

352 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum,

perhaps identical with each other. (coriov, sail, i. e. dorsal fin; Bpayxua,
gills; from the insertion of the dorsal.)
a. Pectoral fin longer than snout. BATHYBIUS, 578.
aa. Pectoral fin shorter than snout. INFERNALIS, 579.
578. HISTIOBRANCHUS BATHYBIUS, Giinther.

Pectoral fin longer than snout; eye 4 or $ of the length of snout; head
and trunk 1} in tail; dorsal commencing above or immediately behind
the pectoral, which is only $ length of head; scales quite rudimentary,
lanceolate, imbedded in the skin; cheeks naked; dorsal and anal fins low,
especially the former. Uniformly black. (Gunther.) Northern and west-
ern Pacific in deep water, Bering Strait, off Japan, and off Cape of Good
Hope. One specimen obtained by Dr. Gilbert in Bering Sea in 1890,
(Albatross Explorations). (afic, deep; (ioc, life.)

Synaphobranchus bathybius, GinTHER, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., xx, 1877, 445 ; and in Voy. Chal-

lenger, 254, pl. tx, fig. b, 1887, off Yedo; North Pacific; Kerguelen Island.
Histiobranchus bathybius, JORDAN and Davis, 1. ¢., 673.

579. HISTIOBRANCHUS INFERNALIS, Gill.

Body moderately elongated and compressed ; its height at the anus 7%
of the length. Head 9 in total length, its width a little less than one-half
its length; snout moderate, less than greatest width of head; eye moder-
ate, much less than one-half the snout; upper jaw nearly one-tenth of
total length; lower jaw a little more. Dorsal commencing not far behind
vertical from the root of pectoral; anal inserted a little nearer tip of
snout than end of tail; both are moderately developed. Pectorals con-
siderably shorter than snout. Color in life almost uniform dark plum-
beous; in alcohol the trunk is dark yellowish brown, becoming almost
black on the abdominal region, as well as on the intermandibular integu-
ments and around the pectorals, while the dorsal and anal are whitish
except towards the posterior fourth of the length, where they are very
dark or blackish. A specimen, No. 33279, was taken by the Albatross at
station 2037, in 1,731 fathoms, 38° 30’ N. 69° 8’ W. (Goode & Bean.)
(infernalis, infernal, from its black color.)

Histiobranchus infernalis, Gini, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1883, 255, Gulf Stream, Lat. 38° 30’N.,
Long. 69° W., in 1,731 fathoms. (Type, No. 33279. Coll. Albatross.) Goopr & Bran, Oceanic
Ichthyology, 145, fig. 165, 1895.

Synaphobranchus infernalis, GUNTHER, Challenger Report, xx11, 254, 1887.

Family XLVII. LEPTOCEPHALID.
(THE CONGER EELS.)

This family includes those eels which are scaleless, and have the tongue
largely free in front, the body moderately elongate, the end of the tail
surrounded by a fin, the posterior nostril remote from the upper lip and
near front of eye, and the pectoral fins well developed. All the species
are plainly colored, grayish or dusky above, silvery below, and the dorsal
edged with black. Genera 3,* species about 15, found in most warm seas,

* As the osteology of most of the species is unknown, we can not say whether the Murenesocide,
Echelidx, and Heterocongride should really be separated from this group. Bleeker placesall these
genera with Nettastoma and Nemichthys, also in his family of Congroideit. Ginther approximates
Conger to Anguilla, while recognizing the allies of Mursenesox, Echelus, Heteroconger, and Nemichthys
as 60 Many distinct subfamilies, Nettastoma he places with Neoconger and Murenesox.

Jordan and E:vermann,— Fishes of North America. 353

usually at moderate depths. Most of the species undergo a metamorpho-
sis, the young being loosely organized and transparent, band-shaped and
with very small head. The body grows smaller with increased age,
owing to the compacting of the tissues. (Murenide, part, Gunther, Cat.,
vu, 37-44.)

a, Vomerine teeth in bands, none of them canine-like ; lips thick.

b. Dorsal fin inserted at a point behind base of pectoral, but nearer pectoral than vent;
head with inconspicuous mucous cavities; jaws with an outer series of close-set
teeth, forming a cutting edge; tail about half longer than rest of body.

LEPTOCEPHALUS, 155.

bb. Dorsal fin beginning over the gill opening ; bones of front of head with large mucif-

erous cavities; mouth rather small ; jaws with bands of small teeth, the outer not
forming a cutting edge; tail from half to two-thirds of total length.

CONGERMURENA, 156.
aa. Vomerine teeth uniserial, some of them canine-Jike; maxillary teeth biserial; dorsal

beginning above root of pectoral; cleft of mouth extending beyond middle of eye;
tail very long and slender, about half longer than rest of body. URoconGeER, 157.

155. LEPTOCEPHALUS (Gronow) Scopoli.
(CONGER EELS.)

(a) Larval Forms.

Leptocephalus, Scopoui, Int. Hist. Nat., 453, 1777, (morrissi).

Oxyurus, RAFINESQUE, Caratteri, 19, 1810, (vermiformis).

Helmictis, RAYINESQUE, Indice d’Ittiologia Siciliana, 62, 1810, (punctatus).
Helmichthys, Costa, Fauna Napoli, Pesci, 1854, (diaphanus).

? Leptocephalichthys, BLEEKER, Act. Soc. Sci. Ind. Veerl., 1, Manado, 69, (hypselosoma).
? Diaphanichthys, Peters, Monatsber. Ak. Wiss. Berl., 399, 1864, (brevicaudus).

(b) ApuLT Forms.

Echelus, RAFINESQUE, Caratteri, etc., 63, 1810, (in part ; includes species of Conger, Ophisoma and
Myrus ; restricted by Bleeker to Myrus).

Conger, Cuvier, Régne Animal, Ed. 11, 11, 350, 1829, (conger).

Ariosoma, Swatnson, Nat. Hist., Class’n Fishes, 1, 220, 1838, (no type mentioned; diagnosis
worthless). ;

Ophisoma, Swainson, Nat. Hist., Class’n Fishes, 11, 334, 1839, (acuta, obtusa). Substitute for Ario-
soma ; not Ophisomus, SwAINsON, I. c., 227 = Mureenoides, Lacépéde.

Oongrus, Ricuarpson, Voyage Erebus & Terror, 107, 1844, (conger).

Body formed as in Anguilla, the skin scaleless. Head depressed above,
anteriorly pointed. Lateral line present. Mouth wide, its cleft extend-
ing at least to below middle of eye. Teeth in outer series in each
jaw equal and close-set, forming a cutting edge; no canines; band of
vomerine teeth short. Tongue anteriorly free. Vertical fins well devel-
oped, confluent around the tail; pectoral fins well developed; dorsal
beginning close behind pectorals. Gill openings rather large, low.
Eyes well developed. Posterior nostril near eye; anterior near tip of
snout, with a short tube. Lower jaw not projecting. Skeleton differing
‘in numerous respects from that of Anguilla. Vertebrw about 56 + 100.
In most warm seas. This genus contains the well-known and widely
distributed Conger eel and three or four closely related species. The
earliest generic name used for members of the group is Leptocephalus,
based on a curious, elongate, transparent, band-like creature with

mn ty As 24

354 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

minute head and very small mouth, found in the waters of Europe, and
known as Leptocephalus morrissi. This has been shown by Gill, Ginther,
and Facciolé to be the young and larval form of Leptocephalus conger.
A number of the genera and species of the supposed family of Lepto-
cephalide have been described, but there is no doubt that all of them are
larve, some of eels, as Conger, Congermurena, Ophisurus, and Nettastoma,
others of Isospondylous fishes, as Albula, Elops, Alepocephalus, Stomias,
etc. (See Giinther, Cat., vu, 136.) It is thought by Dr. Gunther that the
Leptocephalid forms are probably ‘“ individuals arrested in the develop-
ment at a very early period of their life, yet continuing to grow to a cer-
tain size, without corresponding development of their internal organs,
and perishing without having attained the characters of the perfect
animal.” The recent observations of Dr. Gilbert on the larve of Albula,
Elops, and Conger, however, seem to point to the conclusion that these
curious forms are normal young, and that the individuals grow smaller
in size for a time with increased age, owing to the increasing compact-
ness of the tissues.

Inasmuch as the name Leptocephalus has been associated for more than
a century with larval forms it is a decided inconvenience to accord to it
precedence as a generic name over Conger. The strict law of priority,
however, demands its retention, and the tendency among systematic
zovlogists is to recognize as few exceptions as may be to thisrule. The
unfamiliar names Oxyurus and Helmictis are both earlier than Conger.
(Acrtoc, slender; xegad7, head.)

a. Dorsal beginning nearly opposite tip of pectoral; head about 14 in trunk. CONGER, 580.

aa. Dorsal fin beginning above middle of pectorals; head about 12 in trunk.
CAUDILIMBATUS, 581.

580. LEPTOCEPHALUS CONGER (Linnezus).
(CoNGER EEL.)

Dorsal beginning opposite to or just behind tip of pectoral; eye 13 in
snout, 5 to 6 in head; snout 3} to 44 in head; gape extending nearly or
quite to posterior margin of eye; head 1} to 19 in trunk; tail longer than
rest of body ; pectorals 33 in head ; upper lip full, with conspicuous pores.
Ashy gray or blackish; vertical fins with a black margin; body some-
times (var. niger) entirely black. Atlantic Ocean, generally common on
both coasts, from Cape Cod to Brazil; also on coasts of Asia and Africa ;
almost cosmopolitan, but not found in the eastern Pacific. It reaches a
length of 8 feet, and is a food fish of importance, especially in Europe.
(Conger, the ancient name of the eel.)

(a) LARVAL Forms.
Leptocephalus morrissi, GMELIN, Syst. Nat., 1150, 1788, Holyhead, England.
Ophidium pellucidum, Couch, Lond. Mag. Nat. Hist., y., 1832, 313, 742, England.
Leptocephalus gracilis, SrorER, Mem. Amer. Acad., i1, 524, 1839, Massachusetts,
Leptocephalus spallanzanii, candidissimus, etc., of European writers.

(b) Aputr Forms.

Mursena supremo margine pinne dorsalis nigro, ARTEDI, Synon., 40, 2, 1738, Mediterranean,
Murena conger, Linnxus, Syst. Nat., x, 245, 1758, (based on Artedi).

—-”

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 355

Murena nigra, Risso, Ich. Nice, 93, 1810, (black variety), Nice.

Anguilla oceanica, Mircui.L, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1818, 407, off New York.

Conger verus, Risso, Eur. Mer., 111, 201, 1826, Nice.

Conger vulgaris, CuviER, Régne Animal, Ed. 0, 11, 350, 1829, France; Ginruer, Cat., vir, 38,
1870.

Conger rubescens, RANZANI, De Novis Spec. Pisc. Diss. Prima, 19, pl. v, fig. 5, 1838, Mediterra-
nean.

Ophisoma obtusa, SWAINSON, Fish., Rep., and Amph., 11, 395, 1839, Sicily.

Conger orbignyanus, VALENCIENNES, D’Orbigny, Voy. Am. Merid., Poiss., pl. 12, 1, 1839, South
America.

Conger occidentalis, DE Kay, N. Y. Fauna: Fishes, 314, pl. 53, fig. 172, 1842.

Congrus leucophzus, RicHaRDsON, Voy. Erebus and Terror, Fishes, 108, 1844,

Conger verreauxi, Kaup, Apodes, 115, 1856, no locality.

Conger esculentus, Pory, Memorias, 11, 346, 1860, Cuba.

Conger niger, JoRDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 362, 1883.

Leptocephalus conger, JORDAN & Davis, l. c., 664.

581. LEPTOCEPHALUS CAUDILIMBATUS (Poey).

Dorsal fin beginning above the middle of pectorals; eye as long as
snout, 44 in head; gape extending to beyond the middle of the eye; head
14 to 1$ in trunk; tail longer than rest of body; pectorals 3 to 34 in head.
Brown, vertical fins with a broad black margin, which is again edged with
white; the dorsal black anteriorly for # its depth. Tropical parts of
Atlantic; Pensacola to Cuba and Madeira; not rare. (cauda, tail; limbatus,
margined.)

Echelus caudilimbatus, Pory, Repertorio, 11, 249, 1867, Cuba.

Conger macrops, GUNTHER, Cat., vit1, 40, 1870, Madeira; Bahamas. (Coll. Hasslar.)

Conger caudicula, BEAN, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1882, 435, Pensacola. (Type, No. 30709. Coll.
Silas Stearns.) JorpAN & GILBERT, I. c., 262.

Conger caudilimbatus, Pokey, Enumeratio, 152, 1875.

Leptocephalus caudicula, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 900, 1883.
Leptocephalus caudilimbatus, Jonpan & Davis, l. c., 666

156, CONGERMURANA, Kaup.

Conger-Murzna,* Kaur, Apodes, 108, 1856, (balearica).

Gnathophis, Kaur, Aale Hamb. Mus., 1859, (heterognathus).
Congromuriena, GUNTHER, Cat., v111, 40, 1870, (amended spelling).
Ophisoma, BLEEKER, JorpDAN & Davis, etc., (acuta).

This genus contains numerous species of small Congers, distinguished
by the more anterior insertion of the dorsal and by the greater develop-
ment of the muciferous cavities in the head. The species are very closely
related and not well known. (Conger; Murena; related genera. )

a, Snout more or Jess projecting beyond mandible.
b. Vent submedian in position, the body and tail about equal in length ; upper jaw little

projecting. BALEARICA, 582.
bb. Vent anterior in position, the tail much longer than rest of body.
c, Snout short and heavy, blunt, projecting little beyond mandible. MAcruRA, 583.

cc, Snout long and acute, considerably projecting.

* By the rules of the American Ornithologists’ Union, the generic name Congermurena would

be adopted, Ariosoma is ineligible because no type is expressed, and the diagnosis is valueless,
Ophisoma would by some be set aside on account of the prior Ophisomus. Ophisoma was based

on two species, acuta and obtusa, the latter the common Conger Eel, and this group is really syn-
onymous with Conger.

306 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

d. Tail less than twice length of rest of body ; eye small, 814 in head ; mandible
strong. PRORIGERA, 584,
ed. Tail much more than twice length of rest of body ; eye large, 7 in head.
NITENS, 585.
aa, Snout long, but not projecting ; the lower jaw much longer than upper ; tail twice length
of rest of body ; eye 6 in head. FLAVA, 586.

582. CONGEKRMURENA BALEARICA (De la Roche).

Upper jaw but little projecting; lips thin; head about 6 in total length;
the tail a little longer than the head and trunk ; eye about equal to snout,
5in head. Color brownish or yellowish; silvery on sides and below ; ver-
tical fins with a narrow black edge. Tropical parts of the Atlantic and
eastern Pacific. Known from the Mediterranean, Cuba, Brazil, St. Helena,
Cape San Lucas and the Galapagos. Possibly more than one species
should be recognized, in which case the American form would stand as C.
opisthophthalmus. (Eu.) (Name from the Balearic Islands, off the coast

of Spain.)

Mureena balearica, DE La Rocue, Ann. Mus., x111, 1809, 327, fig. 3, Balearic Islands.

Echelus ciuciara, RAFINESQUE, Caratteri, 65, 1810, Sicily.

Mursena cassini, Risso, Ich. Nice, 91, 1810, Nice.

Conger opisthophthalmus, RANZANI, De Noy. Spec. Pisc. Disser., Prima. 16, pl. v, fig. 1, 1838,
Bahia.

Ophisoma acuta, SWAINSON, Fish., Rept., Amph., 11, 396, 1839, Sicily.

Conger microstomus, CASTELNAU, Anim. Nouv. Rares, Amérique du Sud, 83, pl. 42, fig. 4, 1855,
Rio Janeiro.

Conger analis,* Porky, Memorias, 11, 318, 1860, Havana.

Conger impressus, PoEY, Memorias, 11, 318, 1860, Cuba.

Congromurina mellissii, GUNTHER, Cat., vill, 42, 1870, St. Helena. (Coll. J. H. Melliss.)

Conger-Murexna balearica, Kaup, Apodes, 110, 1856.

Congromurxna balearica, GUNTHER, Cat., vi11, 41, 1870.

Ophisoma analis, Pony, Repertorio, 11, 248, pl. 3, fig. 3, 1866.

Ophisoma balearicum, JorDAN & Davis, l. c., 661.

583. CONGERMURENA MACRURA (Gilbert).

Vent anterior in position, the tail much longer than the body. Snout
comparatively short and heavy, blunt, and broadly rounded, projecting
but little beyond tip of mandible; tail twice length of body; lips full;
teeth in mandible in a broad band, those of outer series the largest; max-
illary and vomerine teeth also in broad bands; vomerine patch divided by
a groove into which fits the tip of the mandible; no teeth on shaft of
vomer; posterior nostril an elliptical slit, on level of upper margin of
pupil; anterior nostril a round pore near tip of snout; five large mucous
pores on each side of jaws; gape extending slightly beyond pupil, 2% in
head; eye moderate, # in snout, 6 in head; head 1} in trunk, 4 in tail;
pectorals 4 length of head; origin of dorsal slightly behind base of pec-
torals. Colordusky above; under side of head and abdomen light, the
two areas separated by a well-defined line; fins dusky, becoming black
towards tip of tail, with whitish border ; inside of mouth, gill cavity, and
peritoneum silvery. (Gilbert.) Gulf of California; one specimen known,
94 inches long. (yaxpéc, long: ovpa, tail.)

* According to Poey the vent is exactly in the middle of the body in Congermurzna analis, and
an eye’s diameter nearer the head in Congermurzna impressa.

——

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 357

Ophisoma macrurum, GILBERT, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1891, 351, Gulf of California. (Coll. Alba-
tross.)

584. CONGERMURENA PRORIGERA (Gilbert).

Tail considerably longer than rest of body. Eye small, 2 in snout, 8}
in head, slightly less than length of gill slit; snout long and sharp, the
acute tip projecting beyond mandible for % length of orbit; teeth villi-
form, in broad bands, none of them enlarged, a transverse groove behind
head of vomer to receive tip of mandible; posterior nostril slit-like, the
anterior with distinct membranous tube; mandibles very broad and strong;
gape reaching to vertical from posterior margin of pupil, $ of head; con-
spicuous pore just behind angle of mouth; head equal to trunk, 3 in tail
without fin; depth 13 in total length; pectoral 3} in head; dorsal begin-
ning in advance of gill opening, its distance from tip of snout slightly
less than half the distance from snout to anal. Uniform light brown;
fins dusky, black near tip of tail, and there with narrow bright white
margin ; mouth, gill cavity, and peritoneum black. (Gilbert.) Length1
foot. Panama to Ecuador. (prora, prow; gero, I bear.)

Ophisoma prorigerum, GILBERT, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus. 1891, 350, Coast of Ecuador; Panama.
(Coll. Albatross.)

585. CONGERMURENA NITENS (Jordan & Bollman).

Tail much more than twice length of body; body slender; tail com-
pressed ; lower jaw considerably shorter than the upper; dorsal beginning
slightly in advance of the root of the pectoral. Head 1+ in trunk, 54 in
tail; tail 23 times as long as head and trunk; snout 4} in head, very soft;
eye very large, 7 in head, 1 in snout; interorbital area 2 in eye; cleft of
mouth 3} in head, extending slightly behind middle of eye; pectoral long
and narrow, 24 in head, 13 times as long as gill slit. Color olivaceous,
upper parts of head and body with numerous fine black dots; a silvery
shade across opercles and below lateral line; peritoneum bright silvery,
giving belly a pale color; dorsal and anal with a narrow black margin,
below which are a few small spots; pectoral pale. One specimen dredged
at Albatross station 2801 off Panama, 8° 47’ N., 79° 29’ 30/7 W., in 14
fathoms. (nitens, shining.)

Ophisoma nitens, JonvDAN & BouumMan, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1889, 153, Panama; Jorpan &
Davis, l. c., 662. (Coll. Albatross.)

586. CONGERMURENA FLAVA, Goode & Bean,

Lips somewhat thickened. Snout long, about twice diameter of eye,
which is 6 in head. Lower jaw projecting far beyond the upper.
Anterior nostril in short tube, posterior nostril pore-like, in advance of
eye, and above the horizontal line of its diameter. Cleft of mouth
extending very slightly behind middle of eye. Teeth in very narrow
bands, villiform, a dense cluster on the vomer. Length of head equal to
that of trunk. Tail about twice as long as body. Dorsal beginning far
in advance of gill opening and pectoral. Color yellowish; blackish on
termination of tail. Specimens obtained by the Albatross at stations
2121 and 2122, in 31 to 34 fathoms, and at station 2402, in 111 fathoms;

358 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum,

also by the Blake at station 264, in 84 fathoms. (Goode & Bean.)
(flavus, yellow.)

Congermurzna flava, Goope & BEAN, Oceanic Ichthyology, 138, fig. 159, 1895, Gulf Stream.
(Type, No. 44612. Coll. Albatross.)

157. UROCONGER, Kaup.
Uroconger, Kaur, Apodes, 110, 1854, (lepturus).

Mouth very large, its cleft passing middie of eye; vomerine teeth uni-
serial, some of them canine-like; teeth in jaws in two series. Tail long,
slender, whip-like. Dorsal inserted above pectoral. Species few. (ovpa,
tail; Conger. )

587. UROCONGER VICINUS, Vaillant.

Depth 20 in length. Vomer with two strong teeth anteriorly. Space
separating gill openings considerably greater than their diameter.
(Goode & Bean.) Deep waters off coast of northern Africa; a young indi-
vidual taken by the Albatross at station 2161 in 146 fathoms. (vicinus,
near, i. e. to Uroconger lepturus.)

Uroconger vicinus, VAILLANT, Exped. Travaiileur et Talisman, 86, pl. VI, fig. 1, 1888, Banc

d’Arguin, off Soudan, off Cape Verde Islands; Goopr & Bran, Oceanic Ichthyology,
138, 1895.

Family XLVIII. MURASNESOCID.

Scaleless anguilloid eels, with the posterior nostril not labial, the
tongue largely adnate, the jaws not excessively elongate, the end of the
tail surrounded by the caudal fin, and the pectoral fins well developed.
None of these characters appear to have in themselves great importance,
but according to Dr. Gill, in the genus Muranesox, the only genus in
which the osteology is well known, the characters are such as fully to
justify family distinction. Dr. Gill gives the following diagnosis of
Mureenesocidee :

‘“‘Enchelycephalous Apodals with the tongue not free, the branchioste-
gal membrane connecting the opposite sides below, the epipharyngeals
reduced to one pair, and the hypopharyngeals linguiform and encroach-
ing on the fourth branchial arch.”

To this should be added: Gill openings rather wide; pectoral fins well
developed ; jaws of moderate length; vomer well armed.

Whether all these characters are found in the other genera commonly
associated with Murenesox isnot yet known. The family, as understood
by us, seems divisible into two well-marked groups, which are, perhaps,
as distinct from each other as from the Hchelide or the Congrida. The
species of this family are not very numerous, and a large proportion are
American. In general appearance and habits they approach the Con-
gers. All are piainly colored and some descend to rather deep water.
(Murenide, Murenesocine, Gunther, Cat., vi, 45-49.)

MURENESOCINE:
a. Dorsal and anal fins well developed throughout, the dorsal beginning nearly above gill
opening; snout moderately produced; vomerine teeth very strong.
b. Teeth in jaws in several series ; gill openings wide.

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 359

c. Teeth in jaws in several series, those of one series enlarged and compressed, long
canines in front ; vomer with several long series of teeth, the middle one of
conical canines. Muvur2NESOX, 158,

cc. Teeth all conical, slender and sharp, those of jaws in wide bands; maxillary with
a deep groove, running the entire length of the bone, dividing the band of
teeth into two portions; shaft of yomer with a median series of conical

teeth. XENOMYSTAX, 159.
bb. Teeth in jaws biserial, small; vomer with a series of long, pointed canines; tail about
4 times as long as rest of body; gill openings narrow. Hoptunnis, 160.

STILBISCIN®:
aa. Dorsal and anal fins very low anteriorly, developed chiefly on the tail.
d. Tail about as long as rest of body; teeth moderate ; dorsal beginning before the vent.
dd. Tail short, little more than half as long as rest of body; teeth all uniserial, unequal,
some of them canine-like; body very slender, whip-shaped.
e. Body moderately elongate, the diameter more than one-thirtieth the length;

dorsal beginning just before vent. NEOCONGER, 161.

ee. Body whip-shaped, the diameter less than one-fiftieth the length.
jf. Dorsal fin beginning not far behind pectoral. LEPTOCONGER, 162.
Jf. Dorsal fin beginning behind the vent. Srinpiscus, 163.
Sff. Dorsal fin beginning close behind the nape. GoRDIICHTHYS, 164.

158. MURAZZ=NESOX, McClelland.

Murznesox, McCLELLAND, Calcutta Journ. Nat Hist., 1v, 408, 1843, (tricuspidata).
Cynoponticus, Costa, Fauna Napoli, Pesci., pl. 28, 1850, ( ferox = savanna).
Brachyconger, BLEEKER, Neder). Tidsskr., Dierkunde, 11, 236, 1865, (savanna).
Congresox, GILL, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1890, 234, (¢alabon).

Body robust. Dorsal and anal fins well developed, the dorsal begin-
ning nearly above gill opening. Mouth large; teeth in jaws in several
series, those of one series enlarged and depressed, forming long canines
in front; vomer with several long series of teeth, the middle one of
strong canines. This genus contains numerous species, large, conger-like
eels, some of which are found in all warm seas. They are remarkable
for the strong armature of the vomer. (Murena; Esox, pike.)

MURENESOX :
a, Median teeth on vomer enlarged, compressed, and cultrate ; median teeth on side of lower
jaw also enlarged and compressed or bluntish.
b. Middle series of teeth on vomer not distinctly tricuspidate ; pectoral rather more than

half head. CONICEPS, 588.
bb. Middle series of teeth on vomer distinctly tricuspidate in young, becoming entire with
age; pectoral 224 in head. SAVANNA, 589.

Subgenus MURAENESOX.

588. MURENESOX CONICEPS, Jordan & Gilbert.

Yomer with a median row of about 15 very large, strong teeth, which
are much compressed, the tip angular and directed backwards, and with a
nick on the posterior edge, thus: _); oneor two of the anterior teeth only
slightly tricuspidate ; on each side of the median row on vomer some very
small, blunt teeth, disappearing anteriorly, arranged in one or two rows
very close to the median row; jaws with one or two outer rows of small,
blunt teeth, next a row of rather large, wedge-shaped teeth, and then an
inner band of small, conical, blunt teeth in two, three, or four series;
front of both jaws with groups of canines, which are shorter than the

360 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

pupil; in old examples the teeth, especially those on the vomer, are often
so worn that their original form is not at all evident; head 2 in trunk, 32
in tail; pectoral fin 2 in the distance between the tip of snout and the base
of the fin or rather more than half length of head; eye 24 in the snout, 14
in interorbital width, 3} in cleft of mouth, situated a little behind middle
of gape; cleft of mouth 24 in the head; gill openings large, containing the
isthmus twice; dorsal beginning over the gill openings. Olive-brown
above, dull-whitish below; dorsal and anal light brown with a dark
margin; caudal and pectoral fins black. Length 2 or3 feet. Cape San
Lucas to the coast of Columbia, generally common. Very close to the
next, the difference in dentition evident only in the young. (conus,
cone; -ceps, head.)

Murenesox coniceps, JORDAN & GILBERT, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1881, 348, Mazatlan ; Jorpan &

Davis, l,c., 648. (Type, No. 28136. Coll. Gilbert.)
589. MURENESOX SAVANNA (Cuvier).

Median serics of teeth on vomer distinctly tricuspidate in the young,
becoming entire with age, with nearly even surface, thus: ~) ; pectoral] as
long as maxillary, 23in head; eye 2in snout, which is 44 in head; dorsal
inserted over the gill opening. Brown above, silvery below; dorsal and
anal edged with black. Otherwise as in M. coniceps. Cuba to Rio Janeiro,
not common, occasional in the Mediterranean Sea. (Eu.) (Called “ Sa-
vanne” in Martinique.)

Murxna savanna, Cuvier, Régne Animal, Ed. 2, Vol. 2, 350, 1829, Martinique ; BENNETT, Proc.
Comm. Zoul. Soc., 135, 1831.

Conger brasiliensis, RANZANI, Nov. Spec. Pisc. Diss. Prima., tv, 17, pl. 13, fig. 1, 1838, Brazil.

Congrus curvidens, RicHARDSON, Voy. Erebus & Terror, 111, 1844, no locality.

Cynoponticus ferox, Costa, Fauna Napoli, Pesc., pl. 28, 1854, Naples.

Conger limbatus, CASTELNAU, Anim. Am. Sud, 83, pl. 43, fig. 3, 1855, Rio Janeiro.

Brachyconger savanna, BLEEKER, Atlas des Murénes Indes Orient, 1v, 20, 1864.

Murexnesox savanna, GUNTHER, Cat., vit, 47, 1870; Jorpan & Davis, l. c., 648.

159. XENOMYSTAX, Gilbert.
Xenomystax, GinBERT, Proc, U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1891, 348, (atrarius).

Scaleless; pectorals well developed; vertical fins large, continuous
around the tail, the rays evident; dorsal beginning before base of pector-
als. Gull slits vertical and rather wide, the gill membrane continuous
below the throat. Branchiostegals apparently 11 or 12 in number, long
and much curved, continuing around the posterior and upper edges of the
opercles; mouth with wide lateral cleft, not extending far beyond eye;
maxillaries very wide, not extending far forwards, the clasping processes
applied to shaft of vomer well behind its head. Teeth all conical, slender,
and sharp, mostly depressible, those in jaws in wide bands; maxillary
with a deep lengthwise groove running the entire length of the bone and
dividing the band of teeth into two portions; lower jaw much shorter
than upper. Posterior nostril a linear slit, midway between eye and tip
of snout; the anterior in a short tube just behind the head of vomer;
tongue small, with the tip free; lips undeveloped; the lateral line con-
spicuous. One species, (gévoc, strange; uvorag, maxilla.)

Jordan and Evermann.—Ffishes of North America. 361

590. XENOMYSTAX ATRARIUS, Gilbert.

Snout very long and slender; end of maxillary equidistant from tip of
mandible and gill opening; front of orbit over the beginning of last third
of gape; long slit-like pores on margin of upper jaw, a conspicuous series
on mandible and preoperele; teeth in jaws in wide bands, mostly depres-
sible; maxillary teeth divided by a deep groove running entire length of
jaw, those on inner side of groove long, close-set, rigid, in single series;
mandible with much narrower and shallower groove, on the inner edge of
which is a single series of very small conical teeth, directed inwards; tip
of mandible enlarged to form a knob which fits into a toothless depression
just behind head of vomer, the vomer extending well beyond the tip of
lower jaw; teeth on head of vomer and knob of mandible similar, slightly
larger than those of side of jaw; anterior part of shaft of vomer with
median series of strong conical teeth, accompanied by smaller lateral
series and followed by a narrower band of very smallconicalteeth. Head
equal to trunk and ¢ of tail; gill openings broadly lunate, vertical length
of slit} of snout, interspace $ length of slit; pectorals narrow, 4 snout.
Color very dark brown; fins black; poresof lateral line white. (Gilbert.)
Coast of Ecuador, at Albatross station 2792, in 401 fathoms. (atrarius,
blackish. )

Xenomystax atrarius, GILBERT, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1891, 348, Lat. 1° S., Long. 819 W. (Coll.
Gilbert.)

160. HOPLUNNIS, Kaup.
Hoplunnis, Kaur, Aale Hamburg Museum, 19, 1859, (schmidtii).

This genus differs from Murenesoz chiefly in the dentition; the teeth in
the jaws are small and biserial and the vomer has aseries of long, pointed
canines. The very long tail is four times length of rest of body. Gill
openings wide. Two species, American. (d7/ov, armature; ivyic, vomer;
correctly written Hoplynnis. )

a, Eye 3 in snout ; tail four times rest of body. SCHMIDTII, 591.
ad, Eye 3 to 324 in snout ; cleft of mouth extending*beyond eye. DIOMEDIANUS, 592.

591. HOPLUNNIS SCHMIDTII, Kaup.

Tail about four times as long as rest of body; eye 3 in snout; posterior
portion of vertical fins black. (Kaup per Gunther.) Caribbean Sea at
Puerto Cabello; one specimen known and very imperfectly described. (A
personal name. )

Hoplunnis schmidtii, Kaur, Aale Hamb. Mus., 19, pl. 2, fig. 4, 1859, Puerto Cabello; Ginrner,
Cat., vir1, 49, 1870.

592. HOPLUNNIS DLOMEDIANUS, Goode & Bean.

Allied to 7. schmidtii, with height of body 4 in head; its width } its height.
Snout 3 to 3% times eye. Cleft of mouth extends slightly beyond hind
margin of eye. Teeth in jaws small, pointed, in narrow bands, the inner
series of the lower jaw consisting of enlarged, widely separated canines
a pair of larger canines near the end of the lower jaw in the example fig-
ured ; a row of six to eight strong, large canines on the vomer. A single

362 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

individual (No. 44240 U. S. Nat. Mus.) was obtained by the Albatross at
station 2402, Gulf of Mexico, 111 fathoms, lat. 28° 36’, long. 86° 50/.
(Goode and Bean.) (Named for the Albatross, Diomedea.)

Hoplunnis diomedianus, GoopE & BEAN, Oceanic Ichthyology, 146, 1895, Gulf of Mexico.

161. NEOCONGER, Girard.
Neoconger, GiraRD, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., Ichth., 77, 1859, (mucronatus).

Body moderately elongate, not whip-like. Pectoral fins present; verti-
cal fins rudimentary, passing around the tail, towards the end of which
they are more developed; dorsal beginning just before vent. Cleft of
mouth extending beyond the smalleye; maxillary teeth slender, in several
series; vomerine teeth uniserial, forming a patch in front; tail not much
longer than rest of body. Gill openings vertical, rather large. Two
species. (véoc, new ; Conger.)

a. Pectoral small; Gulf of Mexico. MUCRONATUS, 593,

aa. Pectoral well developed, 314 to 4 in head ; Pacific Ocean. VERMIFORMIS, 594.

593. NEOCONGER MUCRONATUS, Girard.

Head small, slender, pointed; upper jaw the longer; dorsal fin begin-
ning just in front of the vent, forming a membranous ridge until near the
tail, where it expands and becomes fin-like; pectorals small. Dark red-
dish brown above, paler below. Coast of Texas. (Girard.) One speci-
men known; the imperfect description not distinguishing it from N.
vermiformis. (mucronatus, mucronate.)

Neoconger mucronatus, GIRARD, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., Ichth., 77, 1859, St. Joseph Island,
Texas. (Coll. Wiirdemann.) GUNTHER, Cat., viit, 49,1870; JonDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis,
360, 1883; JorpANn & Davis, l. c., 646.

594. NEOCONGER VERMIFORMIS, Gilbert.

Pectoral well developed, 3$ to 4 in head. Snout anteriorly short,
slightly projecting beyond mouth; mouth small, reaching slightly
behind eye; teeth small, conical, uniserial in jaws, biserial anteriorly
on the vomer, uniserial posteriorly; gill slits vertical, longer than eye, a
little longer than isthmus; dorsal beginning half length of head in
advance of vent; body not very slender, its depth 24 in head; head 3+
in trunk; cleft of mouth 3} in head; tail usually a little longerthan rest
of body; tip of tongue slightly free. Color uniform yellowish olive on
body and fins, finely dotted with black. Lower California and Panama,
in about 30 fathoms; several specimens known. Length 6 inches (vermis,
worm; forma, shape.)

Neoconger vermiformis, GILBERT, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1890, 57, off Lower California, Alba-
tross Station 3035; (Coll. Gilbert); Jornpan & Davis, l. ¢., 646.

162, LEPTOCONGER, Poey.

Leptoconger, Pory, Anales Hist. Nat. Esp., 250, 1880, (perlongus).

This genus differs from Neoconger in the much slenderer form, the body
being whip-shaped as in Stilbiscus. Dorsal beginning between gill open-
ing and vent. (/exroc, slender; Conger.)

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 363

595. LEPTOCONGER PERLONGUS (Peey).

Head 4 in trunk; tail about a third longer than rest of body; gape 4
in head ; eye large, 1? in snout; snout pointed; teeth hooked, short and
robust, subequal and uniserial, a few in front enlarged; lower jaw much
shorter than upper; dorsal beginning just behind tip of pectoral. Violet
brown, pale below; dark points over the entire surface. (Poey.) Matan-
zas, Cuba; one specimen known. (perlongus, very long.)

Neoconger perlongus, Pory, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 67, pl. 9, fig. 3-4, 1874, Matanzas.
Leptoconger perlongus, Pory, Ann. Hist. Nat. Esp., 250, 1880; Jorpan & Davis, l. c., 644.

163. STILBISCUS, Jordan & Bollman.
Stilbiscus, JORDAN & BoLLMAN, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1888, 549, (edwardsi).

Body whip-shaped, with the tail very short; teeth uniserial, some of
the anterior canine. Fins low, the dorsal beginning behind vent. One
species known. (07/4, to shine.)

596. STILBISCUS EDWARDSI, Jordan & Bollman.

Head 7} in trunk, 43 in tail; snout 7 in head, its length somewhat
greater than distance between gill openings; eye 1# in snout, 14 in inter-
orbital space; cleft of mouth reaching to posterior margin of eye; upper
jaw 5 in head; height of gill opening 14 in snout; teeth all uniserial,
some of the anterior enlarged, canine-like; dorsal beginning 1} length of
head behind vent; length of first part about equal to head and pectoral;
developed part of dorsal at tail contained 1} times in the head; pectoral 6
in head. Upper part of head and body above lateral line brown; lower
parts bright metallic-bluish silvery ; dorsal and anal pale, the latter with
a dusky stripe on each side of its base; pectorals dusky; caudal black.
Green Turtle Cay, one of the Bahamas. One specimen known. (Named
for Dr. Charles Lincoln Edwards, of the University of Cincinnati.)

Stilbiscus edwardsi, JorpAN & Boutman, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1888, 549, Green Turtle Cay,
Bahamas. (Coll. Edwards.)

164. GORDIICHTHYS, Jordan & Davis.

Gordiichthys, JoRDAN & Davis, Prelim, Review Apodal Fishes, 644, 1892, (irretitus).

Body whip-shaped, excessively long and slender; tail very short; ver-
tical fins low, the dorsal beginning close behind the nape. Teeth uniserial,
unequal, some of them canine-like. One species known. (Gordius, the
horsehair worm, from Tépdcoc, the king whose complicated knot was cut
by Alexander ; /y@ic, fish.)

597. GORDITCHTHYS IRRETITUS, Jordan & Davis.

Dorsal fin beginning before the gill opening, not far behind the nape;
trunk very long; tail 1/ in rest of body ; head about 16 in trunk (15 to 18,
the type being so injured that the gill openings can not be made out);
greatest depth of body 40 to 50 times in length of body; upper jaw much
the longer, arched, the eye behind its middle; eye moderate, 24 in snout,
4+ in gape; lower jaw with one row of about 10 stoutish, recurved teeth

364 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

on each side, those in front enlarged and canine-like; upper jaw with a
series of similar teeth on each side and another down middle of vomer,
these three series converging forward and meeting at a point opposite
middle of lower jaw; in front of this on premaxillary and nasal bones
about 4 large, stout, hooked canines, the largest teeth of all; 123 verte-
bre in trunk (probably about 100 in tail); pectoral, gill opening, and
skin wholly digested in the type; coloration probably similar to Stilbiscus
edwardsi. Length 23 feet. Snapper Banks of West Florida, in rather
deep water, known from half digested specimens and fragments found in
stomachs of other fishes. (irretitus, entangled.)

Gordiichthys irretitus, JORDAN & Davis, Apodal Fishes, 644, 1892, off Pensacola, Florida.
(Coll. Stearns. )

Family XLIX. NETTASTOMID.
(THE SORCERERS.)

Eels without pectoral fins, with the tongue not free, the posterior nos-
trils remote from the lip, the gill openings small, separate, and subin-
ferior, the vent remote from the head, the tail ending in a slender tip or
filament, the dorsal and anal fins moderately developed, and the jaws
produced, slender, and straight, the upper the longer, and both, as also
the vomer, armed with bands of sharp, close-set, recurved, subequal teeth.
This family contains a few species of deep-sea eels, closely allied to the
Murenesocide in technical characters, but more resembling the Nemich-
thyide in appearance, form of the head, and in dentition. Three genera
are known—deep-sea fishes, with fragile bodies and the thin skin charged
with black pigment. (Muranidw, part, Giinther, Cat., v1, 48, 1870.)

a. Dorsal fin low, beginning nearly above gill opening.

b. Nostrils lateral, the posterior slit-like, placed just in front of eye ; snout without fleshy
tip. Cu.opsis, 165.

bb. Nostrils nearly superior, the posterior above and in front of eye, the anterior at tip of
bony portion of snout ; head with numerous mucous pores.

c. Snout with a long, slender, fleshy tip or proboscis, at the base of which are the
anterior nostrils. VENEFICA, 166.

165. CHLOPSIS, Rafinesque.

Chlopsis, RAFINESQUE, Indice Ittiol. Sicil, 58, 1810, (bicolor).
Saurenchelys, Pevers, Berliner Monatsberichte, 1864, 397, (eancrivora).

This genus, sufficiently characterized above, is very close to Nettastoma,
differing chiefly in the position of the nostrils. Two species known, in
rather deep water. (y/6n, a twig; 6c, appearance.)

598. CHLOPSIS EQUATORIALIS, Gilbert.

Head, 2% in head and trunk; eye 3}. in snout; body extremely slender,
tapering posteriorly to a very narrow tail, which is, however, not filamen-
tous; head long and slender, lower jaw shorter than the upper; eye
nearly over angle of mouth; posterior nostril a long horizontal slit imme-
diately in front of lower margin of eye; series of slit-like mucous pores
along upper jaw; series of round pores along lower jaw ; transverse series
on occiput; both jaws and vomer with wide bands of short, sharp, conical
teeth, inner series on jaws slightly longer than the other; bands on shaft

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 365

of vomer reaching back to front of posterior nostril; gill openings with
their margins much curved, forming # of a circle, their vertical diameter
nearly equal to that of eye, and more than twice the length of the inter-
space; gape 23 in head; body 3 in tail; dorsal beginning 14 length of
head behind the same. Coior dusky olive, dotted with coarse brown
specks every where except on under side of head and fins; blackish streak
on median line of belly; fins translucent. (Gilbert.) Coast of Ecuador,
at Albatross station 2792, in 401 fathoms. (dA%quator, Ecuador, Equator, the
great circle of latitude of the earth.)

Chlopsis equatorialis, GILBERT, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1891, 347, off Coast of Ecuador, Lat.
1°S.,Long. 81° W. (Coll. Albatross.)

166. VENEFICA, Jordan & Davis.

Venefica, JORDAN & Davis, Apodal Fishes, 651, 1892, ( procerum).

This genus sufficiently described above, differs from the European genus
Nettastoma, only in the presence of a fleshy proboscis on the tip of the
snout. Two species known. (Venefica, sorceress, from the name Sorciére,
used at Nice for Nettastoma melanurum. )

599. VENEFICA PROCERA, Goode & Bean.

Body very elongate, compressed, tapering to a very slender attenuate
point; its greatest height contained nearly 4 times in distance from gill
opening to tip of lower jaw, and equals half length of snout. Head
slender, conical; jaws somewhat depressed; upper jaw heavier and
thicker, and projecting beyond the lower a distance equal toeye. Length
of snout equal to distance from posterior margin of orbit to gill opening;
cleft of mouth extending behind eye a distance equal to orbit. On
each side of upper jaw, and in advance of eye, are twelve pores; behind
each eye are three pores, while on median line, on top of upper jaw, are
several pores posteriorly arranged in pairs, of which there are four, the
ultimate pair being between the posterior nostrils. A pairof pores upon
nape, connecting postorbital rows, and seventeen on each side of mandi-
ble. Mandibular series continued by another series extending over
cheeks and nape. Snout with a slender, filamentous tip, whose
length is equal to twice eye. Tongue apparently absent. Teeth
arranged as in Nettastoma melanurum, but exceedingly small. Dorsal fin
commencing above gill opening. Anal inserted at a distance from
snout equal to 3% times length of head. Tail twice as long as rest of
body. Lateral line highly specialized, with numerous pores, correspond-
ing in general character to those upon the head, and arranged in a deep
furrow, their distances apart being about the same as in the case of those
upon the head. Height of dorsal and anal fins about equal to half the
height of body. Color, apparently, brownish; peritoneum black. ‘Types,
two fishes obtained at station 325, N. lat. 33° 35’ 20’”, W. long. 76°, at a
depth of 647 fathoms. Another mutilated specimen, about 190 millimeters
long, taken at station 327. This species is in many respects closely allied
to Nettastoma melanurum of the Mediterranean, but appears to differ
from it in the greater length of the tail, the much smaller teeth, and in

366 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

the presence of a filamentous nasal tip. Length 30 inches. (Goode &
Bean.) Also taken off San Pedro, California. (Gilbert. Albatross Coll.)
(procerus, tall or long.)

Nettastoma procerum, GoovE & Bran, Buli. Mus. Comp. Zodl., x, 1883, 224, Gulf Stream.
Venefica procera, JorvaNn & Davis, Apodal Fishes, 652 ; Goopr & Bran, Oceanic Ichth., 149, 1895.

Family L. NEMICHTHYIDA.
(THE SNIPE EELS.)

Body excessively slender, not strongly compressed, deepest near the
middle, tapering backward to the tail, which usually ends in a long and
slender filament, and forward to a very long and slender neck, which is
abruptly enlarged at the occipital region. No scales. Lateral line repre-
sented by one or more rows of pores. Head resembling that of Tylosurus,
the head proper small, short, and rather broad, with flat top and vertical
sides. Nostrils large, close together in front of the eye, without tube or
flap ; jaws excessively prolonged, almost needle-like, the upper the longer
and somewhatrecurved. Teethin both jaws small, very numerous, close-
set,retrorse. Gill openings rather large, running downward and forward,
separated by a narrow isthmus or partly confluent. Pectorals well devel-
oped. Anal fin beginning near the vent, higher than the dorsal, becom-
ing obsolete on the caudal filament. Dorsal beginning close behind
occiput, its anterior rays soft, succeeded by a long series of very low,
simple, spine-like rays, which are slightly connected by membrane, their
height rather less than the length of the interspaces; on the tail these
spines again give place to soft rays. The soft rays of the fins are con-
nected by thin membrane instead of being imbedded in thick skin, as in
eels generally. Color translucent, the lower parts dark, the back pale.
Stomach not distensible. Muscular and osseous systems well developed.
Abdominal cavity extending far behindthe vent. Genera 6, species about
10; singular inhabitants of the deep seas. The species are little known
and their anatomy has not been studied. They are certainly eels, and
their nearest relations seem to be with the Nettastomide. The truncate
tail of some specimens is probably a result of mutilation. (Murenide,
group, Nemichthyina, GUNTHER, Cat., vIn, 21, 1870.)

a. Gill openings partly confluent, rather large ; vomerine teeth conspicuously enlarged.

b. Vomerine teeth lancet-shaped, very close set; jaws moderate, the snout not longer
than rest of head ; vent at a distance behind head about equal to postorbital part
of head; eye above angle of mouth. SERRIVOMER, 167.
bb, Vomerine teeth conical ; jaws very long, attenuate; color silvery. SprnrvomeEr, 168.
aa. Gill openings distinctly separate ; vomerine teeth moderate ; jaws excessively attenuate,
the upper longer and recurved; tail probably always normally with a filiform tip;
(truncate in injured specimens ; short and band-like in transiucent larve).
c. Vent remote from the head, at a distance behind pectoral more than 3 times length
of that fin ; color black.
d, Gill slits lateral, vertical, wellseparated ; dorsal commencing above pectorals;
tail filamentous ; jaws long and slender; a single series of pores along
lateral line. AVOCETTINA, 169,
ce. Vent at the throat, at a distance behind the head less than length of pectoral;
anal fin beginning below middle of pectorals; body very long and slender,
most of the dorsal rays very: slender, nearly free, appearing like slender
spines ; jaws very slender, not expanded at tip.

oo 2,

i@et

Jordan and Lvermann,—Fishes of North America, 367

e. One row of pores along lateral line; tail truncate, (doubtless mutilated);
color black. LABICHTHYs, 170.

ee. Three rows of pores along lateral line; color dusky silvery, darker
below ; tail always ending in a long filament. Nemicutuys, 171.

167. SERRIVOMER, Gill & Ryder.

Serrivomer, Git & RyDER, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1883, 260, (beaniv).

Nemichthyids with the head behind eyes of an elongated parallelo-
gramic form, with moderately attenuated jaws; branchiostegal membrane
confluent at posterior margin, but with the branchial aperture limited
by an isthmus except at the margin, and with lancet-shaped vomerine
teeth in a crowded (sometimes doubled) row. (serra, saw: vomer,
vomer. )

600. SERRIVOMER BEANII, Gill & Ryder.

Stoutest of the family, with much shorter jaws than any other, and
with a very formidable vomerine armature; depth of head at vertical
from mandibular articulation contained 37 times in the total length;
greatest height 297 in total length. (Gill & Ryder.) Gulf Stream. (Lat.
41° 40’ 30’’, long. 65° 28’ 30’, at 855 fathoms.) Also taken by Dr. Gilbert
in the Gulf of California. (Named for Tarleton Hoffman Bean.)

Serrivomer beanii, GILL & Ryper, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1883, 261, Gulf Stream; Jorpan &
Davis, l. c., 653. (Type, No. 33383. Coll. Albatross.)

168. SPINIVOMER, Gill & Ryder.

Spinivomer, Git & Ryper, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1883, 261, (goodei).

Nemichthyids with a rectilinear occipitorostral outline, with very atten-
uated jaws, high mandibular rami, the branchial aperture nearly conflu-
ent; enlarged acute conic teeth in a median row on the vomer, and with
a silvery epidermis and filiform tail. (spina, spine; vomer, vomer.)

601. SPINIVOMER GOODET, Gill & Ryder.

Silvery; recognizable also from its smaller eye and deeper mandibles;
greatest height of body at the branchial regions contained 52 times in
total length; rays ensheathed in a tough membrane. (Gill & Ryder.)
Gulf Stream. (Lat. 38° 19’ 26’, long. 68° 20’ 20/’, at 2,361 fathoms.)
(Named for George Brown Good.)

Spinivomer goodei, Giit. & Ryver, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1883, 261, Gulf Stream; Jorpan &
Davis, l. c., 654. (Type, No. 33293. Coll. Albatross.)

169. AVOCETTINA, Jordan & Davis.
Avocettina, JORDAN & Davis, Apodal Fishes, 655, 1892, (infans).

This genus is closely allied to Nemichthys, but differs notably in the
position of the vent. Lateral line with one series of pores. (Avocetta,
the avocet, Recurvirostra, from the form of the bill.)

602. AVOCETTINA INFANS (Giinther).

Eye rather large, contained 2 to 3 times in the distance between eye
and pectoral; jaws long and filamentous, upper jaw 4 times the length
of postorbital part of head; both jaws covered with very fine recurved

eo

368 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

teeth; pectoral fin about as long as the head is high; gill openings a
little less than eye; postorbital part of head contained about 4 times in
trunk; dorsal beginning over pectorals, consisting of very delicate rays;
trunk contained at least 12 times in tail; greatest depth of body about
equal to head without snout. Lateral line with one series of con-
spicuous pores. Color uniform black, jaws lighter. Deep sea; known
from West Indies, mid-Atlantic, off Pernambuce. Also from Alaska, the
present description from a specimen taken by Dr. Gilbert off the coast of
Alaska, apparently referable to 4. gilli, but agreeing with Gunther’s figure
of A. infans. (infans, immature. )
Nemichthys wfans,* GUNTHER, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1878, 24, andin Voyage Challenger, xx11,
264, 1887, mid-Atlantic, 2,500 fathoms.
? Labichthys} gilli, BEAN, Proc. U. 8S, Nat. Mus., 1890, 45, east of Prince of Wales Island,
Alaska. (Type, No. 44239. Coll. Albatross.)
Avocettina infans, JORDAN & Davis, l. c., 655.

170. LABICHTHYS, Gill & Ryder.

Labichthys, Git & RypEr, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1883, 261, (carinatus).

According to Goode & Bean the scantily described genus Labichthys is
identical with Avocettina.t The following is the original diagnosis:

Nemichthyids with the head behind the eyes, contracted, with very
attenuated jaws, the branchiostegal membrane connected to the throat,
and the branchial apertures limited to the sides; with small, conical teeth
in a band along the vomer, and otherwise dentition of Nemichthys; a black
epidermis, and the tail abruptly truncated. (Gill & Ryder.) (Aa97, grip
or hold, correlated with Aa{ic, forceps; iyOvc, fish.)

a. Ridges bounding the median rostral groove converging backward in a median keel.
CARINATUS, 603,
aa. Ridges bounding the median rostral groove not confluent backward in a keel.
ELONGATUS, 604.
603. LABICHTHYS CARINATUS, Gill & Ryder.

The ridges that bound the median rostral groove converging and form-

ing a carina along the median line in vertical from the anterior border of |

the orbit; greatest height 343 in total length. Color black. (Gill &

Ryder.) Dorsal beginning over base of pectoral; vent close behind the

pectorals. (Bean.) Gulf Stream, 41° 13’ N., 65° 33’ W.; ascantily described

species, not seen by us. (carinatus, keeled.)

Labichthys carinatus, G@itu & RypeEr, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1883, 253, 255, 261, Gulf Stream;
Jorpan & Davis, l. c., 656.. (Type, No. 33369. Coll. Albatross.)

* Nemichthys infans, GUNTHER : Body much less elongate and eye much smaller than in Nemich.
thysscalopacea. Vent twice or thrice as distant from root of pectorals asis the latter from eye-
Eye of moderate size, its diameter about 14 its distance from pectoral fin, and about twice inter-
orbital space. (Giinther.)

+ Labichthys gilli, Bran: Eye half length of postorbital part of head and 24 length of pectoral.
Postorbital part of head is 14 upper jaw and ,3, of lower from angle of mouth. Dorsal beginning
nearly over end of pectoral. Vent distant from head aspace equal to 4 times postorbital part
of head. Depth of body equals length of head without snout, 34 of total. Dorsal rays very
short; longest anal rays 3 length of head. Lateral line of one series of large pores. Color
uniform black. Length 181 inches. Type from east of Prince of Wales Island, 55° 20’ N., 136°
a W., at 1,569 fathoms. (Bean.) Probably identical with Avocettina infans. (Named for Theo-

ore Gill.)

t We should accept this view weft it not that the type of Labichthys is said to have the vent at
the throat as in Nemichthys. The posterior portion of the vent defines Avocettina,

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 369

604. LABICHTHYS ELONGATUS, Gill & Ryder.

The ridges that bound the rostral groove not confluent backwards in a
carinaform extension, but ending in a vertical from the orbit; greatest
height of body 36 in a total length. Color black. (Gill & Ryder.) Vent
not described. Gulf Stream, Albatross Station 2100, 39° 22’ N., 68° 347 W.
(elongatus, elongate.)

Labichthys elongatus, Giui & RypeEr, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1883, 262, Gulf Stream; Jorpan &
Davis, l. c., 656. (Type, No. 33577. Coll. Albatross.)

171. NEMICHTHYS, Richardson.

Nemichthys, RicHaARDSON, Voyage Samarang, 16, 1848, (scolopaceus).
Leptorhynchus, Lowr, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., x, 1852, 54, (leuchtenbergii), (preoccupied).
Belonopsis, BRanvt, Mém. Ac. St. Petersb., Savans Etrangéres, 174, 1854, (leuchtenbergii).

Gill openings separate; vomerine teeth moderate; vent at the throat.
Body very long and slender, ending in a filamentous tail. Jaws very
slender, recurved, not expanded at tip. This genus contains one or two
species of long and very slender eels, living in deep water, though per-
haps nearer the surface than the members of related genera. (vjua,
thread ; /y@ic, fish.)

a. Eye moderate, less than half postorbital part of head; depth of head 7 in its greatest

length. SCOLOPACEUS, 605.

aa. Eye larger, half length of postorbital part of head; depth of head 9 in its length.
AVOCETTA, 606.

605. NEMICHTHYS SCOLOPACEUS, Richardson.
(SNIPE ERL.)

.Head comparatively stout, its depth one-seventh its greatest length,
Eye moderate, less than one-third the length of the head without snout.
Length of pectoral fins slightly less than height of the anal, which is
less than the height of the body and rather more than greatest depth of
head. Pale above, belly and anal fin blackish, the color not abruptly
changing, the back somewhat speckled. Length 36 inches. Atlantic
Ocean, in deep water; very many specimens taken with the beam
trawl off the New England coast and off the Grand Banks. Common
about Madeira. (scolopax, snipe.)

Nemichthys scolopacea, Ricuarpson, Voy. Samarang, 25, 1848, South Atlantic ; Giinruer,Cat.,
vill, 21, 1870; Goope & Bean, Bull. Essex Inst., 26, 1879; Goong, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
1880, 485; Goope & Bran, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zodl., 225, 1883; Jorpan & GILBERT’, Synopsis,
366,1883 ; GintHER, Voy. Challenger, xx11, 263, 1887.

Leptorhynchus leuchtenbergii, LowE, Mém. Soc. Savans Etrangéres, Petersburg, 171, 1854, Madeira.

Belonopsis leuchtenbergii, BRANDT, Mém. Soc. Sav. Etr., Petersb., 174, 1864, (with good plate).

Nemichthys scolopaceus, JORDAN & Davis, l. c., 657.

606. NEMICHTHYS AVOCETTA, Jordan & Gilbert.

Head 10; depth 58; depth of anal 64 in length of body. Head slen-
derer, its depth one-ninth its greatest length. Eye large, one-third the
head, without snout. Length of pectoral scarcely greater than height of
anal, which is scarcely less than greatest depth of body, and more than
greatest depth of head. Translucent; belly with close-set dark spots,

F. N. A. 25

370 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

its lower edge and anal fin black, the back abruptly white and unspot-
ted. Length 22 inches. Puget Sound, near Seattle. One example
known, found swimming at the surface; differing in some slight respects
from all Atlantic specimens examined, but very likely not a distinct spe-
cies. (avocetta, the avocet.)

Nemichthys avocetta, JORDAN & GILBERT, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1880, 409, Harbor of Port Gam-
ble, Puget Sound, near Seattle. (Type, No. 27299. Coll. University of Washington.)
JorpAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 367, 1883 ; Jorpan & Davis, l.c., 657.

Family LI. MYRIDZ.
(THE WorRM EELS.)

End of tail surrounded by the confluent vertical fins; the posterior
nostril is in, or very near, the upper lip, and the tongue is more or less
fully adnate to the floor of the mouth. Thespecies are usually of small size
and plain colors, more or less worm-like in form, and inhabit sandy coasts
in tropical seas. The genera have but few species each. They are inter-
mediate in character between the Ophichthyidw and the Murenesocide. The
osteology has not yet been carefully studied, but they will probably be
found to be most nearly related to the latter family, if indeed the two
should not be, as in Bleeker’s arrangement, reunited with the Leptocepha-
lide. (Murenide, Myrina, Gunther, Cat., vii, 49-53, 1870.)

a. Body elongate, subterete ; pectorals present, sometimes minute; anterior nostril tubular;

dorsal fin beginning behind head ; teeth small.

b. Dorsal fin beginning behind vent; no teeth on vomer; teeth mostly uniserial ; body
slender, terete. AHLIA, 172.

bb. Dorsal fin beginning before the vent ; vomer with teeth.
c. Dorsal beginning at a point about midway between gill opening and vent; pector-
als very small; teeth subequal; body slender, terete; the tail much longer
than rest of body. Myropuis, 173.
aa. Body short, much compressed ; pectorals almost invisible ; mouth narrow ; vomerine teeth
none; snout obtuse, depressed; vertical fins well developed, the dorsal beginning behind
the gill opening. CHILORHINUS, 174.

172. AHLIA, Jordan & Davis.
Ahlia, JoRDAN & Davis, Apodal Fishes, 639, 1892, (egmontis).

This genus differs from Myrophis in the posterior insertion of the dorsal
and in the absence of vomerine teeth. (Named for Jonas Nicolas Ahl,

of Upsala, whose thesis ‘‘ De Murena et Ophichtho,” ‘‘modestly offered” |

for the consideration of President Thunberg in 1789, furnishes the begin-
ning of our systematic arrangement of the eels.)

607. AHLIA EGMONTIS (Jordan).

Head small, slender, moderately pointed; anterior nostril in a short
tube; posterior large, labial directly behind it; cleft of mouth rather
short, extending to beyond the rather large eye, which is more than half
length of snout; cleft of mouth 3} in head; teeth on both jaws sub-
equal, pointed, slightly compressed, arranged in single series, those
of both jaws directed somewhat backward; the lower teeth larger and
more oblique than the upper; about 4 small fixed canines in front of

+ ies woes ——— .
: J Ne ee ee

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America, 371

upper jaw; no teeth on vomer in two specimens examined; tongue not
free; lower jaw considerably shorter than upper, its edge considerably
curved, concave in outline. Nape somewhat elevated; top of head with
large pores. Head 5} in distance from snout to vent; head and trunk a
little shorter than tail; body slender, its greatest depth a little more
than length of gape. Pectoral short and broad, slightly longer than
snout; the gill opening short, oblique, extending downward and back-
ward from near middle of base of pectoral. Dorsal fin beginning behind
vent, at a distance about equal to length of gape; the fin very low in
front, becoming gradually higher towards the tip of tail; anal low, but
well developed, considerably higher than dorsal, highest anteriorly,
uniting with the dorsal around the tail. Dark brown, apparently uni-
form, somewhat paler below. Length 15 inches. Egmont Key, Florida.
One specimen known.

Myrophis egmontis, JoRDAN, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila, 1884, 44, Egmont Key, Florida.

(Type, No. 35086. Coll. Jordan.)
Ahlia egmontis, JoRDAN & Davis, l. c., 639.

173. MYROPHIS, Liitken.
Myrophis, Livken, Vidensk. Meddel. Nat. Foren. Kjébenhayn, 1, 1851, (punctatus).

Boby slender, subterete. Pectoral fins small, but present; vertical fins
low, surrounding the tail; dorsal beginning before the vent. Vomerine
teeth anteriorly in two or three series. Three species of small eels,
resembling earthworms, found on the sandy shores of tropical America.
(uvpoc, Myrus, a genus of eels; dic, snake. )

a, Base of pectoral half width of gill opening; snout very narrow. PUNCTATUS, 608.

aa, Base of pectoral as wide as gill opening ; snout almost as broad as long. VAFER, 609,

608. MYROPHIS PUNCTATUS, Liitken.

Base of pectoral fin half width of gill opening; snout very narrow ;

_ jaws weak; width of snout between the anterior nostrils less than diam-

eter of eye; width of interorbital space equal to eye; greatest width of

head less than that of body behind the gill openings; teeth uniserial on

vomer and mandible, biserial on maxillary; head 3 times in trunk, 7

times in the tail; depth of body at gill openings 2? in head; eye 2 in

snout, which is 6 in head; gape 34 in head; upper jaw projecting. General
color light brown, the sides and back punctate with dark brown dots;
belly and throat plain, except a little patch of dusky points below the
gill openings. West Indian Fauna; coast of Texas to Surinam; common
along our Gulf Coast; resembling an earthworm and scarcely larger.

(punctatus, speckled. )

Myrophis punctatus, LirkEN, Vid, Med. Naturh. Foren, Kjiében., 1, 1851, West Indies; Joapan,
Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1883, 282; Jorpan, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1884, 33; Jorpan &
Davis, l. c., 640.

Myrophis longicollis, Kaur, Apodes, 30, 1856, (not Murena longicollis Cuvier, which is Echelus
myrus),

Myrophis microstigmius, Porky, Repertorio, 11, 250, 1867, Cuba; Jorpan & GiLpert, Synopsis, 900,
1883.

Myrophis lumbricus, Jonvan & Gitbert, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1882, 261, Galveston, Texas,
(Type, No. 30896, Coll. Jordan.) Jorpan & GiLneRrt, Synopsis, 899, 1883.

ot2 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum,

609. MYROPHIS VAFER, Jordan & Gilbert.

Base of pectoral fin as wide as the gill opening; snout almost as broad
as long; width at the nostrils greater than the interorbital width; dorsal
commencing nearer the vent than the gill openings; teeth uniserial on
vomer and mandible, biserial on maxillary; head a little less than 3 in
the trunk, 5$ in the tail; depth of body at the gill openings 3} to 4 in
head; upper jaw projecting. Color light brown; sides and back with
minute brown specks, smaller than in punctatus; belly and throat plain.
Pacifie Coast of Tropical America, from Guaymas to Panama; common,
Similar to M. punctatus, but the pectorals longer. (vafer, sly.)

M: rophis vafer, JORDAN & GILBERT, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1882, 645, Panama. (Type, No.
29681. Coll. Gilbert.) Jorpan, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1885, 370; Jonpan & Davis, l.c., 641.

174. CHILORHINUS, Liitken.

Chilorhinus, LUTKEN, Vidensk. Meddel. Naturg. Foren. Kjébenhayn, 1, 1851, (suensonii).

Body short, much compressed ; mouth narrow; no teeth on vomer; snout
depressed, obtuse; pectoral] fins very small; vertical fins well developed,
the dorsal commencing behind the gill opening. One species known.
(yeiAoc, lip; piv, nostril.)

616. CHILORHINUS SUENSONIT, Liitken.

Head and trunk forming ? of the total length; dorsal fin commencing
ata point half way between vent and snout; depth 9 times in the total
length; eye 24 in interorbital width, the latter equaling the muzzle ; teeth
on palatines biserial; ten teeth in two transverse rows on the nasals;
teeth on lower jaw triserial. Color uniform dark brown; throat paler ;
fins darker margined. (Cope.) St. Croix, West Indies, not known else-
where. (A personal name. )

Chilorhinus suensonti, LUTKEN, Vid.Med. Naturg. Foren., 1, 1851, St. Croix ; GinruER, Cat., vit,
52, 1870; Copr, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., 1870, 482 ; Jorpan & Davis, l.c., €39.

Family LI]. OPHICHTHYIDA.
(THE SNAKE EELS.)

This family includes those Enchelycephalous eels which are scaleless,
and have the end of the tail projecting beyond the dorsal and anal fins,
and without the rudiment of a caudal fin. Anterior nostrils placed in
the upper lip, opening downwards; gill openings not confluent; tongue
more or less fully adnate to the floor of the mouth. The species are, for
the most part, moderate or small in size, and they are very abundant in
the tropical seas, especially about the coral reefs. The eggs are numerous,
of moderate size, similar to those of ordinary fishes. Genera about 12.
Species nearly 100. Most of the known genera are found in America, but
less than half the species. Many of the species are singularly colored, the
bands or spots heightening the analogy between them and the serpents.
(Murenide, part Ophichthyina, Giinther, Cat., v111, 54-90, 1870.)

a. Body without traces of fins anywhere ; teeth all small, conical; gill openings near together,

subinferior ; anterior nostril tubular ; tonguescarcely free in front ; mouth small.

b. Gill-slits inferior, converging forward. SPHAGEBRANCHUS, 175.
bb. Gill-slits small, lateral, placed vertically. Verma, 176.

er

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America, 373

ua, Body with distinct fins, at least on the back.
ce. Anal fin wholly wanting ; no pectoral fin ; dorsal fin high, beginning on the head;
gill openings subinferior, converging ; anterior nostrils tubular ; tongue slender,
somewhat free in front. LETHARCHUS, 177.
ce. Anal fin well developed ; anterior nostril usually in a short tube near tip of snout.
d. Teeth blunt, mostly granular or molar; vomer with teeth; pectoral fins
present, small.
e. Dorsal rather high, beginning on the head, before the gill opening.
MyricuTuys, 178.
ee. Dorsal fin beginning behind the gill opening, the fin usually low.
PISOODONOPHIS, 179.
dd. Teeth all pointed, none of them molar ; vomer with teeth.
jf. Dorsal fin beginning before nape, on anterior part of head ; pectoral
fin small or wanting.
g. Pectoral fins wholly wanting ; body compressed, the dorsal fin

high. CALLECHELYS, 180.
gg. Pectoral fins small, but present; body elongate, subterete, the
dorsal fin moderate. BasScANICHTHYS, 181.

Jf. Dorsal fin beginning more or less behind gill opening.
h. Pectoral fins reduced to a small flap, not longer than eye;
teeth small, mostly uniserial ; gill openings lateral.
QUASSIREMUS, 182.
hh. Pectoral fins well developed, much longer than eye ; teeth
gill-openings usually lateral, sometimes subinferior.

i. Snout moderate or short, less than one-fourth head, the
jaws not produced into a slender beak (as in the
European genus Ophisurus).

j. Lips not fringed.
k. Teeth subequal, with no elongate canines on
jaws or vomer. OpHICHTHUS, 183.
kk. Teeth unequal, some of them long canines, either
on vomer or on sides of one or both jaws;
mouth large,the snout short, and the eyes
more or less superior.
l. Teeth on vomer small, fixed, in two or
three series ; tail alittle longer than
rest of body. Mystriopuis, 184.
ll. Teeth on vomer a series of about four
depressible canines; tail much
shorter than rest of body.
ScyTALIcuTHys, 185.
jj. Lips with a conspicuous fringe of papille ; canines
present on jaws and vomer ; jaws rather long, the
lower projecting ; head depressed; eyes superior ;
tail shorter than rest of body.
Bracuysomopnis, 186.

175. SPHAGEBRANCHUS, Bloch.

Sphagebranchus, Buocu, Ichthyologia, 1x, 88, pl. 419, 1795, (rostratus).*

Cecilia, Lackpkpr, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 11, 135, 1800, (branderiana=cweus); (not Cecilia, L., a genus of
Batrachia). '

Apterichthys, De LA Rocue, Ann, Mus., x11, 325, 1809, (carcus).

Branderius, RAFINESQUE, Analyse de la Nature, 1815, 93, (cacus).

* Sphagebranchus rostratus, Bloch, is known only from the original figure and description.
According to these the species is allied to Sphagebranchus selachops, having similar gill openings,
but with the tail scarcely as long as the rest of the body, the head larger, about 2 in body or 5
in total length; snout very sharp; eye moderate. According to Bloch, his type came from
the Hast Indies. Schneider (1801) corrects the locality to “rivers of Surinam,’’ We have no
means of knowing which record is correct, until the species is found again.

Bye! Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

Ichthyapus, BRIsoUT DE BARNEVILLE, Revue Zovlogique, 219, 1847, (acutirostris).
Ophisuraphis, Kaup, Apodes, 29, 1856, (gracilis).

This genus contains several little-known species of small eels remarka-
ble for showing no trace of fins in the adult stage. The snout projects
beyond the small mouth, giving a shark-like profile, and the small teeth
are mostly uniserial. The gill-slits are inferior and converging. The
name Sphagebranchus was based on a species which evidently belongs to the
genus. It has, therefore, clear priority over Ichthyapus and Apterichthys.

This genus is the most simple in structure among the genera of Ophich-
thyidw, as Ophichthus is probably the most specialized. Its loss of fins is
doubtless due to degeneration, but it seems nearer the primitive type than
Brachysomophis or Ophichthus. (o¢@&, throat; Bpayy.a, gills.)

a. Eyes visible. Tail nearly half longer than head and trunk; gill slits inferior, converging.
b. Head 6 times in trunk. ANGUIFORMIS, 611.
bb. Head little more than 4 times in trunk. SELACHOPS, 612.

611. SPHAGEBRANCHUS ANGUIFORMIS (Peters).

Eyes externally visible. Tail nearly one-half longer than head and
trunk. Head 6 in trunk, 17 in total length. Flesh-colored, with small
black spots. (Peters.) Open Atlantic, near the West Indies; a small eel,
once taken. (anguis, the slow worm; forma, form.)

Ophichthys (Sphagebranchus) angui* rmis, PETERS, Berlin Monatsaber., 1876, 849, Atlantic Ocean,
15° 40’ N., 23° 5’ W.
Sphagebranchus anguiformis, JORDAN & Davis, l.c., 615,

612. SPHAGEBRANCHUS,.SELACHOPS (Jordan & Gilbert).

Eyes well developed. Tail nearly half longer than head and trunk.
Head a little more than 4 times in trunk; tail sharp-pointed ; snout sharp;
cleft of mouth 23 to 3 in head; gill slits almost horizontal, converging for-
wards, as in S. rostratus, the isthmus equal to eye, which is 2 in snout.
General color light brown, slightly dusky on the back and more dusky
along the lateral line; head mottled with dusky spots. Rocks about
Cape San Lucas; not rare. (ofAayoc, shark; ow, face.)

Apterichthys selachops, JORDAN & GILBERT, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1882, 356, Cape San Lucas.
(Type, No. 4391. Coll. Xantus.)

Tchthyapus selachops, JORDAN, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1885, 369.
Sphagebranchus selachops, JORDAN & Davis, l. c., 615.

176. VERMA, Jordan & Evermann.

Verma, JORDAN & EVERMANN, new genus, (/endalli).

Body greatly elongate. Anterior nostrils in a short tube; posterior
without tube. Teeth on head of vomer in a A-shaped patch: none on
shaft. Closely allied to Sphagebranchus, but differing from that genus in
the transverse position of its gill-slits, which are as in the European
genus Cacula. (vermis, worm.)

a, Tail but little longer than head and trunk. Head 7)4 in trunk ; gillslitssmall, transverse.
KENDALLI, 613.

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 375

613. VERMA KENDALLI (Gilbert).

Head less than } of trunk, contained 6? in trunk, body 14 in tail; snout
sharp; cleft of mouth 4 in head; gill slits small, inferior, directly trans-
verse (as in Cacula imberbis), the isthmus very narrow, not as wide as eye,
which is 2 in snout; tail sharp-pointed; eye before middle of gape. Col-
oration plain brownish, speckled. Coast of Florida, in rather deep water.
(Named for William C. Kendall, assistant in the U. S. Fish Commission.)

Sphagebranchus kendalli, GILBERT, Bull. U. 8. Fish Comm., ix, 1889, (1891), 310, off west coast
of Florida, 25° 34’ N. 82° 50’ W., in 25 fathoms. (Type, No. 44304. Coll. Kendall.)

177. LETHARCHUS, Goode & Bean.

Letharchus, Goopr & BEAN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1882, 437, (velifer).

Anal fin wanting; no pectoral fins; dorsal fin well developed, beginning
on the head; gill openings subinferior, converging; anterior nostrils tubu-
lar; tongue slender. One species known. (Af#foua, to forget; apyoc,
anus, for anal fin.)

614. LETHARCHUS VELIFER, Goode & Bean.

Teeth uniserial on jaws and vomer, small and directed inward and back-
ward; snout long and pointed, projecting # its length beyond the lower
jaw; gill openings subinferior, almost horizontal, equal to lower jaw,
three times the breadth of the isthmus; nostrils not prominent, without
tube; anterior under the tip of snout; lateral line distinct, extending
forward in a curve, ending in a pore on the top of the head, just in front
of the beginning of the dorsal fin; head 64 in trunk; tail pointed, 23 in
total length; cleft of mouth 4 in head; snout 9 in head and twice the
diameter of the eye. Plum-colored, head lighter, throat pale; dorsal fin
white, edged with a broad band of black. Coast of Florida, in rather
deep water. Known only from the Snapper Banks off Pensacola and
Tampa. (velwm, sail; fero, I bear.)

Letharchus velifer, Goopr & BEAN, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1882, 437, West Florida. (Type, No.
31458. Coll. Kaiser & Martin.) Jorpan & GILBERT, Synopsis, 896, 1883 ; JorpAN, Proc. U.
8. Nat. Mus., 1884, 33; Jorpan & Davis, l. c., 616.

178. MYRICHTHYS, Girard.

Pisoodonophis, Kaur, Apodes, 15, 1856, (in part; not type, as restricted by BLEEKER, which is P.
cancrivorus).

Myrichthys, GirarvD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 58, (tigrinus).

Ophisurus, SWAINSON, BLEEKER, etc., (not of LactrprpE, nor of Risso, nor Kaur, who restrict
the name to O. serpens).

Teeth mostly blunt and molar; pectoral fins small; dorsal beginning on
the head before gill opening; otherwise essentially as in Ophichthus.
Species numerous, found in most tropical seas. Coloration variegated.
(uipoc, Myrus; ‘yic, fish.)

a. Spots on body large, blackish, without pale centers; all of them circular or nearly so; the

ground color paler. TIGRINUS, 615.
aa. Spots on body large, black, most of them with a distinct pale center, the ground color
paler. OCULATUS, 616,

aaa, Spots on body large, round, nearly whitish in color, the ground color dark.
ACUMINATUS, 617.

376 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum,

615. MYRICHTHYS TIGRINUS, Girard.

Head 34 in trunk, 11 in total length; eye 24 in snout, situated a little
back of middle of gape, which is 3 in head; pectoral measured from top
of base, about equal to eye. Coloration brown, with large dark spots,
which have not paler centers. Spots on sides of body all circular or
nearly so; those on anterior part of head small and numerous; lighter
below; belly almost plain; 4 longitudinal rows of round black blotches
on each side of body, the two middle series often forming one irregular
row, the central row very close to the median and consisting of small
spots not much larger than the eye, spots in the uppermost row often run-
ning up on the dorsal fin, each dorsal row running forward, terminating
in the snout; 8 or 9 spots in each dorsal row from the tip of snout to ver-
rtical from gill opening; a row of 5 or 6 spots from gill opening to above
eye; two other rows running diagonally downwards and backwards
from eye; 7 or 8 spots on each side of snout; jaw with about a dozen
spots on each side; dorsal with dark margin; anal plain. Pacific Coast
of Mexico, rather common about Mazatlan, occasionally ranging north-
ward, (Adair Bay, Oregon, Girard. (tigrinus, like a tiger, in color.)
Myrichthys tigrinus, GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 58, Adair Bay, Oregon ; JoRDAN

& Davis, l. c., 618; Jorpan & GILBERT, Synopsis, 360, 1883.
Ophisurus xysturus, JORDAN & G1LBERT, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1881, 346, Mazatlan. (Type, Nos.

28142, 28247, and 29642. Coll. Gilbert.)
Pisodontophis xysturus, JORDAN, Bull. U. 8. Fish Comm., 11, 1882, 106.

616. MYRICHTHYS OCULATUS (Kaup).

Eye 2 in snout; snout 6 in head, and 4 in distance from tip of snout to
beginning of dorsal fin; cleft of mouth 33 in head; head 4 in the trunk,
and a little more than 8 in the tail. Spots on body large, dark, most of
them with a distinct pale center. Body dark gray above, white below;
on each side two series of large roundish dark spots, with pale centers,
one row lying along the dorsal fin, the other a little below the lateral
line; about 35 spots in each row; a large spot in front of dorsal fin; snout
with about 5 spots on each side; lower jaw with small dusky spots; dor-
sal fin with a dusky edge and with faint dusky blotches; anal plain.
Tropical Atlantic, Cuba to Surinam and Cape Verde Islands. (oculatus,
having eye-like markings. )

Pisoodonophis oculatus, KAup, Apodes, 22, 1856, Curacoa.

Ophisurus latimaculatus, Porky, Repertorio, 11, 252, pl. 3, fig. 1, 1867, Cuba.

Ophichthys pardalis, GUNTHER, Cat., vi11, 82, 1870 ; (not Ophisurus pardalis, VALENCIENNES).
Myrichthys oculatus, JORDAN & Davis, l. c., 618.

617. MYRICHTHYS ACUMINATUS (Gronow).

Spots on body large, nearly round, and whitish in color; ground color
dark brown, pale below; two series of round, whitish blotches on each
side of body, about 40 spots in each series; spots somewhat larger and
more distinct anteriorly, where their diameter is nearly equal to length
of snout; head with irregular, round, whitish spots on each side; dorsal
brownish, margined with dusky; other fins pale. Snout 5} in head and

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 377

twice the diameter of the eye; cleft of mouth 3 in head; head 4 in trunk;
head and trunk 13 in tail; dorsal beginning at a point slightly nearer the
base of pectorals than eye; pectorals very small, their bases as broad as
gillopening. Body extremely elongate, the diameter about + length of
head. West Indies, occasionally northward to Florida Keys. (acumina-
tus, sharp.)

Murena acuminaia,* Gronow, Fishes Brit. Mus., 21, 1854, Insula Div. Eustachii.
Pisodonophis guttulatus, Kaup, Apodes, 21, fig. 10, 1856, Martinique.

Ophisurus longus, Poy, Repertorio, 11, 254, 1867, Cuba.

Ophichthys pisavarius, Pory, Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., 196, 1875, Cuba.

Ophichthys acuminatus, GUNTHER, Cat., vuI, 83, 1870.

Pisodonophis longus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 899, 1883.

Ophisurus acuminatus, JORDAN, Cat. Fish N. A., 53, 1885.

Myrichthys acuminatus, JORDAN & Davis, l. c., 619.

179. PISOODONOPHIS, t Kaup.

Pisoodonophis, Kaur, Apodal Fishes, 17, 1856, (boro) ; Pisodontophis, amended spelling.

Small eels, mostly of the Old World, having the blunt teeth of Myrichthys
and the backward dorsal of Ophichthus. Species slender, plainly colored.
(zicov, pea; ddovc, tooth; d¢ic, snake.)

618. PISOODONOPHIS CRUENTIFER, Goode & Bean.

Head 4 times in trunk; length of body about two-thirds that of tail.
Cleft of’ the mouth rather wide, one-third head. Snout conical,
depressed. Head snake-like, with powerful muscular enlargements of
the cheeks and a constriction behind the head somewhat like that of
Derichthys. Eye moderate, half snout, one-tenth head. Teeth granular,
in conspicuous bands, a small oblong patch on premaxillaries and a long
band on vomer. Pectoral fin broad, spatulate, about two-sevenths head.
Dorsal beginning far behind tip of pectoral, its distance from tip of
snout one-seventh of total length. Dorsal and anal fins of moderate
height. Color uniform brownish yellow. Length 16 inches. Two speci-
mens (28938), station 1035 of the U. S. Fish Commission steamer Fish
Hawk, in N. lat. 39° 57’ W., long. 69° 28’, in 120 fathoms. Four others at
nearly same region in 245 fathoms.

“ The peculiar and savage physiognomy of this fish suggests at once the
idea that it is a parasitic boring form, and in confirmation of this we
haye specimens taken by the fishermen on Jeffrey’s Bank, and also
another from New Bedford, taken by Mr. J. H. Thompson from the body
ofa fish. We have occasionally taken the dried and shriveled remains of
a fish apparently closely related to this from salted halibut and codfish.”
(Goode & Bean. )

*We have referred the nominal species, longus, gutlulatus, and pisavarius to the synonymy of

acuminatus, thinking that the alleged differences are matters of individual variation. Longus is
said to have, in the center of each pale spot, a yellow speck, surrounded by a dark circle. The
Others are said to lack this central spot, but it may be that it fadesin alcohol. Longus is said to

have the edge of the dorsal darker than the fin. In guttulatus and pisavarius it is said to be paler,

+ Dr. Giinther, (vit, 78), mentions a half-grown eel from Grenada in the West Indies, which
he was unable to separate from Pisoodonophis boro (Hamilton), of the East Indies and China. It
is possible, however, that this specimen really came from China. In P. boro the head is 4 times

in the very long trunk ; the fins are very low and the color is plain brown.

378 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

This species is very different from Pisoodonophis boro, and may prove the
type of a distinct genus. (cruentifer, bearing blood, bloody.)

Pisodonophis cruentifer, GooDE & BEAN, Oceanic Ichthyology, 147, fig. 166, 1895, Gulf Stream.

180. CALLECHELYS, Kaup.
Callechelys, Kaup, Apodes, 28, 1856, (quichenoti).

This genus contains one American and three East Indian species,
agreeing in the elongate, compressed body, absence of pectoral fins, and
anterior insertion of the dorsal. In other respects Callechelys is close to
Ophichthus. (xaaoc, beautiful; EyyeAvc, eel.)

619. CALLECHELYS MURENA, Jordan & Evermann.

Depth of body at gill openings a little more than length of upper jaw,
which is 3 in head; head 8 in trunk, about 14 in total length; eye small,
2 in snout, placed over the middle of upper jaw ; tip of lower jaw extend-
ing a little before the front of eye; gill openings small, inferior, sub-
longitudinal, the distance between them about half the height of one of
them ; dorsal fin beginning on the head, at a distance behind the angle of
the mouth a little more than half the length of upperjaw. Dark olive,
closely mottled and spotted with confluent blotches of darker olive and
blackish, the spots more distinct anteriorly, posteriorly confluent, so that
the tail isnearly plain dusky; belly scarcely paler, dorsal and anal chiefly
blackish with pale margins. Snapper Banks off Pensacola; one specimen
known. (Murena, from the general resemblance of the species to a young
Moray.)

Callechelys murxna, JORDAN & EVERMANN, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1886, 466, Snapper Banks;
JoRDAN & Davis, l. c., 620. (Type, No. 37996. Coll. Stearns.)

181. BASCANICHTHYS, Jordan & Davis.

Bascanichthys, JORDAN & Davis, Apodal Fishes, 621, 1892, (bascanium).

This genus is very close to Callechelys, from which it differs in the pres-
ence of pectorals, the long subterete body, lower fins and plainer coloration.
Three species are known. (Bascanion, the black snake ; iy@ic, fish.)

a, Pectoral fin a slender rudiment not longer than eye; head about 8 in trunk.

b. Snout 6 to 7 in head ; no distinct spots on body. SCUTICARIS, 620.
bb. Snout 544 in head ; a series of large spots between dorsal and lateral line.

PENINSUL™®, 611.
aa, Pectoral fin nearly as long as snout ; head about 10 in trunk. BASCANIUM, 622.

620. BASCANICHTHYS SCUTICARIS (Goode & Bean).

Pectoral fin a slender rudiment about as long as eye; head moderate;
body terete, the trunk a little longer than the tail; teeth short, bluntish,
recurved, uniserial in each jaw, biserial on vomer; head 83 to 9% in head ©
and trunk, 8 in tail; snout 6 to 7 in head; eye 2 in snout, a little behind
the middle of cleft, which is contained in the head 3% times; lower jaw
extending forward to middle of snout; distance from tip of snout to
beginning of dorsal a little over 2in head; gill openings vertical, their
length about equal to breadth of isthmus; lateral line curved over the

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North Amertca. 379

opercular region, the pores distant and well separated. Color brown

above, lighter below, front of head more or less mottled ; dorsal and anal

fins pale, without dark margins. West coast of Florida; not rare.

(scutica, a whip.)

Sphagebranchus seuticaris, GooDE & Bran, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1879, 343, Cedar Key. (Type,
No. 23636. Coll. Dr. J. H. Velie.)

Sphagebranchus teres, GooDE & Bran, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1882, 436, West Florida. (Type,
No. 31457. Coll. Kaiser & Martin.)

Cecula scuticaris, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 358, 1883.

Cecula teres, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 897, 1883.

Bascanichthys scuticaris, JORDAN & Davis, I. ¢., 621.

621. BASCANICHTHYS PENINSULE (Gilbert).

Head small, 3? in trunk (without head); eye 12 in head; snout 54 in
head, projecting beyond lower jaw for a distance equaling diameter of
eye. Cleft of mouth extending beyond eye, its length (from tip of snout)
3tin head. Anterior nostril in a long tube (near tip of snout), the pos-
terior on inner side of upper lip opposite front of eye. Teeth in double
series on all the dentary bones; those on maxillary, shaft of vomer, and
sides of mandible small, bluntly conic; those on head of vomer and front
of mandible much broader though little longer, and also very blunt. Eye
very small, slightly less than half snout. Gill openings short, vertical,
the length of the slit but one-half of the broad isthmus. Vent much in
advance of middle of length, the trunk contained 1,4, times in the tail.
Dorsal fin beginning well forward on top of head, its origin equidistant
between gill slit and front of eye. Tip of tail sharp, free from fins for a
distance equaling length of snout. Pectoral developed as a short, deep,
membranous flap as wide as gill slit; its length less than half its width.
Delicate rays are visible with theaid of alens. Color light yellowish, a
series of large, round, brownish black spots nearly as wide as interspaces
between lateral line and base of dorsal; a second series of similar but
much fainter spots alternating with the first below the lateral line; top
and sides of head with similar smaller spots, those on snout the smallest.
Lower jaw with dusky mottlings; anal translucent, unmarked. Dorsal
with a dusky streak. One specimen 104 inches long, from La Paz Bay,
Gulf of California. (Peninsula, of the Peninsula.)

Callechelys peninsulx, GILBERT, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1891, 548, La Paz Bay. (Coll. Gilbert.)

622. BASCANICHTHYS BASCANIUM (Jordan).

Dark brown, nearly uniform; fins a little paler. Body extremely
slender, subterete, its greatest depth little more than two-fifths length
of head; head short; snout 7 in head; mouth very small, the lower jaw
thin, included, not extending to the anterior nostril, which is in a short
tube ; teeth short, subconic, bluntish, alittle unequal, their points directed
backwards; lower teeth nearly uniserial ; upper teeth uniserial laterally,
partly biserial anteriorly ; vomerine teeth forming a rhombic patch. Eye
moderate, its length more than half that of snout, its center nearly over
middle of upper jaw; cleft of mouth 3} in length of head. Gill opening
vertical, about as wide as isthmus; its upper edge on level of upper base

380 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

of pectoral; pectoral developed, small, a little broader than long, nearly
as long as snout; dorsal fin very low, beginning at a point midway
between front of eye and gill opening; anal similar to dorsal. Head 114
in distance from tip of snout to vent; head and trunk a little longer than
tail; head 13; trunk 14%. Length of type, 31 inches; Egmont Key,
Florida; distinguished from B. scuticaris by the very short head. One
specimen known. (Bascanion, the black snake, which the body much
resembles, from Backavoc, malignant.)

Cecula bascanium, JORDAN, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1884, 43, Egmont Key, Florida.
Bascanichthys bascanium, JoRDAN & Davis, l. c., 621.

182. QUASSIREMUS, Jordan & Davis.
Quassiremus, JORDAN & Davis, Apodal Fishes, 622, 1892, (evionthas).

This genus contains two species from the Eastern Pacific, differing from
Ophichthus only in the rudimentary pectoral fins. (quassus, obliterated ;
remus, oar.)

a. Body with rather ‘i rge, yellow spots, each with a black ring, besides black spots of various

sizes ; pectoral not half as long as eye. NOTHOCHIR, 623.
aa, Body everywhere freckled with small black spots ; pectorals about as long as eye.

EVIONTHAS, 624.
623. QUASSIREMUS NOTHOCHIR (Gilbert).

Body marked with rather large yellow spots, each with a black ring,
and with black spots and blotches of various sizes. Teeth all uniserial;
pectorals represented by a small triangular flap, less than 4 the diameter
of eye and ¢ the gill slit; head 44 in trunk; head and trunk longer than
tail by a distance equal to the length of the snout; cleft of mouth 24 in
head ; snout 4 in head ; eye 4 of snout, its anterior margin over middle of
cleft of mouth ; gill slit vertical, lateral 64in head. Middle of back with
a series of 12 elliptical yellow spots, their length one-half diameter of
eye, each spot surrounded by a black ring, coalescent below with a large
elliptical black blotch on middle of sides; head closely covered with
spots about the size of the eye, around which are reticulations of light
yellow. (Gilbert.) San Josef Island, Gulf of California. (vé6oc, spurious;
yeip, hand.)

Ophichthys nothochir, GILBER?, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1890, 58, San Josef Island, Gulf of Cali-

fornia. (Coll. Albatross.)
Quassiremus nothochir, JORDAN & Davis, Ll. c., 623.

624. QUASSIREMUS EVIONTHAS (Jordan & Bollman).

Pectorals very small, about as long as eye; teeth in jaws uniserial,
anterior vomerine teeth biserial ; head 4? in trunk ; snout 44 in head; eye 23
in snout, much nearer angle of mouth than tip of snout; cleft of mouth
24 in head. Color light olive, the entire body covered with numerous
smal] round or oval black spots separated at intervals by a yellowish
ground color; in about fifteen places these spots are larger and darker
and tend to form cross bands. Hood Island, Galapagos; one specimen
known. (et, well; (ovfic, freckled; the word from iovfoc, an eruption
preceding the growth of the beard.

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 381

Ophichthus evionthas, JORDAN & BoLLMAN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1889, 154, Hood Island, Gala-

pagos Archipelago. (Type, No. 41476. Coll. Albatross.)

Quassiremus evionthas, JORDAN & Davis, l. c., 623.

183. OPHICHTHUS, Thunberg & Ahl.

Ophichthus, THUNBERG & AuL, De Murena et Ophichtho, 1789, (ophis).
Congrus, RAFINESQUE, Caratteri, etc., 62, 1810, (maculatus).
Ophisurus, Swarnson, Nat. Hist. Classn. Anim., 1, 334, 1839, (pictus = maculatus). (Not of

Lac&pEpE ; the type of Lac&PEpe, as restricted by Risso, being serpens. )

Centrurophis, Kaur, Apodes, 2, 1856, (spadiceus).

Pacilocephdlus, Kaur, l. c., 5, (bonapartei).

Microdonophis, Kaup, l. c., 6, (altipinnis).

Cecilophis, Kaur, l, c., 6, (compar).

Herpetoichthys, Kaur, l.c., 7, (ornatissimus).

Elapsopsis, Kavp, l. ¢., 9, (versicolor).

Murzenopsis, Kavp, l.¢., 11, (ocellatus). (The name wrongly accredited to Le Surur.)
Seytalophis, Katp, l. c., 18, (magnioculis).

Leptorhinophis, Kaup, l. c., 14, (gomesii).

Cryptopterus, Kaur, Aale Hamburg, 1859, (puncticeps).

Uranichthys, Pony, Repertorio, 11, 256, 1867, (havannensis).
Oxyodontichthys, Pozy, Anales Soc. Nat. Hist. Esp., 254, 1880, (macrurus).
Ophichthys, BLEEKER, GUNTHER, and of recent authors generally.

This genus contains all the Ophisuroid eels which have sharp teeth, no

marked canines, well-developed pectoral fins, and the dorsal inserted
behind the head. Thespecies are very numerous in the tropical seas, and
many attempts have been made to split the group into smaller genera.
Notwithstanding the great differences when extremes are compared, these
small genera can not be well defined. (dic, snake; iy#ic, fish; hence more
correctly written Ophichthys.)

a. Teeth of upper jaw in 2 or 3 series.

b. Teeth of lower jaw uniserial or nearly so ; vomerine teeth in 1 series or slightly biserial
in front.
CRYPTOPTERUS, (kpumtds, concealed ; rego, fin) :
ec. Coloration uniform or nearly so; teeth of lower jaw not quite uniserial ; tail half
longer than rest of body. PUNCTICEPS, 625,
OPHICHTHUS :
ec. Coloration not uniform; anterior teeth slightly enlarged; eye rather large,
nearly median.
d, Sides of body with large, round, black spots; head with smaller ones; dorsal

inserted opposite tip of pectorals. HAVANNENSIS, 626.
dd, Sides of body with large, round, whitish spots; dorsal inserted behind tip of
pectorals. RETROPINNIS, 627.

bb. Teeth of lower jaw in 2 to 4 series.
MuR&NopsIS, (Murena; oes, appearance) :

e. Vomerine teeth in one row ; anterior teeth of jaws or vomer sometimes enlarged;
teeth in both jaws biserial, those of the inner series sometimes small and turned
inward.

J. Spots on sides of body large and whitish, never black.
g. Dorsal beginning an eye’s diameter behind tip of pectoral. Gurrirer, 628,
gg. Dorsal beginning over or just before tip of pectoral. OCELLATUS, 629.
J. Spots on sides of body large and black ; tail half longer than rest of body.
TRISERIALIS, 630,
SCYTALOPHIS, (oxuTaAn, Viper ; des, snake) :

ee. Vomerine teeth biserial throughout; teeth in both jaws biserial, subequal; no

canines, Color plain brownish,

382 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

h. Eye large, more than half length of snout.
i. Head rather short, 244 to 3 in trunk.
j. Pectoral about as long as cleft of mouth, which is 274 in head.

GOMESLI, 631.
yj. Pectorals longer than cleft of mouth, which is 24% in head.

ZOPHOCHIR, 632.

ii. Head long, 134 to 214 in trunk ; pectoral a little longer than gape.
MAGNIOCULIS, 633.
hh. Eye small, 244 in snout: gill openings narrow ; anterior nostril with along
tube ; pectoral longer than gape. PARILIS, 634.

Subgenus CRYPTOPTERUS, Kaup.
625. OPHICHTHUS PUNCTICEPS (Kaup).

Teeth of upper jaw in 2 or 3 series. Mandibular teeth not quite uni-
serial, some in front forming a second series; dorsal and anal fins disap-
pearing for some distance before their termination near end of tail; pec-
toral fin well developed; dorsal fin commencing at a short distance behind
end of pectoral; tail 3? of total length; eye of moderate size; cleft of
mouth of moderate width. Coloration uniform. (Kaup per Ginther.)
Caribbean Sea, at Puerto Cabello. (punctus, speckled; -ceps, head.)

Cryptopterus puncticeps, Kaur, Aale Hamb. Mus., 11, pl. 1, fig. 2, 1859, Puerto Cabello.
Ophichthys puncticeps, GUNTHER, Cat., vu1, 60, 1870; Jorpan & Davis, l. c., 629.

Subgenus OPHICHTHUS.

626. OPHICHTHUS HAVANNENSIS (Bloch & Schneider).

Teeth of upper jaw in 2 or 3 series; lower teeth uniserial; vomerine
teeth nearly or quite uniserial. Sides of body with one or more series of
large, round, black spots; brown; head with numerous small dark spots
and longitudinal folds; a series of large, round, dark spots along the side,
the interspaces as wide as the spots; another series of alternate smaller
spots along the back, and another along the sides of abdomen; fins yel-
lowish, dorsal with a series of brown spots along the edge; eye large,
looking upwards, 13 in snout; teeth moderate, those in front of upper jaw
somewhat canine-like; pectoral fin well developed, its extremity nearly
opposite to the origin of the dorsal fin; tail longer than rest of body.
West Indies, apparently not common, and not lately taken outside of
Cuba. Itis possible that this species is the true Ophichthus ophis, but this
identification is not certain. (havannensis, living at Havana.)

? Serpens marinus maculosus, WILLUGHBY, Hist. Pisc., tab. G 9, 1686, no locality.

? Murzena ophis, LINNEUS, X, 244, 1758, (after WILLUGHBY); (may be identical with Ophichthus regius,
a St. Helena species, likewise spotted with black).

Innominado, Parra, Dif. Piezas Hist. Nat., pl. 37, fig. 2, 1787, Havana.

Murena havannensis, BLocu & ScHNEIDER, Syst. Ich., 491, 1801, (after Parra).

? Ophisurus gutiatus, CUVIER, Régne Animal, 232, 1817, Surinam ; (after Biocu, pl. 154).

2 Murxna maculosa, CUVIER, l. c., Surinam ; (after Ophisurus ophis, LacEPEDE, which is based on
Buocu, pl. 154).

Herpetoichthys sulcatus, Kaur, Apodes, 8, fig. 5, (not 6), 1856, locality unknown.

Uranichthys brachycephalus, PoEy, Repertorio, 11, 257, 1867, Cuba.

Uranichthys havannensis, POEY, Repertorio, 11, 257, 1866.

Ophichthys havannensis, GUNTHER, Cat., vit, 67, 1870.

Jordan and Evermann,—Fishes of North America, 383

627. OPHICHTHUS RETROPINNIS (Eigenmann).

Sides of body with round whitish spots between darker areas; color
light olivaceous, with about 20 oblong dark blotches along the median line
of body and tail, the interspaces between these each a round pale spot
about as large as eye. Dorsal inserted 13 length of pectorals behind the
tips of pectorals ; pectorals 24 in distance from snout to their base; eye 14
in snout, equal to interorbital space; cleft of mouth 3 in head; head 9 in
length; gill opening 5 in head; maxillary biserial; mandibular teeth uni-
serial; vomer with about 15 teeth. Snapper Banks off Pensacola. Close
to O. ocellatus, but the dentition different. (retropinnis, having backward
fins. )

Ophichthys retropinnis, EIGENMANN, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1887, 116, Snapper Banks off Pen-

sacola. (Type, No. 38054. Coll. Stearns.)
Ophichthus retropinnis, JORDAN & Davis, l. c., 630.

Subgenus MURANOPSIS, Kaup.
628. OPHICHTHUS GUTTIFER (Bean & Dresel).

Teeth in both jaws biserial; the teeth of the inner series sometimes
small and turned inward. Vomerine teeth in one row; anterior teeth of
jaws or vomer sometimes a little enlarged. Dorsal beginning behind the
tip of the pectoral, at a distance equal to diameter of eye. Head 2% in
trunk, 4% in tail; pectoral fin shorter than in ocellatus, 34 in head; eye 14
in snout; cleft of mouth 2} in head. Color very much as in ocellatus, but
paler; rather light brown above, pale below, with about 20 round pale
spots along the lateral line; lower jaw and throat rather pale, dusted with
brown dots; pectoral pale, with a dusky border; a line of small white
spots across the occiput, and a shorter but similar row on each side of
head. Snapper Banks off Pensacola, Florida; close to O. ocellatus, the
dentition the same, the dorsal farther back. (gutta, spot; fero,I bear.)

Ophichthys guttifer, BEAN & DRESEL, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1882, 100, Snapper Banks; JorDAN,
Cat. Fish. N. A., 53,1885. (Type, No. 32647. Coll. Stearns.)
Ophichthus guttifer, JORDAN & Davis, l. c., 630.

629. OPHICHTHUS OCELLATUS (Le Sueur),

Teeth in both jaws biserial, those in front a little enlarged; vomerine
teeth in onerow. Dorsal fin beginning over or just before tip of pectoral.
Color rather dark brown above, lighter below, with about 20 round whit-
ish spots along the side, averaging more than half diameter of eye; dorsal
fin commencing over or a little before tip of pectoral, light-colored, with
a narrow dark margin; anal light yellow; a row of small white spots
across the top of head, sometimes coalescent into a band, and one or
more similar but shorter rows on each side of head; pectoral decidedly
dusky ; jaws, throat, and chin dusted with brown dots. Vomer with
about 15 teeth, the anterior inclined to form a double series; tail $a
head’s length longer than head and trunk; head 28 in trunk; eye 1} in
snout; snout 54 in head; cleft of mouth 24 in head; pectoral 2? in head.
West Indian Fauna, south to Brazil, north to Pensacola; rather common.
(ocellatus, with eye-like spots.)

384 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum,

Murzenophis ocellatus, LE SuEur, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., v, 1825, 108, pl. 4, fig. 3, South
America.

Ophisurus remiger, VALENCIENNES, in D’Orbigny Voy. Amér. Mérid., Poiss., pl. 12, fig. 2, 1839.

Ophichthys ocellatus, GUNTHER, Cat., vi1I, 68, 1870; Jorpan & GILBERT, Synopsis, 359, 1883.

Herpetoichthys ocellatus, GoopE & BEAN, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1879, 155,

Ophichthus ocellatus, JORDAN & DAvis, l. c., 630.

630. OPHICHTHUS TRISERIALIS (Kaup).

Teeth in both jaws uniserial, the anterior more or less enlarged ; vomer-
ine teeth in one row. Body terete, the tail 14+ times the length of head
and trunk; head flattish; mouth broad, its width as great as distance
between the nostrils or as interorbital space; gill openings vertical, well
separated; dorsal fin beginning a little before tip of pectoral; head 2% in
trunk, 54 in tail; pectoral fin 2} to 3¢ in head, about equal to lower jaw;
cleft of mouth 23 in head; gill openings less than one-half the pectorals,
less than eye, 1} in isthmus; eye 14 in snout, 23 in cleft of mouth; teeth
rather strong, one or two in front of upper jaw almost canine-like ; vom-
erine teeth small. Color light brown: a row of rather large round black
blotches above the lateral line; a series of smaller spots on each side of
dorsal, alternating with the large blotches; a row of submarginal spots
along the dorsal fin; anal fin plain; top and sides of head with smaller
spots; in adults a faint, dusky shade across the pectoral; lower parts
pale; longitudinal wrinkles on throat conspicuous. Pacific Coast of
Tropical America, rather common, from Lower California to the Galapa-
gos. (triserialis, three-rowed. )

Murenopsis triserialis, Kaup, Apodes, 12, 1856, Pacific.

Herpetoichthys callisoma, ABBorTT, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, 475, locality unknown.

Ophisurus californiensis, GARRETT, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Cal., 1863, 66, Coast of Lower California.

Ophichthus rugifer, JORDAN & BOLLMAN, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1889, 155, Charles {sland, Gala-
pagos ; young with longer pectorals. (Type, No. 41428. Coll. Albatross.)

Ophichthys triserialis, GUNTHER, Cat., vit, 58, 1870; Streers, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus,, vir, 55, 1877;
JorDAN & GILBERT, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1880, 457 ; JonpaN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 359, 1883.

Ophichthus triserialis, JORDAN & Davis, l. ¢., 631.

Subgenus SCYTALOPHIS, Kaup.

631. OPHICHTHUS GOMESII (Castelnan).

(SEA SERPENT.)

Vomerine teeth biserial throughout; teeth in both jaws biserial, sub-
equal, no canines; pectoral 24 to 23 in head, about as long as cleft of
mouth, which is 2} in head. Body terete; the head rather short, about
23 (24 to 3) in trunk; the head and trunk 13 (14 ‘‘chrysops” to 1,5; “ma-
crurus”’) in the tail; snout rather short, pointed; interorbital space broad,

equal to eye, which is about 14 in snout; nasal tubes short; dorsal inserted —

behind middle of pectoral; diameter of gill opening equal to eye, 14 in the
isthmus, 3 in the pectoral. Olive brown above, the coloration caused by
innumerable brown points on a yellowish ground; light yellow below;
pectoral dusky, dark along the upper edge; lower jaw with dusky mark-
ings; dorsal and anal fin translucent, with dark margins; pores on jaws

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 385

and head conspicuous. South Carolina to Rio Janeiro, generally common,
especially about the Florida Keys and Cuba. The variations in the

length of the trunk and tail have given rise to various nominal species.

One of these (macrurus, Poey) with the head and trunk 1 to 2} in the tail

instead of 1} to 1} as usual in gomesii may be a tangible variety, or possi-

bly a species. (Named for Dr. Ildefonso Gomes, who cured Castelnau of a

dangerous malady in Rio Janeiro.*)

Ophisurus gomesii, CASTELNAU, Anim. Amér. Sud., 84, pl. 44, fig. 2, 1855, Rio Janeiro.

Ophisurus chrysops, Porky, Memorias, 11, 321, 1867, Havana.

Oxydontichthys brachyurus, PoEy, Synopsis, 426, 1868; and Poey, Enumeratio, 11, 155, 1875, Ha-
vana.

Oxyodontichthys macrurus, PoEy, Anal. Soc. Hist. Nat. Esp., 254, 1880, Havana.

Oxydontichthys limbatus, Porky, Anal. Soc, Hist. Nat. Esp., 254, 1880, Havana, (name a substitute
for brachyurus).

Ophichthys gomesii, GUNTHER, Cat., v11I, 60, 1870.

Ophichthys chrysops, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 898, 1883,

Ophichthus gomesi, JORDAN & Davis, l.c., 632.

632. OPHICHTHUS ZOPHOCHIR (Jordan & Gilbert).

Dentition asin O. gomesii. Pectoral longer, 2 to 2} in head, longer than
the cleft of the mouth, which is 24 in head. Tail very nearly twice as
long as rest of body; snout rather long; interorbital space narrow, less
than eye; nasal tubes rather long, flattened, the edge uneven; dorsal
commencing over or in front of the middle of pectoral; head 2+ in
trunk; head and trunk a little more than half the tail; pectoral fin 2} in
head; eye 14 in snout, + greater than interorbital width; gill opening
less than eye, 1¢ in isthmus. Color brown above, light yellow below;
opercular regions, lower jaw, throat, and pectoral dusky ; dorsal and anal
edged with black. Pacific Coast of Mexico, Guaymas to Acapulco;
rather common. Close to O. gomesii, but the pectoral longer. ((ddoc,
darkness; yeip, hand (pectoral fin).)

Ophichthys zophochir, JORDAN & GILBERT, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1881, 347, Mazatlan. (Type,
Nos. 28280, 28277, 29220, and 29239. Coll. Gilbert.) Jorpan & GILBERT, Proc. U. S. Nat.

Mus., 1882, 623.
Ophichthus zophochir, JORDAN & Davis, l. c., 633.

633. OPHICHTHUS MAGNIOCULIS (Kaup).

Dentition of O. gomesii, but the head rather long, 1} to2} intrunk. Tail
long, about 2} times length of rest of body; pectoral 2$ in head; dorsal
inserted over middle of pectoral; gape 23 in head; head 1} in trunk; eye
about 2% in snout. Blackish, paler below; dorsal and anal yellowish
brown, dotted and bordered with black. West Indies to Brazil, scarce;
our specimen from Aspinwall. (magnus, great; oculus, eye.)

Scytalophis magnioculis, Kaur, Apodes, 13, f. 7, 1856, St. Croix; Brazil.
Ophichthys magnioculis, GUNTHER, Cat., vi11, 59, 1870.
Ophichthus magnioculis, Jonvan & Davis, 1. ¢., 633.

* Je dédie cette espéce i M. le docteur Ildefonso Gomes, comme un témoignage de ma recon-
naissance pour les soins désintéressés qu’il m’a donnés & Rio de Janeiro en concurrence ayec mon
amile docteur Weddell, pendant la dangereuse maladie dont j’y fus atteint (Francis de Castel-
nau),

Wy. M. A. 26

386 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

634. OPHICHTHUS PARILIS* (Richardson).

Dentition as in O. gomesii. Eye small, about 2} in snout; gill open-
ings not very wide, approaching nearer together than usual in this
genus; anterior nostril with an elongate tapering tube; head 2 in trunk;
cleft of mouth 23 in head; eye 24in snout; pectoral 24 in head; dorsal fin
rather low, commencing above posterior third of pectoral; tail twice as
long as rest of body. Coloration uniform. (Ginther.) Cuba to Brazil;
not common. (parilis, like.)

Ophisurus parilis, RicHaARDSON, Voyage Erebus & Terror, 105, 1844, West Indies.

Ophichthys pauciporus, Pory, Repertorio, 1, 255, pl. 3, fig. 5, 1868, Cuba; GUNTHER, Cat., vim,
60, 1870.

Ophichthys parilis, GUNTHER, Cat., vi11, 59, 1870.

Ophichthus parilis, JORDAN & DAVIs, l. c., 634.

184. MYSTRIOPHIS, Kaup.

Mystriophis, Kaur, Apodes, 10, 1856, (rostellatus).

Crotalopsis, Kaur, Abhandl. Naturwiss. Verein Hamburg, rv, 12, 1860, ( puncetifer).
Echiopsis, Kaur, Abhandl. Natur. Verein Hamburg, tv, 13, 1860, (intertinctus).
Macrodonophis, Pory, Repertorio, 11, 251, 1867, (mordaz).

This genus contains three or four species of black-spotted eels, dis-
tinguished from Ophichthus by the presence of strong canines in the large
mouth. The vomerine teeth, as in Ophichthus, are small and fixed. The
species differ considerably from each other and all are nearly related to
such species of Ophichthus as triserialis and havannensis. The value to be
assigned to Mystriophis is therefore doubtful. Our species belongs to the
subgenus Kchiopsis, (éyi¢ viper; dyic, appearance), in which the jaws are
narrowed forwards, not expanded at tip. (uvo7piov, a spoon, from the
form of the snout in JM. rostellatus; ddi¢,snake. )

Subgenus ECHIOPSIS, Kaup.
635. MYSTRIOPHIS INTERTINCTUS (Richardson).

Jaws narrow and not expanded at tip. Vomerine teeth small, fixed; in
one to three series. Teeth in jaws biserial; long canines in front of jaws;
outer teeth of upper jaw unequal, some of them canine; vomerine teeth
in two series, these sometimes partly coalescing (sometimes, var. punc-
tifer, partly divided into three); low-r jaw scarcely included; pectoral
fin about 5 in head; tail a little longer than rest of body; dorsal com-
mencing behind tip of pectoral, distance equal to about length of
same; isthmus equal to % the gill openings, which are large, close
together, and subinferior, anterior in position; head 24} to 2? in
trunk; eye small, 14 to 2 in snout; gape 23 in head; snout 3 in cleft
of mouth, 7 in head. Dark brown above, paler below, side with two
rows of large round or ovate black spots, the upper row close to the
dorsal fin, the lower row below the lateral line; besides these some

smaller spots, also black; head a little darker than the body, the spots |

smaller and-numerous, some larger ones below eye; dorsal and anal with

* Possibly two species are included by us under parilis. In parilis the insertion of the dorsal
is before the end of the pectoral; in the type of pauciporus the dorsal is said to be inserted
behind tip of pectoral ; no other differences appear.

el cl te

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 387

dark borders formed by spots; pectoral black at tip, the remainder more

or less dusky. West Indian Fauna, north to Pensacola; rather common;

variable.* (inter, between ; tinctus, colored. )

Ophisurus intertinctus, RicHaARDsoN, Voy. Erebus & Terror, Fishes, 102, 1844, West Indies.

Ophisurus sugillatus, RicHaARDSON, Voy. Erebus & Terror, 103, 1844, probably West Indies.

Crotalopsis punctifer, KaAup, Abhandl. Wiss. Verein Hamb., rv, 2, 12, pl. 1, fig. 3, 1860, Puerto
Cabello.

Conger mordax, Porky, Memorias, 11, 319, 1860, Cuba.

Ophichthys schneideri, STEINDACHNER, Ich. Beitr., vir, 66, 1879, Brazil.

Macrodonophis mordax, Pory, Repertorio, 11, 252, 1868.

Ophichthys punctifer, GUNTHER, Cat., 56, 1870.

Ophichthys intertinctus, GUNTHER, Cat., vi11, 57, 1870 ; JorpAN, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1884, 43;
JORDAN, Cat. Fish. N. A., 53, 1885; Jorpan & Davis, l. c., 635.

Crotalopsis mordax, GoopE & BEAN, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1879, 344.

185. SCYTALICHTHYS, Jordan & Davis.
Scytalichthys, Jonpan & Davis, Apodal Fishes, 635, 1892, (miurus).

This genus contains a single species allied to Mystriophis, but dis-
tinguished by the presence of movable canines on the vomer, and by the
very short tail. (exvtdAn, viper; iyvc; fish.)

636. SCYTALICHTHYS MIURUS (Jordan & Gilbert).

Vomerine teeth in one series of about 4 slender depressible canines;
tail very short, much shorter than rest of body. Dorsal fin inserted well
behind tip of pectorals; gill opening midway between eye and begin-
ning of dorsal fin; pectoral fin very short, as long as snout, 10 in head;
snout short, 4 in cleft of mouth; head depressed and pointed, the mouth
large; teeth long, those on vomer and side of lower jaw canine-like;
teeth of upper jaw biserial, rather small; lower teeth uniserial; vomer-
ine teeth uniserial; eye small, placed well forward; gill openings
small, transverse, inferior, as in Cacula imberbis, the slit as long as
snout and wider than isthmus; head 4? in the very long trunk; tail
14 in rest of body; cleft of mouth 2} in head. Coloration light yellow-
ish, a series of roundish dark brown blotches on each side of body, the
two series alternating; two alternating series of small half blotches on
the back, these coalescing into one on median line before dorsal; head
with small, dark spots; sides of lower jaw spotted; fins pale. Length
1 foot. Cape San Lucas; two specimens known. (weiovpoc, curtailed,
from the short tail.)

Ophichthys miurus, JorRDAN & GiLbERT, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1882, 357, Cape San Lucas.
(Type, No, 2304. Coll. Xantus. )
Mystriophis miurus, JORDAN & Davis, |. c., 636.

186. BRACHYSOMOPHIS, Kaup.

Brachysomophis, Kaur, Apodes, 9, 1856, (horridus).
2 Achirophichthys, BLEEKER, Poissons Inéd. Murénes, Ned. Tijdschr. Dierk., 11, 42, (¢ypus = young).

* Possibly more than one species is here included. Schneideri is said to have the vomerine teeth
biserial, while in ‘‘punctifer’’ (mordax) they are triserial. In the true infertinctus the teeth are
hiserial in front and nniserial behind, while in sugillatus the vomerine teeth are said to be unise-
rial. In sugillatus, the pectoral is said to be longer than in intertinctus, as long as eye and snout.
Our specimens have the teeth biserial or partly triserial in front. Probably all belong to one
species, If two species exist they may stand as intertinctus and punctifer.

388 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

This genus differs from Mystriophis chiefly in the presence of a con-
spicuous fringe of papillx on the lips. The vomerine teeth are canine as
in Scytalichthys. Species East Indian, one being recorded from the Gala-
pagos. (Spayic, short; cua, body; oguc, snake.)

637. BRACHYSOMOPHIS CROCODILINUS (Bennett).

Teeth unequal in size; maxillary teeth in a double row, those of the
inner row stronger and less numerous than the outer; vomerine and
mandibular teeth uniserial, large canine teeth; head 3 in trunk; snout
extremely short and rather flattened, scarcely twice as long as eye,
which is small and situated in the anterior ninth of the length of the
head; vertical fins moderately well developed; distance between the
origin of dorsal fin and gill opening 24 in head; pectoral small; body
longer than tail. Upper parts brownish, minutely dotted with darker;
a series of black pores along the lateral line, sometimes a whitish line
across the occiput. (Gunther.) East Indies, a specimen recorded by
Giinther from the Galapagos. (crocodilinus, like a crocodile.)

Ophisurus crocodilinus, BENNETT, Proc. Zoél. Soc. Lond., 1833, 32, Mauritius.
Brachysomophis horridus, Kaup, Apodes, 9, fig 6, 1856, Otaheite.

? Achirophichthys typus, BLEEKER, Ned. Tijdschr. Dierk., 42, Celebes.
Ophichthys crocodilinus, GUNTHER, Cat., vi1, 64, 1870.

Brachysomephis crocodilinus, JoRDAN & Davis, I. c., 636.

Suborder. COLOCEPHALE

The characters of this group are given on page 346. Three families are
now recognized. (xddAoc, defective; keguAy, head.

Family LII. MURANID.
(THE Morays.)

The Murenide represent the most degenerate type of eels so far as the
skeleton is concerned, and they are doubtless the farthest removed from
the more typical fishes from which the eels have descended. The essen-
tial characters of the family are thus stated by Dr. Gill:

Colocephalous Apodals with conic head, fully developed opercular
apparatus, long and wide ethmoid, posterior maxillines, pauciserial
teeth, roundish, lateral branchial apertures, diversiform vertical fins,

pectoral fins (typically) suppressed, scaleless skin, restricted interbran- —

chial slits, and very imperfect branchial skeleton, with the fourth bran-
chial arch modified, strengthened, and supporting pharyngeal jaws.

The Morays may be readily distinguished from the other eels by their
small round gill openings and by the absence of pectorals. The body
and fins are covered by a thick, leathery skin, the occipital region is ele-
vated through the development of the strong muscles which move the
lower jaw, and the jaws are usually narrow and armed with knife-like or

else molar teeth. The Morays inhabit tropical and subtropical waters, -

being especially abundant in crevices about coral reefs. Many of the
species reach a large size, and all are voracious and pugnacious. The
coloration is usually strongly marked, the color cells being highly spe-
cialized. We exclude from the Murenide the genus Myroconger, from St.
Helena, which has pectoral fins, and is probably a type of a distinct

ia

*«

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 389

family. The remaining species are referable to ten or twelve genera,
most of which are found in America. About 120 species are known.
The Murenide without fins are the simplest in structure, but their char-
acters are those of degradation, and they are farther from the primitive
stock than such genera as Murena or Enchelycore.

(Murenide Engyschiste, GUNTHER Cat., vit, 93-136; order Colocephali, Copr, Trans. Amer. Phil.
Soc., 1870, 456.)

a. Vertical fins well developed, the dorsal beginning before the vent.
b. Posterior nostril an oblong slit; anterior in a short tube; teeth all pointed; dorsal
beginning above the gill opening ; canine teeth strong ; tail moderate.
ENCHELYCORE, 187.
bb. Posterior nostril circular, with or without tube ; tail moderate, not twice as longas
trunk ; body not excessively elongate.
ec. Teeth all, or nearly ail, acute, none of those in the jaws obtuse or molar-like.
d. Anterior nostrils without tube; vomerine teeth in many series ; lips with a
free fold. PYTHONICHTHYS, 188.
dd. Anterior nostrils each with a long tube ; vomerine teeth in one or twoseries;
lips continuous with skin of head.
e. Posterior nostrils without tube, the margin sometimes slightly raised.
jf. Dorsal fin inserted behind the head, over or behind the gill opening.
RaButa, 189.
J. Dorsal fin inserted on the head, considerably before gill opening.
Lycopontis, 190.
ee. Posterior nostrils as well as anterior each in a conspicuous tube.
Murena, 191.
cc. Teeth mostly obtuse, molar-like ; only anterior nostrils tubular; cleft of mouth
rather short ; dorsal beginning before the gill opening. Ecurpna, 192.
Vertical fins rudimentary, confined to the end of the tail (often appreciable only on dissec-
tion, or altogether wanting) ; teeth rather small, pointed, subequal, in several series;
posterior nostril round, with a short tube, or none.
g. Cleft of the mouth short, not half length of head ; snout moderate, about half the gape;

tail about as long as trunk. Uropreryaius, 193.
gg. Clett of the mouth long, nearly half head ; snout very short, less than one-fourth the
gape ; tail very short, about half rest of body. CHANNOMURENA, 194,

187. ENCHELYCORE, Kaup.
Enchelycore, Kaur, Apodes, 72, 1856, (ewryrhina).

Posterior nostril an oblong slit, otherwise essentially as in Lycodontis.
One species known. (éyyeavc, eel; copy, girl; the application not evident. )

638. ENCHELYCORE NIGRICANS (Bonnaterre).

Snout narrow, rather produced, 2% in gape; the jaws cannot beshut in
adult examples. Teeth of upper jaw biserial, the inner series of very long
and slender depressible canines ; long canines not movable in front of each
jaw; lateral teeth of lower jaw slender, subequal, sharp, and recurved;
vomerine teeth small, uniserial, developed posteriorly ; eye moderate, 2
in snout; gape 2 in head; dorsal beginning above the gill opening; tail
slightly longer than rest of body; head 3 to 3} in trunk. Uniform black
or dark brown, sometimes faintly marbled with darker; angle of mouth
slightly darker; gill opening pale. West Indies, rathercommon, (nigri-
cans, blackish.)

Murena unicolor mazxillis elongatus teretiusculis, inferiore longiore, etc., Gronow, Zobphy., 1, 163,
1763, South America.

390 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

Murzna nigricans, BoNNATERRE, Encycl. Meth. Ichth., 34, 1788, (after GRronow).
Murena anguina, GRonow, Catalogue Fishes, 18, 1854, South America.
Enchelycore euryrhina, Kaur, Apodes, 73, 1856, no locality.

Gymnothorax nigrocastaneus, Cope, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., 1870, 483, St. Martins.
Gymnothorax umbrosus, Pory, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 1874, 67, Havana.
Enchelycore nigricans, GUNTHER, Cat., VIII, 135, 1870; JorpAN & Davis, l. c., 588.

188. PYTHONICHTHYS, Poey.

Pythonichthys, Porky, Repertorio, 11, 265, 1867, (sanguineus),

This genus is based on a single West Indian species, which apparently
differs from Lycodontis only in the entire absence of nasal tubes. The
species is deep red in color, and inhabits deeper water than usual among
the Morays. (7v@wr, a large snake; iyéic, fish.)

639. PYTHONICHTHYS SANGUINEUS, Poey.

Body terete, slim; the depth contained 40 times in total length; nos-
trils in a line between eye and tip of snout, about as long as eye; lips
full, each with a fold; dorsal commencing a little before gill opening;
teeth in jaws biserial; those of upper jaw small and numerous, sharp-
pointed ; outer row of teeth a little larger and less numerous than inner;
inner row of teeth in lower jaw granular; teeth on vomer pluriserial,
small; eye very small, 6 in snout, 12 in gape; gape 3 in head; head 2 in
trunk; tail 23 times rest of body. Color uniform blood-red. (Poey.)
Coast of Cuba, in rather deep water; rare. (sanguineus, blood red.)
Pythonichthys sanguineus, Pony, Repertorio, 01, 265, pl. 2, fig. 7, 1867, Cuba; Jorpan & Davis, I. c.

589.
Mursena sanguinea, GUNTHER, Cat., vi11, 126, 1870.

189. RABULA, Jordan & Davis.

Rabula, JorDaAN & Davis, Apodal Fishes, Rept. U. 8. Fish Comm., vitt, 1888, (1892), 589, (aque-
dutcis).

This genus differs from Lycodontis only in the posterior insertion of
the dorsal fin, which begins over or behind the gill opening. The five

known species have so little in common that the value of the character
which separates them from Lycodontis is rather uncertain. (Rabula, a
wrangler.)

a. Dorsal fin inserted far back, nearer vent than gill opening. Dark brown, with diffuse
yellowish spots and marblings. AQUE-DULCIS, 640.

aa. Dorsal fin inserted over or slightly behind gill opening.
b. Teeth in both jaws uniserial; color yellowish brown, with dark reticulations and
yellow spots. MARMOREA, 641,
bb. Teeth of upper jaw uniserial; tail longer than rest of body; color purplish brown,

nearly plain.

c. Jaws with curved commissure, and hence not capable of being completely closed ;
some of the teeth serrate; head small, bluntish ; tail a little longer than rest

of body. PANAMENSIS, 642.
ec. Jaws with straightish commissure, and hence capable of being closed; tail half
Jonger than rest of body. LONGICAUDA, 643.

640. RABULA AQUE-DULCIS (Cope).

Dorsal fin inserted far back, nearer vent than gill opening. Eye
moderate, over middle of gape; lower teeth uniserial, with canines in
front; upper teeth biserial, the outer teeth small; vomer with strong

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 391

canines in front, the posterior teeth small, uniserial; posterior nostril
nearer eye than anterior one. Insertion of dorsal 14 lengths of the head
before vent, much nearer vent than gill opening. Tail longer than rest
of body by the length of the jaw. Head 3 in trunk; gape 23 in head;
eye 2 in snout. Color much as in Lycodontis mordax, dark brown with
irregular diffuse yellowish spots smaller than eye, which run together
into irregular marblings; gill opening small, slightly dark; fins nearly
plain; belly without dark cross lines; teeth entire. Two specimens
known, the one (No. 6673, U. S. N. M.), said to be from San Diego, the
type from Rio Grande in Costa Rica. It is probably not a fresh water
species. (aque-dulcis, of the fresh water.)

Murena aque-dulcis, Cope, U. 8. Geol, Surv. Montana, etc., 474, 1871, (1872), Rio Grande, near

San José, Costa Rica.
Gymnothorax aque-dulcis, JORDAN & Davis, l. ¢., 598.

641. RABULA MARMOREA (Valenciennes).

Dorsal inserted over or slightly behind gill opening. Teeth in upper
jaw uniserial; (dorsal fin in figure beginning a short distance behind
gill opening). Color yellowish brown with dark reticulations, the longi-
tudinal branching streaks studded with oblong yellow spots; spots on
belly large, those on throat confluent; dorsal and anal yellowish brown
with darker clouds; teeth all uniserial. (Valenciennes.) Galapagos
Islands; a doubtful species, perhaps based on Murwna lentiginosa, or
Rabula aque-dulcis. (marmorveus, marbled. )

Murenophis marmoreus, VALENCIENNES, Voy. Vénus, Zodl., 347, pl. 10, fig. 1, 1855, Galapagos.
Gymnothorax marmoreus, JORDAN & Davis, l. c., 598.

642. RABULA PANAMENSIS (Steindachner).

Teeth of upper jaw biserial; jaws capable of being completely closed ;
some of the teeth serrate; outer teeth of jaws thickish, bent abruptly
backward at tip, the posterior margin below distinctly serrate ; lower jaw
strongly bent upward towards the tip, the largest teeth on the bent
anterior part of the jaws; teeth of the inner row above long, slender, and
movable, twice as large as the outer teeth; teeth of inner row of lower jaw
slender (all lost in specimen examined); vomerine teeth small, uniserial,
blunt (slender and sharp according to Steindachner) ; head small, bluntish,
7+ in body ; tail a little longer than rest of body ; gape 24in head; eye 1}
in snout; dorsal beginning over gill opening. Color dark bluish black,
brownish on tail; pores on jaws whitish. Pacific Coast of Central
America ; a small species, not common; our specimen from Panama.
Mureena panamensis, SrEINDACHNER, Ichth. Beit., v, 19, 1876, Panama.

Sidera panamensis, JORDAN & GitpEeRt, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1882, 623.
Gymnothorax panamensis, JORDAN & Davis, l. ¢., 598.

643. RABULA LONGICAUDA (Peters),

Teeth of upper jaw biserial ; jaws withstraightish commissureand hence
completely closing ; teeth all entire. Tail about half longer than rest of
body ; dorsal beginning a little behind gill opening ; vomerine teeth slen-
der and rather long; teeth in two series in each jaw; those of the inner
series largest and movable; anterior canines enlarged; outer teeth of

392 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

upper jaw bluntish and turned backward as in R. panamensis ;- snout

short, bluntish; eye large; head 2? in -trunk, 8$ in total; gape short.
Color purplish brown, finely mottled with darker, the markings faint,
Tropical Atlantic off the West Indies; two small specimens recorded.
(longus, long ; cauda, tail.)

Muriena longicavda, PrrEers, Berliner Monatsberichte, 1876, 850, Open Atlantic, with Sphage-

branchus anguiformis.
Gymnothorax longicauda, JORDAN & Davis, l. c., 599.

190. LYCODONTIS, McClelland.

Lycodontis, McCLELLAND, Calcutta Journ.* Nat. Hist., v, No. xvi11, 1844, 173, (literata = tile).
Th:erondotis, MCCLELLAND, l. c., v, No. xvriI, 1844, 174, (reticulata = tessellata).

Sidera, Kaup, Apodes, 70, 1856, (pfeifferi).

Eurymyctera, Kaur, l. c., 72, (crudelis).

Polyuranodon, Kavp, 1. ¢., 96, (kuhli = polyuranodon).

Teeniophis, Kaup, Aule Hamburg Mus., Nachtrage, 10, 1859, (westphali = funebris).
Priodonophis, Kaur, Aalenihnliche Fische Hamburg Museum, 22, 1859, (ocellatus).
Neomuriena, GIRARD, U. 8, Mex. Bound. Survy., Fishes, 76, 1859, (nigromarginata = ocellatus).
Pseudomurxna, JOHNSON, Proc. Zod]. Soc. London, 1860, 167, (madeirensis).

Gymnothorax, GUNTHER, Cat,, vitr, 100, 1870, (meleagris, etc.).

This genus, as here understood, comprises the great bulk of the Mura-
nidw, including all the species with sharp teeth, the body normally formed,
the anterior nostrils only tubular, and the dorsal fin beginning on the
head. Priodonophis with serrated teeth has been recognized as a distinct
genus by Bleeker, but the character in question disappears by degrees
and seems not to be suitable for generic distinction. ‘The Morays of this
genus are everywhere abundant in the tropical seas, where some of them
reach a great size. They are the most active and voracious of the eels,
often showing much pugnacity. Most of them live in shallow water about
rocks or reefs. (Av«oc, wolf; ddovc, tooth.)

Lycoponvls : :
a. Teeth all entire, with no serrations anywhere, and none of them with basal lobes.
b. Body without black transverse bands, or very large, irregularly placed black spots.

c. Body without small, round, bluish white or yellow spots, the spots, if any, blackish
or dull grayish ; dorsal without distinct paler margin, or with merely the very
edge whitish.

d. Dorsal with a distinct black margin ; anal with a pale edge ; teeth uniserial.
e. Color nearly plain brown, finely freckled ; 13 teeth on side of lower jaw;

tail equal to head and trunk. VERRILLI, 644,

ee. Color brownish, finely mottled with darker brown; 22 teeth on sides of

lower jaw ; tail longer than head and trunk. vicinus, 645,

dd, Dorsal without distinct, darker margin, its border colored nearly or quite like
rest of fin.

f. Body and tail covered with close-set dark points ; tail longer than rest of

body. VIRESCENS, 646,

* There is in America only one complete set of the Calcutta Journal of Natural History, and
that is in the Library of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, In Vol. v of this
Journal is found McClelland’s 8 paper upon the Apodal Fishes of Bengal, in which several new
generic and specific names are proposed. We are indebted to Mr. Witmer Stone, of the Phila-
delphia Academy, for kindly transcribing portions of that paper for us.

According to Mr. Stone the name Lycodontis occursgon page 173, of Vol. vy, and three species
are assigned to it, viz: literata (= tile, p. 112, Vol. vim, of Giinther’s Catalogue), punctata (= tile,
ibid. Giinther), and longicaudata (= sathele, p. 126, Giinther),

The name Therodontis occurs, with diagnosis, on page 174, one page later than Lycodontis, and
but one species, reticulata (= tessellata, p. 106, Giinther). Of these two names, Lycodontis must
take pr ecedence of Thexrodontis.

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 393

JT. Body and tail not covered with close-set dark points.

g. Color olivaceous or brownish, with conspicuous markings, marblings
or spots darker than the ground color; belly without distinct
transverse lines, marked like the back and sides; tail slightly
longer than rest of body.

h. Dark markings forming narrow reticulations, never rounded spots;
these reticulations dark lilac in color, covering back and
sides, some of them enclosing irregular polygons.

: POLYGONItS, 647.

hh, Dark markingsin the form of rounded spots, more or less confluent,

sometimes obscuring the pale ground color. MORINGA, 648.

gg. Color dark brown, dark green, or blackish, either plain or with
faint markings.

i. Belly with black, wavy, transverse lines ; no dark lines along dorsal
fin. MORDAX, 649.

it. Belly without black transverse lines; dorsal and anal with dark
longitudinal streaks; body nearly plain dark olive brown.

FUNEBRIS, 650.
ggg. Color brownish black with irregular pale grayish spots of various
sizes ; margin of anal not pale ; cleft of mouth less than half head.
SANCTH-HELEN®, 651.
ec. Body with distinct small spots, blue, white, or yellow.
j. Dorsal and anal without distinct colored margin ; pale spots mostly smaller than
eye.
k. Teeth of upper jaw uniserial.
I. Vomerine teeth uniserial; spots irregular, few, and scattered ; dorsal

colored like back. DOVIT, 652.
lu. Vomerine teeth biserial; entire body covered with small blue dots;
dorsal with vertical bluish streaks. CONSPERSUS, 653.

kk. Teeth of upper jaw biserial; body with small yellow spots.
m. Yomerine teeth uniserial, mostly small and rounded; color nearly
uniform from head to tail ; spots innumerable. MILIARIS, 654.
mm. Vomerine teeth biserial, small and rounded ; color dark brown, with
yellow points excessively numerous. ELABORATUS, 655.
jj. Dorsal with a blackish border, interrupted with white ; anal with white mark-
ings ; body with close-set, irregular pale spots. OBSCURATUS, 656.
bb. Body with about 20 black, transverse rings, about three times the breadth of the
interspaces ; tail a little longer than rest of body. CHLEVASTES, 657,
PRIODONOPHIS, (7piwv, saw ; odovs, tooth ; odus, snake):
aa, Teeth serrate, more or less.
n. Color brown, with irregular light yellowish spots irregularly placed ; dorsal with large,
dark spots on its edge, these sometimes obsolete, usually running together to form
a continuous dark band ; anal black-edged ; teeth large, uniserial, the larger ones
serrate ; mouth nearly closing. OCELLATUS, 658,

Subgenus LYCODONTIS.
644. LYCODONTIS VERRILLI (Jordan & Gilbert).

Teeth all entire. Color nearly plain brown, finely fréckled; teeth uni-
serial, aboat 13 on side of lower jaw; vomerine teeth small, in a short
row posteriorly ; eye near angle of mouth, 3 in snout; head 3} in trunk;
tail about equal to head and trunk; color light chestnut brown, finely
freckled, but without distinct spots; dorsal with a conspicuous edge of
blackish, the margin narrowly white; anal edged with white. Panama;
one specimen known, in the museum of Yale University. (Named for
Prof. Addison E. Verrill, of Yale University, a well-known naturalist.)

394 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

Sidera verrilli, JoRDAN & GILBERT, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1882, 623, Panama. (Coll. Prof. Brad-
ley. ) :
Gymnothorax verrilli, JORDAN & Davis, l. ¢., 599.

645. LYCODONTIS VICINUS (Castelnau).

Teeth all entire, uniserial; lower jaw with about 22 teeth on each side;
canines well developed ; gill openings narrower than the eye; eye large,
2 in snout, which is long, narrow and pointed; mouth capable of being
completely closed; cleft of mouth 2 to 24 in head; head long, about half
length of trunk ; tail longer than rest of body by about 3 length of head.
Brown everywhere, finely mottled with darker brown or purplish ; angle
of mouth dusky; dorsal with a dusky edge, the fin marked with dark
streaks as in L. funebris; anal edged with whitish; black spot at gill
opening faint or obsolete. Tropical Atlantic, Cuba to Africa and Brazil ;
rather scarce; our specimen from Bahia. (vicinus, near; to L. moringa.)
Murenophis vicina, CASTELNAU, Anim. Amér, Sud, Poiss., 81, pl. 42, fig. 4, 1855, Bahia.
Gymnothorax versipunctatus, Pory, Enumeratio, 156, 1875, Cuba.

Thyrsoidea maculipinnis, Kaup, Apodes, 86, 1856, Gold Coast.

Murna vicina, GUNTHER, Cat., vit1, 121, 1870.

Murena maculipinnis, GUNTHER, Cat., vitt, 124, 1870.

Gymnothorax vicinus, JORDAN, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1890, 315; Jorpan & Davis, 1. c., 600.

Thyrsoidea cormura, Kaur, Aale Hamb. Mus., 26, 1859.
Thyrsoidea marginata, KaupP, I. ¢., 24.

646. LYCODONTIS VIRESCENS (Poey).

Teeth uniserial, entire; gill opening larger than eye; tail longer than
rest of body; depth of body 13% in length; head 3 in trunk; cleft of
mouth not quite half head. Olivaceous; head and tail with close-set dark
points most distinct about gill opening; snont chestnut; dorsal mottled
with gray and yellow, without distinct darker margin, its border colored
like the fin; anal with a yellow border. Cuba; unknown to us. (Poey.)
(virescens, greenish.)

Gymnothorax virescens, PokyY, Enumeratio, 156, 1875, Cuba ; Jorpan & Davis, l. ¢., 600.
647. LYCODONTIS POLYGONTIUS (Poey).

Teeth uniserial, stout, and strong, not close set; eye 24 in snout; cleft
of mouth 2 to 23 in head; head 23 in trunk, 3} in tail, the tail slightly
longer than rest of body. Dark markings forming narrow reticulations,
never rounded spots; body and tail light olive, everywhere covered with
reticulations of dark lilac, the patches of ground color inclosed by the
ultimate reticulations, mostly smaller than pupil; some of the reticula-
tions more conspicuous and inclosing irregular polygons or squares con-
siderably larger than eye; the lines are so branched that these markings
are not easily traceable; margin of anal broadly yellowish; a trace of a
pale line on edge of dorsal. Cuba; two specimens known, both exam-
ined by us. (polygonius, toavyovioc, with polygons.)

Gymnothorax polygonius, Pony, Ann. N. Y. Lyc. Nat. Hist., 68, 1870, Havana; Jorpan & Davis,

l. c., 600.
Sidera vicina, JORDAN, Proc, U.S. Nat. Mus., 1886, 34, (not Mureenophis vicinus, CASTELNAU.)

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 395

648. LYCODONTIS MORINGA (Cuvier).

(Common SporreD Moray ; HAMLET.)

Teeth uniserial, irregular in size in the jaws, those in the front of the
mouth long, slender canines; vomer with one or two large, depressible
teeth in front and usually a row of small teeth behind; eye rather large,
about 2 in snout (2? to 3 in dark specimens, the pigment encroaching on
the cornea, so that the eye seems notably smaller); cleft of mouth 24 in
head; head 2 to 3 in trunk; tail usually a little longer than the head and
trunk. Dark markings in the form of rounded spots, which are more or
less confluent, sometimes reducing the pale ground color to narrow reti-
culations on a surface of black; ground color yellowish, the body covered
with brown or black spots of varying size, never much smaller than the
pupil of the eye, and sometimes so largely confluent as to make the ground
color appear as yellow reticulations on a face of black; relative extent
of light and dark markings subject to very great variations; spots on
head and snout generally smaller; each pore on lower jaw generally placed
in a large pale spot; dorsal and anal fins spotted like the body; mar-
gin of anal fin narrowly yellowish, this marking obliterated in dark
specimens. West Indies, Pensacola to Rio Janeiro and St. Helena; very
common, and very variable in amount of dark coloration, although the
pattern of markings is very constant. The most abundant eel in the West
Indies. (Moringa, a Portuguese corruption of Moray or Wurena.)

Mursna maculata nigra, (the Black Moray), Catessy, Nat. Hist. Carolina, pl. 21,1738, Bahamas.

2? Gymnothorax afer, Biocnu, Ich., pl. 417, 1795, Africa.

Murena moringa, Cuvier, Régne, Animal, ed. 11, Vol. 11, 352, 1829, (after CaTEsBy) ; GUNTHER,
Cat., vi11, 120, 1870; Goong, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., v, 72, 1876.

Gymnothorax rostratus, AGASSIZ, Spix, Pisc. Bras., 91, pl. 50 a, 1830, Brazil.

Murzna moringua, RicHarpson, Voy. Erebus and Terror, Fishes, 89, 1844, Jamaica.

Murvena punctata, GRonow, Catalogue Fishes, 18, 1854, North America.

Murenophis curvilineata, CasvELNAU, Anim. Amér. Sud, Poiss., 81, pl. 42, fig. 2, 1855, Rio
Janeiro.

Murenophis caramuta, CASTELNAU, Anim. Nouv. Rares, Amérique du Sud, 85, pl. 43, fig. 1, 1855,
Bahia.

Gymnothorax flavoscriptus, Pory, Enumeratio, 158, 1875, Cuba.

Gymnothorax picturatus, Pony, Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., 257, 1880, Cuba.

Sidera moringa, JORDAN, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1884, 111.

Gymnothorax moringua, JoRDAN & Davis, l. c., 601.

649. LYCODONTIS MORDAX (Ayres).

(CoNGER EEL OF CALIFORNIA.)

Snout short, narrow, and pointed. Occipital region becoming fleshy
and much elevated with age. Tail forming not quite half the total length.
Head 7 in length, 24 to 3} in trunk; tube of anterior nostril half as long
as the eye; posterior nostril with a slight border. Eye above the middle
of the gape, 2} to 3} in snout, which is 64 in rest of head. Gape 24 to 3}
in head. Gill opening slightly larger than eye. Sides of the upper jaw
with two series of teeth posteriorly, the outer series of small, close-set,
recurved, triangular teeth, which are immovable; inner teeth about 5,
similar, but larger, depressible; a groove between the two series; iv front

396 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum,

of these, continuous with the outer series, are 3 fixed, knife-shaped teeth,
then a movable tooth, then 3 fixed teeth; on the middle line of vomer 3
depressible fangs, the posterior the largest of the teeth; in the lower jaw
a single series, corresponding to the outer series in the upper jaw, some
of the front teeth enlarged and fixed. Dark brown, vaguely reticulated
with narrow, paler markings and spots; around dark blotch about gill
opening; lower side of head and throat with about 15 dark lengthwise
streaks; belly with similar streaks running crosswise; dark line on each
side of base of anal, with short cross branches. Reaches a length of five
feet. Point Concepcion to Cerros Island; abundant about the Santa Bar-
bara islands, remarkable for its ferocity. A food fish of some importance.
(mordax, prone to bite.)

Murxna mordax, AYRES, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Cal., 1859, 30, Cerros Island ; JoRDAN & GILBERT,
Synopsis, 356, 1883 ; Jorpan, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1880, 30.

Sidera mordax, JORDAN & GILBERT, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1883, 210.

Gymnothorax mordax, JORDAN & Dayis, I. ¢., 610.

650. LYCODONTIS FUNEBRIS (Ranzani).
(BLack Moray; Morena VERDE.)

Tail a little longer than head and trunk. Teeth uniserial in the jaws in
the adults ; teeth on vomer uniserial (var. ? erebus), or biserial (funebris);
long, depressible canines on front of vomer; eye 2 to 24 in snout, above
middle of gape; cleftof mouth 24in head; head 24intrunk. Color dark
olive brown, nearly plain, paler on throat, sometimes with very faint
darker marblings ; dorsal and anal fins with dark lines running longitudi-
nally ; belly without black transverse lines. Jaws not completely clos-
ing. Tropical America, on both coasts; the largest of our eels, reaching 5
or 6 feet or more; extremely ferocious ; common from Florida Keys to Rio
Janeiro, and from Gulf of California to Panama.* A very similar species
(prasinus) regarded by Dr. Giinther as the same, occurs in the East Indies.
(funebris, funereal, from its dark color.)

Murxna macilata nigra et viridis, (The Moray), Catespy, Nat. Hist. Carolina, pl. 20, 1738,
Bahamas.

Gymnothorax funebris, RANZANI, Noy. Comm. Ac. Sc. Inst. Bonon., tv, 76, 1840, Brazil; JorDAN
& Davis, l. c., 603.

Murzena lineopinnis, Richarpson, Voy. Erebus & Terror, Fish., 89, 1844, Puerto Cabello.

Txniophis westphali, Kaur, Aale Hamburg Mus. Nachtrag., 1, 1859.

Thyrsoidea aterrima, Kaur, Aale Hamburg Mus., 22, 1859.

Mureena infernalis, Pory, Memorias, 11, 347, 354, 1860, Cuba.

Thyrsoidea concolor, ABBorT, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, 479, Vera Cruz.

Mureena erebus, Porky, Memorias, 11, 426, 1860, Cuba.

Sidera castanea, JORDAN & GILBERT, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1882, 647, Mazatlan, (Type, Nos.
28246, 29535, and 29591. Coll. Gilbert.)

Murena afra, GUNTHER, Cat., vir1, 123, 1870, (not after Bloch, which is more like moringa).

Murena aterrima; GUNTHER, Cat., vi11, 124, 1870.

Sidera funebris, BEAN & DRESEL, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., 1884, 169.

* Tycodontis castaneus of the Pacific is probably distinct from Lycodontis funebris.

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 397

651. LYCODONTIS SANCTE-HELEN EF (Giinther).

Cleft of mouth less than halfof head ; teethof jaws irregularly biserial ;
vomerine teeth biserial ; snout rather produced and narrow ; eye situated
above the middle of gape, 24 in snout; cleft of mouth contained 2} in
head ; head 23 in trunk ; tail longer than rest of body. Brownish black,
with numerous rather irregular pale grayish spots, the largest about the
size of the eye, the smallest mere dots; each spot again marbled with
darker, the smaller and larger spots mixed together. (Gunther.) Tropi-
cal Atlantic, recorded from St. Helena and the Bermudas.

Murzna sancte-helenx, GUNTHER, Cat., vii, 115, 1870, St. Helena. (Coll. J. C. Melliss); Brean,

Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., 1880, 113.
Gymnothorax sanctz-helenx, JORDAN & Davis, I. c., 602.

652. LYCODONTIS DOVIL (Giinther).

(MorENA PINTITA.)

Teeth all uniserial, those on lower jaw small, compressed, directed back-
wards; front of lower jaw with several canines; upper with some fixed
canines among the other teeth ; head 2 to 2} in trunk; cleft of mouth 2 to
2+ in head; tail longer than body. Brownish or blackish, with small
round bluish or yellowish spots, ocellated or not, these spots scattered,
irregular in position, and smaller than eye; dorsal colored like the back.
Gulf of California to the Galapagos; rather scarce; variable. (Named
for Captain John M. Dow.)

Murena dovii, GUNTHER, Cat., vit1, 103, 1870, Panama. (Coll. Capt. Dow.)

Mursena pintita, JorDAN & GILBERT, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1881, 346, Mazatlan. (Type, No,
28311. Coll. Gilbert.)

Sidera dovii, Jonpan & GILBERT, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1883, 209.

Gymnothorax dovii, JoRDAN & Davis, l. c., 604.

653. LYCODONTIS CONSPERSUS (Poey).

Vomerine teeth biserial; mandible with about 17 teeth on each side.
Head 23 in trunk ; tail but little longer than rest of body. Entire body
covered with small blue dots one-sixth diameter of eye, the distance
between them being equal to diameter of eye; front and top of head
without dots; dorsal with vertical cross streaks of bluish. (Poey.)
Cuba to Rio Janeiro. (conspersus, speckled.)

Murznophis punctata, CasteLNAv, Anim. Nouy. Rares Amér, Sud, 82, 1855, Rio Janeiro ; (not
Gymnothorax punctatus, Buocn).

Gymnothorax conspersus, Porky, Repertorio, u, 259, 1868, Cuba; Jorpan & Davis, l. c., 604.
Murena conspersa, GUNTHER, Cat., 102, 1870.

654. LYCODONTIS MILIARIS (Kaup).

Teeth of upper jaw biserial. Vomerine teeth uniserial, mostly small
and rounded. Teeth biserial, except on vomer and side of mandible;
canines small; mouth can be shut completely; gill opening as wide as
eye; eye 2 in snout; cleft of mouth 24 in head; head 24 in body; tail
rather longer than rest of body. Color nearly uniform from head to

398 Bulletin 27, United States National Museum.

tail; brown or black, entirely covered with innumerable yellowish dots,

the largest the size of a small pin head. (Gunther.) West Indies.

(miliaris, in thousands, referring to the spots.)

Thrysoidea miliaris, Kaup, Apodes, 90, 1856, Martinique.

Murena multiocellata, Porky, Memorias, 11, 324, 1860, Cuba; based on specimens with smaller
spots than usual.

Gymnothorax scriptus, Pory, Repertorio, 11, 261, 1868, Cuba.

Murena miliaris, GUNTHER, Cat., vi1r, 100, 1870.

Gymnothorax miliaris, JORDAN & DAvis, l. c., 604.

655. LYCODONTIS ELABORATUS (Poey).

Vomerine teeth biserial, small, and bluntly rounded. Mouth not clos-
ing completely; teeth of upper jaw biserial, those of the inner series
larger; teeth of the lower jaw biserial anteriorly; eye over middle of
gape, 2} in snout; head 2{ in trunk, 43 in tail, which is a little longer
than rest of body; gill opening large. Color dark brown, faintly mot-
tled with darker, the whole body, including fins, covered with points of
clear yellow, those on the head close-set and minute, like needle points,
but as large as a pin head on the tail; (middle of body with intricate
markings of yellow, in the form of linear dashes, according to Poey ;
none shown on our specimen). Cuba; two specimens recorded. (elabora-
tus, labored over, from the markings.)

Murena elaborata, Pory, Memorias, 11, 323, 1860, Cuba; Pory, Repertorio, 11, 262, 1868.
Gymnothorax elaboratus, JORDAN & Davis, l. c., 605.

656. LYCODONTIS OBSCURATUS (Poey).

Anterior teeth of upper jaw long and sharp, the rest small and in one
series ; vomerine teeth in one row, three large canines in front, the rest
small; teeth on lower jaw small, with two longer ones on each side in
front; head 24 in trunk; cleft of mouth 2 in head; tail a head’s length
longer than the rest of the body. Body marbled with brown on a green-
ish ground, dark enough to almost obscure the marblings, which are com-
posed of close-set spots as large as the pupil, often bordered on one side
with a white edging, the spots sometimes being all white; dorsal fins
with a blackish border, sometimes interrupted with white; anal all black,
with a white border. (Poey.) Cuba; not seen by us. (obscuratus, dark-
ened.)

Gymnothorax obscuratus, Porky, Ann. N. Y. Lyc. Nat. Hist., 1x, 1870, 320, Cuba; Jorpan & Davis,
aa 657. LYCODONTIS CHLEVASTES (Jordan & Gilbert).

Head with 3} rings which do not meet below; tip of snout in one ring,
the top and front of snout on median line pale. Upper teeth biserial, the
rest uniserial; dentary with about 14 teeth on each side; eye 2 in snout,
midway between tip of snout and angle of mouth; head 2% in trunk;
head and trunk a little shorter than tail; mouth completely closing.
Color pale yellowish brown, with about 20 blackish rings, which are
usually three times the breadth of the interspaces; these rings broadest
above, extending over the fins; tip of tail black. Galapagos Islands;
one specimen known; a remarkably handsome species. (yAevactnc, &
harlequin.)

ee a a ee

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 399

Sidera chlevastes, JORDAN & GILBERT, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1883, 208, Galapagos. (Type, No.
20385. Coll. Capt. Herendeen.)
Gymnothorax chlevastes, JORDAN & Davis, I. c., 605.

Subgenus PRIODONOPHIS, Kaup.
658. LYCODONTIS OCELLATUS (Agassiz).

(SporreED Moray.)

Teeth all uniserial in jaws, rather large and strong, the posterior edge
of the larger teeth serrate, like the teeth of a shark; vomer with few
small teeth or none; jaws nearly or quite closing; head 2 to 23 in trunk,
34 to 44 in tail; eye 14 to 17 in snout; cleft of mouth 2} to 3 in the head;
tail a little longer than rest of body. Color brown above, lighter below,
with irregular light yellowish spots, variable in size and sometimes so
thickly placed that the ground work appears as brown reticulations;
dorsal fin with large dark spots on the edge, the spots often running
together, so as to form a black band (or sometimes obsolete); anal fin
with a dark edge.

In typical specimens, (var. ocellatus), the spots are of moderate size,
much larger than pupil, rounded and yellowish in color, subequal and
not so wide as the interspaces; cheeks coarsely spotted. West Indian
Fauna. Pensacola to Rio Janeiro; a small species, rarely exceeding 18
inches in length; abundant and variable. (ocellatus, with eye-like spots.)
Gymnothorax ocellatus, AGAssiz, Spix, Pisc. Brasil, 91, pl. 50 b, 1828, Brazil; Goope & Bzan,

Proc. U. S. Nat Mus., 1879, 344; Jorpan & Davis, l. c., 606.
Priodonophis ocellatus, Pony, Synopsis, 427, 1868.
Murena ocellata, GUNTHER, VII, 102, 1870; JonpAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 356, 1883.

Represented in deeper water off Cuba and the Pensacola Snapper Banks
b

E 658a. LYCODONTIS OCELLATUS SAXICOLA (Jordan & Dayis).

Edge of dorsal and anal with confluent black blotches, forming a dark
margin to the fin, the anal chiefly black. Dark ground color forming
reticulations around roundish and polygonal pale spots of various sizes,
these larger on the tail, the spots everywhere much wider than the inter-
spaces. Otherwise similar to the typical ocellatus. (saxwm, rock; colo, I
inhabit. )

Murzna meleagris, Quoy & GAimarD, Voy. Freycinet, Zobl., 245, pl. 52, fig. 2, 1824, (not of SHaw).
Gymnothorax ocellatus saxicola, Jonvan & Davis, l. c., 606, Snapper Banks off Pensacola.
Priodonophis meleagris, Porky, Repertorio, 11, 262, 1867.
Sidera ocellata, JonDAN, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1882, 42.
Murena ocellata, JORDAN & GILBERT, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1884, 260.

Replaced in shallow, sandy bays (Pensacola Bay; St. Joseph Island,
Texas) by

658b. LYCODONTIS OCELLATUS NIGROMARGINATUS (Girard).

Spots very small, stellate, not much larger than pupil; spots whitish ;
cheeks finely spotted like the rest of the body; body slender, a dusky
shade along sides; fins chiefly black. Otherwise similar to var. ocellatus.
(niger, black ; marginatus, edged.)

400 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

Neomurzna nigromarginata, GIRARD, U. S. and Mex. Bound. Surv., 76, pl. 41, 1859, St. Joseph
Island, Texas. (Coll. Wiirdemann).

Sidera nigromarginata, JORDAN & EVERMANN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1886, 473.

Gmnothorax occellatus nigromarginatus. JORDAN & Davis, l. c., 606.

191. MURAZENA (Artedi) Linnezus.

(Morays.)

Murzna, ARTEDI, Gen. Pisc., 23, 1738, (in part; includes all eels).

Murena, Kuen, Hist. Nat. Pisc., 28, 1742, (in part ; includes all eels without pectoral fins).

Murxna, LINN2XUS, X, 243, 1758, (helena, etc., includes all eels).

Murxna, Tuunserc & Aut, De Murena et Ophictho, 6, 1789, (restricted to helena, etc., includes
species without pectoral fins).

Gymnothorax, BLocu, Ichthyologia, 1795, Morays, (reticularis).

Murzna, GiNTHER, and of authors generally, (not of BLEEKER).

Murnophis, LacfpEpDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., v, 630, 1803, (helena, etc.).

Limamurena, Kaur, Apodes, 95, 1856, (guttata).

This genus as now restricted contains some ten species found in the
tropical seas, distinguished from Lycodoniis and from the rest of the
family by the presence of two pairs of nasal barbels. The name Murena,
originally applied to all eels, should be restricted to the group typified
by Murena helena. It was first limited by Thunberg & Ahl, in 1789, to
the eels with out pectoral fins, those with such fins being set off as
Ophichthus. (Mupacva, (Moray), ancient name of Murena helena.)

a. Teeth of upper jaw in one series ;* all the teeth uniserial in the adult, those of the upper

jaw sometimes biserial in the young.
b. Mouth capable of being completely closed.
c. Body with round pale spots, most numerous on belly and tail, the ground color
dark brown ; gill opening black. INSULARUM, 659.
cc. Body with many very fine yellow spots, the ground color brown, with three rows
of diffuse yellow blotches. ARGUS, 660.
bb. Mouth not closing completely, the jaws curved along the gape ; body witk well-defined
reticulations, inclosing yellowish spots; gill opening black. RETIFERA, 661.
aa. Teeth of sides of upper jaw biserial, those of the inner series larger and farther apart ; jaws
capable of being completely closed.
d. Body scantily spotted, the spots obscure and whitish ; gill opening largely black.
: MELANOTIS, 662.
dd. Body profusely spotted, the spots light yellow, edged with brown ; gill opening merely
dusky. LENTIGINOSA, 663.

659. MURENA INSULARUM, Jordan & Davis.

Mouth capable of being completely closed, the jaws being nearly straight
along the commissure. Teeth all uniserial, entire, directed backwards,
most of them movable; lower teeth 12 on each side, rather remote and
comparatively large; no larger canines in front of upper jaw; teeth of
upper jaw subequal, about 12 on each side, those in front smallest; vomer-
ine teeth small, uniserial, directed backward; posterior nasal tubes well
developed, nearly as Jarge as anterior; dorsal beginning before gill open-
ing; eye over middle of gape, 24 in snout; snout 2 in gape; head 2} in
trunk; gape 24 in head; head and trunk a trifle shorter than tail. Color
very dark leather-brown or almost black; throat marbled with paler; a

* Character not verified in Murzna argus, which may belong to aa.

Jordan and Evermann,.—Fishes of North America. 401

black spot around gill opening; dorsal mottled with grayish; posterior
part of body with a few scattered round grayish spots about as large as
pupil; these irregular in size and position and rather faint, most numerous
around vent and on anal fin; sides of tail nearly or quite plain; angle of
mouthdark. Length 20inches. Galapagos Islands; one specimen known;
resembling the European Murena helena, but less mottled and more dis-
tinctly spotted. (insularum, of the islands.)

Murzna insularum, Jonpan & Davis, Apodal Fishes, 609, 1892, Chatham Island. (Type, No.
38300. Coll. Dr. W. H. Jones.)

660. MURENA ARGUS (Steindachner),

Jaws capable of being completely closed. Teeth all uniserial; those
of upper jaw strong, sharp-pointed, recurved; vomerine teeth much
smaller, preceded by two long canines; head 64 in total length; eye 23
in snout; snout 53 in head. Body with three rows of diffuse yellow
blotches, including fine spots. Color clear brown with a reddish tinge;
very small yellow spots covering head, body and fins, mixed here and
there with larger spots; large yellowish blotches arranged in three rows
along the body; the lower row fainter than upper. (Steindachner.)
Altata, west coast of Mexico; not seen by us. (Argus, the hundred-eyed,
from the innumerable spots.)

Gymnothorax (Limamurena) argus, STEINDACHNER, Ich. Notizen, x, 17, pl. rv, 1870, Altata,
Murena argus, JORDAN & Davis, l. c., 610.

661. MURENA RETIFERA, Goode & Bean.

Vomerine teeth small, sharp; teeth all uniserial, large and strong in
the jaws; those in front not enlarged; head 2? to 3 in trunk; tail a little
longer than rest of body. Jaws curved along the gape so that they can
not be completely closed. Body covered by well-defined reticulations,
inclosing light yellowish brown spots, which posteriorly are arranged in
groups of 5 to 8; gill opening largely black, within a conspicuous dark
blotch; angle of mouth with a dark spot; inside of mouth with yellow-
ish brown spots. Coast of South Carolina, in rather deep water, occa-
sionally brought to the Charleston markets. (rete, net; fero, I bear.)

Murena retifera, Goope & Bran, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1882, 435, off Charleston. (Type No.
31393. Coll. C. C. Leslie.) Jorpan & GiLBeRT, Synopsis, 894, 1883; JorpAN, Cat. Fish. N-
A., 51,1885; JorpAN & Davis, l. c., 610.

662. MURENA MELANOTIS (Kaup).

Cleft of mouth 24 to 24 in head; head 2+ to 24 in trunk; tail a little
longer than rest of body; teeth of upper jaw anteriorly in two rows, the
inner teeth larger and farther apart; canines moderate. Color dark
brown with many small obscure whitish spots, these sometimes over
whole body, sometimes confined to head and back anteriorly ; belly plain
brown; dark spot on gill opening and at angle of mouth always conspic-
uous; a pale spot on base of lower jaw before the dark one. Tropical
Atlantic, from Africa to South America, its range in the West Indies
uncertain, from confusion with other species- (u¢Aa¢, black ; ovg, ear.)

KF. N. A.——27

402 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

Limamurena melanotis, Kaur, Aale Hamb. Mus., 27, pl. 4, fig. 3, 1859.
Mureena melanatis, GUNTHER, Cat., VIII, 98, 1870; STEINDACHNER, Fische Afrikas, 33,1881; JoRDAN
& GitBert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1882, 624; Jornpan & GILBERT, Synopsis, 355, 1883,

Murena melanotis, Jordan & Davis, l. c., 610.

663. MURHENA LENTIGINOSA, Jenyns.

(MorENA PINTA.)

Teeth of upper jaw biserial, the inner series of depressible cauines ;
teeth on lower jaw and vomer uniserial; eye 2 to 2 in snout, situated
over the middle of gape; cleft of mouth 23 to 3 in head; head 2 to 2? in
trunk. Jaws capable of being completely closed. Body profusely spot-
ted; angle of mouth with little or no black; gill opening dusky; general
color brown, the body with light yellow, distinctly brown-edged spots,
which are about as large as pupil, sometimes larger; towards the end of
tail the dark edgings form brown spots; snout, jaws, and belly spotted,
as also the dorsal and anal; a faint dusky bar from base of dorsal to
behind cleft of mouth; spots more numerous around gill openings.
Pacific Coast of America from Gulf of California to Galapagos; gener-
ally common, varying considerably in shade of color. (lentiginosus,
freckled.)

Murvena lentiginosa, JENYNS, Voy. Beagle, Zool., 143, 1842, Galapagos Islands ; GUNTHER, Cat.,
vilr, 99, 1870.

Murena pinta, Jorpan & GiuBERT, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1881, 345, Mazatlan. (Type, No.
28238. Coll. Gilbert.) Jorpan & GiLBERT, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1882, 371; Jorpan & GiIL-
BER?, ibid, 381; Jorpan & Davis, I. c., 610.

192. ECHIDNA, Forster.

Echidna, ForstEr, Enchiridion, 31, 1778, (variegata).

Gymnomurena, LAckPEDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., v, 648, 1803, (doliata = marmorata).
Gymnopsis, RAFINESQUE, Analyse Nature, 1815, 93, (doliata).

Megaderus, RAYINESQUE, l. c., 93, (variegata).

Molarii, RicHARDsOoN, Voyage Erebus & Terror, 79, 1844, (ophis = nebulosa).
Pecilophis, Kaur, Apodes, 98, 1856, (catenatus).

Gymnomurena, Kaup, Apodes, 98, 1856, (variegata = nebulosa).

This well-marked genus is distinguished from the other Morays by the
blunt teeth. The name Hchidna was suggested for this group of eels
long before its application by Cuvier to a genus of Australian Mono-
tremes. There are some 12 or 15 species of Echidna, most of them
belonging to the Western Pacific. This genus represents the highest
degree of specialization among the Morays, as Uropterygius represents
the extreme of degradation. (éyidva, tyic, viper.)

a. Color dark, with small, round yellowish spots; teeth subequal, bluntish, less obtuse than

in FE. catenata, mostly uniserial ; dorsal high, beginning over gill opening; head 234 in
trunk; tail about a snout’s length shorter than rest of body. NOCTURNA, 664.
aa, Color brownish, marbled and barred with paler; head 3 to 314 in trunk, 3) in tail.

CATENATA, 665.
664. ECHIDNA NOCTURNA (Cope).

Teeth subequal, bluntish, less obtuse than in LZ. catenata, mostly unise-
rial; dorsal high, beginning over gill opening; head short and blunt, the
small eye half the snout; head 2? in trunk; cleft of mouth 3 in head;

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North Amertca. 403

tail about a snout’s length shorter than restof body. Color dark brown,
with small, round, yellow spots, smaller than pupil, like pin points, scat-
tered evenly and sparsely over the body; spots with blackish margins;
lower jaw mottled. Pacific coast of Mexico, the two known specimens
from Rio Grande, Costa Rica, and from Cape San Lucas. Cope says of
his specimen that the anal fin is a little more than one-third the total
length, which is not true of the one here described. (nocturnus, nocturnal,
black. )

Pecilophis nocturnus, Cope, U.S. Geol. Surv, Mont., 474, 1871 (1872), Rio Grande, at San José,
Costa Rica. (Coll. Dr. Van Patton.)
Echidna nocturna, Jorpan & Davis, l.c., 612.

665. ECHIDNA CATENATA (Bloch).

Head 3 to 3} in trunk, 3} in tail; eye small, 13 to 2 in snout; cleft of
mouth 3 to 34 in head; tail a trifle longer than rest of body; teeth of
upper jaw more or less biserial. Color, brownish black, marbled or retic-
ulated with light yellow or white, the light markings sometimes forming
narrow irregular crossbars ; under the jaw and on the belly the light yel-
low often predominates, inclosing dark spots. West Indies, from Bermuda
to Surinam; asmall species, generally common; our specimens from San
Lucia. (catenatus, chained, from the chain-like cross bands.)

Murzena seu conger brasiliensis, SEBA, Thesaurus, 11, 72, pl. 69, figs. 4, 5, 1738, Brazil.

Gymnothorax catenatus, BLocu, Ausl. Fische, x11, 74, pl. 415, fig. 1, 1795, Coromandel; an error.

Murzna sordida, Cuvier, Regne Animal, Ed. 1, 233, 1817, after Sepa.

Murznophis catenula, LAcEPEDE, v, 628 and 641, 1803, after BLocn, Palmerston Island.

Murzenophis undulata, LacEPEDE, v, 629, pl. 292, 1803.

Murzena alusis, BLEEKER, Act. Soc. Sc. Ind. Neerl., 67, 1855.

Echidna flavuscripla, Pory, Repertorio, 11, 264, Cuba.

Echidna fuscomaculata, Pory, Repertorio, 11, 263, 1868, Cuba.

Murzena catenata, GUNTHER, Cat., vi1t, 130, 1870; GoopE, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., v., 73, 1876; Jor-
DAN, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1889, 647.

Echidna catenata, Jorpan & Davis, l. ¢., 612.

193. UROPTERYGIUS, Riippell.

Gymnomurena, Lactkrbyper, Hist. Nat. Poiss., v, 618, 1803, (doliata ; marmorata). (Restricted first
by Kavp, in 1856, to doliata, which isa species of Echidna.)

Icthyophis, Lesson, Voyage de la Coquille, 11, 120, 1830, ( pantherinus = marmoratus ; not of Firz-
INGER, 1829, a genus of reptiles).

Uropterygius, Riivrei1, Neue Wirbelthiere, Fische, 83, 1838, (concolor).

Murxnoblenna, Kaur, Apodal Fishes, 97, 1856, (tigrina), (not of Lactr?pr, 1803, which is Myrine).

Gymnomuriena, BLEEKER, GUNTHER, etc., (not of LAcfkPEpE, as restricted by Kaup).

Scutica, Jonpan & EVERMANN, hew subgenus, (necturus).

This genus contains several species of small Morays, distinguished by
the apparent absence of fins. The teeth are small, pointed, and subequal,
and the cleft of mouth of moderate size. In spite of its simplicity of
structure, it is not by any means a primitive type, but a further degener-
ation from the form of Lycodontis and Murena. Our species (with U.
tigrinis) differs from the type of Uropterygius in having only the anterior
nostrils tubular. This may define a new subgenus, Scutica (scutica, a
whip). (ovpa, tail; wrépvé, fin.)

404 Bulletin 47, Uniied States National Museum.

Subgenus SCUTICA, Jordan & Evermann.
666. UROPTERYGIUS NECTURUS (Jordan & Gilbert).

Teeth in jaws biserial, outer teeth small, close together; inner row
composed of long depressible canines, not close-set, vomerine teeth uni-
serial; a pore situated just above the posterior nostril; tail rather acute
with a very slight dorsal fold, more conspicuous in old specimens, its tip
in young specimens white; caudal fin obsolete; eye 2 to 2} in snout;
cleft of mouth 24 to 2$ in head; head 3% in trunk; tail 4 longer than
rest of body. Anterior nostril with a short tube; posterior without
tube, situated directly over the eye. Body dark brown above; below
paler, with small, dark freckles and pale spots; under side of lower jaw
light colored with brown and whitish blotches. Length 12 inches. Gulf
of California; not rare. (vy«xtyc, Swimmer; vipa, tail.)

Gymnomurena nectura, JORDAN & GILBERT, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1882, 356, Cape San Lucas.
(Type, No. 15442. Coll. Xantus.)

Murenoblenna nectura, JORDAN, Cat. Fish. N. A., 51, 1885.

Uropterygius necturus, JORDAN & Davis, l. ¢., 586.

194. CHANNOMURAENA, Richardson.

Channo-Murzena, RicHaRDsON, Voyage Erebus and Terror, 96, 1844, (vittata).

This genus is near Uropterygius, differing chiefly in the size of the gape,
the cleft of the mouth being nearly half the length of the head; the
snout is very short, the tail also abbreviated, and there are no evident

fins. Species few, gaily colored. (ydvvy, from yaivo, to yawn; Murena.)
667. CHANNOMURENA VITTATA (Richardson).

Fins wanting. Lower jaw projecting; teeth slender, subequal, directed
backward ; teeth in lower jaw in two series, pointed backwards, theinner
teeth the largest, and movable; teeth in upper jaw in three series, tne
two inner series larger and more or less movable; vomerine teeth in a
band, thick-set anteriorly, posteriorly biserial. Eye 14 in snout, situ-
ated in the anterior third of gape; snout 43 in gape; gape 2 in head;
head about 4 in trunk, 23 in tail. Color pale yellowish brown, with
about 15 irregular broad chocolate-colored cross bands varying in width,
sometimes interrupted, sometimes bifurcated, some of them forming
complete rings, the pale interspaces usually edged with ligaver yellow-
ish. Coast of Cuba; rare. (vittatus, striped.)

Raro, Parra, Dif. Piezas, Hist. Nat., 66, pl. 30, fig. 3, 1780, Havana.

Ichthyophis vittatus, RicHarpson, Voy. Sulph., Fish., 114, pl. 53, figs. 7-9, 1844, locality
uncertain ; RicHarpson, Voyage Erebus and Terror, Fishes, 96, 1844.

Channomureena cubensis, PokY, Repertorio, 11, 266, pl. 3, fig. 6, 1867, Cuba.

Gymnomurena vittata, GUNTHER, Cat., Vir1, 134, 1870.

Order Ri LYOMERA
(THE GULPERS.)

Fishes with 5 or 6 branchial arches, far behind the skull and none modi-
fied as branchiostegal or pharyngeal; an imperfectly ossified cranium
articulating with the first vertebra by a basi-occipital condyle alone; only
2 cephalic arches, both freely movable, (1) an anterior dentigerous one—
the maxillary, and (2) the suspensorial, consisting of the hyomandibular

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 405

and quadrate bones; no palatine bones nor distinct posterior bony ele-
ments to the mandible; an imperfect scapular arch remote from the skull;
vertebre separately ossified but imperfect. (Gill and Ryder.)

This order consists of eel-shaped fishes found in the deep seas. It is
apparently a degraded type, perhaps an offshoot from some eel-like form.
It is characterized by a general looseness of structure and lack of speciali-
zation, unique among the true fishes. ‘‘ The branchial arches are reduced
to very simple bars, on the side of the esophagus, and have no con-
nection with the cranium ; the palato-pterygoid arch is entirely wanting ;
the suspensorium for the lower jaw is composed of only two pisces, the
hyomandibular and the quadrate, of an elongate, subcylindrical form
and connected with the skull by a movable joint which allows it to be
swung in all directions.”

These fishes have very singular pedunculated appendages in place of
the lateral line, ‘‘The entire organization is peculiar, to the extent of
anomaly,and our old conceptions of the characteristics of a fish require
to be modified in the light of our knowledge of such strange beings.”
(Gill.) Dr. Gill is disposed to regard the various records as indicating
the existence of two distinct families, Saccopharyngide and Eurypharyngide,
each represented in our waters by one species. (Aiw, to loosen ; “époc, part.)

Family LIV. SACCOPHARYNGIDZ.
(THE GULPERS.)

Lyomeri with the branchio-anal portion much longer than the rostro-
branchial; the tail excessively elongate and attenuated; the cranium
unknown; the eyes antero-lateral; the maxillary bones moderately
extended backwards (in comparison with the Eurypharyngide), and
apparently not closable against each other; enlarged teethin one or both
jaws; the dorsal and anal fins feebly developed, the pectorals small but
broad. Body eel-shaped, the bones deficient in inorganic matter; muscles
feebly developed, except those connected with swallowing. Jaws very
elongate, the gape, pharynx,and stomach capable of great distension.
The trunk moderate, with the vent at its end; snout very short, one
nostril on each side in front of the very small eye; maxillary and man-
dible slender, armed with feeble teeth in one or two series; roof of mouth
toothless. Gill openings far behind cranium, placed low; gills very
short, and small. ‘Tail excessively elongate, band-shaped, tapering to a
point. Dorsal and anal low, rudimentary. Pectorals present, small but
broad. Deep seas, but few specimens being on record. These have been
referred to three species and two genera, but the assigned distinctive
characters of genera and species are all doubtful.

195. SACCOPHARYNX, Mitchill.

Saccopharynx, Mitcur.i, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 1824, 82, (no specific name ; the type after-
wards called 8. Hagellun).
Ophiognathus, Hanwoon, Philos. Trans., 1827, 277, (ampullaceus).
Supposed characters of the genus indicated above. (cdx«Koc, sack;
/ oe . . . .
gapvys, pharynx, the inflated throat resembling the sack of a pelican.)

406 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

668. SACCOPHARYNX AMPULLACEUS (Harwood).

Both jaws armed with slender, curved, widely set teeth, biserial, or
their points in one irregular series, directed inwards. Length of jaws
from + to + that of body, from tip of snout to vent. Dorsal fin com-
mencing a long way behind head, a short distance in front of vent; like
the anal, it may or may not reach the tail, which ends in an extremely
delicate and thin filament. Pectoral fin very short, but broad, and with
about 30 very thin rays. Gill opening an elongate slit; black, with a
bluish white line along base of dorsal, and sometimes of analalso. Length
of largest specimen about 6 feet, 14+-58 inches, the tail 4 times length of
trunk. Atlantic Ocean, in deep water. Four specimens known, three of
these brought to the surface by having swallowed a fish too large for the
capacity of the stomach. (Gunther.) (ampulla, a flask.)

Saccopharynx, MitcHiL1, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 1824, 82, Open Atlantic.

Ophiognathus ampullaceus, HARWooD, Phil, Trans., 1827, 52, Atlantic.

Saccopharynx flagellum, CuviER, Regne Anim., Ed. 2, 11, 355, 1829, Atlantic; after MiTcHIL1i;
GUNTHER, Cat., vi1I, 22, 1870; GUNTHER, Deep-Sea Fishes, Challenger, 256, 1887; JoRDAN
& GILBERT, Synopsis, 365, 1883; Giri & RypEr, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., 1883, 271.

Saccopharynx chordatus, StoRER, Synopsis, Fishes N. A., 237, 1846, Open Atlantic; after
MITcHILL.

Family LV. EURYPHARYNGID.

Lyomeri with the branchio-anal portion much shorter than the rostro-
branchial; the tail very elongate and moderately attenuated backwards;
head flat above, and with a transverse rostral margin, at the outer angles
of which the eyes are exposed; maxillaries excessively elongated back-
wards, parallel, and closing against each other as far as the articulation
of the 2 suspensorial bones; with minute teeth on each jaw; dorsal and
anal fins well developed and continued nearly to the end of the tail;
the pectoral fins minute, narrow. (Gill & Ryder.) Deep-sea fishes;
2 genera* and two species known.

196. GASTROSTOMUS, Gill & Ryder.
Gastrostomus, Gini & RypER, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., v1, 1883, 271, (bairdii).

Cranium abbreviated and little or no longer than broad, the dentiger-
ous bones almost seven times as long as the cranium; minute, acute, conic
teeth, depressed inwards in a very narrow band on the jaws; no enlarged
teeth at extremity of mandible; tail with an eradiate membrane under
its terminal portion. (Gill & Ryder.) (yaor#p, stomach ; croua, mouth.)

669. GASTROSTOMUS BAIRDII, Gill & Ryder.

Jaws with minute, acute, conical teeth, depressed inwards, in a very
narrow band, without fangs at the end of lower jaw. Length of jaws
more than half body, measured from snout to vent. Origin of dorsal
nearer to tip of snout than to front of anal; neither dorsal nor anal reach-
ing tip of tail; gill openings narrow. Black, with no whitish streak

* The supposed genus and species, Eurypharynx pelecancides, Vaillant, (Comptes Rendus, 1882,
1226) from deep water off Morocco, has the jaws about half length of body to vent, both jaws
with feeble dental granulations, and the lower jaw with two fangs in front.

—_—_

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North Amertca. 407

along base of dorsai. Length 183 inches, the body 64 inches. Deep
water off Newfoundland banks, 389 to 1,467 fathoms; also taken in
Davis Strait. (Named for Spencer Fullerton Baird.)

Gastrostomus bairdii, GILL & RypER, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., v1, 1883, 271, off the Grand Banks
of Newfoundland. (Type, Nos. 33294, 33295, and 33386. Coll. Albatross.)

Order S. ISOSPONDYLI.
(Tue IsosponpyLous FIsHEs.)

Soft-rayed fishes with the anterior vertebre simple, unmodified and
without auditory ossicles; symplectic present; no interclavicles; oper-
cular bones distinct ; pharyngeal bones simple above and below, the lower
not falciform. Mesocoracoid* arch always well developed, as in the
Ostariophysi and the Ganoids, forming a bridge from the hypercoracoid
to the hypocoracoid. Bones of jaws developed, the maxillary broad,
always distinct from premaxillary, and forming part of margin of upper
jaw; no barbels. Shoulder girdle well developed and connected with the
cranium by a bony post-temporal. Gills 4, a slit behind the fourth. Air
bladder, if present, with a pneumatic duct. Dorsal and anal fins with-
out true spines. Ventral fins abdominal, sometimes wanting. Scales
usually cycloid, sometimes ctenoid ; occasionally wanting. Nodeveloped
photophores. Adipose fin present or absent. A large group comprising
most of the marine soft-rayed fishes, excepting those found in the deep
sea, these composing the degenerate group called Jniomi. Some of the
forms, as Llopide, Albulida, etc., show analogies with the Ganoid allies of
the Cycloganoidea. This seems to indicate the probable descent of the
Isospondyli from a Ganoid stock, but probably not from the same part of
the Ganoid series as that from which the Ostariophysi have sprunp. (coc,
equal; oxdvdvudoc, vertebre.)

CLUPROIDFA :
a. Adipose fin none. »

b. Dorsal fin inserted more or less before anal (rarely slightly behind it); shore fishes or
river fishes, usually silvery in coloration and with the skeleton firm ; air bladder
well developed.

c. Gular plate present, between branches of lower jaw ; mouth large; teeth present,
all pointed ; axillary scales and sheaths large. ELOoPIpD”, LVI.
cc. Gular plate none.
d. Lateral line well developed.
e. Tecth present, no accessory branchial organ.
Jf. Mouth small, horizontal ; posterior part of tongue and roof of mouth

covered with course paved ‘teeth. ALBULIDA, LVII.
Jf. Mouth large, the teeth all pointed, some of them canine, none paved
or molar. HiopONTIDA, LVIIL.

ee. Teeth none; an accessory branchial organ behind gill cavity.
CHANIDA®, LIX.
dd, Lateral line wanting; no gular plate.
g- Mouth small, inferior, toothless, the maxillary simple or nearly so;
stomach gizzard-like. DOROSOMIDE, LX.

* Precoracoid of Cope; “Spangenstiick’’ of Gegenbaur.

408 Bulietin 47, United States National Museum.

gg. Mouth moderate, terminal, the maxillary of about three pieces ; stomach
not gizzard-like. CLUPEID®, LXI.
ggg. Mouth subinferior, very large, below a tapering, pig-like snout; maxil-
lary very long. ENGRAULIDID®, LXII.
bb. Dorsal fin posterior, opposite anal; deep-sea fishes, of loose organization; mostly
blackish in color ; mouth small, with small pointed teeth ; air bladder wanting.
ALEPOCEPHALID#, LXIII.
SALMONIDEA :
aa. Adipose fin well developed ; oviducts none, the large eggs usually falling into the cavity
of the abdomen before extrusion ; air bladder well developed.
h. Stomach siphonal, not having the form of a blind sac: pyloric coeca many ; branchios-
tegals rather numerous.
i. Parietals separated by the supraoccipital ; dorsal fin moderate, the simple rays in
front few in number. SALMONIDA, LXIV.
ii. Parietals in contact, not separated by a supraoccipital ; dorsal fin very long and
high, the simple rays in its anterior half very numerous. THYMALLID®, LXV.
hh. Stomach coecal, of the form of a blind sac; pyloric coeca generally few.
j. Branchiostegals 6 or more ; gill membranes separate. ARGENTINIDE, LXVI.
Jj). Branchiostegals 3 or 4; body subterete ; mouth small. MICROSTOMID, LXYVII.

Family LVI. ELOPIDE.

(THE TARPONS. )

Body elongate, more or less compressed, covered with silvery, cycloid
scales; head naked. Mouth broad, terminal, the lower jaw prominent.
Premaxillaries not protractile, short, the maxillaries forming the lateral
margins of the upper jaw; maxillary composed of about three pieces,
extending backward beyond the eye; an elongate bony plate between the
branches of the lower jaw (analogous to the gular plate in A4mia*); bands
of villiform teeth in both jaws and on vomer, palatines, pterygoids,
tongue, and base of skull; no large teeth. Eye large, with an adipose
eyelid. Opercular bones thin, with expanded membranaceous borders;
a scaly occipital collar. Gill membranes entirely separate, free from the
isthmus. Branchiostegals numerous, (29 to 35). Gill rakers long and
slender. Pseudobranchi present orabsent. Belly not keeled nor serrated,
rather broad and covered with ordinary scales. Lateral line present.
Dorsal fin inserted over or slightly behind ventrals; caudal fin forked; no
adipose fin; dorsal and anal depressible into a sheath of scales; pectorals
and ventrals each with a long accessory scale. Parietal bones meeting
along top of head. Pyloric ceca numerous. Genera three, species about
five, forming two well-marked subfamilies, both widely distributed in the
tropical seas. The species are not much valued as food, the flesh being
dry and bony. (Clupeide, group Elopina, Ginther, Cat., vu, 469-471, 1868.)
MEGALOPIN®:

a, Pseudobranchiwe none; body oblong, covered with large scales; anal fin larger than dor-
sal ; last ray of dorsal produced in a long filament.

b. Dorsal fin inserted notably behind insertion of ventrals. TaRPON, 197.

ELOPIN”E :
aa. Pseudobranchie large; body elongate, covered with small scales; anal fin smaller than
dorsal ; last ray of dorsal not produced in a filament. Evors, 198.

*The gular plate suggests the similar structure seen in Amia, but its homology is not proved.
Although the Clupeiform fishes are probably descended from Ganoids related to Amia, there may
be no closer relation between Amia and Elops or Megalops, than between Amia and Clupea,

a

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 409

197. TARPON, Jordan & Evermann.
(GRANDE ECAILLE.)

Tarpon, JORDAN & EVERMANN, new genus, (atlanticus).

Body oblong, compressed, covered with very large, thick, silvery,
cycloid scales; belly narrow, but not carinated, its edge with ordinary
scales. Mouth large, oblique, the lower jaw prominent; maxillary
broad, extending beyond the eye. Villiform teeth on jaws, vomer, pala-
tines, tongue, sphenoid, and pterygoid bones. Eye very large, with an
adipose eyelid. Lateral line nearly straight, its tubes radiating widely
over the surface of the scales. Branchiostegals 23. Pseudobranchie
wanting. Gillrakers long and slender. Dorsal fin short and high,
inserted behind the ventrals (over the ventrals in Megalops), its last ray
elongate and filamentous as in Megalops, Dorosoma, and Opisthonema;
anal fin much longer than dorsal, falcate, its last ray produced; caudal
widely forked; pectorals and ventrals rather long; anal with a sheath
of scales; dorsal naked; caudal more or less scaly; a collar of large
scales at the nape. Vertebre about 57 (28+ 29). Size very large, the
largest of the herring-like fishes.

The posterior insertion of the dorsal fin distinguishes the single spe-
cies of Tarpon from the East Indian Megalops cyprinoides, a fish of similar
habit, in which the dorsal is inserted above the ventrals. ,Tarpon or
Tarpum, the common name in Florida, probably of Indian origin.)

*670. TARPON ATLANTICUS (Cuvier & Valenciennes).

(Tarpon; TARPUM; GRANDE Ecartye; SILVER-FISH; SABALO; SAVANILLA; SAVALLE.)

Head 4; depth 3%. D. 12; A. 20; lateral line 42; branchiostegals
23. Body elongate, compressed, little elevated. Dorsal filament longer
than head. Mouth large, the maxillary extending beyondeye. Uniform
bright silvery, the back darker. Length 6 feet. Long Island to Brazil;
common on our southern coasts, but probably not breeding north of
Cuba; noted for the great size of its scales, which are used in ornamen-
tal work. It reaches a weight of 30 to 110 pounds. It is not much
valued for food, although much appreciated by anglers. ‘‘An immense
and active fish, preying eagerly on schools of small fry, in pursuit of
which it ascends fresh-water rivers quite a long distance.” (Stearns.)
It is often dangerous to seine fishermen, leaping over or through the nets
with great force.

Megalops atlanticus, Cuvier & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., x1x, 398, 1846, Guadeloupe;
San Domingo; Martinique; Porto Rico.

Megalops elongatus, Giranp, Proc, Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1858, 224, Long Island.

Megalops thrissoides, Ginrurr, Cat., vit, 472, 1868, and of most authors; but the name Clupea
thrissoides, Buocu & ScuNEIDER, belongs to the East Indian Megalops cyprinoides; Jonvan &
GILBERT, Synopsis, 262, 1883.

198. ELOPS, Linneus.

Elops, Linn mus, Syst. Nat., Ed. x11, 518, 1766, (sawrus).

Mugilomorus, Lackriyr, Hist. Nat. Poiss., v, 398, 1803, (anna-carolina).

Trichonotus, RA¥INESQUE, Analyse de la Nature, 1815, 88, (anna-carolina) ; substitute for Mugilo-
morus, considered objectionable.

410 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

Body elongate, covered with thin, small, silvery scales. Dorsal fin
slightly behind ventrals, its last rays short, the fin depressible into a
sheath of scales; anal fin smaller, similarly depressible; pectorals and
ventrals moderate, each with a long accessory scale. Opercular bones
thin, with expanded, membranaceous borders; a scaly occipital collar.
Lateral line straight, its tubes simple. Pseudobranchiz present, large.
Vertebre 43-++ 29— 72. Large fishes of the open seas, remarkable for the
development of scaly sheaths. The young are ribbon-shaped and
elongate, passing through a series of changes like those seen in Albula.
(AoW, name of some sea fish; a swordfish or sturgeon; from ?Aaive, to
drive or move. )

671. ELOPS SAURUS, Linneus.

(TEN-POUNDER ; JOHN-MARIGGLE ; Bony-FisH ; Bic-EYeEpD HERRING; MATAJUELO REAL; CHIRO;
Lisa FRANCESA.)

Head 44; depth 5 to 6; eye large, 4 to5. D.20; A.13; V.15; B. 30;
scales 12-120-13. Gular plate 3 to 4 times as long as broad. Length 3
feet. Tropical seas; abundant and very widely distributed. Common in
America, north to Carolina and the Gulf of California; straying on the
Atlantic Coast to Long Island. (saurus, cavpoc, lizard.)

Elops saurus, LINN ®vs, Syst. Nat., Ed. x11, 518, 1766, Carolina ; GUNTHER, Cat., vir, 470, 1868;
JoRDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 261, 1883, and of most authors.

Argentina carotina, LINN.EUS, Syst. Nat., Ed. x11, 519, 1766, Carolina.

Argentina machnata, ForskAt, Descr. Anim., 68, 1775, Djidda, Arabia.

Mugilomorus anna-carolina, LACEPEDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., v, 398, 1803, South Carolina.

Elops inermis, MrrcuH1Lu, Trans. Lit. and Phil. Soc. N. Y., 1, 1815, 445, New York.

Elops capensis, SmituH, Zoil. 8. Africa, 1845, pl. 7, Cape of Good Hope.

Elops purpurascens, RICHARDSON, Ichth. China, 311, 1846, China.

Family LVII. ALBULID.
(THE LADY-FISHES. )

Body rather elongate, little compressed, covered with rather small,
brilliantly silvery scales; head naked. Snout conic, subquadrangular,
shaped like the snout of a pig, and overlapping the small, inferior, hori-
zontal mouth. Maxillary rather strong, short, with a distinct supple-
mental bone, slipping under the membranous edge of the very broad
preorbital; premaxillaries short, not protractile. Lateral margin of
upper jaw formed by the maxillaries; both jaws, vomer, and palatines
with bands of villiform teeth; broad patches of coarse, blunt, paved
teeth on the tongue behind and on the sphenoid and pterygoid bones.
Eye large, median in head, with a bony ridge above it, and almost covered
with an annular adipose eyelid. Opercle moderate, firm; preopercle with
a broad, flat, membranaceous edge, which extends backward over the
base of the opercle. Pseudobranchix present. Gill rakers short, tubercle-_
like. Guill membranes entirely separate, free from the isthmus; branchi-
ostegals about 14; a fold of skin across gill membranes anteriorly, its
posterior free edge crenate; no gular plate. Lateral line present. Belly
not carinate, flattish, covered with ordinary scales. Dorsal fin moderate,
in front of ventrals, its membranes scaly ; no adipose fin; anal very small;
caudal widely forked. Pyloric ceca numerous. Parietal bones meeting

,

Jordan and Evermann,—Fishes of North America. 411

along top of head. Vertebre numerous, 42 + 28=— 70. A single species
known, found in all warmseas. In this,and probably in related families,
the young pass through a metamorphosis, analogous to that seen in the
Conger Eels. They are for a time elongate, band-shaped, with very small
head and loose transparent tissues. From this condition they become
gradually shorter and more compact, shrinking from 3 or 3} inches in
length to 2 inches. According to Dr. Gilbert, this process, like that seen
in various eels, 1s a normal one, through which all individuals pass. _ In
the Gulf of California, where these fishes abound, these band-shaped
young are often thrown by the waves on the beach in great masses.
(Clupeide, group Albulina, Ginther, Cat., vil, 468, 469, 1868.)

199. ALBULA (Gronow) Bloch & Schneider.

(LADY-FISHES. )

Conorhyncus, NozemMANn, Act. Select, 111, 382, 1757, (nonbinomial).

Albula, GRonow, Zoiéphyl., 102, 1763, (nonbinomial).

Albula, Buocu & ScHNEIDER, Syst. Ichth., 432, 1801, (conorhyncus = vulpes).
Butyrinus, LAcéPEpDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., v, 45, 1803, (banana = vulpes).
Glossodus, CUVIER, in Agassiz, Spix, Pisc. Bras., 48, 1829, (forskali = vulpes).

Characters of the genus included above. (Latin albus, white.)

672, ALBULA VULPES (Linnzus).

(Lapy-FIsH; Bonr-FISH; Macapi; SANDUCHA; BANANA-FISH.)

‘Head 33; depth 4. D.15; A. 8; scales 9-71-7. Upper lobe of caudal
the longer. A broad band of peculiar, elongate, membranaceous scales
along middle line of back; accessory ventral scale large. Brilhantly
silvery ; olivaceous above; back and sides with faint streaks along the
rows of scales; fins plain; axils dusky. Length 18 inches to 3 feet.
Tropical seas, on sandy coasts, almost universally distributed and gen
erally abundant, ranging northward on our coasts to San Diego and Long
Island. A beautiful and active fish, in most places little valued as food,
but in some regions, as Key West, highly appreciated. (vulpes, fox.)

Unbarana, MArcGRAVE, Hist. Bras., 1648, Brazil.

Vulpes bahamensis, [the Bonr-Fisu], CaTesBy, Nat. Hist. Carolinas, etc., pl. 11, fig. 1, 1737,
Bahamas.

Esox vulpes, LINN=US, Syst. Nat., Ed. x, 1758, 313, Bahamas; based on the Bone-fish, Vulpes
bahamensis, of CaresBy.

Argentina glossodonta, Forsk At, Descr. Anim., 68, 1775,Djidda, Arabia.

Macabi, Parra, Dif. Piezas Cuba, 88, pl. 35, fig. 1, 1787, Cuba; based on Unbarana of MARCGRAVE.

Synodus argenteus, Buocu & ScuNnerpER, Syst. Ichth., 398, 1801, Asia.

Clupea brasiliensis, Buocu & ScuNnEIpER, Syst. Ichth., 427, 1801, Brazil. :

Albila conorynchus, Buocu & ScunetpER, Syst. Ichth., 432, 1801, Antilles; after Gronow and
PiumieER; called Albula plumieri on plate 86.

Amia immaculata, Buocu & ScuneEtpER, Syst. Ichth., 451, 1801, Central America; after
Macabi of Parra.

Butyrinus banana, Lacéripr, Hist. Nat. Poiss., v, 46, 1803, Ile de France.

Olupea macrocephala, Lactiri:pr, Hist. Nat. Poiss., v, 426, 1803, Martinique; on a drawing by
PLUMIER.

Glossodus forskdli, Aaassiz, Spix, Pisc. Bras., 49, 1829, Bahia; called Engraulis sericus and
Pngraulis bahiensis on the plates, 22 and 24.

Albula parre, Cuvier & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., x1x, 339, 1846, Martinique; Bahia;
Rio de Janeiro.

412 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

Albula goreensis, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss, x1x, 342, 1846, Gorea.

Albula neoguinaica, CuvieER & VALENCIENNES, l. c., XIX, 350, 1846, New Guinea.

Albula seminuda, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, l. c., XIX, 351, 1846, New Guinea.

Albula erythrocheilos, CuVIER & VALENCIENNES, l. ¢., XIX, 352, pl. 540, 1846, Friendly Islands
Albula forsteri, CuVIER & VALENCIENNES, l. ¢c., XIX, 354, 1846, Tahiti.

Albula rostrata, GRoNow, Cat. Fishes, 189, 1854, American Ocean, etc.

Albula conorhynchus, GUNTHER, Cat., vir, 468, 1868.

Albula vulpes, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 258, 1883.

Family LVIII. HIODONTID.
(THE MOON-EYES. )

Body oblong, much compressed, covered with moderate-sized, bril-
liantly silvery, cycloid scales. Head naked, short, the snout blunt.
Mouth moderate, oblique, terminal, the jaws about equal. Premaxilia-
ries not protractile. Maxillary small, slender, without evident supple-
mental bone, articulated to the end of the premaxillary, and forming the
lateral margin of the upper jaw. Dentition very complete; premaxillary
and dentary bones with small, wide-set, cardiform teeth; maxillaries
with feeble teeth; a row of strong teeth around the margin of the tongue,
the anterior canine and very strong; between these is a band of short,
close-set teeth; vomer with a long, double series of close-set, small
teeth; similar series on the palatines, sphenoid and pterygoids; sides
of lower jaw fitting within the upper, so that the dentaries shut |
against the palatines. Eye very large, the adipose eyelid not much
developed. Preorbital very narrow. Nostrils large, those of each side
close together, separated by a flap. Gill membranes not connected, free
from the isthmus, a fold of skin covering their base. No gular plate.
Branchiostegals 8 to 10. Gill rakers few, short, and thick. Pseudo-
branchie obsolete. Lateral line distinct, straight. Belly not serrated.
Dorsal fin rather posterior; anal elongate, low; ventrals well devel-
oped; caudal strongly forked; no adipose fin. Stomach horseshoe-
shaped, without blind sac; one pyloric cecum. Vertebre about 60.
Air bladder large. No oviducts, the eggs falling into the cavity of the
abdomen before exclusion. <A single genus, with three species, inhabit-
ing the fresh waters of North America; handsome and gamy fishes, of
little value as food. (Hyodontide, Gunther, Cat., vu, 375, 376, 1868.)

200. HIODON, Le Sueur.
(MOON-EYES. )

Hiodon,* LE Surur, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1, 1818, 334, (tergisus).

Glossodon,* RAFINESQUE, Amer. Monthly Mag.,11, September, 1818, 354, (harengoides).
Amphiodon, RAFINESQUE, Journ. de Physique, 421, 1819, (alosoides).

Clodalus, RAFINESQUE, Ichth. Oh., 43, 1820, (clodalus = tergisus).

Glossodon, HECKEL, Russeggers Reisen, 1, 1033, 1842, (smithii = alosoides).

Flattonistius, Git & JorvDAN, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., x, 68, 1877, (chrysopsis = alosoides).
Hyodon, corrected orthography.

*It is not certain which of these two names, Hiodon and Glossodon, has precedence of date.
Hiodon isin common use and was accompanied by a much better description than Rafinesque
usually furnished. We therefore retain it.

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 413

Generic characters included above. (ioew7¢, hyoid; ddovc, tooth;
“‘hyoid” is the bone shaped like the letter Y, forming the base of the

tongue.)
AMPHIODON (audi, both ; odovs, tooth) :
a, Belly in front of ventrals carinated ; dorsal with 9 developed rays. ALOSOIDES, 673.
Hiopon :
aa. Belly in front of ventrals not carinated ; dorsal with 11 or 12 developed rays.
b. Belly behind ventrals carinated ; eye 3inhead. _ TERGISUS, 674.
bb. Belly nowhere carinated ; eye 2% in head. SELENOPS, 675.

Subgenus AMPHIODON, Rafinesque.
673. HIODON ALOSOIDES (Rafinesque).

(La QuEscHe ; Naccaysu.)

Head 44; depth 33; eye 33. D.9; A. 32; scales 6-56-7. Body closely
compressed, becoming deep in the adult, the ventral edge every where cari-
nated. Maxillary reaching to beyond middle of eye. Caudal peduncle
rather stouter than in H. tergisus, and the fin not so deeply forked. Back
less arched and snout blunter than in the other species, the mouth larger
and more oblique. Pectorals longer and ventrals shorter than in H. ter-
gisus. Bluish; sides silvery, with golden luster. Ohio River and north
to the Saskatchewan; common northwestward. (Alosa, shad; eidoc, like.)
Amphiodon alosoides, (misprinted alveoides), RAFINESQUE, Journ. Phys., Paris, 421, 1819, Ohio R.
Hyodon amphiodon, RarinesqueE, Ichth. Oh., 42, 1820, Ohio River near the Falls.

Hyodon chrysopsis, RicHARDSON, Fauna Bor.-Amer., 111, 232, 1836, Cumberland House, Sas-
katchewan River; Jorpan, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., x, 68, 1877.
Hyodon alosoides, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 259, 1883.

Subgenus HIODON.
674. HIODON TERGISUS, Le Sueur.

(Moon Eyre; Toornep HERRING.)

Head 44; depth 3; eye 3. D. 12; A. 28; scales 5-55-7. Vertebra 30 +
31—61. Body oblong, moderately compressed. Eye large, the maxillary
barely reaching its middle. Pectoral fins not reaching ventrals, the lat-
ter just short of vent. Belly behind ventrals somewhat carinate, but not
before ventrals. Color brilliantly silvery, olive-shaded above. Length
12inches. Great Lakes and the Mississippi Valley; north to Assiniboine
River; abundant in the larger streams. One of our handsomest fishes,
not valued as food, the flesh being dry and full of small bones. (tergisus,
scoured or polished.)

Hiodon tergisus,* Le Surur, Journ, Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1, 1818, 364, Ohio River.

Glossodon harengoides,* RarinEsque, Amer. Month. Mag., 11, September, 1818, 354, Ohio River.

Glossodon heterurus, RAFINESQUE, I. c., 1818, 354, Falls of Ohio River.

Hiodon clodalus, Lx Suzur, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1, 1818, 367, Ohio River at Pittsburg.

- Hyodon vernalis, RaArinEsQue, Ich. Oh., 42, 1820, Ohio River.

Cyprinus (Abramis ?) smithii, Ricuarpson, Fauna, Bor.-Amer., 11, 110, 1836, Richelieu River,

Hyodon claudalus, Cuvien & VALENCIENNES, His. Nat. Poiss., x1x, 313, 1846; after Le Sueur.

Hyodon tergisus, GUNtTuER, Cat., v1, 375, 1868; Jorpan, Bul. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., x, 68, 1877; Jonpan
& GiILbert, Synopsis, 259, 1883.

* We do not know which of the nearly synchronous specific names tergisus and harengoides is
entitled to precedence. Tergisus is in common use, was accompanied by a better description and
is a better name,

414 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

675. HIODON SELENOPS, Jordan & Bean.

Head 44; depth 4; eye 24. D.12; A. 27; lateral line 50. Body more
elongate than in the other species of Hiodon, little compressed, not much
elevated, the belly nowhere carinate. Eye very large. Pectorals not
reaching to ventrals. Coloration clear silvery. Tennessee, Cumberland,
and Alabama rivers, scarce; recorded from Nashville, Chattanooga, and
Montgomery. (céA7vy, MOON; ov, eye.)

Hyodon selenops, JORDAN & Bean, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., x, 67, 1877, Chattanooga, Tenn.
(Type, No. 19844); Jorpan & GILBERT, Synopsis, 260, 1883.

Family LIX. CHANIDZ.
(THE MILK FISHES.)

Body oblong, compressed, covered with small, firm, adherent scales.
Lateral line distinct. Abdomen broad and flattish. Snout depressed;
mouth small, anterior, the lower jaw with a small symphyseal tubercle;
no teeth; premaxillary joined to upper anterior edge of maxillary. Eye
with an adipose eyelid. Gill membranes broadly united, free from the
isthmus. Branchiostegals 4; pseudobranchiz well developed; an acces-
sory branchial organ in a cavity behind the gill cavity: Dorsal fin
opposite the ventrals; anal fin shorter than dorsal. Mucous membrane
of wsophagus raised into a spiral fold; intestine with many convolu-
tions. Coloration silvery. Vertebre about 45. Large fishes of the
warmer parts of the Pacific. One genus and three species known.
(Clupeide ; group Chanina, Gunther, Cat., vil, 473, 1868.)

201. CHANOS, Lacépéde.

Chanos, LACEPEDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., v, 395, 1803, (arabicus).

Lutodeira (Kuni) Ripper, Neue Wirbelthiere Abyssinia, 18, 1855, (chanos).

Ptycholepis, GRay, Dieffenbach’s Travels in New Zealand, 11, 218, about 1842, (salmoneus).
Characters of the genus included above. (yévoc, name in modern

Greek, from yavoc, the open mouth.)

676. CHANOS CHANOS (Forskal).
(MILK-FIsH ; SABALO; AwA; CHANI; ANGED.)

Head 42; depth 4. D. II, 12; A. I, 9; scales 12-86-14. Vertebre
19 + 26— 45; snout 33; eye 34; maxillary 44. Pectoral 13; ventral 14;
caudal 4 longer than head; dorsal 1jin head. B.4. Aspect of a large
Cyprinoid. Body elliptical, moderately compressed, the caudal peduncle
slender. Head pointed, rounded above. Eye and side of head covered
by a large transparent, imperforate adipose eyelid. Mouth small, terminal
toothless, transverse, the lower jaw included: maxillary broad, slipping
under the adipose preorbital, without supplemental bone. Opercle trun-
cate behind. Pseudbranchizw very large. Gill rakers fine and flexible,
very close set, rather long. Bones of gill rakers flexible. Gill arches all.
connected by membrane. Lateral line well developed. Scales firm,
cycloid, with strongly marked longitudinal striw. Scales rather large,
hard, firm, enamelled, becoming bony when dry, used by the Indians for
ornamental work. Dorsal inserted somewhat nearer snout than base of
caudal, before ventrals, its first ray faleate, its last produced in a short

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 415

filament, longer than pupil; base of fin with a large scaly sheath; pec--
toral and ventral with scaly axillary appendage; anal similar to dorsal
but much smaller; pectorals and ventrals rather small; caudal very long,
forked to the base, its lobes subequal, straight; base of fin with small
scale; ventrals somewhat falcate. Color greenish above, the sides bril-
liantly silvery, fins more or less darkened ; inside of ventrals and pectorals
blackish. Length 2to 5 feet. Pacific and Indian oceans, on sandy shores,
north to the Hawaiian Islands and to the Gulf of California, where it is
abundant; a food fish of some importance; occasionally entering streams.

Mugil chanos, ForskAt, Descr. Anim., 74,1775, Red Sea at Djidda, Arabia.

Mugil salmoneus (ForstEx) Biocnw & ScunerpRR, Syst. Ichth., 121, 1801, Pacific Ocean.

Chanos arabicus, Lactkpipr, Hist. Nat. Poiss., v, 396, 1803, Arabia.

Cyprinus pala and tolo, CuviER, Régne Anim., Ed. 2, 11, 276, 1829, India.

Leuciscus zeylonicus, BENNEYT, Proc, Comm. Zool. Soc., 184, 1832, Ceylon.

Butirinus maderaspatensis, JERDON, Madr. Journ. Lit. Sc., xv, 344, Madras.

Chanos mento, Isle of France, chloropterus, Madipolam, nuchalis, Vigazapatam, orientalis,
Japan, and cyprinella, Hawaiian Islands, Cuvier & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss.,
xIx, 194, 198, 1846.

Chanos indicus, BLEEKER, Verh. Bat. Gen., xxrv, 11, 1852, East Indies.

Chanos salmoneus, GUNTHER, Cat., v11, 473, 1868.

Family LX. DOROSOMIDE.
(THE GIZZARD SHADS.)

Body short and deep, strongly compressed, covered with thin, deciduous,
eycloid scales. Belly compressed to an edge, which is armed with bony
serratures. Head naked, short, rather small. Mouth small, inferior,
oblique, overlapped by the blunt snout; no teeth; maxillary narrow and
short, with a single supplemental bone, not extending to opposite middle
of eye, and forming but a small portion of lateral margin of upper jaw;
mandible short and deep, its rami enlarged at base; premaxillaries not
protractile. Gill rakers slender, exceedingly numerous, not very long,
similar on all the arches. Gill membranes not united, free from the
isthmus ; branchiostegals about 6; pseudobranchiwe large. An adipose
eyelid. No lateral line. Dorsal fin about midway of the body, usually
behind ventrals. Pectorals and ventrals moderate, each with an accessory
scale. Anal very long and low; caudal forked. No adipose fin. Ver-
tebre 49. Stomach short, muscular, like the gizzard of a fowl. A single
genus in our waters; species about 10. Mud-eating fishes of the coasts
and rivers of warm regions, of little value as food. The family is very
close to the Clupeidaw, the distinguishing characters being not of great
importance. (Clupeidw, group Chaloéssina Ginther, Cat., vii, 406-411,
1868. )

202. DOROSOMA, Ratfinesque.
(GIZZARD SHAD.)
Dorosoma, RAVINESQUE, Ichth. Oh., 39, 1820, (notata = cepedianum).
Chatotssus, Cuvier, Regne Animal, Ed. 2, Vol. 11, 320, 1829; in part, (includes Opisthonema, ete.).
Ohatotssus, Cuvien & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., xx1, 94, 1848, (cepedianus).

Characters of the family, with the addition that the last ray of the

dorsal is prolonged and filiform as in Opisthonema, Megalops, and Tarpon.

416 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

a character which separates Dorosoma from the Asiatic genus Anodontos-
toma. (d0pv, lance; cua, body ; in allusion to form of body in the young.)

a. Anal rays 30 to 33; lower jaw included. : CEPEDIANUM, 677.
aa. Anal rays 20 to 25; jaws subequal.
b. Dorsal fin inserted just behind ventrals; 9 scutes behind ventrals. MEXICANUM, 678.
bb. Dorsal fin inserted just before ventrals; 12 scutes behind ventrals. PETENENSE, 679.

677. DOROSOMA CEPEDIANUM (Le Sueur).

(GizzZARD SHap; Hickory Swap.)

Head 44; depth 24; eye 43. D.12; A.31; scales 56-23; scutes 17+ 12.
Body deep, compressed, the back elevated in the adults. Dorsal about
median, slightly behind ventrals, its filamentous ray about as long as
head, sometimes longer, sometimes shorter. Caudal widely forked, the
lower lobe the longer. Silvery; bluish above; young with a round dark
spot at the shoulder; tips of ventrals and edge of anal often dusky.
Length 15 inches. Cape Cod to Mexico; abundant southward, entering
all rivers, and permanently resident (var. heterurum) everywhere in the
Mississippi Valley in the larger streams ; also introduced into Lake Mich-
igan and Lake Erie, and landlocked in ponds from New Jersey to Texas.
A handsome fish, of no value as food. (Named for Bernard Germain Etienne
de la Ville sur lon, Comte de La Cépéde (1756-1825), known as Citoyen
Lacépedé during the French Revolution; a brilliant and most industrious
writer, who compiled his great Histoire Naturelle des Poissons under most
difficult conditions during the French revolution. )

Megalops cepediana, Lr SuEuR, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1, 1818, 361, Delaware and Chesa-
peake bays.

Clupea heterura, RAFINESQUE, Amer. Monthly Mag., 1818, 354, Ohio River.

Dorosoma notata, RAFINESQUE, Ichth. Oh., 39, 1820, Ohio River.

Chatoéssus ellipticus, KIRTLAND, Report Zo6l. Ohio, 169, 1839, Ohio River.

Dorosoma insociabilis, ABBorT, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, 365, Sturgeon Pond, Trenton,
New Jersey.

Chatoéssus cepedianus, GUNTHER, Cat., vit, 409, 1868.

Dorosoma cepedianum, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 271, 1883.

Represented along coast and in lower courses of rivers of Texas by
677a. DOROSOMA CEPEDIANUM EXILE, Jordan & Gilbert.

Body elongate, the depth about one-third the length. (exilis, slender.)

Dorosoma cepedianum exile, JoRDAN & GILBERT, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1882, 585, Galveston.
(Type, No. 30913. Coll. Jordan.)

678. DOROSOMA MEXICANUM (Giinther)

Head 33; depth 2?; eye 4. D. 14; A. 25; scales 40-13. Maxillary
extending to below front of eye, which is equal to snout; jaws equal. -
Dorsal inserted just behind ventrals, its filament reaching end of anal;
nine scutes behind ventrals. Silvery, with a small black humeral spot.
East coast of Mexico. (Gitnther.)

Chatoessus mexicanus, GUNTHER, Cat., v1, 409, 1868, Mexico. (Coll. M. Sallé.)
Dorosoma mexicanum, JORDAN & GILBER?, Synopsis, 887, 1883.

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 417

679. DOROSOMA PETENENSE (Giinther).

Head 34; depth 22; eye 33. D.14 or 15; A. 20 to 23; lateral line 40.
Maxillary extending to below front of eye, which is longer than snout;
jaws equal. Dorsal inserted slightly in advance of ventrals and nearer
tip of snout than base of caudal, its filament reaching end of anal; 12
scutes behind ventrals. Silvery, with a small, round black humeral
spot. Lake Peten, Yucatan. (Giinther. )

Chatocssus petenensis, GUNTHER, Cat., vi1, 408, 1868, Lake Peten, Yucatan. (Coll. Salvin.)

Family LXI. CLUPEIDZ.
(THE HERRINGS.)

Body oblong or elongate, more or less compressed, covered with eycloid
or pectinated scales. Belly sometimes rounded, sometimes compressed,
in which case it is often armed with bony serratures. Head naked,
usually compressed. Mouth rather large, terminal, the jaws about
equal; maxillaries forming the lateral margins of the upper jaw, each
composed of about three pieces. Premaxillaries not protractile; teeth
mostly small, often feeble or wanting, variously arranged. Adipose eye-
lid present or absent. Gill rakers long and slender; gill membranes not
connected, free from the isthmus. No gular plate. Gills 4, a slit behind
the fourth. Branchiostegals usually few (6 to 15). Posterior lower part
of opercular region often with an angular emargination, the tips of the
larger branchiostegals being abruptly truncate. Pseudobranchix pres-
ent. No lateral line. Dorsal fin median or somewhat posterior, rarely
wanting. No adipose fin. Ventrals moderate or small (wanting in Pris-
tigaster). Anal usually rather long; caudal fin forked. Vertebrz 40 to
56. Genera about 30; species 150; inhabiting all seas, and usually swim-
ming in immense schools; many species ascend fresh waters, and some
remain there permanently. The northern and fresh-water species, as in
many other families, differ from the tropical forms in having a larger
number of vertebral segments. (Clupeidw, groups Clupeina and Dus-
sumieriina, Gunther, Cat., vil, 413-467, 1868.)

DUSSUMIERIIN®:
a. Belly rounded, covered with ordinary scales; supplemental bones of maxillary very nar-
row; anal fin short.
b. Ventral small; teeth small, persistent, on jaws, vomer, palatines, pterygoids, and
tongue,
c. Scales of breast not forming a corselet.
d, Species very small, with the teeth minute; a silvery lateral band; the dorsal
short, of 11 to 16 rays; ventrals inserted nearly under its front.
JENKINSIA, 203,
dd, Species of moderate size, with moderate teeth; no silvery lateral band; the

dorsal long, of 18 to 20 developed rays; the ventrals inserted much behind
dorsal, much nearer base of caudal than tip of snout. Errumevs, 204.

ce, Scales of breast adherent, forming a ventral corselet, which covers the closed
pectoral fins, except the upper edge and tip. PeRKINSIA, 205,
aa, Belly compressed, armed with bony serrw; supplemental bones of maxillary broad,

F. N. A. 28

418 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

CLUPEIN®:
e. Anal fin moderate, of 15 to 25 rays; dorsal inserted nearly opposite ventrals.
f. Scales with their posterior margins entire and rounded; intestinal canal of moderate
length.
g. Last ray of dorsal not produced.
h. Vertebre about 50 in number (46 to 56); species of northern regions.
i. Vomer with teeth; ventral scutes weak, ventrals below middle of dorsal;
vertebree 50 to 56. CLuvEA, 206.
ii. Vomer without teeth.
j. Ventral scutes very weak, the belly more or less rounded; vertebre
about 52; ventrals under middle of dorsal. CLUPANODON, 207.
jj. Ventral scutes strong, the belly compressed; vertebra 46 to 50; ven-
trals below or slightly behind front of dorsal.
k. Premaxillaries meeting at a large angle, so that the tip of upper
jaw does not appear to be notched; cheeks longer than deep.
= Pomotosvs, 208.
kk. Premaxillaries meeting in front at a very acute angle, so that the
emarginate front of the upper jaw receives the slender tip of
the lower; fore part of cheeks very deep, deeper than long;
jaws toothiess. Axosa, 209.
hh. Vertebree about 42 (40 to 44); tropical species with the scales large and
usually firmly attached; ventrals inserted under middle of dorsal; adipose
eyelid obsolete. SARDINELLA, 210,
ag. Last ray of dorsal produced in a long filament; scales large, not firmly attached;
otherwise essentially as in Clupanodon. OPISTHONEMA, 211.
Jf. Scales with their posterior margins vertical, and pectinate or fluted; head very large;
no teeth; intestines elongate; herbivorous. BREvoorTIA, 212.
PRISTIGASTERIN :
ee. Anal fin very long, of more than 30 rays ; dorsal fin inserted behind ventrals.
l. Teeth not all villiform ; both jaws with strong canines ; ventrals present, very small.

CHIROCENTRODON, 213.
ll. Teeth all villiform ; no canines.

m. Ventral fins present. Inisua, 214.
mm. Veutral fins wanting.

n. Dorsal fin present, inserted behind front of anal; belly not very convex in
outline.

o. Maxillary not greatly produced backward, not extending behind eye.

OPISTHOPTERUS, 215.
oo. Maxillary much produced backward, extending behind eye.

ODONTOGNATHUS, 216.
nn. Dorsal fin inserted in front of anal; maxillary short; abdomen excessively
convex in profile, so that the body is very deep. PRISTIGASTER, 217.

203. JENKINSIA, Jordan & Evermann.

Jenkinsia, JORDAN & EVERMANN, new genus, (s/olifera).

Very small species, closely allied to Htrumeus, but with minute teethand
a Silvery lateral band; the dorsal with less than eighteen rays, the ven-
trals inserted below or just behindit. American. (Named for Dr. Oliver
Peebles Jenkins, Professor of Physiology in Leland Stanford Junior Uni-
versity, in recognition of his work on the fishes of Mexico and the >
Hawaiian Islands. )

a. Dorsal inserted a little nearer caudal than tip of snout, the ventrals just behind it; dorsal

rays about 16 ; anal 11. ACUMINATA, 680.
aa. Dorsal inserted midway between snout and base of caudal; dorsal rays 14; anal 15,

LAMPROTENIA, 681.
aaa. Dorsal inserted nearer snout than base of caudal; dorsal rays 11; anal 17. STOLIFERA, 682.

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America, 419

680. JENKINSIA ACUMINATA (Gilbert).

Head 34; depth 6; eye 44. D.16 or 17; A. 10 or 11; scales about 60.
Body slender, the belly rounded. Eye small, 1? in snout in specimens of
14 inches in length; snout acuminate, as long as maxillary, 3 in head.
Teeth evident in both jaws and on maxillary, vomer, and palatines.
Front of dorsal nearer base of caudal than tip of snout; ventrals inserted
behind dorsal, slightly nearer base of caudal than base of pectorals.
Translucent, with a faint trace of a narrow lateral silvery band, above
which is a line of dark specks; black specks on bases of vertical fins.
Length 14 inches. Gulf of California, at 22 fathoms. (Gilbert.)

Etrumeus acuminatus, GILBERT, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1890, 56, Gulf of California. (Coll.
Gilbert.)

681. JENKINSIA LAMPROTENTA (Gosse).

Head 32; depth 6. D.14; A.15. Snout conical, as long as eye; jaws
even. Maxillary narrow, reaching front of eye; minute teeth on jaws,
vomer, and palatines. Front of dorsal midway between tip of snout and
base of caudal; ventrals below its posterior half. A well-defined silvery

lateral band. Jamaica. (Giinther.) (Aauzpéc, shining ; zavvia, band.)
Clupea lamprotznia, GossE, Naturalist’s Sojourn Jamaica, 291, pl. 1, fig. 2, 1851, Jamaica.
(Spratelloides) lamprotznia, GUNTHER, Cat., ViI, 465, 1868.

682. JENKINSIA STOLIFERA (Jordan & Gilbert).

Head 3%; depth 53; eye 24. D.11; A. 17; scales caducous, about 36.
Body elongate, slender, moderately compressed. Snout sharp, tapering,
the jaws equal, the maxillary 2} in head, reaching slightly beyond front
of eye. Teeth minute, evident in both jaws. Eye large. Dorsal high,
inserted at a point slightly nearer snout than base of caudal; ventrals
under fourth dorsal ray, nearly half head, and slightly shorter than pec-
torals. Translucent green; sides with a silvery band as in Stolephorus,
one-fourth depth of body, a little broader than pupil; a double row of
dots along back before dorsal and a single row behind; fins pale. Length
2 inches. Gulf of Mexico from Key West to Yucatan. A small silvery
fish, very abundant in schools in the surf with Stolephorus brownii, a spe-
cies it much resembles in form and coloration. (c70A#, stole, a stole or
white band worn by priests; fero, I bear.)

Dussumieria stolifera, JoRDAN & GILBERT, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1884, 25, Key West. (Type,
No, 34964, Coll. Jordan.)

204. ETRUMEUS, Bleeker.
Etrumeus, BueEKeER, Verh. Bat. Gen., xxv, Japan, 58, 1853, (micropus, a Japanese species).

Body rather elongate, somewhat compressed, the abdomen rounded and
without serratures. Mouth terminal, of moderate width, formed as in
Clupea, but the maxillary more slender. Teeth moderate, in patches on
jaws, palatines, pterygoids, and tongue. Scales cycloid, entire, very
deciduous. Branchiostegals numerous, very slender. Ventrals inserted

420 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

posteriorly, entirely behind dorsal; the dorsal fin rather long, of 18 to 20
rays; anal low, of moderate length. Pseudobranchize well developed;
pyloric ceca numerous. No silvery lateral stripe. Few species. Asiatic
and American. (Ikan Etrumei, a Japanese name of Ltruwmeus micropus.)

683. ETRUMEUS SADINA (Mitchill).

(RounD HERRING.)

Head 4; depth 6. D. 18; A. 13. Body terete and fusiform. Mouth
small, maxillary reaching front of orbit. Vomerine teeth present. Eye
large, equal to snout. Fins all very small, the ventrals entirely behind
dorsal; the dorsal inserted considerably nearer tip of snout than base of
caudal. Axillary scales very long. Olivaceous above, silvery on sides
and below, no distinct lateral band. Length 10 inches. Cape Coed to
the Gulf of Mexico, on sandy shores; not rare southward. (Sadina, a
diminutive from Shad ; Mitchill called the fish the ‘‘ New York Shadine.”)
Clupea sadina, MircuitL, Trans. Lit. and Phil. Soc., 1, 1815, 457, New York.

Alosa teres, DE Kay, New York Fauna: Fishes, 262, 1842, New York.
Etrumeus teres, GUNTHER, Cat., VII, 467, 1868; JonDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 263, 1883.

205. PERKINSIA, Rosa Smith Eigenmann.

Perkinsia, Rosa SmitH EIGENMANN, Amer. Nat., February, 1891, 153, (othonops).

Like Etrumeus, except that the pectoral and ventral fins are shielded,
the scales of the breast adherent, forming a ventral buckler, which covers
the closed pectoral fins, leaving only the dorsal edge and the extreme tip
of the fins visible; the closed ventrals likewise slip under a posterior
buckler; axillary scales very large, that of pectoral extending nearly to
its tip, that of ventral reaching slightly farther than the fin. Caudal
deeply forked, the lateral scales extending continuously on the center of
the fin almost to margin of middle rays. Adipose eyelid covering the
eye wholly without pupillary slit. Onespecies, from California. (Named
for Hon. George C. Perkins, then governor of California, a patron of
scientific investigation. )

684. PERKINSIA OTHONOPS, R. S. Eigenmann.

Head 4; depth 5; eye 3. D.17; A. 10; scales 50. Head compressed
forward ; eye longer than snout; interorbital space 44 in head. Occiput
with ridges forming a W, the top of head with a lanceolate, depressed
area anteriorly, a median ridge and a triangular area between it and
anterior parv of the W. Maxillary 3 in head, not reaching pupil, the
supplemental bone very narrow. Cheeks, opercles, and humeral scale
with branching mucous canals; isthmus triangular, the gill covers not
emarginate below. Scales large, deciduous. Teeth as in Ltrumeus sadina.
Pseudobranchiz exposed Gillrakers long andslender. Insertion of dor-
sal midway between tip of snout and end of anal; anal small. Ventrals
short, 3} in head, entirely behind dorsal; pectorals 13. Steel-blue, sides
silvery; upper fins dusky; ventrals with median dusky blotch; inner
surface of pectorals blackish. Length 12 inches. Point Loma, San

Jordan and Evermann.— Fishes of North America, 421

Diego; one specimen known. (Eigenmann.) Evidently very close to
Btrumeus and Dussumieria. (d66vn, veil; a, eye.)

Perkinsia othonops, Rosa SmitH E1GgENMANN, Amer. Nat., 1891, 153, San Diego, California.

206. CLUPEA (Artedi) Linnzus.

(HERRINGS. )

Clupea (ARTEDI) Linnzmus, Syst. Nat., Ed. x; 1758, 317, (harengus).
Rogenia, Cuvier & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., xx, 340, 1847, (alba, ‘‘the Whitebait,”’ the
young of harengus).

True Herrings with the body elongate, numerous vertebre, the ventral
serratures weak,and an ovate patch of small but persistent teeth on the
vomer. The few species belong to the northern seas, where the number
of individuals is inordinately great, exceeding perhaps those of any other
genus of fishes. Not anadromous, spawning inthesea. (Clupea, herring.)

a, Belly serrate both before and behind ventrals ; anal rays 17. HARENGUS, 685.
aa. Belly serrate behind ventrals only ; anal rays about 14. PALLASII, 686.

685. CLUPEA HARENGUS, Linnzus.

(Common HERRING.)

Head 44; depth 44; eye 4. D. 18; A. 17; lateral line 57; ventral
scutes 28 + 13; vertebre 56. Body elongate, compressed. Scales loose.
Cheeks longer than high, the junction of the mandible and preopercle
under middle of eye. Maxillary extending to middle of eye; upper jaw
not emarginate; lower jaw much projecting. Vomer with an ovate patch
of small permanent teeth; palatine teeth minute, if present; tongue with
small teeth ; jaws with or without minute teeth. Gill rakers very long,
fine, and slender, about 40 on the lower partof thearch. Eye longer than
snout. Dorsal inserted rather behind middle of body, in front of ven-
trals. Pectorals and ventrals short; anal low. Abdomen serrated in
front of ventrals as well as behind, the serratures weak. Bluish; silvery
below, with bright reflections. Peritoneum dusky. Length 16 inches.
North Atlantic Ocean; abundant on the coasts both of Europe and Amer-
ica, chiefly north of Cape Hatteras where it is known as Labrador her-
ring; the young are canned as sardines at Eastport, Me., and elsewhere. *
Spawns in the sea. (Eu.) (harengus, low Latin for Herring, the word
allied to the German Heer, army, a fish that swims in armies.)

Clupea harengus, Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., Ed. x, 1758, 317, Seas of Europe; Giintner, Cat
vu, 415, 1868 ; Jornpan & GILBERT, Synopsis, 265, 1883.

Clupea esca, WALBAUM, Artedi, Pisc., 111, 36, 1792, English Whitebait.

Clupea membras, PALLAS, Zoogr. Ross.-Asiat., 111, 211, 1811, Baltic Sea.

Clupea halec, Mirour1i1, Trans, Lit. and Phil. Soc., 1, 1815, 451, New York.

Clupea viltata, Mircutt, Ul. c., 456, New York.

Clupea cerulea, Mrroui1, 1. ¢., 457, 1815, New York.

Clupea elongata, Lx Surur, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1, 1817, 234, Massachusetts.

*The herring is abundant only to the north of Cape Cod. Mr. W. ©. Kendall reports that
it is occasionally taken about Fortress Monroe, It is rare on the coast of Maryland, being,
according to Uhler and Lugger, more common after a severe winter,

492 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

Clupea latulus, CuUVIER, Régne Anim., Ed. 2, Vol. 11, 318, 1829, Whitebait.

Clupea leachi, YARRELL, Zool. Journ., Vv, 1829, 277, pl. 12, England.

Clupea minima, (PECK) SvorER, Rept. Fish. Mass., 113, 1839, New Hampshire.

Clupea lineolata, Cuv1ER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., xx, 256, 1847, locality unknown.
Rogenia alba, Cuvimr & VALENCIENNES, the young form knownas Whitebait, England.

686. CLUPEA PALLASII, Cuvier & Valenciennes,

(CALIFORNIA HERRING.)

Head 44; depth 4. D.16; A. 14; lateral line 52. Lower jaw strongly
projecting; upper jaw not emarginate. Belly scarcely compressed in
front of ventrals, serrate only between ventrals and anal. Gill rakers
very long and slender. Vomerine teeth weaker than in C. harengus;
usually a few teeth on tongue and premaxillary. Vertebre also fewer,
30+ 20—50. Insertion of dorsal slightly nearer front of eye than base
of caudal. Bluish above; sides and below silvery; peritoneum dusky.
Length 18 inches. Pacific Coast from Kamchatka to San Diego; very
similar to C. harengus, and equally abundant. Not entering rivers south-
ward. (Named for Petrus Simon Pallas, of St. Petersburg, naturalist
and explorer, author of the excellent Zoographia Rosso-Asiatica, 1811.)

Clupea harengus, Var., PALLAS, Zoogr. Rosso.-Asiat., 111, 209, 1811, Kamchatka.

Clupea pallasii, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., xx, 253, 1847, Kamchatka; based on
Pallas’s specimens.

Clupea mirabilis, GiRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1854, 188, San Francisco; GinTuER, Cat.,
vil, 418, 1868; JorpAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 265, 1883.

Spratelloides bryoporus, Copr, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., 1873, 25, Sitka; JorpANn & GILBERT, Synop-
sis, 264, 1883.

207. CLUPANODON, Lacépede.

(TRUE SARDINES.)

Clupanodon, LacéPEpE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., v, 468, 1803, (pilchardus, etc.).*

Thrissa, RAFINESQUE, Analyse dela Nature, 1815, 88; substitute for Clupanodon, regarded as an
objectionable name.

Sardinia, Pory, Memorias, 11, 311, 1860, (pseudohispanica).

This genus is close to Clupea, which it resembles in the elongate form
and weak ventral serratures. Vomer toothless, the teeth in the jaws
mostly weak. Scales thin, deciduous. Adipose eyelid present. Gill
rakers very numerous. Species about 6, chiefly confined to the two tem-
perate zones, all closely related to the European Sardine, Clupanodon pil-
chardus, and agreeing with it in the rich and delicate flesh; less firm
than that of related species, and much richer in oil. Species marine, not

* “Six species are referred by Lacépéde to this genus [Clupanodon], viz: thrissa, L., (Opistho-
nema, Gill), nasica, Lac., (nasus, Bloch), (Dorosoma, Raf.), pilchardus, L., (Sardinia, Poey), sineusis,
L., (Clupeonia, C. & V.), africanus, Bloch, (Pellona, C. & V.), jussieu, Lac., (Clupeonia, C. &. V.).

One of these, Pellona africana, does not conform to the definition and should be excluded.
All the others (except Dorosoma nasus) are very closely related and are probably all representa-
tives of sections of the genus Clupea, rather than of distinct genera. The name Clupanodon is
prior to all of these.and must take the place of one of them. So far as we know it has never
been formally restricted. It seems to us better to consider C. jussiewi as the type of Clupanodon
and to substitute Clupanodon for Clupeonia.’’—(Jordan & Gilbert, 1. c.).

Inasmuch asthe genus Sardinia is of later date than any of the others included under Clu-
panodon, the name Clupanodon must be used for its type instead of letting it take the place of Clu-
peonia as above suggested. This arrangement accords with the views of Dr. Gill.

a ey

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 423

2

anadromous. Very close to Pomolobus, as also to Clupea, and perhaps the
three should be reunited. (Clupea, herring; avodotc, without teeth; this
genus being supposed to differ from Clupea by the absence of teeth.)

a. Opercles conspicuously striate; side with a series of round black spots on level of eye, these

obsolete with age; no teeth in jaws. California. CHRULEUS, 687.
aa. Opercles scarcely striate; sides without black spots; minute teeth on tongue and lower jaw.
West Indian. PSEUDOHISPANICUs, 688.

687. CLUPANODON CERULEUS (Girard).

(CALIFORNIA SARDINE.)

Head 4; depth 5. D.14; A. 17; lateral line 53; scutes 18+ 14. Verte-
bre about 50. Body slender, subfusiform, slenderer and less compressed
than a herring, the back rather broad. Ventral serratures very weak.
Maxillary reaching nearly to middle of eye. Adipose eyelids present,
each covering nearly + of eye. Mandible little projecting, the tip
included. Noteethin mouth. Gill rakers longer than eye, very slender
and numerous, close-set, some 50 or 60 on lower limb of arch. Opercle
truncate behind, the edge vertical, the upper half with conspicuous
branching tubes and striz, the lower with about 7 long striz extending
downward and backward; top of head with bony striew. A frill of
enlarged scales with dendritic striz about nape and shoulder. Insertion
of dorsal considerably nearer snout than base of caudal. Dorsal small,
its free edge concave; pectorals and ventrals with sheathing scales;
anal small and low, its last two rays enlarged, forming a sort of finlet.
Dark-bluish above; silvery below; a series of round black spots on the
level of the eye, running backward, bounding the dark color of the back;
similar sinaller spots above, forming lines along the rows of scales; these
spots sometimes obscure or wanting, especially in old examples; tip of
lower jaw yellow; lower part of dorsal yellowish; peritoneum black.
Flesh darker than that of the herring and more oily. Length 12 inches.
Pacific Coast from Puget Sound to Magdalena Bay; abundant on Cali-
fornia coast; spawning in the sea. An excellent food-fish. It resembles
the European Sardine (Clupanodon pilchardus), but has no teeth, and the
belly is less strongly serrate. We have not been able to compare the
California Sardine with Clupanodon sagax* from Chili. (ceruleus, blue.)
Maletta cxrulea,t GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1854, 138, San Francisco.

Alausa californica, GILL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, 281, California.
Clupea sagax, GUNTHER, Cat., vu, 443, 1868; not of Jenyns;{ JonDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 965,
1883.
688. CLUPANODON PSEUDOHISPANICUS (Poey).

(SARDINA DE EspaNa, BANG.)

Head 4; depth 33 to 44; eye 33. D.16; A. 16; scales about 45. Ver-
tebrie 46 to 48. Body slender, little compressed, the belly scarcely cari-

* Very few species of shore fishes are, however, common to the faune of California and Chili,
and as this sardine is not found on the intervening coast of Mexico, it is best to regard cwrulea
as distinct from sagax until positively shown to be identical.

+ The name cxrulea is preoccupied in Clupea, but not in Clupanodon.

t Clupea sagax, Jenyns, Zovl. Beagle, Fishes, 134, 1842, Lima, San Lorenzo Island; Alosa
musica, Giranp, U. 8. Nay. Astr. Exped., 246, 1855, Chili; Alosa jimbriata, KNER & STEINDACHNER,
8. A. K. Wiss. Wien, 1866, f. 15, Chili.

=

424 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

nated, ifs scutes not prominent; mouth small, the maxillary not quite
reaching pupil, 2? in head; gill rakers very long, slender, and numerous,
30 to 40 below angle, the longest # eye. Lower jaw with a few feeble
teeth; some minute teeth on tongue. Cheeks much longer than deep,
their Jepth below eye % eye. Adipose eyelid well developed. Opercle
with very faint strie, preopercle with very few. Caudal well forked,
the lower lobe as long as head and a little longer than the upper; ven-
trals inserted nearly below middle of dorsal, a little nearer base of caudal
than tip of snout; pectoral 1; in head, a conspicuous sheath of scales at
base. Color bluish, with no distinct markings, sides golden and silvery ;
peritoneum dusky; opercle dusky within. Intestine 14 length of body.
Length 8 inches. Gulf of Mexico; abundant about Cuba, and not rare
in rather deep water off Pensacola and Tampa; also occasionally north-
ward as far as Cape Cod; sometimes taken in abundance at Woods Holl,
Mass. (William C. Kendall.) Closely allied to the European Sardine or
pilchard (Clupanodon pilchardus, L.), but distinguished by the absence of
radiating striz on the opercles, these conspicuous in the true Sardine.
(wevd7e, false ; ioxavixéc, Spanish; the false Spanish Sardine. )

Sardinia pseudohispanica, Poey, Memorias, 11, 311, 1860, Cuba; GinTHER, Cat., viz, 442, 1868;

JoRDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 887, 1883.
Clupea pseudohispanica, KENDALL & SmitH, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., xtv, 1894, 17.

208. POMOLOBUS, Rafinesque.
(ALEWIVES. )
Pomolobus, RAFINESQUE, Ichth. Oh., 38, 1820, (chrysochloris).
Spratella, CuvIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., xx, 356, 1847, (pumila= young of Clupea
sprattus).

Meletta, Cuvier & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., xx, 366, 1847 (vulgaris = sprattus).
Alausella, GILL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1861, 35, (parvula = pseudoharengus).

Body oblong, more or less compressed. Mouth moderate, terminal, the
jaws about equal, or the lower projecting, the upper scarcely notched
at tip. Teeth feeble, variously placed, probably never wholly absent;
mandibles very deep at base, shutting within the maxillaries. Gill
rakers more or less long and slender, numerous. Adipose eyelid present.
Seales thin, cycloid, deciduous, entire, rounded posteriorly. Cheeks
with the free portion longer than deep. Dorsal fin rather short, nearly
median, beginning in advance of ventrals, its posterior ray not pro-
longed in a filament; ventral present; anal moderate. Belly compressed,
strongly serrated before and behind ventrals. Flesh rather dry and poor,
less oily than in Clupanodon. Vertebre 46 to 55 in number, usually 50.
Species numerous, mostly anadromous, the typical species confined to
the northern seas, and mostly anadromous. All the northern species
agree in having a larger number of vertebre than is found in the tropi-
cal species which constitute the genus Sardinella. If this rule holds
with the species in other regions, probably those tropical forms usually
referred to Clupea, constituting the subgenus Kowala, etc., should be
regarded as distinct alike from Clupea and Pomolobus. Pomolobus is very

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 425

close to Clupea, with which it may perhaps need to be reunited. It
seems to us best to regard the true herring, shad, alewife, and sardine as
distinct generic groups, although the characters of the dentition on
which Valenciennes chiefly relied for distinction have scarcely any value.
(zGpa, opercle ; AdBoc, lobe.)
a. Teeth in jaws present, those on tip of both jaws mostly persistent; adipose eyelid moderate;
peritoneum pale. CHRYSOCHLORIS, 689
aa. Teeth in jaws disappearing with age.
b. Peritoneum pale.
c. Head long, about 4 in length ; form rather elliptical. MEDIOCRIS, 690.
ec. Head shorter and heavier, about 424 in length; body heavier forward.
PSEUDOHARENGUS, 691.
bb. Peritoneum black; fins low. JESTIVALIS, 692.

689. POMOLOBUS CHRYSOCHLORIS, Rafinesque.

(SkIPJACK ; BLUE HERRING.)

Head 32; depth 3; eye shorter than snout, 44 in head. D.16; A. 18;
lateral line 52; ventral scutes 20-+13. Body elliptical, highest near the
middle, much compressed. Head rather slender and pointed, its upper
profile straight. Lower jaw strongly projecting, its tip entering the pro-
file; upper jaw emarginate; premaxillary, and often tip of lower jaw, with
moderate-sized persistent teeth; maxillary large, reaching to opposite
posterior part of eye. Eye large, well covered by adipose eyelid. Fins
moderate. Caudal peduncle slender, the caudal widely forked. Gill rakers
comparatively few, short, stout, and coarse, about 23 below the angle of
the arch. Opercles with radiating and branching striw. Brilliant blue
above; sides silvery, with golden reflections ; no dark spots behind opercle.
Peritoneum pale. Length 15 inches. Gulf of Mexico and Mississippi
Valley; abundant; resident in all the larger streams, and introduced
through the canals into Lake Erie and Lake Michigan. A handsome fish,
but worthless for food, as itis lean and bony. As ordinarily seen, it is
strictly a fresh-water species, but in the Gulf of Mexico, in rather deep
water, specimens of large size and excessively fat, are taken. (ypvode,
gold; yAwpdc, green.)

Pomolobus chrysochloris, RAFINESQUE, Ichth. Oh., 38, 1820, Ohio River.

Meletta sucerii, CuvIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., xx, 375, 1847, Wabash River.
Clupea chrysochloris, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 266, 1883.

690. POMOLOBUS MEDIOCRIS (Mitchill).

(Hickory Suap; TarLor HERRING; FALL Herrina; MATrowacca.)

Head 4; depth3%. D.15; A. 21; lateral line 50; ventral scutes 20 + 16.
Head comparatively long, the profile straight and not very steep, form
more elliptical than in the others, and less heavy forward. Lower jaw
considerably projecting ; upper jaw emarginate. Opercles rather less
emarginate below and behind than in P. pseudoharengus. Fins low; dor-
sal fin inserted nearer snout than base of caudal. Bluish silvery; sides
with rather faint longitudinal stripes. Peritoneum pale. Length 24
inches. Cape Cod to Florida; rather common; not highly valued as a
food-fish ; not ascending streams to spawn. (mediocris, mediocre.)

426 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

Clnpea mediocri, Mircuitt, Trans. Lit. and Phil. Soc. N. Y., 1, 1815, 450, New York; Jor-
DAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 266, 1883.

Clupea mattowacca, M1rcuHILt, l. c., 1, 1815, 451, pl. 5, fig. 8, New York; GinrueEr, Cat., vu,
438, 1868.

? Clupea parvula, Mircuitt, l. c., 1, 1815, 452, New York.

? Clupea pusilla, Mrrcut1t, I. c., 1, 1815, 452, New York.

Clupea fasciata, LE Sueur, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1, 1818, 233, Massachusetts.

Alosa lineata, StoRER, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 11, 1847, 242, Massachusetts ; Srorer, Hist.
Fishes Mass., 162, 1867.

Clupea virescens, DE Kay, New York Fauna: Fishes, 242, 1842, New York.

691. POMOLOBUS PSEUDOHARENGUS (Wilson).

(ALEWIFE; BrancH HERRING; GASPEREAU; WALL-EYED HERRING; BiG-EYED HERRING;
ELLWIFE.)

Head 4%; depth 33; eye 34. D.16; A. 19; lateral line 50; scutes 21 + 14.
Body rather deep and compressed, heavy forward. Head short, nearly
as deep as long, the profile somewhat steep and slightly depressed
above the nostrils. Maxillary extending to posterior margin of pupil.
Lower jaw somewhat projecting; upper jaw emarginate. Eye large,
slightly longer than snout. Gill-rakers long, 30 to 40 below the angle of
the arch, shorter and stouter than in A. sapidissima. Lower lobe of caudal
the longer. Dorsal fin high, a little higher than long, its height 64 in
length of body. Bluish above; sides silvery; indistinct dark stripes
along the rows of scales; a blackish spot behind opercle. Peritoneum
pale. Atlantic Coast of the United States; abundant; entering streams
to spawn; also landlocked in the lakes of western New York (var.
lacustris), and in Lake Ontario where it is excessively abundant and
where great multitudes sometimes die in early summer. (wevdjc, false;
harengus, herring.)

Clupea pseudoharengus, W1Lson, Rees’s Encycl., 1x, about 1811, probably Philadelphia.

Clupea vernalis,* MircuiLi, Rept. Fishes N. Y., 22, 1814, and in Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soc. N. Y.,
I, 1815, 454, New York.

Clupea megalops, RAFINESQUE, Amer. Monthly Mag., 1818, 206, Delaware River.

Meletta venosa, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., xx, 374, 1847, New York.

Pomolobus pseudoharengus lacustris, JORDAN, Man. Vert., Ed. 1, 265, 1876, Cayuga Lake, New
York; specimens landlocked. .

Pomolobus pseudoharengus, GILL, Rept. U. S. Fish Comm., 1, 1871-72, 811.

Pomolobus vernalis, GoopE & BEAN, Bull. Essex Inst., 24, 1879.
Clupea vernalis, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 267, 1883.

692. POMOLOBUS ESTIVALIS (Mitchill).
(GLuT HERRING; BLUE-BACK; BLACK-BELLY; SUMMER HERRING; KyAcu; SAW-BELLY.)

Head 5; depth 33. Similar to the preceding, from which it is best dis-
tinguished by the black peritoneum. Body more elongate, the fins lower
and the eyes smaller, the back darker. First ray of dorsal not equal to
base of fin. Atlantic Coast, appearing later than the preceding; less
abundant northward, and less valuable as a food-fish, perhaps ranging
farther southward. In the Southern States, more abundant than the

* According to Dr. Gill, the paper of Alexander Wilson in Rees’s Cyélopedia, was published
before 1814, the date of Mitchill’s name vernalis. See McDonald in Goode, Nat. Hist. Aquat.
Anim., 580, 594, 1884.

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 427

preceding, from which few fishermen* distinguish it with certainty.
(estivalis, of the summer.) ,

Clupea zstivalis, MircHILy, Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soc. N. Y., 1, 1815, 456, New York.

Alosa cyanonoton, STORER, Hist. Fish. Mass., 161, 1867, Provincetown, Massachusetts. .
Pomolobus xstivalis, GoopE & BEAN, Bull. Essex Inst., 24, 1879.

Clupea xstivalis, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 267, 1883; McDonaLp, in Hist. Aquat. Anim.,
579, 1884.

209. ALOSA, Cuvier.

(THE SHAD.)

Alosa, Cuvier, Régne Animal, Ed. 2, 11, 319, 1829, (alosa).
Alausa, CuviER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., xx, 389, 1847, (vulgaris).

Body deep, compressed, deeper than in related American genera, the
head also deep, the free portion of the cheeks deeper than long; jaws
wholly toothless; upper jaw with a sharp, deep notch at tip, the pre-
maxillaries meeting at a very acute angle. Vertebri 56 (in Alosa alosa),
otherwise as in Pomolobus, to which genus Alosa is very closely allied.
Species three, of the North Atlantic, ascending rivers; highly valued
as food-fishes, although very full of small bones, the flesh white and
rich, but not oily. (Alosa, Saxon Allis, old name of the European Shad,
Alosa alosa.) |

693. ALOSA SAPIDISSIMA (Wilson).

(Common SHAD ; AMERICAN SHAD; NortTH River SHAD; Potomac SHAD.)

Head 43; depth 3. D.15; A. 21; lateral line 60; ventral scutes 21+ 16.
Body comparatively deep. Mouth rather large, the jaws about equal,
the lower fitting into a notch in the tip of the upper; no teeth. Preorbital
moderate ; cheeks much deeper than long, the preopercle extending little
forward, joining the mandible at a point rather behind the eye. Gill
rakers extremely long and slender, much longer than eye, about 60 below
the angle of the arch, the number smaller in specimens from the Gulf of
Mexico, which perhaps represent a tangible variety. Fins small; dorsal
much nearer snout than base of caudal. Peritoneum white. Bluish
above; sides white and silvery; a dark spot behind opercle, and sometimes
several along the line dividing the color of the back from that of the sides;
axil dusky. Length 24 feet. Atlantic Coast of the United States from
the Mirimachi to the Alabama, ascending rivers in spring to spawn. One
of the most important of our food-fish, of most excellent flavor, though
with many small bones. Also introduced by the United States Fish Com-
mission on the Pacific Coast, where it is now abundant from Monterey
northward. Specimens from the Gulf of Mexico are smaller, and have
shorter and fewer gill rakers, constituting a slight variety. (sapidissima,
most delicious.)

* “Their judgment is by no means infallible, for I have had them frequently sort out into
two piles, the fishes which they distinguish under these names, and found that their discrimina-
tion was not at all reliable. The features to which they mainly trust in the determination of
P. wstivalis are the bluer color of the back and the greater serration of the ventral ridge,’’ both

of these characters varying with the condition of the specimen itself. (Goode,)

428 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

Clupea sapidissima, W1tson, in Rees’s New Cyclopedia, 1xg., no pagination nor date, but prior
to 1812,* no locality, but probably Philadelphia; Rarinesque, Amer. Month. Mag.,
Vol. 11, 1817, 205, tributaries of Atlantic Ocean; JorpAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 267, 1883.

Clupea indigena, Mrrcwitt, Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soc. N. Y., 1, 1815, 454, (very young), New York.

Alosa prestabilis, De Kay, New York Fauna: Fishes, 255, pl. 15, fig. 41, 1842, New York.

Alosa sapidissima, of many American writers.

210. SARDINELLA, Cuvier & Valenciennes.

(SCALED SARDINES. )

Sardinella, CuvIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., xx, 261, 1847, (aurita).
Harengula, Cuvier & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., xx, 280, 1847, (latula).
Clupeonia, Cuvier & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., xx, 345, 1847, (jussieut).
Kowala, Cuvier & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., xx, 362, 1847, (thoracata = kowal).
Lile, Jonvan & EVERMANN, new subgenus, (stolifera).

Small herrings of the tropical seas, with the vertebra in reduced num-
ber, about 40 to 44, and with the scales large, usually firm and adherent,
often crossed by vertical strie. Ventral scutes strong, 25 to 35 in num-
ber. Adipose eyelid obsolete. Lower jaw projecting; upper jaw some-
what emarginate; teeth weak. Ventrals inserted behind front of dorsal.
Body compressed; cheeks not deep; gill rakers long and numerous;
otherwise essentially as in Pomolobus. The genus Sardinella, as here
understood, covers a wide diversity of forms and may be divisible into
several genera when the anatomy of the species is better known. (Sar-
dinella, diminutive of Sardina, a sardine.)

a. Side of body without distinct silvery lateral band; mouth moderate, the teeth very small,
but permanent over most of the bones of the mouth; scales large and usually firm.
SARDINELLA:
b. Ventral scutes 33 to 35.
c. Body slender, the depth about 41% in length; a black opercular spot.
ANCHOVIA, 694.
cc. Body rather deep, the depth about 3% in length; no black opercular spot.

CLUPEOLA, 695.
bb. Species imperfectly described, probably allied to Sardinella.

d. Snout and chin black. APICALIS, 696.
dd. Snout and chin not black; a black humeral spot; sides with dark streaks.

BISHOPI, 697.
HARENGULA (diminutive of Harengus, herring):

bbb. Ventral scutes 25 to 28; body short and deep, compressed, the scales usually with
vertical striz.
e. Scales not very firm and little adherent, so that many are lost in preserved examples;
each scale with four vertical wavy striz; ventral scutes about 15 +10; depth
32 in length; eye 2% in head; no humeral spot. SARDINA, 698.
ee. Scales firm and closely adherent so that few, if any, are lost in preserved examples;
usually a humeral spot.
f. Body moderately elongate, the ventral outline not strongly arched, the depth
3/4 to 32 in length.

g. Head long, 32 in length; eye 22% in head. MACROPHTHALMUS, 699,
gg. Head deep, 4in length; eye 3 in head. THRISSINA, 700.

jf. Body deep, the ventral outline arched, forming an even curve from snout to
vent, the depth 234 to 3; head 3} in length; eye 274 in head.
HUMERALIS, 701.

* Dr, Gill writes ‘‘The copy I have before me is in the original binding and has ‘ Thomas
Munroe’s Book 1812’ on fly leaf.’’

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America, 429

Lite (Matti-lile, an Indian name given in Pondicherry to Clupea lile) :
aa. Sides with a very distinct lateral silvery band; scales very firm, without vertical strie;
mouth very small, almost vertical; teeth small, none on vomer; tip of snout, chin,
and upper fins dusky. ‘STOLIFERA, 702.

Subgenus SARDINELLA.
694. SARDINELLA ANCHOVIA (Cuvier & Valenciennes).

Head about 44; depth 44. D. 16; A. 16. Body elongate and slender.
Scales smooth, large, striated. Suborbital bones finely venulose; teeth on
tongue and palatines, none on vomer; jaws mostly toothless. Dorsal
nearer snout than root of caudal, the ventrals inserted below its middle.
A black spot on opercle above. Martinique to Brazil; said to be closely
allied to the European Sardinella aurita, also a little known species;
apparently recognizable by the opercularspot. (Cuvier & Valenciennes. )
(Anchovia, anchovy.)

Sardinella anchovia, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., xx, 269, 1847, Rio Janeiro; Mar-
tinique.
Clupea anchovia, GUNTHER, Cat., vir, 421, 1868.

695. SARDINELLA CLUPEOLA (Cuvier & Valenciennes).

(CAILLEV.)

Head 4 in total length with caudal; depth 4. D.18; A.18. Ventral
scutes 33. Head short; profile of back straightish; snout rather long and
blunt. Last rays of dorsal very short ; ventrals under seventh dorsal ray.
Seales very solid, striate; serrations of belly less strong than in some
species. Steel-blue above, silvery below; the back with traces of longi-
tudinal streaks; yellow blotch in life behind opercle. Guadeloupe; a food-
fish of delicate flavor. (Cuvier & Valenciennes.) A little known species,
not recognized by late writers, identified by Poey with Sardinella humer-
alis and later by Jordan with Sardinella sardina, but different from either
if the above description is trustworthy ;* the ventral scutes more numer-
ous. (Diminutive of Clupea, herring.)

Harengula clupeola, Cuvier & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., xx, 289, 1847, Guadeloupe.

696. SARDINELLA APICALIS (Miiller & Troschel).

D. 18; A.17. Lower jaw longer than upper; maxillary reaching first
third of eye, which is more than half head. Ventrals under middle of
dorsal. Scales large, forming nine rows on each side of body. Scales sil-
very, each one on belly with a copper-colored spot; point of snout above
and beneath, black; a small, black, longitudinal band on front and a
black spot over each eye; tip of dorsal and edge of caudal black. Bar-
badoes. (Miiller & Troschel.) A species of uncertain relations. (apicalis,
of the apex, the tip of snout black.)

Alosa apicalis, Mitte & Troscuet, in Schomburgk’s Hist. Barbadoes, 675, 1848, Barbadoes.
Clupea apicalis, GUNtuER, Cat., v1, 441, 1868.

* Possibly identical with Clupea brasiliensis, STYEINDACHNER, Ichth. Beitr., viii, 64, 1879, Rio
yah hame preoccupied, changed to Clupea janeiro, EIGENMANN & Bray, Ann. N. Y. Ac.
at. Sci., 1894, 626.

430 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum,

697. SARDINELLA BISHOPI (Miiller & Troschel).

Allied to Sardinella apicalis, but with a black spot behind operculum
and no black on dorsal; sides with faint dark streaks; eye large, half
height of head; 11 rows of scales on each side. Barbadoes. (Muller &
Troschel.) A doubtful species, of uncertain relations. (A personal
name. )

Alosa bishopi, MGLLER & TROSCHEL, in Schomburgk’s Hist. Barbadoes, 675, 1848, Barbadoes.

Subgenus HARENGULA, Cuvier & Valenciennes.
698. SARDINELLA SARDINA (Poey).

(SARDINA DE LEY.)

Head 3+; depth 34 to3}. D.15; A.18; scales 36; scutes15+4 10. Head
1,;; in depth of body. Eye very large, + longer than snout, 23 in head.
Body rather elongate, the ventral outline little convex, forming a weak
arch. Scales less firm and less adherent than in other species of Haren-
gula, many of them lost in museum or market specimens; each scale with
four vertical wavy strize on its free edge. Insertion of dorsal nearly
midway between snout and base of caudal. Color pale; no black
humeral spot; trunk with longitudinal streaks; an orange area behind
opercle in life; tips of dorsal and anal dusky. Length 8inches. West
Indian fauna; abundant: north to Key West. (Sardina, sardine.)

Harengula sardina, Porky, Memorias, 11, 310, 1860, Cuba.
Harengula callolepis, Goopr, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1879, 152, Bermuda.
Harengula clupeola, JORDAN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1889, 646; not of Cuvier & VALENCIENNES.

699. SARDINELLA MACROPHTHALMUS (Ranzani).

Head 32; depth 32; eye 23. D.17; A. 18; scales 40-12; vertebre 40.
Body moderately elongate, the ventral outline little convex, forming a
weak arch; length of head 1 to 13 in depth of body; eye large, + longer
than snout; insertion of ventrals nearly midway between snout and base
of caudal. Bluish above, sides silvery; dark humeral spot usually evi-
dent, sometimes wanting; above this a dark line extends, bounding the
dark of the back, above this a pale streak; caudal dusky. Scales less
striate than in S. humeralis. West Indies, Cuba to Brazil; not very com-
mon. (s“aKpoc, large; o¢0aAuoc, eye.)

Clupea macrophthalma, RanzANI, Noy. Comm. Ac. Sci. Bonon., v, 320, 1842, Brazil; GUNTHER,
Cat., vir, 421, 1868.
Harengula maculosa, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., xx, 292, 1847, Martinique.

Harengula jaguana, Pory, Repertorio, 1,190, 1866, Jagua, Cuba, near Cienfuegos.
Harengula macrophthaima, JoRDAN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1889, 646.

700. SARDINELLA THRISSINA (Jordan & Gilbert).

Head 4; depth 34; eye 3. D. 15; A. 13; scales 40-10. Scutes 16 + 13.
Body deep, but less so than in S. humeralis. Head large, rather blunt;
mouth moderate, the lower jaw projecting, the upper jaw scarcely emar-
ginate; maxillary 2 in head, reaching past front of pupil. Both jaws
with small teeth; teeth on palatines, pterygoids, and tongue. Eye
large. Cheeks and opercles with fine but distinct branching striz. Gill

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 431

rakers short, close-set, 30 below angle, the longest half eye. Scales firm
and adherent, the edge roughened; scales before dorsal similar but
smaller. Belly sharply compressed, with strong scutes. Ventrals 2 in
head; pectorals 14. Bluish above, silvery below; around black humeral
spot; fins pale. Length 8 inches. Gulf of California, rather rare.
(Diminutive from Thrissa, Spicoa, a herring or sardine, from the hair-like
bones; pig, a hair.)

Clupea thrissina, JoRDAN & GILBERT, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1882, 353, Cape San Lucas.

(Type, Nos. 6388, 2524, and 6339. Coll. Xantus.)

701. SARDINELLA HUMERALIS (Cuvier & Valenciennes),

(SarpDINA EscaMUDA; WHITE-BILL ; PINCERS.)

Head 34; depth 22? to 3, the Florida specimens (var. pensacole) aver-
aging 22; Cuban examples about 3; eye 23. D. 16; A. 17; scales
40; scutes 16+12. Body deep, with the ventral outline forming an
even curve from chin to vent. Eye moderate, + longer than snout.
Insertion of ventrals nearer tip of snout than base of caudal. Teeth in
jaws small; a large patch on tongue. Scales very adherent, each with
one to four vertical curved striz, those before dorsal more or less lacini-
ate. Silvery, dark humeral spot usually present, but often obscure or
wanting; surrounded by golden in life; usually a row of dark points
extending backward from it along upper parts of body; no distinct

longitudinal streaks. Length 8 inches. West Indies and Gulf of Mexico.

Abundant from Pensacola and Cedar Keys southward; the specimens
from Florida deeper than others, representing a northern variety or sub-
species pensacole. (humeralis, pertaining to the shoulder.)

Harengula humeralis, Cuvier & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., xx, 293, 1847, Rio Janeiro;
Bahia; Guadeloupe; San Domingo.

Alausa striata, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, I. c., xx, 429, 1847, Guadeloupe; Bahia.

Harengula pensacolx, GoopE & Bran, Proc, U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1879, 152, Pensacola, Florida.
(Type, Nos. 22831 and 22829. Coll. Stearns.) JoRDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 268, 1883.

Clupea humeralis, GUNTHER, Cat., v11, 422, 1868.

Harengula arcuata, Jorvan, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1889, 646.*

Subgenus LILE, Jordan & Evermann.

702. SARDINELLA STOLIFERA, (Jordan & Gilbert).

Head 4%; depth 34; eye 24. D. 14; A. 16; scales 40-11; scutes 17 +
12— 29. Vertebre 20 + 22 — 42, the membrane covering the vertebre
silvery. Body deep, much compressed, the belly strongly arched; the
greatest depth just before dorsal. Head short; preopercle vertical.
Mouth very small, very oblique, almost vertical, the maxillary reaching
front of pupil; lower jaw longer, the upper scarcely emarginate. Both
jaws with a few very small, weak teeth; a linear patch on tongue; none on
vyomer or palatines. Gill rakers slender, numerous, the longest # eye,
about 29 below angle. Eye large, longer than snout. Dorsal fin inserted
hearer snout than base of caudal, the ventrals under its first ray; anal

* This species is probably not identical with Clupea arcuata, Jenyns, Ichth. Voy. Beagle, 134,
1842, from Bahia Blanca, Patagonia.

432 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

short and low; pectorals 14 in head; ventrals 13. Scales smooth, firm,
closely adherent, entire-edged, without strie; a very narrow sheath of
scales along dorsal and anal; caudal scaled half its length. Ventral
scutes strongly developed, with strong spines. Translucent greenish,
sides silvery, each scale with its marginal half punctate; a dark line
along middle of back; snout and tip of lower jaw dusky; side with a
very bright, well-defined silvery band, as in Stolephorus, margined by
bluish above; the band widest mesially, as wide as a scale, a little wider
than pupil; at base of caudal the band expands abruptly; tips of dorsal
and caudal lobes jet-black. Length 6inches. Gulf of California to Pan-
ama; abundant about Mazatlan; a beautiful and well-marked species, and
a very delicate food-fish, allied to the genus Pellonula, and to the East
Indian species Clupea lile, which belongs to the same subgenus (Lile).
(stolifer, bearing a stole, or white zone.)

Clupea stolifera, JorpAN & GILBERT, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1881, 339, Mazatlan. (Type, No.
28125. Coll. Gilbert.)

211. OPISTHONEMA, Gill.
(THREAD HERRING.)

Opisthonema, GILL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1861, 37, (thrissa = oglinum).

Characters essentially those of Sardinella, except that the last ray of
the dorsal is produced in a long filament as in Dorosoma, Megalops, and Tar-
pon. Species few, American. (dmoVe, behind ; vyua, a thread.)

a. Head 4 to 44 in length; depth about 34; anal raysabout 23; sides of back |with dark spots.

OGLINUM, 703.

aa. Head larger, 32 to 33 in length; depth 3 to 35; anai rays about 20; back without dark
spots. LIBERTATE, 704.

703. OPISTHONEMA OGLINUM (Le Sueur).

(THREAD HERRING ; MAcHUELO; CAILLEU-TASSART; SPRAT.)

Head 44; depth 34. D.19; A.24; lateral line 50; scutes 17-+14. Body ~

oblong, compressed, formed as in Harengula, the belly strongly serrate.
Tongue with minute teeth; jaws toothless, lower jaw slightly project-
ing; maxillary reaching nearly to middle of orbit. Gill rakers very long
and slender. Dorsal fin inserted in front of ventrals, much nearer snout
than base of caudal; dorsal filament about as long as head; anal very
low; paired fins small. Scales smooth, rather firm, but easily detached,
much as in Sardinella sardina. Bluish above, silvery below; an indis-
tinct bluish shoulder spot; each scale on the back with a dark spot,
these forming longitudinal streaks. Length 12 inches. West Indian
fauna; regularly northward to Florida and Carolina, occasionally stray-
ing much farther (Longport, New Jersey, Bean; and Fortress Monroe,
Kendall). Abundant in the tropics. (Name unexplained, unless from
the word ogle, in allusion to the large eyes.)

Clupea thrissa, BROUSSONET, Ichthyologie, fasc. 1, 1782, Carolina; Jamaica; not of Osbeck, 1757,

which is a Chinese species of Dorosoma; GUNTHER, Cat., vir, 432, 1868, and of many authors.

Megalops oglina, Le Sueur, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1, 1817, 359, Newport, Rhode Island.
Megalops notata, LE Surur, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1, 1817, 359, Guadeloupe,

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America, 433

Chatoéssus signifer, DE Kay, N. Y. Fauna: Fishes, 264, 1842, New York.
Chatoéssus eumorphus, Gosse, Naturalist’s Sojourn in Jamaica, 290, 1851, Jamaica.

704. OPISTHONEMA LIBERTATE (Giinther).

(SARDINA MACHETE.)

Head 33 to 4; depth 3 to 34. D.17; A.19; scales 48. Similar to Opis-
thonema oglinum, the head longer, the gill rakers longer and more numer-
ous. Bluish above, silvery on sides and below, a yellowish streak on
level of orbit; an indistinct dark spot on opercle, and a larger humeral
spot; no dark spots on side of back; caudal tipped with jet-black ; tip of
snout and lining of opercle black. Pacific coast of Mexico and Central
America, abundant, especially in the Gulf of California. (Name from
Libertad, port of San Salvador, where the type was taken.)

Meletta libertatis, GUNTHER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, 603, Libertad, Central America.
Clupea libertatis, GUNTHER, Cat., VII, 433, 1868.

Opisthonema libertate, JORDAN & GILBERT, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1882, 622.
Opisthonema libertatis, EVERMANN & JENKINS, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., 1891, 134.

212. BREVOORTIA, Gill.

(MENHADENS.)
Brevoortia, Gitu, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1861, 37, (menhaden).

Body elliptical, compressed, deepest anteriorly, tapering behind. Head
very large; cheeks deeper than long. Mouth large, the lower jaw included;
no teeth; gill rakers very long and slender, densely set, appearing to fill
the mouth when it is opened; gill arches angularly bent. Scales deeper
than long, closely imbricated, their exposed edges vertical and fluted or
pectinated. Dorsal fin low, rather posterior; anal fin small. Intestinal
canalelongate. Vertebre48. Peritoneum dusky. Species few; inhabiting
the Atlantic; spawning probably in brackish water in the spring. Coarse,
herbivorous fishes, not valued as food, but the young of the greatest value
as food to other fishes. (Dedicated to James Carson Brevoort, of Brook-
lyn, a gentleman long interested in the study of fishes.)

705. BREVOORTIA TYRANNUS (Latrobe).

(MeNnHADEN; MosspunkER; Bony-risu ; WuiterisH; Bucrish; Farsack; Poay.)

Head 3}; depth 3. D.19; A. 20; lateral line 60 to 80; ventral plates
20+ 12. Head rather short and heavy. Fins comparatively short, the
height of the dorsal less than the length of the maxillary; height
of anal less than half the length of the maxillary. Pectorals not
reaching to ventrals; dorsal inserted slightly behind ventrals, about
midway between snout and base of caudal. Scales moderate, strongly
serrated, arranged very irregularly, those before dorsal strongly pecti-
nate. Operculum strongly striated or almost smooth (yar. aurea). Gill
rakers much longer thaneye. Bluish above; sides silvery, with astrong
brassy luster; fins usually yellowish; a conspicuous dark scapular
blotch, behind which are often smaller spots. Length 18 inches. Nova
Scotia to Brazil; very abundant southward; herbivorous, running in

F, N. A.——29

434 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum,

schools, probably spawning in brackish water. Held in no esteem as a
food-fish, but very valuable for oiland manure. (tyrannus, ripavvoc, ruler.*)

Clupea tyrannus, LATROBE, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. Phila., v, 1802, 77, pl. 1, Chesapeake Bay.

Clupea menhaden, Mircuiit, Trans. Lit. and Phil. Soc. N. Y., 1, 1815, 453, New York;
GUNTHER, Cat., VII, 436, 1868.

Clupea neglecta, RAFINESQUE, Amer. Monthly Mag., 1818, 206, Long Island.

Clupea carolinensis, GRONOW, Cat. Fishes, 140, 1854, South Carolina.

Alosa menhaden, STORER, Hist. Fishes Mass., 337, 1867.

Brevoortia tyrannus, GoopE, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1, 1878, 531; Goong, Rept. U. S. Fish Comm.,
v, 1877 (1879), 19; complete biography ; JorpaAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 269, 1883.

Represented on the coast of Brazil by

705a. BREVOORTIA TYRANNUS AUREA (Agassiz).

Opercles almost smooth; head rather shorter, jaws shorter and body
deeper, the scales more regularly arranged than in Brevoortia tyrannus.
Coast of Brazil. (awreus, golden.)

Clupanodon aureus, AGASSIZ, Spix, Pisc. Brasil, 52, 1828, Brazil.
Clupea aurea, GUNTHER, Cat., VII, 437, 1868.

Occasional specimens taken along the Atlantic Coast of the United

States represent

705b. BREVOORTIA TYRANNUS BREVICAUDATA, Goode.

Similar to aurea, but the jaws and caudal shorter, the latter not longer
than pectorals. Noank, Connecticut, and south. (Goode.) (brevis
short; caudatus, tailed.)

Brevoortia tyrannus brevicaudata, Goopk, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., 1878, 34, Noank, Connecticut.
(Type, No. 14846, a. b. Coll. Goode.)
The common form on the coast of the Gulf of Mexico is

705c. BREVOORTIA TYRANNUS PATRONUS, Goode.

(GuLF MENHADEN.)

Head 3; depth 2%. D. 19; A. 22; lateral line 50 to 65, Head larger
than in B. tyrannus; fins long, the height of the dorsal greater than the
length of the maxillary ; that of the anal more than half the height of the
maxillary. Pectorals reaching beyond front of ventrals; insertion of
dorsal in front of ventrals, just behind the middle point between the
snout and the base of the caudal. Scales moderate, with their margins
entire, fluted. Axillary appendages large; large scales at base of pec-
toral. Operculum delicately striated. Greenish-gray above; sides sil-
very, with brassy luster; scapular blotch inconspicuous. Gulf of Mexico,
generally abundant on the Florida Coast, apparently varying into B.
tyrannus. (patronus, patron, in allusion to the ever present Crustacean,
Cymothoa pregustator. )

Brevoortia patronus, GoopDE, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1, 1878, 39, Brazos, Santiago. (Type, No.
892, a. b.). Goopr, Rept. U. 8. Fish Comm., v, 1877 (1879), 19; Jorpan & GILBERT, Syn-
opsis, 269, 1883.

* A parasitic Crustacean (Cymothoa pregustator, LATROBE) is found in the mouths of a very
large proportion of the individuals of this species. The specific names both of the fish and the
Crustacean refer to this peculiarity, the ancient Roman rulers (tyranni) having had their tasters
(preegustatores) to taste their food before them to prove its harmlessness, thus to prevent poisoning.

_. . ! So

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 435

213. CHIROCENTRODON, Ginther.

Chirocentrodon, GiNTHER, Cat., v11, 463, 1868, (tniatus).

Body oblong, much compressed, covered with deciduous scales. Belly
weakly serrated, the serre beginning at the thorax. Lower jaw project-
ing; teeth strong, a pair of strong canines in front of each jaw; evident
teeth on maxillary; narrow bands on vomer, palatines, pterygoids, and
tongue. Anal long, of about 40 rays; dorsal opposite anal ; ventrals very
small; caudal forked. Branchiostegals 6, short and broad. One species.
(yelp, hand; «évtpov, spine; ddovc, tooth.)

706. CHIROCENTRODON TENIATUS, Giinther.

Head 44; depth 4%; eye 3}. D.15; A. 41. Snout compressed, longer
than eye. Maxillary large, reaching to behind margin of eye. Gill rakers
fine, nearly as long as eye, 10+ 17 in number. Dorsal inserted behind
front of anal, midway between occiput and root of caudal; ventrals not
longer than eye; pectorals nearly as long as head without snout. Serrat-
ure of abdomen not prominent; 11 scutes behind ventrals. White, with
a narrow silvery, lateral band. Jamaica. (Ginther.) Not seen by us.
(teniatus, striped.)

Chirocentrodon tzniatus, GUNTHER, Cat., VII, 463, 1868, Jamaica. (Coll. Dr. Parnell.)

214. ILISHA, Gray.

Platygaster, Swainson, Classif. Anim., 11, 294, 1839, (africanus) ; name preoccupied.

Ilisha (GRAY) RicHarpson, Ichthyol. China, in Proc, Brit. Assoc., 1845 (1846), 306, (abnormis);
no description.

Pellona,* Cuvier & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., xx, 300, 1847, (orbignyana = flavipinnis).

Tlisha, BLEEKER, Ned. Tydskr. Dierk., 300, 1866, (abnormis).

Body much compressed, the thorax and abdomen strongly serrated.
Scales moderate. Lower jaw prominent; mouth moderate, with rasp-
like bands of minute teeth on jaws, palatines, pterygoids, and tongue;
none on vomer. Anal fin very long; ventrals present, small, inserted
before the small dorsal; upper ray of pectoral strong; caudal deeply
forked. Tropical coasts of America and Asia. (Jlisha, an East Indian
name of Sardinella lisha.)

a. Anal rays 40 to 45; anal placed behind dorsal.
b. Dorsal rays 19 or 20; eye 4 in head. FLAVIPINNIS, 707.
bb. Dorsal rays 15; eye 31% in head. BLEEKERIANA, 708.
aa. Anal rays about 50.
c. Depth less than one-third length; the ventral outline weakly arched; anal placed

behind dorsal. PANAMENSIS, 709.
ce. Depth more than one-third length, the ventral outline strongly arched; anal
partly below dorsal. FURTHI, 710.

707. ILISHA FLAVIPINNIS (Valenciennes).

Head 34; depth 32; eye 4. D.19 or 20; A. 40; scales 65-18. Posterior
halves of ridges on upper side of head distinctly convergent anteriorly,

* Pellona is the Spanish name of Pellona flavipinnis at Buenos Ayres, apparently from pelon,
bald, in allusion to the caducous scales.
If ‘‘typonyms,”’ or new generic names based on the indication of a type, without descrip-

tion, are to be rejected, the name Pellona should take the place of Tisha.

436 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

very slightly so posteriorly. Insertion of dorsal midway between end

of snout and root of caudal. Base of anal 34 in length; ventrals longer

than eye. Coast of Surinam and Brazil. (Giinther.) (flavus, yellow;

pinna, fin.)

Pristigaster flavipinnis, VALENCIENNES, in D’Orbigny, Voy. Amer. Mér., Poiss., pl. x, fig. 2, 1839,
Buenos Ayres.

Pellona orbignyana, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., xx, 302, 1847; same type.

? Pellona castelnzxana, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist, Nat. Poiss., xx, 306, 1847, Mouth of Ama-
zon; (D. 19; A. 36 to 38).

Pellona flavipinnis, GUNTHER, Cat., vi, 454, 1868.

708. ILISHA BLEEKERIANA (Poey).

(ANCHOA PELADA.)

Depth 5% in length with caudal; eye 3+. D.15; A. 43; scutes25. Ven-
tral line strongly curved. Mouth wide, oblique. Anal placed behind
dorsal; length of anal equal to its distance from posterior border of eye.
Scales very caducous. Silvery. Matanzas, Cuba; rare. (Poey.) Per-
haps not distinct from J. flavipinnis. (Named for Dr. Pieter van Bleeker,
surgeon in the Dutch Indies, the most indefatigable worker who has yet
appeared in ichthyology ; author of very many papers on East Indian
fishes. )

Pellona bleekeriana, Porky, Repertorio, 11, 242, 1867, Matanzas.

709. ILISHA PANAMENSIS (Steindachner).

Head 32; depth 3} to 32; eye 3? to 38. D. 16; A. 50; scales 58-21;
scutes 22+ 12. Ventral line very weakly curved. Mouth very oblique.
First ray of anal under last of dorsal, which is ? of the eye’s diameter
nearer snout than base of caudal. Silvery, with yellowish fins. Length
16 inches. Panama; not rare.

Pellona panamensis, STEINDACHNER, Ichth. Beitr., 1, 14, 1874, Panama.
710. ILISHA FURTHI (Steindachner).

Head 32 to 4; depth 2% to 2; eye 3 to 3%. D.16; A. 50; Scales 55;
scutes 23-+12. Ventral line very strongly curved. Mouth very oblique.
First 5 to 7 rays of anal below dorsal, which is inserted an eye’s diameter
nearer snout than base of caudal. Silvery, fins yellow, more or less
punctate. Lengtha foot. Panama;notrare. (Named for Ignatius Furth,
Austrian Consul at Panama.)

Pellona fiirthi, SrEINDACHNER, Icth. Beitr., 1, 14, 1874, Panama.

215. OPISTHOPTERUS, Gill.

Opisthopterus, GILL, Proc, Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1861, 31, (tartoor).

Body elongate, very much compressed, with the abdomen prominent
and strongly serrated. Scales thin, deciduous, of moderate size. Lower
jaw projecting; maxillary not produced; teeth rather small, in villiform
bands on both jaws, palatines, pterygoids, and tongue; vomer tooth-
less. Dorsal fin small, inserted considerably behind middle of body;
behind front of anal; anal fin very long; ventrals wanting; caudal

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 437

deeply forked. Tropical parts of the Pacific. (émio%e, behind; zrepiv,
fin, the dorsal being placed farther backward than in Pristigaster.)

a. Anal rays 53; eye 234 in head. LUTIPINNIS, 711.

aa, Anal rays 56; eye 3144 in head ; dorsal nearer root of caudal than scapula. povil, 712.

aaa. Anal rays 61, eye 3 in head; dorsal midway between scapula and root of caudal.
MACROPS, 713.

711. OPISTHOPTERUS LUTIPINNIS (Jordan & Gilbert).

Head 44; depth 34; eye 24. D. 13; A. 53; scales 44-11; scutes 29.
Body elongate, strongly compressed, anterior profile straight. Mouth
large, very oblique, the lower jaw longest; maxillary a little more than
half head. Teeth rather strong, present on most bones of the head
except the vomer. Eye very large. Gill rakers about 18, not longer
than pupil. Dorsal small, posterior, slightly nearer base of caudal than
occiput; pectorals long, nearly as long as head; anal moderate. Scales
thin, deciduous; ventral scutes very strong. Greenish, sides golden-
silvery, fins mostly yellow; a black spot on preopercle and a very dis-
tinct humeral spot. Length 6 inches. Pacific coast of Mexico, rather
searce at Mazatlan. (luteus, yellow; pinna, fin.)

Pristigaster lutipinnis, JORDAN & GILBERT, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1881, 340, Mazatlan. (Type,
Nos. 28126, 28209, and 28320. Coll. Gilbert.)

712. OPISTHOPTERUS DOVII (Giinther).

Head 44; depth 33; eye 34. D. 11; A. 56; scales 51-13. Maxillary
less than half head, its supplemental bone moderate, reaching end of the
bone. Insertion of dorsal considerably nearer root of caudal than scapula.
Panama. (Gunther.) (Named for Capt. John M. Dow, formerly resident
at Panama, and who made large collections of fishes for the British
Museum and for the Smithsonian Institution.)

Pristigaster dovii, GUNTHER, Cat., vir, 461, 1868, Panama. (Coll. Capt. Dow.)

713. OPISTHOPTERUS MACROPS (Giinther).

Head 44; depth 3; eye 3. D.138; A.61; scales 53-17. Dorsal inserted
midway between scapula and root of caudal. Maxillary less than half
head, its supplementary bone narrow, extending to its extremity.
Silvery, scapula black. Panama. (Giinther.) (waxpdc, large; y, eye.)

Pristigaster macrops, GUNTHER, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1866, 603, and Cat., vir, 461, 1868, Panama,
(Coll. Salvin.)

216. ODONTOGNATHUS, Lacépéde.

Odontognathus, LacérDvx, Hist. Nat. Poiss., m, 221, 1799, (mucronatus).
Gnathobolus, Buocu & ScunerpeERr, Syst. Ichth., 556, 1801, (mucronatus).

Body rather elongate, compressed, covered with caducous scales. Ven-
tral outline not prominent, covered with sharp scutes. Dorsal fin small,
much behind front of the long anal. Maxillary very long, in the adult,
extending beyond eye, shorter in the young. Teeth small. One species
known. (ddotc, tooth; yvaloc, jaw.)

458 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

a. Anal rays about 76; scutes on belly 8 + 12. MUCRONATA, 714,
aa. Anal rays about 67 ; scutes on belly 13 + 16. PANAMENSIS, 715.

714. ODONTOGNATHUS MUCRONATA, Lacépéde.

Head 5; depth 4%. D.11 or12; A. 74 to 82; scutes 8-+12. Eye as
long as snout, 34 in head in young. Maxillary tapering, extending in the
adult at least as far as interopercle, shorter and truncate in young.
Insertion of dorsal twice as far from eye as from base of caudal. Coast
of Guiana. (Ginther.) (mucronatus, with sharp points.)

Odontognathus mucronatus, LACEPEDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 221, pl. 7, fig. 2, 1799, Cayenne.

Gnathobolus mucronatus, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., x x1, 91, 1848.
Pristigaster mucronatus, GUNTHER, Cat., VII, 462, 1868.

715. ODONTOGNATHUS PANAMENSIS (Steindachner).

Head 53; depth nearly 4. D. 12; A. 67; scales 55 or 56. Eye equals
snout, 3? in head. Body very slender and compressed. Upper profile of
head strongly concave; dorsal line before dorsal arched; ventral outline
strongly arched; base of anal straight. Mouth oblique; maxillary pro-
duced in aslender process, which reaches beyond gill opening; a thin
accessory bone, with a bluntish kee] on the maxillary, half hidden when
the mouth is closed. Teeth small, short, mostly in one row. Top of head
narrow, with five ridges. Pectoral longer than head by an eye’s diameter,
the first ray broad. Dorsal small, twice as far from gill opening as from
base of caudal; caudal as long as head; ventral scutes 13+ 16; scales
caducous. Panama. Length 8inches. (Steindachner.)

Pristigaster (Odontognathus) panamensis, STEINDACHNER, Ichth. Beitr., v, 24, 1876, Panama.

217. PRISTIGASTER, Cuvier.

Pristigaster, CUVIER, Régne Animal, Ed. 1, 176, 1817, (cayanus).

This genus differs from Opisthopterus in the deeper body, the ventral
ridge being very prominent and convex, and especially in the position of
the dorsal. This fin is larger in Pristigaster than in related genera, and is
inserted near the middle of the length of the body, before the anal. One
species know, from South America. (zpiornc, a saw; yaornp, belly.)

716. PRISTIGASTER CAYANUS, Cuvier.

Head 4; depth 2. D.15; A. 46 to 52. Front of dorsal much nearer tip
of snout than base of caudal; upper caudal rays produced in filaments in
adult, these longer than the fin itself. Abdominal profile subcircular in
the adult. Scutes 32. Color silvery. Length 4 inches. Coast of Guiana
and northern Brazil. (Cuvier & Valenciennes.) (Cayanus, from Cayenne.)
Pristigaster cayanis, Cuvier, Régne Animal, Ed. 1, pl. 10, fig. 3, 1817, Cayenne; Cuvier & VAL-
ENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., xx, 334, 1847; GiinrHer, Cat., vir, 463, 1868.

Pristigaster martii, AGAss1z, Spix, Pisc. Brasil., 55, 1829, Brazil. i

Pristigasler phaéton, CUVIER & VALENCIENMES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., xx, 338, 1847, mouth of Ama-
zon.

>

afl

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 439

Family LXII. ENGRAULIDID,
(THE ANCHOVIES. )

Body elongate, more or less compressed, covered with thin cycloid scales.
Head compressed. Mouth extremely large, more or less oblique, usually
overlapped by a pointed, compressed, pig-like snout. Gape very wide,
the maxillary very long and slender, formed of about three pieces, extend-
ing backward far behind the eye; in some species beyond the head. Pre-
maxillaries not protractile, very small, firmly joined to the maxillaries.
Teeth usually small, sometimes obsolete, usually fine and even, in a single
row in each jaw; canines sometimes present. Eye large, well forward,
without adipose eyelid. Preorbital narrow. Opercles thin and membran-
aceous. Gill rakers long and slender. Branchiostegals slender, 7 to 14 in
number. Gill membranes separate or joined, free from the isthmus.
Pseudobranchiz present. No lateral line. Belly rounded or weakly ser-
rate. Fins various; the dorsal usually short and median; no adipose fin;
caudal forked. Small, carnivorous shore fishes, usually swimming in large
schools on sandy shores ; abundant in all warm seas, occasionally enter-
ing rivers. Genera 9; species about 80. This group is often regarded as
a subfamily under the Clupeide, from which it differs in no character of
high importance.

(Clupeidx, group Engraulidina, GUNTHER, Cat. vir, 383-406, 1868.)

a, Teeth in the jaws equally small, if present ; no canines.
b. Insertion of dorsal before that of anal.
c. Gill membranes nearly or quite separate, free from the isthmus.
d, Teeth present at all ages; maxillaries not greatly produced; no pectoral
filaments.

e. Vertebree about 41 in number ; bones firm ; species chiefly tropical.
STOLEPHORUS, 218.
ee. Vertebre about 45 in number; bones rather feeble ; species of the tem-

perate zones. ENGRAULIS, 219.

dd, Teeth wanting in the adult; minute, but present in the young; body very
deep, but not strongly compressed. ANCHOVIA, 220.

ec. Gillmembranes broadly united, free from the isthmus. CETENGRAULIS, 221.

bb. Insertion of dorsal behind front of the very long anal; gill membranes separate.
PTERENGRAULIS, 222.
aa. Teeth in jaws unequal, some of them enlarged and canine-like. LYCENGRAULIS, 223.

218. STOLEPHORUS, Lacépéde.

(SILVERY ANCHOVIES.)
Stolephorus, Lackripr, Hist. Nat. Poiss., v, 381, 1803, (japonica).

; Body oblong, compressed, covered with rather large, thin, deciduous
_ seales. Belly rounded, or weakly compressed. Snout conical, com-
pressed, projecting beyond the very large mouth. Maxillary narrow,
little movable, usually formed of three pieces, extending backward far
behind the eye, to the base of the mandible, or beyond, not beyond gill
opening. Premaxillaries very small. Teeth small, subequal, present at
| all ages, usually on the jaws, vomer, palatines, and pterygoids. Anal tin
) moderate, free from caudal (its rays 12 to 40). No pectoral filaments.

440 ~=—- Bulletin 47, United States National Museum,

Dorsal inserted about midway of body, posterior to ventrals. Pectorals
and ventrals each with a large axillary scale. Adipose eyelid obsolete.
Vertebre* about 40 (40 to 42) in species examined. Flesh rather pale
and dry, more or less translucent; the bones firm. Pseudobranchiz
present. Branchiostegals 9 to 14. Gill rakers long and slender. Gill
membranes separate, free from the narrow isthmus. Species about 50;
small, carnivorous shore fishes, swimming in large schools on sandy shores
of all warm seas, occasionally entering rivers. Most of them are marked
by a very broad, distinct, silvery band. (o70/7, a stole, a white band
worn by priests; ¢dpoc, bearing; in allusion to the silvery lateral band.)

a. Anal rays 12 to 14; body very slender, the depth 6 in length ; no distinct lateral band.
; MIARCHUS, 717.
aa. Anal rays 15 to 17; body slender, compressed, the depth 5 to 6 in length.
b. Maxillary short, not quite reaching margin of preopercle ; lateral band well defined,
34 eye. PERFASCIATUS, 718.
bb. Maxillary of moderate length, reaching beyond preopercle nearly to gill opening.
c. Sides with a faint silvery streak; gill rakers short, the longest 14 eye; belly

serrulate. Ex1Guvs, 719.
cc. Sides with a well-defined lateral silvery band ; belly not serrulate.
d. Eye 4 in head, as long as snout; scales caducous. CUBANUS, 720.

dd, Eye 3% in head, longer than snout; axillary sheaths very large.
: PERTHECATUS, 721.
ddd. Eye 334 in head, longer than snout; scales not caducous. ISCHANUS, 722.
aaa. Anal rays 19 to 24.
e. Side with a distinct silvery lateral band, with well-defined edges.
f. Maxillary long, reaching past root of mandible, nearly or quite to gili opening ;
snout projecting considerably beyond lower jaw.
g. Body moderately elongate, the depth 4 to 434 in length of body.
h. Silvery lateral band very sharply defined, as broad as eye, not much nar-
rowed anteriorly ; eye large, 314 in head ; belly serrulate; A. 20; gill
rakers 24 eye. BROWNII, 723.
hh. Silvery lateral band narrow anteriorly, becoming as broad as. eye
opposite anal fin ; belly compressed, not serrulate ; anal rays 20.
CULTRATUS, 724.
hhh. Silvery lateral,band throughout narrower than eye; anal rays 23;

gill rakers nearly as long as eye. DELICATISSIMUS, 725.
gg. Body more elongate, the depth about 514 in length of body; gill rakers
as long aseye. A. 23 or 24; eye 42 in head. CH@ROSTOMUS, 726.

Jf. Maxillary short, not reaching root of mandible; eye small, not longer than
snout, 4 in head; silvery stripe rather diffuse, half broader than eye; body
little compressed, approaching Engraulis mordax in form. ARGYROPHANUS, 727.

ee. Sides without distinct silvery band, or with a faint diffuse streak.

i. Opercles short, the distance from lower posterior angle of cheek to gill opening
much less than from the same point forward to middle of eye; snout
bluntish, not produced.

j. Dorsal rays 11; depth 424 in length; belly serrulate ; anal 22 or 23.
cuURTUS, 728.

ji. Dorsal rays 15 or 16; depth 414 in length, pectorals longer ; anal 23 or 24.

POEYI, 729.
vi. Opercle unusually long, the distance from lower posterior angle of cheek back-
' ward to gill opening as great as distance from same point forward to center

of eye; cheeks very broad ; snout projecting ; eye 4in head; anal 22.
OPERCULARIS, 730.

* In but few of the many species has the skeleton been examined. In general the bones are
firmer, the vertebre larger and less numerous than in Engraulis, but the value of this character
is yet to be proved.

Se Sas

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 441

aaaa, Anal rays about 30, (25 to 36).
k. Silvery lateral band diffuse or obsolete ; body much compressed ; eye 3 to 34 in head.
1. Gill rakers shorter than eye; lateral band narrow.
m. Belly slightly serrulate ; gill rakers 24 eye ; scales caducous ; anal rays 25 or 26.
MITCHILLI, 731.
mm. Belly not serrulate; gill rakers half eye; scales not caducous; anal rays 27.
LuciDus, 732.
ll. Gill rakers long and slender, longer than eye ; belly trenchant, not serrate ; scales
40; lateral band broad and diffuse or obsolete ; snout much projecting,
n. Snout moderately pointed ; minute teeth in both jaws ; lateral band diffuse.
CLUPEOIDES, 733.
nn. Snout pointed ; minute teeth in upper jaw only ; lateral band obsolete.
PRODUCTUS, 734.
kk. Silvery lateral band well defined ; snout short, little projecting.
o. Maxillary reaching little behind root of mandible ; scales 40 ; silvery lateral band
as broad as eye; gill rakers nearly as long as eye; anal rays 31.
COMPRESSUS, 735.
oo. Maxillary reaching gill opening ; scales 35; lateral band silver gray; anal rays
31 to 36, PANAMENSIS, 736.
aaaaa. Anal fin extremely long, its rays 37 or 38.
p. Lateral band ill defined or obsolete; snout pointed, much projecting; insertion of
dorsal nearer snout than base of caudal; subopercle with a flat triangular
prominence. : SPINIFER, 737.

717. STOLEPHORUS MIARCHUS, Jordan & Gilbert.

Head 41; depth 6. D.11to013; A.12to14. Very slender, little com-
pressed, the belly not trenchant; snout subconical, projecting. Teeth
evident in both jaws; maxillary short, reaching edge of preopercle. Eye
not very large. Insertion of dorsal midway between snout and caudal;
anal very short, its first ray under last of dorsal. Scales caducous.
Perfectly transparent in life, with some black dots; a diffuse lateral
silvery shade, but no stripe. Length 2 inches. Mazatlan to Panama;
abundant. At Mazatlan it is not taken in the Estuary with other Stole-
phori, but is taken with dynamite in deep water, where it swims near the
surface. It is probable that the types are immature and are possibly the
young of S. exiguus. Very young specimens taken at Key West and called
the same by Jordan, are not this species; they are either new or the
young of Stolephorus perfasciatus. (evdw, to reduce; apyoc, anus. )

Stolephorus miarchus, JonDAN & GILBERT, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1881, 344, Mazatlan. (Type,
No. 28119. Coll. Gilbert.) Jorpan & GiLBert, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1882, 622.

718. STOLEPHORUS PERFASCIATUS (Poey).

Head 44; depth 6; eye 3}. D.12; A.14to16. Body rather elongate;
snout compressed and pointed, shorter than eye. Top of head with a
slight keel. Maxillary and lower jaw finely toothed; maxillary unusually
short, its posterior end rounded, not extending quite to margin of pre-
opercle; gill rakers numerous; pectoral 1}-in head, not reaching ventrals ;
insertion of anal below last rays of dorsal, the fin short; origin of dorsal
midway between root of caudal and pupil. Color of S. brownii, the lateral
band rather narrower, well defined, its width about } eye; no dark pune-
tulations except on base of caudal and sometimes on anal. Length 2 to
3inches. Florida Keys to Cuba; common, but much less abundant than
Stolephorus brownii. (perfasciatus, well-banded.)

449 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum,

= ————————t

Engraulis perfasciatus, Pory, Memorias, 11, 313, 1860, Cuba; GUNTHER, Cat., vir, 391, 1868; not
of Swarn, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., 1, 1882, 55; not of JorpAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 273,

1883.
Stolephorus perfasciatus, Swatn & Meek, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1884, 34.

719. STOLEPHORUS EXIGUUS, Jordan & Gilbert.

Head 3%; depth 5; eye 34. D.12; A. 17; scales 38-5. Body slender,
not greatly compressed and not elevated; belly compressed, serrulate ;
head short; opercular margin not very oblique; cheek narrowly trian-
gular; snout ? eye, which is large; maxillary about reaching opercular
margin, tapering to an acute point; teeth in both jaws. Gill rakers
short, the longest 4 eye. Dorsal inserted midway between middle of
pupil and base of caudal; pectorals not reaching ventrals. Scales cadu-
cous. Translucent, with dark dots; sides with a faint silvery streak.
Length 23 inches. Mazatlan; not common. (exiguus, thin.)

Stolephorus exiguus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1881, 342, Mazatlan. (Type, No.
28120. Coll. Gilbert.)

720. STULEPHORUS CUBANUS (Poey).

(Bocon.)

Head 5 in length with caudal; depth 63; eye 4. D. 14; A.17. Allied to
S. brownii, but with the anal shorter. Body slender, compressed. Eye as
long as snout. Maxillary with teeth, its tip extending beyond the oper-
cular border. Dorsal beginning midway between front of caudal and
posterior edge of eye; pectoral not quite reaching ventral. Scales cadu-
cous. A silvery band + depth of body. Length 2? inches. Cuba and
Porto Rico. (Poey.)

Engraulis cubanus, Pory, Synopsis, 420, 1868, Cuba. (Coll. Poey.)

721. STOLEPHORUS PERTHECATUS, Goode & Bean.

Head 3%; depth 5; eye 34. D.11; A. 16; scales 38. Body somewhat
compressed, the belly not carinated nor serrated. Eye longer than snout;
snout conical; teeth minute, in both jaws; maxillary with acute tip
almost reaching gill opening; gill rakers numerous, % eye. Dorsal
inserted midway between center of eye and base of caudal; pectorals
not quite reaching ventrals; axillary sheaths very large, almost as long
as pectoral or ventral. Olivaceous, with a narrow silvery stripe, + depth
of body, not half as wide aseye. Length 33inches. Pensacola, Florida.
(Goode & Bean.) Apparently allied to S. perfasciatus, but the maxillary
longer. (perthecatus, well sheathed. )

Stolephorus perthecatus, GoopE & BEAN, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., 1882, 434, Pensacola. (Type,
No. 30483. Coll. Stearns.)

722. STOLEPHORUS ISCHANUS, Jordan & Gilbert.

Head 3%; depth 5. D. 13; A. 16; scales 40-7. Close to Stolephorus
brownii, but slenderer and with fewer anal rays. Body elongate, not
strongly compressed or elevated; belly compressed, its edge rounded.
Head long and slender; opercular margin very oblique; cheeks triangu-
lar, rather broad; teeth evident in both jaws; maxillary not quite

Jordan and Evermann.—Ffishes of North America, 443

reaching gill opening. Gill rakers numerous, longest eye. Snoutlong,
# eye, which is 3? in head. Dorsal inserted midway between base of
median caudal rays and front of eye; anal short; caudal shorter than
head; pectorals short, not nearly reaching ventrals. Scales thin, not
caducous. Translucent, with a sharply defined silvery stripe as in S.
brownii, but narrower, confined to one series of scales ; many black specks
on body and fins. Length 3 inches. Mazatlan to Panama; abundant,
replacing Stolephorus brownii on the west coast; a slender species, with
shorter anal than S. brownii. (icxy[a]voc, slender.)

Stolephorus ischanus, JORDAN & GiLBERT, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1881, 340, Mazatlan. (Type,
No. 28246. Coll. Gilbert.)

723. STOLEPHORUS BROWNII (Gmelin).

(StrripeD ANCHOVY; MANJUA.)

Head 3%; depth 4%; eye 34. D. 15; A. 20; scales 40. Body rather
elongate, compressed, not elevated; belly compressed, serrulate. Head
rather short, the snout 5 in head, projecting much beyond the tip of the
lower jaw. Teeth pretty strong; maxillary extending beyond base of
mandible, but not quite reaching to the edge of the gill opening. Eye
large; cheeks triangular, scarcely larger than eye. Gill rakers long, }
diameter of eye, but shorter than in S. compressus. Anal with a sheath
of scales; dorsal inserted nearer caudal than snout. Olivaceous, trans-
lucent, sides silvery; the silvery lateral band about as wide as the eye,
very distinct. Length 4 to 6 inches. Cape Cod to Brazil; very abundant
southward, both on the Florida Coast and in the West Indies; the most
abundant of the American species. (Named for Patrick Browne, author
of the History of Jamaica, 1756.)

Piquitinga, MARcGRAVE, Hist. Bras., 159, 1648, Brazil.

Menidia, Browne, Hist. Jamaica, 441, 1756, Jamaica.

Atherina brownii, GMELIN, Syst. Nat., 1397, 1788, Jamaica; after Browne.

Esox epsetus, BONNATERRE, Tabl. Ichth., 175, 1788, Jamaica ; after Browne.

Engraulis lemniscatus, Cuvier, Régne Animal, Ed. 2, mu, 323, 1829, Brazil; after Piquitinga of
MARCGRAVE.

Engraulis tricolor, AGAssiz, Spix, Pisc. Brasil., 51, 1829, Bahia; Para.

Engraulis piquitinga, AGAssiz, Spix, Pisc. Brasil., pl. 23, fig. 1, 1829; types of tricolor.

Argentina menidia, GRonow, Cat., 141, 1854; after Browne.

Stolephorus hiuleus, Goopr & Bran, Proc. U. 8, Nat. Mus., 1879, 343, (depth 544, anal rays 22),
Clearwater Harbor, Florida. (Type, No. 23632. Coll. Dr. Velie.)

Engraulis brownii, GUNTHER, Cat., vir, 389, 1868.

Btolephorus browni and hiulcus, JoRDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 273, 1883.

724. STOLEPHORUS CULTRATUS, Gilbert.

Head 3%; depth 44. D. 12; A. 20; scales 40. Body compressed, of
medium depth, the abdomen compressed to an edge both in front of and
behind the ventral fins, but without serrations ; behind the ventrals the
edge is sharply carinate. Head slender and sharp, the snout long and
compressed, extending beyond tip of lower jaw for a distance nearly
equaling diameter of orbit; maxillary abruptly widened behind angle
of mouth, then tapering to a rather sharp point, which extends beyond

444 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

mandibular articulation nearly to gill opening. Teeth in lower jaw
small, but distinctly visible; in upper jaw larger toward tip of maxil-
lary, where they are directed forward. Opercle narrow, scarcely as
wide as exposed portion of preopercle, the margin moderately oblique,
not wavy. Front of dorsal midway between base of caudal and front of
pupil; base of ventrals midway between origin of anal and articulation
of mandible; origin of anal behind last ray of dorsal. Scales closely
adherent, rather thick and firm. Olivaceous, the dorsal region with black
specking; a silvery band along middle of sides, very narrow anteriorly,
but increasing in width to opposite anal fin, where it is as wide as eye;
snout and margin of caudal lobes dusky. Length 34 inches. Santa Mar-
garita Island, Lower California. (cultratus, knife-formed.)

Stolephorus cultratus, GILBERT, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1891, 544, Santa MargaritaIsland. (Coll.
Gilbert.)

725. STOLEPHORUS DELICATISSIMUS (Girard).

Head 44; depth 4%. D. 13; A. 23; scales 40. Head short, nearly
as deep as long; eye large, much longer than the blunt snout, which pro-
jects considerably beyond the lower jaw. Gill rakers numerous, slender,
nearly as long as the eye. Maxillary reaching past the root of the man-
dible. Lower lobe of caudal the longer ; dorsal inserted midway between
caudal and front of eye. Very pale olivaceous, translucent, with some
dark points, and a silvery lateral band not as wide as the eye. Length 3
inches. San Diego Bay and southward in Lower California; locally very
abundant. (delicatissimus, most delicate.)

Engraulis delicatissimus, GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1854, 154, and Pac. R. R. Surv., x,

335, 1858, San Diego; (Coll. A. Cassidy); GuUNTHER, Cat., vir, 391, 1868.
Stolephorus delicatissimus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 274, 1883.

726. STOLEPHORUS CHROSTOMUS (Goode).
(Hog-moutH Fry.)

Head 4; depth 54; eye 42. D.13 or 14; A. 23 or 24; scales 38. Snout
projecting much beyond lower jaw, which just passes vertical from front
of eye; eye as long as snout. Maxillary tapering, reaching gill opening.
Gill rakers 10 + 25, as long as eye. Dorsal inserted before middle of body ;
anal under middle of body; pectorals reaching front of ventrals; scales
large. Brownish, with a lateral silvery band, as broad as eye. Length 2?
inches. Bermuda Islands; common in Hamilton Harbor. (Goode.) Al-
lied to Stolephorus surinamensis, but more slender, the depth much less than
length of head. (yoipoc, hog; créua, mouth.)

Engraulis choerostomus, Goopr, Amer. Journ. Sci. Arts, August, 1874, 125, Bermudas.

727. STOLEPHORUS ARGYROPHANUS (Cuvier & Valenciennes).

Head 33; depth6; eye 4. D.14; A.19. Body elongate, much slenderer
than in S. brownii, and not so much compressed ; belly slightly compressed,
not serrated. Head not so deep as in S. brownii, more pointed, the snout
rather sharp, whichis 5 in head. Eye rather small, not longer than snout.
Maxillary teeth well developed; mandibular teeth very slender. Gillrakers

t=

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 445

very long, aslong as snout. Maxillaryshorter than in S. brownii, not reach-
ing quite to the base of the mandible. Scales very deciduous. Ventrals
short, very slightly in front of dorsal; caudal peduncle long and slender;
dorsal inserted scarcely nearer caudal than snout. Silvery stripe broad,
half wider than the eye, bordered above by a dusky streak. Length 4
inches. Gulf Stream ; occasional northward ; here described from a speci-
men from Woods Holl, Mass., the type of S. eurystole, which séems to be
identical with the type of Stolephorus argyrophanus, examined by us in
Paris. (dpyvpoc, silver; ¢aivw, to show.)

Engraulis argyrophanus, CuviER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., xx1, 49, 1848, Equatorial

Atlantic.

Stolephorus eurystole, Swain & MeExEK, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1884, 34, Woods Holl, Mass.
Stolephorus perfasciatus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 273, 1883; not of Pory.

728. STOLEPHORUS CURTUS, Jordan & Gilbert.

Head 43; depth 4%; eye 22 to 34. D. 11; A. 22 or 23; scales 35-5.
Body compressed and deep, the upper and lower outlines little arched ;
belly before ventrals sharply compressed, serrulate. Head short and
deep, the snout blunt, not produced; maxillary not quite reaching gill
opening, ending in a sharp point; each jaw with minute teeth. Oper-
cle shortish; cheeks broadly triangular. Gill rakers about } eye, which
is large. Dorsal inserted midway between middle of pupil and base of
caudal; caudal short, the lower lobe longer; pectorals very short, barely
reaching ventrals; scales thin, caducous. Translucent, with yellow
shades and dark dots; sides with a faint diffuse silvery streak. Length
24 inches. Mazatlan; abundant in the muddy estuary. (curtus, short.)

Stolephorus curtus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1881, 348, Mazatlan. (Type, No.
29242. Coll. Gilbert.)

729. STOLEPHORUS POEYI (Kner & Steindachner).

Head 44; depth 44; eye 34 tod. D.16; A. 23 or 24; scales 42. Body
deep and compressed, the outlines not arched; snout short, bluntish,
little projecting; eye moderate; both jaws with small teeth; maxillary
moderate, extending little beyond joint of mandible; opercles short.
Front of dorsal nearer base of caudal than tip of snout; pectorals rather
long, not reaching ventrals; ventrals small. Scales deciduous. Green-
ish, sides silvery, with no distinct lateral band. Rio Bayano, near
Panama. (Kner & Steindachner.) (Named for Felipe Poey, the ichthy-
ologist of Cuba, for nearly a half century professor of zodlogy in the
University of Havana.)

Engraulis poeyi, Kner & Sreinpacuner, Abh. Bayer, Ak. Wiss., x, 1864, 23, with plate, Rio
Bayano; Ginruer, Cat., vir, 392, 1868,

730. STOLEPHORUS OPERCULARIS, Jordan & Gilbert.

Head 3; depth 3} to 4; eye 4; D. (injured in specimen examined); A. 20
to 24; scales 39. Body elliptical, short, and moderately compressed; dor-
sal outline evenly curved; belly compressed, not trenchant. Head large,
compressed, the snout bluntish, projecting beyond lower jaw; maxillary

446 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

short and slender, not reaching joint of mandible; maxillary with very
fine teeth; mandible without teeth. Cheeks triangular, the form lower
and broader than usual, its base at eye # length of other sides. Eye
much longer than snout; opercles unusually long, the distance from ridge
of preopercle at Jower posterior angle of cheek back to gill opening
equal to distance from same point forward to middle of eye. Insertion of
dorsal midway between base of caudal and middle of eye; anal shortish,
with a large scaly sheath; pectorals and ventrals short; scales large,
rather adherent. Bluish above, silvery below, not translucent; no lateral
silvery band. Length5inches. Gulf of Californiato Panama; not very
common. (opercularis, pertaining to-the opercle, which is very long.)

Stolephorus opercularis, JORDAN & GILBERT, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1881, 275, Punta San

Felipe, Gulf of California. (Type, No. 29366. Coll. Lieut. Nichols.)

731. STOLEPHORUS MITCHILLI (Cuvier & Valenciennes).

Head 34; depth 4; eye 3. D.14; A. 25 or 26; scales 37. Body rather
short and deep, strongly compressed, the belly compressed and slightly
serrated. Head short, compressed, bluntish; snout very short, not
longer than pupil; eye very large; maxillary about reaching edge of
opercle; both jaws with teeth; cheeks broadly triangular, almost equi-
lateral, smaller than eye; opercle short, little oblique; gill rakers rather
long, eye. Dorsal inserted midway between caudal and middle of eye;
anal very long; pectorals long, about reaching ventrals. Scales thin,
caducous. Translucent whitish, sides silvery, with an ill-defined narrow
silvery band scarcely wider than pupil; fins with yellowish; many dark
dots on body and fins. Length 24 inches. Cape Cod to Texas on sandy
shores, entering rivers; very abundant. The smallest species of Anchovy
found north of the tropics. (Named for Professor Samuel Latham
Mitchill, author of a valuable early catalogue of the fishes of New York.)
Engraulis mitchilli, CuvIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., xx1, 50, 1848, New York; Caro-

lina; Lake Pontchartrain.

Engraulis louisiana, LE Surur, MS.? Cuvier & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., xx1, 51, 1848,
Lake Pontchartrain.

Engraulis duodecim, Corr, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., 1866, 405, Beasleys Point, New Jersey;
(dorsal fin said to be entirely anterior to the long and deeply concave anal, which is not
true in S. mitchilli; the description otherwise agrees).

Stolephorus mitchilli, JORDAN & GILBERT, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1882, 248.

732. STOLEPHORUS LUCIDUS, Jordan & Gilbert. -
(‘‘Sarpina.’’)

Head 34; depth 32; eye 3. D.12; A. 27; scales 36-6; B. 11. Body
closely compressed, but not greatly elevated, the back weakly arched;
belly carinate before anal, but not serrate. Head short, rather pointed,
the margins of opercles forming an even curve; maxillary narrow-
pointed, reaching little beyond mandibular joint; teeth evident; snout
short, projecting, 2 in eye; cheeks oblique, V-shaped, the length more
than + head; gill rakers rather few and short, the longest 2 in eye.
Front of dorsal midway between base of caudal and front of eye; caudal
short, the lower lobe the longer; pectoral about reaching ventrals.

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 447

Seales rather adherent. Translucent, with black dots on body and fins -
some yellow shades; sides with a rather diffuse silvery band, narrowed
behind and expanding on base of caudal. Length 5 inches. Mazatlan;

locally abundant. (lucidus, bright.)

Stolephorus lucidus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1881, 341, Mazatlan. (Type, No.
28121. Coll. Gilbert.)

733. STOLEPHORUS CLUPEOIDES (Swainson).

Head 34 to 33; depth 33; eye 33. D. 14; A. 25 to 30; scales 40-8.
Snout much projecting, blunt, short, abont 2 in eye; maxillary obliquely
truncate, ending in a point, just before joint of mandible. Teeth very
small, in both jaws; gill rakers very fine, setiform, longer than eye;
abdomen trenchant, but without conspicuous spines. Insertion of dorsal
a little behind middle of body ; insertion of anai before middle of dorsal.
Silvery; lateral band broad, not very distinct. Size very large, length
about a foot. Coast of Guiana and southward; common, ascending
streams. (Steindachner; Giinther.) (Clupea sprattus, the Sprat; cidoc,
likeness. )

? Engraulis clupeoides, SWAINSON, Nat. Hist. Fishes, 11, 388, 1839, Pernambuco.
Stolephorus surinamensis, BLEEKER, Neder]. Tijdschr. Dierk., 1866, 178, Surinam.

Engraulis surinamensis, GUNTHER, Cat., VII, 393, 1868 ; A. 25 or 26; STEINDACHNER, Ich. Beitr.,
vir, 55, 1875; A. 30.

734. STOLEPHORUS PRODUCTUS (Pocy).

(HEecHuDO; GRUBBER BROAD-HEAD.)

Head 33; depth 33. D. 13; A. 32; scales 40. Body deep, much com-
pressed; belly compressed, not serrate; maxillary tapering behind, nearly
reaching gill opening; snout pointed, much projecting beyond lower jaw ;
teeth very small.in upper jaw only. Dorsal midway between tip of snout
and base of caudal. Scales caducous. Greenish, silvery on sides, without
distinct lateral band. Cuba and Jamaica. (Poey; Gunther.) Possibly
not distinct from Stolephorus clupeoides. (productus, lengthened. )

Engraulis productus, Pory, Repertorio, 380, 1866, Cuba; Giinther, Cat., vir, 388, 1868.

735. STOLEPHORUS COMPRESSUS (Girard).

Head 44; depth 3%. D. 12; A. 31; scales 40. Body strongly com-
pressed, deeper than in most other species; head short, nearly as deep
as long; eye large, anterior, much longer than the blunt snout, which
does not project much beyond the lower jaw. Gill rakers numerous,
slender, nearly as long as the eye. Maxillary reaching beyond the root
of the mandible. Lower lobe of caudal the longer; anal fin very long;
dorsal inserted midway between caudal and front of eye; pectoral with
a basal sheath. Very pale olivaceous, translucent; a silvery lateral
band as broad as the eye. Flesh thin and dry, the bones firmer than in
Engraulis mordax. Length 6 inches. Point Concepcion to Lower Cali-
fornia, abundant about San Diego. (compressus, compressed. )

Pngraulis compressus, Ginarv, Pac. R. R. Sury., x, 336, 1858, San Diego. (Coll. A. Cassidy);
GUntueEr, Cat., vir, 395, 1868.
Stolephorus compressus, JonDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 274, 1883,

448 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

736. STOLEPHORUS PANAMENSIS (Steindachner).

Head 42; depth 3? to 34; eye about 3$. D412; A 31 to 36; scales 35.
Body strongly compressed, the outlines not strongly arched. Snout
short, bluntly conical, not $ length of the large eye. Maxillary pointed
behind, reaching gill opening; evident teeth in both jaws; no process on
subopercle. Insertion of dorsal a little nearer posterior edge of eye than
caudal; caudal longer than head; pectorals long, reaching anal. Pale, a
well-marked silvery-gray lateral band. Length 6inches. Panama; not rare.

Engraulis panamensis, STEINDACHNER, Ichth. Beitr., rv, 39, 1875, Panama.

737. STOLEPHORUS SPINIFER (Cuvier & Valenciennes).

Head 4; depth 44. D.15; A. 37 or 38. Abdomen compressed, not ser-
rated; snout pointed, much projecting; each jaw with minute teeth;
maxillary tapering, reaching gill opening ; subopercle projecting beyond
opercle, forming « small triangular prominence. (fill rakers slender,
longer than eye, 10-+16. Insertion of dorsal considerably nearer tip of
snout than base of caudal; pectorals reaching ventra:s. Coloration uni-
form, no distinct lateral stripe. Length 6 inches. Coast of Guiana;
recorded from Panama.by Steindachner. (Gutnther.) (spina, spine ; fero,
I bear; in allusion to the subopercular process.)

Engraulis spinifer, CuviER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., xx1, 39, 1848, Cayenne; Gin-
THER, Cat., vil, 384, 1868.

219. ENGRAULIS, Cuvier.
(ANCHOVIES. )

Engraulis, Cuvier, Régne Animal, Ed. 1, 174, 1817, (encrasicholus).
Encrasicholus, FLEMING, British Animals, 183, 1828, (encrasicholus).

We separate from Stolephorus as a distinct genus, the typical species of
Engraulis, with a few related species, the anchovies of the north and
south Temperate zones, the species of Stolephorus being confined chiefly to
the tropics. The technical basis of this division, the increased number
of vertebre in Lngraulis, is connected with the geographical distribution
of its species. Engraulis includes spindle-shaped species, little com-
pressed, the sides rounded, the vertebrie in larger number (about 45*), the
flesh rather dark, tender, and somewhat oily, not translucent, the bones
soft, the appearance and flesh resembling that of the sardines. (éyypavaic,
engraulis, the ancient name of Engraulis encrasicholus, the common
anchovy of Europe.) .

a. Head very long, the snout projecting ; gill rakers very long, much longer than eye; A. 22;
no distinct silvery lateral band; jaws with small teeth. MORDAX, 738.

738. ENGRAULIS MORDAX, Girard,

(CALIFORNIA ANCHOVY.)

Head 3}; depth 54. D. 14; A. 22; scales 40; B. 14. Vertebrx
23 + 22—45. Body spindle-shaped, formed much as in a sardine, little
compressed, rounded above, slightly carinated below, not serrated; head

* 44 or 45 in E, mordax ; 46 or 47 in S. encrasicholus.

ee

1s te

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 449

long, anteriorly compressed, the snout pointed and protruding; head nearly
twice as long as deep; eye large, very near the tip of the snout; max-
illary extending beyond root of mandible; jaws with small teeth; opercle
deeper than long, placed very obliquely. Gill rakers very long, much
longer than the eye. Bluish above; sides and below silvery, not trans-
lucent; no silvery lateral band. Young more compressed, the sides sil-
very, but not translucent and without lateralband. Flesh comparatively
dark and easily torn, as in a sardine. Length 7 inches. Pacific Coast
of Americafrom Vancouver Island to Lower California; extremely abun-
dant, in large schools; one of the largest of our anchovies, and the most
valuable as food, ranging farther north than its American allies, as does
the related Engraulis encrasicholus in Europe. (mordaz, biting.)

Engraulis mordax, Girard, Proc. Ac. Nat, Sci. Phila., 1854, 138, and in Pac. R. R. Surv., x, 334,
1858, Shoalwater Bay, Washington. (Coll. Dr. J. G. Cooper.)

Engraulis nanus, GIRARD, l. c., X, 335, 1858, San Francisco; young. (Coll. Heermann); KNER
& STEINDACHNER, Sitz. Ak. Wiss. Wien, 1866, fig. 17.

Stolephorus ringens, JorDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 272, 1883, and of recent authors generally,
but probably not identical with Engraulis ringens, JENYNS, Voyage Beagle, 136, 1842, a
similar species from Chili and Peru, but with anal rays 19, and the head 4 in length.
Neither species occurs on the west coast of Mexico.

220. ANCHOVIA, Jordan & Evermann.

Anchovia, JORDAN & EVERMANN, new genus, (macrolepidota).

The genus is closely allied to Stolephorus, differing in the form of the
body which is very deep, but not strongly compressed, and in the absence
of teeth in both jaws in the adult, although teeth are developed in the
young. One speciesknown. (Anchovia, Anchovy, a name long applied to
Engraulis encrasicholus, the Anchovy of Europe.)

739. ANCHOVIA MACROLEPIDOTA (Kner & Steindachner). _

(SARDINA BOCONA.)

Head 34+; depth 3. D. 15; A. 28 to 30; scales 35-9. Body very short
and deep, both dorsal and ventral outlines strongly arched; head one-
fourth longer than deep; snout very short, not longer than pupil; not
projecting far beyond lower jaw; jaws toothless in adult; minute teeth
present in young; maxillary narrow, rounded behind, extending to angle
of preopercle; gill rakers fine, long, and very numerous; subopercle
with a slight process, as in S. spinifer. Abdomen slightly compressed.
Scales adherent. Origin of dorsal slightly behind middle of body; ventrals
very small, pectorals rather long. Silvery, sides with an indistinct bluish
band. Length 8 inches. Gulf of Mexico to Panama, very abundant
about Guaymas where it is often cast up dead on the beach in great
numbers; one of the largest species of anchovy. (uaxpoderidotéc, large-
scaled.)

Engraulis macrolepidotus, Kner & SrertnpaAcuNer, Abhandl. Bayer, Akad. Wiss., x, 1864, 21,
pl. 1m, fig. 2, Rio Bayano, Panama ; GUNTHER, Cat., vir, 385, 1868 ;, STEINDACHNER, Ichth,
Beitr., rv, 37, 1875.

Stolephorus macrolepidotus, EvERMANN & JENKINS, Proc, U. 8. Nat. Mus., xiv, 1891, 134

¥F. N. A.——30

450 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

221. CETENGRAULIS, Giinther.
Cetengraulis, GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes, Brit. Mus., vi, 383, 1868, (edentulus).

This genus differs from Stoleyhorus in having the gill membranes
broadly united. The gill rakers are usually long, and the teeth are rudi-
mentary or wanting. Two species. («jroc, whale; Engraulis; the long
gill rakers suggesting whalebone.)

a. Anal rays 20 to 22; eye 51 in head. MYSTICETUS, 740.
aa. Anal rays 23 to 25; eye 414 in head. EDENTULUS, 741.

740. CETENGRAULIS MYSTICETUS (Giinther).

Head 2% to 22; depth 32; eye 54. D. 15 to 17; A. 20 to 22; scales
42-14. No teeth; maxillary not reaching root of mandible; gill rakers
very long, setiform, 10+ 42. Insertion of dorsal midway between eye
and base of caudal; pectorals extending to or a little beyond ventrals.
Coloration uniform. Panama. (Gtinther.) (Balena mysticetus, the Right
Whale, the long gill rakers suggesting whalebone.)

Engraulis mysticetus, GUNTHER, Proc. Zodl. Soc. Lond., 1866, 604, Panama.
Cetengraulis mysticetus, GUNTHER, Cat., vil, 383, 1868.

741. CETENGRAULIS EDENTULUS (Cuvier).
(Bocon.)

Head 3} to 34+; depth 3; eye 4 to 44. D.15; A. 23 to 25; scales 40-11.
Body deep, not greatly compressed ; belly compressed, bluntly trenchant,
not serrate; snout short, sharply pointed, 1; in eye; maxillary slender,
finely toothed posteriorly only in the young, not reaching root of mandible;
lower jaw toothless. Gill rakers close-set, longer than eye, 34 in head;
cheeks triangular, longer than high. Scales not caducous. Insertion of
dorsal midway between front of eye and base of cauda:; pectoral short,
2 in head, not reaching ventral; caudal deeply forked, 14 in head; dor-
sal and anal with large basal sheaths. Silvery, darker above, a dark
lateral band concealed by the silvery scales. Length 6 inches. West
Indies to Brazil, common in Cuba. (edentulus, toothless, which is not
quite true of young examples. )

Sprat, SLOANE, Hist. Jamaica, 11, 282, 1727, Jamaica.

Engraulis cdentulus, CuviER, Régne Animal, Ed. 2, 11, 323, 1829, Jamaica; after SLOANE; CUVIER
& VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., xx1, 51, 1848.

Engraulis brevis, Porky, Repertorio, 1, 379, 1866, Cuba.

Cetengraulis edentulus, GUNTHER, Cat., vil, 383, 1868.

Celengraulis brevis, SwAIN & MEEK, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila, 1884, 35.

222. PTERENGRAULIS, Giinther.
Pterengraulis, GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes, vi1, 398, 1868, (atherinoides).
This genus is very close to Stolephorus, differing chiefly in the insertion
of the dorsal, which is a little behind the front of the very long anal fin.
South American. (zrepor, fin; Engraulis.)

742. PTERENGRAULIS ATHERINOIDES (Linnzus).

Head 42; depth 4; eye 54; snout 6%. D.10 or 11; A. 31 to 33; scales
40 to 44-8. Body elongate, compressed, the lower profile arched like the

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 451.

upper, the ventral edge trenchant, not serrate; snout short, blunt,
upturned; teeth small; maxillary not reaching joint of mandible; gill
rakers short, 7+ 14, the longest + eye. Pectoral scarcely shorter than
head, reaching middle of length of ventrals; insertion of dorsal mid-
way between base of caudal and base of pectoral; anal inserted before
dorsal; scales deciduous. Silvery lateral band broad, not strongly
marked, narrowed on the tail. Coasts of Guiana and Brazil, ascending
rivers. (Steindachner.) (atherinoides, like Atherina, referring to the sil-
very stripe. )

Clupea atherinoides, LINNXUs, Syst. Nat., Ed. xu, 523, 1766, Surinam.
Engraulis atherinoides, GUNTHER, Cat., VII, 398, 1868 ; STEINDACHNER, Ichth. Beitr, vitl, 59, 1875.
Pterengraulis atherinoides, EIGENMANN & Bray, Ann. N. Y. Ac. Nat. Sci., 1894, 627.

223. LYCENGRAULIS, Giinther. "

Lycengraulis, GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes, vit, 399, 1868, (grossidens).

This genus differs from Stolephorus chiefly in the dentition, the teeth
being unequal in size, some of them canine-like. The known species are
South American. (Atkoc, wolf; Engraulis.)

743. LYCENGRAULIS GROSSIDENS (Cuvier).

Head 44; depth 45; B. 13; D. 14 or 15; A. 25 to 28; scales 40. Body
compressed; snout pointed, projecting; upper teeth strong, subequal,
lower still stronger, 14 to 18 on each side, between them a few smaller
teeth maxillary tapering, reaching angle of lower jaw; gill rakers
very short, lanceolate, about 10-+ 12 to 15. Insertion of dorsal midway
between middle of eye and base of caudal; anal inserted below posterior
half of dorsal. Abdomen compressed, without scutes. Pectorals reach-
ing ventrals. Silvery band broad, not well defined. Coast of Guiana
and Brazil, very abundant southward; a good food-fish. (Giinther.)
(grossus, large; dens, tooth.)

Engraulis grossidens (CUVIER) AGassiz, Spix, Pisc. Brasil., 50, 1828, Rio Janeiro.
Engraulis janeiro, AGAssiz, Spix, Pisc. Brasil., pl. 24, fig. 1, 1828, Rio Janeiro.

Engraulis dentex, Cuvier & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., xx1, 28, 1848, Rio Janeiro.
Lycengraulis grossidens, EIGENMANN & Bray, Ann, N. Y. Ac. Nat. Sci., 1894, 626.

Family LXIII. ALEPOCEPHALID.

Body oblong, compressed, covered with thin cycloid or keeled scales,
or with naked skin; head naked. Lateral line present or absent. No
barbels. Mouth moderate or large; margin of the upper jaw formed by
the premaxillaries and the maxillaries, the former being placed along the
upper anterior edge of the latter. Teeth feeble. Opercular apparatus
complete, its bones thin. Phosphorescent spots none, or rudimentary,
placed in nodules of the naked skin. No adipose fin; dorsal fin long
and low, posterior, inserted nearly opposite the anal; pectorals short,
placed rather high; ventrals usually well back, sometimes wanting.
Gill openings very wide, the membranes free from the isthmus. Pseudo-
branchiw present; no gular plate; no air bladder. Stomach curved,
without blind sac; pyloric ceca in moderate number. Fishes of the deep

452 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

seas; but one species known until recently, when 6 genera and numerous
species have been described from the abyssal faunw of the mid-Atlantic
and Pacific. (Alepocephalide, GUNTHER, Cat., VU, 477, 1868.)

a. Scales well developed, cycloid; teeth small; lateral line present.
b. Ventral fins well developed.
c. Mouth small; maxillary with teeth; body rather deep.
d. Dorsal and anal rather short, of 15 to 17 rays, similar to each other; opercular

flaps long; head large. ALEPOCEPHALUS, 224.
dd. Dorsal and anal longer, of 20 to 25 rays each, the anal the longer; opercular
flaps moderate. MITCHILLINA, 225.

cc. Mouth rather large, moderate; body more elongate.
e. Anal not longer than dorsal; teeth on palatines; maxillary with teeth.
f. Dorsal longer than anal and inserted far in front of it.
BATHYTROCTES, 226.
- Ff. Dorsal scarcely longer than anal and inserted nearly opposite it.
TALISMANIA, 227.
ee. Anal twice as long as dorsal; body rather elongate; jaws strong; no palatine
teeth, Conocara, 228.
bb, Ventral fins wanting; body short, compressed; axillary with teeth; scales keeled.

PLATYTROCTES, 229.
aa. Scales wanting; skin thick, rugose, with nodules; no lateral line; teeth minute; ventral
fins present. ALEPOSOMUS, 230.

224. ALEPOCEPHALUS, Risso.

Alepocephalus, Risso, Mém. Ac. Nat. Sci. Turin, xxv, 270, 1820, (rostratus).

Body oblong, compressed. Mouth rather small, the snout somewhat
prolonged; jaws nearly equal in front; a series of small teeth in each
jaw and on the vomer and palatines. Eye very large. Gill membranes
entirely separate. Branchiostegals 6. Opercular bones thin, the opercle
with extended membranous flaps. Dorsal low, not very long, with a
scaly base, similar to the anal; pectorals and ventrals moderate; caudal
moderately forked. Scales rather large, thin and cycloid; no phospho-
rescent spots. Color violet black. Deep-sea fishes, found in most parts
of the ocean. (da, privative, without é7oc, scale; xegady#, head.)

a. Head one-third of total length or nearly so; scales not minute. D.15to17; A.17.

b. Scales moderate (in about 67 series). Snout 9in body; eye 4in head. propvuctus, 744.
bb. Scales small (in about 90 series). Snout 11 to 12 in body.

c. Eye 31% in head ; pectoral 344 in head, about as long as eye. AGASSIZ, 745.
ce. Eye 414 in head; pectoral 214 in head, much longer than eye. TENEBROSUS, 746.

744. ALEPOCEPHALUS PRODUCTUS, Gill.

Head 25; depth 4; eye4; snout 3. D. 17; A. 17; scales 9-67-12.
Resembling A. agassizii in form and proportions, but with larger scales,
smaller eye, and longer snout. Body quite robust, its height at the pec-
toral origin nearly one-fourth length from snout to base of median caudal
rays. Least height of the tail about one-half length of body. Posterior
margin of orbit nearly equidistant between snout and opercular margin ;
upper jaw extending a little behind vertical from posterior margin of
pupil; lower jaw shorter and included, nearly one-half as long asthe head.
Interorbital width 7in head ; width behind the orbits less than 3. Insertion
of dorsal above vent, length of its base twice diameter of eye; anal

rrr

5

Jordan and Evermann.—Ff shes of North America, 453

base under anterior portion of dorsal, the length of its base about #
that of dorsal. The caudal fin has its median rays as long as the diameter
of the eye, and the external rays at least + the total length of the fish.
The pectoral commences at a distance from the snout equal to } of the
lengthof the body. ‘The ventrals are inserted considerably behind the
middle of the length (0.57), and appear to have been at least as long as the
diameter of the orbit. The type was obtained by the Albatross from
station 2035, at a depth of 1,362 fathoms. (Goode & Bean.) (productus,
drawn out.)

Alepocephalus productus, Git, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1883, 256, Gulf Stream at Albatross Sta-

tion 2035, in 1,362 fathoms; (Type, No. 33341. Coll. Albatross); GoopE & BEAN, Oceanic
Ichthyology, 37, fig: 46, 1895.

745. ALEPOCEPHALUS AGASSIZII, Goode & Bean.

Head 3; depth 5; eye 34. D.15; A. 17; scales 10-90-11. Bodya little
deeper than in Mitchillina bairdii. Head compressed, the snout conically
elongate, the lower jaw slightly produced ; width of head 93 in length of
body (12 in M. bairdii). Scales parchment-like. Dorsal inserted directly
above vent, the distance from its origin to base of caudal 4 its distance
from front of eye; anal inserted under second ray of dorsal. Length of
pectoral equal to diameter of eye, 103 in body. Ventral about }
of head. Dusky; head and fins nearly black. Gulf Stream, latitude 30°,
in 922 fathoms. (Goode & Bean.) (Named for Professor Alexander
Agassiz, in whose deep-sea researches the species was obtained. )

Alepocephalus agassizii, GooDE & BEAN, Bull. Mus. Comp. ZoGl., 1882, 215, Gulf Stream ; GoopE
& Bean, Oceanic Ichthyology, 37, 1895.

746. ALEPOCEPHALUS TENEBROSUS, Gilbert.

Head 3; depth 4% to 5; eye 44. D.17; A.17; P. 10; scales 16-90-16,
55 tubes in lateral line. Allied to dA. agassiziii Body compressed,
elongate ; maxillary reaching front of pupil, its length from snout 2} in
head ; teeth in single series. Snout short, compressed, 3? in head. Dor-
sal ending slightly before anal; pectoral 2} in head, much longer than
eye. Scales of lateral line much enlarged, forming a raised ridge. Uni-
form blue-black. Santa Barbara Channel, California, at 359 to 822
fathoms. (Gilbert.) (tenebrosus, dusky.)

Alepocephalus tenebrosus, GILBERT, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1891, 546, Santa Barbara Channel.
(Coll. Gilbert.)

225. MITCHILLINA, Jordan & Evermann.
Mitchillina, Jorpan & EvERMANN, new genus, (bairdii).

In discussing the species of Alepocephalus, Goode and Bean make the
following observations:

There are two distinct groups in Alepocephalus, probably of subgeneric
value. The first group includes the type, A. rostratus, Risso. It is
characterized by a somewhat short, compressed body, large head, with
extended membranaceous flaps, and by short dorsal and anal fins, similar
in size and shape and nearly opposite each other.

A. bairdii represents another type, having a stout body, about as high
in proportion to its length as in 4. agassizii, etc., but with a smaller head

454 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

and less voluminous opereular flaps. The eye is comparatively much
smaller (18 in total length), and is nearer the upper profile of the head.
The vertical fins are stronger and more muscular, and are heavily scaled
at their bases. Lateral line nearly straight. Maxillaries slender, not
expanded posteriorly.

For the second group as above indicated we suggest the name Mitchillina.
(In honor of the faithful and enthusiastic ichthyologist, Samuel Latham
Mitchill, United States Senator from the State of New York, 1804-1809,

the first to study systematically the fishes of New York Harbor.)

747. MITCHILLINA BAIRDII (Goode & Bean).

Head 44; depth5}; eye43. D.22; A. 25; P. 12; V. 1,9; pyloric ceca
15; B. 6; scales 7-65-11. Body rather elongate; head moderately com-
pressed, subconical, the lower jaw included; maxillary extending nearly
to below middle of eye; eye large, as long as snout. Dorsal inserted
slightly in advance of anal. Uniform indigo-blue, the color extending
to the inside of the mouth and the gill membranes. Length 24 inches.
Grand Banks; dredged at a depth of 200 fathoms. (Goode & Bean.)
(Named for Professor Spencer Fullerton Baird, then at the head of the
United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries. )

Alepocephalus bairdii, GoopE & BEAN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1879, 55, Grand Banhks of New-

foundland ; (Type, No. 22468. Coll. Christian Johnson); Jorpan & GILBERT, Synopsis, 257,
1883; GoopE & BEAN, Oceanic Ichthyology, 38, 1895.

226. BATHYTROCTES, Giinther.

Bathytroctes, GUNTHER, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 1878, 249, (microlepis).

Body rather elongate, compressed, covered with moderatescales. Mouth
wide, extending to below middle of eye, which is large; maxillary with
series of minute teeth, like those on premaxillary, mandible, vomer, and
palatines ; tongue toothless. Dorsal and anal moderate, the dorsal nota-
bly longer than anal and inserted considerably in front of the latter.
Gill rakers lanceolate. Deep sea. (adic, deep; tpoxtyc,one who gnaws. )

748. BATHYTROCTES STOMIAS, Gilbert.

Head 37; depth 57; eye small, 64; snout 32. D.17; A. 14; P. 95 scales
9-57-10. Mouth much larger than in other species, the front of eye over
middle of upper jaw. Body slender, the depth of caudal peduncle half that
of body. Premaxillaries extended forward, making a triangular projec-
tion, as in Labidesthes; maxillary 1? in head; teeth uniform, incurved,
depressible. Top of head with a deep lengthwise groove from nape to
snout, a large mucous canal which borders it posteriorly opening above
eye. Gill rakers 5+13, long and slender, the longest # eye. Dorsal
beginning before vent; the anal inserted slightly behind its middle; cau-
dal forked. Dark brownish, the fins, etc., black. Length 13 inches.
Coast of Oregon, in 877 fathoms. (stomias, large-mouthed.)

Bathytroctes slomias, GILBERT, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., 1890, 53, Coast of Oregon, in 877 fathoms,
Albatross station 3074. (Type, No. 43081. Coll. Gilbert.)

Se ae Se

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North Amertca. 455

227. TALISMANIA, Goode & Bean.

Talismania, GoopE & BEAN, Oceanic Ichthyology, 41, 1895, (homopterus).

This genus is closely allied to Bathytroctes, differing chiefly in the longer
vertical fins, the dorsal and anal being similar to each other and nearly
opposite. Deep sea. (Named for the Talisman, one of the French vessels
(Travailleur et Talisman) employed in deep-sea explorations. )

a. Maxillary reaching vertical from anterior margin of orbit. ANTILLARUM, 749.
aa, Maxillary reaching vertical from posterior margin of orbit. FQUATORIS, 750.

749. TALISMANIA ANTILLARUM, Goode & Bean.

Head 33; depth 5; eye 3; pupil large, 24 in orbit; snout 4. D.20; A.
22; B. 7; P. 13; V. 8. Scales 47. Maxillary reaching orbit, and
essentially to the vertical from the anterior margin of the pupil; bones
of head thin; head compressed, moderately deep, its depth at occiput
2 its length; profile of head in advance of orbit, slightly concave; upper
margin of orbit approaching very close to upper profile; supraorbital rim
forming a portion of dorsal profile of the head; width of interorbital space
nearly half diameter of eye. Eye large, conspicuous. Infraorbital ring
very narrow; maxillary separated from the orbit by a very narrow strip
of bone. Snout sharply conical, its upper profile concave, jaws equal
in front. Dentition feeble; all the teeth equal, minute, uniserial ; inter-
maxillary and maxillary toothed throughout; vomerine series transverse
and straight, slightly interrupted in the middle; palatine series nearly as
long as the vomerine; the two last-named series confluent. Branchioste-
gals 7, exceedingly slender and long. Gills 4, the fourth well developed,
with a slit behind it; gill lamin short, especially on the convex portion
of the arches; gill rakers long, laneceolate, closely set, 17 on the outer
branchial arch below the angle, 7above. Vent equidistant between root
of caudal and gill opening; origin of the dorsal nearer to the latter; dorsal
fin longer than high, its anterior rays increasing in length from eighth to
nineteenth ray; origin of the anal somewhat in advance of dorsal, which
is inserted over third ray at the point where it emerges from its scaly
sheath; caudal fin deeply emarginate; pectoral fin inserted in lower
third of height of body, moderately broad at its base; its upper rays
nearly twice as long as lower ones; its length half that of head; its tip,
when extended straight, in vertical from insertion of ventral, or opposite
twelfth scale of lateral line; ventrals close together, not reaching vent,
but to origin of the sheath which incloses both vent and base of anal;
their length equal to that of lower rays of pectoral, and to length of
snout; root of ventral midway between tip of snout and rows above
the ventrals. Lateral line in a concave sweep from near upper angle of
operculum to a point above the origin of basal sheath of the anal, thence
in a straight line to base of caudal. Color of the specimen (denuded of
scales and long kept in alcohol) rusty brown; head blackish.

A single specimen was obtained by the Albatross at station 2394, lati-
tude 28° 38’ 30/’ N., longitude 87° 02’ W., at a depth of 420 fathoms.
(Goode & Bean.) (Antillarum, of the Antilles.)

Talismania antillarum, Goovr & Bran, Oceanic Ichthyology, 44, fig. 49, 1895, Gulf of Mexico,
in 420 fathoms. (Type, No. 43759.)

456 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

750. TALISMANIA EQUATORIS, Goode & Bean.

Head 24; depth 33; snout 33; eye 4%, 1} in snout. D.22; A.21; B.52;
V.7; P.8&; scales 45 to 48. Maxillary reaching vertical from posterior
margin of orbit. Bones of head thin; head large, compressed, the depth
at the occiput ~ its length, its width about 4; its upper surface longi-
tudinal, concave, and deeply concave between the orbits, with a convex-
ity above the snout; width of interorbital space about equal to diam-
eter of eye; infraorbital ring very narrow ; maxillary broad, large, con-
spicuously dilated at the extremity, its greatest width at this point being
more than # diameter of eye. Cleft of mouth wide; dentition feeble;
no traces of teeth upon either vomer or palatine (on typical specimen).
Branchiostegals long and slender; gills 4; gill lamin short, especially
on the convex portion of the arches; gill rakers long, strong, broad at
the base; 6-+17 on the outer arch. Vent placed equidistant from root
of caudal and root of pectoral; origin of dorsal over vent, slightly in
advance of anal; dorsal fin longer than high, its anterior rays increas-
ing in length to the middle of the fin, the longest ray 33 in head, about
equal to longest ray of anal; caudal fin deeply emarginate; pectoral
inserted far below middle of body; it has a narrow base, and its length
in a perfect specimen is probably not greater than diameter of eye.
Ventrals close together, remote from the vent, the root being nearly mid-
way between the root of the caudal and the tip of the snout, and equi-
distant from root of anal and base of pectoral. Scales deciduous, cycloid,
the lateral line beginning from a point on a level with the top of the eye,
and ascending in a broad curve to a point over the ventrals, thence in
a straight line to root of caudal. Color bluish-black. A single speci-
men, 144 inches in length, obtained by the Albatross, from station 2793,
latitude 1° 03’ N., longitude 80° 15’ W., in 741 fathoms. (Goode & Bean.)
(equatoris, of the equator. )

Talismania xquatoris, GoopE & Bran, Oceanic Ichthyology, 44, fig. 50, 1895, off coast of
Ecuador. (Type, No. 44085.)

228. CONOCARA, Goode & Bean.

Conocara, GoopE & Bran, Oceanic Ichthyology, 39, 1895, (macdonaldi).

Body elongate, compressed; in the type species strongly suggestive of
the Barracuda (Sphyrana). Mouth moderate; snout prolonged; jaws
strong and powerful, the lower slightly included; teeth in the jaws
acicular, rather numerous; also on the vomer, very small; absent from
palatines. Eye large. Gill membranes entirely separate. Dorsal
moderate in length; anal very elongate, nearly twice as long as the
dorsal; pectoral and ventral small; caudal strongly forked. Scales
minute and deciduous. Branchiostegals 6, the membrane of the left
series folded conspicuously over the origin of that of the right. Oper-
cular bones thin. Gill rakers rather short and stout, moderate in num-
ber. Deep sea. (k@voc, cone; capa, head.)

a, Body moderately elongate, the depth 534 in length. D.18; A. 36. MACDONALDI, 751.
aa. Body very elongate, the depth 8in length. D. 21; A. 40. MACROPTERA, 572.

—— = S

———————

»

Jordan and Evermann.—fishes of North America, 457

751. CONOCARA MACDONALDI, Goode & Bean. ;

Head 34 in total length; depth 5? to base of caudal; thickness 12; eye
5,2 in snout; snout 23. D. 18; A. 36; P. 10; B. 6; V. 6; C. 22; scales
200. Body elongate; snout compressed, and with an obtuse point; the
lower jaw included. Mouth large, the upper jaw about 4 length of
head; the maxillary not reaching to front of eye; mandible reaching
to below middle of eye. Teeth on the premaxillary, vomer, and palate
very sharp, minute, widely separated, in a single row ineach jaw. Nos-
trils lateral, posterior very much larger, their distance from eye 4
the length of eye. Gill openings wide; opercular apparatus mem-
branous, its elements being very imperfectly ossified. Fifteen gill
rakers on the first arch below the angle. Scales very small. Dorsal fin
short, about + as long as anal fin, its posterior rays inserted nearly
over last rays of the latter, distance of its insertion from tip of snout
about 54 times its own length; anal inserted at a distance from the
snout equal to 2} times its own length; ventral inserted nearly midway
between the snout and the base of the caudal; pectoral short, twice
diameter of eye, and inserted below median line of body; caudal fin
short, its middle rays not more than % length of snout, forked. Color
uniform deep blue-black in life.

A specimen 83 inches in length was obtained by the Blake at station
CLXXII, in 24° 36’ N. latitude, 84° 5’ W. longitude, at a depth of 955
fathoms, and another, 6 inches long, from station CLXV in latitude 24°
36’ N., longitude 84° 05’ W., at a depth of 955 fathoms. Another, 8+
inches long, was taken by the Albatross at station 2392 (latitude 28° 47’
30/7, longitude 87° 27’). (Goode & Bean.) (Named for Hon. Marshall
McDonald, Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries.)

Conocara macdonaldi, GoopE & BEAN, Oceanic Ichthyology, 09, fig. 48, 1895, Gulf of Mexico.
(Type, No. 39482. Coll. Albatross.)
752. CONOCARA MACROPTERA (Vaillant).

Head elongate, 4; depth 8; thickness 11; snout 24, compressed, with
an obtuse point; eye large, 33 in head, 5} in interorbital width. D. 21;
A. 40; P. 8; V. 5; B. 6. Scales more than 100. Mouth moderate, the
upper jaw extending considerably beyond the lower, the maxillary
searcely reaching to the anterior margin of the orbit. Teeth on premax-
ilaries, maxillaries, vomer, and palatines, conical, elongated, rather
small, and in a single row in each jaw. Nostrils wide, close together, the
anterior near the middle of the length of the snout; gill opening wide;
operculum for the most part membranaceous, its elements being very
imperfectly ossified ; preoperculum curved, thickened on its anterior edge;
the interoperculum and suboperculum not prominent, apparently replaced
in part by the branchiostegals. Gill rakers about 15 below angle. Vent
alittle behind the middle of total length. Lateral line extending from
the upper part of the branchial opening to middle line of body. Scales
remarkably small, those of lateral line very simple.

Dorsal with its outline a little convex, lower behind, and ending ata
distance from the caudal equal to the length of its own base, which 1s

equal to about 8 in body; anal more than twice as long, beginning near

458 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

the vent and terminating a little behind the dorsal, its height nearly the
same as that of the dorsal; caudal moderately long, 7 in body, slightly
emarginate ; pectoral small; ventrals very short. Color reddish brown ;
head a beautiful azure-blue; fins sepia; iris black; pupil azure-blue.
Scales very simple in form; those of the body rounded in outline and
measure from 1.5 to 1.6 mm. in diameter. Five pyloric ceca, moderately
elongated. No trace of aswim bladder. Sixteen specimens of this spe-
cies were obtained by the French expedition from the coast of Morocco
to Soudan, from the Bane d’Arguin, and from the Canaries, at depths
varying from 433 to 1,058 fathoms. A specimen 8 inches in length was
obtained by the Albatross at station 2751, latitude 16° 57’ N., longitude
63° 12’ W., in 68 fathoms. (uaxpoc, iong; zTepor, fin.)

Alepocephalus macropterus, VAILLANT, Exp. Sci. Travailleur et Talisman, Poissons, 150, pl. x1,

figs. 2a, 2b, 2c, 1888, Coast of Morocco, Soudan, and Canaries.
Conocara macroptera, GOODE & BEAN, Oceanic Ichthyology, 39, fig. 43, 1895,

229. PLATYTROCTES, Gunther.
Platytroctes, GUNTHER, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 11, 1878, 249, (apus).

Body rather abbreviated, much compressed, and covered with small,
keeled scales. Mouth of moderate width; the maxillary, premaxillary
and mandible each armed with a single series of small teeth; palate
smooth. Eye rather large. Dorsal and anal fins opposite each other
on tail, moderately long; adipose fin none; caudal forked; pectorals
small; ventrals none. Humeral arch terminating in middle of chest.in a
long, projecting, acute spine. Gill opening wide; six branchiostegals;
gills very narrow; pseudobranchie present: gill rakers lanceolate.
Pyloric appendages rudimentary. Deep sea. (daric, flat; tpoxryc, a
gnawetr.)

753. PLATYTROCTES APUS, Giinther.

Head 33; depth 22; eye 3. D.18; A.17; P.20; scales 20. Body much

compressed and deep, its greatest depth at about the middle of its length.

Head compressed, moderate, logitudinally concave above, the concavity
bordered on each side by a perforated muciferous canal, and broadest
behind, tapering to a point between the nostrils. Bones of head rather
thin, but less so than in Bathytroctes. Eye large, equal to snout, and situ-
ated close to upper profile. Infraorbital ring incomplete. Mouth rather
small, the lower jaw projecting; maxillary broad, short, extending to
vertical from margin of orbit. Dentition very feeble; teeth uniserial,
uniformly minute, occupying the whole extent of intermaxillary and
maxillary, but confined to the front part of mandible; only a few-rudi-
mentary teeth are visible on the side of mandible; vomer with a minute

tooth on each side; palatines toothless. Branchiostegals extremely slen- —

der, curved. Gills 4, the inner one very short; gill laminz short, especi-
ally on the convex portion of the arches; gill rakers long, lanceolate,
closely set, 20-+-10 on the outer branchial arch. Vent much nearer root
of caudal than to gill opening; dorsal fin commencing immediately above
it, the anal behind; these fins are very similar in shape and of moderate
height; caudal peduncle more than half as deep as long, its depth being

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America, 459

increased by a fold of the integument between the vertical fins; caudal
rather short and forked; pectoral very short, only half as long as eye.
Scales small, cycloid, each with a longitudinal keel, and not spinigerous,
as in Macrurus, but simple, as in the keeled scales of a snake; the stria-
tions, instead of continually crossing the scale, are interrupted by the
raised median line; head entirely scaleless; lateral line straight, running
along the middle of the body and tail, and composed of very small
pores. Brown; head, pectoral region, the vent, and fringes of the caudal
_ peduncle, black. Length 5} inches. Mid-Atlantic, Challenger Station
107, in 1,500 fathoms; also in the Arabian Sea. (a, without; zoic, foot;
arovce, without feet, the ventrals being wanting.)

Platytroctes apus, GUNTHER, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 11, 1878, 249, Mid-Atlantic; ‘Coll.

Challenger); GinrHer, Challenger Report, xx11, pl. tv, fig. A, 229, 1887; ALcock, Ann.
and Mag. Nat. Hist., vi, 11, 1890, 307; Goopr & Bran, Oceanic Ichthyology, 46, 1895.

230. ALEPOSOMUS, Gill.
Aleposomus, GILL, American Naturalist, xv111, 1884, 433, (copei).

Body slongate, scaleless; skin thick, finely rugose, with a considerable
number of small nodules upon the belly, and sometimes also upon the
sides and the lower part of the head. Lateral line wanting Mouth mod-
erate, with minute teeth upon the mandible and premaxillary; pala-
tines, tongue, and pharyngeal bones probably toothless. Dorsal and
anal fins opposite, similar in form and equal in length; caudal probably
forked. Vent behind the middle of the body. Gill openings wide. Deep
sea; two species known. (a, without; Aé7o0c, scale or husk; cua, body.)

754. ALEPOSOMUS COPEI, Gill.

Head 3%; depth 54; eye 2 in head. Body compressed, its outlines
sloping from head to middle of caudal peduncle. Snout short, declivous,
its length + the horizontal diameter of the eye and about } that
of head. Mandible scarcely extending beyond upper jaw; maxillary
extending to vertical from middle of orbit. Small teeth upon mandi-
ble and premaxillary. Eye very large, its upper outline not projecting
above the dorsal profile, as in d. socialis (Vaillant). Gill opening
large. Skin thick, slimy; no lateral line distinguishable; no scales
present, but numerous tubercles upon the sides of the body; none per-
ceptible on the head. Vent midway between origin of ventral and tip
of last dorsal ray. Dorsal origin equidistant from the gill opening and
the base of the middle caudal rays; highest in its middle portion, round-
ing forward and behind; anal inserted immediately under the dorsal,
similar in shape and equal in extent; caudal, though mutilated,
undoubtedly emarginate, and probably furked. Accessory rays (charac-
teristic not only of Aleposomus but of Nenodermichthys) not conspicuous;
pectoral inserted very low down, close to the posterior angle of the pre-
opercular flap, and appearing to have been feeble, its diameter not much
greater than half the diameter of the eye; ventral origin equidistant

between posterior margin of eye and base of last dorsal ray. Color
uniform blackish.

460 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

A single specimen, 3+ inches in length, was obtained by the Albatross at
station 2099 in 37° 12’ 20’” N. latitude, 69° 39” W. longitude, at a depth
of 2,949 fathoms. (Named for Prof. Edward Drinker Cope, one of the
most able and productive of living workers in ichthyology.)

Aleposomus copei, Gi, American Naturalist, xvii, 1884, 443, Gulf Stream ; (Type, No. 33551.)
GoopE & BEAN. Oceanic Ichthyology, 47, fig. 51, 1895.

Family LXIV. SALMONIDA.
(THE SALMON FAMILY.)

Body oblong or elongate, covered with cycloid scales. Head naked.
Mouth terminal, large or small, varying much in the different genera;
maxillary forming the lateral margin of the upper jaw, provided with a
supplemental bone; premaxillaries not protractile. Teeth various, some-
times wanting. Gills 4, a slit behind the fourth. Pseudobranchize
present. Gill rakers various; gill membranes not connected, free from
the isthmus; branchiostegals 10 to 20. No barbels. Dorsal usually
nearly median, not greatly elongate, its rays 9 to 15, only one or two of
the anterior simple or rudimentary, the others branched; adipose fin
present; caudal fin forked; anal fin moderate or rather long; ventrals
moderate, nearly median; pectorals placed low. Lateral line pres-
ent. Abdomen rounded in outline. Parietals not in contact, sepa-
rated at middle by the intervention of the supraoccipital, which connects
with the frontals; epipleural appendages not developed. Air bladder
large, stomach siphonal; pyloric ceca very numerous. Ova large,
falling into the cavity of the abdomen before exclusion. Genera 10.
Species about 70. As now restricted, this is no longer one of the large
families of fishes, but in beauty, activity, gaminess, and quality as food,
and even in size of individuals, different members of the group stand
easily with the first among fishes. ‘The Salmonide@ are confined to the
northern regions, and north of about 40° N., everywhere abundant
where suitable waters occur. Some of the species, especially the larger
ones, are marine and anadromons, living and growing in the sea, and
entering fresh waters to spawn. Still others live in running brooks,
entering lakes or the sea as occasion serves, but not habitually doing so.
Others again are lake fishes, approaching the shore, or entering brooks
in the spawning season, at other times retiring to waters of considerable
depth. Some of them are active, voracious and gamy, while others are
comparatively defenseless and will not take the hook. The large size of
the eggs and their lack of adhesiveness, with the ease by which the eggs
may be impregnated, render the Salmon and Trout especially adapted
for artificial culture. The Salmonide are of comparatively recent evolu-—
tion, none of them occurring as fossils, unless it be in recent deposits.
The instability of the specific forms and the lack of sharply defined spe-
cific characters may be in part attributed to their recent origin, as Dr.
Gunther has suggested. (Salmonida, part, Giinther, Cat., v1, 1-202, 1866.)

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 461

CoREGONINE :

a. Mouth not deeply cleft, the maxillary broad, the mandible articulating with the quadrate
bone under or before the eye. Dentition more or less feeble or incomplete ; scales
moderate or large ; anal fin rather long ; species imperfectly anadromous, or confined
to rivers or lakes, their life lasting more than one year.

b. Jaws toothless or nearly so; scales large; maxillary short and broad, with a broad
supplemental bone.
c. Premaxillaries broad, with the cutting edge nearly vertical or directed backward,
the lower jaw short and more or less included ; cleft of mouth short.
CorREGONUS, 231.
cc. Premaxillaries with the cutting edge nearly horizontal and directed forward;
lower jaw long, projecting beyond upper ; cleft of mouth rather long.
; ARGYROSOMUS, 232.
bb. Jaws, vomer, palatines, and tongue with bands of teeth ; maxillary very long ; lower
jaw prominent ; anal fin elongate ; scales moderate. STENODUS, 233,
SALMONIN :
aa. Mouth deeply cleft, the long lower jaw articulating with the quadrate bone behind the
eyes, the maxillaries rather narrow. Dentition strong and complete; conical teeth
on jaws, vomer, and palatines; tongue with two series of strong teeth (sometimes
deciduous in very old specimens); scales small.
d. Anal fin elongate, of 14to 17 rays; vomer narrow, long, flat, with weak teeth ; species
spotted with black, if at all. ONCORHYNCHUS, 234,
dd. Anal fin short, of 9 to 12 developed rays.

e. Vomer flat, its toothed surface plane ; teeth on the shaft of the vomer in alterna-
ting rows or in one zigzag row, those on the shaft placed directly on the surface
of the bone, not on a free crest; posterior vomerine teeth sometimes deciduous;
species black-spotted. Samo, 235.

ee. Vomer boat-shaped, the shaft strongly depressed, without teeth ; scales very small,

about 200 in the course of the lateral line; species not anadromous; spotted
with red or gray.

Jf. Vomer with a raised crest, extending backward from the head of the bone,
free from its shaft, this crest armed with strong teeth ; hyoid bone with a
broad band of strong teeth; species spotted with gray, without bright
colors. CRISTIVOMER, 236.

J. Yomer without raised crest, only the head being toothed ; hyoid bone with
very weak teeth or none ; species red-spotted, the lower fins with bright
edgings, SALVELINUS, 237.

231. COREGONUS (Artedi) Linnieus.

(WHITEFISHES. )

Coregonus, ARTEDI, Genera Piscium, 9, 1738.
Coregoni, LINN mus, Syst. Nat., Ed. x, 1758, 310, (lavaretus).
Tripteronotus, LAcEPEDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., v, 48, 1803, (hautin = lavaretus).
Coregonus, LACErEDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., y, 263, 1808, (lavaretus).
Coregonus, Cuvier, Régne Animal, Ed. 1, 162, 1817, (thymallus, lavaretus, etc,; restricted in Ed, 2,
to lavaretus).

Prosopium, MitNneER, in JoRDAN, Man, Vert., Ed. 2, 361, 1878, (quadrilateralis).

Body oblong or elongate, compressed. Head more or less conic, com-
_ pressed, the snout more or less projecting beyond the lower jaw. Mouth
small, the maxillary short, not extending beyond the orbit, with a well-
developed supplemental bone. Teeth extremely minute, if present.
Scales moderate, thin, cycloid, rather firm. Dorsal fin moderate; caudal
fin deeply forked, anal fin somewhat elongate; ventrals well developed.
Pseudobranchi large. Gillrakers varying from short and thickish to long

462 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

and slender. Air bladder very large. Vertebrie 56 to 60. Stomach horse-
shoe-shaped, with many (about 100) pyloric ceca. Ova small. Species
about 15, inhabiting the clear lakes of northern Europe, Asia, and
America, in Arctic regions descending to the sea. Most of them spawn in
late fall or winter near the shore, at other seasons often frequenting con-
siderable depths. The number of distinct species of Coregonus has been
overestimated by many writers. The geographical range and range of
variation of each one are much wider than has hitherto been generally
supposed.* The species are highly valued for food, the flesh being gen-
erally pale and of fine flavor. The coloration is very uniform; bluish
olivaceous above; the sides and below silvery. (Coregonus, a name used by
Artedi for the European lavaret, or whitefish, Coregonus lavaretus, from
xopn, the pupil of the eye; ywria, angle; ‘‘ quia pupilla anteriore parte in
angulumacutum procurrit.” Artedi.)

PROSOPIUM (tpogw7tov, a mask, from the large preorbitals):

a. Gill rakers short, thickish, about 12 to 16 in number on the lower limb of the arch; max-
illary short, broad, not reaching eye, the supplemental bone mostly narrow and
sharply elliptical; mouth small.

b. Mouth comparatively large, the maxillary about 4 in head; gill rakers very short and
thick, 10 + 16; body oblong, the back not elevated.
c. Scales large, 60 to 63 in lateral line; snout blunt and decurved. COULTERII, TAD.
ce. Scales small, 72 to 90 in lateral line.
d. Supplemental bone of maxillary rather narrow; scales 83 to 90.
e. Head moderate, blunt anteriorly, 4% to 5 in body; tip of snout below
level of eye; gill rakers short, 9 +15; lower fins pale.
WILLIAMSONI, 756.
ee. Head very short, blunt, 524 in body; gill rakers short and slender, about
7 +14; fins all blackish. KENNICOTTI, 757.
dd. Supplemental bone of maxillary very broad, semicircular; scales 72 to 80.
RICHARDSONII, 758.
bb. Mouth small, the maxillary 5 to 544 in head; gill rakers shorter and thicker, about
7 + 10, about 5in eye, fewer than in C. williamsoni. Body elongate, the back not
elevated nor much compressed. QUADRILATERALIS, 759.
COREGONUS:
aa, Gill rakers numerous, long and slender, 17 to 20 on the lower limb of the arch; preorbi-
tal long and narrow; maxillary rather long, more than 14 head, the supplemental
bone ovate.
f. Tongue toothless or nearly so; back elevated; head very low and short, especially in
old examples.
g- Back elevated, but not greatly compressed; supplemental bone of maxillary
nearly twice as long as deep. CLUPEIFORMIS, 760.
gg. Back elevated and much compressed; supplemental bone of maxillary more than
2, as deep as long; gill rakers about 26. NELSONII, 761.
ff. Tongue with 3 series of small teeth; body elongate, compressed; lower jaw slightly
included.
hk, Gill rakers short and few, about 10 + 15, the longest about 2 in eye.
LABRADORICUS, 762.

Subgenus P OSOPIUM, Milner.
755. COREGONUS COULTERIL, Eigenmann & Eigenmann.

Head 44 to 5; depth 44 to54; eye 4; snout 44. D.100ri11; A.10o0r11;
scales 8-60 to 63-6. Form rather heavy, little elevated; the snout broad,

*For a useful analytical key to the species of Coregonus, see Bean, in Trans. Amer. Fish
Cultural Ass’n, 13th annual meeting, 1884, 33.

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 463

very blunt and decurved; greatest depth of head equal to its length less
the opercle. Mouth low, the snout but little projecting, maxillary reach-
ing eye in larger specimens, further in the smaller ones; supplemental
bone a crescent; gill rakers much as in Coregonus williamsoni; scales
large. Dull silvery. Head waters of the Columbia River. A small
species, not exceeding 8 inches in length, closely related to Coregonus
williamsoni, but with larger scales. (Named for Dr. John Merle Coulter,

the well-known botanist.)

Coregonus coulteriit, EIGENMANN & EIGeNMANN, American Naturalist, November, 1892, 961,
Kicking Horse River, at Field, British Columbia, one of the head streams of the
Columbia River. (Type, No. 44875. Coll. Eigenmann.)

756. COREGONUS WILLIAMSONI, Girard.

(Rocky Mountain WuiTErFIsH ; ‘“‘ Mountain HERRING.”’’)

Head 43 to 5; depth 4to5; eye 43. D.11to14; A.11t013; scales 8 to
10-83 to 87-7 to 10. Body oblong, rather deeper than in Coregonus quadri-
lateralis, but little compressed. Head shortish, conic, the profile more
abruptly decurved than in the other species. Snout compressed and
somewhat pointed at tip, which is entirely below the level of the eye; pre-
orbital broad, # width of eye. Maxillary short and very broad, reaching
just about to the anterior margin of eye; therefore, apparently longer
than in related species, owing to the shortness of the snout; supple-
mental bone narrow ; maxillary contained 4 times in the length of the
head ; mandible 3 times. Pectoral 1; in head; ventral 1}; longest dorsal
ray 14. Snoutin the males produced, pig-like, in the breeding season.
Adipose fin very large, extending behind anal. Gill rakers short and
thick, shorter than pupil, about9-++ 15. Color bluish above, sides silvery ;
breeding males with the under parts white; all the fins tipped with black,
eaudal and adipose fins steel-blue. Scales on sides strongly tuberculate
in breeding males. Length about a foot. Clear streams from the
Rocky Mountains to the Pacific, the easternmost records being from Chief
Mountain Lake at the head of the Saskatchewan in Montana (as type of
Coregonus couesii); abundant in the Great Basin, and northwestward on

‘both sides of the Cascade Range; found more often in clear brooks and

rivers than in lakes. It readily takes the fly and is an excellent food-
fish. (Named for Lieut. R. S. Williamson, in charge of one division of
the United States Pacific Railroad explorations.)

Coregonus williamsoni, Girarv, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 136, Des Chutes River, Ore-
gon ; GUNTHER, Cat., v1, 187, 1866; Jorpan & GinBerr, Synopsis, 297, 1883; B. A. BEAN,

in GinsErtT & EverMANN, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., xiv, 1894, 55, pl. 1x, fig. 3.
Coregonus couesii, MILNER, Rept. U. 8. Fish Comm. for 1872-73 (1874), 88, Chief Mountain
Lake, Montana; (Type, No. 14146. Coll. Coues) ; Jorpan & Gitnert, Synopsis, 297, 1883.

Prosopium couesii, MitNer, in Jorpan, Man. Vert., Ed. 2, 362, 1878.
Represented in the Madison and Yellowstone rivers and other tribu-
taries of the Upper Missonri by

756a. COREGONUS WILLIAMSONI CISMONTANUS, Jordan.
Slenderer, with lower fins. Head 5 in length; depth 5 to 5+; pectoral
1} in head; ventral 14; longest dorsal ray 1}. Scales90. Otherwise like
the typical form, (cismontanus, this side of the mountains. )

464 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

Coregonus williamsoni cismontanus, JORDAN, Bull. U.S. Fish Comm., 1x, 1889, 49, pl. 9, figs. 8, 9,
Horsethief Creek, a tributary of Madison River, Montana. (Coll. E. R. Lucas.)

757. COREGONUS KENNICOTTI, Milner.

(Broap WHITEFISH ; MuKSUN OF THE RUSSIANS.)

Head small, 53; depth about 43. D.11; A. 14; scales 10-87 to 90-10.
Eye moderate, shorter than snout, 54 in head, 1/ in interorbital space.
Scales small, adherent, very regularly imbricated. Head very blunt,
premaxillaries wide and vertically placed. Mouth inferior, with the
high blunt snout but little projecting. Maxillary reaching slightly
beyond the vertical from front of eye, its length, measured from its
anterior articulation, equal to length of snout, and contained 4? times
in the head (—4 in head when measured from tip of snout); maxillary
broadly ovate, apparently slenderer than in C. richardsonii as figured by
Ginther, and with different outlines. Preorbital narrow, its greatest
width contained 5 times in its length, and 3} times in diameter of eye;
width of supraorbital bone 2 its length. Gill rakers 6 or 7+ 14, short
and slender, tapering to a slender flexible point, the longest ~ diameter
of pupil. Hyoid bone with a round patch of weak, bristle-like teeth;
these are very similar to those found in Stenodus, and are disposed in
longitudinal series. Vertical height of head at nape less than length of
head by 4 diameter of eye; distance from tip of snout to nape 4 distance
from nape to front of dorsal; front of dorsal nearer snout than base of
median caudal rays by length of snout and eye. Adipose fin large, a
wide strip at base covered with small, regularly imbricated scales;
inserted over last rays of anal, extending but slightly behind last anal
ray; ventrals reaching half way to front of anal; height of dorsal equal to
length of head without snout. Color must have been very dark in life;
fins all blackish, in spirits, with a bluish tinge; traces of what may
have been blackish spots and vermiculations are discernible on basal
portion of dorsal and anal fins. The above description from a specimen
obtained by Miss Elizabeth Taylor in Great Bear Lake. The type of
C. kennicotti (No. 8971, Fort Good Hope, British America) possesses the
following characters: This specimen is a skin 21 inches long. Length of
head 33 inches; tip of snout to end of maxillary {? inch; diameter of
eye (not orbit) 3 inch; length of longest gill raker +4; inch. Maxillary
contained 4,4; times in head; longest gill raker 3} times; width of pre-
orbital 2% times, in eye. Number of gill rakers 7+ 13. Scales 10-90-10.

This species seems closely related to Coregonus richardsonii, Gunther,
with which it may prove identical. As Dr. Bean has already noticed,
Gunther’s description includes no account of the gill rakers, which may
be long and numerous, as in C. clupeiformis, but indicates a fish with a
longer snout, and a broader supplementary maxillary bone. (Gilbert.).
Mackenzie and Yukon rivers; locally abundant. (Named for Robert Ken-
nicott, discoverer of the species, one of the first American naturalists to
visit Alaska. )

? Salmo lavaretus, var. muchsun, PALLAS, Reise, 111, 705, about 1780.
? Salmo muksun, P As, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., 111, 398, 1811.

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 465

Coregonus kennicotti, MILNER, in JoRDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 298, 1883, Fort Good Hope,
British America. (Type, No. 8971. Coll, Kennicott); Giupert, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm.,
xiv, 1894, 23. 4

758. COREGONUS RICHARDSONII, Giinther.

B.9; D.13; A. 13; scales 10-72 to 80-12. Very similar in form to C. clupei-
formis. Snout of moderate length, obliquely truncated, with the upper
jaw projecting beyond the lower; eye shorter than the snout; maxillary
extending to anterior edge of the eye, its length 4 in head. Supple-
mentary bone of the maxillary short, broad, semicircular. Length of
mandible a little less than least depth of tail. Pectoral longer than
head, without snout. Arctic North America. (Giinther.) A doubtful
species, perhaps identical with Coregonus kennicotti, or possibly with
Coregonus nelsonii. (Named for John Richardson, the accomplished author
of the Fauna Boreali-Americana. )

Coregonus richardsonii, GUNTHER, Cat., v1, 185, 1866, exact locality unknown

759. COREGONUS QUADRILATERALIS, Richardson.

(PILoT-FISH ; MENOMINEE WHITEFISH ; SHAD-WaITER; Rounp WHITEFISH.)

Head 5; depth 4%; eye 5}. D. 11; A. 10; scales 9-80 to 90-8. Body
elongate, not elevated nor much compressed, the back rather broad, the
form more terete than in any of the other species. Mouth very small
and narrow, inferior, the broad maxillary not reaching to opposite the
eye, 5} in head. Head long, the snout compressed and- bluntly pointed,
its tip not below level of eye; profile not strongly decurved. Preorbital
wider than pupil. Mandible originating under middle of eye, 3}in head.
Adipose fin small. Gill rakersshort and stoutish, about 7 + 10in number,
4 to 5 in eye, but rather longer than in C. williamsoni. Color dark bluish
above, silvery below. Length a foot or more. Lakes of New England
and the Great Lakes, northwestward to Alaska, as far south as Yukon
River; abundant in cold, deep waters. (quadrilateralis, four-sided. )
Coregonus quadrilateralis, RicHArpson, Franklin’s Journ., 1823, 714, Fort Enterprise, British

America; GUNTHER, Cat., 176, 1866; JonpAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 298, 1883.
Coregonus novx-angelix, Prescorr, Amer. Journ. Sci. Arts, x1, 1851, 342, Lake Winnipiseogee,
New Hampshire; Ginrner, Cat., 186, 1866.

Subgenus COREGONUS.
760. COREGONUS CLUPEIFORMIS (Mitchill).

(CoMMON WHITEFISH.)

Head 5; depth 3 to 4; eye large, 4 to 5. D.11; A. 11; scales 8-74-9.,
Vertebrw 59. Body oblong, compressed, always more or less elevated,
and becoming notably so in the adult. Head comparatively small and
short, the snout bluntish, obliquely truncated; tip of snout on level of
lower edge of pupil; width of preorbital less than half that of pupil.
Maxillary reaching past front of orbit, about 4 in head. Gill rakers mod-
erate, 4 diameter of eye, usually about 10+ 17 to 19. Color olivaceous
above; sides white, but not silvery ; lower fins sometimes dusky. Length
2 feet or more. Great Lakes and neighboring waters, rarely ascending
streams; not in Alaska nor Arctic America; the best known and most
¥. N. A.——31

466 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

highly valued of the American whitefishes. It feeds on minute organ-
isms. This species, like others of wide distribution, is subject to con-
siderable variations, dependent on food, waters, etc. One of these is the
so-called Otsego Bass, var. otsego (Clinton), a form landlocked in Otsego
Lake at the head of the Susquehanna River. (Clupea, a shad or herring;
forma, shape.)
Salmo clupeiformis, Mircu1LL, Amer. Month. Mag., 11, 1818, 321, Sault Ste. Marie.
Coregonus albus, Lr SuEuR, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1, 1818, 231, Lake Erie to Arctic Sea;
GinTHER, Cat., vi, 184, 1866, and of many authors.
Coregonus otsego, the ‘‘ Otsego Lake Bass,” DEWirr Cuinron, Med. & Phil. Register, 111, 188,
about 1814; Otsego Lake; a Jandlocked form.
Coregonus sapidissimus, AGASSIZ, Lake Superior, 344, 1850, Lake Superior.
Coregonus latior, AGASSIZ, Lake Superior, 348, 1850, Lake Superior.
Coregonus clupeiformis, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 299, 1883.
761. COREGONUS NELSONIT, Bean.

(Humpsack WHITEFISH.)

Head 5; depth 4. D.12; A. 12; scales 10-88-8. Allied to Coregonus
clupeiformis, but distinguished by its arched and compressed back; snout
not very blunt. Maxillary 4 in head, reaching front of eye. Gill rakers
moderate, a little more than half eye, about 26in number; ventrals a
little nearer snout than base of caudal. Coloration plain. Alaska, from
Bristol Bay northward, common; a bony species of inferior flavor. (Bean.)
(Named for Edward W. Nelson, its discoverer, the well-known ornitholo-
gist, who collected largely in Alaska. )

Coregonus nelsunii, BEAN, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1884, 48, Nulato, Alaska. (Type, No. 29903.
Coll. Nelson.)
762. COREGONUS LABRADORICUS, Richardson.
(SauLT WuiTEFIsH ; Musquaw River WHITEFISH ; WHITING 0x LAKE WINNIPISEOGEE.)

Head 5; depth 3j to 4; eye large, 44 to 5; snout 43 to 5. D. 11 or 12; A.
11 or 12; scales 10-71 to 76-9. Gill rakers short, about 2 to 24 in eye,
10+ 150r16. Body rather elongate, compressed, the back not elevated.
Head rather small and slender, compressed. Distance from tip of snout
to occiput about 2} in distance from occiput to origin of dorsal fin.
Mouth rather small, the lower jaw short, the snout projecting; the
maxillary reaching front of pupil; maxillary bone broad, rather short,
its supplementary piece ovate. Mandible reaching middle of eye. Tongue
with about three series of small teeth. Supraorbital bonenarrow. Dorsal
fin high in front, the last rays short. Bluish-black above; silvery below;
scales with dark punctulations on the edges; fins all dusky, pectorals
and ventrals pale at base. Length 21 inches. Winnipeg and Great Lakes
region to the lakes of the Adirondacks and White Mountains, and north-
eastward; generally abundant in cold, clear lakes and large streams;
abundant at the Sault Ste. Marie; aspecies of good flavor, valued as food.
A variable species, perhaps containing several recognizable subspecies.
Coregonus labradoricus, RicHARDSON, Fauna Bor.-Amer., 111, 206, 1836, Musquaw River, Lab-

rador; GUNTHER, Cat., v1, 176, 1866; Jorpan & GILBERT, Synopsis, 299, 1883.
? 2 Coregonus angusticeps, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., xx1, 534, 1848, Saskatch-
ewan River; description brief and erroneous.

Coregonus neohantoniensis, PREscorr, Amer. Journ. Sci. Arts, x1, 1851, 343, Lake Winnipiseogee,
New Hampshire.

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 467

232. ARGYROSOMUS, Agassiz.

(CISCOES. )

Argyrosomus, AGASsIz, Lake Superior, 339, 1850, (clupeiformis = artedi).
Allosomus, JORDAN, Manual Vertebrates, Ed. 2, 361, 1878, (tullibee).

This genus is very close to Coregonus, from which it differs in the
larger mouth and more produced jaws, the premaxillaries being placed
nearly horizontally, and the lower jaw decidedly projecting beyond them.
Gill rakers very long and slender, about 30 on lower limb. Vertebrz 55.
These characters are associated with the greater voracity and, in general,
greater activity of the species of Argyrosomus. The species are numerous
in the northern parts of Europe, Asia, and North America, and all are
valued as food. (dapyvpéc, silver; cdua, body.)

ARGYROSOMUS:
a. Body elongate, herring-shaped; scales small, uniform, the free edges convex.
b. Lower fins pale or merely tipped with dusky ; scales punctate with dark points.
ec. Eye large, not much, if any, shorter than snout in adult, its length 314 to 414 in
head.
d, Head long, 4 in body; body slender, its depth 5 to 6 in length; distance from
occiput to snout 214 in distance from occiput to dorsal; teeth on tongue;
maxillary 3 in head. OSMERIFORMIS, 763.
dd. Head long, 4% in length; distance from occiput to tip of snout nearly half its
distance to front of dorsal fin; pectorals short, reaching about half way
to ventrals.
e. Maxillary 344 to 314 in head; lower jaw projecting; gill rakers long and
numerous, about 16 + 30. ARTEDI, 764,
ee. Maxillary longer, 22 to3 in head; gill rakers fewer, about 14 + 25.
HOYI, 765,
ddd. Head shorter, about 5 in length; distance from occiput to tip of snout about
% distance to front of dorsal fin; pectorals long, reaching more than
half way to ventrals; maxillary 314 in head. PUSILLUS, 766.
ce. Eye small, shorter than snout, about 5 times in length of head.
jf. Head short, about 5 in length.
g. Body rather slender, the depth equal to length of head; distance from occi-
put to snout 24% to 224 in its distance from dorsal; base of dorsal short.
Lucipus, 767.
gg. Body deep, the depth in adult greater than length of head; distance from
occiput to snout 2'4 to 214 in distance from occiput to dorsal; base of
dorsal longer. LAURETY&, 768,
Jf. Head long, 4 to 44% in length; lower jaw strong.
h. Maxillary very long, 244 in head; lower jaw much projecting; gill rakers
about 15 + 28; distance from snout to occiput 2} in distance from
occiput to dorsal; mouth larger than in A, artedi or in related species.

*-

PROGNATHUS, 769.
bb, Lower fins all blue-black; body robust; mouth large; gill rakers numerous, 18 + 30;

eye large, 4} in head. NIGRIPINNIS, 770.
ALLOosomus (aAAos, different; cua, body):
aa, Body short, deep, compressed, the curve of back similar to that of the belly; scales large,
larger forward and closely imbricated, the free margin little convex.
i, Jaws equal when closed or lower slightly projecting; depth 3 in length; mouth rather
small; maxillary 34% in head; eye 44% in head; gill rakers about 16 + 31, long and
slender, about equal to eye. TULLIBEE, 771.

468 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

Subgenus ARGYROSOMUS.

763. ARGYROSOMUS OSMERIFORMIS (H. M. Smith).

(SMELT OF THE NEw YorkK LAKES.)

Head 4; depth 5 to 6; eye 4. D. 9; A. 13; scales 9-83-10. Body
elongate, slender, back not elevated. Head rather large, its width equal
to half its length. Length of top of head 24 in distance from occiput to
dorsal; greatest depth considerably less than length of head. Eye
large, equal to snout. Gill rakers very long and slender, as long as eye,
20+ 35. Dorsal fin rather high, its height equal to + depth of body and
1} times length of base of fin; its origin nearer base of caudal than snout,
its free margin nearly vertical, straight; longest anal ray # length of
base of fin; ventral long, equal to height of dorsal, its length equal to
% of distance from ventral origin to vent; ventral origin midway
between base of caudal and pupil; adipose dorsal long and slender,
of same width throughout, its width 3} its length. Mouth large,
the lower jaw projecting, the snout straight; maxillary contained 3 times
in length of head, its posterior edge extending to line drawn vertically
through the anterior margin of pupil; mandible + the length of
head, its angle under the pupil. Teeth present on the tongue. Color
above grayish silvery, sides bright silvery ; below white; tips of dorsal
and caudal dark. Length 10inches. Lakes of central New York, known
from Seneca Lake and Skaneateles Lake. (Smith.) (Osmerus, a smelt,
forma, form; in allusion to the general shape of the fish, which is known
as ‘‘smelt” in parts of New York.)

Coregonus hoyi, BEAN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1882, 658, not of GiLu; GoopE, Hist. Aquatic
Animals, pl. 197 B, 1884; not of text.
Coregonus osmeriformis, Huau M. Smiru, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., xiv, 1894, pl. 1, 2, Seneca

Lake and Skaneateles Lake, NewYork. (Type, Nos. 32162 and 32165. Coll. Prof. H.
L. Smith and J. C. Willetts.)

764. ARGYROSOMUS ARTEDI (Le Sueur).

(Cisco; LAKE HERRING; MicHIGAN HERRING.)

Head 44; depth 44; eye 4 to 44. D.10; A. 12; scales 8-75 to 90-7, 10
rows under base of dorsal; vertebre about 60. Body elongate, com-
pressed, not elevated. Head compressed, somewhat pointed, rather long,
the distance from occiput to tip of snout usually a little less than half
the distance from occiput to dorsal fin. Mouth rather large, the maxil-
lary reaching not quite to the middle of the pupil, 34 to 34 in head;
the mandible 24 in head. Preorbital bone long and slender; suborbital
broad ; supraorbital nearly as long as eye, about four timesas long as broad.
Gill rakers very long and slender, as in Clupea, 15 to 17 + 28 to 34, the
longest 13 in eye. Dorsal fin high, its rays rapidly shortened. Bluish -
black or greenish above; sides silvery, scales with dark specks; fins
mostly pale, the lower dusky-tinged. Length 12 inches. Great Lakes
and neighboring waters, not in Alaska nor Arctic America; very abun-
dant, usually frequenting shallow waters. An active, voracious fish,
valued as food. (Named for Petrus Artedi, the ‘‘ Father of Ichthyology,”

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 469

the associate of Linnzus, and perhaps the ablest systematic zodlogist of
the 18th century.)
Coregonus artedi, Le Surur, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1, 1818, 231, Lake Erie; Niagara
River; JornpAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 301, 1883.
Coregonus clupeiformis, GUNTHER, Cat., vi, 198, 1866, and of many authors, but not Salmo
clupeiformis, of MITCHILL.
Salmo (Coregonus) harengus, RicHARDSON, Fauna Bor.-Amer., 111, 210, 1836, Lake Huron.
Coregonus harengus, GUNTHER, Cat., v1, 199, 1866.
Represented in numerous small lakes in Indiana and Wisconsin (Tip-
pecanoe, Geneva, Oconomowoc, La Belle, etc.), by the slightly modified

764a. ARGYROSOMUS ARTEDI SISCO, Jordan.

(Stsco oF LAKE TIPPECANOE.)

Smaller than the Lake Cisco, but superior as food; living in deep waters,
except in December, when it ascends brooks to spawn. (Sisco or Cisco, a
vernacular name, probably Indian.)

Argyrosomus sisco, JORDAN, Amer. Nat., 1875, 136, Lake Tippecanoe, Warsaw, Indiana.
(Coll. Judge J. H. Carpenter.)

765. ARGYROSOMUS HOYI, Gill.

(Moon-EYE Cisco ; Cisco or LAKE MICHIGAN; KIEYE oF LAKE MICHIGAN.)

Head 43; depth 44; eye 4! to 43; snout 3? to 33; maxillary 23 to 3 in
head, reaching to vertical of middle of pupil. D.10; A. 11 or 12; scales
8 or 9-73 to 80-7. Gill rakers 14 + 25 or 26, slender, about 2 in eye.
Vertebra 56; branchiostegals 8 or 9. Body rather elongate, compressed,
the back somewhat elevated. Mouth rather large, subterminal, the lower
jaw shorter than upper, even when the mouth is open; tip of muzzle
rather bluntly truncate, somewhat as in a true Coregonus; mandible
nearly reaching posterior edge of eye, 2{ in head. Head rather long,
slender, and pointed. Supraorbital and preorbital long and narrow.
Distance from tip of snout to occiput 2} to 2? in distance from occiput to
origin of dorsal fin. Fins low; free margin of dorsal very oblique, the
length of the anterior rays 1? in head, that of the last ray less than half
length of the first; longest anal ray 23 in head and more than twice as
long as the last ray. Pseudobranchie very large; tongue with traces of
teeth. Color light iridescent blue on back, scales with a few fine dark
punctulations reaching about two scales below lateral line; sides and
under parts rich silvery, brighter than in any other of our Coregonina,
much as in Hiodon and Albula; top of head light olivaceous; cheeks sil-
very; dorsal, caudal, and pectorals with some dark on their margins;
anal and ventrals white, with some dark dustings; the male perhaps a
little richer, more iridescent blue on back, and with the scales a little
thicker and less closely imbricated. Length 13 inches. Deep waters of
Lake Michigan ; one of the smallest and handsomest of Coregonine. The
only specimens known were the two sent to Dr. Gill and the one to Dr.
Jordan by Dr. Hoy, until recently rediscovered by the United States Fish
Commission, who find it to be the principal fish caught in the gill nets in
the western part of Lake Michigan. It is taken in large numbers off

470 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

Kenosha in 90 fathoms in November during its spawning season. It is
a true Argyrosomus, though approaching Coregonus. (Named for Dr. Philo
R. Hoy, of Racine, Wisconsin, an able naturalist, who early collected
the fishes of Lake Michigan.) f

Argyrosomus hoyi, Git MS., Jorpan, American Naturalist, March, 1875, 1385, Lake Michigan,
near Racine, Wisconsin. (Type, No. 8902. Coll. Hoy.)

Coregonus hoyi, JORDAN, Man. Vert., Ed. 2, 275, 1878; JorpDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 299, 1883 ;
Smiru, Bull. U. 8. Fish Comm., xrv, 1894, pl. 1, fig. 1, 6; not Argyrosomus hoyi, MILNER,
Rept. U. 8. Fish Comm., 1872-73 (1875), 86 (which is A. prognathus), nor Coregonus hoyi,
BEAN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1882, 658 (which is A. osmeriformis).

766. ARGYROSOMUS PUSILLUS (Bean).

Head 5; depth 5; eye 33 in head. D.10; A. 12; V.11; scales 10-91-9.
Body rather elongate, compressed. Form of mouth as in 4A. artedi, the
lower jaw considerably projecting; maxillary broad, with rather broad
supplemental bone, three times as long as wide, extending not quite to
middle of the very large eye, its length 34 in head; preorbital extremely
narrow. Mandible 24 in head. Teeth none, or reduced to minute asperi-
ties on the tongue. Gill rakers numerous, very long and slender, 49 in
all. Dorsal very high, much higher than long, its last rays rapidly short-
ened, the first rays twice the length of base of fin; insertion of dorsal
midway between snout and middle of adipose fin; caudal large, well
forked; anal small; ventral inserted under middle of dorsal, very long,
» length of head ; pectoral the same length. Scales asin 4. artedi. Steel-
bluish above, with many dark points; belly white; dorsal and caudal
mostly blackish; pectorals and ventrals tipped with black; eye blackish,
the iris silvery. Length a foot or less. Yukon River to Bering Sea and
northward, ascending rivers. (pusillus, feeble.)

Coregonus merckii, var., BEAN, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1881, 256; Jorpan & GILBERT, Synopsis, 300,
1883 ; not of GUNTHER.

Coregonus pusillus, BEAN, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., 1888, 526, Kowak River, Alaska. (Type, No.
38366. Coll. Chas. H. Townsend.)

767. ARGYROSOMUS LUCIDUS (Richardson).

(GREAT BEAR LAKE HERRING.)

Head small, 5 to 54; depth 44 to 43; eye 5. D.11 or 12 developed rays;
A. 11 or 12. Scales 85 to 87, 11 or 12 scales in an oblique series
downward and forward from front of dorsal to lateral line. Eye slightly
less than length of snout, 13 times in interorbital width. Body slender,
elongate, the curve of back and belly about equal, the greatest depth
exceeding length of head. The snout narrow, almost vertically truncate
when mouth is closed, the lower jaw fitting within the upper, but the
mouth not inferior. Distance from snout to nape 2? to 3 in distance
between nape and front of dorsal. The head is much smaller in one of
our specimens than in the other. Mouth oblique, with rather slender
maxillary, which extends to vertical midway between front and middle
of pupil, its length from tip to articulation equaling distance from end of
snout to front of pupil, and contained 3% to 34 in lengthof head. Supple-
mental maxillary bone probably broader than in 4. artedi, from ? to § great-
est width of maxillary. Suborbitals very narrow, their least width less

Jordan and Evermann,—Fishes of North America. ATL

than half diameter of pupil. Supraorbital bone large, its width 24 to 23
in its length. Gill rakers very long and slender, the longest slightly
more than $ length of eye, 16-++ 28 in nuinber in each specimen. Front
of dorsal slightly nearer tip of snout than base of upper rudimentary dor-
salrays. The fins are mutilated, so that their length can not be given.
* Adipose fin large, inserted vertically above last anal rays, its height from
tip to posterior end of base equaling vertical diameter of eye. Color sil-
very. As pointed out by Dr. Giinther, this northern form differs from A.
artedi in its shorter head and smaller eye. It seems also to have the pte-
maxillaries placed at a greater angle than in 4. urtedi. Mackenzie River
and tributaries. Here described from two specimens from Great Bear
Lake River, each 16 inches long, collected by Miss Elizabeth Taylor.
(lucidus, shining.)

Salmo (Coregonus) lucidus, RIcHARDSON, Fauna Bor.-Amer., 111, 207, 1836, with good figure, Great

Bear Lake.
Coregonus lucidus, GUNTHER, Cat., v1, 198, 1866; GILBERT, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., xiv, 1894, 24.

768. ARG@YROSOMUS LAURETTE (Bean).

Head 5; dspth 4; eye 44 to 5. D. 12; A. 11; V. 12; scales 10-84 to
95-10, 84 te 87 in specimens examined. Body robust, the back elevated ;
head small and slender, the small eye not longer than snout. Distance
from nape to front of snout 24 times in its distance from dorsal. Maxil-
lary about reaching middle of eye, 34+ in head, its supplemental bone half
its length; lower jaw very slightly longer than upper; mandible 24 in
head; lingual teeth present. Guill rakers long and numerous, 10 + 25;
ventral scale not half length of fin; pectorals short, not reaching haif
way to ventrals. Scales smaller than in A. artedi, 16 cross series under
base of dorsal. Alaska, from Yukon River northward to Point Barrow;
generally common. Apparently very close to Argyrosomus lucidus, but the
base of the dorsal longer. (Named for Mrs. Lauretta H. Bean. )

Coregonus laurette, BEAN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1881, 156, Point Barrow; JorpAaNn & GILBERT
Synopsis, 890, 1883. (Type, Nos. 27695 and 27915. Coll. Capt. C. L. Hooper.)

769. ARGYROSOMUS PROGNATHUS (H. M. Smith).

(Lone JAw; BLoATER.)

Head 44; depth 34 to4; eye 5. D. 9 or10; A. 10 to 12. Eye rather
small, 1} in snout, i} in interorbital space, 14 in suborbital space. Scales
9-75-8. Body oblong, much compressed, back elevated, tapering rather
sharply towards the narrow caudal peduncle, the adult fish having a
slight nuchal hump as in C. clupeiformis. Mouth large and strong; snout
straight, its tip on level with lower edge of pupil. Top of head 2+ in
distance from occiput to front of dorsal. Maxillary reaching to opposite
pupil, 24 in head, the length 3} timesits greatest width; mandible project-
_ing beyond upper jaw when mouth is closed, very long, reaching to or

* The vertical from last ray of anal traverses the posterior third of base of adipose dorsal. This
is the only respect in which our specimens fail to agree with Richardson’s description. ‘The lat-
ter states that the adipose fin is located ‘‘ about its own breadth posterior to the anal,” but this

can probably be accounted for by the nature of the specimen, Richardson’s description being
taken from a stuffed skin,—Gilbert. _

472 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

beyond posterior edge of eye, lito 1gin head. Head of medium size, rather
short and deep, pointed, cranial ridges prominent. Dorsal rather
high, the longest ray 4 longer than base of fin, contained 1% times
in greatest body depth, and 14 times in head; free margin slightly con-
cave; origin nearer end of snout than base of caudal. Longest anal
tray equal to base of fin and % height of dorsal. Vertebre 55. Gill
rakers slender, about 15-+ 28, about length of eye. Adipose fin the
length of eye, its width half itslength. Narrowest part of caudal pedun-
clesccontained nearly four times in greatest body depth. Ventral as long
as dorsal is high, its origin midway between end of snout and fork of
tail; pectoral as long as ventral. Lateral line straight except at origin,
where it presents a rather marked curve. Sides of body uniformly
bright silvery, with pronounced bluish reflection in life; the back dusky,
the under parts pure white without silvery color; above lateral line, the
upper and lower edges of scales are finely punctulated, central part
unmarked, producing light longitudinal stripes extending whole length
of body ; fins flesh color or pinkish in life, the dorsal and caudal usually
showing dusky edges; postorbital area with a bright golden reflection.
Iris golden, pupil black. Length 15 inches. Lake Ontario, Lake Michi-
gan, Lake Superior, and doubtless the entire Great Lake Basin, in deep
water. (Smith.) This species and A. osmeriformis have been confounded
under the name Coregonus hoyi, though neither much resembles the
original of thatname. (po, forward; yvaioc, jaw.)

Argyrosomus hoyi, MILNER, Rept. U. S. Fish Comm., 11, 1872-73 (1874), 86, Outer Island,

Lake Superior; (Coll. Milner); not of Grint.

Coregonus prognathus, Hucu M. Smirn, Bull. U.S. Fish Comm., xiv, 1894, 4, pl. 1, fig. 3, Lake
Ontario, at Wilson, New York. (Type, No. 45568. Coll. John S. Wilson.)

770. ARGYROSOMUS NIGRIPINNIS, Gill.

(BLUEFIN ; BLACKFIN.)

Head 4; depth 4; eye 44. D.12; A. 12; scales 9 or 10-73 to 77-7 or 8.
Vertebre 57. Gill rakers about 18+ 30, rather long and slender, 14
in eye or 2in maxillary. Lower jaw slightly projecting; the maxillary
1 greater than eye and reaching vertical of front of pupil. Body stout,
fusiform, compressed. Head large, stout; mouth large. Distance from
tip of snout to occiput about 34 in distance from snout to origin of dorsal
fin. Back not arched, profile from occiput to origin of dorsal very gently
curved. Eye rather large, longer than snout. Teeth very minute, but
appreciable on premaxillaries and tongue. Color dark bluish above;
sides silvery, with dark punctulations; fins all blue-black. Length 18
inches. Deep waters of Lake Michigan and small lakes of Wisconsin
and Minnesota (Madison, Wisconsin, and Lake Miltona, Minnesota);
locally abundant. Larger than most of the other Ciscoes, and with .
larger mouth than any except A. prognathus; known at once by the
black fins. (niger, black; pinna, fin.)

Argyrosomus nigripimnis, GILL MS. in Mitner, Report. U.S. Fish Comm. for 1872-73 (1874), 87,

Lake Michigan, off Racine, Wisconsin. (Coll. Dr. Hoy.)
Coregonus nyripmms, JORDAN, Man, Vert., Ed. 2, 275, 1878 ; JorpAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 301, 1883

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 473

Subgenus ALLOSOMUS, Jordan.
771. ARGYROSOMUS TULLIBEE (Richardson).

(TULLIBEE ; ‘‘ MONGREL WHITEFISH.”’)

Head 4 to 44; depth 3 to 33; eye 44. D. 11 or 12; A. 11; scales
8 or 9-67 to 74-8. Gill rakers about 16 + 31, long and slender, the longest
about equal to eye. Body short, deep, compressed, shad-like, the dorsal
and ventral curves similar. Distance from tip of snout to occiput 2 in
distance from occiput to origin of dorsal. Caudal peduncle short and
deep. Head conic, compressed, much as in A. nigripinnis. Mouth large,
lower jaw projecting, the maxillary as long as the eye, about 34 in head,
extending past the front of eye, its supplemental bone narrowly
ovate, with prolonged point; jaws equal when closed. Eye large, as
long as snout. Preorbital narrow; supraorbital elongate, rectangular.
Seales anteriorly considerably enlarged, their diameter half larger than
the diameter of those on the caudal peduncle, the free margins less con-
vex than in other species. Color bluish above; sides white, punctate
with fine dots; each scale with a silvery area, these forming a series of
distinct longitudinal stripes. Length 18 inches. Great Lakes, Lake of
the Woods, and northward. A handsome and well-marked species.
(Tullibee, a name of Indian origin, used by the fur traders.)

Salmo (Coregonus) tullibee, RicHARDSON, Fauna Bor.-Amer., 111, 201, 18836, Cumberland House,
Pine Island Lake.
Coregonus tullibee, GUNTHER, Cat., v1, 199, 1866; Jorpan & GiLBeErt, Synopsis, 301, 1883.

Represented in small lakes of southern Michigan by

771a. ARGYROSOMUS TULLIBEE BISSELLI, Bollman.

Maxillary reaching middle of eye; lower jaw projecting. Eye 43 in
head ; scales 80 to 82, anteriorly scarcely larger than posteriorly. Head
47; depth 33. Rawson Lake and Howard Lake, Michigan. (Named for
John H. Bissell, then president of the Michigan Fish Commission. )

Coregonus tullibee bisselli, BoLtMAN, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., vu, 1888, 223, Rawson Lake
and Howard Lake, Michigan. (Type, No. 40619. Coll. Bollman.)

233. STENODUS, Richardson.
(INCONNU.)
Stenodus,* RicHarpson, in Back’s Narrative Arctic Land Expedition, Back Appendix, 521, 1836,
(mackenzii).
Luciotrutta, GUNTHER, Cat., v1, 164, 1866, (mackenzii).

Body rather elongate, little compressed. Head long, the cleft of the
mouth wide. Maxillary long, broad, lanceolate, extending far backward,
lower jaw projecting much beyond the upper. Dentition very feeble,
the teeth extremely small; maxillary toothless; vomer, palatines, and
tongue with narrow bands of minute villiform teeth. Gill rakers rigid,

* “This fish, though agreeing with the trout in the structure of the jaws, differs from all the
subgenera established by Cuvier in the Régne Animal, in having the teeth disposed in velvet-like
bands, and broader on the vomer and palatine bones. From the crowded, minute teeth, the
hame of Sfenodus may be given to the subgenus of which the inconnu or Salmo mackenzii is the
only ascertained species.’’— Richardson.

474 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

awl-shaped, rough interiorly. Branchiostegals 10. Pyloric ceca in great
number. Dorsal fin moderate, over ventrals; anal rather long; caudal
forked. Scales moderate. Coloration silvery. Migratory fishes of large
size, inhabiting the streams of Arctic America and Asia; intermediate
between the Whitefish and the Trout. (orevdc, narrow ; ddotc, tooth.)

772. STENODUS MACKENZII (Richardson).

(INCONNU.)

Head 42; eye 6. D.12; A. 14; scales 100. Eye less than snout,
nearly equaling the narrow interorbital width. Maxillary reaching a
vertical behind pupil, its length very slightly more than + head. Supple-
mental bone long and narrow, nearly as wide as the maxillary, the ante-
rior end notched, the angle above the notch sharply pointed, the lower
angle bluntly rounded. Teeth all weak and flexible, bristle-like; present
in a narrow band in upper jaw, the band extending laterally onto prox-
imal fifth of maxillary; a similar narrow band anteriorly in lower jaw;
very broad patches of similar, but slightly stiffer, teeth are present on
tongue, vomer, and palatines. Gill rakers 7+ 17, the one in the angle
reckoned with the vertical limb, very stiff and bony, the longest # diam-
eter of eye; they bear in their margins two rows of very short, weak
teeth, which do not make them appreciably rough.

Here described from a specimen 32 inches long, from the delta of the
Mackenzie River, collected by Miss Elizabeth Taylor. Mackenzie River
and its tributaries below the cascades; locally abundant and reaching a
large size, usually 5 to 15 pounds, but sometimes 30 to 40 pounds. A fair
food-fish, but the flesh is oily.* (Named for its discoverer, Alexander
Mackenzie, for whom the river was also named.)

Salmo mackenzii, RICHARDSON, Franklin’s Journ., 1823, 707, Mackenzie River.

Luciotrutta mackenzii, GUNTHER, Cat., v1, 164, 1866.
Stenodus mackenzii, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 304, 1883.

234. ONCORHYNCHUS, Suckley.

(QUINNAT SALMON.)

Oncorhynchus, SuckLEY, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 1861, 312, (scouler?).
Hypsifario, Git, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, 330, (kennerlyi).

Body elongate, subfusiform, or compressed. Mouth wide, the maxil-
lary long, lanceolate, usually extending beyond the eye; jaws with
moderate teeth, which become in the adult male enormously enlarged
in front. Vomer long and narrow, flat, with a series of teeth both on
the head and the shaft, the latter series comparatively short and weak ;
palatines with a series of teeth; tongue with a marginal series on each
side; teeth on vomer and tongue often lost with age; no teeth on the
hyoid bone. Branchiostegals more or less increased in number. Scales
moderate or small. Dorsal fin moderate ; anal fin comparatively elongate,

* According to Dr. Bean our species may be not distinct from the Siberian species, Stenodus
leucichthys (Guldenstadt).

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 475

of 14 to 20 rays. Pyloric appendages in increased number. Gill rakers
rather numerous. Ova large. Sexual peculiarities very strongly devel-
oped ; the snout in the adult males in summer and fall greatly distorted ;
the premaxillaries prolonged, hooking over the lower jaw, which in turn
is greatly elongate and somewhat hooked at tip; the teeth on these bones
also greatly enlarged. The body becomes deep and compressed ; a fleshy
hump is developed before the dorsal fin, and the scales of the back
become embedded in the flesh ; the flesh, which is red and rich in spring,
becomesdry and poor. Salmon, mostly of large size, ascending the rivers
tributary to the North Pacific in North America and Asia, spawning in the
fall. Only five species are known. The genus is very close to Salmo,
differing only in the increased number of certain organs. (éyxoc, hook;
poyxoc, snout.)

Concerning the habits and distribution of the salmon we quote the
following, based on the observations of Jordan & Gilbert, which has
been published elsewhere. (See ‘“‘The Salmon Family,” in Jordan’s
Science Sketches, 35-82, 1887, A. C. McClurg & Co., Chicago.) Some
recent observations of Dr. Gilbert and Dr. Evermann are also included:

Of the species of Oncorhynchus, the Blueback (0. nerka) predominates in Fraser River and in
the Yukon River, the Silver Salmon (0. kisutch) in Puget Sound, the Quinnat (0. tschawytscha) in
the Columbia and the Sacramento, and the Silver Salmon in most of the streams along the coast.
All the species have been seen by us in the Columbia and in Fraser River ; all but the Blueback
in the Sacramento and in waters tributary to Puget Sound. Only the King Salmon has been
noticed south of San Francisco. Its range has been traced as far as Ventura River. Of these
species, the King Salmon and Blueback Salmon habitually ‘‘run’’ in the spring, the others in
the fall. The usual order of running in the rivers is as follows: nerka, tschawytscha, kisutch, gor-
buscha, keta. According to early authors, the tschawytscha precedes nerka in Kamchatka.

The economic value of the spring-running salmon is far greater than that of the other species,
because they can be captured in numbers when at their best, while the others are usually taken
only after deterioration. To this fact the worthlessness of Oncorhynchus keta, as compared with
the other species, is probably chiefly due.

The habits of the salmon in the ocean are not easily studied. King Salmon and Silver Salmon
of all sizes are taken with the seine at almost any season in Puget Sound. This would indicate
that these species do not go far from the shore. The King*Salmon takes the hook freely in
Monterey Bay, both near the shore and at a distance of 6 to 8 miles out. We have reason
to believe that these two species do not necessarily seek great depths, but probably remain not
very far from the mouth of the rivers in which they were spawned. The Blueback and the Dog
Salmon probably seek deeper water, as the former is seldom taken with the seine in the ocean,
and the latter is known to enter the Strait of Fuca at the spawning season, therefore coming
infrom the opensea, The run of the King Salmon and the Blueback begins generally at the last
of March ; it lasts, with various modifications and interruptions, until the actual spawning season,
September to November, the time of running and the proportionate amount in each of the subor-
dinate runs varying with each different river. By the last of July only straggling Bluebacks
can be found in the lower course of any stream ; but both in the Columbia and in the Sacramento
the Quinnat runs in considerable numbers, at least till October. In the Sacramento the run is
greatest in the fall, and more run in the summer thanin spring. The spring salmon ascends
only those rivers which are fed by the melting snows from the mountains, and which have suf-
ficient volume to send their waters well out to sea. Those salmon which run in the spring are
chiefly adults (supposed to be at least three years old). Their milt and spawn are no more
developed than at the same time in others of the same species which are not to enter the rivers
until fall. It would appear that the contact with cold fresh water, when in the ocean, in some
Way causes them to run toward it, and to run before there is any special influence to that
end exerted by the development of the organs of generation. High water on any of these rivers
in the spring is always followed by an increased run of salmon. The salmon canners think,

476 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

and this is probably true, that salmon which would not have run till later are brought up by the
contact with the cold water. The cause of this effect of cold fresh water is not understood.
We may call it an instinct of the salmon, which is another way of expressing ourignorance. In
general, it seems to be true that in those rivers and during those years when the spring run is
greatest, the fall run is least to be depended upon.

It varies for each of the different rivers, and for different parts of the same river. It doubt-
less extends from July to December. The manner of spawning is probably similar for all the
species, but we have no data for any except the Quinnat and the Redfish. In these species the
fishes pair off; the male, with tail and snout, excavates a broad, shallow ‘‘nest’’ in the gravelly
bed of the stream, in rapid water, at a depth of 1 to 4 feet; the female deposits her eggs in
it, and after the exclusion of the milt, they cover them with stones and gravel. They then
float down the stream tail foremost. As already stated, a great majority of them die. In the
head waters of the large streams, unquestionably all die ; in the small streams, and near the sea,
an unknown percentage probably survive. The young hatch in about sixty days.

The salmon of all kinds, in the spring, are silvery, spotted or not, according to the species,
and with the mouth about equally symmetrical in both sexes. As the spawning season
approaches the female loses her silvery color, becomes more slimy, the scales on the back partly
sink into the skin, and the flesh changes from salmon-red and becomes variously paler from the
loss of oil, the degree of paleness varying much with individuals and with inhabitants ot differ-
ent rivers. In the Sacramento the flesh of the Quinnat, in either spring or fall, is rarely pale.
In the Columbia a few with pale flesh are sometimes taken in spring, and a good many in the
fall. In Fraser River the fall run of the Quinnat is nearly worthless for canning purposes,
because so many are ‘‘ white-meated.’’ In the spring very few are ‘‘ white-meated,’’ but the
number increases toward fall, when there is every variation, some having red streaks running
through them, others being red toward the head and pale toward the tail. The red and pale
ones can not be distinguished externally, and the color is dependent upon neither age nor sex.
There is said to be no difference in the taste, but there is no market for canned salmon not of
the conventional orange color.

As the season advances, the difference between the males and females becomes more and more
marked, and keeps pace with the development of the milt, as is shown by dissection. The males
have (1) the premaxillaries and the tip of the lower jaw more and more prolonged, both of the
jaws becoming, finally, strongly and often extravagantly hooked, so that either they shut by
the side of each other like shears, or else the mouth can not be closed. (2) The front teeth
become very long and canine-like, their growth proceeding very rapidly, until they are often
half an inch long. (3) The teeth on the vomer and tongue often disappear. (4) The body
grows more compressed and deeper at the shoulders, so that a very distinct hump is formed ;
this is more developed in Oncorhynchus gorbuscha, but is found in all. (5) The scales disappear,

s,s

especially on the back, by the growth of spongy skin. (6) The color changes from silvery to _

various shades of black and red, or blotchy, according to the species. The Blueback turns rosy
or brick-red, the Dog Salmon a dull blotchy red, and the Quinnat generally blackish. The dis-
torted males are commonly considered worthless, rejected by the canners and salmon salters,
but preserved by the Indians. These changes are due solely to influences connected with the
growth of the reproductive organs. They are not in any way due to the action of fresh water.
They take place at about the same time in the adult males of all species, whether in the ocean
orin therivers. At the time of the spring runs all are symmetrical. In the fall all males, of
whatever species, are more or less distorted. Among the Dog Salmon, which run only in the
fall, the males are hook-jawed and red-blotched when they first enter the Strait of Fuca from
the outside. The Humpback, taken in salt water about Seattle, have the same peculiarities.
The male is slab-sided, hook-billed, and distorted, and is rejected by the canners. No hook-
jawed females of any species have been seen. It is not positively known that any fully hook-
jawed old male survives the reproductive act. If any do, the jaws must resume the normal form.

On first entering a stream the salmon swim about asif playing. They always head towards
the current, and this appearance of playing may be simply due to facing the moving tide. After-
wards they enter the deepest parts of the stream and swim straight up, with few interruptions.
Their rate of travel at Sacramento is estimated by Stone at about 2 miles per day; on the Colum-
bia at about 3 miles per day. Those who enter the Columbia in the spring and ascend to the
mountain rivers of Idaho, must go at a more rapid rate than this, as they must make an average
of nearly four miles per day.

Jordan and Evermann.—Ffishes of North America. ATT

As already stated, thereconomic value of any species depends in great part on its being a “‘spring
salmon.”’ It is not generally possible to capture salmon of any species iu large numbers until
they have entered the rivers, and the spring salmon enter the rivers long before the growth of
the organs of reproduction has reduced the richness of the flesh. The fall salmon can not be
taken in quantity until their-flesh has deteriorated ; hence, the Dog Salmon is practically almost
worthless, except to the Indians, and the Humpback Salmon is little better. The Silver Salmon,
with the same breeding habits as the Dog Salmon, is more valuable, as it is found in the inland
waters of Puget Sound for a considerable time before the fall rains cause the fall runs, and it may
be taken in large numbers with seines before the season for entering the rivers. The Quinnat
Salmon, from its great size and abundance, is more valuable than all the other fishes on our
Pacific Coast taken together. The Blueback, similar in flesh, but much smaller and less abun-
dant, is worth much more than the combined value of the three remaining species of salmon.

The fall salmon of all species, but especially of the Dog Salmon, ascend streams but a short
distance before spawning. They seem to be in great anxiety to find fresh water, and many of
them work their way up little brooks only a few inches deep, where they perish miserably,
floundering about on the stones. Every stream, of whatever kind, has more or less of these fall
salmon.

It is the prevailing impression that the salmon have some special instinct which leads them to
return to spawn in the same spawning grounds where they were originally hatched. We fail to
find any evidence of this in the case of the Pacific Coast salmon, and we do not believe it to be
true. It seems more probably that the young salmon hatched in any river mostly remain in the
ocean, Within a radius of 20, 30, or 40 miles of its mouth. These, in their movements about in
the ocean, may come into contact with the cold waters of their parent rivers, or, perhaps, of any
other river, at a considerable distance from the shore. In the case of the Qninnat and the
Blueback, their “‘instinct”’ seems to lead them to ascend these fresh waters, and, in a majority
of cases, these waters will be those in which the fishes in question were originally spawned.
Later in the season the growth of the reproductive organs leads them to approach the shore and
search for fresh waters, and still the chances are that they may find the original stream. But
undoubtedly many fall salmon ascend, or try to ascend, streams in which no salmon were ever
hatched. In little brooks about Puget Sound, where the water is not 3 inches deep, are often
found dead or dying salmon, which have entered them for the purpose of spawning. It is said
of the Russian River and other California rivers, that their mouths, in the time of low water in
summer, generally become entirely closed by sand bars, and that the salmon, in their eagerness
to ascend them, frequently fling themselves entirely out of water on the beach. But this does
not prove that the salmon are guided by a marvelous geographical instinct, which leads them
to their parent river in spite of the fact that the river can not be found. The waters of Rus-
sian River soak through these sand bars, and the salmon instinct, we think, leads them merely
to search for fresh waters. This matter is much in need of further investigation; at present,
however, we find no reason to believe that the salmon enter the Rogue River simply because
they were spawned there, or that a salmon hatched in the Clackamas River is more likely, on
that account, to return to the Clackamas than to go up the Cowlitz or the Des Chutes,

ONCORHYNCHUS :
a, Gillrakers comparatively short and few (20 to 25 in number).

b. Scales very small, more than 200 in a longitudinal series ; caudal spots large, oblong.
GoRBUSCHA, 773.
bb. Scales medium, about 145 (138 to 155) in a longitudinal series ; pyloric cceca about 150.
c. Anal rays 13 or 14; black spots small or obsolete ; B. 13 or 14. KETA, 774.

ec, Anal rays about 16; back and upper fins with round black spots; B. 15 to 19.

TSCHAWYTSCHA, 775,
bbb. Scales comparatively large, about 130 (125 to 135) in a longitudinal series; pyloric
coeca 50 to 80, KISUTCH, 776,

Hypsrranrio, (iy, high ; Fario, trout) :

aa, Gill rakers comparatively long and numerous (30 to 40 in number) ; scales large ; lateral
line about 130; back in adults unspotted, clear blue in spring, red in fall; young
more or less spotted. NERKA, 777,

478 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

Subgenus ONCORHYNCHUS.
773. ONCORHYNCHUS GORBUSCHA (Walbaum).

(Humesack Satmon ; Happo; Horta; Gorsuscua ; Doe Saumon of Alaska.)

B. llor12. Gillrakers13-+ 15. A. (developed rays) 15; D. 11; scales
215 (210-240), those of the lateral line larger, 170. Pyloric ceca very
slender, about 180. Body rather slender, in the female plump and sym-
metrical, in the fall males very thin and compressed, with the fleshy dor-
sal hump much developed and the jaws much elongated, strongly hooked,
and with extravagant canines in front. Ventral appendage half the
length of the fin. Color bluish; sides silvery; back posteriorly, adipose
fin, and tail with numerous black spots; those on the caudal fin partic-
ularly large and oblong in form; fall males red, more orless blotched with
brownish. Weight 3 to 6 pounds. Pacific Coast and rivers of North America
and Asia from Oregon northward; not rare; occasionally taken in the
Sacramento * where it is called ‘‘Lost Salmon.” Known at once by the
very small size of the scales, and by the coarse oblong spots on the tail.
(Gorbuscha, the Russian vernacular name in Alaska.)

Salmo gorbuscha, WaLBaum, Artedi Piscium, 69, 1792, Kamchatka; after the Gorbuscha of PENn-
NANT and KRASCHENINNIKOW.

Salmo gibber, Buocu & SCHNEIDER, Syst. Ichth., 409, 1801, Kamchatka; after KRascHENIN-
NIKOW.

Salmo proteus, PALLAS, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiatica, 111, 376, 1811, Bering Sea; SuckLey, Monogr.
Salmo, 97, 1861 (1874).

Salmo scouleri, RICHARDSON, Fauna Bor.-Amer., 111, 158, 1836, Observatory Inlet.

Salmo tschawytschiformis, Smrrr, I Riksmuseeum Befintliga Salmonider, 161, 1886, Port Clar-
ence.

Oncorhynchus proteus, GUNTHER, Cat., v1, 157, 1866.

Oncorhynchus scouleri, GUNTHER, Cat., v1, 158, 1866.

Oncorhynchus gorbuscha, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 305, 1883.

774. ONCORHYNCHUS KETA (Walbaum).

(Doc Satmon; Hay-ko; Lr Kar Sanmon.)

Head 4; depth 4. D.9; A. 13 or 14; scales about 28-150-30; B. 13-or
14, rather broad; gill rakers 94-15; pyloric ceca 140-185. General form
of the Quinnat, but the head proportionately longer, more depressed
and pike-like; the preopercle more broadly convex behind, and the
maxillary extending considerably beyond eye. Gill rakers few, coarse,
and stout, a8 in the Quinnat. Accessory pectoral scale short, not
half the length of fin. Dusky above; sides paler, little lustrous; back
and sides with no defined spots, but only fine specklings, which are
often entirely obsolete; head dusky, scarcely any metallic luster on head
or tail; caudal dusky, plain, or very finely maculate, its edge usually
distinctly blackish; fins all mostly blackish, especially in males; breed-
ing males generally blackish above, with sides brick-red, often barred or
mottled. Weight about 12 pounds. San Francisco to Kamchatka,
ascending all streams in the fall, and spawning at no great distance
from the sea; abundant in Bering Straits. At the time of its run the

* This species appears in Alaska every year and in great abundance. In Puget Sound it comes
each alternate year only, the odd year (1891, 1893, etc.). In the Sacramento each year, butin
very small numbers. Itascends the Sacramento as far'as Shasta County.

ee ee re

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. A479

males of this species are much distorted and the flesh has little value.
(Keta, a vernacular name in Kamchatka.)

Salmo keta vel kayko, Watnaum, Artedi Piscium, 72, 1792, Rivers of Kamchatka; after the
keta or kayko of PENNANT and KRASCHENINNIKOW; BiLocH & SCHNEIDER, Syst. Ichth., 407,
1801.

Salmo lagocephalus, PaALLAs, Zoogr. Ross.-Asiatica, 111, 372, 1811, Bering Sea.

? Salmo japonensis, PaLuas, Zoogr. Ross.-Asiatica, 111, 382, 1811, Curile Islands; Amur River.

Salmo dermatinus, RicHarRpson, Voyage Herald, Zodl., 167, 1854, Yukon River.

Salmo consuetus, RicHARDSON, Voyage Herald, Zodl., 168, 1854, Yukon River.

Salmo canis, SuckiEy, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 1858, 9, and Monogr. Salmo, 101, 1861 (1874),*
Puget Sound.

Oncorhynchus lagocephalus, GUNTHER, Cat., vi, 161, 1866.

Oncorhynchus keta, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 305, 1883.

775. ONCORHYNCHUS TSCHAWYTSCHA (Walbaum).

(QuinNaT Satmon; TcHAvicHe; Kine@ Satmon; CoLumpra SALMON; SACRAMENTO SALMON;
Cuinook Satmon; TYEE SALMON ; SAW-KWEY; TSCHAWYTSCHA.)

Head 4; depth 4. B. 15 or 16 to 18 or 19, the number on the two sides
always unlike. D.11; A.16. Gill rakers usually 9+ 14 (i. e.,9 above
the angle and 14 below). Pyloric ceca 140 to 185; scales usually 27-146-
29, the number in a longitudinal series varying from 140 to 155, and in
California specimens occasionally as low as 135. Vertebre 66. Head
conic, rather pointed in the females and spring males. Maxillary rather
slender, the small eye behind its middle. Teeth small, longer on sides
of lower jaw than in front; vomerine teeth very few and weak, disap-
pearing in the males. In the males in late summer and fall the jaws
become elongate and distorted, and the anterior teeth much enlarged, as
in the related species. The body then becomes deeper, more compressed,
and arched at the shoulders, and the color often nearly black. Preoper-
cle and opercle strongly convex. Body comparatively robust, its depth
greatest near its middle. Ventrals inserted behind middle of dorsal,
ventral appendage half the length of the fin; caudal, as usual in this
genus, strongly forked, on a rather slender caudal peduncle. Color
dusky above, often tinged with olivaceous or bluish; sides and below
silvery ; head dark slaty, usually darker than the body and little spotted ;
back, dorsal fin, and tail usually profusely covered with round black
spots (these are sometimes few, but very rarely altogether wanting);
sides of head and caudal fin with a peculiar metallic tin-colored luster;
male, about the spawning season (October), blackish, more or less tinged
or blotched with dull red. Flesh red and rich in spring, becoming paler
in the fall as the spawning season approaches. Length 2 to 5 feet.
Usual weight in the Columbia River 22 pounds, in the Sacramento 16 to
18 pounds; in smaller rivers still less, but individuals of 70 to 100
pounds have been taken. Alaska, Oregon, and California, southward to
Ventura River, and to northern China, ascending all large streams;
especially abundant in the Columbia and Sacramento rivers, where it
is the principal salmon. It ascendst the large streams in sales and

*Dr. Suckley’s ae of the genus Salmo was written in 1861, but not actually printed
and published until 1874.
+ The usual order of salmon running in the streams of Oregon and Washington is nerka, tscha-

wytscha, kisutch, gorbuscha, and keta. Those which start first go farthest,

480 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

summer, moving up, without feeding, until the spawning season, by which
time many of those which started first may have traveled more than
1,000 miles. It ascends the Snake River to the neighborhood of Upper
Salmon Falls, where it spawns in October and November. In the Salmon
River of Idaho it ascends to the head waters, more than 1,000 miles from
the sea, where it spawns in August and early September when the water
has reached a temperature of about 54° F. After spawning, most or
all of those which have reached the upper waters perish from exhaus-
tion. It is by far the most valuable of our salmon. It has lately been
introduced into eastern streams. (Tschawytscha, better spelled by earlier
writers Tchaviche, the vernacular name in Alaska and Kamchatka. )

Salmo tschawytscha, WALBAUM, Artedi Piscium, 71, 1792, rivers of Kamchatka; after the Tschawi-
tscha of KRASCHENINNIKOW, Descr. Kamchatka, 178, 1768, and the Tschawytscha of PENNANT,
1792; BLocu & ScHNEIDER, Syst. Ichth., 407, 1801.

Salmo orientalis, PALLAS, Zoogr. Ross.-Asiat., 111, 367, 1811, Kamchatka.

Salmo quinnat, RicHarpson, Fauna Bor.-Amer., 11, 219, 1836, Columbia River; and of many
writers.

Fario argyreus, GIRARD, Proc, Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 218, Cape Flattery; Fort Steilacoom.

Salmo confluentus, SuCKLEY, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., December, 1858, and Pacific R. R. Surv.,
x11, Part 2, 334, 1860, Puyallup River, near Fort Steilacoom; (Coll. Suckley); and
Monogr. Salmo, 109, 1861 (1874). ;

Salmo argyreus, SuCKLEY, Pacific R. R. Sury., x1, Part 2, 326, 1860, and Monogr. Salmo, 110,
1861 (1874).

Oncorhynchus quinnat, GUNTHER, Cat., v1, 158, 1866; JorpaN, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., 1878, 69.

Oncorhynchus orientalis, GUNTHER, Cat., v1, 159, 1866.

Oncorhynchus chouicha,~ JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 306, 1883.

776. ONCORHYNCHUS KISUTCH (Walbaum).
(SILVER SaLmon; KisutcH; Skow1rz; Hooprp SALMon; Cono SALMON; BIELAYA RyBA; QUISUTSCH.)

Head 4; depth 4. B.13 0rl4. Pyloric ceca very few and large, 63 (45
to 80); gill rakers 10+ 18, rather long and slender, nearly as long as eye,
toothed ; scales 25-127-29. D. 10; A. 13 or 14 (developed rays). Body
rather elongate, compressed. Head short, exactly conical, terminating in
a bluntly pointed snout, which is longer and broader than the lower jaw;
head shorter than in a young Quinnat of the same size. Interorbital
space broad and strongly convex. Opercle and preopercle strongly con-
vex behind; the preopercle very broad, with the lower limb little devel-
oped; cheeks broad. Eye quite small, much smaller than in young
Quinnat of the same size. Suborbital very narrow, with a row of mucous
pores along its surface; maxillary slender and narrow, but extending
somewhat beyond the eye. Teeth very few and small, only two or three
on the vomer; those on tongue very feeble. Fins small. Pectorals and
ventrals short, the ventral appendage three-fifths the length of the fin;
caudal strongly forked, on a slender peduncle. Bluish green; sides sil-
very, with dark punctulations ; no spots except a few rather obscure on
top of head, back, dorsal fin, adipose fin, and the rudimentary upper
rays of the caudal; rest of the caudal fin unspotted; pectorals dusky
tinged; anal with dusky edging; sides of head without the dark color-
ation seen in the Quinnat; males mostly red in fall, and with the usual

+ An unsuccessful attempt at respelling the barbarous-looking word “‘ tschawytscha.”’
I p £ gs wy

ot a ii

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 481

changes of form. Length 15 inches. Weight 3 to 8 pounds. A small

salmon, ascending streams in the fall to no great distance. Abundant

from San Francisco northward, especially in Puget Sound and the

Alaskan fjords; south on the Asiatic coasts to Japan. (Kisutch, the ver-

nacular name in Alaska and Kamchatka; called by the Russians Bielaya

Ryba, or whitefish.)

? Salmo milktschitch, WaLBAuM, Artedi Piscium, 70, 1792, Bering Sea; after Milkischutsch or Milk:
tschitsch of PENNANT and KRASCHENINNIKOW; probably the young of kisutch.

Salmo kisutch,* Wateaum, Artedi Piscium, 70, 1792, Rivers and Lakes of Kamchatka; after
the Kisutch of PENNANT.

? Salmo striatus, BLocu & SCHNEIDER, Syst. Ichth., 407, 1801, Kamchatka; after Milktschitsch of
KRASCHENINNIKOW.

Salmo kysutch, Buocu & SCHNEIDER, Syst. Ichth., 407, 1801, Kamchatka; after PENNANT.

Salmo sanguinolentus, PALLAS, Zoogr. Ross.-Asiat., 111, 379, 1811, Bering Sea.

Salmo isuppitch, RicHarpson, Fauna Bor.-Amer., 111, 224, 1836, Columbia River; GiinTHER,
Cat., v1, 118, 1866. ”

? Salmo macrostoma, GUNTHER, Amer. Mag. Nat. Hist., 1877, 444, Yokohama, Japan.

Oncorhynchus lycaodon, GUNTHER, Cat., v1, 155, 1866; in part.

Salmo scouleri, SuckLEY, Monogr. Salmo, 94, 1861 (1874).

Oncorhynchus sanguinolenius, GUNTHER, Cat., v1, 160, 1866.

Oncorhynchus tsugpitch, JORDAN, Forest and Stream, September 16, 1880, 130

Oncorhynchus kisutch, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 307, 1883.

Subgenus HYPSIFARIO, Gill.
777. ONCORHYNCHUS NERKA (Walbaum).

(Bive-pack SaLmon; Reprisu; FRASER River SALMON ; Saw-Qur SaALmon; KRrASNAYA RyBa,

Head 4; depth 4. B.13 to 15; D.11; A. 14 to 16; scales 20-133-20;
pyloric ceca 75 to 95; vertebra 64. Gill rakers about 32 to 40, usually
14 or 15+ 22 or 23, as long as eye. Body elliptical, rather slender.
Head short, sharply conic, pointed, the lower jaw included. Maxillary
rather thin and small, extending beyond eye. Teeth all quite small,
most of them freely movable; vomer with about 6 weak teeth, which
grow larger in fall males, instead of disappearing. Preopercle very wide
and convex; opercle very short, not strongly convex. Preopercle more
free behind than in O. tschawytscha. Ventral scale about half the length
of the fin. Caudal fin narrow, widely forked; anal fin long and low;
dorsal low. Fleshdeep red. Males becoming extravagantly hook-jawed
in the fall, the snout being then prolonged and much raised above the
level of rest of head, the lower jaw produced to meet it; mandible 14
in head in fall males, 1? in females ;.snout 2} in head in fall males, 3} in
females. Color clear bright blue above; sides silvery, this hue overlying
the blue of the back; lower fins pale, upper dusky; no spots anywhere
in adults in spring; the young with obscure black spots above.

Color of breeding male: back blood red, with dark edges to some of the
scales; middie of side darker red, but unevenly so, usually darkest at
middle of body; under parts dirty white, with numerous fine dark dust-
ings; head above and on sites pale olivaceous, some darker mottling on

*Misprinted hisutch by Walbaum. the error corrected in the errata. The name milktschitsch
has a few lines of priority over kisutch, but we are not absolutely sure that it belongs to the
same species,

F. N. A.——32

482 Bulletin 27, United States National Museum.

sides; tip of nose and sides of jaws dark, under part of lower jaw white ;
dorsal pale red, anal darker red; adipose fin red; ventrals and pectorals
smoky, some red at base. Color of breeding female essentially the same,
rather darker on the sides. Length 2 feet; weight 34 to 8 pounds.
Klamath and Rogue rivers northward to Kamchatka and Japan; gen-
erally abundant, especially northward; ascending streams in spring to
great distances, and often frequenting mountain lakes in fall, spawning
in their small tributaries; one of the most graceful of the Salmonide,
scarcely inferior to the Quinnat when fresh, but the flesh more watery
and Jess valuable when canned. The principal salmon of Alaska.

The Redfish is known to ascend to the small lakes of Alaska, British
Columbia, Washington, Oregon, and Idaho, and to spawn in their inlets.
Dr. Bean has observed it at Karluk Lake in Alaska, Dr. Dawson and
Prof. John Macoun in British Columbia, Prof. O. B. Johnson at Lake
Washington, Dr. Gilbert at Wallowa Lake in Oregon, while we have
recently studied it on its spawning beds in the inlets to Alturas, Pettit,
and Big Payette lakes in Idaho. This species enters the Columbia River
with the spring run of the Chinook Salmon, but does not reach the lakes
of Idaho until August. We observed them spawning in the shallow water
of the inlets on beds of fine gravel and sand, which they scoop up into
considerable heaps. The temperature of the water at Alturas and Pettit
lakes, September 12, was 45° F., and the same temperature was found
at Big Payette Lake September 27. fe

Two distinct and widely different sizes of the Redfish are found sexu-
ally mature, the large form described above, and a small form which is
mature at a foot or less in length; and no specimens of intermediate size
have been observed. The average weight of six spawning fish of the
large form examined at Altnras Lake was 3 pounds 34 ounces, the mini-
mum and maximum being 2 pounds 5 ounces (a spent female), and 3
pounds 103 ounces. The average weight of twenty-nine individuals of
the small form obtained the same day and from the same stream was 64
ounces, the extremes being 44 (a spent female) and 9 ounces, respectively.

These iittle fish, which have been known as the Little Redfish or Ken-
nerly’s Salmon, have been regarded as being a landlocked variety, dis-
tinct from O. nerka. We are vot able to discover any structural differences
between the two. We have found them breeding at the same time and
in the same stream. The mutilations and frayed-out fins point to the
probability of their having made the long journey from the sea; indeed,
Dr. Gilbert has traced their migration from the mouth of the Columbia to
Wallowa Lake. There is no more evidence that they are landlocked than
that the large ones are, and if they are not younger individuals of the
regular nerka, they should be assigned specific rather than subspecific rank.

The fins of the little Redfish were observed to be frayed oat and muti-
lated quite as generally as were those of the large ones, and many dead
ones of each size were seen. It is doubtful if any which ascend to the
Idaho lakes ever return to the sea, but all probably die after spawning.

The color of the breeding male of the small form 1s dirty red, brightest
on middle of side; back with about 15 round black spots before the dorsal

feeb

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America, 483

and an equal number behind it; lower parts colored as in the Jarge fish;

top and sides of head dark greenish olive; snout black; lower jaw white,

with black tip; dorsal pale red; anal dirty red; other fins dark smoky.

Female darker than the male; not greatly different in color from the

black speckled trout. (nerka, a Russian name.)

Salmo nerka, Watzaum, Artedi Piscium, 71, 1792; after the Nerka of PENNANT, the Narka of
KRASCHININNIKOW, rivers and seas of Kamchatka ; Biocn & ScunerprR, Syst. Ichth.,
417, 1801; after PENNANT and KRASCHININNIKOW.

Salmo lycaodon, Pautas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., 111, 370, 1811, Ochotsk Sea; Kamchatka.

Salmo paucidens, RIcHARDSON, Fauna Bor.-Amer., 111, 222, 1836, Columbia River.

Salmo tapdisma, CuvYER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., xx1, 365, 1848, Kamchatka: on a
drawing.

Salmo arabatsch, CuviER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., xx1, 365, 1848, Kamchatka; on a
drawing.

Salmo melampterus, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, XX1, I. c., 365, 1848, Kamchatka; on a drawing.

Salmo kennerlyi, SucKLEy, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., vir, 1861, 307, Chiloweyuck Lake:
(Type, No. 2092. Coll. Kennerly); SucKLEY, Monogr. Salmo, 145, 1861 (1874); GUnruer,
Cat., v1, 120, 1866.

Salmo cooperi, SuCKLEY, Notices New Species N. A. Salmon, New York, June, 1861, and Monogr.
Salmo, 99, 1861 (1874), Okanogan River. (Col. Geo. Gibbs.)

Salmo warreni, SuckuEy, 1. c., June, 1861, and J. c., 147, 1861 (1874), Fraser River, British
Columbia. (Type, Nos. 2070 and 2073. Coll. Kennerly.)

Salmo richardi, SuckiEy, 1. c., June, 1861, and J. c., 117, 1861 (i874), Fraser and Skagit
rivers. (Type, No. 2005.)

Hypsifurio kennerlyi, GILL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, 330.

Oncorhynchus lycaodon, GUNTHER, Cat., v11, 155, 1866.

Oncorhynchus paucidens, GUNTHER, Cat., vit, 158, 1866.

Oncorhynchus nerka, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 308, 1883.

Oncorhynchus nerka kennerlyi, BEAN, Forest and Stream, July 9, 1891.

235. SALMO (Artedi) Linnezus.

(SALMON AND TRovT.)
Salmo (ArTEDI, Genera Piscium) Linn mvs, Syst. Nat., Ed. x, 1758, 308, (salar, etc).
Trutte, LINNxUS, Syst. Nat., Ed. x, 1758, 308, (trutta, etc.: ‘* Trutte corpore variegato ’’).
Fario, CuvieR & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., xxt, 277, 1848, (argenteus = trutta).
Salar, CuvieR & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., xx1, 314, 1848, (ausonii = fario).
Trutta, SieBoLD, Siisswasserfische Mittel Europa, 280, 1863, (¢trutta).

Body elongate, somewhat compressed. Mouth large; jaws, palatines,
and tongue toothed, as in related genera; vomer flat, its shaft not
depressed, a few teeth on the chevron of the vomer, behind which is a
somewhat irregular single or double series of teeth, which in the migra-
tory forms are usually deciduous with age. Scales large or small, 110 to
200 in a longitudinal series. Dorsal and anal fins short, usually of 10 to
12 rays each; caudal fin truncate, emarginate or forked, its peduncle
comparatively stout. Sexual peculiarities variously developed; the
males in typical species with the jaws prolonged and the front teeth
enlarged, the lower jaw being hooked upward at the end and the upper
jaw emarginate or perforate. In the larger and migratory species these
peculiarities are most marked. Species of moderate or large size, black-
spotted, abounding in the rivers and lakes of North America, Asia, and
Europe; no fresh-water species occurring in America east of the Missis-
sippi Valley ; two Atlantic species, marine and anadromous. The non-
migratory species (subgenus Zrutia) are in both continents extremely

484 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

closely related, and difficult to distinguish, if indeed all be not necessarily
regarded as forms of a single one. The excessive variations in color and
form have given rise to a host of nominal species.*~ (Salmo, the Latin
name of Salmo salar, originally from salio, to leap.)

The following observations on the species of trout are taken, with some
slight abridgment and alteration, from Dr. Ginther’s account of this
family. (Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., v1, 3-5, 1866):

There is no other group of fishes which offers so many difficulties to
the ichthyologist, with regard to the distinction of the species, as well
as to certain points in their life history, as this genus. * * * The
almost infinite variations of these fishes are dependent on age, sex, and
sexual development, food, and the properties of the water. * * * The
coloration is, first of all, subject to variation, and consequently this
character but rarely assists in distinguishing a species, there being not
one which would show in all stages the same kind of coloration. The
young in all the species of this genus are barred, and this is so constantly
the case that it may be used as a generic or even as a family character,
not being peculiar to Salmo alone, but also to Thymallus and probably to
Coregonus. The number of bars is not quite constant, but the migratory
trout have two (or even three) more than the river trout. When the
Salmones have passed this ‘‘ parr” state the coloration becomes such
diversified. The males, especially during and immediately after the
spawning time, are more intensely colored and variegated than the
females, specimens not mature retaining a brighter silvery color, and
being more similar to the female fish. Food appears to have less influence
on the coloration of the outer parts than on that of the flesh; thus, the
more variegated specimens are frequently out of condition, whilst well-
fed individuals, with pinkish flesh, are of more uniform though bright
colors. * * * The water has a marked influence on the colors. Trout
with intense ocellated spots are generally found in clear, rapid rivers
and in alpine pools; in the large lakes, with pebbly bottom, the fish are
bright silvery, and the ocellated spots are mixed with or replaced by
X-shaped black spots; in dark holes, or lakes with peaty bottom, they
often assume an almost uniform blackish coloration.

The brackish or salt water has the effect of giving them a bright
silvery coat, without or with few spots, none of them ocellated. With
regard to size, the various species do not present an equal amount of
variation. Size appears to depend upon the abundance of the food and
the extent of the water. Thus, the migratory species do rot appear to
vary considerably in size, because they find the same conditions in all
the localities innabited by them. A widely-spread species, however, like
Salmo fario [or in America, Salmo mykiss], when it inhabits a small moun-
tain pool, with scanty food, never attains a weight of 8 ounces, while in
a large lake or river, where it finds an abundance of food, it attains toa

* European writers have described numerous hybrids among the various species of Salmo, real
and nominal, found in their waters ; as also among the various European Cyprinide. We haye
thus far failed to find the slightest evidence of any hybridism either among our American
Salmonidx or Cyprinide, in a state of nature. Puzzling aberrant or intermediate specimens
certainly occur, but such are not necessarily ‘‘ hybrids,”

Jordan and Evermann.— Fishes of North America. 485

weight of 14 o0r16 pounds. Such large river trout are frequently named
or described as Salmon trout, Bull trout, Steelheads, etc.

The proportion of the various parts of the body to one another vary
exceedingly, in the same species, with age, sex, and condition.

The fins vary to a certain degree. The variation in the number of rays
in any one genus (except Oncorhynchus) is inconsiderable, and of no value
for specific distinction. Although some species appear to be distinguished
by a comparatively low dorsal and anal fin, yet the proportion of the
height of these fins to their length is a rather uncertain character. In
most of the species the fin rays are longer during the stages of growth
or development. The caudal fin especially undergoes changes with age.
Young specimens of all species have this fin more or less deeply excised,
so that the young of a species which has the caudal emarginate through-
out life is distinguished by a deeper incision of the fin from the young
of a species which has it truncate in the young state. The individuals
of the same species do not all attain to maturity at the same size.

Finally, to complete our enumeration of these variable characters, we
must mention that in old males, during and after the spawning season,
the skin on the back becomes thickened and spongy, so that the scales
are quite invisible or hidden in the skin.

After this cursory review of variable characters, we pass on to those
which we have found to be constant in numbers of individuals, and in
which it is difficult to perceive signs of modification due to external cir-
cumstances.

Such characters, according to the views of the zodlogists of the present
age, are sufficient for the definition of species; at all events, in every
description they ought to be noticed, and the confused and unsatisfactory
state of our knowledge of Salmonoids is chiefly caused by authors having
paid attention to the more conspicuous but unreliable characters, and but
rarely noted one of those which are enumerated here:

1. The form of the preoperculum of the adult fish.

2. The width and strength of the maxillary of the adult fish. In young
specimens and in females the maxillary is proportionately shorter than in
the adult.

3. The size of the teeth, those of the premaxillaries excepted.

4, The arrangement and permanence of the vomerine teeth.

5. The development or absence of teeth on the hyoid bone. In old
examples these are often lost, and their absence in a species usually pro-
vided with them is not uncommon.

6. The form of the caudal fin in specimens of a given size, age, or sexual
development.

7. The size of the scales, as indicated by counting the number of trans-
verse rows above the lateralline. Thescalesof the lateral line are always
more or less enlarged or irregular and the number of scales should be
ascertained higher up; this is one of the most constant and valuable of
all the specific characters.

8. A great development of the pectoral fins, when constant in a number
of specimens from the same locality.

486 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

9, The number of vertebre.
10. The number of pyloric ceca.
11. The number of gill rakers.

Satmo. Salmon; species anadromous :

a. The vomerine teeth little developed, those on the shaft of the bone few and deciduous;
scales large, about 120 in the lateral line ; no hyoid teeth ; sexual differences strong ;
breeding males with the lower jaw hooked upward, the upper jaw emarginate or per-
forate to receive its tip. Size large. SALAR, 778.

Trurra (Low Latin Trutia, French Truite, hence Trout). Trout; species not anadromous or only
partially so:

aa. The vomerine teeth well developed, those on the shaft of the bone numerous, persistent,

arranged in one zigzag row, or in two alternating rows; sexual differences less
marked, but similar in general character to those seen in the salmon,

b. Scales always small, usually about in 160 (150 to 200) cross series ; a large deep red or
scarlet dash on each side concealed below the inner edge of each dentary bone, this
rarely obsolete ; lower fins red or yellowish ; usually no red lateral band ; mouth
large, the maxillary 13 to 2} in head ; hyoid teeth (on hypobranchial of second gill
arch) usually present, but very small ; size various. MYKISS, 779.

bb. Scales moderate, usually about in 150 cross series (130 to 180); no red dash on denta-

ries; a reddish lateral band usually present ; form rather stout ; mouth moderate,
the maxillary 2 in head ; hyoid teeth wanting so far as known ; size very large.
_ GAIRDNERI, 780.
bbb. Scales typically large, in 120 to 130 cross series, but varying from 115 to 180; usually
no red on dentaries ; ared or yellow lateral band; form stout; mouth small,
the maxillary 2 to 214 in head ; no hyoid teeth ; size rather small.
IRIDEvS, 781.

Subgenus SALMO.
778. SALMO SALAR, Linnzus.

(ComMoN ATLANTIC SALMON.)

Head 4; depth 4. B.11; D.11; A. 9; scales 23-120-21; vertebrx 60;
pyloric ceca about 65. Body moderately elongate, symmetrical, not
greatly compressed. Head rather low. Mouth moderate, the maxillary
reaching just past the eye, its length 24 to 3in head; in young specimens
the maxillary is proportionately shorter. Preoperculum with a distinct
lower limb, the anglerounded. Scales comparatively large, rather largest
posteriorly, silvery and well imbricated in the young, becoming embed-
ded in adult males. Coloration in the adult, brownish above, the sides
more or less silvery, with numerous black spots on sides of head, on body,
and on fins, and red patches along the sides in the males; young speci-
mens (parrs) with about 11 dusky crossbars, besides black spots and red
patches ; the color, as well as the form of the head and body, varying
much with age, food, and condition; the black spots in the adult often
X-shaped or XX-shaped. Weight15to40 pounds. North Atlantic, ascend-
ing all suitable rivers in northern Europe and the region north of Cape
Cod to Hudson Bay; formerly abundant in the Hudson and occasional in
the Delaware, its northern limit in the Churchill, Albany, and Moose
rivers, flowing into Hudson Bay; sometimes perfectly landlocked in
lakes in Maine and northward, where its habits and coloration (but no
tangible specific characters) change somewhat, when- it becomes (in
America) vars. sebago and ouananiche. Similar landlocked varieties occur
in Europe. One of the best known and most valued of food-fishes, the

fu
a

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 487

flesh rich and oily; orange or ‘‘salmon color” when the fish is in condi-
tion. (Salar, an old name, from salio, to leap.)

Salmo salar, LINN®vus, Syst. Nat., Ed. x, 1758, 308, Seas of Europe; GUntuer, Cat., vr, 11,
1866, and of nearly all authors; SuckLey, Monogr. Salmo, 143, 1861 (1874); Jorpan & GIL-
BERT, Synopsis, 312, 1883.

Salmo was, WALBAUM, Artedi Pisc., 58, 1792, Germany; based on ‘‘ Der Hakenlachs”’ of BLocu.

Salmo omisco maycus, WALBAUM, Artedi Pisc., 65, 1792, Hudson Bay; after Pennant, Arctic
Zodl., Introd., 192, 1792.

Salmo gloveri, GiraRrD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1854, 85, Union River, Maine; (Coll.
M. Townsend Glover); GiintueEr, Cat., vi, 153, 1866.

Represented in lakes of Maine, New Hampshire, and New Brunswick

by the landlocked
778a. SALMO SALAR SEBAGO (Girard).

(LANDLOCKED SALMON.)

Smaller in size, rather more plump in form, and nonmigratory, not
otherwise evidently different. Sebago Pond and northward, introduced
into lakes in various parts of the country; seldom entering streams;
reaches a weight of 25 pounds.

Salmo sebago, GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1853, 380, Sebago Lake, Maine; GiinrHER,
Cat., v1, 153, 1866. ;

Represented in Lake St. John, Saguenay River, and neighboring

waters of Quebec by the landlocked

778b. SALMO SALAR OUANANICHE, McCarthy MS., new subspecies.

(OUVANANICHE ; WINNINISH.)

Still smaller, rarely reaching a weight of 74 pounds and averaging 34.
An extremely vigorous and active fish, smaller and more active than
ordinary salmon, but so far as known not structurally different. Sague-
nay River, Canada (outlet of Lake St. John), and neighboring waters.
(Ouananiche,* the Indian name.)

Ouananiche,, Ev@ENE McCarruy, Forest and Stream, March 10, 1894, 206, Saguenay River;
and of anglers generally.
Subgenus TRUTTA, Linnezus.
779. SALMO MYKISS, Walbaum.

(Cur-THROAT Trovr; Brack-sporreD Trout; Rocky Mountain Trout; SA-PEN-QUE, OR
GOOD, FISH.)
Seales in general smaller than in the European Trout,} Salmo trutta,
the number of oblique cross series counted above the lateral line varying

* The word ouananiche is from the dialect of the Montagnais Indians who inhabit the country
about Lake St. John. ‘They have always been familiar with this fish, and, understanding its
derivation, have properly named it ‘‘ ouanan,’? meaning salmon, and ‘‘ichi,’? the diminutive—
“the little salmon.’’ —Me Carthy.

+The Ouananiche were boro and grew to full size in the rough tributaries and outlet of
Lake St. John, in waters than which none can be wilder or more rough. They are found where
the water boils and tumbles the most, rarely in still water. * * * They area terribly strong
fish, able to ascend through the swiftest current or mount the wildest fall. * * * Born of
fighting stock, he fights his native element constantly, and he fights his foe, the fisherman, as
well. * * * There is nothing that can make me believe that any fish can exceed, or even
equal, quite, the king of fresh-water fish, the gamiest of all, the Quananiche of Lake St, John.”’
—McC arthy.

t Salmo trutta, L., the half migratory Salmon Trout, and its fresh-water representative or sub-
species, the Brook Trout or Brown Trout, Salmo fario, L. This species, with some of its varie-
ties (for example, the Loch Leven Trout, var. levenensis), has been largely introduced in the
streams and lakes of the United States.

488 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

from 160 to 190. Back and sides with dark spots. Caudal fin subtrun-
cate or with shallow fork.

A very widely distributed species, found in all clear streams of the
Rocky Mountains and Sierra Nevada, from Kamchatka and Alaska to
Chihuahua and northern California, and often entering the sea. It is
exceedingly variable, being subject to many local changes, and its
extreme forms show a degree of variation rarely met within the limits
of a single species.

Among the various more or less tangible varieties and forms of Ameri-
can trout, three distinct series appear which we here provisionally
retain as distinct species; these may be termed the Cut-throat Trout
series, the Steelhead series, and the Rainbow Trout series. The Steel-
head series, Salmo gairdneri, is characterized by moderate scales (150
to 180 series), moderate mouth, red lateral band and the absence of red
between the branches of the lower jaw. The irideus or Rainbow Trout
series has usually large scales, small mouth, a red lateral band and
usually no red below the lower jaw. The Cut-throat Trout, Salmo
mykiss, in its various forms, has smaller scales (150 to 190 series), a larger
mouth, always a distinct red blotch between the branches of the lower
jaw, and usually no red lateral band.

The Steelhead or gairdneri series is found in the coastwise streams of
California and in the streams of Oregon and Washington, below the
Great Shoshone Falls of the Snake River. In the lower course of the
Columbia, and in neighboring waters, they are entirely distinct from the
‘‘Cut-throat” or mykiss forms, and no one could question the validity of
the two species. In the lower Snake and in other waters east of the
Cascade range, the two forms or species are indistinguishable, being
either undifferentiated or else inextricably mingled. The proper inter-
pretations of these facts, lately discovered by Dr. Gilbert, is yet to be
shown. The irideus forms are chiefly confined to the streams of Cali-
fornia and Oregon. The mykiss series inhabit the waters from Hum-
boldt Bay northward, the coastwise streams of northern California, the
head waters of the Columbia and Snake rivers, and all the clear streams
on both sides of the Rocky Mountains, and in the Great Basin.

Along the western slope of the Sierra Nevada there are also forms of
trout with the general appearance of gairdneri, but with scales interme-
diate in number (McCloud River), or with scales as small as in the typi-
cal mykiss (Kern River). In these smaller-scaled forms more or less red
appears below the lower jaw, and they are doubtless in fact what they
appear to be, really intermediate between mykiss and gairdneri. A simi-
lar series of forms occurs in the Columbia Basin, the Upper Snake being
inhabited by mykiss, the lower basin of the Snake, as above stated, by
gairdneri and mykiss, together with a medley of intermediate forms.

Concerning the trout of the Upper Columbia Basin, Gilbert and Ever-
mann observe (Investigations Columbia River Basin, 50, 1894):

“With every additional collection of black-spotted trout it becomes increasingly difficult to
recognize any of the distinctions, specific or subspecific, which have been set up. The present

collection {from Idaho and Washington] adds not a little to the difficulty. We are now con-
vinced that the greater number of the subspecies of Salmo mykiss have no sufficient foundation.

Jordan and Evermann.—Ffishes of North America. 489

We find our specimens from the Upper Snake River (Ross Fork and Mink Creek at Pocatello) to be
typical mykiss [Salmo mykiss lewisi of the present work; see page 493], having smaller scales, in
176 to 180 transverse rows, and a deep-red dash on-inner side of mandibles. The spots are most
abundant posteriorly, and the specimens are scarcely to be distinguished from the so-called Salmo
mykiss pleuriticus of the Colorado River. When taken in the larger river channels the fish is
lighter colored, with finer spots and fainter red marks on lower jaw.

‘Between such typical mykiss and the form represented in our collection from such coastwise
streams [Salmo ivideus masoni of this work; see page 501], as the Newaukum River at Chehalis,
Washington, there seems to be a wide difference. The latter has conspicuously larger scales
(in 120 to 130 crossrows) and no red streak on lower jaw. The sea-run individuals of the latter
kind we believe to be the Steelhead (S. gairdneri), and between it and the mykiss we are now
unable to draw any sharp line. Thus the specimens from Wood River, Idaho, have fine scales
(160 to 163 transverse rows) and have usually no red dash under the jaw. Some specimens show
traces of the latter, and in such it is usually faint and irregular. From the Umatilla River at
Pendleton, the Natches River at North Yakima, and the Pataha River at Starbuck, Washington,
the scales are intermediate in size, ranging from 142 to 163 in number, averaging perhaps 148.
In these [Salmo mykiss gibbsii of this work; see page 493] the lower jaw shows no red.

**Specimens from the Coeur d’Alene region have the red dashes usually very distinct, but vary
greatly in the size of theirscales. Examples from Wardner look much like typical mykiss, with
165 to 170 scales. From Coeur d’Alene Lake we find 130 to 166, with the average about 145,
while from the Little Spokane River at Dart’s Mill specimens with conspicuous red dash on
mandibles have the scales averaging 125 in number.

‘*Trout from the Green River at Hot Springs, Washington, and from the Newaukum River at
Chehalis have also 123 to 130 scales. We think it not unlikely that the coastwise forms should
be recognized as Salmo mykiss gairdneri, though the question is sadly in need of systematic and
thorough investigation.” —Gilbert d&: Evermann.

Since the above was written, Dr. Gilbert has verified the fact discovered by him in 1880, that
in the streams about Astoria, near the mouth of the Columbia, Salmo mykiss and Salmo gairdneri
occur together and are perfectly distinct and both easily and unquestionably distinguishable
from a third form, here called masoni, found in the brooks of the same region and not descend-
ing tuthesea. As already stated, the interpretation of these facts is yet to be given.

It seems not improbable that the American Trout originated in Asia,
extended its range southward to the Upper Columbia, thence to the Yel-
lowstone and Missouri ; from the Missouri southward to the Platte and the
Arkansas, thence from the Platte to the Ric Grande and the Colorado, and
from the Colorado across the Sierra Nevada to Kern River,* thence north-
ward and coastwise, the sea-running forms passing from stream to stream,
as far north as Frazer River, where the variety kamloops would mark one
extreme of the series, and reentering as a distinct species the waters long
occupied by typical mykiss. ‘The present writers have elsewheret shown
that, beyond a doubt, the Trout of the Yellowstone and the Upper Mis-
souri is derived directly from that of the Upper Snake River. To this
day the Yellowstone and the Snake are connected by two streams cross-
ing the main divide of the Rocky Mountains from the Yellowstone to
the Snake across T'wo-Ocean Pass.

* It may be that the trout of the Sierra Nevada in California originated from the Lahontan
stock (Salmo mylciss henshawi), rather than from the Colorado River. ‘There are localities between
the Truckee Valley and that of the American River or the Feather River, where it is conceivable
that such a transfer might have taken place. *Or it may be that the California trout are
descended throngh the Steelhead from the trout of the Middle Columbia. ‘This interesting
subject merits the fullest investigation. (See Jordan, on How the Trout came to California, in
Recreation, Vol. 1, No. 1, October, 1894, 5-11.)

t Evermann, A Reconnaissance of the Streams and Lakes of western Montana and northwestern
Wyoming, in Bull. U.S. Fish Comm., x1, 1891, 24-28, pls. 1 and 11.

ordan, The Story of a Strange Land, in Pop. Sci. Month., Feb., 1892, 447-458,

Evermann, Two-Ocean Pass, in Proc. Ind. Ac. Sci., 1892, 29-84, pl. 1.

Evermann, ‘I'wo-Ocean Pass, in Pop. Sci. Month., June, 1895, with plate.

490 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

Professor Evermann has elsewhere described the locality as follows:

Two-Ocean Pass is a high mountain meadow, about 8,200 feet above the sea and situated just
south of the Yellowstone National Park, in longitude 110°10’W., latitude 44°3’N. It is sur-
rounded on all sides by rather high mountains except where the narrow valleys of Atlantic and
Pacific creeks open out from it. Running back among the mountains to the northward are two
suiall canyons down which come two small streams. On the opposite side is another canyon down
which comes another smallstream. The extreme length of the meadow from east to west isabout a
mile, while the width from north to south is not much less, The larger of the streams coming
in from the north is Pacific Creek, which, after winding along the western side of the meadow,
turns abruptly westward, leaving through a narrow gorge. Receiving numeroussmall affluents,
Pacific Creek soon becomes a good-sized stream, which finally unites with Buffalo Creek a few
miles above where the latter stream flows into Snake River.

Atlantic Creek was found to have two forks entering the pass. At the north end of the
meadow is a small wooded canyon down which flows the North Fork. This stream hugs the bor-
der of the flat very closely. The South Fork comes down the canyon on the south side, skirting
the brow of the hill a little less closely than does the North Fork. The two, coming together
near the middle of the eastern border of the meadow, form Atlantic Creek which, after a course
of a few miles flows into the Upper Yellowstone. But the remarkable phenomena exhibited
here remain to be described.

Each fork of Atlantic Creek, just after entering the meadow, divides as if to flow around an
island, but the stream toward the meadow, instead of returning to the portion from which it had
parted, continues its westerly course across the meadow. Just before reaching the western bor-
der the two streams unite and then pour their combined waters into Pacific Creek ; thus are
Atlantic and Pacific creeks united and a continuous water way from the Columbia via Two-Ocean
Pass to the Gulf of Mexico is established.

Pacific Creek is a stream of good size long before it enters the pass, and its course through the
meadow is in a definite channel, but not so with Atlantic Creek. The west bank of each fork is

.low and the water is liable to break through anywhere and thus send part of its water across to
Pacific Creek. It is probably true that one or two branches always connect the two creeks under
ordinary conditions, and that following heavy rains or when the snows are melting, a much
greater portion of the water of Atlantic Creek crosses the meadow to the other side.

Besides the channels already mentioned, there are several more or less distinct ones that were

dry at the time of our visit. As already stated the pass is a nearly level meadow, covered with a —

heavy growth of grassand many small willows 1 to 3feet high. While it is somewhat marshy in
places it has nothing of the nature of a lake about it. Of course during wet weather the small
springs at the borders of the meadow would be stronger, but the important facts are that there
is no lake or even marsh there and that neither Atlantic nor Pacific Creek has its rise in the
meadow. Atlantic Creek in fact comes into the pass as two good-sized streams from opposite
directions and leaves it by at least four channels, thus making an island of a considerable por-
tion of the meadow. And it is certain that there is, under ordinary circumstances, a con-
tinuous water way through Two-Ocean Pass of such a character as to permit fishes to pass easily
and readily from Snake River over to the Yellowstone, or in the opposite direction. Indeed, it
is quite possible, barring certain falls in the Snake River, for a fish so inclined to start at the
mouth of the Columbia, travel up that great river to its principal tributary, the Snake, thence
on through the long, tortuous course of that stream, and, under the shadows of the Grand
Teton, enter the cold waters of Pacific Creek, by which it could journey on up to the very crest
of the Great Continental Divide,—to Two-Ocean Pass; through this pass it may have a choice of
two routes to Atlantic Creek, in which the down-stream journey is begun. Soon it reaches the
Yellowstone, down which it continues to Yellowstone Lake, then through the lower Yellow-
stone out into the turbid waters of the Missouri; for many hundred miles it may continue down
this mighty river before reaching the Father of Waters, which will finally carry it to the Gulf
of Mexico—-a wonderful journey of nearly 6,000 miles—by far the longest possible fresh-water
journey in the world.

We found trout in Pacific Creek at every point where we examined it. In Two-Ocean Pass we
found trout in each of the streams and in such positions as would have permitted them to pass
easily from one side of the divide to the other. We also found trout in Atlantic Creek below
the pass, and in the upper Yellowstone they were abundant. ‘Thus it is certain that there is no
obstruction, even in dry weather, to prevent the passage of trout from the Snake River to

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 491

Yellowstone Lake; it is quite evident that trout do pass over in this way; and it is almost cer-
tain that Yellowstone Lake was stocked with trout from the west via Two-Ocean Pass.

The trout of the great basin of Utah (Lake Bonneville), is descended
from the trout of the Upper Snake (lewisi) which is not evidently differ-
ent from typical mykiss; the fish fauna of Lake Bonneville and the Upper
Snake being still virtually ideutical, the disappearance of the outlet of
Lake Bonneville to the north having taken place in times comparatively
recent. The trout of the Nevada Basin (Lake Lahontan) is apparently
descended from typical mykiss, the outlet of that lake having entered the
Columbia below the Snake River falls, and its disappearance being no
doubt of earlier date. The faunas of lakes Bonneville and Lahontan at
present have little in common. Almost nothing is known of the Tertiary
Lake Idaho, now represented by lakes Malheur, Warner, Goose, etc.

In any event, whether this hypothetical line of descent be true or not,
the fact remains that nowhere in the series can we place an absolute line
of separation between Salmo mykiss and Salmo gairdneri, and they approach
each other most closely in southeastern California, and in the Middle
Columbia.

We arrange the subspecies in accordance with the above suggestions,
leaving each recognizable variation, for the time being, with the title of
subspecies. Some of them, as macdonaldi and agua-bonita, may ultimately
be ranked as species, on account of their local isolation and consequently
better defined characters, while others may prove wholly undefinable.

It is not unlikely, that when the waters of the Northern Hemisphere
are fully explored, it will be found that all the black-spotted trout of
America, Europe, and Asia are forms of one species, for which the oldest
name is Salmo trutta, Linnzus.

The various subspecies or varieties of the Salmo mykiss group which we
are able to distinguish with more or less certainty are given in the follow-
ing analysis: |

a, Black spots almost as numerous on the head as on the posterior part of body. (Northwest-

ern forms.) ,
b. Scales usually about 160 to 170.
ce. Spots rather large, profusely scattered and irregular, usually none on the belly.
d, Red marks under the dentary bones always present.
MYKISS; CLARKII; LEWISI, 779-779b,
dd, Red marks under dentary bones obsolete or nearly so. GIBBSII, 779c.

ec. Spots rather large, sparsely scattered, some present on the belly and on lower side
of head; adult with elongate spots; head slender and conical. Lake Tahoe

(Basin of Lake Lahontan.) HENSHAWI, 779d-
bb. Scales larger, usually about 145; spots numerous but rather small. Great Basin (Lake
Bonneville Basin.) VIRGINALIS, 779e.

aa, Black spots chiefly placed on the posterior half of body. Red blotch on dentary bones
conspicuous, (Southwestern forms.)
e. Scales not very small, about 160; spots of moderate size. (Rio Grande Basin.)
SPILURUS, 779Ff.
ee. Scales very small, about 180.
J. Spots rather large ; lower fins distinctly red, rarely orange.
g. Spots very numerous; a red lateral band. (Colorado Basin.)
PLEURITICUS, T79g.
gg. Spots less numerous, none anteriorly, (Lake Waha, Washington.)
BOUVIERI, 779h,

492 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

ggg. Spots few and large, chiefly on the tail; opercles more curved than in bowvieri.

(Head waters of Arkansas and Platte rivers.) STOMIAS, 779i.
ff. Spots all small; lower fins bright yellow; a yellow lateral shade. (Twin Lakes,
Colorado.) MACDONALDI, 779j.

The typical form from Alaska, Bering Sea, and Kamchatka is

779. SALMO MYKISS, Walbaum.
(Mykiss ; Cut-rHroar TRrovtm.)

Head 4; depth 4. D.10; A. 10. Ccoeca 43. Scales small, variable in
size, about 39-165 to 170-30. Body moderately elongate, compressed.
Head rather short. Mouth moderate, the maxillary not reaching far
beyond the eye. Vomerine teeth as usual, set in an irregular zigzag
series; teeth on the hyoid (second hypobranchial) normally present, but
often obsolete, especially in old examples. Dorsal fin rather low; caudal
fin slightly forked, (more so in young individuals than in the adult, as in
all trout). Back and caudal peduncle profusely covered with rounded
black spots of varying size; dorsal, caudal, and adipose fin covered with
small spots about as large as the nostril; a few spots on the head; belly
rarely spotted; inner edge of the mandibles below with a deep-red
blotch. Sea-run specimens are nearly uniform silvery; males with a
lateral band and patches of light red; lower fins largely red; extremely
variable in color and form. ‘The common trout of all the streams of
Alaska and Kamchatka, where it descends to salt water, and reaches a
considerable size. The black-spotted trout of British Columbia is proba-
bly of the same type, and no character is known by which the similar
form in the lower Columbia may be separated. The red blotches on the
lower jaw between the dentary bones on the membrane joining them is
usually constant and characteristic. (Mykiss, a vernacular name of the
species in Kamchatka.)

Mykiss, PENNANT’, Arctic Zodlogy, Introd., 126, 1792, Kamchatka ; after KRASCHENINNIKOW, etc.
Salmo mykiss, WaLBAUM, Artedi Piscium, 59, 1792, Kamchatka ; based on Mykiss of PENNANT.
Salmo muikisi, Buocu & SCHNEIDER, Syst. Ichth., 419, 1801, Kamchatka; after STELLER.

Salmo purpuratus, PALLAS, Zoul. Ross.-Asiat., 111, 374, 1811, Bering Sea; Jorpan & GILBERT,
Synopsis, 314, 1883.

Represented southward by a form provisionally recorded as

779a. SALMO MYKISS CLARKITI (Richardson).
(CoLumBIA RIVER TROUT.)
Not-evidently different from the preceding. Usually profusely spotted,
with the red cut-throat mark distinct. Scales small, in 150 to 164 cross-

series. Back profusely spotted, anteriorly and posteriorly, the spots
often extending on the belly. Coastwise streams from Puget Sound,

south to Elk River, Humboldt County, California; locally abundant ;.

replaced inland by var. gibbsii and var. lewisi. (Named for Capt. William
Clark (1770-1838) of the famous expedition of Lewis and Clark.)

Salmo clarkii, RrcHarpson, Fauna Bor.-Amer., 111, 225, 1836, Cathlapeotl River. (Coll. Dr.
Gairdner.)
Fario stellatus, GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 219, Fort Steilacoom, Shoalwater
- Bay.

* ofaty

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 493

Salmo brevicauda, Suckiey, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., vu, 1861, 308, Puget Sound. (Coll.
Kennerly, Cooper, and Suckley.)
Salmo stellatus, GUNTHER, Cat., v1, 117, 1866.
Salmo aurora, GUNTHER, Cat., v1, 119, 1866.
Salmo brevicauda, GUNTHER, Cat., v1, 120, 1866.
Represented in the head waters of Snake River, Yellowstone River, and
Missouri River by

779b. SALMO MYKISS LEWISI (Girard).
(YELLOWSTONE TRovT; CuT-THROAT TROUT.)

Similar to var. clarkii in all respects, the body perhaps a little more
robust, with the spots encroaching less on the belly. Scales small, 145to
170. Red throat mark always present. The Snake River Basin above the
Shoshone Falls, and crossing the main divide of the Rocky Mountains at
Two-Ocean Pass to the head waters of the Yellowstone, thence to other
affluents of the Upper Missouri; common in all suitable waters. Infested
in Yellowstone Lake by great numbers of a parasitic worm (Diboth-
riumcordiceps*,Leidy). (Named for Captain Meriwether Lewis, (1774-1809),
leader of the noted exploring expedition of Lewis & Clark, in 1803-6.)
Salar lewisi, Girarp, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 219, Falls of Missouri River. (Coll.

Lewis & Clark.)
Salmo carinatus, Cope, Hayden’s Geol. Surv. Mont., 1871 (1872), 471, locality unknown, prob-
ably Yellowstone River.

Represented in tributaries of the Columbia between Shoshone Falls
and the Cascade Range by the variable and imperfectly defined

779c. SALMO MYKISS GIBBSII (Suckley).

Seales small, usually 142 to 175 series. No red below lower jaw; no
hyoid teeth. ‘To this form are provisionally referred the variously inter-
mediate examples from the streams of Idaho and Washington, mentioned
by Gilbert and Evermann in the paragraph quoted on page 489. Similar
specimens have been since taken by Dr. Gilbert in the Des Chutes and
other rivers, and by Dr. Evermann in Big Payette Lake, Idaho. It seems
to be the prevailing form in the region between that occupied by clarkii
near the coast, and that taken by lewisieabove the Shoshone Falls.
(Named for Dr. George Gibbs, geologist of the Northwest Boundary Com-
mission. )

Fario tsuppitch, GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., vim, 1856, 218, Fort Dallas, Oregon; not
of RicHarpson.
Salmo gibbsii, SuckLey, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 1858, Fort Dallas; (Type, No. 940); also in

Yakima River, John Day’s River, and Boise River, and at The Dalles: Suck.ey,
Monogr. Salmo, 141, 1861 (1874).

Represented in western Nevada and neighboring parts of California by

779d. SALMO MYKISS HENSHAWI (Gill & Jordan),

(Lake Tanoe Trout; Truckee Trout; Sitver Trovr.)
Head 34; depth 4. D.11; A. 12; scales 27-160-27 to 37-184-37 ; usually
170 in a longitudinal series; coca 50-60. Body elongate, not greatly

*For a full discussion of this parasite and its relation to the trout of Yellowstone Lake see
Linton “On Two Species of Larval Dibothria from Yellowstone National Park,’ in Bull, U. 8.
Fish Comm., 1x, 1889, 65-79, plates 23-27.

494 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

compressed. Head comparatively slender and long acuminate, its upper
surface very slightly carinated; muzzle somewhat pointed, but bluntish
at the tip; head not convex above; maxillary rather short, not reaching
much beyond the eye. Vomerine teeth as usual; a small, rather narrow,
but usually distinct patch on the hyoid bene. Dorsal fin small; caudal
fin short, rather strongly forked. Scales medium. Coloration dark
green in life, in the pure waters of Lake Tahoe; pale green in the salty
waters of Pyramid Lake; the sides silvery, with a strong lateral shade
of coppery red; back about equally spotted before and behind; the spots
large and mostly round; sides with rather distant spots; belly generally
with round spots; head with large black spots above, some even on the
snout and on lower jaw; dorsal and caudal also spotted; a few spots on
anal; red dashes on lower jaw; young specimens less spotted. Length
18 inches or more, usually weighing 5 or 6 pounds, but occasionally 20 to
29 pounds. Basin of the post-Tertiary Lake Lahontan; found in Lake
Tahoe, Pyramid Lake, Webber Lake, Donner Lake, Independence Lake,
Truckee River, Humboldt River, Carson River, and in most streams of
the east slope of the Sierra Nevada; also in the head waters of Feather
River, west of the Sierra Nevada, where it is probably introduced from
Nevada Related to Salmo mykiss, but better distinguished than most
of the varieties, with a longer and more conical head, and with the spots
differently arranged. A fine trout, now common in the San Francisco
markets.

In Lake Tahoe there are two forms of this type, (1) the ordinary
Tahoe Trout (locally known to fishermen as ‘‘Pogy,” the young as
‘“‘Snipe”), weighing from 3 to 6 pounds, dark in color, with coppery’
sides, ascending the streams to spawn, and (2) the ‘Silver Trout,” a
large robust trout profusely spotted, the spots often oblong, the colora-
tion more silvery. These trout live in deep water and spawn in the lake
itself. A careful comparison of specimens convinces us that there is no
specific nor varietal difference between the one and the other. The
largest ‘‘ Silver Trout” on record, weighing 29 pounds, was caught at
Tahoe City, about 1876, and sent as a present to Gen. U. 8. Grant. The
following is a description of,a Silver Trout taken near Tahoe City in
September, 1894, and presented to the Leland Stanford Junior University
by Mr. A. J. Bayley, of Tahoe City:

Specimen 2 feet 4 inches long, weighing 74 pounds. Head 4,';; depth
34; eye 73 in head. D. 9; A. 12; B. 10; scales 33-205-40 (140 pores).
Pectoral 1% in head. Maxillary 1%.

Body very robust, compressed, unusually deep for a trout, the outline
elliptical. Head large, rather more compressed than in typical Salmo
henshawi, (possibly a character of the adult male). Eye small, silvery.
Vomerine teeth in two long series, those of the two series alternating in
position. Hyoid teeth distinct, ina rather long series. Gill rakers short,
' thickish,5+13. Mouth large, the maxillary extending well beyond the -
eye. Preopercle moderate, its lower posterior edge not evenly rounded,
but with aslightly projecting, rounded lobe and a slight concavity above
and below; this character not strongly marked. Opercle evenly, but
not strongly, rounded. Scales small, reduced above and below, those in

or near lateral line largest. Fins moderate, the anal rather high, with
one more ray than usual. Caudal slightly lunate, almost truncate when

——T

Jordan and Evermann.—Lfishes of North America. 495

spread open. Color dark-green above, belly silvery; sides with a broad
coppery shade covering cheeks and opercles ; sides of lower jaw yellowish;
fins olivaceous, a little reddish below. Orange dashes between rami of
lower jaw moderately conspicuous. Back, from tip of snout to tail,
closely covered with large, unequal black spots. Spots on top of head
and nape round; posteriorly the spots run together, forming variously
shaped markings, usually vertically oblong; these may be regarded as
formed of three or four spots placed in a series, or with one or two at the
side of the other; the longest of the oblong markings are not quite as
long as eye. Along side of head and body the spots are very sparse,
those on head round, those behind vertically oblong. Belly profusely
covered with small black spots, which are nearly round; still smaller
round spots numerous on lower jaw; all the spots on caudal peduncle
vertically oblong or curved. Dorsal and caudal densely covered with
oblong spots,smaller than those on the body. Anal with rather numerous
round spots; pectorals and ventrals with a few small spots, the first ray
in each case with a series of faint small spots ; adipose fin spotted.

(Named for Henry W. Henshaw, naturalist of the Geological Survey
west of the 100th meridian, who discovered the species. )

Salmo henshawi, GILL & JORDAN, Man. Vert., Ed. 2, 358, 1878, Lake Tahoe; Jorpan & HENSHAW,
Rept. Chief Eng., Part 3, 1878, App. NN, 1619, plate 1v; JorpaN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1,
1878, 75; JorDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 316, 1883.

Salmo tsuppitch, Jonpan & HENSHAW, Rept. Chief Engineers, Part 3, 1878, App. NN., 1618; not
of RicHaRDson.

Represented in the lakes and streams of the Great Basin (Lake Bonne-
ville) by
779e. SALMO MYKISS VIRGINALIS (Girard).

(Trout or Utan LAKE.)

Profusely but rather finely spotted, the spots being numerous anteriorly
as well as posteriorly, confined to the back rather than to the tail.
Scales a little larger than in other forms, 140 to 150 in lengthwise series,
anteriorly less crowded than in spilwrus and stomias. In partially
alkaline or milky waters, as in Utah Lake, this form reaches a
large size—8 to 12 pounds—and is very pale in color, the dark spots few
and small, mostly confined to the back. Similar variations are shown
by the other forms of trout in other lakes. Lakes and streams west of
the Wahsatch range, especialiy in Bear, Provo, Jordan, and Sevier
rivers, and in Utah Lake; locally very abundant and of importance as a
food-fish. (virginalis, like a virgin.)

Salar virginalis, Girarp, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 220, Utah Lake.

Salmo utah, SuckiEy, Monogr. Salmo, 136, 1861 (1874), Utah Lake ; pale specimens from the lake.
Salmo mylziss virginalis, JondAN, Bull. U. 8. Fish Comm., 1x, 1889, 14, pl. 3, fig. 9.

Represented in the Rio Grande Basin by

779f. SALMO MYKISS SPILURUS (Cope).

(Rio GRANDE Trout.)

Head 34; depth4. D.11;A. 10; scales 37-160-37. Head heavy, but pro-
portionately short, its upper surface considerably decurved; interorbital
Space transversely convex, obtusely carinated; the head more convex
than in any other of our species. Mouth large, maxillary reaching
past eye. Teeth on vomer in two distinct series. Dorsal fin low in

496 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

front, high behind, the last ray more than $ the height of the first; last
ray of the anal rather long; caudal with its middle rays about as long as
the others. Profusely spotted; back and sides with round black spots,
the spots most developed posteriorly, few on the head, most numerous on
the caudal and adipose fin; sides with pale blotches. Length 30 inches.
Upper Rio Grande and southward into the mountains of Chihuahua;
abundant in mountain streams. In all respects apparently identical
with subspecies pleuriticus, except that the scales are less crowded ante-
riorly and the number in a longitudinal series is 155 to 160. (omiAoc, spot;
ovpa, tail.)

Salmo spilurus, Copr, Hayden’s Geol. Sury. Mont., 1871 (1872), 470, Sangre de Cristo Pass,

Colorado.
Salmo mykiss spilurus, JORDAN, Bull. U. 8. Fish Comm., 1x, 1889, 14, pl. 3, figs. 7 and 8.

Represented in the Colorado River Basin by

779g. SALMO MYKISS PLEURITICUS (Cope).

(CoLoraDO River TrRovt.)

Opercle short, 42 to 5 in head. Scales small, 185 to 190. Close to the
typical mykiss, but the black spots chiefly gathered on the posterior part
of the body, the head nearly immaculate; extremely variable, the
lower fins usually red, but sometimes orange ; usually a red lateral band.
Basin of the Colorado. A large, handsome, and variable trout, some-
times profusely speckled, sometimes with large spots, and occasionally
with strong golden shades. Abundant throughout western Colorado
and in all clear mountain streams throughout Arizona; specimens from

the Colorado Chiquito similar to those from the Eagle and the Gunnison,

in Colerado. (pleuriticus, from w/Aevpov, side, in allusion to the red lateral

band.)

Salmo pleuriticus, Copr, Hayden’s Geol. Surv. Mont., 1871 (1872), 471, head waters of Green
River, Wyoming.

Salmo mykiss pleuriticus, JORDAN, Bull. U. 8. Fish Comm., rx, 1889, 14, pl. 2, fig. 6.

Represented in Waha Lake by

779h. SALMO MYKISS BOUVIERI (Bendire).

(Wana LAKE TROUT.)

Head 4; depth 43; eye 4. D. 10; A. 11; B. 12; scales 175. Max-
illary 2} in head. Size small. Similar to S. mykiss, but with dark spots
only on the dorsal, caudal, and adipose fin, and on the tail behind front
of anal, where the spots are very profuse, smaller than pupil. Anterior
regions dusky-bluish, not silvery; red blotch on inner edges of dentary
bones below very conspicuous. Head shorter and deeper than in mykiss,

the snout shorter and blunter, not longer than eye. Opercle and pre-—

opercle less convex than in mykiss. Caudal moderately forked. A singu-
larly colored local variety, found in Waha Lake, Washington, a mountain
lake without outlet. (Named for Captain Bouvier.)

Salmo purpuratus boureri, BENDIRE, in JonDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 315, 1883, Waha Lake,

Washington. (Coll. Capt. Charles Bendire, U.S. A.)
Salmo mykiss bouviert, JORDAN, Bull. U.S, Fish Comm., 1x, 1889, pl. 4, fig. 10.

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North Amertca. 497

4

Represented in the Upper Arkansas and South Platte rivers by

779i. SALMO MYKISS STOMIAS (Cope).
(GREEN-BACK TROUT.)

Mouth small; scales small, about 180. A small black-spotted trout,
rarely reaching a -pound in weight, close to var. mykiss, differing mainly
in the very large size of its black spots, which are mainly gathered on the
posterior half of the body. Back deep green, sides sometimes red. Flesh
deep red. Head waters of Arkansas and South Platte rivers, in brooks
and shallow places in lakes; abundant. (orouiac, big-mouthed.)

Salmo stomias, Copr, Hayden’s Geol. Surv. Wyom. for 1870 (1871), 433, South Platte River,
locality unknown. (Coll. Dr. Hammond.)
Salmo mykiss stomias, JORDAN, Bull. U. S. Fish. Comm., 1x, 1889, 15, pl. 1, fig. 2.

Represented in the lakes in eastern Colorado by

779j. SALMO MYKISS MACDONALDI, Jordan & Evermann.

(YELLOw-FIN TROUT.)

Head 4; depth 43 to 5; eye 54; snout 44. D.12; A.11; B. 10; scales
40-184-37, 125 pores. Head long, compressed, the snout moderately
pointed; mouth rather large, the maxillary 1} to 2 in head; hyoid teeth
present; opercle long, 44 in head, its margin strongly convex. Allied to
subspecies pleuriticus, but with the head and opercles longer and the color
different. Body elongated,compressed. Gillrakers10+10. Scales small,
regularly placed. Color light olive; a broad shade of lemon-yellow along
sides; lower fins bright yellow; no red anywhere except the ‘‘ cut-throat”
dash characteristic of Salmo mykiss. Body posteriorly, and dorsal and
caudal fin profusely speckled with small pepper-like dots, smaller than
the nostril; on head and anterior parts few or none of these spots are
present. Flesh pale. A very handsome trout, abundant on gravelly bot-
toms in Twin Lakes,* tributary to the Arkansas River in the Saguache
Range near Leadville, Colorado; not found in brooks. It reaches a
weight of nearly 9 pounds. It is probably descended from the form
called pleuriticus, certainly not from its associate stomias, with which it has
very littlein common. (Named for Col. Marshall McDonald, United States
Fish Commissioner. )

Salmo mykiss macdonaldi, JORDAN & EVERMANN, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., 1889 (January 20, 1890),
453, Twin Lakes, Colorado ; (Type, No. 41730. Coll. Geo. R. Fisher); Jorpan, Bull.
U. S. Fish Comm., 1x, 1889, 11, pl. 1, fig. 1.

780. SALMO GAIRDNERI, Richardson.
(STEELHEAD; HARDHEAD; ‘‘SALMON TROUT.’’)
We retain the name Salmo gairdneri for the large sea trout of the
Pacific Coast and their derivatives; forms typically with moderate or
small scales, and without the strongly-marked red dashes at the throat

*This form of trout occurs in company with subspecies stomias, but in Twin Lakes, the two
are entirely distinct, the habits, size, and coloration being notably different. If we were to con-
sider the Arkansas Basin alone, the two must be ranked as distinct, species, but these and all
other American trout seem to be connected by intergradations. Apparently macdonaldi is derived
from the Colorado River pleuriticus, which may be descended from spilwrus, the latter in turn from
slomias, Stomias, virginalis, henshawi, and bouvieri seem to have sprung directly from mykiss,

¥.N.A. 33

498 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

> =

which mark the Cut-throat series of trout, or Salmo mykiss. These forms
are usually well separated from mykiss, on the one hand, and from irideus
on the other. There is, however, a strange medley of forms apparently
aberrant or intermediate, confusing any attempt at specific definition.

The following analytical key contrasts the two most clearly marked

varieties:

a. Scales rather small, averaging 155 cross series, the number varying from 130 to 180 (count-
ing the oblique cross series above lateral line). Sea-running forms reaching a large
size; weight of sea-run adult 8 tu 20 pounds; landlocked forms much smaller, down
to 44 pound. Coloration pale, with few spots. Columbia River and southward to San
Francisco Bay. GAIRDNERI, 780.

aa. Scales larger, averaging about 135 cross series, the number varying from 130to145. Lake

forms ; coloration very silvery and with few spots; weight 3 to 10 pounds. Frasei
River, etc. KAMLOOPS, 780a,

Represented in large rivers and estuaries, especially from the Columbia
southward to Monterey, by the anadromous form, the typical

780. SALMO GAIRDNERI, Richardson.

(STEELHEAD; HarpDHEAD; SALMON TROUT.)

B. 120r 11; D.11; A. 12; scales usually about 150-28, varying in speci-
mens from Astoria from 137 to 177 (specimens counted by Cramer and
Otaki); pyloric ceeca 42; vertebrie 38 + 20. Body rather stout, not very
deep mesially, but with the caudal peduncle thick. Head comparatively
short and rather slender, in the females small, in the males the jaws more
or less prolonged; maxillary rather narrow, the small eye nearly above its
middle; lower jaw included; upper jaw in males emarginate at tip and
at junction of premaxillary. Teeth rather small, those on the vomer in
two long, alternating series, which are about as long as the palatine
series. Preopercle rather wide, with the lower limb short; opercle mod-
erate. Gill rakers short and thick, 8 + 12 (essentially as in our other
species). Ventral appendage not half the length of the fin. Tail wide,
squarely truncate in the aduit, somewhat emarginate in the young. Flesh
rather pale. Bones much firmer than in Oncorhynchus. Color olive green
above; sides silvery ; head, back, upper fins, and tail more or less densely
covered with black spots; belly usually unspotted; males with colors
heightened, the back greenish; both sexes in spring with a broad flesh-col-
ored lateral band, deep rosy red on the opercles, this often retained through-
out the year; finsnot red: nored onthe membrane of lower jaw. Length
30 inches. Coastwise streams from Santa Ynez Mountains, Santa Barbara
County, California, northward to British Columbia, west of the Sierra
Nevada and Cascade Range, especially abundant in the Lower Columbia,
ascending the Snake River as far as Auger Falls. Also common in
‘Russian River and Klamath River. A large trout, abounding in the
mouths of the rivers, reaching a weight of 20 pounds or more, migra-
tory like the salmon, and ascending rivers fully as far. It spawns later
than the salmon, (in early spring in the Snake and Salmon rivers in
Idado), and is found in the lower parts of the rivers, spent, at the time oi
the spring salmon run. It is then nearly useless as food, but at other

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 499

times it is similar in quality te other trout. In streams where it is resi-

dent, it rarely exceeds 5 or 6 pounds. Resident forms seem to pass into

‘ jrideus” southward and should be carefully compared with the latter;

northward into ‘‘kamloops,” while in the Lower Snake River it seems to

intergrade with mykiss, through the form called gibbsii. In the Lower

Columbia, according to Dr. Gilbert, it is well separated from mykiss on the

one hand and from the non-migratory S. irideus masoni on the other. Both

young and old are there well separated from irideus. (Named for Dr.

Gairdner, its discoverer, an employee of the Hudson Bay Company at Fort

Vancouver, mentioned by Richardson as an able and promising young

naturalist.)

Salmo gairdneri, RicHarpDson, Fauna Bor.-Amer., 11, 221, 1836, Columbia River at Fort
Vancouver; Suckitey, Monogr. Salmo, 114, 1861 (1874); GUnrHER, Cat., v1, 118, 1866.

Salmo truncatus, SuckLEY, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y.,3, 1858, New Dungeness, Straits of
Fuca; GUNTHER, Cat., v1, 122, 1866.

Fario aurora, GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 218; Girarp, Pac, R. R. Surv., x, 308, pl.
68, 1858, Astoria, Oregon. (Coll. Trowbridge.)

Fario newberryi, GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1858, 224, Klamath River; specimen with
scales, 36-146-33.

Fario gairdneri, GIRARD, Pac. R. R. Surv., x, 313, 1858.

Salmo purpuratus, GENTHER, Cat., v1, 116, 1866.

Represented in the lakes of British Columbia and northern Wash-
ington by

780a. SALMO GAIRDNERI KAMLOOPS (Jordan).

(Kamuoors Trout; St1?-TsE.)

Head 44; depth 44; eye44. D.11; A. 11 or 12; scales 30-135 to 146-26,
65 scales before the dorsal. Body elongate, somewhat compressed, the
maxillary extending beyond the eye, its length not quite half the head;
snout slightly rounded in profile, the profile regularly ascending; eye
large, about as long as snout; teeth moderate, some of those in the
outer row in each jaw moderately enlarged ; opercles striate, not much
produced backward; branchiostegal rays 11 on each side; dorsal fin
rather low, its longest ray slightly greater than the base of the fin, 12 in
head; anal fin rather larger than usual in trout, its outline slightly con-
cave, its longest ray greater than the base of the fin and a little more
than half head; adipose fin moderate; caudal fin rather broad, distinctly
forked, its outer rays about twice inner; pectoral fins rather long, 1} in
head ; ventrals moderate, 1? in head; gill rakers comparatively short and
few in number, about 6+12 or 11. Coloration dark olive above,
bright silvery below, the silvery color extending some distance below the
lateral line where it ends abruptly; when fresh, the middle of the sides in
both specimens was occupied by a broad band of bright light-rose pink,
covering about one-third of the total depth of the fish; back above
with small black spots about the size of pin heads irregularly scattered
and somewhat more numerous posteriorly; a very few faint spots on
upper part of head; dorsal and caudal fins rather closely covered with
small black spots similar to those on back but more distinct; a few spots
on the adipose fin, which is edged with blackish; lower fins plain; the

500 Bulletin 47, Untied States National Museum.

upper border of the pectoral dusky; a vague dusky blotch on the upper
middle rays of the anal; ventrals entirely plain. Length of type 164
inches. Kamloops Lake, Okanogan Lake, Kootenay Lake, and other
lakes tributary to Fraser River or to the Upper Columbia; locally
abundant; a fine large trout, slender and graceful, somewhat different in
appearance from the ordinary “ Steelhead,” but not distinguished by any
technical character of any importance, and doubtless intergrading fully-
with the latter.

Salmo kamloops, JORDAN, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1892, Kamloops Lake, British Columbia.
(Type, No. 44238. Coll. A. C. Bassett.)

781. SALMO IRIDEUS, Gibbons.

(RatnBpow Trout; Coast RANGE TROUT.)

Head 4; depth 34; eye 5. D.11; A. 10; scales 21-135-20, varying con-
siderably. Body comparatively short and deep, compressed, much more
elongate in males than in females. Head short, convex, obtusely ridged
above. Mouth smaller than in other species, the rather broad maxillary
scarcely reaching beyond eye, except in old males. Eye larger than in
other species. Vomerine teeth in two irregular series. Dorsal fin mod-
erate; caudal fin distinctly, though not strongly forked. Color bluish
above, the sides silvery; usually everywhere above profusely but irreg-
ularly spotted, the spots extending on the sides and on the vertical fins;
spots on caudal small; belly nearly plain; sea-run specimens nearly plain
silvery; with red lateral band and blotches. Weight 4 to 6 pounds.
Mountain streams of the Pacific Coast; the typical form found in the
brooks of the Coast Range in California, from the Klamath River to the
San Luis Rey. Abundant and variable, probably entering the sea, and
perhaps growing larger there, becoming a ‘‘Salmon Trout.”

This form differs from Salmo gairdneri chiefly in the larger scales. Other
characters are its small size and brighter colors; both sexes with a red
lateral band. It is subject to large local variations, some of these land-
locked in peculiar brooks, (e. g., Purisima Creek in San Mateo County,
California, where the individuals are small and brightly colored, popu-
larly regarded as distinct species). Its range extends from the coast of
Washington southward to San Diego County, California (Rio San Luis
Rey). It is thought by some anglers that the young fishes hatched in
the brooks from spawn of gairdneri remain in mountain streams for
from six months to three years, going down to the sea with the high
waters of spring, after which they return to spawn as typical gairdneri.
Those which are landlocked or do not descend remain irideus all their
lives. As against this view we have the fact that to the northward irideus
and gairdneri are always distinguishable and the scales in gairdneri are
always smaller than in typical rainbow trout. (irideus, 1ainbow-like.)
Salmo irideus, GipBons, Proc. Cal. Ac. Nat. Sci., 1855, 36, San Leandro Creek, Alameda

County, California; JorpAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 312, in part, 1883.
Salmo rivularis, AYRES, Proc. Cal. Ac. Nat. Sci., 1855, 43, Martinez, California.

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 501

The following analytical key will assist in the identification of the
varieties of Salmo irideus, which we are at present disposed to recognize:

a, Scales well imbricated; upper ray of pectoral usually more or less spotted.
b. Scales comparatively large, in 120 to 150 series; sides profusely spotted, both anteriorly
and posteriorly, especially above the reddish lateral band.

c. Scales decidedly large, in 120 to 130series. Body elongate; no red under the throat;
eye large; anal raysllor12. Brook forms mostly of small size; sea-run examples
occasionally large; confined to the streams of the Coast Range.

d. Mouth modcrate; coastwise streams of California. IRIDEUS, 781.

dd. Mouth very small; coastwise streams of Oregon and Washington.
MASONI, 78la.
ce. Scales medium, in about 140 series. Body rather deep; eye comparatively small;
anal rays 10 o0r11. Coloration dark, usually with many spots; a small dash of
red usually present at the throat. Size medium, weight 2to 8 pounds. Streams
of Upper Sacramento Basin, not running down to the sea. SHASTA, 781b.

bb. Scales small, in 150 to 185 series; size large.
e. Back profusely spotted, anteriorly as well as posteriorly; some red under lower jaw.

Kern River, California. GILBERTI, 78lc.
ee. Back with the spots chiefly posteriorly; no red under the ewer] jaw. Upper Sacra-
mento Basin. STONEI, 781d.

aa, Scales very small and not well imbricated, in about 175 transverse series.- Belly, lower
fins, and lateral band yellow; ventrals edged with pale; upper ray of pectoral unspot-

ted; black spots numerous. A small form found in the head waters of Kern River.
AGUA-BONITA, 781e.

781a. SALMO IRIDEUS MASONI (Suckley).

(Brook Trout oF WESTERN OREGON.)

The common brook trout of the tributaries of the lower Columbia and
of coastwise streams of Oregon and Washington is very similar to the
typical irideus and is readily distinguished from its associates, gairdneri
and mykiss, by its large scales. Compared with mykiss, it is less slender,
the snout more rounded; there is no red between branches of lower jaw;
there are no hyoid teeth, the maxillary is broader and shorter, the opercle
more evenly convex, and there are fewer spots below the lateral line; the
red markings on sides usually coalesce into a red band. Scales 120-20 to
130-22. Size small, rarely weighing a pound. Puget Sound to southern
Oregon, in streams of the Coast Range; locally abundant. Apparently
merging into the ordinary irideus southward, if indeed the two forms are
distinguishable. We know of no diagnostic character, but further com-
parison isneeded. (‘‘ Named in honor of my good friend Governor Charles
H. Mason of Washington Territory, who has so frequently aided me in
adding to my collections specimens of great interest and value in various
branches of natural history.”—Suckley. )

Fario clarkii, Girarn, Proc, Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 219; not of RicHaRpson,

Salmo masoni, Suckiey, Pac. R. R. Surv., xu, part 2, 345, 1860, Cathlapootl River. (Coll.
Capt. Geo. B. McClellan. *)

***T obtained this species at the Cathlapootl River, Aug. 2, 1853, and am indebted for it to the
skill of Capt. Geo. B. McClellan, as he took it with the artificial fly at atime when they did
not readily bite at any bait,’’—Suckley.

502 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

Represented in the upper Sacramento and its tributaries, and probably
in most of the eastern tributaries of the Sacramento and San Joaquin, by

781b. SALMO IRIDEUS SHASTA (Jordan).

(McCLoup River Rainsow TRovT.)

Head 4; depth 34; D. 11; A. 11; scales 20 to 24-145-20, 65 before dor-
sal. Body comparatively short and deep, compressed, varying consider-
ably, and much more elongate in the males than in the females. Head
short, convex, obtusely ridged above. Mouth smaller than in most other
forms of the genus, the rather broad maxiilary scarcely reaching beyond
eye except in old males; maxillary 17 in head in males, 2 in females.
Eye larger than in typical gairdneri, 5 in head. Vomerine teeth in two
irregular series. Dorsal fin moderate; caudal fin distinctly though not
strongly forked, more deeply incised than in typical mykiss; pectoral 1}
to 1? in head. Scales comparatively large. Coloration bluish above, the
sides silvery; everywhere above profusely but irregularly spotted, the
spots extending on the sides and on the vertical fins; head well spotted ;
dorsal, caudal, and usually upper ray of pectoral spotted; spots on cau-
dal small; belly nearly plain ; fins usually not red; almost always a dash
of red between branches of lower jaw; males and usually females also
with red lateral band and blotches; much red on cheeks and opercles ;
belly partly red in males. Length 10 to 30inches. Weight 2 to 8 pounds.
Streams of the Sierra Nevada, from Mount Shasta southward, best known
from McCloud River; the limits of its range not well known; abundant,
and. subject to many variations; also introduced into Truckee River and
into many eastern streams, this form being the usual ‘‘ Rainbow Trout”
of fish-culturists. (Named for Mount Shasta. )

Salmo irideus, or Rainbow Trout of most writers and especially of fish-culturists; not Salmo
irideus, GIBBONS, Which is based on coastwise specimens.
Salmo gairdneri shasta, JonDAN, Thirteenth Biennial Rept. Fish Comm. California, 1894, 142,
with plate, McCloud River, at Baird, Shasta County, California. (Type, No. 903,
L. S. Jr. Univ. Mus. Coll. Stone.)
Represented in the lower waters of Kern River on the west slope of
the Sierra Nevada by

781c. SALMO IRIDEUS GILBERTI (Jordan).
(KERN RIVER TROUT.)

Entirely similar to the McCloud River Trout, except that the scales are
smaller, as small as in typical mykiss,in about 165 transverse series. The
body is robust, the mouth moderate; back and sides profusely spotted ;
old specimens with more or less orange between the branches of the lower
jaw, this mark faint or wanting in the young. Upper ray of pectoral
spotted. Kern River, California, abundant in the river channels, below
the waters inhabited by subspecies agua-bonita. Large, reaching a weight
of 8 pounds. Our specimens from south fork of Kern River, at Soda
Springs, California. (Named for its discoverer, Dr. Charles Henry
Gilbert. )

Salmo gairdneri gilberti, JorpAN, Thirteenth Biennial Rept. Fish Comm. California, 1894, 143,

with plate, South Fork of Kern River at Soda Springs, California. (Type, No.
1511, L. 8. Jr. Univ. Mus. Coll. Gilbert.)

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 503

In the Sacramento River is occasionally taken

781d. SALMO IRIDEUS STONEI (Jordan),

(NissuEE TrovuT; No-sHEE Trovt.)

Anal rays 11. Depth4in length. Pectoral 1} in head. Eye large, 44
in head. Maxillary 2,5. Distinguished by its small scales, the number
of scales in a longitudinal series being about 155, 82 before dorsal, where
they are small and embedded, 25 above lateral line. Teeth fewer and
smaller than in var. shasta, those on the vomer in a single zigzag series.
Axillary scale of ventral small. Upper parts plain greenish; spots few,
and confined chiefly to posterior part of body; spots small and sparse
on dorsal, adipose fin, and caudal; a red lateral band usually distinct ;
cheeks and opercles with red; no red between branches of lower jaw.
Described from a specimen 14 inches in length, collected by Livingston
Stone in McCloud River at Baird, California. This form is well known
to Indians and to fishermen on the Upper Sacramento. According to
Mr. Stone, the Indian fishermen say that it is abundant in the McCloud
River, about 8 miles above Baird. They are larger in size than the
ordinary irideus, one having been taken weighing 12 pounds. A second
specimen is deeper in color, the red lateral band very distinct (female
taken in May). The scales rather larger (140) and irregularly placed.
(Named for its discoverer, Livingston Stone, Superintendent of the
United States Fish Hatchery at Baird, in recognition of his valuable ser-
vices in the propagation of salmon and trout.)

Salmo gairdneri stoneit, JORDAN, Thirteenth Biennial Rept. Cal. Fish Comm., 1894, 142, with
plate, McCloud River at Baird, California. (Type, No. 900, L. S. Jr. Univ. Mus.
Coll. Stone.)

Represented in the mountain streams of the Sierra Nevada, on the west

slope of Mount Whitney, by

78le. SALMO IRIDEUS AGUA-BONITA (Jordan).

(GOLDEN Trout: or Mount WHITNEY.)

Head 33; depth 44. D.12; A. 10; scales in 160 to 180 rows, 123 pores.
Body formed as usual. Head rather long, bluntish at tip ; mouth moder-
ate, the maxillary extending a little beyond the eye, 14 in head; hyoid
teeth not evident; opercle moderate; postorbital bone very small, its
greatest length 4} in head; its posterior margin moderately convex ; eye
4% in head ; snout4+; gill rakers not very short,10-+11. Scales extremely
small, round, not imbricated, smaller than in other forms of Salmo.
Fins moderate ; the anal high; the caudal moderately emarginate; pec-
toral 14 in head; ventral 2; caudal 1?. Olive above; sides and belly
light golden, always showing the dark cross shades of immature trout;
middle of sides along lateral line with a deep scarlet lateral stripe,
broadest under the dorsal, where it is about as wide as eye, thence nar-
rowing to either end and not reaching either head or caudal; middle
line of belly with a broad scarlet band, extending from chin to anal fin,
equally bright all the way; a fainter shade along lower side from anal fin
to tip of caudal; no crimson dash at throat between branches of lower

504 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

jaw; the whole region uniform bright orange; opercle largely orange;
dark spots chiefly posterior, large and well marked, some as large as pupil
on tail and posterior part of body; smaller and well marked on dorsal; a
few small ones scattered along forward to the head in two specimens;
none on body before adipose fin in the other; upper anterior angle of
dorsal abruptly yellowish white; this color edged by a dark oblique
streak made by coalescent spots ; the rest of the fin light olive with 4 or
5 rows of small black spots ; pectorals light orange ; ventrals deep orange,
with a faint blackish tip; the anterior edge of the fin conspicuously and
abruptly whitish, as in Salvelinus fontinalis; anal dusky orange, the tips
of the last rays blackish, the outer anterior corner abruptly white, the
white stripe wider than the pupil and separated from the color of the fin
by a dusky shade; caudal olive, tinged with orange on its lower edge,
and profusely spotted with black; inside of mouth pink, of gill cavity
light orange. The small size of the scales is shown in their lack of imbri-
cation rather than by their increased number. Mountain streams on the
west side of Mount Whitney, tributary to Kern River, locally abun-
dant in Voleano Creek, and South Fork of Kern River; also largely intro-
duced into streams about Owen Lake, on the east slope of the mountains,
streams formerly destitute of trout. (Gilbert.) This form is apparently
derived from the Kern river trout, var. gilberti, but is so much modified
that unless intermediate specimens now exist, it may be ranked as a dis-
tinct species. ( ‘‘ Agua-bonita,” beautiful water, name of a cascade on
Voleano Creek, near which this trout abounds.)

Salmo mykiss agua-bonita, JORDAN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1892, 481, Volcano or Whitney

Creek,* California. (Types, No. 514, L. 8S. Jr. Univ. Mus. and 44237, U.S. Nat. Mus.
Coll. Mr. Harvey of Lone Pine, Cal.)

236. CRISTIVOMER, Gill & Jordan.
(GREAT LAKE TROUT.)
Cristivomer, GILL & JORDAN, in JoRDAN, Manual Vertebrates E. U. S., Ed. 2, 356, 1878, (namay-
cush).

This genus contains one or two species—large, coarse charrs, distin-
guished from Salvelinus by the presence of a raised crest behind the head
of the vomer and free from its shaft; this crest is armed with teeth. The
hyoid teeth constitute a strong, cardiform band. The typical species is
a large charr or trout, spotted with gray instead of red, and found in the
larger lakes of Eastern North America. (crista, crest; vomer, vomer.)

782. CRISTIVOMER NAMAYCUSH (Walbaum).

(Gruat Lake Trout; Mackinaw Trout; Lonce (VERMONT); To@uE (MAINE); NAMAYCUSH ;
MASAMACUSH.)

Head 44; depth 4; eyelarge, 44. B.1lor12; D.11; A. 11; lateral line
185 to 205. Body elongate, covered with thin skin, there being no special
development of fatty tissue. Head very long, its upper surface flattened.

Creek.

—_
7

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North Amertca. 505

and jaws proportionately lengthened and pointed, Maxillary nearly half
the length of the head; interorbital space nearly one-fourth; teeth very
strong. Caudal fin well forked; adipose fin small. General coloration
dark gray, sometimes pale, sometimes almost black; everywhere with
rounded paler spots, which are often reddish tinged ; head usually vermic-
ulate above; dorsal and caudal reticulate with darker. Length 36 inches.
Reaches weight of 60 to 100 pounds, averaging about 17. Great Lake
region and lakes of northern New York, New Hampshire, and Maine, the
head waters of the Columbia and Fraserrivers, streams of Vancouver Island,
and north to the Arctic Circle, said not to enter tidal waters; very abund-
ant in the larger bodies of water; varying in form and color in the different
lakes; specimens from Lac des Neiges, Canada, said to be almost black
(Garman), others variously paler and gray. Some in smaller lakes short
and deep in body. (An Indian name.)

Namaycush Salmon, PENNANT, Arctic Zodlogy, Introd., 191, 1792, Hudson Bay.

Salmo namaycush, WaLBAuM, Artedi Piscium, 68, 1792, Hudson Bay; based on the Namaycush
Salmon of PENNANT; GUNTHER, Cat., vi, 123, 1866, and of authors generally.

Salmo pallidus, RAFINESQUE, Amer, Monthly Mag., December, 1817, 120, Lake Champlain

Salmo amethystinus, MircHiLt, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1818, 410, Sault Ste. Marie.

Salmo hoodii, RicHarpson, App. Ross’s Voyage, Lvi1I, 1835, in part; specimen from Boothia
Felix; Ricnarpson, Fauna Bor.-Amer., 111, 174, 1836, Mingan River.

Salmo conjinis, De Kay, N. Y. Fauna: Fishes, 238, 1842, Louis Lake, Hamilton County, New
York; Silver Lake, Pennsylvania.

Salmo symmetricus, PRescovr, Am. Journ. Sci. Arts, 1851, Vol. x1, 340, Lake Winnipiseogee,
New Hampshire.

Salmo toma, Hamurin, The Togue, in Hotmes, 2d Annual Report Maine Fish Comm., 1862, 109,
Lakes of Maine.

Salmo adirondacus, Norris, American Angler’s Book, 255, 1865, Adirondack Lakes.

Salmo siscowet, GUNTHER, Cat., v1, 123, 1866; not of AGassIz.

Salvelinus namaycush, JoRDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 317, 1883.

Represented in Lake Superior by

782a. CRISTIVOMER NAMAYCUSH SISCOWET (Agassiz).
(S1scowEt.)

Seales rather small, about 175 in the lateral line. Body short and deep,
covered with thick skin, there being an excessive tendency to the devel-
opment of fatty tissue. Head very short and deep, its upper surface
broad and short, covered by a skin so thick as to completely hide the
bones; no distinct median carina. Mouth very large, its gape narrower
than in C. namaycush. Teeth weaker than in C. namaycush; supplemental
bone also shorter and broader. Maxillary a little more than half the
length of the head. Caudal fin well forked. Coloration as in C. namay-
cush, but usually paler; fin rays the same. Lake Superior; abundant,
but not yet found elsewhere. Very close to the preceding, but differing
in the shortness and breadth of the bones of the head and in the extreme
fatness of the flesh. It is probably a local variety rather than a distinct
species. (An Indian name, probably from the same root as Cisco. )

Salmo siscowet, AGassiz, Lake Superior, 333, 1850, Lake Superior.

Salmo siskawitz, AGassiz, in Herbert, Frank Forester’s Fish and Fishing, 112, with plate, 1850,
Lake Superior

Salmo ursinus, Bannston, Rept. Fisheries Canada, lrake Superior; reference uncertain.

Balvelinus namaycush siscowet, Jonvan & GILBERT, Synopsis, 318, 1883,

506 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

237. SALVELINUS (Nilsson) Richardson.
(CHARRS. ) c

Salvelini, Nitsson, Prodr. Ichth. Scand., 7, 1832, (alpinus); (group name).
Salvelinus, RicHARDSON, Fauna Bor.-Amer., 11, 169, 1836, (alpinus); after NrLsson.
Baione, DE Kay, N. Y. Fauna: Fishes, 244, 1842, (fontinalis).

Umbla, Rapp, Fische Bodensee, 32, 1854, (umbla = alpinus).

Body moderately elongate. Mouth large or small. Teeth of jaws,
palatines, and tongue essentially as in Salmo, the hyoid patch present or
not. Vomer boat-shaped, the shaft much depressed, without raised crest,
with teeth on the head of the bone and none on shaft. Scales very small,
200 to 250 in a lengthwise series. Fins moderate, the caudal forked in the
young, truncate in some species in the adult. Sexual peculiarities not
strongly marked, the males with the premaxillaries enlarged and a fleshy
projection at the tip of the lower jaw. Coloration dark, with round,
crimson spots, the lower fins sometimes with marginal bands of black,
reddish, and pale. Species numerous in the clear streams and lakes of
the northern parts of both continents, sometimes descending to the sea,
where they lose their variegated colors and become nearly plain and sil-
very. The members of this genus are by far the most active and hand-
some of the trout, and live in the coldest, clearest, and most secluded
waters. ‘‘ No higher praise can be given to a Salmonoid than to say, it
isacharr.” (Salvelinus, an old name of the charr; from the same root
as Sdalbling or Saibling.)

a. Back uuspotted, strongly marbled with dark olive or black; dorsal and caudal fins mottled;
body rather stout, the head heavy; gill rakers small, 6 + 11, not curled.
FONTINALIS, 783.
aa. Back not marbled with darker.
b. Back with red spots, like those on the sides, but smaller and usually paler; mouth large,
the maxillary reaching beyond eye; gill rakers 8 + 12. MALMA, 784.
bb. Back unspotted, the red spots confined to the sides; maxillary usually not reaching
beyond eye.

c. Gill rakers numerous, 6 +12 to 16; head rather large, 4 to 414 in length; body
rather stout; belly orange in breeding season. ALPINUS, 785.

cc. Gill rakers fewer, 6 + 11, small; head small, 444 to 5 in length; body slender.
oguassa, 786,

783. SALVELINUS FONTINALIS (Mitchill).

(Brook Trout; SPECKLED TROUT.)

Head 44; depth 44. D. 10; A. 9; scales 37-230-30; gill rakers about
6+11. Body oblong, moderately compressed, not much elevated. Head
large, but not very long, the snout bluntish, the interorbital space rather
broad. Mouth large, the maxillary reaching more or less beyond the eye.
Eye large, usually somewhat above the line of the axis of the body.
Caudal fin slightly lunate in the adult, forked in the young; adipose fin
‘small; pectoral and ventral fins not especially elongate. Red spots on
the sides rather smaller than the pupil; back mostly without spots, more
or less barred or mottled with dark olive or black; dorsal and caudal fins
mottled or barred with darker; lower fins dusky, with a pale, usually
orange, band anteriorly, followed by a darker one; belly in the males
often more or less red; sea-run individuals (the Canadian ‘‘Salmon Trout”)

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America, 507

are often nearly plain bright silvery. Many local varieties distinguished

by shades of color, also occur. Length 18 inches orless. The best known

of our charrs, abounding in all clear, cold streams from Maine to the

Saskatchewan and northward to Labrador, southward in the Alleghanies

to the head waters of the Savannah, Chattahoochee, Catawba, and French

Broad; largely introduced into western streams but not native west of

the Mississippi. (fontinalis, living in springs.)

Salmo fontinalis, Mircuivt, Trans. Lit.and Phil. Soc. N. Y., 1, 1815, 435, near New York City;

Salmo alleghaniensis, RAFINESQUE, Ich. Oh., 44, 1820, Brooks falling into the Alleghany and
Monongahela rivers.

Salmo nigrescens, RAFINESQUE, Ich. Oh., 45, 1820, near the Laurel Hills, Pennsylvania;
Gintuer, Cat., vr, 152, 1866, and of nearly all early authors.

Salmo canadensis, HAMILTON SMITH, in Griffith’s Cuvier, x, 474, 1834, Canada; dots blood red,
each ‘‘ina white circular spot.”’

Salmo hoodii, RicHArpDsoN, Ross Voyage, App. Lvi1I, 1835, and Fauna Bor.-Amer., 111, 173, 1836,
Fort Enterprise, Pine Island Lake, etc.;based in part on namaycush.

Salmo immaculatus, * H. R.StoreEr, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., vr, 1850, 364, Lower St. Lawrence;
(Canadian ‘‘Salmon Trout’’), name preoccupied ; GUNTHER, Cat., v1, 125, 1866.

Salmo hudsonicus, SuckLEY, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 1861, 310, Hudson Bay and tribu-
taries; Labrador ; Newfoundland; (Coll. Drexler, Gill, and Coues); GinrneEr, Cat.,
vi, 153, 1866.

Salvelinus fontinalis, JORDAN, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1878, 81, in part.

Represented in certain ponds in New Hampshire by

783a. SALVELINUS FONTINALIS AGASSIZIT} (Garman),

(DuBLIN Ponp TROUT.)

Coloration pale grayish, almost without red spots, thus resembling the
lake trout. Otherwise similar to fontinalis. (Named for Louis Agassiz.)

Salmo agassizii, GARMAN, Nineteenth Report Mass. Fish Comm., 1885, 20, Dublin Pond (Lake
Monadnock), Keene, New Hampshire; Center Pond, New Hampshire.

784. SALVELINUS MALMA (Walbaum).

(DoLty VARDEN TrovuT; OREGON CHARR; BULL Trout; REep-spoTrep Trout; MALMA; GOLET.)

Head 3%; depth 4; eye 44. D.11; A. 9; scales 39-240-36; pyloric cceeca
large, 45 to 50; gill rakersabout 8+ 12. Body stout, the back somewhat

* Sea-run forms of this and other charrs and trout are larger in size, silver-gray in color and
without spots, or nearlyso. A silvery-gray form abundant in Canadian estuaries, and locally
known as Salmon Trout, has been called var. immaculatus, but this name is preoccupied by Salmo
immaculatus, Walbaum, which is one of the Characinidex.

+ This form is thus described by Mr. Garman :

Salmo agassizii: B.11 to 13; D. 12 to 13; A. 10 to12; V. 8 to 9; P. 14 to 15; pores 109 to 119;
scales 38 to 42-217 to 237-38 to 42; second dorsal to lateral line, 28.

A variety of the brook trout; apparently restricted to the small lakes in the neighborhood of
Dublin, New Hampshire. Compared with those of 8. fontinalis, the young are rather more slender,
the caudal notch slightly deeper, and the sides more silvery. The young are much darker
colored than the adults; on both the red spots of the flanks are large and numerous. On the
adult the brown color has become so much bleached that the specimen is nearly uniform silvery;
very faint indications of the red spots remain. The differences between the young of S. fontinalis
and those of this variety are even more marked than those between adults; side by side, the
clouded parr marks or bands at once distinguish the young of S. agassizii. Apparently it is later
a cx ggam sexual development, and has the appearance of a deep-water species. Length 744
uches.

Snout longer than eye; maxillary extending behind orbit; in young the diametet of the eye equals
the length of the snout, and the iength of the head is one-fourth of the total, without caudal;
the length of the head of a 121-inch specimen (fig. 18) equals the depth of the body, and is con-
tained 434 timesin the length of the body and head. Dublin Pond; Lake Monadnock, Keene,
New Hampshire; Center Pond,

508 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

elevated, deeper, and less compressed than in S. fontinalis. Head large,
snout broad, flattened above. Mouth large, the maxillary reaching past
the eye. Fins short; the caudal fin slightly forked or almost truncate;
adipose fin usually large; in large specimens its length is twice that of the
eye. General color olivaceous; the sides with round red spots nearly the
size of the eye, the back commonly with smaller pale ones, a feature of
coloration which distinguishes this species at once from the others; lower
fins colored as in S. fontinalis, dusky, with a pale stripe in front, followed
by a dark one; sea-run specimens silvery, with the spots faint or obso-
lete; fins and back without dark reticulations. Gill covers without con-
centric strix. Length 5d to 20inches. Streams east and westof the Cascade
Range from the Upper Sacramento to Montana, Alaska, and Kamchatka,
generally abundant northward, descending to the sea, where it reaches a
weight of about 12 pounds. One of the most beautiful and active of all
the Salmonide. In small mountain brooks, dwarf forms occur (as var.
lordii, etc.), but it is not necessary to distinguish these by separate names.
(Malma, a vernacular name in Kamchatka.)

Goltra, KRASCHENINNIKOW, Descr. Kamch., 183, 1768, Kamchatka.

Malma, PENNANT, Arctic Zo6l., Introd., 126, 1792, Bering Sea; after STELLER, etc.

Salmo malma, WaLeaum, Artedi Piscium, 66, 1792, Kamchatka; based on Malma, of PENNANT.

Salmo curilus, PALLAS, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., 111, 251, 1811, Curile Islands.

Salmo callaris, PALLAS, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., 111, 353, 1811, Bering Sea; GUNTHER, Cat., v1, 143,
1866.

Salmo penshinensis, PALLAS, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., 111, 381, 1811, Gulf of Penshine; Worofskaja
River.

Salmo levigatus, PALLAS, Zoogr. Rosso.-Asiat., 111, 385, 1811, Curile Islands.

Salmo nummifer, CuvieR & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., xx1, 365, 1848, Kamchatka; on a
drawing by Mertens.

Salmo erythrorhynchos, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss,, xx1, 367, 1848, Kamchatka.

Salmo spectabilis, GrRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 218, Fort Dalles, Oregon; name
preoccupied.

Salmo,parkei, SuckiEy, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 1861, 309, Kootenay River. (Coll. Gibbs.)

Salmo bairdii, SuckLEY, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 1861, 309, tributary of Flathead River,
Montana. (Type, No. 2010. Coll. Kennerly.)

Salmo campbelli, SuckiEY, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 1861, 318, Fort Dalles, Oregon; substi-

' tute for spectabilis; preoccupied. (Coll. Kennerly.)

Salmo lordii, GinTHER, Cat., v1, 148, 1866, Skagit River ; dwarf specimens.

Salmo tudes, Corr, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. Phila., 1873, 24, Captains Harbor, Unalaska. (Coll.
Prof. Geo. Davidson.)

Salmo bairdii, GUNTHER, Cat., v1, 121, 1866.

Salmo parkii and campbelli, GUNTHER, Cat., v1, 121, 149, 1866.

Salvelinus spectabilis, JonDAN, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1, 1878, 79.

Salvelinus bairdii, JonDAN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1, 1878, 82.

Salvelinus malma, JorDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 319, 1883; EVERMANN, Bull. U.S. Fish Comm., ¥I,
1891, 50, pl. xxv, fig. 1.

785. SALVELINUS ALPINUS (Linnzus).

(EUROPEAN CHARR; SALBLING; SAIBLING ; OMBRE CHEVALIER ; GREENLAND CHARR.)

Head 44; depth 5. D.13; A. 12; scales 195 to 200. Vertebra 59 to 62.
Coca 36 to 48. Body elongate, compressed; head moderate; maxillary
extending little beyond orbit; hyoid teeth usually present, in a feeble
band; teeth moderate. Grayish or greenish above, the lower parts red,

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 509

especially in the male; lower fins anteriorly margined with white.

Sides of body with round red spots; back not marbled. Gillrakers 6+ 11

to 18, usually longer than in fontinalis, and in the adult more or less

curled. Cold lakes and mountain streams of central and northern Europe

and northeastern America, abundant in suitable waters and running into

many varieties. Some of the nominal species in Siberia may belong to

this type, but too little is known of them to permit their reference,

either to Salvelinus alpinus or to Salvelinus malma. (Eu.) (alpinus, alpine.)

Salmo alpinus, Linn xvs, Syst. Nat., Ed. x, 1758, 309, Lapland, West Gothland, etc.

Salmo salvelinus, Linnmus, Syst. Nat., Ed. x, 1758, 309, Lintz in Austria.

Salmo salmarinus, LInNzXus, Syst. Nat., Ed. x, 1758, 310, ‘‘ Tridenti in fluviis frigidus
saxosis.”’

Salmo umbla, Linnxvs, Syst. Nat., Ed. x, 1758, 310, Lakes of Switzerland and Italy.

Salmo ventricosus, NiLsson, Prodromus, 7, 1832, Western Norway.

Salmo rutilus, Nitsson, Prodromus, 10, 1832, Hadeland, Norway.

Salmo ascanii, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., xx1, 256, 1848, Norway.

Salmo distichus, HEcKEL, Reisebericht, 93, 1851, Austria.

Salmo monestichus, HECKEL, Reisebericht, 93, 1851, Austria.

Salmo rivalis, GAIMARD, Voyage Island, Groenland, pl. 15, 1851, Iceland.

Salmo alpinus nivalis, Faber, Fische Islands, 169, Iceland.

Salmo willughbii, GGNTHER, Proc. ZoGl. Soc., 1862, 46, Lake Windermere.

Salmo grayi, GUNTHER, Proc. ZoOl. Soc., 1862, 51, Lough Melvin, Ireland.

Salmo colii, GiNTHER, Proc. Zoil. Soc., 1863, 12, Lough Esk.

Salmo perisii, GUNTHER, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., xv, 1865, 75, North Wales.

Salmo killinensis, GGNTHER, Proc. ZoGl., 1865, 699, Loch Killin, Inverness.

Salmo carbonarius, StrOM, Egers Beskrivelse, 122, Western Norway.

Represented in American waters by several forms, scarcely differen-
tiated from each other or from the parent type. We provisionally recog-
nize the following, but do not know any positive character by which to
separate any of them from Salvelinus alpinus.

Represented in the inlets of Boothia by the long-finned

785a. SALVELINUS ALPINUS ALIPES (Richardson).

(LONG-FINNED CHARR.)

D. 11; A. 10; scales 210; B. 11; ceca 41. Body elongate; head of mod-
erate size; snout elongate, pointed, with the lower jaw projecting beyond
the upper in adult examples. Teeth small. Maxillary elongate, narrow,
extending beyond the eye. Preopercle very short, with a very short lower
limb; opercle and preopercle very conspicuously and deeply striated, the
strie radiating from the base of each. Fins much developed, the dorsal
much higher than long; pectoral very long, reaching more than halfway
to ventrals, which are also very long; adipose fin very small; caudal well
forked. Lakes of Greenland and Boothia Felix. (Giinther.) (ala, wing;
pes, foot).

Salmo alipes, RicHarpson, Nat. Hist. App. Ross’s Voy., uvi1, 1835, and Fauna Bor.-Amer., 11,
169, 1836, lakes in Regent's Inlet, Boothia Felix; Ginruer, Cat., v1, 149, 1866.

Salmo nitidus, Ricuarpson, App. Ross’s Voy., tv, 1835, Lake at Regent's Inlet, Boothia
Felix; and Fauna Bor.-Amer., 111, 171, 1836; GUnrner, Cat., v1, 150, 1866. In nitidus, the
dorsal and pectoral are represented as a little shorter than in alipes, but no other evident
difference.

Salvelinus nitidus, Jordan & GriipEeRt, Synopsis, 321, 1883.
Salvelinus stagnalis, Jonvan & Gitpert, 321, 1883.

510 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

Associated with S. alipes and probably not distinct from it, and like it
not entering the sea is

785b. SALVELINUS ALPINUS STAGNALIS (Fabricius).

(GREENLAND CHARR.)

Gill rakers as in alpinus, slender and straightish, 9+ 15 in number, the
longest 24 in eye. Body moderately elongate; peetorals shortish, 1} in
head, not reaching quite halfway to ventral; dorsal about as high as
long, the longest ray 13 in head (82 in total length with caudal, accord-
ing to Fabricus). Dark green, with lighter irregular green streaks, sil-
very below; sides everywhere with pale pink spots, the largest less than
eye; upper fins greenish; lower pink. Sea-run specimens nearly plain
silvery. Waters of GreenJand, Boothia, and neighboring regions, abun-
dant; the specimen examined by us (described in full by Dresel) from
Godhayn, Disco Island. (stagnum, a pond or tarn.)

Salmo stagnalis, Fapricrus, Fauna Groenlandica, 175, 1780, Alpine ponds of Greenland; not
migratory.

Salmo rivalis, Fapricivs, 1. c., 176, 1780, Alpine brooks of Greenland; not entering the sea.

‘Salmo hearnei, R1cHARDSON, Franklin’s First Voyage, 706, 1823, and in Fauna Bor.-Amer., 111,
167, 1836, Bloody Fall, Coppermine River, lat. 67°; description imperfect ; GUNTHER,
Cat., v1, 148, 1866.

Salmo rossii, * RicHARDSON, App. Ross’s Voyage, Lv1, 1835; and in Fauna Bor.-Amer., 111, 163,
1836, Regent’s Inlet, Boothia Felix.

Salvelinus rossi, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 321, 1883.

Salvelinus stagnalis, DREsEL, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1884, 255; good description.

Salmo hoodii, RicHarpson, Fauna Bor.-Amer., 011, 173, 1836; GUNTHER, Cat., v1, 151, 1866.

Represented in the far north by

785c. SALVELINUS ALPINUS ARCTURUS (Giinther).

Head 44; depth 5; D. 11; A. 10; B. 11; ceca 31-44. Dull greenish,
silvery or reddish below; lower fins yellowish; no red spots (on speci-
mens seen). Body rather elongate; head small, the snout very obtuse;
mouth moderate, the maxillary in the male reaching about to posterior
margin of orbit; teeth smali; a band of hyoid teeth; preopercle with a
distinct lower limb; pectoral little shorter than head, reaching more than
halfway to ventral. Caudal moderately forked; scales minute. Length
12inches. Victoria Lake and Floeberg Beach, Arctic America, lat. 82° 347,
the northernmost Salmonoid known. (Giinther.) (Arcturus, dpxtog, bear;
ovpa, tail, name of one of the northern stars. )

Salmo arcturus, GUNTHER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, 294, pl. xxx11, Victoria Lake, Floeberg

Beach. (Coll. Capt. Fielden.)
Salvelinus arcturus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 319, 1883.

* The following is the substance of Richardson’s account of S. rossi:

Head 5. B. 12-13; D.13; A.11; P. 14; V. 10. Dorsal fin low ; pectoral short, adipose fin
verysmall. Rather siender; snout very obtuse; lower jaw remarkably long, with a knob at tip
(male). Thirty teeth on tongue. Conspicuous pores on the face bones posteriorly. Scales very
small, embedded. Olive-brown above, the dorsal and caudal similarly colored ; belly red; scat-
tered red spots near the lateralline. (Named for Captain James Clark Ross, an Arctic explorer
by whose party the species was obtained. )

Jordan and Evermann.—Lfishes of North America. 511

Represented in lakes of Western Maine and New Hampshire by

785d. SALVELINUS ALPINUS AUREOLUS (Bean).

(SUNAPEE TROUT.)

Head 43; depth 44. D.9; A. 8; scales 35-210-40. Maxillary reaching
middle of eye, 23 in head; eye a little longer than snout, 47 in head; gill
rakers usually* about 6+ 12, quite short, not 4 diameter of eye, and
angularly bent; (in alpinus, longer, straighter, 7+ 14, and ? eye); pec-
toral shortish, 13 in head, longer in males; dorsal ratherlow. Brownish,
sides silver gray, with small orange spots on sides above and below lat-
eral line; caudal grayish; belly orange; anal orange, edged before with
white; ventrals orange, with a white band on outer rays; no mottlings
anywhere. Length 12 to 18 inches. Sunapee Lake, New Hampshire,
Dan Hole Pond, Carroll County, New Hampshire; tributary to Saco
River, and Flood’s Pond, Ellsworth, Maine, tributary to Union River.
Evidently almost or quite identical with the European Charr, and con-
sidered by Garman as probably introduced into these ponds from Germany.

In referring to the trout from Sunapee Lake, Mr. Quackenbos writes : The external character-
istics of the Sunapee fish, however, distinguish it conspicuously from the three otherecharrs of
New England. Its graceful build, small and delicately-shaped head, small mouth, excessively
developed fins, more or less markedly emarginate caudal, spots without the blue areola, and
unmottled back, at once separate it from the brook trout and link it as closely as its structural
peculiarities with Austrian, British, and Swiss congeners. The nuptial coloration is gorgeous
beyond example among our indigenous Salmonide. Throughout the spring and summer the
back is dark sea-green, blending on the sides into a flashing silver, which in turn deepens below
intoa richcream. But as the October pairing time approaches, the fish is metamorphosed into
a creature of indescribable brilliancy. The deep purplish blue of the back and shoulders now
seems to dissolve into a dreamy sheen of amethyst, through which the inconspicuous pale lemon
spots of midsummer flame out in points of yellow or vermilion fire, while below the lateral line
all is dazzling orange. The fins catch the hue of the adjacent parts, and pectoral, ventral, anal,
and lower lobe of caudai, are ribboned with a broad white margin. Asin the case of the Win-
dermere charr, these white margins of the fins are very conspicuous in specimens seen swimming
in the water. There are great differences in intensity of general coloration, and the females are
not usually as gaudily tinted as the males. The intermediate types and different depths of hue
observable in an autumn school recall the public promenade in a West Indian city, where all
shades of transition are found from pure white to tawny black. Those who have seen the flash-
ing hordes on the spawning beds, in all their glory of color and majesty of action, pronounce it
a spectacle never to be forgotten,

The Sunapee charr is undoubtedly a representative of the European form ; but reasons have
been given why it is believed to bea native of thiscontinent. It differsno more extensively from
the several European varieties than they do among themselves. Von dem Borne, Professors
Benecke, Dalmar, and Wittmack, of Berlin, all speak of important differences in form, size, and
color, according to age, sex, season, and habitat. All authorities allude to thesolid sea-green or
dark-blue of the back, the yellowish sides, and the red or orange belly. Benecke and Dalmar
refer picturesquely to the half-moon tail. As tospots, there is endless variety. Some forms have

* The value of gillrakersas a distinctive character is questioned by Garman, Bean, and Quack-
enbos. It is not unlikely that these structures vary with age, food, and condition, aud are sub-
ject to deterioration in large trout. Garman says that in foreign specimens examined by him
the dentition differs, corresponding more or less nearly with that of the New Hampshire fish
—that differences of age imply radical differences in teeth, fins, stomach, and especially gill
takers—which latter Garman believes to be ‘‘most important in function early in life
and to deteriorate with change to coarser food.’’ The deterioration consists in a distortion not
alike in any two individuals; *‘the rakers curve and twist in every direction like a lot of writh-
ing worms suddenly become rigid.” ‘In old specimens, they lose their points and grow club-
shaped.—Quackenbos,”’

512 Bulletin 47, Untted States National Museum.

none; some, large spots; others, small—yellow, orange, and red—and singularly, in certaln
specimens, each spot is surrounded by a white ring or halo. The fins take their color from the
back and sides, and have the broad white band. The foreign saibling is gregarious like the
Sunapee form ; lives similarly on crustaceans, worms, and fish-food, and seeks the deepest and
coldest waters.

The greater the altitude the more intense the coloration and the smaller the fish. In Lake
Zug the saibling run 8 or 9 to the pound; in Lake Geneva, they are said to attain a weight
of over 20 poands. The flesh is white or red, which, however, makes no difference in the flavor,
The foreign saibling is taken in nets, or with hook and line; it is eaten fresh or smoked.

In Forest and Stream, Jan. 22,1891, Dr. Jordan gave his reasons for thinking with Bean, Quack-
enbos, and others that the Sunapee trout isa native variety of Salvelinus alpinus, as follows:
‘For some time past ichthyologists and anglers alike have been deeply interested in the question
of the name and origin of the splendid trout of Sunapee Lake. Is ita distinct and peculiarspe- _
cies which has always been with us, or isit simply the European charr or saibling which has been
lately brought overfrom Europe? Two of our highest ichthyological authorities have expressed
themselves with some positiveness in regard to thismatter. Dr. Tarleton H. Bean, of the United
States Fish Commission, has described the fish in question as a distinct species, under the name
of Salvelinus aureolus, while Mr. Samuel Garman, of the Museum of Comparative Zoélogy, has
declared it to be fully identical with the European Salvelinus alpinus, the charr, saibling, siilbling
or ombre chevalier of the rivers and lakes of northern Europe. On thesupposition of the identity
of the Sunapee trout with the European form, its occurrence in the lakes of Maine has been
attributed to a recent plant of saibling eggs brought from Germany by the United States Fish
Commission. The possibility that this trout isa hybrid between the saibling and the European
trout or brown trout (Salmo fario), has been also suggested.

The study of the species of charr is a very difficult one. The specific differences are slight
and the individual variations surprisingly great. The presence of a large amount of material is
necessary in order to reach any conclusion. Those conclusions which now seen to me probable
I wish to present in the most modest manner possible, for they are liable to be wholly overturned
when the waters between Maine and Greenland are more fully explored.

For the purposes of the present study, Dr. Bean has very kindly lent me a considerable
amount of material, from the National Museum, by consent of Dr. Goode. This consists of the
following specimens:

Salvelinus alpinus—10249, from Europe; 17456 (two specimens), Bergen; 39924, Sterling Lake,
New Jersey (introduced).

Salvelinus aureolis—From Sunapee Lake, 37408, 37409, 37410, 39334, 39335, 39900.

Salvelinus—A hybrid of Salvelinus alpinus, male with Salmo fario, female, 2 years old, received
from Norway, 17451.

Salvelinus (nitidus)—34384, Disco, Greenland.

Salvelinus (arcturus)—36097, mouth of St. Lawrence River; 37670, lake near Quebec.

Besides these specimens I have received several specimens of Salvelinus aureolus from Sunapee
Lake and Dan Hole Pond, through the kindness of Mr. A. N. Cheney and others. From Dr.
Bean I have also specimens of S. oguassa from Rangeley Lake, and of S. fontinalis agassizii, from
Monadnock Lake. There is, however, no present question of the distinctness of the Sunapee
trout from either fontinalis or oquassa, though its relations to the latter are very close.

From the material in hand the following conclusions seem justifiable, and I am pleased to
find that these results agree in the main with the observations both of Dr. Bean and of Mr.
Garman.

1. In comparing the specimens of aureolus with those of alpinus I find a very close agreement
in all external respects, some of the specimens in hand coinciding, as Mr. Garman has noticed,
in almost every detail with one of Dr. F. A. Smitt’s colored figures of alpinus from Sweden. I
find, however, the following distinctions constant in these specimens, these differences being
substantially those already pointed out by Dr. Bean.

In aureolus the gill rakers, 6 +11 or 6 +12 in number, are quite short, less than 14 diameter
of eye, and angularly bent outward, the oldest specimens having them shortest in proportion and
most curved.

In alpinus the gill rakers are 7 +15 or 7 + 14in number, longer and straighter than in aureo-
lus, 2 length of eye in specimens of the same length as those of aureolus measured. In form of
gill rakers and in all other respects the specimen from Sterling Lake introduced (from Germany)
agrees fully with the Norwegian saiblings.

:

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North Amertca. 518

In aureolus the pectorals are shorter (134 in head) and the dorsal lower than in alpinus. In
the latter the pectoral is 114 to 114 in head.

Other apparent differences which may depend wholly or in part on the condition of the speci-
mens are these: The hyoid (hypcbranchial) teeth in aureolus are smaller and in a broader series
than in alpinus, the stomach a little thicker and the pyloric cceca smaller. I doubt the constancy
of these characters. The specimens of aureolus are also a little more robust in form, a character
of trifling value among trout.

Dr. Day has recently maintained, and he has shown good cause for his opinion, that the six or
eight nominal species of charr ascribed to the waters of Great Britain are all forms of one—Salvelinus
alpinus. Recent continental writers seem to share this view, long ago advanced by Agassiz, who
placed all the charrs of Europe, including Iceland, in a single species, alpinus. Dr. Day has
shown that the species is subject to great variation in the development of the pectorals. None of
the European writers has paid much attention to the gill rakers. Dr. Giinther has counted in
English specimens 9 and 11 gill rakers on the lower limb. If these counts are correct, the
number would vary from 6+9to9+15. But this count may be questioned, as it is not unlikely
that some of the smaller ones have been omitted in Dr. Giinther’s enumeration. When all these
facts are taken into consideration, the only character left to distinguish the Sunapee charr from
the saibling is the curved form and perhaps lesser number of its gill rakers.

This problem is complicated by the existence of other saibling-like charrs in lakes of Canada
and Greenland. It is evident, too, that some of these are even more like the saibling than the
Sunapee trout is, a fact which Dr. Bean has already pointed out in a letter to me.

The specimen above mentioned from Disco, Greenland, is a fine trout, 15 inches long, wholly
silvery in color, a fact which shows that it was taken in the sea. This specimen has the gill
rakers slender and straightish, 9 + 15 in number, the longest 244in eye. In this respect it agrees
perfectly with the saibling, but in the form of the body and the shortish fins (the pectoral 124
in head) it more resembles the Sunapee trout. This Greenland fish represents the species called
Salvelinus nitidus (Richardson). This has been thought to be simply the female of a long-finned
Greenland trout, called Salvelinus stagnalis (Fabricius). Perhaps nitidus is the female and stagnalis
the male, or perhaps stagnalis is based on river and nifidus on sea-run specimens. Apparently
the two are not distinct species and I do not see how either can be separated from alpinus,
Apparently, also, nitidus only differs from aureolus in having the gill rakers of alpinus. An unpub-
lished engraving of another Greenland trout (nitidus) agrees perfectly in form and color with
aureolus, but the gill rakers are not shown.

In view of all these facts, I have no hesitation in regarding these Greenland charrs as forms
of the saibling. That the saibling should extend its range across to Greenland need not surprise
us. It is found in all the mountain lakes of Europe from Austria toSpitzbergen. Itenters the
northern seas and swarms in the ponds of Iceland. In late autumn, in the North Pacific, black-
spotted trout (Salmo mykissy and the Dolly Varden charr (Salvelinxs malma) freely enter the ocean,
and they inhabit alike both sides of Bering Sea. The saibling could as easily reach Greenland
from Iceland as to cross to Iceland from the Scottish coasts.

Two other specimens before us are also of interest in this connection, One of these, a young
trout, 1034 inches in length, with parr marks and without red spots, is froma lake near Quebec.
The other, 984 inches long, was taken in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. This specimen is very dark
in color, almost like a blueback. It has no red spots and its scales have the silvery luster which
is acquired on entering the sea. [These belong to the form since described as Salmo marstoni,
Garman; previously recorded by Dr. Bean as Salvelinus rossi. ]

These two specimens seem to agree with each other in essentials. They have straightish
gill rakers like the saibling, but their number of these appendages (7 + 12 and 7 + 14) is inter-
mediate between the saibling and the Sunapee trout. The pectoral fins are also intermediate in

length, 1g in head in one specimen, 1? in the other. The opercular bones seem more straight
- than in any other specimens examined, but this appearance may be due to the fact of the partial
drying of the skin over the bones before the fish was put into alcohol. These specimens are

apparently intermediate between the saibling and the Sunapee trout, and again intermediate
between the Greenland nitidus and the Sunapee fish. The specimen from Quebec agrees in all
respects, waiving nonessentials, with Dr. Giinther’s figure of Salvelinus arcturus, the “northern-
most Salmonoid known,”’ from the northern limit of British America. Dr. Bean has suggested
to me that this specimen may be the unrecognized Salvelinus rossiof Richardson, This view may

F, N. A.——34

514 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

— a — =,

be correct, but Richardson’s description is so vague that we can only be sure that his fish was
some one of the alpinus set, with red spots and a red belly, perhaps a nitidus or slagnalis.

The Sunapee charr is certainly not a hybrid between the saibling and any other species,
European or American, The hybrid alpinus X fario, examined by me, has the scales adherent as in
alpinus, but almost as large (135 series) as in Salmo fario. Its gill rakers, 6 +11 or 12, are stif-
fish and nearly straight; there are a few teeth on the shaft of the vomer ( fariohas many, the
species of Salvelinus none at all) and the color is very eccentric. The body is dark and is clouded
all over with sharply defined yellowish reticulations, which extend on the head and fins. Its
coloration somewhat resembles that of a pike. It has neither the red spots of alpinus nor the
black spots of fario.

In this connection we may briefly notice the other nominal species of charr described from
British America and Greenland. Salvelinus arcturus seems to be a form or variety of S. alpinus as
already noticed. The same is true of Salvelinus nitidus and of Salvelinus stagnalis. Salvelinus alipes
is the same as stagnalis, and rossi probably identical with nitidus, as is also Salvelinus hearnii.
Salvelinus hoodi was based on a mixed lot of Salvelinus foutinalis and S. namaycush. Salvelinus hud-
sonicus, canadensis, and immaculatus are fontinalis, the latter name given to sea-run specimens.
But for all we know the alpinus may run out to sea as well and become tmmaculatus, too. Salve-
linus naresi, from the Arctic regions, seems to be the same as oquassa. If these views be correct,
we have in America five species of charr, each highly variable and running into many local
varieties.

As for the Sunapee charr itself, we may say that it seems to be distinguished from all the
other forms of charr by its gill rakers. It is probably nota distinct species, and it is probably
native to the waters in which it is now found, and not an importation from Europe. Should it
appear, however, that the saibling in that part of Germany from which specimens have been
brought to America have gill rakers like those of the Sunapee trout, this opinion would be
reconsidered. Other lakes of Maine, Quebec, Labrador, and Boothia must be explored before
these questions can be definitely settled.

It is interesting to notice that just as the right of the saibling to be regarded as a native
American has been questioned in this country, so has its citizenship in England been also denied.

Dr. Day tells us that in olden times the people were ‘ taught that three sons of the church
introduced these fishes into Wales from Rome, and placed two in each of the lakes of Llan-
berries, Llynumber, and Trevennyn.’ Perhaps we are justified in supposing that by the same
persons and at the same time two were placed in Sunapee Lake, two in Dan Hole Pond, and two
in the sea at Disco.”

Salvelinus aureolus, BEAN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1887, 628, Sunapee Lake, New Hampshire.
(Type, Nos. 37408 and 39334. Coll. Col. E. B. Hodge and Dr. J. D. Quackenbos.)

Salvelinus alpinus aureolus, JORDAN, Forest and Stream, Jan. 22, 1891; QUACKENBos, Trans. N. Y.
Ac. Sci., x11, 1893, 139.

Salmo alpinus, GARMAN, American Angler, Feb. 5, 1891.

186. SALVELINUS OQUASSA (Girard).
(Oquassa Trout; Bruespack Trour; QUASKY.)

Head 5; depth 5; eye large, 34 in head. D.10; A. 9; scales 230; gill
rakers about 6+11. Body elongate, considerably compressed, less ele-
vated than in the other species of this genus, the dorsal outline regularly
but not strongly curved. Head quite small, smaller than in any other of
our trout, its upper surface flattish ; mouth quite small, the maxillary short
and moderately broad, scarcely extending to the posterior margin of eye.
Jaws about equal. Scales small, those along the lateral line somewhat
enlarged. Pectoral and ventral fins not elongate; caudal fin well forked,
more so than in-the other species; preopercle as in S. fontinalis, but the
lower limb more developed; opercles without concentric striw. Colora-
tion dark blue, the red spots small and round, much smaller than the pupil,
usually confined to the sides of the body; sides with traces of dark bars;
lower fins variegated, as in S. fontinalis. Length 12 inches. Smallest and

—.e—- - &

Jordan and Evermann.—Ffishes of North America. 515

handsomest of the charrs, as yet known only from the Rangeley Lakes in
western Maine. Although quite different in appearance, it shows no
important structural differences from S. alpinus, and may prove to bea
variety of that species. (Oquassa or Oquassoc, name of one of the Rapge-
ley Lakes.)

Salmo oquassa, GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1854, 262, Oquassa Lake, Maine; GUNTHER,
Cat., v1, 154, 1866.

Salvelinus oquassa, JORDAN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1, 1878, 81; Jorpan & GiLBert, Synopsis, 318,
1883.

Represented in Arctic America by the scarcely different

786a. SALVELINUS OQUASSA NARESI (Giinther).

Head 44; depth 5-6. D.11; A.9; B.11; ccoeca 42; vertebre 65. Green-
ish above, sides silvery or deep red, with very small red spots, much
smaller than pupil; lower fins deep red, with the anterior margins yel-
lowish white; dorsal red posteriorly. Body long and slender; head
rather small, the snout blunt; the forehead flat; mouth not large, max-
illary reaching posterior margin of orbit in male only; teeth very small;
teeth on the middle line of the hyoid bone; angle of preopercle much
rounded; gill covers with scarcely a trace of the concentric strie for
which S. nitidus is distinguished ; pectoral not longer than the head with-
out snout; reaching halfway to ventrals; ventrals not to vent; caudal
deeply forked; scales minute. Length 10 inches. (Giinther.) Lakes of
Arctic America, Discovery Bay, and Cumberland Gulf. (Named for
Captain George Nares, in charge of the exploring expedition by which it
was taken.)

Salmo naresi, GiiNTHER, Proc. Zo6l. Soc. London, 1877, 476, plate, fresh-water lakes near
Discovery Bay.

Salvelinus naresi, BEAN, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., xv, 1879, 135; Jorpan & GILBERT, Synopsis, 318,
1883; Dreset, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., 1884, 255; compares naresi with stagnalis. In 8S. naresi,
the eye is very much larger, the snout is much shorter, the maxilla does not extend beyond
the posterior margin of the eye, and the gill rakers are longer and more numerous. In
stagnalis, DRESEL says that the gill rakers are 9 + 14 or 15, the longest 14 eye.

Closely allied to Salvelinus oquassa, and perhaps a variety either of it
or of S. alpinus is

786b. SALVELINUS OQUASSA MARSTONI,* Garman.
(Tue Lac pE Marsre TrRovt.)
B. 11, 12; D. 13; A. 13; V.9; P.14; vertebra 60. Gill rakers straight,
short, sharp, rough, 8+ 14 on the first arch. The specimen described is

* Dr. Bean furnishes us the following notes on a specimen, doubtless identical with S. marstoni
and formerly referred by us to Salvelinus alpinus, called by him

SALVELINUS Rossr (No. 37670).

Township of Decalonnes, Quebec, 70 miles east and 40 miles north of Montreal. Received from
Mr. Blackford, February 10, 1886; caught by C. H. Simpson. Length 10% inches; sex not to be
ascertained. Above steel blue. Seven or eight broad parr marks along the sides, very indistinct,
and separated by very much narrower yellowish interspaces. Lower half of body pink, over-
laying a yellowish ground. Pectoral dusky at base and along most of its upper half, the rest
running into orange. Ventrals red, the outer margin milk-white. Anal red, the outer ante-
rior margin milk-white. Lower caudal lobe reddish along its lower margin. Hye dusky, min-
gled with bronze. Gill rakers about 8 4-12, rather short and feeble, longest about 44 length
of iris. Teeth in jaws and on tongue very strong. Closely related to alpinus, from which it
seems to differ in the shape of the subopercle; this bone is twice as long as deep and is con-
spicnously striated. The hyoids are well developed, in a long and unusually broad band for the
genus Salvelinus,

516 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

about 12 inches in length. Body subfusiform, compressed, pointed at
snout, slender at the tail. Height of body near ; of the total length; head
+,crown convex. Snout 14, and interorbital space 14 times theeye. Eye
little less than + of the head, $ of the space between the orbits on the
forehead. Mouth large; maxillary straight, extending backward almost
as faras the hinder edge of the eye, bearing strong teeth on its lower
edge for nearly its entire length. Teeth on intermaxillary and mandi-
bles stronger. The tongue bears a series of four strong hooked teeth at
each side, and behind the glossohyal on the basibranchials there is a
band of several series of smaller ones. Opercle thin, with a few striz.
Seales very small; apparently there are about 230 in the series imme-
diately above the lateral line, and more than 250 in a row 5 or 6 scales
above this. Distance from first ray of dorsal to end of snout little more
than that from the same ray to the tip of the adipose fin. The middle
of the total length falls halfway between the ends of the hinder rays of
the dorsal and its base. Dorsal and anal fins are slightly emarginate at
the ends of their median rays. Pectorals and ventrals small; base of
latter slightly behind the middle of that of the dorsal. Caudal pedicle
slender, notch very deep, hinder border sinuous, as in Salmo alpinus,
lobes pointed. The caudal notch is deeper in this species than in any
other of the American forms except C. namaycush.

Back dark brown, with an iridescent bluish tint, unspotted; dorsals
dark, clouded, without spots or bands; pectorals, anal, and ventrals
orange in the middle, yellowish or whitish toward bases and at their mar-
gins. The dark color of the back shades into whitish, tinged with pink
below the lateral line; ventral surface white, no doubt reddish in breed-
ing season; head black on top, silvery on the cheeks, white beneath.
Flesh pink. Caudal fin yellowish toward the base, brown toward the
hinder border, which has a narrow edging of light color; faint areas of

lighter tint suggest a few spots of red in life along the lateral line; the ~

condition of the specimens is such that this may be left in question, as
also the number of cceca or presence of parr bands, of which there are
faint indications.

This fish is evidently allied to the blueback of the Rangeley Lakes,
S. oquassa, but reaches a greater size than that species, and is readily
distinguished by the maxillary and its dentition, the caudal fin, and the
coloration. Similarly when compared with S. arcturus, S. stagnalis, and
S. rossi, it is seen to be quite distinct. With the saibling, S. alpinus,
introduced in Sunapee Lake and elsewhere, it has still less in common.

Our specimens were taken in Lac de Marbre, Ottawa County,
Province of Quebec, Canada, whence they were sent by favor of the
Hon. J. G. A. Creighton. They reached us at the instance of Mr. A. N.
Cheney. (Garman.) (Named for R. B. Marston, editor of Fishing Gazette,
London.)

Salmo marstoni, GARMAN, Science, July 14, 1893, 23, Lac de Marbre, Ottawa County,
Quebec.

a

Jordan and Evermann.— Fishes of North America. 517

Family LXV. THYMALLIDA.
(THE GRAYLINGS.)

The family contains Salmonoid fishes, with ripe ova first discharged
within abdominal cavity, branchiostegals 8-10 (11), pyloric cceca in mod-
erate number, a rather long dorsal fin, whose anterior half is composed
of simple unbranched rays, and posterior half of bifurcate or little
branched rays, epipleural spines to anterior ribs, and the parietal bones
meeting at middle and excluding frontals from supraoccipital. (Gill.)
The graylings agree closely with the Salmonide in external characters
and in habits. They, however, differ notably in the structure of the
skull, as above indicated. The conventional statement that they are
intermediate between the trout and the whitefishes is not borne out by
the skeleton. One genus with about five species; beautiful fishes of the
rivers of cold or Arctic regions, active and gamy and valued as food.
(Thymallide, Gill, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1894, 121.)

238. THYMALLUS, Cuvier.

(GRAYLINGS. )
Thymallus, CuviER, Regne Anim., Ed, 2, 11, 306, 1829, (thymallus); not Thymalus,* LATREILLE,
1802, a genus of Coleoptera.
Choregon, MINDING, Lehrbuch, Naturgesch. Fische, 119, 1832, ((thymallus).

Body oblong, compressed, little elevated. Head rather short; mouth
moderate, terminal, the short maxillary extending past the middle of the
large eye, but not to its posterior margin. ‘Teeth slender and.sparse on
the maxillaries, premaxillaries, and lower jaw; vomer short, with a
small patch of teeth; teeth on the palatines; tongue toothless, or nearly
so. Gill openings wide. Branchiostegals 7 or 8. Gill rakers short and
rather stiff. Suborbital and preorbital bones narrow. Scales small and
loose, 75 to 100 in the course of the lateral line. Dorsal fin very long and
high, mostly in advance of the ventrals, of about 20 rays, of which the
anterior half are slender and simple, most of the others simply bifid;
adipose fin small; caudal fin forked; anal fin small, of 10-15 rays. Pseu-
dobranchize well developed. Air bladder very large. Pyloric appendages
about 15. Coloration brilliant, the dorsal with red or blue spots. Beau-
tiful fishes of the fresh waters of northern regions. (Thymallus, an
ancient name of the Grayling, the fish having the odor of thyme, Sixoc.)

a. Dorsal fin very high, with 22 to 24 rays. SIGNIFER, 787.
aa, Dorsal fin moderate, of 19 to 21 rays. ONTARIENSIS, 788.

787. THYMALLUS SIGNIFER (Richardson).
(Arctic GRAYLING ; Poisson BLEv.)

Head 54; depth 4%; eye 3. D.24; A. 11; scales 8-88 to 90-11; ceca 18.
Body elongate, compressed, highest under the anterior portion of the
dorsal. Head rather short, subconic, compressed, its upper outline con-
tinuous with anterior curve of the back. Mouth moderate, the maxillary
Bereding to below the middle of the eye; maxillary 6 in head jaws subout

* Those who think that the two names (7' ones and Thymallus) conflict, may take the name
Choregon in place of Thymallus. — Gill.

518 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

equal. Tongue, in the young, with teeth which are usually absent in the
adult. Eye quite large, rather longer than snout, about equal to the inter-
orbital space. Scales moderate, easily detached; lateral line nearly
straight; a small bare space behind isthmus. Dorsal fin long and high,
its length rather greater than the depth of body, its height varying, about
34 in length of body, greatest in the males; adipose fin rather small;
anal fin small. Gill rakers slender, short, about 12 below the angle. Back
dark, sides purplish-gray; belly blackish-gray, with irregular whitish
blotches; five or six deep-blue spots anteriorly ; head brown; a blue mark
on each side of lower jaw; dorsal dark gray, blotched with paler, with
crossrows of deep-blue spots, edged with lake red; ventrals striated with
reddish and whitish. Length 18 inches. Mackenzie River to Alaska and
the Arctic Ocean; Kowak River (C.H. Townsend); abounding in clear cold
streams. Our specimens from Fort Simpson. (Signifer, standard bearer.)

Coregonus signifer, RICHARDSON, Franklin’s Journ., 1823, 711, Winter Lake, near Fort Enter-
prise.

Coregonus thymalloides, RicHARDSON, Fauna Bor.—Amer., 714, 1836, Winter River.

Salmo (Thymallus) signifer, RicHARDSON, Fauna Bor.-Amer., 111, 190, 18386.

Thymallus signifer, GUNTHER, Cat., v1, 202, 1866; MrtNner, Rept. U. S. Fish Comm., 1, 1872-73

(1874), 738 ; specimens from Fort Simpson, Yukon River, and St. Michaels; Jorpan & Gz1-
BERT, Synopsis, 302, 1883.

788. THYMALLUS ONTARIENSIS, Cuvier & Valenciennes,
(MrcHiGAN GRAYLING.)

Head rather larger, about 5 in length; scales about the same, 93 to 98;
dorsal fin. lower and smaller than in T. signifer, with 21 or 22 rays.
Coloration brilliant, purplish-gray ; young silvery; sides of head with
bright bluish and bronze reflections; sides of body with small, black
irregular spots, most numerous posteriorly in young specimens; ven-
tral fins ornate, dusky, with diagonal rose-colored lines; dorsal with
a black line along its base, then a rose-colored one, then a blackish one,
then rose-colored, blackish, and rose-colored, the last stripe continued as
a row of spots; above these is a row of dusky-green spots, then a row of
minute rose-colored spots, then a broad dusky area, the middle part of the
fin tipped with rose; anal and adipose fins dusky; central rays of caudal
pink, outer rays dusky. Streams of northern Michigan, formerly abun-
dant in Au Sable River, Jordan River, and other streams in the Southern
Peninsula. Also in Otter Creek, near Keweenaw, in the Northern Penin-
sula, whence specimens have been sent us by David D. Banta. These
Michigan localities evidently represent a detached colony, left from the
former or post-Glacial extension of the range of 7. signifer, of which this
was once a variety. It is a beautiful and gamy fish, but is being rapidly
exterminated through the influence of anglers and sawmills.

Thymallus ontariensis,* Cuvier & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., xx1, 452, 1848; said to have
been brought by Mrisert, from Lake Ontario.

*The following is a translation of Valenciennes’ account of Thymallus ontariensis: We have
received from Lake Ontario a Thymallus very near to that of the lake of Geneva. It has, however,
more naked space under the throat, although less than in Thymallus gymnothorax. The head is evi-
dently more pointed, the body more elongate, the dorsal a little longer. The denticulations of
the scales are more pronounced. The colors seem scarcely to differ from those of Thymallus, for
our specimens are greenish, with a dozen gray lines along the flanks. The dorsal has 4 or 5
longitudinal streaks of red. Our specimens are a foot long; they have been sent by M, Mil-
bert.—( Valenciennes, l, c.)

a

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 519

Thymallus tricolor, Corr, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1865, 80, Au Sable River, Michigan;
GUNTHER, Cat., v1, 201, 1866; MILNER, Rept. U. S. Fish Comm., 11, 1872-73 (1874), 739, and of
late writers on angling generally.

Thymallus signifer tricolor, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 303, 1883.

Thymallus signifer ontariensis, JORDAN, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., x, 1890, 49.

Represented in the head waters of the Missouri by another isolated colony,

788a. THYMALLUS ONTARIENSIS MONTANUS (Milner).

(Montana GRAYLING.)

Depth 5} * in length, as in other forms; scales 99, and (1n specimens exam-
ined) a little different in color. Dorsal dusky green, its posterior part
with three rows of bright-orange spots, faintly ocellated, irregular in
position, some of the spots oblong and placed obliquely ; above this one
regular row of similar spots, extending obliquely across the fin from end
of second third of anterior ray to tip of last ray; fin edged with bright
orange-brown. Entirely similar to the Michigan Grayling, but the dorsal
a little smaller. Madison and Gallatin rivers, very abundant in springs
and small streams on the west side of the Yellowstone Park, ascending
streams as far as Firehole Falls and Gibbon Falls.

Thymallus montanus, M1LNER, Rept. U. 8. Fish Comm., 11, 1872-73 (1874), 741, tributary of

Missouri River at Camp Baker. (Type, No. 13090. Coll. J. Scott Oldmixon.)
Thymallus signifer montanus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 303, 1883.

Family LXVI. ARGENTINID.
(THE SMELTS.)

Body elongate, covered with moderate or small scales, which are usually
eycloid. Head naked. Mouth terminal, small or large, formed as in the
Salmonide, the maxillary forming thé margin of the upper jaw. Teeth
various, sharp-pointed. Gills 4, a slit behind the fourth. Gill mem-
branes separate, free from the isthmus, with 6 to 10 branchiostegals.
No barbels. Stomach a blind sac, with the pyloric ceca few or none.
Dorsal fin short, nearly median; adipose fin always present; caudal
forked; anal moderate; pectorals placed low; ventrals moderate, nearly
median ; no spines in the fins. Lateral line present. No phosphorescent
spots. Abdomen rounded. Air bladder large, single. Ova large, falling
into the cavity of the abdomen before extrusion. Small fishes, marine or
anadromous, some of them inhabiting deep waters; all but one genus
confined to the waters of the Northern Hemisphere. There are about ten
genera and perhaps a dozen species; reduced Salmonidw, smaller and in
every way feebler than the trout, but similar to them in all respects
except the form of the stomach. Most of them are very delicate food-
fishes, and the species of Thaleichthys is, in this respect, preeminent
among our fishes. (Salmonide, part, Giinther, Cat., v1, 166-172, 203-205,
1866. )

a, Branchiostegals 6 to 10; body not cylindrical, the sides more or less compressed; gill mem-

branes separate.

* Not 44 as stated by Milner.

520 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

b. Ventral fins inserted in front of the middle of dorsal; mouth large.
c. Scales very small, arranged in the male in villous bands; teeth feeble; pectoral fins
broad, of 15 to 20 rays; pyloric ceca 6. Ma .tortts, 239.
ce. Scales large, similar in both sexes; pectoral tin moderate, its rays 10 to 12.
d. Teeth feeble, those on tongue very weak; scales small, adherent.
THALEICHTHYS, 240.
dd. Teeth strong, those on tongue enlarged, canine-like; scales moderate, loosely

attached. OsMERUsS, 241.

bb. Ventral fins inserted under or behind middle of dorsal; mouth rather small; scales
large.

e. Jaws with minute teeth; similar teeth on tongue and palate; maxillary reaching

past front of eye. Hypomesvs, 242.

ee. Jaws toothless or very nearly so; vomer and palatines with small teeth; mouth
small, the maxillary not reaching past front of eye.
Jj. Tongue with a curved row of small teeth on each side; scales smooth or more

or less spinescent. ARGENTINA, 243.
J. Tongue toothless; scales thin, caducous, probably not spiniferous; pyloric cceca
about 9. LEvROGLOssUs, 244.

239. MALLOTUS, Cuvier.

(CAPELINS.)
Mallotus, CuviER, Régne Anim., Ed. 2, 11, 305, 1829, (villosus).

Body elongate, compressed, covered with minute scales, a band of which,
above the lateral line and along each side of the belly, are enlarged, and
in mature males they become elongate-lanceolate, densely imbricated,
with free, projecting points, forming villous bands. In very old males
the scales of the back and belly are similarly modified, and the top of
the head and the rays of the paired fins are finely granulated. Mouth
rather large, the maxillary thin, extending to below the middle of the
large eye. Teeth minute, forming single series on the jaws, vomer, pala-
tines, and pterygoids; lingual teeth somewhat enlarged, in an elliptical
patch. Lower jaw projecting. Branchiostegals 8 to 10. Dorsal inserted
over ventrals; lower fins very large; pectoral fins large, horizontal,
with very broad base, their rays in increased number (16 to 20). Pseudo-
branchie quite small. Gill rakers long, slender. Pyloric cceca 6, small.
Ova very small. Marine species of the North Atlantic and Pacific, some-
times ascending streams. (uaAAwréc, villous.)

789. MALLOTUS VILLOSUS (Miiller).

(CAPELIN ; LODDE.)

Head 42; depth about 6; eye large, 34. D. 12; A.18; scales about
150. Head long, pointed. Base of anal in males compressed and prom-
inent, its anterior rays simple and stiff; pectorals reaching more than
halfway to ventrals, the latter to anal. Mature males with a band of
elongate scales along lateral line and along each side of belly ; in very old
examples the scales of back and middle of belly project beyond the skin;
skin of head and rays of paired fins finely granulated. Dusky olivaceous
above, grayish silvery on sides and below ; opercles silvery, dotted. <Arc-
tic America, south to Cape Cod and Alaska; abundant northward, on both
coasts, and in Kamchatka. A delicious little fish much valued in the far
north. The eggs of the Capelin deposited in sand along Arctic shores

Se ee

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 521

in incredible numbers. They are washed up on the beaches, and in about
30 days they are hatched. ‘‘ The beach then becomes a quivering mass of
eggs and sand,” from which the little fishes are borne into the sea by the
waves. (villosus, hairy.)

Clupea villosa, MiuuerR, Prodr. Zoil. Dan., 245, 1777, Greenland.

Salmo arcticus, Faprictus, Fauna Grénlandica, 177, 1780, Greenland.

Salmo grinlandicus, Buocu, Ichth., vr, pl. 99, 1794, Greenland.
Salmo socialis, Patias, Zoogr, Ross.-Asiat., 111, 389, 1811, Islands between Asia and

America.
Osmerus microdon, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., xx1, 385, 1848, no locality.
Mallotus villosus, GUNTHER, Cat., vt, 170, 1866; JorDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 291, 1883; TURNER,
Contr. Nat. Hist. Alaska, 102, pl. 10, 1886.

240. THALEICHTHYS, Girard.
(EULACHON. )
Thaleichthys, GIRARD, Pac. R. R. Surv., x, Fishes, 325, 1858, (stevensi = pacificus).

This genus is intermediate between Mallotus and Osmerus, differing from
the latter in its rudimentary dentition, and in its small adherent scales.
Allthe teeth are very feeble, slender, and deciduous, although occasion-
ally present on all the bones of the mouth; no permanent teeth on the
tongue. Scales are much smaller than in Osmerus, and more closely
adherent; larger than in Mallotus, and similar in the two sexes. Color-
ation dusky. Small fishes of the North Pacific, somewhat anadromous,
remarkable for their extreme oiliness, the oil being of a very delicate
flavor. When dried they have been used ascandles. (Sdadea, rich; iyOic,
fish. )

790. THALEICHTHYS PACIFICUS (Richardson).

(EULACHON ; CANDLEFISH ; OOLACHAN.)

Head 42; depth 6. B. 8; D. 11; A. 21; P.11; scales 75; pyloric
ceecall; vertebrie 70. Body rather elongate, slender, anc less compressed
than in Osmerus. Head long, blunter than in Hypomesus pretiosus, less
compressed, broader, and more convex above. Mouth large, the max-
illary rather narrow and long, reaching beyond the middle of the rather
small eye; lower jaw projecting. Opercle with strong concentric striz.
Gill rakers numerous, rather long and slender. Ventrals large, inserted
just in front of dorsal. Pseudobranchize small. Color white, scarcely
Silvery ; upper regions rendered dark iron-gray by the accumulation of
dark punctulations. Length12 inches. Oregon to Alaska, aseending the
rivers from Fraser River northward, in enormous numbers in the spring.
An excellent pan-fish, unsurpassed by any fish whatsoever in delicacy of
flesh, which is far superior to that of the trout. The flesh is very oily,
but the oil has a very attractive flavor. It is sometimes extracted and
used as a substitute for cod-liver oil. It is, however, solid and lard-like
at ordinary temperatures.

Salmo (Mallotus) pacificus, Richarvson, Fauna Bor.-Amer., 111, 226, 1836, Columbia River.

Thaleichthys stevensi, Ginanp, Pac. R. R. Sury., x, 325, pl. 75, figs. 1-4, 1858, Puget Sound,
(Coll. Dr. Suckley.)

Thaleichthys pacificus, GUNTuER, Cat., VI, 168, 1866; Jornpan & GiLBert, Synopsis, 292, 1883.

522 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

241. OSMERUS (Artedi) Linnezus.

(SMELTS. )

Osmerus (ARTEDI) LINN2US, Syst. Nat., Ed. x, 1758, 310, (eperlanus).
Eperlanus, GAIMARD, Voy. Island and Greenland, 1851, (eperlanus).
Spirinchus (JONSTON) JORDAN & EVERMANN, new subgenus, (thaleichthys).

Body elongate, compressed. Head long, pointed. Mouth wide, the
slender maxillary extending to past the middie of the eye; lower jaw
projecting; preorbital and suborbital bones narrow. Mavxillaries and
premaxillaries with fine teeth; lower jaw with small teeth, which are
larger posteriorly ; tongue with a few strong, fang-like teeth, largest at
the tip; hyoid bone, vomer, palatines, and pterygoids with wide-set
teeth. Gill rakers long and slender. Branchiostegals 8. Scales large,
loose, 60 to 70 in the course of the lateral line. Dorsal small, about mid-
way of the body, over the ventrals; analrather long. Vertebre about 40.
Pyloric ceca small, few. Small fishes of the coasts of Europe and North-
ern America, sometimes ascending rivers; delicate in flesh and consid-
erably valued as food. (dounp0c, odorous; the name is equivalent to the
English ‘‘smelt.”)

Sprrincuus (An old name used by Jonston for the smelt ; equivalent to spirling and éperlan) :
a. Yomer with a cross series of small teeth ; small, weak species spawning in the sea.
b. Body not very slender, the depth 5% in length; commissure of mouth curved.
THALEICHTHYS, 791.
bb. Body very slender, the depth 6 in length ; commissure of mouth nearly straight.

ATTENUATUS, 792.
OSMERUS:

aa. YVomer with 2 to 4 strong, fang-like teeth ; species stronger in habit, ascending rivers.
ec. Scales rather small, 66 to 68 in lateral line.
d, Maxillary not reaching posterior margin of eye; depth 6 to 61% in length; colora-

tion plain. MORDAX, 793.
dd. Maxillary reaching posterior margin of eye; depth 5% in length; coloration
brilliant. DENTEX, 794.

Subgenus SPIRINCHUS, Jordan & Evermann.
791. OSMERUS THALEICHTHYS, Ayres.

Head 44; depth 54; eye longer than snout, 4 in head. D.9; A. 14 to
16; P. 11; scales 55 to 58. Body comparatively deep and compressed.
Head rather short and deep, the maxillary broad, short, its edge
strongly curved, extending to opposite posterior margin of pupil; pre-
maxillary on the level of upper part of pupil; mandible projecting, its
tip somewhat curved upward. Fins high, the pectorals usually reaching
ventrals, and the ventrals to anal; anal reaching about tocaudal. ‘Teeth
weak; maxillary teeth scarcely visible. Olivaceous, sides silvery and
‘somewhat translucent. Length 9 inches. Pacific coast from San Fran-
cisco northward to Bristol Bay in Alaska; rather common; a weak and
feeble species; its flesh of excellent flavor, but soft and not keeping well.
(Thaleichthys, the Eulachon, a related species of similar flavor as food.)

Osmerus thaleichthys, AYRES, Proc. Cal. Ac. Nat. Sci., 1860, 62, San Francisco ; GUNTHER, Cat.,
vi, 168, 1866; JorpAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 292, 1883.

eS tee

_ Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 523

792. OSMERUS ATTENUATUS, Lockington.

Head 45; depth 6; eye large, 4 in head. D.10; A. 15-17; P.11;
scales 65. Body elongate, compressed. Head rather long, somewhat
pointed; maxillary extending past pupil; lower jaw projecting; maxil-
lary rather narrow, little convex. Outline of both jaws nearly straight,
less curved than in O. thaleichthys. Teeth on tongue strong, but much
smaller than in O. mordax; teeth on maxillary conspicuous; front of both
jaws with rather strong teeth; palatine teeth variable, usually strong.
Fins low. Pectorals not reaching ventrals, nor ventrals anal, nor anal to
caudal. Greenish, sides silvery. Length 10inches. Coast of California
about San Francisco. Very close to O. thaleichthys, and doubtfully dis-
tinct; perhaps founded on very slender or feeble specimens a the latter.
(attenuatus, drawn out slender.)

Osmerus attenuatus, LOCKINGTON, Proc, U. S. Nat. Mus., 1880, 66, San Francisco; JorpAN &
GILBERT, Synopsis, 293, 1883.
Subgenus OSMERUS.

793. OSMERUS MORDAX (Mitchill).

(AMERICAN SMELT.)

Head 4; depth 64. D. 10; A. 15; P. 13; scales 68. Body rather
long and slender. Head large, with large mouth, and stronger teeth
than in the other species of the genus. Small teeth along the edge of
the maxillary; strong fang-like teeth on tongue and front of vomer ;
cardiform teeth on palatines, pterygoids, and hyoid bone; mandible with
moderate teeth, its tip projecting. Maxillary extending to or a little
beyond middle of eye. Scales deciduous. Dorsal fin rather posterior,
the ventrals under its front; lower fins moderate, none reaching the
next behind it. Gill rakers $ diameter of eye. ‘Transparent greenish
above, silvery on sides; body and fins with some dark punctulations.
Length 12 inches. Atlantic Coast of the United States from Virginia
northward to Gulf of St. Lawrence, entering streams and often land-
locked ; abundant in Lakes Champlain and Memphremagog. Very close
to the European Osmerus eperlanus, but the latter has larger seales (60),
shorter gill rakers, and rather weaker teeth. (mordaz, biting.)
Atherina mordax, MitcniL1, Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soc. N. Y., 1, 1815, 446, New York.

Osmerus viridescens, Lk Surnur, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci, Phila., 1, 1818, 230, Coast of Maine; Giin-

THER, Cat., VI, 167, 1866.

Osmerus mordax, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 293, 1883.

Represented in Jakes of Maine by landlocked forms, as follows:

793a. OSMERUS MORDAX SPECTRUM (Cope).
(WILTON SMELT.)

Head 44+; depth 8}. D.10; A. 15; scales 66-10. Eye3 in head. Slen-
der. Head short, with very large eye, and short mouth and maxillary.
Maxillary not extending beyond middle of pupil. Small. Wilton Pond,
Kennebec County, Maine; landlocked in fresh water. (Cope.) (spec-

trum, an image.)

Osmerus spectrum, Cork, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. Phila., 1870, 490, Wilton Pond, Kennebec
County, Maine. (Coll. Atkins.)

Osmerus mordax spectrum, JonvaNn & GitpERt, Synopsis, 294, 1883.

793b. OSMERUS MORDAX ABBOTTI (Cope).

(COBESSICONTIC SMELT.)

Head 4%; depth 7; scales 68-16. Eye smaller, 44 in head. Stouter.
Maxillary reaching posterior margin of pupil. Landlocked in Cobes-
sicontic Lake, Kennebec County, Maine. (Cope). (Named for Dr.
Charles Conrad Abbott, an ardent naturalist who has studied the habits
of the fishes of Delaware River.)

Osmerus abbotti, Cope, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. Phila., 1870, 490, Cobessicontic Lake, Maine.
Osmerus mordax abbotti, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 294, 1883.

794. OSMERUS DENTEX, Steindachner.

(RaInBow HERRING.)

Head 44; depth 54. D.10; A. 13; V. 8; scales 66. Eye large, % length
of snout. Teeth as in Osmerus eperlanus and O. mordax; maxillary
reaching posterior margin of eye, its length 5 times in distance from tip
of lower jaw to dorsal. Height of dorsal 4 length of head; height of
anal 2; pectoral shortish, reaching halfway to ventrals. Back pale olive,
the scales edged with darker; sides above lateral line purple, changing
below to blue, and then to violet and gold; silvery below with rosy
sheen, the belly satin white, fins plain, slightly golden. Coast of Alaska
and south on the Pacific Coast to northern China, abundant; a bril-
liantly colored fish, the flesh of firmer texture than in the rest of the
genus. About Bristol Bay this species forms an important part of the
food of the natives. (dentex, toothed.)

Osmerus dentex, STEINDACHNER, Sitzungsb. Kais. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Lx1, 1870, 429, Northern
China; Jorpan & GrtBERT, Synopsis, 293, 1883; TurNER, Contr. Nat. Hist. Alaska, 102,
plate 10, 1886; Nreuson, Rept. Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 313, 1887.

242. HYPOMESUS, Gill.
(SurRF SMELTS.)

Mesopus, GILL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, 168, (pretiosa).*
Hypomesus, Giui, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila,, 1862, 169, (pretiosa).

Body rather elongate, moderately compressed, covered with thin scales
of moderate size. Head rather pointed. Mouth moderate, the shortish
maxillary not extending quite to middle of eye its outline below broadly
convex; lower jaw projecting. ‘Teeth minute, on jaws, vomer, palatines,
pterygoids, and tongue. Ventrals inserted directly under middle of dor-
sal, midway between eye and base of caudal. Branchiostegals 6 to 7.
North Pacific. (io, below ; nécoc, middle; in allusion to the position of
the ventrals.)

a. Scales sinall, about 70 in lateral line; coloration pale; spawning in surf, PRETIOSUS, 795.
aa, Scales moderate, about 58 in lateral line; coloration dark; spawning in ponds.

oLipus, 796. .

* By inadvertence these two synonymous names were applied to this genus by Gill. Mesopus
has priority of a page. Its occurrence is however an error of the proof reader as its author
‘ntended to substitute Hypomesus for it, and did so in every place except in the first use of the
word where Mesopus was inadvertently left. A slip of this sort should apparently be treated as a
misprint and not considered in nomenclature.

fe

524 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum. |

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 525

795. HYPOMESUS PRETIOSUS (Girard).
(SurF SMELT.)

Head 44; depth 47; eye as long as snout, 44 in head. D.10; A. 15; P.
14; V. 8; scales 70. Fins low, the longest dorsal ray 8 in length
without caudal; pectorals scarcely reaching halfway to ventrals, 7 in
length of body; ventrals not reaching vent, their length &$ in body.
Light olivaceous; a silvery band along the lateral line. Length 12
inches. Coast of California and Oregon, from Monterey northward ;
abundant, spawning in the surf. A firm-fleshed and fat little fish of deli-
cate flavor, scarcely inferior to the eulachon. (pretiosus, precious. )
Argentina pretiosa, GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1854, 155, San Francisco.

Osmerus elongatus, AYRES, Proc. Cal. Ac. Nat. Sci., 1854, 17, San Francisco.

Osmerus pretiosus, GIRARD, Pac. R. R. Surv., x, 324, 1858.
Hypomesus pretiosus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 294, 1883.

796. HYPOMESUS OLIDUS (Pallas).
(Ponp SMELT.)

Scales 56 to 60. Fins nigher than in Hypomesus pretiosus, the longest
dorsal ray 6 in length of body ; pectorals reaching $ the distance to root
of ventrals, their length 5 in body; ventrals 6 in length of body. Color-
ation dusky, little translucent. Alaska and Kamchatka, spawning in
fresh-water ponds, excessively abundant about St. Michaels. A sweet
little fish, excellent as food. (olidus, oily.)

Salmo (Osmerus) olidus, PALLAS, Zoogr. Ross.-Asiat., 111, 391, 1811, lakes and rivers of Kam-
chatka.

Mesopus olidus, GUNTHER, Cat., v1, 169, 1866; in part.

Hypomesus olidus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 295, 1883; TURNER, Contr. Nat. Hist. Alaska,
103, 1886.

243. ARGENTINA (Artedi) Linnzeus.

(ARGENTINES. )

Argentina (ARTEDI) Linnxvs, Syst. Nat., Ed. x, 1758, 315, (sphyrzena).
Silus,* Rernunarpt, Bemerkinger Skandinavisk Icththyol., 11, 1833, (silus).
Acantholepis, Kréyer, Danmarks Fiske, 111, 98, 1846-49, (silus).

Body oblong, covered with rather large cycloid scales, which are more
or less rough with spinous points. Mouth small, the maxillaries very
short, not reaching to the eye; eye very large. Jaws toothless; an
arched series of minute teeth on the head of the vomer and on the fore
part of the palatine; tongue with a series of small curved teeth on each
side. Dorsal fin short, in advance of the ventrals; caudal fin deeply
forked. Eggs small. Pyloric ceca present. Branchiostegals 6. Air
bladder, accordingt to Cuvier, without duct. Fishes of deep or cold
waters, never entering fresh streams. (Latin argentum, silver.)

a. Scales spinigerous; body deep, the depth 5 to 514 in length; eye longer than snout; scales
small, 60 to 66. sILus, 797.

*The genus Silus (Norwegian Sil or Sild, herring) is founded on a species with spinescent
scales. But it is not certain that any species has really smooth scales, and in Argentina sphyrena,
the type of the genus, according to Day, the scales are provided with stellate spinules,

+ This alleged character needs verification,

526 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

aa. Scales nearly or quite smooth.
b. Body rather deep, the depth 5! in length; scales 40 to 45; eye shorter than snout.
SIALIS, 798.
bb. Body rather slender, the depth about 7 in length; scales about 51; eye longer than
snout. STRIATA, 799.

797. ARGENTINA SILUS, Ascanius.

Head 44; depth 5%; eye 2%.. B: 6;; D. 12; A. 13} Vel Tes peales
3-60-4 (66, Gunther). Body compressed. Head not quite twice as long
as deep; snout nearly 34 in head. Insertion of dorsal midway between
snout and adipose fin; ventrals under last ray of dorsal. Scales very
large, cycloid, covered with spinules, the points of which are turned
backward; a median row of scales along the back and belly. Color
olivaceous; sides silvery. Length 17 inches. Northern Europe, occa-
sionally taken on the Grand Banks and off the coast of Maine. (Goode
& Bean.) (Sild, Norwegian word for Herring.)

Argentina silus, ASCANIuS, Icon. Rey. Nat., pl. 11, 3, 24, 1763, Norway; JorpAN & GILBERT, .

Synopsis, 294, 1883; GUNTHER, Cat., v1, 202, 1°66.

Silus ascanii, REINHARDT, Bemeerk. Skandinay. Ichth., 11, 1833, Norway.

Argentina syrtensium, GOODE & BEAN, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1878, 261, off Sable Island in 200
fathoms, from stomach of Phycis tenuis. (Type, No. 21624. Coll. R. L. Newcomb.)

798. ARGENTINA SIALIS, Gilbert.

Head 3; depth 54; eye34; interorbital width 4. D.11; A. 12. Resem-
bling Argentina elongata, but with a much deeper body, and a larger eye.
Length of maxillary from tip of snout 4 in head, 1? insnout. Snout but
little longer than eye, 3} in head; upper jaw withanarrow band of small
teeth borne on the vomer and the front of the palatines, not on the very
narrow weak premaxillaries; lower jaw toothless; edge of tongue with
a series of strong, backwardly curved teeth, six or eight in number.
Gill rakers numerous, slender, rather short, about 25 in number below
angle of arch. Frontof dorsal fin nearer tip of snout than base of caudal
by a distance equaling diameter of pupil. Ventrals inserted behind mid-
dle of dorsal, midway between base of caudal and front of orbit, extend-
ing but little more than halfway to front of anal; caudal forked.
Scales not spinous, the margins entire, a few only preserved along sides
of tail; 40 or 45 ina longitudinal series. Eye, streak along sides and
sides of head, silvery ; occiput and snout dusky; a black blotch above
eacheye; finssomewhat dusky : mouthand gill cavity white; peritoneum
black. Length 3 inches. Coast of California. One specimen known.
(sialis, a word first used by Swainson to mear. plump, from ovaAéc, plump.)

Argentina sialis, GILBERT, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1890, 56, Albatross station 3017, in 58
fathoms. (Coll. Gilbert.)

799. ARGENTINA STRIATA, Goode & Bean.

Head 3 in total length; depth 7; eye 24, longer than the conical snout.
D.10; A.11; P.17; V.14. Ventrals nearly median, their insertion under
the penultimate dorsal rays. Scales in lateral line obliquely striate.
Tongue with teeth. Origin of dorsal equidistant between snout and
root of caudal. There appears to have been a silvery, longitudinal band
under the lateral line.

~—~_—<—<. -~"

Jordan and Lvermann.—Ffishes of North America. 527

The specimens studied were denuded of scaies, but the impressions
indicate that there were 51 in the lateral line, 4 above and4 below. The
specimens (No. 43858, U. 8S. Nat. Mus.) were obtained by the Albatross
from station 2402, in 28° 36’ N. latitude, 85° 33’ 30/7 W. longitude, at a
depth of 111 fathoms. (Goode & Bean.) (striatus, striate.)

Argentina striata, GooDE & BEAN, Oceanic Ichthyology, 52, fig. 62, 1895, Gulf Stream

244. LEUROGLOSSUS, Gilbert.

Leuroglossus, GILBERT, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1890, 57, (stilbius).

Appearance of Argentina, but the snout shorter, the maxillary reaching
front of eye, and the tongue toothless. Ventrals under middle of dorsal.
Mandible with a few weak teeth or none; premaxillaries toothless; a
row of stronger teeth on vomer and front of palatines; tongue tooth-
less. Pyloric ceca 9. Scales unknown, very caducous. One species
known. (Aevpdc, smooth; yAeooa, tongue.)

800. LEUROGLOSSUS STILBIUS, Gilbert.

Head3; depth 54. D.10; A.11. Snout3#in head; interorbital width
44. Eye 3} in head, equaling maxillary, which reaches front of orbit.
Body compressed, of moderate depth. Lower jaw projecting. Gill rakers
long and numerous. Opercle very thin, membranous. Front of dorsal
midway between base of caudal and front of pupil; ventrals inserted
nearly under middle of dorsal, midway between base of caudal and pre-
opercular margin; front of anal midway between base of caudal and
base of ventrals. Scales wholly lacking in the two specimens obtained.
Sides of head, body, and abdomen bright silvery; dorsal region dusted
with fine black dots, which become coarser on tail. Snout blue-black;
opercle with steely luster; upper part of eyeball black. Buccal and gill
cavities, and peritoneum jet-black ; fins dusky. Length 3 inches. Coast
of California, in deep water. (o7/AGdc, shining.)

Leuroglossus stilbius, GILBERT, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1890, 57, from Albatross Stations 2997
and 2998, in 221 and gofathoms. (Type, No. 44283. Coll. Gilbert.)

Family LX VII. MICROSTOMID.

Closely allied to the Argentinida, but with the branchiostegals reduced
to 3or4; mouth very small, terminal, with small teeth, chiefly on the
lower jaw and vomer. Gill membranes separate or united. Body elon-
gate, subterete, Adipose fin present; dorsal short, posterior; ventrals
behind middle of body. Three genera and about six species known, all
from the deep waters of the Atlantic; reduced Argentinide.

MICROSTOMIN & :
a, Gillmembranes separate ; mouth very small; body subterete.
b. Dorsal fin inserted before ventral. NANSENIA, 245.
BATHYLAGIN © :
aa, Gill membranes broadly united across the isthmus; body compressed ; mouth small ; eye
very large ; dorsal opposite ventrals, BATHYLAGUS, 246.

528 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum,

245. NANSENIA, Jordan & Evermann.

Nansenia, JORDAN & EVERMANN, hew genus, (groenlandica).

Body elongate, cylindrical, covered with large, thin, silvery scales.
Head short. Mouth very small, terminal; premaxillaries very small;
maxillaries very short and broad, not extending to the front of the very
large eye, which forms more than half the depth of the side of the head.
Lower jaw and vomer with a narrow series of fine teeth; no other teeth.
Dorsal fin short, inserted mostly before the ventrals, which are behind
the middle of the body; anal fin small; caudal small, forked, its central
part scaly; pectoral rather narrow; adipose fin well developed in the
young, but usually disappearing with age. Branchiostegals 3 or 4.
Pseudobranchize well developed. Air bladder large, silvery. No pyloric
ceca; mucous membrane of stomach papillose. Arctic Ocean; in deep
waters. An imperfectly known genus, apparently distinguished from
Microstoma, Cuvier, by the more anterior position of the dorsal, which is
behind the ventrals in Microstoma, and apparently by the stouter body
and the better development of the adipose fin. Most of the other char-
acters above mentioned are drawn from WMicrostoma and have not been
verified in Nansenia. (Named for our friend, Fridtjof Nansen (1861——),
author of a study of the development of Myxine, and since noted as an
intrepid arctic explorer. )

ON
7 a

801. NANSENIA GREENLANDICA (Reinhardt).

B. 3; D. 11; A. 10; V. 10. ‘‘This fish appears to be intermediate
between Argentina and Microstoma, having the dorsal fin inserted for the
greater part in advance of the ventrals, and a series of fine teeth in the
lower jaw. ‘Teeth on the vomer, none on the tongue. Adipose fin con-
spicuous. The height of the body is 4 the length of the head and {4 of
the total.” (Gunther, after Reinhardt.) Greenland.

Microstomus grinlandicus, REINHARDT, Vidensk. Selsk. Natury. Mathem. Afhandl., viir, 1841,
LXxIv, Greenland ; GiinrueER, Cat., v1, 205, 1866; Jonpan & GiLBERT, Synopsis, 290, 1883,

246. BATHYLAGUS, Giinther.
Bathylagus, GGNTHER, Ann, Mag. Nat. Hist., 1878, 11, 248, (atlanticus).

Body oblong, compressed, covered with thin, deciduous scales of mod-
erate size. Head short, compressed, the bones thin and membranaceous.
Mouth very narrow, transverse, anterior. Maxillary very sbort, dilated,
forming part of border of mouth. No luminous spots. Teeth in upper
jaw rudimentary, those in lower jaw very small, on edge of bone form-
ing a fine serrature; a series of minute teeth across vomer and along
palatine. Eye very large. Pectorals and ventrals well developed, the
ventrals with light rays, opposite dorsal, which is in middle of length
of body; adipose fin small, near caudal; anal moderate or long. Gill
opening narrowed, beginning opposite root of pectoral and extending
across isthmus, the gill membranes united, free from isthmus. Gill
rakers lanceolate, rather long; gills small. Pseudobranchiz well devel-
oped. Deep seas, 5 species known.

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 529

=

“The thickness of the bones, the fragility of the fin rays, the delicacy of
the skin and scales, and the enormously large eyes, seem to be sufficient
evidence that these fishes are actually inhabitants of very great depths,
although there may be reasonable doubts as regards the exact depth at
which Bathylagus atlanticus was obtained. These fishes must, therefore, be
entirely dependent for vision on the phosphorescent light which is pro-
duced by other abyssal creatures. Not being fish of prey themselves, or
only to a slight degree, they would be attracted by the light issuing from
the Pediculates and Stomiatids of the deep, and thus fall an easy prey to
these fishes.” (Ginther.) ((afic, deep; Aayoc, hare, from the big eyes.)

a. Depth of body about equal to length of head; scales about32. D.9; A.19. BENEDICTI, 802.

aa. Depth of body much less than length of head.

b. Interorbital space a little more than half eye; eye 2 in head. EURYOPS, 803.
bb. Interorbital space 14 eye; eye 214 in head. PACIFICUS, 804.

802. BATHYLAGUS BENEDICTI, Goode & Bean.

Intermediate between B. atlanticus and B. antarcticus. Head 43; depth 43;
eye 2, as in the other species. The width of the interorbital space is less
than % of that of the eye (proportionately narrower than in the other
species). Snout very short, 4ineye. D. 9; A.19; V. 9; P. 10. Mouth
short, its angle being about on a level with lower margin of eye. Bones
of head thin, semicartilaginous; head apparently scaleless; no traces of
scales in the specimens before us. Gill cavity, membranes, and branchi-
ostegals as in the other species. Origin of dorsal fin nearer end of snout
than to base of caudal, and equidistant between snout and adipose fin,
its length 24 in head. Vent placed farther forward than in B. atlanticus,
the length of the postanal portion of the body being greater than that of
head, and contained 3} times in the total without caudal; ventral fins
opposite posterior portion of base of dorsal. Scales all lost; apparently in
about 32 longitudinal rows; and their size may be judged by the fact that
there were 7 rows between base of pectoral and vertical from origin of
ventral. Adipose fin slender and long, 2 in eye.

Several specimens obtained by the Fish Commission steamer Albatross :
One, 5} inches in length, from station 2094, at a depth of 1,022 fathoms ;
another, 5{ inches in length, from station 2711, at a depth of 1,344 fath-
oms; a third specimen, about 44 inches in length, from station 2572, ata
depth of 1,769 fathoms. (Goode & Bean.) (Named for James E. Benedict,
Asst. Curator of Invertebrates in the U. S. National Museum, for several
years resident naturalist on the Albatross.)

Bathylagus benedicti, Goopr & Bran, Oceanic Ichthyology, 55, fig. 64, 1895, Gulf Stream.
(Type, No. 33510. Coll. Albatross.)
803. BATHYLAGUS EURYOPS, Goode & Bean.

Head 4; depth considerably less than length of head, equal to length
of head without snout; eye 2. D.9; A.16; B.7; P. 9. Width of inter-
orbital space a little more than }eye. Snout very short; profile steep,
its angle on a level with lower margin of eye. All the bones of the head
very thin, semicartilaginous. Dorsal fin feeble, nearer tip of snout than
root of caudal. Vent far back, the length of tail not being much more

¥. N. A.——35

530 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

than that of head; anal feeble. Several specimens were obtained by
the Albatross at about 40° N. latitude, 70° W. longitude, at a depth of
400 to 1,356 fathoms. (Goode & Bean.) (evpic, wide; ow, eye.)

Bathylagus euryops, GooDE & Bran, Oceanic Ichthyology, 55, fig. 63,1895, Gulf Stream. (Type,
No. 35420, Coll. Albatross; and No. 31861, Coll. Fish Hawk.)

804. BATHYLAGUS PACIFICUS, Gilbert.

Head 4; depth 63; eye 24. D. 8or9; A. 16; P.9; scales 40. Anterior
profile not decurved; premaxillaries anteriorly on level of middle of eye;
snout short, less than half eye; interorbital space narrow, deeply grooved,
+ orbit: lower jaw with a series of small teeth: the very weak premax-
illaries toothless; a strong series of teeth on vomer and palatines. Front
of dorsal midway between adipose fin and front of snout; ventrals under
posterior part of dorsal; anal far back; tail as long as head. Scales
lost, apparently about 40 in lateral line. Head, lining of month, gill
cavity, and peritoneum black; fins blackish: whole body probably black
in life. Coast of Washington; two specimens taken in 685 and 877
fathoms.

Bathylagus pacificus, GILBERT, Proc. U. §. Nat. Mus., 1890, 55, Albatross Stations 3071 and
3074. (Coll. Gilbert.)

Grier 2 PMI OMEs

(THe LANTERN FIsHEs.)

Soft-rayed fishes, with the anterior vertebre simple, unmodified, and
without auditory ossicles; symplectic present; no interclavicles; opercu-
lar apparatus sometimes incomplete; pharyngeal bones unmodified; gill
openings ample. Mesocoracoid arch wanting or atrophied.t Bones of
jaws variously developed, the maxillary sometimes connate with the pre-
maxillary. Shoulder girdle with its post-temporal not normally con-
nected with the skull, but touching it at or near the nape. Gills 4,a
slit behind the fourth. Air bladder, if present, with a duct. Dorsal and
anal fins without true spines; ventral fins, if present, abdominal; scales
mostly cycloid, often wanting; adipose fin present or absent. Skeleton
mostly very weakly ossified. Photophores present in most cases.

Marine fishes, mostly inhabiting the oceanic abysses, closely allied to
the Isospondyli, but lacking the mesocoracoid and having the connection
of the shoulder girdle with the cranium imperfect. In the character of
the mesocoracoid these fishes agree with the eels, and with the Haplomi
and the spiny-rayed fishes. These latter have the post-temporal differ-
ently attached. This order is a provisional one, and its members may be

“* We have had no opportunity for critical study of most of the families of the Iniomi. Our
knowledge of them is drawn chiefly from the recent monographic works, especially the excellent
report of Dr. Giinther on the Deep-Sea Fishes of the Challenger Expedition, that of Dr. Vaillant
on the fishes taken by the Travailleur et Talisman, and that of Dr. Liitken on the ‘‘Spolia
Atlantica’? in the museum at Copenhagen. Even more important than these has been the
Oceanic Ichthyology of Goode & Bean, advance sheets of which comprehensive work have been
most kindly placed at our disposal.

+ This character, the most important by which the Iniomi are separated from Isospondyli, has
not been verified in several of the families.

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. dol

reunited with the Jsospondyli or otherwise distributed when the osteol-
ogy of the different families is known. In but few genera has the
mesocoracoid or the post-temporal received examination. (iviov, nape;
ouoc, Shoulder.)

Ginther divides the Iniomi into two families, Stomiatidw and Sternopty-
chide, according to the relation of the maxillary to the border of the
mouth. Goode and Bean follow Gill in separating the group into many
families. Litken, who has made most valuable studies among the deep-
sea forms, seems inclined to recognize several families. He regards it as
necessary either freely to subdivide the group or else to regard the whole
asa single family. The composition of the group and the varied relations
of its parts are best seen by regarding its principal types as of family
value. We begin the series with the family which contains most shore
species, and which is apparently nearest the /sospondyli, from which group
the Iniomi have apparently been modified or degraded.

Families* of INIOMI.

a. Post-temporal connected with back of cranium near sides; no photophores or barbel.
b, Adipose fin typically present (rarely atrophied or lost); body not very elongate; anal
fin distinct.
c. Scales present, usually persistent; teeth cardiform or villiform, usually movable.

d, Maxillary very narrow, rudimentary, or obsolete; hypocoracoids not divergent;
pseudobranchiz present. SYNODONTID”, LX VIII.

dd, Maxillary well developed, dilated behind.
e. Pseudobranchie present; pectorals normal; hypocoracoids mostly diver-

gent, undivided. AULOPID®, LXIX,
ee. Pseudobranchiz absent; pectorals not normal.
f. Pectorals subhumeral. BENTHOSAURID™, LXX.

Jf. Pectoral rays elongate, arranged in two groups.
BATHYPTEROID®, LXXI.
bb. Adipose fin absent.

g. Body covered with scales which are large, thin, and deciduous; teeth villiform, in
bands; no photophores on the scales, but a large, luminous plate on the head
in place of eyes; maxillary dilated behind; pectorals and ventrals well devel-

oped, approximate. IPNOPID®, LXXII.
gg. Body scaleless; teeth granular, in bands; pectorals normal.
h. Ventrals present; opercular apparatus incomplete. RONDELETIID®, LXXIII,

hh. Ventrals absent; opercular apparatus complete; a conspicuous lateral furrow;
general form and appearance of young cetaceans. CETOMIMIDA, LXXILY,
aa. Post-temporal impinging upon occiput.
i, Vertebr and neural spines normal, not projecting from the flesh in front of the dorsal
fin.
j. Photophores present.
k, Barbel wanting.
1. Pseudobranchi present.
m. Premaxillaries forming entire margin of upper jaw; body scaly;
opercles complete. Mycropuip®, LXXv.
mm, Premaxillaries not forming the whole margin of upper jaw, the
maxillary entering into it; body naked; opercular apparatus
incomplete. MAUROLICIDA, LXXVI.
ll. Pseudobranchiw absent; mouth large, with canine teeth; scales deciduous
or wanting. CHAULIODONTIDA, LXXVIL,
kk, Barbel present, very long.

*The analysis of the families of Iniomi is chiefly taken from Goode & Bean, Oceanic
Ichthyology.

532 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

n. Maxillaries forming lateral margin of upper jaw; barbel free at tip.
o. Adipose fin present; pectorals present; body naked; dorsal behind
vent, but in advance of anal. ASTRONESTHID®, LX XVIII.
oo. Adipose fin absent; pectorals present or absent. STOMIATID™, LXXIx.
nn. Maxillaries not forming part of margin of upper jaw; pectorals rudi-
mentary; opercles membranaccous; body scaleless; dorsal short, post-
median; barbel of peculiar form, connecting throat with symphysis
of lower jaw. MALACOSTEID®, LXXX.

jj. Photophores minute or wanting; no barbel.
p. Premaxillaries forming margin of upper jaw; fang-like teeth in mandibles
and palatines and sometimes on yomer.
q. Dorsal long, occupying entire back; body naked. ALEPISAURID#, LXXXI.
qq. Dorsal short, median or posterior.
7. Body naked. ODONTOSTOMID™, LXXXII,
rr, Body covered with thin, caducous scales. PARALEPIDIDM, LXXXIII.
ii. Vertebral or neural spines projecting through skin of the back in front of dorsal fin.

s. Body short and deep, compressed; anterior neural spines abnormally developed,
projecting through the skin of the back, in advance of the dorsal; pectorals
present; photophores present; mouth obliquely cleft or subvertical.

STERNOPTYCHIDE, LXXXIV.
ss. Body elongate, snake-like; vertebrae with spiny processes anteriorly which pro-
ject through the skin of the back in front of dorsal rays; pectorals absent;

body naked; dorsal long and low, beginning in advance of the vent.
IpIACANTHID®, LXXXV.

Family LXVIII. SYNODONTID.
(THE LIZARD FISHES.)

Body oblong or elongate, little compressed, covered with cycloid scales,
rarely naked. Mouth very wide, the entire margin of the upper jaw
formed by the long and slender premaxillaries, closely adherent to which
are the slender maxillaries, the latter mostly rudimental or obsolete,
never widened at tip. Teeth mostly cardiform on both jaws, tongue,
and palatines; canines rarely present; large teeth usually depressible.
No barbels. Opercular bones usually thin, but complete. Gill mem-
branes separate, free from the isthmus. Branchiostegals usually numer-
ous. Pseudobranchiw present. Gill rakers tubercular or obsolete.
Lateral line present. Adipose fin present, rarely obsolete; dorsal fin
short, of soft rays only; pectorals and ventrals present; anal fin moder-
ate or long; caudal forked. Skeleton rather well ossified. Air bladder
small or wanting. Intestinal canal short. Sides sometimes with phos-
phorescent spots or photophores. Eggs inclosed in the sacs of the ovary
and extruded through an oviduct. Genera about 10, species about 40,
mostly inhabiting shore waters, some of them descending to the depths.
(Scopelidw, group Saurina, part, Giinther, Cat., v, 393-403, 1864.)

a, Scales present, more or less adherent.

b. Teeth of premaxillary simple, compressed, not barbed, in one or two rows; a broad
band of similar teeth on palate.
ce. Vent slightly nearer base of caudal than axil of pectoral; head short, blunt,

compressed. TRACHINOCEPHALUS, 247.

cc. Vent much nearer base of caudal than base of ventrals; head depressed, with flat
triangular snout. Synopus, 248.

bb. Teeth of premaxillary in a very broad band, curved, unequal, and barbed at the end,
a similar band on palatines. BATHYSAURUS, 249.

aa. Scales very caducous or wanting; teeth in narrow bands; vent posterior,
BatTuHyLaco, 250.

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 533

247. TRACHINOCEPHALUS, Gill.

Trachinocephalus, Git, Cat. Fish. East Coast N. Amer., 53, 1851, (myops). (Name only; first
defined by Jorpan & GitBERt, Synopsis, 281, 1883.)

This genus is closely related to Synodus, from which it differs chiefly
in form and in the relative development of the fins. Body stout, the
head short, blunt, and compressed, its form much as in the genus Trachi-
nus. Vent well formed, very slightly nearer base of caudal than base of
ventrals, under tip of last dorsal ray. Teeth as in Synodus, but slender,
smaller, and closely set. Lower jaw projecting. Species few, shore
fishes, widely diffused in the tropical seas. (Trachinus, the weaver-fish,
connected with dpdxaiwa, dragon, the name still used in Greece; keda/7,
head.)

805. TRACHINOCEPHALUS MYOPS (Forster).

(GrouND SPEARING; LAGARTO.)

Head 3%; depthabout5. D.11; A.140r15; scales4-58-7. Vertebra 58;
ceca 25. Snout very short, shorter than eye, lower jaw projecting ; top
of head rough; interorbital space concave. Pectoral very short, nearly
2 in head, scarcely reaching bey6nd the front of the very long ventrals,
which are as long as head and reach vent; anal very large, its base 1jin
head, +longer than the dorsal. Light brown; three or more lengthwise
stripes of yellowish alternating with brown, the upper stripe just above
lateral line and edged with darker; a pale streak along lateral line; six
diffuse brown cross blotches on back, ceasing just below lateral line;
back mottled, a large black scapular blotch; top of head vermiculated ;
a dark brown band from eye across lower jaw; fins nearly plain. Tropi-
cal parts of the western Atlantic, abundant and widely diffused ; common
in West Indies and Brazil, and ranging on our Atlantic Coast to South
Carolina; originally described from St. Helena. (6), short-sighted,
blinking.)

Salmo myops, Forster MS., Buocu & Scuneter, Syst. Ichth., 421, 1801, St. Helena.

Osmerus lemniscatus, Lac&épipE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., v, 236, 1803, Martinique; after Plumier.

Saurus truncatus, AGASsIz, Pisce. Brasil., 82, 1828, Brazil.

? Salmo trachinus, ScuecEL, Fauna Japon. Poiss., 231, 1842, Japan ; the East Indian, Chinese,
and Japanese form, Trachinocephalus limbatus, is little if at all different from 7. myops.

? Saurus limbatus, Eypoux & SouLEyeEr, Voyage Bonite, Poiss., 199, 1853.

Saurus brevirostris, Pony, Memorias, 11, 305, 1861, Cuba ; erroneously stated to have 10 rays.

Saurus myops, GUNTHER, Cat., v, 398, 1864.

Synodus myops, JORDAN & GitBERT, Synopsis, 281, 1883.

Trachinocephalus myops, JORDAN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1890, 314.

248. SYNODUS* (Gronow) Bloch & Schneider

(LIZARD FISHES. )

Synodus (Gronow) Brocu & Scunerper, Syst. Ichth., 396, 1801, (synodus).

Tirus, Rarinesque, Caratteri, etc., 56, 1810, (marmoratus).

Saurus, Cuvier, Régne Animal, Ed. 1, 169, 1817, (saurus).

Alpismaris, Risso, Eur. Mérid., 111, 458, 1826 (Alpismaris risso), (very young).

Laurida (ArtstorLe) SwAINnson, Nat. Hist. Anim., 11, 287, 1839, (mediterranens = saurws).

~

* The species of Synodus have been critically studied by Dr, Seth E, Meek, Proc, Ac. Nat, Sci.
Phila, for 1884,

534 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

First superior pharyngeal cartilaginous; second without teeth; third
and fourth separate, with teeth; lower pharyngeals separate. Body
elongate, subterete. Head depressed, the snout triangular, rather pointed.
Interorbital region transversely concave. Mouth very wide; premaxil-
laries not protractile, very long and strong, more than half length of
head ; maxillaries closely connected with them, very small or obsolete ;
premaxillaries with one or two series of large, compressed, knife-shaped
teeth, the inner and larger depressible; palatine teeth similar, smaller,
in a single broad band; lower jaw with a band of rather large teeth, the
inner and larger teeth depressible ; a patch of strong, depressible teeth
on the tongue in front, and a long row along the hyoid bone; jaws nearly
equal in front. Eye rather large, anterior; supraorbital forming a pro-
jection above the eye. Pseudobranchize well developed. Gill rakers
very small, spine-like. Gill membranes slightly connected. Top of head
naked; cheeks and opercles scaled like the body; hody covered with
rather small, adherent, cycloid scales; lateral line present; no luminous
spots. Dorsal fin short, rather anterior; pectorals moderate, inserted
high; ventrals anterior, not far behind pectorals, large, the inner rays
longer than the outer; anal short; caudal narrow, forked. Vent pos-
terior, much nearer base of caudal than base of ventrals. Branchioste-
gals 12 to 16. Stomach with a long, blind sac and many pyloric ceca.
Skeleton rather firm. Species numerous. Voracious fishes of moderate
size, inhabiting sandy bottoms at no great depth, in most warm seas.
(cvvddove, ancient name of some fish, from cvvddovc, teeth meeting, not
shutting past each other like scissors. )

a. Scales large, 43 to 50 in the lateral line, which has a blunt keel posteriorly.
b. Tips of first rays of dorsal not reaching tips of last rays when depressed; snout short,
broad, 41% in head; shoulder girdle with a large black blotch, anal rays 10 or 11;*
scales 4-48-6, INTERMEDIUS, 806.
bb. Tips of first rays of dorsal reaching tips of last rays when depressed.
c. Shoulder girdle chiefly black; snout short, rounded, 4 in head; ventrals 12 in head;

anal rays 10; scales 4—48-8. EVERMANNI, 807.
cc. Shoulder girdle with the black spot very small or wanting; snout rather pointed,
334 in head; ventrals 114 in head; anal rays 10 to 12. POEYI, 808.

aa, Scales small, 58 to 68 in lateral line.
d, Anal fin very short, its rays 8 only; pectoral fin short.
e. Scales moderate, 58 in the lateral line; snout 4 in head; shoulder girdle slightly

dusky; dorsal mottled. synopus, 809.
ee. Scales small, 68 in the lateral line; snout 414 in head; shoulder girdle pale; dorsal
mottled. LACERTINUS, 810.

dd. Anal fin moderate, its rays 10 to 13; shoulder girdle chiefly yellowish.
f. Snout very broad, broader than long; about 10 scales in a cross series from dorsal
to ventral; jaws subequal; scales 4-60 to 64-5; tail with a slight keel.
sauRus, 811.
ff. Snout not broader than long; more than 10 scales in a cross series from dorsal to
ventral; Jower jaw included; tail not keeled.
g. About 4 rows of scales (6 counting obliquely) between lateral line and adipose
fin; scales on cheeks in 4 to 7 rows.
h, Head very small, 41% to 43 in length; first ray of dorsal coterminous with
last ray when the fin is depressed; cheeks with 4 rows of large scales;
ventrals 1} in head. Scales 6-61-6. SCITULICEPS, 812.

*In the count of raysin the species of Synodus, only those fully developed are enumerated,
the rudimentary simple ray being omitted.

Jordan and Evermann.— Fishes of North America. 535

hh. Head moderate, 334 to 444 in length; scales on cheeks in 6 or 7 rows.
i. Head not vermiculate above, its length 334 to 4 in body; 6 rows of

scales on cheeks. JENKINSI, 813.
ii. Head vermiculate above, its length 4 to 444 in body; 7 rows of scales
on cheéks, FETENS, 814.

gg- About 6 rows of scales in a vertical row between lateral line and adipose fin;
cheeks with 9 rows of scales; scales 13-66-16, the vertical rows counted
obliquely. LUCIOCEPS, 815.

806. SYNODUS INTERMEDIUS (Agassiz).

(Sanp DIveEr.)

Head 4; depth 8; eye 44. D. 11; A. 11; scales 4-48-7. Body rather
stout; head blunt, large, the snout broader than long, about equal to
eye. Frontal bones little striate; interorbital space concave, 6 in head;
prominent strie behind eye; jaws subequal; pr@PAxillary 1} in head,
longer than pectoral. Scales large, 4 to 6 rows on cheeks, 3 series
between adipose fin and lateral line. Dorsal high, as high as long; pec-
toral 2 in head; ventral 1j. Grayish, abruptly paler below; back and
sides with 8 dark crossbands broadest at lateral line, these some-
times alternating with fainter ones; a large jet-black blotch on upper
part of shoulder girdle, hidden by opercle; membrane of maxillary
black; dorsal and pectorals fineiy barred ; lower fins and branchiostegals
yellow; adult with an orange spot on each scale below. Length 15
inches. Coast of southern Florida to Brazil; not rare; the most brightly
colored of our species. (intermedius, intermediate—between myops and
fatens.)

Saurus intermedius, AGASSIZ, Spix, Pisc. Brasil., 81, 1828, Brazil.
Saurus anolis, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., xx11, 483, 1849, Bahia ; Martinique.

Saurus intermedius, GUNTHER, Cat., Vv, 396, 1864.
Synodus intermedius, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 889, 1883.

807. SYNODUS EVERMANNI, Jordan & Bollman.

Head 3} to 37; depth 64 to 7. D.10; A. 10; scales 4-47 to 49-5. Body
terete, rather robust; snout short, rounded rather than pointed, 4 in
head. Mouth large; maxillary 1¢ in head. Lower jaw barely project-
ing. Interorbital area concave, rugose, its least width 5? in head;
supraorbital ridge prominent, finely striate. Origin of dorsal nearer
adipose fin than snout by # width of interorbital area; anterior rays
of dorsal coterminous with posterior when depressed, the last rays not
filamentous; the free edge of the fin little concave; dorsal fin higher
than long by nearly an eye’s diameter, its length 2! in head; tip of ven-
trals reaching halfway to vent (farther in young); their length 1%-1!
in head; pectorals extending to near middle of ventrals, 1°-14 in head;
lobes of caudalequal. Lateral line with ablunt keel. Color dark above;
Sto 10 dusky greenish oblong spots along lateral line, between which
and below lateral line are traces of smaller spots; a dusky shade over
opercle ; skin lining opercle and shoulder girdle dark, the black markings
surrounded by yellow; adipose fin dark, edged with pale; caudal not
barred, inner rays dusky; pectorals and dorsal somewhat dusky; other

536 Bulletin 47, United States Nattonal Museum.

fins pale; tip of chin scarcely dusky. Mazatlan to coast of Colom-
bia; abundant. Length 8 inches. (Named for Dr. Barton Warren Ever-
mann, Ichthyologist of the United States Fish Commission.)

Synodus evermanni, JORDAN & BotimMAN, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1889, 152, Pacific Ocean, off
coast of Colombia, in 33 fathoms. (Type, No. 41144. Coll. Albatross.)

808. SYNODUS POEYI, Jordan.

Head 4; depth 6%. D. 10; A. 10 to 12; scales 4-44-4. Body terete,
rather robust, the snout rather long and pointed, 3? in head; mouth
large, the premaxillary 1? in head; lower jaw slightly projecting ; inter-
orbital area concave; supraorbital ridge present. Dorsal fin inserted
midway between tip of snout and front of adipose fin; the tips of first
and last rays equal when the fin is deflexed. Ventrals 1} in head, reach-
ing ? distance to vent; pectorals reaching base of ventrals, 14 in head.
Lateral line with a slight keel posteriorly. Yellowish above, scales
punctate with dark; breast flesh-colored ; sides with a row of irregular
black markings; scapula barred with black, occasionally with a small
black spot, fins not barred, the caudal with dusky shades. Length 5
inches. Cuba; abundant. (Named for Prof. Felipe Poey, its discoverer.)

Synodus intermedius, PoEY, Enumeratio, 175, 143, 1875; not of AGAssiz ; Mrrk, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci.
Phila., 1884, 133.
Synodus poeyi, JORDAN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1886, 526, Havana. (Coll. Jordan.)

809. SYNODUS SYNODUS (Linnzus).

Head 34; depth 5; eye 5% in head; snout 4; premaxillary 12; pectoral
24; ventral 15; anal very short. D.11; A. 8; scales 5 or 6-58-8. Top
of head quite warty, marked with radiating and with cross streaks
of warts; interorbital space concave, marked with small warts; supra-
orbital with a conspicuous bony ridge. Palatine teeth long and slender,
slenderer than teeth of the jaw and almost in one series. Body much
mottled and vermiculated with darker, and crossed by about 15 dark
half bands; scapular region dusky but without distinet spot; dorsal and
anal mottled, other fins plain. Coast of Brazil and Lesser Antilles, its
distribution imperfectly known; our description taken from two speci-
mens in the museum at Paris from Bahia, types of the description of
Cuvier & Valenciennes. The species may not be the original Synoedus of
Gronow and Linneus. No other specific name seems, however, ever to
have been given to it.

2? Esox synodus, Linnxus, Syst. Nat., Ed. x11, 516, 1766, America; based on Synodus of GROoNOW
Saurus synodus, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., xx11, 477, 1849.
? Synodus fasciatus, LACEPEDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., v, 321, 1804; after Gronow.
? Saurus varius, GUNTHER, Cat., v, 395, 1864; the true varius is a closely related species, possibly

identical with S. synodus, representing the latter in the Western Pacific ; its scales, 60 to
64, appear smaller than in S. synodus,

8i0. SYNODUS LACERTINUS, Gilbert.

Head 34; depth 53; eye 6. D. 11; A. 8; scales 68. Snout short, 44
in head, 2? in premaxillary, its length slightly less than its width at
base. Eye overmiddle of premaxillary, which is 1? in head; interorbital

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America, 537

width half snout; occiput with well-developed rugosites. Scales on
cheeks crowded, in 6 rows; four series between adipose fin and lateral
line. Front of dorsal nearer tip of snout than adipose fin by a distance
equaling diameter of pupil; the fin low, the tips of anterior rays
barely reaching base of posterior ray in reflexed fin: base of dorsal 13
in head; upper outline of dorsal convex; anal very small, its base +
length of head; pectorals very short, bluntly rounded, the longest ray
24 in head, not reaching beyond vertical from base of ventrals; ventrals
reaching halfway to front anal, 1; in head. Color black, with 5
broad dark bars reaching to lateral line or below; the middle of each
interspace with a fainter bar confined to back; mandible below with
alternating brown and silvery crossbars; a black spot at lower angle
of cheeks, with a small silvery blotch below it; inside of mouth and gill
cavity pale; dorsal and caudal faintly barred. Length 6} inches. <Aca-
pulco, Mexico; one specimen known. (lacertinus, lizard-like.)

Synodus lacertinus, GILBERT, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1890, 55, Acapulco. (Type, No. 44300. Coll.
Albatross.)

811. SYNODUS SAURUS (Linneus).

(TARENTOLA ; LACERTO; TrRU.)

Head 4; B. 15; D.12; A. 12. Scales 3 or 4-60-2. Snout broader than
long, the jaws subequal; teeth small; upper surface of head corrugated.
Dorsal slightly higher than long, the tips of the first rays not extending
beyond tips of last; pectoral reaching ninth or tenth scale of lateral line.
Seales on tail faintly keeled. Dusky gray, yellow below. Length 17
inches. (Gunther; Goode.) Coasts of Southern Europe and neighboring
islands, recorded by Dr. Goode from the Bermudas. (caipoc, lizard.) (Eu.)

Salmo saurus, LINN&US, Syst. Nat., Ed. x11, 511, 1766, Mediterranean; after ARTEDI.

Saurus griseus, Lowe, Trans. Zovl. Soc., 11, 1841, 188, Madeira; Giinruer, Cat., v, 394, 1864.
Laurida mediterranea, SWAINSON, Nat. Hist. Anim., 11, 287, 1839, Mediterranean; name only.
Tirus marmoratus, RAFINESQUE, Caratteri, 56, 1810, Palermo.

Alpismaris risso, Risso, Eur. Mérid., 111, 458, 1826, Nice; very young,

Synodus lacerta, GoopE, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., v, 1876, 68, Bermuda specimen ; not of Risso.

812. SYNODUS SCITULICEPS, Jordan & Gilbert.

Head 42; depth 6%. D.10; A. 12; scales 6-61-6. Allied to S. fetens,
but with the head very small; cheeks with about 4 rows of large scales;
opercles with 4; 4 rows between adipose fin and lateral line; ventrals 14
in head; pectoral 2. Coloration brownish olive, scales of back with pale
dashes; head marbled above ; pectoral and caudal blackish; adipose fin
black, edge pale; no yellow. Length 7 inches. Cape San Lucas to Pan-
ama; not uncommon in shallow bays. (scitulus, slender; -ceps, head.)

Synodus scituliceps, JorDAN & GiLBeRrtT, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1881, 344, Mazatlan. (Type,
No. 28392. Coll. Gilbert.)

$13. SYNODUS JENKINSI, Jordan & Bollman.

Head 33 to 4; depth 64 t0 7. D.10o0r11; A. 13; scales 5-62 to 65-6, 6
rows on cheeks. Body slender, subterete, depressed. Head moderate,

538 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

much larger than in S. scituliceps. Snout broadly triangular, little
pointed, 34 in head, its length about equal to its breadth at base. Mouth
large, premaxillary 1} in head. Interorbital area concave, rugose,
slightly broader than eye, 54 in head; supraorbital finely striate, with
serrulate edge. Lower jaw included; teeth moderate. Lateral line ~
without keel. Origin of dorsal midway between adipose fin and anterior
margin of pupil; anterior rays of dorsal not extending so far as the last
when depressed; tip of ventrals reaching slightly more than halfway to
vent, their length 1? in head; pectorals reaching root of ventrals, 2 in
head, and longer than snout and eye in larger specimens. Color brown-
ish olive; scales on back with paler specks; a few rows of scales below
lateral line with numerous black dots; head not marbled; jaws not
spotted, tip of lower black; inside of opercles dark; lining of shoulder
girdle yellow; pectorals and caudal dusky, former tipped with pale;
adipose fin dark, margined with paler; lower fins pale. Gulf of Califor-
nia to Galapagos Islands, in 16 to 33 fathoms; common. (Named for Dr.
Oliver Peebles Jenkins, who obtained the species at Guaymas.)

Synodus jenkinsi, JORDAN & BoLLMAN, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1889, 153, off coast of Colom-
bia, Galapagos Islands. (Type, No. 41171. Coll. Albatross).

814. SYNODUS F@TENS (Linneus).

(Lizarp FisH ; GaLLiwasp; LAGARTO ; SOAPFISH.)

Head 44; depth 7; eye 53. D.9 or 10; A. 11 or 12; V. 8; scales 7-60
to 64-8 (the vertical rows counted obliquely). Snout long, the upper
jaw 13 in head. Scales less regularly arranged, and the rows less oblique
than in Synodus lucioceps; those on the opercle in about 5 rows, on the
cheeks in 7; 25 to 30 scales along back before dorsal, 4 in a vertical row
between adipose fin and lateral line, 5 in an oblique row. Pectoral fin
short, 2 in head, not reaching ventrals, its length ? that of the premax-
illary; ventral large, 1; in head, its length from outer edge of base
greater than from tip of snout to upper edge of gill opening. Interor-
bital space considerably concave, with radiating ridges. Olivaceous or
sandy gray; yellowish below; back mottled; upper surface of head
brownish, distinctly vermiculated with yellowish; ventral fins, lower
side of head, and inside of mouth tinged with yellow; no scapular spot;
snout not black at tip; dorsal scarcely barred. Length 12 inches. Cape
Cod to Brazil, very common from South Carolina southward, on sandy
coasts; not valued as food. (fwtens, odorous.)

Salmo fetens, LINN 2=Us, Syst. Nat., Ed. x11, 513, 1766, South Carolina. (Coll. Dr. Garden.)
Osmerus albidus, LACEPEDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., v, 229, 1803, Carolina; after Linn.©us.
Coregonus ruber, LACEPEDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., v, 263, 1803, Martinique; after PLUMIER.
FEsox salmoneus, Mitcuity, Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soc., 1, 1815, 442, New York.

Saurus longirostris, AGASsIz, Spix. Pisc. Brasil. pl. 48, 1828, Brazil.

Saurus mexicanus, CUVIER, Régne Animal, Ed. 11, 314, 1829, Mexico.

Saurus spixianus, PoEy, Memorias, 11, 304, 1861, Cuba.

Saurus fetens, GUNTHER, Cat., v, 396, 1864; Hoteroox, Ichth. S. Car., 187, 1860.

Synodus spixianus, PoEy, Enumeratio, 141, 1875; Jorpan, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., 1884, 107.
Synodus fetens, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 280, 1883.

Synodus foetens and spixianus, MEEK, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1884, 135.

Jordan and Evermann.—Lfishes of North America. 539

815. SYNODUS LUCIOCEPS (Ayres).

Head 4; depth 8t; eye 5. D. 11; A. 12; B.14; scales 13-66-16 (the
vertical series counted obliquely). Scales arranged in regular, very
oblique rows; those on the opercles in about 8, on the cheeks in about 9,
rows ; 40 to 50 scales along the back before the dorsal, 6 in a vertical row
between adipose fin and lateral line, and 10 in an oblique row. Pectoral
fin longer, reaching base of ventrals, its length about equal to that of the
premaxillary; ventral fin not so long as the space between snout and
npper edge of gill opening. Interorbital space little concave, nearly
smooth. Olive-brown above, grayish below, with some golden luster on
sides ; back with slaty reticulations ; head not vermiculated above; lower
side of head and ventral fins yellow. Length 18 inches, but usually much
smaller. San Francisco to Santa Barbara, rather common in summer;
resembles S. fetens, but the scales are smaller. (lucius, pike; -ceps, head.)

Saurus lucioceps, AYRES, Proc. Cal. Ac. Sci., 1855, 66, San Francisco; GiinrHer, Cat.,v, 397, 1864.
Synodus lucioceps, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 281, 1883.

249. BATHYSAURUS, Giinther.
Bathysaurus, GUNTHER, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., August, 1878, 181, (feroz).

Body formed as in Synodus, subcylindrical, elongate, covered with small
scales. Head depressed, with the snout produced, flat above. Cleft of the
mouth very wide, with the lower jaw projecting ; premaxillary very long,
styliform, tapering, not movable; maxillary obsolete. Teeth in the jaws
in broad bands, not covered by lips, curved, unequal in size, and barbed
at the end; a series of similar teeth along the whole length of each side of
the palate; a few teetl’ on the tongue, and groups of small teeth on the
hyoid ; eye moderate, lateral. Pectoral moderate; ventrals eight-rayed,
inserted close behind pectoral; dorsal fin median, of about 18 rays;
adipose fin present or absent; anal moderate; caudal emarginate. Gill
openings very wide, the gill membranes separate, free from the isthmus.
Branchiostegals 11 or 12. Gill lamin well developed: gill rakers tuber-
cular; pseudobranchie well developed. Scales rather small. Deep-sea
fishes. (Baic, deep; cavpoc, Saurus = Synodus.) |

$16. BATHYSAURUS FEROX, Giinther.

Head 34; depth 7. B.10; D.17 or 18; A. 11; C.19; P. 15; A.8; scales
8-74 to 78-8. Body elongate, subterete. Head alligator-like, naked,
except on cheek and occiput, with strong nasal and interorbital ridges;
its greatest width more than half its length; gape of mouth very wide,
4 length of body, extending behind eye for a distance equal to interor-
bital width. Premaxillary with 2 irregular rows of depressible teeth,
some of them barbed, those of inner row much the largest; lower jaw
enormously strong, its sides projecting beyond the upper jaw ; its dentary
edge thickly studded with depressible teeth, many of them, especially the
larger inner ones, strongly barbed; those in front, claw-like, recurved;
3 rows of teeth on the palatines, the middle ones very much enlarged
and most of them strongly barbed, these being the largest of all the teeth;
on the tongue a few weaker teeth and groups of similar teeth on the

540 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

vomer. Insertion of dorsal behind snout at a distance a little more than
its own base and about } the total length, longest ray equal to great-
est depth of body. No adipose dorsal (in the specimens known); anal
inserted considerably behind last ray of dorsal, its base about half that of
the dorsal; ventrals well apart, inserted just in front of the dorsal, their
length half head; pectoral as long as lower jaw, its seventh ray pro-
longed to a length equal to that of head; caudal slightly forked; scales
thin, cycloid, deciduous, those of the lateral line larger, brownish; lining
of gill cavity blue-black. Atlantic and South Pacific, known from off
New Zealand, Morocco, and the Gulf Stream if, as supposed, the American
B. agassizii is identical with Bb. ferox. (Goode & Bean.) (ferox, ferocious. )
Bathysaurus ferox, GUNTHER, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 1878, 182, east coast of New Zealand.

Bathysaurus agassizii, GOODE & Bean, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zoil., 1882, 215, Gulf Stream, 33° N. in
647 fathoms; GoopE & Bran, Oceanic Ichth., 58, 1895.

250. BATHYLACO, Goode & Bean.
Bathylaco, GoopE & Bran, Oceanic Ichthyology, 57, 1895, (nigricans).

Body subcylindrical, rather elongate, stout, similar in form to Synodus.
(Seales absent in the specimen studied, and it is not even possible to
determine whether or not this is a naked species.) Head conical; snout
short. Mouth very large, wide, oblique, lower jaw slightly projecting.
Premaxillary narrow and long, with small teeth, which are somewhat
biserial in front and uniserial behind, interrupted at the symphysis.
Mandible with a narrow band of similar teeth; palatine teeth in a nar-
row band; tongue toothless. Eye moderately large, very far forward, its
upper edge close to the dorsal profile. Pectoral small, placed low; ven-
tral nearly median, a little in advance of the dorsal and far behind the
pectoral, with 8 rays; dorsal origin nearly in the middle of the length
and extending to above the middle of the anal; adipose fin probably
absent; anal origin far back, fin short. Gill opening very wide, as
in Bathysaurus, the left membrane overlapping the right, not attached to
the isthmus. Branchiostegals numerous. Gill rakers short and few.
Opercular bones very thin and feeble. Deep sea. (alic, deep; Adkwoc, a
"hole or pit.)

817. BATHYLACO NIGRICANS, Goode & Bean.

Head 4; depth 2; eye 43 in head, equal to interorbital width. B. 8; D.
20; A. 10; V.8; P.6. Snout about 2 in eye and about 8in head. The
lower jaw the longer. The intermaxillary is nearly # length of head.
The mandible is contained 3 times in distance from tip of snout to origin
of dorsal; dorsal fin inserted at a distance from the tip of the snout equal
to twice length of head, the length of its base nearly + of total (without
caudal); origin of anal under posterior third of dorsal, the length of its
base equal to half that of head; pectoral small, placed low, immediately
back of the branchial opening; apparently few-rayed. Color black.

A single specimen in very bad condition, 84 inches in length, taken by
the Blake off Santa Cruz, at a depth of 2,393 fathoms. (Goode & Bean.)
(nigricans, blackish. )

Bathylaco nigricans, Goopr & Bean, Oceanic Ichthyology, 57, fig. 69, 1895, off Sauta Cruz,
Mexico.

wii

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 541

Family LXIX. AULOPID.

Allied to the Synodontidew, but with the maxillary separate, well devel-
oped, and dilated behind. Hypocoracoids extended downward as in many
spiny-rayed fishes. Gill rakers mostly long and slender, needle-shaped.
Eyes normal, Jarge or small. No luminous spots ; jaws without fang-like
teeth. Dorsal fin moderate, nearly median in position, the body elongate.
Pectorals present, normal in form and position; adipose fin normally
present. Pseudobranchie present. This family as here understood
includes some half dozen species—fishes of moderate depths, chiefly of
the Atlantic.

a. Dorsal fin moderate, of less than 15 rays; teeth minute ; scales ctenoid; gill rakers very
slender. CHLOROPHTHALMUS, 251,

251. CHLOROPHTHALMUS, Bonaparte.

Chlorophthalmus, BONAPARTE, Fauna Italica, fasc. xxvui1, Pesci, 1840, (agassizii).
Hyphalonedrus, GoovE, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 111, 1880, 483, (chalybeius).

Head elongate; body subterete, covered with moderate-sized, adherent,
pectinate, or ctenoid scales, which are arranged in straight, parallel,
oblique lines. Mouth rather large, the maxillary well developed, dilated
behind, reaching to beyond front of orbit; lower jaw projecting. Teeth
very small, sharp on jaws, vomer, and palatines, usually minute teeth on
tongue; eye very iarge. Dorsal short, inserted before middle of length
of body; adipose fin small; anal short; caudal forked; pectorals and
ventrals well developed, the ventrals inserted under dorsal and not far
behind pectorals, none of the rays forming exserted filaments. Gill open-
ings wide; branchiostegals 10; pseudobranchie well developed. Gill
rakers needle-shaped, rather numerous. Color silvery, with darker mark-
ings. Deep seas; four species known, resembling smelt. (yAwpéc, green;
d¢0a7,ud¢, eye.)

a. Eye 2 in head; scales 60 to 63. AGASSIZIT, 818.
aa. Eye 3 in head; scales 45 to 52
b. Dorsal rays 11; depth 64% in length. CHALYBEIUs, 819.
bb. Dorsal rays 8; depth 51% in length. TRUCULENTUS, 820.

S18. CHLOROPHTHALMUS AGASSIZII, Bonaparte.

Head 34; depth 54; eye very large, about 2in head. D. 1lor12; A.9;
scales 60 to 63. Dorsal origin at 4+ the distance from snout to base
of caudal rays, its height about equal to that of the ventral, 5 times in
total length; anal insertion about ? of distance from snout to base of
caudal; ventral inserted under middle of dorsal; pectorals reaching
nearly to middle of length of body. Color greenish bronze, with silvery
reflections. (Goode & Bean.) Atlantic and Mediterranean, rare about
Naples and Sicily. It also occurs at considerable depths in the eastern
Atlantic. The French expedition obtained it off the Azores in 720
fathoms, also in the Sargasso Sea, 202 fathoms, and off the Cape Verdes, 230
to 290 fathoms. The Albatross obtained specimens from various localities
in the Western Atlantic. (Named for Louis Agassiz, ichthyologist and

teacher, ‘‘the best friend that ever student had.”) (Eu.)

Chlorophthalmus agassizii, BoNAPARTY, Fauna Italica, pl. 121, 1840, Italy; GUNnruer, Cat., v, 404,
1864; Goovr & Bran, Oceanic Ichthyol., 60, 1895,

Aulopus agassizii, Cuvier & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XX11, 621, 1849, .

542 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

819. CHLOROPHTHALMUS CHALYBEIUS* (Goode).

Depth 64; width 72. D. 11; A. 3; €..16; By fi or85 "V7 Shore
scales about 63-48-6. Body terete. Least height of the tail half that of
body. The scales are moderately strong, sharply pectinated at the edge,
and arranged in regular transverse rows, overlapping in such a manner as
to resemble oblique plates upon the sides. Length of head to end of
flexible flap of the operculum slightly more than 4 of the body, and itself
slightly more than 4 times length of snout. Orbit 4 times width of the
interorbital space, 3 in length of head. Maxillary broad and flattened
posteriorly, in length ;) of the body; it extends back to anterior margin
of pupil. Mandible protruding beyond the snout. When the mouth is
closed the tip of mandible projects noticeably. Dorsal almost midway
between snout and adipose dorsal, its height almost equal to that of ven-
tral ; adipose dorsal over middle of anal, its length half diameter of orbit ;
distance of anal from snout about ¢ of the body length, its length of base
equal to length of snout; its height to that of middle caudal rays; cau-
dal furcate; pectoral long, subfalcate, inserted close to the branchial
cleft, its tip extending to fourteenth scale of lateral line, its length twice
that of mandible; ventral located 2 of distance from snout to base of
caudal, directly under middle of dorsal. Color grayish, mottled with
brown; scales metallic silvery. Gulf Stream, in from 85 to 167 fathoms.
(chalybeius, iron-colored.)

Hyphalonedrus chalybeius, GoopE, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., m1, 1880, (Feb. 16, 1881), 484, Gulf Stream
off Rhode Island; (Type, No. 26092. Coll. Fish Hawk); Jorpan & GILBERT, Synopsis, 296,
1883.

Chorophthalmus agassizii, GUNTHER, Challenger Report, xx, 132, pl. L, fig. c, 1887; not of Bona-
PARTE.

Chlorophthalmus chalybeius, GoopE & BEAN, Oceanic Ichthyology, 60, fig. 71, 1895.

820. CHLOROPHTHALMUS TRUCULENTUS, Goode & Bean.

D. 4d, 83 Aol, Ts Voor 10s. Body: subterete, somewhat compressed, its
height 54 in its length, its width about 8. The least height of the tail
about 24 in greatest height of body at the insertion of dorsal. Scales
moderate, cycloid, arranged in regular transverse rows, overlapping in
such manner as to resemble oblique plates on the sides. Lateral line
rather inconspicuous, containing between 40 and 50scales; about 6 scales
between lateral line and origin of dorsal, and 6 or 7 between it and ven-
tral. Greatest length of head from tip of projecting lower jaw a little
more than 4 that of body, or 24 times in length of snout; lower jaw
projecting beyond tip of snout a distance equal to + length of snout.
Orbit nearly equal to snout, and about 4 length of head; width of inter-
orbital space 2 in orbit. The maxillary broad and flattened posteriorly,
about 8 times in length of body, not reaching perpendicular from anterior
margin of the orbit. Insertion of the dorsal midway between tip of

* Chlorophthalmus chalybeius is not identical with C. agassizii, but is well separated by the smaller
eye, longer, more conical snout, lower, more terete body, and larger scales. It closely resem-
bles it, however, in general form. Dr. Giinther’s diagnosis of C. agdssizii in the Challenger
volume more nearly applies to C. chalybeius, and his figure is apparently of C. chalybeius. Speci-
mens were obtained by the Fish Hawk in five localities ranging in depth from 101 to 156 fathoms,
and by the Albatross from eleven stations at depths of from 85 to 167 fathoms,—Goode & Bean,

a

Jordan and Evermann.—Ffishes of North America. 543

snout and adipose dorsal, its height greater than length of ventral, which
is equal to greatest height of body ; the adipose dorsal over middle of
base of anal, its length ? diameter of orbit. Distance of anal from snout
about # length of body, length of its base about $ that of snout, its height
equal to diameter of orbit; caudal furcate; pectoral long and strong,
its length equal to distance from tip of snout to posterior margin of orbit,
and about twice that of mandible; ventral inserted under the middle of
base of dorsal, the distance from posterior margin of orbit equal to dis-
tance of the latter from snout. Color brownish. One specimen about 8
inches in length, obtained by the steamer Blake, at Station LII, off Barba-
does, in 158 fathoms. (Goode & Bean.) (truculentus, truculent.)

Chlorophthalmus truculentus, GOODE & BEAN, Oceanic Ichthyology, 61, fig. 72, 1895, off Barbadoes

in 158 fathoms.

Family LXX. BENTHOSAURID&.

This small family of deep-sea fishes is allied to the Synodontide but with
weli-developed supramaxillaries widening backward and applied to the
dentigerous intermaxillaries; pectorals inserted near the shoulders, and
very long ventrals. (Gill.) It includes a single genus, Benthosaurus.

252. BENTHOSAURUS, Goode & Bean.
Benthosaurus, GOODE & BEAN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zo6I., x11, No. 5, 168, 1886, (grallator).

Body long, somewhat compressed, tapering into a slender, elongate,
caudal peduncle. Scales cycloid, of moderate size. Head slightly
depressed ; cleft of mouth wide, horizontal, the lower jaw projecting at
its extremity and anteriorly at the sides; maxillary long, slender, dilated
posteriorly ; premaxillary very long, styliform, tapering, immovable.
The intermaxillary and mandible with bands of small teeth, of uniform
size, interrupted at the symphysis; a short oblong band of similar teeth
on each side of the vomer, separated by a rather wide interspace; palate
and tongue smooth. Eye very small, inconspicuous. Gill opening
extremely wide, the branchiostegal membrane free from the isthmus.
Gill rakers long and slender, numerous, about twice as many below the
angle as above. Pseudobranchie absent. Branchiostegals eleven. All
the fins well developed ; no adipose dorsal; dorsal fin median, anal post-
median ; caudal forked, with lower lobe produced; ventral seven-rayed,
inserted opposite the interspace between pectoral and dorsal, the outer
ray produced. ((évfoc, deep; caipoc, lizard.)

821. BENTHOSAURUS GRALLATOR, Goode & Bean.

D. 11; A. 12; P. 9; V.7; B. 11; scales 9-55-8 or 9. Body elongate,
somewhat compressed, depressed slightly forward, tapering behind into
a long slender tail, its greatest height 7+ in its standard length, and
equaling 4 length of head, its greatest width 4 length of head; its height
at the origin of the anal 4 of its greatest height. Least height of tail half
the height of body at ventrals ; length of caudal peduncle 64 times its
least height. Scales very thin, cycloid, leathery, deciduous, oval in form,
except at base of dorsal and anal fins, where they become more elongate ;
the horizontal diameter of ascale in the lateral line equals twice diameter

544 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

of eye; lateral line straight, above the median line anteriorly, becoming
median on caudal peduncle, the tube-bearing scales being prominent, and
about 55in number; about 9 rows of scales between dorsal fin and lateral
line; between the latter and anal fin, 8 or 9 rows.

Head twice as long as greatest height of body, its length contained
a little less than 4 times in the standard body length, considerably
depressed, scaleless except on the vertex and the preoperculum. Oper-
culum (perhaps accidentally) denuded. Snout much produced, almost
equal to width of interorbital space, which is convex. Maxillary extend-
ing far behind eye, its length equal to postorbital part of head ; mandible
projecting beyond upper jaw a distance slightly more than diameter of
orbit, with a series of 7 large pores on its lower surface; several similar
pores under eye. Nostrils situated about midway between eye and
extremity of snout, small, slit-like, the posterior about twice as large as
the anterior one in each pair.

Dorsal inserted midway between tip of snout and base of middle cau-
dal rays, highest in front, the length of the rays diminishing rapidly
posteriorly ; apparently no adipose dorsal; anal similar in shape to
the dorsal, the anterior rays being longest, about equal in length to
mandible, its distance from the snout about 3 times length of its
longest ray, caudal forked, its middle rays § as long as those in the
upper caudal lobe; the lower lobe much prolonged, the lower ray being
more than 4 times as long as the middle rays; its extremity bioken
off in our specimen, but apparently it must have been nearly twice as long
as the stump which now remains; pectoral fin normal, inserted close
to the opercular flap, its length slightly greater than that of the head
(although mutilated), extending beyond origin of dorsal; ventral base
entirely in advance of the perpendicular from the origin of the dorsal
the inner rays reaching vent, while its outer ray isenormously prolonged,
extending far beyond the extremity of the upper caudal lobe, the length
of the prolonged ray fully 4 times that of head ; ventrals close together.

Color brown, the roof of the mouth and inside of the branchiostegal flap
black, as well as the operculum and branchiostegal membrane. One speci-
men, 154 inches long to the tips of the prolonged ventral rays, was taken
by the Blake, at a depth of 1,850 fathoms, at Blake Station CLXXIV, in
latitude 24° 33’ N., longitude 84° 23’ W. <A second example nearly the
same size, taken by the Albatross, in latitude 39° 3’ 13/7 N. and longitude
70° 50/7 45/7 W., at a depth of 1,537 fathoms. (Goode & Bean.) (grallator,
one who walks on stilts.)

Benthosaurus grallator, GoopE & BEAN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., x11, No. 5, 168, 1886; Goopr & BEAN,
Oceanic Ichth., 62, fig. 73, 1895, Gulf Stream. (Coll. Blake.)
Family LXXI. BATHYPTEROIDZ.

- Characters of the family included below in those of its single genus:

253. BATHYPTEROIS, Gtnther.

3athypterois, GUNTHER, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1878, 5th series, rt, 183, (longifilis).
Synapteretmus, GoopE & BEAN, Oceanic Ichthyology, 64, 1895, (quadrijilis).

Shape of the body like that of Aulopus. Head of moderate size,
depressed in front, with the snout projecting, the large mandible very

ee

Jordan and Evermann.—Ffishes of North America. 545

prominent beyond the upper jaw. Cleft of the mouth wide; maxillary
much developed, very movable, much dilated behind. Teeth in narrow
villiform bands in the jaws; on each side of the broad vomer a small
patch of similar teeth; none on the palatines or on the tongue. Eye
very small. Scales cycloid, adherent, of moderate size. Rays of the
pectoral fin much elongate, some of the upper being separate from the
rest and forming a distinct division. Ventrals abdominal, 8-rayed, with
the outer rays prolonged. Dorsal fin inserted in the middle of the body
above, or absent; anal short.; caudal forked. Gill openings very wide;
gill laminz well developed, separate from each other; gills rakers long.
Pseudobranchiz none. Deep-sea fishes, the American species belonging
to the subgenus Synapteretmus. (Gabic, deep; Pterois, a genus of Scor-
penoid fishes, with pectoral filaments. )
SYNAPTERETMUS (cuvamtos, joined together; épetuds, oar):
a. Outer ventral rays filiform, simple, prolonged, appressed or inseparably united. End of
dorsal and origin of anal in same vertical, or overlapping.
b. Anal origin in nearly same vertical as end of dorsal. Dorsal origin over axis of ven-

trals or nearly so. Ventral rays elongate.
c. Ventral outer rays appressed; lower caudal ray prolonged; upper pectoral ray not

extending beyond upper lobe of caudal. <A. 9; scales 59. QUADRIFILIS, 822.
ce. Ventral with the outer rays closely appressed; lower caudal lobe produced; upper
pectoral ray as long as the whole fish. A. 10; scales 55. LONGIPES, 823.

Subgenus SYNAPTERETMUS, Goode & Bean.
822. BATHYPTEROIS QUADRIFILIS, Giinther.

Head 5; depth 7; B. 12; D. 14; A. 9; P. II, 9; V. 9; scales 6-59-8.
Eye small, about 3 in snout, or 5 or 6 in postorbital portion of head.
Uppermost and lowermost of the pectoral rays filiform, the former
bifid for more than }# its length, the latter simple. Outer ventral rays
much prolonged, not dilated; dorsal inserted close to root of ventrals;
adipose fin present, narrow. Head remarkably flat above and the width
of the interorbital space greater than length of snout. Dorsal fin mid-
way between tip of upper jaw and root of caudal; anal inserted imme-
diately behind dorsal, its origin equidistant from roots of pectoral and
caudal; caudal emarginate.

This species possesses not only the long detached upper pectoral ray,
but also an equally long lower ray, which, however, is not removed from
the remainder of the fin. The upper ray becomes bifid in its proximate
third, and is accompanied by an extremely short rudimentary second ray ;
it scarcely reaches the caudal fin and is shorter than the lowermost ray,
which may reach to the end of the caudal, and is split only at its very
extremity. Structure of ventral fins as in Bathypterois longipes, but the
strong outer rays are somewhat curved and do not reach the end of the
anal. Scales cycloid, as in other species, but those behind the basal
portion of pectoral fin are deeply pectinated, provided with from 5 to 10
long and narrow teeth, of which the middle ones are the longest. (Giin-
ther.) Color blackish or black; pectoral filaments whitish.

The types of this species were obtained by the Challenger off the coast
of Brazil; two specimens, one from|Station 126, at a depth of 770 fathoms,

36

F. N. A,

546 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

one from Station 121, at a depth of 500 fathoms. Other specimens obtained
by the Blake off St. Vincent, and by the Albatross at Station 2385, in 740
fathoms, and at Station 2117, in 683 fathoms. (quadrifilis, having four
threads.)

Bathypterois quadrifilis, GUNTHER, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., 1878, 11, 184, off coast of Brazil, in
500 to 770 fathoms; GoopE & Bran, Oceanic Ichthyology, 65, fig. 75, 1895.

823. BATHYPTEROIS LONGIPES, Giinther.

B. 12; D. 18; A.10; P. II, 7 or 8; V. 8; scales 6-55-8. Uppermost pec-
toral ray strongest, about as long as the whole fish, bifid toward its
extremity; outer ventral rays much prolonged, strong, but not dilated
at the extremity ; dorsal fin inserted at some distance behind root of ven-
trals; adipose fin present or absent.

Similar to Bathypterois longifilis, differing in the following points: Eye
minute; dorsal fin farther backward, its origin being nearly midway
between end of snout and root of caudal; consequently the root of the
ventral is some distance in advance of the dorsal, and the end of the dorsal
is vertically opposite fifth anal ray. One specimen possesses, the other
lacks, adipose fin. Caudal fin deeply forked, with the outer ray much
produced. Of the two branches into which the posterior third of the
long pectoral ray is split, one is much shorter and weaker than the other.
Two outer ventral rays aie closely appressed from the root to end, and
much stouter and longer than the otherrays; they are articulated to the
end and without soft pads. These fin rays extend beyond the end of the
anal fin. (Ginther.) Color black, with white fins.

The Challenger obtained two specimens, 9 inches long, from off the east
coast of South America, Station 325, depth 2,650 fathoms. Several
specimens, 3 to 9 inches long, were obtained by the Albatross and the
Blake. (longus, long; pes, foot.)

Bathypterois longipes, GUNTHER, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 1878, 11, 184, east coast of South
America in 2,650 fathoms; GiinTHER, Challenger Report, xxu, 188, pl. 48, fig. A, 1887;
GoopE & BEAN, Oceanic Ichthyology, 66, fig. 76, 1895.

Family LXXII. IPNOPID.

The characters of this singular group of deep-sea fishes are included
below in the account of the single genus.

254. IPNOPS, Gunther.
Ipnops, GUNTHER, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 1878, 11, 187, (murrayi).

Body elongate, subcylindrical, covered with large, thin, deciduous
scales, and without luminous organs. Head depressed, witha long, thin,
spatulate snout, like that of Bathypterois, but more depressed, its whole
upper surface occupied by a pair of large, transparent, lamelliform mem-
brane bones which cover a peculiar organ divided longitudinally into two
symmetrical halves. These organs, which represent the eyes, were at
first supposed to be luminous organs, but according to recent investiga-
tions of Professor Moseley they ‘‘ show a flattened cornea extending along
the median line of the snout, with a large retina composed of peculiar

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America, 547

rods, which form a complicated apparatus, destined undoubtedly to pro-
duce an image and to receive especial luminous rays.” *

Bones of lower part of head well ossified, mouth wide, the lower jaw
projecting, and the maxillary dilated, as in Bathypterois. Jaws with nar-
row bands of villiform teeth, none on vomer or palatines. None of the
fins filamentous; pectorals and ventrals near together, well developed.
_ Dorsal inserted just behind vent; no adipose fin; anal moderate; caudal
subtruncate. Gillrakersneedle-shaped. No air bladder, pseudobranchie,
nor pyloric ceca. One species known, widely distributed. (/xvéc, lantern;
ay, eye.)

824. IPNOPS MURRAYI, Giinther.

Head 6; depth 133. D.10; A. 13; P. 14; V. 8; B.12; scales55. Body
very slender; head much broader than deep, the snout much depressed,
its outline obtusely rounded; maxillary extending beyond middle of head.
Gill rakers 10 + 22, long and close-set. Vent between ventral fins, slightly
more than a head’s length behind gill opening, and nearly twice as far
from base of caudal as from tip of snout. Caudal subtruncate; pectoral
reaching ventrals, a little more than half head; ventrals rather long,
stronger than pectorals and placed well apart. Lateral line faintly indi-
cated. Brown, fins colorless; membranes of mouth and gill cavity black.
Length 54 inches. A bottom fish found at about 2,000 fathoms, recorded
from coast of Brazil, Tristan da Cunha, Celebes, and in tropical America,
(24° 36’ N., 84° W.), and off Bequia. (Named for Dr. John Murray, natu-
ralist on the Challenger expedition. )

Ipnops murrayi, GUNTHER, Anu. Mag. Nat. Hist., 1878, 11, 187, coast of Brazil, etc.; Giin-
THER, Voyage Challenger, Deep-Sea Fishes, 191, 1887; Agassiz, Cruises of the Blake, 11, 32,
fig. 215, 1888; GoopE & Brean, Oceanic Ichthyology, 67, 1895.

Family LXXIII. RONDELETIIDA.

Body more or less compressed, scaleless; head naked; no barbels ;
mouth large. Margin of the upper jaw formed by the premaxillaries
only. ‘Teeth coarsely granular. Opercular apparatus complete, its bones
very thin, membrane-like; no adipose fin; dorsal fin far back, short and
low, inserted opposite the anal; pectorals short, placed rather low.
Ventrals present, abdominal. Gill opening very wide; membranes deeply
cleft, free from the isthmus. Pseudobranchiw absent. Deep-sea fishes.
One species known. (Goode & Bean.)

(Rondeletiidie, GoovE & BEAN, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., 1894 (1895), 454, and in Oceanic Ichthyology,
67, 1895.)

***The existence of well-developed eyes among fishes destined to live in the dark abysses of
the ocean seems at first contradictory, but we must remember that these denizens of the deep
are immigrants from the shore and from the surface. In some cases the eyes have not been
specially modified, but in others there have been modifications of a luminous mucous mem-
brane, leading on the one hand to phosphorescent organs more or less specialized, or on the other
tosuch remarkablestructures asthe eyes of Ipnops, intermediate between true eyes and specialized
phosphorescent plates. In fishes that have been blinded and retain for their guidance only the
general sensibility of the integuments and of the lateral line, these parts soon acquire a very
great delicacy. The same is the case with tactile organs (asin Bathypterois and Benthosawrus),
and experiments show that barbels may become organs of touch adapted to aquatic life, sensitive
to the faintest movements or the slightest displacement, with power to give the blinded fishes
full cognizance of the state of the medium in which they live.”"—Alexander Agassiz.

548 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

255. RONDELETIA, Goode & Bean.

Rondeletia, GooprE & Bran, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., 1894 (1895), 454, (bicolor); and in Oceanic
Ichthyology, 68, 1895.

Body oblong, compressed, scaleless. Mouth large, lower jaw slightly
projecting. Teeth in bands, coarsely granular in the jaws; vomer and
palatines toothless; a row of large mucous pores on the lower surface of
the mandible, and extending upward on the preoperculum. Posterior
nostril with a slender filament anteriorly. Eyes moderate, near the
dorsal profile. Snout rather long, obtuse. Supraoccipital bones witha
pair of strong spines projecting horizontally forward over the orbit. Gill
membranes entirely separate; gill rakers numerous, rather long and
slender; gills 4, a narrow slit behind the fourth. Branchiostegals 7.
Opercular bones thin, membranous. Dorsal short, rather low, opposite
and similar to the anal; pectorals and ventrals small; caudal small,
probably forked. No vestiges of a lateralline. (Dedicated to Guillaume
Rondelet, ‘‘the great French ichthyologist of the seventeenth century,”
one of the ablest of the ‘‘Fathers of Ichthyology.’”)

825. RONDELETIA BICOLOR, Goode & Bean.

Head about 2 in total length; depth 3; eye 6; snout 3. B.7; D. 14;
A. 14; P.9; V.5. Maxillary reaching to below the hind margin of eye.
Origin of dorsal fin nearly opposite vent; origin of anal immediately
behind vent, the terminations of the two opposite. Fins low, the rays
pointing horizontally backward; longest dorsal ray 5 in head, longest
anal ray 4; pectoral fin inserted below middle of body and under end of
opercular flap, its length nearly + that of head; ventrals inserted
behind middle of total length, and still farther behind tips of the
extended pectorals, their length about § that of head, and when extended,
reaching beyond vent. Color purplish black, with cherry-colored mar-
gins to the fins; whitish in spirits.

A single specimen 44 inches in length, was taken by the Fish Com-
mission steamer Albatross at station 2724, at a depth of 1,641 fathoms.
(Goode & Bean.) (bicolor, two-colored.)

Rondeletia bicolor, GoopR & Bran, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1894 (1895), 454, pl. 17, fig. 1; and in
Oceanic Ichthyology, 68, fig. 77, 1895. (Type, No. 38202. Coll. Albatross).

Family LXXIV. CETOMIMID:.

Body somewhat compressed, scaleless; head naked; lateral line con-
spicuous. No barbels. Mouth exceedingly large; the margin of the
upper jaw formed by the premaxillaries only; the lower jaw strongly
curved, and slightly projecting beyond the upper. Teeth in jaws in
bands, granular; vomer, palatines, pterygoids, and also the first gill arch
and the lingual bones (which are greatly enlarged), as well as the upper
pharyngeals, covered with teeth of a similar character. Opercular appa-
ratus incomplete, its bones very thin, membrane-like. No adipose fin;
dorsal fin far back, short, high, inserted opposite the anal, which it
resembles; pectorals short, placed rather low; ventrals absent. Gill
opening immense, the membranes deeply cleft, free from the isthmus,

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 549

Gills 3. Pseudobranchize absent. (Goode & Bean.) Deep-sea fishes of
uncertain relationship, bearing a singular resemblance to diminutive
whales. Two species known. (Cetomimide, Goode & Bean, Proc. U.S.
Nat. Mus., 1894 (1895), 451; and in Oceanic Ichthyology, 68, 1895.)

256. CETOMIMUS, Goode & Bean.

Cetomimus, GoopE & Bran, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1894 (1895), 452, (gillii); and in Oceanic
Ichthyology, 68, 1895.

Body oblong, compressed, scaleless; similar in its vertical outline and
proportions to that of the right whales ( Balenide), a resemblance which
is greatly enhanced by the shape of the enormous mouth, and in the
lower jaw, which is strongly curved, projecting slightly beyond the
snout. Teeth in granular bands, covering all the bones of the mouth,
tongue, and throat. Mucous pores sometimes present on the back. Nos-
trils far forward, open slits without flap. Eyes very small and placed
far below the dorsal profile. Gill membranes deeply cleft, not attached
to the isthmus; gill rakers absent, replaced by a granular tooth-like
surface upon the arch; gills 3, no slit behind the third. Branchioste-
gals 9. Opercular apparatus incomplete, bones thin and membranous.
Dorsal short, high, inserted very far back, directly opposite the anal,
which it resembles in shape and size. Caudal peduncle short and slen-
der. Ventrals absent; pectorals broad and short, placed low; caudal
small, weak, probably emarginate or truncate. Lateral line broad, con-
sisting of two furrows, connected vertically by numerous short cross
grooves. («jToc, whale; piuéouac, to mimic.)

a. Dorsal rays 16. GILLII, 826.

aa. Dorsal rays 19. STORERI, 827.

826. CETOMIMUS GILLI, Goode & Bean.

Head about 3; depth a little more than 4; B.9; D. 16; A. 16; P. 16.
Eye minute, about 23 in head, and about 8 in snout, inserted midway
between margin of jaw and dorsal profile, distant from the former a space
contained about 24 times in length of snout. The maxillary reaches very
far back, extending to a point behind orbit equal to 14 times length of
snout. Origin of dorsal directly above that of anal, which is inserted a
short distance behind vent; distance from snout equal to more than 4
times length of its own base, and distance of its termination from root
of upper rays of caudal equal to its own greatest height; anal similar
in shape and extent to dorsal, but the thirteenth to the fifteenth rays
the longest, while the eighth to eleventh are the longest in dorsal ; length
of these longest rays about equal in the two fins, and contained slightly
less than 3 times in head; pectoral inserted somewhat below middle of
body, close to extremity of opercular flap; broadly lanceolate, about 34
times in head; ventrals lacking. Lateral line sweeping in a _ bold
curve from a point above the upper angle of the gill opening to a point
in middle of body between origin of dorsal and anal fins, and thence in a
straight median line to base of caudal. Color blue-black.

A single specimen of this curious species, 5 inches in length, was taken
by the Albatross, August 20, 1884, at station 2206, in 39° 35/ N. latitude,

550 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

71° 24’ 30” W. longitude, at the depth of 1,043 fathoms. (Goode & Bean.)

(Named for Dr. Theodore Gill.)

Cetomimus gillii, GoopE & Bean, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., 1894 (1895), 452, pl. 17, fig. 2; and in
Oceanic Ichthyology, 69, fig. 78, 1895, Gulf Stream. (Type, No. 35529. Coll. Albatross.)

827. CETOMIMUS STORERI, Goode & Bean.

D. 19; A. 16. Head 3}; depth about 4 in total length; eye 18 in head
or 7 in snout, inserted nearer dorsal profile than to jaw, its position in
the vertical being twice as far from the line of the upper jaw as from the
dorsal line, and nearly in the line of the vertical erected from middle of
upper jaw to the right angles of its edge. Lower jaw strongly curved,
projecting far beyond upper. Origin of dorsal fin a little in advance of
that of anal, which is inserted at a distance from the vent equal to 3 or 4
times diameter of eye; dorsal fin longer than anal, the termination of
the latter being under the fifth ray from the end of the dorsal; they are
about equal in height, and the direction of the rays when erected is back-
ward and at an acute angle with the axis of the body; the longest rays
about 24 in head; pectoral fin inserted very far down, the lower portion
of its peduncle almost on the abdominal line; the fin is lanceolate, and,
although mutilated, is believed to have been about 4 as long as the head;
lateral line in a sinuous curve from a point above the upper angle of gill
opening to a point somewhat in advance of insertion of dorsal, and
thence in a straight line to base of caudal. A line of mucous pores on
either side of the median dorsal line in advance of dorsal.

A single specimen of this species, 4; inches in length, was taken by
the Fish Commission steamer Albatross at station 2222, on September
6, 1884, at a depth of 1,535 fathoms. (Goode & Bean.) (Named for David
Humphreys Storer, the accomplished author of the History of the Fishes

of Massachusetts. )
Cetomimus storeri, GoopE & Bran, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1894 (1895), 453, pl. 17, fig. 3; and in
Oceanic Ichthyology, 69, fig. 79, 1895, Gulf Stream. (Type, No. 35634. Coll. Albatross.) _

Family LXXV. MYCTOPHIDA.
(THE LANTERN FISHES.)

Body oblong or moderately elongate, more or less compressed, covered
with scales, which are usually cycloid, but sometimes ctenoid. Mouth
wide, the entire margin of the upper jaw formed by the long and slender
premaxillaries, closely adherent to which are the slender maxillaries.
Teeth various, mostly villiform, and in bands in the jaws; also on the
pterygoids, palatines, and tongue; and on the vomer in adults. No bar-
bels. Gill membranes separate, free. Branchiostegals 8 to 10. Pseudo-
branchiw well developed. Gill rakers long and slender. Lateral line |
usually present, the scales prominent and often enlarged. Cheeks and
opercles scaly. Adipose fin present; dorsal fin short, median, of soft
rays; pectorals and ventrals present; anal fin moderate; caudal
forked. Air bladder small. Intestinal canal short. Luminous spots or
photophores more or less regularly placed along sides of body; larger
luminous glands often present on the head or on the caudal peduncle.

Jordan and Evermann.—Ffishes of North America. 551

Species about 100, placed in one genus by Giinther and Liitken, divided
into many by Goode & Bean. Small fishes, very widely distributed in
the open sea. They live away from the shores, ordinarily at a consider-
able depth, coming to the surface at night or in stormy weather, descend-
ing by day.

Until the recent review of the Mediterranean species by Raffaele and
especially the admirable monograph by Dr. Liitken (Spolia Atlantica,
part 2, 1892), the species were very imperfectly known. This masterly
paper of Dr. Litken has been followed by a very exhaustive account of
the Atlantic species by Goode & Bean (Oceanic Ichthyology). Advance
sheets of this paper have been kindly placed at our disposal by its authors,
and our manuscript has been entirely recast to include the species there
described. Liitken places the species in one genus, Scopelus, but ‘for
convenience of study and comparison” Goode & Bean have thought it
“best to break up this great polymorphous genus” into minor groups.
We find, however, considerable difficulty in giving these smaller genera
satisfactory definition, but on the whole we have found it more con-
venient to recognize them as distinct genera rather than to place them
as subgenera under the common head of Myctophum. The extreme ranges
of variation are greater than are usually recognized as occurring within
the limits of a natural genus.

Nore.—Dr. Raffaele and Dr. Liitken have shown the great importance of the position of the
luminous spots or photophores as characters distinguishing the species of Scopelide. Dr. Liitken
has proposed a system of nomenclature for them, as follows:

Caudal (or precaudal) spots or photophores, those 2, 3, or 4in number at or near base of lower
lobe of caudal, the first separated by a break from the anal series.

Anal spots, those forming a series from vent along base of anal and caudal peduncle; this series
is usually interrupted above last part of anal, one or two spaces being without spots.

Posteroluteral spots, or spots placed near the lateral line above the break in the anal series.

Supra-..al spots, usually 3 in number, forming an oblique series or a triangle between vent and
lateral line.

Ventral spots, a series of 4 or 5 between ventrals and vent.

Supraventral, a single spot sometimes present between ventrals and lateral line.

Thoracic spots, a series, often irregular, of about 5, along breast.

Pectoral spots, usually about 3, about base of pectoral.

Opercular, 2 or 3 on opercle.

Mandibular, about 3 on mandible.

Besides these, preocular, subocular, supracaudal, and infracaudal luminous patches often occur.
The luminous g)ands on tail are so often obsolete as to lose much of their value in classification.
In this paper we have adopted in the descriptions written by us, the nomenclature of Dr. Liitken
asabove given. In the descriptions copied from Goode & Bean a somewhat different system is
used, but we have preferred not to alter the language of these authors.

Nore.—Goode & Bean (Oceanic Ichthyology) offer the following

TENTATIVE ARRANGEMENT OF THE GENERA OF MycropHip™®.

I, Body oblong, compressed. Teeth in jaws in villiform bands.
A. Pectorals present.
1. Dorsal and anal fins touching (or nearly so) the same vertical, or overlapping.
a, Lateral line not at all, or but slightly, enlarged. Scales cycloid, smooth.
i. No luminous glands on head or tail, (Luminous scales sometimes present on tail, above or
below.)
x. Head short, with limb of preoperculum nearly vertical; snout more or less blunt
and declivous. Precaudal photophores 2.

552 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

Dorsal entirely in front of anal, and scarcely, or not at all, overlapping. Super-
anal photophores in two groups. Myctoruum.
Dorsal operlapping anal. Superanals in one or two groups. BENTHOSEMA,
ax. Head long, limb of preoperculum oblique; snout conical and snake-like. Pre-
caudal photophores 4 or 2 +- 1.
Dorsal about equal to or shorter than anal, and not overlapping.

No orbital spines. LAMPANYCTUS.

Orbital spines, CERATOSCOPELUS.
Dorsal much longer than anal, and overlapping it.

Pectorals placed normally. NoroscoPE.us.

Pectorals placed very low. CATABLEMELLA.

wi. Luminous glands on tail, but none on head.
x. Dorsal and anal nearly equal, not touching same vertical.
Head somewhat conical, with limb of preoperculum slightly oblique.
Saddle-like gland on tail, above and below. LAMPADENA,
tii. Large luminous glands on head, but none on tail.
x. Superanal photophores in two groups.
Precaudal photophores 4.
One large, irregular gland occupying entire front of head. JETHOPRORA.
Four luminous glands on head, one in front of each eye and one on each infra-

orbital. CoLLETTIA.
Precaudal photophores none.

A gland in front of each eye below the nostril.
Photophores and cephalic glands all divided into halves by horizontal septa
of black pigment. DIAPHUS.
6. Lateral line obsolescent.
i. No luminous glands. Photophores much as in typical genus.
«x. Head long, with oblique preopercular limb.
Dorsal overlapping anal, the latter much the longer. Pectoral very high.
Precaudal photophore 1. Apparently no photophores on head.

TARLETONBEANIA.
ec. Lateral line with scales much enlarged; scales hard, persistent.

i. Luminous glands or scales on top of caudal peduncle ; none on head.
x. Scales cycloid. Anal passing behind soft dorsal.
Body elongate, fusiform; head short, with projecting snout.
Anal much longer than dorsal, but not overlapping. Caudal peduncle slender,
elongate. STENOBRACHIUS.
One posterolateral photophore over break in superanal series.
STENOBRACHIUS (ALysIA and RHINOSCOPELUS).
Body ovate, compressed; head short, profile declivous; snout not projecting.
Anal somewhat longer than dorsal and overlapping it slightly. Caudal peduncle
short and stout.
No posterolateral photophore. Superanals in unbroken series. ELECTRONA.
xx. Scales ctenoid. Anal terminating below soft dorsal.
Body elevated, somewhat compressed. Caudal peduncle rather slender.
Anal longer than dorsal, but scarcely overlapping. DASYSCOPELUS.
2. Dorsal and anal short, similar, far apart.
a. Scales large, very deciduous, covered with minute spines.
i. No luminous glands on head or tail.
x. Scales along belly with luminous centers. Photophores far from normal.
Head conical; rictus short.
Dorsal and anal equal, the latter placed with its center under soft dorsal.

NEOSCOPELUS.
b. Scales (if present) very deciduous.

i. Mouth very large; maxillary much dilated at tip. SCOPELENGYs.
B. Pectorals rudimentary.
1. Dorsal and anal overlapping considerably.
a. Lwninous glands on tail, above and below. Photophores minute, irregularly placed,

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 553

i. Head long, with oblique preopercular limb; snout conical; mouth terminal, hori-
zontal. NANNOBRACHIUM.
II. Body elongate, cylindrical. Teeth in lower jaw in several series. SCOPELOSAURUS.

Besides the species mentioned below, very many others are known from
the open Atlantic and Pacific, any of which are likely to be found off our
coasts. Descriptions of most of the known species are given in the papers
above mentioned of Litken and of Goode & Bean.

a. Dorsal fin not ending much, if any, before front of anal fin.

b. Caudal photophores 4 or 3, never 2; dorsal fin not much, if any, shorter than anal; body
deep or slender, not much contracted behind, the caudal peduncle robust; edge of
preopercle more or less oblique; pectorals long or short, placed rather low.

ce. Dorsal fin very long, much longer than anal and overlapping the latter; pectorals
small, narrow, placed low; head long and Jow, with small eye.
Macrostoma, 257.
ce. Dorsal fin not much longer than anal.
d. Head without large luminous glands; pectorals long or short, with narrow base.
e. Pectoral fins long, reaching past ventrals; luminous glands on caudal]
peduncle above or below, occasionally present.
f. Orbit with a small antrorse spine or horn above front of each eye.
CERATOSCOPELUS, 258.
J. Orbit without antrorse spine above. LAMPANYCcTUS, 259.
ee. Pectoral fin small or minute, not much longer than eye; usually a lumi-
nous blotch on caudal peduncle above or below, or both.
g. Scales in lateral line not larger than the others. LAMPADENA, 260.
gg. Scales in Jateral line notably larger than the others.
NANNOBRACHIUM, 261.
dd. Head with large luminous glands before or below eye; pectoral fins short and
broad, placed low; eye very large; snout short and convex; scales in lat-
eral line usually more or less enlarged, the pores luminous.
h. Photophores and luminous glands most of them divided into halves by cross
partitions of black pigment giving the form of the letter 0; a luminous
gland in front of each eye below nostril. DriaPHus, 262.
hh. Photophores simple, without septa.
i. Luminous blotches before and below eye separate.
JETHOPRORA, 263.
ii, Luminous blotches before and below eye coalescent in one large blotch
occupying whole front of head. CoLLeTTia, 264.
bb. Caudal photophores 2, never 3 or 4; dorsal fin notably shorter than anal, its rays 9 to
14; anal rays 16 to 20; body deep anteriorly, the caudal peduncle slender; edge of
preopercle nearly vertical; pectorals long, placed high; no luminous glands on
head; eye large.
j. Lateral line well developed.
k, Scales cycloid.
1, Maxillary scarcely enlarged at tip; last rays of dorsal not behind first of
anal.
m. Snout prominent, projecting beyond tip of lower jaw; scales of lateral
line more or less enlarged; caudal peduncle very slender; usually
a luminous gland on its upper surface. RuINOSCOPELUS, 265,
mm. Snout little prominent, scarcely projecting beyond tip of lower jaw;
scales of lateral line usually not enlarged; no luminous glands
on upper edge of tail; moderately elongate. Mycropnum, 266.
ll. Maxillary abruptly dilated at tip; last ray of dorsal behind first of anal;
form moderately elongate (not broad-ovate as in the European group
Electrona), BENTHOSEMA, 267,
kk. Scales ctenoid, firm; tail with a luminous gland above, DasyscorEe.us, 268,
jj. Lateral line obsolete; no glands on tail; scales crenulate, TARLETONBEANIA, 269

554 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

257, MACROSTOMA,* Risso.

Macrostoma, Risso, Europe Mérid., 11, 447, 1826, (angustidens); not Macrostomus, W1ED, 1817, a
genus of insects.

Notoscopelus, GUNTHER, Cat., v, 405, 411, 1884, (resplendens).

Oatablemella, EIGENMANN & EIGENMANN, Proc. Cal. Ac. Sci., 2d series, 111, 1890, 24, (brachychir).

Myctophids with the dorsal fin much longer than the anal, and overlap-
ping the anterior half of the latter. Body elongate. Snout obtusely con-
ical; jaws equal in front; cleft of mouth nearly horizontal; maxillary
not dilated behind. No luminous glands on head or tail. Arrangement
of photophores irregular. Precaudals 2+ 1 or 2, the last one high up.
(wakpoc, large; oroua, mouth.)

a, Mediolaterals 3, in a curved, subvertical series; posterolaterals 2 or 3.

b. Posterolaterals 2, horizontally side by side, under adipose dorsal.

c. Caudal spots 3 (2+ 1); posterolaterals under soft dorsal; pectoral weak and short.
d. Dorsal rays 21; anal 20; scales 42; anal photophores 8 + 8, QUERCINUM, 828.

dd. Dorsal rays 16; anal 14; anal photophores 9 ++ 17. MARGARITIFERUM, 829.
ec. Caudal spots 4 (2+ 2); first posterolateral under adipose dorsal, second behind it.
D. 21 to 24; A. 17 or 18; anal series 8 or 7 + 6 or 7. ANGUSTIDENS, 830.

bb. Posterolaterals 3, horizontally side by side; caudal spots 3 (2 +1); last posterolateral
under adipose dorsal; pectoral short and weak. JD. 20 or 21; A. 16; scales 46; anal

series 9 + 4. CASTANEUM, 831.
aa. Mediolaterals 2; posterolateral 1; caudal spots 3, the last at end of lateral line. D. 20; A.
18; scales 36. CAUDISPINOSUM, 832.

828. MACROSTOMA QUERCINUM (Goode & Bean).

Head 3% to 4; depth 53. D. 21 or 24; A. 19 or 20; scales 42. Eye
moderate, nearly 4. Snout short, about } as long as the diameter of the
eye. Mouth oblique and very large, the maxillary extending to angle
of preoperculum. Length of upper jaw about 4 that of head. Origin
of dorsal much nearer tip of snout than root of caudal, being over the
twelfth scale of the lateral line and immediately above origin of ventral;
length of its base equal to that of head, and longest ray $ as long as head,
its end over seventh ray of anal; pectoral short, not reaching to origin
of ventral; anal origin about under twenty-first scale of lateral line,
the length of the base equals that of head without snout, and the longest
ray is about4as long as head; adipose fin very slender, its distance
from end of dorsal equaling + length of head; caudal moderate, deeply

forked. A large luminous spot near the angle of the preoperculum; 2_

above the pectoral base and 1 below it; 1 just below the lateral line
above the origin of the anal; 5 or 6 between the isthmus and the root of
the ventral; a number of others not accurately counted. Color dark
brown.

Mediolaterals 3, in curved subvertical line; posterolaterals 2, under the
soft dorsal; precaudals 2 + 1, the last below the end of the lateral line;
one of the precaudals very high up. Western Atlantic, at 700 to 800
fathoms ; also inthe Mediterranean. (Goode & Bean.) This is very likely

* By the rules of the Amer. Ornithol. Union, Notoscopelus should be used instead of Macrostoma,
as there is a prior genus Macrostomus. We regard the two as distinct, as they are spelled differ-
ently.

Pas -«

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America, 555

the original elongatum of Costa, rather than the species here called by that
name (after Liitken). (quercinus, oak-like, from the tan-color.) (Eu.)

Notoscopelus quercinus, GoopE & Bran, Oceanic Ichthyology, 84, fig. 97, 1895, Grand Banks.
(Type, No. 43789, Coll. Albatross.)

829. MACROSTOMA MARGARITIFERUM (Goode & Bean).

Head 4; depth 5; eye moderate, about 4in head. D.16; A. 14. Least
height of tail 4 of greatest height of body. Snout very short, compressed
into a keel on its upper edge, its length scarcely more than 4 diameter
of the eye. Gill rakers 9 or 10 above the angle, about 16 below, the
longest about % the diameter of eye. Intermaxillary reaching almost
to angle of preoperculum. Space between eye and hinder edge of pre-
operculum much less than diameter of the eye. Origin of dorsal much
nearer tip of snout than root of caudal, about over ninth scale of lateral
line, and in same vertical with origin of ventral; length of dorsal base
nearly + of total (without caudal); the ventral does not quite reach to
origin of anal; pectoral very short, its length only } that of head; no
adipose dorsal; anal origin under eighteenth scale of lateral line; base
of fin as long as head without snout; caudal moderately forked. On
top of the caudal peduncle a long, linear mirror, nearly $ as long as head,
its width about 4 of its length. Several large phosphorescent spots on
inner edge of mandible, a large one near angle of preoperculum.

Mediolaterals 3, in a curved, subvertical line. Posterolaterals 2, under
soft dorsal. Superanals 9+ 7. Precaudals 2+ 2, the last below end of
lateral line. Grand Banks of Newfoundland; known from two speci-
mens. (Goode & Bean.) (margaritifer, bearing pearls.)

Notoscopelus margaritifer, Goopr & BEAN, Oceanic Ichthyology, 85, fig. 98, 1895, off Banquereau.
(Type, No. 48775. Coll. Sch. Alice M. Williams of Gloucester.)

830. MACROSTOMA ANGUSTIDENS, Risso.

(Prick Fisu ; MArIRE D’ AMPLORA.)

Head 4; depth 54+; eye moderate, 42 in head. D. 21 to 24; A. 17 or 18.
Caudal spots 4, 2 horizontally placed, 2 at base of caudal rays;
posterolateral spots 2or 3; anal spots about 8-+ 7; supra-anal spots 3, not
quite in line; ventral spots 5 or 6; a white or luminous spot on back of
tail. Preopercle very oblique. Body elongate, the caudal peduncle not
very slender. Head moderate, snout very short, low, but bluntish at tip;
chin prominent; mouth not very oblique. Dorsal very high, anal long;
pectoral slender, narrow, placed low, with 12 rays, not reaching ventrals.
A luminous gland above and one below tail. Atlantic and Indian Oceans,
Norway and Greenland. (Liitken; here described from Mediterranean
examples.) It is not unlikely that several species are confounded under
thisname. According to Goode & Bean, the original elongatum may be the
one called by them quercinus. (angustus, narrow; dens, tooth.) (Eu.)
Macrostoma angustidens, Risso, Europe Méridionale, m1, 448, 1826, Nice ; D. 22; A, 18.

Scopelus elongatus, Costa, Fauna Napoli, Pesci, 1, 2, Scopelus, 1844, Naples; Li'rKen, Spolia
Atlantica, 11, 44, 1892; Lintsenora, Sveriges Fiskar, v1, 25, 1889.

Lampanyetus resplendens, Ricuarnpson, Voy. Erebus and Terror, 42, 1845, Gulf of Guinea; GUN-
THER, Cat., v, 416, 1864.

556 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

Scopelus kriyeri, Matm, Goteberg Vetensk. Handl., 100, 1863, Bohuslan, Sweden.

Scopelus pseudocrocodilus, MOREAU (fide LUTKEN).

Myctophum brachychir,* EIGENMANN & E1IGENMANN, West American Scientist, 1889, 126, Cortez
Banks.

831. MACROSTOMA CASTANEUM (Goode & Bean).

Head 4; depth 5}. D.20 or 21; A.16; scales about 46. Eye mod-
erate, its diameter nearly 4 in head, and more than 2 in snout. Mouth
exceedingly wide, oblique, with jaws equal; maxillary extending back-
ward almost to angle of preoperculum. Intermaxillary as long as max-
illary, and toothed throughout its entire length. Maxillary very little
expanded posteriorly. Origin of dorsal fin very much nearer tip of snout
than root of caudal, being as far from snout as from front of pearl-colored
patch on top of tail and somewhat in advance of origin of ventral; dorsal
base considerably longer than head, the longest ray equaling length of
postorbital part of head; caudal deeply forked; pectoral small and
not reaching nearly to ventral, its length not much more than $ that of
head ; ventral insertion under fourth ray of dorsal, its length about }
that of head; anal base nearly equal to head without snout. Medio-
laterals 3, in curved subvertical line; posterolaterals 3, horizontally side
by side. Precaudals 2+ 1, last below the end of the lateral line. Last
posterolateral under soft dorsal. Number of superanals9-+ 4. Grand
Banks, two specimens known. (Goode & Bean.) (castaneus, chestnut-
colored. )

Notoscopelus castaneus, GOODE & BEAN, Oceanic Ichthyology, 85, fig. 95, 1895, Grand Banks.
(Type, No. 31706. Coll. Str. Fish Hawk.)

832. MACROSTOMA CAUDISPINOSUM (Johnson).

Head 33; depth 53. D. 36; A. 18 or 19; V.8; lateral line 36 to 38. Eye
moderate. Snout obtusely conical, with jaws equal in front. Cleft of
mouth rather oblique. Origin of dorsal fin midway between extremity
of snout and adipose fin, and above base of outer ventral rays, its last ray
behind vertical from middle of ana]. A series of from 6 to 9 small
spines bent backward, above and below, before the root of caudal, the
tips of neural processes. Pectoral fins shorter than ventral, and not
extending beyond its root. Mediolaterals 2; posterolaterals 1; precau-
dals 2+ 1, the last at the end of the dorsal line; the single posterolat-
eral in advance of the soft dorsal; number of superanals 7+ 4 (?).
(Goode & Bean.) Atlantic Ocean, two specimens known, one from the
western Atlantic at a depth of 1,782 fathoms, 39° N., 68° W. (cauda, tail;
spinosus, spined. )

Scopelus caudispinosus, JOHNSON, Proc. Zodl. Soc. Lond., 1863, 42, Madeira; Giinruer, Cat., V,
416, 1864.
Notoscopelus caudispinosus, Goopr & BEAN, Oceanic Ichthyology, 85, fig. 96, 1895.

* Head 3% (4in specimen examined); depth 4%4; D. 20 to 28; A. 18 to 20; scales 40. Luminous
spots not described, probably as in M. angustidens, a white spot on back of tail; elongate, com-
pressed; head long, slender, the snout pointed, the profile not much rounded; preopercular
margin very oblique; mouth large, maxillary not dilated behind, 12 in head; eye moderate, 4
in head. Dorsal falcate, longer than anal; pectorals minute, not nearly reaching ventrals.
Length 3% inches. Cortez Banks, near San Diego, in 45 fathoms. (Eigenmann.) Not evidently
different from M. angustidens ; aspecimen examined by us, in poor condition, agrees perfectly with
TC ae condensed above, so far as its characters can be ascertained. (8paxvs, short;
Xetp, Hand,

|
|
|

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America.

jeca |
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~)

2

258. CERATOSCOPELUS, Giinther.
Ceratoscopelus, GUNTHER, Cat., v, 405 and 412, 1864, (madeirensis).

Dorsal and anal fins touching the same vertical, but scarcely overlap-
ping, the dorsal not greatly elongate. Scales of the lateral line some-
whatenlarged. Head long; limb of preoperculum oblique; snout conical
and snake-like. A spine above orbit on each side. No luminous glands
on head or tail. Caudal photophores 4. (xépac, horn; Scopelus.)

a. D. 13 or 14; A. 13; eye large; anal series 6 + 6; two posterolateral spots; four caudal spots.
MADEIRENSIS, 833.

833. CERATOSCOPELUS MADEIRENSIS (Lowe).

Head 3; depth43. D.13o0r14; A. 13; scales 36. Forehead with a bony
projection or horn on each sideaboveeye. Caudal spots 4, the last at base
of middlerays; 2 posterolateral spots; anal spots about 6-+ 6, the series
not evenly placed; supra-anal spots forming an oblique series. Pre-
opercle very oblique. Body rather elongate, the head large and heavy;
eye large, twice length of the bluntish snout, 3} in head; mouth large.
Dorsal high, much shorter than anal; pectoral long and slender, reaching
past frontof anal. (Litken.) Atlantic and Mediterranean, west to the
Grand Banks, where it is rather common at about 1,500 fathoms. (Eu.)
Scopelus madeirensis, LowE, Proc. Zoil. Soc. Lond., 1839, 87; 1851, 250; and Trans. Zo6l. Soc.

Lond., 111, 14, 1839, Madeira; Ginruer, Cat., v, 412, 1864; RArrarLr, Mitt. Zool. Stat.
Naples, 1x, 184, pl. 7, fig. 9, 1889; Liirken, Vid. Med. Naturh. Foren., 208, 1891.

Scopelus bonapartii, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., x x11, 449, 1848, Nice.
Ceratoscopelus madeirensis,* GoopE & BEAN, Oceanic Ichthyology, 82, 1895,

259. LAMPANYCTUS, Bonaparte.

Lampanyctus, BONAPARTE, Fauna Italica, fasc. xx vu, 1840, (crocodilus).

Body oblong, compressed, slender, the caudal peduncle rather robust.
Scales deciduous, cycloid, those of the lateral line not enlarged, so far as
known; lateral line well developed; number of caudal photophores 3 or
4, never 2; luminous blotches almost always present on upper or lower
edge of tail, none on forehead. Head compressed, the mouth large, with
subequal jaws; premaxillary very long and slender. Eye large; pre-
opercular edge more or less oblique. Gillrakers long and slender.
Dorsal fin large, larger than in Myctophum, not notably shorter than
anal, its insertion little, if any, behind that of ventrals; rays of dorsal
11 to 24, those of anal 9 to 19. Pectoral fins narrow, well developed,
inserted low. Species numerous, very widely distributed in the open
sea. (Adurn, lamp; vis, night.)

a. Pectorals long and falcate.

b. Caudal photophores 8 or 4, in two series, the last on or near end of lateral line.
c. Mediolaterals 2; posterolaterals 2, nearly under adipose dorsal.

* * Height of body } of total length; length of head nearly 44. Least height of tail nearly 4%
greatest height of body. Snout moderate, Mouth large, oblique; jaws equal. Maxillary very
slightly expanded behind. Ventral reaches to vent, and pectoral almost as far back as ventral.
Anal origin under about nineteenth scale of lateral line, D. 13; A. 12; scales 36.—Goode &
Bean; from American specimens.

558 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum,

d, Snout short, sharp, not much decurved above; eye small, 5 in head. Scales
38 or 39; D. 12 or 13 (sometimes 14 or 15); A. 14 or 15 (rarely 17 or 18);
anal series 6 to 8 + 8 to 12; eye small, about 5 in head; head long, snake-
like, with large mouth. CROCODILUS, 834.
dd. Snout blunt, decuryed; eye large, 3 to 3} in head; scales 32 to 35.
e. Scales 35; D. 13 or 14; A. 14 or 15; pectoral reaching front of anal; no
luminous glands on tail. TOWNSENDI, 835,
ee. Scales 32 or 33; D. 13; A. 15; anal series 7 + 6; pectoral reaching middle
of anal; tail with a luminous gland above and below. ALAtus, 836.
ce. Mediolaterals 3; posterolaterals 2, in advance of adipose dorsai; caudal series
3+1; D.12 or 13; A.13 or 14. Scales 36; anal series 5 + 5; anterolaterals 2;
pectoral reaching middle of anal; snout short; eye 4in head. GUNTHERI, 837.
bb. Caudal photophores 4, in a continuous, nearly horizontal row; the last not approach-
ing end of lateral line; mediolaterals 2; posterolaterals 2, nearly under adipose
dorsal; D. 12; A. 16; scales 38; anal series 7 +8; anterolaterals 3, horizontally
placed, not approaching end of lateral line. GEMMIFER, 838.
aa. Pectorals comparatively short, slender; caudal spots 4, in a low, nearly horizontal series,
the last much below lateral line; 1 posterolateral below adipose dorsal. D. 12; A.
12 or 13. Scales 36; anal series 5 to 7 + 5. LACERTA, 839.

834. LAMPANYCTUS CROCODILUS (Risso).

Head 3;7,;; depth 58. D.12to 15; A.14t018; P.14; scales 38or39. Four
caudal spots, the last at base of middle rays; 2 posterolateral spots; anal
spots variable, about 6+ 8; supra-anals 3, forming an obtuse-angled tri-
angle. Preopercle extremely oblique. Body elongate, the caudal peduncle
stout; snout very short, pointed; mouth very large, the chin projecting;
eye small, 5 in head, close to the tip of snout. Dorsal high; pectoral
long and slender, reaching front of anal. Atlantic and Mediterranean ;
rare; west to 33° N., 40° W. (Liitken.) (Crocodilus, a crocodile.) (Eu.)
Gasteropelecus crocodilus, Risso, Ichth. Nice, 357, 1810, Nice.

Scopelus crocodilus, LUTKEN, Spolia Atlantica, 11, 43, 1892.
Lampanyctus crocodilus, GoopDE & BEAN, Oceanic Ichthyology, 79, 1895.

835. LAMPANYCTUS TOWNSENDI* (Eigenmann & Eigenmann),

Head 3 to 34; depth 43 to 5; eye large, 3}. D.13 or 14; A. 14 or 15;
scales 35, those of lateral line not enlarged. Caudal spots 3, two
below, with a third higher up at base of caudal; posterolateral spot
present; anal spots 6+6—12; 4 between ventrals and anal. Form
rather elongate, the head longer than in Myctophum humboldti, the tail
deeper; preopercle about as in M. humboldti. Pectorals long and narrow,
reaching nearly to front of anal, 1} in body. Cortez Banks, near San
Diego, in 45 fathoms. (Eigenmann.) A specimen examined by us is in
poor condition, but the species is certainly a valid one, and allied to
Lampanyctus alatus. (Named for Charles H. Townsend, naturalist on the
Albatross.)

Myctophum townsendi, EIGENMANN & EIGENMANN, West American Scientist, 1889, 125, Corte:
Banks. (Type, No. 41921. Coll. Eigenmann.)

* Phosphorescent spots of the head as in californiense, the spots in the ventral series fewer in
number, 5 pairs on breast; 4 pairs between ventrals and anal; 6 pairs along base of anal; 6
pairs on caudal peduncle; 2 pairs on caudal peduncle above the spines. Spots of the sides as in
californiense, with an additional spot on base of middle caudal rays, and another between the
last of the anal pairs and the one below the tweny-fourth scale of the lateral line.” — Higenmann.

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 509

836. LAMPANYCTUS ALATUS, Goode & Bean.

Head 34; depth 5; eye 3; snout nearly 2 in eye. D. 13; A. 17 or 18;
scales 32-33. Least depth of tail about 4 greatest height of body.
Snout short; upper and lower profile deeply curved, and with a median
crest. Mouth large; length of upper jaw equal to greatest depth of body.
Origin of dorsal nearer to tip of snout than to root of caudal; pectoral
fin very long, reaching to at least middle of anal base; ventral short,
not reaching to origin of anal; anal origin under end of dorsal; caudal
moderate and deeply forked. A small phosphorescent body on the upper
and lower edges of the tail at the root of the caudal; length of lower
patch a little greater than diameter ef eye.

Mediolateral photophores 2; posterolaterals 2, the latter one above the
other or nearly so. Precaudals in two groups, 2+1 or 3+1, the last at
the end of the lateral line. Posterolaterals nearly under soft dorsal.
Number of superanals7+ 6. Three specimens taken by the Albatross from
station 2393, in 28° 43’ N. latitude, 87° 14” W. longitude, 525 fathoms.
(Goode & Bean.) (alatus, winged.)

Lampanyctus alatus, GoopE & Bean, Oceanic Ichthyology, 79, 1895, Gulf Stream. (Type, No.
43769. Coll. Albatross.)

837. LAMPANYCTUS GUNTHERI, Goode & Bean.

Head 3%; depth 54; eye nearly 4. D.13; A.13; scales 36. Body much
compressed. Least depth of tail 4 greatest depth of body. Snout short,
avout 4 diameter of eye. Mouth oblique, very large, the maxilla extend-
ing nearly to angle of preoperculum; maxilla very little dilated posteri-
orly. Length of upper jaw about % that of head. Dorsal origin a little
nearer to tip of snout than to root of ventral, immediately over origin of
ventral and eleventh or twelfth scale of lateral line; ana) origin under
the sixteenth scale of lateral line, its base short, about $ length of head ;
adipose fin present, small, entirely behind the base of the anal; nine
rows of scales between its posterior margin and the root of the caudal;
pectorals very long, reaching to above middle of anal; ventral reaches
almost to anal origin; caudal moderate, well forked. Mediolaterals 3;
posterolaterals 2. Precaudals 2 + 1, the last at the end of the lateral line.
Posterolaterals in advance of the first dorsal, forming a gently curved
series continuous with anterior half of the broken supra-anal series. One
specimen obtained by the Gloucester fleet. (Named for Dr. Albert Giinther,
Keeper of the Zoological Collections in the British Museum, and the author
of ‘‘monumental works,” the foundations of ichthyological work in the
last half of the nineteenth century.)

Lampanyctus giintheri, Goope & Bran, Oceanic Ichthyology, 80, 1895, Grand Banks. (Type,
No, 43777.)

838. LAMPANYCTUS GEMMIFER, Goode & Bean.

Head 3%; depth 54. D. II, 12; A. II,16; V.8; P.15,16; scales 5-38-5.
Least depth of tail } height of body. Eye large, nearly } length of head.
Distance between posterior margin of orbit and preopercular edge equal
to diameter of eye. Snout obtuse, very short, its length less than half

560 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

diameter of eye. Maxillary scarcely dilated behind. Origin of dorsal
midway between tip of snout and dorsal mirror; base of dorsal equal to
length of postorbital part of head, and about equal to longest dorsal ray;
ventral origin slightly in advance of dorsal origin; pectoral reaches
slightly beyond origin of anal. Scales smooth, those of the lateral line
scarcely larger than others. Mediolateral photophores 2; posterolaterals
2, the latter one above the other, or nearly so. Precaudals 4, in nearly
horizontal, though curved row, the last far below the end of the lateral
line; anterolaterals 3, in nearly continuous line with lowest prepectoral
and mediolaterals ; numberof superanals Tor 8. The pearly mirrorupon
the upper edge of the caudal peduncle as long as the eye, and much longer
than the one extending from the end of the anal to the root of the caudal;
slender and narrow, $ as long as the head. Gill rakers 6 above and 12
below angle of first arch, longest $ as long aseye. One specimen from 39°
40’ N., 71° 35’ W., in 538 fathoms. (Goode & Bean.) (gemmifer, bear-

ing buds or gems.)
Lampanyctus gemmifer, GoopE & BzAN, Oceanic Ichthyology, 81, fig. 88, 1895, Grand Banks.
(Type, No. 35604. Coll. Albatross.)

839. LAMPANYCTUS LACERTA (Goode & Bean).

Head 34; depth 5; eye moderate 34. D. 13; A. 15; scales about 36.
Greatest depth of head $ of its length. Snout somewhat obtuse, rounded,
with strong keel; its length about 4 diameter of eye. Cleft of mouth
somewhat oblique, maxillary reaching to angle of preoperculum and
somewhat dilated. Origin vf dorsal much nearer tip of snout than
root of caudal; pectoral slender, its middle rays elongate; ventrals
inserted slightly behind the origin of dorsal, and reach to base of first
anal ray; anal inserted behind end of dorsal base; caudal large, forked.
Photophores arranged somewhat as in M. punctatum.

Mediolaterals 3; posterolateral 1; the former in an obliquely vertical
row, as in M. punctatum, the latter under the soft dorsal. Precaudals in
low horizontal line. Number of superanals 7-+-5. Three large pits in
the mandibles also show luminous qualities. Color apparently light
brown, the scales opalescent. Gulf Stream, at moderate depths; not rare.

(Goode & Bean.) (lacerta, lizard.)
Myctophum lacerta, GoopE & BEAN, Oceanic Ichthyology, 74, fig. 83, 1895, Gulf Stream, Lat.
28° 38/ 30’ N. Long. 85° 52’ 30” W. (Type, No. 43778. Coll. Albatross.)

260. LAMPADENA, Goode & Bean.

Lampadena, GoopE & Bran, Oceanic Ichthyology, 85, 1895, (speculigera).

This genus or subgenus is very close to Lampanyctus, differing from the
latter chiefly in the small pectoral. From Nannobrachium, which it
approaches in this respect, the fact that the scales of the lateral line are
not enlarged, perhaps sufficiently distinguishes it. The anal fin is rather
short, its first ray being not in advance of the last ray of dorsal. As in
Lampanyctus and Nannobrachium, the scales are readily deciduous, and it
is not always easy to find the character of those in the-lateral line from
preserved specimens. Probably Lampadena and Nannobrachium should
be merged in Lampanyctus. (Aaurn, light; ad7v, gland.)

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. d61

840. LAMPADENA SPECULIGERA, Goode & Bean.

Head 4; depth 44; eye very large, 3. D. 13; A. 14; V. 8; P.- very
small; scales 4-35-5. Least depth of tail 2 height of body. Greatest
depth of head about # of its length. Distance between posterior margin
of orbit and preoperculum edge about + diameter of eye. Snout short,
conical, its length about $ diameter of eye. Cleft of mouth somewhat
oblique, the lower jaw included. Posterior tip of maxillary distant from
angle of preoperculum a space almost equal to length of snout. Origin
of dorsal nearer tip of snout than root of caudal by a distance equal to $
the length of its own base, and inserted nearly over root of ventral, over
eleventh scale of lateral line, its last ray over vent in advance of origin
of anal; pectoral not reaching nearly to vertical from origin of ventral,
its length being equal to } that of upper jaw, and a little greater than
diameter of eye; ventral not reaching to vent, its length equal to about
4 that of head. Scales smooth, those of the lateral line not larger than
the others, the tubes passing through them luminous. Eight scales
between the adipose fin and the margin of the pearl-colored dorsal patch ;
there are 35 scales in the lateral line, 4 above and 5 below it. The lumin-
ous spot, # as long as the diameter of the eye, club-shaped, on the top of
the tail immediately in front of the base of the caudal ray. A similar
spot on the lower edge of the caudal peduncle, a little in advance of the
origin of the caudal rays, its posterior edge about in line with the center
of the dorsal patch, its length about ? the diameter of the eye; a lumin-
ous gland above and below on caudal peduncle; no postanal series of
superanal photophores, these being replaced by the subpeduncular
glands; anterolateral 1; posterolaterals 2; precaudals in two groups, the
anterior and lower one of two photophores widely separated from the
posterior and single one, which is placed at the end of the lateral line;
the single posterolateral is under the root of the soft dorsal, and con-
siderably behind the termination of the anal. Gill rakers 6 above and
13 or 14 below the angle, the longest about 4 as long as the diameter of
the eye. Color purplish brown; very glossy, almost iridescent. One
specimen from 39° 48’ W., 70° 36’ N., at 551 fathoms. (Goode & Bean.)
(speculiger, mirror-bearing. )

Lampadena speculigera, Goopr & Bran, Oceanic Ichthyology, 86, 1895, Gulf Stream, (Type,
No. 48797. Sch. Alice G. Wonson.)

261. NANNOBRACHIUM, Giinther.

Nannobrachium, Gintuer, Deep-Sea Fishes, Challenger, 199, 1887, (nigrum).
Stenobrachius, EIGENMANN & E1GENMANN, Proc. Cal. Ac. Sci., 111, 1890, 5, (leucopsa>um).

This genus is closely allied to Lampanyctus, from which it differs chiefly

| in the small pectorals. Caudal peduncle with luminous blotches above

and below. Photophores small, arranged about as in Lampanyctus.
Scales of lateral line enlarged in all species, so far as known. Last ray

of dorsal more or less behind first of anal. (vdvvoc, dwarf; Bpayiwr, arm.)
a, Anal spots 12 to 14; anal rays 14 or 15; last ray of dorsal about over third anal ray,
b. Gill rakers 5 4-13 to 15; caudal spots 3 or 4; snout bluntish; photophores moderate,

¥.XN. A.——37

562 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

c. Luminous patches above and below tail, occupying nearly whole length of caudal

peduncle. LEUCOPSARUM, 841.

cc. Luminous patches above and below tail short. NANNOCHIR, 842.

bb. Gill rakers 5 4-10; caudal spots 3, the last above end of lateral line; snout rather
acute; photophores minute. MEXICANUM, 843.

aa, Anal spots small, 16 to 18.
d. Anal rays 19; eye moderate or small, 51% to 534 in head; caudal spots 3 or 4, the last
well separated near end of lateral line; last ray of dorsal over sixth of anal; size
large. REGALE, 844.
dd, Anal rays 16 or 17; eye 5 in head; last ray of dorsal over fifth of anal.
MACDONALDI, 845,

841. NANNOBRACHIUM LEUCOPSARUM (Eigenmann & Eigenmann).

Head 3% to 32; D.12 to 15; A. 14 or 15; scales 35 or 36. Caudal pedun-
cle deep, its least depth about half that of body. Luminous patches
above and below tail, occupying nearly the whole length of caudal pedun-
cle; caudal spots 3 or 4; anteroanal spots usually 6; ventral spots 5;
1 or 2 posterolateral spots. Body deep forward, the head long and
pointed; maxillary shortish, reaching edge of preopercle, 1} in head;
cheek broader than in N. nannochir, less tapering behind; eye rather
small, 34in head. Scales very thin, those of the lateral line much deeper
than others; pectoral very short and narrow. Color rather pale; oper-
cles with silvery luster; iris with silvery pigment; fins not quite black.
Length 4 inches. Alaska to San Diego, in rather deep water; not rare.
Locally very abundant in stormy weather off Point Loma. (Aevkdc,
white ; aapoc, spotted, piebald.)

Myctophum (Stenobrachius) leucopsarum, EIGENMANN & E1GENMANN, Proc. Cal. Ac. Sci., March,
1890, 5, off Point Loma, Lower California, in stomachs of Sebastodes. (Type, No.
41916. Coll. Kigenmann.)

842. NANNOBRACHIUM NANNOCHIR (Gilbert).

Very close to Nannobrachium leucopsarum, differing chiefly in the longer
body and head, and especially in the less development of the luminous
patches on the tail.

Head. 34 to 3? in length; depth 5. D.12o0r13; A. 15 or 16; scales 35or
36. Gill rakers 5+ 13 to 15; caudal peduncle long and slender, its least
depth + to} that of body ; luminous patches on tail short, usually oceu-
pying + to4 length of caudal peduncle. Maxillary long, the preopercle
very obliquely placed ; the cheek long, tapering to an acute angle pos-

teriorly. Anal spots 7-+7. Ventral spots usually 5; no spot before eye.

Coloration darker than in WN. leucopsarum, the opercle black, the iris

usually with silvery, the fins uniformly black. Length 5 inches. Alaska

to Santa Barbara Islands, abundant in 300 fathoms, often in company

with Nannobrachium leucopsarum, which it very closely resembles. (vavvoc,

dwarf; yeip, hand.)

Myctophum nannochir,* GiLBEeRT, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1890, 51, July. (Types, No. 1059, Stan-
ford Univ. Mus., and 44291 U. S. Nat. Mus. Coll. Albatross); from station 3072, off
coast of Washington.

* Reexamination of the original types of Myctophunt namnochir showed to Dr. Gilbert that two
species were confounded by him under that name. One of these was almost simultaneously

described by Higenmann under the name of leucopsarum. The name nannochir has been restricted

by Gilbert to the other.

—

en

Jordan and Evermann.—Ffishes of North America. 563

845. NANNOBRACHIUM MEXICANUM (Gilbert).

Head 34; depth 53; eye 4 to 44 in head; snout 64. D.12; A.14; seales
30 to 33; gill rakers 5+ 10. Caudal spots 3, the last one widely sepa-
rated from the others and above end of lateral line; anal spots 6+6;
posterolateral spots present, the uppermost on lateral line; 3 supra-anal
spots in a series, 4 spots on course of lateral line and about equally dis-
tant; these are the upper pectoral, supraventral, upper supra-anal, and
posterolateral spots; no spot before eye. Photophores all small; tail
with luminous glands above and below. Body slender, the eye rather
small, the snout comparatively acute; snout not projecting, the jaws
equal; maxillary 13 in head; scales very deciduous. Pectorals minute,
of 3 or 4 raysonly. Last ray of dorsal over fourth of anal. Length 2
inches. Coast of Lower California.

Myctophum mexicanum, GILBERT, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., 1890, 51, Albatross stations 3008
and 3009, Lower California. (Type, No. 44289. Coll. Albatross.)

844. NANNOBRACHIUM REGALE (Gilbert).

Head 33; depth 53; eye 54 to 5%. D.16; A. 19; scales 37; gill rakers
5+10. Caudal spots 3 or 4, the last near end of lateral line, well sepa-
rated from the others; anal spots 11+ 7; ventral spots 3; posterolateral
spot present; a supra-anal spot halfway between vent and lateral line; a
phosphorescent streak on caudal peduncle aboveand below. Body rather
elongate, with stout caudal peduncle ; snout pointed, lower jaw project-
ing beyond it; preopercular margin very oblique; eye small, slightly
longer than snout; teeth on vomer evident. Scales entire, large, very
deciduous, those along lateral line much larger. Front of dorsal slightly
nearer adipose fin than eye, its origin over axil of ventrals; insertion of
anal under its twelfth ray; last ray of dorsal over sixth of anal. Pecto-
tals very slender, with 14 rays, the upper filamentous and produced to
opposite base of ventrals; ventrals reaching vent. Black. Length 5
inches. Santa Barbara Channel in 600 to 820 fathoms. (regalis, royal.)

Myctophum regale, GILBERT, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1891, 544, Santa Barbara Channel. (Type,
No. 44289. Coll. Albatross. )

845. NANNOBRACHIUM MACDONALDI, Goode & Bean.

Head 3}; depth 5. D. 13; A. 16 or 17; scales 4-35-44. Eye moderate,
5 in head, and considerably greater than snout. Mouth extremely wide,
rather oblique. Premaxillary as long as maxillary; both bones narrow
and rod-shaped. Gill lamin very short; gill rakers long, needle-
shaped, the longest a little longer than eye. Origin of dorsal nearer
extremity of snout than root of caudal, its last ray opposite fourth or
fifth ray of anal, while the origin of anal is opposite tenth ray of dorsal;
the longest ray of the latter equal to length of head without snout:
adipose fin small, opposite penultimate ray of anal; caudal much forked;
pectoral composed of 3 or 4 small, short, delicate rays; ventral inserted
slightly in advance of dorsal, and extending to vent. Phosphorescent
organs arranged much as in N. nigrum. The glandular organ of white
upon the top of the caudal peduncle much smaller than that described

564 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

for N. nigrum, but it has possibly been partially obliterated; the one on
the lower part of the peduncle is much larger. Coloration, purplish
brown.

Type 5 inches in length, obtained by the Albatross from station 2553, in
39° 48’ N. latitude, 70° 36” W. longitude, at a depth of 551 fathoms. In
a second individual from the Gulf Stream the pectoral is much more
developed than in the type, its length being ? that of the head, and reach-
ing nearly to origin of ventral. The species is abundant in the Gulf
Stream, where many examples have been taken. (Goode & Bean.)

(Named for Marshall McDonald, United States Fish Commissioner.)

Nannobrachium macdonaldi, Goopr & BEAN, Oceanic Ichthyology, 94, fig. 100, 1895, Gulf Stream.
(Type, No. 35545.)

262. DIAPHUS, HEigenmann & Eigenmann.

Diaphus, EIGENMANN & EIGENMANN, Proc. Cal. Ac. Sci., 2d Series, 111, 1890, 3, (theta).

This genus is closely related to dthoprora, its chief character being in
the fact that all or nearly all of the photophores are divided by a hori-
zontal cross septum of black pigment, giving them the form of the Greek
letter 6, theta. This septum is readily injured or destroyed in badly pre-
served specimens. Two or three* species known. (dia, divided; ¢dc,
light.)

846. DIAPHUS THETA, Eigenmann & Eigenmann.

Head 3 to 33; depth 34 to 4; eye large, 33 in head, 3 in length of the
blunt snout. D.11to 13; A.9 to 12; scales 34. Each of the luminous
spots divided by a hoczontal black line; 4 caudal spots; anal spots
5+5 or 6=10 or 11; nospot on base of middle caudal rays; 4 supra-anal
spots in an oblique line; 2 or 3 posterolateral spots; a luminous blotch
below eye varying more or less anteriorly ; a small detached dot behind
this; a photophore before eye above nostril; a flat, soft, glandular body
attached by one side just above base of pectoral, nearly + the size of
pupil; no glandular spots on tail. Body deep, compressed, with stout-~
ish caudal peduncle; head short and deep, the profile convex. Scales
entire, those of the lateral line somewhat enlarged. Pectorals small,
placed low, rather short, not quite reaching ventrals. Length 2? inches.
Point Loma, near San Diego, to Oregon, in deep water; the specimenst

* Besides Diaphus theta, the character of divided photophores appears also in Diaphus engraulis
(Giinther) and in Diaphus cxruleus (Klunzinger). Liitken regards engraulis as a synonym of
ceruleus. In Diaphus cruleus there is a luminous blotch below eye asin Diaphus theta, The body
in D. ceruleus is more elongate, and the dorsal ends just before first ray of anal.

+ Concerning these specimens Dr. Gilbert observes:

‘“*They are identical with the types of Myctophum protoculus, and are in a state of preservation
sufficiently good to show the division of the luminous spots, a character not visible in the types
of M. protoculus. It is obvious that the spots are divided into upper and lower halves which are
structureally different, the narrow pigment band indicating this separation on the surface.

‘The specimens before us show great variation in the size of the subocular luminous blotch,
and indicate how little dependence can be placed on that character. In addition to the round-
ish supranasal blotch described by Eigenmann, the species possesses a more or less developed
subocular bar. In one specimen the latter is a bare line, with a minute point separated from it
posteriorly. In others it is wider, and in the extreme in this respect we fiud a bar, the width
of which is 4 the diameter of the pupil. There remains constantly separated from it the small
dot already re ferred to. A peculiar soft flattish body 14 as large as pupil is attached by one
edge to the shoulder girdle just above the insertion of the pectoral fin. It is constantly present
and uniform in position in all specimens seen, including the types of theta and protoculus. It
may be a luminous organ, though it has not strikingly the appearance of one, and its nature
may be considered problematical.”

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 565

examined by us (Albatross Coll.), from off Point Arena, Humboldt
County, California, in 455 fathoms. (theta, from the form of the lumi-

nous spots. )

Diaphnus theta, EXIGENMANN & EIGENMANN, Proc. Cal. Ac. Sci., March, 1890, 111, 4, Point
Loma, near San Diego. (Coll. Eigenmann.) :

Myctophum protoculus, GILBERT, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1890, July, 52, coast of Washington,
in 584 fathoms, Albatross Station 3072; specimens in poor condition, not showing
division of photophores. (Type, No. 41922. Coll. Albatross.)

263. A THOPRORA, Goode & Bean.
Zthoprora, GOODE & Bran, Oceanic Ichthyology, 86, 1895, (metopoclampa).

Body oblong, compressed, resembling Myctophum in form; covered
with large scales, those in the lateral line very slightly larger than the
others. Head compressed. Snout very obtuse and short, projecting
slightly beyond orbital margin, the jaws about equal. Eye moderate.
Dorsal fin premedian, entirely or almost entirely in advance of the anal,
which it closely resembles in shape and dimensions; ventral with 8 rays
inserted under the anterior portion of the dorsal; pectorals moderate,
placed low ; adipose fin long and prominent. Luminous gland of irregu-
lar form occupying the front of the head in advance of eye; usually
another beiow eye; these separate from their fellows on the other side;
a luminous spot or glandular body of greater or less extent upon the
body at the angle of the preoperculum and, in some species, others upon
the interoperculum and upon the sides of the lower jaw. Precaudal
photophores 4, forming a more or less crescent-shaped line at the base of
the lower caudal lobe. Deep seas; very close to Diaphus, differing only
in the simple photophores. (aifoc, glow, and zpopa, prow, front.)

a. Scales 35 or 36.
b. Anterolateral photophores 2; mediolaterals 2; posterolaterals none. LucIDA, 847,
bb. Anterolateral photophores1; mediolaterals 3 or 4; posterolaterals 2. EFFULGENS, 848.

$47. ETHOPHRORA LUCIDA, Goode & Bean.

Head 3%; depth 44; eyeabout4. D.IIT,14; A. II, 14; scales 35. Least
depth of tail 2} in height of body. Head considerably longer than high,
its height equal to distance from anterior margin of pupil to end of
opercular flap. Snout short, but less declivous and obtuse than in 2.
metopoclampa. A pearl-colored luminous organ touching the limb of
orbit, but separated from it above and below, with posterior lobe not
prolonged far back, and with a space between its lower margin and the
opening of the jaw. Cleft of mouth oblique and curved, the maxillary
reaching to angle of preoperculum and not dilated. Origin of dorsaland
ventral nearly in same vertical, that of former midway between anterior
margin of orbit and adipose fin; that of latter midway between tip of
snout and adipose fin; insertion of the last ray of dorsal over inter-
space between third and fourth rays of anal; pectoral (unless mutilated)
only half as long as ventral, and its tip does not approximate the vertical
from its origin; dorsal and anal similar, the former with its upper mar-
gin concave; adipose dorsal inserted over interspace between antepe-
nultimate and penultimate anal rays, and as long as ultimate dorsal ray.
Scales smooth, those of lateral line scarcely enlarged.

i

566 Bulletin 47, Untted States National Museum,

Type specimen with 13 photophores in the anal series; a wide break
over roots of last 2 rays of anal; no posterolaterals ; 2 mediolaterals, the
anterior the lowest; two anterolaterals, the anterior and highest very
small, above the axil of the pectoral or very near the lateral line, the
posterior one somewhat more than midway between this and the anterior
of the mediolateral group, and forming, with the two photophores in that
group, an obtuse isosceles triangle, with the anterior of the medial group
at its apex; of the 4 precaudal photophores the last 3 are the most
nearly together, and form a nearly vertical line at the base of the lower
caudal lobe; a large, apparently luminous, pearl-colored spot under tip
of flap of opercle. One specimen about 4 inches long, obtained by the
Albatross at station 2127, in 19° 45’ N, latitude, 75° 04” W. longitude, in
1,639 fathoms. (Goode & Bean.) (lucidus, shining.)

Athoprora lucida, GOODE & Brean, Oceanic Ichthyology, 88, fig. 102, 1895, Gulf Stream. (Type,
No. 44084. Coll. Albatross.)

S48. ETHOPRORA EFFULGENS, Goode & Bean.

Head nearly 4; depth 4; eye large, 24 in head. D. II, 13; A. II, 14;
scales 35 or 36. Least depth of tail + height of body. Head considera-
bly longer than high, the flap of operculum extending above and behind
axil of pectoral. Snout exceedingly short and obtuse, as in 2. metopo-
clampa; the luminous organ enormous, gland-like, overlapping entire
anterior margin of orbit, extending down upon edge of jaw and extend-
ing backward almost as far as in 2. metopoclampa. Cleft of mouth
oblique, somewhat curved, the maxillary reaching nearly to angle of pre-
operculum. Origin of dorsal somewhat in advance of vertical from that
of ventral, which touches root of second dorsal ray; last dorsal ray over
roots of short spines preceding anal; insertion of ventrals considerably
posterior to a point equidistant from root of adipose dorsal and anterior
margin of the orbit; origin of adipose dorsal over interspace between
antepenultimate and ultimate anal rays; pectoral stout and much
shorter than ventral, not reaching much more than halfway to its root.
Scales smooth, those in the lateral line somewhat eniarged, shiny, and
conspicuous; the lateral line descending in a gentle curve to a point
above origin of ventral. Arrangement of the photophores very peculiar.
A break in series of superanals, there being 5 on lower part of caudal
peduncle behind anal; apparently 2 posterolaterals, the posterior and
highest near lateral line, and forming the beginning of a series of 8,
arranged in an are of a circle, the last being the highest in the group of
mediolaterals, of which there are 4; but one anterolateral, which is
above axil of ventrals, slightly behind it and about midway between
it and lateral line; a large, triangular, luminous patch in the space |
between the axil of pectoral and the flap of opercle, which covers its _ |
anterior portion, and is itself decorated with a circular photophore;
apparently a luminous patch along anterior margin of preopercle. Two
specimens from deep water in the Western Atlantic. .(Goode & Bean.)
(effulgens, shining out.)

ZEthoprora effulgens, GoopE & Bran, Oceanic Ichthyology, 88, fig. 103, 1895, Brown’s Bank and
Albatross Station 2127, 19° 45’ N., 75° W.,1n 689 fathoms. (Type, No. 43770.)

Jordan and Evermann.—Ffishes of North America. 567

264. COLLETTIA, Goode & Bean.

Colleitia, GoopE & BEAN, Oceanic Ichthyology, 83, 1895, (rafinesquei).

This genus is scarcely distinet from dthoprora, differing only in the
greater development of the luminous areas about the eye. These coalesce
into one large irregular luminous blotch, occupying whole front of head,
suggesting the headlight of an engine. (Named for Robert Collett, the
distinguished ichthyologist of the University of Christiania. )

a. Dorsal rays 12; anal 15; scales 32 to 35; head 3 in length; depth 4. RAFINESQUEI, 849.
aa. Dorsal rays 14; anal 15; scales and spots (except luminous gland below eye) undescribed;
head 434 in length with caudal. NOCTURNA, 850.

849. COLLETTIA RAFINESQUEI (Cocco).

Head 3; depth 4; eye 23. D.12; A. 15; scales 32 to 35. Body stout,
short, moderately compressed; with a rounded, blunt snout, very large
mouth, and comparatively small eye; comparatively short, triangular
dorsal and anal, the former entirely in advance of the latter and inserted
very far forward. Caudal peduncle stout, its height nearly 4 height of
body. Eye moderately large; distance between posterior margin of orbit
and preopercular edge 3 diameterofeye. Snout very short, obtuse, keeled,
with profile abruptly declivous, its length 4 diameter of eye. Cleft of
mouth slightly oblique, the lower jaw received within the upper. Mouth
rather large, the maxillary extending to angle of preoperculum and
behind orbit a distance equal to diameter of eye, its posterior extrem-
ity not dilated, and entirely concealed under the scales of the cheek.
Origin of dorsal over that of ventral, considerably nearer to tip of snout
than to root of caudal, its last ray in advance of origin of anal; ven-
tral stout and long, reaching to origin of anal; pectoral small, reaching
to root of ventral; anal origin under the twelfth scale of lateral line,
its last ray directly under adipose dorsal. Scales in lateral line some-
what enlarged, luminous. Anterolaterals 4, very irregular, the three
posterior ones forming an isosceles triangle, as in <1. metopoclampa ; medio-
laterals 3, arranged much as in Myctophum punctatum: posterolaterals 2,
arranged much as in 2. effulgens (perhaps only one posterolateral, if the
photophore immediately below it should be recognized as belonging to the
superanal series); superanals in two groups, 5 or 6 in the first, 4 in the
last; precaudals 4, in nearly straight line, the last and uppermost at or
near extremity of lateral line, the others descending forward at an angle
of approximately 45 degrees with axis of body. (Goode & Bean.) (Named
for Constantine Samuel Rafinesque, the eccentric and gifted naturalist,
who first discovered the genus Myctophwm, while studying the fishes of

Palermo. )

Myctophus rafinesquei, Cocco, Alcuni Salmon., etc., 20, 1820, Messina.

Scopelus rafinesquei, GUNTHER, Cat., v, 410, 1864; Liirken, Spolia Atlantica, rm, 30, 1892.
Collettia rafinesquei, Goovk & BEAN, Oceanic Ichthyology, 83, 1895.

850. COLLETTIA NOCTURNA (Poey).

Head 4 in total length, with caudal; depth 6; eye large, 3 in head,
D. 14; A. 15. Luminous spots undescribed. Body rather robust; snout
short; maxillary reaching beyond eye for a distance equal to } diameter

568 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

of eye; pectoral small, reaching front of dorsal; yentrals broad; anal
lower than dorsal; an oblique, pale streak below eye. Coast of Cuba,
caught in nets at night; rare. (Poey.) Probably a species of Collettia,
and apparently related to C. rafinesquei, but this is not certain. (noc-

turnus, nocturnal.)
Myctophum nocturnum, Poty, Memorias, 11, 426, 1861, Cuba. (Coll. Poey.)

265. RHINOSCOPELUS, Liitken.

Alysia, Lowe, Proc. Zoél. Soc. London, 1839, 87, (loricata = coccoi; name preoccupied).
Rhinoscopelus, LUTKEN, Vid. Selsk. Naturv. Copenhagen, vit, 1892, 237, (coccoi).

Body oblong, slender, compressed, with slender and elongate caudal
peduncle covered with smooth, stiff scales, those in the lateral line much
larger than the others. Head compressed ; cleft of mouth very wide; the
jaws about equal, the snout projecting beyond the tip of lowerjaw. Pre-
maxillary long and slender; maxillary well developed, reaching nearly or
quite to the angle of the preoperculum, without considerable posterior
dilation. Teeth in villiform bands in the jaws, on the palatines, ptery-
goids, and tongue. Eye moderate, its diameter less than} of the length
of the head. Guill rakers very long and slender. Dorsal fin premedian;
pectoral large; adipose dorsal small; anal fin larger than dorsal; pec-
toral narrow, elongate. Precaudals 2; supra-anals about 18, in two
groups, the break being over the middle of the long anal fin and at the
end of the first third of the series, approximately ; anterolaterals 1 or 2;
mediolaterals 2 or 3. Species few, mostly of the Atlantic. (*/iv, snout;
Scopelus.)

a. Supra-anal spots forming an obtuse angle; anal spots 15 to 20. coccol, 851.
aa. Supra-anal spots in a straight, oblique series; anal spots 13 to 17. ANDRE, 852.
aaa, Supra-anal spots not in a straight line series; anal spots 12 to 13. RARUS, 853.

851. RHINOSCOPELUS COCCOL (Cocco).

Head 54; depth 44 to 5; eye 4. D.10 to 12; A. 20 or 21; V. 8; scales
1-41-3. Tail slender, elongate, its least depth ¢ height of body. Distance
between posterior margin of orbit and preorpercular edge # diameter of
eye. Preopercular edge obliquely descending. Snout conical, the upper
part projecting beyond the lower, the upper and lower profiles nearly
equally curved; maxillary extending to the angle of preoperculum and
scarcely dilated. Dorsal origin nearer end of snout than to root of caudal,
and behind base of ventral; last ray of the dorsal in vertical from second
anal ray; pectoral reaching middle of ventral. In some specimens each
of the scales on the back of the tail has a pearl-colored dot, probably a
sexual character of the male; back and nape blackish; sides silvery,
with gold and silver reflections; inside of the mouth blackish; iris sil-
very, the pupil transparent. (Goode & Bean.) Western Atlantic, very
abundant among the surface fishes of the Gulf Stream, rare in the Medi-
terranean, and ranging from Newfoundland to Africa. (Named for Anas-
tasio Cocco, an Italian naturalist, who carefully studied the deep-sea
fishes which he could secure.) (Eu.)

* Goode & Bean adopt for this genus the name Stenobrachius. Stenobrachius, Eigenmann, was
intended toreplace Alysia, butits type, leucopsarum, isa Nannobrachium and not closely related to
the type of Alysia.

—_—

Jordan and Evermann.—Ffishes of North America. 569

Scopelus coccoi, Cocco, Giorn. Sci. Litt. Art. Sicilia (No. 77), Palermo, 1829, 143 (‘‘Scopelo de
Cocco”’), Palermo; GintTHER, Cat., v, 413, 1864; GUNTHER, Challenger Report, xxx.
Pelagic Fishes, 30, 1887; LUTKEN, Spolia Atlantica, 11, 236, 1892.

Alysi« loricata, Lower, Proc. Zoil. Soc. Lond., 1839, 87, Madeira.

Stenobrachius coccoi, Goopr & BEAN, Oceanic Ichthyology, 91, 1895.

852. RHINOSCOPELUS ANDRE® (Liitken).

Head 33; depth 44. TD. about 10; A. about 20. Two caudal spots; a
posterolateral spot; 3 supra-anal spots forming an oblique series; anal
spots about 5 or 6+ 9 or 10, the series slightly interrupted; spots along
belly in continuous series. Body deep anteriorly, tapering to a slender
caudal peduncle; snout pointed, projecting beyond lower jaw; preopercle
with its margin considerably oblique. Pectoral long, faleate. Open
Atlantic and Indian Ocean. (Liitken.) Common in the Gulf Stream
along our coasts with the preceding, of which Goode & Bean think it may
be a sexual variation. (Named for Capt. A. T. Andreas, who collected
this and other oceanic fishes for the museum at Copenhagen. )

Scopelus andrex, LITKEN, Spvlia Atlantica, Scopelini, 25, 1892, North Atlantic.
Stenobrachius andrex, GoopE & BEAN, Oceanic Ichthyology, 91, fig. 104, 1895.

853. RHINOSCOPELUS RARUS (Liitken).

Head 33; depth 43. D. about 14; A. about 20; scales 39. Caudal spots
2; posterolateral 1; anal spots about 6-+-7; supra-anal spots not forming
a straight line, usually 2 in number; thoracic and ventral spots few, not
equidistant. Body rather short and plump, the caudal peduncle rather
slender; snout moderate, projecting beyond lower jaw; pectoral short
and small, not reaching the small ventral; preopercular margin not very
oblique. Eye moderate. Open Atlantic, west to 50° W., 33° N. (Liitken.)

(rarus, rare.)
Scopelus rarus, LUTKEN, Spolia Atlantica, 26, 11, 1892, North Atlantic.

266. MYCTOPHUM, Ratfinesque.

Myctophum, RA¥FINESQUE, Indice d’Ittiologia Siciliana, 56, 1810, (punclatum).
Scopelus, Cuvier, Régne Animal, Ed. 1, 56, 1817, (kwmboldti).
Nyctophus, Cocco, Giorn. Sicil., 44, 1829, (emended orthography of Myctophum).

Body oblong, compressed, covered with cycloid scales, those in the
lateral line not much enlarged ; the caudal peduncle rather slender. Head
short, compressed, with limb of preoperculum nearly vertical. Mouth
large, the jaws about equal; premaxillaries loug and slender; maxillaries
well developed. Snout more or less blunt and declivous. ‘Teeth in villi-
form bands on jaws, palatines, pterygoids, and tongue. Eye large. Gill
rakers long and slender. Air bladder small. Dorsal fin entirely in front
of anal, overlapping it little or not at all; ventrals 8-rayed, under or
but slightly in front of first dorsal rays; pectorals well developed; soft
dorsal slender. Precaudal photophores 2; superanals in two groups,
with one or two posterolaterals above the interval between them. Species
rathernumerous, widely distributed. (Name unexplained, usually derived
from vif, night, and dc, light; hence altered by Cocco to Nyctophus.
But we see no warrant for this supposed etymology. Rafinesque did not
know that the spots were luminous. )

570 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

a. Mediolateral photophores 3, in obliquely vertical line; anterolateral 1; posterolateral 1.
b. Pectoral short; caudal photophores close together.

c. Posterolateral photophore in front of soft dorsal; D. 12; A. 19; scales 41 to 45.
PUNCTATUM, 854.
ce. Posterolateral under adipose dorsal.

d. Scales 37; anal spots 7 to 10 + 4 to 6. AFFINE, 855,
dd. Scales 40; anal spots 8-+6; D. 12; A. 20. OPALINUM, 856.
aa. Mediolaterals 2; posterolaterals 2.
e. Posterolateral spot 1, over break in the anal series.

f. Pectoral long, falcate, reaching middle of dorsal; caudal spots separated; postero-

latera) before adipose dorsal, behind middle of anal; anal spots 7 to 9 + 4 to 9.

g- D. 12; A. 20; scales 41. HUMBOLDTI, 857.

gg. D. 14; A. 22; scales 42. CALIFORNIENSE, 858.

ff. Pectorals moderate, barely reaching front of dorsal; scales 41: posterolateral much

before adipose dorsal, over middle of anal; anal spots 5 to7 +11 toi4. D.12:

iA, 19) GRACILE, 859,
ee. Posterolateral spots 2, over the break in anal series.

h. Anterolaterals side by side, but well apart; precaudals near together; the last far
below end of lateral line; scales 39 or 40; D 12 or 13; A. 17 or 18; anal spots

5 to 6 + 6 to 7. BENOITI, 860.
hh. Anterolaterals not side by side, the first above and before second, touching lateral
line. Scales 38 to 42; anals 5 to 7 + 6; D. 12; A. 19 to 22, HYGOMII, 861.

854. MYCTOPHUM PUNCTATUM, Rafinesque.

Head 33; depth 44; eye 24. D.12; A. 19; scales 41 to 45. Least depth
of tail ? height of body. Greatest depth of head about 7 its length.
Distance between posterior margin of orbit and preopercular edge
+ diameter of eye. Snout very short, with a very inconspicuous keel on
upper edge, its length scarcely $ diameter of eye. Eyevery large. Pre-
maxillary reaching almost to angle of preoperculum. Origin of dorsal
much nearer tip of snout than to root of caudal, the fin very short, the
length of its base equal to 4 that of head and less than } of total; its
origin over eleventh scale of lateral line, and vertical with origin of
ventral, below twelfth scale of lateral line, its length equal to that of
postorbital part of head; adipose dorsal present, over antepenultimate
ray of anal; anal origin under twenty-first scale of lateral line, its base
as long as head, and its longest ray equal to length of postorbital part
of head; caudal rather small and deeply forked. Mediolateral photo-
phores 3, in straight, obliquely ascending line; anterolateral photophore
single; posterolateral single, over break in row of superanals and placed
considerably in advance of soft dorsal; precaudal photophores close
together. (Goode & Bean.) Warmer parts of the Atlantic; abundant
off the Grand Banks and from the Gulf Stream across to the Mediterra-
nean. (punctatus, spotted.) (Eu.)

Myctophum punctatum, RAFINESQUE, Indice d’Ittiol. Siciliana, 56, pl. 11, fig. 5, 1810, Palermo;
GoovE & BEAN, Oceauic Ichthyology, 71, fig. 80, 1895.

Scopelus caninianus, Cuvier & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., xx1r, 445, 1849, coast of Italy;
GUNTHER, Cat., v, 409, 1864; Rarra@_Lr, Mitt. Zool. Stat., Naples, rx, pl. vit, fig. 4, 183,
1889; Lirken, Vid. Med. Naturt.. Forh., 207, 1891.

Scopelus miilleri, Goopr, Hist. Aquatic Animals, Sec. 1, pl. 203, 1884.

855. MYCTOPHUM AFFINE (Liitken).

D. about 14; A. about 20; scales 43. Caudal spots 2; posterolateral 1;
anal spots about 8+ 6 in a right line; supra-anal spots 3, forming an

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 571

oblique series. Body moderately elongate, the head deep and blunt, the
snout not half the diameter of the large eye, which is about 3 in head; pec-
toral short, reaching past front of dorsal; anal high. Open Atlantic,
west to 63° W., 38° N. (Litken.) (affinis, related, to M. caninianus= M.
punctatum. )

Scopelus affinis, LUTKEN, Spolia Atlantica, 11, 32, 1892, open Atlantic.

856. MYCTOPHUM OPALINUM, Goode & Bean.

Head 44; depth 4%; eye about 23. D. 12; A. 20; scales 40. Least
height of tail =? height of body. Snout very short, declivous, with a
well-developed median keel, its length about 4 diameter of eye. Eye
large. Premaxillary reaching nearly to angle of preoperculum, broadly
expanded at its extremity and partly concealed by the large scales of
the cheek. Space between eye and hinder edge of preoperculum only +
diameter of eye. Origin of dorsal much nearer tip of snout than to root
of caudal, midway between snout and adipose fin, over eleventh scale of
lateral line and very slightly behind vertical through origin of ventral;
length of dorsal base % that of head; origin of ventral under tenth
scale of lateral line; it does not reach to vent ; pectoral short, its length
nearly } that of head; adipose dorsal present, its origin over thirtieth
scale of lateral line; anal origin under eighteenth scale of lateral line,
the end of its base under thirtieth scale; length of anal base equal to
that of head; caudal rather small, moderately forked. Mediolateral
photophores 3, in straight, obliquely ascending line; anterolateral 1;
posterolateral 1, under soft dorsal and over and slightly in advance of
break in row of superanals, which is above root of lastray of anal. Num-
ber of superanals 8+ 6. In most of the specimens examined, the 6 or 8
scales on the top of the caudal peduncle, immediately in front of the
caudel fin, are luminous. (Goode & Bean.) Western Atlantic. (opalinus,
like opal. )

Myctophum opalinum, Goovr & BEAN, Oceanic Ichthyology, 72, fig. 81, 1895, Gulf Stream. (Type,
No. 43808. Coll. Albatross.)

857. MYCTOPHUM HUMBOLDTI (Risso).

Head 33; depth 5; eye 3, large. D.12 to 14; A. 20 to 22; scales 40 to
42. Caudal spots 2, near together and horizontally placed ; one postero-
lateral spot ; supra-anal spots 3, forming an obtuse angle with the apex
forward ; anal spots about 8+ 8, the series slightly interrupted Body
moderately elongate, with slender caudal peduncle, the snout rather
blunt, not projecting beyond the mouth; preopercular margin slightly
oblique. Pectoral long, reaching middle of dorsal and middle of
length of ventrals. Least depth of tail ? of height of body; depth
of head 1? in its length. Distance between posterior margin of orbit
and preopercular edge 4 diameter of eye. Snout short, obtuse, its
upper profile descending in strong curve. Maxillary reaching nearly
to angle of preoperculum, and slightly dilated behind. Origin of dorsal
somewhat nearer to end of snout than to root of caudal, above root of
inner ventral rays; its last ray before vertical from origin of anal; pec-
toral long, extending to posterior third of ventral. Scales smooth, stiff.

572 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

Mediolateral photophores 2; anterolaterals 2; posterolateral 1, (over
break in anal series) which, as in Myctophum punctatum, is considerably
in advance of the vertical connecting the root of the soft dorsal with
those of the last rays of the anal; caudal photophores somewhat apart.
as in Myctophum phengodes ; superanals 7-9 + 4-9. Length 4 inches.

Open seas, abundant in the Mediterranean and in the Atlantic off both
coasts. If Myctophum boops and Myctophum californiense are the same, as
is possible, the species is also not rare in the eastern and southern Pacific.
As, however, no other species of Myctophide is common to the Atlantic and
Pacific coasts of North America, we may provisionally regard M. califor-
niense as distinct from MW. humboldti. (Named for Alexander von Humboldt,
1769-1859, author of ‘* Cosmos,” whose interest in the relations of life to
surroundings included some exact knowledge of fishes.) (Eu.)
Gasteropelecus hwmboldti, Risso, Ichth. Nice, 358, 1810, Nice.

Scopelus humboldti, GUNTHER, Cat., v, 407, 1864; Lirken, Spolia Atlantica, 11, 34, 1892; Goopr &
Bran, Oceanic Ichthyology, 73, fig. 82, 1895.

858. MYCTOPHUM CALIFORNIENSKE, Eigenmann & Eigenmann,

Head 3}; depth 5; eye very large, 3 in head (specimens of 4 inches).
D. 14; A. 21; scales 42. Phosphorescent spots arranged exactly as in MU.
humboldti. Body compressed, elongate, with long slender tail. Head
short and deep; preopercular margin little oblique; maxillary 1} to 14 in
head. Scales entire. Ventrals reaching beyond vent nearly to anal;
pectorals short, (not reaching in the type to second third of ventrals).
Cortez Banks, near San Diego. Very close to M. humboldti, but said to
have shorter pectorals. It is probably not distinct, as in one of Dr.
Eigenmann’s types examined by us, the pectorals are as long asin MM.
humboldti. Both pectorals have been partly digested, but the slender rays
on both sides reach middle of dorsal and beyond middle of ventrals.

? Myctophum boops,** RicHARDSON, Voy. Erebus and Terror, 39, 1845, open sea between Aus-
tralia and New Zealand.

Myctophum californiense, EIGENMANN, West American Scientist, Nov. 9, 1889, 124, San Diego.

2? Scopelus boops, GUNTHER, Cat., V, 408, 1864.

859. MYCTOPHUM GRACILE (Liitken).

Head 5; depth 42; eyesmall, about 4 in head. D.12; A. 19; scaies 41.
Caudal spots 2, very close together; posterolateral 1; anal spots about
6 + 12,in a slightly interrupted series; supra-anal spots 2, well separated.
Body slender, the head deep, the snout not very blunt; pectoral mod-
erate, reaching front of dorsal. Open Atlantic, west to 48° W., 23° N.
(Liitken.) (gracilis, slender. )

Scopelus gracilis, LUTKEN, Spolia Atlantica, 35, 11, 1892, open Atlantic.
? Myctophum hians, RicHarpson, Voy. Erebus and Terror, 41, pl. 27, 1845, open sea, locality
unknown.

* This nominal species, as Liitken has noted, agrees with M. hwmnboldti in all respects except
that the scales are said to be fewer, 37 to 39 in the lateral line instead of 41. The eye is a little
larger, about 344 in head. This speciesis from the open Pacific, between Australia and New
Zealand. Ithas also been recorded (by Giinther) from Vancouver Island, but doubtless the
closely related M. californiense has been taken for it. Perhaps both boops and californiense are
identical with humboldti.

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 575

860. MYCTOPHUM BENOITI (Cocco).

Head 34; depth 4. D. 12 or 13; A. 17 or 18; scales 39 or 40. Snout
obtuse conical; eye large, nearly half head. Dorsal inserted nearly mid-
way between snout and root of caudal behind ventral; pectoral nearly
reaching tip of ventral. Mediolateral spots2; anterolaterals 2; postero-
laterals 2, over break in anal series; anterolaterals far apart; caudals
near together, the last far below end of lateral line; a luminous plate on
caudal peduncle; anal spots 5 or 6-+6o0r7. (Goode & Bean.) Mediter-
ranean to Norway and Greenland. (Named for M. Benoit.) (Eu.)

Scopelus benoiti, Cocco, Lett. su Salmon., 12, pl. 11, fig. 4, 1838, Messina; Ginruer, Cat., v,
406, 1864; Liirken, Spolia Atlantica, 256, 1892.
Myctophum benoiti, GoopE & Bean, Oceanic Ichthyology, 74, 1895.

861. MYCTOPHUM HYGOMIL (Liitken).

Head 33; depth 4; eye about 23. D. 12; A. 21 or 22; scales 38 to
42. Least height of tail about 3 of its greatest height. Snout very short,
the upper and lower profile of the head being similar, its length a little
less than 4 diameter of eye. Intermaxillary reaching as far back as max-
illary, nearly to angle of the preoperculum; maxillary expanded pos-
teriorly and concealed under large scales of cheek. Space between eye
and hinder edge of preoperculum } diameter of the eye. Origin of dorsal
nearer tip of snout than root of caudal, being over eleventh scale of
lateral line, and nearly over origin of ventral; base of dorsal $ as long
as head, length of longest ray equaling length of head without snout;
ventral not quite reaching vent; pectoral as long as head, reaching
to above anal origin; anal origin nearly under end of dorsal base, the
length of anal base a little greater than that of head; caudal rather
small and forked. Posterolaterals 2, over break in superanal series and
far apart, the anterior one nearly over middle of anal fin, the posterior one
about one scale in advance of the vertical from the root of the soft dorsal ;
anterolaterals widely separated, the first obliquely in advance of and
above the second, and touching or upon the lateral line, the second far
behind the root of the ventral and over the interval between the first
and second postventral photophores; superanals 7+ 6. (Goode & Bean,
as M. remiger.) (Named for Captain V. Hygom, collector of some of Dr.
Liitken’s ‘‘Spoils of the Atlantic.”) (Eu.)

Scopelus hygomii, LUTKEN, Spolia Atlantica, Scopelini, 257, 1892, north Atlantic.
Myctophum remiger, Goopr & Bean, Oceanic Ichthyology, 75, 1895, western Atlantic. (Type,
No, 43972. Coll. Albatross.)

267. BENTHOSEMA, Goode & Bean.
Benthosema, Goove & BEAN, Oceanic Ichthyology, 76, 1895, (mulleri).

This genus differs from Myctophum in having the maxillary dilated at
tip. The dorsal fin considerably shorter than anal, but overlapping it,
reaching to the vertical from the middle. Body elongate; caudal
peduncle somewhat stout; eyes large; snout very short, with declivous
upper profile; maxillaries considerably dilated behind; scales of the

574 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

lateral line considerably enlarged. Northern seas. (évHoc, the ocean
depths; ojua, a constellation of stars.)

a. Posterolateral spot 1 on each side; anal spots nearly in a straight series; caudal spots not

close together. MULLERI, 862.
aa. Posterolateral spot wanting; caudal spots close together; anal spots in a series nearer
horizontal than vertical; snout rather sharp. ARCTICUM, 863.

862. BENTHOSEMA MULLERI (Gmelin).

Head 4; depth 4. D.12to14; A.16to18; V. 8; scales 36 to40. Depth
of head equal to its length. Eye large, its diameter more than } length
of head. Snout very short, obtuse, with upper profile descending ina
very strong curve. Cleft of mouth oblique; maxillary reaching to angle
of preoperculum and terminating in triangular dilation. Origin of dorsal
a little nearer tip of snout than root of caudal, and inserted well behind
root of ventral; pectoral very small, its length equal to diameter of eye;
ventral not reaching to the vent. Scales smooth, those of lateral line
larger. A luminous spot on the angle of the preoperculum ; mediolater-
als 2, in subhorizontal line continuously with the 2 anterolaterals; pos-
terolateral 1, over break in series of anals; superanals 6-7+8-9. (Goode
& Bean.) North Atlantic, occasionally taken in deep water from Norway
to Greenland, more abundant southward, to South Carolina, probably
always in very deep water. (Named for Otto Friedrik Muller, an early
writer on the fishes of Denmark.) (Eu.)

Salmo miilleri, GMELIN, Syst. Nat., 1378, 1788, Norway; after Strom.

Scopelus glacialis, REINHARDT, Overs, 36, 1835, Greenland; Liirken, Spolia Atlantica, 30, 1892.

Scopelus miilleri, CoptLert, Norsche-Nord-Hays Exp., 158, 1880; LiLLJEBorG, Sveriges och Norges
Fiskar, v1, 20, 1889.

Myctophum glaciale, JonvAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 283, 1883.

Benthosema miilleri, GOODE & BEAN, Oceanic Ichthyology, 76, 1895.

863. BENTHOSEMA ARCTICUM (Liitken).

Head 33; depth 4. D.9; A. 17. Posterolateral spot (near lateral line,
above last part of anal) entirely wanting, the anal spots forming a con-
tinuous line, 15 or 16 in number; caudal spots 2, close together; supra-anal
spots 3, forming an oblique line; preopercular margin almost vertical.
Body stout, short, the caudal peduncle not slender, the snout not project-
ing beyond chin; eye moderate; dorsal fin high. Davis Straits, Green-
land. (Lutken.)

Scopelus arcticus, LUTKEN, Spolia Atlantica, Scopelini, 29, 1892, Davis Straits.

268. DASYSCOPELUS, Giinther.
Dasyscopelus, GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., v, 405, 1864, (asper).

Dorsal and anal fins touching the same vertical, but not overlapping.
Seales hard, persistent, ctenoid, those of lateral line much enlarged. Anal
terminating below adipose dorsal. Body elevated, somewhat compressed ;
caudal peduncle rather slender; luminous scales on the back of the cau-
dal peduncle. Arrangement of photophores much as in Myctophum.
Species few; remarkable for the firm, rough scales. (dacv¢, rough; Scope-
lus: Scopelus is an old name of some large-eyed fish, from cxozéw, tu look.)

a. Jaws subequal; anal spots 12 to 14; supra-anal spots in an oblique series. SPINOSUS, S64,

——— CC

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 075

864. DASYSCOPELUS SPINOSUS (Steindachner).

Head 4 to 44; depth 4 to 44. D. 13; A. 19; scales 40-9. Body short,
the snout very short; eye large; scales ctenoid; caudal spots 2; ventral
spots more than 4; posterolateral spot single; supra-anal spots 3, forming
an oblique series ; anal spots 12 to 14; preopercular margin almost vertical.
Open seas, known from the mid-Atlantic, Hawaiian Islands, etc. (Liit-
ken.) (spinosus, spinous.)

Scopelus spinosus, STEINDACHNER, Sitzgber. Ichth. Notiz., v, 11, 1867, China; LiirKen, Spolia
Atlantica, Scopelini, 19, 1892.

269. TARLETONBEANIA, Eigenmann & Eigenmann.

Tarletonbeania, EIGENMANN & EIGENMANN, Proc. Cal. Ac. Sci., tv, 1890, 7 (tenua).

This genus is close to Myctophum, differing chiefly in the entire absence
of the lateral line. (Named for Dr. Tarleton Hoffman Bean, Ichthyologist
of the United States National Museum, who has written largely on deep-
sea fishes and on the fishes of the eastern Pacific.)

a. Ventral outline more arched than the dorsal; ventrals short, not reaching halfway to vent.
CRENULARIS, 865.

aa. Ventral and dorsal outlines about equally arched; ventrals reaching halfway to seventh
anal ray. TENUIS, 866.

865. TARLETONBEANIA CRENULARIS (Jordan & Gilbert).

Head 33; depth 44. Eye large, 34 in head. D. about 12; A. about
16, scales about 45. Caudal spots probably 2, making with the anal
and postlateral spots a series of 21; 6 ventral spots. Body much com-
pressed, bluntly convex anteriorly, tapering behind. Caudal peduncle
long and very slender; ventral outline more arched than dorsal. Head
short and high, the snout very blunt. Scales of sides crenulate, those of
back with acute crenations, but no spines; no lateral line. Origin of
dorsal nearer snout than base of caudal; caudal peduncle with 2 or 3
spinules (exserted tips of vertebral processes); ventrals reaching not
halfway to vent; pectorals to base of ventrals. Color dark steel-blue.
Santa Barbara Channel; coast of Washington; two small specimens
known, one from the stomach of an albacore, the other blown on a vessel
during a storm. (crenularis, slightly scalloped.)

Myctophum crenulare, JonvAN & GILBERT, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1880, 274, Santa Barbara.
(Type, No. 27402. Coll. Jordan & Gilbert.) Jorpan & GiLBERT, Synopsis, 282, 1883.
Myctophwn procellarum (Bean MS,) Jorpan, l. c., 457, off Straits of Fuca.

866. TARLETONBEANIA TENUA, Eigenmann & Eizenmann.

Head 3%; depth 44. D,. 12; A.17. Caudal spots probably 2, making
a series of 16 with the anal spots; 6 ventral spots; a posterolateral
spot; 3 supra-anal spots in an oblique series; 5 thoracic spots. Body
moderately deep, greatly compressed, the caudal peduncle very slender,
its depth 44 in greatest depth of body ; ventral and dorsa! outlines equally
arched. Preopercular margin nearly vertical, the head formed as im
I, humboldti. No lateral line; scales of sides much larger than those of
back or belly; smaller scales denticulate, larger crenulate. Origin of
dorsal midway between tip of snout and base of caudal; anal larger

576 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

than dorsal; pectorals reaching ventrals, which reach halfway to seventh
anal ray. Coronado Islands, near San Diego ; one specimen from stomach
of Sebastodes miniatus. (Eigenmann.) Very close to 7. crenularis, but
the belly less arched, the anal spots fewer, and the ventrals slightly
longer; probably identical with the latter.

Tarletonbeania tenua (tenuis), EIGENMANN & EIGENMANN, Proc. Cal. Ac. Sci., rv, 1890, 7, Corona-
dos. (Type, No. 41882. Coll. Eigenmana.)

Family LXXVI. MAUROLICID.

Body moderately elongate, compressed, scaleless. Barbels none. Mar-
gin of the upper jaw formed by the maxillary and premaxillary, both of
which are provided with teeth. Opercular apparatus incomplete. Gill
opening very wide, the outer branchial arch extending forward to behind
the symphysis of the lower jaw. Pseudobranchie present. Air bladder
none. Adipose fin rudimentary. Series of luminous photophores present
along the lower side of the head, tail, and body. A single dorsal fin with-
out spinous rays. (Goode & Bean.) Genera 4 or 5, with some 8 or 10
species ; deep-sea fishes. (Sternoptychide, group Cocciina, Gunther, Cat., v,
387, 1864.)

a. Gill rakers very short; dorsal fin on hinder half of body.

b. Dorsal fin well forward, its last ray inserted nearly over the first of anal; luminous spots

over and behind anal forming a nearly continuous series.

c. Luminous spots appearing as impressions on the skin, not placed on black globular

bodies; anal rays 25 to 30; double row of spots behind pectorals ceasing at ven-

trals. Mavro.icus, 270.

cc. Luminous spots occuring as ‘‘ convex pearls, each sitting on a black globular body;”’
anal rays about 14; double row of spots behind pectorals reaching anal.

VINCIGUERRIA, 271.

bb. Dorsal fin farther back, nearly opposite anal, its first ray nearly over the front of anal;

luminous spots over and behind anal gathered in 5 clusters of 2 to 4 each, the

spots on a black background; star-shaped pigment spots along lateral line; anal

rays about 24. VALENCIENNELLUS, 272,

270. MAUROLICUS, Cocco.

Maurolicus, Cocco, Lett. su. Salmon., 32, 1838, (amethystino-punctatus).

Body oblong, compressed, covered with silvery pigment; series of lumi-
nous spots along the lower side of the head, body, and tail, those over
and behind anal forming a nearly continuous series; luminous spots
appearing as simple impressions on the skin. Scales wanting, or perhaps |
present in life, but very thin and caducous. Head compressed, the bones
thin, but ossified. Cleft of mouth wide, very oblique, the lower jaw
prominent. Maxillary large, broad, toothed on its edge, produced back-
ward, receiving the slender premaxillary in the upper concave part of its
margin; both jaws with minute teeth; no teeth on vomer or palatines.
Eye large; gill rakers very long. Pectorals and ventrals well developed;
dorsal long, inserted posteriorly, opposite anal, with no projecting neural
spines before it; adipose fin rudimentary or obsolete; anal rays 25 or
30; caudal forked. Pseudobranchiz well developed. -No air bladder.
Branchiostegals 8 or 9. Size small. (Named for Maurolico, an Italian
naturalist. )

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 577

867. MAUROLICUS PENNANTI (Walbaum).

Head 33; depth 4. D.11or12; A. 11 +18, the last rays very fine and
not easily counted. Luminous spots occurring as impressions on the
skin, not sitting on black globular bodies; twelve pairs of luminous
spots along belly before ventrals; 9 in an upper series between pectorals
and ventral , this series not continued backward; series from vent to
caudal 1+ 14+ 8—23, with slight interruptions, the last spots close
together; along shoulder girdle and isthmus 7; 7 about gill opening; 1
before eye and 2 behind it. Front of dorsal considerably nearer base of
caudal than tip of snout, its last ray over origin of anal. Length
24inches. (Litken; Giinther.) Open seas, widely distributed, occasion-
ally taken off the New England Coast. (Nahant, Provincetown, Woods
Holl, etc.) (Named for Thomas Pennant, author of early works on
Arctic Zoology and on the fishes of England.) (Eu.)

Argentina pennanti, WaLBAuM, Artedi Pisc., 47, 1792, England; after ‘‘Sheppy Argentine” of
PENNANT.
Scopelus borealis, N1Lsson, Observ. Zool., 9, 1835, Norway.

Maurolicus amethystino-punctatus, Cocco, Lett. su. Salmon., 161, 1838, coast of Italy.

Scopelus maurolici, CuvieR & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., xx11, 439, 1849; after Cocco.

Maurolicus miilleri, Kroyer, Danmark’s Fiske, 111, 113, 1838, Denmark.

Scopelus humboldti, De Kay, N. Y. Fauna: Fishes, 246, 1842.

Maurolicus borealis and amethystino-punctatus, GUNTHER, Cat., v, 389, 390, 1864.

Maurolicus pennanti, Storer, Hist. Fishes Mass., 328, 1867; not of Cuvier; LirKen, Spolia
Atlantica, 11, 47, 1892; LinisEBJorG, Sveriges Fiskar, v1, 10, 1889,

Maurolicus borealis, JoRDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 284, 1883.

271. VINCIGUERRIA, Jordan & Evermann.
Vinciguerria, JORDAN & EVERMANN, Dew genus, (attenuata).

This genus is close to Maurolicus, from which it differs, according to
Liitken, chiefly in the character of its luminous spots which are pearl-
like and placed on black globular bodies. Anal short, of 14 rays.
(Named for Dr. Decio Vinciguerra, director of the Acquario Romano, and
one of the most active and scholarly of the naturalists of Italy.)

868. VINCIGUERRIA ATTENUATA (Cocco).

Head 3%; depth 6. D.12; A.14. Last ray of dorsal just behind ver-
tical from origin of anal. Luminous spots slightly prominent, ‘‘ appear-
ing as convex pearls, each sitting on a black globular body ;” twelve to
14 pairs of spots between front of anal and base of caudal; upper row
from gill opening to ventrals with 12, 11 between ventrals and anal;
from tip of isthmus to anal, 7+16-+10—33 spots. Length 2 inches.
Open Atlantic, west to the Bahamas; in deep water. (Liitken, etc.)

(attenuatus, slender.) (Eu.)

Maurolicus attenuatus, Cocco, Lett. su. Salmon., 33, 1838, coast of Italy; Ginrner, Cat., v,
390, 1864; Liirken, Spolia Atlantica, 11, 271, 1892.

Scopelus tenorei, Cuvier & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., xx11, 440, 1849; after Cocco.

272. VALENCIENNELLUS, Jordan & Evermann.
Valenciennellus, Jonpan & EVERMANN, new genus, (tripunctulatus).
This genus is close to Mawrolicus but with the dorsal fin farther back,
opposite anal, its first ray nearly over front of anal, Photophores above
F. N. A.——38

578 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

anal gathered in about five clusters, each on a black background ; anal
fin long. Deep sea. (Named for Achille Valenciennes, the associate of
Cuvier, author of the greater part of the ‘‘ Histoire Naturelle des
Poissons,” a noble work which is the foundation of modern ichthyology.)

869. VALENCIENNELLUS TRIPUNCTULATUS (Esmark).

Head 33; depth 33. D.9or10; A.about 24. Luminous spots arranged
in and placed on black bodies, 16 pairs in the lower row from pectorals to
ventrals, 5 between ventrals and anal; 5 black areas between vent and
caudal about equidistant, and each one with 2 or 4 small luminous spots
set close together (the first 3 with 3 each, the fourth with 2, and the last
with 4); 1 spot on preopercle, 4 near shoulder girdle, 5 in an upper row
behind pectoral; head and region along lateral line with a row of about
16 black pigment spots, some of them star-shaped, with many radiations,
these largest posteriorly; large and small ones interspersed. First
ray of dorsal slightly before first of anal. Length 24 inches. Two
specimens known, one from Madagascar and one from Denmark Straits, be-
tween Greenland-and Iceland. (Liitken.) (tripunctulatus, three-spotted.)

Mauwrolicus tripunctulatus, ESMARK, Christiania Vid. Selsk., Forh., 488, 1870, Madagascar ;
Livken, Spolia Atlantica, Scopelini, 49, 1892.

Family LXXVII. CHAULIODONTID.
(THE VIPER-FISHES. )

Body more or less elongate, covered with thin caducous scales, or some-
times naked; photophores present. Mouth large, the teeth irregular in
size; maxillary entering margin of upper jaw. No pseudobranchie ;
interopercle rudimentary ; gillopenings wide. Dorsal and anal moderate
or large. Deep-sea.fishes of rather small size but voracious habits, some
7 genera and about 20 species known.

GONOSTOMIN A :
a. Opercles complete; dorsal inserted behind ventrals; teeth moderate, some of them enlarged
or canine-like; gill rakers long.
b. Dorsal inserted on posterior half of body.
c. Dorsal inserted opposite anterior rays of anal; air bladder absent.

d. Scales present; adipose fin present; luminous spots large and conspicuous; no
vomerine teeth; suborbital covering the cheek. GoNnostoMa, 273.
dd. Scales very caducous; adipose fin absent; suborbital not covering the cheek.
e. Dorsal rays about 20; photophores conspicuous. BoNAPARTIA, 274.

ee, Dorsal rays 12 or 13; photophores small; vomerine teeth present.

CycLorHone, 275.

bb. Dorsal nearly median in its position, inserted slightly in advance of anal, its posterior

rays overlapping anterior rays of anal; body rather elongate; teeth in double rows

in premaxillary and mandible; vomer with fangs. YARRELLA, 276.
CHAULIODONTINE :

aa, Opercles incomplete, the interopercle rudimentary; both jaws with excessively long fang_

like canines; dorsal inserted before ventrals; gill rakers none; scales large, thin,

and deciduous. CHAULIODUS, 277.

273. GONOSTOMA, Rafinesque.

Gonostoma, RAFINESQUE, Indice Ittiol. Sicil., 64, 1810, (denudatum).

Body elongate, somewhat compressed, and probably all species pro-
vided with very large, thin, caducous scales; lower parts with series

=]
Je)

Jordan and Evermann.—Ffishes of North America. 5)

of luminous spots. Head conical; cleft of mouth very wide, oblique,
extending behind eye, the lower jaw strongly projecting ; maxillary long
and slender, sickle-shaped, closely connected with the short premaxil-
lary ; upper jaw with a single series of rather large, sharp, close-set teeth,
about every fourth one more or less longer than the rest, and directed
slightly outward; lower jaw with similar teeth, subequal, directed for-
ward, with a few canines in front; no teeth on vomer. Eyesmall. Gill
openings very wide, the membranes free from the isthmus. Gill rakers
numerous, long, and slender. Pseudobranchie none; branchiostegals
about 9. No air bladder. Dorsal and anal wel! developed, inserted
opposite each other, the anal the longer; adipose fin small; caudal
forked, its peduncle long and slender. Deep-sea fishes of small size.
(yovia, angle; oroua, mouth.)

a. Anal rays about 30. DENUDATUM, 870.

aa, Anal rays about 20. BREVIDENS, 871.

870. GONOSTOMA DENUDATUM, Rafinesque.

Head 4; depth 54. D.14 or 15; A. 30 or 31; P. ll or 12; V.8; scales
36. Jaws heterodont, the intermaxillary being armed with 2, the
maxillary with about 12 large, distinct teeth, the spaces between them
being filled with very small teeth; lower jaw similarly armed with 10 or
11 large teeth. Entire cheek covered by the enormously enlarged infra-
orbital. (Giunther.)

This species is common in the Mediterranean and the neighboring parts
of the Atlantic, especially off Madeira. In 1881, it was trawled by the
Fish Hawk off the New England Coast. It was also obtained by the dAlba-
tross, at station 2665, in 263 fathoms,and by the French expedition, in
590 fathoms, off the coast of Morocco, and off the Cape Verdes, in 230-290
fathoms. (Goode & Bean.) (denudatus, made naked.) (Eu.)

Gonostoma denudata, RAFINESQUE, Indice Ittiol. Sicil., 65, 1810, Palermo; GoovE & Bean, Oceanic
Ichthyology, 38, fig. 116, 1895.

Gasteropelecus acanthurus, Cocco, Giorn. Sc. Lit., No. 77, 1829, Italy.

Gonostomus acunthurus, Cocco, Lett. su. Salmon., 1838.

871. GONOSTOMA BREVIDENS, Kner & Steindachner.

Head 4; depth 6. D. 13 0r14; A. 18 0r19; V.7. Body elongate, com
pressed. Eye equal to snout, and about } length of head; interorbital
space about $ diameter of eye. Mouth opening large, oblique, lower jaw
projecting; upper jaw reaching back to the angle of the preoperculum,
and convex on its lower edge. Intermaxillary, maxillary, and mandible
provided,with a single row of sharp teeth, unequal in size; tongue tooth-
less; two stronger teeth near the symphysis of the lower jaw; on the
palatines, and possibly upon the pterygoids, a few small, sharp-pointed
teeth. Gill opening very wide; 12 short branchiostegals, a luminous dot
at the base of each of the 8 anterior ones; no pseudobranchiw; gill
laminw large. Probably the lower pharyngeal bones covered with teeth
similar to those in the jaws but in several rows. The dorsal has its
origin nearly midway between the ventral and the anal, and is composed
of 13 or 14 rays; adipose fin thread-like; ventral in front of the

580 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

middle of the body (not behind, as stated by Kner) with 7 rays, reaching
to the vent; anal with from 17 to 19 rays, beginning under the last 3 or
4 rays of the dorsal, and the fin similar in height to the dorsal;
caudal equal in length to that of the head from snout to preoperculum,
and strongly forked; pectoral small, pointed, and nearly as long as
the caudal. The thin, caducous scales with which the body is covered
exhibit no radiating lines, but have simple, delicate, concentric rings.
On either side 2 longitudinal rows of inconspicuous phosphorescent
spots, surrounded with black pigment; the lower row near the line of
the belly begins near the throat and ends at the origin of the anal. In
the space from the pectoral to the ventral are 16 spots; between the
ventral and the anal 11; the upper row commences with 2 large spots
upon the suboperculum, and continues back to the caudal. Color dark
gray; the back and belly silvery ; all the fins whitish, uniform in color.

Specimens taken by the Blake from off Grenada in 161 and 461 fathoms,
in the old Bahama Channel in 500 fathoms, and off Bequia in 4538 fathoms;
the original type from the open Atlantic. (Goode & Bean.) (brevis,
short; dens, tooth.)

Gonostoma brevidens, KNER & STEINDACHNER, Sitzb. Akad. Wissensch. Wien, Lx1, 1870, 443,
Atlantic; Goopr & BEAN, Oceanic Ichthyology, 98, 1895.

274. BONAPARTIA, Goode & Bean.

Bonapartia, GoopE & BEAN, Oceanic Ichthyology, 102, 1895, ( pedaliota).

Body oblong, compressed, slender behind, as in Gonostoma, covered
with large cycloid scales, nearly equal in size. A continuous row of pho-
tophores on either side of the ventral line upon the lowest row of scales,
extending from the anterior part of the lower jaw to the extremity of
the base of the anal; others upon the caudal peduncle. Head much com-
pressed, cleft of mouth very wide. Premaxillary short; maxillary long,
curved, forming the entire margin of the upper jaw, extending to the
angle of the preoperculum. Jaws armed with a single series of not very
numerous, acicular teeth, uniform in size; minute teeth on the palatines
and pterygoids. Eye moderate. Pectoral and ventral fins small; dorsal
fin on the hinder half of the body, opposite the anterior portion of the
anal; adipose fin absent; anal much longer and higher than dorsal;
caudal (probably) subtruncate. Gill opening exceedingly wide, the
branchial aperture-extending nearly to the dorsal line on either side, and
extending forward also to the symphysis of the lower jaw. Gill rakers
very long. (Named for Charles Lucien Bonaparte, Prince of Canino,
1775-1840, ‘‘ whose admirable work upon the fishes of Italy, one of the
most essential of the older works in the ichthyologist’s library, is
full in its discussion of the fishes allied to the one now under discussion.”)

872. BONAPARTIA PEDALIOTA, Goode & Bean.

Head 34; depth 43; eye 5. D. 20; A. 30; soales 46. Body elongate,
compressed. Eye about equal to snout; width of interorbital space less
thaneye. Mouth large, oblique, the lower jaw slightly projecting ; upper
jaw reaching back to angle of the preopercle, and convex on its lower

|
|
|

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 581

edge between the verticals from the anterior and posterior margins of the
eye. Preopercle extending backward in a sharp angle. Origin of dorsal
fin equidistant from root of ventral and the axil of posterior anal ray,
and in vertical from fourth or fifth anal ray; greatest height of dorsal
about equal to its base; origin of anal equidistant from the posterior
margin of the orbit and base of middle caudal rays, its anterior third
greatly prolonged, falcate in form; length of the longest or third ray
about equal to length of base of fin; posteriorly to end of dorsal the
fin is low; pectorals and ventrals short and feeble; ventrals inserted
about midway between tip of snout and root of caudal fin. A single row
of rather conspicuous phosphorescent spots from the lower jaw, beneath
the eye, to end of anal on either side, these dots being heavily margined
and with black above; 12 of these between branchial opening and the
origin of ventral, 5 between ventral and anal, 16 in the anal series, and
2 upon caudal peduncle, 1 at origin of lower caudal rays, the other in
vertical above it and about } of the distance from the dorsal outline;
a series of vertical, elongated spots, apparently phosphorescent, upon
either side of the lower jaw, giving it a pectinate appearance. Color
brownish gray; the head with silvery reflections.

The types of this species are two specimens, about 1 and 2 inches long
respectively, obtained by the steamer Albatross from station 2642, at a
depth of 217 fathoms. (7daA:wroc, having rudder-like fins.)

Bonapartia pedaliota, GoopE & BEAN, Oceanic Ichthyology, 102, fig. 120, 1895, Gulf Stream, at
25° 20’ 30’ N., 79° 58’ W. (Type, No. 443837. Coll. Albatross.)

275. CYCLOTHONE, Goode & Bean.

Cyclothone, GooDE & BEAN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zodél., x, No. 5, 1883, 221, (lusca).
Sigmops, GiLL, Proc, U. S. Nat. Mus., 1883, 256, (stigmaticus).
Neostoma, VAILLANT, Exp. Scient. Travailleur et Talisman, 86, 1888, (bathyphilum).

Body elongate, somewhat compressed, apparently devoid of scales;
lower parts with inconspicuous series of luminous spots, with the latter
arranged approximately as in Gonostoma, but usually much less conspic-
uous. Head conical, compressed; cleft of mouth very wide, oblique,
extending behind the eye; the lower jaw strongly projecting. Maxil-
lary long and slender, sickle-shaped; somewhat dilated posteriorly, but
covering only an inconsiderable portion of the cheek. Upper jaw with
a single series of needle-like teeth, some of which are enlarged; lower
jaw with similar teeth, and in some species with a few canines in front;
teeth on vomer sometimes in patches, sometimes reduced to a single pair
of fangs; palatine and pterygoid teeth present orabsent. Eye moderate,
not conspicuous. Gill opening very wide, the membranes free from
isthmus; gill rakers numerous, long and slender. Pseudobranchix none.
No air bladder. Dorsal and anal moderate, opposite, the latter much the
longer; adipose fin sometimes present. (xi«Aoc, round; d66vy, veil.)
OYCLOTHONE:

a. Anal rays 18 to 22,

b. Body not greatly elongate, the depth 7 to 8 in length. MICRODON, 873,
bi. Body elongate, the depth 11 in length. BATHYPHILA, 874,

Stemors (o(yya, the letter 8; op, appearance):
aa, Anal rays 27 to 30; depth 7 in length. ELONGATA, 875,

382 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

Subgenus CYCLOTHONE.
8738. CYCLOTHONE MICRODON (Giinther).

Head 43; depth 73; eye as long as snout, 7in head. B.7to 9; D. 11
or 12; A.16t020; C.17; P.90r10; V.5. Bodyelongate. Cheeks naked.
Premaxillary very short, extending to vertical from posterior limb of
anterior nostril; maxillary very strongly curved downward, with a short
knob at its anterior extremity, not visible without dissection. Most of
the teeth on maxillary inclined forward. Gill rakers 9+13 or 14.
Lower jaw long, included, with the exception of the projecting tip. Eye
circular, close to the profile, the interorbital area being very narrow;
anal under second ray of dorsal, its base half as long again as that
of dorsal, and nearly $ as long as body; its outline resembling that of
dorsal, its longest ray a little longer than the longest of the dorsal ; cau-
dal forked; pectoral inserted under tip of opercular flap, its length
equal to greatest height of body; ventral inserted ata distance from
snout equal to twice the length of the head, its length slightly exceeding
that of the pectoral, 7 in body. Color blackish brown, the luminous
pores inconspicuous, in a row on each side from pectoral region to tail, and
another below it from throat to the origin of anal. (Goode & Bean.)

First obtained from great depths near Bermuda, subsequently at numer-
ous localities in the Atlantic, Pacific, and Antarctic oceans, at depths of
from 500 to 2,900 fathoms. Since also taken from numerous localities in
the Atlantic by the Albatross and the Blake. It is equally abundant in
deep water along the Pacific Coast from Oregon to the Galapagos. In factit
is everywhere one of the most widely distributed and common of all deep-
sea fishes. ‘‘ Although many hundreds of specimens are in the National
Museum, the species is so exceedingly delicate and hard to preserve that
not one of them gives satisfactory opportunity for study.” (Goode &
Bean.) (uxpdoc, small; ddov¢, tooth.)

Gonostoma microdon, GUNTHER, Ann, and Mag. Nat. Hist., 11, 1878, 188, near Bermuda; Giin-

THER, Voy. Challenger, xx11, 175, 1887; LiTKeN, Spolia Atlantica, Scopelini, 60, 1892.
Cyclothone lusca, GoopE & Bean, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zoil., x, No. 5, 1883, 221, Gulf Stream.
Cyclothone microdon, GoopE & BEAN, Oceanic Ichthyology, 990, fig. 114, 1895.

874. CYCLOTHONE BATHYPHILA (Vaillant).

Head 44; depthi1l. D.12 or 13; A. 2lor 22; V.7; P. 10; branchios-
tegals 13. Body elongate, compressed; vent midway between tip of
snout and end of caudal rays. Eye moderate, its diameter equal to half
length of snout, and also to the width of interorbital space; placed
far forward, so that the snout is very short, + length of head. Cleft of
mouth exceedingly wide, oblique. Maxillary somewhat dilated, but not
covering any considerable portion of the cheek, its tip separated from
the angle of the operculum by a distance greater than the diameter of ~
the eye. Teeth of premaxillaries moderate in size; upon maxillaries and
mandible larger, conical, separated by moderate intervals, which are filled
with smaller teeth; teeth also on palatines, pterygoids, and pharyn-
geals. Opereular bones very thin. Origin of dorsal and anal fins oppo-
site, immediately behind vent, the anal more than twice as long

Jordan and Evermann.— Fishes of North America. 583

as the dorsal and reaching nearly to the tail, which is forked; adipose
dorsal small; pectoral and ventral composed of weak rays, the origin of
the latter nearly midway from base of pectoral to vent, and tips of
longest rays reaching to vent. Branchial arches 4, long and slender ;
very elongate gill rakers, 10+ 15in number, the longest twice as long as
eye. Velvety black, with a number of luminous spots.

This species was obtained by the French explorers at depths of 710
to 1,290 fathoms in the Gulf of Gascony and off the Azores. It has since
been found in considerable numbers in the western Atlantic by the
Albatross. (Goode & Bean.) (aic, deep; guAéw, to love.) (Eu.)

Neostoma bathyphilum, Va1Luant, La Nature, 1884, 184; name and rough figure only.
Cyclothone bathypila, VAILLANT, Travailleur et Talisman, 96, pl. 8, figs. 1, la, 1888, Gulf of
Gascony; Azores; Goope & Bran, Oceanic Ichthyology, 100, fig. 118, 1895.

Subgenus SIGMOPS, Gill.
875. CYCLOTHONE ELONGATA (Giinther).

Head 44; depth 7. D. 13; A. 27 to 30; P. 11; V. 7. Vent midway
between root of caudal fin and eye. Eye moderate, 3 of snout, about 4
length of head, its diameter less than width of interorbital space. Mouth
exceedingly wide, maxillary extending to the posterior angle of the
operculum, with a number of large teeth at considerable distances, with
interspaces filled with smaller teeth ; intermaxillary with 2, and mandible
with about 10, large teeth. Infraorbital bone dilated, covering only about
+ of cheek; opercular bones thin. Gill lamin short; gill rakers long;
branchiostegals 11, very short. Dorsal fin inserted a little behind the ver-
tical from vent, its greatest height exceeding that of the body at the point
of its origin; anal fin directly under the dorsal, much longer, extending
nearly to root of caudal, highest in front; pectoral narrow, slender,
placed low, its length # that of the head; distance of ventral from vent
contained 4 in its distance from pectoral. Scales have apparently been
present, on a part at least, of the body, namely, the tail and ventral
line. Luminous organs very pink, with silvery margins, in two rows on
either side of the abdomen. Color black.

This species was obtained by the Challenger south of New Guinea, in
800 fathoms, and off Banda, in 360 fathoms. It has been found in consider-
able numbers in the deep waters off the American Coast by both the Blake
and the Challenger, by the Investigator in the Indian Ocean, and by the
Albatross in the Gulf Stream at station 2039 in 2,361 fathoms. (Goode &
Bean.) (elongatus, elongate.)

Gonostoma elongatum, GUNTHER, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 11, 1878, 187, New Guinea; Banda.

Sigmops stigmaticus,* Git, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vi, 1883, 256, Gulf Stream, in 38° 19’ 26" N..
68° 20’ 20” W. (Type, No. 33291. Coll. Albatross. )
Cyclothone elongata, Goopn & BEAN, Oceanic Ichthyology, 101, fig. 119, 1895,

276. YARRELLA, Goode & Bean.
Yarrella, Goopor & Bran, Oceanic Ichthyology, 103, 1895, (blackfordi).
Body elongate, compressed, covered with rather large, thin, deciduous
scales; the lower parts with luminous spots. Head conical, compressed ;

* The type of Sigmops stigmaticus is an imperfect individual, from which the luminousspots had
been rubved off before it was examined.—Goode & Bean,

584 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

cleft of mouth very wide, oblique, extending behind the eye. Lower
jaw strongly projecting. Intermaxillary comparatively long, forming
about half of margin of upper jaw. Upper jaw with a single row of
teeth in the maxillary, and a double row in the intermaxillary, inter-
spersed with occasional stronger teeth; those in the intermaxillary
directed downward or backward, those in the maxillary somewhat for-
ward; mandible with double row of small teeth, outer row with some
larger ones; a row of short, weak teeth on the palatines; head of
vomer with a short fang on either side. Eye moderate; gill openings
very wide, the membranes free from the isthmus. Gill rakers not very
numerous, rather short and stout. Pseudobranchie none. Branchioste-
gals numerous, 14. No air bladder. Dorsal and anal well developed,
the former far in advance, its posterior rays over the origin of anal; no
adipose fin; caudal moderately forked. (Named for William Yarrell,
1789-1856, an eminent ichthyologist, who wrote on the fishes of
England.)

876. YARRELLA BLACKFORDI, Goode & Bean.

Head 44; depth 74; eye 7. D.15; A. 27; V.6. Body elongate. Eye
moderate, its diameter # of snout; maxillary extending far behind the eye,
its length equal to that of postorbital part of the head. Gill rakers
6 +18, the longest about as long as the eye. Branchiostegals 14. Dor-
sal origin a little nearer root of caudal than tip of snout, nearly
over middle of space between ventral and anal, its posterior ray over
seventh ray of anal; distance of ventral origin from tip of snout
contained 24 times in total (without caudal), its rays imperfect, the longest
only about ¢ length of head; pectoral placed low, on a narrow base.
Scales have evidently been present, and of considerable size, but their
character and number can not be ascertained from the specimens examined,

Color purplish brown; 9 phosphorescent spote on the isthmus, 25
between the symphysis of the mandible and the root of ventral, 12
between the origin of ventral and vent, and 26 from vent to tail; a
second row of pearly spots extends from above root of pectoral to origin
of anal.

The type obtained by the Albatross from station 2376, at a depth of 324
fathoms. Two other specimens, the larger one 94 inches in length, taken
at the same place. (Named for Eugene G. Blackford, president of the
board of fish commissioners of the State of New York.)

Yarrella blackfordi, GoopE & Bran, Oceanic Ichthyology, 103, fig. 121, 1895, Gulf Stream at
29° 03/15” N., 88° 16’ W. (Type, No. 44242. Coll. Albatross.)

277. CHAULIODUS, Bloch & Schneider.
( VIPER-FISHES. )
Chauliodus, Buocu & SCHNEIDER, Syst. Ichth., 430, 1801, (sloanez).
Leptodes, SwAINSON, Nat. Hist. Anim., 11, 298, 1839, (sloanei).
Body elongate, compressed, covered with very thin deciduous scales of

moderate size; lower side of head, body, and tail with series of lumi-
nous spots. Head short, much compressed and elevated, the bones thin

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 585

but ossified; lower jaw projecting, the snout much shorter than eye;
mouth extremely wide, the cleft reaching much beyond eye; premaxil-
laries with 4 long, fang-like canines on each side; mandible with pointed,
wide-set teeth, the anterior ones excessively long; none of these large
teeth received within the mouth; maxillaries with fine teeth; palatine
with a single series of small pointed teeth; no teeth on the tongue.
Opercle very narrow, the interopercle rudimentary. Eye moderate.
Pectorals moderate; ventrals large; dorsal fin high, placed anteriorly,
well in front of the ventrals; adipose fin moderate, sometimes fimbriate,
opposite the low, short anal; caudal moderate, forked. Gill openings
very wide; no gill rakers. Branchiostegals numerous; no pseudobran-
chize. Deep-sea fishes of voracious habits; two species known. (yadt/voc,
exserted ; ddov¢, tooth. )

a. Head 7 in length; Atlantic species. SLOANET, 877.
aa. Head 6in length. Pacific species. MACOUNI, 878.

877. CHAULIODUS SLOANET, Bloch & Schneider.

Head 7; depth 7. B.17; D. 6; A. 12; V. 7; scales 56 (65 in a figure
published by Agassiz in Cruise of the Blake). .Dorsal not far backward,
its distance from occiput less than length of head, its first ray produced
in a long filament nearly + length of body; pectoral fins short; ventral
fins long, longer than head,and much longer than pectorals. About 30
luminous dots in a series from the chin to the ventrals. Scales of the
body subhexagonal. Headnearlyasdeepaslong. Greenish above; sides
silvery; belly blackish. Length 12 inches. (Giinther.) Mediterranean
and deep waters of the Atlantic; a specimen found in the stomach of a
cod on George’s Banks; and elsewhere in deep water; also in the Medi-
terranean. (Named for Hans Sloane, an early naturalist and traveler,
who wrote on the animals of Jamaica.) (Eu.)

Chauliodus sloanei, Buocu & SCHNEIDER, Syst. Ichth., 430, 1801, Atlantic; after Vipera Marina of
Catessy; GUNTHER, Cat., Vv, 392, 1864; JorpAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 285, 1883.

Chauliodus setinotus, BLocii & ScHNEIDER, Syst. Ichth., pl. 85; same type.

Esox stomias, Suaw, Gen. Zoodl., v, 120, 1804; after CaTEsBy.

Chauliodus schneideri, Risso, Europe Mérid., 111, 442, 1826, Nice.

878. CHAULIODUS MACOUNT, Bean.

Head 6; eye 44; snout 44. D.6; A.11; V.7; P.13; scales 56. Longest
fang in mandible nearly half head. Dorsal beginning over seventh row
of scales, its first ray 34 to 44 in body, its base 3 in head; base of adipose
dorsal } that of anal, which is more than half head; ventral 5 in body,
inserted under seventeenth scale of lateral line. Coast of California to
British Columbia, in deep water; the type taken off Queen Charlotte
Islands, in 876 fathoms; about 4 specimens known; close to C. sloanei,
the head a little longer, the scales perhaps larger; probably not distinct.
(Named for Prof. John C. Macoun, of the Geological Survey of Canada.)

Chauliodus macouni, Bean, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1890, 44, off Queen Charlotte Islands, at
Albatross Station 2860, at 51° 23’ N., 130° 34 W. (Type, No. 45372. Coll, Albatross.)

586 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

Family LXXVIII. ASTRONESTHID&.

Stomatoid fishes, with adipose dorsal present, and with scaleless body.
Dorsal fin inserted behind vent, but in front of anal. A single genus,
with few species; fishes of the deep sea. (<Astronesthida, Gill, in Goode
& Bean, Oceanic Ichthyology, 105, 1895.)

278. ASTRONESTHES, Richardson.
Astronesthes, RICHARDSON, Ichth. Voy. Sulph., 97, 1845, (niger).
Phxnodon, Low®¥, Proc. Zobl. Soc. Lond., 1850, 250, (ringens).

Body rather elongate, compressed, scaleless. Head compressed, the
snout of moderate length, the mouth wide, lower jaw prominent. Teeth
pointed, unequal; upper jaw with 4 long, curved canines; front of lower
with 2; maxillary teeth fine, subequal; palatines with a single series of
small, pointed teeth, similar to those on tongue. Eye moderate, not longer
than snout. Throat with a long fleshy barbel. Dorsal fin rather long,
inserted entirely in front of anal, behind yventrals; adipose fin present;
caudal forked; paired fins long. Gillrakers minute. No pseudobranchie.
No air bladder. Sides and belly with very many small luminous spots;
a small luminous patch below eye. Small fishes of the deep seas; remark-
able for their strong teeth, the lower jaw much stronger than in Mala-
costeus; 4 species known. (dozpov, star (starfish); éc6iw, to eat.)

a. Barbel not much longer than head; last ray of dorsal considerably behind vent, nearly
over first ray of anal.

b. D. PTA. 14. NIGER, 879.

bb. SDs Eis, ACT GEMMIFER, 880.

aa. Barbel much longer than head; last ray of dorsal in advance of vent,and much before
first ray of anal. RICHARDSONI, 881.

879. ASTRONESTHES NIGER, Richardson.

Head 44; depth 54; eye 4%. D.17; A. 14; V.30-+15=45. Body rather
stout, deepest at the nape. Barbel a little longer than head. Dorsal
beginning just behind base of ventrals, its last ray considerably behind
vent and nearly over first of anal; pectoral not reaching nearly to ven-
trals. Jaws subequal. Eye large, well forward, almost as long as snout,
the luminous spot below it very small. Color black, with 22 photophores
between chin and ventral. Deep waters of all seas. One specimen taken
in the open sea off our coast.* (niger, black.)

Astronesthes nigra, RicHARDSON, Ichth. Voy. Sulphur, 97, 1845, Atlantic; GiinTHER, Cat., v, 425,
1864; LiivkeN, Spolia Atlantica, 11, 537, 1892; ‘Jorpan & GILBERT, Synopsis, 287, 1883.

Stomias fieldii, CuviER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., xvii, 378, 1846, Mid-Atlantic.
(Type, No. 34538. Coll. Capt. Field.)

Phenodon ringens, Low®, Proc. Zo6]. Soc. Lond., 1850, 251, Madeira.

Astronesthes barbatus, KNER, Sitzber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 1860, xxx1x, 543, Coast of Brazil.

880. ASTRONESTHES GEMMIFER, Goode & Bean.

Head 44; depth 543; eye 4. D. 17; A. 17; V.7; P. 9. Barbel about
equal in length to the head. Origin of dorsal fin a little nearer tip of

* This species is represented in the national collection by only a single specimen (No. 34538, U.
S. National Museum), the type of Chauliodus jieldii, Cuvier & Valenciennes, obtained by Captain
Field, in May, 1819, on a voyage from Mogador to New York, probably at the surface. This
specimen passed from the hands of Dr. Mitchill to those oi Mr. J. Carson Brevoort, then to Mr.
E. G. Blackford, by whom it was presented to the National Museum. (Goode & Bean.)

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 587

snout than root of caudal; length of its base contained nearly 4 times in
the total without caudal, its longest ray % length of head. Ventral
origin directly under dorsal origin; length of ventral 5} times in body,
not reaching nearly to vent; distance of anal origin from root of the
caudal a little more than ¢ of total length without candal. Eye longer
than snout. Pectoral nearly + as long as body without caudal.

The type of this species, about 77 inches in length, was taken from a
halibut’s stomach, January 26, 1890, by the schooner Polar Wave, in
44° 25’ N. latitude, 53° 12’ W. longitude, in about 300 fathoms. This
species may possibly prove identical with 4. niger. The limits of variation
of the fin rays in this genus have not been determined for lack of sufficient
material. The specimen has 17 anal rays and numerous gem-like dots on
the lower part of the body, there being about 30 in the series from the
symphysis of the mandible to the ventral. (Goode & Bean.) (gemma, bud

or gem; fero, I bear.)
Astronesthes gemmifer, GoopE & BEAN, Oceanic Ichthyology, 105, fig. 124, 1895, Grand Banks.
(Type, No. 24645. Coll. Schr Polar Wave.)

881. ASTRONESTHES RICHARDSONI (Poey).

Head 44; depth 63; eye 7. D.12 or 13; A. 13 or14. Body more elon-
gate than in 4. niger, less rapidly tapering backward ; barbel much longer
than head, reaching beyond tip of pectorals; dorsal beginning over axil
of ventrals, its last ray in advance of vent and far in advance of first
of anal; pectorals almost reaching ventrals; lower jaw prominent; eye
small, shorter than snout, the luminous organ below it as long as pupil.
Black, with the usual many luminous spots. Deep waters of West Indies,
Indian and Pacific oceans. (Liitken.) (Named for Sir John Richardson

the discoverer of the genus Astronesthes.)
Chauliodus richardsoni, Pozy, Memorias, I, 176, 1855, Cuba. (Coll. Poey.)
Astronesthes richardsoni, GUNTHER, Cat., v, 425, 1864; Liirken, Spolia Atlantica, 11, 55, 1892.

Family LXXIX. STOMIATIDZ.

Body elongate, tapering, naked or covered with very thin and decidu-
ous scales. Head oblong; snout short and rounded. Eyes large and far
forward. Opercular apparatus imperfectly developed. Mouth enormous,
with deep lateral cleft; lateral margin of upper jaw formed by maxil-
lary and provided with teeth along the edges; teeth usually strong,
unequal, some of them often fang-like or barbed. Gill membranes not
joined, free from the isthmus. Branchiostegals numerous (12 to 17); a
long barbel at throat. No pseudobranchi. Dorsal fin short, median or
posterior, without spines; anal free, far behind and small; caudal dis-
tinct; pectorals low down on the scapular arch and narrow; ventrals
inserted far backward. Stomach cxeal, and pyloric appendages absent.
Sides with phosphorescent spots. Skeleton feebly ossified. Eggs excluded
through oviducts. (Goode & Bean.) Deep sea-fishes of extremely vora-
cious habits; 8 genera and about 20 species known. (Stomiatida, part,
Giinther, Cat., v, 424, 1864.)

STOMIATIN”: :

a, Pectorals present.
b, Body covered with fine scales; ventrals very far back. Sromras, 279.

588 Bulletin 47, Untted States National Museum.

bb. Body naked.
c. Pectorals with separate ray; vomer with teeth; teeth in jaws long, depressible;
palatines with teeth. Ecuiostoma, 280.
ce. Pectorals normal; vomer toothless; dorsal and anal similar in size and opposite;
teeth fang-like; pigment spots in place of lateral line; eye small.
GRAMMATOSTOMIAS, 281.
PHOTONECTIN® :
aa, Pectorals absent; body naked; dorsal inserted behind vent. PHOTONECTES, 282.

279. STOMIAS, Cuvier.
Stomias, CuvieR, Réegne Animal, Ed. 1, 184, 1817, (boa).

Body elongate, compressed, covered with exceedingly fine, decidu-
ous scales, which are scarcely imbricated, lying in subhexagonal depres-
sions in the skin. Head compressed, the snout very short and the cleft
of the mouth extremely large. Mouth oblique, the lower jaw projecting.
Teeth pointed, unequal, those of the premaxillaries and mandible very
large; maxillary with fine teeth; vomer with a pair of fangs; palatines
and tongue with smaller pointed teeth. Eye moderate. Opercular por-
tion of the head short; a large fleshy barbel suspended from the hyoid
region. Vent far back. Dorsal comparatively long, far back, opposite
the anal; pectorals and ventrals rather small and short, the latter far
back; caudal fin moderate. Lower side of head, body, and tail with
series of luminous spots. Gill openings very wide; no pyloric ca@ca.
Singular fishes of the deep sea; 3species now known. (stomias, ‘‘ mouthy,”
from o76ua, mouth.)

a, Head 10 times in length of body; ventrats not produced. FEROX, 882.
aa. Head 8 times in length of body; ventrals much produced. AFFINIS, 883.

S82. STOMIAS FEROX, Reinhardt.

Head 10; depth 12. D.17; A.21; P.6; V.6. Barbel longer than head,
tapering and not fringed at tip. Pectorals and ventrals not produced;
caudal rounded. Color black. (Gtnther.) Greenland and southward;
abundant in deep waters of the Gulf Stream from Bahama Channel to the
Grand Banks in 500 to 600 fathoms. (ferox, ferocious.)

Stomias ferox, REINHARDT, Vidensk. Selsk. Natury., etc., x, 77, 1842, Greenland; GUNTHER,
Cat., v, 426, 1864; Jorpan & GILBERT, Synopsis, 286, 1883; Goopr & Bean, Oceanic Ichthy-
ology, 107, 1895.

883. STOMIAS AFFINIS, Giinther.

Head 8; depth 12. D. 17; A. 20. Sealeless, but the hexagonal divis-
ions of the skin distinct. Teeth fixed. Barbel about as long as head,
ending in 3 filaments; end of stem of barbel white, probably luminous,
and with a black pigment spot. Pectorals and ventrals narrow and
elongate, the ventrals ending in a filament reaching beyond front of anal;
anal higher than dorsal. Each of the abdominal series of photophores
with 43 spots between pectoral and ventral; 6 between ventrals and anal,
and 15 or 16 between front of anal and caudal; a parallel series runs
below, and a third above middle of side of body. Fins white; dorsal,
anal, and ventral with black margins. One specimen taken south of
Sombrero Islands, in 450 fathoms. (Ginther.) (affinis, related.)

Stomias affinis, GUNTHER, Deep-Sea Fishes, Challenger, xx11, 205, pl. iv, fig. A, 1887, Sombrero
Islands, West Indies.

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 589

280. ECHIOSTOMA, Lowe.

Echiostoma, Low®¥, Proc. Zod]. Soc. Lond., 1843, 87, (barbatum).
Hyperchoristus, Gut, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1884, 256, (tanneri).

Body elongate, compressed, scaleless. Head rather compressed, the
snout short and the cleft of the mouth very wide. Teeth pointed, more
or less unequal, those of the premaxillary and the front of the lower jaw
being longest; maxillary teeth ina single series, those of the lower }
being small; teeth of the hinder part of the mandible in double or triple
series; vomer with a pair of fangs; palatines with a singleseries of small
pointed teeth, two groups of similar teeth on the tongue. Eye of mod-
erate size. Opercular portion of the head very narrow and flexible; a
fleshy barbel on the center of the hyoid region. Dorsal fin far back,
opposite anal; caudal forked; vent not far in advance of caudal fin;
pectorals and ventrals feeble, the latter behind the middle of the body.
Series of luminous spots along the lower side of the head, body, and tail,
the largest luminous organ placed behind eye along maxillary, longer than
eye; a smaller eye-like one, in suture between opercle and interopercle.
Gill openings very wide. Gill rakers minute. No pseudobranchize nor
air bladder. Atlantic. (éyic, a viper; o7éua, mouth. )

a. Anal rays 16 to 18; teeth of jaws large, unequal. BARBATUM, 884.

aa, Anal rays 24; teeth of jaws small, subequal. MARGARITA, 885.

884. ECHIOSTOMA BARBATUM, Lowe.

Head 6; depth9. B.12; D.12t015; A.16t018; P.3to5; V.8. Barbel
as long as head, fringed at its tip. Upper ray of pectoral produced in a
long and slender filament reaching nearly to the root of the ventrals ;
ventrals narrow, elongate. Color black, with elongate, club-shaped,
luminous spot between the maxillary and the eye, rose-colored in life.
Length 9 inches. Deep waters off Madeira; also taken off Gloucester,
Massachusetts, and southward in the Gulf Stream to the Old Bahama
Channel. (barbatus, bearded. )

Echiostoma barbatum, Low®, Proc. Zo6l. Soc. Lond., 1843, 88, Madeira; GiintuEr, Cat., v, 427,
1864; Goopr & Bean, Bull. Essex Inst., 1879, 23; Jonpan & GiLBert, Synopsis, 287, 1883;
GUNTHER, Deep-Sea Fishes, Challenger, 206, 1887.

Hyperchoristus tanneri, Git, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., 1883, 256, Gulf Stream, at Albatross
Station 2083, at 40° 26’ 4o” N., 60° 58’ W., in 956 fathoms. (Type, No. 33444. Coll.
Albatross. )

885. ECHIOSTOMA MARGARITA, Goode & Bean.

Head 8; depth 8; eye 8. D. 18; A. 24; V.7. A stout barbel behind
from the tip of the lower jaw, somewhat more than + length of:
head; at the extremity, this barbel is divided into 6 fringes, one of
which is whitish; a whitish band on the barbel near the root of the
fringes. About 31 teeth on each side of upper jaw and 36 on each side of
mandible; none of the teeth in the jaws being enlarged; vomer with a
pair of depressible fangs on right side and a single one on the left; five
depressible teeth on each palatine; lingual teeth in about 4rows. Length
of upper jaw # length of head. Mandible nearly as long as head. Eye
equal to snout and } as long as upper jaw. Mandible projecting beyond

590 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum,

upper jaw when the mouth is closed, a distance equal to 4 the eye. Nos-
trils about midway between eye and tip of snout. Gill lamin all well
developed, increasing in size backward, not entirely concealed by the
opercular bones. Gill rakers minute scattered spines. Distance of vent
from base of caudai 6; times in the total length; anal beginning
immediately behind vent and extending nearly to base of tail; dorsal
immediately over anal; the sixth and longest ray of ventral 2 length of
head ; pectorals of both sides have been torn off in the type. Tworows
of minute photophores similar to those in £. barbatum and similarly situa-
ted. Pearl-colored spot above the maxilla, beginning at the hind margin
of the eye; its length about % that of the eye. Color very dark, inside
of the mouth black. Middle of the Gulf of Mexico in 420 fathoms. The
single type is in bad condition. There is no doubt that the species is
distinct from Echiostoma barbatum, as it has very small subequal teeth.
Length 133 inches. (Goode & Bean.) (sapyapityc, pearl.)

Echiostoma margarita, GOODE & BEAN, Oceanic Ichthyology, 109, fig. 131, 1895, Gulf of Mexico.
(Type, No. 39292. Coll. Albatross.)

281. GRAMMATOSTOMIAS, Goode & Bean.

Grammatostomias, GOODE & BEAN, Oceanic Ichthyology, 110, 1895, (dentatus).

Similar in general appearance to Echiostoma. Head short, compressed.
Body compressed, moderately elongate. Dorsal and anal with numerous
rays, placed opposite each other and close to the root of the caudal;
ventrals in advance of the middle of the body, at a great distance from
the vent; pectorals placed near the abdominal outline, consisting of a
short filament very slightly separated from the rest of the fin, and
several rays connected by a membrane. Two rows of minute phosphor-
escent spots on the body similar to those in Echiostoma. A very long and
slender hyoid barbel. Mandibular teeth very unequal in size, compara-
tively few in number, arranged in 2 rows, an outer row of fixed teeth
and an inner row of depressible ones; the first pair, near tip of mandi-
ble, very greatly enlarged and passing outside of the upper jaw when the
mouth is closed. Premaxillary teeth uniserial or nearly so, the edge of
the bone posteriorly with minute cirri; a pair of small, fixed, curved
fangs in front, followed by a pair of larger movable ones; vomer tooth-
less; palatines with several weak teeth; no lingual teeth. Upper
pharyngeals present. A pearl-colored spot on cheek, similar to that in
Echiostoma. Four gills, a short, narrow slit behind the fourth; gill
rakers not numerous, short, spine-like; gill lamine increasing in size
backward. A series of pigment cells along the median line of the body,
so arranged as to simulate a lateral line. Eye small, caudal lobes appar-
ently unequal. Skin naked, its whole surface sprinkled with minute
raised pigment spots, each with a light center. (ypauua,a line; Stomias.)

886. GRAMMATOSTOMIAS DENTATUS, Goode & Bean.

Depth 7; eye 5, as long as snout. D. 20; A. 24; V. 7; P.1+3; C. 17.
Upper jaw long and slender, its length 6} times in the total; length of
mandible 5% times in the total; nostrils a little nearer eye than

Oe

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 591

to tip of snout; maxillary and premaxillary closely welded, their separa-
tion marked by a changing in the character of the teeth, those on the
maxillary being minute cirri. The large fangs in the tip of the mandible ?
length of upper jaw; hyoid barbel placed at a distance from the sym-
physis of the mandible, which is about equal to the enlarged fangs of the
mandible, or + length of mandible; length of the barbel nearly 4 of total;
pectoral close behind the head and near ventral outline, its first ray dis-
tinct from the other three, although placed close to them, and not pro-
duced ; length of the pectoral 4 in head; ventrals in advance of middle
of body, their distance from origin of pectorals 4 as great as from caudal
base, their longest ray nearly equal to greatest height of body; distance
of dorsal origin from caudal base 5; in total length; longest dorsal ray
in middle of fin, half as long as longest of ventral; base of anal slightly
longer than that of dorsal, its longest ray about ¢ as long as the longest
dorsal ray; caudal lobes in type unequal, the lower one being much
longer than the upper (perhaps result of accident.) Two rows of lumi-
nous spots, one close to the ventral outline, which becomes obsolete
before it reaches the origin of the anal, and another in the lower third
of height of body, which becomes indistinct about the middle of total
length; 14 of these spots between pectoral and ventral in the lower
series and 11 in upper series. One specimen, 64 inches long, taken by the
Albatross at station 2565, N. latitude 38° 19’ 20/”, W. longitude 69° 02/
30/’, from 2069 fathoms. (Goode & Bean.) (dentatus, toothed.)

Grammatostomias dentatus, GoopE & BEAN, Oceanic Ichthyology, 110, fig. 133, 1895, Gulf
Stream. (Type, No. 37370. Coll. Albatross.)

282. PHOTONECTES, Giinther.

Lucifer, DOpERLEIN, Wiegm. Archiv. f. Naturgeschich., 1882, 26, (albipinnis), (name preoccupied in
Crustacea).
Photonectes, GUNTHER, Challenger Report, xx11, 212, 1887, (albipinnis).

Body compressed, rather long, scaleless; vent far behind the middle of
the length. Head compressed, with short snout and exceedingly wide
mouth. Teeth in the jaws small, unequal in size, in single series; vomer
and palatine with a small group of teeth on each side. Eye small,
Opercular portion of the head very narrow. A long hyoid barbel. The
dorsal fin opposite the anal,.which commences behind the vent ; pec-
torals none; ventrals inserted behind the middle of the length. A
small suborbital phosphorescent organ, and 2 series of luminous dots
along the lower part of the sides, with numerous rudimentary similar
organs scattered over the skin of the body. (gc, light; vixrne,
swimmer. )

887. PHOTONECTES GRACILIS, Goode & Bean.

Head 84; depth 154; eye 4. D. 18; A. 21; V. 7. Much more slender
than the Japanese species, P. albipinnis. Type in very poor condition.
Hyoid barbel remarkably short and probably imperfect. Fins incomplete,
and the luminous dots along the sides so indistinct as to be made out
only with great difficulty. The greatest depth of the head equal to length
of its postorbital portion ; snout very short, nearly half eye. Below and

092 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

behind the eye there is a luminous body, which is nearly as long as the
eye and somewhat club-shaped ; at margin of operculum there is a small,
roundish, luminous dot. Maxillary a very thin and narrow bone, extend-
ing backward almost to the end of the head, very slightly curved and
forming a very obtuse angle with the short premaxillary; mandible very
strongly curved upward, like a sled runner, its length twice greatest
height of body. Both jaws armed with numerous fine teeth of unequal
size; only 3 remain on each side of the premaxillary; maxillary with 20
true teeth on its anterior half, the posterior half with about 16 serre;
about 35 teeth on each side of mandible; all the teeth of jaws rake inward
and backward,and are depressible; 3 teeth on each side of the head of
the vomer, increasing in size backward; a pair of teeth on each palatine;
1 fang near the tip of the tongue and 3 farther back. Gill lamin not
well covered by the operculum; gill rakers very few, minute and spine-
like; gill opening very wide, the membrane cleft almost down to origin
of hyoid barbel. No pseudobranchie. Hyoid barbel situated nearly
under tip of tongue, evidently imperfect, its length scarcely 4 that of eye.
Longest dorsal ray a little longer than eye; anal beginning immediately
under the dorsal, its base slightly longer than that of dorsal, its rays
about as long as those of dorsal; distance of ventral from tip of
snout a little more than 4 body; origin of ventral very slightly nearer
root of caudal than tip of snout; pectoral wanting. Color very dark;
a row of luminous dots along margin of branchiostegal membrane;
tworows beginning on the isthmus and extending back along edge of
belly, passing between ventrals and slightly above base of anal, disap-
pearing rear end of body; another row higher up on side, which can
not be traced back farther than the ventral, on account of the bad con-
dition of the specimen. Only thetype known. Length 7 inches. (Goode
& Bean.) (gracilis, slender.)

Photonectes gracilis, GoopE & BEAN, Oceanic Ichthyology, 112, fig. 187, 1895, off Martinique, at
Blake Station XL, in 472 fathoms. (Coll. Str. Blake.)

Family LXXX. MALACOSTEIDA.

Body elongate, compressed, scaleless. Mouth immense. Snout very
short. Cleft of the mouth exceedingly wide, the ends of the jaws extend-
ing beyond the root of the pectorals, and the jaws not connected with
the sides of the head back of the orbit. ‘Tail diphycercal. Lateral mar-
gins of the upper jaw formed by the premaxillaries only. No adipose fin;
pectorals rudimentary. No barbel, but a strap-shaped elastic band con-
necting the symphysis of lower jaw with the isthmus. (Goode & Bean.)
Deep sea. Two species known; among the most remarkable known
forms.

283. MALACOSTEUS, Ayres.

Malacosteus, AYRES, Journ. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1849, 53, (niger).

Body elongate, compressed, scaleless, deepest at the head and tapering
backward. Head rather compressed, the snout extremely short; jaw
bones and preopercles greatly prolonged, forming an enormous gape,
extending to behind the root of the pectorals and large enough to permit

Jordan and Evermann.—Ffishes of North America, 593

the swallowing of fishes much larger than itself. Teeth pointed, unequal,
in single series on both jaws and tongue; none on the palate. Eye very
large, at very tip of the blunt snout, with two luminous organs below it,
the anterior larger and pear-shaped, with the narrow end forward; sides
with luminous spots. Hyoid barbel wanting; a cylindrical muscular
band in its place connecting the symphysis of the very thin lower jaw
with the front of the hyoid bone. This is probably contractile, ‘‘serving
to give the extremity of the mandible power of resistance when the fish
has seized its prey, as without such a contrivance so long and slender a
bone would yield to the force of the struggling victim.” * This structure
is unique among fishes. No gill rakers. Twospecies known, in the deep
seas. (uudakoc, soft; doréov, bone.)

888. MALACOSTEUS NIGER, Ayres.

Head 33; depth, 54. D.19; A. 20; P.5; ¥.6. Lower jaw dltatiaea oa
canines, four of them fang-like sian longer than the others. Pectoral
rays filamentous. Ventrals filamentous, inserted midway between base
of caudal and posterior luminous organ. Black, except the luminous
spots. (Ginther.) Open sea, in very deep water; rare. Known from
the Gulf Stream and southward to Barbadoes. (niger, black.)

Malacosteus niger, AYRES, Journ. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1849, 53, Gulf Stream, 42° N. 60° W.;
GUNTHER, Cat., v, 428, 1864; Jorpan & GILBERT, Aunberis 287, 1883; GinTHER, Deep-Sea
Fishes piateaaer, Xx, 214, 1887; GoopE & BEAN, Oceanic Ichthyology, 114, 1895.

Family LXXXI. ALEPISAURIDZ.
(THE LANCET FISHES. )

Body elongate, rather compressed, scaleless. Head compressed, with
the snout much produced, and with the cleft of the mouth very wide.
Premaxillaries very long and very slender, forming the entire margin of
the upper jaw, not protractile; maxillary thin, needle-like, as long as
the premaxillary, immovable, provided with a small supplementary bone.
Teeth very unequal, immovable, and subject to many variations in the
same species; aseries of small teeth the entire length of the premaxillary,
those in front sometimes larger and curved; palatine teeth compressed,
triangular, pointed, two or three of the anterior ones exceedingly long
and strong, fang-like, the posterior ones moderate; teeth of the lower
jaw similar to those on the palatines, oue pair in front and two or three
pairs in the middle being much enlarged; no teeth on the tongue. Eye
large. Gill openings very wide; the gill membranes not united, free
from the isthmus ; gill rakers stiff, shortish, spine-like. Branchiostegals
mostly 7. Pseudobranchiw large. Opercular bones thin, membranaceous.
Dorsal fin very long and high, occupying nearly the whole of the back,
of more than 40 rays, which are slender and simple, all of them depressible
into a deep groove, the fin invisible when depressed ; ventral fins abdom-
inal, nearly median, of 9 to 13 rays, the first ray simple, spine-like;
adipose fin present, moderate; anal fin sf. seemiateot caudal fin forked. Air

*See Giinther, Deep-Sea Fishes | Challenger; 3h 2 212, 1887, for a . full account of the structure
of this remarkable type of fishes.

FN. A 39

594 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

bladder none. Vertebrz about 50. A system of abdominal ribs symmet-
rically arranged along the whole length of abdomen to front of anal fin.
Large fishes of the deep seas, found in the Atlantic and Pacific. Species
about 10, usually referred to 1 genus. Every part of the body is so fragile
that it is extremely difficult to procure specimens. Thestructure of the
dorsal fin is so delicate that it must be liable to injury even in the water;
the bones are very feebly ossified, and the fibrous ligaments connecting the
vertebre are very loose and extensible, so that the body may be consider-
ably stretched. ‘‘This loose connection of the single parts of the body
is found in numerous deep-sea fishes, and is merely the consequence of
their withdrawal from the pressure of the water to which they are exposed
in the depths inhabited by them. When within the limits of their natural
haunts the osseous, muscular, and fibrous parts of the body will have
that solidity which is required for the rapid and powerful movements of
a predatory fish. That fishes of this genus (dAlepisaurus) belong to the
most ferocious of the class is proved by their dentition and the contents
of their stomach, but it is worthy of notice that although the mouth is
so deeply cleft, the lower jaw can not be moved from the upper at a
greater angle than about 40°.” These fishes have never been taken in the
deep-sea dredge or trawl. Most of the specimens known have been cast
up by storms or else taken on deep-sea lines. (Gitinther.) (Scopelida,
group Alepidosaurina, Ginther, Cat., v, 420-423, 1864.)

284. ALEPISAURUS, Lowe.

(LANCET FISHES.)

Plagyodus* (STELLER MS.) Pauias, Zoogr. Ross.-Asiat., m1, 383, 1811, (nonbinomial), (zscula-
pius, no specific name. )

Alepisaurus, Lowk, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1833, 104, ( ferox).

Caulopus, GILL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, 128, (altivelis).

Plagyodus, GUNTHER, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 1867; after PALLAS.

Alepidosaurus, (corrected orthography).

Characters of genus included above. (i, privative; Aezi¢; catvpoc, Saurus.)

ALEPISAURUS :
a. Ventral fins rather small, of 8 to 10 rays; dorsal rays 39 to 44.
b. First ray of ventral serrated; pectorals elongate; dorsal rays 31 to 44. FEROX, 889.
bb. First ray of ventral not serrated; pectorals about 13 in head; dorsal rays 36 to 39
JESCULAPIUS, 890.
CAULOPUS (KavAos, stem; wovs, foot, the ventral of many zays):
aa. Ventral fins rather large, of about 13 rays.
c. Dorsal rays 40, the fin high; ventrals shorter than head. ALTIVELIS, 891.
ce. Dorsal rays about 34; ventrals as long as head, BOREALIS, 892,
d. Palatine teeth well separated; lower half of subopercle with coarse, radiating strie;
only 2 or 3 ridges parallel with the posterior edge of the bone present.
dd, Palatine teeth close-set; lower half of subopercle for the most part with striz par-
allel with the posterior edge of the bone, SERRA, 893.

*The name Plagyodus has been lately accepted by Dr. Giinther for this genus. A specimen of
one of the Pacific species was obtained by Steller from the Kurile Islands. and a brief description
of it, under the name of Plagyodus, left by him in manuscript, was afterwards quoted by Pallas, asa
species unknown to him. Steller wrote before Linneus, and apparently used the name Plagyodus
as a mononomial designation for his particular specimen or species, rather than in the sense of @
Linnean genus. It seems to us, at present, best to retain the name Alepisaurus.

Jordan and Evermann.—Ffishes of North America. 595

Subgenus ALEPISAURUS.

889. ALEPISAURUS FEROX, Lowe.

(LANCET Fisu.)

Eye 6 in head. D. 41 to 44; A. 14 to 17; P. 14 or 15; V. 9 or 10.
Length of head twice height of body, and rather less than + of the total.
Eye median, as wide as the interorbital space. Dorsal fin much
elevated ; pectorals elongated, but not reaching nearly to ventrals; first
ray of dorsal, pectoral, and ventral serrated ; upper caudal lobe produced
into a long filament. (Giinther.) Deep waters of the Atlantic; occa-
sionally obtained off the coasts of Nova Scotia and Massachusetts, and the
Grand Banks. (/ferox, ferocious.)

Alepisaurus ferox, Lowe, Trans. Zo]. Soc. Lond., 1, 1833, 395, Madeira; GiUnTHER, Cat., v, 421,
1864; JorpDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 276, 1883.
Alepisaurus azureus, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., xx11, 530, 1849, Canaries.

890. ALEPISAURUS ESCULAPIUS* (Bean).

(SUBATKA ; WOLF-FISH.)

Head 6; depth 103; eye 5. D. 39; A.16; P.13; V.8; B.7. Vertebre
50. Body stouter posteriorly than in 4. ferox; snout twice as long as
eye; premaxillary 1} in head, extending behind the eye a distance equal
to+eye. Median line with a well-marked fleshy keel from before ven-
trals to caudal. Longest dorsal ray 6 in body, ;5 longer than head, its
anterior edge finely serrated (dorsal rays not perfect in type specimen).
Insertion of dorsal over gill opening and base of pectoral; pectoral about
+ shorter than head; ventral 2? in head, its first ray smooth. Dark
gray, sides silvery and iridescent, a row of small translucent spots on
each side of lateral line and keel; dorsal black, with steel-blue reflections ;
adipose fin, pectorals, and caudal black; ventrals and anal silver-gray.
Coast of Alaska, and southward to California, in deep water, occa-
sionally running on shore. (Bean.) The type specimen, speared at
Unalaska, by Robert King, had in its stomach 21 individuals of Lumicro-
tremus spinosus. It was probably driven ashore by the tortures of a
parasite (Tetrarhynchus) found in its flesh. Length over 3 feet. Another

* A fine specimen of this species, four feet in length, came ashore on the coast of San Luis
Obispo County, California, in October, 1894, and was sent to the Museum of the California
Academy of Sciences by Mr. W. P. Stevens.

Dorsal rays 38; ventralrays9. Vertebree about 35 --20=—55, the number not exactly counted.
’ Longest dorsal ray 14% in head; pectoral fins about 2; ventral fins 224 in head. Opercle as in
the Eureka specimen, with strongly marked radiating ridges. Subopercle with similar ridges, the
uppermost and strongest ruuning to the upper posterior corner of the bone, the few above it short
and soon running out in the upper edge of the bone, Lower jaw strongly striated. Shoulder
girdle rugose, Gill rakers short, few, and small; strongly toothed. Pseudobranchiw well
developed. Eye 244 insnout. Upper jaw with a series of very small teeth along its entire edge.
Vomer with three enormous, dagger-like canines, arranged in a triangle, the median one in
advance; three canines on palatines on each side, turned a little backward; 8 small compressed
retrorse teeth behind them. Lower jaw with two large canines in front on each side; nine
small ones behind these; then 5 large compressed canines, smaller than those in front, which
in turn are smaller than those on palatines, which are smaller than those on vomer. Behind
these 5 canines are 15 smaller teeth, compressed, retrorse, like the teeth of a saw. Color blackish,
silvery below and on fin rays of lower fins. Dorsal mottled with darker, A description and
an ; specimen has recently been published by Miss Flora Hartley. (Proc, Cal. Ac,

+, 1895.

596 Bulletin 47, Untted States National Museum.

specimen was taken at Unalaska by Dr. W. H. Dall; another* was
obtained off Eureka, California (Humboldt Bay), by A. J. Wiley and J.
B. Brown; and still another came ashore on the coast of San Luis Obispo
County, California, in October, 1894. Steller’s specimen,t ‘‘ Piscem hune
mirabilis structure et forme,” seems to be this species rather than Ale-
pisaurus borealis. (disculapius, the father of medicine, from the lancet-
like teeth.)

Plagyodus, STELLER, in PALLAS, Zoog. Rosso-Asiat., 111, 383, 1811, Kurile Islands.
Alepidosaurus xsculapius, BEAN, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1882, 661, Iliuliuk, Unalaska. (Type,
No. 27705. Coll. Robert King); Flora Hartley, Proc. Cal. Ac. Sci., 1895.

Subgenus CAULOPUS, Gill.
891. ALEPISAURUS ALTIVELIS, Poey.

(CONEJO. )

Head 6+ in total length; depth 133; eye 54. D. 40; A.17; P.16; V.
13; C. 30; B.7. Maxillary extending beyond eye. Dorsal very high, its
height 3 times depth of body; pectorals falcate, their length twice depth
of body; ventrals reaching vent, their length less than depth of body;
caudal forked, with equal lobes. Lateral line distinct. Color silvery,
with blue shades. Length 3 feet. Cuba; in deep water. (Poey.)
(altus, high; velum, sail.)

Alepisaurus altivelis, PoEy, Memorias, 11, 302, 1861, Cuba; GUnTuER, Cat., v, 423, 1864.
Alepidosaurus (Caulopus) poeyi, { Grit, Proc, Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, 131, Cuba; (based on a
specimen slightly different in proportions, the upper lobe of the caudal longest).

$92. ALEPISAURUS BOREALIS (Gill).
(Hanp-saw FIsu.)

Depth of head 43 times its length; eye 54; snout 24. D. 34; V. 13;
B. 5. Nostrils nearer eye than tip of snout; opercle with 18 prominent
ridges; subopercle divided into two parts by a horizontal ridge, the
upper part irregularly triangular, with about 9 striw; the lower part
with coarse strie, the upper ones interrupted behind by 2 or 3 ridges
parallel with the posterior border; lower jaw robust, its length 14 in
head, its upper edge slightly convex. Teeth on the upper jaw very

* This specimen differs somewhat from Bean’s type, as the following description shows:
‘“*Head 514; depth 9. D. 36; A. 16; V. 10. Eye 214 in snout, 514% in head; pectoral long, fal-
cate, and pointed, 144 in head; ventrals about 234 in head; space between pectorals and ventrals
3% in body; insertion of ventrals slightly nearer base of caudal than tip of snout; dorsal fin
Wee high, depressible in a groove, the longest rays (2d to 15th) 414 in length of body and about
Vy longer than head: anal low, but slightly falcate in front, the free “edge concave; caudal
deeply forked, the lobes pointed ‘and equal. Color dark iridesc ent, a round pale spot on "body at
base of each ray of anterior half of dorsal. Description from photographs taken by Mr.
Augustus J. Wiley of Eureka, from a large specimen which ran ashore near Humboldt Bay in
1892. The specimen was not preserved, but at the time the photographs were taken it was in
better condition than any other specimen yet seen in the Pacific. It would seem to differ from
A, zsculapius in the much higher dorsal, and perhaps in the more slender tail.

+ This was a dried specimen 44 inches long; pectoral 6 inches; ventral 214 inches; description
chiefly of the teeth.

{ Head 7 in length instead of 614, as in alltivelis; the depth 15. From base of pectoral to base
of anal the same distance as to the anal, less 14 (instead of less 1%); first dorsal ray 44 the next
(41 in altivelis); fourth longer; sixth to twenty ‘fourth all high and equal (2 to 22 high’ “and equal
in altivelis). D.41. Upper lobe of caudal prolonged, the lobes separate. Ventral reaching past
vent, its Jength greater than depth of body. Color of dorsal uniform,—Poey.

le es

Jordan and Lvermann.—Fishes of North America. 597

small, acute, and numerous; vomerine fangs very large, nearly equal,
slender, and slightly curved, the longest 63 in head; large palatine teeth
similar, about 10 in hea’; small trenchant teeth behind them, large teeth
of lower jaw 12 in head, slender, moderately curved. First dorsal ray
rather stout and with a prominent compressed ridge anteriorly, which is
erenulate in front; ventral fins at least as long as head, the first ray
undivided, crenulate.

Alaska to Puget Sound, occasionally cast on shore by storms; only
mutilated specimens yet seen. The head in the type 73 inches long.
The type from Puget Sound; another taken by Prof. George Davidson
at Captain’s Harbor, Unalaska; a head from Puget Sound, and another
from the Aleutian Islands, preserved in collections in San Francisco, are
the only specimens known. (borealis, northern.)

Alepidosaurus (Caulopus) borealis, Git, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, 128, Puget Sound;
GUNTHER, Cat., v, 423, 1864; Jorpan & GILBERT, Synopsis, 278, 1883.

893. ALEPISAURUS SERRA (Gill).

(SERRA.)

Head 6 in total length, flattish above, its height } its length; eye 5} in
head; snout 24 in head; V.13; subopercle divided into two parts by a
ridge, the upper nearly equally triangular, its base lunately emarginate,
with 10 to 14 radiating strie ; the lower portion with its upper surface
wrinkled parallel with the oblique posterior margin, its lower half with
slight radiating strie; lower jaw 1} in head, its upper outline nearly
straight; longest vomerine teeth 8 in head; smaller palatine teeth closer
together than in A. borealis; fins destroyed, except base of ventral. This
“species differs from Caulopus borealis by the oblong operculum, and the
nearly equal triangular shape of the coalescent infraopercular bone (sub-
opercle and interopercle) above the dividing ridge, but with an oblique
excavation at its base, which describes nearly the third of a circle, as
well as the sculpture of the portion below the dividing ridge. The
vomerine teeth are stronger, but less elongated, and the palatine approx-
imated and not curved. (Gill.) Known from one specimen discovered
at Monterey, California, by Mr. A. 8. Taylor, in 1859. It weighed 7
pounds; its length 4 feet; the sun-dried fragments constituting the
type of the description. (serra, saw, the Spanish name, ‘ which has the
advantage of at the same time perpetuating the popular name, and of
being classical, and of describing one of the peculiarities of the palatine
dentition which distinguishes it from the 4. (C.) borealis.’” (Gill.)

Alepidosaurus (Caulopus) serra, Gini, Proc, Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, 129, ‘‘ Monterey, Lower
California.’’ (Coll. A. 8. Taylor.)

Family LXXXII. ODONTOSTOMIDS.

Body oblong, compressed, naked ; mouth very wide, its margin formed
by premaxillaries only; premaxillaries with curved teeth; large, curved,
lanceolate, depressible teeth on mandible, vomer, and palatines. Eye
very large, the orbital cavity expanded downward. Dorsal short,

598 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

median or posterior; adipose fin small. Pseudobranchie well developed.
No air bladder. Deep-sea fishes; two genera and two species known.

a, Post-temporal of peculiar form, partly naked; stomach very distensible. Omosupis, 285.

285. OMOSUDIS, Ginther.
Omosudis, GUNTHER, Challenger Report, xx11, 201, 1887, (lowit).

Body oblong, compressed; head compressed, naked; snout of mod-
erate length; cleft of mouth very wide; premaxillary and maxillary
bones slender, the former with a series of very small teeth of equal size,
only one. or two anterior ones being somewhat enlarged ; the lower jaw,
the vomer, and palatine bones with a few very large and lanceolate teeth.
Lower jaw broad, and, like the rest of the head, formed of very thin bone.
The supraclavicle and postclavicles form a long rod extending from occiput
on each side downward to the abdomen, and partly free, not covered by
skin. Ventral fins inserted far behind the pectorals, below the origin of
the dorsal; dorsal fin behind the middle of the length of the body; adi-
pose fin very small; anal finlong. Stomach very distensible. Branchios-
tegals 8; pseudobranchiz well developed ; gills 4, with broad gill laminze
and very short gill rakers. (®uoc, shoulder ; Sudis.)

894. OMOSUDIS LOWII, Giinther..

Head 33; depth 5; eye 3. Head strongly compressed, with rather flat
upper surface ; snout somewhat pointed, rather longer than eye. Bones
of head extremely thin, the opercle being smaller than the subopercle,
and separated by two or three ridges. Infraorbital ring nearly membran-
aceous. Preoperculum terminating below in a forked point. Cleft of
mouth extending backward to angle of preoperculum. Dentition truly
formidable for so small a fish; the longest tooth is one anteriorly on the
side of the mandible; in the British Museum specimens, only one is
present either on the right or left of the jaw; its length nearly 4 of
that of the head ; the next largest are those on the palate, where there
are two on each side, besides several smaller ones; smaller teeth are also
implanted on the hinder part of the dentary bone; all the large teeth can
be laid backward. A semicircular, scale-like, osseous lamella of extreme
thinness covers lower part of cheek, it is marked by very shallow, con-
centric strie. The singular bone which supports the side of the anterior
part of the abdomen is styliform, slightly curved backward; it starts
from the top of the occiput and descend toward the median line of the
abdomen, which it reaches behind the pectoral fin; it is composed of the
two-pronged supraclavicle, which is fixed by ligaments to the occiput, and
of three slender, needle-shaped postclavicles ; the uppermost postclavicle
is suspended by ligaments from the supraclavicle, as is also the clavicle ;
the rod lies immediately below the thin integument, and its lower portion
is quite free. Dorsal fin inserted midway between root of caudal and eye,
and composed of very feeble rays; the anal commences at some distance
behind the dorsal and terminates not very far from the caudal; caudal
fin small, with a considerable number of basal rays above and below; pec-
toral fins quite at the lower side of the body ; ventral fins very small and

Jordan and Evermann.—Ffishes of North America. 599

partly coalescent. Light brownish on the back, with numerous brown
pigment spots on the sides; abdomen black. (Giinther.)

Gunther described this genus and species from a specimen 34 inches
long, obtained south of the Phillipine Islands, in 500 fathoms. He had
previously obtained, in 1868, the specimen collected by Lowe at Magda-
lena. The Albatross obtained a single specimen from station 2392, ata
depth of 724 fathoms. The capacity of this form for swallowing fishes
greater in size than itself appears to be as great as that of Chiasmodus.
(Goode & Bean.) (Named for its discoverer, Rey. R. T. Lowe, the his-
torian of the fishes of Madeira. )

Omosudis lowii, GUNTHER, Challenger Report, xx11, 201, pl. 52, figs. c, c’, 1887, Philippine
Islands ; Magdalena; Goopr & Brean, Oceanic Ichthyology, 122, fig. 150, 1895.

Family LXXXIII. PARALEPIDIDZ.

Body elongate, somewhat compressed, formed much as in a Barracuda,
covered with cycloid scales of moderate or rather large size. Head long,
usually scaly on the sides. Mouth very large, lower jaw projecting. Pre-
maxillary not protractile, very long and slender, forming the entire margin
of upper jaw; maxillary long and slender, closely adherent to premaxil-
lary. Teeth rather strong, pointed, in single series on the jaws and pala-
tines; some of them on lower jaw and palatines sometimes very long and
fang-like, and most of them freely depressible. Opercular bones thin.
Pseudobranchiz present. Gill membranes separate, free from the isth-
mus. Branchiostegals about 7. Gill rakers short, sharp, spine-like. Eye
large. Lateral line present, its scales usually enlarged. Dorsal fin short
and small, behind the middle of the body, nearly or quite over the ven-
trals; adipose fin present; anal fin low, rather long; caudal fin short,
narrow, forked; pectorals rather small, placed low. Pyloric ceca none.
No air bladder. Phosphorescent spots few or none. Genera 3 or 4, spe-
cies about 12; voracious fishes of the open seas or the deep seas.
PARALEPINE :

aa. Body scaly; stomach’not remarkably distensible; luminous spots usually present, but incon-

spicuous,
b. Lower jaw with 3 to 5 very long fang-like teeth on each side; snout moderately pointed.
Supls, 286.
bb. Lower jaw without distinct fang-like teeth.
c. Ventrals inserted entirely behind dorsal, their distance from eye twice the distance
from base of caudal; snout attenuate. ARCTOZENUS, 287.
ec. Ventrals inserted below front of dorsal. PARALEPIS, 288.

286. SUDIS, Rafinesque.
Sudis, RAFINESQUE, Caratteri di Alcuni Nuovi Generi, etc., 60, 1810, (hyalina).

Body elougate, somewhat compressed, with cycloid scales of moderate
size. Head long, scaly on the sides. Mouth very large, the lower jaw
projecting, the cleft turned upward toward its end. Premaxillary very
long and slender, forming the entire upper margin of the upper jaw;
maxillary long and slender, closely adherent to the premaxillary. Teeth
rather strong, pointed, in single series on the jaws and palatines,3 to 5
of them on lower jaw very long and fang-like or dagger-shaped ; most of

600 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

them freely depressible. Opercular bones thin. Pseudobranchiz present.
Gill membranes separate, free from the isthmus. Branchiostegals about 7.
Gill rakers short, sharp, spine-like. Eye large. Lateral line present, its
scales usually enlarged. Dorsal fin short and small, behind the middle of
the body, nearly or quite over the ventrals; adipose fin present; anal fin
low, rather long; caudal fin short, narrow, forked; pectorals rather small,
placed low. Pyloric ceca none. No air bladder. Luminous spots little
developed. Deep waters of the Atlantic and Pacific; resembling Sphyrena
in form and dentition. Species few. This genus is allied to Alepisaurus,
which, in the structure of the mouth, it much resembles, although differ-
ing in the development of its fins. (Sudis, a stake, an ancient name of the
Barracuda. )

a. Maxillary not reaching eye; dorsal rays 7 or 8. INTERMEDIUS, 895.
aa. Maxillary reaching eye; dorsal rays 11. RINGENS, 896.

895. SUDIS INTERMEDIUS (Poey).

Head 5! in total length; depth 7; eye 6% in head, 3} in snout. D.7or
8; A. very long, its rays not counted; V. 10; P. 15; B. 8. Body com-
pressed. Bones of snout transparent ; mouth large, its cleft not reaching
eye; jaws equal; maxillary parallel with premaxillary; premaxillary
with 2 canines in front, its border with many small recurved teeth ; lower
jaw with 2 similar canines and a dozen large lateral teeth; those of the
middle largest, curved like half a lance head, these alternating with small
teeth; no vomerine teeth ; palatine teeth large, curved, uniserial; tongue
with teeth along its side; no scales present when first seen; lateral line
narrow, marked by elevations of the skin. Ventrals small, in middle of
length, before the dorsal; insertion of anal midway between ventral and
caudal; dorsal inserted midway between ventrals and anal; caudal short,
concave ; no evident adipose fin. Flesh color, the sides silvery. One
specimen known, from Matanzas, Cuba. (Poey.)

Paralepis intermedius, Pony, Repertorio, 11, 416, 1867, Matanzas.

896. SUDIS RINGENS, Jordan & Gilbert.

Head 4; depth 16. D.11; A.25. Body very slender and elongate, com-
pressed. Head rather slender, anteriorly pointed and moderately depressed.
Mouth large, horizontal, the gape extending more than half length of
head. Margin of the upper jaw formed entirely by the very slender,
nearly straight premaxillaries, which are closely appressed to the long
and slender maxillaries; maxillaries extending to below the eye, nearly
as far as the mandibular joint; tip of upper jaw emarginate; tip of
lower jaw rather broad, turned up and fitting in the notch of the upper
jaw ; premaxillaries armed with a series of small, sharp, subequal, close-
set teeth, which are hooked backward; a long, slender canine in front on
each side; lower jaw with about 10 sharp, slender teeth on each side,
these teeth very unequal, some of them short, 3 or 4 very long and canine-
like; near the front a fang-like tooth on each side, then a considerable
interspace, behind which the others are arranged partly in 2 rows;
most of these teeth, especially the inner and larger ones and the anterior

ey =>

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 601

canines, are freely depressible; a long series of teeth on the palatines, 1
or 2 of the anterior teeth on each side and 1 or 2 others long, slender, and
fang-like. Tongue free anteriorly, roughish, but apparently without
teeth. Scales very large, cycloid. Dorsal fin inserted somewhat behind
the middle of the body, at a distance of nearly 4 times its base in front
of the anal, its height a little greater than the length of its base; anal
fin anteriorly nearly as high as the dorsal, its posterior rays low; pectoral
fins placed low, rather short, about as long as the maxillary; caudal fin
short, narrow, apparently forked; ventrals (lost in the type) probably
in front of the dorsal. Coloration light olive, the sides silvery, with dark
punctulations. Peritoneum silvery, underlaid by black pigment. Santa
Barbara Channel, California, the only specimen known taken from the
stomach of a hake ( Merluccius), itself found in the stomach of a long-finned
albicore (Germo alalunga). (ringens, gaping.)

Sudis ringens, JoRDAN & GILBERT, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1880, 273, Santa Barbara Channel.

(Type, No. 27401. Coll. Jordan & Gilbert); JonpDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 277, 1883.

287. ARCTOZENUS, Gill.
Arctozenus, GILL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, 188, (borealis).

Head elongate, conical, the snout attenuate, the jaws straight, the
lower mostly covered by the upper; teeth of lower jaw anteriorly slender,
recurved, and distant ; posteriorly small, acute, and close together. This
genus is closely related to Sudis, from which it differs mainly in the
absence of fang-like teeth. From Paralepis 1t differs in the position of
the ventral fins, which are entirely behind the dorsal. The known spe-
cies belong to the deep waters of Arctic America; long, slender fishes
suggesting the Barracuda in outline. (dpxroc, northern; févoc, strange.)

a. Teeth comparatively strong ; Atlantic species. BOREALIS, 897.
aa. Teeth comparatively weak; Pacific species. CORUSCANS, 298.

897. ARCTOZENUS BOREALIS (Reinhardt).

Head 44; depth 12. B.7; D.8; A. 32; P.11; V.9. Snout as long as
rest of head; mandible included, its upturned tip fitting into an emargi-
nation of upper jaw. Teeth as in A. coruscans, but considerably stronger.
Pectoral and ventral fins small, the latter inserted behind the dorsal.
Color plain. Greenland; occasionally southward to Cape Ann; scarce.
(borealis, northern. )

Paralepis borealis, REINHARDT, Natury. Math. Afhandl., vi1, 115, 1832, Greenland ; GiinrHER,
Cat., v, 419, 1864.

Arctozenus borealis, Git, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, 188.

Sudis borealis, JonpaAn & GiLBeRtT, Synopsis, 278, 1883.

898. ARCTOZENUS CORUSCANS (Jordan & Gilbert).

Head 4; depth 13. D. 8; A. 31; P. 11; V. 9; scales 60. Body very
elongate, of nearly uniform depth, the caudal peduncle very slender ;
abdomen compressed. Head long; snout sharp, half length of head,
Eye large, high. Jaws equal; maxillary reaching vertical from nostril ;
tip of lower jaw fitting into an emargination of premaxillaries; none

602 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

of the teeth fang-like; premaxillaries laterally with minute teeth;
4 or 5 longer teeth in front; vomer with minute teeth; anterior palatine
teeth long, the posterior short; teeth of lower jaw slender, distant,
unequal. Scales deciduous, those of lateral line enlarged. Fins all very
small; ventrals entirely behind dorsal, their distance from front of orbit
twice that from base of caudal; distance from front of dorsal to base of
caudal half its distance from tip of snout; caudal widely forked. Dusky
olivaceous; sides of head silvery; bases of fins generally black; rami of
mandible each with a double series of minute phosphorescent spots.
Puget Sound; one specimen known, scarcely differing from the preced-
ing, the teeth a little weaker. (coruscans, sparkling.)

Paralepis coruscans, JORDAN & GILBERT, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1880, 411, Port Townsend.

(Type, No. 27171. Coll. Brown.)
Sudis coruscans, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 278, 1883.

288. PARALEPIS, Risso.
Paralepis, Risso, Hist. Nat. Eur. Mérid., 111, 472, 1826, (coregonoides).

Head and body elongate, compressed, covered with deciduous scales,
those of the lateral line being the largest. Cleft of the mouth very
wide; maxillary developed, closely adherent to the intermaxillary.
Teeth unequal in size, some in the mandible and on the palatine bones
being rather larger than the others; they are arranged in single series,
in the intermaxillary and mandible, on the palatine and pterygoid bones.
Eye large. Pectoral fins well developed; ventrals small, inserted at a
great distance from the pectorals, below or immediately behind or in
front of the dorsal fin; dorsal fin short, on the hind part of the body ;
adipose fin small; anal elongate, occupying the end of the tail; caudal
emarginate. Gill opening very wide, the outer branchial arch beset
with short, spine-like gill rakers; pseudobranchize well developed ;
branchiostegals 7. Air bladder none. Pyloric appendages none. (apd,
near; /ezic, scale; scales on side.)

899. PARALEPIS COREGONOIDES, Risso.

Head 4; depthi2; eye5. D.10; A.23; P.13; V.9. Body elongate.
Head compressed. Snout long, conical; cleft of mouth moderate; max-
illary rod-like, adherent to premaxillary. Teeth in a single row in the
intermaxillary, a few enlarged anteriorly; also on palatines and ptery-
goids. Ventral fin very short, inserted below the anterior part of the
dorsal. Gill openings very large, frée from the isthmus; gill rakers very
numerous, minute. Color silvery; slightly bluish upon the back ; blackish
upon the belly on account of the transparency of the black peritoneum;
along the lateral line there are some blackish dots; iris silvery; the
pupil blackish, silvery. Rare in the Mediterranean. The Albatross
obtained a specimen (No. 37860, U. S. N. M.) from station 2393, at a depth
of 525 fathoms. (Coregonus, the whitefish ; eidoc, likeness.) (Eu.)
Paralepis coregonoides, Risso, Hist. Nat. Europe Méridionale, 111, 472, pl. vu, fig. 15, 1826, Nice;

GUNTHER, Cat., 419, 1864; Goopr & BEAN, Oceanic Ichthyology, 119, 1895.

—~

Jordan and Evermann.—Ffishes of North America. 603

Family LXXXIV. STERNOPTYCHIDZ.

Fishes ‘‘ with compressed ventradiform body, carinated contour, deeply
and obliquely cleft and subvertical mouths, whose upper margin is
constituted by the supramaxillaries as well as the intermaxillaries;
branchiostegal arch near and parallel with lower jaw, scapular with an
inferior projection, and with one or more of the neural spines abnormally
developed, and projecting above the back in advance of the dorsal fin.”
(Gill.) Genera 2, species about 10; deep-sea fishes, rising toward the
surface at night or in stormy weather. (Sternoptychide, Giinther, Cat., v,
384, 1864, part group Sternoptychina.)

a. Projecting neural spine before dorsal single; spine-like abdominal outline nearly continuous

in a sigmoid curve; branchiostegals 5. STERNOPTYX, 289.
aa. Projecting neural spines, several constituting a saw-like ridge before dorsal; abdominal out-
line abruptly contracted before anal; branchiostegals 9. ARGYROPELECUS, 290.

289. STERNOPTYX, Hermann.

Sternoptyr, HERMANN, Naturforscher, xvi, 8, 1771, (diaphana).

Trunk much elevated and compressed, the slender tail very short;
abdominal outline nearly continuous, in a sigmoid curve; teeth of the
jaws in several series, the largest teeth in the inner row; a single spike-
like neural spine before dorsal; branchiostegals 5. Otherwise essentially
as in Argyropelecus. (orépvov, breast; wrv&, fold or plait.)

900. STERNOPTYX DIAPHANA, Hermann.

B.5; D.9; A.13; P.10; V.3. Depth equal to distance between tip of
snout and base of the very short tail. Interorbital space slightly con-
cave; posterior limb of preopercle bordering hind part of orbit, and
descending very obliquely, ending in two points. Pectoral scarcely reach-
ing ventrals, which are very small. (Giinther.) Atlantic; occasionally
taken in the Gulf Stream, from Santa Cruz Island to the Grand Banks.
(diaphanus, dcavaving, transparent. )

Sternoptyx diaphana, HERMANN, Naturforscher, xvi, 8,1771, Jamaica ; GiinrHER, Cat., v, 387,

1864; Goope & Bran, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zodl., x, No.5, 1883, 220.
Sternoptyx hermanni, Lack&pEpr, Hist. Nat. Poiss., v, 613, 1803; after HERMANN.

290. ARGYROPELECUS, Cocco.

Argyropelecus, Cocco, Giorn. Sci. Sicil., fase. 77, 146, 1829, (hemigymnus).
Pleurothyris, Low®k, Fishes of Madeira, 64, 1861, (olfersi).

Body much elevated and compressed, passing abruptly into the short
tail; no scales, the skin covered with silvery pigment; series of luminous
spots along the lower side of the head, body, and tail. Head large, com-
pressed, and elevated, the bones thin, but ossified. Cleft of mouth wide,
vertical, the lower jaw prominent. Margin of upper jaw formed by the
maxillary and premaxillary, both of which have a sharp edge which is
beset with minute teeth; lower jaw and palatine bones with a series of

_ $mall curved teeth. Eyes large, very close together, lateral, but directed

upward. Angle of preopercle with a spine usually directed downward.

604 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

Pectorals well developed; ventrals very small. Humeral arch and pubic
bones prolonged into flat pointed processes, which project in the median
line of the belly; aseries of imbricated scales from the humeral bone to
the pubie spine, forming a ventral serrature. Dorsal fin short, median,
preceded by aserrated, osseous ridge, consisting of several neural spines
prolonged beyond the muscles; adipose fin rudimentary ; anal fin short;
caudal forked. Gill opening very wide, the outer branchial arch extend-
ing forward to behind the symphysis of the lower jaw, and beset with
very long gill rakers; branchiostegals 9, the arch near lower jaw and
parallel with it; pseudobranchizx and air bladder present. Four pyloric
eeca. Small pelagic fishes found in most seas, coming to the surface at
night, descending into deep water by day. (dpyvpoc, silvery; wéAexue,

hatchet. )
a. Anal rays 11; nospines along lower sides of caudal peduncle.
b, Pectoral fin nearly reaching anal. HEMIGYMNUS, 901.
bb. Pectoral fin reaching ventrals. OLFERST, 902.

901. ARGYROPELECUS HEMIGYMNUS, Cocco,

B. 9; D. 7 or 8; A. 11; P. 9; V. 5. Depth of body equal to distance
between gill openings and base of caudal; posterior corner of mandible
and angle of preopercle each with a small triangular spine; tail without
spines; pectoral fin nearly reaching anal. Length 2 inches. (Ginther.)
Atlantic and Mediterranean in deep water; occasional in the Gulf Stream,
off southern New England. (m-, half; -yvuvoc, naked.) (Eu.)
Argyropelecus hemigymnus, Cocco, Giorn. Sci. Sicil., fasc. 77, 146, 1829, Coast of Italy; CuvIER

& VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., xx1r, 398, 1849; GUnruer, Cat., v, 385, 1864; GoopE &
BEAN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., x, No. 5, 1883, 220.
Sternoptyx mediterraneus, Cocco, Giorn. Faro de Messina, Iv, 7, 1838, Coast of Italy.

902. ARGYROPELECUS OLFERSI (Cuvier).

B. 9; D.9; A. 11; P. 10; V.6. Depth nearly or quite equal to distance
from shoulder to root of caudal; tail as deep at base as long. Mandible
with a short, flat spine at its posterior corner; preopercle spine directed
downward; tail without spines; pectoral fin reaching ventrals. (Gutn-
ther.) Open Atlantic; coast of Norway to Brazil and Cape of Good Hope,
occasionally taken in the Gulf Stream from the Grand Banks southward.
(Named for J. F. M. von Olfers, who sent specimens from Brazil to the
Museum of Paris.) (Eu.)

Sternoplyx olfersi, Cuvier, Régne Animal, Ed. 2, 11, 316, 1829, near Cape of Good Hope.

Argyropelecus durvillii, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., xx11, 405, 1849, open Atlantic.

Argyropelecus olfersi, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., xx11, 408, 1849; GUNTHER, Cat.,
v, 386, 1864; LintsEBorG, Sveriges Fiskar, v1, 8, 1889.

Pleurothyris olfersi, Lowk, Fishes Madeira, 64, 1861.

Family LXXXV. IDIACANTHIDA.

Fishes eel-like in form ‘‘ with spiny processes from anterior portion of
vertebre projecting through the skin of the body. Pectorals absent.
Body naked. Dorsal fin beginning in advance of the vent.” (Gill.) One ,
genus with 3 species known; deep-sea fishes, eel-like in appearance.

Fn Rs ok al

Jordan and Evermann.—Ffishes of North America. 605

291. IDIACANTHUS, Peters.

Idiacanthus, PETERS, Monatsber. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1876, 846, (fasciola).
Bathyophis, GGNTHER, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 1878, 181, (ferox).

Body snake-like, very slender and elongate, scaleless. Vent very far
back. Head large, compressed, the snout moderate, the cleft as long as
head. Teeth extremely large, numerous, unequal, fang-like, depressible,
present on jaws, vomer, and palatines. Eye small; opercles narrow.
Hyoid bone with a long barbel. Dorsal long and very low, extending
from above ventrals nearly to caudal; the rays simple, each one placed
behind a pair of spine-like processes ; no adipose fin; no pectorals; ven-
trals median. A luminous organ above middle of upper jaw and a series
of luminous dots along side of belly and on outer ray of ventral and on
tail. Gill openings very wide; branchiostegals short, numerous. Gills
4; no pseudobranchize. Vertebre numerous, 67 in Idiacanthus ferox. Three
species known. (idcoc¢, peculiar; dxavéa, spine.)

a. Dorsal fin inserted opposite root of ventrals; anal rays 45. FEROX, 903.

aa. Dorsal fin inserted well in advance of ventrals; anal rays about 35. ANTROSTOMUS, 904.

903. IDIACANTHUS FEROX (Giinther).

D. 60; A.45; V.6. Vertebre 67. Ventin sixth eighth of total length.
Dorsal inserted opposite ventrals. Color black. North Atlantic, nearly
midway, in 2,750 fathoms. One specimen, 8 inches long. (Gtnther.)
(ferox, fierce.)

Bathyophis ferox, GUNTHER, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 11, 1878, 181, North Atlantic.
Idiacanthus ferox, GUNTHER, Deep-Sea Fishes Challenger, xx11, 216, 1887.

904. IDIACANTHUS ANTROSTOMUS, Gilbert.

Head 12; depth 16. D. 57; A. about 35. Abdomen much dilated,
abruptly constricted immediately behind the ventral fins, and much nar-
rowed anteriorly, the depth again increasing to occiput. Greatest depth
immediately in front of ventrals. Maxillary reaching edge of gill cover.
Teeth in a single series in each jaw, readily depressible, varying greatly
in length; teeth in the upper jaw arranged in groups of 4 or 5, the
anterior member of each group being very short, the others rapidly
increasing backward, the posterior tooth very long; lateral teeth in
mandible inserted at the extreme outer edge of the jaw, the anterior teeth
inserted farther inward; thus the last of the anterior teeth are distinctly
within the first of those on sides of jaw; a single small tooth on each
side of vomer, and 2 or 3 posteriorly on palatines; 3 pairs of teeth
directed backward from near tip of tongue. Eye over first third of
length of maxillary; lower jaw much longer than the upper. Barbel +
longer than the head, expanded near its tip, and again narrowed as in J.
Jerox. Dorsal beginning well in advance of ventrals, its distance from
tip of snout 34 in total length; anterior rays distant, the membrane
from one ray reaching only to basal portion of the succeeding ray; each
ray starting behind a pair of short spinous projections which diverge back-
ward, the fin when depressed lying in the groove formed by these diverg-
ing pairs of spines ; caudal forked, the rudimentary rays extending well

606 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

forward on caudal peduncle, nearly meeting posterior rays of dorsal and
anal; vent immediately in front of anal fin, far behind the dilated ab-
domen, its distance from end of caudal 3} in total length ; anal similar to
dorsal; ventrals about } length of maxillary, very slender, apparently
of 5 or 6 slender rays, inserted much nearer front of anal than head, their
distance from anal abont half their distance from tip of snout. Black, the
mandible lighter, the base and terminal portion of barbel and the caudal
translucent. Noevident phosphorescent spot on cheek ; 4 series of minute
phosphorescent dots on abdomen, the lateral series extending but a short
distance behind ventrals, the median series uniting to form a single row
behind these fins. Length 43 inches. Off the coast of Southern Cali-
fornia in 603 fathoms. (dvtpov, cavern; otoua, mouth.)

Idiacanthus antrostomus, GILBERT, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1890, 54, Albatross Station 2980, in 603

fathoms, off southern California. (Type, No. 44286. Coll. Gilbert.)

Order UU. VYOPOME

This group, which contains the single family of Halosaurida, is thus
defined by Gill:

Scapular arch constituted by proscapula, posterotemporal and post-
temporal, the post-temporal discrete from side of cranium and impinging
on supraoccipital; hypercoracoid and hypercoracoid lamellar; a foramen
in upper margin of hypocoracoid; mesocoracoid absent; actinosts nor-
mal; cranium with the condyle confined to basioccipital. Opercular
apparatus characteristic, the preopercle entirely detached from the sus-
pensorium (rudimentary and connected only with the lower jaw); oper-
culum normally connected, subopercle enlarged and partly usurping the
usual position of the preopercle, in company with the suborbital chain
which is extended backward to the opercular margin; bones of jaws,
palatines, and pterygoid complete and normal; anterior vertebre sepa-
rate; ventrals abnormal. (Lyopomi, Gill, American Naturalist, Novem-
ber, 1889, 1016.) (Ava, loose; zaua, operculum. )

Family LXXXVI. HALOSAURIDZ.

Body elongate, compressed anteriorly, tapering into a very long and
slender tail, which becomes compressed and narrowed into a sort of fila-
ment. Abdomen rounded. Scales rather small, cycloid, deciduous; sides
of head scaly ; lateral line present, running along the sides of the belly,
its scales in the known species enlarged, each in a pouch of black skin
with a luminous organ at its base. No barbels. Head subconical,
depressed anteriorly, the flattened snout projecting beyond the mouth.
Mouth inferior, horizontal, of moderate size, its anterior margin formed
by the premaxillaries, its lateral margin by the maxillaries, which are of
moderate width. ‘Teeth small, in villiform bands, on the jaws, the rudi-
mentary palatines and pterygoids; none on vomer and tongue. Eye rather
large. Facial bones with large, muciferous cavities. Opercular appara-
tus peculiar, the preopercle entirely detached from suspensorium, rudi-
mentary. and connected only with lower jaw ; opercle normally connected ;

.

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 607

subopercle enlarged and partly usurping the usual positicn of the pre-
opercle, in company with the suborbital chain, which is extended back-
ward to the opercular margin. Bones of head unarmed. Gills 4, a slit
behind the fourth. Pseudobranchize none; gill rakers short; gill mem-
branes separate from the isthmus. Branchiostegals numerous (about 14).
Dorsal fin short, rather high, inserted behind ventrals and before vent;
no adipose fin; no caudal fin; anal fin extremely long, extending from
vent to tip of tail (its rays about 200 in number); ventrals mod-
erate, not very far back; pectorals rather long, narrow, inserted
high. No axillary scales. Shoulder girdle weak, its uppermost bone
(supraclavicle or post-temporal) touching the cranium at the nuchal
region, but not connected with it laterally. Air bladder large, simple.
Stomach cecal; pyloric ceca in moderate number; intestines short.
Ovaries not closed. Vertebre very many, 60+ x. Three genera, with
about 10 known species. Fishesof the deepsea. (Halosauride, Ginther,
Cat. vil, 482, 1868.)

a. Ventrals normal; no second dorsal fin.
b. Vertex covered with scales; scales of lateral line scarcely enlarged; snout obtusely

rounded; anal high. HALOSAURUS, 292.
bb. Vertex scaleless; scales of lateral line enlarged, provided with photophores; snout
pointed; anal moderate. ALDROVANDIA, 293.

292. HALOSAURUS, Johnson.

Halosaurus, JOHNSON, Proc. Zod]. Soc. London, 1863, 406, (owen).

Ventrals normal; no second dorsal fin; anal high. Snout obtusely
rounded. Head without angular ridges. Vertex covered with scales.
Scales of lateral line scarcely enlarged. Characters otherwise included
above. (GAc, sea; cadvpoc, lizard.)

a. Preoral portion of snout equal to half its length. Height of body nearly equal to half
length of head and ,, of total; diameter of eye 2 postorbital portion of head and much
greater than width of interorbital space; about 60 scales in lateral line in front of
vent. OWENI, 905.

aa, Preoral portion of snout less than half its length; height of body about 4 length of head

and 3. of total; diameter of eye half length of postorbital portion of head (which is
equal to that of snout), and much greater than width of interorbital space; about 67
scales in lateral line in front of vent. GUNTHERI, 906.

905. HALOSAURUS OWENT, Johnson.

Head 74. B. 14; D. 11; A. 191; P. 11; V. 10; scales about 14-170-6.
Height 14} in total length; eye 2 in snout, 5 in head, reaching to profile;
snout produced, its preoral portion being nearly 4its length. Eye rather
large, ? postocular portion of head, and much more than width of inter-
orbital space; maxillary reaching vertical from front of eye. Length
of head more than its distance from ventral fin, the base of which is
entirely in front of and somewhat remote from base of dorsal; pectoral
fin with narrow base, very long, extending nearly to root of ventral.
Seales of lateral line scarcely larger than the others, without phospho-
rescent organs being visible in the only specimen known; anterior por-
tion of dorsal fin covered with small scales; anal fin scaleless. Brownish

608 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum,

silvery on abdomen. (Ginther.) Interorbital space less than long diam-
eter of eye. Snout scaleless. Mouth moderate, not nearly reaching tip
of snout. Dorsal fin over the space between ventral fins and vent; longest
dorsal rays (second and third) twice as long as base of fin; pectorals
scaleless, longer than ventrals; ventrals scaly. Vent in anterior half of
total length, no anal papilla; base of anal scaly ; caudal of 2 hair-like
rays. Lateral line very low down and disappearing posteriorly. Pyloric
ceca 12, small. Air bladder 5 inches long and with a delicate silvery
coat. Intestine straight. Peritoneum black anteriorly, posteriorly with
patches of black lines on a pale ground. The first individual obtained
was caught in February, a female with eggs, in 2 masses lying side by
side, 54 inches long, not covered withasac. (Johnson.) Middle Atlantic,
the type from Madeira. Two specimens, 164inches and 21 inches in length,
were obtained by the Albatross at Station 2181, in 693 fathoms. Others
obtained by the Blake at Stations LXVII, 128-240 fathoms, and LXVIII,
243-458 fathoms, off Guadeloupe and Santa Lucia. (Named for Prof.

Richard Owen, the distinguished anatomist. )
Halosaurus oweni, JOHNSON, Proc, Zod]. Soc. Lond., 1863, 406, pl. xx xvi, fig. 2, Madeira ; GoopE
& Bean, Oceanic Ichthyology, 131, 1895.

906. HALOSAURUS GUNTHERI, Goode & Bean.

D. 11; P. 16; V. 1,9; scales 15-x-5; eye 5. Vertex scaly. Snout pro-
duced, its preoral portion contained 23 times in its length. Eye large, 2
in snout, 2in postocular portion of the head, and much wider than inter-
orbital space; maxillary reaching nearly to front margin of eye. Length
of head less than its distance from root of ventral, the origin of which is
slightly in front of that of dorsal, the origin of the dorsal being over pos-
terior portion of root of ventral, and also over the thirty-first scale in
the specialized lateral line; two scales between lateral line and origin
of ventral; ventral broad, slightly longer than longest dorsal; pectoral
fin moderate, extending less than halfway from its own base to root of
ventral, 2in head. Scales on the lateral line not much enlarged, 67 in ~
advance of vent; base of dorsal and anal scaly. Color brownish; under
surface of head lighter. A single specimen was obtained by the Albatross
from Station 2722, 39° 13’ N., 72° W., at a depth of 594 fathoms. (Goode
& Bean.) (Named for Dr. Albert Gunther.)

Halosaurus giintheri, GoopE & Bean, Oceanic Ichthyology, 131, 1895, Gulf Stream. (Type, Na
38070. Coll. Albatross.)

293. ALDROVANDIA, Goode & Bean.
Aldrovandia, GoopE & Bran, Oceanic Ichthyology, 132, 1895, (rostrata),

Ventrals normal; no second dorsal fin; vertex scaleless; scales of
lateral line enlarged, provided with photophores. Head with pointed
snout and prominent lateral ridges. Anal fin moderate, high, its height ~
+ to} that of dorsal. (Named for Ulysses Aldrovandus, of Bologna, the

founder of the first natural history museum.)

a, Snout much produced (length equal to or greater than distance from eye to root of pecto-
ral) ; preoral portion of snout exceeds 14 its length ; diameter of eye considerably less
than width of interorbital space. Twenty-four scales in lateral line in front of vent.

ROSTRATA, 907,

Jordan and Evermann.—Lishes of North America, 609

aa. Snout moderately produced (its length not exceeding postocular portion of head).
b. Preoral portion of snout contained 3 times in its entire length; diameter of eye yy
width of interorbital space (2 postocular portion of head), About 26 scales in lat-

eral line in front of vent. MACROCHIRA, 908.
bb. Preoral portion of snout 34 in itslength ; diameter of eye less than 14 width of inter-
orbital space (5 in postocular portion of head). GOODEI, 909.

bbb. Preoral portion of snout 2% in its length ; diameter of eye exceeds width of inter-
orbital space (= 2% in postorbital length of head). Dorsal origin behind root
of ventral. Eighteen to twenty scales in lateral line in front of vent; slender,
depth 201% in total length. GRACILIS, 910.
bbbb. Preoral portion of snout about 2 in its length; diameter of eye equal to width of
interorbital space (23 in postorbital length of head). Dorsal origin over base of
last rays of ventral. Twenty-seven scales in lateral line in front of vent;
stout, depth 15 in total length. PALLIDA, 911.

907. ALDROVANDIA ROSTRATA (Giinther).

Head 8, much exceeding height of body. D. 9; V. 9; B. 9. Seales
13-24-6. Snout very much produced, spatulate, its preoral portion being
more than 3 its length. Eye of moderate size, its length being + of
postocular portion of head, and considerably less than width of interorb-
ital space. Maxillary scarcely reaching front margin of eye. Length
of head a little more than its distance from root of ventral, which is
nearly entirely situated before the dorsal. Nearly all the scales are lost,
but some of the lateral line remain; they are much larger than the other
scales; and on the tail, where the lateral line approaches the lower
profile, these larger scales fill up all the space between the lateral line
and the anal fin. Bones of head very thin; operculum smooth, covered
with a very fine membrane. Lower part of side of head occupied from
the snout to gill opening by two exceedingly wide muciferous channels,
of which one takes its origin on the preorbital, the other on the mandible,
and which open behind at the gill opening by a common and very wide
aperture. Brauchial apparatus as in the other species. Dentition very
similar to that of Aldrovandia macrochir, but the palatine patches crescent-
shaped and rather widely separated from pterygoid band. Scales of lateral
line about 3 times size of others, and about 24 in number between gill
opening and vent, each bearing a luminous organ, vertically elongated
and rhombic, but not extending to upper and lower margins of scales.
Light colored, lower part of head and gillcover black ; abdominal region
blackish. Length 20 inches. One specimen, from Challenger Station 63,
mid-Atlantic. (Giinther.) (rostratus, long-nosed.)

_ Halosaurus rostratus, GintuEr, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., 1878, m, -52, mid-Atlantic; GUNTHER,

Challenger Report, xx11, 241, pl. Lx, fig. D, 1887.
Aldrovandia rostrata, Goopr & Bean, Oceanic Ichthyology, 132, 1895.

908. ALDROVANDIA MACROCHIR (Giinther),

B.12; D.13; V.10; P. 11-13. Scales 14 x 5. Snout moderately produced,
the preoral portion forming only } of its length. Eye rather small, } of
postocular portion of head, and 4 width of interorbital space. Maxillary
reaching to front margin of eye; length of head more than its distance
from root of ventral, the origin of which is immediately in front of that

F. N. AA——40

610 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

of dorsal; pectoral fin with narrow base, very long, extending nearly to
root of ventral. Scales of lateral line larger than others, more or less
hidden in a pouch of black skin, with a phosphorescent organ at base of
free portion; these large scales continued for some length on the tail
and cover base of anal fin, which, like the dorsal, is covered in its basal
half with small seales; head naked; upper portions of gill cover and
cheek covered with scales similar to those of body. Band of premax-
illary teeth broader than maxillary band; palatine teeth in two separate
patches, each being of an oval shape, with the pointed end directed for-
ward; pterygoid teeth in a very narrow band, which extends far back-
ward in cavity of mouth; basibrancbials with a long and broad band.
Four well-developed gills. Outer branchial arch with 14 widely-set gill
rakers, of which the middle ones are slender and as long as eye, the others
becoming shorter toward end of series. Uniform black. Common in
the central parts of the Atlantic; first discovered by the Challenger off
the Strait of Gibraltar, Station V, depth 1,090 fathoms, one specimen,
214 inches long; near Marion Island, Station 146, depth 1,375 fathoms,
four specimens, 18 to 20 inches long. Specimens also obtained by the
Blake, at Station cccvi, at a depth of 1,242 fathoms, and Station
CCCXXV, at a depth of 647 fathoms. (yaxpoc, long; yep, hand.)

Halosawrus macrochir, GUNTHER, Ann. & Mag, Nat. Hist., 11, 1878, 251, between Cape of Good

Hope and Kerguelen Island.
Aldrovandia macrochira, GOODE & Bean, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., x, No. 5, 219, 1883.

909. ALDROVANDIA GOODEI (Gill).

B. 12; D. I-10, 11; V. I, 8. Snout moderately produced, its preoral
portion forming ? of its own iength; eye small, equal to about } of post-
ocular portion of head, and measuring a little less than 4+ of width of
interorbital space. Head longer than distance between it and root of
ventral. Maxillary reaching vertical of front margin of eye. Dorsal
entirely behind ventrals; anal commencing as far behind root of ventrals
as the latter are behind the preoperculum; pectorals nearly reach back-
ward to the ventrals. Squamation similar to that of A. macrochir. The
type of this description was obtained by the Albatross at Station 2037, at
a depth of 1,731 fathoms. Others were obtained from Stations 2051, 1,106
fathoms; 2035, 1,362 fathoms; 2052, 1,098 fathoms. (Goode & Bean.)
(Named for George Brown Goode, one of the most accomplished and
scholarly*of contemporary ichthyologists, joint author of the Oceanic
Ichthyology, from which our accounts of the deep-sea fishes are largely
derived. )

Halosaurus goodei, GILL, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1883, 257, Gulf Stream, off Carolina. (Type,
No. 33281.)
Aldrovandia goodei, GooprE & Bran, Oceanic Ichthyology, 133, 1895,

910. ALDROVANDIA GRACILIS, Goode & Bean.

Head 84+; depth 204; eye 3 in snout, and about 23 in postorbital part
of head. Very slender, resembling Aldrovandia rostrata, from which it

=

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 611

differs in having a larger eye, a smaller number of modified scales in
lateral line, and in having the vent placed more posteriorly. Distance
from end of mouth to tip of snout nearly 4 of head; length of snout a
little greater than length of mandible; width of interorbital space about
+ snout and # length of eye; maxilla extending slightly beyond anterior
margin of eye; the mandible a little behind end of eye. A few scales in
several series behind the eye. Mouth rather large. Teeth on the pre-
maxillaries and mandible in somewhat broader bands than those on the
maxilla; vomerine patches broad, well separated in front. Tip of tongue
free. Integumentary flap not extending much beyond margin of sub-
opercle. Branchiostegals 10; gill rakers 2 above, 12 below, the longest
scarcely half as long as eye. Distance of dorsal from tip of snout 2 in
head, length of base $ height of body; longest ray 2} in head and nearly
equal to height of body; about 34 rows of scales in front of dorsal. Ven-
tral entirely in advance of dorsal, its distance from end of head (2 inches)
equal to distance from tip of mandible to end of head. Length of
ventral ( inch) about equal to that of dorsal base, or twice length of
eye; origin of ventral about under twenty-eighth row of scales; distance
of vent from origin of the ventral greater than length of head, close
to anal origin; distance from the dorsal origin to that of the anal (26
inches) 3 times length of dorsal base. Nine or ten enlarged scales in lat-
eral line in front of the ventral origin and about the same number between
ventral and vent. Dorsal scaly less than 4 its height; about 12 rows
of scales between the dorsal origin and lateral line, and only about 2
rows below lateral line.

Scales silvery, the light orange-brown body color showing through
them; branchiostegal membrane bluish; inner surface of gill covers
nearly black; inside of mouth bluish. Three specimens known, one
obtained by the Blake, at Station I.XX, off Guadeloupe, 769 fathoms ;
one at Station 2380, by the Albatross, from which the present description
is drawn, and another at Station 2381 by the same vessel. Station 2380
is in N. latitude 28° 027 30’”, W. longitude 87° 43’ 45’’, from 1,430 fathoms.
Station 2381 is in N. latitude 28° 05’ 00’”, W. longitude 87° 56’ 15’, 1,330
fathoms. This species may be identical with Aldrovandia johnsoniana,
Vaillant, from off the Canaries and the coast of Africa, but the types of
the latter species were badly mutilated. (Goode & Bean.) (gracilis, slender. )

Aldrovandia gracilis, Goopr & BEAN, Oceanic Ichthyology, 134, 1895, off Guadeloupe, and in
the Gulf Stream. (Co-type, No. 44327. Coll. Albatross.)

911. ALDROVANDIA PALLIDA, Goode & Bean.

Head 74; depth 15. Head naked, with the exception of a patch of
scales beginning behind eye, its greatest width nearly equal to 4 width
of body. Eye midway between tip of snout and head, its long diameter
equal to + length of snout, also equal to interorbital width. Nostrils
close to front of eye, the anterior in a short tube, which ends in a little
pointed flap; the posterior larger, nearly elliptical in shape; distance
from front margin of mouth to tip of snout nearly } length of snout.
Maxillary extending to below front of eye. Teeth in broad, villiform

612 Bulletin 47, Untted States National Museum.

bands on intermaxilla, mandible, and vomer; in narrower bands on max-
illa and palatines. End of tongue barely free. Integumentary flap pro-
jecting beyond margin of suboperculum. Dorsal beginning about over
end of the base of ventral, its distance from tip of snout a little more
than twice length of head; length of,its base nearly equal to greatest
depth of head; basal half of the fin profusely covered with scales ; it
consists of 2 simple and 9 divided rays. Longest dorsal ray (14 inches)
equals # greatest height of body, last ray + as long as third. Ventral dis-
tant from the snout aspace about equal to twice head; it consists of 2
simple and 7 divided rays, the longest equal to base of dorsal; pectoral
placed above middle of body, not far from head, its length equal to 4
distance of its base from origin of ventral, and reaching to about seven-
teenth row of scales. Vent under sixty-third scale of lateral line; about
12rows of scales between origin of dorsal and lateral line and about 24
rows between lateral line and origin of ventral; lateral line composed of
enlarged and modified scales, becoming obliterated about middle of tail;
15 or 16 of these enlarged scales between head and origin of ventral;
about 27 between vent and head; distance from origin of ventral to anus
(3 inches) nearly equal to head. Anal rays about 166, their origin not far
behind vent; caudal, which is long and slender, with about 4 rays; pee-
toral13. Membrane covering anal rays scaled throughout almost its entire
length. Gill rakers rather short and few,3-+12. Color of scales a light
silvery gray, through which the body color appears as a light orange-
brown; branchiostegal membrane and opercular bones bluish; inside of
gill covers very dark blue. The type, a specimen two feet long, taken
in the Gulf of Mexico, 24° 367 N., 84° 05’ W., by the Blake at Station 173,
ata depth of 955 fathoms. Many others were obtained in the Gulf Stream,
in depths ranging from 679 to 1,430 fathoms, by the Albatross. (Goode
& Bean.) (pallidus, pale.)

Aldrovandia pallida, GoopE & BEAN, Oceanic Ichthyology, 134, 1895, Gulf of Mexico. (Co-type,
No. 38140. Coll. Albatross.)

Order VY. BETEROMT,
(THE Spiny EELs.)

The Notacanthide* are separated from the other physostomous fishes by
Gill, to form an order which he thus defines:

* Some recent American authors have placed the Notacanthide with the physoclystous family
of Mastacembelidx in the order Opisthomi of Cope, originally framed for the latter. There seems,
however, to be no evidence, as Dr. Vaillant has lately noted, of affinity between the Mastacembe-
lide and the Notacanthide. Vaillant calls attention to the presence of an air duct in Notacanthus,
and places the family among the Ganoids, between the Sturgeons and the Eels. According to
Vaillant (Exped. Sci. Travailleur et Talisman, 324) the dorsal spines in Nolacanthus differ widely
from those Of Teleostean fishes in having but a single nourishing canal insteadof two. He finds
these spines homologous With the plates of sturgeons or rather with the pinnules of the Ganoid
genus Polypterus, instead of with the spines of the physoclystous fishes. Vaillant also findsmany
of the skeletal characters of Notacanthus very primitive, suggesting Ganoid affinities. At the
same time, the simple air bladder, the absence of spiral valve in the intestinesand of multiplied
valves in the heart seem to ally Notacanthus rather to the Isospondyli or the Eels. Giinther
places it among the Physostomi between the Halosauride and the eels, but does not regard it as
_ having close affinities with either.

Jordan and Evermann.—Ffishes of North America, 613

** Scapular arch formed by the proscapula and post-temporal, the latter
detached from the side of the cranium and impinging on the supraoccipi-
tal. Hypercoracoid and hypocoracoid coalescing in a single lamellar
imperforate plate ; actinosts normal. Cranium with the condyle confined
to the basioccipital; exoccipital coalesced with epiotics and opisthotics.
Vomer obsolete ; opercular apparatus complete; preopercle slightly con-
nected with suspensorium; suborbitals suppressed; jaw bones com-
plete and little aberrant; palatines and pterygoids well developed;
anterior vertebre separate; ventrals abdominal.” Air bladder with a
duct. The character of having the. scapular arch free from the cranium
and attached to the anterior vertebra, shared by these fishes with the
eels and several other groups may be, in the different cases. of independent
origin, and is probably not indicative of any special affinity. (érepoc, dif-
ferent; ®uoc,shonlder.) (Heteromi, Gill, American Naturalist, November,
1889, 1016).

a. Jaws normal; dorsal spines separated; both jaws with teeth. NoTaAcANTHID®, LXXXVII.
aa. Jaws forming a suctorial mouth, with modified rami; no teeth. Dorsal spines close

together, united by membrane to form a high triangular fin.
LIPOGENYID®, LXXXVIII.

Family LXXXVII. NOTACANTHIDE.

Body elongate, somewhat compressed, ending in a band-like, tapering
tail. Scalessmall,cycloid. Dorsal represented by aseries of short spines
with few or no soft rays. Anal fin of many rays, the anterior ones being
spinous; ventrals abdominal, with more than five soft rays, and usually
one or two spines. Jaws normal; mouth inferior, the snout projecting
beyond it, the lower jaw meeting the palate as in sharks. Jaws and
palatines armed with a series of close-set teeth; palatines movable;
vomer wanting. A sharp spine more or less hidden by the fleshy folds of
the lips at angle of mouth, on each side. Shoulder girdle loosely sus-
pended to the skull by ligaments. Air bladder present, with a pneumatic
duct.* Gills 4; gill openings wide, not restricted above, the membranes
separate, free from the isthmus. Pseudobranchiw absent. Gill rakers
long and slender. Ovaries without oviducts. Deep-sea fishes, found in
most seas. Genera about 5; species about 12. This is an archaic group,
and, as already stated, its relationships are still doubtful. (Notacanthi,
Giinther, Cat., 11, 544, 1861.)

NOTACANTHIN[E:
a. Dorsal spines 6 to 12; teeth in upper jaw compressed and obliquely triangular.
b. Origin of spinous dorsal far in advance of vent; mouth lateral with the lip continuous,
NOTACANTHUS, 294.
POLYACANTHONOTIN®:
aa, Dorsal spines 27 to 38. Teeth in jaws erect, fine; ventrals separated.
e. Snout not very clongate, not proboscis-like; dorsal and anal spines low and strong, the
latter 50 or more in number; lateral line straight. MACDONALDIA, 295,

* According to Vaillant; Giinther, however, does not find a duct in Notacanthus sexspinis.

614 Bulletin 47, Untted States National Museum.

294. NOTACANTHUS, Bloch.

Notacanthus, BLocu, Abhand!.* Béhmischen Gesellsch. Wissenschaft, 1, 278, 1787, (chemnitzii).
Acanthonotus, Buocu, Ichthyologia, x11, 113, 1797, (nasus).
Campylodon (FABRICIUS, 1798), REtNHARDT, Vid. Selsk. Afh., 120, 1838, (fabricii).

Dorsal spines 6 to 12. Teeth in upper jaw compressed, obliquely
triangular. Lip normal, continuous. Ventrals connate or confluent.
Characters otherwise included above.

a. Body much higher over ventrals than over pectorals, and comparatively short. Lateral
line following profile of back in front of dorsal spines, then sinking to median line of
body.

b. First dorsal spine behind vertical from axil of ventral. D. X to XI; A. XIII to XTV.
CHEMNITZII, 912,

bb. First dorsal spine in front of vertical from insertion of ventral. D. XI; A. XVII.
ANALIS, 913,

aa. Body little higher over ventrals than over pectorals, and comparatively elongate.

ce. Lateral line slightly arched above pectoral, sinking to median line of body in advance
of first dorsal spines. Last dorsal spine over fifth from last anal spine; fins low; D.
Kes Ae Xk PHASGANORUS, 914.

912. NOTACANTHUS CHEMNITZII,+ Bloch.

Head 8; depth 10. D. XI; A. 15+118; P. 19; V. 3-+-7, left side,
(Sright side). Branchiostegals 8 or 9. Body elongate, its greatest height

* Concerning this rare and almost forgotten paper of Dr. Bloch, our friend Dr. Franz Hilgen-
dorf_of the University of Berlin, writes us:

‘““Uber zwey merkwiirdigen Fischarten von Herrn D. Bloch.’’ ‘‘Abhandlungen der Bohmis-
chen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften,” auf das Jahr 1787, oder Drrtter Theil, Prag u. Dresden,
1788, pp. 278-282.

Der erste der beiden Fische ist ‘‘ Der Hackelriicken, Notacanthus chemnitzii, zehn Hackelnam
Riicken. Notacanthus aculeis decem dorsalibus.”’

Bloch schreibt hier, Nofacanthus, nicht Notocanthus (wie in der deutschen Ausgabe seiner
Naturgeschichte der Auslindischen Fische, 1795) oder Acanthonotus (wie in der franzisischen
Ausgabe, 1797,; dieser letzen Schreibweise folgt Bloch-Schneider.

Im Texte der Abhandlung sagt Bloch, dass erdas Exemplar von Chemnitz in Kopenhagen
erhielt und dass Ger Fisch “‘ist ein Bewohner des Nordmeers.*’ Die farbige Tafel weicht mehr-
fach ab von der Tafel 431 der Naturgeschichte Auslindische Fische. So ist die Caudalis von der
Analis durch eine Liicke getrennt. Die Pectoralis ist kiirzer gezeichnet ; es sind Zahlen beige-
setzt; beide D. ‘‘10,? unter der P. ‘‘17,’’ unter der A. 3. Im Texte sagt er ‘An diesem
Fische sieht man nur 6 Flossen wahr,2 an der Brust; ebensoviel am Bauche,am After und
Schwanze, an jedem eine. In der Pectoralen flosse ziihle ich 17,in der Bauchflosse 8, und in der
Schwanzflosse 9 vielverzgweigte Strahlen. Die Afterflosse aber hat 13 Stachlichte und 113
einfache Strahlen.’’? Die sonstige Beschreibung ist kurz und nichts wichtiges bringend.

Merkwiirdig ist, dass Bloch in der Naturg. Ausl. Fische diese erste Arbeit nicht erwihnt und
deu Notocanthus als ein neues Genus wieder auffiihrt. Es eutsteht die Frage ob tiberhaupt sein
N. chemnitzit dasselbe sein soll wie der angeblich aus Indien stammen de nasus.

Das Berliner Museum hat nur ein Exemplar von Bloch. Ich habe es neulich auf Goode’s
Wunsch nachuntersucht. Meine Zahlen sind Rad. Branch. 8-9. D. 43; A. #3; C.?; P. 19;
VY. 3-8. Die P. ist abgestossen und vielleicht schon bei Bloch’s Lebezeiten so gewesen.

Ich michte glauben, dass die friihere Zeichnung mangelhafter war, und dass beiden Publica-
tionen dasselbe Exemplar zu Grundelag. Vielleicht hat Chemnitz nicht gewiinscht dass seine
Beziehung bei Bloch publicirt wiirden. Die Bearbeitung und Abhandlung des andern Fisches
(Silurus militaris) erwihnt Bloch iibrigens in seinem grossen Werk, auch nicht.

In dem Handschriftliche Katalog von der Sammlung Bloch’s steht nur ein Exemplar, als
Nummer 560, und als LXXVIIItes Geschlecht mit der Bezeichnung ‘“ Notacanthus chemnitii”
(ohnez). (Hilgendorf in lit., February 10, 1894.)

+ ‘<The material now classed by authors under the name of N. nasus is the following: (1) A
specimen described by Fabricius in 1798 under the generic name of Campylodon, obtained in
1794 from Greenland; (2) Bloch’s type in the Berlin Museum, believed by him to come from the
West Indies, described under the names Notacanthus chemnitzii and Acanthonotus nasus; (3) A
specimen obtained off Iceland by La Recherche and brought by Gaimard to the Paris Museum,
figured in the Régne Animal, and said to have been figured also in the Voyage in Scandinavia.
This, as has already been stated, is possibly a typical N. nasus; (4) A specimen, 3 feet long,
obtained in South Greenland, and brought in 1877 to the Copenhagen Museum. This also if
possibly not a characteristic representative of the species. Both Canestrini and Giglioli enum-
ast Notacanthus nasus among Mediterranean fishes, but entirely without authority.”—Goode &

ean.

en

PO Na tee! a Ln

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 615

about 44 times in distance from vent to tip of snout. Head short, com-
pressed, its length not quite 34 times in distance from vent to snout.
Mouth large; maxillary nearly reaching vertical from anterior margin of
pupil. Mouth entirely on under portion of head, sublateral. Thirty-five
teeth in premaxillaries on each side. Distance between upper profile of
head and eye about equal to diameter of eye; and diameter of eye
between 4 and } length of snout, and about 8 in head. Gill cover divided
to below the symphysis of operculum (with hyomandibular), free from
isthmus. Scales lacking only about mouth and eyes; about 40 longi-
tudinal rows of small scales between ventral outline and lateral line;
smooth and imbricated. First dorsal spine very small, only visible as a
point; placed close to this is the second, which is also very short and
feeble; third, though also short, is thicker. The vent lies behind fifth
spine. First anal spine immediately behind vent, and very small, not
extending beyond profile; second and third but slightly; the spines
which are longest and placed farthest back still bear traces of a connect-
ing membrane and are probably only worn-off rays; pectorals inserted
somewhat farther back from the gill covers than shown by Bloch, their
base less than { the length of head; ventral fins connected behind the
median line by a membrane, terminating considerably in advance of vent.
Total length (restored) 34 inches. Length of tail about 18} inches.
(Hilgendorf, in letter to Goode & Bean.) (Named for ‘‘Chemnitz” of
Copenhagen, probably a collector or dealer in curiosities, 1787.)

Notacanthus chemnitzii, BLocu, Abh. Bohm. Gesellsch. der Wissenschaft. ,1, 278, 1787, Northern Sea;

Jorpan & GILBERT, Synopsis, 370, 1883.
Notocanthus nasus, Buocu, Ichthyologia, xu, 113, pl. 431, 1795, ‘* India;’’ Giinruer, Cat., m1, 54,
1861; Goopr & Bran, Oceanic Ichthyology, 164, 1895.

Campylodon fabricii, REINHARDT, Vidensk. Selsk. Afhandl., 120, 1838, Greenland.
Acanthonolus nasus, BLocu, Ichthyologia, x11, 114, 1797, Ed. Fr.

913. NOTACANTHUS ANALIS, Gill.

D. XI; A. XVIII. Body much higher over ventrals than over pectorals,
and comparatively short, its height equal to 4 distance from vent to tip
of snout and nearly equal to head ; lateral line arcuate in front of dorsal
spines, following profile of back and then sinking to median line of body.
First dorsal spine in front of ventral. Snout compressed, pointed, much
produced beyond mouth; the cleft extends nearly to vertical through
middle of eye; length of snout 14 times diameter of eye; width of inter-
orbital area slightly less than eye; projection of snout beyond mouth
equal to eye or nearly so; snout compressed, not swollen. Mouth nar-
row, transverse, its width about + head. Eye placed some distance
below the upper profile and in line of lateral line continued to the nos-
trils. Gillopening wide, the membranes confluent and slightly in advance
of vertical from the upper end of gill opening; not attached to isthmus.
Scales very minute, imbricated, adherent. Dorsal spines short, the ante-
rior very short; the second and first nearly over the origin of ventrals,
the fifth above vent, and the sixth slightly behind origin of anal; the
longest about 4 as long as the eye; the last (eleventh), which is followed
by a single ray attached to it by membrane, over the fifteenth spine of

616 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

anal; dorsal spines distant from each other, and behind each is a narrow
angular membrane; anal beginning immediately behind vent, and in its
middle portion considerably elevated; length of its longest rays about
equal to snout, from which point it slopes rapidly to tip of tail. Pectoral
placed high up in axis of body, inserted at some distance behind gill
openings, broad and nearly oval in shape; ventrals confluent, some dis-
tance in advance of vent; stout, broad, ovate in form, not extending to
vent, but separated from it by a distance equal to half their own length.

Color, uniform light brown. This description is from the types of Gill,

(Type, No. 37856), from Albatross Station 2677, in 478 fathoms. The

types, two in number, measure 113 and 12} inches, respectively. Another

specimen, (No. 44246, U. 8S. N. M.) was obtained by the Albatross from
station 2676, at a depth of 407 fathoms. (analis, pertaining to the anal fin.)

Notacanthus analis, Gitt, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1883, 255, Gulf Stream, latitude 40° N.,
longitude 69° W.; Goopvre & Bran, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1894 (1895), 459, and in Oceanic
Ichthyology, 165, 1895.

914. NOTACANTHUS PHASGANORUS, Goode.

Head .74;° depth 9. D. xX; A, XIX, 1805, P. about 175 V2 ee
scales about 20-400-36. Body much compressed, its greatest width about
+ its height. Head everywhere covered with very small scales, its bones
very flexible, but protected by leathery skin. Interorbital width more
than length of snout, 4in head, twice diameter of eye. Mandible twice
length of eye; maxillary considerably greater. Teeth of upper jaw slen-
der, blunt, close-set, and comb-like, 32 on each side; teeth of lower jaw
shorter, slenderer, in 2 rows; palatines with villiform teeth, in about 2
series. Distance from snout to dorsal 2% times length of head, its length
nearly twice length of head; anal beginning close behind vent, its length
half the body. Pectoral short and rounded, its length (uncertain) about
4 the head. Ventrals broad, with peduncle-like bases thickly covered
with scales; closely adjacent, separated by a narrow groove. Length 3
feet. Grand Banks, Newfoundland. (Goode.) One large specimen known,
taken from the stomach of a Somniosus microcephalus. (@acyavov, sword;
époc, boundary, used for ovpa, tail.)

Notacarthus phasganorus, GoopE, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 111, 1880, 535, Grand Banks of New-
foundland; (Type, No. 25972. Coll. Capt. Briggs Gilpatrick); Jorpan & GILBERT, Synopsis,
900, 1883; GoopE & Bean, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1894 (1895), 462, and in Oceanic Ichthyol-
ogy, 167, 1895.

295. MACDONALDIA, Goode & Bean.
Macdonaldia, Goopr & BEAN, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1894 (1895), 467, and in Oceanic Ichthyology,
172, 1895, (rostrata).

Body elongate, covered with minute, imbricated scales. Head scaly.
Mouth inferior. Dorsal fin represented by numerous short, straight,
robust, and disjointed spines, 27 to 35 in number, the first in advance of
the insertion of the pectoral. Anal as in Notacanthus, but lower and
with a longer portion of low, short, slightly curved, disjoined spines,
from 35 to 55 in number, which, under the final dorsal spines, pass into
flexible rays. Lateral line straight, conspicuous. Pectorals moderate,
placed far back, below the middle line of the body, and remote from the
lateral line. Teeth in jaws erect, small, and also in series on the vomer

1
VJ

(ie et ee ee

=~

> Sa

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 617

and palate. A line of pores on the inner edge of the mandible. Ventrals
moderate, entirely separate. (Named for Col. Marshall McDonald, United
States Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries, ‘‘ in commemoration of his

liberal policy in furthering ichthyological research.” )
a. Dorsal XXVIII; anal XLII or XLIII. ROSTRATA, 915.
aa. Dorsal XXXvV; anal about XL. CHALLENGERI, 916.

915. MACDONALDIA ROSTRATA (Collett).

D. XXVIII; A. XLIL or XLIII. Body.greatly compressed, its outlines
tapering rapidly in both directions from origin of vent, its greatest
height 3; times in distance of vent from tip of snout, or about # length
of head, which is 9} times in the total; snout compressed, pointed,
snake-like, produced beyond the mouth a distance less than diameter of
eye, 3in head. Mouth small, its cleft scarcely reaching to the anterior
nostril. Each jaw armed with a series of minute teeth and a similar

‘series on vomer and palate. Eye moderate in size, placed not far from

dorsal profile, distant about 23} diameters from the end of snout, more
than 3 diameters from end of opercle. Gill opening wide. The body
and head covered by minute, imbricated scales; a line of mucous pores
extending from anterior end of lateral line forward under the eye to
end of maxillary. Dorsal spines short, distant from one another, the first
being over end of opercle, fifth slightly behind origin of pectoral, the
twelfth slightly in advance of origin of pectoral, the fifteenth almost
over origin of anal, and the last (twenty-eighth) a little behind middle
of length of tail. In another individual the fourth spine is immediately
over the pectoral insertion, the thirteenth over the ventral origin; the
whole number of spines is 30, but there is behind the thirtieth a minute
spine almost united by membrane. Anal beginning immediately behind
the vent; after the fifth spine the height of the fin remains uniform
until the length of the rays gradually decreases near tip of tail; pecto-
ral inserted at a distance from the gill opening nearly twice its own
length; ventrals with a broad base, not confluent, and reaching to vent
or slightly beyond it.

Specimens obtained by the Albatross at Station 2216, in 963 fathoms, 164
and 16 inches long. Another specimen, 17 inches long, was obtained by
the Albatross at Station 2553, in 551 fathoms. The Hirondelle took it off
Newfoundland, in 633 fathoms. (rostrata, long-nosed.)

Notacanthus rostratus, COLLETT, Bull. Soc. Zoil. France, 1889, 307, off Newfoundland.

Macdonaldia rostrata, Gooor & Bran, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1894 (1895), 467, pl. 18, fig. 2, and
in Oceanic Ichthyology, 173, figs. 189, and 195 A and B, 1895.

916. MACDONALDIA CHALLENGERI (Vaillant).

Head 3; depth 5. D. XXXV; A. about XL, 140; B. 6; C.5; P. 11; V.
I,9. Greatest depth of body opposite vent, and } of distance of vent
from end of snout; length of the long, narrow, compressed head + of
the same length. Snout compressed, pointed, much produced beyond
the narrow mouth, the cleft of which laterally extends to below posterior
nostril; each jaw armed with a series of fixed minute teeth; a similar
palatine series within the intermaxillary series; the mandibular series

618 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

fits between the upper two rews. Eye close to the upper profile, 2 diam-
eters from end of snout, and 4 from extremity of opercle, its diameter
greater than interorbital width. Gill opening wide; gill membranes
supported by very slender branchiostegals, confluent in front, and not
attached to the isthmus. The whole body and head are covered by
minute, smooth, imbricate, and adherent scales. All the dorsal spines
short, distant from one another, the first being above root of pectoral,
the last behind middle of length of tail; anal spines commencing imme-
diately behind vent, and very gradually and but slightly increasing
in length behind, passing finally into flexible rays of varying and indefi-
nite number; pectorals inserted some distance behind the gill opening,
with very narrow base; ventrals close to, but not extending to, the
vent; entirely separate. Color uniform light brown, blackish about the
gills and on the soft anal fin. Teeth minute, those of the upper jaw

scarcely different in size or shape from those of the lower, 31 on each —

side of the upper and 23 on each side of the lower jaw, 21 in each half
of the palatine series; each ramus of the mandible with a series of pores
which is continued on the preoperculum. The union of the gill mem-
branes takes place opposite middle of distance between orbit and occi-
put; orbit without circular fold. Gill cavity and peritoneal sac with
a thin layer of black pigment. Air bladder much smaller than in Nota-
canthus sexspinis, occupying a small portion of middle of abdominal
cavity ; anteriorly on the left side it is prolonged into a narrow cylindri-
cal horn about # length of its body; there is no open communication
between it and the intestinal duct. The ovaries are a pair of band-like
bodies, transversely plaited and without oviduct. The intestine makes
only 1 convolution; pyloric appendages represented by 3 short diver-
ticula only. Kidneys confluent into 1 short body which is situated
between the muscles of the tail behind the vent. (Gtnther.) North
Pacific. The type, 16 inches long, dredged by the Challenger at Station
237, south of Yedo, in 1,875 fathoms. A second specimen, 20 inches long,
obtained by Dr. Gilbert (Albatross explorations), in Bering Sea, west of
the Pribilof Islands, in 1,625 fathoms, at Station 3,308. (Named for Her
Majesty’s Ship Challenger, employed in deep-sea research by the Govern-

ment of Great Britain.)

Notacanthus rissoanus, GUNTHER, Fishes Challenger, xx11, Part Lv, pl. Lx, fig. B, 1887; not of
Fituiet & Vérany, Mem. Acc. Sci. Torino, xvit1, 190, 1859, whose specimen came from the
Mediterranean,

Notacanthus challengeri,* VAILLANT, Expedition Travailleur et Talisman, 1888, south of Yedo;
based on GUNTHER’s description.

Macdonaldia challengeri, GooDE & BEAN, Oceanic Ichthyology, 172, 1895.

* ** Vaillant was perfectly justified in separating this Pacific form from the Mediterranean
Polyacanthonovus rissoanus, with whick Giinther had identified it. ‘The lower heavier spines in
both dorsal and anal fins, the more anterior origin of the dorsal, which is a little in advance of
base of pectorals, the very short robust ventral spine, and the lower insertion of pectoral fin
sufficiently distinguish the species, in addition to the peculiarities in the shape of the snout and
the greatly increased number of anal spines to which Vaillant calls attention.

**Giinther’s description, above cited, of the fish taken south of Yedo at a depth of 1,875
fathoms, agrees so well with our specimen that no doubt can exist of their identity. The max-
illary spine not shown in Giinther’s figure, is very evident in our specimen, The branchioste-
gal rays are distinctly 6 instead of 5 in number, and the caudal contains 5 instead of 6 rays.
There are 35 dorsal spines. The analspines pass so gradually into the rays that they are dis-
tinguishable with difficulty. Definite articulations appear before the rays have lost their spin-
ous Character, while still stiff and pungent. Dividing them on the basis of these articulations,
the anal fin contains 40 spines and about 140 soft rays.’’ (Gilbert, MS.)

ol

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 619

Family LXXXVIII. LIPOGENYID.

Heteromi with a roundish, inferior, suctorial mouth, imperfect lower
jaw* with its ramiseparated at middle, connected with the corresponding
sides of the upper jaw, and invested in a thick, transversely plicated,
horseshoe-shaped lip, reflected upward behind on the cheeks; no teeth,
short row of 4 or 5 partially connected graduated dorsal spines and 5 to
7 branched rays, forming a regular fin. (Gill.) (Lipogenyide, Gill, in
Goode & Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1894 (1895), 469.)

296. LIPOGENYS, Goode & Bean.

Lipogenys, GoopE & Bran, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1894 (1895), 469, and in Oceanic Ichthy sph
173, 1895, (gillii).

Head and body compressed, the body elongate, as in Notacanthus.
Snout produced, compressed, obtuse at tip. Cleft of the mouth inferior,
suctorial, circular in front, surrounded by rugose, contractile lip, with
cleft posteriorly, flanked by wing-like flaps, containing the modified man-
dibular bones, which articulate with the end of the maxilla and are free
behind. A concealed spine at the end of the maxilla. No teeth.
Anterior nostril in short tube, the posterior oblong, under a short flap.
Dorsal fin short, but normal and well developed, with a distinct soft por-
tion; anal fin normal in position, high, with many spines, and with
some of the rays spine-like, though forked; a distinct, though very
small, caudal fin; ventrals normal, well developed, with several spines.
Seales minute, very numerous; lateral line conspicuous. (Acizw, to
leave off; yévuc, jaw.)

917. LIPOGENYS GILLII, Goode & Bean.

Head 8%; depth 10; eye 5; snout 4; interorbital width 5in head. D.
V,5; A. XLI, 88; V. III, 7. Body compressed, its greatest width + its
height. Postorbital portion of head twice as long assnout. Diameter of
circular opening of mouth about 4 diameter of eye. Dorsal fin inserted
at a distance from snout equal to about 3 times length of head. It con-
sists of 5 graduated spines, of which the first is minute, and the longest
as long as snout, and 5 soft rays, of which the second is longest, nearly 4
as long as head; the spines and rays are all compactly arranged in a
strong, triangular fin; length of dorsal base 4 that of head; anal
beginning under fourth spine of dorsal, of 41 spines and 8&8 rays, of
which the anterior 10 are stiff, though articulated, and divided at the
tip; longest ray longer than longest spine, about as long as snout; ven-
tral fins almost meeting in the median line, reaching vent but discon-
nected; distance of ventral from tip of snout about 2} times length of
head; pectoral placed below median line of body, at a distance from

*“ The anomalous and unexampled modification of the lower jaw and mouth deserves a detailed
anatomical examination, but the existence of only one specime n—for the present, at least—is
deemed sufficient to render such an investigation inadvisable.’’—Goode & Bean.

620 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

head about equal to diameter of eye, its length a little greater than post-
orbital part of head. Lateral line well developed anteriorly, becoming
obsolete at a distance from end of dorsal about equal to 24 times head.
Color uniform light brown; under side of gill covers dark, showing dark
at the edges of the opercular bone. Type 17 inches long. (Named for
Dr. Theodore Gill, to whose critical insight the advance of systematic
ichthyology in America is largely due.)
Lipogenys gillii, Goopn & Bran, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus. 1894 (1895), 469, pl. 18, fig. 3, and in
Oceanic Ichthyology, 173, 1895, Albatross Station 2742, Gulf Stream, from a depth of
805 fathoms. (Type No. 39212. Coll. Albatross.)

Order W. XE NO MA

Coracoids represented by a cartilaginous plate, imperfectly divided ;
pectoral fin without actinosts. Skeleton very thin and papery. Post-
temporal imperfectly ossified. Otherwise essentially as in the Haplomi.
One family, confined to the fresh waters of the Arctic regions, a primi-
tive type, allied to the Haplomi, but with the base of the pectoral fin
extremely simple in structure. (févoc, strange; uoc, shoulder.)

Family LXXXIX. DALLIIDZ.

(THE ALASKA BLACKFISHES. )

Body oblong, covered with small, partly embedded cycloid scales;
lateral line rudimentary; a line of mucous tubes below eye. Eye small;

* Dr. Gilbert has examined the anatomy of Dallia, and makes the following observations:

“The characters assigned by Dr. Gill to his order Xenomi, of which Dallia is the sole repre-
sentative, seem to need some modification, The group is thus defined by him:

“¢*Teleosts, with the scapular arch free from the cranium laterally, and only abutting on it
behind, coracoids represented by a simple cartilaginous plate without developed actinosts, and
with the intermaxillary and supramaxillary bones coalescent.’

“The last of these three characters we have not been able to verify, as the premaxilla,
while lying closely appressed to the maxilla, is readily separated from it, the two being in no
sense ‘coalescent.’ The expression ‘scapular arch free from the cranium laterally’ refers to
the simple nature of the post-temporal, which is attached, as usual, to the epiotic, but seems at
first sight to lack entirely the inner fork to join the parotic process of the cranium. Closer
examination shows, however, that a strong ligament replaces the lacking arm, and answers to
itin all its relations. We find, furthermore, that while extending in some specimens the entire
distance between the opisthotic and the simple post-temporal, in others the outer portion of the
ligament is more or less ossified, the bony rod thus formed being an integral part of the post-
temporal, and representing the proximal portion of the missing fork. As stated, this ossifica-
tion invades the ligament to a varying extent in different specimens. In at least two which
have come under our observation, the fork of the post-temporal thus formed has extended
almost the entire distance across to the opisthotic, the shape and relations of the bone being
then entirely normal and usual. It is evident that this character is not of high taxonomic
value, and would not of itself warrant any very wide separation of Dallia from what are appar-
ently its nearest relatives. The case is different, however, when we come to examine the cora-
coid portion of the shoulder girdle. As stated by Dr. Gill, we deal here with a cartilaginous
plate in which no ossifications occur, and which is followed immediately by the fin rays, with-
out the intervention of actinosts. This coracoid cartilage is an extremely thin and delicate
imperforate lamina, usually exhibiting very distinct division into upper and lower halves,
which may be taken to represent the hypo-and hypercoracoid elements. In its distal third,
the plate begins to break up, by longitudinal subdivision, into a fringe of narrow cartilaginous
strips. These approximately equal in number the pectoral rays, and join the latter directly,
the basal portion of each pectoral ray forking slightly to receive the tip of the cartilaginous
strip.

‘“In the deep-sea spiny eels of the genus Nolacanthus, there is a somewhat similar condition of
the coracoid elements, inasmuch as the hypo- and hypercoracoid, though present, are merely
shell-like rudiments surrounded by cartilage, and the actinosts are geatly reduced. It seems
probable that we are dealing in the two cases with independent degenerations of the shoulder
girdle, and that the two groups are not really related.’’ (Gilbert, MS., September 20, 1894.)

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 621

cleft of mouth moderate; lower jaw much projecting; lateral margin of
upper jaw formed by the slender, toothless maxillaries. Teeth villiform
or almost cardiform on jaws, vomer, and palatines; those on premaxil-
laries enlarged. Shoulder girdle free from the skull laterally, the lower
branch of the post-temporal imperfectly ossified. Dorsal short, without
spines, inserted before anal; ventrals abdominal, inserted in front of
dorsal, each composed of 3 rays; base of anal about as long as that of
dorsal; caudal fin rounded, with many slender rays; pectoral fin
rounded, with a somewhat fleshy base, with 33 to 36 rays, the structure
of the base peculiar, the hypercoracoid and hypocoracoid being undiffer-
entiated, represented by a cartilaginous plate, and no actinosts developed.
Vertebre 42. Skeleton everywhere thin and papery. Superior pharyn-
geals all separate; first and second without teeth; third and fourth
with teeth. Lower pharyngealsseparate. Branchiostegals7or8. Streams
of Alaska and Siberia, one species known; a very singular fish, apparently
an ancient type.

(Dalliidz, GILL, Smithsonian Report for 1883 (1885), 728.)

297. DALLIA, Bean.
Dallia, Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1879, 358, (pectoralis).

Characters of the genus included above. (Named for Dr. William
Healey Dall, its discoverer, well known as a naturalist and explorer.)

918. DALLIA PECTORALIS, Bean.

(ALasKA BLAcKFIsH ; CHoRNIA RyBa.)

Head 44; depth 4 to 44; eye small,6o0r7. D.12to14; A. 14 to 16; P.
33 to 36; V.3; scales 11-77-11; B.7or8. Body rather elongate. Pec-
toral about half as long as head; ventral $; anal beginning opposite
front of dorsal and ending nearly opposite its last ray. Scales on belly
very small. Length 8 inches. Streams and ponds of northern Alaska
and Siberia; abounding in sphagnum ponds; found in countless num-
bers ‘‘ wherever there is water enough to wet.the skin of a fish;” form-
ing the chief food of natives. The species feeds on plants and worms.
Its vitality is extraordinary. Blackfishes will remain frozen in baskets
for weeks and when thawed out are as lively as ever. Turner describes
one swallowed frozen by a dog, thawed out by the heat of the stomach,
and vomited up alive. (pectoralis, alluding to the broad pectoral fins.)
Dallia pectoralis, BEAN, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1879, 358, St. Michael's, Alaska. (Type, No.

23498. Coll. L. M. Turner.) Jorpan & GiLBert, Synopsis, 351, 1883; TurNeR, Contr. Nat.
Hist. Alaska, 100, pl. 9, 1886.

Umbra delicatissima,* Smirt, Ofver. Kongl. Vetensk Akad. Fprh. Arg. Stockholm, 38, pl. 5, fig.
1, 1881, Pittlekaj, Siberia.
Dallia delicatissima, Smirt, in Nordenskjold’s Voyage of the Vega, 11, 59, with plate, 1881.

* The following is Dr.*Smitt’s original notice of Dallia delicatissima, for which we are indebted
to the kindness of Mr. Barton A, Bean :

“tr. Smitt gaf en beskrifning ef hundfiskarnes (umbridernas) byggnad och lefnadssiitt, med
siirskild hiinsyn till en af Vega-expeditionen fran fiirskvattens-lagunerna vid Pittlekaj hemfurd
by art, Umbra delicatissima,”

622 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

—EE =

Order X. HAPLOMI=>

(THE PIKE-LIKE FISHES.)

Soft-rayed fishes with the mesocoracoid wanting, the coracoids nor-
mally developed, and the post-temporal normally attached to the cra-
nium. Parietal bones separated by the supraoccipital. Symplectic pres-
ent. Opercular bones well developed. Anterior vertebre unmodified.
Scapular arch joined to the cranium by a post-temporal. Hypocoracoid
and hypercoracoid separate, with developed actinosts. Pharyngeal bones
distinct, the superior directed forward, 3 or 4 in number, the inferior
not falciform. No interclavicles. Mouth with teeth. Air bladder with
a distinct duct. Ventral fins abdominal, rarely wanting; pectoral fins
placed low; dorsal fin more or less posterior, the first ray occasionally
stiffened and spine-like; no adipose fin. Head usually covered with
cycloid scales like those on the body. Species chiefly inhabiting fresh
water. This order is, in some regards, intermediate between the Jsospon-
dyliand the Acanthopteri. Part of its species, at least, are remnants of a
more ancient fauna than now inhabits the same waters. (dz/éo0c, simple;
Guoc, Shoulder, in allusion to the want of the mesocoracoid, in which
respect these fishes resemble the more specialized spiny-rayed forms,
rather than the other soft-rayed fishes.) (Physostomi, part (families Eso-
cide, Umbridw, Cyprinodontide, and Heteropygii), Gunther, Cat., v1, v1.)

a, Lateral margin of upper jaw formed by the maxillaries; premaxillaries not protractile;

vent normal.
b. Teeth villiform, equal; jaws not produced. UMBRID&, XC.
bb. Teeth cardiform, unequal; jaws depressed and produced; basis of cranium double.
Luciip, XcI.
‘aa, Lateral margin of upper jaw formed by the premaxillaries; basis of cranium simple.
c. Vent normal, abdominal; premaxillaries extremely protractile.
Pa@ciLiip®, XCrt.
ce. Vent close behind the isthmus; premaxillaries little protractile.
AMBLYOPSID, XCIII.

Family XC. UMBRIDA.
(THE Mup MINNOWS.)

Body oblong, broad anteriorly, compressed behind. Head large, flat-
tened above. Mouth moderate, with bands of villiform or eardiform

* In Dr. Gill’s latest arrangement, the groups or orders here called Haplomi, Synentognathi, and
Acanthopteri (exclusive of Plectognathi) are united to form the order Teleocephali. As thus limited
the order would include those typical fishes in which the mesocoracoid is absent, and which do
not show the special peculiarities of the Pediculati and the Plectognathi. In earlier papers of Dr.

Gill the Isospondyli (Malacopteri) and the Ostariophysi are likewise included. The removal of the
Ostariophysi is doubtless a step in advance, but the distinctions between the IJsospondyli and the
TIniomi and Haplomi are not of the most profound character, nor are the Plectognathi fundamen-
tally different from the Acanthopteri. There seems to us no special advantage in the retention of
a central order Teleocephali, from which the divergent branches are separated as distinct orders.

While our knowledge of the osteology and embryology of most of the families of fishes is
very incomplete, it is evident that the relationships of the groups can not beshown in any linear
series, or by any conceivable arrangement of orders and suborders. The living teleost fishes
have sprung from many lines of descent, their relationships are extremely diverse, and their
differences are of every possible degree of value. The ordinary schemes have magnified the
value of a few common characters, at the same time neglecting other differences of equal value.
No system of arrangement which throws these fishes into large groups can ever be definite or
permanent.

Jordan and Evermann.—Ffishes of North America. 623

teeth on premaxillaries, lower jaw, vomer, and palatines; premaxillaries
not protractile ; lateral margin of upper jaw formed by the broad, short
maxillaries, which are toothless and without distinct supplemental bone;
lower jaw the longer. Gill openings wide, the membranes scarcely con-
nected ; gill rakers little developed; branchiostegals 6 to 8. Scales
moderate, cycloid, covering head and body ; lateral line wanting. Dor-
sal fin moderate, posterior, in advance of anal; ventrals small, close to
anal; pectorals inserted low; caudal fin rounded. Stomach without
blind sac; no pyloric ceca; pseudubranchie hidden, glandular; air
bladder simple. Oviparous fishes, the sexes similar. Carnivorous fishes
of small size, living in mud or among weeds at the bottom of clear, slug-
gish streams and ponds; extremely tenacious of life, like the Pwciliide.
One genus with 3 species, (Umbra crameri of Austria, and the following).
The family is near to the Luciida, differing mainly in the smaller mouth
and weaker teeth. Like Dallia, Percopsis, Aphredoderus, Chologaster, and
other associated American fresh-water forms, Umbra must be regarded as
an archaic type, characteristic of some earlier fish-fauna. (Umbrida,
Gunther, Cat., v1, 231, 232, 1866.)

298. UMBRA (Krimer) Miiller
(MUDFISHES. )

Umbra, Kramer, Anim. Austy. Infer., 1756; Miter, Abhandl. Akad. Wiss. Wien. Berl., 188,
1842, (crameri).
Melanura, Acassiz, Amer. Journ. Sci. Arts, 1854, 135, (annulata, etc., = pygmexa).

Body oblong, covered with cycloid scales of moderate size, without
radiating striw; no lateral line. Head shortish, little depressed. Eye
rather small. Cleft of mouth moderate. Ventral fins 6-rayed, below or
slightly in front of dorsal; anal fin much shorter than dorsal; pectorals
rather narrow, rounded, placed low, with 12 to 15 rays, which are
much articulated; caudal rounded.. Preopercle and preorbital with
mucous pores. Branchiostegals 6. Gill rakers short, thick. Size small.
Three species, very similar to each other, inhabiting the waters of the
United States and Austria. (Latin, wmbra, a shade.)

MELANURA (éAas, black; ovpa, tail):

a. Base of caudal with a dark bar; American species.

b. Body with pale crossbars; coloration dull olive green, with about 14 narrow, pale,
transverse stripes; dark bar at base of caudal often faint; lower jaw pale.

LimI, 919.
bb. Body with lengthwise streaks ; coloration dark olive green, with about 12 pale narrow

length wise streaks, the one at upper angle of opercle twice width of the others;

dark caudal bar very distinct; lower jaw black. PYGM@A, 920,
Subgenus MELANURA, Agassiz.
919. UMBRA LIMI (Kirtland).
(Mup Minnow; Doarisu.)

Head 3%; depth 44. B.6; P.14; D. 14; A. 8; V. 6; scales 35-15.
Body oblong, compressed. Coloration dull olive green, mottled with
darker and with about 14 narrow, pale, transverse bars, often obseure in

624 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

the young; dark bar at base of caudal distinct but often faint; lower

jaw pale; fins plain. Length 4 inches. Quebec to Minnesota and south-

ward to the Ohio River; abundant northward, throughout the basin of

the Great Lakes, in weedy streams and ditches; rare in tributaries of the

Ohio and Illinois. ‘‘A locality which with the water perfectly clear will

appear destitute of fish will perhaps yield a number of mudfish on stir-

ring up the mud at the bottom and drawing a seine through it. Ditches

in the prairies of Wisconsin, or mere bog holes, apparently affording

lodgment to nothing beyond tadpoles, may thus be found filled with Mela-

nuras.” (Baird.) (limus, mud.)

Hydrargyra limi, KintLanp, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., 311, 1840, 277, streamsin northern
Ohio. (Coll. Kirtland.)

Hydrargyra fusca, Tuompson, Hist. Vermont, 137, 1842, Lake Champlain.

Hydrargira atricauda, DE Kay, New York Fauna: Fishes, 220, 1842, Lake Champlain.

Umbra limi, GUNTHER, Cat., V1, 232, 1866; JorDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 350, 1883 ; BLATCHLEY,
Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1885, 12,

920. UMBRA PYGMEA (De Kay).
(EasTERN Mup Minnow.)

Head 4; depth 43. D. 13; A. 7; scales 35. Body less compressed
than in Umbra limi, the head broader, less depressed, with smaller eye;
interorbital space slightly more convex; snout shorter, the profile more
gibbous. Color dark greenish, with about 12 narrow, longitudinal pale
stripes, the one beginning at upper angle of opercle double the width of
any of the others; dark bar at base of caudal very distinct, covering 14
scales; lower jaw mostly black. Length 4 inches. Lowland streams
and swamps coastwise, from Long Island to the Neuse River; locally
abundant. Close to the preceding and perhaps a variety of it, but no
intermediate forms have been noticed. (pygmaus, pigmy.)

Leuciscus pygmexus, DE Kay, New York Fauna: Fishes, 214, 1842, Tappan, Rockland Co., N.Y.

Fundulus fuscus, Ayres, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., rv, 1843, 296, Brookhaven, Long Island.

Melanura annulata, AGAssiz, Amer. Journ. Sci. Arts, 1854, 135; not Lxoglossum annulatum, Ra¥in-
ESQUE.

Umbra pygmexa, JORDAN, Bull. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., x, 53, 1877.

Umbra limi pygmxa, BLATCHLEY, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1885, 13.

Family XCI. LUCIIDA.
(THE PIKES. )

Body elongate, not elevated, more or less compressed posteriorly,
broad anteriorly. Head long, the snout prolonged and depressed. Mouth
very large, its cleft forming about half the length of the head; lower
jaw the longer; upper jaw not protractile, most of its margin formed by
the maxillaries, which are quite long and provided with a supplemental
bone; premaxillaries, vomer, and palatines with broad bands of strong
cardiform teeth which are more or less movable; lower jaw with strong
teeth of different sizes; tongue with a band of smallteeth. Head naked
above ; cheeks and opercles more or less scaly; gill openings very wide,
gill membranes separate, free from the isthmus; gill rakers tubercle-like,

Jordan and Evermann.—Ffishes of North America. 625

toothed ; branchiostegals 12 to 20. Scales small; lateral line weak, obso-
lete in young specimens, developed in the adult. Dorsal posterior, oppo-
site and similar to anal; caudal fin emarginate; pectoral fins small,
inserted low; ventrals rather posterior; vent normal; no adipose fin; no
barbels; stomach not cecal, without pyloric appendages; pseudobranchiz
glandular, hidden; air bladder simple. Basis cranii double (Cope.)
Fishes of moderate or large size, inhabiting the fresh waters of the north-
ern parts of Europe, Asia, and North America. A single genus with
6 species, one of them cosmopolitan, the rest all confined to America.
The species are all noted for their greediness and voracity; ‘ mere
machines for the assimilation of other organisms.” The flesh is excellent,
being white and flaky and of delicate flavor. The larger species are much
valued as food. (Hsocidw, Gunther, Cat., v1, 226-230, 1866.)

299. LUCIUS,* Rafinesque.

(PIKES. )

Esox, ARTEDI, Genera Piscium, 14, 1738, (in part, three species: The Pike, Garfish, and Gar Pike;
no type indicated, but the Pike was to ARTrEpr the best-known species).

Esox, Linnzvs, Syst. Nat., Ed. x, 1758, 314, (in part, lucius, belone, osseus); (restricted by RAFIN-
ESQUE, 1810, to Esox belone).

Iucius, RAFINESQUE, Caratteri di Alcuni Nuovi Generi, 59, 1810, (Jucius).

Picorellus, ; RAFINESQUE, Ich. Oh., 70, 1820, (vittatus, a mythical species).

Mascalongus, JORDAN, Klippart’s Report, Ohio Fish Comm., 92, 1878, (nobilior).

Kenoza, JORDAN & EVERMANN, new subgenus, (americanus).

Characters of the genus included above. (Lucius, the Latin name of
the Pike.)

a. Cheeks entirely scaly; branchiostegals 11 to 16.
Kenoza (an Indian name of the Pike, variously spelled by authors):
b. Opercles entirely scaly; dorsal rays 11 to 14; color greenish, barred or reticulated with
darker.
e. Branchiostegals normally 12, (11 to 13); scales in lateral line 105 to 108; dorsal rays 11
or 12; anal rays 11 or 12; snout short, the middle of eye nearer tip of lower jaw
than posterior margin of opercle. Species of small size, the fins unspotted.

*In retaining the generic name Lucius for the Pike, in preference to Esox, we have followed
the strict law of priority. The genus sow of Linneeus, composed primarily of FE. lucius and
E. belone, with a few associated species, was first subdivided by Rafinesque in 1810, the second
species, Belone, being chosen as the type. Later, in Cuvier’s arrangement, lucius was left as the
type of Esox and a new name, Belone, given to Esox belone. This later arrangement has received
the sanction of general usage. It has the further justification, that the name Hsox itself was
adopted by Artedi and Linnzus, from Pliny, who applied it to the Pike, its application to the
Garfish also having been taken by Linnwus from Artedi. It is true that Linnzwus would have
regarded the Pike as his type of Esor. It is, however, also true that Rafinesque had the right
to select eitherspecies asthe type in dividing the genus, and in his arrangement, the Garfish
remains sox, and a new name, Lucius, is given to the Pike.

Rafinesque says: ‘‘Il genere Esox di Linneo é stato divisoda Lacépéde in quattro generi, soz,
Sphyrana, Synodus e Lepisosteus, id propongo di dividere nuovamente in due il suo genere Psox.
Lascier6é questo nombre alle specie marine che hanno il corpo tetragono con due linee Jaterali da
ogni lato como nel genere Exocertus, le mascelle lunghe e strette, le ale dorsali lunghe, giungendo
dall’ ano fino alla coda e falciformi, etc. Mentre formerd un nuovo genere col nome di Lucius
delle specie fluviatili che hanno ilcorpo cilindrico, una sola linea laterale, le mascelle larghe e le
ale dorsali ed anali corte e rotondate.”’

+ The name Picorellus, Rafinesque, can not properly be retained for any section of this genus,
as sox vittatus, Rafinesque, on which it is based, is a mythical species described by Rafinesque
poms arude drawing, perhaps based on hearsay, and certainly not representing any known
species.

¥. N, A.——41

626 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

d. Head short, 34 in length of body; snout 2'% in length of head; eye 274 in length
of suout. Color dark green; sides with about 20 distinct curved blackish bars;
fins plain. AMERICANUS, 921.
dd. Head longer, 314 in length of body; snout 2} in length of head; eye 244 in length
of snout. Color light greenish, the sides with many narrow curved streaks of
darker; these usually distinct, irregular, and much reticulated; fins plain.
VERMICULATUS, 922.
cc. Branchiestegals 14 to 16; dorsal rays 14; anal 13; scales in lateral line about 125;
middle of eye midway between tip of lower jaw and posterior margin of opercle;
head about 314 in length of body; snout 214 in head; eye 3% in snout. Color
greenish, with many narrow dark curved lines and streaks, mostly horizontal and
more or less reticulated; fins plain. RETICULATUS, 923.
Lucius:
bb. Opercles with the lower half bare of scales; branchiostegals 14 to 16; dorsal rays 16 or 17;
anal rays 13 or 14; scales in lateral line about 123; head 314 in length of body; snout
22 in length of head; eye 3 in snout; middle of eye midway between tip of lower jaw
and gill opening. Color grayish, with many whitish spots, the young with whitish or
yellowish crossbars; dorsal, anal, and caudal spotted with black; a white horizontal
band bounding naked portion of opercle. Size large. LUCIUS, 924.
MascaLoneus (masca, mask; longus, long):*
aa. Cheeks as well as opercles with the lower half naked; branchiostegals 17 to 19; dorsal
rays 17; anal rays 15; scales in lateral line about 150; middle of eye midway between
tip of lower jaw and gill opening; head 324 in length of body; snout 21% in head;
eye more than 4 times in length of snout. Color dark gray, the sides usually with
scattered round black spots, sometimes immaculate, sometimes banded with dark;
fins spotted with black; size very large. MASQUINONGY, 925.

Subgenus KENOZA, Jordan & Evermann.
921. LUCIUS AMERICANUS (Gmelin).

(BANDED PICKEREL.)

Head 33; depth 54; eye 5. B.120r13; D. 11 or12; A.11 or 12; scales
105. Body short and robust; head heavy, with blunt, short snout; eye
rather large, its diameter 23 in length of snout, its posterior margin
scarcely behind middle of head, its middle nearer tip of chin than gill
opening; snout 2} in head. Cheeks and opercles fully scaled ; upper
branchiostegals scaly. Dark green; sides with about twenty distinct,
blackish, curved bars, sometimes obscurely marked, but not distinctly
reticulated ; a black bar below eye, another from upper edge of opercle
through eye to snout; fins plain. Length12 inches. A small pickerel,
abundant from Massachusetts to Florida, in lowland streams and swamps.

Found only east of the Alleghany Mountains, the westernmost record

being from Escambia River, at Flomaton, Alabama.

Esox lucius B americanus, GMELIN, Systema Nature, 1390, 1788, Long Island, New York;
after ScHUPF.

Esox niger, LE Sueur, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1, 1818, 415, South Carolina; GUNTHER,

Cat., v1, 229, 1866.

FEsox scomberius, Mircu1tt, Amer. Month. Mag., 1818, 322, Murderer’s Creek, New York.

Esox fasciatus, DE Kay, New York Fauna: Fishes, 224, 1842, Murderer’s Creek and other
streams near New York.

Esox ornatus, GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1854, 41, Charles River, Massachusetts.

Esox raveneli, Hotproox, Ichth. South Carolina, 201, 1860, Charleston, South Carolina.

Esox americanus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 352, 1883.

= = —— -

* An erroneous etymology of the word muscalonge, formerly supposed to be from the French
Masque allongée, long face. The word is now known to be of Indian origin, Mas-Kinongé.
Kinongé is apparently the same word as Kenoza.

an

Te tee cD tt den a

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America, 62

~

922. LUCIUS VERMICULATUS (Le Sueur).

(LittLe PIcKEREL.)

Head 34; depth 5 to 6; eye large, 2} in snout, about 6 in head. B. 12
(11 to 13); D. 11 or 12; A. 11 or 12; scales 105. Body moderately stout,
somewhat compressed; head rather short, longer than in Lucius ameri-
canus, but shorter than in L. reticulatus, the eye being exactly in the
middle of the head ; middle of eye nearer tip of chin than gill opening;
snout 2} in head; caudal well forked. Color green or grayish; sides
with many curved streaks, sometimes forming bars, but more usually
forming marmorations or reticulations, the color extremely variable, some-
times quite plain; sides of head usually variegated ; a dark bar down-
ward from eye, and one forward; base of caudal sometimes mottled;
other fins usually plain. Length 12 inches. Mississippi Valley, tribu-
taries of Lake Erie and Lake Michigan south to Mississippi and Arkansas;
not known from east of the Alleghanies nor Texas ; a small species, very
abundant in the small streams and bayous of the South and West. (ver-
miculatus, with marks like worm tracks.)

Esox vermiculatus, LE SuxuR, in Cuvier & VALENCIENNES, Ilist. Nat. Poiss., xvit1, 333, 1846,
Wabash River, New Harmony, Indiana; (Coll. Le Sueur); Merk & New1anp, Proc.
Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1885, 369.

Esox lineatus, LE SuEUR, in Cuvier & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., x vir, 335, 1846, Wabash
River, New Harmony, Indiana. (Coll. Le Sueur.)

Esox crassus, AGAssiz, Amer. Journ. Sci. Arts, 1854, 308, Tennessee River, Huntsville,
Alabama.

Esox wmbrosus, KirTLAND, Proc. Cleveland Ac. Sci., 1854, 79, small bay of Rocky River,
Rockport, near Cleveland, Ohio; Corr, Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. Phila., 1866, 409.

Esox cypho,* Corr, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1865, 78, Waterford, Oakland County, Michi-
gan; (Coll. Professor Miles); Ginrner, Cat., v1, 230, 1866,

Esox porosus, Cope, Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. Phila., 1866, 408, Waterford, Oakland County,
Michigan; substitute for cypho, regarded as an inept name. (Coll. Professor Miles.)

Esox salmoneus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 352, 1883; not of RAFINESQUE.

923. LUCIUS RETICULATUS,+ (Le Sueur).

(CommON EASTERN PICKEREL ; GREEN PIKE; JACK.)

Head 34; depth 6; eye small, about 34in snout,8 in head. B. 14 to 16;
D. 14; A. 13 (counting developed rays only); scales 125. Body rather
slender, deepest near the middle and tapering backward to a slender
caudal peduncle; head long, the snout prolonged, about 24 times in
head. Middle of eye midway between tip of chin and gill opening.
Cheeks and opercles entirely scaly; caudal well forked. Color green, of
varying shades; sides with golden luster, and marked with numerous
dark lines and streaks, which are mostly horizontal, and by their junc-
tion with one another produce a reticulated appearance; a dark band

* This form (cypho = porosus), distinguished mainly by the arched back and steep profile, is
probably a variety or accidental form of vermiculatus.

+ “Asolemn, stately, ruminant fish, lurking under the shadow of a lily pad at noon, with still,

circumspect, voracious eye, motionless as a jewel set in water, or moving slowly to take up its
position; dashing from time to time at such unlucky fish or frog or insect as comes within its
range and swallowing it at a gulp. Sometimes a striped snake, bound for greener meadows

across the stream, ends its undulatory progress in the same receptacle,’’— Thoreau,

628 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

below eye; fins plain. Length 24inches. Maine to Florida and Louisiana,
Arkansas, and Tennessee; common everywhere east and south of the
Alleghany Mountains; abundant in the New York lakes. The southern-
most record is from Crooked Lake, Orange County, Florida, (Lonnberg).
The westernmost is from Mammoth Springs, Arkansas, and other tribu-
taries of White River, it being common in the Ozark region. (Meek;
Call.) We know no characters by which the Southern Pike (phalera-
tus = affinis) can be separated from Lucius reticulatus. (reticulatus, netted.)
Esox reticulatus, LE Sugur, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1, 1818, 414, Connecticut River, Adams,
Mass.; Philadelphia ; GiinTuER, Cat., v1, 229, 1866; Jorpan & GILBERT, Synopsis, 353, 1883.
Esox phaleratus (SAY) LE SuEuR, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1, 1818, 416, St. Augustine,
Florida.

Esox tridecemlineatus, MircHi1Lu, Mirror, 1825, 361, Oneida Lake, New York.
Esox afinis, HoLproox, Ichth. South Carolina, 198, 1860, Charleston, South Carolina.

Subgenus LUCIUS.
924. LUCIUS LUCIUS (Linnzus).

(ComMMON PIKE; PICKEREL.)

Head 34; depth 5; eye 64 in head, 33 in snout; snout 2? in head. B, 14
to 16; D. 16 or 17 (developed rays); A. 13 or 14 (developed rays); scales
123. Body moderately elongate, the back little elevated; head rather
long, the eye exactly midway in its length; middle of eye midway between
tip of chin and gill opening. Cheeks entirely scaly; lower half of oper-
cles bare. General color bluish, or greenish gray, with many whitish or
yellowish spots, which are usually smaller than the eye and arranged some-
what in rows; dorsal, anal, and caudal fins with roundish or oblong black
spots; young with the whitish spots coalescing, forming oblique cross-
bars; a white horizontal band bounding the naked part of the operculum,
each scale with a grayish V-shaped speck. Length 4 feet. Fresh waters
of the northern parts of Europe, Asia, and North America, north to Alaska
and Siberia; in the Eastern United States south to New York and the
Ohio River; in Europe, south to Italy and Greece; everywhere very abun-
dant. Wedo not find any permanent character by which the American
Pike (estor) can be separated from the common lucius of Europe.

Esox lucius, LINNmus, Syst. Nat., Kd. x, 1758, 314, Europe; GUnrner, Cat., vi, 226, 1866; Jor-

“pan & GILBERT, Synopsis, 353, 1883,

Luccius vorax, RAFINESQUE, Indice d’Ittiol. Sicil., 68, 1810, Palermo.

Esox estor, L& Sueur, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1, 1818, 4183, Lake Erie, at Buffalo;
De Kay, N. Y. Fauna: Fishes, 222, 1842; GUNTHER, Cat., v1, 228, 1866.

?? Esow vittatus,* RA¥INESQUE, Amer. Monthly Mag., 111, 1818, 447, Ohio River.

Esox australis, CuviER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., xvii, 323, 1846, locality unknown;
thought to be Van Diemen’s Land.

Esox deprandus, un SUEUR, in Cuvier & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., xvi, 336, 1846,
Wabash River, New Harmony, Indiana; (Coll. LeSueur); GUNTHER, Cat., v1, 229, 1866.

Esox lugubrosus, LE SuEUR, in Cuvier & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss,, xvir, 338, 1846, Crab
Orchard, Kentucky. (Coll. Le Sueur.)

Esox boreus, AGassiz, Lake Superior, 317, 1850, Lake Superior. (Coll. Agassiz.)

Esox lucioides, AGassiz & GIRARD, in Herbert Forrester’s Fish and Fishing, 154, 1850, Lake

Superior.

* Described from hearsay. It may have been intended for this species or for the Muskallunge,
The drawing of the species shown in the original MS. notebook of Rafinesque shows that this
is a mythical species.

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 629

Subgenus MASCALONGUS, Jordan.
925. LUCIUS MASQUINONGY (Mitchill).

(MUSKALLUNGE ; MaskiInonacy ; MuscaLonce; GREAT PIKE.)

Head 33; depth 6; snout 23 in head; eye 4 to6in snout. B.17 to 19;
D.17; A. 15; scales 150. General form of the common pike, the head
a little larger proportionally. Cheeks naked below, as the opercles are ;
scaly part of cheeks variable, usually about as wide as eye; the scales on
both cheeks and opercles in about 8 rows; middle of eye midway between
tip of lower jaw and posterior margin of opercle. Color dark gray ; sides
in the typical form, with round or squarish blackish spots of varying size
on a ground color of grayish silvery ; these sometimes obsolete (immacula-
tus), sometimes coalescing in bands (ohiensis); belly white; fins spotted
with black. Length 4 to8feet. A magnificent fish, by far the largest of
its family, reaching a weight of 100 pounds or more; found in the Great
Lake region, Upper Mississippi, and northward; also occasionally taken
in Ohio River, frequent in Chautauqua Lake, Conneaut Lake, and other
clear lakes outside the Great Lake system. The typical form, var. mas-
quinongy, known by the black spots, is confined to the Great Lakes, their
outlets, and tributaries. ‘A long, slim, strong, and swift fish, in every
way fitted to the life it leads, that of a dauntless marauder.” (Hallock.)
(Maskinongé, or Mas Kenosha,* or Mask-Kinongé, a name variously spelled,
applied by the Ojibway Indians to the lake pike and muskallunge.)

Esox masquinongy, Mircu1.1, ‘‘ Mirror,f 297, 1824,’’ Lake Erie. Specimen 47 inches long and
weighing 30 pounds. D. 21; A. 17, including rudiments; Merk & NEWLAND, Proc. Ac.
Nat. Sci. Phila., 1885, 372.

Esox masquinongy (MircuH1LL) KirtLAND, Fishes of Ohio, 194, 1838, Lake Erie.

Esox nobilior, Tompson, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 11, 1850, 163, Lake Champlain; Jorpan.
Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., x, 54,1877, and of most late writers; JorDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 353,
1883.

Esox nobilis, KtntTLAND, Proc. Cleveland Ac. Sci., 1854, 84, Lake Erie; name a slip of the pen
for Esox nobilior.

Esox atromaculata, ‘ Kirtland MS.’? KrirtTLanp, l. c., 1854, 84, under synonymy of Esox nobilis,

Represented in the Ohio River and its tributaries by

925a. LUCIUS MASQUINONGY OHTENSIS (Kirtland).

Body with narrow, dark cross shades, which break up into vaguely out-
lined dark spots. Specimens of muskallunge from Chautauqua Lake show
narrow, dark crossbars, which split up into diffuse spots; fins with black
spots. These seem to be allied to the typical form masquinongy rather than
to var. immaculatus, but are somewhat different from either in coloration.
No constant difference in other respects is apparent. The name Ksoxr
salmoneus, ‘‘ White with many narrow transversal brown bands, some-
what curved; length 5 feet,” seems to belong to this form. The name
salmoneus, however, is not eligible, being preoccupied.

Esox salmoneus, Ravinesque, Amer. Monthly Mag., 111, 1818, 447, Ohio River; not Esox salmon-
eus, MircniL1, 1815, which is Synodus fortens.

*See Mather, Forest & Stream, March 18, 1886. According to Mr. H. W. Henshaw, mask ia
ugly; kinongé, fish, in the Ojibway dialects.

{ This reference is given on the authority of De Kay. We have carefully searched the files of
the Mirror and do not find this description. The name masquinongy will, in any case, how-
ever, hold from the account given by Kirtland,

630 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

Esox ohiensis,# KiRTLAND, Proc. Cleveland Academy Nat. Science, February 7, 1854, 85, Mahon-
ing River.

Represented in the head waters of the Mississippi and its tributaries by

925b. LUCIUS MASQUINONGY IMMACULATUS ; (Garrard).
(GREAT NORTHERN PIKE.)

Body unspotted, or with vague, dark cross shades; tail a little more
slender and fins a little higher than in the spotted or lake muskallunge.
Lakes and rivers of Wisconsin and Minnesota, locally abundant. (immac-
ulatus, unspotted. )

Esox immaculatus, GARRARD MS.; noticed in different fishing journals; Eagle Lake, northern
Wisconsin.
Esox masquinongy immaculatus, JORDAN, Man. Vert., Ed. 5, 89, 1888.
Family XCII. POACILIIDA. +
(THE KILLIFISHES. )

Body oblong or moderately elongate, compressed behind, depressed
forward, covered with rather large cycloid scales, which are adherent and

* We are indebted to Mr. Barton A. Bean for the following copy of Kirtland’s description :

“TV. Esox ohiensis, KinTLAND: From avery perfect stucco cast and a dessicated head of a
specimen taken in the Mahoning, a tributary of the Ohio River, it is evident that this species is
distinct from any of the preceding. Its contour is more regular, oval, and elliptical than that of
the E. estor and less regular than that of the EF. nobilis. The head is rather small, fusiform and
attenuated, and its vertical measurement through the eye proportionately less than in any other
species. Caudal fin emarginate and falcate more acutely than the Esfor. The color of the back
greenish brown; sides lighter, but shaded with brown; underneath white. Total length 30
inches; head 714; vertical line through the eye, from frontal surface to bottom of lower jaw 2%%
inches. This species sometimes attains 3114 pounds weight.”

‘+ “This is the fish that has just claims to the name of The Great Northern Pike, as there is
abundant and unquestionable testimony of enormous size, ranging from 40, 75, 80, and 110
pounds, The habitat of this fish is the waters of the Mississippi system, and it has been well
known since the earliest settlement of the West under various local names, as Chautauqua
Lake Pike, Alleghany River Pike, Muskingum River Pike, Kentucky River Pike, Rock River
(Illinois) Pike, and is now found in the greatest abundance and of the largest size, in the clear,
cold lakes of the Wisconsin and Minnesota pineries, at the heads of the tributaries of the Mis-
sissippi. In early days, before the streams were rendered turbid by the washing of lands in cul-
tivation, this fish was more abundant in Lake Pepin than it now is, but a few are taken occa-
sionally. One of 75 pounds was taken in those early days by reputable citizens still living at
Lake City. One of 40 pounds was taken two years ago by a man who fishes for the market,
and numbers have been taken ranging from 2 pounds to 20 pounds. This fish is generally found
either in these pinery streams or near the mouth of them in the Mississippi River.’’ (General
Israel Garrard, in a letter dated June 1, 1886, Frontenac, Minnesota.)

{ Concerning the name to be given to this family Dr. Gill remarks:

**In my ‘ Families and Subfamilies of Fishes’ (1893, No. 133) I have adopted Peciliidx instead
of Cyprinodontide for the family at present generally known by the latter name.

‘“*Tt is quite true that Professor Agassiz was the first to recognize the family so called, but he
simply gave the plural form of Cyprinodontes, and not a name with the patronymic suffix now
almost universally used to denote families, and he did not define it, but simply gave it to the
residuum left after defining the Cyprini. Little later Bonaparte gave a regular family name
(Peciliidx) derived from the earliest established name of a genus of the family and that name
was several times employed by him and others while the name Cyprinodontes remained in abey-
ance ; he also regularly definedit. The first regular use of the latter name with a patronymic
suffix (Cyprinodontidx) was by Sir John Richardson in 1856.

* Another objection to the name Cyprinodontidz which may reconcile us to its abandonment. is
that it expresses a taxonomic falsehood and is even now constantly misleading persons. In the

part of the great ‘New English Dictionary,’ lately published (v. 2, p. 1306), a ‘ Cyprinodont’ is

defined as ‘a malacopterygious fish of the family Cyprinodontid, of which the typical genus is
Cyprinodon ; they differ from the Cyprinids in having the jaws more projecting and toothed.’
In the recent Manual of Moreau (1892, p. 479), the ‘ Cyprinodontides’ and ‘ Cyprinides’ are
approximated in an analytical table and simply contrasted on account of the presence of jaw
teeth (‘machoires dentées’) in the former and the absence (machoires ‘non dentées’) in the
latter. It certainly is time for trained ichthyologists to have learned that there is no affinity
between the two types, and that they differso radically in all essential features of organization
that they should be referred to different orders. Yet Valenciennes, in the penultimate volume
of his great work (Hist. Nat. Poiss., xx1, p. 455), attempted to justify the retention of the
Cyprinodonts in the same family with the Cyprinids and their natural allies, The Cyprinodonts
or Peeciliids are really related to the Esocids and Umbrids, and to them they should be approxi-
mated in the suborder Haplomi.’’ (Gill, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1894, 115.)

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 631

regularly arranged. Lateral line wanting or represented by a few imper-
fect pores. Head scaly, at leastabove. Mouth terminal, small, the lower
jaw usually projecting; margin of the upper jaw formed by the premax-
illaries only; premaxillaries strong, extremely protractile. Teeth incisor-
like or villiform, sometimes present on the vomer, but usually in the jaws
only; lower pharyngeals separate, with cardiform or rarely molar teeth ;
third upper pharyngeal enlarged, the fourth wanting or united to the
third. Gill membranes somewhat connected, free from isthmus; gill
rakers very short, thick. Branchiostegals 4to 6. Pseudobranchiz none.
Dorsal fin single, inserted posteriorly, of soft rays only, rarely with a sin-
gle spine or a rudimentary spinous dorsal; caudal fin not forked; ventral
fins abdominal, rarely wanting; pectoral fins inserted low; no adipose fin.
Stomach siphonal, without pyloricappendages. Air bladdersimple, often
wanting. Basis cranii simple (fide Cope). Sexes usually unlike, the fins
being largest in the males, but in some species the females are much larger
in size. Many of the species are ovoviviparous, the young well developed
at time of birth. In these species the sexes are very unlike, the anal fin
of the male being developed as anintromittent organ. Fresh-water fishes
of Southern Europe, Asia, Africa, and America, some of them occurring
in bays and arms of the sea. They are mostly of small size, and the spe-
cies are very difficult of determination. Genera 30; species about 180.
(Peciliide, Bonaparte Nuovi Ann. Sci, Nat., 11, 132, 1838.)

We begin the discussion of this group with the largest genus, which

seems at the same time to be the most primitive and the least specialized.
a. Intestinal canal comparatively short, little convoluted; teeth little movable; bones of the
dentary firmly connected; the lower jaw strong and usually projecting beyond upper;
species chiefly carnivorous.
b. Anal fin of the male similar to that of the female and not modified into an intromit-
tent organ. Species oviparous.
ec. Teeth all pointed, none of them compressed or bicuspid or tricuspid.
FUNDULIN2:
d. Ventral fins well developed; pharyngeal bones and teeth not enlarged.
e. Teeth in villiform bands or at least in more than one series.
f. Air bladder well developed (in all species examined); no caudal ocellus.
g. Gill openings not restricted above, the opercular angle free from
shoulder girdle; body oblong; dorsal various in size and inser-
tion, Funputvs, 300.
gg. Gill openings restricted, the opercle from upper root of pectoral
upward being adnate to shoulder girdle; body short and deep.
AvInrA, 301.
Jf. Air bladder wanting; a black ocellus at root of caudal—at least in
males. Rivutus, 302.
ee. Teeth arranged in a single series; dorsal inserted in advance of anal; mouth
oblique.
j. Dorsal and anal fins short, each of 9 to 18 rays. LucANIA, 303,
jj. Dorsal and anal fins very long, each of more than 20 rays,
GIRARDINICHTHYs, 304.
ORESTIIN” :
dd, Ventral fins wanting; body oblong.
i. Pharyngeal bones both above and below greatly enlarged, bearing coarse
molar teeth; scales normal, regularly imbricated, none of them ridged,
EMPETRICHTHYS, 305,
CYPRINODONTIN” :
ee. Teeth incisor-like, notched, bicuspid or tricuspid.
J. Ventral fins well developed (occasionally lost through atrophy); gill openings
restricted; the opercle adnate above to the shoulder girdle,

632 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

k. Incisors bicuspid, with a band of villiform teeth behind them; body rather
deep, the vertical fins moderately developed. CHARACODON, 306.
kk. Incisors tricuspid, in 1 row, with no villiform teeth behind them; body
short and deep, compressed.

l. Dorsal fin short, of 10 to 12 rays, the first ray slender and rudimentary.
CyYPRINODON, 307.
il. Dorsal fin very long, of 16 to 18 rays, the first ray developed as a stout,
grooved spine. JORDANELLA, 308.
bb. Anal fin in the males placed well forward and modified into a sword-shaped intro-
mittent organ; teeth all pointed, arranged in bands. Species viviparous, the

young of large size at birth.

GAMBUSIIN&E :
m. Kye normal, the pupil not divided by a partition; dorsal inserted more or less
behind front of anal.
n. Jaws not produced into a beak, lower jaw prominent, longer than upper;
male fish very much smaller than the female.

o. Dorsal fin long, of 14 to 16 rays; anal short.
PsEUDOXIPHOPHORUS, 309.

oo. Dorsal fin short, of 6 to 10 rays; anal short. GambBusi<, 310.
nn. Jaws produced into a moderate beak, much as in Labidesthes; dorsal and
anal short. BELoNeESOX, 311.
ANABLEPINE :
mm. Hye divided into 2 portions by a horizontal cross partition; vertical fins short;
body elongate. ANABLEPS, 312.
aa. Intestinal canal elongate, with numerous convolutions; dentary bones loosely joined; teeth
movable; species chiefly mud-eating.
GOODEINE :
p. Teeth incisor-like, all tricuspid, in 1 series, with a series of villiform teeth behind
them; sexual characters unknown, the sexes probably alike; lower jaw projecting.
q. Fins small; scales large; form oblong. GoopEA, 313.
PQ@CILIINE :
pp. Teeth all pointed; anal fin in the male advanced and modified into an intromittent
organ; lower jaw short and weak. Species ovoviviparous.
r. Teeth in a single series; dorsal and anal both short; scales large.
s. Dorsal fin inserted in advance of anal. PLATYP@CILUS, 314.
ss. Dorsal fin inserted more or less behind front of anal. HETERANDRIA, 315.
rr. Teeth in more than one series.
t. Dorsal inserted more or less behind anal; both fins very small. Lersisrgs, 316.
tt. Dorsal inserted over or in advance of anal, its rays much elevated in the male.
uw. Dorsal fin short, of less than 7 to 11 rays.
v. Teeth of inner series in both jaws trifid. ACROP@CILIA, 317,
vv. Teeth of inner series in both jaws entire. Pe«cILiA, 318.
uu. Dorsal fin long, of 12 to 16 rays,
w. Caudal fin normal, alike in both sexes, or with the lower angle
merely sharp in the male. MOLUIENISIA, 319.
ww. Caudal fin in the males with its lower lobe much produced and sword-
shaped, in the adult as long as rest of body.
XIPHOPHORUS, 320.

300. FUNDULUS, Lacépéde.
(KILLIFISHES. )

Fundulus, Lackpipr, Hist. Nat. Poiss., v, 37, 1803, (mudfish).
Hydrargira, LAckPRDE, Hist, Nat. Poiss., v, 378, 1803, (swampina).
? Aplocheilus,* McOLeLLAND, Ind. Cypr. As, Res., x1x, 301, 1839, (chrysostigmus = panchaz).

* We question the reference of Aplocheilus and Panchax to Fundulus, because the East Indian
species, Aplocheilus panchax, the type of both nominal genera, has 4. long, depressed snout, and a
physiognomy unlike the American species. According to Giinther, its vomerine teeth are
minute and rudimental. There are no vomerineg teeth in the species of Fundulus.

Sees eh mm .,.C.

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 633

? Panchax, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., xvii1, 380, 1846, (panchaz).
Zygonectes, AGAssiz, Amer. Journ. Sci. Arts, 1854, 135, (olivacea = notatus).

Apocheilichthys, BLEEKER, Mem. Soc. Harlem, 1863, 116, (typus).

Micristius, GILL, Canadian Naturalist, August, 1865, (cingulatus).

? Haplochilus, GUNTHER, Cat., v1, 310, 1866, (corrected spelling).

Xenisma, JORDAN, Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Hist., 1876, 142, (stellifera).

Borborys,* BroussoneT MS., Goope & Bean, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1885, 204, (heteroclitus).
Fontinus, JORDAN & EVERMANN, new subgenus, (seminolis),

Gambusinus, JORDAN & EVERMANN, new subgenus, (rathbuni).

Body rather elongate, little elevated, compressed behind. Mouth
moderate, the lower jaw projecting. Jaws each with two or more series of
pointed teeth, usually forming a narrow band. Bones of the mandible
firmly united. Scales moderate. Gill opening not restricted above, the
opercle with its margin not adnate to shoulder girdle. Preopercle, pre-
orbital, and mandible with mucous pores. Dorsal and anal fins similar,
small, or rather large, the dorsal inserted either in front of, above, or
behind, the front of anal; ventrals well developed. Air bladder present.
Sexes differing in color, size, and development of the fins, the anal fin in the
male normal. Intestinal canal short. First superior pharyngeal with-
out teeth; second with teeth; third and fourth co-ossified, with teeth.
Species very numerous, mostly American,t inhabiting fresh waters and
arms of the sea. They are the largest in size of the Cyprinodonts, and
some of them are very brightly colored. They are oviparous and feed
chiefly on animals. Some of them are bottom fishes, burying themselves
in the mud of estuaries; others swim freely in river channels and bays;
still others are ‘‘top minnows,” surface swimmers, feeding on floating
insects in swamps and streams. We here unite the nominal genus Zygo-
nectes to Fundulus, as there is a perfect gradation of the species from those
with long dorsal fin to those in which the dorsal fin is small and posterior.
The extremes of the two groups are, however, very different, the distine-
tions being greater than usually occur within the limits of a natural
genus. (fundus, bottom, the abode of the ‘‘ Fundulus mudfish.)

I, Species with the dorsal fin moderate or rather large, of 11 to 17 rays, its insertion above or
usually in fropt of the insertion of the first ray of the anal; scaleslarge or small. Free-
swimming species, not feeding at the surface, some of them often burying themselves in
the mud of bottoms in shallow water.

a. Dorsal fin inserted before origin of anal ; branchiostegals 5 or 6.

FUNDULUS: :
b. Scales large, 31 to 38 in a lengthwise series.

* Goode & Bean, who have examined the type of Cobitis heteroclitus, Linnawus, observe.

"No. 11, Garden, ‘Anonymos,’ see page 305, vol. 1, Smith’s Correspondence of Linné. ~The
editor of this volume has evidently been misled by the common name ‘mudfish’ in referring
No. 11 to Amia calva, which was No. 4 of a later lot. (See page 312.)

“The above example was apparently the type of Linné’s description of Cobitis heteroclitus. In
the annotated copy of edition xu, Linné wrote that it was referred to a new genus, ‘ Borborys,’
of Broussonet, with the following characters: ‘Corpussquamosum. Pinn. dorsianica. Maxill.
infer. intr. carin. Caput squamosum,.’ We have not been able to ascertain whether or not
Broussonet has published a description of this genus.

“The skin is 122 mm. long. The head is 14 of the total length without caudal, and the depth
about the same. D. 12; A. 10. Scales in 23 longitudinal and 12 transverse rows. A black
blotch is still apparent on the posterior part of the dorsal.’’ (Goode & Bean, Proc. U. 8. Nat.
Mus., 1885, 204.)

+ The few European species referred to Fundulus seem allied to the subgenus Xenisma., Theo
Asiatic and African forms are allied to or belong to the group Zygonectes. In some of them the
anal fin is much Jarger than in the American species.

634 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

c. Scales in lateral line 31 to 34, 10 to 12 in a cross series; body rather elongate, the
depth 4 to 414 in length; dorsal rays usually 12. ;
d. Body without cross bands; each scale above and especially posteriorly, with a
vertical purplish spot in the center; dorsal with series of blackish dots;
anal rays 13. PUNCTATUS, 926.
dd, Body with cross bands light or dark, probably in both sexes; anal rays 9 to 11.
e. Body with about 23 narrow, undulating, silvery bars, narrower than the
dark interspaces; fins nearly plain; head large, 334 in body.
VINCTUS, 927.
ee. Body in both sexes with 10 to 15 narrow, dark, vertical bars; anal fin

small. ;
Jf. Snout shortish, shorter than eye; a black spot on back before dorsal:
head bluntish, 314 in length. PALLIDUS, 928.

Jf. Snout very long, 144 times length of eyein adult; no black spot before
dorsal; male with an ocellated dorsal spot; head pointed anc
elongate, 314 in body; branchiostegals 6. SIMILIS, 929,
ec. Scalesin lateral line 35 to 38.
g. Anal rays 10 to 12.
h. Dorsal rays 11 or 12; depth of body 33% to 4.
i. Female with two or three black horizontal stripes; male with about 12
dark crossbars and a dorsal ocellus; head long, 334 in length;

branchiostegals 6. MAJALIS, 930.
ii. Female plain or with dark cross bands only; no black horizontal
stripes.

j. Branchiostegals 6; coloration dull greenish, nearly plain, the male
with about 20 short, blackish crossbars, the female with an
obscure dark lateral shade; no dorsal ocellus. D. 13; A. 11.

PARVIPINNIS, 931.
jj. Branchiostegals 5.

k. Dorsal rays 10 or 11.
l. Color greenish, both sexes usually with dusky or silvery
c crossbars and pearly spots, at least on the fins of the
male; dorsal sometimes with an ocellus; scales 35 or 36.
m. Form robust, the depth 324 in length; the head 324;
dorsal ocellus faint or wanting; males with many
pearly spots; females nearly plain.
HETEROCLITUS, 932.
mm. Form rather slender, the depth 4 in length; the
head 314; dorsal ocellus on female very con-
spicuous; pearly spots fewer; female banded or
spotted. OCELLARIS, 933,
ll. Color greenish, in spirits without bands or spots; body
deep; tail slender; fins small. FONTICOLA, 934.
kk. Dorsal rays 12 to 14; olivaceous, with about 15 dark cross
bands. BERMUD&®, 935,
gg. Anal rays 16 or 17; dorsal rays 13 or 14; upper lip thick; scales 38-15 or 16,
n. Form robust, the depth in adult about 3 in length; color uniform pale
brown, the fins unspotted. ROBUSTUS, 936.
nn. Form rather slender, the depth 4144 in length; color uniform brown, or
slightly mottled on tail; fins unspotted, the anal of male black at
base, yellow distally. LABIALIS, 937.
FontTinus (fons, fountain):
bb. Scales comparatively small, 44 to 60 in lateral line; dorsal fin of 13 to 15 rays; anal rays
11 to 14.
o. Scales moderate, in a longitudinal series, 44 to 48.
p. Anal rays 11; depth 4 to 5 in length.
q. Body stout, compressed, the depth 4 in length; 15 scales in a cross-
series; olivaceous, with many silvery crossbars. ADINIA, 938,

ee Sv!

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 635 |

a qq. Body rather slender, the depth 424 to 5in length; 12 scales in a cross-
series; color olivaceous, with numerous crossbars, either black or
silvery. DIAPHANUS, 939.
pp. Anal rays 13; body elongate, the depth 524 in length; olivaceous, with very
faint dark crossbars. EXTENSUS, 940.
oo. Scales very small, about 60-21. 7
r. Dorsal rays 14 or 15; anal 13 or 14; color olivaceous, sides with many dark
crossbars; depth 44% in length. ZEBRINUS, 941.
rr. Dorsal fin very long, of 17 rays; analrays13; scalessmall, about 52 in longitu-
dinal series; depth about 4; olivaceous, many scales usually with a dark
spot, these forming longitudinal streaks; sometimes faint dark cross-
bands, SEMINOLIS, 942.
aa. Dorsal fin inserted over or slightly behind front of anal fin; branchiostegals 4 or 5; bright
colored species with orange or brown spots, inhabiting mountain springs and brooks.
XENISMA (f€vioua, a Surprise):
s. Scales small, 50 to 53 in lateral line; dorsal and anal large, of 13 to 15 rays each.
t. Orange spots on sides in regular series, replaced in the female by brown horizon-
tal dashes; branchiostegals 5; D. 14; A. 15; depth 434 in length.
CATENATUS, 943.
it, Orange spots on sides irregularly scattered; branchiostegals 4; D. 13; A. 13; depth
5 in length. STELLIFER, 944.
GamBusINUS (Spanish Gambusino, a fish not worth bringing home. See Gambusia):
ss. Transitional species. Scales large, 36 to 42 in lateral line; dorsal and anal small, each
of 10or11 rays; small species, intermediate between Xenisma or Fundulusand Zygo-
nectes, the dorsal fin small, but not distinctly behind anal.
u, Anal rays 14; scales 36. Color brownish, finely dotted; lips, top of head, and line
along middle of back dark; tail with faint cross-streaks; depth 414 in length.
LINEATUS, 945.
uu. Anal rays 9 to 11.
v. Scales 38 to 42; body without black crossbars.
w. Scales 38; olivaceous, with horizontal oblong brownish spots scattered over
back and sides; depth 414 in length. RATHBUNI, 946.
ww. Scales 42; rows of scales with whitish streaks in males, or narrow black
lines in females, forming lines along the rows of scales; depth 414 in
length. ALBOLINEATUS, 947.
vv. Scales about 45; body with about 14 irregular dark crossbars; rows of scales
of upper parts with longitudinal lines. D. 10; A. 10; depth 334 in
length. CONFLUENTUS, 948.
vvv. Scales about 35, 24 before dorsal; body with about 15 well-marked black
crossbands, as in Fundulus similis or F. cingulatus, between which this species
seems to find its place; fins plain. D.9or10; A. 9. FUNDULOIDES, 949.
Il. ZyaonecteEs ({vyov, yoke; vexrns, swimmer, the species being said to swim at the surface
in pairs). Species with the dorsal fin small, of 7 to 11 rays, its insertion distinctly behind
front of anal fin; small species with large scales (29 to 40); surface swimmers, ‘‘ Top min-
nows,’’ seeking insects at the surface of water.
a, Anal fin long, of 14 to 25 rays; vomer sometimes with minute teeth.
b. Anal rays 14; dorsal rays 8; scales 31-8; depth 5 in length; olive, the body plain; dor-
sal and anal with dark crossbands; base of caudal with round pale spots.
povit, 950.
aa. Anal rays 8 to 13.
ec, General coloration olivaceous, either plain or with pearly or orange spots paler than
the ground color, or blackish spots not forming distinct series; no sharply defined
black crossbars or longitudinal black stripes.
d. Anal rays 12 or 13; body slender, the depth 4 to 5 in length.
e. Scales 35-12; dorsal 11 or 12; ventrals very small; coloration plain, the fins
reddish. MACDONALDI, 951,
ee. Scales 31-10; dorsal rays 10; scales bordered with orange; fins yellow, edged
with crimson. FLORIPINNIS, 952,

636 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

eee. Scales 33-10; dorsal rays 8 or 9; body with fine specks which are clustered
together on sides, forming irregular, scattered, round, blackish spots.

JENKINSI, 953.
dd, Anal rays 8 to 11.

f. Scales rather large, about 33 to 35-10; depth about 4 in length ; anal rays 8 to
11; head 314 to 344 in length.
g. Dorsal rays 10 or 11; back and sides dusted with fine dark points which are
gathered together forming 10 or 12 scattered, round, brown spots on
sides; fins with minute specks. PULVEREUsS, 954.
gg. Dorsal rays 7 to 9,

h. Dorsal fin inserted over sixth ray of anal; anal rays 11; body (in
female) nearly plain olivaceous; fins plain or witha few black
dots. ARLINGTONIUS, 955,

hh. Dorsal inserted over first to third ray of anal (in the male).

i. Body with many bronze or orange spots, arranged along the rows
of scales either regularly or irregularly ; females dull green-
ish ; young with greenish cross shades.

j. Anal rays 10 or 11; teeth of outer series in upper jaw com-
paratively long and slender, longer than the other teeth;
orange spots rather large and irregular in position.

HENSHALLI, 956.

jj. Anal rays 8 or 9; teeth in outer series scarcely enlarged,

scarcely larger than others in the band ; spots regularly
placed, somewhat as in Fundulus catenatus.

RUBRIFRONS, 957.

ii. Body with rather large pearly white spots scattered over the

scales ; fins plain. SCARTES, 958.
Jf. Scales rather small, 39-13 ; body deep, the depth 314 in length; dorsal and
anal each with 10 or 11 rays ; coloration nearly plain. scrabDIcus, 959.

cc. General coloration olivaceous, marked by distinct black crossbars, but without distinct
black longitudinal band or rows of black streaks ; dorsal fin much smaller than
anal and inserted behind it, its rays 8 to 10.
k. Male with a large jet-black ocelluson the dorsal fin ; anal rays10 ; dorsal 8 ; scales
35-11 ; depth 414 in length ; sides in both sexes with 10 to 12 black bars.

LUCIE, 960.
kk. Male and female without black ocellus on the dorsal ; scales 32 to 36.

1. Analrather long, its rays 11; vertical fins dotted with brown ; pearly spots
sometimes present ; depth 34 in length ; scales 32-12. CHRYSOTUS, 961.
ll. Anal moderate, its rays 8 or 9 ; scaies 34 to 36-10.
m. Dark cross bands15 or 16. Body rather stout, the depth about 4 in length;
interspaces on sides orange, with many dark points; fins red.
CINGULATUS, 962.
mm. Dark cross bandsabout12. Body slender, the depth about 444 in length ;
dorsal and anal with streaks of dark dots. (male of) Norrir, 963.
eee. General coloration olivaceous, but crossed by many dark lengthwise streaks, each
formed of many black spots arranged in parallel lines along the rows of scales;
sides often with black crossbars also, especially in the male (in which the length-
wise streaks are sometimes obsolete); a black area below eye. Scales 35 to 40.
n. Body rather slender, the depth 4/4 to 5 in length.

o. Black spots on scales in the female confluent into about 6 narrow jet-black,
rope-like stripes from head to tail, these sometimes alternating with fainter
lines of dots ; cheeks bright orange in life, silvery in spirits. Males with
the streaks obscure, the dark cross bands more distinct, about 12 in number.
Scales 36 to 40. NOTTII, 963.

oo. Black spots on scales distinct, not confluent into lines, the whole forming

longitudinal series of disconnected dots; cheeks orange. Scales 36.
“GuTTatTus, 964.
ooo. Black spots very small, sprinkled over upper surface, passing backward into
longitudinal streaks. HIEROGLYPHICUS, 965.

Jordan and Evermann.— Fishes of North America. 637

nn. Body deep, the depth 344 in length; female with the black spots coalescent into
about 10 wavy streaks along sides ; male with the lines of dots more or less
interrupted ; scales 35. DISPAR, 966.

eeec. General coloration olivaceous, with a single black lateral stripe from head to tail,
p. Body slender, the depth 474 in length; lateral stripe broad, purplish, its edges

wavy; back and vertical fins speckled. D.9; A.11. Scales 34-10.

NOTATUS, 967.
pp. Body stout, the depth 314 in length; sides silvery, with black lateral shade above
the silvery part. D.11; A.11. Scales 31-10. MELAPLEURUS, 968.

Subgenus FUNDULUS, Giinther.
926. FUNDULUS PUNCTATUS, Giinther.

Head 4; depth 44. D. 12; A. 13; V. 6; scales 34-12. Interorbital
space very broad, slightly convex, its width half head. Snout broad,
obtuse, much depressed, the lower jaw scarcely projecting beyond the
upper; mandible longer than eye. Upper lip of moderate breadth, not
extending to angle of mouth. Eye less than length of snout, 44 in head,
and less than half interorbital width. Origin of dorsal somewhat nearer
to extremity of caudal than orbit, over nineteenth scale of lateral series;
first anal ray opposite to third of dorsal; dorsal and anal fins subquad-
rangular, with the outer margins convex, each a little longer than
high; caudal fin subtruncate, scaly on its basal half; pectoral fins
shorter than head (without snout), not extending to base of ventrals.
Brownish olive, paler below; each scale, especially those on the tail,
with a vertical dark purplish violet spot on the center; dorsal with 3
or 4 series of blackish dots, anal with a whitish margin. Length 3}
inches, (male). Chiapas. (Giinther); not seen by us. (punctatus, dotted.)
Fundulus punctatus, GUNTHER, Cat., v1, 320, 1866, Chiapam, Guatemala. (Coll. Salvin.)

927. FUNDULUS VINCTUS, Jordan & Gilbert.

Head 3}; depth 44; eye 34. D.12; A. 11; scales about 31-10. Body
little elongate, compressed posteriorly. Head large, very broad, and
somewhat depressed above. Mouth moderate. Teeth in narrow bands,
the outer much enlarged. Interorbital space 2. Scales comparatively
large. Dorsal inserted moderately in advance of anal, its front midway
between base of caudal and occiput, the fin of moderate height; pec-
toral 1% in head; caudal 1}. Coloration, in spirits, olivaceous, with
about 23 narrow silvery bars with undulating edges, the bars narrower
than the darker interspaces; fins all plain in type. Length 24 inches.
This species is apparently related to JF. heteroclitus and other Atlantic
species. It may be distinguished from most of its relatives by its com-
paratively large scales. Coast of Lower California; known only from
the original types collected near Cape San Lucas by John Xantus.
(vinctus, banded.)

FPundulus vinctus, JorvaAN & GitBERt, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1882, 355, Cape San Lucas.*
(Type, No. 30973. Coll. Xantus.)

* According to Mr. Lyman Belding a large part of the collection of John Xantus from ‘* Cape
San Lucas’? was obtained in the pools and lagoons about La Paz. Itis not unlikely that these
shoal-water species come from the latter locality.

638 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

928. FUNDULUS PALLIDUS, Evermann.

Head 34; depth 4; eye 34. D.12; A. 11; scales 31-11, about 16 before
dorsal. Body stout; head heavy; caudal peduncle.long and much com-
pressed ; snout short and blunt, shorter than eye, which is # the width
of the interorbital space; humeral scale not enlarged, 2 rows of scales on
the cheek; mouth rather small, little oblique, teeth pointed, in more
than 1 series, the outer enlarged. Dorsal fin over the anal, its origin
midway between base of caudal and posterior edge of opercle, or midway
of total length, its rays short, about 14 in head; anal rays about equal in
length to those of dorsal. Scales medium, not firmly attached. Color
pale yellowish; sides with about 13 narrow, dark, vertical bars, much
narrower than the pale interspaces, not extending on the back or belly;
scales sparsely covered with fine dark punctulations, few on the vertical
fins and head; a large oblong black spot on the back immediately in
front of dorsal fin. Allied to Fundulus similis, Baird & Girard, the head
less pointed, the snout very much shorter, it being shorter than the eye,
while in Fundulus similis it is 14 times the eye; the dorsal has 1 more
ray and the anal 2 or 3 more; the color paler, the bars less distinct, no
dark dorsal line as in the other, while the pronounced black spot in front
of the dorsal is not found on F’undulus similis. Galveston Bay, near Swan
Lake, Texas; one specimen known. (paliidus, pale.)

Fundulus pallidus, EVERMANN, Bull. U. 8. Fish Comm., x1, 1891 (May 25, 1892), 84, pl. 35, fig. 2»

Galveston Bay, near Swan Lake, Galveston, Texas. (Type, No. 45564. Coll.
Evermann, Scoyvell & Gurley.)

929. FUNDULUS SIMILIS (Baird & Girard).
(Sac-A-LaIv.)

Head 33 in length; depth 32 to 42; eye 5 to 54. D.11to13; A. 10;
scales 33-11. Body slender, the outlines scarcely arched; adults much
deeper than young; head narrow, very long, and regularly narrowed for-
ward; preorbital as wide as eye, 44 to 5 in head; eye small, 13 to 12 in
interorbital; mouth small, maxillary not nearly reaching vertical from
anterior nostril; teeth very small, in broad villiform bands, the outer
series not at all enlarged; interorbital width 3$ in head. Dorsal long
and low, the height less than length of base in adult males, 1} in length
of base in females; in males the last rays are but little higher than some
of those preceding, in females the last are the lowest; longest ray (in #)
2} in head; origin of dorsal midway between middle of eye and tip of
caudal; origin of anal under third dorsal ray, the fin much higher than
dorsal, the longest ray 14 in head; posterior margins of oviduct adnate
along either side of third anal ray, covering + length of first ray. Pec-
torals reaching origin of ventrals, 13 to 1? length of head; ventrals not
reaching vent, 24 in head, their base midway between pectorals and
origin of anal; caudal subtruncate, 1} in head. Scales large, in regular
series. Color: g, olivaceous, bronze below; lower parts of head strongly
orange; sides with 10 to 15 narrow, dark bars, + to $ as wide as the inter-
spaces, and not very dark; a large, diffuse, dark humeral blotch, extend-
ing from above opercle to about base of pectoral; each scale with a dis-
tinct >-shaped intermarginal series of dots, forming conspicuous reticu-
lations; dorsal dusky, with black specks, mostly black at base; a small

|
|

Jordan and Evermann.— Fishes of North America. 639

ocellated black spot behind, disappearing in adults; caudal faintly
clouded with dusky, especially about the middle; ventrals pale, some-
what soiled. 9, olivaceous, sides paler olive, with metallic luster; belly

white; 7 to 15 very narrow, sharply defined black bars on sides, not
extending on the back, scarcely broader than the pupil; scales marked
as in the males, but much more faintly; fins pale, almost immaculate.
Length 6 inches. Coast of the Gulf States, in brackish waters and shal-
low bays; very abundant from Florida to Texas. (similis, similar, the

sexes being nearly alike.)

Hydrargyra similis, Barrp & Girarp, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1853, 389, Indianola, Texas;
(Coll. Clark); Grrarp, U. 8S. & Mex. Bound. Surv., Zoil., 68, pl. 35, figs. 1-8, 1859.

Fundulus similis, GUNTHER, Cat., VI, 323, 1866; JorpDAN & GiILBERT, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1882,
252; JorpDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 333, 1883.

930. FUNDULUS MAJALIS (Walbaum).

(KrILiirisH ; MayrisH; RockFIsH.)

Head 32; depth 4. D. 12; A. 10; scales 36-13. Body oblong, scarcely
elevated, little compressed; head rather prolonged anteriorly; the mouth
small, terminal, and very oblique; scales rather large; dorsal fin moder-
ate; anal fin very high in the males, moderate in the females; ventrals
long in the males, reaching past front of anal; eye moderate, shorter
than snout and than interorbital space; a slight angle formed by the
profile, in front of the eye, due to the greater flattening of the snout.
Males dark olivaceous above; sides silvery or somewhat golden, with
about a dozen broad transverse bars of the color of the back; posterior
part of the dorsal fin with a black patch; fins yellowish or pale. Females
olivaceous above, white below, a narrow black longitudinal stripe along
sides about on the level of the eye and as wide as the pupil; below this,
two similar black stripes anteriorly and one posteriorly, the upper one
being interrupted; one or two black bars at base of caudal. Females
usually larger than the males. A large male of this species, in high color-
ation, taken at Beaufort, N.C., showed the following colors in life: Back
olive, sides and belly bright salmon yellow; lower fins clear yellow; pec-
torals and anal with some dusky ; posterior edge of caudal dark; dorsal
nearly all black, a large black ocellated spot on the last rays; opercles
and underparts of head. with an inky suffusion; cheeks, top of head,
and mouth bronze yellow; sides with about 18 narrow, dusky vertical
bars. Teeth in a broad band; an outer row of rather large teeth. Ovi-
duct adnate to first anal ray for a short distance. Length 6inches, Cape
Cod to Florida; the largest of our Peciliide; abundant in shallow bays,
especially northward. (majalis, pertaining to May, translation of Mayfish.)
Mayfish, Scudrr, Naturforscheren de Freunde, 1788, 172, Long Island.

Cobitis majalis, WALBAUM, Artedi Pisc., 111, 12, 1792, Long Island; after May/ish of Scuipr.

Esox flavulus, Mircnri1, Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soc. N. Y., 1, 1815, 439, New York.

Esox conatus, Mircuii1, Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soc, N. Y., 1, 1815, 440, New York; young.

Hydrargyra trifasciata, Sronen, Journ. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1, 1837, 417, Massachusetts.

Hydrargyra vernalis, Cuvier & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Hat. Poiss., xvii, 206, 1846, presented by M.
Lecontr, probably from South Carolina.

Hydrargyra majalis, Cuvier & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., xvii, 207, 1846.

Fundulus majalis, GUNtuER, Cat., vi, 322, 1866; Jornan & Gitnert, Synopsis, 331, 1883,

640 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

931. FUNDULUS PARVIPINNIS, Girard.

Head 33; depth 33. D.13; A.11; scales 38-12. Body moderately elon-
gate. Fins very high in the male, small in the female. Scales large; in
the males in spring roughened or ctenoid by small granulations and
prickles, similar to the nuptial excrescences of some Cyprinid@ ; fins also
rough. Oviduct forming a sheath at base of first ray of anal. Male
light olive green, mottled with darker; sides with silvery and brassy
luster; lower parts yellow; about 20 short blackish crossbars along
middle of sides, broader, plainer, and more closely set behind; sides and
fins with dark points; upper fins dull olive; lower yellow. Female larger,
olive green above, sides not barred, with an obscure dusky lateral band
on caudal peduncle; fins plain. Length 4 inches. Coast of California
from Point Concepcion southward to Cerros Island; very abundant in

bays and lagoons, especially about San Diego. (parvus, small; pinna, fin.)

Fundulus parvipinnis, GrrARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1854, 154, San Diego, California;
GIRARD, Pac. R. R. Surv., x, 303, 1858; GGnrHeEr, Cat., vi, 319, 1866; SrerINDACHNER, Ichth.
Beitriige, v, 155, 1876; JorpAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 333, 1883.

932. FUNDULUS HETEROCLITUS (Linnzus).
(Common Kixuirisn ; Muprisn ; CopsLer; Mup DABBLER; MUMMICHOG.)

Head 3 to 33; depth 3? to 32. D. 11; A. 10 or 11; scales 35 to 38-13 to
15. Body thick-set, short,and deep; anteriorly broad, posteriorly com-
pressed, the back elevated; the caudal peduncle robust; head rather
short, blunt, broad and flat on top; eye moderate, about equal to snout,
about half the width of interorbital space and } length of head; fins
moderate, the dorsal inserted in males midway between snout and tip of
caudal; in females farther back; oviduct attached to anterior ray of anal
fin for+to zits length; teeth in moderate bands, pointed, the outer series
enlarged; lower jaw strong, projecting beyond upper. Coloration in males
dark dull green, the belly more or less orange yellow; sides with numer-
ous quite narrow, ill-defined silvery bars made up of silvery spots, most
distinct posteriorly; besides these are numerous conspicuous white or
yellow spots, irregularly scattered; vertical fins dark, with numerous
small round pale spots; dorsal often with a blackish spot on its last ray ;
anal and ventrals yellow anteriorly ; under side of head yellow; young
males with alternate bars of dark and silvery, the former becoming in
time the ground color, the dorsal ocellus more distinct. Females nearly
plain olivaceous, lighter below, without spots or bars, the scales finely
punctate; sides often with about 15 dark crossbars or shades. Young,
especially young females, with more or less distinct dark cross bands;
these always present in the very young, in females narrower than the
interspaces, in males much broader and less numerous. Length 3 to 6
inches. Coast of Maine to the Rio Grande, everywhere very common in
brackish waters, often burying itself in the mud in shallow lagoons; the
most abundant of our Peciliidw, varying considerably in size, coloration,
and height of fins.* (érepi«diroc, irregular or unusual.)

* In the adult male of the typical heteroclitus from Charleston, South Carolina, the longest dor-
sal ray is 12 times in head (14 in macrolepidotus ; 2 in grandis) ; the longest anal ray 13 (in maero-
lepidotus 14; in grandis 1#) ; caudal 34 in length (in grandis 4); ventrals reaching front of anal, 2
in head (in grandis barely to vent, 22 in head) ; base of dorsal 2 in head (in grandis 22).

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 641

Cobitis heteroclita, LINNZUS, Syst. Nat., Ed. x11, 500, 1766, Charleston, South Carolina; after
the Mudfish of Dr. GARDEN.

Pecilia cenicola, Bhocu & SCHNEIDER, Syst. Ichth., 452, 1801, Carolina; after Linnxvus.

Fundulus mudfish, LAcEPEDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., v, 37, 1803, Carolina; after Linn xus.

Hydrargira swampina, LackpEpr, Hist. Nat. Poiss., v, 378, 1803, South Carolina.

Fundulus heteroclitus, GUNTHER, Cat., v1, 318, 1866 ; JonpAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 336, 1883; and
of authors generally.

Represented northward, Maine to Virginia, by the dwarfish form

932a. FUNDULUS HETEROCLITUS MACROLEPIDOTUS (Walbaum),

(Common CopBLER ; KILLIFISH.)

Smaller in size than the typical heteroclitus (from South Carolina); the
fins lower, scarcely higher than in var. grandis. Longest dorsal ray 14 in
head; A. 14. Scales on top of head rather smaller, body more slender
and coloration generally paler; females nearly plain, the young females
withdark bands. Maine to Virginia; everywhere very common in brack-
ish waters, apparently passing gradually into the typical heteroclitus, from
which it is scarcely to be separated even as a slight variety. (uaxpoAem-
dwroc, large-scaled.)

Pecilia macrolepidota, WALBAUM, Artedi Piscium, m1, 11, 1792, Long Island; after Yellow-
bellied Cobbler of Scuérr, Naturf. Freunde., vi11, 171, 1788.

Cobitis killifish, WatBaum, Artedi Piscium, 111, 11, 1792, Long Island; after Killifish of
Scuopr, Naturf. Freunde, viir, 172, 1788.

Pecilia fasciata, Bhoch & SCHNEIDER, Syst. Ichth., 453, 1801; after Yellow-bellied Cobbler of
ScHOpr.

Esozx pisciculus, Mitcui.t, Trans. Lit. and Phil. Soc. N. Y., 1, 1815, 440, New York.

Exox pisculentus, MircHi1LL, Trans. Lit. and Phil. Soc. N. Y., 1, 1815, 441, New York.

Hydrargyra nigrofasciata,* Le Surur, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1, 1817, 133, Newport,
Rhode Island.

Fundulus viridescens, DE Kay, N. Y. Fauna: Fishes, 217, 1842, New York.

Fundulus zebra, DE Kay, N. Y. Fauna: Fishes, 218, 1842, New York.

Fundulus pisculentus, SroRER, Fishes Mass., 294, 1839; and of many American authors.

Fundulus nigrofasciatus, SroreR, Fishes Mass., 295, 1839; GUNTHER, Cat., vI, 323, 1866; JonDAN &
GILBERT, Synopsis, 335, 1883.

Represented along the Gulf Coast by

932b. FUNDULUS HETEROCLITUS GRANDIS (Baird & Girard).

Size larger than in the typical heteroclitus, the coloration brighter, the
pale spots on the dorsal in the male larger, the dorsal and anal fins lower.
Longest ray of dorsal 2 in head in males, 2} in females; anal rays 1} in
males, 2 to 24 in females; tips of dorsal in males scarcely reaching half-
way to base of caudal.

*The nominal species Fundulus nigrofasciatus, of which we have numerous specimens from
Woods Holl, Mass., seems to us the young female of Fundulus heteroclitus macrolepidotus. It is
thus described by Dr. Giinther:

FPundulus nigrofasciatus (Le Sueur): Head 324; depth 4. D. 11; A. 9; scales 33-11. Body
rather short and deep; head rather long and depressed; the snout obtuse, a slight angle being
formed above the eye, dorsal moderate, well back; anal short and deep; eye longer than snout,
1% in interorbital space; 344 in head. Olivaceous above, silvery below; fins in both sexes
immaculate; males with 9 or 10 very distinct silvery crossbars, each about as broad as a scale;
females with about as many narrow black bars, which do not extend on the back or belly; scales

unctate. Length 24% inches. (Giinther.) Atlantic coast of United States, recorded from

assachusetts and Rhode Island,

FP. N. A.A——42

642 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

The following are the life colors of this form, taken from specimens
from Pensacola: Males very dark green above, paler posteriorly ; sides
with many small, round, pearly white spots, some of them often in verti-
cal series; posteriorly traces of 8 to 10 narrow, pale crossbars alternat-
ing with broader, faint dusky ones; belly yellowish; sides of head
dusky ; caudal greenish, dusky behind, its basal part with numerous
small white spots; dorsal olive, anteriorly orange, with many small white
spots; the white spots larger and less numerous than in the typical hetero-
clitus; anal and ventrals orange, speckled with white; pectorals light
yellow. Female olive and silvery, with minute speckles below ; sides
usually with traces of 12 to 15 narrow, silvery vertical bars, not half so
wide as the dusky interspaces; no white spots on body or fins; fins
mostly dusky olive, nearly plain. Length 6inches. (grandis, great:)
Fundulus grandis, BARD & GirARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1853, 389, Indianola, Texas;

GirArpD, U. S. Mex. Bound. Sury., Ichth., 69, pl. 36, 1859. (Coll. Jno. H. Clark.)

Fundulus floridensis, GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 157, Charlotte Bay, Florida.
Fundulus heteroclitus grandis, JORDAN & Swain, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1882, 230.

933. FUNDULUS OCELLARIS, Jordan & Gilbert.

Head 3 to 34; depth 4; eye 4. D.11;A.10; V.6; P.13. Scales 35-15.
Female with a large black ocellus on the dorsal fin. Head comparatively
small and narrow, with short, depressed snout, and weak jaws; body
rather slender; lower jaw little longer than upper; eye small, 1? in
interorbital width, equaling snout, which equals length of mandible ;
teeth all villiform, in narrow bands in each jaw, the outer series but lit-
tle enlarged; preorbital narrow, less than half diameter of orbit. Dorsal
fin (in ¢ 3 inches long) much elevated, reaching, when depressed, beyond
base of rudimentary rays of caudal; much shorter than this in females
and young males. Origin of dorsal midway between tip of caudal and
tip of snout, or slightly nearer snout; the base of the fin 14 in height of
longest ray, which is contained 14 in head; outline of fin rhomboid, the
upper edge straight, the last rays highest; anal fin similar to dorsal,
but narrower and slightly lower, not reaching caudal when depressed;
its origin under second ray of dorsal and distant from caudal half as far
as from tip of snout; base half height of longest ray; greatest height of
caudal peduncle # its length and half length of head ; oviduct not attached
to first anal ray, but forming a low sheath along base of first six rays;
caudal short, rounded, 14 in head; pectorals slender, reaching base of |
ventrals, 1} in head; ventrals (in adult ¢) extending beyond front of
anal, half length of head. Scales moderate, in somewhat irregular
oblique series, a few imperfect pores in lateral line; humeral scale not
enlarged; 18 scales before dorsal. Female with somewhat deeper body,
and difterent coloration ; the fins smaller, the last ray of dorsal shorter
than those preceding, and not reaching halfway from its base to rudi-
mentary caudal rays; length of longest ray greater than base of fin;
ventrals not nearly reaching vent; front of dorsal nearer tip of caudal
than end of snout. Color ¢, dark olive brown above, golden on sides
and below ; scaies margined with darker; sides with 13 to 15 dark cross
bands of the color of the back, not extending on the belly, but almost

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 643

reaching lower median line behind ventrals; these bands usually paral-
lel, the anterior ones, at least, narrower than interspaces; sides poste-
riorly finely speckled with small pearly spots which cover both bands
and interspaces; dorsal and anal margined with orange anteriorly; the
two fins tinged with orange and checked with black and pearl color;
caudal light orange, indistinctly barred at base with series of linear
blotches ; pectorals and ventrals plain orange, the former slightly dusky.
2 dark above, sides finely dusted with dark points, pale below, tinged
with yellowish ; middle of sides with about 13 very narrow, short, dark
half bars; back sometimes with small black blotches ; dorsal dusky, with
avery distinct black spot ocellated with white, on its posterior rays;
caudal and anal plain dusky; ventrals light yellowish. Length 3 inches.
Gulf Coast of Florida to Louisiana,* in bays and streams; not rare;
apparently variable. (ocellaris, having an eye-like spot.)

2? Fundulus limbatus, Kroéyrer, Naturhist. Tidsskr. Kjébenhaven, Vol. 2, 3d series, 1863, 94, foot-
note 1, New Orleans; merely a MS. name of Kréyer’s for a specimen in the Royal Museum
of Copenhagen.

Fundulus ocellaris, JORDAN & GILBERT, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1882, 255, Pensacola, Florida,
in salt water; (Type, Nos. 29667 and 30853. Coll. Jordan); Wootman, Bull. U. S. Fish
Comm., x, 1890, 300, pl. 52, fig. 2, (good figure). :

934. FUNDULUS FONTICOLA, Cuvier & Valenciennes.

D. 11; A. 12; B.d5; scales 37. Body plump, with long caudal peduncle.
Head broad, little depressed; the tail slenderer and the body deeper than
in Fundulus heteroclitus; dorsal inserted in front of anal; dorsal and cau-
dal small and rounded, the anal high and pointed, the paired fins short.
Teeth in broad bands, the outer little enlarged. Uniform green, appar-
ently without spot or band in spirits. (Color entirely lost in the original
type.) Length 2 inches. Mountain springs in Porto Rico; here described
from the original type, the only known example, as the other specimens
possessed by Cuvier & Valenciennes belong to a species of Gambusia.
(fons, fountain; colo, I inhabit.)

Fundulus fonticola, Cuvier & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., xvii1, 198, 1846, Porto Rico;
JORDAN, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1886, 526, (examination of original type).

935. FUNDULUS BERMUD&, Giinther.

(MANGROVE MINNOW.)

Head 33; depth 4. D.14; A. 12; scales 35-13. Snout short, not longer
than eye, the lower jaw projecting beyond it. Interorbital width 24 in
head; eye 4. Dorsal inserted before anal, midway between preopercle
and root of caudal; anal much higher than long. Brownish olive, the
male with faint dark green cross bands. Length 3 inches. Bermudas.
(Ginther. )

* Specimens from New Orleans, in fresh water, differ in color. Males with about 15 sharply

defined cross bands as broad as silvery interspaces; a few dark dots above; pearly dots on dorsal
and anal, few ornone on body. Females light olive, with many small dark spots forming obscure
series; large spots as large as pupil scattered over the body; no trace of dark cross bands; dorsal
with a conspicuous black ocellus on its last rays. Dorsal low and small, inserted a little before

the small anal. Eye equal to snout, 44 in head; interorbital with 275. Head 3%; depth 3¢.
7 aa a 10. Scales 34-13. Length 2'4 inches. This is possibly a species different from
", ocellaris,

644 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

Fundulus bermudx, GUNTHER, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 1874, 4, reprint, Bermudas.
Fundulas rhizophorx,* GoopE, Amer. Journ. Sci. Arts, 1877, 298, Basden Pond, Bermudas,
in brackish water among the roots of the mangrove (Rhizophora mangle); locally abundant.

936. FUNDULUS ROBUSTUS, Bean.

Head 33; depth 3; eye 44 to5. B.5; D.14; A.16; V.6; P.16; scales
38-16. Head broad, the distance between eyes equal to length of eye
and snout. Top of head nearly flat; eye as long as snout. Mouth very
obliquely placed, the lower jaw longer than upper. End of maxillary
reaching to below front of eye; width of mouth } head. Teeth in jaws
in narrow bands or biserial, the outer series somewhat enlarged. Gill
rakers short, stout, about 19 on the first arch. ‘Thirteen scales between
upper angle of gill opening and origin of dorsal; dorsal commencing
nearly midway between tip of snout and end of tail. Ventral origin
midway between tip of snout and base of caudal; anal origin under
middle of dorsal; in the female the first six rays are short and stiff, and
the genital opening is immediately in front of, and disconnected from,
the anal fin; in the male the middle caudal rays are 4 as long as head;
slightly shorter in the female. Color uniform pale brown; fins unspot-
ted, and the opercle with a golden tift. Length 5inches. Streams of
Guanajuato. (robustus, robust.)

Fundulus robustus, BEAN, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1892, 285, pl. 44, fig. 2, Guanajuato, Mexico.
(Type, No, 43760. Coll. Dugés.)

937. FUNDULUS LABIALIS, Giinther.

Head 4 to 44; depth 44; eye about 4. B.6; D.13 0r14; A. 16 or 17;
V. 6; scales 37 to 39-15. Interorbital space broad, slightly convex,
its width being less than half head. Snout broad, obtuse, depressed,
with the jaws equal in front; mandible very short, not longer than
eye; upper lip well developed, broad, extending to angle of mouth.
Eye less than length of snout, and in females 4+ of the width of the
interorbital space, whilst in males the forehead is somewhat narrower.
Origin of dorsal midway between extremity of caudal and orbit, over
twentieth scale of lateral line; first anal ray opposite first of dorsal;
dorsal fin as high as long in both sexes; anal fin rounded in the male,
scarcely higher than long, much elevated in the female, the length of its
base being # only of its depth. Genital opening of the female immedi-
ately in front of, but disconnected from, the anal fin. Basal third of the
caudal fin (which is subtruncate) scaly. Body uniform brownish olive,
paler below; sometimes irregular, cloudy markings on the tail; fins
immaculate; the anal fin of the male black at the base and bright
yellow on its marginal half; upper margin of the dorsal fin of the same
sex yellowish. Length 4 inches. Rivers of Guatemala. (Giinther.)
(labialis, pertaining to the lip.)

Fundulus labialis, GUNTHER, Cat., v1, 319, 1866, Rio San Geronimo, Guatemala, Yzabal.
(Coll. Salvin & Godman.)

* Dr. Goode’s description of Fundulus rhizophorx is more detailed than that of Dr. Giinther.
The only important difference shown is in the fin rays. Goode counts, D. 12; A. 11; scales 35-12
or 13. Color light tawny yellow, with about 15 regular tranverse bands of greenish brown, each
2 scales in width, most distinct posteriorly. Length 2% inches.

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 645

Subgenus FONTINUS, Jordan & Evermann.
938. FUNDULUS ADINIA, Jordan & Gilbert.

Head 3%; depth 4; eye 4. D. 13; A. 11; scales 44-15. Body short,
deep, and compressed; head moderate, broad, and flat above, the inter-
orbital space rather more than half greater than width of eye; dorsal
and anal fins rather large; dorsal inserted almost exactly over front of
anal; teeth mostly in two series, the outer very strong; vent midway
between eye and base of caudal; scales small, closely imbricated. Color
olivaceous, with 15 to 20 silver crossbars, almost as wide as the inter-
spaces posteriorly, wider than the interspaces anteriorly, extending over
the belly and joining their fellows on the opposite side; the bands
variable, but usually wider and more crowded than in F. diaphanus ; fins
plain. Length2inches. Lower Rio Grande; only the types known, from
Brownsville, Texas. (Adinia, a related genus.)

Fundulus adinia, Jornpan & GILBERT, Synopsis, 335, 1883, Rio Grande at Brownsville,

Texas.
939. FUNDULUS DIAPHANUS (Le Sueur),

Head 4; depth 44; eye large,3} in head. D. 13; A. 11; scales 45-15.
Body rather slender, not elevated, compressed posteriorly. Head moder-
ate; quite flatabove. Teeth pointed, the outernot much enlarged. Fins
not large; dorsal and anal rather low; ventrals scarcely reaching vent
in the females; somewhat longer in the males. General color olivaceous ;
sides silvery. Male with about 20 silvery vertical bars, narrower than the
dark interspaces ; female with 15 to 20 dark transverse bars, shorter than
the silvery bands of the male, the interspaces pale; back sometimes spot-
ted; young always with black bars; fins nearly plain. Length 4 inches.
Coast of Maine (W. C. Kendall) to Cape Hatteras, in river mouths, ascend-
ing streams to their fountain heads, hence abundant in lakes throughout
New York; variety menona westward to northern Illinois; not found
southward. The typical form found eastward and in the sea has the back
nearly or quite unspotted. Examples from Grand Lake Stream and Boy-
den Lake, Maine, have the back somewhat spotted. In the Potomac River
this is the most abundant species of the family. (diaphanus, diagavijc,
transparent. )

Hydrargyra diaphana, Le Sueur, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci, Phila., 1, 1817, 130, Saratoga Lake.

Hydrargyra multifasciata, LE Sueur, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1, 1817, 1381, Saratoga Lake.

Hydrargyra swampina, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., xvii, 203, 1845, New Jersey;
not of Lactrdpr.

Fundulus multifasciatus, GUNTHER, Cat., v1, 824, 1866, and of many writers.
Fundulus diaphanus, JorDAN, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1877, 67; Jorpan & GILBERT, Synopsis,
334, 1883; Huan M. Smirn, Bull. U. 8. Fish Comm.,* x, 1890, 65.

Fundulus swampina, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 332, 1883.
Specimens from west of New Yurk belong to the well-marked
939a. FUNDULUS DIAPHANUS MENONA (Jordan & Copeland),
Head 33; depth 5. D.12; A. 10; B. 5; scales 48-12. Teeth pointed,

curved, outer little enlarged. Dark bands very distinct, somewhat

* Specimens of the typical diaphanus have been examined by us from Cayuga Lake; New York
Harbor; Coast of Maine; Shenandoah River; Potomac River; and Elizabeth River, Virginia.

646 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

irregular in position, the back always spotted; the dark bands often
replaced by about 16 shining, silvery, vertical bands, which are narrower
than the dark interspaces; the interspaces broadest behind; fins plain.
Length 33 inches. Lakes and ponds from Ohio westward to the Missis-
sippi River, not found much south of Chicago. (From Lake Menona,
near Madison, Wisconsin.)

Fundulus menona, JORDAN & COPELAND, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1877, 68, Catfish River, outlet
of Lake Menona, Madison, Wisconsin; (Coll. Dr. Hoy); Jorpan & GILBERT, Synopsis,
335, 1883.

Fundulus diaphanus menona, JORDAN, Man. Vert., Ed. v, 85, 1888.

940. FUNDULUS EXTENSUS, Jordan & Gilbert.

Head 33; depth 53; eye large, 34. D. 15; A. 13; scales about 47-12.
Body unusually elongate, moderately compressed, the caudal peduncle
long, much longer than head. Head slender, not very broad, the inter-
orbital width 2? in head. Mouth rather large; the teeth in a moderate
band, the outer considerably enlarged. Dorsal fin rather long, of moder-
ate height, its insertion well in front of that of anal, at a point midway
between eye and base of caudal; pectoral small, 13 in head; caudal 1?.
Coloration, in spirits, plain, somewhat translucent, with no markings
anywhere, except traces of some very narrow dark bars on the sides.
Fins now plain. This species resembles somewhat Fundulus diaphanus,
but it is more elongate. Coast of Lower California, know only from the
original types. (extensus, drawn out.)

Fundulus extensus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1882, 355, Cape San Lucas.
(Type, No. 30972. Coll. Xantus.)

941. FUNDULUS ZEBRINUS, Jordan & Gilbert.

Head 34 to 32: depth 44 to 4%; eye 4 to 44; interorbital width 2% in
head; snout 33. Branchiostegals 5. D. 14 or 15; A. 13 or 14; scales
60-21. Head and body shaped much as in Fundulus similis, the snout less
elongate. Width of preorbital 64 in head; eye moderate, 13 in interor-
bital width ; posterior margin of orbit in middle of length of head; teeth
in both jaws in villiform bands, with the external series much enlarged.
Dorsal fin long and rather low, the base longer and the rays higher in
males than in females: origin of dorsal nearly equidistant between snout
and margin of caudal, slightly nearer the snout in males, and nearer end
of caudal in females; base of dorsal in males 6 to 64 in total length, the
highest dorsal ray about half head; in females the base is 74+ in total
length; origin of anal opposite that of dorsal in males, behind it in
females; in the latter the anal is sharply angulated, the anterior rays
more than thrice'the height of the posterior, and more than # length of
head. In males the margins of both dorsal and anal fins are evenly
rounded, the anal the higher, its rays beset with minute white prickles.
Oviduct forming a low sheath along base of anterior half of anal; pec-
torals not reaching base of ventrals, equaling distance from snout to
preopercular margin; ventrals about reaching vent; caudal truncate, 1}
in head. Scales very small; no enlarged humeral scale. In males the
margins of scales are rough, with minute tubercles. Greenish above,

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 647

sides and below silvery white, the sides tinged with sulphur yellow;
the greater part of each scale on back rendered dusky by black points;
sides with 14 to 18 dusky bars from back to ventral region, occasionally
meeting on ventral line; these bars are very variable in width, seemingly
narrower in females, in which half bars are frequently inserted between
the others; the interspaces are as wide as the bars, or usually wider.
Fins yellowish, without distinct markings, in the males all very dusky
except the anal. Length 3 inches. Kansas, western Iowa, and South
Dakota, and south to Kentucky, Texas, and New Mexico; abundant in
Font-qui-Bouille Creek at Pueblo, and in most clear tributaries of the

upper Arkansas. (zebrinus, like a zebra. )

Hydrargyra zebra, Girard, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 60, tributaries of Rio Grande,
‘between Fort Defiance and Fort Union, New Mexico;’’ name preoccupied by
Fundulus zebra, DE Kay.

Fundulus zebra, GUNTHER, Cat., v1, 324, 1866, not of DE Kay ;-JorDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 333,
1883.

Fundulus zebrinus, JoRDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 891, 1883, (after GiRARD); GILBERT, Bull. Wash-
burn Lab. Nat. Hist., 1, 1884, 15.

942. FUNDULUS SEMINOLIS, Girard.

Head 44 to 44; depth 52 to 64. D. 17; A. 13; eye 4; scales 52. Body
slender, not compressed ; back not elevated ; caudal peduncle deep, depth
the same as the height of dorsal, and also equal to the distance from the
end of the snout to middle of pupil; head long and pointed, somewhat
pyramidal; depth of body equal to distance from end of snout to hinder
margin of preopercle; eye of medium size, $ the interorbital space. Teeth
in two rows, those of the outer row in the lower jaw much enlarged; all
pointed, movable, and curved inward. Dorsal fin longer than anal, the
rays growing gradually shorter from the fifth to the last, giving the top
of the fin a gentle convex curve; origin of dorsal above the termination of
the ventrals; anal short, lengthof longest rays 13 thatof base of fin, fourth
ray longest, growing rapidly shorter to the last; posterior margin below
posterior margin of the dorsal; ventrals small and short, not reaching
vent ; pectorals broad, barely reaching ventrals. Ground color olive green
in the larger specimens, brighter in the males, or of a somewhat yellow-
ish brown, caused by the scales having dark edges ; male specimens usually
with several longitudinal stripes formed of dark spots inthe angles of the
scales, making knots in the net which is formed by the dark borders of
the scales; these spots larger on the back; these markings wanting in
some specimens; all of the young, and the older females, crossed by 12
or 14 faint dark bars; fins often plain, but in developed males the dorsal
and caudal have large dark spots arranged on bars; outer part of caudal
mostly black in males; ventrals and anal orange, the outer edge black.
Rivers and swamps of Florida; locally abundant. A handsome, sleek-
looking species, well distinguished from all the others. (Named for the
Seminole Indians, in whose domain it is found.)

Pundulus seminolis, Girarp, Proc, Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 59, Palatka, Florida ;
GOntuer, Cat., v1, 325, 1866; Jorpan & Gripert, Synopsis, 334, 1883; WooLtman, Bull, U.S.
Fish Comm., x, 1890, 297, pl. 52, fig. 3, (good figure); LONNBERaG, Ufvers, Kong, Vet. Akad.
Forh., 116, 1894.

648 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

Subgenus XENISMA, Jordan.

943. FUNDULUS CATENATUS (Storer).

(STUDFISH. )

Head 4; depth 44 to 5. B. 5; D. 14; A. 15; scales 50. Similar in
form to Fundulus stellifer, but larger, with lower fins and different coler-
ation ; dorsal and anal fins even in the males, falling short of the caudal;
dorsal inserted above anal; anal prickly in spring wales. Teeth in
broad bands, the outer somewhat enlarged. Color bluish or greenish, with
a round orange spot (in the male) on each scale, thus forming series of
regular lines of dots; females with smaller brown spots on the scales,
also forming lines. Length 6 or 7inches. Tennessee and Cumberland
rivers, and in clear streams of the Ozark Mountains; locally abundant;
one of the largest and handsomest of the Cyprinodonts. (catenatus,
chained. )

Pecili« catenata, STORER, Synopsis Fish. N. A., 430 (178 of reprint), 1846, Tennessee River,
Florence, Alabama; GUNTHER, Cat., v1, 322, 1866.

Fundulus catenatus, Copr, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, 238; Jorpan & GILBERT, Synopsis,
337, 1883.

Xenisma catenala, JORDAN, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 1876, 322.

944. FUNDULUS STELLIFER (Jordan).

(STUDFISH. )

Head 33; depthd; eye4. B.4; D. 13; A. 13; V.6; scales53. Body rather
long, somewhat compressed. Head broad and flattened above. Scales
closely imbricated, deeper than long. Dorsal fin beginning slightly behind
anal, its last rays in the adult males highly elevated, reaching the base of
caudal, their height equal to the depth of the body; anal similar, more
elevated in front and less so behind, the last rays falling just short of
caudal; fins lower in femalesand young; pectorals reaching ventrals, the
latter to anal in the males. Oviduct not extending on first anal ray.
Teeth in a narrow band, the outer somewhat enlarged, blunt and curved.
Coloration brilliant; livid blue above, somewhat silvery below; body
and cheeks with large, bright, dark orange spots, irregularly placed, not
following the rows of scales, and not always in the middle of the scales;
these spots not uniform in size; females with olive brown spots hori-
zontally, oblong and smaller than the orange spots of the males and
more regularly placed; a blue loral blotch, with a green one below it; a
pale yellow blotch on the back in front of the dorsal, very conspicuous
when the fish is in the water. Length 4 inches. Alabama River and
tributaries, in clear streams and springs; a most beautiful fish. (stella,
star; fero, I bear.)

Xenisma stellifera, JORDAN, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 1876, 322, Etowah and Oostanaula

rivers, Rome, Georgia. (Coll. Jordan.)
Fundulus stellifer, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 337, 1883.

Jordan and Evermann.—Ffishes of North America. 649

—_—_—_—_ = =

Subgenus GAMBUSINUS, Jordan & Evermann.
945. FUNDULUS LINEATUS* (Garman).

Head nearly 3; depth 44. D. 11; A. 14; V. 6; P. 15; scales 36-12.
Body moderately stout, compressed. Crown flat. Eye large, as long as
snout, 1? in interorbital width. Lower jaw slightly longer. Outer teeth
long, slender, curved. First ray of dorsal almost opposite first of anal,
4 the distance from base of caudal to front of eye; caudal truncate.
Brownish, finely punctate with brown; white below; lips, top of head,
and a line along middle of back, dark; tail with faint transverse bands.

Northeastern Wyoming. (Garman.) (lineatus, streaked.)
Zygonectes lineatus, GARMAN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zoél., vir, No. 8, 88, 1881, northeastern Wy-
oming; JorDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 339, 1883.

946. FUNDULUS RATHBUNI, Jordan & Meek.

Head 34; depth 44; eye 3%. D. 11; A. 11; scales 38-12. Body
moderately elongate, rather robust, little compressed; the back broad,
not elevated. Head moderately broad and depressed above; snout
rather sharp, as long as eye; scales of medium size, the humeral scale
not enlarged; 2 rows of scaleson cheek. Fins all low and small; dorsal
inserted posteriorly, its first ray opposite first of anal or slightly behind
it; longest ray of dorsal 1% in head; anal larger than dorsal; pec-
toral short, 14 in head; ventrals very short, reaching vent. Coloration
in life pale green, with small, irregular, horizontally oblong dark brown
spots scattered over head and body. Sexes not very different. Males
with scales of body edged with black and with a pale lengthwise streak
along upper part of each row of scales. Young with very obscure dark
crossbars. Fins plain, yellowish in male, speckled at base only. Length
24 inches. Eastern North Carolina; abundant in spring brooks, not
descending to salt water; a pretty little fish, representing a transition
from Fundulus to Zygonectes. (Named for Richard Rathbun, Chief of the
Division of Scientific Inquiry of the United States Fish Commission.)
Fundulus rathbuni, Jorpan & Meek, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1888, 356, Reedy Fork, Alle-

mance Creek, Buffalo Creek, and other tributaries of the Cape Fear River,

about Greensboro, North Carolina. (Type, No. 39860. Coll. Jordan, Jenkins &
Meek.)

947. FUNDULUS ALBOLINEATUS, Gilbert.

Head 3} to 33; depth 4 to 44; least depth of caudal peduncle equals
snout and # eye. Scales 42; D. 10 or 11; A. 10 or 11; B. 5. Teeth
sharp, wide set, in a broad band on premaxillaries, a narrow band on
mandible. Snout 4length of head. Width of interorbital space 2} to 2}
in head. Dorsal and anal opposite, or the dorsal slightly in advance,
their bases equal and short, equaling length of snout and half eye; in
males both fins become elevated, the longest anal ray equaling } head,
and the anal rays become covered with prickles; in males the pectorals

* This species and the four which follow seem to be entirely intermediate between the typi-
cal species of Fundulus and the species called Zygonectes. Their presence makes it apparently
impossible to maintain Zygonectes as a distinct genus, notwithstanding the great difference
between such species as F. dispar and F. majalis.

650 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

reach the ventrals, and the ventrals to or nearly to vent; both fins
much shorter in females. Males blackish brown, the sides plumbeous,
the rows of scales with interrupted whitish streaks, most conspicuous
on hinder half of body; a black streak along middle line of back; ver-
tical fins dusky, the caudal becoming translucent on distal half, its mar-
gin abruptly and narrowly black-edged. Females olivaceous, dusky on
back, silvery below, the back and sides with narrow black lines follow-
ing the rows of scales; fins translucent, the dorsal sometimes with fine
black specks at base, the caudal black-edged. Length 3} inches. Ten-
nessee Basin in Alabama; not rare. (albus, white; lineatus, lined.)

Fundulus albolineatus, GILBERT, Bull. U. 8. Fish Comm., rx, 1889 (1891), pl. 43, fig. 1, 149, Spring
Creek, Huntsville, Alabama. (Coll. Kirsch.)

948. FUNDULUS CONFLUENTUS, Goode & Bean.

Head 34; depth 34; eye 4in head. D.10; A. 10; V. 6; B. probably 5;
scales 45. Head low, flat. Snout not produced, as long as eye. Interor-
bital space 2 in length of head. Origin of dorsal midway between tip
of caudal and middle of eye; first ray of anal under second ray of dor
sal; anal higher than long. Scales crowded. Yellowish gray, with a
longitudinal streak along each row of scales and about 14 distinct irreg-
ular vertical dark bands. Appearance of F. majalis. Eastern Florida.

One specimen known. (Goode & Bean.) (confluentus, flowing together.)
Fundulus confluentus, Goode & BEAN, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1879, 118, Lake Monroe, Florida;
(Type, No. 18065. Coll. Professor Baird); JorpAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 334, 1883.

949. FUNDULUS FUNDULOIDES (Evermann).

Head 34; depth 44; eye 34. D. 9 or 10; A. 9; scales 35-11, 24 before
the dorsal. Body moderately robust, width at pectorals a little greater
than greatest depth of head; snout rather blunt, equal to eye; inter-
orbital width 13 times diameter of eye; caudal peduncle deep and com-
pressed; mouth not large nor greatly oblique; teeth pointed, the outer
series being somewhat enlarged ; peritoneum pale. General color in spirits,
dark olivaceous; sides with 10 to 14 dark vertical bars, which are usually
2 to 3 times as wide as the intervening silvery ones; in one specimen the bars
extending from the dorsal to the anal are about equal in width to the sil-
very interspaces; whole body, including all the fins, profusely dusted over
with minute brownish spots, which are very numerous on backand top of
head; a narrow, dark line extending from nape to origin of dorsal. Dor-
sal fin small, slightly in front of anal, its origin midway between posterior
edge of opercle and base of caudal fin, the longest rays about equal to
base of fin, or half length of head. Length 14 inches. Coast of Texas;
two specimens known. (Fundulus; ecidoc, likeness.)

Zygonectes funduloides, EVERMANN, Bull. U.S. Fish Comm., x1, 1891 (May 25, 1892), 85, pl. 35, fig.

3, Dickinson Bayou, Dickinson, Texas,—on Galveston Bay. (Type, No. 45563.
Coll. Evermann, Scovell & Gurley.)

Subgenus ZYGONECTES, Agassiz.
950. FUNDULUS DOYILI (Giinther).

Head 33; depth 5; D. 8; A.14; V.6; scales 31-8. Head elongate, low,
depressed, the snout much produced, the upper jaw somewhat longer

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 651

than lower; eye exactly in middle of length of head, its diameter 4+ in
head, and more than 4 width of the interorbital space, which is flat.
Origin of dorsal a little nearer tip of caudal] than to gill opening, over
twenty-third scale of lateral series; anal fin entirely before dorsal;
pectoral extending to ventral, which reaches vent; caudal rounded; all
the fins well developed. Light brownish olive; posterior half of dorsal
and anal fins with black cross bands; basal half of caudal with round
light spots. Coast of Costa Rica. (Named for Capt. John M. Dow, its

discoverer. )
Haplochilus dovii, GUNTHER, Cat., v1, 316, 1866, Punta Arenas, Costa Rica. (Coll. Capt. Dow.)

951. FUNDULUS MACDONALDI (Meek).

Head 33; depth 44 to 5; dorsal 11 or 12; anal 12 to'14; scales large, 34
to 36-12. Body rather long and slender, not much compressed; top of
head flat; back slightly arched. Teeth rather large, in a narrow band
above, those in the outer series enlarged and curved inward. Ventrals
very small, and situated midway between pectoral and anal fins; dorsal
fin small; anal larger; origin of dorsal behind origin of anal; caudal
fin rather large, rounded. Color greenish in spirits, no distinct markings,
darker on upper portion of body; both jaws more or less edged with
blackish. Closely allied to Fundulus sciadicus, but with larger anal fin,
more slender body, and rather stronger teeth. Length 2} inches. Trib-
utaries of the Gasconade and Neosho rivers, in southern Missouri. (Named
for Marshall McDonald, United States Fish Commissioner, under whose
direction the explorations of the Ozark region were made.)

Zygonectes macdonaldi, Meek, Bull. U. 8. Fish Comm., rx, 1889 (1891), 122, pl. 42, fig. 1, Jones

Creek, Dixon, Missouri; Osage Fork of Gasconade River at Mansfield; Neosho
River, Missouri. (Coll. Meek, Drew & Rettger.)

952. FUNDULUS FLORIPINNIS (Cope).

Head 44; depth 5; eye large,3} in head. D. 10; A. 13; scales 29-10.
General form of Fundulus notatus; lower jaw somewhat projecting ;
external series of teeth in both jaws enlarged. Olive gray, scales with
ocher borders; fins yellow, broadly edged with crimson. Length 24
inches. Platte River and Arkansas River in Colorado; our specimens
from Denver, where it is rare; also recorded from Cherry Creek, a tribu-

tary of the Arkansas. A very pretty little fish. (jlos, flower; pinna, fin.)

Haplochilus floripinnis, Corr, Zoél. Wheeler Survey, 695, pl. 28, figs. 4, 4a, and 4b, 1875 (1876),
Cherry Creek, Arkansas River, Colorado, and Platte River at Denver. (Coll. H.
W. Henshaw and J. M. Keasbey.)

Zygonectes floripinnis, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 339, 1883.

953. FUNDULUS JENKINSI (Evermann).

Head 34; depth 44 (4} to 5); eye 34 (31 to 33). D. 8 or 9; A. 12 (11 to
13) ; scales 33-10, 18 before the dorsal. Body moderately elongate, head
depressed, wide between the eyes, pointed, the snout about + greater than
eye, which is contained 14 times in interorbital width; mouth rather
large, little oblique; teeth in more than one series, the outer enlarged,

pointed, and slightly curved inward; humeral scale small, three rows of

652 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

scales on cheek. Fins medium, dorsal slightly behind anal, midway
between tip of caudal and posterior rim of orbit, the distance from tip of
snout to origin of dorsal being twice the distance from that point to base
of caudal fin; dorsal and anal low, their longest rays half length of head ;
base of anal 2} in head; pectorals 1# in head; ventrals short, 14 in pec-
toral; caudal fin truncate, about as long as head; peritoneum black.
Color pale olivaceous, covered except on breast with numerous minute
dark brown specks, arranged chiefly along the edges of the scales, thus
giving the sides and back a checkered or crosshatched appearance ; in
addition to these fine punctulations, thereare usually 15 to 30 larger spots
more or less definitely arranged in two rows lying along or above the axis
of the body; in some examples these spots are absent or blended so as to
form short, indistinct vertical bars; in most specimens there is a very
obscure lateral band aboat 1 scale in width; fins plain or with few very
minute punctulations ; top of head dark. Coast of Texas; not rare in
brackish water. (Named for Dr. Oliver Peebles Jenkins, who studied with
Dr. Evermann the fishes of the Gulf of California.)
Zygonectes jenkinsi, EVERMANN, Bull. U. 8. Fish Comm., x1, 1891 (May 25, 1892), 86, pl. 36,
fig. 2, Dickinson Bayou, Galveston Bay, Texas. (Type, No. 45562. Coll. Evermann,
Scovell & Gurley.)

954. FUNDULUS PULVEREUS (Evermann).

Head 34; depth 44; eye 33. D.10o0ri11; A. 10 (occasionally 9); scales
35-11, about 22 before the dorsal. Body stout, heavy forward; head
broad and flat, the snout short and blunt; caudal peduncle long, deep,
and greatly compressed ; eye moderate, 13 in interorbital width, greater
than snout; humeral scale not enlarged, four rows of scales on cheek ;
mouth rather small, but little oblique; teeth pointed, in more than one
series, the outer enlarged and canine-like; peritoneum pale. Dorsal
slightly in advance of anal, its origin midway between tip of caudal
and anterior rim of orbit, or about midway between base of caudal and
opercular opening; anal small, its longest rays 1 in head. Color in
alcohol, olivaceous, profusely sprinkled or dusted all over except on
breast with very fine brown punctulations, so abundant on back as to
obscure the individual specks; median line of back with a black stripe from
occiput to dorsal fin; sides with 10 to 12 or more brown spots of larger
size, these sometimes arranged somewhat definitely in two longitudinal
lines, in the upper one of which the spots are confluent in some examples,
forming large, oblong blotches; all the fins except the ventrals with
numerous very small brown specks. Length 2 inches. Coast of Texas in
brackish water; not rare. (pulvereus, powdery.)

Zygonectes pulvereus, EVERMANN, Bull. U. 8S. Fish Comm., x1, 1891 (May 25, 1892), 85, Dickin-
son Bayou, Buffalo Bayou at Houston, and Oso Creek at Corpus Christi, Texas.
(Type, No. 45561. Coll. Evermann, Scovell & Gurley.)

955. FUNDULUS ARLINGTONIUS (Goode & Bean).

Head 34; depth 4; eye longer than snout, 3in head. D.9; A. 11; V.
6; scales 33-11. Snout broad. Lower jaw projecting. Dorsal inserted
midway between posterior margin of eye and tip of tail, opposite sixth

|
|

Jordan and Evermann.—Ffishes of North America. 653

ray of anal; pectorals reaching ventrals; ventrals to vent. Maleunknown;
female uniform brownish olive; fins in some specimens with 2 or 3 series
of blackish dots. (Goode & Bean.) Arlington River, a tributary of St.
John’s River; known from young females only; most likely a Zygonectes
rather than a Gambusia, though it may possibly prove to be the female of
Gambusia affinis.

Gambusia arlingtonia, GoopDE & BEAN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1879, 118, Arlington River,
Florida; (Type, No. 21308. Coll. Dr. Goode) ; Jorpan & Giteerr, Synopsis, 345, 1883.

956. FUNDULUS HENSHALLI (Jordan).

Head 34; depth 4. B.5; D.7 or 8; A. 10 or 11; scales 33-10. Body
rather stout, deep, and compressed, the profile nearly straight, the back
little elevated, and the caudal peduncle deep; head moderate; mouth
rather large; jaws each with a series of long and rather slender canine-like
teeth, behind which is a band of small teeth; the canines larger in the
lower jaw; eye large; scales rather large; dorsal fin short and high,
inserted slightly behind the anal in the males, exactly opposite it in the
females; caudal large; anal fin larger and rather lower than dorsal;
ventrals quite small; pectorals moderate. General color olivaceous;
sides covered, especially posteriorly, with rather large, irregularly placed
orange spots, which also extend on the vertical fins; dorsal dusky, with
a dark bar; head without red; caudal and anal more or less yellow;
females obscurely marked; young with diffuse greenish vertical bars.
Length 3 to 4 inches. Rivers and swamps of southern Florida. The
largest species of the group called Zygonectes. We cannot always
separate young specimens from F. rubrifrons, and perhaps, as Dr. Bean has
suggested, the two are not really different. It is barely possible that
F. arlingtonius is the young of I’. henshalli, but the insertion of the dorsal
isapparently different. (Named for Dr. James A. Henshall, its discoverer,
well known as a writer on angling.)

Zygonectes henshalli, JORDAN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1879, 237, San Sebastian River, Florida;

(Type, No. 23449. Coll. Dr. Henshall); Jonpan & GriLBerRt, Synopsis, 338, 1883; JorDaAn,
Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus,, 1884, 322.

957. FUNDULUS RUBRIFRONS (Jordan).

Head 3}; depth 3%; eye large, 34 in head. D.7or8; A. 8or9; scales
32-11 or 12; B. 5. Body moderately stout, little compressed, not ele-
vated, the caudal peduncle deep; head rather long, broad between the
eyes, flat above; mouth rather large. Teeth small, nearly even, in a
narrow band. Scales moderate. Dorsal fin very short and small, placed
a little behind the anal or about even with it, its position in the males
rather more posterior; anal short, high in the males; ventrals very small;

pectorals small. Color: males, dark olivaceous, with a dark, bronze-

orange spot on each scale posteriorly, much as in Fundulus catenatus;
below, these spots are bright orange; faint, narrow, vertical orange
bars along the lower and posterior part of the body; vertical fins with
orange spots; jaws and space in front of eyes bright orange red; paired
fins dusky. Females almost uniform brassy olivaceous, without evident
spots or red markings. Length 24 to 3 inches. Streams and swamps of

654 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

eastern Florida; a larger species than most in the genus, and with the
dorsal fin less posterior. (ruber, red; frons, forehead.)

Zygonectes rubrifrons, JORDAN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1879, 237, San Sebastian River, Florida.
(Type, No. 28450. Coli. Henshall); Jonpan & GiLBErt, Synopsis, 338, 1883.

Zygonectes auroguitatus,* Hay, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., 1885, 556, Westville, Florida. (Type,
No. 37362. Coll. Mann & Davison.)

958. FUNDULUS SCARTES, Meek.

Head 34; depth 4; eye 33, about equal to snout. D.8; A. 10or 11;
B. 4; scales 36-11. Body compressed, back slightly arched, head depressed
in usual way. Mouth small, subterminal, lower jaw projecting slightly.
Interorbital space 14 eye. Dorsal fin short, beginning slightly behind
anal; neither fin reaching caudal. Teeth in narrow bands, outer row
enlarged. Scales large, closely imbricated and minutely spotted with
black. Color dark green above, becoming lighter below; belly yellow-
ish; large spots of white on some of the scales giving appearance of sev-
eral ill-defined silver bars on sides. Two small specimens, the longest 14
inches long, from St. Francis River, Big Bay, Arkansas.t (cxapry¢, one

who leaps.)
Fundulus scartes, MEEK, Bull. U. 8. Fish Comm., xv, 1895, St. Francis River, Big Bay,

Arkansas. (Type, No. 47301; co-type, No. 2277, L. 8. Jr. Univ. Mus. Coll, Meek.)

959. FUNDULUS SCIADICUS, Cope.

Head 33 to 33; depth 4; eye 32; snout 3+ to3%. D.10; A. 12; scales 34-
12. Interorbital width 14 times eye. Body short and stout. Fins small;
origin of dorsal behind that of anal and nearer tip of caudal than occi-
put. Color uniform olivaceous, without spots or lines, in spirits; pro-
fusely covered with fine brownish punctulations; belly paler; in life,
rosy olivaceous on back and sides; median line of back darker. Abun-
dant in ponds and sluggish, grassy creeks in eastern Nebraska and south-
eastern South Dakota, where our specimens were coliected by Evermann
and Cox in 1893. Length 2} inches. (ox:d, shade; oxiadyc, name of some
dusky fish.)

Fundulus sciadicus, Copr, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1865, 78, Platte River, Nebraska; (Coll.
Dr. Hammond); Evermann & Cox, Bull. U.S. Fish Comm., xv, 1895.

Haplochilus sciadicus, GUNTHER, Cat., v1, 316, 1866.

Zygonectes sciadicus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 342, 1883.

960. FUNDULUS LUCLE (Baird).

Head 33; depth 44 to 44; eye 3. D.8; A. 10; scales 54 or 35-10. Dor-
sal fin inserted behind front of anal and lower than the latter; when
flexed, its extremity is opposite tip of anal; ventral fins smal], about
equal to head behind eye, or half the length of pectorals, their
extremity reaching anus. Vertical bars 10 to 12 in number, sharply

* We place anroguttatus in the synonymy of rubrifrons on the authority of Dr. Bean, who has
compared the types.

+‘*The species is very abundant in the St. Francis River. I got none inthe net, however, but
caught the two type specimens in my hand. They keep close to the surface of the water where
vegetation is so thick thatit is difficult to propel a dugout. These little fishes jump out of the
water and remain a short time perched on the weeds. They are very quick. They are usually
much smaller in size than the two type specimens,’’—Meex in lit.

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 655

defined, their width being equal to the interspaces and slightly increas-
ing toward the tail; these bars begin and end abruptly, not reaching
the median line above or below by about half the width of the eye;
opercles, cheeks, and chin thickly covered with dark spots, largest on
the cheeks and opercles, and least numerous on the cheeks; upper parts,
in life, of a dark-green color, which fades into reddish yellow on sides
and abdomen; inferior fins pale yellowish; the vertical bars rich
black, with a bluish reflection; dorsal with a pale tip and a dark base
anteriorly; on dorsal behind a jet-black rounded ocellate spot about #
width of eye and involving rather more than half width of fin, margined
anteriorly and inferiorly by a pure white spot. Atlantic Coast from
Long Island to Virginia; rare; a pretty little fish only lately rediscovered
by Dr. Hugh M. Smith, from whose account the above description is com-
piled. (Named for Miss Lucy Baird, daughter of Professor Baird. )
Hydrargyra lucix, Barrp, Ninth Smithson. Rep., 1854 (1855), 344, Beasley’s Point, New Jer-
sey. (Coll. Prof. Baird.)
Haplochilus lucix, GUNTHER, Cat., v1, 316, 1866.
Zygonectes cingulatus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 342, 1883.
Zygonectes lucix, HuaH M. Smiru, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., x, 1890 (1892), 68, pl. 18, fig. 3;
(description and figure from specimens taken in the Potomac).

961. FUNDULUS CHRYSOTUS, Ho!brook.

Head 33; depth 33. D.9; A. 11; scales 32 or 33-12. Body short and robust;
caudal peduncle high and compressed, its least height 1¢ in head; head
short, wide, and flat, the interorbital width } its length. Teeth in jaws
in a narrow band, the outer series much enlarged, those in the lower jaw
larger and more numerous than those of the upper. Snout very short
and blunt, the jaws nearly equal in closed mouth; length of snout
nearly + diameter of orbit, which is contained 14 times in interorbital
width, and 3$ times in head. Origin of dorsal midway between tip of
caudal and posterior rim of orbit, its distance from base of caudal 4 dis-
tance from front of orbit; base of dorsal 2} in head, its height 14 in head,
and its origin opposite the nineteenth scale of lateral line and the third ray
of the anal fin; base of anal fin rather less than half length of head, its
greatest height somewhat more than half; dorsal and anal not nearly
reaching caudal when depressed; caudal broadly rounded; pectorals
reaching ventrals, 13 in head; ventrals short, not nearly reaching vent,
2in head. Color in spirits: light olive brown, top of head and a narrow
median streak in front of dorsal fin darker; middle of sides, especially
behind, with rather indistinct pearl-colored dots; middle of sides of
trunk and tail with about 14 not clearly defined, narrow half-bars; an
elongate dark area above base of pectorals; vertical fins with small,
black specks, less numerous on caudal fin; other fins plain. Length 2
inches. This description from a specimen from Black River, South Caro-
lina; others from New Orleans agree closely. In specimens from Peace
River, Florida, Woolman counts 35 to 38 scales, and these may be identi-
eal with F. scartes. Coastwise swamps, South Carolina to Florida; rather
common; known from J’. emgulatus by the longer anal tin. (ypvowrdc,

gilded.)

656 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

Fundulus chrysotus, HoLBRooK, MS., 1860.

Haplochilus chrysotus, GUNTHER, Cat., v1, 317, 1866, Charleston, South Carolina,

Zygonectes chrysotus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 342, 1883; Jorpan, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus.,
1884, 319.

Zygonectes cingulatus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Proc, U. S. Nat. Mus., 1882, 586; not of CuvieR &
VALENCIENNES.

962. FUNDULUS CINGULATUS, Cuvier & Valenciennes.

Head 33; depth 32; eyes moderate, 34 in head. D. 7; A. 8; scales
34-10. Body rather short and deep, compressed posteriorly ; back ele-
vated; caudal peduncle deep. Head not large, flat, broad between the eyes ;
mouth moderate; outer row of teeth long and slender, behind which is a
band of smaller teeth; large teeth nearly equal in each jaw. Scales
large. Dorsal fin short, its rays moderate, 2+in head; anal larger than the
dorsal, its rays long, 2 in head ; ventrals short, 2}in head; pectorals 1? in
head. General color olivaceous; scales edged with dusky, forming a few
faint longitudinal stripes; about 15 faint dark vertical bars, interspaced
with light orange, which is more plain posteriorly; almost everywhere
numerous, small, black points; belly orange; fins all blood red, fading to
dusky in alcohol. South Carolina to Florida, in coastwise swamps; not
rare ; here described from the specimens taken by Bollman in Escambia
River at Flomaton, Alabama. (cingulatus, belted. )

Fundulus cingulatus, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., xvii1, 197, 1846; (D. 8; A. 10);
‘““United States.”

Zygonectes cingulatus, JORDAN, * Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1886, 527, redescription of type; BoLtMan,
Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1886, 463.

963. FUNDULUS NOTTIL } (Agassiz).

(STAR-HEADED MINNOW.)

Head 3%; depth 44; eye large, 2 in head. D. 7 or 8; A. 9 or 10;
scales 36-10. Form of body much like that of Pundulus dispar, compressed
behind. Head broad and somewhat concave above, narrow below ; inter-
orbital space fully 4+ the length of head, 14 the diameter of eye; snout
obtuse, shorter than eye; outer row of teeth, above and below, enlarged
and recurved. Pectoral fin the length of the head; ventrals slightly
shorter, attaining the vent; dorsal and anal low, little higher than 4 the
length of the head; first ray of dorsal situated slightly behind the first
anal ray, and over about the seventeenth scale in the longitudinal series ;
distance from the snout to the first dorsal ray passing beyond the tips”
of the caudal rays; distance from the first dorsal ray to the base of
the caudal reaching forward to the insertion of the pectoral. Belly
and ground color on lower half of body silvery; sides with 6 narrow

* Fundulus cingulatus, Cuvier & VALENCIENNES. In the original type, head broad and flat;
eye large, 3 in head. Distance from front of dorsal to caudal half the distance to front of eye.
Teeth rather strong. Caudallong. D.7;A.8. Scales about 33-10, but as some are lost, this
count is uncertain. Head 32% in length; depta 414%. Body crossed by (about 16) narrow cross
bands, which are quite distinct, and narrower than the interspaces. Region below eye silvery,
not dark.

+ The following is the scanty original description of this species:

Zygonectes nottii, AGAssiz: ‘*The darker continuous longitudinal lines alternate with fainter
interrupted ones. Males with distinct transverse bands; dark olive above, fading upon the sides;
silvery below. Operculum, throat, and space in advance of the eye orange color. Collected by
Dr. Nott at Mobile, Alabama,”’ i

Jordan and Evermann.—Ffishes of North America. 657

4
longitudinal black stripes running from the head to the tail; these
stripes a little narrower than the interspaces and perfectly distinct even
on the caudal peduncle, the upper stripe rather faint and succeeded
higher up by 1 or 2 other obsolete stripes; interspaces of the stripes
occupied, especially above, by a row of black dots forming the fainter
interrupted stripes of Professor Agassiz’s description; on the back these
rows of dots are rather more distinct than the continuous stripes; a
median dorsal stripe present; about 10 transverse bars of the width of
the longitudinal stripe, but fainter, and placed about 2 scales’ width
apart, on the posterior half of the body ; lower surface of caudal pedun-
cle dotted with black, a black streak behind the edge of the opercle;
upper surface of the head dusky and also the snout and tip of lower jaw;
a broad black mask covering the eyes and extending downward over the
cheeks; upper half of the operculum, the space in front of the eye, and
most of the lower jaw, orange red; lower half of the operculum and
anterior half of breast yellowish orange. Swamps and streams of
Florida and neighboring States; not rare. Length 14inches. (Gilbert.)
A beautiful and strikingly colored little fish. We follow Dr. Hay in
identifying Zygonectes craticula with Fundulus nottii. According to Dr.
Gilbert, Zygonectes zonifer is the male of Fundulus nottii. (Named for Dr.
Nott, its discoverer. )
Zygonectes nottii, AGASSIZ, Amer. Journ. Sci. & Arts, 1854, 353, Mobile, Alabama; Jorpan &
GILBERT, Synopsis, 341, 1883 ; Hay, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1885, 557.
Zygonectes lineolatus, AGAssi1z, Amer. Journ. Sci. & Arts, 1854, 353, Augusta, Georgia.
Fundulus zonatus, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., xvi11, 196, 1846, interior of South
Carolina; not Esox zonatus, MitcuiL1, with which it has been identified.
Zygonectes craticula,* Goope & Brean, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1882, 433, Elbow Creek, a tribu-
tary of Indian River, eastern Florida. (Type, No. 31439. Coll. Henshall.) Jorpan
& GILBERT, Synopsis, 892, 1883.

Zygonectes zonifer, + JORDAN & Merk, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1884, 482, Ailapaha River, Nash-
ville, Georgia. (Type, No. 28505. Coll. W. J. Taylor.)

* The following is a description of the types of Zygonectes craticula :

Head 324; depth 5. D. 8; A. 9; scales 40-10. Body comparatively long and slender, little
compressed, Caudal peduncle long, rather slender. Head long, broad and depressed above.
Eye large, about equal to snout, 24 interorbital width, 314 in head. Lower jaw heavy. Teeth
small, the outerscarcely enlarged. Finsallsmall. Olivaceous; sides with about 6 sharply d>fined,
jet-black longitudinal stripes following the rows of scales, the stripes a little narrower than the
interspaces; a large blackish blotch below eye; fins nearly plain, the upper somewhat dusky;
young with faint dark bars.

=? following is a description of the types of Fundulus zonifer (JORDAN & MEEK):

ead 374; depth 42. D. 7; A. 9. Scales 36-11. Body moderately elongate, compressed, the
head broad and depressed, the anterior profile somewhat concave above eyes. Head rather
pointed in profile, snout nearly as long as eye, which is about half the broad interorbital space
and 34in head. Teeth quite small, the outer little enlarged. Scalesrathersmall. Dorsal fin
much smaller than anal, and inserted nearly over the end of the first third of that fin. Anal
higher than dorsal, as well as longer, both fins highest in the male, in which they reach very
nearly to base of caudal. Insertion of dorsal midway between front of eye and tip of caudal,
Caudal rounded, about aslongashead. Least depth of caudal peduncle half length of head.
Pectorals 1} in head, reaching slightly past front of ventrals. Ventrals nearly reachinganal, 12
in head, Male dark olive above, with the edges of the scales a little darker; sides somewhat
silvery, with 12 sharply defined black crossbars, not half as wide as the interspaces, nearly ver-
tical, those near the middle of the body alittle farther apart and a little more distinct than the
others; no longitudinal streaks ; fins without ocelli ; caudal entirely plain; dorsal and anal with
distinct cross streaks of dark dots. Other specimens (perhaps females) with the color a little
Garker ; the black cross bands broader and more sharply defined ; a conspicuous black blotch
below the eye; fins colored as in the others. Length 2%4 inches. Swamps of South Carolina and
Georgia, the 3 types from Allapaha River, Nashville, Georgia, a tributary of the Suwannee,

F. N, A.——48

658 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

9¢4. FUNDULUS GUTTATUS (Agassiz).

Head 32; depth nearly 5; eye large, 3 in head. D.6 or7; A. 8 or9;
scales 36-12. Body elongate, moderately stout, compressed posteriorly ;
back slightly elevated; caudal peduncle moderate. Head moderate,
flat above, broad between the eyes; mouth moderate; jaws armed with
an outer series of rather long and slender teeth, behind which is a band
of smaller teeth. Scales moderate. Dorsal fin short and small, its height
2 in head, its insertion opposite that of the anal in the female, but a
little more posterior in the male; anal short, rather high, 13 in head;
ventrals just reaching vent, nearly 2 in head; pectorals 13 in head.
General color in life orange brown; each scale with a black edge, these
forming distinct longitudinal stripes ; upper surface of head dark; jaws,
opercles, and area in front of eyes bright orange; suborbital region jet
black; area above opercle extending across back orange, suffused with
dusky ; under parts orange; all the fins dusky. In the females the spots
on the scales are more suffused. Swamps and streams, Florida to Texas;
not rare; here described from Bollman’s types of Zygonectes escambie.
(guitatus, spotted.)

Zygonectes guttatus, AGASSIZ, Amer. Journ. Sci. & Arts, 1854, 353, Mobile, Alabama; JorDAan &
GILBERT, Synopsis, 341, 1883.

Zygonectes escambix, BOLLMAN, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1885, 463, Escambia River, Flomaton,
Alabama; (Type, No. 37995. Coll. Bollman); EvVERMANN, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., 1891
(1892), 87.

965. FUNDULUS HIEROGLYPHICUS (Agassiz).

This species is thus described: ‘‘Anterior and upper parts of the body
sprinkled with dark dots, passing into longitudinal rows backward.
Light olive above; silvery on the sides and below.” (Agassiz.) Mobile,
Alabama. It has not been recognized by subsequent collectors, but may
be distinct. (hieroglyphicus, bearing marks like hawk tracks; iepéc,
hawk; yAv@w, cut out.)

Zygonectes hieroglyphicus, AGAssiz, Amer. Journ. Sci. & Arts, 1854, 353, Mobile, Alabama; Jor-
DAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 341, 1883.

966. FUNDULUS DISPAR (Agassiz).

Head 33; depth 34. D.7; A. 9; scales 35-10. Body short and deep,
much compressed. Head short and very broad, the flat interorbitel space
being 3 of its length, and barely twice the diameter of the eye; the dis-
tance between the eyes above greater than the distance between them
below. Snout broadly rounded. Fins moderate; dorsal much smaller
than anal. Outer series of teeth somewhat enlarged. Coloration pale
olive, bluish in life; a very distinct brownish line along the edges of
each row of scales, appearing wavy or serrated as it follows the scales;
abont 10 of these longitudinal stripes are present; males with the lines
interrupted, appearing as series of dots, and further marked by about 9
dark crossbars; adults with a black blotch below the eye, sometimes.
confluent with it. Oviduct free from anal. Length 2} inches. Lakes
and sluggish streams from northern Ohio to Missouri, and south to Missis-
sippi; locally abundant; recorded from the Maumee, Wabash, Illinois,

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 659

Big Black, and Pearl rivers. A chubby little fish, very prettily colored.
(dispar, dissimilar.)
Zygonectes dispar, Acassiz, Amer. Journ. Sci. & Arts, 1854, 353, creeks opposite St. Louis,

Beardstown, Illinois; Jorpan, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., No. 9, 49,1877; Hay, Bull. U. 8.
Fish Comm., 1882, 66; Jorpan & GILBERT, Synopsis, 341, 1883.

967. FUNDULUS NOTATUS (Rafinesque).

(Tor Minnow.)

Head 4; depth 43; eye large, less than snout, about 3 in head. D. 9;
A. 11; scales 34-11. Body rather slender, compressed behind. Head
low, depressed, and rather elongate, the snout somewhat produced, the
lower jaw scarcely projecting; interorbital space broad, its width about
half length of head. Fins moderate, the dorsal and anal elevated in the
males. Teeth in a broad band, the outer series considerably enlarged
and canine-like. Coloration brownish olive, with a broad, dark, pur-
plish-black lateral band running from tip of snout through eye to base
of caudal; darker in males than in females; young specimens have the
edges of the band serrated; a few series of small black dots along the
sides of the back; dorsal, caudal, and anal fins dotted with black; top
of head with a conspicuous translucent spot in life; concentric strisw on
scales strong. Southern specimens often larger and darker in color,
Length 2 to 3} inches. Michigan to Alabama, Mississippi, and Texas;
generally abundant in ponds and canals. A pretty little fish, swimming
at the surface in quiet waters, feeding on insects; recognizable in the
water by the translucent spot on the head, also found in related species.
(notatus, spotted. )

Semotilus notatus, RAFINESQUE, Ichth. Ohiensis, 86, 1820, tributaries of Ohio River in Ky.

Pecilia olivacea, Storer, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1, July, 1845, 51, Florence, Alabama.
(Coll. C, A. Hentz.)

Fundulus tenellus, BAinp & GirARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1853, 289, Prairie Mer Rouge,
Louisiana, and Russellville, Kentucky.

Zygonectes lateralis, AGAssiz, Amer. Journ. Sci. & Arts, 1854, 353, Mobile, Alabama.

Zygonectes zonatus, AGAssiz, Amer. Journ. Sci. & Arts, 1854, 353, St. Louis, Missouri.

Zygonectes pulchellus, GIRARD, Proc, Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 113, Sugar Loaf Creek, Ark.

Fundulus aureus, Core, Proc, Ac, Nat. Sci, Phila., 1865, 78, Detroit River, Grosse Isle, Mich.

Zygonectes notatus, Corr, Bull. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., xvir, 34, 1880; Jorpan & GILBERT, Synopsis, 339,
1883.

Haplochilus pulchellus, GUNTHER, Cat., v1, 314, 1866.

Haplochilus aureus, GUNTHER, Cat., v1, 315, 1866.

968. FUNDULUS MELAPLEURUS (Gosse).
(T1cKY-TICKY. )

Head 3%; depth 34. D.11; A.11; V.5; seales 31-10. Snout broad and
obtuse, the mandible being directed obliquely upward; the diameter
of the eye equals the length of the snout, 3 in head and 1} in interorbital
space. Dorsal and anal fins of moderate size; the origin of the dorsal
midway between the extremity of the caudal and the anterior margin of
the orbit, over the sixteenth scale of the lateral line, and opposite the
middle of the base of the anal. Free portion of the tail rather short, its

depth equal to the distance between the dorsal and caudal fins. Sides

660 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

of the abdomen silvery, the portion above the silvery part black.

Streams of Jamaica; locally common. (uéAac, black; z/evpor, side.)
Pecilia melapleura, GossE, Naturalist’s Sojourn in Jamaica, 84, 1851, Jamaica.
Haplockilus melanopleurus, GUNTHER, Cat., VI, 317, 1866.

301. ADINIA, Girard.
Adinia, GiraRD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 117, (multifasciata).

This genus contains species agreeing in general respects with Fundulus,
but having the aspect of Cyprinodon. The gill openings, as in Cyprinodon,
are restricted, the opercle being adnate to the shoulder girdle as far down
as the upper edge of the base of the pectoral. The body is short, deep,
and compressed. Besides the two species known to belong to this genus,
multifasciata and dugesi, we provisionally place in it two others, which
seem to agree in external characters, though the restriction of the gill
openings has not been noticed. (<Adinia, a coined name without
meaning.)

a. Anal with 15 rays; body oblong, the depth 31% to 4; coloration plain or mottled, without

dark cross bands.
b. Head rather heavy, about 4in length; depth of body about 4; eye rather shorter than

snout, about 4 in head; scales 32 to 35-12; dorsal rays 12. GUATEMALENSIS, 969.
bb. Head very thick and heavy, about 314 in length; depth 3} to 34; eye shorter than
snout, 4 in head; scales 35-12; dorsal rays 13 or 14. PACHYCEPHALA, 970.

aa. Anal with 11 or 12 rays; scales very large; body deep and compressed.
c. Dorsal rays 15; body crossed by 5 or 6 black cross bands; depth 3 in length; head 3;

scales 30-11. DUGEsI, 971.
cc. Dorsal rays 9 or 10; body crossed by 10 to 14 narrow pearly bands; depth 2 to 21% in
length; head 3; scales 25-10. MULTIFASCIATA, 972.

969. ADINIA GUATEMALENSIS (Giinther).

Head 4; depth 4. D.12 (13); A. 140r15 (16); scales 32 to 35-12. Head
thick and broad; interorbital space broad, slightly convex, its width
being a little less than half length of head. Snout broad, obtuse; lower
jaw slightly projecting beyond upper; mandible longer than eye; eye
equal to or, in the larger specimens, less than length of snont, 4 in head,
and 2 in interorbital space; origin of dorsal midway between tip of cau-
dal and posterior margin of orbit, over nineteenth scale of the lateral
series; first anal ray corresponding to second of dorsal. Dorsal and anal
fins subquadrangular, rather low, longer than high in male, and as long
as high in female; two-thirds of caudal covered with small scales.
Brown above and on the sides, pale below; females with a very indis-
tinct dark band along the side; fins immaculate; anal with a light mar-
gin. Sexual opening of the female not attached to the anterior anal rays.

Rivers of Guatemala, and southward, to western Ecuador. (Ginther.)
Fundulus guatemalensis, GUNTHER, Cat., v1, 321, 1866, Lake of Duefias; Lake Amatitlan;
Rio Guacalate; western Ecuador. (Coll. Salvin & Fraser.)

970. ADINIA PACHYCEPHALA (Giinther).

Head 34; depth 3} to 34. D. 130r14; A. 15; V. 6; scales 35-12. Head
very thick and broad; interorbital space very broad, slightly convex, its
width being + length of head; snout broad, obtuse; lower jaw slightly
projecting beyond upper; mandible longer than eye. Eye less than

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 661

Jength of snout, 4 in head, and 2 in width of interorbital space. Origin
of dorsal midway between tip of caudal and posterior margin of orbit,
over sixteenth scale of lateral line; first anal ray under third of dorsal ;
dorsal and anal fins subquadrangular, of moderate height, the latter fin
being scarcely higher than long; caudal fin subtruncate. Brownish
above and on sides, each scale darker on tip; an indistinct dark band
along middle of tail; fins immaculate, anal with the lower margin whit-
ish. Guatemala. (Giinther.) (aytc, thick; xedadry, head.)

Fundulus pachycephalus, GUNTHER, Cat., v1, 321, 1866, Lake Atitlan. (Coll. Salvin.)

971. ADINIA DUGESII (Bean).

Head 3; depth nearly 3; eye 4 in head, $ width of interorbital space.
D. 15; A. 11; seales 30-11. Body short and deep, robust; head depressed
above; snout short, shorter than eye; jaws short, the upper being freely
protractile. Teeth slender, conical, in a double series, those of the
quter enlarged. Opercle connected by membrane to the shoulder girdle,
beginning ata point in line of lower margin of eye. Anal very
short, its base half as long as dorsal base; insertion of dorsal very slightly
in advance of anal at a distance from the front of the eye equaling about
twice the length of the head, its rays slender, not very long, the long-
est somewhat shorter than base of fin and less than half head; base of
dorsal 2 in head; anal inserted under third ray of dorsal, its longest ray
+ to ? head; anal base very short, + as long as the dorsal base, and very
little longer than the eye; pectoral half head ; caudal slightly rounded ;
ventral in middle of length of body, excluding caudal, its tip not reach-
ing vent, 36in head. Light brown; sides with 5 broad distinct bands
or 6 dusky bands, the widest somewhat greater than eye; one of these
bands placed under anterior half of the dorsal; sides and head with
silver. Length 3 inches. Guanajuato, Mexico. (Bean.) Evidently a
species of Adinia, as is shown by the form and by the restriction of
the gill openings. (Named for its discoverer, Prof. Alfredo Dugés, of
Guanajuato. )

Fundulus dugésii, Bran, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1887, 373, pl. 20, fig. 5,Guanajuato, Mexico.
(Type, No. 37831. Coll. Professor Dugés.)

972. ADINIA MULTIFASCIATA,* Girard.

Head 3; depth 2 (23 to 2! in 9); eye large, 3 in head, 1} in interorbital
space. D. 9 or 10; A. 11 or 12; V.6; P. 14; B. 5; scales 25-10. Body
very deep, much compressed, much as in Cyprinodon; caudal peduncle
very deep; head depressed, rapidly tapering to a sharp, conical snout;
the anterior profile somewhat concave; females and young with the back
less elevated. Teeth very small, in a villiform band, those of the outer
series wide-set and considerably larger; opercle adnate to shoulder girdle
above base of pectoral (as in Cyprinodon and Jordanella). Dorsal inserted
in advance of anal, its origin midway between caudal and middle of
eye, the longest rays in males reaching base of caudal, 1? in head; anal
lower; ventrals 14 in head. Intestinal canal as long as body. Male

“If the genus Adinia is not recognized, this species should stand as Fundulus wenicus,

662 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

dark green; sides with 10 to 14 narrow, pearly bands, slightly oblique,
and mostly narrower than the interspaces; a diffuse, dusky blotch below
and behind eye; lower jaw orange; belly yellow; dorsal and anal black-
ish, with many round, pale-blue spots; orange spots near base of fin;
caudal barred, with some pale spots; ventrals dusky, tipped with yellow.
female greenish, with a faint, dark lateral shade and some pale cross bands;
lower fins largely yellow; upper mostly dusky. Length 2 inches. Gulf
Coast, West Florida to Texas; locally very abundant in shallow lagoons;
an extremely beautiful little fish, here described from specimens from

Pensacola. (multifasciatus, many-banded. )

Adinia multifasciala, GrRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 118, Galveston; St. Joseph
Island, Indianola, Texas.

Fundulus xenicus, JORDAN & GILBEnr, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1882, 255, Laguna Grande, Pen-
sacola, Florida; not Hydrargyra multifasciata, LE SuEuR, nor Fundulus adinia, JoRDAN &
GILBERT; the name multifasciatus preoccupied in Fundulus, but not in Adinia. (Type, Nos.
29668, 30821, and 30841. Coll. Jordan); Jorpan & GILBERT, Synopsis, 545, 1883.

302. RIVULUS, Poey.

Rivulus, Poy, Memorias, 11, 307, 1860, (cylindraceus).

Body rather elongate, subterete, covered with moderate-sized scales.
Mouth small, the upper jaw little protractile; snout not produced. Each
jaw with a band of villiform teeth and an outer series of curved teeth.
Male with the anal fin not modified; oviparous. No air bladder.* Small
fishes of the brooks of tropical America, the known species having in one
sex at least a large ocellated spot at base of caudal. Some of the species
recorded from Venezuela, Colombia, and Trinidad, may occur within our
limits. (rivulus, a rivulet.)

a, Scales small, about 40 in a lengthwise series; dorsal rays 8; anal 12.

b. Insertion of dorsal midway between tip of caudal and center of eye; a black spot on

opercle, besides the caudal ocellus of the male. -CYLINDRACEUS, 973.
bb. Insertion of dorsal midway between tip of caudal and edge of opercle; body marbled
with light and dark spots; male with a caudal ocellus. MARMORATUS, 974.

973. RIVULUS CYLINDRACEUS,7 Poey.

Head 3? in total length; depth 54; eye 14 in snout, 3+ in head. D.8;
A. 12; scales 40. Body slender, nearly terete; head broader than trunk.
Mouth small, little protractile, the maxillary not reaching orbit; teeth in
a band with an outer row of stronger ones. Dorsal well backward, behind
front of anal, its insertion midway between tip of caudal and center of
eye; ventrals short. Green, with violet shades; a large, black, eye-like
spot at base of caudal in male; cheek with a green band, ending in a black
spot; fins plain greenish or dull orange; female with a black ocellus on
opercle, none on the tail; sexes otherwise similar. Length 2 inches.
Havana. (Poey.) (cylindraceus, like a cylinder.)

Rivulus cylindraceus, Pory, Memorias, 11, 308, 1861, stream at Mordazo,near Havana; GUnN-
THER, Cat., v1, 327, 1866: Porky, Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., 247, 1880.

_ *The character of the absence of the air bladder has not been verified in either of the follow-
ing species. ;

} In Poey’s figure of R. eylindraceus (1880), the mouth is represented as short and oblique. In
the figure in the Enumeratio (V, fig. 4) which Poey refers to Rivulus marmoratus, the mouth is
larger and nearly horizontal.

Jordan and Evermann.—Ffishes of North America. 663

974. RIVULUS MARMORATUS, Poey.

Differs from Rivulus cylindraceus in having the dorsal farther back, the
distance of its insertion from the tip of caudal being equal to its distance
from edge of opercle; the anal appearing more advanced. Body dashed
with light and dark spots; a black caudal* ocellus. Cuba. (Poey.)

(marmoratus, marbled.)
Rivulus marmoratus, PoEy, Anales de Hist. Nat. Espafia, rx, 248, 1880, Cuba.

303. LUCANIA, Girard.

Lucania, GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 118, (venusta); not Lucanus, a genus of beetles.
Body oblong, ccmpressed ; lower jaw prominent, the cleft of the mouth
short and very oblique. Mouth moderate, the snout not produced; each
jaw with a single series of conical teeth. Scales very large. Gill open-
ings not restricted. Dorsal and anal rays in moderate number, the dorsal
above or slightly in advance of the anal; anal fin not modified in the
males; oviparous. Very small fishes of the coastwise swamps of the
United States, all of them very prettily colored. (A coined name, with-

out meaning.)
a. Body comparatively elongate, the depth 414 to 5in length, the form approaching that of

Rivulus.
b. Body without black longitudinal band in either sex, the female with a caudal ocellus
as in Rivulus; an ocellus above front of anal; cleft of mouth very short and nearly
vertical; dorsal rays 7; anal 8; depth 5 in length. OMMATA, 975.
bb. Body in both sexes with a black longitudinal band from eye to the black caudal spot;
male with the basal half of dorsal and anal black, the fins with red in life. Depth
444in length. D. 9; A. 9; scales 30-7. GOODEI, 976.
aa. Body comparatively short and deep, the depth 314 to 334 in length, the form approaching
that of Cyprinodon; body in both sexes without black longitudinal band or biack ocelli;
the fins in male with orange, the dorsal in male with a large black spot at base in
front.

c. Body more oblong, the depth 34% to 334 in length. D, 11 or 12; A. 9 or 10; scales 26-8,
VENUSTA, 977.
cc. Body deep, the depth 314 in length. D.10; A. 10; scales 26-8. PARVA, 978,

975. LUCANIA OMMATA (Jordan).

Head 34; depth 5; eye 24. D.6 or7; A.9 or 10; scales 26 to 28-9.
Body fusiform, slender, somewhat compressed. Premaxillary very pro-
tractile; teeth small, pointed, in one row, the tips not colored. Mouth
very small, its cleft almost vertical; ventral surface of lower jaw directed
forward so that the fish seems truncated. Eye large, twice length of
snout, equal to the flat interorbital space. Gill membranes narrowly
connected, free from isthmus. Scales large. Anal inserted slightly in
advance of dorsal, not modified in the male; insertion of dorsal mid-
way between edge of opercle and base of caudal; pectorals and ventrals
small. Intestine not longer than body. Straw color, a dark vertebral line;
male with 5 or 6 dark bars and no caudal ocellus; female with a jet-black
spot as large as pupil on side just in front of origin of anal; a larger ocel-
lated spot at upper part cf base of caudal, a dark band of minute points

* Misprinted ‘‘ pectoral’’ in Poey’s description.

664 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

~

nearly connecting the two spots, the band forking before the caudal spot
and sending a branch above and below it; a dark streak from base of
ventrals along each side of anal to base of caudal; a dark streak from
eye covering lower jaw; another faint streak from eye to lateral spot,
forking to form an ocellus, as is the case with the caudal spot. Length } to
linch. Swamps of Florida; 8 specimens now known; 2 obtained by R.
Edward Earll in Indian River, the original types of the species; 2 obtained
by Mann and Davison in western Florida, and described by Professor Hay
as Zygonectes mannii; the others obtained in the Santa Fé River and its
tributaries by Mr. A. J. Woolman, who alone has seen the male. In form
and color, the species resembles the genus Rivulus. It apparently differs
in dentition and seems on the whole nearer to Lucania. It can not be an
ally of Heterandria. The largest specimens are barely an inch in length,
so that the species may, in the words of Dr. Hay, ‘‘ contend with Heterandria
formosa for the honor of being the smallest known vertebrate.” (duuarTéc,
eyed, in allusion to the caudal ocellus of the female.)

Heterandria ommata, JORDAN, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1884, 323, Indian River, Florida. (Type,

No. 25331(2). Coll. R. Edward Karll); Woouman, Bull. U. 8. Fish Comm., x, 1890, 302.

Zygonectes mannii, Hay, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1885, 555, Yellow Water River, Florida.
(Coll. H. T. Mann.)

976. LUCANIA GOODEI, Jordan.

Head 4; depth 44; eye 24 to 2%. D.9; A.9; scales 29 to 32-7. Body
elliptical, rather elongate, the back considerably elevated to a point
just in front of the origin of the dorsal fin; caudal peduncle rather deep
and compressed. Head short, comparatively narrow, and bluntly pointed;
mouth small, terminal; both jaws with rather large, conical, canine-
like teeth, apparently in a single series. Eye large, near the middle
of the side of the head, about equal to interorbital space. Scales large;
humeral scale like the others. Fins large, especially in the males;
origin of dorsal about midway between snout and base of caudal, con-
spicuously in advance of anal; height of dorsal fin in the males % length
of head, about equal to the length of the base of the fin; anal fin
similar and nearly as high and long, beginning nearly under the
middle of the dorsal; caudal moderate, subtruncate; ventrals long,
in the males reaching the front of the anal, in the females reaching the
vent; pectorals reaching past front of ventrals in both sexes. Color
olivaceous, the scales with dark edgings; a very distinct black band in
both sexes running through eye and snout straight to the base of the
caudal, where it ends in a round black spot; this band about as wide as
a series of scales, although developed on parts of 2 series; a conspicuous
black band in both sexes along lower edge of the caudal peduncle, from
root of the caudal to vent, dividing and passing on each side of the anal
fin; fins in the female plain; in the male, basal half of dorsal and anal jet
black, outer half pale with a black edge; pectorals, and especially ven-
trals, also dark-edged; caudal fin faintly mottled; vertical fins with
more or less red in life. Length 14 inches. Rivers of the Everglade
region; locally abundant. Known from the Alligator, Arlington, Peace,

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 665

and Withlacoochee rivers. A very small but prettily colored fish.

(Named for Dr. George Brown Goode, its discoverer. )

Inucania goodei, JORDAN, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1879, 240, Arlington River, Florida, a tribu-
tary of the St. John’s. (Type, No. 23505. Coll. Dr. Goode.) Jorpan & GILBERT, Syn-
opsis, 343, 1883; Wootman, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., x, 1890, 294, pl. 52, fig. 2.

977. LUCANIA VENUSTA, Girard.

Head 34; depth 34; eye 3. D.11lor12; A.9or10; scales 26-8. Body fusi-
form, rather strongly compressed, the dorsal and ventral outlines about
equally arched: head narrow, compressed, flattened above the eyes, the
upper profile of snout both longitudinally and transversely convex; snout
compressed, conspicuously shortened, and vertically rounded, its height
greater than its width; caudal peduncle long and rather slender, its
greatest height 1? in head, its length slightly less than head ; mouth very
small, protractile forward, the lower jaw very much projecting in open
mouth; mandible heavy, short, and strongly convex, less than diameter
of orbit; teeth small, but firm and strong, conical, in a single series in
each jaw, or forming an irregular double series anteriorly; no villiform
teeth behind this outer series; eye large, slightly shorter than inter-
orbital width, and greater than length of snout. Intestinal canal
rather less than length of body. Origin of dorsal fin nearly midway
between tip of snout and base of caudal, the longest ray (in ¢ ) equaling
the length of its base; origin of anal fin under middle of dorsal; ovi-
duct not attached to first anal ray, but produced backward, forming a
low sheath on both sides at base of first 6 rays; length of anal base
? head; longest ray (¢)+4 head; caudal 1? in head; pectorals long,
reaching beyond base of ventrals, 1jin head; ventrals reaching slightly
beyond vent, 14 inhead. Color ( ¢) light olive, pale on belly ; sides with
some silvery luster and with indistinct trace of an obsolete dusky lateral
stripe; scales conspicuously dark-edged; opercles and cheeks bright
silvery; dorsal and caudal light yellow, and, as well as the anal, nar-
rowly magined with black; dorsal with an elongate, vertical black
blotch at anterior margin, a yellow spot behind it; a vertical dusky
streak behind each dorsal ray, composed of fine black points; anal
orange or translucent, white at base; ventrals similar to anal ; pectorals
pale yellowish; a dark vertical streak through iris. 9 similar, fins all
plain. Length about 2 inches. Lagoons and inlets of the coast of the
Gulf of Mexico, exceedingly abundant about Pensacola, and westward
to the mouth of the Rio Grande; a pretty little fish, here described from

Pensacola specimens. (venustus, pretty.)

Limia venusta, Ginarp, U. 8. Mex. Bound. Surv., Ichth., 71, pl. 39, figs 20-23, 1859, Indianola,
Texas. (Coll. Clark.)

Lucania affinis, Girarp, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 118, Matamoras.

Incania venusta, Girarp, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 118; GUNruer, Cat., vi, $10, 1866;
JorpDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 343, 893, 1883; Jorpan, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1882, 257.

978. LUCANIA PARVA (Baird & Girard).
(RAINWATER F isn.)

Head 3+; depth 3+; eye 3. D. 10 to 12; A. 10 or 11; scales 26-8.
Body much deeper than in Lucania venusta, the form resembling that of

666 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

Adinia. Females larger than males; both sexes plump. Color in life:
Males olive, with bluish reflections; edges of the scales darker; dorsal
dusky orange, with a large black spot at the base in front, ocellated
with orange; caudal orange yellow, tipped with black; ventrals and
anal orange red, tipped with dusky; pectorals translucent. Females
with the fins pale olive, without black spot or edgings. Length 14 to 2
inches. Atlantic Coast from Connecticut to Key West; very common
at Key West, in shallow waters and tide pools close to the shore, especially
where fresh waters soak in the sea; here described from Key West speci-
mens; equally abundant about the mouth of the Potomac in brackish
ponds and tide ditches. (H. M. Smith.) (parvus, small.)

Cyprinodon parvus, BatrpD & GiraRD, Ninth Smiths. Report, 1854 (1855), 345, Greenport,
Long Island; (Coll. Baird); GUNTHER, Cat., v1, 307, 1866.

Lucania parva, JoRDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 893, 1883; JorpaNn, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1884,
109; Hueu M. Smirn, Bull. U. 8. Fish Comm., x, 1890, 68.

304. GIRARDINICHTHYS, Bleeker.

Girardinichthys, BLEEKER, Cyprin., 481, 1860, (innominatus).
Limnurgus, GUNTHER, Cat., v1, 309, 1866, (variegatus).

Body stout. Mouth small, its cleft nearly vertical; the upper jaw very
protractile. ‘Teeth small, pointed, in a single series in each jaw. Scales
rather small. Dorsal and anal fins long, each with 20 or more rays, nearly
opposite each other; anal fin not modified in the male. Intestinal canal
short, about as long as body. Gill membranes partly united, free from
isthmus. Very small fishes, differing from Lucania in the long dorsal and
anal. Mexico. (Girardinus; iy@vc, fish; named for Dr. Charles Girard,
1822-1895, who studied the fishes of the Mexican Boundary Survey.)

979. GIRARDINICHTHYS INNOMINATUS, Bleeker.

Head 4; depth 32; eye 5 in head, 2 in interorbital width. D. 20;
A. 22; scales 44. Head thick, the snout obtuse, the mandible being
directed vertically upward; neck arched, so that the upper profile of the
head is concave. Origin of dorsal midway between occiput and base
of caudal. Olivaceous, with irregular dark-brown cross bands, which
are sometimes confluent. Sexes similar. Length 2} inches. Vicinity
of City of Mexico; not rare. Our specimens collected by Mr. Amos W.
Butler. (innominatus, unnamed, Girard having omitted to attach a specific
name when describing the species. )

Inucania, sp., GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 118, City of Mexico.

Girardinichthys innominatus, BLEEKER, Cyprin., 484, 1860, after Grrarp; JorpAN & GILBERT,
Synopsis, 343, 1883.

Limnurgus variegalus, GUNTHER, Cat., vi, 309, 1866; after Grrarp; the name given by BLEEKER
being regarded as barbarous.

305. EMPETRICHTHYS, Gilbert.
Empetrichthys, GILBERT, Death Valley Exped., Fishes, 233, 1893, (merriami).

Body rather elongate, the form approaching that of Fundulus. Intes-
tine short, 1} times length of body. Teeth conic, fixed, in each jaw
arranged in a band consisting of two or three rows, the outer series

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 667

somewhat enlarged. Ventralsabsent. Branchiostegals five. Both upper
and lower pharyngeals greatly enlarged and bearing molar teeth, tuber-
cularin shape; lower pharyngeals firmly attached to the ceratobranchials
of the fourth arch, while the massive epibranchials of the same arch
serve to connect them firmly at the sides with the pharyngobranchials
above; fourth branchial arch bearing normal gills, its median portion
produced anteriorly, forming a triangular extension of the lower pharyn-
geals in the middle line; on the oral surface this is indistinguishable
from the pharyngeals proper, and like them bears molar teeth. Scales
“normal, large, regularly imbricated, nowhere tubercular or ridged. This
genus seems to be allied to Orestias, a genus likewise devoid of ventral
fins, inhabiting the mountain lakes of the Andes. It differs from Orestias,
as from all other Cyprinodonts, in the singular development of the pharyn-
geals. (é, within; zétpoc, rock; iydic, fish, in allusion to the stony
pharyngeals. )
980. EMPETRICHTHYS MERRIAMI, Gilbert.

Head 32; depth 3}; eye 5. D. 11 or 12 (13 in one specimen); A. 14
(from 13 to 15). Scales 30 or 31, counted to base of caudal rays, 33
or 34 in all. Head compressed, its upper surface slightly convex. Mouth
very oblique, with a distinct lateral cleft, the maxillary free at tip only,
reaching slightly behind front of eye. Length of gape (measured from
tip of snout to end of maxillary) 34 in head; interorbital width 24;
length of snout (from front of orbit to middle of upper jaw) 33. Eye
small, its greatest oblique diameter 5 to 54 in head. Distance from front
of dorsal to middle of base of tail 4 its distance from tip of snout.
Dorsal beginning slightly in advance of anal, and ending above its
posterior third, its greatest height equal to length of snout and eye;
caudal truncate when spread; pectorals broadly rounded, reaching half
way to vent. Color dark brown above, sides and below lighter, often
irregularly blotched with brown and white; the belly often appears
checkered, having centers of scales brown and margins white, or the
reverse; fins all dusky, the basal portions of dorsal and caudal with
elongated brown spots on the interradial membranes. In form and gen-
eral. appearance this singular fish much resembles the mud minnow
(Umbra limi), though somewhat deeper and more compressed. Springs of
the desert about Death Valley in eastern California, a depressed desert
tract, intensely hot and almost rainless. (Named for Dr. C. Hart Mer-
riam, the well-known mammalogist, in charge of the Death Valley
explorations. )

Empetrichthys merriam, GiLBER?T, Death Valley Exped., Fishes, in North American Fauna, No. 7,
234, pl. 5, May 31, 1893, Ash Meadows, Amargosa Desert, on the boundary between
California and Nevada. (Type, No. 46,101. Coll. Merriam & Bailey.)

306. CHARACODON, Giinther.
Characodon, GUNTHER, Cat., v1, 308, 1866, (lateralis).

Body rather deep and compressed. Gill openings restricted, as in
Cyprinodon.* Mouth small, the teeth small, fixed, bicuspid, or Y-shaped,

* This character not verified in Characodon lateralis or C. furcidens,

668 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

in a single series, with a band of villiform teeth behind them. Scales
moderate. Insertion of dorsal nearly opposite that of anal. Intestinal
canal short; bones of jaws well united. Small fishes of the fresh waters

of Mexico and Central America. (yépaé, a sharp stake; ddovc, tooth.)

a. Scales rather large, 32 to 35 in longitudinal series.
b. Dorsal fin small, of 10 or 11 rays; anal rays 13 to 16; scales 35-12; a dark lateral band,
sometimes broken into spots. LATERALIS, 981.
bb. Dorsal fin large, of 13 to 16 rays; depth 3 to 314 in length.

ce. Dorsal rays 16; anal 16; scales 32-11; body with two lateral stripes, the second
beginning with front of anal. BILINEATUS, 982.
cc. Dorsal rays 13 or 14; anal 15 or 16; scales 35-15; males with a faint dark lateral
stripe made of dark blotches; female without stripe, irregularly blotched or

spotted. VARIATUS, 983.
aa. Scales rather small, about 50 in a longitudinal series; dorsal rays 16; anal 13; depth 33 in
length; sides mottled or barred, the fins with dark bars. FURCIDENS, 984,

981. CHARACODON LATERALIS, Giinther.

Head 34; depth 3; eye 4. D.10 or 11; A. 13 in female, 15 or 16 in
male; scales 35-12. Body rather elevated, with the neck somewhat
arched. Head thick and broad, with the snout obtuse, as long as the eye.
Mandible ascending obliquely, longer than eye. About 20 smallish teeth
in each jaw, their apex indistinctly notched. Interorbital space flat,
its width being 24 in head. Origin of dorsal fin a little nearer end
of caudal than to occiput, a little behind that of the anal; both fins
small and rounded; in the male the six anterior rays are of nearly equal
length, but considerably shorter than the following, forming a very dis-
tinct portion of the fin; all these rays are very closely set; caudal fin
small, truncate, or slightly convex; distance between dorsal and caudal
somewhat more than least depth of tail, and equal to distance between
eye and gill opening; pectoral obtuse, not quite reaching ventral;
ventra) small, not quite extending to the vent. Brownish olive
(in spirits), with a darker band running from the eye to the root of
the caudal; this band sometimes broken up into a more or less regular
series of brownish-black spots. In general habits very similar to a
Cyprinodon. Central America. (Gtnther); not seen by us. (lateralis,
pertaining to the side.)

Characodon lateralis, GUNTHER, Cat., v1, 308, 1866, Central America; (Coll. Dr. Seemann);
GUNTHER, Fishes Central Amer., 480, pl. 82, fig. 2, 1886.

982. CHARACODON BILINEATUS, Bean.

Head 3%; depth 3; eye 4. D.16; A. 16; scales 32-11. Head broad and
‘depressed, the interorbital space being nearly flat, the nape moderately
arched. Snout short, rather shorter than eye; the lower jaw somewhat
prominent; upper jaw moderately protractile. About 20 bicuspid teeth
in the outer series of each jaw; villiform teeth behind the incisors evi-
dent; mandible nearly vertical when the mouth is closed, nearly reach-
ing eye. Eye scarcely more than 4 interorbital width. Scales on top of
head somewhat enlarged. Opercle connected by membrane to the shoul-
der girdle, beginning at a point slightly above upper edge of pectoral.
Insertion of the dorsal midway between the posterior margin of the eye

7

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 669

and end of the scales; longest dorsal ray 14 in head; base of dorsal 5 times
in body; anal inserted under third ray of dorsal; pectoral 5 in length
of body; length of head contained 33 times in the total without caudal,
and much less than the depth at dorsal origin; ventral reaching about to
vent, its length nearly + head. Upper parts brown; lighter below, prob-
ably orange in life; the operculum silvery; a purple stripe along the
middle of the body, its greatest width about equal to the length of the
eye; abdomen silvery, this color extending up to the purple stripe; a pur-
plish stripe on the edge of the caudal peduncle, from the end of the anal
to the caudal. Length2 inches. Rio Lerma, Guanajuato; one specimen
known. (Bean.) (bilineatus, two-lined.)

Characodon bilineatus, BEAN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1887, 371, pl. 20, fig. 2, Rio Lerma,
Guanajuato, Mexico. (Type, No. 37832. Coll. Dugés.)

983. CHARACODON VARIATUS, Bean.

Head 33; depth 34; eye 34. D. 13 or 14; A. 15 or 16; scales 35-15.
Head broad and depressed; the nape moderately arched. Snout short,
the lower jaw strongly projecting. Thirteen or fourteen bicuspid teeth
in outer series of upper jaw and 16 to 18 in lower jaw; band of villiform
teeth behind the incisors fully developed in both jaws; mandible not
extending back to front of orbit, its length about equal to that of orbit.
Jaws moderately protractile. Mandible almost vertical when mouth is
closed. Snout shorter than eye, which is about # interorbital space.
Scales on top of head little enlarged. Opercle united by membrane to
the shoulder girdle to slightly above the upper edge of the pectoral.
Insertion of the dorsal about midway between the end of the scales and
the hinder margin of the orbit; longest dorsal ray in male 1} in head ;
anal inserted under seventh or eighth ray of dorsal, its longest ray about
2 head; pectoral 5$ to 6 in length; ventral midway between tip of
snout and end of scales. Head 4 total length including caudal, and
equaling depth of body at the dorsal origin. Male chestnut brown, with
an indistinct dark lateral stripe made up of a series of interrupted dark
blotches; opercle silvery ; abdomen yellowish. Female olive brown above,
lighter below ; the opercle silvery, overlaid below with orange; the abdo-
men with a yellowish tinge; lips dusky; iris pale; scales of upper half of
body dusky at base; lower half of body with numerous dark spots, the
largest about as long as the pupil. Length 2 to 38inches. Tributaries of
Rio Lerma, about Guanajuato and City of Mexico; locally common. (var-
iatus, variegated. )

Characodon variatus, BEAN, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1887, 370, pl. 20, fig. 1, female, Guanajuato,
Mexico. (Type, No. 37808. Coll. Dugés.)
Characodon ferrugineus, BEAN, Proc. U, 8S. Nat. Mus., 1887, 372, pl. 20, figs. 3 and 4, Guana-

juato, Mexico. (Type, No. 37810. Coll. Dugés.)
Characodon variatus, BEAN, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1892, 285; according to Dr. Bean, ferrugineus
is the male of variatus,

984. CHARACODON FURCIDENS, Jorcan & Gilbert.
Head 4; depth 33; eye rather large, 3} in head. D.15 to 17; A. 18;
scales about 50-15. Body comparatively elongate, not greatly compressed,
the head rather low and broad, depressed, the profile rising evenly from

670 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

tip of snout to the nape, the region thence to the dorsal gibbous, espe-
cially in the larger examples, the caudal peduncle comparatively long and
slender, about as long as head. Anterior teeth large, firmly fixed, all
bicuspid or ¥Y-shaped, in a single series; a band of minute villiform teeth
behind them, at least in upper jaw. Mandible not extending back to
front of eye. Interorbital area wide, very nearly half head. Scales
rather small, those on top of head not much longer than others; humeral
scale not enlarged. Opercle connected by membrane to shoulder
girdle from upper base of pectoral upward, as in Cyprinodon. Insertion
of dorsal very far back, midway between base of caudal and base of pec-
toral; first ray of dorsal very slender and articulate, not at all spine-
like; dorsal fin low, not so high as long, its base 1} in head; anal
inserted below seventh ray of dorsal; pectorals 1} in head; ventrals 2
in head; caudal obliquely truncate, very slightly emarginate, the upper
lobe about + longer than the lower, 14 in head; upper lobe usually more
or less sharply angular; lower lobe rounded. Males with the sides pro-
fusely mottled with darker, sometimes nearly plain; vertical fins each
with several brownish bars and blotches and each with a dusky sub-
terminal bar; a narrow dark line along middle of each row of scales on
the back. Females with several short, dark bars on the posterior half of
the body, the fins colored. as in the male; some small, dark specks on
caudal peduncle. About Cape San Lucas; locally abundant; and about
Colima. (furea, fork; dens, tooth.)

Characodon furcidens, JORDAN & GILBERT, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1882, 354, near Cape San
Lucas.*. (Type, Nos. 9571 and 30971. Coll. Xantus.)

307. CYPRINODON, Lacépéde.

(PuRSsY MINNOWS.)

Cyprinodon, LAckPEDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., v, 486, 1803, (variegatus).
Prinodon,+ RA¥FINESQUE, Analyse de la Nature, 1815, 88, (variegatus).
Trifarcius, Pony, Memorias, 11, 306, 1861, (riverendi).

Body very short and stout, the back elevated. Mouth small, the bones
of the jaws well formed. Snout short. Teeth moderate, incisor-like, tri-
cuspid, in a single series. Scales very large. Dorsal fin moderate,
inserted in advance of front of anal, its first ray not enlarged; anal
smaller; ventral fins small, occasionally wanting in specimens from desert
pools. Intestinal canal little longer than body. Gill membranes con-
siderably united, free from the isthmus. Gill openings restricted, the
opercle above adnate to the shoulder girdle. Chubby little fishes, inhabit-
ing the brackish waters of Middle America,} sometimes living in warm
salt springs, their colors generally brilliant. Oviparous, the sexes simi-
lar except in color. (ximpivoc, carp; ddobc, tooth.)

* Probably from the lagoons at La Paz.
+ This name was offered as a substitute for Cyprinodon, the latter being regarded as too long.

{t The European and African species commonly referred to this genus Seem to represent a dis-
tinct generic type, Lebias, Cuvier, (= Micromugil—= Aphanius), distinguished by the freedom of
the opercle, and by the more elongate form, resembling Fundulus. Of these species, Lebias cal-
aritanus from the Mediterranean is the best known, and isthe only one on which these characters
have been verified,

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 671

a. Scales large, 24 to 26 in lengthwise series; sides without dark lateral band.
b. Sides with dark bars in the female, nearly plain in the males; females with black ocel-
lus on last rays of caudal; male with tip of caudal black.
c. Body deep, the depth nearly or quite half length of body in males, the females more
elongate.
d. Humeral scale* considerably enlarged.
e. Dorsal rays usually 11; anal rays 10.
jf. Head moderate, about 314 in body; male with the back largely blue in
life, the lower parts coppery; caudal in male with a dusky bar at
tip, the base dusky or pale; unspotted; tips of dorsal dusky.
VARIEGATUS, 985,
Jj. Head larger, about 314 in body; male with the caudal speckled at base;
this followed by a pale bar and a black one; dorsal pale.
EXIMIUS, 986.
ee. Dorsal rays 9; anal rays 8; head very large, about 3 in length; coloration
dark. BOVINUS, 987.
dd. Humeral scale little enlarged; dorsal rays 9 to 11; head 3 to 314 in length;
depth nearly 2; scales 24 or 25.
g- Anal rays 10 or 11; males dusky, the fins all margined with black; females
barred with black and usually with black dorsal ocellus: ventral fins

often absent. MACULARIUS, 988.
gg. Anal rays 13; sides with two lengthwise series of coarse black spots; no
ventral fins in specimens known. BAILEYI, 989.

ec. Body comparatively slender, the depth 274 to 3 in length; dorsal rays 11; anal 10;
head rather large, 314 in length; dorsal spotted or clouded at base.
ELEGANS, 990.
ecc. Body more elongate, the depth nearly 4 in length; dorsal 9; anal 10; scales 26-9.
MART, 991.
bb. Sides in males with faint coppery bars and yellow spots; fins tipped with orange;
females with oblong blotches of bright orange; no dorsal ocellus, humeral scale
not enlarged; depth 22 in length; head 3. D.11; A. 9; scales 24. CARPIO, 992.
aa. Scales smaller, 30 in a lengthwise series.

h. Sides without longitudinal stripe, but with six brown cross bands (in male); caudal with
a black bar at tip and a fainter one at base. D. 12; A. 10. FELICIANUS, 993.
hh, Sides with a dark horizontal lateral band, bordered on each side by a light band; cau-

dal with a narrow dark band at base and a very broad one at tip. D. 12; A. 11.
LATIFASCIATUS, 994,

985. CYPRINODON VARIEGATUS, Lacépéde.

(SHEEPSHEAD Minnow; Pursy MINNow.)

Head rather small, 3+ to 33; depth 2 to 2%; eye 34; interorbital width
3in head. D.11; A. 10; B. 6; scales 26-13. Body very short and robust,
in adults high and much compressed, the females abruptly constricted at
base of caudal peduncle; caudal peduncle rather short and high, rapidly
narrowed backward to tail, its greatest height nearly equal to length of
head, its least height + head; head short, little depressed, narrowed upward
and forward, with sharp snout and small mouth; width of mouth rather
less than length of snout; teeth large, in a single series, consisting of
wedge-shaped incisors, much widened toward tips, the cutting edge tri-
cuspid ; no vflliform teeth ; eye moderate, its diameter longer than man-
dible, slightly less than interorbital width, about equal to length of snout.
Opercle joined by membrane to shoulder girdle from a point slightly above
base of pectoral. Intestinal canal long, but not much convoluted, 2? times

Ss

* Character not verified in C, bovinus or in C. elegans.

or)
~]
bo

Bulletin 47, United States National Museum,

length of body. Dorsal moderate, in females as high as the length of its

base, in males much higher; origin of dorsal midway between base of cau-

dal and end of snout; base of fin 1} to 13 in length of head; longest ray

(in male 2 inches long) reaching halfway from base of fin to base of caudal,

the anterior rays equaling length of head and extending beyond tips of

posterior rays when the fin is depressed; in females the longest ray about

1} in head ; origin of anal under eighth or ninth ray of dorsal, the fin very

small, and much higher than long; length of base about equaling snout;

longest ray half length of head (less in females). No external oviduct.

Caudal truncate or slightly emarginate, 14 in head; ventrals, in adult

males, reaching front of anal, 2} in head; in females reaching vent; pec-

torals long, reaching middle of ventrals, 1j in head. Scales large, tuber-
culate in males, arranged in regular series; humeral scale much enlarged,
its height nearly half length of head; 26 or 27 oblique series of scales from
opercle to base of tail; 13 scales in an oblique series from vent to middle
of back. Color: Male olivaceous ; from dorsal forward above pectoral to
head deep, lustrous steel blue, the color very intense and conspicuous in
life; rest of upper parts with rather greenish luster, becoming dull slaty
blue, and on cheeks, opercles, sides anteriorly, and belly deep salmon
color; lower lip and preopercle violet; dorsal blackish, the anterior mar-
gin of fin orange; caudal dusky olive, with a jet-black bar at tip, and a
narrow black cross-streak at base; anal dusky at base, bordered entirely
around with bright orange; ventrals dusky, bordered with orange;
pectorals dusky orange, darker below. Smaller specimens show some
orange shading on the sides, and sometimes also traces of the cross-bands
of the female. Female very light olive; lower half of sides with about
14 alternately wide and narrow vertical, dark bars, those anteriorly nar-
rower and closer together; usually 7 or 8 dark crossbars on the back,
alternating with the wide bars below; these bars are of various degrees
of distinctness, sometimes almost obsolete; a dusky area below eye; young
with broad greenish cross shades wider than the interspaces; belly pale
or yellowish; lower jaw largely blue; cheeks brassy; dorsal dusky,
with an intense black, faintly ocellated spot near tip of last rays; cau-
dal faintly reddish, with a black bar toward base; other fins pale orange,
with some dark points. Length: Male 3 inches; female 2 inches. Cape

Cod to the Rio Grande, in brackish waters, entering streams, very abun-

dant southward, the males more highly colored southward, but the

southern form (called gibbosus) not otherwise different. (variegatus,
variegated.)

Cyprinodon variegatus, LACEPEDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., v, 486, 1803, South Carolina; GUNTHER,
Cat., v1, 305, 1866; JoRDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 329, 1883.

Esox ovinus, Mircuity, Trans. Lit. and Philos. Soc., 1, 1815, 441, New York.

Lebias ellipsoidea, LE Sueur, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 11, 1821, 6, Florida.

Lebias rhomboidalis, VALENCIENNES, Humboldt’s Obsery. Zodl., 11, 100, 1817, Lake Pontchar-
train, Louisiana.

Cuprinodon gibbosus, Barnp & GrRaRD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1853, 390, Indianola, Texas;
(Coll, Clark); Grrarp, U. S. Mex. Bound. Sury., Ichth., 67, 1859; JonpDAN & GILBERT,
Synopsis, 329, 1883.

Lebias ovinus, De Kay, N. Y. Fauna: Fishes, 215, 1842,

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 673

Represented in the Florida Keys and Cuba by
985a. CYPRINODON VARIEGATUS RIVERENDI (Poey).

Head 33; depth 2. D. 10; A. 9; scales 24-12. This form is very close
to the form described as C. gibbosus, but with larger scales and the anal
edged with black. Male in life with the antedorsal region lustrous steel
blue, the rest of the body olivaceous, obscurely clouded, but without dark
crossbars ; a black barat baseof dorsal; a dark shade below eye; analand
caudal edged with black; ventrals and anal red; dorsal dusky, edged
with orange; pectoral plain, tipped with orange and blackish. Female
more silvery, the back olivaceous and speckled; the sides with about 13
blackish bars, which do not reach the back; these alternately broad and
narrow; no yellowish shades; a dusky bar through eye; lower fins whit-
ish; upper pale; dorsal fin with a black ocellus; dark band across base
of caudal. Length 2} inches. Cuba and Florida Keys. Rather common
at Key West in shallow waters near the shore. (Named for M. L. River-

end, a naturalist in Havana.)
Trifarcius* riverendi, Pory, Memorias, 11, 306, 1861, Havana.
Cyprinodon riverendi, JORDAN, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1884, 109,

986. CYPRINODON EXIMIUS, Girard.

Head 34; depth nearly2; eye 4 to 44in head. D.11o0r12; A.9 to 11.
Head large; anterior profile more arched than in C. variegatus; back very
convex. Insertion of dorsal over that of ventrals, slightly nearer base
of caudal than tip of snout. Mouth small, the lower jaw prominent.
Male dark, nearly plain, the base of caudal with many longitudinal black
spots, which do not form a crossbar; the fin with a broad black tip,
before which is a rather broader pale bar; dorsal fin light yellow, its
base dusky ; lower fins plain or slightly dusky. Female without black
on tip of caudal, but with a black spot on dorsal behind; females and
young with black crossbars. Length 24 inches. Chihuahua River.
Close to C. variegatus, but differing in the color of the caudal and in the
larger and more arched head. Our specimens from Rio de los Conchos,

obtained by Mr. Woolman. (eximius, choice, excellent.)
Cyprinodon eximius, GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 158, Chihuahua River; Jorpan
& C1iLBert, Synopsis, 890, 1883,

987. CYPRINODON BOVINUS, Baird & Girard.

Head 3; depth about 2+; eye 4 in head. D.9; A. 8; scales (in figure)
24. Apparently very similar to C. eximius, about equally deep, but said
to have a larger head, the ventrals under the front of the dorsal.
Male uniform blackish above, the fins unicolor except the caudal
which is tipped with black, its base unspotted; female with the sides
blotched, the fins plain, except for the dorsal ocellus. Leon Spring, in

southwestern Texas. (Girard.) (bovinus, like a bull.)
Cyprinodon bovinus, Bainv & Grrarp, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila,, 1853, 389, Leon Spring, Texas,
(Coll. Clark); Grrarp, U. 8. Mex. Bound, Surv., Ichth., 67, pl. 37, figs. 12-18, 1859.

*The nominal genus, Trifarcius, based on the presence of 6 branchiostegals, is identical with
pe nodon the same number being found in Oyprinodon variegatus, contrary to the statment of
alenciennes.

F. N. A.——44

674 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum,

988. CYPRINODON MACULARIUS, Baird & Girard.

Head 3 to 3+. Adults very short and deep, the depth being nearly or quite
half the length; in half-grown specimens 1 inch long, the depth is con-
tained 2? inlength. D.9to11; A.100r11*; V. 6; scales 24 or 25. Eyevery
small, about equal to snout, 14 to 1$ times in interorbital width,
and 3% times in head. Front of dorsal usually midway between occiput
and base of caudal. The species varies in form and color, and apparently
in the size which it reaches in different localities. Males with the back
and sides uniform dusky, the lower parts lighter, all the fins in the most
brightly colored individuals being broadly margined with black; females
with the lower half of sides as well as belly lighter, often silvery white,
the sides crossed by black bars, which are wide along middle of body, but
become much narrower than the interspaces on the lower half of sides ;
these bars varying in number and size and often alternating with nar-
rower, fainter, and shorter ones; fins light, the dorsal either with or
without a black blotch on its posterior rays. Although usually uniform
in coloration, the males occasionally show lateral bars, which, however,
contrast little with the general dusky color of the sides. (Gilbert.)
Springs and streams of the desert, from southern Nevada to Sonora ;
locally abundant. (macularius, spotty.)

Cyprinodon macularius, BARD & GIRARD, Proc. Ac, Nat. Sci. Phila., 1853, 389, Rio San Pedro,
Arizona; Grrarp, U.S. Mex. Bound. Survy., Ichth., 68, pl. 37, figs. 8-11, 1859; Jornpan &
GILBERT, Synopsis, 330, 1883; GILBERT, Death Valley Exped., 232, 1893.

Cyprinodon californiensis,+ GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 157, San Diego County,
California, probably from salt springs in the desert; JonpDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis,
330, 1883.

Cyprinodon nevadensis, HIGENMANN, Proc. Cal, Ac. Nat. Sci., 1889, 270, Saratoga Springs, Death
Valley, Inyo County, California.

*The normal number of ventral rays in this species seems to be 6. No specimen examined
has shown more than this number, and in several but 5 are present. In one specimen from Ash
Meadows, Nevada, the ventral fin of one side only is present, and contains but 3 or4 rays. Four
young specimens from the same locality and 2 from Medbury Springs, Amargosa Desert, Cali-
fornia, have the ventrals wholly aborted, and show on dissection no trace of the basals. These
occur in the same lots with other specimens having normal ventrals, and are otherwise indis-
tinguishable from them. No full-grown adults were found without ventrals, the largest being
a half-grown specimen about 1 inch long with the characteristic coloration of the males already
developed. Ten young specimens from the ‘‘ Devil’s Hole,’’ Ash Meadows, are all without ven-
trals, and further collections from this locality wouid be of interest. In the intestines were
found fragments of insects, and in one series of specimens from Saratoga Springs at the south
end of Death Valley, California, very numerous shells of a small Gasteropod mollusk. Speci-
mens are in the collection from the following localities: Medbury Spring (6 miles north of the
Borax Works), Amargosa Desert, California; Ash Meadows, Amargosa Desert, Nevada; Saratoga
Springs, Death Valley, California; Amargosa Creek, California.— Gilbert.

+ Cyprinodon californiensis is thus described: ‘‘It may be easily distinguished from its congeners
in North America by its uniform system of coloration, which exhibits neither bands nor spots.
The general aspect of its body is rather short and deep, except in the young, which assume a
subfusiform appearance. The largest specimens which we have examined measure about an
inch and a half in total length, The head constitutes the fourth of the length, the snout being
abruptly rounded off. The mouth is, proportionately speaking, of medium size, whilst the eye
is rather small, subcircular; its diameter entering three times and a half in the length of the
side of the head. The dorsal fin is higher than long, and superiorly convex; its interior margin
being nearer the apex of the snout than the posterior margin of the caudal. The anal fin is
nearly as Jarge as the dorsal, deeper than long, inferiorly convex, particularly upon its posterior
half. The caudal is posteriorly truncated, nearly linear. The ventrals aresmall, project beyond
the vent and reach almost the origin of the anal. The pectorals are well developed, rounded off,
extending as far asa vertical line drawn at the insertion of the ventrals. The raysare: D.10-+-1;
A. 11; C. 3,1, 8, 8,1, 3; V.7; P.12. The scales are much deeper than long, anteriorly truncated
and posteriorly rounded off or convex. The color is olivaceous brown, with a dark-grayish tint
along the back, and a golden tint beneath,”’—Girard. San Diego County, California.

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 675

989. CYPRINODON BAILEYI (Gilbert).

To this species are referred 11 immature specimens from Pahranagat
Valley, Nevada, none of them showing trace of ventral fins. They are
olivaceous above, bright silvery on the lower half of sides and below,
and have 2 lengthwise series of coarse black spots, 1 along middle line of
body, the other on a level with the lower edge of caudal peduncle. The
anal fin is larger than in typical macularius, the 11 specimens having each
13 rays instead of 10 or 11, as constantly in the latter. Pahranagat Val-
ley, Nevada. (Gilbert.) Perhaps a variety of C. macularius. (Named for
Vernon Bailey, its discoverer. )

Cyprinodon macularius baileyi, GILBERT, Death Valley Exped., Fishes, 233, 1893, Pahranagat
Valley, Nevada. (Type, No. 46110. Coll. Merriam & Bailey.)

990. CYPRINODON ELEGANS, Baird & Girard.

Head 34; depth 23 to 3. D. 11; A.10; scales 26-12. Body more elongate
than in any of the preceding ; the upper outline of the head less depressed,
so that the profile is continuous ; fins low, the dorsal quitesmall; its rays
scarcely extending to the beginning of the caudal peduncle. Head large.
Bluish black, sides somewhat variegated with darker, the males somewhat
spotted; dorsal fin speckled at base; edge of caudal fin black in the male;
a black patch on last rays of dorsal in the female. Length 24 inches.
Tributaries of the Rio Grande; specimens apparently belonging to this
species from Rio de los Conchos, at Chihuahua. This species may prove
inseparable from C. bovinus. (elegans, elegant.)

Cyprinodon elegans, BAirnp & GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1853, 389, Camanche Spring,

Texas; (Coll. Clark); Grrarp, U. S. Mex. Bound. Sury., Ichth., 66, pl. 37, figs. 1-7, 1859;
JoRDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 319, 1883.

991. CYPRINODON MARTH, Steindachner.

Head 34; depth nearly 4; eye 3in head; snout 33. D.9; A. 10; V.7;
P. 16; scales 26-9. Body rather elongate; snout blunt; teeth tricuspid,
in 1 row; top of head broad; dorsal and anal very high in male, the
height of dorsal 2} times its base, the last rays reaching beyond base of
caudal; insertion of anal under middle of base of dorsal; insertion of
dorsal nearer that of caudal than tip of snout by half length of head;
ventral as long as head, equal to pectoral; caudal weakly concave; scales
largest about shoulder and nape. Back grayish; sides silver white; male
with anterior margin of dorsal dusky; last 3 or 4 rays of dorsal and anal
banded, for their whole length, with light and dark in alternation, the
others more faintly marked and only toward their base; 2 or 3 dark bands
on caudal, the last broadest. One specimen known, from Santa Marta,
on the Caribbean coast of Colombia, near the mouth of Rio Magdalena.

Oyprinodon mart, STEINDACHNER, Ichth. Beitr., 1v, 61, 1875, Santa Marta.

992. CYPRINODON CARPIO, Giinther.

Head 3; depth 23; eye in adult 34 in head. D. 11; A. 9; seales 24-9.
Body comparatively elongate, rather strongly compressed; head large;

676 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

profile not very steep; fins rather low, the dorsal and anal not nearly
reaching caudal; humeral scale not larger than the others; scales very
thick and firm, those on lower parts of body less reduced in size than
usual. Pectorals reaching middle of ventrals, which reach vent. Male in
life light olive; sides silvery, with 6 narrow, faint bars of coppery; sides
with a number of spots of bright clear yellow, besides the blotches of
orange found in the females; lower jaw mostly golden; 3 bright-yellow
stripes obliquely across the cheeks to the jaws; dorsal and caudal finely
speckled with olive; tip of dorsal orange, as also the lower edge of
caudal and anal; ventrals orange red; no ocellus on dorsal. Female
pale, with numerous blotches of light bright orange, these mostly
longitudinally oblong on upper parts and irregular or vertical below;
sides of head marked with bronze; lower jaw whitish; fins plain; dorsal
and caudal slightly yellow. Young females with traces of 1 or 2 dusky
bars at base of caudal. Still younger specimens (as in the original types)
nearly plain silvery. Coasts of southern Florida. Exceedingly abun-
dant in lagoons and shallow shores about the Florida Keys and north to
Pensacola. A strongly marked species, larger than most others of the
genus, reaching a length of 3 inches; here described from Key West
specimens. (carpio, carp.)

Oyprinodon carpio, GUNTHER, Cat., v1, 306, 1866, America, locality unknown; JorDAN «& GiL-

BERT, Synopsis, 330, 1883.
Oyprinodon mydrus, GoopE & BEAN, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1882, 433, Pensacola, Florida.
(Type, No. 30479. Coll. Stearns.) Jorpan, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., 1884, 110.

993. CYPRINODON FELICIANUS (Poey).

Head 3} in length with caudal; depth 2$; eye 34 in head. D.12; A.10;
scales 30. Back elevated; mouth small, circular, with trifid teeth. Pec-
toral reaching vent; ventral small; male with small prickles on the scales.
Brownish, the belly yellow, reddish in life; body with 6 brown vertical
bands; dorsal dusky; pectoral and anal yellowish, edged with dusky ;
caudal yellowish, with a terminal band of black, a rather faint bar at
base. Length 1% inches. Cuba. (Poey); not seen by us. (Named for
Felix Garcia y Chavez, of Havana.)

Trifarcius felicianus, Pony, Synopsis, 412, 1867, Havana. (Coll. Poey.)

994. CYPRINODON LATIFASCIATUS, Garman.

Head 4 in total length; depth3. D.12; A.11; V.6; P.14; scales 30-11.
Form and dentition of C. variegatus, the black caudal band much wider ;
a light band from middle of opercle to lower half of caudal; a dark band
above this, separated by a narrower band of light from the dark olive of
the back; silvery color of belly separated from the light band on the
flanks by a short band of brown; fins clouded with brown; caudal with
a narrow dark band across its base and a broad one across its extremity.
Parras, Coahuila, Mexico. (Garman); not seen by us. (latus, broad;
fasciatus, banded.)

Cyprinodon latifasciatus, GARMAN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zo6l., vii, No. 3, 92, 1881, Parras, Coa-
huila, Mexico; Jorpan & GILBERT, Synopsis, 329, 1883.

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America, 677

308. JORDANELLA, Goode & Bean.
Jordanella, GoopE & Bran, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 11, 1879, 177, (florid).

Body short, deep, compressed. Head short. Mouth small, very protrac-
tile, the lower jaw the longer; lips full. Jaws each with a single series
of rather broad, wedge-shaped, incisor teeth, the cutting edge of which
is deeply notched, usually trifid. Branchiostegals 5. Gill openings nar-
rowed, the opercular membrane adnate to the opercle above. Dorsal fin
elongate, the number of rays 16 to 18, the first being a robust spine;
insertion of dorsal fin behind ventrals, in advance of front of anal, its
last ray behind the last of anal; dorsal fin not greatly elevated; anal
fin shorter and smaller, similar in both sexes; ventral fins small, with a
scale at base; caudal fin rounded; pectorals short and small. Intestinal
canal rather long, 3 times length of body. Sexes similar. (Named for

David Starr Jordan. )
995. JORDANELLA FLORID, Goode & Bean.

Head 34; depth 2 to 22; eye large, 35 to4. D.I, 14 to016; A.I, 11 to 13;
scales 25 to 27-11 or 12. Body ovate, short, and deep, with elevated back,
deep caudal peduncle, and steep profile. Head moderate, flat and broad
between the eyes, its profile less steepthan that of the back. Mouthsmall,
anterior, the lower jaw projecting. Scales moderate,the humeral scale not
much enlarged. Dorsal fin inserted midway between snout and base of cau-
dal, its first ray robust and spine-like, grooved behind, longer than the
diameter of the eye and about as high as the succeeding soft rays; fins all
rather low, the ventrals reaching just past the vent. Scales with strong
concentric stri#; scales of side with occasional developed pores, some-
times forming 2 or 3 imperfect lateral lines. Color olivaceous ; sides orange
or brassy, with a broad steely-blue stripe along each series of scales; 4 or
5 vague, diffuse, black vertical bars, most distinct in the young, nearly
obsolete in the adult; a large, diffuse, dusky blotch on the sides below the
dorsal spine ; fins mostly dark, the dorsal barred or speckled in the males,
nearly plain in thé females, sometimes a dusky blotch on its last rays;
body and fins everywhere finely punctulate with black; a dark bar below
eye. Length 2} inches. Streams and swamps of Florida; abundant. A
singular little fish having the aspect of a Centrarchoid.* Here described
from specimens taken by Dr. J. A. Henshall in San Sebastian River.
Herbivorous, at least in part. Specimens are recorded from San Sebas-
tian, St. Johns, Alligator, Withlacoochee, Hillsboro, Pease, and Myakka
rivers; also from Lake Monroe, Lake Jessup, Lake Tohopekaliga, and
other waters around Kissimee in Osceola County, Florida.

Jordanella floridx, Gooor & Bean, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 11, 1879, 117, Lake Monroe, Florida.
(Type, No. 18062. Coll. Professor Baird); Jorpan & GILBERT, Synopsis, 328, 1883; WooLnMan,
Bull. U. 8. Fish Comm., x, 1890, 300, with good figure; LONNBERG, Ofvers. Vet. Akad. Firh.,
115, 1894.

**T do not know if it can be proper to talk about mimicry in this case, but Jordanella is cer-
tainly in coloration very much indeed similar toasmall Chenvbrytius gulosus. Even the black
spot on the opercle flap of the latter corresponds very well to the black spot on the side of Jor-

nella, and as the head of the ‘War-Mouth’ is so much larger it is situated not much farther
back than in Jordanella. It is possible that through this likeness some fishes that feed on min-
nows can be cheated to believe that they have a war-mouth that is less delicious and maybe can
defend itself with mouth and spines before their eyes, instead of a harmless minnow.”’ (Einar
Linnberg, l. c., 115, 1894.)

678 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

309. PSEUDOXIPHOPHORUS, Bleeker.

Pseudoxiphophorus, BLEEKER, Ichthyol. Ind. Prodr. Cypr., 483, 1860, (bimaculatus).
Pecilioides, STEINDACHNER, Sitzgsber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 1863, 176, (bimaculatus).|

This genus has the general characters of Gambusia, differing in the
larger size of the dorsal fin, which has 13 to 16 rays instead of 6 to 10.
Anal fin short, less advanced in the male than in Gambusia. The species
reach a much larger size than those of Gambusia. The males, as in Gam-
busia, are smaller and less numerous than the females. Mountain streams
of Mexico. (wevdfe, false; Xiphophorus.)

996. PSEUDOXIPHOPHORUS BIMACULATUS (Heckel).

Head 4; depth 32; eye longer than snout, 33 in head. D. 12 or 13;
A. 10; scales 30-8. Head broad and flat, its width between the eyes 2
in length. Lower jaw projecting. Anal process ending in a small hook.
Length of dorsal equal to head, its front in advance of front of anal.
Color light brown, each scale above and back of abdomen with a dark-
brown crescent; all the scales, fins, and mouth parts profusely spotted
with brown; a black spot behind upper end of gill opening and a round
blackish spot on upper half of root of caudal; a black bar composed of
black spots at base of dorsal and anal; a second series of dark spots
on dorsal not quite corresponding to the first series. Length 3 inches.
Central Mexico, generally abundant; here described from numerous speci-
mens from Rio Blanco, at Orizaba, where it is abundant in the swift waters
of mountain streams. This is the only species thus far known in Rio
Blanco above the cataracts. (Woolman.) (bimaculatus, two-spotted.)
Xiphophorus bimaculatus, HECKEL, Sitzgsber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 1848, 196, Mexico.
Pseudoxiphophorus reticulatus,* TROSCHEL, Miiller’s Reise Mexico, m1, App. 638, 1865, no locality;
GUNTHER, Cat., v1, 333, 1866; JonpAN & GriLBERT, Synopsis, 344, 1883.

Pseudoxiphophorus bimaculatus, GUNTHER, Cat., VI, 332, 1866; JorpANn & GILBERT, Synopsis, 344,
1883; Wootman, Bull. U. 8. Fish Comm., xiv, 1894, 65.

Pecilioides bimaculatus, STEINDACHNER, Sitzgsber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 1863, 176.

310. GAMBUSIA, Poey.

(GUAJACONES. )
Gambusia, Porky, Memorias, 1, 382, 1855, (punctata).

Body moderately elongate, becoming deep in the adult female. Mouth
moderate, larger than in Pecilia, the lower jaw projecting, the bones well
joined; both jaws with a band of pointed teeth which are not movable;
snout not produced. Eyes normal, not divided. Scaleslarge. Gill open-

ings not restricted. Dorsal and anal fins both rather short and small,

-_ Pseudoxiphophor us reticulatus, TROSCHEL. Our specimens of this nominal species show the
following characters:

Snout broad, spatulate, the lower jaw projecting. Eye equal to snout, 34 in head, 2 in inter-
orbital space. Anal process in male 1)4 head with a slight curve at its tip. Caudal peduncle
short. Anal fin inserted in front of dorsal. Dorsal long, its length 3in body. Coloration as
in P. bimaculatus, but darker and more profusely dotted with brown. A large black spot on
upper half of root of caudal, and traces of another behind gill opening. Occiput and snout
dark brown. Scales on back and sides with a dark-brown crescent. These do not appear on
scales of lower parts as in bimaculatus; dorsal fin with dark-brown cross streaks made of dark spots.
Fins, scales, cheeks, and opercles profusely dotted with brown. Head 314; depth 4. D. 15; A, 8
scales 31-8. Length 214 inches. Hitherto known from one specimen. Here described from two
males and one female from Rio Blanco at Orizaba, collected by A. J. Woolman. This form
occurs in company with P. bimaculatus; the two can scarcely be separated, and are probably not
really different, but, as Mr. Woolman has already suggested, simply extremes of variation.

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 679

the anal more or less in advance of the dorsal; anal fin of the male much
advanced and modified into a long intromittent organ, which is about as
long as head. Intestinal canal short. Branchiostegals 6. Vertebrez
about 32. Small viviparous fishes inhabiting the swamps, springs, and
ponds of Mexico, Cuba, and the Southern States, swimming near the sur-
face and feeding chiefly on insects or small crustacea. The males are
slenderer than the females and very much smaller; compared with the
females, the males are very rare, and not often collected. (‘‘The name
owes its etymology to the provincial Cuban word Gambusino, which sig-
nifies ‘nothing,’ with the idea of a joke or farce. Thus one says ‘to fish
for Gambusinos’ when one catches nothing.” Poey.)

a, Scales rather small, about 35 in a lengthwise series; dorsal rays 10; anal 11; head 44% in
length; depth 334; back and dorsal fin with a series of black dots. PUNCTATA, 997.

aa, Scales large, 26 to 32 in a lengthwise series,
b, Anal rays 11; dorsal rays 9; scales 30; head 4 in length; depth 324; body and fins with

black dots; a black band below eye. PUNCTICULATA, 998,
bb, Anal rays 7 to 10, usually 9.
c. Body without dark cross bands.
d. Body without dark lateral band or with merely a faint, narrow, dark lateral

streak; general color olivaceous, dotted.
e. Origin of dorsal fin over origin of ana] (in male); scales large, 26. D. 8;

A. 8; color nearly plain. INFANS, 999.
ee. Origin of dorsal fin in the female about over middle of anal; body usually

dotted above, and with a faint dark line along sides, sometimes plain

olivaceous; usually a jet-black blotch below eye, this sometimes obso-

lete; dorsal and caudal usually with cross series of dots; gravid female

with a black blotch on side, the black interstructures showing through
the silvery peritoneum.

f. Body moderately stout, the depth 324 to 4 in length; deepest in adult

females; back not much elevated; head moderate, 324 to 4 in

length; dorsal rays 8 or 9, (rarely 6 or 7); anal rays 8 to 10; scales
30 to 32. AFFINIS, 1000.
J. Body very robust, the depth 3 to 314 in length; back much elevated;
head large, 3 to 344 in length; dorsal rays 8; anal 9; scales about
30; sides of belly anteriorly with many dark points, these some-
times forming an indistinct band from gill opening to ventrals.
NOBILIS, 1001.
ee. Origin of dorsal fin in the female over last ray of anal; olivaceous, with
brown dots along series of scales; dorsal and caudal with series of
dark dots; middle of anal blackish, D. 8; A. 10; scales 29-8; head
324 in length; depth 344. NICARAGUENSIS, 1002.
dd, Body with a dark band from upper edge of gill opening to caudal; anal pro-
cess bent in male.
g. Insertion of dorsal not far behind that of anal. D.8; A.8 or 9; scales 29-7
head 4 in length; depth about 334. GRACILIS, 1003.
ce. Body with more or less distinct dark cross oands, sometimes replaced by a series
of dots; a black spot in both sexes on middle of base of anal; fins dotted.
D. 8 or 9; A. 10; scales 28-7; head 314 to 334; depth 334 to4. Episcori, 1004,
cece, Body black, marbled with yellow; depth equal to length of head, 5 in total
length with caudal; insertion of dorsal behind middle of total length.

PICTURATA, 1005,
997. GAMBUSIA PUNCTATA, Povey.
(GUAJACON.)
Head 44; depth 34; eye3. B.6; D.10; A. 11; V.6; scales 35; vertebrae
13+-20. Lower jaw projecting beyond upper. Eye half width of

680 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

interorbital space. Origin of dorsal in female midway between tip of
caudal and front margin of orbit, opposite seventh or eighth anal ray;
origin of dorsal in male in middle of the total length; anal process of
male shorter than head; pectoral fins not quite reaching as far as ven-
trals; length of base of anal fin of the female 4 its distance from caudal.
Upper half of body and dorsal fin with series of black dots. Rivers of
Cuba; very common; our specimens from Rio Almendares. (punctatus,
speckled. )

Gambusia punctata, Pory, Memorias, 1, 384, 1855, Cuba; GUNTHER, Cat., vi, 334; Jorpan, Proc.

U.S. Nat. Mus., 1886, 34.
998. GAMBUSIA PUNCTICULATA, Poey.

Head 4; depth 33; eye 3 in head. B.€; D.9; A. 11; V. 6; scales 30;
vertebre 13+ 19. Lower jaw projecting beyond the upper. Origin of
dorsal in female midway between extremity of caudal and center of eye,
opposite middle of anal; in male origin of dorsal in the middle of total
length; anal process of male longer than head; pectoral and ventral fins
short; free portion of tail rather deep. Body with scattered black dots;
an oblique blackish band below the eye; dorsal and caudal fins with
transverse series of black dots. Streams of Cuba. (Poey.) (puncticu-
latus, dotted.)

Gambusia puncticulata, Porky, Memorias, 1, 386, 1855, Cuba; GUNTHER, Cat., vi, 334, 1866.

999. GAMBUSIA INFANS, Woolman.

Head 41; depth 44. D.8; A. 8; scales 26. Body slender. First rays
of dorsal midway between snout and end of caudal, or midway between
the posterior margin of opercle and end of scales; insertion of anal
almost directly beneath first rays of dorsal; base of dorsal very short,
slightly more than length of orbit; diameter of orbit a little greater
than length of snout, about 2$ in head; modified anal of males about 14
times length of head, or about equal to the distance from insertion of
dorsal to end of scales; ventral fin short, not reaching vent. Back
light olive green; but few scales with dark edges or other marking
except a very narrow hair line along the middle of the caudal peduncle
from the dorsal to end of scales, and another line of about equal length
and breadth, but more distinct, which extends along the lower edge of
the caudal peduncle from the last rays of anal to the caudal fin; color-
ation of types very pale, probably a result of life in muddy water.
Length 13 inches. Rio Lerma, about Salamanca, Mexico; only male
specimens known. (infans, infant, from the small size.)

Gambusia infans, Wootman, Bull. U.S. Fish Comm., xiv, 1894, 62, pl. 2, fig. 3, Rio Lerma,
Salamanca, Mexico. (Type, No. 45570. Coll. Woolman & Cox.)

1000. GAMBUSIA AFFINIS (Baird & Girard).
(Top Minnow.)
Head 34 to 4; depth 33 to 4. D.7 to 9; A. 8 to 10; scales 29 to 32,
usually 30-8 to 10. Body rather plump, large specimens becoming deep.

Head moderate, very broad and much depressed; teeth in broad villi-
form bands; eye moderate, 14 to 1% in interorbital width, 3 to 3} in head.

|
|

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 681

Intestinal canal as long as body. Dorsal small, far back; distance from
its insertion to caudal half that to snout, its first ray about over middle
of anal; anal larger and higher than dorsal. Light olive, each scale
edged with darker; a very narrow dark streak along sides; top of head
dusky; a more or less distinct triangular bluish-black bar below eye;
sides and belly anteriorly dusky with dark dots; a black blotch on each
side of belly, caused by the black internal organs showing through the
skin; young specimens often uniform yellowish; fins dusky; the caudal
usually with cross series of dots. Length 1; to 2 inches. Males very
scarce,* and very small, about 4 to 1 inch long, the anal process as long
as head. The ordinary form, to which the name patruelis has been given,
has usually 8 dorsal rays, a dark suborbital bar, and the fins more or less
speckled. Some specimens from Texas have fewer spots, the body and
fins nearly plain, and the dorsal rays 6or7. These differences are proba-
bly of little value. If, however, the distinction holds good, the common
form (Delaware to Texas) should stand as subspecies patiruelis, the name
_affinis having priority ; the names holbrooki, melanops, and atrilatus being
synonyms of patruelis. Marshes and lagoons of the South Atlantic and
Gulf coasts, Delaware to Mexico, and north to southern Illinois, in brack-
ish or fresh water; excessively common southward, usually in clear
water, but in sluggish rather than running streams. The young are pro-
duced in summer, when about 4 of aninch long.t (afinis, related, to G.
holbrooki. )
Heterandria afinis,t Bainp & Grrarp, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1853, 390, Rio Medina and
Rio Salado, Texas. (Coll. Clark.)
Heterandria patruelis, BArrp & Girarp, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1853, 390, Rio Sabinal, Rio
Nueces, and Elm Creek, Texas. (Coll. Clark.)
Heterandria holbrooki, AGassiz, MS., 1854, Charleston, South Carolina,
Gambusia holbrooki, GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 61, Palatka, Florida; Giinruer,
Cat., vi, 334, 1866.

Gambusia speciosa, GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 121, Rio San Diego, New Leon,
Mexico ; said to have fin rays in small number; not counted in description.

% Of 69 examples from the lower Potomac examined by Dr. Hugh M. Smith, 68 were females.
The stomach of one specimen contained alg, diatoms, and fragments of a mosquito.

+‘‘Mr. A. A. Duly has informed me that he has witnessed the act of copulation and the birth
of the young of Gambusia. In coitus the male’s head is turned in the direction of the tail of the
female, the prolonged anal fin seeming to be thrust into the external opening of the ovarian
duct or genital pore of the female, which lies just in advance of the anal fin. The young, when
born, are stated by Mr. Duly to be about %% of an inch in length, and to be expelled in a single
mass, consisting of 8 to 11 young fishes at a single effort. This mass, as soon as it escapes, is
seen to be composed of the infant Gambusias, which at once separate and swim away. No mem-
branes seemed to be expelled together with the mass of young, so that it is probable that in this
species, as in Anableps and the Lmbiotocidx, the foetuses rupture the follicles in which they were
developed a short time before birth. Isay ashort time before birth, because our observations
indicate that, unlike Anableps and Micrometrus, the development of Gambusia is essentially com-
pleted within the follicles, and no yelk sac remains outwardly visible when the young are set
free. My informant also tells me that the parent fishes devoured their young as soon as they
were born if they were not separated, by transferring one or the other at once to another
aquarium. Fright seemed to hasten or precipitate the parturition, which Mr. Duly tells me
actually took place under such circumstances. He also noticed that more than one brood
seemed to be produced by the same parent consecutively and during the same season, and he
has reason to think that more may have been produced, as his observations only extended over
the latter part of summer with adults brought from Cherrystone, in August and September,
155.) he kept in aquaria in the National Museum.” (Ryper, Proc, U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1885,

55.

{ Gambusia afinis (Bainp & Girarp): Body moderately stout. Dorsal and anal fins similar in
size and shape, the latter not much advanced. Coloration plain; dorsal and caudal dotted with
black. Head 4; depth 34. D. 6; A. 8.—Girard.

682 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

Gambusia gracilis,* GIRARD, Proc, Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 121, Matamoras, Mexico; name
preoccupied.

Gambusia humilis, GUNTHER, Cat., VI, 334, 1866; substitute for gracilis, preoccupied; JorDAN &
GILBERT, Synopsis, 345, 1883.

Haplochilus melanops, CopE, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., 1870, 457, Neuse River, North Carolina.
(Coll. Cope.)

Zygonectes atrilatus, JORDAN & BRAYTON, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., x11, 84, 1878, Neuse River, Golds-
boro, North Carolina; (Coll. Brayton & Gilbert); Jorpan & GiLBEeRtT, Synopsis, 340, 1883.

Zygonectes brachypterus,t Corr, Bull. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., xx, 34, 1880, Trinity River, Fort
Worth, Texas; (Coll. Cope); Jorpan & GriBert, Synopsis, 341, 1883.

Ganbusia affinis, GUNTHER, Cat., v1, 336, 1866; Grrarp, Mex. Bound. Sury., Ichth., 72, pl. 39, figs.
12-15, 1859; Jornpan & GILBERT, Synopsis, 346, 1888; EVERMANN & KENDALL, Bull. U.S.
Fish Comm., x11, 1892 (1894.) 107, pl. 25, fig. 2.

Gambusia patruelis, GIRARD, Mex. Bound. Surv., Ichth., 72, pl. 39, figs. 1-7, 1859; JorpaNn & GIL-
BERT, Synopsis, 346, 1883.

Zygonectes melanops, JORDAN, Bull. Ill. Lab. Nat. Hist., 52, 1878.

1001. GAMBUSIA NOBILIS (Baird & Girard).

Head 2; depth 33. D.9; A. 10; scales 30-7. Teeth in broad bands.
Interorbital space twice eye. First ray of dorsal twice as far from tip of
snout as from base of caudal. Color light brown, punctate above by brown
dots; breast orange; abdomen yellow; a faint dark band as broad as
eye running along sides to root of caudal; a dusky band running down
and back from eye across the cheek; a dark oblique band of dark points
from gill opening to anal. Scales on upper part of body edged with
brown. Length 2inches. Southern Illinois to the Rio Grande region,
our specimens collected by Woolman in Chihuahua River and represent-
ing Gambusia senilis. A very doubtful species, composed probably of over-
grown examples of Gambusia afinis. (nobilis, noble.)

Heterandria nobilis, BairD & Girard, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1853, 390, Leonaand Camanche
Spring, Rio Grande Del Norte. (Coll. Clark.)

Gambusia senilis, GiIRaRD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 122, Chihuahua River, Mexico;
D. 9; A. 10; size large. (Coll. John Potts.)

Zygonectes inurus,{ JORDAN & GILBERT, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1882, 143, Cache Creek, south-
ern Illinois. (Type, No. 29666. Coll. Forbes.) Jorpan & GILBERT, Synopsis, 892, 1883.
Gambusia nobilis, GIRARD, Mex. Bound. Survy., Ichth., 71, pl. 39, fig. 8-11, 1859; GUNTHER, Cat.,

vi, 335, 1866; JorDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 346, 1883.

1002. GAMBUSIA NICARAGUENSIS, Giinther.

Head 33; depth 3}. D.8; A. 10; scales 29-8. Snout broad, sub-
spatulate, the lower jaw projecting beyond upper. Eyea little more than

* Gambusia gracilis (GtRARD): Slender; anal larger than dorsal, and much anterior to it. Olive;
dorsal and caudal with narrow blackish crossbars. Head 414; D. 6; A. 9. Matamoras.—Girard.

+ Zygonectes brachypterus, Cope: ‘‘ Base of the first dorsal ray behind the vertical line equally
dividing the base of the anal; ventrals not reaching base of anal. Scales large. Head wide,
with overhanging supercilia; interorbital width twice the diameter of the orbit, which enters
the length of the head 2% times. Color uniform olivaceous, the scales with brown edges;
cheeks silvery; no spots on the head. Body stout. Head 414; D. 7; A. 8; scales 30-9. Length
2 inches.’’—Cope.

t Zygonectes inurus, JORDAN & GitBERtT: Body rather short and deep. Head broad; eye as long
as snout, 314 in head, 2 in interorbital width; teeth in a band, the outer series scarcely enlarged.
Fins short. Yellowish brown; scales darker edged; body without distinct longitudinal stripes
or bars; belly golden; a very conspicuous jet-black spot just below the eye, and confluent with
it in the adult; dorsal and caudal fins with series of blaek dots; caudal very large. Head 374;
depth 344. D, 7; A. 9; scales 28-7, Length 244 inches. Southern Illinois.

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 683

length of snout, 3 in head, and # width of interorbital space. In the
female the origin of the dorsal is somewhat nearer tip of caudal than
tip of snout, opposite last ray of anal; pectorals not quite reaching
as far backward as the ventrals, which terminate immediately in front
of anal; free portion of tail rather short ; length of base of anal about
half its distance from caudal. Brownish olive above, sometimes with a
series of black dots along the rows of scales; dorsal and caudal fins
crossed by series of black dots; middle of anal blackish. Lakes of
Nicaragua. (Giinther.)

Gambusia nicaraguensis, GUNTHER, Cat., v1, 336, 1866, lakes of Nicaragua. (Coll. Capt. Dow.)

1008. GAMBUSIA GRACILIS, Heckel.

Head 4; depth 3 to 4, deepestin female. D.8; A.8or9; V. 6; scales29-7.
Origin of dorsal fin nearly in middle of totallength, but little behind that
of anal fin in the female; anal process of male nearly twice as long as
head, its extremity bent; pectorals reaching beyond root of ventrals;
anal fin short in the female, the length of its base being at least 4 of its
distance from the caudal. A dark band runs from the upper end of the
gill opening to the caudal. (Heckel.) Orizaba, Mexico. (gracilis,
slender. )

Xiphophorus gracilis, HECKEL, Sitzgsber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 1, 300, 1848, Orizaba, Mexico.
Gambusia gracilis, GUNTHER, Cat., VI, 336, 1866; JonpDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 346, 1883.

1004. GAMBUSIA EPISCOPI, Steindachner.

Head 34 to 3%; depth, male, 4; female,3? to 33; eye3in head. D.8or9;
A. 10; scales 28-7. Body elongate, the males slenderest; interorbital
width 2; snout broad, depressed, the lower jaw prominent; outer teeth
a little stronger; insertion of dorsal in female about in middle of length;
pectoral reaching ventral; anallonger than head in males. Body in both
sexes with numerous dark cross bands, which posteriorly reach the belly,
but which are wanting before the dorsal in the females; sometimes a row
of dark spots from pectoral to caudal; bands sometimes faint, replaced
by a dark blotch on middle of sides below front of dorsal; edges of scales
with dark dots; usually a black blotch on middle of base of anal; rows
of dark spots usually present on dorsal and anal. Length 1} inches.
Ditches on the isthmus of Panama, at Obispo Station, (hence the name
Obispo = Episcopus = bishop.)

Gombusia episcopi, STEINDACHNER, Ichth. Beitriige, v1, 9, 1878, Obispo, near Panama.

1005. GAMBUSIA PICTURATA, Poey.

A male specimen imperfectly described. Depth equal to length of
head, about 5 times in total length with caudal; eye occupying second
third of head. Dorsal beginning a little before middle of length; anal
much farther forward, its longest rays $+ length of body; ventrals very
small; caudal rounded; whole body black, marbled with yellow; golden
in life. Iris silvery, with a dark lengthwise band. Length 1? inches.
Cuba. (Poey); not seen by us. (picturatus, pictured.)

Gambusia picturata, Pony, Synopsis, 410, 1868, San Diego de los Bafios, Cuba,

684 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

311. BELONESOX, Kner.
Belonesox, KNER, Sitzgsber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 1860, x, 419, (belizanus).

Cleft of mouth much developed laterally, the jaw bones being much
produced, making a beak like that of Labidesthes. Premaxillaries form-
ing together an elongate triangular plate, but not anchylosed together.
Mandible long, somewhat prominent; each jaw with a broad band of
cardiform teeth. Scales small. Anal in advance of dorsal, modified
in the male into an intromittent organ. Branchiostegals 6. Intestinal
canal short. Carnivorous. Mexico. (Belone; Esox.)

1006. BELONESOX BELIZANUS, Kner.

Head 2%, toj3; “depth 5 to 6.. B. 6; D. 9; A. 10 or Tig VG > semles
56 to 63-18. Upper surface of the premaxillary plate as longas postorbital
part of head. Length of base of dorsal more than 4 its distance from
caudal in males, and 4 in females. Brownish olive above; sides with
longitudinal series of black dots; a round black spot on the root of the
caudal. Anal process of male composed of 3 rays, and $ as long as head.
Southern Mexico, Honduras, and Guatemala; a curious fish, reaching a
considerable size, the females 7 inches, the male 4 in length. (belizanus,
from Belize. )

Belonesox belizanus, KNER, Sitzgsber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 1860, 419, with figure, Belize; Gtn-
THER, Cat., v1, 333, 1866; JonpAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 345, 1883.

312. ANABLEPS (Artedi) Bloch.
(FOUR-EYED FISHES.)
Anableps (ArTEDI) BLocu, Ichthyologia, vi11, 7, 1795, (tetrophthalmus = anableps).

Body elongate, depressed anteriorly and compressed posteriorly. Head
broad and depressed, with the supraorbital part very much raised. Cleft
of mouth horizontal, of moderate width, the mandible being short,
having, however, its bones firmly united; upper jaw protractile. Both
jaws armed with a band of villiform teeth, those of the outer series
being largest and somewhat movable. The integuments of the eye are
divided into an upper and lower portion by a dark-colored transverse
band of the conjunctiva; also the pupil is incompletely divided into 2
by a pair of lobes projecting from each side of the iris. Nasal opening
produced into a short tubule depending from each side of the mouth.
Seales rather small or of moderate size. Dorsal and anal fins short, the
former behind the latter; anal fin of male modified into a thick and
long scaly conical organ with an orifice at its extremity. Intestinal
tract but little convoluted. Gill membranes of both sides united for
a short distance, and not attached to the isthmus. Vertebra about 46.
Fresh waters of South America, one species ranging northward to south-
ern Mexico; extraordinary fishes, swimming at the surface of the water
and feeding on insects, the eye divided by a horizontal partition into a
lower portion for water use, and a portion for seeing in the air.
(avaBAérw, to look upward.)

Jordan and Evermann.—Ffishes of North America. 685

1007. ANABLEPS DOVII, Gill.

Head 4. D. 9; A. 10; scales 65 to 70, 49 before dorsal. Vertebrx
24+ 22. Flat portion of interorbital space as broad as a scale. Back
and sides of the body blackish brown, with a well-defined, broad, golden
band along sides from the axil of the pectoral to the base of the candal;
fins pale. Waters of Central America, from Chiapas to the Isthmus of
Panama. (Giinther.) (Named for Captain John M. Dow, discoverer of
the species at Panama.)

Anableps dovii, GiLL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, 4, Panama; GiinTHER, Cat., v1, 338, 1866.

313. GOODEA, Jordan.
Goodea, JORDAN, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1879, 299, (atripinnis).

Form of Fundulus, but with the intestinal canal elongate, the dentary
bones loosely joined, and the teeth slender, movable, tricuspid, attached
in a single series on the outer edge of the jaws, not closely set, a band of
villiform teeth behind them. Fins small, the dorsal and anal similar, the
dorsal slightly in advance of anal. Nospines. Scales moderate. Mud-
eating, the intestinal canal elongate. Anal fin in male probably not
modified as an intromittent organ. Mexico. (Named for Professor George
Brown Goode, director of the United States National Museum, and one
of the most scholarly of modern writers on fishes.)

1008. GOODEA ATRIPINNIS, Jordan.

Head 4; depth 4; eye 3}. D.12; A.13; scales 37 to 40-13. Body oblong,
_ compressed, the back nearly straight, the caudal peduncle deep. Head
short, broad, depressed. Mouth small. Lower jaw projecting. Teeth
loosely inserted, not close together. Eye moderate, directed partly
downward, a little more than half width of interorbital space. Hum-
eral scale somewhat enlarged. Fins small; dorsal slightly in advance
of anal; caudal small. Intestinal canal elongate, convolute, (and
filled with mud in the types). Bluish above, sides nearly plain; a
silvery streak along each row of scales; vertical fins chiefly black,
especially on the distal half. Length 4 inches. Guanajuato, Mexico,
from a salt lake in a voleanic basin; a singular little fish, differing from
all the other herbivorous Cyprinodonts in the tricuspid teeth, and
apparently, also, in not having the anal fin modified. (ater, black;
pinna, fin.)

Goodea atripinnis, JORDAN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1879, 299, Leon in Guanajuato, Mexico.

(Type, No, 23137. Coll. Prof. Dugés.) Jorpan & GiLBert, Synopsis, 348, 1883.

314. PLATYPCCILUS, Giinther.
Platypecilus, GUNTHER, Cat., VI, 350, 1866, (maculatus).

Small fishes, with the body deep, the origin of the anal fin distinctly
behind that of the dorsal, both fins being short; otherwise essentially as
in Heterandria. (mdaric, broad; rockidve, Pecilus = Pecilia.)

a. Body deep, the depth 214 in length; side of body with a black spot. MACULATUS, 1009.

aa, Body moderately elongate, the depth 344 in length; chin with a black line; dorsal with »
black blotch at base, MENTALIS, 1010,

686 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

1009. PLATYP€CILUS MACULATUS, Giinther.

Head 34; depth 24; eye longer than snout, 3 in head. D.10; A. 9;
scales 25-8. Body much compressed and elevated. Interorbital width %
length of head. Dorsal fin rather large; anal small; pectoral reaching
beyond root of ventral; caudal peduncle short and deep. Olivaceous; a
roundish black spot on middle of root of caudal; a black spot on middle
of side of body; dorsal often densely spotted with black; margins of
anal and caudal black. Length 13 inches. Mexico: known from two
female specimens. (Gunther.) (maculatus, spotted.)

Platypecilus maculatus, GUNTHER, Cat., V1, 350, 1866, Mexico; (Coll. Sallé); Jonpan & GILBERT,
Synopsis, 348, 1883.
1010. PLATYPCILUS MENTALIS, Gill.

Head 34; depth 34; eye considerably longer than snout, 3 in head.
Body regularly compressed backward and moderately elevated, its
greatest depth being in advance of dorsal; head less compressed than
the body; the width of the interorbital space less than 4 entire
length of head. Dorsal fin moderate, higher than long, its origin
about midway between tip of snout and middle of caudal; anal small,
its origin opposite middle of dorsal; caudal fin round, equal to length
of head, its depth at base 7 length of head; pectoral extending consid-
erably beyond root of ventral; ventral not reaching anal. Color, a uni-
form brownish olive, with no caudal spot; a linear band crossing the chin
parallel with the lip; the dorsal with a deep, black, band-like spot near
the base crossing the anterior half. Brooks on Atlantic side of Isthmus
of Panama. (Gill); not seen by us. (mentalis, having a conspicuous

chin, mentum. )
Platypecilus mentalis, GiLL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1876, 335, Isthmus of Panama.

315. HETERANDRIA, Agassiz.

Heterandria, AGass1z, Amer Journ. Sci. Arts., 1853, 135,* ( formosus; holbrooki).
Girardinus, Porky, Memorias, 1, 383, 1855, + (metallicus).

Body rather slender; mouth very small, the lower jaw very short, its
bones not united; snout short; both jaws with a single series of slender,
movable, pointed teeth; scales rather large; anal fin more or less in
advance of dorsal, in the male modified into an intromittent organ; intes-
tinal canal elongate. Very small, viviparous, mud-eating fishes, among

* The genus Heterandria was proposed by Agassiz (Amer. Journ. Sci. Arts, X-v1, 135) in 1853, to
include certain Cyprinodonts which have the anal fin in the male modified. The two species (hol-
brooki and formosa) possessed by Agassiz (but not named until 1859), belong to different genera,
which correspond respectively to Poey’s Gambusia and Girardinus. These generic names first
occur in the Memorias sobre la Historia Natural dela Isla de Cuba (I, p. 390). The date assigned
to their publication by Girard (Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859) is the year 1851, which would
give each two years priority over Helerandria. This is, in fact, the date given on the title page of
the Memorias, but the volume was issued in parts, its publication extending over several years,
and the issue of the part containing Girardinus and Gambusia could not have been earlier than
1855. Thisis evident, as papers written in 1854 are printed in the text before it. In place either
of Gambusia or Girardinus the name Heterandria must therefore be used. We have elsewhere
restricted it to the type of Girardinus, regarding Helerandria formosa, Agassiz, as its type. This
arrangement isin accordance with the wishes of Professor Poey, to whom: we are indebted for
the suggestion that Heterandria is prior to Girardinus.

+ These species were first named by Girard in 1859, after Agassiz’s manuscript. Agassiz defined
the genus Heterandria with Chologaster, Zygonectes, and Melanura in 1853, in a letter to Prof. J. D.
Dana, published in the American Journal as above, but in this paper the species were not named.

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 687

the smallest vertebrate animals known, found in swamps and ditches
of the warmer parts of America. In habits, the species are similar
to those of Gambusia, and some of them strongly resemble the latter
genus. The small, weak mouth and feeble dentition will, however,
distinguish the species of Heterandria. Mexico and the southern United
States to Central America and the West Indies. (érepoc, different; avjp,
male.)

a. Anal rays 11; scales 30 to 35.
b. Scales in 35 lengthwise series; dorsal rays 9; a round black spot on side opposite vent.
UNINOTATA, 1011.
bb. Scales in 30 transverse series; dorsal rays 9; body reticulated with brown, and with
silvery crossbars; a black spot at posterior base of dorsal. METALLICA, 1012.
aa, Anal rays 6 to 9; dorsal rays 7 or 8; scales 24 to 28.
c. Sides with a jet-black lateral streak, crossed by 6 or 8 black vertical bars; bases of dor-
sal, caudal, and anal each with a black spot; size very small. FoRMoOSA, 1013.
ce. Sides without distinct black crossbars across a lateral band.
d. Sides with a row of about 7 round blackish spots of the size of the eye, along middle
of side; a black line along tail above and below; tail with faint cross bands.
PLEUROSPILUS, 1014.
dd. Sides with a rather faint dark lateral band.
e. Dorsal with a black blotch on its posterior rays; a dark line along tail above
and below, and usually silvery crossbars on its side; 2 or 3 irregular reti-

culated black spots above lateral band. VERSICOLOR, LOL5.
ee. Dorsal without dark blotch, the fins all plain; a dark line along lower edge of
tail; size rather large. OCCIDENTALIS, 1016.

1011. HETERANDRIA UNINOTATA (Poey).

Head 54 to 6; depth 5 in total length (with caudal). B.5; D.9; A.
11; scales 35. Eye longer than the snout, 3 in head. Dorsal fin
of female inserted at middle of total length; ventrals reaching the vent.
Anal process of the male very long, equal in length to its distance from
the end of the snout, terminating in a clasper. Greenish brown, with a
large round spot on the side, opposite the vent. Streams of Cuba.
(Poey); not seen by us. (uninotatus, with one spot.)

Girardinus wninotatus, Pory, Memorias, 11, 309, 1861, Rio Tacotaco, Cuba; Ginruer, Cat., v1,
351, 1866.
1012. HETERANDRIA METALLICA (Poey).

Head 44; depth 44. B. 5; D. 9; A. 11; V. 6; scales 30; vertebrae
13+20. Origin of dorsal in female nearer tip of caudal, and opposite
third or fourth anal ray; in the male it is nearer tip of snout. Anal pro-
cess of the male nearly twice as long as head, with recurved spines, and
a clasper at its extremity. Pectoral and ventral fins short. Free portion
of the tail moderately deep. Greenish, reticulated with brown, with
silvery cross bands; a black spot at the posterior part of base of dorsal.
(Poey.) Streams of Cuba. (metallicus, like metal.)

Girardinus metallicus, Pory, Memorias, 1, 387, pl. 31, figs. 8-11, 1855, Cuba; Ginrner, Cat., v1,
351, 1866.
1013. HETERANDRIA FORMOSA, Agassiz.

Head 34 to 3%; depth 3% to 4; eye 3. D. 7; A. 6 to 9; scales 24 to 28.
Body short, slightly compressed. Snout very short, about } eye. Mouth

688 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

terminal, slightly oblique; lower jaw slightly projecting; jaws each
with a series of small, pointed, movable teeth; gill membranes united.
Dorsal fin short, on posterior part of body, its origin above, on a verti-
cal from middle of anal, and about midway between end of snout
and tip of caudal fin; anal in males considerably in advance of dorsal,
and transformed into an intromittent organ; caudal fin rather long,
about 5 in body, slightly dusky at its tip. Color in spirits, brownish
olive; a dark band about as wide as eye from mouth through eye and
along middle of the side, terminating in a black spot at base of caudal;
band crossed by 6 to 9 brownish-black vertical streaks which become
fainter with age, the anterior ones the less prominent; these markings
made up of small dark dots; a black spot on base of dorsal and anal
fins. Length, female 1 inch, male ? inch. South Carolina to Florida;
exceedingly abundant in the black water of swamps and in ditches, in
company with Gambusia affinis; said to be the smallest known fish.
(formosus, comely.)

Heterandria formosa, AGASSIZ MS, 1853; GrrarpD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 62, Charles-

ton, South Carolina; Palatka, Florida.

Girardinus formosus, GUNTHER, Cat., VI, 354, 1866; JorDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 349, 1883;
JORDAN & GILBERT, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., 1884, 236.

1014. HETERANDRIA PLEUROSPILUS (Giinther).

Head 4; depth 3!. D.8; A.9; V.6; scales 28-8. Eye more than length
of snout, 3 in head, and 13 in interorbital space, which is slightly
concave. In the female the origin of dorsal is at middle of total length,
and conspicuously behind that of anal; caudal fin large, longer than
head, subtruncate behind; free portion of tail somewhat elongate, length
of base of anal + of its distance from caudal; pectoral fin not quite as
long as head and not extending so far backward as the ventral fins,
which reach vent; in the male the origin of dorsal is somewhat nearer
tip of caudal than that of snout; the anal process quite straight, nearly
twice as long as head, and ending in a simple tapering point; caudal
very short. Reddish olive; a series of 6 or 7 round blackish spots, each
about the size of the eye, along the middle of the side; a black line
along the base of the anal fin and on lower and upper margins of the
tail; caudal fin with 2 indistinct dark cross bands. Femaies 2 inches
long, males 1. Guatemala. (Gtinther.) (/evpor, side; aidoc, spot.)
Girardinus pleurospilus, GUNTHER, Cat., VI, 353, 1866, Lake of Duefias. (Coll. Salvin.)

1015. HETERANDRIA VERSICOLOR (Giinther).

Head 32; depth 33. D.8; A.8; V.6; scales 27-8. Eye longer than
snout, 2} in head, and 1} in interorbital space, which is nearly flat. In
the female the origin of dorsal is nearer tip of snout than tip of caudal
and opposite second ray of anal; caudal moderate, as long as head, rounded
behind; free portion of tail somewhat elongate; length of base of anal
2 its distance from caudal; pectoral shorter than head, extending some-
what beyond root of ventrals, which reach vent. Reddish olive above,
sometimes with indistinct silvery crossbars on the side of the tail; an

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 689

indistinct dark band along middle of side, and above it 2 or 3 reticu-
lated black spots, their number and situation being variable, even on
the two sides of the same individual; a black line along the lower and
upper margins of the tail; a blackish blotch on the posterior rays of the
dorsal fin. San Domingo. (Ginther.) Known from 2 females; not seen
by us. (versicolor, variegated.)

Girardinus versicolor, GUNTHER, Cat., VI, 352, 1866, San Domingo. (Coll. Mr. Cuming.)

1016. HETERANDRIA OCCIDENTALIS, Baird & Girard.

Head 34; depth 4 to 44. D.7or8; A.9or10; scales 29-8. Body deep,
elevated in front of dorsal. Insertion of dorsal nearer base of caudal
than tip of snout, slightly in advance of anal. Brownish above, dotted
with black; silvery below, with a black lateral stripe, as broad as eye,
from shoulder to caudal; a narrow black line along lower margin of
tail; fins unicolor, without spot or blotch. Length 24 inches. Gila
Basin, Arizona, and basins of Yaqui and Sonora rivers, Sonora; locally
abundant in springs and ditches; our specimens sent from Tucson by
William W. Price and Herbert Brown. This species looks like a Gambusia,
but has a much smaller mouth. It seems nearer allied to Pwceilia than
to the typical species of Heterandria. (occidentalis, western.)

Heterandria occidentalis, Bainp & GiRaRD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1853, 390, Rio Santa Cruz,
near Tucson, Arizona. (Coll. Clark.)
Girardinus sonoriensis, GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 120, San Bernardino Creek,

a tributary of Rio Yaqui, in Sonora; Gi/nrHER, Cat., v1, 355, 1866.
Girardinus occidentalis, GUNTHER, Cat., VI, 354, 1866; Jorpan & GiiBERT, Synopsis, 349, 1883,

316. LEBISTES, De Filippi.
Lebistes, De Fiuirpi, Arch. Zool. Anat., etc., 1, 1862, 69.

Cleft of the mouth small, with the lower jaw projecting beyond the
upper; both jaws with a narrow band of very small teeth, those in the
outer series being the largest. Scales of moderate size. Dorsal and anal
fins short; anal in advance of the dorsal, with the second and third rays
much thickened and elongate in both sexes. Second ventral longest,
ending in a hook in the females. Island of Barbadoes. We know this
genus only from Dr. Giinther’s abridgment of De Filippi’s account. With
Dr. Giinther,* we doubt the correctness of the sexual characters assigned.
(AeBiac, a small fish, from Aé3n¢, a kettle; a pot fish.)

1017. LEBISTES P(XCILIODES, De Filippi.

D.9; A. 7; V.6; scales 34-8. Barbadoes. Length 14 inches. (Giinther.)
(Pecilia; eidoc, likeness.)

Lebistes peciliodes, De Fixipri, Arch, Zool. Anat., 1, 1862, 69, Barbadoes; Gi/ntuer, Cat., v1, 356,
1866.

*“Tf the characters assigned to this very doubtful genus are correct, it differs in a very
extraordinary manner from the other fish of this family, in which sexual differences are
observed. From an inspection of the figure, we should have considered the specimen to be a
male; but Prof. De Filippi says distinctly that the peculiar anal fin is found in the female as
well as in the male.’’—G iinther.

F.N. A,

45

690 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

317. ACROPCECILIA, Hilgendorf.
Acropecilia, HILGENDORF, Sitzungsberichte Naturf. Freunde, 1889, 52, (tridens).

Teeth in the inner series of both jaws trifid; otherwise essentially as
in Pecilia. Appearance of Pecilia, the dorsal very short, the mandible
weak, the dentary bones loosely articulated, the intestines with 4 con-
volutions. One species known, but very likely others now referred to
Pacilia will be found to belong here, and the two genera may prove to
be inseparable. (dkpoc, sharp; Pecilia.)

1018. ACROPCCILIA TRIDENS (Hilgendorf).

Head 4; depth 3; eye 3, 1% in interorbital space, 3 length of snout.
D. 7; A. 8; scales 27-9. Teeth in front row much elongate, band-like,
with broadened, truncate tips; teeth of the 2 posterior series much smaller,
their cutting edge trifid, the middle lobe projecting beyond the others;
teeth similar in the 2 jaws; tips of all the teeth brown. Insertion
of dorsal in female a little farther from gill opening than from con-
vexity of caudal, the distance equal in males; dorsal somewhat behind
anal in females, much behind in males; dorsal higher than body in
males, half as high in females; pectoral 1} in head; lower jaw little
projecting. Coloration olivaceous, with black dots everywhere except
on belly and ventrals; a black network surrounding the scales, finest
on the tail; young with distinct dark cross bands, and a dark vertebral
streak; opercle black; a basal band on the dorsal; in the young and
the female a large black spot on posterior margin of the fin; caudal
rarely with traces of vertical bands; belly dirty silvery. Length 2
inches; male 13 inches. Port au Prince, Haiti. (Hilgendorf.) (tridens,
three-toothed. )

Pacilia (Acropecilia) tridens, HILGENDORF, Sitzgsber. Naturf. Freunde, 1889, 52, Port au Prince.

318. PQ:CILIA, Bloch & Schneider.

Pecilia, Buoca & ScHNEIDER, Systema Ichthyologia, 452, 1801, (vivipara).
Timia, Pony, Memorias, 1, 388, 1855, (cubensis).

Body oblong, often rather deep; mouth small, transverse, with weak
jaws; teeth small, in narrow bands, the outer series in each jaw being
usually enlarged, curved, movable, and with brown tips; lower jaw not
prominent, its bones movable. Scales large. Dorsal fin rather small, of
7 to 11 rays; anal fin short, in female nearly opposite dorsal in males
advanced and modified into a sword-shaped intromittent organ. Verte-
bree about 28. Intestine long. Species mud-eating and viviparous.
This genus differs from Mollienesia only in the smaller size of the dorsal,
which has usually 9 or 10 rays and is nearly opposite the anal in the
female, but behind it in the male. The numerous species inhabit the
West Indies, Mexico, and South America. They are not well known and,
having never been critically compared, it is impossible to form an
analytical key to them on the basis of our present knowledge. Some of
them may prove to belong to Heterandria, and others to Acropecilia, or to
other groups. (rovkiAoc, variegated, but the species are duller in color
than are those of related genera. )

Jordan and Evermann.— fishes of North America. 691

a, Scales very large, 23 to 25 in a lengthwise series; coloration plain; dorsal and anal dotted.

b. Dorsal rays 7; anal rays 7; coloration plain, the fins dotted. VIVIPARA, 1019.

bb. Dorsal rays 9; anal rays 8. BUTLERI; GILLI, 1020; 1021.
aa. Scales moderate, 28 to 32 in a lengthwise series.

c. Base of caudal with a black ocellus. PAVONINA, 1022.

ce. Base of caudal without distinct black ocellus.
d. Dorsal and anal each with 10 or 11 rays; scales 30 to 32-10; depth 3 to 3% in
length; sides with 2 rows of black dots. VITTATA, 1023.
dd, Dorsal with 7 to 11 rays; anal rays 6 to 9.
e. Body rather robust, the depth in adult more than 14 the length.
MEXICANA; THERMALIS; CHISOYENSIS; PETENENSIS; SPHENOPS;
DOVII; COUCHIANA; BOUCARDI; VANDEPOLLI; DOMINI-
CENSIS; MELANOGASTER; SPILURUS, 1024~1035.
ee. Body rather elongate, the depth in adult not more than 4 the length,
ELONGATA; PRESIDIONIS, 1036; 1037.

1019. P@CILIA VIVIPARA, Bloch & Schneider.

Depth 3; B. 5; D. 7; A. 7; scales 24; vertebre 15413. Eye 3 in
head, or 2 in interorbital width. Greenish, each scale with the mar-
gin brownish; dorsal fin with a small blackish spot in the middle;
caudal with a black spot near the base of the upper and lower rays.
Brazil; Guiana; Martinique. (Gunther); not seen by us; a species long
known, but never well described. (viviparus, bringing forth living
young.)

Pecilia vivipara, BLocu & ScUNEIDER,* Syst. Ichthyol., 452, pl. 86, fig. 2, 1801, Surinam; Gin-
THER, Cat., vi, 345, 1866.

Pecilia surinamensis, VALENCIENNES, Humboldt Observ. Zo@l., 11, 158, 1817, Surinam.

Pecilia schneideri, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., xviir, 135, 1846, Surinam,

1026. PCCILIA BUTLERI, Jordan.

Head 3} to 34; depth 2? (adult) to 3} (young). D.9; A. 6to8; scales 24to
26-9. Origin of dorsal midway between base of caudaland frontof eye, and
over tenth scale of lateral line; fins moderate, longest ray of dorsal
about as long as head without snout; caudal scaly at base; caudal
peduncle compressed and deep. Color uniform olive, the young with
faint, dark cross shades; caudal with a few black spots; dorsal with
numerous round, black spots in both sexes. Allied to Pecilia dovii, but
with deeper body and larger scales. Length of adult 2 inches.

Fresh specimens recently obtained by the Hopkins Expedition from the
Rio Presidio are described as follows: Head 34; depth 34. D. 9; A. 6;
scales 26-9. Eye equal to snout, 3 in head; interorbital width 2. Pecto-
ral 14 in head; caudal 1 in head; longest dorsal ray in males 1} in head,
in females 1%. Body deep and compressed, the form as in Adinia, the
straight anterior profile rising considerably to front of dorsal. Dorsal
small, even in the male, inserted over or somewhat before anal, much
behind analin female. Teeth in two series, well separated, the inner series
smaller and more close-set, not trifid; caudal peduncle very deep, the fin
broad. Males larger than females, equally numerous, and with higher fins,
as in Mollienesia. Color of males green, with a pale-blue spot on each

*In the figure of Bloch & Schneider the body is represented as marked by broad cross bands
of dark brown,

692 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

scale, surrounded by bronze shades; no dark crossbars, except in young;
dorsal and anal pale orange, with many small, round, black dots; lower
fins pale. Female similar but paler; no cross bands; a faint dark spot
behind pectoral; lower fins bright orange; caudal nearly plain; dorsal
spotted as in the male, but less profusely. Length 2 to 3 inches. Very
common in the clear streams of Sinaloa, especially in Rio Presidio, descend-
ing to brackish water. (Named for Amos W. Butler, of Brookville,

Indiana, a well-known ornithologist who has collected fishes in Mexico.)
Pecilia butleri, JoRDAN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1888, 330, Rio Presidio, near Mazatlan.
(Type, No. 37158. Coll. Alphonse Forrer.)

3021. PECILIA GILLII (Kner & Steindachner).

Head 4 to 5 in total length; depth a little greater. D.9; A. 8 or9;
scales 25-8. Eye 3in head; interorbital width 1 to 14 in head. Dorsal
inserted near middle of body, opposite anal in females. Young brown,
with faint vertical bands; older individuals with dark edges to the scales;
dorsal punctate; young often with a black spot at base of last anal rays;
caudal plain or with black points. Length 2 inches. Rio Chagres.
(Kner & Steindachner); not seen by us. (Named for Theodore Gill.)
Xiphophorus gillit, KNeR & STEINDACHNER, Abh. Bayer. Akad. for 1864, 28, 1866, Rio Chagres.

1022. PCECILIA PAVONINA (Poey).

Female brownish green, with an ocellate spot near the base of caudal
on the lower middle part of the fin; this spot black, surrounded by
white or reddish; body with brown spots. Havana. (Poey.) Fins
and scales undescribed. (pavoninus, like a peacock.)

Limia pavonina, Pory, Enumeratio, 142, 1875, Havana. (Coll. Poey.)

1023. PHCILIA VITTATA, Guichenot.
(FANGUITO; GUAJICA.)

Head 4; depth 24. D. 10 or 11; A. 10 or 11; scales 30-10; vertebre
13+16. Eye longer than snout, 3 in head. Origin of dorsal nearer
occiput than root of caudal, and, in the female, in advance of that of
anal. Dorsal and anal of moderate size; in the male the origin of the
anal is much nearer to end of snout than root of caudal and before
extremity of pectoral, its longest ray provided with an adipose apical
appendage; tail moderately elongate, its least depth being not much less
than the length of the head. Two series of black dots along each side of
the body ; dorsal and caudal with irregular black spots. Cuba. (Poey.)

(vittatus, striped.)

- Pecilia vittata, GUICHENOT, in Ramon de la Sagra, Hist. Nat. Cuba, Poiss., 146, pl. 5, fig. 1, 1850,
Cuba; GUNTHER, Cat., v1, 339, 1866.

Limia cubensis,* Poty, Memorias, 1, 388, 1855, Havana.

Pecilia cubensis, GUNTHER, VI, 340, 1866.

1024. PKCILIA MEXICANA, Steindachner.

Head 4; depth 34; eye in adult nearly or quite equal to snout, 34 in
head, and half width of interorbital space; larger in young. D.19; A.

* According to Poey cubensis has the eye 114 in snout, 3 in head; vittata, eye 144 in snout, 3)4 in
head. In later papers he has regarded the two as identical.

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 693

9; scales 28-9 or 10. Origin of dorsal midway between root of caudal
and occiput, over twelfth scale of the lateral series. Origin of dorsal
slightly in advance of that of anal; dorsal fin rather small; anal very
small; basal half of the caudal scaly. Tail compressed, high, its least
depth being equal to, or rather more than, length of head without snout.
Eight longitudinal series of scales on each side of the tail. Brownish
green; each scale of the 4 middle series of the trunk with a small central
black spot; dorsal with numerous round blackish spots; caudal with an
indistinct whitish cross-band near its hind margin. Males compara-
tively scarce; they want the black spots on the sides, and have the anal
fin transformed into an intromittent organ. Southern Mexico and Cen-
tral America; Chiapas, Duefias, Vera Paz, and Amatitlan. (Giinther.)

Pecilia mexicana, STFINDACHNER, Sitzber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 1863, 178, Southern Mexico;
GUNTHER, Cat., v1, 340, 1866.

1025. P@CILIA THERMALIS, Steindachner.

Head 3%; depth 32. D. 9 or 10; A. 8 or 9; scales 30-9. Width of
interorbital space equal to distance between front margin of orbit and
gill opening; the eye a little longer than snout, 34 in head, a little more
than half the interorbital space. Origin of dorsal midway between
root of caudal and occiput, over twelfth scale of the lateral series ; ori-
gin of anal opposite third ray of dorsal in the female; dorsal fin of
moderate size; anal small; caudal scaly at the base only. Tail com-
pressed, moderately elongate, its least depth being somewhat less than
the length of the head without snout. Seven longitudinal series of
scales on each side of the tail. Greenish; a faint darker streak along
each series of scales; frequently a round blackish spot in the middle of
the side in females. Male with the dorsal fin elevated, and the longest
ray at least as long as the head without snout; this fin ornamented
with large, ovate black spots, occupying the lower half of the fin, and
sometimes confluent into one large patch. Anal fin modified into an intro-
mittent organ, and advanced to between the ventrals and in front of the
dorsal. ‘Tail strongly compressed, and comparatively rather higher than
in the female. Interradial membrane of the caudal fin with oblong black
spots, nothing of which is visible in the female. Warm springs in Central
America. (Giinther.) (thermalis, pertaining to heat.)

Pecilia thermalis, STEINDACHNER, Sitzber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 1863, 181, warm springs in Cen-
tral America; GUNTHER, Cat., v1, 341, 1866.
Gambusia* modesta, TROSCHEL, Miiller’s Reise in Mexico, 11, 639, 1865, Mexico; no locality
given,
1026. POECILIA CHISOYENSIS, Giinther.

Head 44; depth 34. Eye equal to snout, 34 in head, and more than
half width of interorbital space. D.9 or 10; seales 29-9. Free portion
of tail elevated, its least depth } its own length, and more than length
of head without snout. Origin of dorsal fin nearer occiput than

* Gambusia modesta: D. 10; A. 9; P. 16. Length of type (male) 154 inches; depth 444 in total

length; dorsal inserted over last rays of anal, as high as the body below it; anal equally high;
— reaching end of base of anal; caudal rounded. Brown, with irregular dark spots on
k; no net-like markings formed by edges of scales,—Zoschel.

694 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

to root of caudal, behind that of the anal, above the twelfth scale of the
lateral series; dorsal fin higher than long, its longest ray shorter than
head; enlarged anal ray without terminal appendage. Eight longi-
tudinal series of scales on each side of the tail. Caudal rather short. its
basal half covered with scales. Uniform greenish, with golden reflec-
tions; dorsal and caudal black. Length 34 inches. Rio Chisoy, Vera
Paz. (Ginther.)

Pecilia chisoyensis, GUNTHER, Cat., vI, 342, Rio Chisoy, Vera Paz, in basin of Rio Usumacinta.

(Coll. Godman & Salvin.)
1027. POCILIA PETENENSIS, Giinther.

Head 4 in male, 5 in female; depth 37 in male, 4! in female. D. 11;
A. 8; scales 29-30-8 or 9; vertebre 16+ 14. Eye equal to snout, 3} in
head, somewhat more than half interorbital width. Origin of dorsal fin
farther from root of caudal than from occiput, over eleventh or twelfth
scale of lateralseries; origin of anal opposite fourth ray of dorsal fin (in
the female); dorsal fin of moderate size; anal rather small, but pointed;
caudal scaly on its basal third; free portion of tail compressed, rather
high, its least depth halfits length, equal to length of head without snout.
Seven longitudinal series of scales on each side of the tail. Male with the
dorsal fin somewhat elevated, the longest ray being rather longer than the
head; anal fin modified into an intromittent organ, and advanced to
between the ventrals, in front of the dorsal. Tail strongly compressed,
and much higher than in the female, its least depth being equal to the
length of the head. Greenish, each scale with a black vertical spot;
dorsal and basal half of the anal irregularly and finely marbled with
brown. Length 6 inches. Lake Peten. (Ginther.)

Pecilia petenensis, GUNTHER, Cat., v1, 342, 1866, Lake Peten in Guatemala. (Coll. Salvin.)

1028. POCILIA SPHENOPS, Cuvier & Valenciennes,

Head 33; depth 34. D.9; A. 8; scales 28-8. Eye equal to snout, 33 in
head, a little more than half interorbital width. Origin of dorsal midway
between root of caudal and occiput, over thirteenth scale of lateral
series; origin of anal opposite that of dorsal (in the female); dor-
sal of moderate size anal small; caudal scaly at the base only. Tail
compressed, rather high, its least depth equal to length of head without
snout. Eight longitudinal series of scales on each side of the tail.
Greenish, each scale darker at the base; back of the tail with narrow,
irregular, silvery crossbars. Male with the dorsal fin somewhat elevated,
but the longest ray scarcely as long as the head without snout; this
- fin is ornamented with round, black spots; anal fin modified into an
intromittent organ, and advanced to between the ventrals. Tail strongly
compressed, and comparatively higher than in the female. Caudal fin
with oblong black spots on the interradial membrane of the basal half,
with a broad, whitish, posterior marginal band, and narrow black edge.
The female has the dorsal only spotted with black. Length 3 inches.
Vera Cruz, Mexico. (Giinther.) (cofv, wedge; ay, face; ‘‘museau en
coin,” peaked-face. )

Pecilia sphenops, CuviER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., xv111, 130, 1846, Vera Cruz; Gin-
THER, Cat., v1, 343, 1866.

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 695

1029. PECILIA DOVIL, Giinther.

Head 33; depth 32. D. 9; A. 8; scales 26 to 29-9. Width of interor-
bital space rather less than distance between front margin of eye and
gill opening. Eye somewhat more than length of snout, 34 in head,
and rather more than half width of interorbital space. Origin of
dorsal fin midway between root of caudal and occiput, over twelfth
scale of lateral series ; origin of anal opposite the second or third ray of
the dorsal (in the female); dorsal fin of moderate size; anal small;
caudal scaly on its basal third. Tail compressed, rather high, its least
depth equal to length of head without snout. Seven longitudinal series
of scales on each side of the tail. Uniform brownish green on the head
and body; male with the dorsal fin slightly elevated, but the longest
ray is scarcely as long as the head without Snout; this fin is orna-
mented with small, round, black spots. Anal fin modified into an
intromittent organ, and advanced to between the ventrals and in
front of the dorsal. Tail strongly compressed, but not higher than in
the female. Caudal fin with minute black spots on the interradial mem-
brane; back of tail sometimes with indistinct, narrow, dark crossbars.
The female has the fins colored as in the male. Length 2tinches. Mexico
and Guatemala. (Giinther.) (Named for John M. Dow, its discoverer.)

Pecilia dovii, Ginrurr, Cat., v1, 344, 1866, Lake Nicaragua; Lake Amatitlan. (Coll. Dow.)
Gambusia plumbea,* TROSCHEL, in Miiller’s Reise in Mexico, 111, 640, 1865, Mexico, no locality,

1030. PCKCILIA COUCHIANA (Girard).

Head 5 in total with caudal; eye 3in head. D. 9; A.6. Body short,
back convex; head small; scales very large. Dorsal longer than high,
inserted nearer base of caudal than tip of snout; anal opposite its hinder
portion; pectorals not reaching ventrals. Brownish, each scale with a
large brown spot; an obscure black lateral bana; fins plain, except the
dorsal, which has a few black spots. Known from females only. Rio
San Juan, at Cadareita and Monterey, in Nuevo Leon. (Girard.)
(Named for Lieut. D. N. Couch, of the Mexican Boundary Survey.)

Limia couchiana, GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 116, Rio San Juan. (Coll. Couch),
Peecilia couchii, GOntueER, Cat., v1, 347, 1866.
Peecilia couchiana, Jorvan & GILBERT, Synopsis, 348, 1883.

1031. PCRCILIA BOUCARDI,+ Steindachner,

Head 33; depth 3. D. 9or 10; A. 9; scales 27 or 28-9. Eye 3} in head,
as long as snout; interorbital width 1} in head. Dorsal in females
inserted an eye’s diameter nearer base of caudal than opercle, farther

* Gambusia plumbea: D. 10; A, 9; P. 14. Length 2% inches. Greatest height more than
length of head, 414 in total length. Insertion of dorsal nearer caudal than tip of snout, over
tip of pectoral and end of anal, 74 depth of body below it; anal in male *s height of body
Brownish plumbeous, yellowish below; dorsal and caudal with many dark points, those on cau-
dal mostly near base,

TA species allied to P. boucardi is mentioned as follows by Miiller & Troschel, Steindachner,

Monatsber, Akad. Wiss. Berl., 1844, 36:
* Molinesia fasciata, MULLER & Troscue.: D.8; A. 9; mit dunkeln Querbinden. Mexico.’ For.
tunately the name Pweilia fusciata is preoccupied,

696 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

back in male. Dorsal, caudal, and pectoral dark grayish, the dorsal punc-
tate in both sexes, the spots arranged in several rows, sometimes gath-
ered in blotches; caudal with cross rows of dots; anal dotted in old
females only ; sides of body with faint, dark-gray cross bands. Length 3
inches. Streams-at Colon, on the Atlantic side of the Isthmus of Panama.
(Steindachner.) (Named for Alphonse Boucard, the ornithologist, who
collected in tropical America. )

Pecilia boucardi, StEINDACHNER, Ichth. Beitr., v1, 8, 1878, Colon; Aspinwall.

1032. PQECILIA VANDEPOLLI, Van Lidth de Jeude.

Depth 3; D. 8; A. 9; scales 25 to 27-9. Eye 3in head. Female with
the anal a very little behind dorsal; male with the anal much advanced
and the ventrals produced; outer teeth curved, all of them brown at tip.
Yellowish brown, silvery below; a dark spot behind interorbital region,
continued as a dark line along middle of back; dark edges of scales giv-
ing the body a reticulated appearance ; sometimes faint cross-bands on
tail, male sometimes with a black spot as large as eye above and behind
root of pectoral. Length 1? inches. Brooks on the island of Curacao,
one of the Leeward Islands in the Caribbean Sea. (Lidth de Jeude.)
(Named for J. R. H. Neervoort van de Poll, its collector. )

Pecilia vandepolli, VAN LipTH DE JEUDE, Notes from Leyden Museum, rx, 438, 1887, Cura¢gao,
one of the Leeward Islands. (Coll. Neervoort van de Poll).

Represented in the brooks of the neighboring island of Aruba by

1032a. PHCILIA VANDEPOLLI ARUBENSIS, Van Lidth de Jeude.

Body deeper, the depth 34 in length; anal more advanced in females,
opposite dorsal fin. Dorsal and caudal with black lines and spots, the
color otherwise as in P. vandepolli. Length 2} inches. Streams of Aruba.
(Van Lidth de Jeude.) .

Pecilia vandepolli arubensis, VAN LiptH DE JEUDE, Notes from Leyden Museum, 1x, 438, 1887,
Aruba, one of the Leeward Islands. (Coll. Neervoort van de Poll).

1033. PCKCILIA DOMINICENSIS, Cuvier & Valenciennes.

Head 4; depth 33. D.8; A. 7 or 8; scales 28-8. Origin of dorsal a
little nearer root of caudal than to occiput, nearly opposite that of
anal; dorsal and anal fins small, rounded. Tail of moderate height, its
least depth less than length of head without snout. A dark line along
the middle of the back; sometimes irregular, indistinct blackish spots
on the back; caudal with 2 light-brownish cross-bands. San Domingo
and Barbadoes. Known from females only. (Gitnther.)

Pecilia dominicensis, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Ilist. Nat. Poiss., xvi1I, 131, pl. 525, 1846, San
Domingo; GUNTHER, Cat. v1, 346, 1866.

1034. PCKCILIA MELANOGASTER, Giinther.

Head 32; depth 34. D, 8; A. 8; scales 26-8. Eye of full-grown speci-
mens somewhat more than length of snout, 3} in head, and more than
half width of interorbital space. Origin of dorsal midway between
root of caudal and occiput, over eleventh scale of the lateral series,

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 697

scarcely in advance of that of anal; dorsal and anal fins small; base of
the caudal scaly; tail of moderate length, its least depth scarcely
equal to length of head, without snout; seven longitudinal series of
scales on each side of the tail. Body light brownish, a silvery
vertical streak on each scale. A small blackish spot in the middle
of the root of the caudal; a blackish spot across the base of the three
posterior dorsal rays; the prominent belly of females silvery in its
anterior half, and deep black in its posterior, these colors being sharply
separated from each other. Locality unknown, perhaps Jamaica. (Giin-
ther.) (uéAac, black; yaorfp, belly.)

Pecilia melanogaster, GUNTHER, Cat., v1, 345, 1866, locality unknown.

1035. PECILIA SPILURUS, Giinther.

Head 4; depth 34; eye longer than snout, 3 in head, and # width
of interorbital space. D. 7; A. 8; scales 26-9. Width of interorbital
space a little less than distance between gill opening and center of eye;
Origin of dorsal midway between root of caudal and upper end of gill
opening, over thirteenth scale of the lateral series; origin of anal fin dis-
tinctly in advance of that of dorsal (in female); dorsal and anal fins
small; base of the caudal fin covered with scales. Tail of moderate
height, its least depth being equal to the length of the head (without
snout). Brownish olive, each scale darker in the center; a black spot on
each side of the back of the root of the tail; dorsal fin with a few black
spots along the middle. Length 24 inches. Central America. Known
from one female. (Giinther.) (o7idoc, spot; ovpa, tail.)

Pecilia spilurus, GUNTHER, Cat., v1, 345, 1866, Central America.

1036. POCILIA ELONGATA, Giinther.

Head 44; depth 4. D. 9; A. 8; scales 30 to 32-9. Caudal peduncle
deep, its least depth 1} in its own length, and a little less than length of
head, without snout. Eye equal to length of snout, 34 in head, and
more than half width of interorbital space. Snout much depressed.
Lower jaw with two series of very small teeth only; in the upper the
posterior band of villiform teeth is very indistinct. Origin of dorsal
fin nearer root of the caudal than occiput, a little behind root of anal,
above fourteenth scale of lateral series ; dorsal fin higher than long, its
longest ray being as long as the head without snout; anal small. Eight
longitudinal series of scales on each side of the tail. Caudal rounded,
its base only covered with scales. Uniform olivaceous, sometimes with
10 or 12 faint cross shades; the membrane of the pouches of scales with
a black margin; fins immaculate. A large and easily known species,
abundant in mouths of streams about Panama; the only species thus far
recorded in salt water. Length 44 inches. (elongatus, lengthened.)

Pacilia elongata, GUNruER, Cat., v1, 342, 1866, Panama; Srernpacuner, Ichth. Beitr., v, 1876.

1037. PCECILIA PRESIDIONIS, Jordan & Culver.

Head 44; depth 3} to 44; eye as long as snout, 34 in head; interorbital
space 2 in head. D.7or8; A. 7; scales 28-9. Body rather elongate, shaped

698 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

as in Fundulus, the profile scarcely rising to front of dorsal. Teeth small,
in two well-separated series, those of the inner row small, close-set, not
trifid. Fins all low and short; pectoral 14in head; longest dorsal ray 1};
caudal truncate, 15; dorsal in female inserted over middle of anal, behind
anal in male. Males scarce, apparently smaller than females. Female
greenish above; sides with violet sheen; 3 or 4 black crossbars, usually very
distinct, sometimes obsolete in large examples; one or two oblong spots
before these in the place of other bars; last ray of dorsal with a trace of a
dark ocellus; fins otherwise plain ; a dark streak along lower edge of cau-
dal peduncle, and another like a pencil mark along middle of sides under
the scales. Males without crossbars and with the lower fins reddish.
Length 2 inches; very abundant in the clear waters of Rio Presidio, a
mountain stream of Sinaloa, 20° miles south of Mazatlan. Many speci-

mens obtained.
Pecilia presidionis, JORDAN & CuLVER, MS., Fishes of Sinaloa, 1895, Rio Presidio, Sinaloa.
(Type, No. 2687. Stanford Univ. Mus. Coll. Hopkins Expedition.)

319. MOLLIENISIA, Le Sueur.

Mollienisia, Le SuEuR, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 11, 1821, 3, plate III, (latipinna),

Body rather stout. Mouth small; mandible very short, its bones not
united, the dentary being movable; both jaws with a narrow band of
small teeth, besides an outer series of long, slender, movable teeth, which
are curved and slightly compressed, placed on the outer edge of the jaw.
Branchiostegals 5. Scales large. Anal fin behind the dorsal, the anal of
the male being modified into an intromittent organ; caudal fin alike in
the two sexes, or the lower angle very slightly produced in the male,
suggesting Xiphophorus; dorsal fin highly elevated in the male, its base
elongate, of 12 or more rays. Intestines elongate, with numerous convo-
lutions. Vertebre 17-+13=30. Small mud-eating fishes, of variegated
colors, found from Carolina to Mexico, in the coastwise swamps. The
genus is scarcely distinct from Pecilia, differing only in the larger dorsal
and the gayer coloration of the male. The species are closely related, and
are perhaps all forms of the widely distributed and variable Mollienisia
latipinna. (Named for Mollien, French minister of finance, a patron of
Péron, the friend and scientific associate of Le Sueur.)

a. Dorsal rays 12 or 18,

b. Insertion of anal behind front of dorsal; a round black spot on upper half of base of
caudal; each scale edged with dark; dorsal with 2 or 3 series of black spots.

JONESI, 1038,

bb. Insertion of anal under front of dorsal; each scale of back with a brown spot; dorsal

spotted. FORMOSA, 1039.

aa. Dorsal rays 13 to 15; dorsal fin in male much elevated and with series of spots; dorsal

beginning in advance of anal; scales with dark spots.
c. Scales 26 to 28-10; dark spots on scales forming lengthwise stripes along back and side ;

caudal rounded. LATIPINNA, 1040.
ec. Scales 30-10; dark spots chiefly on posterior part of body; lower angle of caudal pro-
duced in adult male. PETENENSIS, 1041.

1038. MOLLIENISIA JONESI, Giinther.

Head 4; depth 3} to 4. D. 12; A. 10; scales 29-9. Eye shorter than
snout, 4in head, 2 in interorbital width; length of dorsal fin ¢ distance

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 699

from eye to base of caudal. Dorsal (in female) much longer than high;
anal small, opposite middle of dorsal. Brownish; each scale with a black
posterior margin ; a black band between eye and scapula; a round black
spot on upper half of root of caudal; dorsal with 2 or 3 series of black
spots; anal with a black line behind and along each ray; other fins plain.
Length 34 inches. Lake Alcohuaca, a volcanic lake, Huamantla, Mexico,
8,000 feet above sea. Known from females only. (Giinther.) (Named for
T. M. Rymer Jones, its discoverer. )

Mollienesia jonesi, GUNTHER, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., x1v, 1874, 370, Lake Alcohuaca, Hua-
mantla, Mexico; Jorpan & GILBERT, Synopsis, 347, 1883.

1039. MOLLIENISIA FORMOSA (Girard).

Head 34; depth 34; eye3in head. D. 12 or 13; A. 10. Body rather
stout. Snout short; dorsal in male longer than high, its first ray about
opposite front of anal; female with the dorsal nearly as high as long, the
anal opposite its front. Olivaceous; scales with brown spots; dorsal fin
with transverse series of blackish spots; other fins immaculate. Palo
Alto, Mexico. (Girard.) (formosus, comely.)

Limia formosa, GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 115, Palo Alto, Mexico. (Coll. Clark.)
Mollienesia formosa, GUNTHER, Cat., v1, 349, 1866; JonpAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 347, 1883.

1040. MOLLIENISIA LATIPINNA, Le Sueur.

Male: Head 4; depth 2 to 3. Female: Head 34 to 32; depth 2} to 23.
D. 15 or 16 (13 or 14 in var. lineolata*); A. 8; scales 26-9 or 10. Body
oblong, much compressed in males, of nearly equal height from dorsal
backward, the greatest height of body but 4 greater than that of caudal
peduncle; females with gibbous belly and narrower caudal peduncle;
head very small, depressed, not narrowed forward; mouth very small,
vertical, and without lateral cleft; length of mandible about $ diameter
of orbit; teeth all very small, movable, in a rather narrow band; the
outer series much larger than the others, but still very small, composed
of slender pointed teeth, strongly curved inward ; eye moderate, 14 to 13
in interorbital width, equal to or slightly greater than snout, and 3} to
34 in head. Dorsal very long, in adult males enormously elevated,
exceeding height of body; the fin is almost square, the base slightly
longer than the height, the upper margin nearly straight; longest ray 24
in length of body, the last ray reaching beyond base of caudal; base of
fin 24 in body; origin of dorsal distant from base of caudal 2} times its
distance from the tip of snout. In females dorsal low, the longest ray
equaling # length of head, the last ray reaching but halfway to base of
caudal; the base of the fin 3? times in length of body, its origin distant
from base of caudal 1} times the distance from tip of snout. Anal very

* Var. lineolata, GIRARD: Four female specimens and one male, from Galveston, Texas, (the
largest 2 inches long), and two females from Lake Pontchartrain, were formerly referred by us
to a variety lincolata (== pecilioides). Later investigations have not confirmed the validity of

thisform., They show the following apparent differences from M. latipinna:

Eye small, the iris jet black; diameter of orbit 314 to 344 in head and 1%4 to 2 times in inter-
orbital width, (the eye 274 in head and 13 in interorbital width, in latipinna of the same size);
dorsal fin smaller, its base 374 in body in females, 3 in males, the rays constantly 13 or 14 in
number (usually 13); origin of dorsal equidistant from tip of snout and base of caudal in female,
Color as in latipinna, with traces of dark bars.

700 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

small; in the male modified into an intromittent organ and inserted in
advance of middle of dorsal, its origin about halfway between snout
and base of caudal, the fourth ray longest and thickest, 14 in head; in
females the origin is under twelfth ray of dorsal, and about midway
between tip of caudal and tip of snout. Caudal rounded, about equal-
ing length of head in females, + greater than head in males. Ventrals
inserted behind vertical from origin of dorsal, reaching beyond vent in
females; in males the first and second rays are thickened, the second
filamentous, 1} in head. Pectoral long, longer in males, where it reaches
beyond middle of ventrals, and is very slightly less than length of head.
Scales in very regular rows, 26 in a longitudinal series, 9 or 10 in an
oblique series forward from vent to middle of back; humeral scale not
enlarged. Intestinal canal about 23 times total length of fish (with cau-
dal). Color, male light olive green, marbled with darker and spotted
with pale green; each scale on back and sides with an oblong, blackish
spot, these forming continuous lengthwise stripes; head dusky above;
opercle and cheek minutely speckled; an orange stripe above opercle;
lower parts of head-mostly orange; some orange tinge on breast. Dorsal
translucent, its basal half with about 5 series of linear, blackish, hori-
zontal spots, forming interrupted lines; above middle of fin, on membrane
between each pair of rays, is a large, roundish dark spot; between these
spots and above them are many small, round bronze spots; membrane
between second and third rays red at base; all of these markings irregu-
lar on first and last rays; caudal narrowly margined all around with
black, its base lavender, its lower parts mostly whitish, the middle
orange, the upper parts pale, with round orange spots; other fins pale
orange. Females have dorsal and caudal olivaceous, with indistinct,
narrow cross bands, formed by series of small dark spots on the rays.
Length 23 to 3 inches. South Carolina to northern Mexico, in lowland
Swamps and streams; very abundant. The male a fish of remarkable
beauty. It often enters the sea, the gorgeous dorsal fin of the male
being conspicuous in the shallow water about the wharves at Pensacola.
(latus, broad ; pinna, fin.)
Mollienesia latipinna, Lx Sueur, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 11, 1821, 3, New Orleans; male;
GUNTHER, Cat., 348, 1866; Jornpan & GILBERT, Synopsis, 347, 1883.
Pecilia multilineata, Le Sueur, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 11, 1821, 4, New Orleans; female.
Peecilia lineolata, GirARD, U. 8. Mex. Bound. Surv., Ichth., 70, pl. 35, figs. 9 to 11, 1859, Rio
Grande, near Brownsville, Texas. (Coll. Van Vliet and Clark.)
Limia peciloides, GIRARD, U. 8. Mex. Bound. Surv., Ichth., 70, pl. 38, figs. 8 to 14, 1859, Indian-
ola, Texas. (Coll. Clark.)
Limia matamorensis, GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 116, Matamoras.
Mollienesia latipinna, JORDAN & GILBERT, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1882, 258; JorpAN & GILBERT,
Synopsis, 347, 1883.
Mollienesia lineolata, JORDAN & GILBERT, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1882, 258.

1041. MOLLIENISIA PETENENSIS, Giinther.

Head 4 to 44; depth 3; eye 3} in head. D.15; A. 8 or 9; B. 6; scales
30-10; vertebre 17+ 13. Eye equal to length of snout, rather less than
half of width of interorbital space. Length of dorsal fin of male half dis-
tance between eye and root of caudal, in the female ?; caudal rounded,

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 701

with scales at base only. Free portion of the tail as high as long, and
covered by 9 longitudinal series of scales on each side. Brownish green,
silvery below; a dark spot to each scale of the upper and middle caudal
series and the lower part of the trunk; dorsal fin of the adult male with
small, irregular brown lines or spots, and with a row of large rounded
spots along the middle of its height; interradial membrane of the cau-
dal with numerous black dots ; the lower part of the hind margin black.
Females and immature males have the dorsal fin simply ornamented with
small irregularly curved brown spots. Length 5 inches, Lake Peten.
(Giinther.) Extremely close to M. latipinna, but reaching a larger size,
its angulated caudal suggesting Xiphophorus.

Mollienesia petenensis, GUNTHER, Cat., VI, 348, 1866, Lake Peten, in Guatemala. (Coll. Salvin.)

320. XIPHOPHORUS, Heckel.
Xiphophorus, HECKEL, Sitzgsber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 1848, 1, pt. 3, 163, (helleri).

This genus differs from Mollienisia only in the structure of its caudal
fin, the lower rays of which in the males are prolonged into a long sword-
shaped appendage, which in the adult is sometimes as long as the rest of
the fish. Anal of the male modified into an intromittent organ, 1 or 2
of the enlarged rays being provided with hook-like processes. Branchi-
ostegals 5. Vertebre 16+ 14=—30. (<ivoc, sword; gopéw, to bear.)

a, Sides in both sexes with dark lines of spots along the rows of scales; a darker stripe on side

running along upper edge of caudal projection. HELLER], 1042.
aa, Sides in both sexes covered with irregular black blotches and spots, not following the rows
of scales; no lateral stripe. GUNTHERI, 1043.

1042. XIPHOPHORUS HELLERI, Heckel.

Head 44; depth 3} to 34. D.13; A.9; V.6; scales 29-8. Eye as long
as snout, 34 in head. Dorsal nearly equal in males and females, its base
3+ in distance from head to caudal; caudal sword in adult male nearly
as long as the fish, yellow, with black edges; ventrals below front of
dorsal in both sexes. Body in female with regular series of dark spots
forming lines along the rows of scales as in Mollienisia; dorsal plain
in the female, spotted in the male, the spots in horizontal rows. Rivers
of southern Mexicoand Central America. Giinther describes three varie-
ties in the coloration of males; variations possibly representing distinct
species :

a. Two yellowish-green bands along side, separated and bordered above
and below by a blue band. Rio Chisoy.

b. Middle blue band darkest, black, running from eye to and along
upper border of caudal appendage, which is very short. Cordova.

_ ¢. Body without bands, covered all over with irregular black spots in
both sexes. Rio Chisoy. This form (figured by Giinther, Fish. Centr.
Amer., 1869, pl. 87) we have here regarded as a distinet species, Vipho-
phorus guntheri.
- (Named for Prof. Kar] Heller.)

Xiphophorus helleri, Uecken, Sitzgber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 1848, 1, 163; G0nruer, Cat., vi, 349,
1866; GUnrnuenr, Fishes Centr. Amer., 485, 1869,

702 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

1043. XIPHOPHORUS GUNTHERI, Jordan & Evermann, new species.

We regard Giinther’s “‘ var. y” (gamma) from Rio Chisoy, ‘‘Body without
bands, covered all over with irregular spots” as probably a species dis-
tinct from X. helleri. Ginther’s figure shows the form, proportions, and
fin rays of the latter, the dorsal in the female lower and more spotted,
and both sexes covered with dark blotches of various. sizes, irregular in
form and distribution, more of them vertical than horizontal, and cover-
ing head, back, and sides; caudal unspotted, its appendage white, edged
with black above and below. Rio Chisoy, basin of Rio Usumacinta,
Guatemala. (Named for Dr. Albert Ginther.)

Xiphophorus helleri, var. y, GUNTHER, Cat., V1, 350, 1866, Rio Chisoy, Guatemala. (Coll. God-
man & Salvin); and Giinruer, Fishes Centr. Amer., pl. 87, figs. 3and 4, 1869.

Family XCIII. AMBLYOPSIDA.
(THE BLIND FISHES. )

Body moderately elongate, compressed behind. Head long, depressed.
Mouth rather large, the lower jaw projecting; premaxillaries long,
scarcely protractile, forming entire margin of upper jaw. Jawsand pal-
atines with bands of slender villiform teeth. Branchiostegals about 6.
Gillrakers very short. Pseudobranchie concealed. Gill membranes more
or less completely joined to the isthmus. Head naked, the surface some-
times crossed by papillary ridges. Body with small cycloid scales, irreg-
ularly placed; no lateral line. Vent jugular, close behind the gill
openings. Ventral fins small or wanting; pectorals moderate, inserted
higher than in most soft-rayed fishes ; dorsal without spine, nearly oppo-
site the anal; caudal truncate or rounded. Cranium without median
crest. Stomach cecal, with 1 or 2 pyloric appendages. Air bladder
present. Ovary single. Some (and probably all) of the species ovovivip-
arous. In two of the genera the eyes are very rudimentary and hidden
under the skin, and the body is translucent and colorless. Fishes of small
size, living in subterranean streams and swamps of the southern United
States. Three genera and five species are ‘‘all of the family yet known,
but that others will be discovered, and the range of the present known
species extended, is very probable. The ditches and small streams of the
lowlands of our southern coast will undoubtedly be found to be the home
of numerous individuals, and perhaps of new species and genera, while
the subterranean streams of the central portion of our country most
likely contain other species.” (Putnam.) This group is doubtless a very
ancient one and the blind forms are without doubt descendants of the
eyed genus Chologaster, or at least of forms closely allied toit. The singu-

lar position of the vent is repeated in the peculiar family, Aphredoderida, ~

likewise a relic of alost fauna. (Heteropygii, Ginther, Cat., v1, 1, 2, 1868.)

a. Eyes developed; body colored; ventrals obsolete; pyloric cceca 2. CHOLOGASTER, 321.
aa. Eyesrudimentary, concealed; body colorless; pyloric coecum single.
b. Ventral fins present. AMBLYOPSIS, 322.
bb. Ventral fins obsolete. TYPHLICHTHYS, 323.

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 703

321. CHOLOGASTER, Agassiz.
Chologaster, AGAss1z, Amer. Journ. Sci. Arts, x v1, 1853, 135, (cornutus).

This genus includes those Amblyopside which retain the eyes in their
primitive condition of development, and which retain the structure and
color of ordinary fishes. Pyloricceeca2. Swamps of the Southern States,
entering caves. From allies of Chologaster cornutus all the other forms
have probably descended, though the possession of ventrals in Amblyopsis
indicates their existence in the primitive type. (ywAdc, maimed; yaorip,
belly ; in allusion to the abortive ventrals.)

a. Papillary ridges wanting.

b. Sides with 3 narrow, sharply defined, lengthwise black stripes, the middle one broad-
est; a black blotch at base of caudal, with a white blotch behind it, the fin otherwise
black. CORNUTUS, 1044.

bb. Sides plain light brown, unstriped. AGASSIZII, 1045.

aa, Papillary ridges present, as in the Blindfishes; sides with 3 black lengthwise stripes,
PAPILLIFERUS, 1046.

1044. CHOLOGASTER CORNUTUS, Agassiz.

(FisH oF THE DismMAL Swamp.)

Head 33; depth 54 to 64. D. 8 or 9; A. 8 or 9; scales 68. Form
of Amblyopsis, but more slender, the head narrower, sharper, and less
depressed; mouth oblique, terminal, the lower jaw projecting; maxil-
lary extending nearly to front of eye; eye small, but evident, about half
length of snout. Gill membranes separate, nearly free from the isthmus,
covering the vent. Pectoral fin 14 in head, 12 in distance to front of
dorsal; caudal pointed, about as long as head. Color very dark brown
above, the lower half of body abruptly white, all parts, black or white,
sprinkled over with black points; side with 3 narrow, sharply defined,
black, lengthwise stripes, the lower sometimes breaking up into dots

‘behind, the middle stripe broadest, forming the lower margin of the dark

color of back, this stripe extending on side of head across eye and snout;
upper band a little nearer to line of back than to middle band; a large,
irregular black blotch at base of caudal; behind this a white blotch of
varying size, sometimes reduced to 2 small spots, sometimes forming a
broad white bar, covering nearly half the fin; behind this blotch the
caudal fin is jet black; dorsal white, more or less spotted or edged with
black. Length1/inches. Lowlandswamps of the Southern States, from
the Dismal Swamp to the Okefinokee Swamp; locally very abundant.
The above description is taken from the types of Chologaster avitus. The
study of specimens from Georgia leads to the conclusion that the nominal
species avitus is based ona slight variation of cornutus; the body slen-
derer, the color a little different. (cornutus, horned ; the inconspicuous
“horns” are the flaps of the nostrils.)

Chologaster cornutus, AGAssiz, Amer, Journ, Sci. Arts, 1853, 135, ditch in a rice field at Wac-

camaw, South Carolina; Ginrner, Cat., vir, 2, 1868; Putnam, * Amer. Nat., 1872, 30;
Jordan & GILBERT, Synopsis, 325, 1883.

* The following is the substance of Professor Putnam's description of Agassiz’s type: Head
8%; depth 444. D.8or9; A. 8or 9. Yellowish brown, dark above; sides with 3 dark longi-
tudinal stripes, becoming dots on the tail; middle rays of caudal fin dark; fins otherwise uncol-
ored, Mouth moderate, oblique, the maxillary not extending to the eye. Pectorals reaching

nearly to front of dorsal, perfect, small, Snout with 2 horn-like projections (nasal flaps).
Length 244 inches,

704 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum,

Chologaster avitus, JORDAN & JENKINS, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., 1888, 356, pl. 44, fig. 8, outlet of
Lake Drummond, Dismal Swamp, near Suffolk, Virginia. (Type, No. 39864, Coll.
Jenkins & Meek.)

Chologaster cornutus, GILBERT, Bull. U. 8. Fish Comm., vi11, 1888, 227, specimens from Okefinokee
Swamp, Millen, Georgia; caudal fin more dusky, with little white at base.

1045. CHOLOGASTER AGASSIZII, Putnam.

Head 4 in body, its length scarcely greater than the greatest depth. D.
9; A. 9. Pectorals reaching little more than halfway to front of dorsal.
Uniform light brown ; fins somewhat speckled. Length ldinches. (Put-
nam.) Subterranean streams in Tennessee and Kentucky; not seen by us.
(Named for Louis Agassiz.)

Chologaster agassizii, PUTNAM, Amer. Nat., 1872, 30, fig., from a well at Lebanon, Tennessee.

1046. CHOLOGASTER PAPILLIFERUS, Forbes.

Head 33 in length. Body with ridges of tactile papille, as in Ambly-
opsis. Eye above and well behind maxillary, about 6 in head; pectoral
reaching halfway to the dorsal. Color precisely as in Chologaster cornutus,
except that the middle stripe is decidedly paler than the ground color of
the body, but darker on the head, the change being abrupt at the oper-
cular margin; caudal fin dark brown, with several vertical rows of white
specks or blotches running across the rays; anterior part of dorsal
similar in color, but paler. Length a trifle over an inch. The species,
agreeing with cornutus in position of eye and plan of markings, with
agassizii in length of pectorals and structure of scales, is intermediate
in length of head, and agrees with neither in color of caudal and dorsal
and tint of middle band. (Forbes.) Cave Spring, Union County, Illinois.
(papilla, papilla; fero, I bear.)

Chologaster papilliferus, Forsrs, Amer. Naturalist, Jan., 1882, 1, cave spring in Southern

Illinois. (Coll. F. 8. Earle.)
Chologaster papillifer, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 325, 890, 1883.

322, .1 YPHLICHTHYS., ,Gicand,
Typhlichthys, GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 62, (subterraneus).

This genus differs from Amblyopsis only in the absence of the ventral
fins. The body is similarly translucent, covered with papillary ridges
and the eyes are obsolete. ‘lhe single species is of smaller size, and found
in the same waters. (rvdAdéc, blind; iyAbc, fish.)

1047. TYPHLICHTHYS SUBTERRANEUS, Girard.

(SMALL BLINDFISH.)

D.7 or 8; A. 7or8. Head rather blunter and broader forward than
in A. speleus. Mouth smaller, its cleft shorter than base of dorsal. Pec-
torals scarcely reaching dorsal. One pyloricceecum. Colorless. Length
2 inches. Subterranean streams of limestone regions in Indiana, Ken-
tucky, Tennessee, Missouri, and Alabama; locally abundant, with Ambly-
opsis speleus, but more widely diffused than the latter. (subterraneus,
under the earth.) ;

Typhlichthys sublerraneus, GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 62, well at Bowling Green,

Kentucky; (Coll. J. E. Younglove); Purnam, Amer. Nat., 1872, 30, fig.; Jorpan & GIL-
BERT, Synopsis, 325, 1883; Garman, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zoél,, xvi1, No. 6, 232, 1889.

i

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 705

Concerning the distribution and habits of this fish, Mr. Garman gives
the following pertinent remarks:

“<Typhlichthys subterraneus, Girard, the only blindfish in the collection (of Miss Ruth Hoppin,
from caves in Jasper County, in southern Missouri) is represented by a large number of exam-
ples, the majority of them taken from the wells, the balance from the caves, with the exception
of asingle one from the creek outside. Compared with specimens from Kentucky and Tennessee,
they agree so exactly as toraise the question whether the species was not originated in one of the
localities and thence distributed to the others. The opinion generally held is that the cave
species of Indiana, Kentucky, and Tennessee originated in their respective localities. It is no
doubt true for some of them. The idea is well supported by the insects and crustacea, the
species in one section being unlike those of the others. It may be urged that the respect in
which the fishes differ from them is more apparent than real, since these crustacea and insects
were derived from a number of distinct species, while in all probability the same species of fish
entered the caves in each district, and, being under the same influences in each, suffered the
same modification in each. Reduced to its lowest terms the question, so far as the fishes are
concerned, is this: Were the blindfishes distributed to the scattered localities where now found
before or after they became blind? In favor of independent origins at distant points, it can be
said that a species, distributed over the valley, possessed of habits such as would lead it to place
itself under the modifying conditions of the cave in one place, would be most likely led to do so
in the others. On the other hand, we have the more hesitation in accepting the conclusion that
one and the same species originated independently in two or more different localities, from know-
ing that exact parallels in the development of animals in nature, if they exist, are excessively
rare. If our caution prevents ready acceptance of two apparently exact evolutionary parallels
as really coincident, we become more skeptical when the number of parallels or coinciding lines
isincreased. There isno doubtthat the representatives of Typhlichthys subterraneus in the various
caves were derived from a single common ancestral species. The doubts concern only the prob-
ability of the existence of three or more lines of development, in as many different locations,
starting from the same species and leading to such practical identity of result. Such identical
results would demand substantially similar modifying elements—darkness, temperature, food,
enemies, etc.—and the same length of time subjected to their influence. The likelihood of the
existence of so many like elements in distant regions is inversely to the number demanded,
though one can not say it is impossible. To accept the conclusion favoring independent devel-
opments of the same species would involve acceptance of the idea that the caves in each of the
districts had been occupied for about the same period of time. This, of course, would not fur-
nish us with any clue to the time of formation of the caves. As an alternative, the opinion is
here advanced that these blindfishes originated in a particular locality, and have been, and are
being, distributed among the caves throughout the valley.

**We are in the habit of looking upon great rivers like the Ohio or Mississippi as impassable
obstacles to passage from ‘cave to cave, rather than as thoroughfares, In this we have certainly
assumed too much. Various instances are on record of the discovery of blindfishes that have
strayed into the open streams from their caverns. If there were means of determining the fre-
quency of the occurrence of such instances, it would undoubtedly much exceed what we are
now inclined tocredit. Persons acquainted with thestreams of the Mississippi basin will agree
that their undermined banks provide series of recesses or caverns, extending from the rills at the
sources to the tributaries and to the Gulf. The currents do not prove insurmountable to multi-
tudes of fishes, no better provided with locomotive organs than the blindfishes, passing up the
streamsevery season. Swept from the caves by the torrents in the flooded mouths, the blind
species would find itself protected at once from light or enemies by the turbid waters. The tempera-
ture of the water at such times is low, and, should the light penetrate so as to prove detrimental,
retreats exist on every hand in the excavations of the banks or the mud of the bottom, What
migrations these fishes may make in winter we can only imagine. Hiding places are so numer-
ous and extensive as to suggest the possibility of the evolution of blind forms without thecaves,
The great essential would be the disposition to avoid the light, opportunities existing everywhere;
the surroundings then would bring the organization into harmony with their demands, sooner
or later, as the creature was more or less plastic and yielding; disuse of the sense of sight being
followed by its loss and atrophy of its special organ. Development of sightless forms in the
holes and burrows of the banks, or in the mud of the bottom of the river, would here follow a
similar course to that gone through at great depths in lake or ocean,

KF, N. A. 46

706 Bulletin 27, United States National Museum.

‘‘ Crooked streams are not so impassable as one might suppose, even to floating objects, insects,
mollusks, etc. A twig or leaf dropped into the current on the inside of the upper arm of a
horseshoe curve in a stream is carried near to the opposite shore before it leaves the bend, and,
especially if favored by the wind, is often carried completely across. The passage is much easier
to animals that swim, however teebly. Taking everything into the account, it does not appear
to be at all necessary to credit Typhlichthys subterraneus from Kentucky, Teunessee, and Missouri
with more than a single point of origin. The same may be said of Amblyopsis spelzeus of Ken-
tucky and Indiana, and of the blind crayfish of the same States.

‘*Tn an article entitled ‘ Lifein the Wyandot Cave,’ Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 4, virr, 1871, p.
368, Professor Cope makes this statement concerning Amblyopsis: ‘If these Amblyopses be not
alarmed, they come to the surface to feed,and swim in full sight, like white aquatic ghosts.
They are then easily taken by the hand or net, if perfect silence is preserved ; for they are
unconscious of the presence of an enemy, except through the medium of hearing. This sense,
however, is evidently very acute, for at any noise they turn suddenly downward and hide
beneath stones, etc.,on the bottom.’ The statement is repeated in Amer. Nat., 1872, p. 409.
Such adevelopment of this sense, in recesses where we are accustomed to think any sounds other
than those made by the rippling or dripping water are almost unknown, is not what one would
have expected. Having this in mind, I wrote to Miss Hoppin, asking her to make experiments
on Typhlichthys, and to determine what she could in regard to hearing, feeding habits, etc. The
quotations here given are from her replies:

“** For about two weeks I have been watchinga fish taken froma wel]. I gave him considerable
water, changed once a day, and kept him in an uninhabited place subject to as few changes of
temperature as possible. He seems perfectly healthy, andas lively as when first taken from the
well. If not capable of long fasts, he must live on small organisms my eyecan not discern. He is
hardly ever still, but moves around the sides of the vessel constantly, down and up, as if need-
ing theair. Heneverswims through the body of the water away from thesides, unless disturbed.
Passing the finger over the sides of the vessel under water, I find it slippery. I am careful not
to disturb this slimy coating when the water is changed. * * * Numerous tests convince
me that it is through the sense of touch, and not through hearing, that the fish is disturbed: I
may scream, or strike metal bodies together over him as near as possible, yet he seems to take no
notice whatever. If I strike the vessel so that the water is set in motion, he darts away from
that side through the mass of the water, instead of around, in his usual way. If I stir the
water, or touch the fish, no matter how lightly, his actions are the same.’’’ [Garman, Bull.
Mus. Comp. Zodl., xvi1, No. 6, 1889, 232. ]

323. AMBLYOPSIS, De Kay.
Amblyopsis, DE Kay, New York Fauna: Fishes, 187, 1842, (spelzus).

Eyes rudimentary, concealed under the skin and not functional. Sur-
face of head and body crossed by vertical tactile ridges. Gill membranes
fully joined to isthmus. Ventral fins present, quite small, close to anal.
One pyloric cecum. Colorless fishes of small size, inhabiting the cave
streams in the limestone regions of the Ohio Valley. (auGAtvc, obtuse;
bwic, Vision. )

1048. AMBLYOPSIS SPEL.EUS, De Kay.

(BLINDFISH OF THE MAMMOTH CAVE.)

Head 3 in length; depth 44. D.9; A.8; V. 4; P.11. Body and head
covered by fine ridges of tactile papille. Colorless. Mouth comparatively
large, the length of its cleft about equal to base of dorsal. Pectorals reach-
ing front of dorsal; caudal long, rather pointed. Length 5inches. Subter-
ranean streams of the limestone region of Kentucky and southern Indiana ;
not rare; most common in the River Styx of the Mammoth Cave. Very
tenacious of life and readily kept in aquaria. (spelwus, pertainingto caves. )

Amblyopsis spelwus, De Kay, N. Y. Fauna: Fishes, 187, 1842, Mammoth Cave, Kentucky;
GUNTHER, Cat., vu, 2, 1868; Purnam, Amer. Nat., 1872, 30, fig.; Jonpan & GILBERT, Synop-
sis, 324, 1883.

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 707

Order Y. SYNENTOGNATHI.

(THE SYNENTOGNATHOUS FIsHEs. )

Lower pharyngeal bones fully united; second and third superior pharyn-
geals variously enlarged, not articulated to the cranium, sending processes
forward; the fourth small or fused with the third. Vertebre numerous
(45 to 70), the abdominal ones much more numerous than the caudal.
Ventral fins abdominal, without spine, the rays more than 5. Scapula
suspended to the cranium by a post-temporal bone, which is slender and
furcate. Articular bone of lower jaw with a small supplemental bone
perhaps corresponding to the coronoid bone. Parietal bones much
reduced, well separated by the supraoccipital. Supraclavicle not dis-
tinct; no interclavicles. No mesocoracoid. Maxillary very close to pre-
maxillary and sometimes firmly joined to it, the suture always distinct.
Basis of cranium double in front, but without muscular tube. No adipose
fin. Fins withoutspines. Lateral line concurrent with the beily, peculiar
in structure. Air bladder usually large, without pneumatic duct. Intes-
tinal tract simple, without pyloric ceca. This order* is allied to the Haplomi
on the one hand and to the Percesoces on the other, and like these groups, it
marks the transition from the soft-rayed to the spiny-rayed fishes. In their
anatomical characters the Synentognathi most resemble the latter, but
there are never spines in the fins, and the lower pharyngeals are united.
The group is divisible into four closely related families, which have usually
been regarded as subfamilies of one family, Exocetide or Scomberesocide.
The remarkable differences in the pharyngeals seem to us to require the
division of the group into four families, the differential characters having
been first pointed out by Mr. Edwin C. Starks, a student in Stanford
University. (civ, together; évréc, within; yvdaOoc, jaw.) (Physostomi,
part; family Scomberesocidw, Giinther, Cat., v1, 233-298, 1866. )

a, Third superior pharyngeal on each side scarcely enlarged, not longer than its anterior pro-
cess, and armed with comparatively few (about 15) pointed teeth; fourth superior
pharyngeal distinct on cach side; lower pharyngeals united into a small linear plate,
armed with small teeth; vertebrae with zygapophyses; both jaws produced in along
beak in the adult (the upper short in the young); teeth in jaws strong, unequal; max-
illaries firmly appressed to the premaxillaries; a distinct suture along the boundary;
coronoid bone (attached to the articular) evident. Speciescarnivorous. Esocrp®, Xcry.

aa. Third superior pharyngeal greatly enlarged, covered with bluntish, tricuspid teeth; fourth

superior pharyngeal wanting or fused with the third; lower pharyngeals large, fused
into a thick triangular bone with transversely concave surface, covered with blunt,
tricuspid teeth; teeth in jaws always small, conic, or tricuspid; maxillary close to pre-
maxillary, but not suturally joined to it, there being some open space between; coro-
noid bone small, but present ; no canine teeth; no zygapophyses to the vertebrae.

b. Third superior pharyngeal solidly joined with its fellow to form an ovoid plate, which
sends two processes forward; cleft of mouth narrow; the lower jaw usually pro-
duced; teeth of jaws tricuspid; herbivorous species. HEMIRAMPHID®, XCV.

bb. Third superior pharyngeals more or less closely appressed, but not united; species at

least partly carnivorous,

* With this order begins the series of families in which the air duct of the air bladder disap-
pears in the adult condition, These form the group or series known as Physoclysti, in contra-
distinction to the Physostomi, in which the air duct is persistent. To the Physostomi belong the
Oslariophysi, Apodes, Isospondyli, Haplomi, etc.

708 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

c. Dorsal and anal fins each with several detached finlets; cleft of mouth long, both
jaws being more or less produced in a pointed beak; paired fins small.

SCOMBRESOCIDA, XCVI.

cc. Dorsal and anal without finlets; cleft of mouth short, the jaws not produced in a
beak; pectoral fins more or less produced, forming an organ of flight.

Exo0c@Tip&, XCVII.

Family XCIV. ESOCID.
(THE NEEDLFEFISHES. )

Body elongate, very slender, compressed or not, covered with small,
thin scales. Lateral line very low, running as a fold along side of belly.
Both jaws produced in a beak, the lower jaw the longer, very much the
longer in the young, which resemble Hemiramphus; maxillaries grown
fast to premaxillaries; each jaw with a band of small, sharp teeth,
besides a series of longer, wide-set, sharp, conical teeth. No finlets. Dor-
sal fin opposite anal, both fins rather long. Air bladder present. Lower
pharyngeals united to form a long, slender, narrow plate, with flat sur-
face, covered with small, pointed teeth; upper pharyngeals distinct, the
third pair little enlarged,.each with some 15 moderate, unequal, pointed
teeth (Tylosurus marinus); fourth pair well developed, with similar teeth,
but without anterior processes. Vertebre numerous, with zygopophyses.
Ovary single. Voracious, carnivorous fishes, bearing a superficial resem-
blance to the Gar Pikes; found in all warm seas, sometimes entering
rivers. Genera 4, only 2 of which (Tylosurus and Athlennes) are found in
our waters;* species about 50, the majority of them American. ‘Their
habits are ordinarily much like those of the pike, but when startled
they swim along the surface with extraordinary rapidity, often leaping
above the water for short distances. When thus leaping the large
species of the tropics are sources of danger to incautious fishermen,
sometimes piercing the naked abdomens of the savages. Most of them
are good food-fishes, but the green color of the bones of the larger
species often causes them to be avoided, for no good reason. (Scombereso-
cide, part, Gunther, Cat., VI, 233-256, 1866.)

a. Gill rakers none; no teeth on vomer; dorsal and anal elevated in front; caudal fin lunate.

b. Body subterete or slightly compressed, its breadth more than 24 its greatest depth.

TYLOsuRUS, 324.
bb. Body much compressed, its breadth not half its greatest depth. ATHLENNES, 325.

324. TYLOSURUS,t Cocco.
Tylosurus, Cocco, “ Lettere in Giornale Sci. Sicilia, xv11,’’ 18, 1829, (cantraini = imperialis = acus).
Body elongate, very slender, not much compressed. Both jaws pro-
longed into a beak, the lower jaw somewhat the longer, much the longer
in young fishes, the very young resembling Hemiramphus. Each jaw
armed with a band of small, sharp teeth, beside which is a series of

*The remaining genera are Lsox, (Belone), and Potamorrhaphis. Esox is characterized by the
presence of fin rakers and is confined to the Old World and the islands of the Pacific. Potamor-
raphis is similar to Tylosurus, but with the dorsal and anal not falcate. Its species inhabit the
rivers of South America.

+ For a full account of the American species of this genus see Jordan & Fordice, Proc. U. 5.
Nat. Mus., 1886, 339-361.

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 709

longer, wide-set, sharp, conical, unequal teeth; no teeth on vomer or
palatines. Scales small, thin; lateral line running along the side of
the belly, becoming median on the tail. No finlets. Dorsal fin more or
less elevated anteriorly ; caudal fin short, unequally lunated or forked;
pectorals moderate; ventrals small, the latter inserted behind the middle
of the body. Gill rakers obsolete. Bones usually more or less green.
Size comparatively large. Species numerous. Voracious fishes, chiefly
American ; one species crossing to Europe; some of them entering rivers.
This genus differs from the Old World genus Lsoz,* (Linnzus) Rafinesque,
(= Belone, Cuvier), in the absence of gill rakers and of vomerine teeth.
(rbAoc, callus; ovpa, tail; in allusion to the caudal keel, on which the
genus was originally based, a character of little importance. )

a. Mouth capable of being nearly or quite closed, the upper jaw not conspicuously arched at
* base.

b. Caudal peduncle compressed, deeper than broad, without trace of keel along the lateral
line; dorsal and anal fins short, each of 13 to 16 rays, the posterior rays not elevated;
anal longer than dorsal and inserted farther forward; jaws slender, about twice as
long as rest of head; no fold of skin across preopercle; caudal subtruncate, the
lower lobe somewhat produced; sides with a bluish-silvery band; species of small
size, with the scales and bones nat green.

ec. Scales comparatively large, about 85 before the dorsal fin, and about 7 or 8 rows on
the cheeks; body robust, the depth about 5 in head; coloration pale, the dorsal
and caudal brick red in life; lateral stripe narrow for its entire length; no scap-
ular blotch. : NOTATUS, 1049.
ec. Scales small, 140 to 150 before dorsal fin, about 12 rows on the cheeks; body slen-
der; ventrals inserted at a point nearer cheeks than base of caudal; fins with-
out red; lateral stripe broadened below the dorsal fin.
d. Region above base of pectorals with a conspicuous round blackish blotch.

SCAPULARIS, 1050.
dd. Region above base of pectorals without black spot.

e. Body very slender, the depth 7 in head, which is 28 in body; eye moderate,

214 to 234 in postorbital part of head; no distinct notch in the temporal

ridge; maxillary not entirely concealed by preorbital. D.1,15; A.1,17;

scales in lateral line 225, TImucv, 1051.

ee. Body less slender, the depth 6 in head, which is 2,9; in body; eye large, 24

' ju postorbital part of head; a distinct notch on temporal ridge close

behind eye; maxillary almost entirely concealed by the preorbital.

D. 1, 15; A. 1,17; scales in lateral line 200. EURYOPS, 1052.

bb. Caudal peduncle very much depressed, wider than deep, but without trace of keel.

Head 274 in length; eye 21% in postorbital part of head; maxillary nearly con-

cealed by preorbital; body subterete; snout very nearly twice length of rest of

head; brownish above, silvery below, a bluish lateral stripe edged below with

black and yellowish; scales not very small. D.16; A. 17. DIPLOT-ENTA, 1053.

bbb. Caudal peduncle more or less depressed, or, at least, with a more or less developed
dermal keel along the lateral line; scales and bones more or less green.

f. Dorsal and anal fins short, each of 14 to 19 rays, the anal larger than the dorsal
and beginning farther forward; last rays of dorsal and anal low; jaws slender,
about twice as long as rest of head; no fold of skin across preopercle,

g. Eye very small, 4 to 5 in postorbital part of head; caudal keel sharp, color
black; body and tail much depressed; teeth very small.
h. Kye 5 in postorbital part of head; dorsal rays 14; A. 15, Microps, 1054. ~

* From the original genus Fsox of Linnaeus, the groups called Sphyrena, Synodus, and Lepisosteus
were detached by Lacépéde as distinct genera in 1803, In 1810 the remaining species were
divided by Rafinesque into two genera, Lucius, Rafinesque, typified by Psox neius, Linneeus, and
Esox, of which Lsox belone was taken as the type. This restriction of the generic name Esoz,
being the earliest, must stand, and the name Lsox must supersede Belone.

710 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

hh. Eye 4 in postorbital part of head; dorsal rays 16; anal 19.
ANGUSTICEPS, 1055.
gg. Eye moderate, 2 to 314 times in postorbital part of head.

i. Caudal fin forked; caudal keel sharp, broad, and conspicuous; top of head
flat, striated, without median groove; base of upper jaw much depressed;
maxillary entirely hidden by preorbital; teeth very small; ventral fin
midway between eye and caudal; scales not very small. D.1, 13; A.
ee: ARDEOLA, 1056.

ii, Caudal fin unequally lunate, the emargination not deep, the lower rays mod-
erately produced; scales very small; sides with a silvery lateral stripe;
caudal keel not very conspicuous, not black; top of head with median
groove; maxillary not entirely concealed by preorbital; ventral inserted

midway between preopercle and base of caudal. Species of moderate
size, with the scales and bones more or less green.
j. Body very slender, the depth 6144 to 7in length of head; caudal keel
not very small.
k. Posterior half of pectorals more cr less abruptly black; eye large,
216 in postorbital part of head. D. 1, 16; A. 1, 17; lateral
ilne 250, SIERRITA, 1057.
kk. Posterior half of pectorals pale, like the base of the fin; eye rather
small, 234 in postorbital part of head. D. 1, 15; A. 1, 17;
lateral line 370. EXILIS, 1058.
jj. Body moderately slender, the depth 51% in length of head; caudal keel
little developed.
l, Eye moderate, 21% in postorbital part of head; pectorals not black
posteriorly. D.1, 15; A. 1, 17; lateral line 300; a dark bar on

opercle. MARINUS, 1059.
u. Eyesmall, 314 in postorbital part of head. D.13 o0r14; A. 15 or 16;
pectoral pale. ALMEIDA, 1060.

ff. Dorsal and anal fins long, each of 17 to 25 rays, the last rays of the dorsal fin more
or less elevated in the young, becoming lower in the adult; caudal keel rather
strong, black; one or more folds of skin across the edge of the preopercle; caudal
fin deeply emarginate or unequally forked. Ventrals inserted midway between

base of caudal and middle of eye. Species of large size, with the scales and
bones green; no distinct lateral stripe.

m. Beak short and very strong, its length 114 to 18 times length of rest of head;
body comparatively robust, the depth more than 2 length of head.

n. Dorsal fin of moderate length, its rays 1, 19; anal rays 1, 17; insertion of

dorsal notably behind that of anal; snout very short, 1144 times length

of rest of head; lateral line 440. FODIATOR, 1061.

nn. Dorsal fin long, its rays 1, 21 to 1, 24; anal rays 1, 22 to 1, 24; insertion of

dorsal almost opposite that of anal; snout longer, 124 to 12 length of

rest of head; lateral line about 350. RAPHIDOMA, 1062.

nin, Allied to T. vaphidoma, but insufficiently characterized. GALEATUS, 1063.

mm, Beak strong, but more elongate, its length about twice length of rest of

head; dorsal beginning behind front of anal.
o. Greatest depth of body equal to length of pectoral; teeth shorter and
weaker than in 7. acus. D. 21 to 22; A. 19 or 20; a grayish lateral

streak. PAcIFiIcus, 1064.
oo. Greatest depth of body about 24 length of pectoral. D.1, 23; A. 1, 21;
lateral line 380; no lateral stripe. acus, 1065.

aa. Mouth not closing completely, the upper jaw arched at base; lobes of dorsal and anal low,
the last rays elevated; eye very large, 2, in head; scales small, green. D. 24; A. 22;
a bluish lateral band. CARIBBEUS, 1066.
1049. TYLOSURUS NOTATUS (Poey).
(NEEDLE-FIsH; LONG-JAWS.) ;
Head 2; depth 5. D.13; A. 13;* seales large, 85 before dorsal, 15
in lateral line. Body robust, not compressed; tail posteriorly not

* Counting developed rays only.

Jordan and Evermann.— Fishes of North America. 711

compressed, deeper than broad, without keel, the lateral line not black.
Head flat above, with deep, scaly median groove; maxillary hidden by
the preorbital. Jaws long and slender, the upper from eye nearly twice
rest of head; mouth closing completely. Teeth moderate, wide-set ;
scales and bones not green. Eye equal to interorbital space, 2} in post-
orbital part of head. Pectoral as long as postorbital part of head; ven-
trals very small, placed midway between axil and base of caudal; can-
dal slightly lunate, the lobes subequal. Color pale greenish, with silvery
stripe; tips of vertical fins brick red in life. Length about 20 inches.
West Indies, north to Pensacola, common about Key West; easily known
by its few fin-rays. (notatus, marked.)

Belone notata, Porky, Memorias, 11, 293, 1860, Havana; GUNTHER, Cat., v1, 248, 1866; Goopr &

BEAN, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1879, 151.

Tylosurus notatus, JORDAN & GiLBeERT, Synopsis, 373, 1883; Jorpan & Forpicer, Proc. U.S. Nat.
Mus., 1886, 345.

1050. TYLOSURUS SCAPULARIS, Jordan & Gilbert.

Head 24; depth 63; eye 23 in postorbital part of head. D. 14; A. 15;
scales 215. Body slender, subterete. Caudal peduncle compressed, with-
out keel; jaws slender, twice length of restof head. Scales small, 145 to
150 before dorsal; maxillary not whollyconcealed by preorbital. Greenish ;
a bluish-silvery lateral band, which is broadened below dorsal; a con-
spicuous round, dark blotch above pectoral. Length 14 feet. Panama;
rather scarce. (scapula, shoulder, which has a dark spot.)

Tylosurus scapularis, JORDAN & GILBERT, Bull. U.S. Fish Comm., 1, 1881, 307, Panama. (Type,

Nos. 29427, 29435, and 29438. Coll. Gilbert.) Ibid., 11, 1882, 109; Jorpan, Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus., 1885, 370.

1051. TYLOSURUS TIMUCU (Walbaum).
(Trmuct; PEIxE AGULHA.)

Head 22; depth 7; eye moderate, 2} to 24 in postorbital part of head.
Scales small, 225, about 150 before dorsal. D. 15; A. 17. Body very
slender, subterete ; caudal peduncle not keeled; ventrals inserted nearer
cheeks than base of caudal. No distinct temporal notch; maxillary
not entirely concealed. Scales and bones not green. Greenish; asilvery-
bluish lateral band, widened below dorsal; no scapular spot. Length 14
feet. Florida Keys to Brazil; not rare; our specimens from Key West,
Cuba, and Bahia.

Timucu or Peixe agulha, MARCGRAVE, Pisc. Brasil., 168, 1648, Brazil.

Bsox timucu, WALBAut. Artedi Pisc., 111, 88, 1792, Brazil; after Timucu of MARCGRAVRE.

Belone subtruncata, Poxy, Memorias, 11, 295, 1860, Havana.

Belone depressa, Poey, Memorias, , 296, 1860, Havana.

Tylosurus sayitla, JORDAN & GILBERT, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1884, 25, Key West. (Type, No.
34965. Coll. Jordan.)

Tylosurus subtruncatus, JORDAN & Forvpice, l. ¢., 346.

1052. TYLOSURUS EURYOPS, Bean & Dresel.
(LONG-JAW.)
D, 15; A. 17; scales 200. Close to Tylosurus timucu, but the body less
slender, the depth 6 in head, which is about 3 in body; eye larger, 2) in
postorbital part of head; a distinct notch on temporal ridge close

712 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

behind eye; maxillary almost entirely concealed by preorbital. Cuba
and Jamaica. (evpic, wide; ow, eye.)
Tylosurus euryops, BEAN & DRESEL, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., 1884, 168, Jamaica. (Type, No.

32073. Coll. Public Museum of the Institute of Jamaica.) Jorpan, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus.,
1886, 35.

1053. TYLOSURUS DIPLOTENIA (Cope).

Head 23; eye 23 in postorbital part of head. D.16; A.17. Body sub-
terete; caudal peduncle very much depressed, wider than deep, but
without trace of keel; maxillary nearly concealed by preorbital: top of
head nearly smooth. Caudal moderately emargmate; snout nearly
twice length of rest of head; scales not very small, 23 rows between
dorsal and anal. Brownish above, silvery below, a bluish lateral stripe
edged below with black and yellowish. St. Martin Island, West Indies.
(Cope); not seen by us. (dc7Abd0¢, double; racvia, ribbon or stripe.)

Belone diplotsenia, Copr, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. Phila., 1871, 481, St. Martin Island, West
Indies.

1054. TYLOSURUS MICROPS (Giinther).

Head 3. D. 13 to 15; A. 14 or 15. Tail strongly depressed, with a
sharpish edge, which is posteriorly black. Body depressed, rather
broader than deep. Upper surface of head flat, smooth, with a narrow
median groove; superciliary region quite smooth; base of premaxillaries
depressed ; maxillary half hidden by the preorbital. Teeth of moderate
size, widely set; vomerine teeth none. Diameter of eye little more than
width of interorbital space and + length of postorbital portion of head,
which is rather more than half length of beak. Depth of body consider-
ably less than length of pectoral fin, which is less than the distance of
the opercular margin from the orbit; ventral fin a little nearer head than
caudal; middle and hinder dorsal and anal rays subequal in length, short,
the last terminating at a considerable distance from root of caudal; origin
of anal somewhat in advance of that of dorsal; caudal forked, with
the lobes subequal in length. Scales minute, adherent. The termination
of the lateral keel on the caudal fin black. Coastof Guiana. (Giinther.)
(utxpoc, Small; aw, eye.)

Belone microps, GUNTHER, Cat., vI, 237, 1866, Surinam, British Guiana. (Coll. Sir R. Schom-
burgk.)

1655. TYLOSURUS ANGUSTICEPS (Giinther.)

Head 2%. D.16; A.19. Tail strongly depressed, with a sharpish lateral
edge; body subcylindrical. Head narrow, elongate, rather convex above,
with a deep, median longitudinal groove. Base of the intermaxillaries
depressed; teeth very small; maxillary half hidden by the preorbital.
Eye + length of postorbital part of head, which is more than that of pec-
toral. Ventral somewhat nearer to head than caudal; middle and hinder
dorsal and anal rays subequal in length, short, the last terminating at a
considerable distance from root of caudal; caudal fin somewhat emar-
ginate. Scales very small. Termination of the caudal keel blackish.
Coast of Ecuador. (Ginther.) (angustus, narrow; -ceps, head.)

Belone angusticeps, GUNTHER, Cat., Vi, 238, 1866, Ecuador. (Coll. Fraser.)

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 713

1056. TYLOSURUS ARDEOLA (Cuvier & Valenciennes).

D. 13; A. 18. Caudal peduncle depressed and with a sharp keel; scales
and bones green; eye moderate; top of head striated; teeth very small;
base of upper jaw much depressed; maxillary entirely hidden; caudal fin
forked; ventral midway between eye and caudal. West Indies. (Giinther,
as ‘‘ Belone depressa”); not seen by us. The synonymy below is all more
or less doubtful. (Ardeola, diminutive of Ardea, heron.)

? Belone ardeola, Cuvier & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., xv1i1, 425, 1846, Martinique.
? Belone cigonella, Cuvier & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., xvi11, 436, 1846, Porto Rico.
? Belone argalus, Le Sueur MS. in Cuvier & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., xvii, 439, 1846,

Guadeloupe.
Belone depressa, GUNTHER, Cat., v1, 235, 1866; not of Pory.

1057. TYLOSURUS STOLZMANNI (Steindachner).

(SIERRITA.)

Head 2f; depth nearly 18; eye large, about 103 in head or about 3 in
postorbital part. D.1I,16; A.I,17; P.13; scales about 250. Body very
slender, not compressed; caudal peduncle depressed, half wider than
deep, the lateral line forming a moderate keel, which is green. Jaws
very long, slender, and fragile, the.tip of the lower projecting; length of
upper jaw from eye 2? times length of postorbital part of head, or 9 times
space between nostrils; maxillary scarcely reaching vertical from front
of pupil, about half of its posterior portion slipping under the preor-
bital, which is small, not reaching backward to tip of maxillary. Scales
larger than in 7. exilis. Interorbital region with a rather broad and deep
scaly groove, widest anteriorly and extending backward to opposite mid-
dle of cheeks; behind this the middle part of cranium somewhat elevated
and bounded by two longitudinal ridges higher than the temporal ones;
this region scaleless. Cheeks well scaled; scales on opercle very minute.
Dorsal origin above base of fifth anal ray; anterior rays of both fins
produced; other rays equal, the posterior not reaching nearly to base of
caudal; anal lobe higher than dorsal lobe, its length 4 postorbital part
of head; ventrals small, extending about 4 distance to origin of anal,
their insertion midway between base of middle caudal rays and middle
of cheek; pectorals broad, as long as postorbital part of head, the upper
ray broad; caudal lunate, lower lobe longer. Color green above, white
below ; a dusky dorsal stripe and a silvery lateral one; sides of head sil-
very, upper part of cheek punctulate, a blackish half bar between cheek
and opercle; a blackish blotch above eye and one in front of nostrils; fins
olivaceous, somewhat dusky at tip; posterior part of pectoral more or less
abruptly black, sometimes merely dusky ; caudal keel green.“ Length 2
feet. Abundant at Mazatlan, where it is a common market fish; also
taken at Guaymas by Evermann and Jenkins; south to Peru.

Belone stolamanni, SrEINDACHNER, Ichth. Beitr., vir, 21, 1878, Tumbez, Peru.

Tylosurus sierrita, JonDAN & Gitwert, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1881, 458, Mazatlan, (Type, Nos.
28162, 28265, 29227, 29377, and 29378. Coll. Gilbert.)

* This description is drawn up from Mazatlan specimens, including the types of 7. sierrita.
Steindachner’s types of B. stolzmanni are described as having asmaller eye (14 in head instead of
1044), the pectorals merely dusky, and D, 15; A. 16,

714 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

1058. TYLOSURUS EXILIS (Girard).

(NEEDLEFISH. )

Head 24; depth 7in head. D.15; A.17; scales 370. Body very slender;
tail very slender, broader than long, with a moderate keel, pale in color;
head long, the upper jaw from eye twice rest of head. Eye moderate, 2%
in postorbital region. Maxillary not nearly all hidden by the narrow pre-
orbital. Top of head flattish, with a broad scaly groove. Pectoral fin
1; in postorbital partof head; ventrals short, midway between preopercle
and base of caudal; dorsal and anal falcate, rather low, the anal begin-
ning before dorsal; caudal fin slightly and unequally lunate. Translucent
green, silvery below; an olivaceous vertebral streak and a pluish lateral
band; fins plain, olivaceous, the pectoral without black. Scales very
small and thin, 280 before dorsal. Length 3 feet. Coast of southern
California, from Point Concepcion southward to Cerros Island; abundant;
rarely used as food on account of the ‘‘ green backbone.” Close to Tylo-
surus marinus, the body more slender. (exilis, slender.)

Belone exilis, GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1854, 149, San Diego (Coll. A. Cassidy); Girarp,

Pac. R. R. Surv., Fish., 158, 1858; GUNTHER, Cat., v1, 238, 1866.
Tylosurus exilis, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 374, 1883; JorDAN & ForRDICE, l. ¢., 349.

1059. TYLOSURUS MARINUS (Walbaum).

(GARFISH ; BILLFISH ; NEEDLEFISH ; AGUJON.)

Head 24; depth 54; snout 4}. Eye large, 24 in postorbital part of head.
D. 15; A.17; vertebrae 44-+ 24— 68; scales 300. Body slender, not com-
pressed; tail moderately depressed, broader than deep, the lateral line
passing into aslight keel which is not black. Head long, flat above, with
a broad, rather shallow, scaly median groove. Upper jaw from eye twice
length of rest of head; maxillary not nearly hidden by the preorbital.
Teeth sharp; mouth not quite closing. Scales and bones more or less
ereen; pectoral equal to postorbital part of head. Ventrals moderate,
midway between preopercle and base of caudal; dorsal and anal somewhat
faleate; the last rays always short; caudal fin slightly emarginate.
Seales thin and small, 240 before dorsal. Color greenish, sides silvery;
a narrow silvery lateral stripe; a dark bar on front of opercle; fins
olivaceous. Length 4 feet. Cape Cod to Texas; very abundant on our
Atlantic and Gulf coasts; often ascending rivers tar above tide water,
and doubtless breeding in fresh waters. (marinus, of the sea.)

Sea Snipe, Scudrr, Gesellsch. Naturforschende Freunde, 177, 1788, Long Island.

Esox marinus, WALBAUM, Artedi Piscium, 111, 88, 1792; after ScHipr.

Esox belone, var. marinus, Bhocu & ScuNEIDER, Syst. Ichth., 391, 1801; after Scnépr.

Esox longirostris, Mrvcu1iit, Amer. Month. Mag., 11, 1818, 322, Hudson River.

3elone truncata, Le SuEuR, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 11, 1821,126, New York Bay; GUNTHER,
Cat., v1, 244, 1866.

Belone scrutator, GirarD, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., Ichth., 30, pl. 18, 1859, Brazos Santiago,
and St. Joseph Island, Texas. (Colls. John H. Clark and Gustav Wiirdemann.)

Tyloswrus longirostris, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 374, 1883.

Tylosurus marinus, JORDAN & Fornpics, l. ¢c., 351.

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 715

1060. TYLOSURUS ALMEIDA (Quoy & Gaimard).
(Timucv.)

Head about 3. D. 13 0r 14; A. l50r16. Very close to Tylosurus mari-
nus, but with smaller eye, 3 to 3¢ in postorbital part of head, and fewer fin
rays. Surinam to Rio de Janeiro, and probably northward in the West
Indies. Known to us from the specimens called Belone timucu by Cuvier
& Valenciennes. (Named for Don Fr. Almeida, once Secretary of the
Portuguese legation at Paris.)

Belone almeida, Quoy & GAImarRD, Voyage de l’Uranie, Zoil., 226, 1824, Brazil.

Belone timucu, CuviER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., xvii1, 426, 1846, Rio de Janeiro; not
Esox timucu of WALBAUM.

Belone truncata, var. guianensis, GUNTHER, Cat., v1, 245, 1866; not of Miitter & TROSCHEL.

1061. TYLOSURUS FODIATOR, Jordan & Gilbert.

(Aguson.)

Head about 33; depth 15; eye large, 63 in snout, 3 in postorbital part
of head, and 2 in interorbital width. D. I, 19; A. I, 17; V.6; P. 14;
scales 440. Body robust, the caudal peduncle with a strong keel, black
in color; one or more folds of skin across edge of preopercle; caudal
unequally forked; dorsal with its last rays elevated in the young. Beak
short and very strong, the snout 14 times length of rest of head. Dorsal
inserted opposite anal; ventrals inserted midway between base of caudal
and middle of eye. Cheeks closely scaled, opercles nearly naked; scales
extremely small. Color green above, silvery below ; fins somewhat dusky,
except the anal, which is pale; cheeks and lower jaw silvery; middle
line of back darker; scales and bones a very bright green; no distinct
lateral stripe. Length3to5 feet. Pacific coast of Mexico; common about
Mazatlan and Acapulco. A very robust species, distingnished from JT.
raphidoma by its fewer fin rays. (fodiator, one who stabs, this species,
like the next, being often dangerous to fishermen, )

Tylosurus fodiator, JORDAN & GILBERT, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1881, 459, Mazatlan. (Type, Nos.
28190 and 28323. Coll. Gilbert.) Jorpan, Cat. Fishes N. A., 59, 1885.

1062. TYLOSURUS RAPHIDOMA (Ranzani).

(HounpDFIsH; AGUJA DE CASTA; GUARDFISH.)

D. 21 to 24; A. 22 to 24; scales 350. Caudal keel rather strong, black ;
one or more folds of skin across edge of preopercle. Body robust, little
compressed, its greatest breadth a little more than } greatest depth; cau-
dal peduncle slightly depressed, a little broader than deep, with a slight
black dermal keel. Head broad, interorbital space nearly } length of
postorbital part of head, with a broad, shallow, nearly naked median
groove, which is wider behind and forks at the nape. Supraorbital bones
with radiating strie. Jaws unusually short, stiff, strong, rapidly taper-
ing forward; large teeth of jaws very strong, knife-shaped. Upper jaw
from eye about 1# times as long as the rest of head. Eye large,7 in
snout, 2% in postorbital part of head, and 1! in interorbital width. Max-
illary entirely covered by the preorbital. Cheeks densely scaled; opercles

716 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

mostly naked except along the anterior margin. Scales of body minute,
especially above. Dorsal fin low posteriorly; the height of its anterior
lobe equaling that of anal, or length of postorbital part of head; its
longest ray + the base of the fin; last rays of dorsal and anal much ele-
vated in young; caudal lunate, its lower lobe nearly half longer than the
upper; middle rays about as long as eye. Ventrals inserted midway
between base of caudal and middle of eye, their length a little less than
that of pectoral, and equal to postorbital part of head; insertion of anal
opposite that of dorsal. Color green, silvery below; no lateral stripe;
pectorals and dorsal blackish. Scales and bones green. Length 3 to 5
feet. West Indies, Florida Keysto Brazil; generally abundant; a large,
vigorous species, occasionally becoming dangerous in its leaps from the
water. The young occasionally northward (Ocean City, New Jersey—
Bean). (fadic, rhaphis, a sharp instrument; an old name of the pike.)
Belone raphidoma, RANZANI, Noy. Comm. Ac. Nat. Sci. Inst. Bonon., v, 1842, 359, pl. 37, fig. 1,
Brazil; GUNTHER, Cat., vi. 249, 1866.
Belone gerania, CuvyER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., xvi11, 437, 1846, Martinique; Giin-
THER, Cat., vi, 241, 1866
Belone crassa, Porky, Memorias, 11, 291, 1891, Cuba.
Belone melanochira, Pony, Memorias, 11, 294, 1861, Havana; GUNTHER, Cat., vi, 249, 1866.
Tylosurus gladius, BEAN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1882, 239, 430, Pensacola. (Type, No. 30151.
Coll. Stearns.) Jorpan & GiLBerRt, Synopsis, 901, 1883.
Tylosurus raphidoma, JORDAN, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1886, 35; JorpANn & Forpicp, l. ¢., 353.
Tylosurus crassus, JORDAN, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1884, 112.

10638. TYLOSURUS GALEATUS (Cuvier & Valenciennes).

D. 15; A.17. An imperfectly known species, apparently differing from
T. raphidoma in having the caudal little forked and in having no caudal
keel. Scales small. Beak rather strong, 1% times length of rest of head.
Top of head with a bony casque, its surface smooth; its borders with
notches like those on a violin. Cayenne. (Cuvier & Valenciennes.)
(galeatus, having a helmet. )

Belone galeata, Cuvier & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., xviit, 429, 1846, Cayenne.
g ’ ] e] ’ ’ ’ y

1064. TYLOSURUS PACIFICUS (Steindachner).

D. 21 to 22; A. 19 or 20. Closely allied to Tylosurus acus, the teeth
shorter and weaker, the greatest depth of body equal to length of pec-
toral. A grayish lateral streak. Acapulco to Panama; a large species;
not common.

Belone pacifica, SrEINDACHNER, Ichth. Beitr., m1, 65, 1875, Panama; Acapulco.
Tylosurus pacificus, JORDAN & GriBeRrt, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1882, 624.

1065. TYLOSURUS ACUS (Lacepéde).
(HounprisH; AGUJON.)
D. 23; A. 21; scales 380. Caudal keel strong, black; 1 or more folds of
skin across the preopercle; scales and bones green. Beak strong, more

elongate than in Tylosurus raphidoma, its length about twice that of rest
of head; greatest depth of body about } length of pectoral. Dorsal fin

Jordan and Evermann.—Ffishes of North America. vig:

long, beginning behind front of anal, its last rays much elevated in the
young, becoming low in the adult; caudal deeply and unequally emar-
ginate; ventrals inserted midway between middle of eye and base of cau-
dal. Green above; no lateral band. Length 3 to 4 feet. West Indies,
occasionally straying northward (Buzzard’s Bay, Goode; Beaufort, N.C.,
Jordan); also in the Mediterranean, if Tylosurus imperialis, Cocco, is the
same species, as appears to be the case. (Acus, the needlefish, from acus,
needle.) (Eu.)

Sphyrena acus, LackpEpDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., v, 6, pl. 1, fig. 3, 1803, Martinique; froma drawing
by PLUMIER.

? Esox imperialis, RAFINESQUE, Caratteri di Alcuni Nuovi Generi, 59, 1810, Palermo.

? Tylosurus cantrainii, Cocco, Lettere in Giorn. Sci. Lett. Sic., xv111, 18, pl. 1, fig. 4, 1829, Messina;
GUNTHER, Cat., v1, 242, 1866.

Belone latimana, Porky, Memorias, 01, 290, 1861, Havana; Ginruer, Cat., vr, 249, 1866 ; copied.

Belone jonesi, GoopE, Amer. Journ. Sci. Arts, 1877, 295, Bermuda; GinTHer, Ann. Mag. Nat.
Hist., 111, 1879, 150.

Belone caribbxa, GUNTHER, Cat., v1, 241, 1866; not of Le Sueur.

Tylosurus acus, JORDAN & ForDICE, I, c., 355.

1066. TYLOSURUS CARIBBEUS (Le Sueur).

D. 24; A. 22. Mouth not capable of being completely closed, the upper
jaw being arched at base, much as in Athlennes hians; lobes of dorsal and
anal low, the last rays elevated. Depth 20 in total length with caudal;
head 33; body broad, compressed; breadth of body } its depth, which is
about equal to postorbital part of head; preopercle with folds of skin;
eye very large, 104 in head, 2;'; in postorbital part; beak slender, more
than twice as long as rest of head; teeth rather weak; preopercle with 2
cross folds of skin; caudal peduncle with a strong, black keel; caudal fin
moderately forked, the lower lobe much the longer; dorsal inserted a lit-
tle behind anal; ventrals midway between base of caudal and middle of
eye; skull narrow. Scales small, green, about 210 before dorsal. Bluish
white below, a faint bluish band along sides; fins bluish. West Indies;
not very common.

Belone caribbea, Le Sueur, Journ, Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 11, 1821, 127, Caribbean Sea.
Belone altipinna, Porky, Memorias, 11, 293, 1861, Cuba.

Tylosurus caribbeus, CuvIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., xviii, 430, 1846.
Tylosurus caribbeeus, JORDAN & Fornice, I. ¢., 357.

325. ATHLENNES,* Jordan & Fordice.
Athlennes, JoRDAN & Forvice, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1886, 342, (hians).
This genus is close to Tylosurus, differing chiefly in the greatly com-
pressed, almost ribbon-shaped body. The single species is American.

(aBAevvyc, without mucosity, a name applied by some mediwval authors
to the fish called by them BeAdvy or Acus, Hsox belone, L.)

* This name was inadvertently written ‘‘ Athlennes’’ by its authors, and as this form has now
been several times used it may remain so. Ablennes was intended, as the etymology shows;
Athlennes is meaningless, but euphonious,

718 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

1067. ATHLENNES HIANS (Cuvier & Valenciennes).

D. 25; A. 26. Scales about 520. Body very strongly compressed, its
greatest breadth not half its greatest depth; caudal peduncle not com-
pressed, without keel; jaws long and very slender, the upper strongly
arched upward at base, so that the mouth can not be closed; snout twice
length of rest of head; eye large, 23 in postorbital part of head ; maxil-
lary entirely concealed by preorbital; a fold of skin across preopercle;
opercle smooth; insertion of ventrals well forward, midway between front
of arch of upper jaw and base of caudal; caudal deeply forked; dorsal
and anal faleate, the latter beginning farther forward; pectorals long,
faleate; scales minute; with scales and bones green; no lateral band;
sides silvery, with round, dark blotches in young; fins with black tips.
Length 3 feet. West Indies, ranging from Florida to Brazil; generally
common. Also recorded by Steindachner from Acapulco, but the Pacific
species of Athlennes (not seen by us) may prove to be different. (hians,
gaping. )

Belone hians, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., xvii, 432, 1846, Havana; Bahia;
GUNTHER, Cat., vi, 248, 1866; Copr, Trans. Am. Philos. Soc., 1871, 481; SrrEINDACHNER,
Ichth. Beitr., 111, 64, 1875.

Belone maculata, Porky, Memorias, 11, 290, 1861, Havana.
Tylosurus hians, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 373, 901, 1883.

Family XCV. HEMIRAMPHIDA.
(THE BALAOS.)

Body elongate, more or less compressed, covered with large cycloid
scales; upper jaw short, lower jaw various, sometimes much produced, the
toothed portion at base fitting against the toothed premaxillaries ; teeth
equal, mostly small and tricuspid; maxillaries anchylosed to premaxil-
laries. Gill rakers long. Caudal fin rounded, or forked; if forked, the
lower lobe the longer. Anal fin modified in the viviparous species
(Zenarchopterus), unmodified in the others and usually similar to the dor-
sal; no finlets; air bladder large, sometimes cellular. Third upper
pharyngeal on each side much enlarged, solidly* united with its fellow to
form an oval plate, with slightly convex surface and covered with blunt
tricuspid teeth ; this is about as large as the united lower pharyngeals
and fits into the concavity of the latter; fourth upper pharyngeal want-
ing or grown fast to the third; lower pharyngeal large, thick, triangular,
with concave surface. Vertebrie about 50. (Characters verified in Hemi-
ramphus browni, Hyporhamphus roberti and Chriodorus atherinoides. )

Herbivorous fishes of the warm seas ; mostly shore species ; a few pelagic.
They feed chiefly on green alge, and, like the related forms, swim at the
surface, occasionally leaping into the air. Size rather small, about a foot
in length. Genera about 7; species about 75. (Scombresocide, part, Gun-
ther, Cat., v1, 259-276, 1866.)

a. Lower jaw bluntish, not at all produced; teeth rather large; pectorals and ventrals moder-

ate; shore fishes. Curioporvs, 326.

* A singular character, first noticed by Mr. Edwin C. Starks.

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North Amertca. 719

aa. Lower jaw acute, longer than upper, or more or less produced; teeth small; species ovi-
parous, the anal fin in the male not modified, the caudal fin unequally lunate.
b. Lower jaw produced in a long pointed beak, usually longer than rest of head.
c. Body moderately compressed; pectorals moderate; shore fishes.
d. Air bladder simple; sides of body more or less convex; ventrals inserted

anteriorly, far in advance of dorsal. HYPORHAMPHUS, 327.
dd. Air bladder cellular; sides of body nearly vertical and parallel; ventrals
inserted posteriorly, not far before dorsal. HEMIRAMPHUS, 328.

cc. Body very slender and compressed, more or less band-like; pectoral fins very long,
ventral very short, inserted posteriorly; pelagic species.
EULEPTORHAMPHUS, 329,

326. CHRIODORUS, Goode & Bean.

(HARDHEADS.)
Chriodorus, GOODE & BEAN, Proc. U..S. Nat. Mus., 1882, 432, (atherinoides).

Body and fins essentially as in Hemiramphus, but both jaws very short,
not at all produced, the lower jaw broadly rounded, each with two series
of large, tricuspid, incisor teeth, which form a continuous cutting edge.
Maxillary anchylosed to premaxillary. Pectorals small; ventral fins
small, median. Scales large. Pharyngeal bones almost exactly as in
Hyporhamphus, the lower pharyngeal a little thicker and less concave, the
united third upper pharyngeals a little broader and less pointed forward.
Vertebre 49. Shore fishes, the single known species from the coast of
Florida. (ypeia, want; ddépv, lance; the jaw being not produced.)

1068. CHRIODORUS ATHERINOIDES, Goode & Bean.
(HARDHEAD.)

Head 42; depth 62; breadth of body 2 its depth. D. 14 to 16; A. 15;
V. 6; P. 12; scales 7-46 to 48-3; vertebra 31+18—49. Interorbital
space broad, unevenly convex, its width equal to eye, which is 38 in head ;
snout 3 in head; premaxillaries much broader than long, their edges con-
cave; maxillary 4in head; mandible 24, its tip broadly rounded, not at
all produced. Dorsal opposite anal and entirely similar to it; both fins
elevated in front, but not falcate, their longest rays half head; caudal
moderate, deeply and subequally forked; ventrals 2} in head, their inser-
tion midway between snout and base of caudal; pectorals 14 in head;
vertical fins with small scales. Bones of top of head smooth, hard, and
translucent. Scales moderate, firm. Translucent greenish above with
dark dots on the scales; a bright silvery lateral band as in Atherina,
broadest under dorsal fin, where it is as wide as pupil. Length 10 inches.
Florida Keys, locally abundant at Key West, but not yet taken elsewhere ;
a handsome little fish, and an excellent pan-fish. It feeds chiefly on green
alge. (Atherina; eidoc, resemblance.)

Chriodorus atherinoides, Goope & Bran, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1882, 432, Key West; (Type, No.
26593. Coll, Stearns.) JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 903, 1883.

327. HYPORHAMPHUS, Gill.
(HALFBEAKS.)
Hyporhamphus, Gi, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 131, (tricuspidatus = wnifasciatus),

Body elongate, moderately compressed, the sides of body not vertical,
but more or less convex; the dorsa: outline parallel with that of the

720 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

belly. Upper jaw short; lower jaw prolonged into a slender beak, bor-
dered with membrane; this beak shorter in the young; premaxillaries
forming a triangular plate, the teeth of which fit against the toothed por-
tion of the mandible; maxillaries joined to premaxillaries. Teeth feeble,
mostly tricuspid. Gill rakers rather long. Head covered above with
large, shield-like scales. Scales large, deciduous. No finlets; caudal fin
more or less forked, the lower lobe the longer; dorsal and anal similar,
opposite each other, not modified in the males; last ray of dorsal usually
short; ventrals small, inserted well forward, nearly midway between
opercle and base of caudal. Oviparous. Air bladder large, simple, not
cellular. Young with the lower jaw short. Sides in our species with a
distinct silvery band, as in Aiherina. Species numerous, in all warm seas,
going in large schools, but usually remaining near shore, feeding chiefly
on green alge. Size comparatively small. (170, below ; paugoc, beak.)

a. Ventrals inserted about midway between posterior margin of eye and base of caudal; dor-

sal and anal scaly; scales 53 to 56.
b. Length of mandible from tip of upper jaw less than rest of head in adult; (longer in

young); body rather stout; D. 15; A. 16. UNIFASCIATUS, 1069.
bb. Length of mandible from tip of upper jaw not less than rest of head, at all ages;
much greater in adult; body more slender. JD. 14; A. 15. ROBERTI, 1070.

aa. Ventrals inserted at a point nearly midway between gill opening and base of caudal; dorsal
and anal with very caducous scales or none; scales 63 in a longitudinal series. D.14;
A. 14; form rather slender; beak longer than rest of head. ROS, 107L.

1069. HYPORHAMPHUS UNIFASCIATUS (Ranzani).

(EscRIBANO.)

Head 44; depth about 64. D.12 to 14; A. 15; scales 52; vertebre 34+
18—52. Very close to H. roberti, differing chiefly in the shorter beak
and the less compressed and more robust body. Lower jaw from end of
upper jaw 6 to 7 in total length from its tip to base of caudal (44 in H.
roberti), its length in adult always less than that of rest of head; young
with the beak proportionately longer; head with lower jaw 3 in body;
body half deeper than broad; premaxillary plate broader than long; eye
less than interorbital width, 2? postorbital part of head; ventrals midway
between eye and base of caudal; dorsal and anal densely scaly; back
broad. Length 1 foot. West Indian fauna, generally common from Key
West to Rio de Janeiro; also taken at Panama; this or some very similar
species also in the East Indies and on the coast of Africa. The young of
this species has the beak longer and can not always be readily distin-
guished from Hyporhamphus roberti, which is, however, always more slen-
der; here described from Key West specimens. (unus, one; fascia, band.)
Hemirhamphus unifasciatus, RANZANI, Nov. Comm. Ac, Sci. Bonon., v, 1842, 326, Brazil; Ginruer,

Cat., vi, 262, 1866; Mrrx & Goss, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1884, 222.
? Hemirhamphus picarti, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., x1x, 25, 1846, Algiers.
“Hemirhamphus richardi, CuviER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., x1x, 26, 1846, Antilles;
Cayenne; Bahia; Rio de Janeiro.
Hyporhamphus tricuspidatus, Git, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 131, Barbadoes,
Hemirhamphus fasciatus, Poky, Memorias, 11, 299, 1861, Cuba; not of BLEEKER,
Hemirhamphus poeyi, GUNTHER, Cat., V1, 262, 1866; after Pory.

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. T21

DE ee

1070. HYPORHAMPHUS ROBERTI (Cuvier & Valenciennes).

(Common HALFBEAK; PaJARITO.)

Head 44 without, or 24 with mandible; depth about 74. D. 14 to
16; A. 15 to 17; scales 54; vertebre 34+ 17=51. Lower jaw (from
front of eye) 4 to 44 in length from tip of snout to base of caudal.
Premaxillary plate rather broader than long; eye 3% to 4 in head, nearly
equal to interorbital space, 14 in postorbital part of head. Ventrals
inserted nearly midway between eye and base of caudal; dorsal and anal
scaly, opposite each other and similar in form ; caudal moderately forked,
the middle rays half longer than the eye. Back rounded above. Trans-
lucent green above; the scales above dark-edged; sides with a well-
defined silvery band, narrower than the eye, about.as broad as a scale;
tip of lower jaw red; 3 narrow dark streaks along middle of back; ante-
rior rays of dorsal and anal and tips of caudal usually dusky, sometimes
jet black, especially in Pacific Coast examples, which have darker fins
than those from the Atlantic. Peritoneum black, as in most herbivorous
fishes. An excellent food-fish. Length 12 inches. Coasts of America
on sandy shores, swimming in schools, and often pursued by the blue-
fish and other predatory species; on the Atlantic Coast it is found chiefly
north of the Tropic of Cancer, but extending to the Equator on the Pacific
Coast. Very close to the preceding, of which it may be a northern variety
or subspecies. It isrecorded from Newport, R. I., Longport and Beesleys
Point, N. J., Beaufort, N.C., Charleston, Pensacola, San Sebastian River,
Cedar Keys, New Orleans, Mazatlan, Guaymas, Cape San Lucas, La Paz,
Panama, and Indefatigable Islands and Chatham of the Galapagos. It
seems to be common on both coasts, especially in northern Florida, and
about Cape San Lucas. It has not been found among the Florida Keys
orin Cuba. On the Pacific Coast its range is not limited to the region
outside the Tropics. This species has been called Hemiramphus roberti,
but as the type came from Cayenne, the scanty description may have
been based on a specimen of H. unifasciatus. As type of our present
description, we take a specimen from Indefatigable Island. (Named for
M. Robert, who collected at Cayenne for Valenciennes. )

Hemirhamphus roberti, Cuvier & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., x1x, 24, 1846, Cayenne;
said to have a longer beak than H. picarti; possibly based on specimens of H. unifasciatus;
(Coll. Poiteau & Robert); GUnruer, Cat., v1, 263, 1866; MrEK & Goss, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci.

Phila., 1884, 223.
Hemirhamphus unifasciatus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 376, 1883.

1071. HYPORHAMPHUS ROSH (Jordan & Gilbert).

Head 2 with lower jaw, or 5 with upper; length of lower jaw beyond
the upper 44 in head. D. 14; A. 14; scales 61 to 63. Lower jaw (from
tip of upper) 44 in length from its tip to base of caudal. Head with-
out mandible 3$ in length from tip of upper jaw. Premaxillary
plate about as broad as long. Eye less than interorbital space, about
half postorbital part of head. Ventrals inserted farther back than in
H. roberti, rather nearer tip of caudal than eye, a very little nearer

¥F. NN. A.—47

122 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

gill opening than base of caudal. Scales very easily detached, the dor-
sal and anal fins apparently not scaly. Caudal moderately forked, the
middle rays being twice the length of the eye; pectorals shorter than
postorbital part of head; ventrals a little shorter. Back broad. Green,
with a silvery lateral band, rather broader than a scale; a triple verte-
bral streak; lower jaw dark reddish brown; fins plain. Southern
California and southward in sheltered bays, the young and half grown
frequently taken at San Diego; the adult found in abundance in brackish
or fresh-water lagoons farther south. (Named for Rosa Smith, now Mrs.
Eigenmann, then of San Diego, the first woman to discover and describe
new species of fishes.)

Hemirhamphus rose, JORDAN & GILBERT, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1880, 335,San Diego, Cali-
fornia; (Coll. Jordan & Gilbert); JorDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 376, 1883.

328. HEMIRAMPHUS, Cuvier.
(BALAOS.)

Hemirhamphus, Cuvier, Regne Animal, Ed. 1, 1, 1817, (brasiliensis=browni).
Hemirhamphus, or Hemirrhamphus, corrected spelling.

Body more robust than in Hyporhamphus and different in form, the sides
of body being compressed and nearly vertical and parallel. Head and
jaws as in Hyporhamphus. Dorsal longer than anal fin and inserted
farther forward, its last ray more or less produced in American species.
‘Ventral fins small and inserted well backward, much nearer base of
caudal than gill opening. Air bladder cellular, with many partitions
(in H. browni). Species probably numerous, but most of them have not
been examined as to the characters which separate this genus from
Hyporhamphus. (jut, half; paudoc, beak.)

a. Upper lobe of pectoral orange in life; length of pectoral scarcely greater than depth of

body. D.14; A. 12; scales 53. BRASILIENSIS, 1072.
aa. Upper lobe of caudal dull bluish in life; scales rather smaller; length of pectoral 4 greater
than depth of body BALAO, 1073.

1072. HEMIRAMPHUS BRASILIENSIS (Linnzus).
(BALAO; ESCRIBANO.)

Head (with lower jaw) 23; depth 6%. D.14; A. 12; scales 53. Body
not very slender, compressed, ‘‘slab-sided,” the sides of body vertical,
and parallel with each other. Lower jaw (from end of upper jaw) 4? in
length from its tip to base of caudal. Head, without mandible, 5 in
length from tip of upper jaw. Premaxillaries broader than long. Eye
large, equal to interorbital space, } postorbital part of head. Ventrals
inserted well backward, midway between base of caudal and middle of
pectoral; verticai fins scaly ; anal much smaller than dorsal; last ray of
dorsal produced in a short filament; pectoral }? length of head, its length
a little more than depth of body; ventrals 2? in head; caudal deeply
forked, the lower lobe longest. Color in life clear deep blue green, much
darker than in Hyporhamphus unifasciatus; sides silvery, without lateral
band; beak dark, its tip bright orange, its membrane edged with white;

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 723

lobe of dorsal and upper lobe of caudal deep orange yellow; ventrals
tipped with yellow; sexes alike. Length 15 inches. West Indies, gen-
erally abundant from Key West southward to Bahia; this or some closely
related species also occurring at Panama. Common at Key West and
Havana; a specimen taken at Hunger’s Wharf, Virginia, by Dr. J. T. Wil-
kins; a good food-fish, well distinguished by its orange caudal fin.

Esox maxilla inferiore producta, BROWNE, Hist. Jamaica, 443, 1756, Jamaica.

Esox brasiliensis, LINNZuS, Syst. Nat., Ed. x, 1758, 314, Jamaica; after Browne; the Timucu of
Marcgrave wrongly included in the synonymy; Biocu, Ichth., 391, 1801, corrected synon-
ymy and description.

Hemirhamphus marginatus, Lx Sueur, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 11, 1823, 135, Lesser Antilles;
not of ForskAt.

Hemirhamphus browni,* Cuvier & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., x1x,.13, 1846, Guadaloupe;
Martinique.

Hemirhamphus pléii, Cuvier & VALENCIENNES, l. c., 19, Martinique; San Domingo; Ginruer,
Cat., v1, 369, 1866; MEEK & Goss, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1884, 225.

Macrognathus brevirostris, GRONOW, Cat., 148, 1854, Jamaica; after Browne.

Hemirhamphus filamentosus, PoEy, Memorias, 11, 297, 1861, Cuba.

Hemirhamphus brasiliensis, GUNTHER, Cat., v1, 270, 1866; JorDAN & GinBERT, Synopsis, 224, 1883.

1073. HEMIRAMPHUS BALAO, Le Sueur.

(BALAO ; Piper.)

Head with lower jaw 2# in total length with caudal; depth 74. D. 11
to 14; A. 11 or 12; vertebra 39-416. Lower jaw 5} times in length of
body, 4 greater than rest of head. Eye 4 to 44 in head (from tip of
upper jaw). Scales moderate, caducous. Pectoral length equal to 14 times
depth of body; last ray of dorsal and anal slightly produced; anal very
short. Back bluish; tip of lower jaw red; upper lobe of caudal dirty
violet. Length 12inches. Cuba. (Poey.) According to Poey this species
has smaller scales, smaller eye, shorter beak, slenderer body and slightly
longer pectorals than the preceding, and the upper lobe of the caudal
differently colored. We have not seen it and do not know whether it is
distinct. If a valid species, this must be the original balaé, which is said
to have the caudal bluish, and the common species will stand as H.
brasiliensis. (Balad, a common Spanish name of species of this genus,
from a word meaning to leap or dance.)

Hemirhamphus balao, LE Surur, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 11, 1823, 136, Lesser Antilles.
Hemirhamphus macrochirus, Pozy, Memorias, 11, 299, 1861, Cuba.

329. EULEPTORHAMPHUS, Gill.
Evleptorhamphus, Git, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 131, (brevoorti).

This genus consists of pelagic species related to Hemiramphus, the body
much more slender and greatly compressed, and the pectorals very long,
approaching those of the flying-fishes. Ventrals small, inserted pos-
teriorly. Air bladder not described, probably cellular. One species in
our limits. (ebAetréc, very slender; Sdudoc, beak.)

*The types of Hemirhamphus browni (Museum at Paris; Martinique, Plée) have 52 scales in a
lengthwise series; no 65, as stated by Valenciennes. ‘The nominal species called plrii and jila-
mentosus are identical with it.

724 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

1074. EULEPTORHAMPHUS VELOX, Poey.

Head 6%; depth 10; mandible about 3. D. 22; A. 21; V. 6. Body
extremely slender and elongated, much compressed, almost band-like.
Back thin, subcarinate. Lower jaw very slender and long, much longer
than the rest of the head. Teeth very feeble, the lower tricuspid. Eye
large, about equal to snout, about 3 in head. Pectoral fins long and
slender, half as long as mandible, more than 4 the length of body; upper
rays of pectorals broad and compressed; ventrals not longer than eye,
inserted far back; caudal fin unequally forked, the lower lobe the longer.
Olivaceous; sides silvery. Length 18 inches. West Indies, occasionally
northward in the Gulf Stream to Massachusetts; rare.* Perhaps identi-
cal with the East Indian species, Euleptorhamphus longirostris, as supposed
by Putnam and others, but no adequatet comparison of specimens of the
two species has been made. (velox, swift.)

22 Hemirhamphus longirostris, CUVIER, Régne Anim., Ed. 2, Vol. 2, 286, 1829, Pondicherry.

2? Hemirhamphus macrorhynchus, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., x1x, 55, pl. 556,
1846, open sea, 177° E., 7° S.

2 Euleptorhamphus brevoorti, GILL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 131, no locality.

Euleptorhamphus velox, PoEy, Synopsis, 383, 1867, Cuba; D. 19; A. 21.

? Hemirhamphus longirostris and H. macrorhynchus, GUNTHER, Cat., v1, 276, 1866.

Euleptorhamphus longirostris,{ PuTNAM, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1870, 238; Jorpan & GILBERT,
Synopsis, 377, 1883.

Family XCVI. SCOMBRESOCID2.
(THE SAURIES.)

Body elongate, compressed, covered with small, thin, deciduous scales,
the general aspect being that of a mackerel. Both jaws in the adult
more or less prolonged, forming a slender beak, the upper jaw always the
longer; teeth very feeble, pointed: maxillaries joined fast to premaxil-
laries ; pectoral and ventrals small; dorsal and anal low, similar to each
other, each with 4 to 6 detached finlets, as in the Scombride@; gill rakers
numerous, long and slender. Pharyngeal bones essentially as in Exocetus;
fourth upper pharyngeal on each side wanting or fused with the third;
third pharyngeal greatly enlarged, separate from its fellow, covered with
tricuspid teeth; second with simple teeth; first toothless; lower pharyn-
geals united, forming a triangular bone with concave surface, covered
with tricuspid teeth ; into the hollow of this bone the upper pharyngeals
fit. Species four or five, here arranged in two genera; pelagic fishes, swim-
ming close to the surface in large schools in temperate regions. They
bear strong analogical resemblances to the mackerels in form, color, and

* Loénnberg found a specimen on the beach at New Smyrna, Florida.

7 Professor Putnam identifies the American species with the East Indian E. longirostris. Poey
counts D. 19; A. 21; Valenciennes, D. 22; A. 20.

tPoey thus describes Ex:leptorhamphus velox, comparing it with Cuvier’s account of EZ
longirostris: c

Height of body 101% in length of trunk from gill opening to base of caudal; head 524 in
trunk; beak 4 in total length; eye 314 in head; pectorals 314 in length of-trunk; base of dorsal
as broad as pectoral; anal a little less; and farther back; dorsal rays as high as the trunk below
them; lower caudal lobe much the longer. D. 19; A. 21.- Silvery; back bluish; fins pale. (In
E. longirostris the height-as above goes 16 times; head 6; beak 4; eye 3 in head; pectorals 332,
broader than dorsal; dorsal rays twice depth of body belowit. D. 22; A. 20.)

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 725

habits, as well as in the dorsal and anal finlets. The significance of
this resemblance is unknown. (Scombresocide, part, Giinther, Cat., v1,
256-259, 1866.)

a. Jaws produced in a very slender, pointed beak, longer in the adult than rest of head.

ScoMBRESOX, 330.
aa. Jaws produced in a short beak, about half length of rest of head. CoLoLaBIs, 331.

330. SCOMBRESOX, Lacépéde.

(SAURIES. )

Scombresox, LACEPEDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., v, 344, 1803, (camperi).
Sayris, RAFINESQUE, Caratteri Nuovi Generi, etc., 60, 1810, (recurvirostra = camperi).
Grammiconotus, Costa, Annuario Mus. Zool. Napoli, 1862, 55, (bicolor = serrata).

Characters of the family as given above, but having both jaws more or
less prolonged, forming a slender beak, the lower jaw the longer. Young
with the jaws short, precisely as in the genus Cololabis, but lengthen-
ing with age, which is not the case in Cololabis. Air bladder large.*
Atlantic. (Scomber; Esox.)

1075. SCOMBRESOX SAURUS (Walbaum).

(SaurY ; SKIPPER; BILLFIsu.)

Head 33; depth 9. D.9-VI; A. 12-VI; scales110. Head broad above,
narrowed below, tapering anteriorly to the very slender, pointed
beak; snout longer than the rest of the head, proportionately shorter in
the young; lower jaw longer. Fins all small; caudal fin forked; ventrals
midway between base of caudal and front of eye. Air bladder large.
Olive brown above, sides and below silvery; a distinct silvery band, as
broad as the eye, bounding the dark of the back. Length 18 inches.
Temperate parts of the Atlantic Ocean; rather common, in schools, on
both coasts, especially north of Cape Cod and France; found in the open
seas.t (Saurus, cavpoc, lizard.) (Eu.)

Esox saurus, WALBAUM, Artedi Pisc., 111, 93, 1792, Cornwall; after the Saury Pike of PENNANT,
Arctic Zodlogy.

Scombresox camperi, LAcéPEDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., v, 345, 1803, locality unknown; found in
collection of Mr. Camper in Holland.

Sayris recurvirostra, RAFINESQUE, Caratteri, etc., 61, 1810; substitute for camperi.

Sayris hians, RAFINESQUE, I. c., 61, Palermo.

Sayris bimaculatus, RAFINESQUE, l. c., 62, Palermo.

* A nominal species, Scombresow serratus (= S. rondeleti = G. bicolor) has been described from the
Mediterranean, and is said to have noair bladder. Dr. Liitken (Spolia Atlantica, 567) is ynable to
verify this character and doubts its existence. An excellent account of the changes in develop-
ment in Scombresox and other pelagic genera is given in this paper of Liitken.

+ When pursued by the Tunny or Mackerels ‘“‘multitudes mount to the surface, and crowd on
each other as they press forward. When still more closely pursued they spring to the height of
several feet, leap over each other in singular confusion, and again sink beneath, Still further
urged, they mount again and rush along the surface, by repeated starts, for more than one hun-
dred feet, without once dipping beneath, or scarcely seeming to touch the water, At last the
pursuer springs after them, usually across their course, and again they all disappear together.
Amidst such multitudes—for more than 20,000 have been judged to be out of the water together
—some must fall a prey to the enemy; but, so many hunting in company, it must be long before
the pursuers abandon. From inspection we could scarcely judge the fish to be capable of such
flights, for the fins, though numerous, are small, and the pectoral far from large, though the
angle of their articulation is well adapted to raise the fish, by the direction of their motions, to
the surface.’’— Goode

726 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

Scombresox scutellatum, LE SuruR, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1m, 1821, 182, Newfoundland.

Scombresox saurus, FLEMING, Brit. Anim., 184; GiNTHER, Cat., v1, 257, 1866.

Scombresox storeri, DE Kay, N. Y. Fauna: Fishes, 229, pl. 35, fig. 3, 1842, Banks of Newfound-
land; Coast of Massachusetts; New York.

Scombresox equirostrum, LE SuEuR, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1, 1821, 132, locality unknown;
found in a collection in Boston,

Scombresox rondeleti, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., xvii1, 472, 1846, Mediterranean.

Grammiconotus bicolor, Costa, Ann. Mus. ZoGl. Napoli, 55, 1862, Naples.

? Scombresox forsteri, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., xvirr, 481, 1846, New Zealand.

Scombresox saurus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 375, 1883; Lirken, Spolia Atlantica, 567, 1880.

Sayris serratus, RAFINESQUE, Caratteri, 61, 1810; after RoNDELET.

332. COLOLABIS, GilL

Cololabis, GILL, new genus, (brevirostris).

This genus is close to Scombresox, differing chiefly in the very short
beak, the upper jaw, even in the adult, not being at all produced, and
the lower jaw having only a short flexible tip. This genus represents the
immature state of Scombresox. (kodAoc, defective, curtailed; Aafic, forceps.)

1076. COLOLABIS BREVIROSTRIS (Peters).

Head 54; depth 9. D. 9-VI; A. 12-VI; scales 125. Body much elon-
gate, compressed, widest above, the abdomen and lower edge of head
trenchant. Upper jaw conical, not at all produced, but ending in a very
acute tip; lower jaw slightly longer, its tip produced for a very slight
distance, and flexible; triangular portion of premaxillaries as long as
broad; snout a little more than half length of rest of head; interorbital
space flat; maxillary reaching front of orbit. Teeth very minute, in a
single row in each jaw. Eye large, in front of middle of head. Pectoral
fin somewhat emarginate, $ length of head; ventrals small, far back,
slightly nearer tip of snout than tip of lower lobe of caudal; dorsal
inserted slightly behind front of anal; both fins low, the finlets small;
caudal widely forked, the lobes equal. Scales small, deciduous, those on
top of head forming an elliptical patch. Dark green above, silvery below;
sides with a lateral silvery stripe, bounded above by a dusky streak; upper
fins mostly dusky; lower pale. Length 14 inches. Coast of California;
very rare. Known from Tomales Bay, San Francisco, and San Diego; a
most interesting fish, apparently closely related to a Japanese species,
Cololabis saira (Brevoort). (brevis, short; rostrum, snout.)

Scombresoz brevirostris, PerERS, Monatsberichte Akad. Wiss. Berl., July, 1866, 521, Tomates Bay;
JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 375, 1883.

Family XCVII. EXOCQ@TIDA.
(THE FLYING-FISHES. )

body oblong or elongate, covered with cycloid scales, which are rather
deciduous. Lateral line running very low, along the sides of the belly.
Head more or less scaly, with vertical sides. Mouth moderate, terminal,
the jaws not prolonged into a beak. Premaxillaries not protractile, hinged

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 127

at base mesially ; margin of the upper jaw chiefly formed by the premax-
illaries ; the short maxillaries entering the lateral margin; maxillary free
from the premaxillary, its edge slipping under the front of the preorbital.
Dentition various, the teeth small and weak. Dorsal fin without spines,
inserted on the posterior part of the body, opposite the anal and more or
less similar to it; ventrals abdominal, of several soft rays, inserted pos-
teriorly ; pectoral fin inserted high, used as an organ of flight; shoulder
girdle and pectoral muscles very strong ; caudal fin forked, the lower lobe
the longer. No finlets. Vent close in front of anal. Nostrils large, double,
near the eye. Lower pharyngeals enlarged and fully united, forming a
large, transversely concave plate, covered with large, close-set, blunt,
tricuspid teeth ; third upper pharyngeal greatly enlarged, not united with
its fellow, both covered with large, blunt, tricuspid teeth; fourth supe-
rior pharyngeal wanting in the adult (probably co-ossified with the third) ;
(these characters verified on Exocetus californicus); vertebre without
zygopophyses. Gill membranes not united, free from the isthmus. Pseu-
dobranchiz hidden, glandular. Gill rakers various. Gills 4,a slit behind
the fourth. Air bladder very large, not cellular, so far as known, and
extending far backward among the hemopophyses of the caudal verte-
bre. Vertebre about 50. Intestinal canal simple, without ceca. Car-
nivorous or herbivorous. Genera 4; species about 65; abounding in all
warm seas, mostly pelagic, swimming near the surface, and skipping or
sailing through the air, sometimes for considerable distances. (Scombre-
socide, part, Giinther, Cat., v1, 277-298, 1866.)

a. Roof of mouth (vomer, palatines, pterygoids) and tongue provided with teeth; body not
angular in outline (elliptical in cross section); pectoral fins moderate, not reaching
beyond middle of dorsal fin; ventrals rather long, inserted behind middle of body; dor-
sal fin elevated; anal long, its base scarcely shorter than that of dorsal.

b. Snout long, slender, and pointed, much longer than eye; lower jaw acute, the tip much
projecting (approaching Hemiramphus). Fopi1aTor, 332.

bb. Snout short, much shorter than eye; lower jaw scarcely produced at tip.
PARFEXOCETUS, 333.
a. Roof of mouth and tongue with fewer teeth or none (the vomer and palatines toothed or
not); body angular in outline (a cross section subquadrate); pectoral fins very long, their
tips usually reaching nearly to base of caudal; lower jaw little prominent; snout short.
c. Ventral fins inserted anteriorly, much nearer tip of snout than base of caudal, not used
as organs of flight, their tips not reaching nearly to front of dorsal; anal fin long,
its base nearly equal to that of dorsal. HALocyPsE.vs, 334.
ce. Ventral fins inserted posteriorly, more or less nearer base of caudal than tip of snout;

used as organs of flight, their tips reaching past middle of base of anal.

Exocetus, 336.

332. FODIATOR, Jordan & Meek.

Fodiator, JorDAN & Merk, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1885, 45, (acutus).

Body rather elongate; snout long, slender, and pointed, much longer
than eye; lower jaw acute, the tip produced. Dentition as in Parexocw-
tus. Pectoral fins moderate; ventrals long, inserted posteriorly ; dorsal
high. One species known, widely distributed in tropical America. This
genus marks the transition from Hemiramphus to Lxocatus. (LJ odiator, one
who stabs. )

728 Bulletin 47, Untted States National Museum.

1077. FODIATOR ACUTUS (Cuvier & Valenciennes).
(SHARP-NOSED FLYING-FISH.)

Head 34 in body; depth 5; eye 3% in head. D. 10; A. 11; scales 41.
Snout long, about half longer than eye, 23 in head; lower jaw much pro-
jecting, the half-beak at its symphysis about 4 the length of the snout,
Origin of ventral fin midway between posterior margin of preopercle and
last caudal vertebra. Pectoral fins half length of body, their tips reach-
ing a little past front of dorsal; the first ray simple, about ? length of
the fin, the second ray divided. Ventrals 13 in length of head, their
tips scarcely reaching front of anal. Dorsal and anal fins inserted oppo-
site each other, the base of the anal slightly shorter than that of dorsal.
Dorsal fin high, its longest ray 14 in head. Color blue above, silvery
below. Pectoral fins black on their posterior half, shading into lighter
posteriorly ; a large black blotch on the upper % of anterior rays of dor-
sal; ventrals and anal white; caudal dusky. Tropical America on both
shores, rather common in the Gulf of California (San Luis Gonzales Bay),
sometimes taken at Panama, and once recorded from Nice in France.
(acutus, sharp.) (Eu.)

Exocetus acutus, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., x1x, 125, 1846, Surinam; Nice;
GUNTHER, Cat., vi, 281, 1866.
Fodiator acutus, JORDAN & MEEK, l. c., 46.

333.5 PAREXOCCETUS, Bleeker.
Parexocetus, BLEEKER, Nederl, Tydskr. Dierk., 111, 105, 1865, (mento).

Body moderately elongate, elliptical in cross section. Snout short;
lower jaw not produced. Roof of mouth (vomer, palatines, and ptery-
goids) fully provided with teeth; pectoral fins moderate, not reaching
beyond middle of dorsal; ventrals long, inserted behind middle of body ;
anal fin about as long as dorsal; dorsal high. Small flying-fishes of the
trupical coasts, widely distributed. (mapa, near; Hxocetus.)

1078. PAREXOCETUS MESOGASTER (Bloch).

Head 42 in length of body; depth 5. D.12; A. 13; about 38 scales in
the lateral line, 5 rows of scales between lateral line and dorsal fin. Body
elongate, compressed (not angulated), rather deep; width of body at
base of pectorals 2 in head; head narrow, compressed, almost trenchant
below ; interorbital area flattish, about as wide as eye, 3 in head. Snout
short, rather pointed; its length 4} in head; teeth on tongue and pala-
tines; gill rakers numerous, long and slender; pectoral fins of moderate
length, their length 1$to 2 in length of body, their tips reaching middle
of base of dorsal fin; second ray of pectoral divided; dorsal fin very
high, its longest rays about } longer than head; base of dorsal about 1}
in length of head; tips of anterior rays of dorsal reaching beyond tips of
posterior rays when the fin is deflexed, and reaching almost to base of
caudal fin; ventrals rather short, 4 in length of body, their tips reaching
slightly past origin of anal fin; origin of ventrals midway between pupil

Jordan and Evermann.— Fishes of North America. 729

and last caudal vertebra; anal fin opposite dorsal; lower lobe of caudal
rather short, slightly longer than head. Color blue above, silvery below;
pectorals (dusky in the young) becoming nearly whitein the adult; color
of ventrals very similar to pectorals, the duskiness in the young formed
of fine blackish dots; upper half of anterior rays of dorsal fin black;
anal fin with few small black dots, more numerous in the young; caudal
dusky reddish. Length 7inuches. Tropicalseas, common both in the East

Indies and West Indies, and in the Hawaiian Islands. It ranges north in

the Gulf Stream to Newport, and is the commonest flying-fish of the Car-

olina region. The young often has one or two fleshy barbels on the tip of
the lower jaw, these being fragile and easily destroyed. (séooc, middle;
yaorhp, belly, referring to the insertion of the ventrals. )

Exocetus mesogaster, BLocn, Ichthyologia, pl. 399, 1795, Martinique; on a drawing by Plumier,
in which the pectorals and ventrals are much too long; JORDAN & GILRERT, Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus., 1882, 588.

Exocetus orbignianus, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., x1x, 131, 1846, Montevideo;
based-on a drawing; GUNTHER, Cat., v1, 285, 1866.

Exocetus hillianus, Gossr, Nat. Sojourn Jamaica, 11, pl. 1, fig. 1, 1851, Jamaica; LirKen,
Vid. Medd. Naturh. Foren., 397, 1876; Jorpan & GILBERT, Synopsis, 903, 1883.

Exocetus gryllus, KLUNZINGER, Fische des Rothen Meeres, 586, 1870, Red Sea; jide LUTKEN.

Parexocetus mesogaster, JORDAN & MEEK, l. ¢., 47.

334. HALOCYPSELUS, Weinland.

Halocypselus, WEINLAND, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., v1, 1859, 385, * (mesogaster = evolans).

This genus differs from Hxocewtus mainly in the anterior position and
small size of the ventral fins, which terminate in advance of the anal fin,
and are not used as organs of flight. Species few; one of them the most
widely diffused and abundant of all fiying-fishes. (GAc, sea; Kiwedoc, a
swallow, or swift, living in holes in sand banks ; «apéA7, a hollow vessel.)

1079. HALOCYPSELUS EVOLANS (Linnzus).

Head 4 in length; depth 53. Snout rather blunt, 44 in head;
interorbital area flattish,3 in head. Eye 3? to 44 in head. D. 13; A.
13; scales about 42. Origin of ventral fins midway between tip of snout
and last ray of anal; length of ventrals half length of head; pectorals 1}
in length of body, their tips reaching base of caudal; first ray of pec-
toral simple, second divided ; anal fin long, scarcely shorter than dorsal,
its first ray usually opposite first ray of dorsal; dorsal low, its first ray
less than half head ; lower lobe of caudal about + longer thanhead, Gill
rakers long and slender. Olivaceous above, dotted with dark. Pectoral fins
dark above, with the lower margins white; no white oblique crossbar;
ventrals white ; caudal dusky; dorsal and anal pale, without black mark-
ings; a white streak along base of anal, wider and more conspicuous ante-
riorly. Young with 2 dark cross bands and sometimes with a small barbel
at the chin. In all warm seas, north in summer to Newfoundland,

J

* Although Dr. Weinland calls the type of this genus ‘‘mesogaster,"’ it is evident from his

description that the species examined by him was Halocypselus evolans,

730 Bulletin 47, Untted States Nattonal Museum.

England, and the Hawaiian Islands; rather common on our Atlantic
coast, where it spawns in summer; not known from California or the
west coast of Mexico. (evolans, flying away.) (Eu.)

Exoceetus pinnis ventralibus brevissimus, GRONOW, Zodphylac., 1753, 358, Spain.

Exoceetus evolans, LinN=vus, Systema Nature, Ed. x11, 521, 1766, based on GRronow; GUNTHER,
Cat., vi, 282, 1866; Lirken, Vid. Medd. Naturh. Foren., 1876, 395, 102.

Exoceetus splendens, ABEL, Narr. Voyage China, 4, 1818, China; (jide VALENCIENNES).

Exoceetus georgianus, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., x1x, 139, 1846, 5° N., 92° W;
GUNTHER, Cat., v1, 279, 1866; Lirken, Vid. Medd. Naturh. Foren, 394, 101, 1876; young
examples, with barbel.

? Exocetus monocirrhus, RIcHARDSON, Ichth. China, 265, 1846, China; GUNTHER, Cat., v1, 279°
1866; young examples, with barbel.

Exocetus chilensis, ABBoTT, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, 472, Chile.

Exoccetus obtusirostris,* GUNTHER, Cat., VI, 283, 1866, Cape Verde Islands; India; New Orleans;
LiirKeN, Vid. Medd. Naturh. Foren., 395, 1876.

Halocypselus evolans, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 377, 1883; JorpAN & Meek, l. c., 49.

Halocypselus obtusirostris, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 378, 1883.

335. EXOCCETUS (Artedi) Linneus.
(FLYING-FISHES. )

Exocetus, ARTEDI, Genera Piscium, 6, 1738.
Exocetus, LINNEUS, Systema Nature, Ed. x, 1758, 316, (volitans).
Cypselurus,} SWAINSON, Class’n Fishes, etc., 11, 296, 1839, (nuttalli).

Body elongate, broad above, somewhat compressed. Head short, blunt,
narrowed below. Mouth small. Jaws very short, about equal. Chin
without barbel. Maxillaries not joined to the premaxillaries. Teeth very
feeble or wanting. Eyes large. Gillrakers moderate. Scales large, decid-
uous. No finlets. Dorsal fin short, opposite anal. Caudal widely forked,
the lower lobe the longer. Pectoral fins very long, reaching past the
beginning of the anal, and serving as organs of flight, their great size
enabling these fishes to sustain themselves in the air for some time.}

*This form, Halocypselus obtusirostris, is defined by Giinther as having the snout shorter, 24
diameter of eye, and the head more elevated, its depth 24 its length. Liitken observes: ‘*The
dorsal fin inserted above or behind the first ray of the anal; the distance from the snout to the
first ray of the ventrals less than the distance between the root of the ventral and last ray of
the dorsal; 7 to 8 rows of scales above the lateral line; fins more distinctly marked. D. 13; A.
13. Lateral line 40,’ and further adds, ‘‘ Although in most cases it is easy enough to decide
‘whether a given specimen is evolans or obtusirostris, yet there are some in which the determi-
nation seems to be almost arbitrary, therefore Iam not fully convinced of their specific inde-
pendence.’’ The two nominal species occupy the same range, and we think the distinctions of
obtusirostris to be individual variation.

} The name Cypselurus has been used by Swainson, Weinland, and others for those flying-fishes
which are provided with 1 or 2 fleshy barbels or ribbons at the chin. These, we are fully con-
vinced, are the young of other nominal species, which are destitute of barbels. It is probable
that these appendages disappear at different ages in different individuals. In 2 species (mesogas-
ter, usually described as destitute of barbels, and furcatus, described a twith barbels) we have
examined specimens both with and without these appendages. The name Cypselurus having been
given to a species with the anal fin short, may be retained for the group or subgenus thus defined,
which may perhaps be found worthy of generic rank.

t Observations on the flight of these fishes and especially of Exocetus californicus have been sey-
eral times made under most favorable conditions by Dr. Charles H. Gilbert and the writers. The
fiying-fishes live in the open sea, swimming in large schools. They will ‘“‘fly’’ a distance of
from a few rodsto more than an eighth of a mile, rarely rising more than3 or4 feet. Their
movements in the water are extremely rapid; the sole source of motive power is the action of the
strong tail while in the water. No force is acquired while the fish isin the air. On rising from
the water, the movements of the tail are continued until the whole body is out of the water.
While the tail is in motion, the pectorals seem to be ina state of rapid vibration, but this is
apparent only, due to the resistance of the air to the motions of the animal. While the tail is

Jordan and Evermann.—Ffishes of North America. 731

Ventral fins large, posteriorly inserted, also used as organs of flight. Air
bladder very large. No pyloric ceca, Species numerous in all warm seas,
living mostly in the open water and swimming in large schools. The
species are largely cosmopolitan and any of the existing forms may be
expected to be found within our limits.* (é@xo1roc, sleeping outside, the
ancient name of a certain fish, probably a Blennius, which was supposed
to come out on the beach to sleep at night; it remains out in the Fucus
when the tide goes down).

Exocervs:
a, Anal fin long, its base a little less than that of the dorsal, its first ray nearly opposite first
ray of dorsal; rays of anal 11 to 12.
b. Second ray of pectoral simple (as well as the first); third ray divided; fourth and fifth
rays longest. ;
c. Second ray of pectoral about as long as first ray; ventral fins inserted midway
between posterior margin of eye and base of caudal (i. e., end of last caudal

vertebra). EXSILIENS, 1080.
ce. Second ray of pectoral about half longer than first; ventral fins inserted midway
between middle of preopercle and last caudal vertebra. RONDELETI, 1081.

bb. Second ray of pectoral divided; first ray simple; third and fourth longest.
d. Origin of ventrals midway between posterior margin of orbit and last caudal ver-
tebra; ventrals chiefly black. VINCIGUERR®, 1082.
dd. Origin of ventrals midway between posterior margin of preopercle and last caudal
vertebra; ventrals pale, with a dusky shade in the axil.

e. Pectoral fins not uniform in color, dark brown, with an oblique, whitish band
which begins in the axil and runs obliquely backward to middle of fin;
edges of pectorals whitish. Pectoral fins 12 in length of body, their tips
reaching beyond dorsal. Ventrals 3144 in body, reaching about to ninth
ray of anal. VOLITANS, 1083.

ee. Pectoral fins nearly uniform brownish, without oblique pale bar. Length of
pectorals 1,5 in body, their tips scarcely reaching last ray of dorsal. Ven-
trals 314 in body, scarcely reaching last ray of anal. RUFIPINNIS, 1084.

CYPSELURUS (kUWedos, a swallow; ovpa, tail):
aa, Anal fin short, its base 14 to 24 length of base of dorsal, its insertion behind first ray of
dorsal, its rays 9 or 10.
f. Second ray of pectoral divided (first simple); third and fourth rays longest.
g. Pectoral fins without round dark spots.
h. Ventral fins inserted about midway between pupil and last caudal vertebra,
i. Dorsal and anal fins without black markings; ventrals pale.
j. Base of anal 124 in base of dorsal; pectoral 14 in length, reaching last
ray of dorsal; ventrals 2%4 in body, reaching last ray of anal.
HETERURUS, 1085.
jj. Base of anal 2 in base of dorsal; length of pectorals 12 in length of
body, their tips reaching end of dorsal fin; length of ventrals 2§
in body, their tips nearly reaching last ray of anal.
LUTKENI, LO86.

in the water, the ventrals are folded.. When the action of the tail ceases, the pectorals and ven-
trals are spread and held at rest. They are not used as wings, but act rather as parachutes to
hold the body in the air. When the fish begins to fall, the tail touches the water, when its
motion again begins, and with it the apparent motion of the pectorals. It is thus enabled to
resume its flight, which it finishes finally with asplash. While in the air it resembles a large
dragon-fly. The motion is very swift, at first in a straight line, but later deflected into a curve.
The motion has no relation to the direction of the wind. When a vessel is passing through a
school of these fishes, they spring up before it, moving in all directions, as grasshoppers ina
meadow.

*For comparative descriptions of the species of flying-fishes, see Liitken, Vidensk. Meddel.
Nat. Foren., 1876, and Jordan & Meek, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1885. A very complete series of
the American forms is in the Museum of the Academy of Natural Sciences, at Philadelphia.

732 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

——— .-

kk. Dorsal and anal fins marked with black; dorsal with one or more dark
blotches; anal with a black spot on tips of third to sixth rays; ven-

trals black, with pale edgings, and a white spot near the base.
FURCATUS, 1087.
jj. Ventral fin inserted midway between posterior margin of preopercle and last

caudal vertebra.
m. Pectorals each with the posterior half rather abruptly black; anal white.
NIGRICANS, 1088.
mm. Pectorals unicolor or nearly so, not abruptly black posteriorly.
n. Pectorals uniformly black everywhere, the outer surface with silvery
luster. XENOPTERUS, 1089.
nn. Pectorals nearly uniformly pale, or slightly dusky with pale edging
and a pale cross shade.
o. Dorsal fin slightly dusky, but without distinct markings; other fins
faintly shaded, but without distinct black markings; pectoral
reaching base of last anal ray; ventrals almost as far. D. 13;
A. 10. LINEATUS, 1090.
oo. Dorsal fin with a round, black blotch as large as eye on tips of
middle rays; other fins all pale; pectoral reaching beyond
tips of dorsaland anal. D. 12; A. 11. CYANOPTERUS, 1091.
jij). Ventral fins inserted at a point midway between middle of opercle and last
caudal vertebra (or between tip of snout and tip of upper lobe of caudal).
p. Dorsal fin with a large blackish blotch; pectorals nearly uniformly dusky;
ventrals bluish white. Tip of pectorals reaching end of dorsal; tip of
ventrals reaching middle of anal; insertion of ventral midway between
tip of snout and that of upper lobe of caudal; dorsal fin of medium
height, inserted much in advance of anal. Snout 4 length of eye,
which is 344 in head. Head 514 in total length (with caudal); depth
6144. D. 13; A. 9 or 10; scales 50. BAHIENSIS, 1092.
pp. Dorsal fin pale, somewhat dusky above, without distinct black blotch;
ventrals mesially blackish, the margins paler; dorsal rather pale,
somewhat dusky above; pectorals mostly dusky, with the posterior
edges paler; an obscure oblique band across lower part. Pec-
torals 12 in length of body, their tips reaching caudal fin. Ventrals
334 in body, their tips reaching middle of anal. Lower lobe of cau-
dal about 14 longer than head. Head 44 to 5 in length of body;
depth 6. D.12; A.10. Snout4in head. Hye 3lgin head. Base of
anal 12 in base of caudal. Scales about 60. CALIFORNICUS, 1093.
ii. Pectoral fins covered with small, round, dark spots, the edges paler.

CALLOPTERUS, 1094.
hh. Second ray of pectoral simple (like the first); third ray divided.

q. Snout more obtusely descending than in any other species, its length 41% in head.
GIBBIFRONS, 1095,

Subgenus EXOCCETUS.

1080. EXOC@TUS EXSILIENS, P. L.-S. Miiller.

Head 4 in length of body; depth 54. D. 11; A 11; scales 48.
Body little compressed, angulated. Head broad; interorbital space
slightly concave; snout rather blunt, short, 4% in length of head; inter-
orbital area 24in head; eye 2} in head; lower jaw slightly longer than
upper. Pectorals long and broad, 1} inlength of body, their tips reaching
base of caudal; first 2 rays of pectoral simple and of equal length, their
length 24 in length of fin, and connected to each other and to third ray
by rather broad membranes; ventrals long, 24 in body, their tips reach-
ing base of caudal fin; origin of ventrals midway between posterior

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 733

margin of orbit and last caudal vertebra; last rays of dorsal and anal
fins opposite each other; base of anal slightly shorter than that of dorsal;
dorsal rather high, its longest ray 15 in head; longest ray of anal 1% in
head. Color brownish above, silvery below; pectorals and ventrals mar-
bled with black; dorsal with a black spot on upper part of its anterior
rays; lower caudal lobe witha black spot about 4+ distance from its base;
breast with 3 black cross bands; anal fin white. Open seas, rarely taken
on our Atlantic Coast ; only youngspecimens known ; possibly the young of
Exocetus rondeletii. (exsiliens, leaping out,a name given by Miiller in
1776, changed by Gmelin into *‘ exiliens.”’)
Exocetus exsiliens, Puitip Lupwie Statius MULLER, Nuremberg Ed. Linnzus Syst. Nat., 209, 1776,
Carolina.
Exoceetus exiliens, GMELIN, Systema Nature, 1400, 1788, Carolina; GinrTuer, Cat., v1, 291, 1866;
JorDAN & MEEK, I. c¢., 54.
Exocetus fasciatus, Le SuEuR, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1821, 10, pl. 4, fig. 2, Atlantic.

Exocetus lamellifer, KNER & STEINDACHNER, Neue Fische Mus. Godeff, 29, 1866, 12° S., 33° W.;
Lirken, Vid. Medd. Naturh. Foren., 405, 11, 1876.

1081. EXOCETUS RONDELETII, Cuvier & Valenciennes.

Head 44 in length of body; depth 53. D. 11; A. 11 or 12; scales 50,
25 before ventrals, and 28 before dorsal; snout short and blunt, 4 in head ;
eye 3} ; interorbital space 23. * Second ray of pectoral simple as well as
the first and about half longer than first; anal fin opposite dorsal and
about as long; ventral fins inserted midway between middle of preopercle
and last caudal vertebra ; ventrals 3} in body, their tips reaching last rays
of anal; length of pectorals 12 in body, their tips reaching nearly to
base of caudal fin ; first ray of pectoral about half length of longest ray;
dorsal moderate, its longest rays 2} in head. Pectoral fins uniform dusky,
with paler edgings; ventrals nearly black mesially, darker on their pos-
terior half; no black markings on dorsal and anal fins. Length 11 inches.
Tropical seas, north to Florida, France, and Acapulco, (Liitken); not
uncommon in the West Indies and in Southern Europe. (Named for
Guillaume Rondelet, one of the fathers of ichthyology.) (Eu.)

Mugil alatus, RONDELET, De Piscibus, 1x, 207, 1554, France.

Exocotus rondeletiit, Cuvier & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., x1x, 115, 1846, Naples; Sicily;
Canaries; Ginruer, Cat., vi, 293, 1866; VinctauvERRA, + Risultati del Violante, 110, 1883;
JoRDAN & Meek, I. c., 55.

Exocetus brachycephalus, GUNTHER, Cat., v1, 297, 1866, China; LirKeEn, /. c., 110, 405, 1876.

Exocetus exiliens, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 380, 1883; not of Linn us,

Exocetus volador, Jonpan, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1884, 34, Pensacola. (Type, No. 34975,
Coll. Stearns.)

* This species is subject to some variations, or else, as Dr, Liitken suggests, we are uncertain as to
the number of rea) species that group themselves around its type. In the typical specimen of
Exocetus volador, 94 inches long, the first ray of the pectoral is about half the fin, the second

ray 2%. Inasmaller specimen, 7 inches long, from the Atlantic, the first ray is ', the longest
ray, or about half the second. Liitken finds the first ray scarcely L. the longest, the second
about half the longest, and not 24 the third ray. In other specimens he records notable varia-

tions in these regards, Thisspecies may possibly prove to be the adult of E. exsiliens,

+ Dr. Vinciguerra has shown from the examination of type specimens, that this species is the
original Lxocwtus rondeleti instead of the next, as was supposed by Liitken and Bleeker,

734 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

1082. EXOCETUS VINCIGUERR, Jordan & Meek.

Head 44; depth 64. D.11; A. 12; scales about 48, 24 before ventrals,
28 before dorsal, 7 between dorsal and lateral line. Snout 4} in head; eye
3; interorbital area nearly flat, 2in head. Anal fin opposite dorsal and
about as long; second ray of pectoral forked, the first ray simple, third
and fourth rays longest; origin of ventrals midway between posterior
margin of orbit and last caudal vertebra; ventrals chiefly black ; pecto-
rals 14 in body, reaching last ray of dorsal; ventralis about 3 in length
of body, their tips reaching slightly beyond last ray of anal; longest
dorsal ray 2} in head; lower lobe of caudal 34 in body. Pectoral fins
dusky, nearly uniform, or with a small white oblique bar, which extends
halfway across the fin; the edges of the fin whitish; ventrals chiefly
blackish; dorsal and anal without dark markings. Length about a foot.
Open Atlantic, occasional on our coast and those of Southern Europe, the
specimens examined by us from off Newfoundland, from St. Martins, and
the Gulf of Mexico. (Named for Dr. Decio Vinciguerra, director of the
Acquario Romano, an active and successful ichthyologist.) (Eu.)

Exocetus rondeleti, LUTKEN, Vid. Medd. Foren., 404, 1876; not of CuviER & VALENCIENNES;
JorDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 263, 1883.
Exoceetus exiliens, VINCIGUERRA, Risultati Ittiologici del Violante, 113, 1883; not of GMELIN,

Exoceetus vinciquerre, JORDAN & Meek, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1885, 56, open sea off New-
foundland, 46° N., 61° W. (Type, No. 21870. Coll. Albatross.)

1083. EXOCTUS VOLITANS, Linnzus.

Head 44; depth 64. D.12; A.11; scales 55, 25 before ventrals, 30 before
dorsal; 6 rows between dorsal and lateral line. Snout rather obtuse, 4 in
head; eye large, 2? in head; interorbital space slightly concave, 2% in
head; width of body at base of pectorals 1? in head. Anal fin long,
opposite dorsal; second ray of pectorals divided, the first simple, the
third and fourth longest; insertion of ventrals midway between posterior
edge of preopercle and base of caudal. Pectoral fins not uniform; in
color dark brown, with an oblique, whitish band which begins in the axil
and runs obliquely backward to middle of fin; edges of pectorals whitish.
Pectoral fins 1? in length of body, their tips reaching beyond dorsal;
ventrals 3+ in body, reaching about to ninth ray of anal; longest dorsal
ray 24 in head, anal ray 3; lower lobe of caudal 34 in body. Ventral fins
white, with a slight dusky shade in the axil; no dark markings on dorsal
oranal. Length 12 inches. Open seas; not rare on our Atlantic Coast,
ranging north to the Grand Banks; also found in Southern Europe and
the Hawaiian Islands. (volitans, flying.) (Eu.)

Exocetus, ARTEDI, Genera Piscium, 18, 1738, locality not known.

Exocetus volitans, LINN=Uws, Syst. Nat., Ed. x, 1758, 316; after BaLK, who copied from ARTEDI;
Jorpan & MEEK, l. c., 57.

Exocotus rubescens, RAFINESQUE, Amer. Monthly Mag., 1818, 205, Banks of Newfoundland.

Exocetus speculiger, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., x1x, 93, 1846, Friendly Islands;
Straits of Sunda; Isle of France; Indian Ocean; Peros-Banhos; Pacific Coast
of South America; Ginruer, Cat., v1, 287, 1866; Hurron, Fishes New Zealand, 55, 1872;
LUrKen, Vid. Med. Naturh. Foren., 403,109, 1876.

Jordan and Evermann.— Fishes of North America. 735

?Exoceetus noveboracensis, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., x1x, 100, 1846, Newfound-
land; not of MircuHi.LL.

Exocetus roberti, MULLER & TROSCHEL, Schomburgk’s Hist. Barbadoes, 675, 1848, Barbadoes.

? Exocetus quadriremis, GRonow, Cat., 145, 1854, Spain and India.

Brocetus afinis, GUNTHER, Cat., v1, 288, 1866, West Africa; Cuba?; Atlantic.

Brocetus melanurus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 350, 1883; not of Cuvier & VALENCIENNES.

Exoccetus exiliens, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 904, 1883; specimen from New England; not
of MULLER.

1084. EXOCETUS RUFIPINNIS, Cuvier & Valenciennes.

Head 4} in length to last caudal vertebra; depth 53. D. 11; A. 12;
scales of lateral line 58. Body rather robust, not much compressed; head
broad; interorbital area flat, its width 3 in head; eye rather small, its diam-
eter 34 in head; snout rather blunt, its length equal to diameter of eye;
mouth large; length of maxillary 44 in head. Pectoral fin broad and
long, its length 1,°; in length of body ; tips of pectorals scarcely reaching
the last rays of dorsal fin; first ray of pectoral simple, 1? in length of
fin, second ray divided, third and fourth rays longest; origin of ventrals
midway between posterior edge of preopercle and last caudal vertebra,
their tips scarcely reaching last ray of anal; length of ventrals 3} in
length of body. First rays of dorsal and anal opposite each other (or
nearly so); base of anal 14 in base of dorsal; base of dorsal 14 in head;
lower lobe of caudal long, about + longer than head; width of body at
base of pectorals 13 in length of head. Least depth of caudal peduncle
about 3% in length of head. Posterior margin of preopercle nearly verti-
cal, forming almost a right angle at its lower posterior extremity. Gill
rakers long, numerous, and slender. About 27 scales on lateral line before
ventrals; about 30 scales between occiput and dorsal fin; 6 rows of scales
between dorsal fin and lateral line. Color uniform brownish above, sil-
very below; pectorals colored like upper part of body, shading into
darker toward their extremities; caudal uniform brownish, no dark
markings on dorsal and anal fins; ventrals without distinct black mark-
ings. Length 94 inches. Tropical America, on both coasts (Payta, Pan-
ama, Tobasco, Barbadoes); probably not very common ; the above descrip-
tion from the type specimen of Exocwtus scylla. (rufus, reddish; pinna, fin.)
Exocetus rufipinnis, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., x1x, 99, 1846, Payta, Peru;

GUNTHER, Cat., vi, 294, 1866; Jonpan, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1884, 283 (redescription of
original type); Jorpan & MEEK, l. c., 58.
Exocetus dowi, Git, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, 167, near Panama. (Coll. Captain Dow.)

Exocetus scylla, Cope, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. Phila., 1871, 481, Tobasco, Mexico.
Pxocetus roberti, LUtKEN, Vid. Medd. Naturh. Foren., 1876, 12, 110; notof Miitter & Troscuen.

Subgenus CYPSELURUS, Swainson,
1085. EXOCCETUS HETERURUS, Rafinesque.

Head 4%; depth 54; scales 58, 26 before ventrals, 33 before dorsal, 7
rows of scales between dorsal and lateral line. D. 14; A. 9. Anal fin
short, its base 4 to # length of base of dorsal; its insertion behind first
ray of dorsal ; its rays 9 or 10; second ray of pectoral divided (first sim-
ple); third and fourth rays longest; ventral fins inserted about midway

736 Bulletin 47, Untted States National Museum.

between pupil and last caudal vertebra; base of anal 13 in base of dorsal ;
pectoral 1} in length, reaching last ray of dorsal; ventrals 2% in body,
reaching last ray of anal; snout 3iin head; eye 3!; lower lobe of caudal
about + longer than head. Pectoral fins with an oblique white band
across lower half of fin; dorsal and anal plain; ventrals white, their axil
scarcely dusky. Length 15 inches. Atlantic Ocean, generally common
southward on both coasts, straying northward to banks of Newfoundland
and to England. The young are often provided with a long barbel at the
chin. (érepoc, different; ovpa, tail, but all species of flying-fishes have the
tail unequal.)

Exocetus heterurus, RAFINESQUF, Caratteri di Alcuni Nuovi Generi, etc., 58, 1810, Palermo; Jor-
DAN & MEEK, l. c., 59.

Exoceetus comatus, Mircu1Li, Trans. Lit. and Phil. Soc. N. Y., 1815, 448, pl. 5, fig. 1, New York;
Litcen, Vid. Medd. Naturh: Foren., fig. 1, 106, 1876, 36° W., 11° N.; apparently a young
form, with long mental barbel.

Exocetus noveboracensis, MircHi1LLt, Amer. Monthly Mag., 11, 1814, 2338, New York; Jorpan &
GILBERT, Synopsis, 904, 1883.

Fxoceetus appendiculatus, Woop, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1824, 283, pl. 17, fig. 24, (young), south
coast United States.

Exoceetus melanurus, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., x1x, 101, 1846, New York.

Exocetus volitans GUNTHER, Cat., v1, 293, 1866, not of LinNwus; Lirken, Vid. Medd. Naturh.
Foren., 10, 108, 1876; Day, Fishes Great Britain, 155, pl. 228, 1883, (straggler to coast of
England).

? Cypselurus comatus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 381, 1883.

1086. EXOCTUS LUTKENT, Jordan & Evermann, new species.
Head 44; depth 5}. D.14; A.9; 50 scales in lateral line. Body rather

y]

robust. Head broad, rather pointed forward; snout not very blunt, 44
in length of head; eye large, 2? in head; interorbital area flattish, 3 in
head. Pectoral fins broad, their tips reaching posterior end of base of
anal fin; length of pectorals 12 in length of body. Length of ventrals 2§
in length of body, their tips reaching nearly to posterior end of base of
anal fin; origin of ventrals midway between pupil and base of caudal fin.
First ray of pectoral simple, its length little more than 4 length of fin;
second ray divided; 23 scales before the ventrals; 28 scales before the
dorsal fin; 7 rows of scales between lateral line and dorsal fin; longest
dorsal ray 2 in head; lower lobe of caudal about 4+ longer than head.
Color brownish above, silvery below ; pectoral black on its posterior half;
lighter on anterior, with a broad, white, oblique band which begins in
the axil and extends about $ across the fin ; ventrals white, dusky in axil;
dorsal and anal fin plain; caudal dusky, with a black vertical bar across
the base of its middle rays. This species is known from a single specimen,
9 inches long, in the museum of the Academy of Natural Sciences at Phil-
adelphia, from Cape San Antonio, Cuba. It was formerly identified by
Jordan & Meek with an Australian species, Lxocetus robustus, but it differs
in numerous respects from the latter, although arelated form. (Named for
Christian Fredrik Liitken, one of the most learned and accurate of ich-
thyologists, whose paper on the flying-fishes is the basis of our present
knowledge of the group.)

Exoceetus robustus, JORDAN & MEEK, I. c., 61; probably not of GUNTHER, Cat., VI, 289, 1866, Aus-

tralia,

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 737

1087. EXOCETUS FURCATUS, Mitchill.

Head 44; depth 54. D. 13; A. 9; lateral line with about 46 scales.
Body rather slender, compressed. Head not very broad, much narrowed
forward; the snout rather pointed; more compressed than in other
species. Interorbital area flat, its width at anterior margin of orbit equal
to diameter of eye; 3 in head; at posterior margin of eye this is half
greater. Mouthsmall; maxillary not reaching orbit ; length of maxillary
47 in head; length of mandible 24 in head; length of snout 4! in head;
eye 3 in head. Pectoral fin long and broad; its length 13 in length of
body; tips of pectorals reaching to tenth ray of dorsal. First pectoral
ray simple, slightly more than half length of fin; second ray divided;
third and fourth rays longest. Origin of ventrals midway between pos-
terior margin of eye and last caudal vertebra. Ventrals long, 2} in length
of body; their tips reaching past anal and almost to caudal fin. Dorsal
fin rather high, its longest ray 1} in head; longest anal ray about 2 in
head. Origin or dorsal in advance of that of the anal. Base of anal 1}
in base of dorsal; base of dorsal nearly equal to length of head. Lower
lobe of caudal 34 in body. About 23 scales on lateral line before ventrals,
and about 29 in front of dorsal fin. Eight rows of scales between lateral
line and dorsal fin. Color brownish above, silvery below; pectoral fins
black on lower posterior half; a broad white band running from axil
obliquely back to the posterior of upper rays; some white on tips of pec-
toral rays; anterior upper portion of the fin somewhat marbled; ven-
tral fins black, except on 2 outer rays, on inner ray, and a small spot on
next 2 inner rays, about ¢ distance from origin of fin; axil of ventrals
pale. Dorsal fin, when depressed, showing 3 black spots; caudal fin with
3 dark tranverse bands across fin; a black spot on tips of third, fourth,
fifth, and sixth rays of anal fin. Length 6 inches. Warm seas, north to
Cape Cod and to the Mediterranean, generally common. Young speci-
mens with barbels of different forms and sizes are frequently taken. The
specimens above described from Newport, Rhode Island. (furcatus,
forked.)

Exoceetus furcatus, MitcutL1, Trans. Lit. and Phil. Soc. N. Y., 1, 1815, 149, young, with barbel;
New York; Ginruer, Cat., v1, 286, 1866; Lirken, Vid. Medd. Naturh. Foren., 400, 1876;
JorDAN & MEEK, I. c., 61.

Procetus nuttalli, Lp Sueur, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1821, 10,pl. rv, fig. 1, Gulf of Mexico;
GUNTHER, Cat., V1, 286, 1866.

Exocetus (Cypselurus) procne, De Fitrpp1e VERANY, Mem. Acad. Sci. Torino, series 2, xvirr, 1857,
10, Nice.

Procetus maculipinnis, VINCIGUERRA, Risultati Ittiologici del Violante, pl. 1, fig. 6, 113, 1883,
Tunis.

Cypselurus furcatus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 380, 1883.

1088. EXOCEETUS NIGRICANS, Bennett.

Head 4} in body ; depth 5}; snout4din head; eye 3}. D. 14; A. 9 or 10;
scales about 52, 27 before the ventral fins, 26 in front of dorsal. Anal
fin short, its base + to # length of base of dorsal, its insertion behind
first ray of dorsal; its rays 9 or 10; second ray of pectoral divided (first

F, N. A.——48

738 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

simple); third and fourth rays longest; ventral fins inserted midway

between posterior margin of preopercle and last caudal vertebra; pecto-

rals not uniformly colored; posterior half of pectorals, ventrals, and
dorsal rather abruptly black; anal whites. Length of pectoral fin 13 in
body, its tip reaching nearly to base of caudal; first ray of pectoral

14 in length of longest; ventrals 24 in length of body, their tips reach-

ing tip of last ray of anal; dorsal rather high, its longest rays 1} in

head ; longest anal ray 34 in head, lower lobe of caudal about + longer

than head. Interorbital space broad, slightly concave, its width 23

head; depth of head 13 in its length. Length 10 inches. Tropical

seas, north to Cuba, Central America, and France; not very common;
recognizable at once by its high dorsal, black on the anterior half.

The specimen here described was from the Open Atlantic off Brazil.

(nigricans, blackish.) (Eu.)

Exocetus nigricans, BENNETT, Whaling Voyage, 11, 287, 1840, ‘‘ taken in both the Atlantic and
Pacific Oceans, in lat. 5° N.’’; Ginruer, Cat., v1, 290, 1866; Jornpan & MEEK, l. c., 63.

Exocetus bicolor, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., x1x, 111, 1846, Atlantic.

Exocetus spilopus, CuvieER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., xix, 118, 1846, La Rochelle;
St. Helena; West Indies; India; Arabia; De Witt Land; GuicHEnot, Hist. Cuba,
Ramon de la Sagra, Poiss., fig. 2, 1853, 152, pl. 4; LirKken, Vid. Med. Naturh. Foren.,
107, 1876.

1089. EXOCETUS XENOPTERUS, Gilbert.

Head 44; depth 6. D.138; A. 10; scales about 45. Snout short, 3? in
head; mandible scarcely protruding, wide at tip, with a narrow band of
small teeth. Teeth along edge of premaxillaries in a single series.
Vomer with a narrow patch, palatines with a wide patch of well-
developed teeth, similar to those in jaws; no teeth on tongue. Pre-
orbital about as wide as pupil; distance from tip of snout to end of
maxillary equals length of snout. Eye large, 3¢ in head. Interorbital
width 3 in head. Distance from front of dorsal to base of middle of cau-
dal rays equals half its distance from posterior margin of pupil. Length
of dorsal base equals $ length of head, the highest ray 23 in head.
Origin of anal under middle of dorsal, its base equaling snout and half
eye, the last ray nearly under last dorsal ray. Lower lobe of caudal 33
in length; the upper slightly less than Lead. Origin of ventrals half-
way between base of caudal and preopercular margin, the tip reaching
base of third anal ray, a trifle shorter than head. First pectoral ray 2

the longest; second ray deeply forked, the third and fourth apparently

the longest (the tips slightly mutilated). The fin extends beyond dorsal,
and falls short of the caudal by a trifle. Black above, becoming
abruptly silvery on middle of sides; pectorals jet black within, overlaid
by some silvery luster without; median ventral rays black, the inner
and outer white; dorsal dusky, without distinctive marks; anal white;
caudal black on basal portion of both lobes, the remaining third white.
A single specimen, 94 inches long, taken from a booby-bird (Sula) on
Clarion Island, one of the Revillagigedos. (févoc, strange; wrépov, fin.)

Exocoetus xenopterus, GILBERT, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1890, 58, Clarion Island. (Type, No.
44388, Coll. Albatross.)

ee LL OS CUCU ,COCOrlUC CC

Jordan and Evermann.— Fishes of North America. 739

1090. EXOCCTUS LINEATUS, Cuvier & Valenciennes.

Head 44; depth 64. Anal short, its rays I, 10; dorsal 13. Second ray
of pectoral divided, the first ray % length of longest. Head rather
pointed, the interorbital area flat; snout 4 in head; eye 34. Pectoral
extending to base of last anal ray; ventrals reaching nearly as far, their
insertion midway between base of caudal and edge of preopercle. Dark
lines on sides of back conspicuous only where scales have been rubbed
off, not forming an important feature of coloration; fins mostly dusky;
ventrals with faint dusky shades; anal with an obscure dark shade;
dorsal and caudal somewhat dusky, but unmarked. Close to Exocatus
heterurus, distinguished by the more backward position of the ventrals.
Tropical Atlantic, 1ecorded from Corea, the Canaries, Madeira, and Ber-
muda. The above description from the original type, 16 inches long,
from Corea. (lineatus, streaked.)

Exocetus lineatus, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., x1x, 92, 1836, Corea; Canaries;

GUnrueEr, Cat., vi, 287, 1866; GoopE, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., v, 76, 1876; Jorpan, Proc. U.S.
Nat. Mus., 1886, 528.

1091. EXOCTUS CYANOPTERUS, Cuvier & Valenciennes.

D. 12; A. 11. Second ray of pectoral divided, the first ? length of fin.
Snout pointed; interorbital area transversely concave. Snout 34 in
head; eye 34; tail strong; dorsal moderately high, its base 4 longer than
that of the rather short anal. Insertion of anal considerably behind
that of dorsal. Pectoral extending beyond tips of last ray of dorsal and
anal. Ventrals not quite to the base of the last ray. Insertion of ven-
trals midway between base of caudal and edge of preopercle. Fins all
pale, except a round black blotch, about as large as eye, on tips of mid-
dle dorsal ray; ventrals white. Coasts of Brazil and Caribbean Sea;
not common ; close to Exocetus bahiensis, and perhaps not even distinct;
also recorded from James Island of the Galapagos. The anal rays are less
numerous in LF. bahiensis than in the original type of E£. cyanopterus, from
which the above account is taken. («vaveoc, blue; zrepdr, fin.)

Exoceetus cyanopterus, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., xrx, 98, 1846, Bahia; Rio de
Janeiro; GUNTHER, Cat., v1, 294, 1866; JorpaN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1886, 528; JorpAN
& Botuman, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1889, 180.

Exocetus albidactylus, GitL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, 167, Caribbean Sea; errone
ously ascribed to Panama.

1092. EXOCCETUS BAHIENSIS, Ranzani.

Head 54; depth 64 with caudal. D. 13; A. 9-10; scales 50.
Length of snout + of that of eye, which is 34} in head; pectorals reach-
ing end of dorsal, ventrals to middle of anal; insertion of ventrals mid-
way between end of snout and extremity of upper caudal lobes; dorsal

-of moderate height, its origin far in advance of that of anal. Coloration

of the pectorals uniform; dorsal with a large dark blotch. (Giinther.)
Tropical seas, north to Cuba, where it seems to be the commonest of the
flying-fishes; not examined by us. (Name from Bahia. )

740 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

Exoceetus bahiensis, RANZANI, Noy. Comm. Ac. Sci. Inst. Bonon., v, 1842, 362, pl. 38, Bahia;
GUNTHER, Cat., vt, 293, 1866; Pory, Synopsis, 384, 385, 1868; Lirken, Vid. Medd. Naturh.
Foren., 402, 108, 1876.

Exoceetus vermiculatus, PoEy, Memorias, 11, 300, 1861, Cuba.

Exoceetus spilonotopterus, BLEEKER, ‘‘ Neder]. Tydschr. Dierk., 111, 113, 1863,’’ Sumatra.

? Exoceetus parre, PoEY, Synopsis, 385, 1868, Cuba; description insufficient; taken from an old
drawing.

1093. EXOCCETUS CALIFORNICUS, Cooper.

(GREAT FLYING-FISH; VOLADOR.)

Head 5; depth 6. D.12; A.10; scales 58; vertebre 33-16 = 49.
Body stoutish. Lower jaw rather the longer; both jaws with minute
teeth. Eye large, rather longer than snout, 3 in head, nearly equal to the
diameter of the slightly concave interorbital space. Pectoral fin reach-
ing past the dorsal and falling just short of the caudal; second ray of pec-
toral divided, the third longest; ventrals about reaching middle of anal,
their length 34 in body, their insertion midway between middle of opercle
and base of caudal. Anterior rays of dorsal half the length of the head ;
43 rows of scales between occiput and dorsal, 7 between the dorsal and
the lateral line. Steel blue above and on both sides, belly abruptly sil-
very; pectorals blackish, with the posterior edge paler; an obscure
oblique pale band across lower part; caudal plain dusky; ventrals pale,
partly dusky; dorsal rather pale, with a dusky blotch above. Length
18 inches. Southern California, Point Concepcion to Cape San Lucas,
very abundant in great schools in summer about the Santa Barbara
Islands. It is not known whither it retires in winter, as it has not been
seen outside of California, it being the only species known in the Eastern
Pacific north of Cape San Lucas. It is probably the largest of the flying-
fishes and has the greatest power of movement in the air. An excellent
food-fish, sometimes taken by the thousand off Santa Barbara.

Exocetus californicus, Cooper, Proc. Cal. Ac. Sci., 111, 1864, 93, fig. 20, Santa Catalina Island;
GUNTHER, Cat., v1, 295, 1866; JonpAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 379, 1883; JoRDAN & MEEK,
tic; Lo.

1094. EXOCCETUS CALLOPTERUS, Giinther.

Head nearly 4 in length (to base of caudal); depth 5. D. 11 or12; A.
8to10. Anal fin short, its base 4 to $ length of base of dorsal; its insertion
behind first ray of dorsal; its rays9 or 10; second ray of pectoral divided
(first simple); third and fourth rays longest ; pectoral fins covered with
small, round, dark spots, the edges paler; ventral fins pale, the middle
rays grayish, obscurely spotted ; other fins pale. Pectoral fins reaching
to end of dorsal; ventral fins inserted midway between preopercle and
base of caudal, their tips reaching nearly to base of anal; dorsal fin
rather high, its anterior rays about half length of head. Scales 46, 34
before the dorsal fin, and 9 between lateral line and dorsal fin. Snout obtuse
and depressed, ? diameter of eye, which is 3 in head, and less than width
of interorbital space, which is slightly concave. Length 10 inches. A
beautiful little flying-fish, common at Panama, but not yet seen elsewhere.
(KdAAoc, beauty ; zrepdv, fin.)

Exocetus callopterus, GUNTHER, Cat., v1, 292, 1866, Panama, (Coll. Capt. Dow); GinTHER,

Fishes Central Amer., 479, pl. 83, 1869; LiiTKEN, Vid. Medd. Naturh. Foren., 401, 107,
1876; JonpaN & GiLBert, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., m1, 1882, 109; Jorpan & Merk, /. c., 66.

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 741

1095. EXOCEETUS GIBBIFRONS, Cuvier & Valenclennes.

Head 42; depth6. D.12; A.8. Body robust, little compressed. Head
rather short, interorbital area slightly concave, about + wider than eye;
profile of snout convex, descending more abruptly than in any other of
our species, making a decided curvedownward. Snout rather blunt, 4 in
head ; eye 3 in head; maxillary 44 in head; pectoral fins rather broad
and long, their length 14 in length of body; tips of pectorals reaching to
tips of last rays of dorsal. First ray of pectoral simple, its length 2! in
length of fin; second ray simple, about + longer than first ray ; third ray
divided; fourth ray longest. Origin of ventrals midway between pos-
terior margin of eye and last caudal vertebra; length of ventrals 2.9 in
length of body, their tips reaching to last ray of anal. Origin of dorsal
fin far in advance of the anal. Base of anal 1? in baseof dorsal. Longest
dorsal ray 2} in head, longest anal ray about 3 in head. Lower lobe of
caudal about 34 in body; least depth of caudal peduncle 3! in head.
About 25 scales in lateral line before ventrals, and about 30 scales before
dorsal; 7 scales between lateral line and dorsal fin. Color brown above,
silvery below; on each scale on the upper part of the body is a darker
brown spot near its posterior extremity ; this gives the appearance ot a
dark-brown streak along each row of scales; pectorals uniformly colored,
same color as upper part of body ; ventrals dusky, nearly black mesially,
the posterior part of the fin still darker ; no dark markings on dorsal or anal
fins ; caudal dusky, plain. Length 8inches. Atlantic Ocean; two speci-
mens known, both examined by us; the specimen above described taken
by Samuel Powell at Newport, Rhode Island, the other the original type
in the Museum at Paris. (gibbus, gibbous; /frons, forehead.)

Exocetus gibbifrons, Cuvier & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., xtx, 118, 1846, Atlantic; Jor-
DAN & MEEK, I. c., 65; JoRDAN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1886, 528.

Order Z. HEMIBRANCHIL.
(THe HEMIBRANCHS.)

Interclavicles developed. Gills pectinate. Post-temporal simple, not
furcate; supraclavicle quite small. Superior pharyngeal bones reduced
in number, the bones of the gill arches also reduced except in Gasterosteida ;
inferior pharyngeals present, not united. Ventral fins abdominal or
subabdominal, joined to the interclavicle, or else detached from it
through partial atrophy of the shoulder girdle. Mouth bounded above by
premaxillaries only; shoulder girdle simple in structure. Basis of cra-
nium simple and without tube; four anterior vertebrw more or less
elongate; snout usually more or less produced, the small mouth at its
end. A small group, well distinguished from the Percesoces and other
Teleocephali, from ancestors of which it is probably descended, differing
in the presence of the interclavicles and in the reduction of the shoulder
girdle and other structures. Its relations to the Lophobranchii are close,
the characters of the Lophobranchii being largely extremes of the same
modifications. (uc, half; Bpayyoc, gill.)

742 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

In the following analysis of families we adopt the arrangement of
families as given in Dr. Gill’s valuable discussion of ‘‘the mutual rela-
tions of the Hemibranchiate fishes” in Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1884, 154.
The osteological characters are largely taken from unpublished notes of
Mr. Cloudsley Rutter. We begin the series with the most general-
ized family.

a. Dermal armature absent, or developed only as plates on sides or back; vertebrae numerous

(80 to 36); pubic bones connected with scapular arch; spinous dorsal represented
by isolated spines. é
b. Vertebre anteriorly little enlarged; ventrals subthoracic, each with a sharp spine.
c. Branchiostegal rays three; ventrals with one soft ray each ; snout conic or but
slightly tubiform. GASTEROSTEID#, XCVIII.
cc. Branchiostegal rays four; ventrals with four soft rays each; snout tubiform.
AULORHYNCHID, XCIX.
bb. Vertebre anteriorly (first four) elongate; ventrals subabdominal or near middle
of body, without spines, but with 6 (or 5) soft rays.
d. Dorsal spines developed, weak ; body compressed, moderately long, with ctenoid
scales ; no caudal filament. AULOSTOMIDS, C.
dd. Dorsal spines undeveloped ; body depressed or subcylindrical, very long, without
scales; caudal with the two middle rays produced into a long filament.
FISTULARIID#, CI.
aa. Dermal armature superficial, developed anteriorly and especially about the back; four
anterior vertebree much elongate; tail with its axis continuous with that of the
abdomen ; branchihyals and pharyngeals mostly present (fourth superior branchihyal
and first and fourth superior pharyngeals wanting) ; pubic bones not connected with
the scapular arch ; a spinous dorsal fin developed. MAcCRORHAMPHOSIDS, CII.

Family XCVIII. GASTEROSTEIDA.
(THE STICKLEBACKS. )

Body more or less fusiform, somewhat compressed, tapering behind to
a slender caudal peduncle. Head moderate, the anterior part not greatly
produced, but all the bones of the suspensory apparatus somewhat
lengthened. Mouth moderate, with the cleft oblique, the lower jaw
prominent; maxillary bent at right angles and overlapping the premax-
illary at corner of mouth. Teeth sharp, even, in a narrow band in each
jaw; no teeth on vomer or palatines; premaxillaries protractile. Pre-
orbital rather broad; suborbital plate large, often covering the anterior
part of the cheeks, forming a connection with the preopercle. Branchi-
ostegals 3. Gill“ membranes broadly joined, free from the isthmus, or

* According to Mr. Rutter the gill formula is :

| | Basi- Hypo- Cerato- Epi- Pharyngo-
branchial. branchial, branchial. branchial. branchial.
ame | ey Ps i. : =e as
1 Present. Present. Present. Present;.? | oe ee
2 Present, Present, Present. | Present. Present.
3/2625 eae eee Present. Present. | Present. Present.
Ay Wa Se ee ee Lb resenite Present. |--------------
}

The third and fourth epibranchials are present, but apparently grown together. The same is
probably true of the third and fourth pharyngobranchials.
The species examined was Gasterosteus microcephalus, GIRARD.

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 743

not; gillrakers moderate or rather long. Opercles unarmed. Skin
naked or with vertically oblong bony plates; no true scales. Dorsal fin
preceded by two or more free spines; anal similar to soft dorsal, with a
single spine; ventral fins subabdominal, consisting of a stout spine and
one or two rudimentary rays. Middle or sides of belly shielded by the
pubic bones. Pectorals rather short, unusually far behind the gill open-
ings, preceded by a quadrate naked area, which is covered with shining
skin. Caudal fin narrow, usually lunate. Air bladder simple; a few
pyloric ceca. Vertebre 30 to 35; anterior vertebre little enlarged.
Genera 5; species about 12. Small fishes inhabiting the fresh waters
and arms of the sea in Northern Europe and America; noted for their
pugnacity. They are exceedingly destructive to the spawn and fry of
larger fishes. ‘‘It is scarcely to be conceived what damage these little
fishes do, and how greatly detrimental they are to the increase of all the
fishes among which they live, forit is with the utmost industry, sagacity,
and greediness that they seek out and destroy all the young fry that
come their way.” (Giinther.) Most of the sticklebacks build elaborate
nests which the male fish defends with much spirit. The species are
extremely variable, being apparently readily affected by changes in
surroundings. (Gasterosteidw, Gunther, Cat., I, 1-7, 1859.)
GASTEROSTEIN® : *
a. Pubic bones fully joined, forming a triangular or lanceolate plate on median line of
belly behind and between the ventral fins.
b. Snout moderately produced, not tubiform; caudal peduncle moderate; ventral not
far behind pectoral, its rays I, 1.
c. Gill openings confluent, the gill membranes forming a broad free margin across
the isthmus.
ad. Dorsal spines 4 or 5, nondivergent, and nearly equally reclinable; skin
naked ; tail not keeled. Evcatia, 336.
dd. Dorsal spines 8 to 11, divergent; skin naked or nearly so; tail keeled.
PyGostTeEvs, 337.
ec. Gill openings restricted, the membranes mesially united to the isthmus; dorsal
with two free spines ; skin mailed, partly mailed, or naked.
GASTEROSTEUS, 338.
APELTINE :
aa. Pubic bones widely separated posteriorly, forming a bony ridge on each side of abdomen,
between which are the ventral fins ; snout short,
e. Dorsal with four divergent spines ; sides not mailed. APELTES, 339.

336. EUCALIA, Jordan.

Eucalia, JORDAN, Man, Vert., Ed. 1, 248, 1876, (inconstans).

Fresh-water sticklebacks, feebly armed, the skin not mailed, the dorsal
spines few and nondivergent, the gill membranes forming a free fold
across the isthmus; pubic bones fully united. One species known.
(ei, well; «add, nest, the species building nests, like other sticklebacks. )

*The subfamily Spinachiine, with the snout much produced, subtubiform, the dorsal spines
about 15 and the pubic bones joined only at base, consists of the Huropean species, Spinachia
spinachia (Linneeus), Itis not rare in Northern Europe and has been once (probably by error
in labeling) ascribed to Newfoundland. See Sauvage, Révision des Epinoches, 1874, 36,

744 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

1096. EUCALIA INCONSTANS (Kirtland).

(Brook STICKLEBACK.)

Head 33; depth 4. D. IV-I, 10; A. I, 10; vertebre 14+ 18—32. Body
moderately elongate, little compressed, the caudal peduncle comparatively
stout, not keeled. Skin smooth, entirely destitute of dermal plates, the
skeleton plates covered by it. Innominate bone small, lanceolate, covered
by the skin. Space in front of pectorals small; thoracic processes very
slender and widely separated, covered by skin. Gill membranes somewhat
free posteriorly; gill rakers short. Dorsal spines 4 or 5, low, subequal, in
a right line, a cartilaginous ridge running along the base of the fin; anal
spine similar to dorsal spines; ventral spines short and sharp, serrated.
Males in spring jet black, tinged with red anteriorly; females and young
olivaceous, mottled, and dotted with black. Length 2+inches. New York
to Kansas* and northward to the Saskatchewan (Swift Current, ete.—
Eigenmann); in fresh waters only, and especially in small brooks; abun-
dant in the Great, Lake region and south to central Ohio and Illinois, the
southernmost record being from Decatur County, Indiana. (W. P.
Shannon.) Very variable. (inconstans, variable.)

Gasterosteus inconstans, KIRTLAND, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., 111, 1841, 273, brooks of Trumbull
County, Ohio.

Gasterosteus micropus, COPE, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1865, 81, Fort Riley, Kansas. (Coll.
Dr. Hammond.)

Gasterosteus globiceps, SAUVAGE, Révision des Epinoches, 35, 1874, North America.

Eucalia inconsians, JORDAN, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1877, 65; E1@eNmMANN, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci.
Phila., 1886, 238.

Gasterosteus inconstans, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 394, 1883.

Represented in central and western New York by

1096a. EUCALIA INCONSTANS CAYUGA Jordan.

Ventral spines as long as pubic bones (usually #in inconstans); pectoral
plate small, U-shaped (V-shaped in inconstans). Fin rays the same, the
size generally smaller. Known from about Ithaca and Syracuse, N. Y.,in
small brooks and in the lakes.

Eucalia inconstans cayuga, JORDAN, Man. Vert., Ed. 1, 249, 1876, Cayuga Lake, Ithaca, N. Y.
(Coll. Dr. B. G. Wilder.)

Represented in Lake Superior by

1096b. EUCALIA INCONSTANS PYGMLEA (Agassiz).

D. Illor IV, I, 6; A. I, 6. Said to have the body shorter and deeper, the
rays different. Lake Superior. (Agassiz.) If this difference in fin rays
really exists, this may be a distinct species. (pygmaeus, dwarf.)

Gasterosteus pygmeus, AGAss1z, Lake Superior, 314, 1850, Lake Superior.

* Recorded from Sukkertoppen, Greenland, by Cope, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1865, 81. This
record needs verification. According to Cope, the Kansas form, micropus, is shorter and deeper
than inconstans, with smaller postpectural plate and weaker ventral spines.

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 745

337. PYGOSTEUS, Brevoort.

Pygosteus (BREVOORT) GILL, Cat. Fishes East Coast N. A., 39, 1861; name only.
Pygosteus, GILL, Canadian Naturalist, 11, 8, 1865, (occidentalis).
Gasterostea, SAUVAGE, Révision des Epinoches, 29, 1874, (pungitius).

This genus is characterized by the presence of 9 to 11 divergent spines
and by the weakness of its innominate bones. As in L£ucalia, the gill
membranes form a broad foldacross theisthmus. Vertebre 14+ 18= 32.
Species 2, in northern regions, the fullowing cosmopolitan; a second,
Pygosteus sinensis, Guichenot, from China. (vy7, pubic region; dcréov,
bone.)

1097. PYGOSTEUS PUNGITIUS (Linnzus).

(NINE-SPINED STICKLEBACK.)

Head 4; depth 5to6. D. VIII or IX-I,9; A. 1,8. Body very slender,
somewhat compressed, tapering into the very long and slender caudal
peduncle, which is much depressed and strongly keeled, broader than
deep. No dermal bony plates along sides; small plates along bases of
dorsal and anal, and on caudal keel; skeletal plates not at all covered by
skin. Postpectoral plate well developed, striated. Head shortish, the
snout rather blunt. Eye large, longer than snout. Thoracic processes
well developed, widely divergent, forming a U-shaped figure. Bones of
skull granulate, its surface bones all weak. Dorsal spines moderate, the
anterior diverging to the right or left at various angles, the posterior more
nearly erect; anal spine large, larger than the dorsal spines; pubic bone
feeble, lanceolate, not carinated, its edges raised, its median part thin;
ventral spines moderate, serrulate, their length more than + that of the
head; caudal lunate, long and narrow. Gillrakers longand slender; gill
membranes free from the isthmus posteriorly. Olivaceous above, profusely
punctulate, irregularly barred with darker; silvery. below. Length
3 inches. Northern partsof Europe, and Atlantic coasts of America from
Long Island to the Arctic Sea, also in tributaries of the Great Lakes, and
northward to the Saskatchewan and Alaska, where it abounds in the
mountain lakes and streams; a widely distributed species, found in both
fresh and brackish waters. (pungitius, pricking.)

Gasterosteus pungitius, LINN2&US, Syst. Nat., Ed. x, 296, 1758, Europe; after Gasterosteus aculeis
in dorso decem, ARTEDI; WALBAUM, Artedi Pisc., 1792, 446; GUnTuHeER, Cat., 1, 6, 1859; JoRDAN
& Giipert, Synopsis, 393, 1883.

Pygosteus pungitius, E1GENMANN, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1886, 235.

Gasterosteus levis, CUVIER, Régne Animal, Ed. 2, 11, 170, 1829, streams of France.

Gasterosteus occidentalis, Cuvier & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 1v, 509, 1829, Newfound-
land; not G. occidentalis of LINN&Us, which is an unrecognized species, probably of
Carangide.

Gasterosteus concinnus,* RicHARDSON, Fauna Bor.-Amer., 11, 57, 1836, Saskatchewan River
and Great Bear Lake; DreKay, N. Y. Fauna: Fishes, 68, 1842.

Gasterosteus mainensis,} SroRER, Bost. Journ, Nat. Hist., 1, 1837, 464, Kennebec County, Maine.

*The names concinnus and nebulosus have been used for the fresh-water form of the northern
inland lakes, but a comparison of specimens from Calumet River, Illinois, with others from
Massachusetts shows no tangible difference, We have seen none with less than 9 dorsal spines,
Nor can we separate the American form called occidentalis from the European pungitius, Bean
records no difference between Hudson Bay specimens and those from Massachusetts,

+ These two names may represent a distinct subspecies, mainena’s, distinguished by the presence
of 7 free dorsal spines.

746 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum. :

Gasterosteus nebulosus,* AGAss1z, Lake Superior, 310, pl. 4, fig. 4, 1850, Lake Superior.
Gasterosteus dekayi, AGASSIz, Lake Superior, 311, 1850, New York.

Gasterosteus lotharingus, BLANCHARD, Poiss. France, 244, 1866, Gordon, Lorraine.
Gasterosteus breviceps, BLANCHARD, Poiss. France, 245, 1866, Caen, France.

Gasterostea blanchardi,t SAUVAGE, Révision des Epinoches, 32, 1874, New York.

Represented in Greenland and the far north by

1097a. PYGOSTEUS PUNGITIUS BRACHYPODA (Bean).

D. X-I, 10; A.1,10. Similar to P. pungitius, but the ventral spines very
short, their length a little less than } that of head. Mountain streams and
lakes, about Baffins Bay ;* locally abundant; not seen by us. (Spayic,
short; zovc, foot.)

Gasterosteus pungitius brachypoda, BEAN, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., xv, 129, 1879, Oosooadlin Moun-

tain, Cumberland Gulf, Greenland. (Type, Nos. 21738, 21766, ete. Coll. Kumlein.)
JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 394, 1883; EIGENMANN, I. ¢., 236.

338. GASTEROSTEUS (Artedi) Linnzus.
(STICKLEBACKS. )

Gasterosteus (ARTEDI) LINN=XUS, Syst. Nat., x, 1758, 489, (aculeatus).
Gasteracanthus, PALLAS, Mém. Ac. St. Petersb., 111, 325, 1811, (cataphractus).
Leiurus, SWAINSON, Nat. Hist. Class’n Fishes, 11, 242, 1839, (gymmnurus).

Sticklebacks with the innominate bones coalescent on the median line
of the belly, behind and between the ventral fins, forming a triangular or
lanceolate plate. Gill membranes united to the isthmus. Tail slender,
and usually keeled. Skin variously covered with bony plates. Dorsal
spines 3 in number, strong, with nondivergent bases. Species numerous.
Fresh waters and shores of all northern regions; the species highly varia-
ble, those found in the sea usually with the body completely mailed, the
fresh and brackish water forms variously mailed or even altogether naked.
It is probable that the reduction in armature is in some degree connected
with life in fresh waters. It is also probable that the partially naked
fresh-water forms of Europe and northeastern and northwestern America
have been in each case derived from the mailed marine forms of the same
region. In Europe, the mailed and partly naked forms are scarcely sep-
arable as varieties. In western America, the division is better established,
and the naked and partially naked forms seem definable as distinct spe-
cies, each with large variation within its range. (yaor7p, belly; oczéov,
bone. )

a. Species of the eastern Atlantic, robust, with short dorsal spines, each one when depressed

not reaching the next. ACULEATTS, 1098.

aa. Specie of the western Atlantic, more slender, with longer spines. BISPINOSUS, 1099.

aaa. Species of the eastern Pacific, robust, the marine forms with long spines.

b. Species marine, the body wholly mailed, the plates well developed throughout.

CATAPHRACTUus, 1100.

bb. Species of fresh or brackish waters, not wholly mailed, or with the posterior plates

very small. WILLIAMSONI, 1101.

*The common Alaskan form referred by Dr, Bean to this subspecies, seems to be nearer the
typical pungitius, having the ventral spines nearly half length of head.

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 747

1098. GASTEROSTEUS ACULEATUS, Linnzus.

(EUROPEAN STICKLEBACK; BURNSTICKLE.)

Head 34 to 33; depth 4; eye 33 to 4; snout 3. Body rather stout, head
short, snout short, mouth oblique, maxillary not reaching eye; caudal
peduncle depressed, keeled or not. Dorsal spines short and stout, usu-
ally a little shorter than snout and strongly serrate ; ventral spines about
as long as from*“tip of snout to pupil, serrate on each side, and with strong
basal cusp; ventral plate broad and long, longer than ventral spines or
about as long as snout and eye; processes from shoulder girdle widely
divergent inclosing a large triangular area. Lateral armature variable,
the plates 6 to 32, usually none on caudal peduncle; in fresh-water speci-
mens caudal keel generally present but fleshy; in unarmed specimens the
posterior plates when present on the caudal peduncle are much reduced in
size. The variation in the sticklebacks of Europe is very great, as was
pointed out by Day* some years ago. This is also shown by the studies
which Dr. Boulenger has recently made of the sticklebacks of England.
The various partly naked forms are not susceptible of definition even as
varieties. Coasts and streams of northern Europe; abundant. We
include this form in the present memoir on the supposition that the mailed
form in Greenland, Gasterosteus loricatus, Reinhardt, belongs to it. (acu-
leatus, spined.) (Eu.)

Gasterosteus aculeatus, LINN©US, Syst. Nat., Ed. x, 1758, 489, Europe; completely mailed.

Gasterosteus trachurus, Cuvier & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., rv, 481, 1829, France; com-
pletely mailed; 31 plates.

Gasterosteus ponticus, NORDMANN, in Demidoff, Voy. Russ. Merid., 111, 357, Tauria and Black
Sea; plates fewer than in aculeatus,

Gasterosteus semiarmatus, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 1v, 493, 1829, Havre; 14
plates.

Gasterosteus semiloricatus, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 1v, 494, 1829, Baillon; 13
plates.

Gasterosteus leiurus, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 1v, 481, 1829, Seine; 6 plates.

? Gasterosteus loricatus, Re1NHARDT, Fauna Groenlandica, 32, 37, 1837, Greenland; fully armed;
may be G. bispinosus,

Gaslerosteus bailloni, BLANCHARD, Poissons des eaux douces de France, 231, 1866, Abbeville.

Gasterosteus neustrianus, BLANCHARD, Poissons des eaux douces de France, 220, 1866, Harfleur;
armature interrupted.

Gasterosteus argentissimus, BLANCHARD, Poissons des eaux douces de France, 232, 1866, Avignon;
6 plates.

*Dr. Francis Day observes: ‘‘It appears remarkable how many species of sticklebacks have
been named, outnumbering even those of the Salmonidx of the fresh waters, and it becomes a
first consideration whether any general principles are perceptible in the distribution of these
species or varieties. Itisin the ocean more than in fresh waters that we must seek the spiny-
rayed fishes; and similarly it is on the seaboards or skirts of the ocean that we must look for
sticklebacks in which the armature of the sides is most developed (as in the variety (rachurus),
while such as have the free portion of the tail unarmed are farthest inland or on elevated pla-
teaus; while in the center of Ireland I have captured examples of G. pungitius in which the arma-
ture had so decreased that the ventral spine was entirely absent. It has been pointed out (Phil.
Mag., 1834, v, p. 299) that the variety on the continent with the shortest spine or the most
defenseless form, comes from Tuscany, and is peculiar to still waters, where it would have the
fewest enemies, and here it attains toa great size. Taking large numbers of Irish specimens I
found considerable differences in the length of the ventral spines and pubic plates, conclusively
showing that such characters afford no reliable data.

* Heckel and Kner, in their account of the fishes of Austria, did not admit the foregoing to be
more than varieties differentiated by the development of the lateral scutes or plates, which they
found varied in number between 3 and 28."’—Day,

748 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

Gasterosleus elegans, BLANCHARD, Poissons des eaux douces de France, 234, 1866, Cadillac and
Langou; 6 plates.

Gasterosteus argyropomus, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 1v, 498, 1829, Florence; 3
plates.

Gasterosteus brachycentrus, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 1v, 499, 1829, Florence; 4
plates.

Gasterosteus tetracanthus, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., rv, 499, 1829, Florence; 4
plates; 4 dorsal spines.

Gasterosteus algeriensis, SAUVAGE, Révision des Epinoches, 17, 1874, Algiers; 6 plates.

Gasterosteus islandicus, SAUVAGE, Révision des Epinoches, 20, 1874, Iceland; 5 plates.

Gasterosteus gymnurus, CUVIER, Regne Animal, Ed. 2, 11, 170, 1829,

Gaslerosteus spinulosus, JENYNS & YARRELL, Manual, 350, Edinburgh; 4 dorsal spines.

Gasterosteus aculeatus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 395, 1883.

1099. GASTEROSTEUS BISPINOSUS, Walbaum.

(Common EASTERN STICKLEBACK.)

Head 33; depth 44. D.II-I,13; A.1I,9; lateral plates 33. Head rather
long. Caudal peduncle very slender, covered with plates similar to those
on the body, and provided with a conspicuous keel. Processes from
shoulder girdle below, covering most of the breast, leaving a narrow
naked area between them. Opercle finely striate. Large rugose bony
plates on each side of base of dorsal spines, the latter joined to them by
a hinge and capable of being firmly set, like the spines, of catfish.
Naked area in front of pectorals large; pelvic bone lanceolate; ven-
tral spine with a basal cusp; spines all serrate, those of anal and soft
dorsal small. Dark greenish above; sides silvery, or yellow ; membranes
of ventrals often red. Length 4 inches. The stickleback of the east
coast of North America seems to differ from the European Gasterosteus
aculeatus in having higher spines and more slender body. The dorsal
spines when depressed each extends beyond the base of the next. In other
respects G. bispinosus does not differ materially from G. aculeatus. The
typical marine form has the body fully plated as in the marine form of G.
aculeatus ; its partly naked fresh-water varieties (atkinsii, cuvieri, wheatlandi)
are better defined than those of G. aculeatus, and are less abundant, being
still rare in collections. Labrador to New Jersey, near the coast, in salt
water; very common in New England. (bis, two; spinosus, spined.)
Two-spined Stickleback, PENNANT, Arctic Zodlogy, 1, 385, 1784; after ForstEr; no locality

specified.
Gasterosteus bispinosus, WALBAUM, Artedi Pisc., 450, 1792; after PENNANT; said to be ‘‘ New
York,’’ but more likely Hudson’s Bay; Jorpan & GILBERT, Synopsis, 395, 1883.

Gasterosteus biaculeatus, SHAW, Zoul., 1v, €08, 1839; after PENNANT, as above; Storer, Hist. Fishes
of Mass., 88, plate vii, figs. 2 and 3, 1867.

Represented in the rivers of Maine and Quebec by

1099a. GASTEROSTEUS BISPINOSUS ATKINSII (Bean),

Head 34; depth 4%; eye 3+; snout 3, a little greater than eye, pointed ;
mouth oblique, maxillary shorter than eye. D.II-I,12; A.1,8. Lateral
plates variable, usually from 10 to 22 in number, the posterior ones small
and weak; caudal peduncle depressed, keel usually developed. First and

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 749

second dorsal spines lung and slender, about as long as from tip of snout to
pupil, slightly serrate; pectoral spine also long and slender, nearly as
long as snout and eye, strongly serrate, and with cusp at base on outer
side; ventral plate long and narrow, about as long as the ventral spines.
Pectoral plate broad and deep. Upper part of body dark; more or less
distinct, dark cross bands on posterior part of body, darkest on caudal
peduncle; base of caudal fin with a black bar; under parts silvery
except on caudal peduncle, where there are a few dark punctulations.
Quebec; Maine. (Named for Mr. Charles G. Atkins, Supt. U. S. Fish
Commission Station, Craig Brook, Maine.)

Gasterosteus atkinsii, BEAN, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1879, 67, Schoodic Lakes, Maine. (Type,
No. 22492. Coll. Atkins.)

Represented along the Atlantic Coast in brackish water from Newfound-
land to Cape Cod by

1099b. GASTEROSTEUS BISPINOSUS CUVIERI (Girard).

Head 4; depth5d+; eye33. D.II-I, 12; A.I,8. Bodyslender and com-
pressed. Anterior part of body with four lateral plates, the first one
largest; posterior half of body naked. Tail keeled. Smooth space in
front of the pectoral large and subcircular. Posterior processes from the
shoulder girdle strong, divergent, leaving a naked space between them;
mouth small and oblique, the maxillary not reaching eye; dorsal spines
long, acute, and serrate, about as long as distance from tip of snout
to pupil; ventral spines slender, as long as snout and eye; they also are
serrate and provided with a cusp at the base; ventral plate long and nar-
row, as long as from tip of snout to posterior edge of preopercle. Color
uniform, grayish brown oun head, back, and posterior half of body ; neck,
opercle, and naked space in front of pectorals silvery, minutely dotted
with brown. (Girard.) East coast of North America from Labrador to
Massachusetts, in fresh or brackish water, not common except northward.
(Named for Baron Georges Léopold Chrétien Frédéric Dagobert Cuvier,
1769-1832, the father of comparative anatomy and, therefore, of classifi-
cation in ichthyology.)

? Gasterosteus dimidiatus, REINHARDT, Fauna Groenlandica, 32, 37, 1837, Greenland ; may be aform
of G. aculeatus.
Gasterosteus cuvieri, GIRARD, in Storer’s Fishes of Nova Scotia and Labrador, 254, plate vit, fig.

1, 1849, Bras d’Or, Red Bay, Labrador.
Gasterosteus wheatlandi, PutNAm, Proc. Essex Inst., v, 4, 1867, Nahant; E1gGENMANN, /. c., 246.

1100. GASTEROSTEUS CATAPHRACTUS (Pallas).

(ALASKA STICKLEBACK ; SALMON KILLER.)

Head 3 to 34; depth 4to4}; eye3}—snout. D.II-I,12; A.I,8. Body
slender, compressed ; head small and pointed, mouth oblique, maxillary
not reaching eye; caudal peduncle depressed, keeled. Processes from
shoulder girdle slightly divergent, leaving a narrow naked area on breast ;
naked area in front of pectorals long and deep. Dorsal spines long and
slender, the length equaling distance from snout to pupil; third dorsal
and anal spines very small, curved; ventral spines long, slender, as long

750 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

as snout and eye, or even longer in some specimens; serrate at base and
with basal cusp; ventral plate as long as spine in many specimens, nar-
row, the greatest width 2 to 24 in length. Lateral armature complete,
the plates gradually reduced in size posteriorly, forming a distinct caudal
keel. Dark grayish or bluish black above, silvery below, with a few dark
punctulations, thickest on caudal peduncle and near tip of ventral spines.
San Francisco to Alaska and Kamchatka; very abundant northward;
rarely or never entering fresh water. Very close to Gasterosteus bispinosus,
and only distinguishable by the more robust form ; probably both of them
to be regarded as geographical subspecies of Gasterosteus aculeatus, and
perhaps not really recognizable at all. (xaradpaxroc, cataphractus, mailed. )

Gasteracanthus cataphractus, PALLAS, Mem. Acad. Petersb., 111, 325, 1811, Kamchatka.

Fasterosteus obolarius, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 1v, 500, 1829, Kamchatka.

Gasterosteus insculptus, R1cHARDSON, Last Arctic Voyage, 10, piate xxv, figs. 1, 2, and 3, 1854,
Northumberland and Puget sounds.

Gasterosteus serratus, AYRES, Proc. Cal, Acad. Sci., 1855, 47, San Francisco; Sauvace, Révision

des Epinoches, 13, 1874.
Gasterosteus intermedius, GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 135, Cape Flattery.
Gasterosteus aculeatus cataphractus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 396, 1883.

1101. GASTEROSTEUS WILLIAMSONI, Girard.

Head 34 to 3}; depth 37 to 4; eye 33 to 4; snout—eye. Dorsal II, I,
10 ; anal I, 8. Body short and deep, not especially compressed; head
small; mouth small, not quite as oblique as in var. microcephalus ; maxil-
lary not reaching eye; caudal peduncle deep and stout, not keeled. Pro-
cesses from shoulder girdle widely divergent, inclosing a large triangu-
lar area. Naked area in front of pectoral narrow. First and second
dorsal spines very short and weak, 14 to 2 in distance from tip of snout
to pupil, the first not reaching the second when depressed, and the
second falling far short of the third; ventral spines short and stout,
about equal to snout, broadened at base, serrate on outer side, cusp
sometimes present; ventral plate broad, longer than spines, about as
long as snout to posterior edge of pupil. Sides nearly always without
armature, occasionally 2 or 3 anterior plates developed, which is accom-
panied by a greater development of the dorsal and ventral spines.
Dusky, sides paler and mottled. Males with the head bright coppery
red. This description is based upon numerous specimens collected in
Santa Ana River, at Colton, California, by Dr. Charles H. Gilbert.
Fresh-water streams of southern California; locally very abundant,
replacing microcephalus inland; Williamson Pass; San Bernardino (Rosa
Smith). This form is apparently derived from G. microcephalus, and is
usually well distinguished. (Named for Lieut. R. 8. Williamson, a mem-
ber of the United States Pacific Railroad Survey, by whom the species
was first obtained.)

Gasterosteus williamsoni, GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1854, 183, Williamson Pass,* Cali-
fornia; (Coll. Lieut. Williamson); Grrarp, Pacific R. R. Surv., x, 93, 1858; Sauvage, Révi-
sion des Epinoches, 25, 1874; Rosa Smrru, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1883, 217; E1GENMANN,
l. c., 247. ;

* This pass is not recognized on the maps, but it is near the present village of Saugus, Ven-
tura County, California.
+ Specimen said to have come from an artesian well at San Bernardino, California,

Jordan and Evermann.—Ffishes of North America. Tol

Represented in coastwise streams of California and northward by

1101a. GASTEROSTEUS WILLIAMSONI MICROCEPHALUS (Girard).

(CALIFORNIA STICKLEBACK. )

Head 3 to 33; depth 3 to 32; eye 4; snout 34. Dorsal II-I, 11; anal
I, 8. Body short, deep, moderately compressed. Caudal peduncle rather
deep, not compressed, nor evidently keeled. Processes from shoulder
girdle below widely diverging, leaving a triangular area on breast;
naked area in front of pectorals smaller than in cataphractus. Dorsal
spines stout, about as long as from tip of snout to pupil; third dorsal
spine and anal spine small; ventral spines stout, about equaling distance
from tip of snout to posterior rim of orbit, strongly serrate on outer
side and with a distinct basal cusp; ventral plate shorter and broader
than in cataphractus, about half as wide as long. Lateral armature
variable; plates usually 5 or 6, but sometimes completely armed with 25
or 26; all intermediate numbers occasionally found, the anterior plates
large, these followed by smaller ones; the posterior half usually
unarmed ; often the plates are reduced to one or two, or even entirely
absent, especially in brook specimens; often again the whole length of
the body is provided with plates, the posterior ones quite small, consid-
erably smaller than corresponding plates in cataphractus, but forming a
distinct keel. Usually specimens from the same stream are alike or
nearly so, the variously armed forms having the nature of local varieties.
The fully armed variety abounds in San Gregonio Creek, Pilarcitos Creek,
and other streams of the west slope of the Sierra Morena, on the San Fran-
cisco peninsula. Olivaceous, silvery below; skin thickly punctulate;
males blackish in spring, with coppery or golden luster. Pacific Coast
of the United States, in streams and brackish waters; abundant south-
ward, ranging from Alaska to Todos Santos in Lower California. Proba-
bly an offshoot from Gasterosteus cataphractus, but now apparently entirely
differentiated. We have seen no intermediate forms, the fully mailed
examples having smaller plates * than in Gasterosteus cataphractus. (uixpdc,
small; «ega27, head, but the head is unusually large for a stickleback. )

Gasterosteus microcephalus, GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1854, 133, Four Creek (Kaweah
River), a tributary of Tule Lake (Tulare Lake) San Joaquin Valley, California; Jorpan
& GiLBert, Synopsis, 395, 1883.

Gasterosteus plebeius, GIRARD, and Gasterosteus inopinatus, GirAnp, l. ¢., 147, Presidio,
California.

Gasterosteus pugetti, Girarp, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 135, Fort Steilacoom; Puget
Sound.

* “Tn Gasterosteus microcephalus, the number of lateral plates varies from 0 to 25 (excluding the
keel). Where the larger number is present, they extend from the head to the keel on the cau-
dal peduncle. When only the smaller number, they are above the ventral fins. The posterior
plates are more likely to be absent than the anterior ones. The variations do not seem to bear
any relation to the character of the stream, for in one of two similar streams 96 per cent, were
found to be fully plated, while in the other none had more than seven plates, In another
stream an equal number of each sort was taken. The number bears no relation to age. The
caudal keel is, with scarcely an exception, confined to the fully mailed individuals.” (Cloudsley

Rutter, MS.)

752 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

339. APELTES, De Kay.

Apeltes, De Kay, New York Fauna: Fishes, 67, 1842, nomen nudum, (quadracus).
Apeltes, JORDAN, Man. Vert., Ed. 1, 249, 1876, (quadracus; genus characterized).

Body moderately elongate, somewhat compressed, the back elevated at
the beginning of the soft dorsal fin, thence declining in nearly a straight
line to tip of snout. Tail very slender, not keeled. No bony dermal
plates; the skin naked. Innominate bones not joined on the median line
but separated, forming a bony ridge on each side of the abdomen, below
which the strong ventral spines are depressible. Chest mostly bony;
bare area in front of pectorals small, but distinct. Gill rakers rather
short. Gill membranes attached to the isthmus, without free edge.
Free dorsal spines 3, strong, the first the longest, directed to one side;
the next two directed toward the other side at different angles ; attached
spine of dorsal and anal well developed; a bony ridge on each side of
the spinous dorsal. American. (da, privative; 7éAr7, shield.)

1102. APELTES QUADRACUS (Mitchill).

Head 4; depth 4. D.III-I, 11; A.1I, 8. Trunk oblong; head pointed;
caudal peduncle very long and slender, not keeled, about 5 in length.
Mouth small, horizontal; maxillary not reaching to eye; teeth slender,
in a single series. No bony dermal plates along sides. Scapula forming
a small granulated postopercular plate. Innominate bones wide apart;
the area between them flat, so that a section of the fish is triangular.
Gill membrane broadly united to the isthmus. Free dorsal spines diver-
gent; the spines slender, pointed, slightly serrate; distance between
first and third spine much less than that between third and fourth; the
first extending beyond base of third; caudal long, narrow; anal similar
to soft dorsal and coterminous with it; its spine under third ray of dor-
sal; ventral spines strong, subterete; serrate on both edges and covered
by skin to near tip; when the ventral spines are set they point almost
sidewise, when depressed they lie along inside of innominate bones.
Brownish olive above, mottled with darker; silvery below; male almost
black; ventrals with the membrane red in spring. Length 14 to 24
inches. Maine to New Jersey, in salt water; very abundant northward.
(quatuor, four ; acus, spine.)

Gasterosteus quadracus, MitcuiLu, Trans. Lit. and Phil. Soc., 1, 1815, 430, New York; GUNTHER,
Cat., 1, 7, 1859.

Gasterosteus apeltes, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 1v, 505, 1829, no locality.

Gasterosteus millipunctatus, AYRES, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., 1842, 294, Old Man’s Harbor, Long

Island.
Apeltes quadracus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 396, 1883; EIGENMANN, I. c., 242.

Family XCIX. AULORHYNCHIDA.

Body elongate, nearly cylindrical, with a very slender, depressed caudal
peduncle. Skin naked, with a few series of partly concealed plates.
Mouth terminal, small, at the end of a tube which is about as long as the

——

Jordan and Evermann.—Ffishes of North America. 753

rest of the head, its base formed of the lengthened symplectic quadrate
and pterygoid; teeth very small; premaxillary forming most of margin
of mouth, the maxillary exposed at the corner. Branchiostegals 4. Gill*
membranes slightly connected, free from the isthmus. Dorsal fin with
many small, low, free spines, each of which is depressible in a groove; soft
dorsal short, elevated in front; anal similar to the second dorsal, preceded
by asinglespine; caudal finsmall, forked. An oblong, naked area in front
of the pectorals. Ventrals subthoracic, very close together, inserted
somewhat behind pectorals, 1,4. Vertebre 25-+ 29, those behind anal
exceedingly compressed. Anterior vertebre little enlarged. Genera 2;
(Aulorhynchus and Aulichthys); species 2. Small fishes of the North
Pacific, very close to the sticklebacks, intermediate between them and
the trumpet-fishes. (Aulorhynchide, Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862,
233.)

a. Skin of head naked; pectoral fins emarginate. AULORHYNCHUS, 340,

340. AULORHYNCHUS, Gill.

Aulorhynchus, GiLt, Proc, Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1861, 169, ( favidus).
Auliscops, Peters, Berliner Monatsberichte, 1866, 570, (spinescens).

Body very long and slender, almost cylindrical; caudal peduncle elon-
gate, tapering, much depressed, especially posteriorly. Skin naked, with
a series of small, rugose shields, one on each side of the lateral line, a
dorsal row to which the spines are attached, and a row on the lower edge
of caudal peduncle. These plates closely resemble the dorsal plates, having
a groove through the middle in which fora short distance behind the anal
there lies a fin ray, besides small pores, probably mucous pores. Lateral
line present. Head not mailed. Mouth small, horizontal, at the end of
a tube which is slightly longer than the rest of-the head. Premaxillary.
bones much expanded, with long and slender processes; lower jaw pro-
jecting, with a flap at symphysis. Teethin the jaws rather sharp, almost
in one series; palate toothless. Dorsal spines numerous, entirely sepa-
rate, equal and very short, the first inserted above the pectorals; dorsal
and anal fins posterior, nearly equal, oblong, elevated in front; caudal
fin small, emarginate; pectoral fins emarginate, the upper and lower rays
longest; ventrals not much behind pectorals, each with 1 spine and 4 rays.
(aviAdc, a tube; pryyoc, snout.)

*The gill formula is as follows according to Mr. Rutter:

Basi- Hypo- Cerato- | Epi- Pharyngo-
branchial. branchial, branchial, | branchial. | branchial.
| = “1 = cag |
1! Present. Present. Present. | Present. | Present. |
ae Present. Present, Present. ' Present. |
(A Re a ge et gh lal el a Present. | Present. | Present.
Ne A A Present... lasustitesn es Present.

fF, N. A.——49

754 Bulletin 47, United States ational Museum.

1103. AULORHYNCHUS FLAVIDUS, Gill.

Head 4; depth 16. D. XX V-9; A.1,9; V.I, 4. Gillrakersslender. Dorsal
spines minute, much shorter than pupil. Caudal peduncle longer than
head. Tawny, with about 20 darker cross blotches on the back; minutely
punctulate above; opercula and antepectoral region with bright golden
or coppery luster, bordered above by a blackish band. Coast of Cali-
fornia from San Nicolas Island and Monterey northward to Sitka, Alaska;
rather rare; a curious little fish, like a stickleback in structure, but with
the produced snout of Fistularia. ( flavidus, yellowish. )

Aulorhynchus flavidus, GILL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1861, 169, Coast of Washington. (Coll.
Dr. Kennerly); SrersDACHNER, Ichth. Beitr., v, 153, 1876; Jorpan & Gitpert, Synopsis;
391, 1583.

Auliscops spinescens, PETERS, Berliner Monatsber., 570, 1866.

Family C. AULOSTOMID2.
(THE TRUMPET-FISHES. )

Body compressed, elongate, covered with small ctenoid scales. Lateral
line continuous. Head long; mouth small, at the end of a long, com-
pressed tube. Lower jaw prominent, with a barbel at the symphysis.
Premaxillary feeble, not protractile; maxillary broad, triangular, with a
supplemental bone. Teeth minute, in bands, on lower jaw and yomer.
Branchiostegals 4. Gills 4, a slit behind the fourth. Pseudobranchize
well developed. Gill rakersobsolete. Gill membranes separate, free from
the isthmus. Air bladder large. Spinous dorsal present, of 8-12 very
slender free spines; soft dorsal and anal rather long, similar, posterior,
with 23 to 28 rays each; caudal small, rhombic, the middle rays longest,
but not produced into a filament; ventrals abdominal, of 6 rays, all artic-
ulated; pectorals broad, rounded, the space in frontof them scaly. First
four vertebra elongated. Two pyloric ceca. <A single genus, with two
species, found in tropical seas. (Fistulartide, part, genus Aulostoma, Gin-
ther, Cat., 111, 535-538, 1861.)

341. AULOSTOMUS, Lacépéde.

Aulostomus, LAchPEDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., v, 357, 1803, (chinensis).
Aulostoma, SCHLEGEL, Fauna Japonica, 320, 1842; change of spelling,
Polypterichthys, BLEEKER, Ternate 11, 608, (valentini = chinensis).
Solenostomus, GRONOW, Cat. Fishes, Ed. Gray, 146, 1854, (chinensis).

Characters of the genus included above. (avAdc, tube; ordua, mouth.)

a. Base of soft dorsal and anal not black; each fin with a black band parallel with its base,
b, Eye 2 to 24% in postorbital part of head; ground color reddish; silvery lateral streaks

not.all below lateral line. MACULATUS, 1104,
bb. Eye 314 in postorbital part of head; ground color brown; lateral silvery streaks all
below the lateral line. . CINEREUS, 1105.

1104. AULOSTOMUS MACULATUS, Valenciennes.

(TROMPETERO.)

Head 3; eye 2 to 24 in postorbital part of head. D. X-23; A. 25;
V.6. Lower jaw prominent, keeled, with a small barbel at the symphysis;

Jordan. and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 755

premaxillary slender; maxillary broad; triangular patches of minute
teeth on lower jaw, vomer, palatines, gill arches, and pharyngeals.
Intestinal canal short; two pyloric ceca. Olivaceous, with one or two
series of brown or blue dots along each side of the back ; another irregn-
lar series from the preoperculum along each side of the belly to the anal
_ fin; three or four silvery lines on each side of abdomen, replaced on the
head by irregular oblique streaks ; anterior part of dorsal and anal with
a horizontal black band, parallel with base of fin but remote from it;
caudal fin usually with two round black spots; ventral fins plain, spotted.
(Giinther.) Caribbean Sea, north to southern. Florida; rather eommon
southward. (maculatus, spotted. ) r

Aulostoma maculatum, YALENCIENNES,* in Cuvier, Illust.. Poissons, plate. 92, fig.2, about. 1845;

' Jorpan & GILBERT, Synopsis, 390, 1883,

Aulostoma coloratim, MULLER and TroscHEL, in Schomburgk, History Barbadoes, 673, 1848,
Barbadoes; Ginrner, Cat., 111, 536, 1861.

1105. AULSOTO MUS CINEREUS, Poey-:

Head 34; depth 144; eye 144 im head, 34 in distance to gill opening.
Dorsal X. Insertion of anal midway between ventral and caudal. Sim-
ilar to Aulostomus maculatus, but the ground color brown instead of red-
dish; head. with black and white points; trunk with black points; 6
pale longitudinal streaks all below the lateral line; (in Auwlostomus
maculatus there are 4 below, one on, and one above the lateral line);
eaudal greenish, with blackish spots, the angles yellowish. Cuba, (Poey.)
One specimen known, now in the Museum of Berlin, perhaps a variation
of Aulostomus maculatus, (cinereus, ashy gray.)

Aulostoma cinereum, Pory, Synopsis Pisc. Cub., 386, 1867, Cuba.

Family CI. FISTULARIID®.
(THE CORNET-FISHES. )

Body extremely elongate, much depressed, broader than deep. Scale-
less, but having bony plates present on various parts of the body,
mostly covered by the skin. Head very long, the anterior bones of the
skull much produced, forming a long tube, which terminates in the nar-
row mouth; this tube formed by the symplectic, proethmoid, meta-
pterygoid, mesopterygoid, quadrate, palatines, vomer, and mesethmoid.
Both jaws, and usually the vomer and palatines also, with minute
teeth ; membrane uniting the bones of the tube below, very lax, so that
the tube is capable of much dilation. Post-temporal codssified with the
cranium. Branchiostegals 5 to 7; gills 4, a slit behind the fourth.

* Poey remarks, ‘Dr. Giinther places Aulostoma maculatum in the synonymy of Aulostoma
coloratum, but this latter name seems later, since Valenciennes (Cuy, & Val., x1x, 54) quotes in
1846, the plate 98 of the Illustrated Kdition of Cuvier.’!

756 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

Gill * membranes separate, free from the isthmus; gill rakers obsolete.
Basibranchial elements wanting. Pseudobranchie present. Air blad-
der large. Spinous dorsal fin entirely absent ; soft dorsal short, posterior,
somewhat elevated; anal fin opposite it and similar; caudal fin forked,
the middle rays produced into a long filament; pectorals small, with a
broad base, preceded by a smooth area as in Gasterosteide; pectoral
ossicles 3; interclavicles greatly lengthened; supraciavicles very small ;
ventral fins very small, wide apart, abdominal (through partial atrophy
of the girdle, by which they lose connection with the interclavicles), far
in advance of the dorsal, composed of 6 soft rays. Pyloric ceca few ;
intestine short. Vertebre very numerous (4-+ 44 to 49+ 28 to 33); the
first four vertebre very long. Fishes of the tropical seas, related to the
sticklebacks in structure, but with prolonged snout and different ventral
fins. A single genus, with 3species. (Fistulariidew, part, genus Fistularia,
Giinther, Cat., 111, 529-535, 1861.)

342. FISTULARIA, Linneus.

(TRUMPET-FISHES. )

Solenostomus, KLEIN, Missus 1v, 23, 1740, (nonbinomia)).

Fistularia, LINNEUS, Syst. Nat., Ed. x, 1758, 312, (tabacaria).

Cannorhynchus, CANTOR, Malayan Fishes, 211, 1850, (tabacaria; Fistularia being regarded as pre-
occupied by Donati in 1750, for a pre-Linnzan genus of Polyps).

Flagellaria, GRONOW, Cat. Fishes, 146, 1854, (jistularis = tabacaria).

Characters of the genus included above. The bony shields, character-
istic of this genus, are the following: t

1. A narrow strip along the median line of the back behind the
skull (confluent neural spines),

2. The pair of broader lateral dorsal shields are peculiar bones, sepa-
rated processes of the ovcipital bone. These shields are the longest,
provided anteriorly with aridge, which is prolonged and extends far back-
ward between the muscles of the back. This ridge is flexible, and does
not interfere with the lateral movements of the fish; it appears to serve
as a base for the attachment of muscular fibers.

3. The narrow shield on the side is. the postclavicle, its posterior part
being dilated and fixed to the lateral dorsal shields.

* The gill formula is, according to Mr. Rutter:

Hypo- Cerato- Epi- Pharyngo-
branchial. branchial. branchial. | branchial,
if | Present. Present. | Present. | Present.
2 | Present. Present. Present. | Present.
3 | Present. Present, Present. Present. |
| 4 Sa | Present. Len Eat BA nr ee (Betas se

+ According to Dr. Giinther, the wording somewhat altered by Mr. Cloudsley Rutter, who has
made a special study of these fishes.

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 757

4, The ventral shields are the interclavicles; their posterior half is
broadest, much pitted inferiorly ; they are narrower before the middle,
leaving a free lanceolate space between them, and are again a little
widened anteriorly, where they join the clavicle and urohyal. These
plates extend as far backward as the anchylosed vertebrw. (fistula, a
tube or pipe. )

a. Upper lateral edges of snout with few serrations or none; body with blue spots.

TABACARIA, 1106.
aa, Upper lateral edges of snout sharply serrated; body with few blue sputs, or none.
b. Two middle ridges on snout well separated, diverging on anterior half of length of
snout, converging finally on its foremost part ; skin nearly smooth.
DEPRESSA, 1107.
bb. Two middle ridges on snout close together and parallel on anterior half of its length,
slowly converging forward from the middle; skin rough, PETIMBA, 1108,

1106. FISTULARIA TABACARIA, Linnzus.

(TRUMPET-FISH; TROMPETERO.)

Head 24; mandible about 4 in snout; snout 32 in length of body. D.
14; A. 13. Mouth slightly oblique, lower jaw the longer, overlapping the
upper; snout much prolonged, tapering but little forward ; its edges with
fine serrations or none. Margin of orbit with sharp compressed points in
frontand behind. Reddish brown above, variegated with numerous large,
unequal, oblong, pale-blue spots on the sides and back, arranged in series.
West Indies and neighboring seas, generally common; occasional north-
ward to Carolina and Florida, or even to Long Island. Reaches a length
of 6 feet. (tabacarius, from tobacco; having the form of a pipe.)

Petimbuaba, MARCGRAVE, Hist. Brazil, 148, 1648.

Fistularia tabacaria, Linn mvs, Syst. Nat., Ed. x, 312, 1758, Tropical America; Biocn, Ichthy-
ologia, plate 387, fig. 1, 1791; VALENCIENNEs, in Cuvier, Régne Animal, Illust. Poissons, pl.
92, fig. 1, 1845 to 1850; GUnruer, Cat., 111, 529, 1861; Jorpan & GILBERT, Synopsis, 389, 1883.

Fistularia neoboracensis, MircuiLt, Trans. Lit. and Phil. Soc., 1, 1815, 437, New York.

Aulastome marcgravii, CASTELNAU, Anim, Nouy. Amer. Sud, 30, 1850, Bahia; Rio Janeiro.

Flagellaria fistularis, GRoNow, Cat. Fish., 146, 1854, American Ocean,

1107. FISTULARIA DEPRESSA, Giinther.

(CoRNETA.)

Head 24; depth 10 in head; snout 3}in body. D.15; A. 14. Bones of
the head less deeply sculptured than in F. serrata, interorbital space
slightly concave with median ridges. Two middle ridges on upper surface
of snout not very close together, nearest together mesially; lateral margins
of snout slightly serrate, the anterior half entire; lower margins entire,
not showing from above, diverging again on the anterior half of length of
snout, converging again finally on the foremost part. Body much
depressed, nearly smooth, the skin being scarcely rough. Color nearly
plain brown, the blue spots wanting. Length 2 feet. Recorded from the
East Indies, Australia, China, Panama, and Lower California; abundant
in the Gulf of California and southward to Panama, (depressus, depressed, )

758 Bulletin 27, United States National Museum.

Pistularia depressa, GUNTHER, Report on Shore Fishes, Challenger Report, 69, pl.32,* fie. D, 1980,
type from Sulu Archipelago; other specimens from Natal; Zanzibar; Amboyna}
China; New Guinea; New South Wales; FijiIslands; California.

1408. FISTULARIA PETIMBA, Lacépéde.

Head 23; snout 33. D. 14; A. 13. Interorbital space concave: the 2
middle ridges on the upper surface of the snout run close and parallel to
each other along the anterior half of the length of the snout, being far-
thest apart near the middle; lateral margin of snout strongly serrated,
except on its anterior third. Body moderately depressed, with minute
asperities which render the skin rough to the touch. Color nearly uniform
brown; fins reddish. Length 5 feet. Western Pacific, and other warm
seas, also recorded from the Bermudas (J. M. Jones) and from Cuba (Poey).
(Petimbuaba, Portuguese name of Fistularia tabacaria. )

PrpE, John White, Voyage New South Wales, pl. 64, fig. 2.

Fistularia tabacaria, var., BLocxu, Ichth., pl. 387, fig. 2, 1794, ‘Coll. Linke at Leipzig;’’ wrongly
figured as spotted with blue; snout serrate; 2 caudal filaments.

Fistularia petimba, Laeér?pe, Hist. Nat. Poiss., ¥, 349, 1808, (excl. syn.), New Britain, Isle of
Reunion, equatorial Pacific; based 'on’specimens and manuseripts of Commerson; snout
‘serrate; body immaculate.

Fistularia serrata, CUy1ER, Régne Animal, Ed.-1, 349, 1817 (after-Biocu); Giasaes: Cat., 111, 533,
1861; GiinrHeR, Shore Fishes, Challenger, 68, pl. 32, fig. C, 1880; Jonpan & Ciuneer, Syn-
opsis, 390, 1883.

Fishilaria trmaculata, CUvrER, Réene Animal, Ed. 1, 349, 1817, Sea-of the Indies; after sand
MERSON and JOHN WHITE, j

Fistularia commersonii; RUPPELL, Neue Wirbelthiere, 142, 1834, Red Sea.

Family CIl MACRORHAMPHOSIDA.
(THE SNIPEFISHES. )

Body compressed, oblong, or elevated, covered with small, rough scales ;
no lateral line; some bony strips on the side of the back and on the mar-
gin of the thorax and abdomen, the former sometimes confluent into a
shield. Bones of the skull much prolonged anteriorly, forming a long
tube which bears the short jaws at the end; no teeth. ‘Gill openings wide;
branchiostegals 4. Branchihyals and pharyngeals mostly present, the
fourth superior branchihlyal and the first and fourth superior pharyngeals
only Wanting. Two dorsal fins, the first of 4 to 7 spines, the second of
whieh is very long and strong; soft dorsal and anal moderate; ventral
fins small, abdominal, of 1 spine and'5 soft rays; pectorals short; caudal
fin emarginate, its middle rays not produced. Air bladder large; pseudo-
branchix present. Gills4, aslit behind the fourth; vertebrae about 24, the
four anterior ones much lengthened; no pyloric ceca; intestinal canal
short. Three or more species, chiefly of the Old World, sue of them

*1n this figure the lower lateral ridge appears outside of the upper or-serrated ridge. | This 18
due to an artificial depression of the expansible beak. In other respects the California ByFcieg
agrees with Ginther’s figure of the type from Salt Archipelago:

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 759

straying to America, placed in'two genera, Macrorhamphosus and Centri-
scops. (Centriscida, part, genus Centriscus,* Gunther, m1, 518-524, 1861.)
u. Body oblong, graduating into the caudal peduncle; back straight; dorsal spines about 7.
MacRoRHAMPHOSUS, 343.

343. MACRORHAMPHOSUS, Lacépéde.
(SNIPEFISHES. )

Macrorhamphosus, Lacépipe, Hist. Nat. Poiss., v, 136, 1803, (cornutus = scolopaz).
Centriscus, CuviER, Régne Anim., Ed. 1, 11, 350, 1817, (scolopax; not Centriscus, L.).
Macrognathus, Gronow, Cat. Fishes, 147, 1854, (scolopaz).
Orthichthys, GILL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, 234, (velitaris).

Body oblong, graduating into the caudal peduncle; back straight; dor-
sal spines about 7. Characters otherwise included above. (uaxpéc, long;
paudoc, snout.) |

1109. MACRORHAMPHOSUS SCOLOPAX (Linneus).

(SNIPEFIsH ; TROMPET-FISH ; BEDLOWS-FISH.)

Head 24; depth 33 to 4.. D.oV=125 A. 20; vertebre 8 +16. * Body
strongly compressed and somewhat elevated, covered with small striated
scales, each stria terminating in a rather strong spine; second dorsal
spine very strong, serrated posteriorly, its length about } total length of
fish ; snout several times longer than the rest of the head. Rose red or
reddish olive above, silvery on the sides and belly. Mediterranean Sea;
occasional northward to southern England; accidental on our North
Atlantic Coast. (scolopax, snipe.) (Eu.)

Balistes scolopax, LINNEUS, Syst. Nat., Ed. x, 1758, 329, Mediterranean.
Silurus corndtus, ForsKAL, Descr. Anim., 66,1775, Marseilles.
Centriscus scolopaz, LINN=us, Syst. Nat., Ed. x11, 1, 415, 1766); GUNTHER, Cat., mr, 518, 1861;

JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 388, 1883,

Order AA. LOPHOBRANCHII.

(THE LoPHOBRANCHS.)

Gills tufted, net laminated, composed of small rounded lobes attached
to the gill arches. Interclavicles well developed. Scapula suspended to
the craninm by a post-temporal. Superior branchihyals and pharyngeals,
and basal branchihyals wanting or not ossified. Mouth very small,
bounded above by the premaxillaries. Post-temporal simple, coossified
with the cranium; basis of the cranium simple. Pectoral fins with
elevated bases. Anterior vertebre modified, the diapophyses much
expanded. Air bladder simple, without air duct. Snout produced, bear-
ing the small toothless mouth at the end. Gill covers reduced to a large
simple plate. Skin with bony plates. Muscular system little developed.

* The original type of , Gentriscus, Linneeus, and the only species placed by him in Centriscus in
the tenth edition of the Systema Natura, is Centriscus scutatus L., a species of a different family.
For the genus usually called Amphisile, the name Centriscus must therefore ‘be used,

760 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

The family mentioned below has neither spinous dorsal, nor ventral
fins; the Solenostomatide of the Indian Ocean, constituting the suborder
Solenostomi, have all the fins well developed. (Lophobranchti, Ginther,
Cat., VIlI, 150-206, 1870.) (Adgoc, crest; Bpdayyxoc, gill.)

Families of LOPHOBRANCHII.

SYNGNATHI:
a. No spinous dorsal fin; no ventral fins; gill openings narrow. SYNGNATHIDA, CIII.

Suborder SYNGNATHI.

This group is characterized among the Lophobranchii by the absence of
spinous dorsal and ventral fins. It represents the extreme of degradation
of the line of descent composed of the Hemibranchii and Lophobranchii.

Family CIII. SYNGNATHIDZ.
(THE PIPEFISHES. )

Body elongate, usually slender, covered with bony plates which are
firmly connected, forming a bony carapace. Head slender, the snout long,
tube-like, bearing the short toothless jaws at the end. Gill openings
reduced to a small aperture behind the upper part of the opercle. Tail
long, prehensile or not, usually provided with a small caudal fin. Male
fishes with an egg pouch, usually placed on the under side of the tail,
sometimes on the abdomen, commonly formed of two folds of skin which
meet on the median line. The eggs are received into this pouch and
retained until some time after hatching, when the pouch opens, permit-
ting the young to escape. Dorsal fin single, nearly median, of soft rays
only ; pectorals small, or wanting ; ventrals none; anal fin minute, usually
present. Genera about 15; species 150. Small fishes, found in all warm
seas, sometimes entering fresh waters. (Syngnathide, Gunther, Cat., VIII,
153-206, 1870.)

SYNGNATHINE:
a, Tail not prehensile, usually with a caudal fin; axis of head usually in line with axis of
body. ;
b. Humeral bones united.
c. Pectoral fins present; caudal present.
d, Male with the egg pouch under the tail, formed by lateral membranes which

become connected along tiie middle, forming a closed pouch.
e. Dorsal fin inserted over or just before the vent; dorsal edges of trunk and

tail continuous. Srpuostoma, 344.
dd. Male with the egg pouch on the abdomen; ridges of the body prominent and
distinet; caudal fin moderate, , DoryRHAMPHUS, 345.

ce. Pectoralfins wanting; caudal wanting orrudimentary; male with the ova attached
to the abdomen, without closed pouch; no adipose fin. ;

f. Back without peculiar tube. SynGNatuus, 346,

J’. Back with a peculiar tube inclosed by the scutes, and extending for a distance

before the dorsal fin. OsPHYOLAX, 347.

SF See ae

aM

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America, 761

HIPPocAMPINE :
aa, Tail prehensile; caudal fin small; head shaped like that of a horse, placed at a large angle
with axis of body; egg pouch at basse of tail.
g. Body compressed; occiput with a narrow bony crest, surmounted by a coronet; shields
with tubercles or spines. Hippocampts, 348.

344. SIPHOSTOMA,®* Rafinesque.

Siphostoma, RAFINESQUE, Caratteri Nuovi Generi, 18, 1810, (pelagicus).

Syngnathus, Swainson, Nat. Hist. Class’n. Anim., 11, 1839, 332, (acus), and of writers generally;
not of Linnzvus, as first restricted by RAFINESQUE.

Halicampus, Kaup, Lophobranchii, 22, 1856, (grayz).

Trachyrhamphus, Kaup, Lophobr., 23, 1856, (serratus).

Corythroichthys, Kaur, Lophobr., 25, 1856, (albirostris).

Dermatostethus, G1LL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, 283, (punctipinnis).

Body elongate, very slender, 6 or 7 angled, not compressed, tapering
into a very long tail; the dorsal keels of the trunk not continuous with
those of the tail. Head slender, tapering into a long, tube-like, subterete
snout, which bears the very short, toothless jaws at the end. Humeral
bones firmly united with the ‘‘ breast ring.” Body covered with a series
of bony, keeled, radiated plates, arranged in linear series. Dorsal fin
distinct, rather short, inserted before or opposite the vent, which is
near the middle of the body; caudal fin present, rather small; anal fin
minute, close behind vent; pectorals developed, short and rather broad.
Male fishes with an egg pouch along the under side of the tail, formed by
two cutaneous folds, and splitting lengthwise to release the young fishes.
Species very numerous, inhabiting all warm seas; abounding in bays
among the seaweeds, and entering the rivers. The females in most
species are deeper than the males, with more robust trunk, with longer
snout, and a more distinct ventral keel. (ciowv, tube ; o7rdua, mouth.)

a. Top of head with a slight carination or none; snout keeled or not; opercle without promi-
nent ridge; base of dorsal not elevated.
DERMATOSTETHUS (S€pua, skin; or7@os, breast):
b. Breast shields covered by soft skin; head not quite ina right line with axis of body;
dorsal 41; rings 19-++ 39; body robust; snout moderate; tail twice as long as trunk;

head considerably keeled above. PUNCTIPINNE, 1110.
bb. Breast shields not covered with skin; head about in line with axis of body.
SIPHOSTOMA:

c. Dorsal moderate or long, its first ray in advance of vent; snout moderate or long;
angles of body generally prominent.
d. Dorsal covering 1 or 2 body rings.
e. Dorsal covering 9 caudal rings.

* The genus Syngnathus of Linneeus, originally equivalent to the modern family of Syngnathide,
was first subdivided by Rafinesque in 1810. The name Siphostoma was given to 8. pelagicus and
its relatives, the Syngnathus of late writers, that of Tiphle to S. typhle, the Siphonostoma of late
writers, while Syngnathus was retained for 8S. «quoreus aud its relatives, the group now usually
called Nerophis, the type of Nerophis being Syngnathus ophidion, L. This arrangement has been
adopted here, but it isopen to two objections besides the fact that it is contrary to the general
usage, which makes acus the type of Syngnathus, in accordanace with Swainson’s arrangement.
These objections are, (1) that Artedi, from whom Linneus accepted the genus Syngnathus, did not
know of the existence of Syngnathus «equoreus, and (2) the statement of Linnmus (which we have
been unable to verifiy), that the type of each of his genera is the ‘‘ best known European or
officinal species.” Syngnathus acus would meet this requirement, but not Syngnathus xquoreus,
which had not then been found in Europe. Should these objections be found valid, Syngnathus
would take the place of Siphostoma, and Nerophis that of Syngnathus,

762 | Bulletin ~7, United States National Musewm.

f. Back transversely concave, the sides of the body also concave; “the
angles very sharp; dorsal rays 40 to 44, the fin‘on 14 844 rings;
rings about 17 + 41; snout:strongly keeled. CARINATUM, 1111.
J. Back transversely convex, the lateral faces of body flat or convex, the
angles blunt.
g. Rings 20 to 21+ 45 or 49; top of head not keeled; snout long;
size large; dorsal rays 39 to 46 on 1 + 9 rings.
CALIFORNIENSE, 1112.
gg. Rings 18 or 19+ 39 to 42; snout shorter, slightly keeled; dorsal
36 to 41, on 1 +9 rings. GRISEOLINEATUM, 1113,
ce. Dorsal covering about 6 or 7 caudal rings, rarely fewer.
h. Body rings 16 to 20.
i. Caudal rings 36 to 41.
j. Dorsal rays 30 to 32; snout 2 or less in head; head somewhat

keeled in young. LEPTORHYNCHUM, 1114.
jj. Dorsal rays 37, on 1 +7 rings; rings 20 +41; snout moderate,
144 in head. FISTULATUM, 1115.

vi, Caudal rings 31 to 34.
k. Dorsal rays 34; rings 18-1 31; snout short; body stout; tail
short. BARBARA”, 1116.
kk, Dorsal rays 27 to3l.
1. Snout moderate, 124 to 2 in head; dorsal on 2+ 6 rings.
MACKAYI, 1117.
Wl. Snout long, 124 in head; dorsal on 1 +7 rays, rarely on

2+ 6. FLORID #, 1118.

vi. Caudal rings 24; body rings 19; dorsal rays 30, on 1 + 6 Tings;
snout.long; body slender. PORYI, 1119.

hh.. Body rings 15; caudal rings 38; dorsal rays 29 to 30; top of head dis-
tinctly keeled; snout short. AULISCUs, 1120.

eee. Dorsal.covering 4 or 5 body rings.
m. Dorsal rays 24 to 32.
n. Dorsal rays 29 to 32,0n 1+ 9 rings; rings 17 + 35; snout 2 in

head; head with keel. PELAGICUM, 1121,

nn. Dorsal rays 26 to 28, on 114+ 5 rings; rings 16 to 34; snout short,

2 in head; head with slight keel. ROUSSEAU, 1122.

unn. Dorsal rays 24or 25,0n about 1+ 4 rings; rings usually 16 +33;
snout short, 2:in head. ELUCENS,* 1123.

mm. Dorsal very short, 18 rays, on 1+ 5 rings; rings 17 + 32; snout short.
JONESI, 1124.

eeee. Dorsal very short, covering 3 caudal rings, and 114 body rings; its rays
20 to 23; rings 17 + 27; snout very short; head keeled above.

BRACHYCEPHALUM, 1125.
dd. Dorsal covering 3 body and 4 to 6 caudal rings.

o. Rings 16 or 17 +29 to 32.
p. Snout rather short, not half length of head; dorsal fin very high; rings
18 + 33; dorsal 35, on 5+ 4 rings; belly in female with a black
keel; sides with narrow vertical silvery streaks; dorsal spotted.

AFFINE, 1126.
pp. Snout rather long, more than half head.

qg. Rings 18 + 31 to 34; dorsal 30 to 34, on 3 4 5 rings.
(SCOVELLI, 1127,
qq. Rings 17-+31; dorsal rays 30, on 3-4-6 ‘rings; head little keeled

above. BAIRDIANUM, 1128.
oo. Rings 20 to 214-36 to 38; dorsal 32 to 37,,.on 3+ 5 rings; ‘belly flat or
slightly concave; snout moderate. ~ * ZOUISTAN”!, 1129.

ovo. Rings 16 to 20+ 36 to 40; dorsal 36 to 40, on 5+ 4 or 44 5 rings.
ruscum, 1130.

* Including flavirostre, picturatum, linea, marmoreum, and ascendens.

S&F
i

Jortéan ané Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 763

ec. Dorsal fin large, of 38 rays, the’first ray not in advance of vent; rings 14 +b 37:
{ STARKSI, 1131.
_ece.. Dorsal fin yery;short, its first ray not in advance of vent; rings 15+ 37 to 39;
snout very short, less than 2 head; angles of body little marked, the form sub-

terete.
+. Dorsal rays 20; rings 15 + 39; ‘snout 214 in head. ARnctuM, 1732.
gr; Dorsal rays 20; rings 15 + 38 or 39; snout 38 mm head; body with dark cross
bands and pale spots, ORINIGERUM, 1133,

ConytHRorcHTHys (kopvOpos, crown; txOvs, fish):
aa. Top of head strongly carinated, keel usually extending from interorbital space to first body
ring; body stout, usually with sharp angles and variegated coloration; head in liné
“‘with axis of body; opercle with a prominent ridge.

s. Caudal rings about 30; dorsal rays 23 to 27, snout'short.

t. Rings 18+ 30; dorsal rays 23, on 1 + 4 rings; snout 22 in head, ite color white; body
with 12 irregular brown: cross bands, and white markings.

ALBIROSTRE, 1134.
ss. Caudal rings 25, body rings 20; dorsal ‘rays 40, on 3+ 7 rings; snout long, more than
half head; form of body undescribed. CAYENNENSE, 1435.

Subgenus DERMATOSTETHUS, Gill.
1110. SIPHOSTOMA PUNCTIPINNE (Gill).

(Bland. 8. D. 415 rings 19-+-39. Eye large. Body comparatively robust.
Snout moderate, a little longer than the rest of the head. Occiput with
a raised keel; joint between the occiput and the first dorsal shield: more
perfect than usual, so that the head can be placed at an angle with the
body. Greatest depth about equal to. length of postorbital part of head,
Skin on breast and/anterior ventral plates thin, showing the striation of
the bones. Tail twice as long as trunk. Brown; dorsal fin speckled.
Length 12 inches. San Diego, known only from the original types, which
possibly are not distinct, from S. griseolineatum. . (punctus, dotted; pinna,
fin.)

Dermatostethus punctipinnis, GILL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, 283, San Diego, California.

Siphostoma punctipinne, Swain, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., 1882, 308; JorDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis,
385, 1883.

Subgenus SIPHOSTOMA.
1111. SIPHOSTOMA CARINATUM, Gilbert.

Rings 17 or 18+ 40 to 42. ‘D: usually 43 or 44 (39 to 44) on 1+ 84 rings.
Snout very slender, compressed, its length 1} to 14 times rest of head.
Eye 2); in postorbital part of head. Head and trunk contained 14 to
1? in tail. ‘Trunk 24 in tail. Closely related to Siphostoma californiense
and griseolineatum, differing in the very slender, sharply keeled snout, in
the height.and sharpness of the body ridges, the upper and lateral faces
being all concave, and in the coloration. No ridge on opercle. Breast
and belly with a low median keel. Snout sharply keeled, the ridge ceas-
ing on interorbital space to reappear on occiput and first nuchal plate.
Lateral ridge interrupted immediately aboye the vent. Base of dorsal
equaling length of head, covering 9} rings, only the first of which is in
front; of the vent; peetorals short, + length of snout; candal pouch ot 22
anal plates. Keels on body sharp and high, and, thé interspaces ave

764 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

transversely concave. Color light olive or grayish, the back and upper
part of sides mottled with brown, this frequently taking the form of
rather wide, ill-defined bars; interspace between bars often marked with
a narrow, pearly-white crossbar; on lower portion of sides of tail, a
brown streak between each two plates; dorsal light, its basal portion
with oblique brown streaks and spots; central portion of caudal dusky,
the fin broadly margined all around with white. Many specimens, males
and females, from Albatross Statious 3027 and 3028, in the Gulf of Cali-
fornia; the largest 83 inches long. (carinatus, keeled.)

Siphostoma carinatum, GILBERT, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1891, 547, Gulf of California, 31° 31’
N., 114° 19 W. (Coll, Albatross.)

1112. SIPHOSTOMA CALIFORNIENSE (Storer).

(GREAT PIPEFISH.)

Head 6} to 83 in total length; D. 39 to 46; rings 20 to 21+ 47 to 49.
Trunk robust. Snout very long, 14 to 14 in head, with median ridge
above and below. Occiput and nuchal plates not carinated in adults.
Dorsal shorter than head, covering 1+ 9 rings; distance to dorsal 2? in
length; pectorals as long as high, equaling in length the diameter of
eye; caudal pouch of males covering 21 to 25 rings, its length 3 in total.
Color in life olivaceous, varying to brownish red; yellowish below ; head
and body variously marbled and speckled with whitish, the marking
posteriorly taking the form of short horizontal grayish streaks, especially
distinct on the top of the head; anteriorly often forming narrow bars.
Snout variable, sometimes not longer than head. Pacific Coast of the
United States from Santa Barbara northward; common south of San
Francisco. Much larger than the other American species, reaching a
length of 18 inches. Described here from specimens taken at Santa
Barbara and Monterey. i
Syngnathus californiensis, STORER, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 11, 1845, 73, California.

Siphostoma californiense, Swain, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1882, 309; Jonpan & GILBERT, Synopsis,
384, 1883.

1113. SIPHOSTOMA GRISEOLINEATUM (Ayres).

D. 36 to 41; rings 18 to 19-++ 39 to 42. Closely allied to S. californiense,
but differing in asomewhat shorter snout, in the number of dorsal rays, in
the number of rings, in its size, in the snout being slightly more keeled,
and in the dorsal covering 0-1+9 rings. Pacific Coast of the United
States, from Puget Sound to Monterey, rather less common than the pre-
ceding species, and somewhat smaller in size. (griseus, gray; lineatus,
lined. )

Syngnathus griseolineatus, AYRES, Proc. Cal. Ac. Sci., 1854, 14, San Francisco Bay.

Syngnathus abboti, GIRARD, Pac. R. R. Survey, Fishes, x, 346, 1858, San Francisco.

Siphostoma griseolineatum, Swain, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1882, 310; Jornpan & GILBERT, Synopsis,
905, 1883.

1114. SIPHOSTOMA LEPTORHYNCHUM (Girard).

Head 64 to 84 in total length. D. 30 to 32; rings 17 to 19+ 36 to 41.
Snout 1? to 2in head; median line of snout above carinate; occiput and

‘we, Se eee 2S - ee

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 765

nuchal plates weakly keeled in young, the keels apparently disappearing
in adults. Angle of belly less acute than in S. californiense; the keel

sometimes wanting. Dorsal fin shorter than head, covering 1+7 rings;

caudal pouch covering about 19rings. Otherwise essentially as in S. cali-

forniense. Length 6 inches. San Francisco to San Diego, generally

common along the sandy shores. (Aemroc, slender; piyyoc, snout.)

Syngnathus brevirostris, GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1854, 156, San Diego; name
preoccupied.

Syngnathus arundinaceus, GIRARD, Pac. R. R. Survey, Fishes, x, 346, 1858, Coast of California;
specimens with nuchal plates keeled.

Syngnathus dimidiatus, Giut, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, 284, San Diego; substitute for
brevirostris, preoccupied; specimens with short snout, scarcely longer than rest of head.

Syngnathus leptorhynchus, GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1854, 156, San Diego.

Siphostoma leptorhynchus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 384, 1883; Swain, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus,
1882, 311,

1115. SIPHOSTOMA FISTULATUM (Peters).

Rings 20+ 41. Dorsal 37, on 1-+7 rings. Snout twice as long as the
distance of the posterior end of opercle from the orbit, and but little
higher than broad. Supraorbital ridges continued on the crown and
convergent. Opercle with a keel on its anterior half, and with radiating
strie. The entire head leathery, rough. Shields without spines. Lateral
line passing into the upper caudal edge. Tail twice as Jong as the trunk
(without head). Pouch on 21 caudal rings. (Peters.) Puerto Cabello;
not seen by us. (/istula, a tube.)

Syngnathus fistulatus, PETERS, Monatsber. Ak. Wiss. Berk., 456, 1868, Puerto Cabello.
Siphostoma fistulatum, GUNTHER, Cat., vi11, 161, 1870.

1116. SIPHOSTOMA BARBARH#, Swain.

Rings 18 + 31. Dorsal rays 34, the fin inserted on 1+ 7 rings. Ten
rings on the tail behind the caudal pouch. Head 7# in length; base
of dorsal equal to head. Distance from snout to dorsal 24 in length;
caudal pouch 23 in length of body; tail behind caudal pouch 6 times.
Body unusually stout, with short head, short snout, and short tail, the
general appearance being much like S. californiense, but all the parts con-
tracted. Snout short, compressed, just as long as the rest of the head
(male), its upper edge with a sharp, low keel, which is higher than in 8S.
californiense. Top of head without keel. Opercle striate, with trace of
a keel at base. Keels of body not very sharp, the interspaces between
the angles scarcely concave; lateral line not continuous with the upper
edge of the tail; belly with a slight median keel. Dorsal finlow. Color
blackish, with fine pale vermiculations; top of head and neck with wavy
longitudinal streaks; caudal dusky; dorsal somewhat mottled; a dusky
blotch before eye. Santa Barbara; one specimen known. (barbara, from
Santa Barbara, the type locality.)

Siphostoma barbarx, Swain, Proc. U. 8. Nat, Mus., 1884, 238, Santa Barbara. (Type, No. $1253,
Coll. Andrea Larco,)

Siphostoma bairdianum, Swain, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1882, 311; not of Dumérin; Jorpan & GiL-
BERT, Synopsis, 905, 1883,

766 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

11147. SIPHOSTOMA MACKAYT, Swain & Meek.

Head 5% to 6} in total length. D. 29 to 32; rings 18 +33 to 36. ‘Snout
rather long, compressed, 1? to 2 in head, its median line witha slight keel
above and below, with smaller keels on each side; opercle not keeled.
Dorsal somewhat higher than width of a body ring, its base about 1} in
length of head, covering 2+ 6 rings. Pectoral higher than length of base;
tail about 12 in total length of fish; body deep; its greatest depth in
adult females equals width of 4 body rings. Color in spirits grayish or
dark olive; the males with about 14 dark-gray crossbars on the sides,
broader than the interspaces; the body is usually more or less spotted
with small white spots; dorsals pale, usually dotted over with darker;
caudal dusky, generally spotted with white; operele usually with white
bars. Gulf of Mexico, known from the Snapper Banks off Pensacola,
Key West, and Cozumel, Yucatan; rather common. (Named for Charles
Leslie McKay, of Appleton, Wisconsin, an accomplished young naturalist,
who was drowned in Bristol Bay, Alaska, while on a collecting expedi-
tion in 1884. ) Ni eal
Siphostoma mackayi, Swain & MEEK, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1884, 239, Key West; Bean, Bull.

U.S. Fish Comm., vim, 1888, 195; D. 30 on 24 5 rings; rings 17+ 35, operele not keeled;
snout 124 in head; Jordan, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1886, 225; D. 32; on 24+ 514 rings;
rings 18-436. No pale spots; cnossbars well marked.

1118, SIPHOSTOMA FLORID#, Jordan & Gilbert.

Head 6 to 64 in total length. D. 27; rings 17 to 18+ 31 to 32. Snout
rather short, about 1} in head; median line well keeled above and below,
the ridge on both sides of median ridges above and below not so conspic-
uous. Occiput and opercle little keeled. Dorsal shorter than head,
covering 1+ 6 to 7 rings, its height 5 times in its base; caudal fin 2} in
base of dorsal; pectoral slightly higher than length of its: base; tail
longer than trunk, 12 in total length, caudal pouch covering about 18
rings. Color in life dark green; sides with gray specks, and, without dark
band; tail with faint darker bars, broader than the interspaces. Sides
of tail, especially mesially, with many rough and oblong pale, spots.
Snout mottled, especially on side. Lower part of operecle nearly, plain.
Dorsal translueent, yellowish at base. Caudal yellow, dusky at tip,, Anal
plain. Sandy shores from North Carolina te Texas. (Beaufort, North
Carolina; Corpus Christi, Texas); rather common. ( floride, Florida,)

Siphostoma floride, Jonnan & GiLBert, Proc. U.S, Nat. Mus., 1882, 263, Pensacola, Florida.
(Type, No. 30826. Coll, Jordan,) Swarn, Proe, U.S. Nat. Mus., 1882, 312; JoRDAN & GILBERT,
Synopsis, 905, 1883.

1119. SIPHOSTOMA POEYI, Jordan & Evermann, new specific name,

D. 30, on 1+ 6 segments; rings 19+ 24, Snout long, Occipital crest
very low. Body and tail banded, color gray with pale markings. One
specimen known, from Hayana; not seen by us. (Named for its describer,
Felipe Poey, Professor of Zodlogy in the University of Havana; the most
eminent naturalist of Spanish-speaking countries. )

Syngnathus tenuis, Poy, Synopsis, 444, 1867, Havana; name preoccupied:

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 767

1120. SIPHOSTOMA AULISCUS, Swain.

Head. 9 to 94 in total length. D.29 to 30; rings 15+37 to 38. Trunk
rather slender. Snout 2-in head, median ridge above distinct, below
comparatively broad and blunt. Oeciput and nuchal plates sharply car-
inated; belly weakly keeled, Opercle slightly keeled, very conyex,
making the head slightly broader than deep. Dorsal little longer than
head, covering 1-+7 rings; pectorals scarcely higher than long, slightly
exceeding diameter of eye. Tail longer than rest of body, 13 in total
length; caudal pouch covering 21 rings. Color in spirits somewhat lighter
than S. californiense, scarcely mottled or marbled. Southern California,
north to Point Concepcion; not very common. (diminutive, of aiAdc, a
tube.)

Siphostoma auliscus, SwAtn, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus.,1882,310, Santa Barbara; San Diego; Jor-
DAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 905, 1883.

1121. SIPHOSTOMA PELAGICUM (Osbeck).

~ Rings 17+ 35. Dorsal 29 to 32, commencing somewhat in advance of
vent,on1+9rings. Snout 2 in distance to base of pectoral. A distinct
ridge along the median line of the nuchal shields; supraorbital ridge not
continued over the temple; anterior part of the operculum with a faint
ridge ; shields without spines; lateral line interrupted. Tail longer than
body; caudal pouch short, about 3 in total length. Color brown, nearly
plain, or with lower half of side of abdomen with vertical silver bars,
becoming broader and of a whitish color on the upper half; brown cross
bands occuring alternately between the silver bars, so that the brown
bands are grouped together in twos or threes, the bands of each group
more or less confluent; in males the silvery bands are represented by
spots; a brown band through the eye and along the snout; dorsal fin
with oblique brown bands. Tropical parts of the Atlantic; occasional
in the West Indies; very common in the Mediterranean; our specimens
from Venice. (pelagicus, living in the open sea.) (Eu.)

Sungnathus pelagicus, Osneck, Dagbik Resa Ostindien, 305, 1757, open sea in floating seaweed;

Linnzus, Syst. Nat., Ed. x, 1758, 337, after Osseck; GUNTHER, Cat., vii, 165, 1870.

Syngnathus ethon, Risso, Eur. Mérid., 111, 1826, Nice.

1122. SIPHOSTOMA ROUSSEAU (Kaup).

Head 74+; D, 26 to 28, on 14+ 5rings; rings 16+ 34—50. A small,
slender species, with the snout + longer than the rest. of the head;
top of head with a slight keel; vent midway between tip of snout and
twenty-third caudal segment. Head almost 3 times in distance from tip
of snout to vent. Lateral line interrupted above the vent. Color plain.
West Indies, known from St. Lucia and Martinique: also from Cuba, if
S. elucens is the same, as-is not unlikely. (Named for Alexandre Rous-
seau of Martinique. )

Syngnathus rougsean, Kaur, Lophobranchii, 40, 1856, Martinique; GtnTner, Cat. vin, 163,
1870.

Siphostoma rousseau, JORDAN, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1889, 647.

768 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

—

1123. SIPHOSTOMA ELUCENS (Poey).

Very close to S. pelagicum, but with 24 or 25 dorsal rays. Head 74 in
total length. Snout 2 in head. Rings 16 or 17 + 33 or 34. Dorsal 24 or
25, on 2+ 4, sometimes on 14+ 4} rings. Grayish brown, a silvery bar
on each ring; dorsal with black streaks. (Poey.) Cuba; not rare; prob-
ably identical with S. rowsseau; both species closely related to S. pelagicum.
(elucens, shining out.)

Syngnathus elucens, PoEY, Synopsis, 443, 1867, Havana.
Syngnathus flavirostris,* PoEY, Eumeratio, 178, 1875, Havana.
Syngnathus picturatus,t PoEY, Eumeratio, 178, 1875, Havana,
Syngnathus linea,t Pory, Eumeratio, 178, 1875, Havana.

Syngnathus marmoreus,? PoEy, Eumeratio, 178, 1875, Havana.
Syngnathus ascendens, || Pozy, Eumeratio, 179, 1875, Havana.

1124, SIPHOSTOMA JONESI (Giinther).

Rings 17+ 32. Dorsal 18, on 1-+5 rings. Head and snout short, the
latter somewhat bent upward, shorter than the postorbital portion of
head, keeled above, but without spines in the median line. Interorbital
space concave, crown and occiput with a median keel. Keels of body
sharp, but not spiny; the lateral keel of the trunk passes into the
lower keel of the tail; a ridge runs across the opercle but does not reach
its end; tail twice as long as the trunk without head ; caudal very short.
Blackish brown; upper half of trunk with three, upper half of tail with
seven equidistant white cross bands. (Giunther.) Bermuda Islands.
(Named for John Matthew Jones, an English naturalist, resident at
Bermuda. )

Syngnathus jonesi, GUNTHER, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., Series 4, xiv, 8, 1874, Bermudas.

* Siphostoma flavirostre (POEY):

Dorsal 25, on 1144 + 41% rings; rings 17+ 33. Head 8 in total length, snout nearly as long
as rest of head; lateral line interrupted. Head yellowish, without black specks. Dorsal with
bands; a silver streak along lower part of side. One specimen, from Havana. (Poey.)

+ Siphostoma picturatum (PorEy):

Head 74% in total length, half as long as trunk. Snout nearly as long as rest of head.
Nasal crest evident. Opercle sculptured like a musselshell. Black, with a shining vertical band
oneach ring. Snout with alternate bands of black and green. Dorsal with black streaks.
One individual, from Havana. (Poey.)

t Siphostoma linea (PoEy):

Rings 16 +33. Head 744 total. D. 25. Body very slender, depth 3% in head. Snout as
long as rest of head. Dorsal on 1% + 4% rings. Yellowish brown, with paler markings.
Head with light and dark spots. Dorsal with oblique lines. Two specimens from Havana.
(Poey.) F

2 Siphostoma marmoreum (POEY) :

Rings 16 + 33. D. 24,0n 4% +4 rings. Head 714 in total, depth 3in head, Snout very
slightly shorter than rest of head. No postorbital crest. Color ashy, with two pale spots on
middle of each segment. Dorsal unmarked. Snout marked with white and ashy. Havana.
(Poey.)
| Siphostoma ascendens (POEY) :

Rings 16+ 33. D. on14%+ 4 rings. Head 7 in total length. Lateral Jine not interrupted.
Snout as long as rest of head. No postorbital crest. Brownish yellow; faint vertical streak on

each ring, most distinctly anteriorly. Snout with pale bands. One specimen from Havana,
(Poey.)

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 769

1125. SIPHOSTOMA BRACHYCEPHALUM (Poey).

Rings 17+ 27. D. 20 to 23, on 14+3 rings. Head deep; depth of
body 14 in head. Snout very short, as long as distance between front of
eye and base of pectoral; occipital crest well marked. Brown, with
ashy marks, a white band along side of body. Cuba. (Poey); not seen
by us. (Gpayic, short; xedaay, head.)

Syngnathus brachycephalus, Poty, Synopsis, 444, 1867, Havana.

1126. SIPHOSTOMA AFFINE (Giinther).

Head about 9 in tota! length; snout a little more than 2 in head.
Rings 18+ 33. Dorsal 35,on5+4 rings. A distinct ridge along median
line of snout and nuchal shields; supraorbital ridge continued over the
temple ; a faint ridge on front of opercle; shields without spines. Tail
longer than body; caudal pouch half length of body ; lateral line inter-
rupted. Vent below posterior third of dorsal fin; caudal fin well
developed; anal finrudimentary. Back with indistinct brown crossbars;
a brown band from eye along snout. Gulf of Mexico; Louisiana. (Giin-
ther.) Most of recent Gulf of Mexico references to this species were
apparently based on specimens of S. scovelli, which has been confounded
with it. (affinis, related.)

Syngnathus afinis, GUNTHER, Cat., vit1, 163, 1870, Louisiana.

1127. SIPHOSTOMA SCOVELLI, Evermann & Kendall.

Allied to Siphostoma affine. Head 7 to 74; depth 14 in female and 224 in
male; eye 64 to 7; snout 24. D. 30 to 34, on 4+ 4 rings, its height 2 to
3} in its base, which equals head. Rings 16+ 30 to 33, usually 16 + 32.
Top of head witha slight keel. Body rather slender (deeper in females) ;
snout short; ventral surface slightly convex in front of vent, slightly
concave behind. Color of female in alcohol, alternately annulated with
light olive-brown and dirty white, the dark color on the joints, the white
on bodies of rings; the dark rings wider than the white on trunk, but
narrower on caudal portion, the white rings of trunk indicated between
lateral and latero-ventral keels by 2 narrow white lines with narrow
black lines on either side and between; these portions of the whitish
rings show as silver bars in life; upper part of opercle dusky ; a dark bar
from anterior edge of eye to tip of snout; ventral keel, throat, lower
part of opercle, and snout plain whitish; dorsal with dark wavy diago-
nal bars; the variations in color are considerable ;,in some females there
are no distinct white or silvery bars; some are darker and some still
lighter; the males resemble the lighter females. Length 44 inches.
Common at Corpus Christi and perhaps elsewhere on the coast of the
Gulf of Mexico. Apparently most of the published references to S. afine
from the Gulf of Mexico belong to this species, which differs from S, ajine
chiefly in having fewer body rings, in the more posterior position of the
dorsal fin, and in the fewer dorsal rays. (Named for Dr. Josiah T. Sco-
vell of Terre Haute, Indiana. )

F,N. A. 50

T70 Bulletin 47, Untted States National Museum.

Siphostoma fuscum, var., EVERMANN & KENDALL, Bull. U.S. Fish Comm., x11, 1892 (1894), 109.

Siphostoma scovelli, EVERMANN & KENDALL, Proc, U. 8. Nat. Mus., xvii, 1895, 109, Shamrock
Point, Corpus Christi, Texas. (Type, No. 47300. Coll. Evermann, Scovell, and
Gurley.)

Siphostoma affine, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 383, 1883, part; Swarn, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
1882 (1883), 313.

1128. SIPHOSTOMA BAIRDIANUM (Duméril).

Rings 17+ 31. Dorsal 30, on 3+ 6 rings. Head nearly 7 in total
length; snout more than } longer than postocular part of head. Median
crest feebly marked; opercular crest very short. Yellowish, all the rings
with a brown streak. (Duméril.) Coast of Mexico, near California ;
known from Duméril’s description, which has been verified for us on the
original type. (Named for Spencer Fullerton Baird.)

Syngnathus bairdianus, Dumérit, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 11, 574, 1870, Coast of Mexico, near

California.

1129. SIPHOSTOMA LOUISIANE (Giinther).

Head 7 to 72 in total length. D. 32 to 37; rings 20 to 21+ 36 to 38.
Trunk broader below. Snout moderate, about 1? in head; median ridge
above and below, a ridge on each side of median ridge above and below.
Occiput, nuchal plates, and opercle somewhat keeled. Belly flat or
slightly concave, with a median ridge. Dorsal fin well developed,
shorter than head, covering 3-+5 rings. Caudal longer than pectoral,
24 in base of dorsal. Tail longer than trunk, 1§ in total length. Color
brownish, lighter on lower part of trunk and belew; sides with a dis-
tinct band of brown; brown of the side extending through eye to middle
of snout. Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the United States, North Carolina
to Texas, south to Key West; common and variable.

Syngnathus pelagicus, var., LinNzus, Syst. Nat., Ed. xu, 416, 1766; Charleston, South
Carolina.

Syngnathus louisiane, GUNTHER, Cat., vim1, 160, 1870, New Orleans; Swarn, Proc. U.S. Nat.
Mus., 1882, 313; Jornpan & GILBERT, Synopsis, 383, 1883.

1130. SIPHOSTOMA FUSCUM (Storer).

(ComMON PIPEFISH.)

Head 74 to 9 in total length. D. 36 to 40; rings 18 to 20+ 36 to 40.
Snout short, about 2 in head ; median line above and below well keeled,
the ridge on each side of median ridges rather conspicuous. Occiput,
nuchal plates, and opercle carinate; belly somewhat convex, scarcely
keeled. Dorsal longer than head, covering 4-5-+ 5-4 rings, its height
5-6 in length of its base; tail much longer than trunk, 13 in total length.
Color in spirits olivaceous or brownish; lighter below, especially on
belly, lower half of opercles, and snout; sides mottled and blotched
much as in other species. Atlantic Coast of the United States, Cape Ann
to Virginia; very common northward, where it is the only species of
pipefish. (fuscus, dusky.)

Syngnathus peckii, Stoner, Report Fishes Mass., 3, 1839, (name only).
Syngnathus fuscus, SrORER, Report Fish. Mass., 162, 1839, Nahant.

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 771

Syngnathus peckianus, StoRER, Report Fish. Mass., 163, pl. 1, fig. 2, 1839, Holmes Hole,
Marthas Vineyard.

Syngnathus fasciatus, DE Kay, New York Fauna: Fishes, 319, pl. 54, fig. 174, 1842, New York.

Syngnathus viridescens, De Kay, 1. c., 321, pl. 54, fig. 176, 1842, New York.

Syngnathus dekayi, DuMERIL, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 11, 569, 1870, New York.

Syngnathus milbertianus, DumERI1, |. c., 573, New York.

Siphostoma fuscum, Swain, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1882, 314; Jorpan & GiLBERT, Synopsis, 382,
1883.

1131. SIPHOSTOMA STARKSI, Jordan & Culver.

Head 103; depth 21. D. 38, on 0+10 or 11 rings. Rings 14-++ 37 or
38—51 or 52. Tail twice length of head and trunk. Snout 2+in head.
Dorsal half longer than head. Body rather stout; head scarcely carinate
above; snout very short with a slight smooth keel; no keel on opercle;
belly slightly keeled; 2 lateral keels on body confluent into 1 behind.
Color dark olive, much mottled with darker, but without distinct mark-
ings; belly yellowish. Length 4 to 6 inches. Close to S. arctum, but
differing in the much larger dorsal and the greater number of rings cov-
ered by it. Rio Presidio, Sinaloa, abundant among dAlg@ in clear fresh
water, near the town of Presidio, 9 miles above tide water. Apparently
breeding in fresh water, as the sac of the male is full of eggs. (Named for
Edwin Chapin Starks, preparator in Leland Stanford Junior University.)

Siphostoma starksi, JonpAN & CuLver, Fishes of Sinaloa, MS., 1895, Rio Presidio, Mazatlan.
(Type, No. 47425. Coll, Hopkins Expedition.)

1132. SIPHOSTOMA ARCTUM, Jenkins & Evermann.

Head 9 to 11 in body to base of caudal; depth 20; dorsal 20, on about 0-++5
rings; rings 15+ 39. Top of head scarcely carinated, the opercle without
a prominent ridge. Snout 2} in head, keeled in the median line. Dorsal
slightly higher. than the width of a body ring, its length about equaling
the head; pectoral3 in head ; distance from tip of snout to vent + to } length
of tail; caudal about 3 in head. Color pale, with no evident markings
except on the under side of the tube of the snout, and as far back as the
posterior margin of the eye, where there are dark mottlings. Mazatlan
specimens show narrow white cross bands about 4 rings apart. Gulf of
California, south to Mazatlan, one specimen taken at Guaymas, and two
others recently taken at Mazatlan by the Hopkins Expedition; a small
and slender species. (arctus, contracted.)

Siphostoma arctum, JENKINS & EVERMANN, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1888, 137, Bay of Guaymas.
(Type, No. 39639. Coll. Jenkins & Evermann.)

1133. SIPHOSTOMA CRINIGERUM, Bean & Dresel.

Rings i5-+ 38 or 39. Dorsal rays 16 or 17,0n 0+4 rings. Snout very
short, less than } length of head, rounded above; slightly keeled; angles
of body little marked ; head nearly 11 times in total length to caudal base;
eye 5 in head; depth of body half length of head. Caudal pouch 4 times
in length of body, 17 caudal rings; pectoral and caudal very small. Color
chestnut brown, with about 12 broad dark-brown cross bands on back,
middle of each cross band with many pale-blue streaks, the most distinet

172 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

downward and backward from eye. West Indies, from Pensacola and Key

West to Abrolhos Reef, Brazil; rather common southward about rocks and

coral reefs. One of the smallest species, length 3 inches. (criniger, bear-

ing hair.)

Siphostoma crinigerum, BEAN & DRESEL, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 11, 99, 1884, Pensacola; Swarn
& MEEK, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1884, 239.

Subgenus CORYTHROICHTHYS, Kaup.

1134. SIPHOSTOMA ALBIROSTRE* (Heckel).

Head 9 in total length. D. 23; rings 18-+30. Body robust. Snout
short, 22 in head; a strong median ridge above on snout, 2 ridges below
with a median groove, and on each side of the groove is a horizontal ridge
running to lower part of orbit. Occiput and nucbal plates very sharply
carinated; opercle with 2 horizontal ridges. Belly somewhat concave,
little keeled. Dorsal much shorter than head, covering 1+ 4 rings; caudal
well developed, 17 in base of dorsal; tail longer than rest of body, 1? in total
length. Color in spirits light olivaceous, with about 12 irregular brown
cross bands, each covering from 2 to 3 rings; snout light, with 2 or 3 nar-
row cross bands below; rest of head dusky. West Indies, north to Pen-
sacola and Key West, south to Bahia; a singular and handsome species,
quite unlike the others and found in deeper waters, and especially about
coral reefs, not on sandy shores. (albus, white; rostrum, snout.)
Corythroichthys albirostris, HECKEL, MS., Kaup, Lophobranchii, 25, 1856, Mexico; Bahia; des-

cription incorrect.
Siphostoma zatropis, JORDAN & GILBERT, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1882, 264, Snapper Banks,

Pensacola; Swatn, l. c., 308; JornDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 906, 1883.
Syngnathus albirostris, GUNTHER, Cat., VIII, 170, 1870.

1135. SIPHOSTOMA CAYENNENSE (Sauvage).

Head 5. D.40; P.18; C.8. Rings 20+25. Dorsal on 3-+-7 rings.
Snout twice length of postocular part of head, 4 times diameter of eye,
much longer than dorsal. Occipital crest well marked as well as the crest
at the shoulder; snout with a well-marked median carina. Brown, edge
of each ring blackish; 2 silvery streaks along flanks, very narrow, and
composed of small spots placed end toend. Length 5 inches. Cayenne.

* Kaup gives the rings in albirostris as 124-29. On account of this difference we had formerly
regarded our specimens as types of a distinct species, Siphostoma zatropis. The following is the
substance of Kaup’s description:

Oorythroichthys albirostris, HECKEL, MS.:

P. 12; D. 27; A. 2 or3; C.10. Rostral crest ~ edial and interrupted. Body rings 12 (misprint
for 19), tail rings 29; dorsal fin standing on 5 rings, 4 of which belong to the tail. Snout half
the length of the distance between the fore border of the orbit and the base of the pectoral iin.
Color yellowish brown, with 14 blackish crossbars. Lower part of the gill cover brown with
blue stripes. Length of body 2.67 inches, of the tail 3.30 inches, of the dorsal fin 0.6 inch.
Mexico; Bahia.

At our request, our friend, Dr. Franz Steindachner has kindly examined the types of Corythro-
ichthys albirostris. He writes (May 27, 1894): ‘‘Das Wiener Museum besitzt 3 Exemplaren von C.
albirostris; wahrscheinlich wurdel Exemplar an Kaup gesendet. Die Zahl der knéchernen Ringe
betragt ——

imal oe + 26—28, und zwar 2 mal 19, 1 mal 18 + 2 mal 28.” In the number of plates this

agrees with the type of zatropis. There is little doubt that Siphostoma zatropis and S. albirostris are
identical.

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 773

(Sauvage.) A strongly marked species, noteworthy for the very small
number of caudal rings and the proportionally large number of body rings
and dorsal rays.

Syngnathus cayennensis, SAUVAGE, Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris, 1882, Cayenne,

345. DORYRHAMPHUS, Kaup.

Doryrhamphus, Kaur, Lophobranchii, 1856, 54, (excisus).
Cheeroichthys, Kaup, 1. c., 54, (valenciennesi).

Doryichthys, Kaur, l. c., 56, (bilineatus).

Microphis, Kavp, l. ¢., 63, (cuneatus).

Belonichthys, PETERS, Mossamb. Flussfische, 109, 1868, (zambezensis).

This genus differs from Siphostoma chiefly in the position of the egg
pouch of the male, which is under the abdomen instead of the tail. The
angles of the body are strongly ridged. Tail shorter than body. Tropi-
cal seas. (ddpv, lance; paudoc, snout. )

DORYICHTHYS :

a. Snout elongate and compressed, devoid of spines; tail four-cornered.

b. Rings about 20 + 25; dorsal rays 43. LINEATUS, 1136.
DoORYRHAMPHUS :

aa. Snout with a row of spines or serrations above; angles of body all serrated.
bb. Rings 20 + 16; dorsal rays 25. CALIFORNIENSIS, 1137.

Subgenus DORYICHTHYS, Kamp.

1136. DORYRHAMPHUS LINEATUS (Valenciennes).

Head 5 in total length; snout 1¢ in head. Rings 19 to 224-23 to 27.
Dorsal 42 to44, on20r3-+7rings. Edges of the shields rough, with promi-
nent spines in young individuals which disappear in the adult. Lateral
line uninterrupted, passing into the lower edge of the tail. Body com-
pressed, opercle with a distinct longitudinal ridge, and a few faint radiat-
ing lines beneath ; origin of dorsal fin considerably in advance of vent;
vent nearer end of tail than to gill opening. Ground color yellowish
brown. Snout with 5 or 6 black crossbars beneath. (Giinther.) Tropi-
eal parts of Atlantic from Cuba to Africa; probably not rare, (lineatus,
streaked.)

Doryichthys lineatus, (VALENCIENNES MS.) Kaur, Lophobranchii, 59, 1856, Bahia, Mexico, and
Guadeloupe; Pory, Synopsis, 180, 1867; Giinruer, Cat., vii1, 183, 1870.
Doryichthys aculeatus, Kaur, Lophobranchii, 61, 1856, Egypt.

Subgenus DORYRHAMPHUS.
1137. DORYRHAMPHUS CALIFORNIENSIS, Gill.

D. 25. Rings 20+ 16. Snout half as long as head, its crest formed o1
about 10 irregular teeth, behind which are 2 others. Double frontal
crest well serrated. Ridge under orbit unarmed, but on side of snout it
is well serrated. Chin prominent but unarmed. Pectorals as long as
opercle. Caudal as longas snout. Yellowish brown, with a black streak

774 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

from snout to axil. Cape San Lucas. (Gill.) The types are lost and no
specimens have been since recorded.

Doryrhamphus californiensis, Git, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, 284, CapeSanLucas. (Coll.
Xantus. )
Doryichthys californiensis, GUNTHER, Cat., v111, 186, 1870.

346. SYNGNATHUS, Linneus.

Syngnathus, ARTEDI, Genera, 1738, (ophidion, acus, typhle, etc.).

Syngnathus, LINNmUS, Syst. Nat., Ed. x, 1758, 336, (typlile, acus, ophidion, «quoreus, etc.).
Syngnathus, RAFINESQUE, Caratteri, 18, 1810, (restricted to equoreus).

Nerophis, RAFINESQUE, Indice Ittiol. Sicil., 57, 1810, (ophidion).

Acus (WILLUGHBY) Swarnson, Nat. Hist. Anim., 11, 333, 1839, (aquoreus).

Scyphius, Risso, Wurope Mérid., 111, 185, 1826, (fasciatus).

Nematostoma, EICHWALD, 1839, fide Kaup.

Small pipefishes with the body smooth, rounded, the ridges indistinct.
No pectoral fin; caudal rudimentary or wanting, the tail tapering toa
point. Dorsal moderate, opposite the vent. Eggs attached to the loose
skin of the abdomen of the male, and not covered by lateral folds.
Species few, mostly of the Atlantic. (civ, together; yravdoc, jaw.)
SYNGNATHUS:

a. Caudal fin rudimentary, with 5 rays. Rings 28 to 30+ 60 to 70; dorsal 38 to 44.

ZQuoreus, 1138.

Subgenus SYNGNATHUS.

1138. SYNGNATHUS EQUORKEUS, Linnzus.

(OcEAN PIPEFISH.)

Rings 28 to 30+ 68 to 70; dorsal 38 to 44. Caudal fin rudimentary,
very indistinct. Vent opposite the posterior third of the dorsal fin,
before the middle of total length. Snout about 2 in head. Head 33 to
43 in distance to vent. All the shields smooth. (Giinther.) Northern
and western coasts of Europe; also in the open Atlantic and recorded.
from the Gulf of Mexico. If Syngnathus heckeli and S. martinicensis are
the same, it is probably not rare in the Caribbean Sea. (@quoreus, belonging
tothesea.) (Eu.)

Syngnathus szquoreus, LINN US, Systema Nature, Ed. x, 417, 1758, open Sea; GintrHer, Cat., vis,
191, 1870.

Syngnathus sibbaldi, WALBAoM, Artedi, 6, 1792, Scotland; after SrpeaLp.

Nerophis maculata, RAFINESQUE, Indice Ittiol. Sic., 57, 1810, Palermo.

Nerophis anguineus, Kaup, Lophobr., 65, 1856, Brownsey; Dorsetshire; Berwick.

Nerophis heckeli,* Kaur, Lophobr., 66, 1856, Bogota.

Nerophis + martinicensis (Brsron) Kaup, l.c., 67, Martinque.

* Syngnathus heckeli (K AvP) :

Rings 28 + 67. Dorsal 38 or 39, on 3+ 7 rings. Caudal fin rudimentary, with 5 rays. Tail
a little longer than body. Anterior margin of orbit occupies the middle of length of head.
Length of head 2 of its distance from vent. Bogota. (Kaup.)

} Syngnathus martinicensis (BiBRON) :

Rings 28+ 64. D. 42. Snout as long as rest of head. Resembles S. equoreus, but is blackish,
with a longer tail. Martinique. (Kaup.)

Jordan and Evermann.— Fishes of North America. 77

OU

347- OSPHYOLAX, Cope.

Osphyolax, Cope, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1875, 450, (pellucidus).

Pectoral fins wanting; tailsubcylindric. Body covered with thin weakly
keeled scuta, which have on the lumbar region free superior edges, which
form a series of longitudinal lateral grooves. Lateral dorsal scutes pro-
duced upward, and approximated on the middle line, inclosing a tube
for a distance anterior to the dorsal fin. Dorsal fin short, above the
vent. No ventral nor caudal pouch; caudal fin rudimental. This genus
is related to Syngnathus, but is different from known forms in its curious
dorsal tube. What the purpose of this can be is uncertain, but the strong
lateral channels below it on each side are probably an adaptation for the
carrying of the eggs. In the type species the dorsal tube is closed above
by a series of small radiate ossicles in the median line, between which
the cavity may be entered by small bodies. The same specimen displays
a narrow, free dermal membrane on the middle lines of the upper and
lower surfaces from the thoracic to the beginning of the lumbar region.
Open sea. (dc0¢vc, small of the back; Aas, a tube.)

1139. OSPHYOLAX PELLUCIDUS, Cope.

Head 11 in length; snout 2 in head. Three longitudinal series of
scuta on each side of body, and one on middle line below. They are
rounded at the intersecting angles, thus leaving a vacancy, which is
covered by a small, round scale. Each scute with a low median keel,
from which delicate transverse ridges diverge. The two lower lateral
series are the ones which form the lumbar grooves. Two nuchal scuta.
Parietal and frontal regions impressed, punctate ; operculum radiate; sides
of muzzle smooth. Thirty-one transverse rows of scuta. Dorsal radii
sixteen. Length 9 inches; tail equal to rest of body. Color pellucid,
the back tinged with brownish. (Cope.) Open Atlantic. Notseen by us.
(pellucidus, transparent. )

Osphyolax pellucidus, Cope, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1875, 450, plate xxv, figs. 1 to 4, open
Atlantic Ocean. (Coll. Capt. J. Mortimer.)

348. HIPPOCAMPUS, * Rafinesque.

(THE SEA-HORSES. )

Hippocampus, RAPiINESQUE, Indice d’Ittiologia Siciliana, 37, 1810, (hippocampus).
Hippocampus, LEACH, Zod]. Misc., 1814, 103, (hippocampus).

* The following European species has been several times recorded from our coast, but prob-
ably either Hippocampus hudsonius or H. punctulatus has been mistaken for it.

Hippocampus hippocampus (LINN Us) :

Dorsal fin with 20 (19) rays. Tubercles generally well developed on the head and body, and
subacute, rarely blunt, Length of the snout equal to the distance between the hind margin of
the orbit and gill opening. Spines on the head and neck sometimes with simple filaments,
Brown, with bluish-white dots, more or less confluent into lines on the lower part of the side
and gill cover; dorsal fin with a black submarginal band. Coasts of southern Europe, north
to England; abundant in tho Mediterranean, Brown, the sides profusely spotted with white,
the snout plain.

Syngnathus hippocampus, Linnxus, Syst. Nat., Ed. x, 1758, 338, open sea,
Hippocampus heptagonus, RAFINESQUE, I. ¢ , 37, 1810.

776 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

Body strongly compressed, the belly gibbous, tapering abruptly to a
long, quadrangular, prehensile tail. Head with a distinct curved neck,
placed nearly at aright angle with the direction of the body, surmounted
by a compressed occipital crest, on the top of which is an angular, star-
shaped coronet; top and sides of the head with spines. Physiognomy
remarkably horse-like, like that of a conventional ‘‘ knight” at chess.
Body and tail covered with bony plates, forming rings, those on the
body each with six spines or tubercles, those of the tail with 4. Pec-
toral fins present, short and broad; anal minute, usually present; dorsal
fin moderate, opposite the vent. Egg pouch in the malea sac at the base of
the tail, terminating near the vent. Species numerous, in all warm seas.
They attach themselves by their tails to seaweed and other floating sub-
stances, and are often carried to great distances by currents. (iz7éKkayu7oc,
the ancient name, from izzoc, horse; xau7oc, a wriggling sea monster,
or a caterpillar.)

a. Dorsal fin large, with 19 rays.
b. Rings 10 + 38; slender, the tail longer than head and body; body unicolor or sparsely

dotted with white. INGENS, 1140.
bb. Rings 11+ 32 to 35; depth of body equals length of head; snout 244 in head ; dorsal
fin on 344+ 0 rings; body mottled, not dotted. HUDSONIUS, 1141.

aa. Dorsal fin smaller, with 16 to 18 rays.
ce. Dorsal fin with 17 or 18 rays, on 2 caudal rings; snout short, less than half length
of head ; light-blue spots on head and snout ; head usually without filaments;

size large. PUNCTULATUS, 1142.

ec. Dorsal fin with 16 rays, on 4+ Orings; rings 12+ 31; snout longer than post-

ocular distance ; body unspotted ; size moderate. STYLIFER, 1143.

aaa. Dorsal fin very small, with 12 rays, on 2+ 1 rings; rings 114 30; snout very short;
body without white spots. ZOSTER®, 1144.

1140. HIPPOCAMPUS INGENS, Girard.

(CABALLITO DEL MAR.)

D. 19,0on3+2 rings; A. 4. Rings 11+ 36 to 38; eye moderate, 23 in
snout, which is 2+ to 24 in head, rather than opercle. Body in male
rather slender, its greatest depth in males 1} in head, or about ejual to
the distance from snout to posterior margin of orbit; tail longer than
head and body together. Spines on head and body high, with large
fringed flaps; supraorbital spine nearly half diameter of eye; coronet
well developed, with five spines; surface of plates with many small
papille, each third to fifth tubercle of dorsal series enlarged; shoulder
girdle with 3 tubercles; anterior spine of frontal triangle much lower
than the others; female more slender, the depth 1? in head, the snout
equal to rest of head. Color blackish, usually plain, faintly barred with
darker; papillze on body pale, giving an appearance of scattered whitish

Hippocampus antiquorum, Leacu, Zoil. Misc., 1814, 104; GGNTHER, Cat., vir1, 200, 1870.

Hippocampus brevirostris, CUVIER, Régne Anim., Ed. 11, 1829, Venice ; after WiLLUGHBy ; figure
of a fresh specimen.

Hippocampus guttatus, CuvrER, l.c.; also after WILLUGHBY, the type apparently from Venice, a
specimen dried and straightened out.

Hippocampus antiquus of authors,

ee

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 777

specks ; a white dot before eye; sometimes whitish streaks behind eye;
body sometimes with black dots. Gulf of California in shallow water,
scarce; ranging northto San Diego. Here described from three male and
one female specimens, each 6 inches long, from Mazatlan. Girard’s types,
five in number, the largest 9 inches long, from San Diego, where the
species is very rare. Pacific Coast of northern Mexico, Cape San Lucas,
San Diego; not common; one of the largest sea-horses; reaching a
length of nearly a foot. (ingens, gigantic.)

Hippocampus ingens, GIRARD, Pac. R. R. Surv., Fishes, 342, 1858, San Diego; adult male;

JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 386, 1883.

Hippocampus gracilis, Gitt, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, 282, Cape San Lucas; adult
female. (Coll. Xantus.)

1141. HIPPOCAMPUS HUDSONIUS, De Kay.

(ComMMON AMERICAN SEA-HORSE.)

D. 19; rings 12 + 32 to 35; depth equal to length of head. Snout 14
in rest of head. Spines of head weak, provided with cirri; spines of
body all short and bluntish. Dorsal on 34 of the 11 rings. Dusky,
without spots, but with pale grayish blotches, which are sharply edged
with paler and blackish; some of these between eyes and on neck, the
most distinct blotch forming an hourglass-shaped figure, extending down
each side of the back; similar blotches on belly and tail. Dorsal with a
submarginal dark band. Atlantic Coast, from Cape Cod southward to
Charleston; not common. (Name from Hudson River. )

Hippocampus hudsonius, DE Kay, N. Y. Fauna: Fishes, 322, plate 53, fig. 171, 1842, New York;

JorDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 907, 1883.

Hippocampus heptagonus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 386, 1883; not of RAFINESQUE.
Hippocampus levicaudatus, HecKEL MS., Kaup, Lophobranchii, 16, 1856, North America.*

1142. HIPPOCAMPUS PUNCTULATUS, Guichenot.

(CABALLITO DE Mar.)

Dorsal rays 17 or 18. Snout usually a little longer than postorbital
part of head. Tubercles on body generally obtuse and blunt; coronet
low ; supraorbital spine obliquely truncate, compressed; head usually
without filaments. Size large. Dark brown, marbled with darker and
usually everywhere with light-blue spots which become white in alcoholic
specimens; these spots most numerous posteriorly ; sometimes these spots
are altogether wanting. ‘Tropical parts of the Atlantic, common in the
West Indies, Brazil, and Western Africa, occasionally northward in the
Gulf Stream as far as Beaufort, N. C. (Jenkins,) A rather large and
prettily colored sea-horse. (punctulatus, with small dots.)

* Kaup’s description of Hippocampus levicaudatus is as follows: ‘ Thedorsal as long as the head,
and standing on 5rings. Body rings 11. The eyes nearly in the middle between the end of the
snout and the gill opening. Up to the dorsal fin there are 8rings, Tail without knobs, and the
gill plate silvery.”’

~)
=)

8 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

Hippocampus punctulatus, GUICHENOT, in Sagra, Cuba Poiss., 174, plate 5, fig. 2, 1850, Cuba.

Hippocampus marginalis,* HECKEL, in Kaup, Lophobr., 15, 1856, Mexico.

Hippocampus fascicularis,} HECKEL, in Kaup, l. c., 15, 1856, Mexico. ~

Hippocampus longirostris, KAup, Lophobr., 12, 1856; not of Cuvier.

Hippocampus guttulatus, GUNTHER, Cat., VIII, 202, 1870: probably not of Cuvier.

? Hippocampus kuda, BLEEKER, Nat. Tyds. Ned. Ind., 111, 82, East Indies; numerous synonyms
of H. kuda are quoted by GUNTHER. 1. ¢., but this East Indian species will probably be found
different.

1143. HIPPOCAMPUS STYLIFER, Jordan & Gilbert.

D. 16, covering about 4 body rings; rings about 12+ 31. Snout not-
ably longer than postorbital part of head; supraocular and temporal
spines long, simple; a long median spine in front of coronet; coronet
stout, high, its spines slender, abruptly spreading. Spines of body very
long and slender, each ending in a filament; these enlarged on each
alternate plate of the neck, and about every fourth plate on body and
tail; dorsal and upper lateral ridge usually armed and sometimes lower
lateral ridge; two strong spines at base of pectoral; body with about 50
developed spinous processes besides numerous smaller points. Brownish,
with darker bars; no pale spots; snout blackish. Coasts of Florida, in
deep water, known from the ‘‘ Snapper Banks” off Pensacola and Tampa,
and from the Gulf Stream. (stylifer, bearing rods or projections. )

Hippocampus stylifer, JORDAN & GILBERT, Proc. U.S, Nat. Mus., 1882, 265, ‘*‘ Snapper Banks.”’
(Type, No. 30876. Coll. Jordan & Stearns); JorDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 907, 1883.

1144. HIPPOCAMPUS ZOSTER, Jordan & Gilbert.

Dorsal 12, on 2+ 1 rings; rings 11+ 30. Snout very short, not more
than half rest of head; supraorbital spines diverging, each with a small
spine before it. Coronet high, $ length of snout, its filaments about as
long as snout. Spines on body well developed. Olive green; sides of
head mottled with dusky, its margin (in ¢) broadly red. Length 2
inches. Pensacola Bay; the smallest known species of sea-horse, abun-
dant in shallow water in the lagoons, always found clinging by its tail
to the sea wrack, Zostera marina (whence the name zoster@).

Hippocampus zostere, JORDAN & GILBERT, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.. 1882, 265, Grand Lagoon,

Pensacola, Florida. (Type, No. 30852. Coll. Jordan & Stearns.) JorpAN & GILBERT,
Synopsis, 907, 1883.

* Hippocampus marginalis, HECKEL:

Dorsal fin on last three of the twelve body rings. Greatest height of body equal to distance
between the coronet and the end of the snout. All the angles of the ringsmore developed than
in H. longirostris. White spots besprinkle the head and snout, and the gill plates are crossed by
curved black lines; longitudinal black stripes run on the body to the seventh ring, and black
cross lines succeed them from the eighth to the twelfth rings; irregular interrupted black lines
traverse the belly lengthwise. (Kaup.) Mexico.

+ Hippocampus fascicularis, HECKEL:

Snout longer than that of H. brevirostris, with more acute nasal projections, and the dorsal
not standing on so high an elevation. Color black, with very many white points. Gill plates
striped by 10 or 11 rows of white dots, and between the lateral line and the rim of the belly there
are irregular white bands extending as far as tothe seventh ring. From the eighth ring to the

anus there is between each pair of rings a dark cross line sprinkled with white specks, and
marbled. Mexico, (Kaup.)

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 779

Order BB. ACANTHOPTERL
(THE SPINY-RAYED FISHES.)

Anterior vertebre unmodified and without ossicula auditus; no meso-
coracoid and no interclavicles (so far as known). Border of mouth formed
by premaxillary ; maxillary normally distinct from it and always present,
but sometimes coossified with it. Gills laminated. Shoulder girdle
attached to the skull by a post-temporal, which is normally furcate and
usually not coossified with the skull. Hypercoracoid and hypocoracoid
‘distinct, ossified, the former usually perforate. Pharyngeals well devel-
oped, the lower rarely united, the third upper pharyngeal largest, the
fourth often wanting. Pectoral actinosts always present, opercular
apparatus complete; gill openings in advance of the pectorals; pec-
toral fins above the plane of the abdomen; ventral fins more or less
anterior, normally attached by the pelvis to the shoulder girdle, typically
with 1 spine and 5 rays, sometimes wanting, sometimes without spine or
with many rays, or otherwise modified. Anterior rays of dorsal and anal
typically simple or spinous, but all the fin rays often articulate. Air
bladder typically without duct in the adult. Scales various, typi-
cally ctenoid; lateral line usually running high. To this group are
referable the great body of existing marine fishes. It may be not a per-
fectly natural order, inasmuch as the members of the group differ very
widely among themselves, and at the same time some of them approach
very closely to neighboring orders as the Haplomi, Synentognathi, Hemi-
branchii, etc., groups related to the parent stock of some of the Acan-
thopteri. It is not at all certain that the Acanthopteri have all developed
from a common stock, nor in many cases can we indicate the genetic
relations.

Among the Acanthopteri a certain number of well-defined suborders
exist—branches more or less separable from the parent stem. It is impos-
sible, however, to divide the whole group into suborders, as many of the
constituent groups cannot be defined. Thus the Percesoces, Taniosomi,
Heterosomata, Sclerodermi, Gymnodontes, etc., can be easily segregated and
defined, while other groups clustering around equally well-marked forms
can not receive any sort of concise and inclusive definition. Examples
of this are the Scombroidei, Percoidei, Trachinoidei, and thelike. But these
large groups can not be all referred toa single suborder,as they differ
as much inter se as the well-defined suborders do.

We have here adopted the anomalous system of recognizing two sorts

of subordinate divisions within the order of Acanthopteri, the ‘“suborders”
or categories susceptible of definition, and ‘‘ groups” which can only be
defined through alliance with some central or some parent form. ‘Thus

the varied group of Scombroidei center about the mackerels, seeming to
diverge in various directions from the type of Scomber. The difliculty
of definition may arise from any one of several sources: (a) from the real
intergradation of forms; (b) from our ignorance of the real characters;
or, (c) from the intrusion of unrelated forms which obscure the true

780 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

quality of the group. The presence of intrusive elements has been one
of the chief causes of the failure of schemes of classification in the past.
The modern fashion of a comparatively minute subdivision of genera and
families has this justification, that ‘‘ Analysis must precede synthesis.”
The large families and genera recognized by the earlier writers were
always disfigured by the retention of ‘‘ aberrant,” that is, unrelated forms.
(ixavia, spine; mrepov, fin; the word originally written dAcanthopterygii,
but the shortened form seems preferable. )

ANALYSIS OF SUBORDERS AND OTHER GROUPS OF ACANTHOPTERI.

Note. In the following analysis only the most salient or the most evi-
dent characters are mentioned, detailed descriptions being given farther
on. The groups called suborders are mostly sharply defined and more or
less isolated from the main trunk of the mass of spiny-rayed fishes. The
other groups mentioned below are for the most part incapable of precise
definition, representing rather centers of relationship. Various aberrant
forms receive provisional location pending more exact and detailed study.
Thus under the Scombroidei, Berycoidei, and Trachinoidei for example, are
here enumerated forms which may have little real affinity with the cen-
tral family of the group in question. In this connection may be quoted
the following pertinent remarks of Dr. Gill (Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci., v1, 128,
1894) :

‘¢The author insists, as in previous publications, on the entirely provi-
sional nature of the present arrangement. Changes—grave changes—must
necessarily be made in the system when the species shall be studied in a
more scientific way than has been generally done heretofore. Many fam-
ilies are entirely unknown in an anatomical point of view, and until their
structure has been investigated and carefully compared with that of
others, their systematic relations must remain doubtful. No scientific
investigator should fear to change his opinion. An obstinate persistence
in ancient views because they have been once adopted has been too long
detrimental to the interests of systematic ichthyology, and such obstinacy
has retarded the general progress of science for twenty to thirty years.
While the aspect of every other branch of vertebrate zoology has entirely
changed within that period, ichthyology, the most complex and the least
advanced of all, might appear to the casual observer to have had a more
certain basis than any, inasmuch as the text-books of a past generation
have essentially the same system as the latest. Either almost omnis-
cience and prescience were the attributes of the guides of the past who
keep to the same path in the present, or obstinacy and blindness to an
extraordinary degree have been manifested. Toa great extent ichthyol-
ogy has been limited to descriptions of species or habits, and taxonomic
principles have been quite neglected.

Meanwhile ichthyology is stilla crude and inchoate science. The pres-
ent list has been prepared as a check-list and adjuvant to the use of the
collection. Many families have been allocated in their positions simply
because they have been placed there before and because equal doubts
would be involved in placing them elsewhere. In many cases, it is cer-
tain that the general conceptions of their relations (if so positive a term
may be applied to what are vague reiterations of past utterances) are
baseless, but the indications furnished by the exterior are insufficient to
justify positive conclusions. Until the anatomy or at least the osteology
of every family and subfamily is known, much doubt must remain as to
the proper allocation of such groups, (Gill.)

SALMOPERCa:: Adipose fin present; dorsal and anal with spines in very small number; ventral fins
abdominal, with more than 5d soft rays; vertebrae about 35.

XENARCHI: Vent anterior in position; ventral fins thoracic, with more than 5 soft rays; dorsal
and anal spines few; tail diphycercal.

Jordan and Lvermann.—Ffishes of North America. 781.

Percesoces: Ventral fins abdominal, each of 1 spine and 5 rays; dorsal spines few, usually form-
ing a separate fin ; gill structures and structure of mouth normal ; the tail diphycercal.

AmmopyTorpEr: Ventral fins wanting ; no spines in any of the fins. Otherwise essentially as
in the Percesoces.

RHEGNOPTERI: Pectoral actinosts not alike in form or position, 2 of them normai, supporting the

. fin, 1 longitudinal without rays, 1 a plate on the coracoid supporting 3 to 10 free elongate rays,

separate from the rest of the fin; ventral fins subabdominal. Otherwise essentially as Percoidei.

BerycorpEI: Ventral fins thoracic, typically with 1spine and more than 5soft rays. Spines of
fins various; squamation various; air duct sometimes persistent; tail diphycercal.

ScomBROIDEI: Ventral fins thoracic, typically with 1 spine and 5 soft rays; spines of fins various;
caudal pedun:le typically slender, with a broad, strongly forked caudal fin; scales typically small
and cycloid, but often wanting or bony, or even ctenoid; shoulder girdle normal; gills normal;
tail diphycercal.

Percorver: Ventrals thoracic, with 1 spine and 5 rays (rarely I, 4); lower pharyngeals separate
(very rarely coalescent); gills 4, a slit behind the fourth; nostrils double on each side; scales
typically ctenoid, and usually well developed; post-temporal slender, divided at tip and not coossi-
fied with skull; bones of jaws distinct; pectoral actinosts normal; vertebrae 24 to 40; tail
diphycercal.

SQuUAMIPINNES: Post-temporal typically coossified with the skull; maxillaries normal; fins usu-
ally scaly; ventrals thoracic, typically with 1 spine and 5 soft rays; vertebra 24 or fewer; tail
diphycercal.

ScLERODERMI : Post-temporal undivided and coossified with the skull; maxillaries coossified
with the premaxillaries and dentaries with the articular; ventral fins reduced or wanting, the
pelvic bone very long; jaws with distinct teeth; skin covered with scales or movable plates:
spinous dorsal present; vertebre in reduced number, less than 24; tail diphycercal.

OsTRACODERMI, As above, the body covered with bony immovable scutes, forming a carapace;
spinous dorsal obsolete; vertebre in reduced number.

GymnoponTes: As in the Sclerodermi, the skin smvoth or variously prickly or armed with plates;
no spinous dorsal nor ventral fins; teeth coalescent into 1 or 2 bony plates in each jaw; vertebre
in reduced number.

CIRRHITOIDE : Much as in the Percoidei, the pectoral very broad, its lower rays simple and
thickened.

Ho.conoti : Lower pharyngeals solidly united; young brought forth alive; anal fin very long;
scales cycloid; vertebre more than 24. Otherwise essentially as in the Percoidei.

CuromIDEs: Nostrils single on each side; lower pharyngeals completely united; gills 31% or 4,
the slit behind last gill present or absent. No labyrinthiform appendage to the gills. Other-
wise essentially as in Percoidei.

PHARYNGOGNATHI : Nostrils double; lower pharyngeals fully united, without suture; gills 3%,
no slit behind the last; scales cycloid; ventrals thoracic, I, 5; bones of suborbital, jaws, and
shoulder girdle normal. Otherwise essentially as in Percoidei.

CATAPHRACTI: Suborbital with a bony stay extending backward from the suborbital ring to or
toward the preopercle; nostrils double; lower pharyngeals separate; bones of jaws and shoulder
girdle normal; ventrals thoracic, often reduced, modified or wanting, always close together; pec-
toral fin simple; vertebre usually more than 24; tail diphycercal,

OCraniomi: Suborbital, asin Cataphracti, the stay more developed; ventrals I, 5, widely separated
shoulder girdle peculiarly modified; the post-temporal forming an integral part of the skull, the
posterotemporal crowded out of place above and on each side of post-temporal; pectoral fin divided
in two parts or else with free detached rays.

Gonio1pK1: Ventral fins; thoracic, I, 5, typically close together or else united (sometimes widely
separated); the inner rays of each fin the longest; gill membranes broadly united to the isthmus;
dorsal spiues few and weak; sott dorsal and anal long; scales various; nostrils, gills, jaws, subor-
bital, and shoulder girdle normal; vertebra usually in small number (about 24); tail diphycercal.

Discoceruai: Spinous dorsal modified into a lamellated sucking disk, placed on the back of
the head; ventrals thoracic, I, 5. Otherwise essentially as in the Trachinoidei.

TRAcHINOIDEL: Ventrals typically thoracic, with 1 spine and 5 rays, but often jugular or with
the rays reduced; nostrils, jaws, shoulder girdle, and suborbital normal; scales various; gills 344
or 4; dorsal spines comparatively few; soft dorsal and anal fins long; tail diphycereal; an unde-
finable and probably heterogeneous group, its members provisionally left together,

782 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

Haptopocr: Ventrals jugular, with 2 or 3 soft rays; post-temporal undivided; gills 3, a slit
behind the last ; no suborbital stay; spinous dorsal very short; no pseudobranchie; tail diphy-
cercal.

XENOPTERYGII: Ventrals wide apart, I, 4 or I, 5, a broad sucking disk formed of folds of skin
between them; no spinous dorsal; no suborbital ring; no scales; tail diphycercal.

BLENNIOIDEI: Ventrals jugular, usually with 1 spine; less than 5 soft rays, often wanting; dor-
sal fin very long, its anterior portion composed of numerous spines; hypercoracoid perforate;
shoulder girdle, jaws, nostrils, and suborbital normal; tail diphycercal; pseudobranchiez present;
scales usually small and smooth, often wanting; vertebrae numerous.

OPHIDIOIDEI: Ventrals without spines; no spines in the anterior portion of dorsal fin. Other-
wise essentially as in the Blennioidei, the tail diphycercal, the last vertebrae sometimes much
reduced.

ANACANTHINI: Ventrals jugular, of soft rays only, the number usually more or Jess than 5; no
spines in any of the fins; hypercoracoid imperforate; tail isocercal; no pseudobranchie; gills,
nostrils, pharyngeals, suborbital, and shouldcr girdle normal; vertebrae numerous.

Taniosomt: Body ribbon-shaped; the ventrals thoracic, the;rays usually less than I, 5; post-
temporal undivided; skin smooth or prickly; caudal fin wanting or else divided and peculiar.
Skin naked or prickly; vertebra very numerous.

HETEROSOMATA: Cranium twisted so that both eyes in the adult are on the same side of the head;
dorsal and anal fins very long; no spines in the fins; ventrals thoracic, of more than 5 soft rays;
coracoids normally developed, the hypercoracoid perforate; tail diphycercal; pseudobranchize
present; vertebree in increased number,

Suborder SALMOPERC.

(THE Trout PERCHES.)

We place provisionally as a suborder of the Acanthopteri, a singular
group of archaic fishes, relics* of some earlier fauna, and apparently
derived directly from the extinct transitional forms through which the
Haplomi and Acanthopterit have descended from allies of the Isospondyli.
The group shows the remarkable combination of true fin spines, ctenoid
scales, and a percoid mouth, with the adipose fin, abdominal ventrals, and
naked head of the Jsospondyli. The relations of the Percopside with
such archaic spiny-rayed fishes as Aphredoderus and EHlassoma are cer-
tainly not remote and the close resemblance of the head of Percopsis to
that of Gymnocephalus (Acerina) may be more than accidental. The sub-
order may be provisionally defined as follows:

Ventrals abdominal, each with a short simple ray; dorsal with 2 sim-
ple rays or spines; anal with 1 or 2; mouth formed as in Percoid fishes,
the simple toothless maxillary not forming part of its border. Adipose
fin present. Scales ctenoid; head naked; pseudobranchie present. Air
bladder apparently with a rudimentary duct. Stomach siphonal, with a
few ceca. Shoulder girdle without mesocoracoid, apparently of the
normal percoid type; vertebre about35. Asingle family. (Salmo, trout;
Perca, perch.)

* In describing Percopsis, Agassiz refers to it as a generalized type and relic of an older fauna.
He says: ‘‘ Now, the genus Percopsis is as important to the understanding of modern types as
Lepidosteus and Cestracion are to the understanding of the ancient ones, as it combines charac-
ters which in our day are never found together in the same family of fishes, but which, in
more recent geological ages, constitute a striking peculiarity of the whole class. My Percopsis
is really such an old-fashioned fish, as it shows peculiarities which occur. simultaneously in the
fossil fishes of the Chalk epoch, which, however, soon diverge into distinct families in the Ter-
tiary period never to be combined again. Now my new genus Percopsis is a just intermediate
between Ctenoids and Cycloids; it is what an ichthyologist at present would scarcely think

possible, a true intermediate type between Percoids and Salmonide.’’ (Agassiz, Lake Superior,
285, 1850.)

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 783

Family CIV. PERCOPSIDA.
(THE SAND ROLLERS.)

Body moderately elongate, somewhat compressed, the caudal peduncle
long and slender. Head conical, pointed, naked. Mouth small, hori-
zontal ; maxillary short, narrow, without supplemental bone, not reach-
ing to the large eye; margin of upper jaw formed by premaxillaries
alone, which are short and not protractile. Teeth very small, villiform
on premaxillaries and lower jaw only. Tongue short, adherent. Gill
membranes separate, free from the isthmus, Pseudobranchie present.
Branchiostegals 6. Gill rakers short, tubercle-like. Opercle with entire
edges. Lower limb of the preopercle well developed, the angle nearly a
right angle, its inner edge with a raised crest, its outer edge crenulate or
with a few spines. Bones of the head cavernous, as in the Percoid genus
Acerina ; cranium with a raised crest, which does not extend to the occi-
put. Scales moderate, rather firm, adherent, their edges strongly cten-
oid. Lateral line continuous. Dorsal short, median, with 2 spines,
slender or stout; ventrals anterior, just in front of the dorsal, with 1
rudimentary spine and about 8 rays; pectorals narrow, placed rather
higher than usual in Jsospondyli; anal small, with 1 or 2 spines; caudal
forked ; adipose fin present, small. Vertebre about 35. First superior
pharyngobranchial without teeth: second, third, and fourth separate,
with teeth. Lower pharyngeals separate. Stomach siphonal, with about
10 well-developed pyloric ceca. Ova unusually large, not falling into
the abdominal cavity before exclusion. Air bladder present, with a band
of connective tissue which is apparently with a rudimentary duct. Small
fishes of the fresh waters of the cooler parts of America; two genera
known, each with probably but one species. The group is one of special
interest, as it combines with ordinary Salmonoid characters the structure
of the head and mouth of a Percoid, resembling notably the European
genus Gymnocephalus or Acerina. The late discovery by Dr. Eigenmann
of a second genus, still more decidedly percoid in its structure is the most
interesting recent addition to our knowledge of American fishes. (Per-
copside, Giinther, Cat., v1, 207, 1866.)

a. Dorsal fin with 2 feeble, slender spines or simple rays; anal with 1 slender spine; scales

most strongly ctenoid on caudal peduncle; posterior margin of preopercle entire or

with feeble crenulations; lateral line developed, the tubes small; form slender, the

body translucent. Percoprsis, 349.

aa, Dorsal and anal each with 2 very strong spines; ventral spine evident; scales most
strongly ctenoid on anterior part of body; posterior margin of preopercle with a few

short but strong spines; lateral line imperfect, the tubes more or less obsolete: form

robust, the substance comparatively opaque, ConumBrA, 350,

349. PERCOPSIS, Agassiz.

Percopsis, AGAssiz, Lake Superior, 284, 1850, (guf/atus).
Salmoperca, Tuompson, App. Hist. Vermont, 33, 1853, (pellucida = guttatus),

Body rather slender, pellucid, covered with rather thin scales. Dorsal
fin with 2 slender spines or simple rays; anal with 1; scales roughest

784 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

posteriorly ; lateral line developed; preopercle entire or very nearly so.
Vertebre 17-+17—34. Atlantic Slope, in cold or clear lakes and rivers.
(xépxn, perch; ovic¢, appearance. )

1145. PERCOPSIS GUTTATUS, Agassiz.

(Sanp Rotter; Trout PERCH.)

Head 34; depth about 44. D.II,9; A. I, 7; V.1, 8; scales 50. Head
slender and conical; mouth small, subinferior, maxillary not nearly
reaching front of orbit. Caudal peduncle long and slender. Pale oliva-
ceous, a Silvery stripe along the lateral line, becoming obsolete forwards ;
upper parts with obscure round dusky spots made of dark points. Peri-
toneum silvery. Length 6 inches. Spawns in spring. Delaware River
(Abbott) to Ohio River (Sloan; Gilbert); Kansas and northward; very
abundant in the Great Lakes; in all streams tributary to Hudson Bay,
Red River of the North, and found by Dr. Eigenmann in the Saskatche-
wan as faras Medicine Hat; rare in streams south of Lake Erie, although
occasionally taken throughout the upper Mississippi Valley. (qguttatus,
spotted.)

Percopsis guttatus, AGAssiz, Lake Superior, 286, 1850, Lake Superior; GUNTHER, Cat., v1, 207,
1866; JorDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 322, 1883; EIGENMANN, Science, Oct. 21, 1892, 233.
Salmoperca pellucida, THompson, Appendix Hist. Vt., 33, 1853, Lake Champlain. (Coll. Thomp-

son.)
Percopsis hammondi,* G1iLL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, 151, Kansas. (Coll. Hammond.)

350. COLUMBIA, Eigenmann & Eigenmann.

Columbia, EIGENMANN & EIGENMANN, Science, Oct. 21, 1892, 233, (transmontana).

Body rather robust, little translucent, covered with strongly ctenoid
scales which are roughest anteriorly ; lateral line obscure or imperfect ;
angle of preopercle with a few stoutish spines. Dorsal and anal fins each
with two very strong spines; a short ventral spine. One species, in
rivers of the Pacific slope. (Named for the Columbia River, itself for John
Kendricks’s ship, the Columbia; the name derived from that of Cristi-
foro Colon, who came to America just four hundred years before this fish
was discovered. )

1146. COLUMBIA TRANSMONTANA, Eigenmann & Eigenmann.

Head 3 to 33; depth 3} to 4; eye 34, equal to snout. D.II,9; A. I,
6; scales 7 to 9-44 to 46-7. Body comparatively deep, the dorsal profile
more arched than the ventral, making an angle at origin of dorsal; sides
compressed, the tail most so. Head short and chubby. First dorsal
spine as long as pupil; second half length of head, recurved, very deeply
grooved behind; anal spines lower than dorsal spines, the second longest;
ventrals reaching past vent; nape scaled. Semitranslucent smutty
green; sides with three rows of oblong blackish spots, the middle and

* Head larger, 314 in length, exclusive of caudal ; dorsal higher, the longest ray 424 in length;
anal higher, longest ray 6 in length; pectoral equals height of dorsal; ventral 534 in length,
reaching vent, which is nearer snout than margin of caudal fin. Kansas. (Gill.)

Jordan and Evermann.—Ffishes of North America. 78

Ou

upper most distinct; back with a series of similar spots, one conspicuous
at beginning and another at end of first dorsal; dorsal mottled; caudal
barred; head smutty ; a blue-black spot on middle of opercle; a narrow,
silvery lateral band ; young translucent, with dark spots. Length 3 to 4
inches. Sandy or weedy lagoons along the Columbia River, locally abun-
dant at the mouth of the Umatillaand Wallularivers; our specimens taken
by Thoburn and Rutter in the Wallula at Walla Walla. (transmontanus,
beyond the mountains.)

Columbia transmontana, EIGENMANN & EIGENMANN, Science, Oct. 21, 1892, 233, mouth of Uma-

tilla River, Oregon; (Coll. Eigenmann); Girpert & EverMANN, Investigations in the
Columbia River Basin, 51, 1894.

Suborder XENARCHI.

We place in a distinct suborder, next to the Salmoperce, the singular
little family of the Pirate Perches, which finds its natural position between
the Percopside and the Percoid forms. Structure of mouth and skeleton
so far as known essentially that of the Percoid fishes. Dorsal fin single,
with few small spines; ventrals thoracic, with a small spine, and more
than five soft rays. Air duct not examined, probably obsolete, the air
bladder large and adherent. Intestinal canal ending at the throat in the
adult, the vent variously posterior in the young. Vertebre 29. One
family among existing forms. Several fossil genera. (Hrismatopterus,
Amphiplaga, etc.) seem to stand between Aphredoderus and LElassoma,
which seem to be near relatives on the one hand, as Percopsis is on the
other. (évoc, strange; dapyé¢, anus.)

Family CV. APHREDODERID2.
(THE PIRATE PERCHES.)

Body oblong, elevated at the base of the dorsal, compressed behind, the
head thick and depressed, the protile concave. Caudal peduncle thick.
Mouth moderate, somewhat oblique, the lower jaw projecting ; maxillary
reaching to anterior border of theeye. Teeth in villiform bands on jaws,
vomer, palatines, and pterygoids. Premaxillaries not protractile ; mavxil-
laries small, without evident supplemental bone. Preopercle and pre-
orbital with their free edges sharply serrate; opercle with aspine. Bones
of skull somewhat cavernous. Sides of the head scaly. Lower pharyn-
geals narrow, separate, with villiform teeth. Gill membranes slightly
joined to the isthmus anteriorly. Gill rakers tubercle-like, dentate.
Pseudobranchie# obsolete. Gills 4, a small slit behind the fourth.
Branchiostegals6. Scales moderate, strongly ctenoid, adherent. Lateral
line imperfect or wanting. Vent always anterior, its position varying
with age,* from just behind the ventral fins in the young, to below the pre-
opercle in the adult. Dorsal fin single, median, high, with but 3 or 4

— — —

* This singular fact was first noticed by Prof. Stephen A. Forbes,

F.N. A. 51

786 Bulletin 27, United States National Museum.

spines, which are rapidly graduated, the first being very short. Anal
small, with two slender spines; ventral fins thoracic, with a very short
spine, the number of soft rays usually 7; caudal fin rounded behind.
Air bladder simple, large, adherent to the walls of the abdomen. Verte-
bre 14-++15. Pyloric ceca about 12. A single genus, with probably but
one species, confined to the United States. Its relations are most close to
Columbia and Percopsis among living fishes, but it differs strikingly from
these in the loss of the archaic characters of the adipose fin and the
abdominal ventrals. The position of the vent is not seen in any closely
related group, but reappears in the Amblyopsida, likewise an ancient type
without close relationships among living fishes. (Aphredoderide, Giinther,
Cat., 1, 271, 1859.)

351. APHREDODERUS, Le Sueur.
(PIRATE PERCHES.)

Aphredoderus, LE SuEuUR, in Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 1x, 445, 1823, (gibbosus = say-
anus).

Sternotremia, NELSON, Bull. Ills. Lab. Nat. Hist., 1, 39, 1876, (isolepis).

Asternotremia (NELSON) JoRDAN, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., x, 52, 1877, (isolepis; Sternotremia being
regarded as anatomically incorrect). :

Characters of the genus included above. (ddodoc, excrement; dép7, the
throat, from the position of the vent; hence more correctly Aphododerus.)

1147. APHREDODERUS SAYANUS (Gilliams).

(PIRATE PERCH.)

Head 3; depth 3.. D. III, 11 to IV, 10;-A. II, 6; V. 7; B. 6; scales 45
to 60. Color dark olive, profusely speckled with dark points, which often
make blackish streaks along rows of scales; 2 blackish bars at base of
caudal, between which is a light bar. Length 5 inches. Sluggish streams
and bayous from New York coastwise to Texas, and throughout the Mis-
sissippi basin in lowlands and streams with alluvial bottoms; locally
abundant, variable. The singular variations in the position of the vent
have given rise to two nominal species and a nominal genus.* North-
western specimens, Ohio to Arkansas (var. isolepis) have usually
smaller scales than the true sayanus. Sayanus has 45 to 55; isolepis usually
55 to 60; both forms are extremely variable and probably no constant dif-
ferences exist. (Named for Thomas Say, the distinguished entomologist. )

* A study of the position of the vent in Aphododerus sayanus has developed some singular things.
It becomes evident from the examination of a large series that the position of the vent is not a
character of generic importance, as was supposed when the genus Sternotremia was proposed, nor
is it apparently an individual or a sexual character as has been since suggested. The observa-
tions of Professor Forbes, verified by myself, appear to show that the position of the vent is
dependent on the age of the fish. In the adult the vent is jugular, close behind the little pro-
jecting knob at the throat. Inthe youngest specimens examined, it is mere or less behind the
ventré al fins. In specimens intermediate in size, its position is intermediate, the degree of
advancement being proportionate to the size of the ‘fish,

** Occasional irregula: ‘ities occur, but the above rule holds so generally that it can not be merely
accidental. From it I infer that in the very young the position of the vent will be found to be

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 787

Scolopsis sayanus, GILLIAMS, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., rv, 1824, 81, near Philadelphia.

Aphredoderus gibbosus, LE SuEuR, in Cuvier and Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 1x, 448, 1833,
Lake Pontchartrain.

Sternotremia isolepis, NELSON, Bull. Ill. Lab. Nat. Hist., 1, 39, 1876, Calumet River, Illinois.

Aphododerus cookianus, JORDAN, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1877, 60, Sawyer’s Creek, Ken-
dallville, Indiana. (Coll. Dr. G. M. Levette.)

Asternotremia mesotrema, JORDAN, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., x, 52, 1877, Flint River, Georgia.
(Type, No. 9296. Coll. Hugh M. Neisler.)

Aphredoderus sayanus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 460, 1883; BLATcHLEY, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci.
Phila., 1885, 136. :

In a natural system, the Percopside should apparently be followed by
the Aphredoderide, Elassomide, and Percide, the great modern group of
spiny-rayed fishes having doubtless originated from some such stock as
that of which the Percopsidw form aremnant. The exigencies of a linear
arrangement require us to interrupt the series to find place for the groups
Percesoces, Rhegnopteri, and Berycoidei, probably archaic, transitional or
degenerate types, of diverse relations, but all of them branching off from
the physoclystous stock before the character of the spinous fins had
reached its full development.

Suborder PERCESOCES.

Ventral fins abdominal, I, 5: branchial arches well developed, the
bones all present except the fourth superior branchihyal. Third superior
pharyngeal much enlarged; lower pharyngeals distinct. Scales cycloid.
Pectorals elevated, about on a level with the upper posterior angle of

operculum; spinous dorsal usually present.

as usual in Percoid fishes; as in the young flounder the eyes are symmetrical, but as the fish
grows older, its aberrant characters become developed.
“The following table shows the position of the vent in 26 specimens:

b |
Length Position of vent. le aay | Position of vent.
eres
es - |_| 2 2 are
Inches. Inches. |
1 Opposite middle of ventrals. 214 | Between bases of ventrals.
! Opposite middle of ventrals. 214 | Between bases of ventrals.
1 Opposite middle of ventrals. 3 | In front of ventrals, } of the dis-
1 Opposite middle of ventrals. tance from base of ventrals to
14% | Opposite anterior 2 of ventrals. | the throat ‘knob.’
1144 | Opposite anterior 3 of ventrals. 3 #distance to ‘‘ knob” (about as in
1} Opposite anterior 1) of ventrals. types of ‘‘ A. mesotrema’’).
4 Opposite anterior 14 of ventrals. 34 | 4distance from ventrals to “knob.”
14 Opposite anterior 4 of ventrals. |. 3% | 2 distance to the ‘*knob.”
1% Opposite anterior 4 of ventrals. | 317 | 2 distance to the **knob.”’
2 Opposite anterior 4 of ventrals. 4 | Halfway from ventrals to “ knob.”
1% Opposite anterior 4 of ventrals. | 414 | § distance to “*knob”’ (as in ‘A.
112 Opposite middle of ventrals. cookianus,”? and in A. sayanus).
144 Just behind base of ventrals. ] 414 7 distance to ** knob.”
2 Between bases of ventrals (as in || 414 | @ distance to ‘‘ knob.”

type of ‘'S, isolepis’’).

“No other conclusion seems possible from the above except that the vent moves forward as the
fish grows older, by the lengthening of the horizontal part of the intestine or “‘réctum” of the
fish. Sternotremia isolepis is the young, Sternotremia mesotrema the half grown, and Aphododerus

cookianus the adult of one and the same fish,”’

(Jordan, 1877.)

788 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

This group comprises dcanthopteri, with the ventral fins abdominal,
each of 1 spine and 5 rays, and the pelvic bones not attached to the
shoulder girdle; the spinous armature of the fins is less developed,
the scales are cycloid, and the opercles unarmed. The suborder marks a
transition from soft-rayed to spiny-rayed fishes, its nearest associates
among the latter being, perhaps, the Scombroid forms. The families here
defined are closely related, but whether other families, as Ophiocephalide,
Ammodytide, etc., should be included, is not certain. From fishes of the
general character of Percesoces, the Hemibranchii and Lophobranchii seem
to be descended, and the Synentognathi are closely allied. The group is
composed chiefly of shore fishes and fresh-water fishes, mostly of small
size but some of them large and voracious. (Perca, Perch; Esox, Pike.)

a. Lateral line wanting; teeth small or wanting; gill rakers long and slender.

b. Species carnivorous, the body and head elongate; vertebra more than 35; dorsal spines
slender, flexible, 3 to 8 in number; stomach not gizzard -like. ATHERINIDH, CVI.

bb, Species feeding on mud and vegetation; the head short and broad; vertebra about 24;
stomach gizzard-like, with long intestines. MUGILID®, CVII.

aa. Lateral line present; teeth very strong, unequal; gill rakers obsolete; head long and
pointed; vertebre about 24. SPHYRENIDZA, CVIII.

Family CVI. ATHERINIDA.
(THE SILVERSIDES. )

Body rather elongate, somewhat compressed, covered with scales of
moderate or small size, which are usually, but not always, cycloid. No
lateral line; some scales often with rudimentary mucous tubes. Cleft
of the mouth moderate. Teeth small, on jaws and sometimes on vomer
and palatines, rarely wanting. Premaxillaries protractile or not. Oper-
cular bones without spines or serrature. Gill openings wide, the gill
membranes not connected, free from the isthmus; gills 4, a slit behind
the fourth. Pseudobranchiz present; gill rakers usually long and slen-
der. Branchiostegals 5 or 6. Dorsal fins 2, well separated, the first of 3
to 8 slender flexible spines, the second of soft rays; anal with a weak
spine, similar to the soft dorsal, but usually larger; ventral fins small,
abdominal, not far back, of 1 small spine and 5 soft rays; pectorals
moderate, inserted high. Air bladder present. No pyloric ceca. Verte-
bre numerous, usually about 23-4 23—46; third and fourth superior
pharyngeals coossified, with teeth. Carnivorous fishes, mostly of small
size, living in great schools near the shore in temperate and tropical
seas; a few species in fresh water; all the species have a silvery band
along the side; this is sometimes underlaid by black pigment. Genera
about 15; species 60. All of them which are large enough are highly
valued as food, hence the common name of ‘fishes of the king,” Pesca-
dos del Rey, or Pesce Re, or Peixe Rey. (Atherinide, Ginther, Cat., 11,
391-409, 1861.)

a Premaxillaries freely protractile, the skin not continuous with that of the forehead.
b. Premaxillary narrow posteriorly, its edge nearly straight. Body little compressed, the
belly rounded; pectorals short; scales cycloid; vomer with teeth; first dorsal with

5 to 9 spines, inserted in front of the rather short anal; mouth short.
ATHERINA, 352.

Jordan and Evermann.—Ffishes of North America. 789

bb. Premaxillary broad posteriorly, its edge strongly curved.
c. Lower jaw strong, projecting beyond the upper.
d, Seales small, rough, in 70 series; teeth well developed; vomer usually with a
few teeth; jaws long. LETHOSTOLE, 353,
dd. Scales large, smooth, in 38 to 50 series. CHIROSTOMA, 354,
cc. Lower jaw moderate, its tip included; vomer without teeth.
e. Jaws not produced into a beak.
, f. Belly not compressed; pectoral short.
g. Anal moderate, of 15 to 24 rays; first dorsal of about 5 spines, inserted
before anal.
h. Teeth evident, in narrow bands; scales moderate or large, 36 to 56,

i. Scales laciniate; dorsal and anal scaly. KIRTLANDIA, 355.

ti. Scales cycloid; soft dorsal and anal mostly without scales.
Menipta, 356.
hh. Teeth none, or minute and caducous; scales very small, erenate,
about 75. LEURESTHES, 357.
gg- Anal very long, of 27 rays; the very small first dorsal of 3 spines,
inserted over its front; opercle short. EvRYSTOLE, 358.

jf. Belly strongly compressed, its edge forming a more or less distinct keel
before ventrals; pectorals very long; first dorsal small, inserted behind
front of the long anal.

j. Scales perfectly smooth. THYRINA, 359,
jj. Scales rough-ctenoid. ATHERINELLA, 360,

ee. Jaws produced in a short curved beak; teeth moderate; scales small.
Pi LABLDESTHES, 361.

aa. Premaxillaries not freely protractile, the skin of upper jaw mesially continuous with
that of the forehead.

k. Teeth simple, pointed, arranged in villiform bands. ATHERINOPSIS, 362.

kk. Teeth each bicuspid or with a lateral branch, arranged in one series. ATHERINOPS, 363.

352. ATHERINA (Artedi) Linnzus.

(FRIARS.)

Atherina (Artep!1) Linn xvs, Syst. Nat., Ed. x, 1758, 315, (hepsetus).
Membras, Bonaparte, Fauna Italica, 1836, (no type indicated).

Body oblong, compressed. Mouth large, terminal, oblique; jaws
about equal, their edges nearly straight; maxillary extending to the
front of eye. Premaxillaries narrow posteriorly, strongly protractile.
Villiform teeth in bands on jaws, vomer, and palatines. Species numer-
ous, mostly European. (da@epivy, the ancient name, from d6jp, a spike or
arrow.)

a. Anal fin rather short, of 10 to 16 rays.
b. Scales large, 36 to 40; first dorsal with 5 or 6 spines.
c. Head very broad, the interorbital width about equal to the large eye, which is
about 2% in head. Scales 36 to 38.

d. Anal rays I, 12, or I, 13; head about 4 in length. stiprs, 1148.
dd, Anal rays I, 10 or 11; head 314 to 324 in length. LATICEPS, 1149.

ce. Head narrow and pointed, the large eye much greater than interorbital width ;
body slender and weak, depth 6 in length ; anal I, 12; scales 40. anama, 1150.
bb. Scales small, 45 to 52; body very slender; first dorsal long, with 7 or 8 spines.
e. Anal rays I, 11; eye 3 in head; scales 45. HARRINGTONENSTS, 1151.
ee. Anal rays I, 15; eye 2% in head; scales 52. CAROLINA, 1152.
aa, Anal fin of about 20 rays; dorsal rays V-I, 15. mrorops, 1153.

790 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

1148. ATHERINA STIPES, Miiller & Troschel.

Head about 44; depth about 5. Dorsal V-I, 9 to 11; anal I, 12 or 13;
scales 37 to 39-6; eye nearly equal to width of interorbital space, and
twice or more times length of snout; maxiilary extending beyond the
vertical from the anterior margin of the orbit. Distance of end of snout
from root of ventral is } that from the dorsal. A sharp undulated edge
forming the upper margin of the orbit. Teeth numerous and distinct in
both jaws and on the palate. Two series of small black dots along the
side of the tail. (Giinther.) Barbadoes. (stipes, a log or other stupid
object.)

Atherina stipes, MULLER & TRoOSCHEL, in Schomburgk, Hist. Barbadoes, 671, 1848, Barbadoes ;
GUNTHER, Cat., 11, 400, 1861.

1149. ATHERINA LATICEPS, Poey.

(CABEZOTE.)

Head 33 to 33; depth 4? to 4%; eye 24; snout 4; interorbital space 2}.
Dorsal V-I, 9; anal I, 10 or 11; scales 36-6. Body thick, head very broad,
eye large; snout obtuse; top of head broad and flat; cleft of mouth
oblique, jaws subequal, maxillary extending beyond front of orbit.
Teeth on jaws and vomer, very small. Insertion of spinous dorsal nearer
anal than ventral fins. Upper edge of orbit sharp, nearly smooth.
Color in life translucent green; silvery below, with a well-defined silvery
lateral band, beiow which a series of dots along the side; back with
dark dots forming streaks along the rows of scales; snout above with
black dots; fins pale, nearly plain: a dusky shade at base of caudal.
Caribbean Sea, north to western Florida, abundant at Key West, Havana,
and Cozumel; probably not distinct from Atherina stipes, stipes being the
older name. (latus, broad ; ceps, head.)

Atherina laticeps, Pozy, Memorias, 11, 265, 1861, Havana.

Atherina veliana,* GoopE & Bran, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1879, 342, Clear Water Harbor,
Florida. (Type, No. 23629. Coll. Dr. Velie.) Jorpan & GILBERT, Synopsis, 405, 1883.

Atherina stipes, JORDAN & GILBERT, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1884, 116.

1150. ATHERINA AR#A, Jordan & Gilbert.

Head 43; depth 6. D. VI-I, 9; A. I, 12. Scales 38 to 42. -Body
very slender, compressed, the head slender and narrow, with sharply
pointed snout; mouth oblique, narrow maxillary barely reaching vertical
from front of orbit, 2; in head; eye large, equaling interorbital width,
2% in head; scales moderate, entire. Origin of spinous dorsal midway
between tip of snout and base of caudal, much behind end of pectorals,
about opposite tip of ventrals; length of pectorals equaling depth of

* Atherina veliana, Goopr & BEAN :

Head 314; depth 424. D. V-I, 9; A. 1,10; scales 36-614. Snout obtuse; top of head broad
and very flat; cleft of mouth somewhat oblique; jaws equal anteriorly ; maxillary extending
beyond front of orbit. Teeth very small in the jaws and on the vomer. The silvery band
occupies the third row of scales, its width less than half the diameter of the eye. Diameter of
orbit contained twice in length of head, greater than interorbital width and more than twice
the length of the snout. Spinous dorsal beginning behind the vertical from the tips of the
Ventral fins. (Goode & Bean.) Clear Water Harbor, Florida.

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 791

body; ventrals half length of head; bases of vertical fins concealed in a
sheath of scales. Color, translucent olive green, the snout and mandible
dusky ; back with a median series of black specks, one on each scale; a
similar series on each side the median row; no dark specks on sides;
lateral silvery band broad, occupying the greater part of the third row
of scales, its width half diameter of orbit; a dusky area behind vent;
a series of black specks along base of anal, and thence along caudal
peduncle to tail. Gulf of Mexico, at Key West and Cozumel, with
Jenkinsia stolifera; not rare, but less abundant than Atherina laticeps.
(apatéc, slender.)

Atherina arza, JORDAN & GILBERT, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1884, 27, Key West. (Type, No.
34,967. Coll. Jordan.)

1151. ATHERINA HARRINGTONENSIS, Goode.

Head 52; depth 84; eye 3. D. VII-I,10; A.I, 11; scales 45-6; snout
somewhat less than postorbital portion of Lead, about equal to maxillary,
slightly greater than interorbital width, or 2 in greatest width of head;
mandible about equal to postorbital portion of head; cleft of mouth
oblique, maxillary extending to orbit; lower jaw slightly the longer ;
mouth very portractile; teeth small, inconspicuous. Spinous dorsal
inserted behind extremity of ventrals, at a distance from the snout
greater than half length of body; anal directly beneath dorsal, their
lengths of base being equal; anal higher than dorsal; length of ventral
% that of pectoral, which is more than ? that of head. Greenish white,
a narrow silvery band extending from gill opening to tail, covering the
third row (from above) of scales and the edges of the contiguous rows
above and below. (Goode.) Bermudas. (Named for Harrington Sound
in the Bermudas. )

Atherina harringtonensis, GoopE, Am. Journ. Sci. & Arts, 3d series, xrv, No. 82, 1877, 297,
Bermuda Islands.

1152. ATHERINA CAROLINA, Cuvier and Valenciennes.

Head 44 in total length with caudal; depth 62; eye large, 24 in head.
D. VIII-I, 12; A. I, 15; scales 52, nearly or quite entire. Spinous dorsal
wholly in advance of vent; ventral fins reaching past front of vent, and
dorsal nearly to it. Very similar to A. hepsetus, but with the head
smaller and the body slenderer. Length 4 inches. Coast of South Caro-
lina; known only from the original type, from which the above descrip-
tion is taken; possibly a specimen of the European species Atherina
boyeri, wrongly attributed to the coast of South Carolina. It is a true
Atherina.

Atherina carolina, Cuvier & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., x, 445, 1835, South Carolina.

1153. ATHERINA MICROPS, Poey.

Head 5 with caudal; eye 4 in head. Dorsal V-I, 15; anal I,19. Mouth
small and very protractile. First dorsal a little in front of middle of
body ; the second as well as the anal is a third longer than in laticeps.

~I
©
iw)

Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

Head narrow; eye small. Silvery white; back greenish, with the scales
partly spotted with brown. Known only from a drawing made by Poey
at Havana. (Poey.) (wxpdc, small; ow, eye.)

Atherina microps, Porky, Memorias, 11, 266, 1861, Havana.

353. LETHOSTOLE, Jordan & Evermann.
Lethostole, JORDAN & EVERMANN, new genus, (estor).

This genus is allied to Chirostoma, with which it agrees in the project-
ing lower jaw. The jaws are, however, longer than in Chirostoma, the
scales much smaller and crenate. Fresh waters of Mexico. (Aéowac, to
forget; oroAn, stole.)

1154. LETHOSTOLE ESTOR (Jordan).

(Pescapo BLANCO DE CHAPALA.)

Head 34; depth 6; eye 5. D.V-I, 12; A. I, 18; scales 72-18. Body
rather robust. Head very large, pike-like. Mouth very large, the maxil-
lary reaching to past the front of the eye. Intermaxillaries forming the
edge of the jaw strongly curved, their posterior portions broadly dilated.
Teeth strong, in several series in each jaw. Two small fang-like teeth
on the front of the vomer. Lower jaw considerably projecting beyond
the upper. Eye large, anterior, shorter than snout, and a little narrower
than the interorbital space, which is nearly flat. Head covered with
scales, which are smallest on the occipital region, and largest on the
lower part of the cheeks; smaller scales on the interopercle. Sides of
head vertical, a conspicuous ridge along the edge of the top of the head
above and behind the eye. Scales small, anteriorly crowded ; posterior
margin of scales strongly crenate, so that the fish feels rough to the
touch; pectorals moderate, nearly half as long as head, reaching slightly
past the base of the ventrals; ventrals rather short, reaching nearly #
the distance to the base of the anal; anal moderate, beginning consider-
ably in front of the dorsal and ending a little behind it; spinous dorsal
beginning nearly midway between insertion of ventrals and anal, separ-
ated from the soft dorsal by a distance equal to about ¢ the length of the
base of that fin. Caudalsomewhat forked. Coloration uniform in spirits,
the silvery lateral band but faintly indicated. Length 10} inches. Lake
Chapala, Guanajuato. One of the largest of the Atherinidw, resembling a
pike in its form, and in the large head and mouth. (estor, eater, a name
applied by Le Sueur to the pike.)

Chirostoma estor, JORDAN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1879, 298, Lake Chapala, Mexico. (Type,
No. 23124. Coll. Professor Dugés.)

354. CHIROSTOMA, Swainson.
(PESCADOS BLANCOS.)

Chirostoma, SWAINSON, Class’n Fishes, etc., 243, 1839, (humboldtianum).

Atherinoides, BLEEKER, Verhand. Batay. Genootsch., Japan, xxv, 40, 1853, (vomerina).
Atherinichthys, BLEEKER, l. c., 40, (humboldtianwm).

Heterognathus, GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1854, 198, (humboldtiana).

|
|
|
|

Jordan and Evermann.—Ffishes of North America, 793

This genus is distinguished from Basilichthys and Menidia by the very
long and strong mandible, which protrudes beyond the upper jaw. The
scales are small, the teeth well developed, there are usually a few vomerine
teeth, and the premaxillary is extremely protractile. The known species
inhabit Mexico and Brazil. (yeip, hand; crdua, mouth, from the protrac-
tile mouth. )

a. Scales 42 to 50 in longitudinal series; a patch of teeth on vomer.

b. Anal rays I, 19 or 20; head more than 14 length. HUMBOLDTIANUM, 1155.
bb. Analrays I, 15 or 16; head less than 4 length. BARTONI, 1156.
aa. Scales larger, 35 to 37; teeth very weak, none on vomer. JORDANI, 1157.

1155. CHIROSTOMA HUMBOLDTIANUM (Cuvier & Valenciennes).

Head 4 in total length; body slender, 5 in total length; eye 6in head, 2
insnout. D. V-I,10 or 11; A. I, 19 or 20; scales 50, their edges entire.
Pectoral short, broad, pointed, 7 in total length. First dorsal over tip
of ventral, which is $ length of pectoral; second .dorsal over middle of
anal. (Cuvier & Valenciennes.) Two specimens from a lake near the
city of Mexico, respectively 11 and 8 inches in length, the types of hum-
boldtianum and vomerinum. The type of vomerinum is said to have slight
tooth-like asperities on the vomer. Not seen by us. (Named for Alexan-
der von Humboldt, 1769-1859, the famous author of ‘‘ Cosmos,” who col-
lected fishes in South America and Mexico.)

Aiherina humboldtiana, CuvirR & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., x, 479, 1835, lake near
City of Mexico.

Atherina vomerina, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, l. c., 481, lake near City of Mexico.

Atherinichthys humboldti, GinNTHER, Cat., 111, 404, 1861; after CuvreR & VALENCIENNES.

1156. CHIROSTOMA BARTONI, Jordan & Evermann, new species.

Head 4; depth 6; eye 4; snout 3}. D.IV-I, 10; A. 1,15; scales 42-10,
large and loose, and with entire edges ; about 24 scales before the dorsal.
Origin of spinous dorsal midway between insertion of ventrals and
origin of anal, midway between tip of snout and base of caudal fin.
Mouth large, the mandible 1% times the large eye, the premaxillaries very
protractile. Teeth well developed on jaws and vomer. Color silvery or
straw color; a narrow plumbeous lateral band, edged above with black,
along middle of side, indistinct anteriorly but well marked in posterior
% of its course; rest of body with scattered brownish punctulations.
Length 34 inches. Only one specimen known (Type, No. 23136), from a
tributary of the Rio Lerma, near Guanajuato, Mexico, where it was
obtained by Prof. Alfredo Dugés. (Named for Mr. Barton A. Bean, Assis-
tant Curator of Fishes in the United States National Museum.)

Chirostoma humboldtianum, JornpaNn, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., 1879, 299; not of Cuvier & VALEN-
OIENNES.

1157. CHIROSTOMA JORDANI, Woolman.

Head 4+; depth 43. D. IV-I, 8 or 9; A. I, 6; seales 35 to 37. Body

elongate, slender, compressed; belly not compressed; head medium,

794 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

conical; mouth very oblique; mandible deep and short, projecting; pre-
maxillary protractile but not produced; maxillary not reaching eye;
teeth very minute or almost obsolete, somewhat movable; eye 4 in head;
first rays of anterior dorsal over posterior end of ventrals and slightly in
advance of the insertion of the anal; first rays of second dorsal over
middle of anal, the rays when depressed reaching as far toward caudal
as the rays of anal; length of base of second dorsal about half that of
base of anal or equaling distance from snout to posterior edge of orbit:
longest rays of second dorsal slightly exceed in length longest rays of anal
or about equal the greatest depth, and about 7 greater than the length
of the base. Pectoral fins large, not falcate, 1/ in head, inserted above
axis of body and reaching to middle of the ventrals, or about equal length
of longest dorsal rays; origin of ventrals midway between snout and
last rays of anal, extending beyond vent almost to anal; length equal
distance from snout to posterioredge of orbit. Eye large and full, longer
than snout, about 3 in head; cheeks and opercles scaled, the former with
3 rows of scales; scales all entire, rather firm. Color light olive-green,
with narrow but distinct and complete lateral stripe; the 3 rows of scales
- on back thickly sprinkled with minute dark-brown dots which extend
from the snout to the caudal fin. Length 23 inches. Canals in the
City of Mexico and other tributaries of Rio de Lerma. In the City of
Mexico this species, together with Girardinichthys, is sold in the market,
embedded in meal and baked in corn husks. (Woolman.) (Named for
David Starr Jordan.)

Chirostoma brasiliensis, JORDAN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1879, 299; not of CUvIER & VALENCIENNES.

Chirostoma jordani, WooLmmAN, Bull. U.S. Fish Comm., xtv, 1894, 62, pl. 2, canals at Sala-
manca and in City of Mexico. The specimens of ‘‘Atherinichthys brasiliensis *? mentioned
by Giinther as having been collected by Sallé in Mexico probably belong to this species.
The types of Chirostoma brasiliense (Quoy and Gaimard) came from Rio Janeiro, and this
species is certainly distinct from it.

355. KIRTLANDIA, Jordan & Evermann.
Kirtlandia, JorpaNn & EVERMANN, new genus, (vagrans).

This genus is close to Menidia, but differs from it in having the scales
laciniate and the dorsal and anal fins scaly. Three species known.

(Named for Dr. Jared Potter Kirtland, one of the first to study the fishes

of Lake Erie and the Ohio Basin. )

a, Anal rays I, 14 to 18; scales 43 (to 48?). VAGRANS, 1158.
aa. Anal rays I, 19 to 21.
b. Scales 43. MARTINICA, 1159.
bb. Scales 48 to 50. LACINIATA, 1160.

1158. KIRTLANDIA VAGRANS (Goode & Bean).

Head 42; depth 54. D. V-I,7; A.I, 14 to I, 17; scales 43-6 to 48-7.
First dorsal very small, its insertion over front of anal; midway between
base of caudal and posterior angle of opercle; distance from its front to
front of second dorsal % head. Pectorals slightly shorter than head.
Vertical fins with large scales. Scales firm, adherent, thei edges crenate

~~ rr

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 795

or laciniate, feeling very rough to the touch. Scales of head large.
Color in life, light greenish above, the lateral band broad, covering 2
half rows of scales, becoming narrow posteriorly ; sides and belly silvery;
tip of snout and of lower jaw yellow, soiled with blackish; each scale
of back with 1 to 3 dark points, these forming about 5 conspicuous
streaks as seen from above; caudal yellow, with dark punctulations, its
margin dusky; dorsal and pectorals somewhat dusky, lower fins white;
the anal with dark points at base. Length 4 inches. Coast of Gulf of
Mexico, Florida to Texas; very abundant in schools along the sandy
beaches. (vagrans, wandering.)

Chirostoma vagrans, GoopE & Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1879, 148, Pensacola, Florida.

(Type, No. 22848. Coll. Stearns.)

Menidia vagrans, JoRDAN & GILBERT, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1882, 267; JonpAN & GILBERT,
Synopsis, 407, 1883. .

1159. KIRTLANDIA MARTINICA (Cuvier & Valenciennes).

Head 44; depth 54; dorsal V-I,7; anal I, 21; scales 43. Eye large, as
long as snout, 3} in head. Teeth rather strong. Scales strongly lacin-
iate. Spinous dorsal opposite front of the anal. Soft dorsal and anal
naked (possibly scaly in life?). Pectorals long, extending past base of
ventrals. This species is very close to Kirtlandia laciniata (Swain) and
may prove to be the same. Martinique. Known only from the original
types.

Atherina martinica, CuviER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., x, 459,1835, Martinique. (Coll.
Plée.
Menidia a JORDAN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1886, 530; redescription of type.

1160. KIRTLANDIA LACINIATA (Swain).

(SILVERFISH. )

Head 4%; depth 53; eye large, 34, a little longer than snout; dorsal
IV-I, 7 or 8; anal I, 19 to 21; scales 50-7, firm, their edges strongly cre-
nate, those on the back laciniate. Upper jaw the longer. Teeth short,
even, forming a narrow villiform band. First dorsal very feeble, over
the beginning of the anal, rather nearer tip of caudal than snout; dis-
tance from first to second dorsal $ length of head; pectorals reaching
ventrals, nearly as long as head; ventrals falling far short of the base of
the first dorsal; second dorsal very short. Soft dorsal and anal scaly.
Clear translucent greenish above; back with two or more rather irregu-
lar series of minute black dots, usually not more than one on each scale ;
snout and lower jaw dusky; sides with a well-defined silvery band, #
diameter of eye, covering third row of scales, not bounded above by a
dark line, but the entire band dusted with dark points; a few minute
dots on base of anal; caudal dusky. Virginia to South Carolina; rather
common, replacing northward the closely allied vagrans, with which it
may be found to intergrade. (laciniatus, gashed.)

Menidia vagrans laciniata, Swain MS, in Jornpan & GriLpeRt, Synopsis, 908, 1883, Beaufort,

North Carolina; (Coll. Jordan & Gilbert); Jonpan & Giupert, Proc, U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1882,
589, (April 25, 1883).

796 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

356. MENIDIA (Bonaparte) Jordan & Gilbert.

(SILVERSIDES. )

Menidia, BONAPARTE, Fauna Italica, about 1836, (no type indicated, menidia doubtless intended).
Argyrea, DE Kay, New York Fauna: Fishes, 141, 1842, (notata; name preoccupied).
Menidia, JoRDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis Fish. N. A., 407, 1883, (menidia).

Body elongate, more or less compressed. Head oblong,compressed ; belly
before ventrals more or less rounded in section, not compressed to an edge.
Mouth small, the gape curved, very oblique, usually not reaching the
eye; lower jaw short and weak; maxillary slipping entirely under pre-
orbital; jaws each with a band of simpie, usually villiform teeth. Pre-
maxillaries very freely protractile, their spines comparatively long, nearly
equal to the eye, extending backward beneath a fold of skin which con-
nects the bases of the maxillaries; posterior part of premaxillaries
broad. No teeth on vomer or palatines. Both dorsals short, the usual
radial formula being D. V-I, 8; first dorsal usually but not always in
front of anal; soft dorsal and anal scaleless. Scales rather large, entire.
Species numerous, probably all American, all of moderate or small size,
some of them entering or inhabiting fresh waters. (Menidia, an old name
of some small silvery fish, from u7#v7, the moon.)

a. Scales moderate or large, 36 to 50, those of back entire or slightly crenate; soft dorsal and
anal mostly scaleless; teeth moderate.
b. Anal rays I, 15 to 18, rarely I, 19; belly very broad, not at all compressed.
c. Scales 38 or 39. Origin of spinous dorsal just before vent and midway between tip
of snout and base of caudal.
d. Snout longer than eye, about 234 in head; body deep, the depth 5 in Jength;

soft dorsal I, 8 or 9. PENINSULA, 1161.
dd. Snout shorter than eye, about 314 in head; body slender, the depth 514 to 7
in length; soft dorsal usually I, 10. GRACILIS, 1162.

ec. Scales 47. Origin of spinous dorsal nearer base of caudal than tip of snout.
AUDENS, 1163.
bb. Anal rays I, 22 to 24.
e. Scales 45 to 48. Body slender, depth 54% to 6 in length.
f. Dorsal spines 6; scales 48; head 424, GILBERTI, 1164.
Jf. Dorsal spines 4; scales 45 or 46.
g.- Head 444 in length; dorsal inserted nearer tip of caudal than end of snout.
SARDINA, 1165.
gg. Head 5 in length; dorsal midway between tip of snout and base of caudal.
NOTATA, 1166.
ee. Scales 36 to 40; spinous dorsal inserted over front of anal; pectorals rather long.
h. Body rather stout, teeth stronger than usual. Front of dorsal nearer base of
caudal than tip of snout; belly slightly compressed. MENIDIA, 1167.
hh. Spinous dorsal inserted behind front of anal.
i. Scales 36. Depth 5 in length; head 414. GUATEMALENSIS,* 1168.
ii. Scales 41. Pectoral much longer than head; snout short.
PACHYLEPIS,* 1169.
aa. Scales small, entire, about 56 in longitudinal series; dorsal rey V-I, 9; anal I, 24; body
slender, its depth 614; teeth very weak. CLARA, 1170.

* The character of the scales has not been verified in pachylepis and guatemalensis. Both species
doubtless belong to Thyrina.

Jordan and Evermann.—Ffishes of North America. 797

1161. MENIDIA PENINSULE (Goode & Bean).

Head 4; depth 5; eye 3 to 34, about equal to snout or interorbital
width. D. IV or V-I, 8 or 9; A. I, 15 to 18; scales 38 to 40-9.
Mouth very protractile; lower jaw long, more than 4 length of head.
Seales large, thin, and smooth, with entire edges. Soft fins scaleless.
Origin of spinous dorsal in advance of anal fin, midway between tip of
snout and upper base of caudal. Light green; edges of scales with dark
dots; lips and top of head dusky ; a dusky streak along base of anal;
eye silvery; lateral streak narrow, tapering behind; bases of pectoral
and caudal bright yellow; fins otherwise nearly plain. Length 4 inches.
Florida and Gulf Coast, very abundant in schools along the sandy
beaches. Specimens from black water are very dark, the silvery band
underlaid by black. (peninsulw, of the peninsula, i. e., Florida.)
Chirostoma peninsule, GooDE & BEAN, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1879, 148, Pensacola and Lake

Monroe, Florida. (Type, Nos. 2184la and 21841b. Coll. Stearns; and No. 21870, Baird).
JORDAN & GILBERT, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1882, 266; Jornpan & GILBERT, Synopsis, 407, 1883.

1162. MENIDIA GRACILIS (Giinther).

D. IV-I, 8; A. I, 19; scales 40-9. The crigin of the anterior dorsal fin
is opposite the vent, exactly in the middle of the distance between end
of snout and base of caudal. The distance between the origins of the
two dorsal fins is somewhat more than } that between the origin of the
posterior and the caudal. The height of the body is contained nine
times in the total length, the length of the head five times and a half.
The silvery band is narrow, and occupies a portion of the fourth series
of scales. Scales with the margin entire. Caudal lobes equal in length;
caudal somewhat longer than the pectoral, and rather shorter than the
head. Original locality unknown. (Giunther.)

We refer to this species a number of specimens collected by Dr. Hugh
M. Smith on St. George’s Island, Lower Potomac. These specimens are
identified by Dr. Smith as Menidia beryllina, but they differ from typical
examples of the latter from the Potomac River at Washington, in the slen-
derer body, shorter dorsal, and in the dark dotting on the back. Head
4+; depth 64 (74 to 8 in total). D. V-I,9; A.1,17; scales 40. Eye very
large, longer than snout, 3 in head; snout short and sharp, 2%, greatest
depth of body nearly 2 in distance from nape to first dorsal. First dorsal
just before vent, midway between tip of snout and base of caudal. Dark
dots on scales of back and sides ; lateral band sharply defined. Woods
Hole to Albemarle Sound, generally common in brackish waters. (gracilis,
slender. )

Atherinichthys gracilis, GONTHER, Cat., 111, 405, 1861; no locality given.

_ Menidia beryllina, H. M. Smirn, Bull. U. 8S. Fish Comm., x, 1890, 70, pl. xx, fig. 2.

Represented in fresh waters of the Potomac River by the deeper-bodied

1162a. MENIDIA GRACILIS BERYLLINA (Cope).

Head 4} to 44; depth 5 to 54; eye very large, 3. Dorsal V-I, 10, rarely

“

/V-I,llorV,1,9; anal I, 15 to 18, usually I, 16 or 17; scales 38 to 40-8.

798 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

Body very slender. Mandible slightly projecting. First dorsal well in
advance of second, inserted just before the vent, about midway between
base of caudal and tip of snout. Scales entire; fins not scaly. Greatest
depth of body 13 in distance from nape to spinous dorsal. Very pale
olive, with a sharply defined silvery band found anteriorly on the lower
half of the fourth row of scales and the upper half of the fifth row;
toward the middle, opposite the dorsal fins, it is on the central portion
of the fourth row and on the margins of the scales of the third and fifth
rows, rising toward the tail, where it covers the lower half of third and
upper half of fourth rows; back and sides with scarcely any dark dots.
Potomac River, near Washington. (beryllinus, emerald color.)

Chirostoma beryllinum, Corr, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., 1866, 403, Potomac River, at Wash-

ington.
Menidia beryllina, Jorvan & GILBERT, Synopsis, 408, 1883.

1163. MENIDIA AUDENS, Hay.

Head 44; depth 6. D.IV or Y-I,8or9; A. I, 17 0r18; scales 45-10.
Head rather broad and flat above. Mouthsmall Eye 3 in head, equal
to snout and to interorbital space. Vent a longitudinal] slit, its length
% diameter of eye. First dorsal spine inserted immediately above anterior
part of anal slit, slightly nearer base of caudal than snout. Pectorals
extending to beyond bases of ventrals, their length + head. Ventvrals
reaching vent. Interspace between dorsals twice diameter of eye. Top
of head covered with large scales. Lateral silvery band on fifth row of
scales and edges of fourth and sixth rows; the extreme parts of fifth
row not included in it. Scales with entire edges, which are nearly
straight, so that each scale is angulated behind. Soft dorsal naked.
Color and form of Menidia notata; edges of scales somewhat dotted; a
dusky streak at base of anal. Length 3 inches. Mississippi River;
known only from Memphis and Vicksburg. (audens, daring, having gone
far from the sea. )

Menidia audens, Hay, Bull, U. &. Fish Comm., 11, 1882, 64, Memphis, Tennessee, and Vicks-
burg, Mississippi; (Coll. Hay); Jonpan & GILBERT, Synopsis, 908, 1883.

1164. MENIDIA GILBERTI, Jordan & Bollman.

Head 43 to 44; depth 54-53. D. VI-I,9; A.I, 21 or 22. Scales 4-48 or
49-4. Body rather slender, elongate, compressed, especially below.
Head short, its upper surface slightly convex. Snout larger than eye, 3
to 34 in head. Maxillary 14 in snout; lower jaw included. Eye mod-
erate, 3 to 34 in head, 1} to 1} in interorbital space. Teeth in jaws small,
not close-set, none on vomer or palatines. Gill rakers long and slender,
about 20 developed below angle. Origin of first dorsal midway between
posterior margin of head and base of caudal, its posterior margin oppo-
site front of anal. Its longest spine 4} in head. Insertion of second
dorsal midway between base of caudal and fifth scale in front of first
dorsal, opposite middle of anal, its longest ray equal to snout. Distance
between origin of second dorsal and base of caudal equal to a distance

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 799

from tip of-snout to $ an*eye’s diameter beyond upper angle of pectorals.
Origin of anal midway between base of caudal and posterior base of
pectorals, the base equal to distance from tip of snout to base of pec-
torals; longest ray equal to snout andeye. Pectorals reaching beyond
origin of ventrals, 1; to 1} in head. Ventrals reaching halfway to vent,

14 to 2 in head, their origin midway between front of anal and edge of

preopercie. Vertical fins nearly or quite scaleless. Scales large and
firm, those above with the edges distinctly crenate. Color greenish, the
black rather pale, the scales thickly dusted with brown dots; a narrow
vertebral band, which is anteriorly accompanied by a short line on each
side; this band is broadest posteriorly; a bluish-silvery lateral band,
bordered by dark above; upper paris dotted with black; sides and belly
paler than back , the upper two rows of scales below lateral band ante-
riorly with a few dots; tip of snout, head between eyes, and A-shaped
area on top of head, dark; from the occipital mark a streak of dots
extends to base of pectorals; only a few dots on top of opercles; lower
jaw dusky; lining of opercle dark; fins all pale. Panama; numerous
specimens, the largest 47 inches long, obtained by the Albatross. (Named
for Dr. Charles Henry Gilbert, who first discovered the species. )

Menidia gilberti, JORDAN & BOLLMAN, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., 1889, 155, Panama. (Type, No.
41165. Albatross Coll.)

1165. MENIDIA SARDINA (Jenkins & Evermann).

(Prez DEL Rey.)

Head 43 in length to base of caudal (5 in total); depth 6 (62); eye mod-
erate, 3+ in head, 14 in interorbital space. D. IV-I, 9; A. I, 25; scales
6-45-5. Body rather slender, elongate, greatly compressed ventrally.
Head short, greatly flattened above; snout a little greater than eye,
blunt, with two evident folds or grooves across it; maxillary protractile,
very broad, not reaching orbit; cleft of mouth oblique, curved, the
lower jaw but slightly included. Teeth in each jaw very small and
wide-set, none on vomer or palatines; gill rakers long and slender.
First dorsal short and low, its origin a trifle nearer tip of caudal fin than
end of snout, entirely in front of origin of anal. Space between first
and second dorsals equals the length of both snout and eye. Distance
from beginning of second dorsal to base of caudal fin equals that from
end of snout to insertion of pectorals, the fin lying over middle of anal ;
the first rays are highest, their length being a little greater than the
diameter of orbit. Origin of anal under anterior part of the interdorsal
space, one and one-half times as far from snout as from base of caudal ;

length of its base about twice that of the second dorsal, and about equal

to head; the first rays the longest. Pectorals short, about $ length of
head. Ventrals small, short, inserted much in front of first dorsal and
alittle nearer snout than base of caudal, their tips not nearly reaching
anal. Scales large, cycloid, not very firm. General color pale, each side
with a broad plumbeous lateral band, two scales in width, and equaling
4 length of head; the upper third of this band is much the darker;

800 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

above the band the scales are sparsely covered with fine dark punctula-
tions; none below the band, and but few upon it; top of head very
pale, almost transparent on the interorbital area, but in front and behind
thickly set with small dark spots; snout also marked with spots; lower
jaw with some spots in front, plain behind ; opercles plain ; fins all more
or less plainly marked with numerous small dark spots. Length 34
inches. Gulf of California; common. (sardina, sardine.)

Atherina sardina, JENKINS & EVERMANN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1888, 137, Guaymas, Sonora.
(Type, No. 39633. Coll. Jenkins & Evermann.)

1166. MENIDIA NOTATA (Mitchill).

(SILVERSIDE.)

Head 5; depth 6. D.IV-I, 8; A. I, 23; scales 46-10. Eye large, 33 in
head, about as long as the snout. Scales with entire edges. Jaws equal.
First dorsal large, inserted in front of the anal, over the vent, about mid-
way between snout and base of caudal. Distance between dorsals #
length of head. Pectoral scarcely shorter than head, reaching past base
of ventrals, which do not reach the vent or the front of thedorsal. Body
slenderer and more compressed than in Menidia menidia. Teeth *
in few series, some of them larger. Transparent green, with a
lateral silvery band half the width of the eye; scales above with spots
along their edges, so that their outlines are clearly defined; chin speckled.
Length 5 inches. Atlantic Coast of United States, chiefly northward ;
south to Cape May; very abundant. (notatus, spotted, marked.)

Atherina notata, Mircutty, Trans. Lit. and Phil. Soc. N. Y., 1, 1815, 446, New York ; Jorpan &
GILBERT, Synopsis, 407, 1883.

Atherina viridescens, MircuH1Lu, Trans. Lit. and Phil. Soc., 1, 1815, 447, New York.

Atherinichthys menidia and notata, GUNTHER, Cat., m1, 406, 1861.

1167. MENIDIA MENIDIA (Linnzus).

Head 42; depth 5; eye 34.. D. IV-I, 9; A. I, 22 or 23; scales 39 or 40-8,
allentire. Cleft of mouth reaching to nearly opposite.eye. Jaws equal.
Teeth not forming a close band, those of the outer series much enlarged,
a pair of small canines atsympbhysis. First dorsal inserted over the front
of the anal, nearer the base of the caudal than the snout. Soft dorsal
and anal scaleless. Pectoral as long as the head, reaching well past root
of ventrals, which reach the vent. (Greenish yellow on back, very thickly
covered with fine dots, as are also the snout and lower jaw ; lateral streak
very narrow, bordered above with a conspicuous greenish-black line; the
stripe about as wide as pupil, covering the middle of the fourth series of
scales; caudal conspicuously light yellow; dorsal and pectora! fins less.
80; base of anal dusky. Length 3 inches. Cape Hatteras to Florida,
common on the South Atlantic Coast. (Menidia, an old name of some
small, silvery fish, from uyv, the moon.)

* First superior pharyngeal without teeth; second with teeth; third and fourth coossifie|,
with teeth.—E, C, Starks.

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. S01

Atherina menidia, LiNNUs, Syst. Nature, Ed. x11, 519, 1766, Charleston.

Atherina bosci, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., x, 465, 1835, Charleston.

Menidia dentex, GoopE & Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1882, 429, St. John’s River. (Type,
No. 18051. Coll. Baird.)

Menidia brasiliensis, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 408, 1883; not of authors.

1168. MENIDIA GUATEMALENSIS (Giinther).

Head 44; depth 5. D.IV-I,9; A.I, 22; scales 36-7. Anterior dorsal
fin very small, inserted behind the vertical from front of anal fin. Sil-
very band on the third upper series of scales; lower caudal lobe rather
longer than upper. Lakes of Guatemala. (Giinther); not seen by us.

Atherinichthys guatemalensis, GUNTHER, Proc. Zodl. Soc., 1864, 151, Lakes of Huamuchal,
Guatemala; GintTuer, Fishes Central America, 443, 1869.

1169. MENIDIA PACHYLEPIS (Giinther).

Head 54; depth 54. D.IV-I,6to 8; A. I, 20 to 21; scales 41-7. The
snout is short, not longer than the diameter of eye, and the cleft of the
mouth does not extend’ backward to below the anterior margin of the eye.
The anterior dorsal is composed of short, feeble spines, and its origin is
opposite to the fourth or fifth anal ray. The pectoral fin is much longer
than the head. The silvery streak occupies the adjoining halves of the
third and fourth series of scales. Panama. (Giinther); not seen by us.
(rayivc, thick; Aezic, scale.)

Atherinichthys pachylepis, GUNTHER, Proc, Zod]. Soc., 1864, 25, Panama; GiinrHER, Fishes Cen-
tral America, 443, 1869.

1170. MENIDIA CLARA, Evermann & Jenkins.

Head 44; depth 6;°;; eye 3. D. V-I, 9; A. 25; scales 56-11. Body
slender, general form that of Menidia sardina; teeth very feeble; eye
large, equal to width of interorbital space; distance between dorsal fins
less than that from tip of snout to posterior rim of orbit. Dorsal and
anal scaleless. Origin of first dorsal nearer tip of caudal than snout ;
pectorals }lengthof head. Scales small and persistent, with entire edges.
General color that of M. sardina, the lateral band plumbeous above and
Silvery below. Length 3 inches. Gulf of California; rather rare;
approaches Lewresthes in the small scales and feeble dentition. (clarus,
clear. )

Menivia clara, EVERMANN & JENKINS, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1891, 136, Guaymas, Sonora.
(Type, No. 43237. Coll. Evermann & Jenkins.)

357. LEURESTHES, Jordan & Gilbert.

Leuresthes, JORDAN & GILBERT, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1880, 29, (tenwis).

This genus agrees with Menidia in every respect, except that the teeth
are very weak and caducous or obsolete, and the scales are very small, as

F.N, A.——52

802 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

in Basilichthys,* 67 to 75 in a lengthwise series. Coast of California.
(Aevpoc, smooth; éodiw, to eat; from the toothless jaws.)

a. Scales about 67; lateral band not so wide as eye. CRAMERI, 1171.
aa. Scales about 75 in longitudinal series; lateral silvery band wider than eye, TENUIS, 1172.

1171. LEURESTHES CRAMERI, Jordan & Evermann, new species.

Head 44; depth 5+; eye 32; snout 33. D. V-I, 8; A. I, 21; scales
5-67-6. Body slender, gently rounded above, narrowed below. Scales
smooth, firm, closely imbricated, the membranous edge strongly serrate.
Mouth moderate, premaxillaries very protractile; maxillary short, not
reaching eye. First dorsal over front of anal, much nearer base of
caudal than tip of snout, or midway between base of caudal and gill
opening. Color hyaline green, with a lateral silvery streak, plumbeous
above, narrow, its width 14 in eye, wider than one row of scales, cover-
ing one row and two half rows; body above lateral line covered with
small brown specks; pectorals and caudal chiefly blackish; second
dorsal with many black specks; anal and ventrals plain. Close to
Leuresthes tenuis, from which it differs in the larger scales, smaller eye,
shorter maxillary, and the much narrower lateral band. Length 5
inches. Ballenas Bay, Lower California, near Cape Abreojos. Several
specimens collected by Dr. Charles H. Gilbert, on the Albatross. (Named
for Frank Cramer, in recognition of his excellent work on the Scor-
penide and Agonide.) (Type, No. 27, L. S. Jr. Univ. Mus.)

1172. LEURESTHES TENUIS (Ayres).

Head 43; depth 5. D. V-I, 9; A.I, 22; scales 75. Eye equal to
snout. Scales small, smooth, and firm, closely imbricated, their edges
erenate. Maxillary not reaching to pupil. Premaxillary very protract-
ile, curved, its posterior portion broad. Lower jaw shorter than upper;
soft dorsal and anal sealeless. First dorsal fin over front of anal, much
nearer base of caudal than snout. Clear hyaline green, with the lateral
silvery streak very distinct bluish, wider than eye, on 13 rows of scales;
edges of scales above bordered by dark points. Length 5 inches. Coast
of California from San Francisco to San Diego; abundant in San Diego
Bay ; too small to be of much use as food. (tenuis, slender.)

Atherinopsis tenuis, AYRES, Proc. Cal. Ac. Nat. Sci., 1860, 76, San Francisco.
Leuresthes tenuis, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 405, 1883.

358. EURYSTOLE, Jordan & Evermann.

Eurystole, JORDAN & EVERMANN, new genus, (eriarcha).

This group differs from Menidia chiefly in the very long anal fin; the
spinous dorsal is very small, the scales smooth, the breast not compressed,
the pectorals short, and the head short and deep; the mouth is formed as

* Basilichthys, Girard, the characteristic genus of the coast of Chili, differs from Menidia in the
very small scales(75 to 105). Some of the species reach alarge size and are valued as food, The
teeth in Basilichthys are well developed.

Jordan and Evermann.—Ffishes of North America. 803

in Menidia, but the jaws are shorter and the opercles are truncated behind.
One species known. (evpic, broad; or0A7, stole, the silvery band being
very wide.)

1173. EURYSTOLE ERIARCHA (Jordan & Gilbert).

Head 5; depth 5; snout short, 34 in head; eye large, 2? in head. Dor-
sal IV-I,11 or 12; anal I, 27; scales about 48-9.* Body short, deep, much
compressed ; head short, deep, about + longer than deep, rather broad
above; opercles truncate behind, the interorbital space about equal to
eye. Mouth very small, terminal, very oblique, with curved cleft as in
Menidia, the premaxillary very short, wide behind, with curved edge,
slipping under the narrower maxillary ; the premaxillary protractile but
not much movable; jaws subequal, the lowor slightly included. Maxil-
lary scarcely as long as eye, not quite reaching front of eye. Teeth rather
large, hooked backward. Gill rakers numerous, long and slender. Scales
smooth, caducous, not easily counted, 21 before dorsal. Pectoral moder-
ate, not falcate, inserted high, 1} in head, 6 in body, reaching to the mid-
dle of the small ventral. Belly not especially compressed ; not cultrate.
First dorsal very small, slightly nearer snout than base of tail, over first
ray of anal; last ray of dorsal much before last of anal. Anal very long,
somewhat elevated in front, its base 3 in body. Soft dorsal and anal
scaleless. Color translucent green, very pale; back, lips, and base of ver-
tical fins faintly dotted; lateral band very broad and highly silvery,
% as broad as eye; lower fins pale; air bladder not visible through the
flesh. Length 2? inches; two specimens known, both from Mazatlan,
the above description from the second example. (épc-, an intensive par-
ticle; dpyéc, anus, from the long anal fin.)

Atherinella eriarcha, JORDAN & GILBERT, Proc. U. 8S. Nat, Mus., 1881, 348, Mazatlan. (Type, No.
29243. Coll. Gilbert.)

359. THYRINA, Jordan & Culver.
Thyrina, JonvaANn & Cutver, Report Fishes Sinaloa, MS., 1895, (evermanni).

This genus differs from Atherinella chiefly in possessing perfectly smooth
scales. The translucent air bladder shows through the skin; the pec-
toral is faleate, longer than head; anal very long, the small first dorsal
inserted behind its front; belly compressed to a bluntish edge. Some
of these characters have not been verified in pachylepis and guatemalensis,
which may belong here rather than in Menidia. Two species known.
(fipic, a window ; from the translucent air bladder, which shows through
the skin.)

a. Anal rays about I, 24, the base of the fin 234 in body; pectoral 314 in body, its posterior
margin concave; ventrals pale. EVERMANNI, 1174.

aa. Anal rays I, 21, the base of the fin 3 in body; pectoral 414 in body, its posterior margin
scarcely concave; ventrals black. CRYSTALLINA, 1175,

* Not to be exactly counted ; the number (36-7) stated in our original description was an error.

The scales can not be accurately counted, but there are over 40 at least. .

804 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

1174. THYRINA EVERMANNI, Jordan & Culver.

Head 43; depth 43 to 5; dorsal IV-I, 7; anal I, 23 to 1, 25; scales 36-9;
eye 23 in head; snout 3} in head; maxillary 33 in head; lower jaw 23 in
head ; pectoral ¢ longer than head, 3} in body; caudal slightly longer
than head; interorbital space broad, nearly equal to eye. Body much
compressed, the belly sharp-edged, concave on each side below pectorals
as if pinched together between the fingers, the ribs reaching the edge,
the scales passing around it; the edge almost carinate. Back narrow.
Scales smooth, none on dorsal or anal. Mouth small, terminal, the short
jaws curved, the structure precisely as in Menidia; the teeth moderate,
curved, those in the upper jaw longer; opercles oblique behind, not ver-
tically truncate. Gill rakers numerous, long and slender; pectorals very
long and falcate, reaching to front of anal and beyond tips of short ven-
trals, their posterior margin concave; spinous dorsal small, inserted
midway between edge of preopercle and base of caudal, about over sixth
ray of anal; last ray of dorsal considerably before last of anal; base of
anal 1} times length of head, 24 in body. Color light green, much dotted
above, translucent below; a black streak of dots along base of anal;
some on sides of head; median line of back dusky; fins all pale; no
black on spinous dorsal, ventral, or pectoral; lateral stripe $ width of
eye, underlaid by black; a large, transparent, window-like space above
front of anal, marking the posterior portion of the air bladder. Length
2+ to 3 inches; rather common in the estuary at Mazatlan. (Named for
Dr. Barton Warren Evermann.)

Atherinella evermanni, JORDAN & CULVER, MS., Rept. Fishes Sinaloa, 1895, Mazatlan. (Type,
No. 2688, L.S. Jr. Univ. Mus. Cotype, No. 47494, U.S. Nat. Mus. Coll. Hopkins Expedition.)

1175. THYRINA CRYSTALLINA, Jordan & Culver.

Head 42; denth 44 to5. Dorsal IV-I, 8; anal I, 21; scales 40-11; pec-
toral + longer than head, 44 in body; anal base more than half longer
than head, 3 in body; eye 2? in head; snout 34; maxillary 2$; lower
jaw 23. Body rather deep and compressed; snout shortish; opercle
shortish, rounded behind; mouth small, the upper jaw very protractile,
the premaxillary strongly curved; jaws equal; teeth rather strong, the
outer curved, those in upper jaw largest; eyes very large, silvery;
breast compressed, as in Thyrina evermanni, but less sharp at edge, appear-
ing as if pinched between thumb and finger; pectoral long, pointed, not
truly faleate, reaching more or less past the middle of the short ventrals,
its posterior margin not concave, the middle rays considerably more
than half length of upper rays; dorsal and anal naked; gill rakers
numerous, long and slender. First dorsal small, behind front of the long
anal, midway between gill opening and base of caudal; first ray of soft
dorsal over about fourth of anal; last rays of soft dorsal considerably
before last of anal. Caudal lunate, the lower lobe the longer and broader,
as long as head. Color translucent green, with considerable dusky dot-
tings, no yellow; fins dotted; ventrals black, as are lobes of second dor-
sal and anal; silvery stripe narrow, underlaid by dusky, its width little

7° %

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 805

more than half the eye; first dorsal and base of anal dusky; outlines of
air bladder evident through the translucent sides of body, but less so
than in Thyrina evermanni. Length 33 inches. Rio Presidio, near Mazat-
lan, Sinaloa, in fresh water; very common; the longest specimen 3}
inches long. (crystallinus, crystalline, from the window-like appearance
of the air bladder through the translucent muscles. )

Atherinella crystallina, JORDAN & CutveER, Fishes Sinaloa, MS., 1895, Rio Presidio, below Pre-
sidio, Sinaloa. (Type, No. 2685, L. S. Jr. Univ. Mus. Cotype, No. 47440, U. S. Nat. Mus,
Coll. Hopkins Expedition.)

360. ATHERINELLA, Steindachner.

Atherinella, STEINDACHNER, Ichth. Beitriige, 11, 35, 1875, (panamensis).

Body elongate, with the abdominal edge compressed into a keel. Cleft
of mouth very oblique; teeth hooked; scales strongly ctenoid. Upper
jaw protractile; pectoral very long and falcate. First dorsal small,
inserted behind front of long anal. Eastern Pacific. (Name a diminu-
tive of Atherina.)

1176. ATHERINELLA PANAMENSIS, Steindachner.

Head 43; depth 43. D. IIJ-1, 7; A. I, 21; scales 37 or 38-74; eye large,
3; snout 3. The broad flat interorbital space 2}in head. Profilestraight
from snout to second dorsal. Ventral convex from base of lower jaw to
end of long anal, edge of abdomen forming a sharp keel. Lower jaw
oblique; premaxillary protractile; maxillary concealed by preorbital
when mouth is closed. Teeth in several rows, those of two outer rows
thickened at base and strongly incurved at tips. Pectoral very strongly
developed, much longer than head, falcate, as in Pelecus cultratus, which
this species strongly resembles. Upper pectoral ray longest, 24 in body,
others rapidly shortening; ventrals short, nearer tip of lower jaw than
base of caudal. Spinous dorsal short and weak, inserted over tenth anal
ray; soft dorsal extending farther back than anal; lower caudal lobe
longest. Seales strongly ctenoid, those above lateral line longest. A
silver-gray lateral band dotted with black. Panama. (Steindachner.)
Known from one specimen 5} inches long.

Atherinella panamensus, StEINDACHNER, Ichth. Beit., 11, 35, 1875, Panama.

361. LABIDESTHES, Cope.

Labidesthes, Cope, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. Phila., 1870, 455, (sicculum).

This genus differs from Menidia chiefly in the prolongation of the jaws,
both of which are produced into a short depressed beak. The scales are
small, as in Leuresthes and Basilichthys, their edges entire. (AaGic, a pair
of forceps; éc0iw,to eat. )

1177. LABIDESTHES SICCULUS (Cope).

(Brook SILVERSIDE ; SKIPJACK.)

Head 44; depth 6; eye 34. D. IV-I, 11; A. I, 23; scales 75. Body
elongate, very slender, compressed. Head long, flattened above, narrow

806 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

below. Snout slender, conic. Premaxillaries broad posteriorly, very
protractile, produced forward, the snout longer than the large eye.
Edge of upper jaw strongly concave. Teeth very slender, mostly in one
series, forming a narrow band infront. Scales small, thin, with entire
edges. Spinous dorsal very small; soft dorsal short. Anal fin long;
caudal forked; pectorals moderate. First dorsal inserted somewhat
behind the vent. Pale olive green, translucent; lateral silvery band
very distinct, scarcely broader than pupil, bounded above by a dark line;
back dotted with black. In the black waters of the lowland swamps
the silvery is underlaid by black. Length 3% inches. Ponds and slug-
gish streams; Lake Ontario and southern Michigan to Iowa, Florida, and
Texas; locally abundant; a very graceful little fish, widely distributed,
confined to fresh waters. (siccus, dried; found in half-dry pools.)

Chirostoma sicculum, Corr, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1865, 81, Crosse Isle, Detroit River.
(Coll. Professor Fox.)

Labidesthes sicculus, COPE, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. Phila., 1870, 40; Jonpan & GILBERT, Synopsis,
406, 1883.

362. ATHERINOPSIS, Girard.

(PESCADO DEL REY.)

Atherinopsis, GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1854, 134, (californiensis). *

This genus differs from Basilichthys in the nonprotractility of the upper
jaw. The spines of the premaxillaries are very short, much shorter than
the eye, and they are covered by a skin which is continuous with that of
the forehead, being only capable of such motion as is permitted by the
extension of a fold of skin between the jaws and the frontal region.
Seales small. One species, reaching a considerable size, and having
importance as a food-fish. (Atherina; 6Wic, appearance.)

1178. ATHERINOPSIS CALIFORNIENSIS, Girard.

(‘‘ CALIFORNIA SMELT;’’ PESCADO DEL REY; PEIXE ReEy ; PESCE-RE.)

Head 43; depth 5. D.IX-I, 12; A.I, 23; scales 77-13. Eye small, 5 in
head. Body elongate, little compressed. Maxillary narrow, not reach-
ing to the eye, not slipping under the preorbital. Jaws even; teeth
small, pointed, in narrow bands; inner series of upper jaw enlarged.
Gill rakers very long and slender. Scales crenate, somewhat rough, but
not laciniate. First dorsal large, inserted in front of anal nearer base
than snout; second dorsal inserted in front of middle of anal, which has
ascaly sheath. Pectorals nearly as long as head, not reaching to ventrals,
the latter halfway to vent. Vertebre about 45. Translucent greenish, a
burnished lateral stripe which is rather plumbeous than silvery, some
yellow on the opercles. Length 18 inches. Coast of California, from
Cape Mendocino to San Diego ; very abundant in schools near the shore;
a food-fish of considerable importance, with white flesh of fine texture;
wrongly known as ‘‘ Smelt” to English-speaking people in California.
Atherinopsis californiensis, GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1854, 134, San Francisco, Cal.

(Coll. Dr. Heermann. )

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 807

Atherinichthys californiensis, GUNTHER, Cat., 111, 406, 1861; JonpAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 409,
1883.

Atherina storeri (AYRES) GIRARD, Proc. Ac, Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 136, San Francisco.

363. ATHERINOPS, Steindachner.
(PESCADILLOS DEL REy.)

Atherinops, STEINDACHNER, Ichth. Beitriige, 111, 61, 1875, (affinis).

Teeth incisor-like, bifid or branched, arranged in a single row in each
jaw. Otherwise asin Atherinopsis. Three species known, from California
and Mexico. These differ from the other Atherinid@ in being chiefly herbivo-
rous as the dentition would indicate. (Atherina; ow, appearance. )

a, Teeth Y-shaped, the inner fork little if any shorter than the outer.

b. Scales 62 to68. Dorsal V-I, 11; anal I, 22; spinous dorsal much in front of anal.
INSULARUM, 1179.
bb. Scales 52 to 56. Dorsal VI-I, 11; anal I, 22. Spinous dorsal over vent. ArFFINIs, 1180.
aa, Teeth scarcely Y-shaped, the inner prong forming a short lateral branch on the main stem.
Scales 46. Dorsal VII-I, 10; anal I, 22; spinous dorsal in front of vent. Pectorals longer than
head. REGIS, 1181.

1179. ATHERINOPS INSULARUM, Gilbert.

Closely allied to Atherinops affinis, differing in the darker color, the
slenderer form, the much smaller scales, and the shorter spinous dorsal,
which is inserted farther forward. Scales 62 to 68 (52 to 56 in affinis);
5 scales between upper edge of silvery band and front of spinous dorsal
(4 in affinis). Front of dorsal much nearer tip of snout than is front of
anal, the distance between base of last dorsal spine and front of soft dorsal
greater than length of base of soft dorsal (much less than length of dorsal
in afinis). Spinous dorsal constantly with 5 spines (6 or 7 in affnis).
Otherwise, in fins, dentition, and general proportions as in affinis. As in
afinis, the inner fork of teeth is occasionally shorter than the outer,
approaching the case of Atherinops regis, where this is the rule. Very
abundant at San Clemente and San Nicolas Islands of the Santa Barbara
Group, and farther south at Guadalupe Island; not yet found on the
shores of the mainland. A. affinis is not known from these islands.
(insularum, of the islands. )

Atherina insularum, GILBERT, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., 1891, 549, San Clemente; San Nicolas.
Guadalupe Island. (Coll. Gilbert.)

1180. ATHERINOPS AFFINIS (Ayres).

(LirrLe ‘‘Smext;’’ PescaApILLo DEL Rey.)

Head 5; depth 44. D. VI-I, 11; A. I, 22; scales 52 to 56. Maxillary
not reaching pupil. Lower jaw slightly shorter than upper. Teeth*
close-set, incisor-like, Y-shaped, the forks divergent, the inner fork often
a little shorter than the other; teeth in lower jaw largest and most mov-
able. Eye large, not longer than snout. Spinous dorsal moderate, inserted

* First superior pharyngeal with teeth; second, third, and fourth coossified, with teeth. —
E. C. Starks.

808 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

over the vent, its origin midway between posterior angle of opercle and
base of caudal. Pectoral about as long as the head, reaching ventrals, the
ventrals not to vent. Body stouter than in related species. Scales firm,
crenate. Peritoneum dark; herbivorous. Clear hyaline green, a silvery
lateral band, 13 scales wide, narrower than eye, bordered above by a pur-
plish line. Back and sides thickly punctate. Irisand opercles with bright
yellow. Lengtha foot. Coast of California in sandy bays in schools, with
Atherinopsis californiensis, and equally abundant: also an excellent food-
fish, but smaller and therefore of less importance. (affinis, related.)

Atherinopsis affinis, AYRES, Proc. Cal. Ac. Nat. Sci., 1860, 73, San Francisco.
Atherinops affiuis, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 409, 1883.

1181. ATHERINOPS REGIS, Jenkins & Evermann.
(PEZ DEL REY.)

Head 43; depth 44. D. VII-11; A.1I, 22; scales 46-15; eye large, equal-
ing snout, 3§ in head. Maxillary not reaching pupil, lower jaw shorter
than upper. Teeth in a single series, close-set, incisor-like, weak, each
with a short lateral branch on the main stem, not Y-shaped; tips brown.
Gil] rakers about 19 on lower limb of anterior arch, about 30 on lower
limbs of succeeding arches, not strong, equaling diameter of pupil. Origin
of spinous dorsal in front of vent, its distance from tip of snout being
but little more than half length of body, the origin of the first to the
origin of the second dorsal less than 4 length of body. The origin of
first dorsal is much nearer the angle of the opercle than to base of caudal.
The pectorals are longer than head by ¢ the length of the head, reaching
to the middle of ventrals. Ventrals about reaching vent, nearly 2 in
head. Scales firm, large; pores developed on scales on various parts of
the body; 4 rows on the cheeks. Peritoneum black. Color, in alcohol,
pale, darker above the lateral band, the scales in this region having fine
punctulations, a silvery band slightly more than one scale wide, ? the
diameter of the eye, the upper third bordered by a dark line. This species
is allied to Atherinops affinis, Ayres, from which it differs in the longer
pectorals, larger scales, and in the position of the spinous dorsal, which
in this species is much nearer the head. Gult of California; a common
food-fish. (regis, del rey, of the king.)

Atherinops regis, JENKINS & EVERMANN, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., 1888, 138, Bay of Guaymas.
(Type, No. 39632. Coll. Jenkins & Eyvermann.)

Family CVII. MUGILIDA.*

(THE MULLETS.)

Body oblong, more or less compressed, covered with rather large cycloid
scales; no lateral line, but the furrows often deepened on the middle of
each scale so as to form lateral streaks. Mouth small, the jaws with

* For a detailed account of the American marine Mugilidx, see Jordan & Swain, Proc. U. S$.
Nat. Mus., 1884, 261.

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. S09

small teeth, or none, the teeth various in form; premaxillaries protrac-
tile. Gill openings wide, the membranes separate, free from the isthmus.
Branchiostegals5or6. Gillrakerslongandslender. Gills4, aslit behind
fourth. Pseudobranchie large. Two short dorsal fins, well separated,
the anterior with 4 stiff spines, the last one of which is much shorter than
the others; second dorsal longer than the first, similar to anal; anal
spines 2 or 3, graduated; ventral fins abdominal, not far back, composed
of 1 spine and 5 rays; caudal forked. Air bladder large, simple. Intes-
tinal canal long. Peritoneum usually black. Vertebree 24. Genera 8 or
10; species about 100, inhabiting the fresh waters and coasts of warm
regions, feeding on organic matter contained in mud. ‘In the genus
Mugil, a considerable indigestible portion of the latter is swallowed, and
in order to prevent larger bodies from passing into the stomach, or sub-
stances from passing through the gill openings, these fishes have the
organs of the pharynx modified into a filtering apparatus. They take in
a quantity of sand or mud, and after having worked it for some time
between the pharyngeal bones, they eject the roughest and indigestible
portion of it. The upper pharyngeals have a rather irregular form; they
are slightly arched, the convexity being directed toward the pharyngeal
cavity, tapering anteriorly, and broad posteriorly. They are coated with
a thick, soft membrane, which reaches far beyond the margin of the bone,
and is studded all over with minute horny cilia. Each branchial arch is
provided with a series of long gill rakers, which are laterally bent down-
ward, each series closely fitting to the sides of the adjoining arch; they
constitute together a sieve admirably adapted to permit a transit for the
water, retaining at the same time every solid substance in the cavity of
the pharynx.” (Giinther.) (Mugilidw, Giinther, u1, Cat., 409-467, 1861.)
MueILina”:
a. Stomach muscular, gizzard-like; teeth slender, usually having the form of cilia; lower jaw
angular in front; species chiefly marine.
b. Anal spines 3; teeth ciliiform, flexible.
ec, Orbit with a well-developed adipose eyelid, covering part of the iris; cilia in one or
few series, slender; cleft of mouth chiefly anterior. Mvuait, 364.
ce. Orbit without distinct adipose eyelid.
d. Cleft of mouth lateral; lower jaw narrow; upper jaw very thick and very pro-
tractile; cilia broad, in many series, pavement-like. CH&NOMUGIL, 365.
bb. Anal spines 2, the first soft ray simple but articulate; teeth distinct, in a few series,
scarcely ciliiform, often obsolete in the lower jaw; lips thin; no adipose eyelid;
preorbital serrate. QUERIMANA, 366,
AGONOSTOMIN &:
aa. Stomach not gizzard-like; teeth not ciliiform; lower jaw not angular in front; cleft of
mouth lateral; fresh-water species, inhabiting chiefly mountain torrents in the tropics,
e. Teeth in villiform bands. F
Jf. Anal spines 2; teeth in bands on jaws and vomer; lower jaw without lamelliform
folds. AGONOSTOMUS, 367.
ee. Teeth coarse, broad, truncate incisors, with their free edges serrate; smaller teeth on
vomer; none on palatines; head heavy, the bluut, tumid snout overhanging the
small, inferior mouth; lower jaw forming a sharp soft edge. Jorurus, 368.

364. MUGIL (Artedi) Linnwus.
(MULLETS.)
Mugil (Anren1) Linnavus, Syst. Nat., Ed. x, 1758, 316, (cephalus).

Body oblong, somewhat compressed, covered with large scales. Head
large, convex, scaled above and on sides. Mouth small, subinterior, the

810 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

lower jaw angulated. Jaws with one or a few series of short, flexible,
ciliiform teeth ; no teeth on vomer or palatines. Eye large, with a large
adipose eyelid, which is little developed in the young. Stomach muscu-
lar, like the gizzard of afowl. Species very numerous, living on mud and
running in great schools along the shores and in brackish lagoons of all
warm regions. We here exclude from Mugil the Old World group, Liza
(type Mugil capito), similar in habit to Mugil but lacking the adipose eye-
lid. (Mugil, the Mullet, from mulgeo, to suck.)

a. Soft dorsal and anal fins almost naked; anal rays III, 8, rarely III, 7; sides with dark longi-
tudinal stripes along the rows of scales; caudal deeply forked; size large.
b. Scales about 33 in longitudinal series; depth about 44% in length to base of caudal;
teeth very minute; distance from tip of pectoral to front of dorsal about ? the
length of the pectoral; lips rather thin. BRASILIENSIS, 1182.
bb. Scales about 41 in a longitudinal series; depth about 4 in length to base of caudal;
teeth close-set, rather small; distance of tip of pectoral from front of dorsal about
2 the length of pectoral. CEPHALUS, 1183.
aa. Soft dorsal and anal fins scaled; sides without dark stripesalong the rows of scales; caudal
less deeply forked; size smaller.
c. Anal rays III, 9; scales 35 to 45 in a longitudinal series.
d. Scales 42 to 45 in longitudinal series; teeth small.

e. Head small, 41% in length. INCILIS, 1184.
ee. Head large, 334 in length. THOBURNI, 1185.

dd. Scales 35 to 38 in longitudinal series.

f. Pectoral not nearly reaching origin of dorsal, the distance from its tip to front
of dorsal being in the adult 14 length of pectoral; teeth close-set, rather
small, (but distinctly visible without a lens; scales 38 or 39 in longitudinal
series; dorsal less falcate. CUREMA, 1186.

Jj. Pectoral nearly reaching origin of dorsal.

g. Teeth rather wide-set, very small, mostly uniserial, scarcely visible in adult
without a lens; larger in the young.

h. Scales 38; bare space between dentary bones very large. HospEs, 1187.

hh. Scales 35 or 36 in longitudinal series; bare space between dentary

bones small. GAIMARDIANUS, 1188.
gg. Teeth large, in many series above; fins deeply falcate; 37 scales in longi-
tudinal series. SETOSUS, 1189.

ec. Anal rays III, 8; scales very large, about 33 in a longitudinal series; teeth wide-set,
larger than in any other species except sefosus, about as long as the nostril; upper

lip thick; pectoral not nearly reaching front of dorsal; size small.
TRICHODON, 1190,

1182. MUGIL BRASILIENSIS, Agassiz.

(Liza; LEBRANCHO ; QUERIMAN.)

Head 4 in length (54 including caudal); depth 4# (5%). D. IV-I, 8; A.
III,8; scales 35-12. Body elongate, more slender than in any other American
Mugil. Snout broad and bluntish, the upper profile almost straight and
horizontal (in young examples the anterior profile is about equally oblique
above and below). Interorbital space greatly convex, its width 2 in
head. Upper lip rather thin. Space at the chin between the mandi-
bulary bones oblanceolate, acutish posteriorly. Preorbital large, almost
covering maxillary. Eyes hidden anteriorly and posteriorly by a broad.
adipose membrane. Teeth very minute. Scales large, those on top of
head larger; about 21 large scales between origin of dorsal and tip of

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 811

snout; soft dorsal and anal almost naked. Margin of soft dorsal very
concave, the sixth 1ay shortest, 3 times in second and longestray. Anal
similar to soft dorsal, but slightly less concave. Caudal deeply forked.
Color dusky above, silvery below; a dusky streak along each row of
scales, these streaks not so wide as in Mugil cephalus. Scales on side
and opercle with dark punctulations; ventrals pale yellowish, the fins
otherwise dusky. Length 18 inches. Cuba to Patagonia, common inthe
West Indies and along the coast of Brazil; abundant in the markets of
Havana, where it is usually known as Lebrancho. It has not yet been
noticed in the waters of Florida, although probably occurring there. It
is readily distinguished from Mugil cephalus and other species with naked
dorsal and anal, by its large scales.

Mugil brasiliensis, AGAssiz, Spix, Pisc. Brasil., 234, plate 72,1829, Atlantic Ocean off Brazil ;

the types in the museum at Munich ; Jorpan & Swarn, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1886, 262.

Mugil liza, Cuvier & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., x1, 83, 1836, Brazil; Porto Rico;

Maracaibo; Surinam; Martinique.
Mugil lebranchus, Pozy, Memorias, 11, 260, plate 18, fig. 3, 1861, Cuba.

1183. MUGIL CEPHALUS, Linnzus.

(CommMoN MULLET; Srripep Mutier; Cérato; Macno; Macuvro; Lisa CaBezupa.)

Head 4 (54 in total with caudal); depth 33 (5 in total). D. IV-I,8; A.
Ill, 8 (very rarely III, 7); scales 41-13. Body rather robust, somewhat
compressed, its depth moderate. Snout rather narrow and acutish, its
upper profile little less oblique than lower. Interorbital space slightly
convex, 2? in head. Upper lip rather thin. Space at the chin between
the mandibulary bones oblanceolate, acutish posteriorly. Preorbital
narrow, not nearly covering the maxillary. Eyes hidden anteriorly and
posteriorly by a broad adipose membrane. Teeth close-set, rather small,
but evident. Scales rather small; about 23 large scales between origin
of dorsal and tip of snout; scales on top of head slightly enlarged; soft
dorsal and anal with very few scales. First dorsal spine usually a little
more than half head, its length subject to some variation. Margin of
soft dorsal concave, the seventh ray shortest, 24 times in length of second
or longest ray; anal similar to soft dorsal, but less concave. Pectoral
reaching nearly to front of spinous dorsal, its insertion above axis of body.*
Caudal deeply forked. Color dark bluish above; sides silvery, with
conspicuous dark stripes along each row of scales; pale yellowish below;
ventrals yellowish, the other fins more or less dusky. Length 1 to 2 feet.
Coasts of southern Europe and northern Africa; Atlantic coast of
America, from Cape Cod to Brazil; Pacific coast, in great schools in bays,
lagoons, and sheltered waters from Monterey to Chili, everywhere very
common; a food-fish of considerable importance, the flesh of fair quality.
On renewed comparison of specimens we are still wholly unable to sepa-
rate M. albula from the east coast of North and South America, M. mezi-
canus of southern California, M. guntheri from western Mexico, and M.
rammelsbergii from Peru, from the ordinary European mullet, and so unite

* Not on the median line, as stated by Dr. Giinther in his account of Mugil lineatus,

$12 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

all under one head as Mugil cephalus. ‘The species has, however, not been

recorded from Cuba. (Cephalus, Céfalo, an old name from xedaaj,

head.) (Eu.)

Mugil cephalus, LINN&{US, Systema Nature, Ed. x, 316, 1758, Europe ; based on ARTEDI.

Mugil albula, LINNXUS, Syst. Nat., Ed, xu, 520, 1766, Charlecton. (Coll. Dr. Garden.)

Mugil tang, BLocu, Ichthyologia, plate 395, 1794, Africa.

Mugil plumieri, Buocn, l. ¢., plate 396, 1794, St. Vincent ; on a drawing by Prumrer.

Mugil lineatus, Mircuitn MS., Cuvier & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., x1, 96, 1836, New
York.

Mugil rammelsbergii, TscHup1, Fauna Peruana, Ichthy., 20, 1845, Peru.

Mugil berlandieri, GIRARD, U. S. and Mex. Bound. Sury., 20, plate 10, figs. 1 to 4, 1859, St.
Joseph’s Island, Indianola; Brazos Santiago; Brazos; and Galveston; all on coast
of Texas. (Coll. Wiirdemann, Clark, and Kennerly.)

Mugil giintheri, Grtt, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, 169, western coast of Central
America; not of STEINDACHNER.

Mugil mexicanus, STEINDACHNER, Ichthyol. Beitrige, 111, 59, 1875, Acapulco.

Mugil albula, Jonpan & GILBERT, Synopsis, 403, 1883.

Mugil cephalus, JonDAN & Swatn, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1884, 263.

1184. MUGIL INCILIS, Hancock.

(TRENCH MULLET.)

Head 43; depth 44. D.IV-I,8; A. III, 9; scales 42 to 44-15, 23 before
the dorsal. Snout moderately broad, scarcely convex, with the
lower profile ascending in the same degree as the upper descends; the
teeth very small, slender; interorbital space slightly-convex, its width 23 in
length of head. Upper lip rather thin; the angle made by the two
mandibulary bones a right one; the preorbital tapers posteriorly, has
the anterior margin finely serrated, and covers the maxillary so that only
a very narrow portion of it is visible on the side of the snout. Adipose
eyelids large. The space of the chin, between the mandibles and inter.
opercles is elongate cuneiform. Soft dorsal and anal fins scaly. Second
dorsal spine slightly longer than the first, and more than half length of —
head; pectoral short, reaching tenth scale, not quite reaching dorsal ;
fins scarcely faleate; caudal deeply emarginate. Silvery; axil blackish;
sides without dark stripes along the rows of scales. (Giinther.)
Brackish waters from Rio Chagres to Para and Bahia; common. (incilis,
pertaining to a ditch.)

Mugil incilis, Hancock, Quart. Journ. Sci., 1830, 127, Guiana; GwtntTHeEr, Fishes Centr.

Amer., 1869, Jornpan & Swain, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1884, 266.
Mugil giintheri, STEINDACHNER, Ichth. Notizen, 1, 12, 1864, British Guiana.

1185. MUGIL THOBURNI, Jordan & Starks, new species.

Head 34 to 32; depth 4; dorsal IV-7; anal III,9; scales 44-15; orbit
equal to snout, 44 in head; uncovered part of eye 8 or 9 in head; inter-
orbital 2}; first dorsal spine 2; soft dorsal and anal equal, the longest
ray 24; ventrals 2in head; pectoral 13. Body moderately elongate; a
very gentle curve from tip of snout to dorsal; ventral outline consider-
ably curved, the curve uniform from chin to caudal peduncle. Head
large, broadly rounded above; eye moderate, with a large adipose eyelid;

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North A merica. 813

mouth oblique, the maxillary reaching to front of orbit; upper lip rather

_ thick; lower jaw with a knob at the middle which fits into an emargi-

nation in the upper, its angle more obtuse than a right angle; space
on chin between mandibulary bones, broad in front, acute behind, the
subopercles meeting below. Teeth very minute, scarcely appreciable.
Preorbital minutely serrated. Pectorals reaching about to middle of
ventrals, not to spinous dorsal; spinous dorsal inserted above posterior
end of ventrals when fin is depressed ; first spine of dorsal the longest;
soft dorsal and anal similar, their margins incised; ventrals inserted
behind middle of pectoral; soft dorsal and anal scaly, 23 scales before
dorsal. Color slaty bluish above, silvery below; sides with rather faint
longitudinal bluish stripes which follow the rows of scales, fading out
on the belly and running into the darker color on the back; ventrals and
anal pale; pectoral and dorsals dusky ; a dusky bar at base of pectoral.
Pacific Coast of tropical America from Guatemala to Galapagos; the types,
two specimens (No. 1607, L. 8. Jr. Univ. Mus.), the largest 8 inches long,
collected by the Albatross in the Galapagos. Close to Mugil incilis, the
head larger, and with several minor differences. (Named for Dr. Wilbur
Wilson Thoburn of Stanford University in recognition of his work on
the Cottida.)

1186. MUGIL CUREMA, Cuvier & Valenciennes.

(Waite MvuLiet; Biue-pack Muutet; Liza; Lisa BLANCA.)

Head 4}; depth 33. D.IV-I, 8; A. III, 9; scales 38-12. Body moder-
ately elongate, its depth about equaling that of Mugil cephalus. Snout
rather narrow and pointed, the upper profile not so oblique as lower.
Interorbital space slightly convex, 2$ in head. Upper lip rather thick.
Space at the chin between the mandibulary bones oblanceolate, acutish
posteriorly. Preorbital rather narrow, nearly covering the maxillary

_ posteriorly. Eyes hidden anteriorly and posteriorly by a broad adipose

membrane. Teeth thick-set, rather small, but distinctly visible to the
naked eye. Scales rather small, about 23 from origin or dorsal to tip of
snout; soft dorsal and anal densely scaled. Soft dorsal slightly concave,
the seventh and shortest ray 24 in second or longest ray. Anal similar to
soft dorsal. Pectoral falling short of spinous dorsal by a distance equal
to } its. length in adult, sometimes longer in young. Caudal forked.
Color dark olive above, with some bluish reflections; silvery below; no
dusky streaks along sides ; a rather small dark blotch at base of pectoral ;
spinous and soft dorsal and pectorals pale, with numerous small dark
punctulations ; caudal pale, yellowish at base, margin of fin blackish;
anal and ventrals yellowish; side of head with two yellow blotches.
Cape Cod to Brazil; Magdalena Ray to Chili, generally common on both
coasts of America, especially in the tropics. A food-fish of importance,
entering the sea more freely than does Mugil cephalus, which is a bay
fish. Length about a foot. (Curema, a Portuguese name used by Mare-
grave, doubtless corresponding to the Spanish Queriman.)

Mugil eurema, Cuvier & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., x1, 87, 1836, Brazil; Martinique;

Cuba,

814 | Bulletin 47, Untted States National Museum.

Mugil petrosus, Cuvier & VALENCIENNES, l. c., 89, Brazil; Surinam; Gulf of Mexico; Cuba;
Jorpan & Swain, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1884, 268.

Mugil brasiliensis, JorpAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 403, 1883; GUNTHER, Cat. 111, 431, 1861; not of
AGASSIZ.

1187. MUGIL HOSPES, Jordan & Culver.

(LisrTA.)

Head 33 to 4; depth 4 to 44. D.IV-8; A. III, 9; scales 38-13; eye 44
in head; snout 4; maxillary 4. Body a little slenderer and more com-
pressed than in Mugil curema, the back considerably arched, the profile
gently curved from tip of snout to front of soft dorsal. Eye moderate,
with a large adipose eyelid. Head broad, rounded above, the interorbital
width 23 in its length. Teeth very small, visible with a lens only. Tip
of lower jaw forming a right angle. Bare space between dentary bones
club-shaped, much larger than in Mugil curema, the subopercles barely
meeting below. Pectoral somewhat falcate, unusually long, reaching
about to base of third dorsal spine, 14 in head, its long axillary scale
unusually long, half length of the fin and 23 in head. First dorsal
inserted over middle of body, over middle of length of ventral spine ;
second dorsal moderate, its edge incised; upper lobe of caudal a little
longer than lower, as long as head. Anal rather high; ventrals inserted
before middle of pectorals. Dorsal and anal fins scaly. Color much
as in Mugil curema, rather greener above, sides silvery, with faint traces
of longitudinal streaks; fins pale; upper edge of pectoral and end of cau-
dal dusky ; a small blackish spot at base of pectoral above; no yellow on
head. Length 9 inches. Pacific Coast of Mexico, not rare in Mazatlan
Harbor, with Mugil curema, from which the long pectoral readily distin-
guishes it. (hospes, a landlord, in allusion to the almost constant pres-
ence in the mouth of a small Oniscid crustacean similar to that found in
the Menhaden. )

Mugil hospes, JorpAN & Cutver, MS., Fishes of Sinaloa, 1895, Mazatlan. (Type, No. 2980,
L. 8. Jr. Univ. Mus.; cotypes, No. 47446, U.S. Nat. Mus. Coll. Jordan, Culver & Starks.)

1188. MUGIL GAIMARDIANUS, Desmarest.

(ReEv-EYE MutLuet; Liza O50 DE PERDRIZ.)

Head 4; depth 32. D.IV-I,8; A. III,9; scales 35 or 36-11. Body
rather robust, moderately compressed. Snout rather narrow and pointed,
upper profile almost as oblique as lower. Interorbital space convex, 2}
in head. Upper lip rather thick, about as in Mugil curema. Space at the
chin between the mandibulary bones elliptical, acutish in front and
behind, scarcely longer than snout. Preorbital rather narrow, covering
about half of the maxillary. Eyes hidden anteriorly and posteriorly by
a broad adipose membrane. Teeth rather wide-set, very small, not visi-
ble without the aid of alens. Scales in the adult rather large, evident
in the young, about 20 in a line from origin of spinous dorsal to tip of
snout; soft dorsal and anal densely scaly. Soft dorsal concave on its

Jordan and Evermann.—Ffishes of North America. 815

margin; the seventh ray shortest, 23 in second or longest ray. Anal sim-
ilar to soft dorsal but more concave. Pectoral reaching very nearly to
front of spinous dorsal. Caudal forked. Color dusky above, with bluish
reflections, silvery below; no dusky streaks along sides; spinous and
soft dorsal dusky, the latter finely punctulate with brown, its anterior
rays tipped with black; Caudal pale, broadly margined with black;
anal pale, its basal half appearing dusky from dark punctulations; pec-
toral pale in front, rather dusky behind, where there is a dusky blotch at
base. Length 11 inches. Florida Keys to Cuba; not abundant, but com-
mon at Key West. (Named for P. Gaimard, the associate of Quoy, in the
study of the animals obtained on Freycinet’s voyage of the Uranie and
the Physicienne, and on Dumont d’Urville’s voyage of the Astrolobe. )

Mugil gaimardianus, DesMAREsT, Dict. Class., pl. 109, 1831, Cuba; no description; Pory, Ann.

Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 64, pl. 7, figs. 1-3, 1875, Cuba; first description; Jornpan & Swain,
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1884, 267.

1189. MUGIL SETOSUS, Gilbert.

Head 33 to 34 in length; depth4; eye large, equaling or slightly exc 2ed-
ing the length of the snout, 34 to 4 in head, 1? in interorbital width. D.
IV-I, 8; A. III, 9; scales 37. Closely resembling Mugil hospes, from
which it differs widely in its much larger multiserial sete, and the
longer, narrower mouth. Mandibular angle less than 90 degrees; length
of cleft of mouth but little less than its width. Premaxillary sete in
a narrow band, not arranged in definite cross lines as in Chenomugil ; those
of outer row very long and numerous, curved and closely crowded ; inner
sete much shorter, but arranged in several irregular series; mandibular
sete shorter and slenderer but larger than the premaxillary set of M.
curema ; in a Single series ; a narrow strip only of the maxillary is visible
in the closed mouth. Upperlipthick. Preorbitaldenticulated. Adipose
eyelid partly covering pupil, but much thinner than in curema and related
species, the whole eye being visible through it in alcoholic specimens;
adipose mass lying behind eye less developed, encroaching but little on
theopercle. Suborbital very wide, as in Mugiltrichodon. Scales moderate,
20 in front of dorsal, 11 in an oblique series from vent to base of dorsal.
Accessory scale on each side of spinous dorsal usually longer than the
base of the fin. Axillary scale exceedingly thin and membranous. Soft
portions of all the vertical fins scaled to tip; basal portions of the pec-
torals and ventrals also scaled. Pectoral long, pointed, slightly faleate,
as long as head behind front of pupil, reaching tenth or eleventh scale on
sides, failing to reach front of spinous dorsal by about } its own length.
Spinous dorsal lower than soft dorsal. Both soft dorsal and anal strongly
faleate, the last rays much higher than middle rays, the anterior rays when
depressed nearly reaching tips of last rays. Soft dorsal inserted over fourth
or fifth ray of anal. Caudal longer than head, the lobes long and pointed.
Plain grayish above, silvery on sides and below, without stripes or other
markings. Ventrals unmarked, the other fins slightly dusky, the caudal
with a distinct black margin. Very abundant at Clarion Island, of the
Revillagigedo group, also found at Mazatlan, where the color is mueh

816 Bulletin 27, United States National Museum.

darker than in the types which came from bottom of voleanic ashes.
(setosus, bearing bristles. )
Mugil setosus, GILBERT, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1891, 549, Clarion Island. (Coll. Gilbert.)

1190. MUGIL TRICHODON, Poey.

(FAN-TAIL MULLET.)

Head 43; depth 33. D.IV-I, 8; A. III, 8; scales 33-11. Body rather
robust, its depth somewhat greater than in Mugil curema. Snout rather
narrow and pointed, the upper and lower profile about equally oblique.
Interorbital space flattish or slightly convex, 23 in head. Upper lip
thick, thicker than in any other species here described. Space at the
chin between the mandibulary bones oblanceolate, acutish posteriorly.
Preorbital narrow, covering little of maxillary. Eyes hidden anteriorly
and posteriorly by a broad adipose membrane. ‘Teeth wide-set ; larger
than in most other species; plainly visible in both jaws, and about as long
as the nostril. Scales large, about 21 from origin of dorsal to tip of
snout; soft dorsal and anal densely scaled. Soft dorsal concave; the
seventh ray shortest, 2? in second or longest ray; anal similar to soft
dorsal. Pectoral not reaching nearly to front of spinous dorsal, Caudal
broad, forked. Color dusky olive above, with some bluish reflections ;
silvery below. No dusky streaks along the rows of scales. A dark blotch
at base of pectoral. Dorsals and caudal pale, the former with very small
dark punctulations. Caudal margined with blackish. Anal and ventrals
yellowish. Pectorals pale, finely punctulate with brown. Length 10
inches. Florida Keys to Brazil; very abundant at Key West, but rare
about Cuba. (pif, hair; ddove, tooth.)

Mugil trichodon, Pory, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., x1, 1875, 66, plate 8, figs. 4 to 8, Cuba.
Mugil brasiliensis, JORDAN & SwAINn, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1884, 270; not of AGAssiz,

365. CHAZNOMUGIL, Gill.

Chenomugil, GILL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, 169, (proboscideus).

Cleft of mouth lateral; lower jaw narrow; dentiform cilia in very many
series, broad, flat, and somewhat paved; upper lip very thick; no adi-
pose eyelid. Small mullets, of the tropical shores. (yaivw, to gape;
Mugil.)

1191. CHENOMUGIL PROBOSCIDEUS* (Giinther).

Head, and especially the body and tail, compressed ; the greatest depth
of body nearly equals length of head, and is 43 in total length; eye 4,
shorter than snout. Dorsal IV-I, 8; anal III, 10; scales 38, 14 in trans-

* A second species of Ohzenomugil, possibly American, is Chenomugil nigro-strigatus (GUNTHER):

Head 5; depth 424; dorsal IV-I, 8; anal III, 9, scales 42, 13 or 14 in a transverse series, 27
between snout and spinous dorsal. Upper lip extremely thick, without transverse fold, and with
about 7 series of small flat papille on its inferior half; lower lip witha broad membranaceous
margin, notched in the middle, but nut ciliated. Interorbital space slightly convex, 244 in head.
Snout as long as eye or longer. Chin nearly entirely covered by the mandibles. Preorbital
truncate, not notched, not covering extremity of maxillary. Pectoral inserted nearly in the
middle of the depth of the body, without a pointed scale in its axil; not quite as long as head,

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 817

verse series, 23 before the dorsal. The front part of the upper lip is
extremely thick and conically produced, nearly as long as rest of snout;
low part of each lip with a band of soft pavement-like papille, arranged
in oblique series; lower jaw rather narrow; cleft of mouth deeper than
broad ; in some specimens the band of papille# passes into a series of fine
movable teeth anteriorly on the upper jaw. Upper anterior profile nearly
straight, obliquely descending ; interorbital space convex, 2 in head, and
sealy ; preorbital area naked. Maxillary entirely hidden by the preor-
bital, which has the extremity truncated and minutely serrated. The
spinous dorsal begins somewhat nearer base of caudal than to end of
snout; the soft dorsal and anal with small scales between the rays, the
former is higher than the spinous dorsal, and commences above the middle
of the anal fin; anal fin rather higher than long, as high as soft dorsal;
pectoral 17 in head; caudal emarginate. Silvery, upper parts greenish;
dark stripes of spots along the series of scales. (Giinther.) Pacific Coast
of tropical America; generally common in rock pools. Length 6 inches.
Known from Mazatlan, Cordova, and Panama. (proboscideus, having a
proboscis. )

Mugil proboscideus, GUNTHER, Cat., 111, 459, 1861, Island of Cordova, west coast of Cen-
tral America. (Coll. G. U. Skinner and Captain Dow.)
Chenomugil proboscideus, JORDAN & Swatn, Proc. U. 8. Nat, Mus., 1884, 272.

366. QUERIMANA, Jordan & Gilbert.
Querimana, JORDAN & GILBERT, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1882, 588, (harengus).

This genus includes little mullets, with but 2 spines in the anal fin
and with the teeth in the jaws less ciliiform than in Mugil. Adipose eye-
lid wanting; preorbital serrate. The species are all American, of small
size, and some of them swim in great schools atthe surface. Querimana is
close to the Australian genus Myxus, but Myxus has 3 anal spines. ((Quer-
iman, a Portuguese name of Mugil cwrema.)

a, Teeth in lower jaw obsolete; species of small size.

b. Scales small, 38 ina longitudinal series; dorsal fin IV-I, 8; anal II, 9 or 10.
HARENGUS, 1192.

bb, Scales large, 28 or 29 in a longitudinal series; dorsal fin IV-I, 8; anal II, 7 or 8.
GYRANS, 1193.

1192. QUERIMANA HARENGUS (Giinther),

(EL VERDE.)

Head 3+; depth 34 to 4. Dorsal IV-I, 8; anal II, 10; scales 38. Head
and body compressed; cleft of mouth broader than deep, not reaching

' reaching fourteenth scale of lateral line. Spinous dorsal commences midway between snout and
base of caudal, or above the sixteenth scale of lateral line; soft dorsal begins above the twenty-
sixth scale, or above the third soft anal ray. Soft dorsal not -caly, much higher than long, as
high as anal, which is longer than the dorsal. Body with about 11 brownish-black longitudinal
streaks produced by a series of spots, one always belonging to the cuticular fold covering base
of scale. (Giinther.) One specimen from unknown locality, supposed to be from St. Vincent.
Whether of the Cape Verde Islands or of the West Indies is unknown. (niger, black; strigatus,
streaked. )

Mugil nigro-strigatus, GUNTuER, Cat., 11, 457, 1861, supposed to be from St, Vincent,
F.A.N, 53

818 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

orbit; a single series of small fixed teeth in upper jaw, none in the lower
or on the vomer; lips thin. Preorbital serrate, anteriorly and inferiorly.
Anterior dorsal spines of moderate strength, 2 in head. .Sides and belly
bright silvery, back clear green; a large silvery blotch on each side above,
fading at death. Length 2 inches. Pacific Coast of Tropical America,
from Mazatlan to Peru; locally abundant. (harengus, herring.)

Myxus harengus, GUNTHER, Cat., 111, 467, 1861, Pacific Coast of Central America. (Coll.
Captain Dow.)
Querimana harengus, JORDAN & SWAIN, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1884, 274.

1198. QUERIMANA GYRANS, Jordan & Gilbert.

(Wuiriicig MULLET.)

Head 34; depth 3%; eye 32, large, equaling interorbital width, about
twice length of snout. _D. IV-I, 7; A. II, 7 or 8; scales 28 or 29. Body
compressed, especially below ; upper anterior profile descending in a curve
to the short snout; top of head transversely convex ; mouth rather narrow,
oblique, the symphysis of lower jaw forming an acute angle. Teeth ina
single series in upper jaw, rather better developed than in species of
Mugil, but not evidently of different character. Origin of ventral fins
midway between snout and end of anal fin; pectorals long, 5 times in
length of body; vertical fins apparently scaleless. Some specimens (per-
haps females) green above; sides and belly silvery; middle of back with
a large pale area, shining silvery when in the water. Other specimens
(perhaps males) with a broad coppery olive shade along the sides, extend-
ing on the back; color otherwise the same; the pale dorsal blotch as in
the other; fins pale. South Atlantic Coast of United States, known from
Woods Hole (Smith and Kendall) to Key West; generally abundant; a
curious little mullet, often found swimming round and round in great
schools at the surface like whirligig beetles; usually mistaken for the
young of the mullet or the bluefish. According to Mr. W. C. Kendall it
is common off Fortress Monroe, Virginia. Close to Querimana harengus,
but differing in coloration, size of scales, fin rays, etc. Length 2 inches.
(gyrans, whirling. )

Querimana gyrans, JORDAN & GILBERT, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1884, 26, Key West; Smiru, Bull.
U. 8. Fish Comm., xr, 1891, 192. (Type, No. 34966. Coll. Jordan.)

367. AGONOSTOMUS, Bennett.

Agonostomus, BENNETT, Proc. Comm. Zo@l. Soc., 1830, 166, (telfairii).
Dajaus, Cuvier & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., x1, 164, 1836, (monticola).
Nestis, Cuvier & VALENCIENNES, l. c., X1, 166, 1836, (cyprinoides = telfairii).

Fresh-water mullets, with cleft of mouth extending laterally about to
front of eye. Small teeth in villiform bands in both jaws, and some-
ulmes on the vomer. Edge of lower lip rounded, not sharp. Stomach .
not gizzard-like. Anal spines usually 2, the first soft ray slender and
often taken for a spine. Streams of mountainous regions in tropical
countries. ‘The American species constitute the subgenus Dajaus, char-
acterized by the presence of teeth on the palatines. (a-, without; )wvia,
angle; droua, mouth.)

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 819

a. Interorbital space flat, narrow, 4 in head; head 324; depth 414 to 414; lips thin; scales

40 to 42-13. PERCOIDES, 1194.
aa, Interorbital space convex, broad, 224 to 3 in head.
b. Lips thin; body rather deep; maxillary to front of eye. MONTICOLA, 1195.

bb. Lips thick.
e. Maxillary short, barely reaching front of eye, 4 in head; eye 5in head; head 414

in length. NASUTUS, 1196.
ce. Maxillary long, reaching posterior margin of pupil, 244 in head; eye very small,
614 in head; head 344 in length. MICROPS, 1197,

Subgenus DAJAUS, Cuvier & Valenciennes.

1194. AGONOSTOMUS PERCOIDES, Giinther.

Head 3%; depth 33. Dorsal IV-I, 8; anal III, 9; scales 40 to 42-13.
Villiform teeth in the jaws and on the vomer and palatines; upper lip
thin; maxillary reaching beyond front of eye; interorbital space flat,
its width 4 in head, rather greater than diameter of orbit, which equals
length of snout. Origin of spinous dorsal midway between snout and
base of caudal; length of anterior spine more than half that of head.
Soft dorsal as high as the spinous; caudal deeply emarginate; anal fin
higher than soft dorsal; pectoral as long as head without snout; ventrals
somewhat shorter than the pectoral fins. Nearly uniform greenish (in
spirits); blackish blotches between the dorsal spines. (Giinther.)
Fresh waters of San Domingo and probably of other islands. (percoides,
mepkoednc, like a perch.)

Agonostoma percoides, GUNTHER, Cat., 111, 464, 1861, San Domingo.

1195. AGONOSTOMUS MONTICOLA (Bancroft).

Depth 44 to 44 in total length (about 3? without caudal). Dorsal-IV-
I, 8; anal III, 9; scales 40 to 42, 12 in transverse series. Small teeth in
jaws and on the vomer and palatines. Upper lip thin; maxillary reach-
ing eye; interorbital space convex. Spinous dorsal somewhat nearer
snout than base of caudal. (Giinther.) Fresh waters of the West Indies
and eastern Mexico, Vera Cruz, etc. (monticola, inhabiting mountains.)
Mugil monticola, BANcRorT, in Griffith’s Edition Cuvier’s Animal Kingdom, Fishes, 367, plate

36, 1836,

Mugil irretitus, Gosse, Nat. Sojourn Jamaica, 84, 1851, Jamaica.
Agonostoma monticola, GUNTHER, Cat., 111, 464, 1861.

1196. AGONOSTOMUS NASUTUS, Giinther.
(TRuCHA.)

Head 44; depth 44; eye 14 in snout or 5 in head. Dorsal IV-I, 8; anal
III, 9; scales 42-12 in transverse series, 19 scales before the dorsal.
Body moderately compressed, rather thick behind the head ; upper ante-
rior profile slightly convex above the opercles. Snout obtusely conic.
Preorbital not toothed. Rather narrow bands of villiform teeth in the
jaws, on the vomer, and on the palatines. Upper lip thick; mouth
oblique, of moderate width, maxillary reaching eye, entirely hidden

820 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

when mouth is closed. Interorbital space convex, 23 in head. Anterior
dorsal commences nearer snout than base of caudal, and above tenth
scale of lateral line; its anterior spines rather strong, 2 in head. Soft
dorsal a littie higher than the spinous, not scaly, commencing above the
twenty-fourth scale, or above the fourth anal ray; caudal fin emar-
ginate; anal fin somewhat higher than the dorsal, spines feeble, the first
quite rudimentary ; pectoral inserted above the middle of the depth of
body, as long as distance from nostril to posterior edge of opercle. Back
grayish green, each scale with a brown margin; a silvery band from
base of pectoral to caudal fin; lower parts silvery; base of pectoral
blackish. (Ginther.) Rivers of Central America, on both sides of the
isthmus, north to Lower California.* (nasutus, long-nosed.)

Agonostoma nasutum, GUNTHER, Cat., 111, 463, 1861, Rio Geronimo; GUnrtHer, Fishes Central
America, 444, plate 70, fig. 2, 1866.

1197. AGONOSTOMUS MICROPS, Giinther.

Head 34; depth 4+; snout much longer than eye of male, which is
64 in head. Dorsal IV-I, 8; anal III, 9; scales 48-12 in transverse
series. Bands of villiform teeth in the jaws, on the vomer, and on the
palatine and pterygoid bones. Upper lip thick, protruding anteriorly ;
maxillary extending beyond the vertical from anterior margin of eye;
24 to 3 in head; interorbital space convex. Distance between dorsal
fins not as great as length of head; anterior dorsal conimencing midway
between snout and base of caudal. (Giinther.) Streams of West Indies
and Central America. (wuixpoc, small; ov, eye.)

Agonostoma microps, GUNTHER, Cat., 111, 462, 1861, probably West Indies.
Dajaus microps, GUNTHER, Fishes Central America, 444, plate 70, fig. 1, 1866.

368, JOTURUS, Poey.

Joturus, Porky, Memorias, 11, 263, 1861, (pichardi).

Large fresh-water mullets, with the head heavy, the blunt and tumid
snout projecting beyond the small, inferior mouth; mouth broad, with

* Specimens from San Jose del Cabo, near Cape San Lucas, obtained by Mr. Lyman Belding,
are thus descnibed:

Head 414 to 4144 in length (to base of caudal); eye 444 in head; maxillary not longer than
interorbital width, contained 234 to 314 times in head; a band of pterygoid teeth often but not
always developed; dorsal spines very strong, not flexible, the origin of the fin nearer snout
than tail; caudal well forked, the middle rays 114 in outer; maxillary usually extends slightly
beyond front of orbit.

Other specimens obtained by the Hopkins Expedition at Mazatlan are described as follows:

Head 414; depth 44%. D. IV-I, 8; A. II, 10; scales 43-13. Eye 324 in head; snout 324; max-
illary 344. Pectoral 14 in head; candal as long as head. Body moderately elongate, not much
compressed; nape prominent, rounded. Interorbital space much rounded, its width 3 in head.
Preorbital narrow, as wide aspupil; mouth rather small, the maxillary reaching front of pupil;
lower jaw included. Eye large, without adipose eyelid. Teeth small, sand-like, in bands; —
vomer roughish. Gill rakers slender, close-set. Pectoral short, not reaching spinous dorsal, ~
the ventrals inserted under middle of its length; ventrals with a small accessory scale; anal and
soft dorsal scaleless, their free edges concave; caudal well forked. Olivaceous; sides creamy;
belly silvery; back and sides with many black scales scattered about, making irregular spots.
Pectoral with a conspicuous black bar at base, crossed by a pale streak; a narrow dark rim
around lower half of eye. Fins all creamy yellow, the upper ones dotted and clouded with
black. Young with a black blotch on first dorsal, surrounded by orange. Pectoral bar and
mottled scales of body evident in young and old. Length 8 to 12inches. Rivers of Sinaloa;
very abundant in rapid places in clear waters; our specimens from Rio Presidio, Locally
known as Trucha or Trout.

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 821

little lateral cleft; lower lip very thick, its edge forming a soft sharp-
edged fold, its outline very obtuse. Teeth coarse, blunt incisors, with
serrated edges, arranged in broad patches on jaws and vomer; two
patches of lower jaw not confluent. No adipose eyelid. First dorsal
with four spines; anal with three; scales large. One species, living at
the foot of waterfalls in tropical America. (Joturo, the Spanish name of
Joturus pichardi at Havana.)

1198. JOTURUS PICHARDI, Poey.

(JoTuRo ; Boo.)

Head 44; depth 32; eye 6in head, 3 in interorbital width; snont 23.
D. IV-I, 9; A. III, 9; scales 42 to 45-13 or 14; vertebre 11+ 13. Body
robust, a little compressed behind. Head heavy, little compressed, gib-
bous above and anteriorly. Snout thick, broad, protruding, blunt and
tumid. at tip, considerably overhanging the small inferior mouth, and
entirely below the level of the eye. Maxillary reaching neariy to poste-
rior margin of eye, 2? in head, hidden entirely beneath the preorbital.
Mouth broad, but without much lateral cleft; lower jaw included.
Upper lip thick, slipping beneath the snout. Lower lip very thick, its
anterior edge forming a soft sharp-edged fold; outline of the lip very
obtuse. Teeth rather strong, coarse, bluntly conical, forming a large
ovate patch on each side of lower jaw, the two patches not confluent; a
similar but smaller patch on the vomer; no teeth on the palatines ; upper
jaw with a band of similar but rather smaller teeth. Nostrils roundish,
close together, in front of the small round eye, which is nearer angle of
mouth than level of top of head. Interorbital space very broad, trans-
versely convex. No adipose eyelid. Neither lip with cirri or papille.
Scales of head each with many smaller ones at base; accessory scales on
body largely developed. All the fins, including spinous dorsal, covered
with small scales. Gill membranes largely united, free from the isthmus.
Dorsal spines compressed and curved, becoming rapidly shorter from the
first, which is about two-thirds length of head. Second dorsal and anal
with their free margins concave, the anal somewhat falcate, its longest
ray 1; in head. Caudal forked, as long as head. Pectoral as long as
head, reaching middle of first dorsal. Color dull olivaceous, without
distinct markings; paler below. Length 2 feet. Cuba, Panama, Costa
Rica, and Vera Cruz; a robust, vigorous fish, living in mountain tor-
rents; common in Rio Almendares near Havana, and known from the
mountain streams of Costa.Rica, and from streams about Panama.
Used as a food-fish in Havana. (Named for Don Esteban Pichardo,
_ “estimable auteur d’un ‘ Diccionario Provincial de voces Cubanos.’”)

Joturus pichardi, Pory, Memorias, 11, 263, 1861, Cascades throughout Cuba; Jorpan, Proce.
U. S. Nat. Mus., 1886, 35.
Agonostoma globiceps, GUNturr, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (4) x1v, 370, 1874, Myzantla, VeraCruz.

Joturus stipes, Jonvan & Gitpert, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1882, 373, Rio Bayano near Panama.
(Type, No. 31010. Coll. Captain Dow.)

822 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

Family CVII. SPHYRANIDZ.

(THE BARRACUDAS.)

Body elongate, subterete, covered with small cycloid scales. Head very
long, pointed, pike-like, scaly above and on sides. Mouth horizontal,
large. Jaws elongate, the lower considerably projecting ; upper jaw non-
protractile, its border formed by the premaxillaries, behind which are the
broad maxillaries; large, sharp teeth of unequal size on both jaws and
on palatines; none on the vomer; usually a very strong, sharp canine
near the tip of the lower jaw. Opercular bones without spines or serra-
tures. Gill openings wide, the gill membranes not united, free from the
isthmus; gill rakers very short or obsolete. Branchiostegals 7; gills 4,a
slit behind thefourth. Pseudobranchi# welldeveloped. Airbladderlarge,
bifurcate anteriorly ; many pyloric ceca. Lateral line well developed,
straight. Pectoral fins short, placed in or below the line of the axis of
the body; ventrals I, 5, abdominal, in advance of the middle of the body;
first dorsal over ventrals, of 5 rather stout spines; second dorsal remote
from first dorsal, similar to anal and opposite to it; caudal fin forked.
Vertebre 24. First superior pharyngeal not present. Second, third, and
fourth separate, with teeth. Lower pharyngeals separate. A single
genus of about 20 species; carnivorous pike-like fishes, often of large size,
active and voracious, inhabiting warm seas, many of them highly valued
as food. (Sphyrewnida, Giinther, Cat., 11, 334-341, 1860.)

369. SPHYRA:NA* (Artedi) Bloch & Schneider.

(BARRACUDAS. )

Sphyrena (ARTEDI) BLocu & SCHNEIDER, Syst. Ichth., 109, 1801, (sphyrzna).
Sphzrina, Swainson, Class’n Fishes, 11, 175, 1839, (europxa= sphyrena).

Characters of the genus included above. (cd¢vpaiva, the ancient name,
‘‘hammer fish,” from covpa, a hammer.)

a. Scales large, 75 to 85 in lateral line; origin of first dorsal behind root of ventrals, over last
third or fourth of pectorals; body compressed; lower jaw with fleshy tip; maxillary reach-
ing past front of orbit; teeth large. PIcUDA, 1199.
aa. Scales moderate, 110 to 130 in lateral line; body subterete or compressed.
b. Pectorals reaching front of spinous dorsal ; maxillary reaching front of orbit ; origin of
spinous dorsal behind root of ventrals.

c. Lower jaw with fleshy tip; teeth very strong; scales in Jateral line 110. Ensts, 1200.
ce. Lower jaw without fleshy tip; teeth strong; lateral line 130. GUACHANCHO, 1201.

bb. Pectorals not reaching front of first dorsal; maxillary not reaching front of orbit.
d. Eye large; teeth small; interorbital area convex; median ridge of frontal groove

not well developed. PICUDILLA, 1202.
dd. Eye small; teeth larger; interorbital space flattish; median ridge of frontal groove
prominent. BOREALIS, 1203.

aaa. Scales very small, 150 to 170 in lateral line; origin of spinous dorsal well behind tip of
pectorals, before the vertical from root of ventrals; lower jaw with fleshy tip. Body
slender, subterete. :

* For a detailed account of the American species of this geuus see Meek & Newland, Proc. Ac.
Nat. Sci. Phila., 1884, 67, et seq.

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 823

e. Body less slender, depth 714 in length; scales in lateral line 160 to 170.
> ARGENTEA, 1204,
ee. Body very slender, depth 9 or 10 in length; scales in lateral line 150.
SPHYRENA, 1205,

1199. SPHYRENA PICUDA, Bloch & Schneider.
(GREAT BARRACUDA; PicuDA; BECUNA.)

Head 3; depth 2 in head; eye rather small, about 6 in head, equal to
width of interorbital area. D. V-I, 9; A. 1,9; scales 10-75 to 85-10,
the cross series counted from lateral line to front of dorsal and anal fins
respectively. Body oblong, slightly compressed, covered with large scales.
Head large; maxillary large; nearly } length of head, its posterior margin
reaching past front of orbit. Lower jaw with fleshy tip, bluntly conical.
Interorbital area concave, with a shallow median groove (as wide as pupil,
at posterior edge of orbit), divided by a ridge in front and behind. Supra-
ocular ridge bony andstriate. Preocular ridge present. Teeth large; pre-
maxillary teeth small, little compressed, irregularly set, nearly uniform
in size, somewhat thicker and shorter posteriorly ; premaxillary with two
pairs of very large compressed teeth, their length more than half width
of pupil: anterior ones directed downward, posterior ones downward and
backward ; teeth in lateral series of lower jaw small anteriorly, increas-
ing gradually backward, when they nearly equal those on palatines; pal-
atine teeth similar to those on lower jaw, arranged in reversed order.
Distance from tip of snout to front of dorsal 2? in body; second dorsal
spine longest, 1} in snout; second dorsal and anal equal; anal inserted
under first third of soft dorsal; caudal forked, upper lobe the longer;
pectorals reaching beyond front of dorsal, 24 in head; origin of first dor-
sal slightly behind the ventrals; cheeks and opercles scaly, about 12
rows of scales on cheeks; upper part of head with small embedded scales.
Color silvery, darker above; sides in young with about 10 dark blotches
which break up and disappear with age. Some inky spots, usually on
posterior part of body, are very conspicuous in both old and young speci-
mens. Soft dorsal, anal and ventral fins black, except on margins. Pec-
torals plain, except upper part of its margin; which is black. Fins of
very young specimens nearly plain. West Indies and Brazil, north to
Pensacola, Charleston, and the Bermudas, very common in the tropics.
The largest and most voracious of the Barracudas, reaching a length of 6
feet; valued as food; sometimes dangerous to-bathers, being fierce as a
shark. (Picuda, the Spanish name, from the same root as pike.)

Umbla minor marina, the Barracuda, Catrespy, Fishes of Carolina, etc., pl. 1, 1731, Bahamas.

Picuda, Parra, Dif. Piezas, Hist. Nat. Cuba, 90, pl. 35, fig. 2, 1787, Havana.

Sphyrena sphyrena, var. picuda, Buocn & ScunerpeEr, Syst. Ichth., 110, 1801; after Parra. ;

Sphyrena becuna, Lackripr, Hist. Nat. Poiss., v, pl. 9, fig. 3, 1803, from a drawing made by
Piumier, at Martinique.

Psox barracuda, Suaw, Zool., v, 105, 1804; after Carrssy.

Sphyriena picuda, GUNTUER, Cat., 111, 336, 1861; Jornpan & GiLpert, Synopsis, 412, 1883; Meek &
NEWLAND, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1884, 68.

824 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

1200. SPHYRENA ENSIS, Jordan & Gilbert.
(VicuDA.)

Head 4; depth 8o0r9; eye 6to7in head; snout 2}. D. V-I,9; A. II,
8; scales 110. Body moderately elongate. Pectoral 22, reaching about
to front of first dorsal. Ventrals inserted before first dorsal. Canine
teeth of lower jaw, palatines, and inner row of premaxillary very large,
much as in Sphyrena picuda. Maxillary reaching about to front of
dorsal. Silvery, darker above, with traces of numerous vague darker
crossbars. Gulf of California to Panama; rather common; a food-fish
of some importance. Length about 2 feet. (ensis, sword. )

Sphyrzna ensis, JORDAN & GILBERT, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., 11, 1882, 106, Mazatlan ; (Type,
No. 28210, Coll. Gilbert); MEEK & NEWLAND, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1884, 70.

Sphyrena forsteri, STEINDACHNER, Ichth. Beitrige, vir, 4, 1878; notof Cuvier & VALENCIENNES,
which is an East Indian species.

1201. SPHYRENA GUACHANCHO, Cuvier & Valenciennes.
(GUAGUANCHE ; GUAGUANCHE PELON.)

Head 33; depth 2 in head; eye rather large, 54 in head, a little exceed-
ing interorbital area. D. V-I,9; A. 1,8; scales in lateral line 120 to 130.
Body rather slender, subterete, covered with moderate-sized scales; head
large; maxillary small, less than } head, scarcely reaching orbit; lower
jaw bluntly conical, without fleshy tip. Interorbital area flat; median
groove very shallow, the median longitudinai ridge very small, anterior ;
supraocular ridge bony, striate; preocular ridge large. Premaxillary
teeth small, 35-40 in number; premaxillary teeth present; anterior pala-
tine teeth larger and more compressed than those on premaxillary, widely
set, decreasing in length gradually; teeth in lateral series of lower jaw
small and closely set anteriorly, larger and wide-set posteriorly, about
10 in number; a large compressed tooth at symphysis. Origin of first
dorsal above tip of pectoral, slightly behind the ventrals; distance
between dorsals 54 in body; distance from tip of snout to spinous dorsal
24 in body; scales moderate, almost uniform in size; cheeks and opercles
scaly ; upper part of head with small embedded scales. Color light olive,
yellowish on soft dorsal; anal and ventral tips of caudal rays black ; top
of head dark; dark punctulations on upper part of body; spinous dorsal
with some dark punctulations. West Indies, north to Pensacola,
and occasionally northward in the Gulf Stream as far as Woods Hole.
A slender species, rather common in the tropics. Length 2 feet. (Gua-
guanche, the common name in Cuba.)

Sphyrena guachancho, Cuvier & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 111, 342, 1829, (lapsus for
guaguanche), Havana; (Coll. Poey); Jorpan & GILBERT, Synopsis, 411, 1883.

Sphyrena giintheri, Haty, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., xv, 1875, 270, Colon.

Sphyreena guaguanche, PoEy, Memorias, 11, 166, 1860; Meek & NEWLAND, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci.

_ Phila., 1884, 70.
1202. SPHYRENA PICUDILLA, Poey.
(PicuDILLA.)

Head 3}; depth 2} in head; eye large, about 5 in head, 14 times inter-
orbital space. D. V-I, 9; A. I, 9; scales 110. Body rather robust,

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North Amertca. 825

subterete, covered with scales of moderate size; head rather large; max-
illary rather small, about 2? in head, not reaching orbit. Jaw with
fleshy tip, bluntly conical. Interorbital area flattish; median groove
shallow, divided by a very indistinct median ridge; supraocular ridge
bony, striate; preocular ridge rather prominent. Premaxillary teeth
small, subconical; dentition as in Sphyrena borealis, but slightly weaker ;
position of spinous dorsal, in comparison with ventrals, variable; dis-
tance from tip of snout to origin of spinous dorsal about 2,4 in body;
pectorals not reaching spinous dorsal; space separating dorsals about 5}
in body; second dorsal equal to and somewhat in advance of anal;
cheeks and opercles scaly ; small embedded scales on upper part of head;
scales on body moderate, uniform in size. Color light olive, darker
above; soft dorsal, anal and ventral fins yellowish; spinous dorsal and
pectorals darker; upper parts of preopercle and opercle each with a
dark spot; top of head and tip of snout blackish. Notrare. West
Indies, on the coasts of Cuba, ranging southward to Bahia. Length 18
inches. S. picudilla is very closely allied to S. borealis. Its eye is, how-
ever, much larger (when specimens similar in size are compared), and the
frontal groove is somewhat different. (picudilla, diminutive of picuda.)

Sphyreena picudilla, Poky, Memorias, 11, 162, 1860, Havana; Mrrex & NEwLanp, Proc. Ac. Nat.
Sci. Phila., 1884, 72.

1203. SPHYRENA BOREALIS, De Kay.

(NoRTHERN BARRACUDA.)

Head 3; depth 23; eye rather small, about 6 in head, scarcely exceed-
ing width of interorbital area. D. V-9; A.1,9; scales 115 to 130.
Body rather slender, subterete, covered with moderate-sized scales; head
large; maxillary small, less than } head, not reaching front of orbit by
4 diameter of eye; lower jaw with fleshy tip, bluntly conical. Interor-
bital area convex; median groove very shallow, divided by a distinct
longitudinal ridge, especially well defined immediately before nostrils;
supraocular ridge striate; preocular ridge moderate. Premaxillary teeth
small, about 40 in number; front of premaxillary with two pairs of large
teeth (sometimes accompanied by smaller ones), canine-like; anterior
smallest, directed downward, posterior ones downward and backward;
anterior palatines larger than premaxillary teeth, and more compressed
and widely set ; posterior ones small and closely set; orderof teeth onlower
jaw reversed, but similar to those on the palatines, and smaller, about 10 in
series ; large tooth near tip of lower jaw present. Origin of dorsal over or
slightly in advance of ventrals, well behind point of pectorals; distance
between dorsal fins 54 in length of body; distance from tip of snout to
spinous dorsal 2;; in body; scales moderate, somewhat larger behind soft
dorsal and anal; cheeks and opercles scaly; small embedded scales on
upper parts of head. Color olivaceous, silvery below; young with dusky
blotches across the back and along the lateral line. Atlantic Coast of
United States from Cape Cod to Cape Fear, rather common northward ;
a small species closely allied to Sphyrana picudilla; rarely used for food.

_ Length rarely more than a foot. (borealis, northern.)

$26 Bulletin 47, Untted States National Museum.

Sphyrena borealis, DE Kay, N. Y. Fauna: Fishes, 37, plate 60, fig. 196, 1842, New York ; MEEK
& NEWLAND, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1884, 73.
Sphyreena spet, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 411, 1883; not of HAvy.

1204. SPHYRENA ARGENTEA, Girard.
(CALIFORNIA BARRACUDA; BARRACOUTA.)

Head 32; depth 73; eye 10. D. V-I, 9; A. I, 8; scales in 238 series, 166
in the lateral line. Body elongate, little compressed. Lower jaw much
produced, fleshy at tip. Maxillary not reaching front of eye, about 3 in
head. Teeth moderate, little compressed. Spinous dorsal inserted a little
nearer snout than caudal, just in front of ventrals, well behind the end
of the pectorals, which are a little longer than the ventrals and less
than »)5 the total length. Scales very small. Brownish, with bluish
luster; belly white, scarcely silvery. Length 5 feet. Pacific Coast, from
San Francisco southward to Cape San Lucas; very abundant about the
Santa Barbara Islands. A long and slender Barracuda, very closely related
to the European Sphyrana sphyrena; an important food-fish with flesh
rich, firm, and delicate. (argenteus, silvery.)

Sphyrena argentea, GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1854, 144, San Diego, California; Mrrk
& NEWLAND, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci., 1884, '75.
Sphyreena lucasana, Git, Proc. Ac, Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, 86, Cape San Lucas.

1205. SPHYRENA SPHYRENA (Linnzus).

(EUROPEAN BARRACUDA; SPET ; SENNET.)

Head 34; depth 9 to 10 in total length; eye 8. D. V-I, 9; A.I, 9;
scales 150-25 to 30; vertebrae 24. Operculum with a single point; lower
jaw with a long fleshy appendage anteriorly. Pectoral 12 in total length,
and nearly equal to that of the ventrals; the spine of the Jatter is not
much shorter than the rays. The origin of the first dorsal is far behind
the extremity of the pectorals, and somewhat before the vertical from the
root of the ventrals, in the middle of the length of the fish, the caudal
notincluded. The interspace between the 2 dorsals is equal to { of the total
length. Above uniform greenish lead-colored, beneath silvery ; the color
of the back sometimes emits crossbars intersecting the lateral line.
Young individuals brown spotted. Coasts of southern Europe and neigh-
boring islands ; rather common ; recorded from the Bermudas by Dr. Goode.
(Eu.) (Sphyrena, odvpawa, the ancient name.)

Esox sphyrena, LinNmus, Systema Nature, Ed. x, 313, 1758, Mediterranean Sea; after
Sphyreena of ARTEDI.

Esox spet, HAuy, Encycl. Meth. Poiss., 1787; after LINNaUvs.

Sphyreena vulgaris, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 117, 327, 1829, Mediterranean;
Giuntuer, Cat., 17, 334, 1860. 3

Sphyrena viridescens, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 111, 339, 1829, St. Jago, Cape
Verde Islands.

Sphyrexna spet, Gooner, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., v, 1876, 61.

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 827

Remotely allied to the Percesoces but showing also certain Percoid char-
acters is the singular

Suborder RHEGNOPTERI.

Actinosts of pectoral fin of 3 forms, 2 of them normal, supporting the
pectoral fin, 1 of them longitudinal, without rays, and the fourth a plate
on the coracoid, supporting 3 to 10 free and separate rays or feelers. Post-
temporal and shoulder girdle normal; vertebre 10+ 14— 24; 2 separate
dorsal fins, the firstof afewspines. Pseudobranchiz concealed; ventrals
subabdominal, behind pectorals. One family, Polynemide, of uncertain
origin and affinities. (j/yyviw, to break asunde1; zrepdr, fin.)

Family CIX. POLYNEMIDZz.*
(THE THREADFINS.)

Body oblong, compressed, and covered with rather large, loosely inserted,
ctenoid scales. Lateral line continuous, continued on the tail, usually
forked, with a branch on each lobe. Head entirely scaly; snout more or
less conical, projecting over the mouth, which is rather large, inferior, with
jateral cleft; premaxillary protractile, its basal process vertical ; maxil-
lary without supplemental bone, extending much beyond the eye, which
is anterior, lateral, rather large, with a well-developed, adipose eyelid.
Villiform teeth on jaws, palatines, and sometimes on vomer. Pseudo-
branchize concealed. Branchiostegals 7. Gill membranes separate and
free from the isthmus. Gills 4,a slit behind the fourth. Two separate
dorsals, somewhat remote from each other, the first of 8 feeble but rather
high spines, the first and last spines very short, the third longest; the
second dorsal equal to first in height but base somewhat longer, of soft
raysonly. Anal fin either similar to or much longer than soft dorsal; caudal
fin rather long, widely forked. Second dorsal, anal, and caudal fins more
or less covered with small scales; the first 3 or 4 dorsal spines winged.
Ventrals I, 5, abdominal, but not far removed from pectorals; pectoral fins
moderate, placed low, in two parts, the lower and anterior portion of sey-
eral filiform articulated appendages, free from each other, used as organs
of touch. In the young the dorsal, caudal, and pectoral fins are dusky,
the anal and ventral fins white; all the fins grow darker with age, the
pectorals usually becoming black, the operculum blackish. Bonesof the
skull with a well-developed muciferous system as in Sci@nida. Basis cranii
double, with muscular tube; post-temporal bifurcate; hypercoracoid
with median foramen; superior pharyngeal bones 4. Pectoral actinosts
divided ; 2 of them normal, supporting the pectoral fin, 1 longitudinal,
without rays, and 1 a plate on the coracoid, supporting the pectoral fila-
ments. Stomach cecal, with a few pyloric appendages. Air bladder
various, sometimes wanting. Vertebrw 10 + 14— 24. Genera 4, Galeoides,

* For a review of this family see Kirsch, Annals N. Y. Ac. Sci., v, April, 1890, 231-236.

828 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

Polistonemus, Polynemus, and Polydactylus; the last 2 only are found in
America; species about 25, inhabiting sandy shores of tropical seas, and
sometimes entering rivers. Most of them are valued as food-fishes, their
flesh resembling that of the Scienide. The relations of this peculiar fam-
ily appear to be with the Scianide on the one hand, and with the Mugilide
on the other, but all these resemblances may be superficial. (Polynemida,
Giinther, Cat., 11, 331-340, 1860.)

a. Anal fin much longer than soft dorsal, of about 30 rays; vomer without teeth; preopercu-

lum entire; free filaments of pectorals longer than body. PoOLYNEMUts, 370.

aa. Anal fin not much longer than soft dorsal, of about 13 or 14 rays; vomer with teeth; pre-
operculum serrate; free filaments of pectorals mostly shorter than body.

PoLYDACcTYLUsS, 371.

370. POLYNEMUS (Gronow) Linneus.

Polynemus, GRonow, Mus. Ichthyol., 31, 1754, (quinquarius).

Pentanemus, ARTEDI, Sebz Thesaurus, 111, 74, 1758, (quinquarius).

Polynemus, LINN ZUS, Syst. Nat, Ed. x, 1758, 317, (in part; quinquarius; virginicus; paradiseus).
Pentanemus, GUNTHER, Cat., 11, 331, 1860, (quinguarius).

Polynemus, G1LL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 272, 1861, (restricted to quinquarius).

Anal fin much longer than soft dorsal, of about 30 rays; vomer without
teeth; preoperculum entire; free filaments of pectorals longer than body.
In other respects essentially as in Polydactylus. (zodvc, many; vjua,
thread.)

1206. POLYNEMUS QUINQUARIUS, Linneus.

D. VIII-I, 12; A. III, 30; scales 7-73-17. Anal fin much longer than
soft dorsal, of about 30 rays; vomer without teeth; preoperculum entire;
free filaments of pectorals 5 in number, longer than body. Atlantic
Ocean; West Indies to coast of Africa; recorded from Cuba, Ashantee,
and the River Niger; very rare, and for a long time unknown in collec-
tions; not seen by us. (quinquarius, from the Latin quinque, five.)

Polynemus, Gronow, Mus. Ichthyol., 31, 1754, American Ocean, from a specimen in the
Museum of Seba.

Pentanemus, ARtTEDI, ‘‘Sebe Thesaurus, 111, 74, 1758,’ Museum of Seba.

Polynemus quinquarius, LINN=Ets, Syst. Nat., Ed. x, 1758, 317, America; after Gronow; Gronow,
Cat., Ed. Gray, 176, 1854, ‘‘ Oceano America.”’

Pentanemus quinquarius, GUNTHER, Cat., 11, 331, 1860; from Cuba.

Polynemus artedii, BENNETT, Proc. Zoid]. Soc., 1831, 146, Africa.

Polynemus macronemus, PEL, Bydrage tot de Dierk., 9, 1851, Africa.

371. POLYDACTYLUS, Lacépéde.

(BARBUDOS. )

Trichidion, Kuein, Historia Piscium, Missus., v, 28, 1749, (Piracoaba, MARCGRAVE=virginicus),
(non-binomial).

Polynemus, LINN2XUS, Syst. Nat., Ed. x, 1758, 317, (in part, quinquarius; virginicus; paradiseus).

Polydactylus, LackpEprE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., yim, 181, 1832, ( plumieri = virginicus), thus leaving Poly-
nemus as the name of quinquarius.

Polynemus, GUNTHER, Cat., 11, 319, 1860, (paradiszus).

Trichidion, GILL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1861, 274, (plumieri = virginicus).

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 829

Anal fin not much longer than soft dorsal, of about 13 or 14 rays ; vomer
with teeth; preoperculum serrate; free filaments of pectorals mostly
shorter than body. Teeth in villiform bands on both jaws, vomer, pala-
tines, and pterygoids. Preopercle sharply serrated on its posterior mar-
gin, its angle with a scaly flap. Scales rather small, finely ctenoid.
First dorsal with 7 or 8 feeble, rather high spines, the first and last short.
Soft dorsal and anal fins about equaling each other; pectoral filaments 3
to 9. Pyloric ceca in great number. Species numerous, in warm seas.
(rodic, many ; dakrvioc, finger.)

a. Pectoral filaments 6 (rarely 5). APPROXIMANS, 1207.
aa. Pectoral filaments 7. VIRGINICUS, 1208.
aaa. Pectoral filaments 8 or 9.

b. Maxillary less than 14 length of head. Pectoral filaments 8. OCTONEMUS, 1209

bb. Maxillary more than 14 length of head. Pectoral filaments usually 9.
OPERCULARIS, 1210.

1207. POLYDACTYLUS APPROXIMANS (Lay & Bennett).
(Ratow.)

Head 34; depth3. D. VIII-I,12; A. III, 13 0r14; scales 6-62-10. Body
rather deep, compressed, the back elevated, anterior profile from snout to
spinous dorsal slightly convex; maxillary 24 in head; snout 7in head;
eye large, less than interorbital space, 5 in head. Scales rather large.
Longest dorsal spine 14 in head; caudal lobes somewhat longer than
head ; pectoral fin 1} in head; pectoral filaments 6 (rarely 5) in number,
longer than head, reaching to front of anal fin in adult. Color yellowish
white, darker above; pectorals black in adult. Length 1 foot. Pacific
Coast of tropical America, from Guaymas to Panama; a common food-fish,
known from Guaymas, Mazatlan, Chiapam, Punta Arenas, and Panama.
(approximans, approaching.)

Polynemus approximans, Lay & BENNETT, Beechey’s Voyage, Zol. Fish., 57, 1849, Mazatlan.
Guntuer, Fish. Centr. Amer., 423, 1869; JorpAN & GILBERT, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1882,
365, 376; JoRDAN, Cat. Fish. N. Amer., 66, 1885.

Polynemus californiensis, THomi1NnotT, Bulletin de la Société Philomathique de Paris, Séance du 27
Juin, 1886, California.

Trichidion approximans, GILL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 258, 1862.

1208. POLYDACTYLUS VIRGINICUS (Linneus).

(BarBupo ; BARBU.)

Head 3+; depth 34. D. VIII-I, 9 to 12; A. III, 13 0r14; scales 7-71-10.
Body deep, compressed, anterior profile nearly straight; maxillary 2} in
head; length of snout 5 in head; eye large, equal to interorbital space,
5in head. Scales moderate. Longest dorsal spine equal to longest ray
of soft dorsal and 14 in head; caudal lobes about as long as head; pecto-
ral fin 14 in head; pectoral filaments 7 in number, somewhat longer than
head, reaching to front of anal fin, in adult. Color yellowish white,
darker above; scales on back with dark punctulations on their margins;
the young silvery white. West Indies, north to the Florida Keys, the

830 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

young very common at Key West and at Havana; the adult a food-fish of
some importance. (virginicus, from Virginia, but the species does not
range so far to the northward. )

Piracoaba, MARcGRAVE, Hist. Nat. Brazil, 176, 1648, Brazil.

Polynemus virginicus, Linn mvs, Syst. Nat., Ed. x, 317, 1758, America; JorDAN, Proc. U.S. Nat.
Mus., 118, 1884; JorpAN, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 36, 1886.

Polydactylus plumierii, LacEPEDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., v, 419, 1803, Martinique, from a drawing
by PLUMIER.

Polynemus plunierii, GUNTHER, Cat., 11, 321, 1860; JorpAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 413, 1883.

Trichidion plumieri, GILL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 279, 1861; Pory, Synopsis, 387, 1868.

Polynemus mango, LACEPEDE, Hist. des Poiss., v, 413, 417, 418, 1803, America; based on P. virgini-
cus, LINN®US.

Polynemus americanus, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 111, 393, 1829, SanDomingo
(Coll. Ricord); Martinique (Coll. Plée).

Polynemus oligodon,* GUNTHER, Cat., 11, 322, 1860, Rio Janeiro.

1209. POLYDACTYLUS OCTONEMUS (Girard).

Head 33; depth 34. D. VIII-I, 12 or 13; A. III, 13 to 15; scales 6-70-
10. Maxillary less than 4 length of head; pectoral filaments 8; body
somewhat compressed, elongated, anterior profile nearly straight, little
declined. Head much compressed, gape oblique; snout 5 in head; eye
less than interorbital space, 43 in head. Scales rather small. Longest
‘dorsal spine 1} in head; longest ray of soft dorsal 13 in head; caudal
lobe slightly longer than head, 3¢ in body; pectoral fins 1} in head ;
pectoral filaments 8, reaching to vent in adult (octofilis), longer in young
(octonemus). Color light olivaceous, tinged with dark punctulations;
belly whitish; pectoral black in adult, pale in young. South Atlantic
and Gulf Coast of the United States, from New York to the Rio Grande on
sandy shores ; scarce; an adult specimen corresponding to octofilis was
taken by Dr. Gilbert at Charleston, S. C., where it is very rare, entirely
unknown to the fishermen. Along the Texas Coast the young are more
common, these corresponding to the description of octonemus. Octojilis is
probably the adult form of Polydactylus octonemus, from which it differs
only in having darker pectoral fins and shorter pectoral filaments, differ-
ences which come with age in other species of Polydactylus, and no doubt
in this one also. (06«Td, eight; vjua, thread.)

Polynemus octonemus, GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1858, 167, Brazos Santiago; Gal-
veston; young; GUNTHER, Cat., 1, 320, 1860; Goopr & Bran, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1879,
128; JorpAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 413, 1883.

Trichidion octofilis, GiLt, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1861, 280, New York; adult.

Trichidion octonemus, GiLL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1861, 280.

Polynemus octofilis, JORDAN & Gi~BeR?, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., 1882, 590; JonpaAn & GILBERT,
Synopsis, 413, 1883.

1210. POLYDACTYLUS OPERCULARIS (Gill).

Head 33; depth 3%. D. VIII-I, 12; A. III, 13; scales 8-69 or 75-13.
Maxillary more than 4+ length of head; pectoral filaments usually 9;

* Dr. Giinther’s description is as follows: f

D. VIII-I, 13; A. II, 15; scales 7-70-14. Seven pectoral appendages of moderate length.
Distance between root of ventral and origin of anal less than that between posterior nostril and
point of operculum. The villiform teeth of palatine and pterygoid bones form a narrow band.
Pectorals and top of first dorsal black.

Jordan and Kvermann.—Fishes of North America. 8351

body elongate, compressed, outline from spinous dorsal to snout slightly
convex, and little declined. Head much longer than high; snout conical,
7 in head; eye rather large, about 5 in head. Scales of small size.
Longest dorsal spine 13 in head; longest ray of soft dorsal 1¢ in head;
caudal lobes slightly longer than head; pectoral fin as long as head
behind pupil; pectoral filaments 8 or 9, reaching near front of anal fin in
adult. Color greenish brown above and yellowish green below. Pacific
Coast of tropical America, generally common from Cape San Lucas to
Panama. (opercularis, from the dusky blotch on the operculum, found
also in most other species. )

Trichidion opercularis, GILL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, 168, Cape San Lucas.

Polynemus melanopoma, GUNTHER, Fish. Centr. Amer., 421, 1869, San Jose de Guatemala.

Polynemus opercularis, STEINDACHNER, Ichthyologische Beitriige, 1v, 9, 1875; Jorpan & GILBERT,
Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., 11, 107, 111, 1882; Jorpan, Proc. U. §. Nat. Mus., 372, 1885.

Group AMMODYTOIDEI.
(THe Sanp LauNCEs.)

This group, consisting of the single family Ammodytida, is of unknown
relations. It has been usually placed among the Ophidioid forms, with
which it agrees in the long dorsal and anal fins destitute of spines. In
the character of its mouth and gill structures it resembles the Atherinidw
rather than the Ophidioidei. The ventral fins are wanting. Our knowl-
edge of the anatomy of Ammodytes is still incomplete and gives no
certain clue to its relationships. The family is placed by Jordan & Gil-
bert between the Percesoces and the Scombroidei. Knowing no better
place for it we leave it next the Percesoces.

Family CX. AMMODYTIDZ.
(THE SAND LAUNCES.)

Body elongate, compressed, covered with small cycloid scales. Head
long. Mouth rather large, nearly horizontal, the lower jaw considerably
projecting, its symphysis produced. No teeth in jaws. Gill openings
very wide; gill membranes not united, free from the isthmus. Branchi-
ostegals 6 to 8. Pseudobranchia large, lamellate. Gill rakers long and
slender; gills 4,a slit behind the fourth. Opercles well developed, with-
out spines or serratures. Eye moderate. Premaxillaries very protract-
ile. Maxillaries long and slender. Lateral line running along side of
back. Spinous dorsal absent; soft dorsal very long and low, fragile,

extending from behind the head to near the base of caudal. Caudal fin

smal], forked. Anal similar to dorsal, but smaller. Vent inserted
behind middle of body. No ventral fins. Pectoral fins inserted low.
Lower pharyngeals very small, separate. No air bladder. Pylorie cwca
usually 1. Genera 3, Ammodytes, Hyperoplus, and Bleekeria; one genus in
India; species about 10. Small carnivorous fishes, swimming in large

_ 8chools near the shore and burying themselves in the sand, along the

832 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

coasts of northern regions. The relationships of this family, as stated
above, are still obscure. It has been usually placed near the Ophidiide,
but the osteology, so far as examined by us, approaches more nearly to
the Atherinidw, and there is no obvious affinity between Ammodytes and
Ophidion or Lycodes. (Ophidiide, group Ammodytina, Giinther, Cat., Iv,

384-388, 1862.)
a. Body with many transverse, oblique folds; a longitudinal fold of skin along sides of belly:
vomer unarmed. AMMODYTES, 372.

372. AMMODYTES (Artedi) Linnus.
(SAND LAUNCES. )

Ammodytes, (ARTEDI) LINNZEUS, Syst. Nat., Ed. x, 1758, 247, (tobianus).
Argyrotznia,* GILL, Cat. Fish. N. Am., 40, 1861, (viétatus).

Body elongate, lanceolate, the skin with many transverse folds run-
ning obliquely downward and backward, the small cycloid scales mostly
placed in cross series between them. Lateral line concurrent with the
back. A fold of the skin along each side of the belly. Vomer not armed
with a bicuspid tooth. Color silvery. Vertebre 62 or 63. One pyloric
cecum. Carnivorous fishes inhabiting sandy shores in cold regions, living
in large schools, burying themselves in the sand near the tide mark.
Valued as bait and useful as food for salmon and other larger fishes.
The species enumerated below are very closely related and may all prove
to be varieties of the European Ammodytes tobianus. (duoc, sand; dia,
to dive.)

a. Dorsal fin with 62 to 67 rays; anal rays 30 or more.

b. Dorsal rays 64 to 67; anal 33 to 36; lateral folds 150; head 6%. DUBIUS, 1211.
bb. Dorsal rays 62; anal 31; lateral folds 160 to 182; head 41% to 434; depth 10 to 12.
ALASCANUS, 1212.
aa. Dorsal fin with 54 to 60 rays; anal rays fewer than 30.
c. Dorsal rays 60; anal 28; lateral folds 125 to 1380; head 434; depth 10,
AMERICANUS, 1213.

cc. Dorsal rays 54; anal 24; lateral folds 130 to 150; head 414; depth 9.
PERSONATUS, 1214.

1211. AMMODYTES DUBIUS, Reinhardt.

Head 63; depth equaling length of mandible, 24 in length of head.
D. 64 to 67; A. 33 to 36. Skin with about 150 very distinct folds. Dorsal
fin inserted over posterior third of pectoral. Greenland; occasionally

southward to Cape Cod. (Giinther); not seen by us. (dubius, doubtful.)
Ammodytes dubius, RerNHARDT, Dansk. Vidensk. Selsk. Afhandl., 132, 1838, Greenland; GiUn-
THER, Cat., 1V, 387, 1862; JonpAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 415, 1883.

1212. AMMODYTES ALASCANUS, Cope.

Head 43 to 43; depth 10 to 12; eye 14 in snout, 54 in head; lateral folds
160 to 182. D.62; A. 31. Dorsal inserted above middle of pectoral. Max-
illary reaching front of orbit ; mandible less than depth of body. Length

* This generic name Argyroteznia rests upon what seems to have been a specimen of Ammodytes
americanus With a mutilated dorsal fin, the first seven rays appearing as Small free spines,

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 833

6to 9 inches. It is not unlikely that this form and Ammodytes dubius con-
stitute one circumpolar species, from which the closely allied forms tobia-
nus, americanus, and personatus may be separately descended in the different
shores of the north temperate zone. North Pacific Coast of North Amer-
ica, Sitka to Aleutian Islands.

Ammodytes alascanus, Cope, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc., 1873, 7, Sitka; Jorpan & GILBERT, Synopsis,
415, 1883.

1213. AMMODYTES AMERICANUS, De Kay.

(Sanp LAUNCE; Sanp EEL; LAnv.)

Head 47; depth about 10. D. 60; A. 28. Pectoral fins much longer
than snout, reaching front of dorsal. Lateral folds 125-130. Depth equal
to length of mandible, which is 2} in head. Olivaceous above, silvery
below ; sides with a steel-blue stripe. Newfoundland to Cape Hatteras,
abundant on sandy shores. Very close to A. tobianus of Europe, but appar-
ently more slender and with the head longer.

Ammodytes americanus, DE Kay, New York Fauna: Fishes, 317, 1842, Stratford, Connecticut;
JoRDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 414, 1883.
Ammodytes vittatus, DE Kay, New York Fauna: Fishes, 318, pl. 60, fig. 197, 1842, New York;

apparently a mutilated specimen.
Argyrotenia vittata, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 414, 1883.

1214. AMMODYTES PERSONATUS, Girard.
(Sanp LAUNCE.)

Head 44; depth 9; eye 2in snout, 6 in head. D.54; A. 24. Pectoral
fin half length of head, reaching past the front of the dorsal. Lateral
folds 130-150. Length 6 inches. Clear hyaline green; sides silvery.
Sandy shores of the north Pacific from Alaska to Monterey ; very abund-
ant northward, burying itself in the sand ; perhaps a variety of Ammodytes
tobianus; an excellent panfish, the flesh delicious. (personatus, masked.)

Ammodytes personatus, GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 137, Cape Flattery; Jorpan &
GILBERT, Synopsis, 415, 1883.

Group BERYCOIDEI.
(Tue Berycorip Fisues.)

Body naked or variously scaly, the scales sometimes highly specialized ;
dorsal fin with few or many spines; ventral fins thoracic or subabdominal,
each with 1 spine, usually 7 soft rays, the number of soft rays varying
from 5 to 10; in one family (Monocentrid~) the spine greatly enlarged
and the number of rays reduced ; head with conspicuous mucous cavities ;
air bladder in some species retaining its duct through life, (a character
verified only in Beryx); vertebrie in species examined, 24 to 30. Shoulder
girdle and pharyngeals normal. No suborbital stay. A varied group,
allied to the Percoidei and Scombroidei, but characterized as a whole by
the retention of the archaic characters of the persistent air duct and the

F.N. A. 54

854 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

increased number of ventral rays. In the deep-sea forms the spinous dor-
sal is scarcely developed and the scales are usually either cycloid or want-
ing. In the species of tropical shores the spinous armature of fins and
scales is better developed than in most of the Percomorphous fishes. The
group is a very old one in geologic time, the allies of Beryx being among
the earliest spiny-rayed fishes known. All are marine fishes, inhabiting
the tropical shores or the abysses of the ocean. The pertinence of the
Polymixiide and Mullide to this group is questionable,

Families of BERYCOIDEI.

a. Chin without barbels; ventral rays I, 5 to I, 10; branchiostegals 7 or 8.
b. Dorsal fin short, single, without spines; ventrals small; subjugular, of 1 spine and 5
soft rays; branchiostegals 7. BATHYCLUPEID#, OXI.
bb. Dorsal fin single, with 2 to 8 slender, graduated spines. Anal spines I to IV; bran-
chiostegals 7 or 8. a

ec. Ventral fins subabdominal, each with 1 spine and 5 soft rays.
STEPHANOBERYCID®, CXII.

ce. Ventral fins thoracic, of 1 spine and about 7 soft rays, (I, 6 to I, 10).
d. Suborbitals very broad, covering the cheeks. TRACHICHTHYID®, CXIII.
dd. Suborbitals narrow, not covering the cheeks. BERYCID, CXIV.
bbb, Dorsal fin deeply notched, its anterior division with many strong spines; anal with 4
stout spines; the third much enlarged; bones of head nearly all serrated or spin-
ous; branchiostegals 8. HOLOCENTRID®!, CXY.
aa. Chin with 2 long barbels, attached just behind symphysis of lower jaw; branchiostegals 4;
families of uncertain relationship.
e. Ventral rays I, 7or I, 6. Dorsal fin single, continuous, with 5 spines; anal spines 3 or

4. Scales moderate, ctenoid; body deep, compressed; vertebre 29.
POLYMIXIID#, CXVI.

ee. Ventral rays I, 5; dorsal fins 2, well separated, both short, the first of 6 spines; anal
spines 1 or 2; scales large, slightly ctenoid; body rather elongate, the profile para-
bolic ; vertebree 24. MULLIDS, cxvi.

Family CXI. BATHYCLUPEIDZ.

A pneumatic duct to air bladder; ventradiform body, cycloid scales, —
straightish lateral line, flattish excavated crown, long intermaxillaries
extending as far back as the supramaxillaries; short postmedian dorsal
without spines; long anal with one spine, and small, subjugular ventrals
with a spine and 5rays each. This family shares with the Berycoideans
a persistent pneumatic duct. (Gill.) Branchiostegals 7. One genus
and two species, in the deep seas. The genus Bathyclupea was placed by
Alcock among the Clupeida, the thoracic position of the ventrals and the
shortened abdominal region being regarded by him as a feature of
degradation. The species bear, in fact, considerable resemblance to /lisha
and Opisthopterus. (Bathyclupeide, Gill, in Goode & Bean, Oceanic
Ichthyology, 190, 1895.) —

373. BATHYCLUPEA, Alcock.

Bathyclupea, Aucock, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., vi11, 1891, 130, (hoskyni).
Head and body compressed ; head with large mucous cavities; lower
jaw prominent. Small, villiform teeth on jaws, palatines, and yomer.

Jordan and kvermann.—Fishes of North America. 839

Gill openings large. Branchiostegals 7. Pseudobranchiz present, large.
Seales cycloid, deciduous. Lateral line distinct, nearly straight. Dorsal
fin postmedian, with 1 or 2 spines and 8 or 10 rays. Pectorals large,
pointed, the upper rays the longest. Ventrals subjugular, small. Caudal
furcate. The type, Bathyclupea hoskyni, Alcock, was obtained from the
Andaman Sea by the Investigator at a depth of 188 to 220 fathoms. The
largest specimen known is 8 inches in length. (adic, deep; Clupea,
herring. )

1215. BATHYCLUPEA ARGENTEA, Goode & Bean.

Head 3; eye 23; snout 13 in eye, or }in interorbital width. D.9; A.30;
V. 6; scales 35. Head and body compressed; the body covered with
large, cycloid, deciduous scales. Height of body at vent less than length
of head, equal to distance from posterior margin of orbit to end of lower
jaw. Eye slightly greater than distance from its anterior margin to tip
of lower jaw. Mouth subvertical; length of upper jaw slightly exceed-
ing diameter of orbit. Teeth in villiform bands on jaws, palatines, and
vomer. Dorsal fin placed at a distance from tip of snout equal to twice
height of body; its first ray inserted in vertical from base of seventh
analray. Pectoral slender, its upper rays the longest, extending consid-
erably beyond the origin of the anal. Ventrals small, fan-shaped, inserted
almost under the posterior margin of the orbit. Color yellowish silvery.
One specimen, 13 inches in length, obtained by the Blake at station 37,
off Neris, at a depth of 365 fathoms. (Goode & Bean.) (argenteus,
silvery.)

_ Bathyclupea argentea, GoopE & BEAN, Oceanic Ichthyology, 190, 1895, off Neris.

Family CXII. STEPHANOBERYCID.

Body oblong, compressed, with scales of peculiar form, circular, having
in the center of each one or two erect, conspicuous lines, and in arrange-
ment scarcely imbricated. Head large, thick, oblong, cavernous, with
short convex snout, and with thin osseous ridges, especially an inner
U-shaped one on the crown, whose limbs diverge on each side of the
nape; also an outer sigmoid ridge on each side above the eyes, continuous
with a similar ridge projecting from the nasal bone, the inner and outer
ridges being connected by a cross ridge opposite the anterior margin of
the orbit. Mouth very wide and somewhat oblique. Lower jaw slender
and slightly projecting. Maxillaries large; premaxillaries protractile;
suborbitals narrow. ‘Teeth small, in a single band on the intermaxilla-
ries and dentaries; palatine toothless. Bones of the head usually ser-
tated. Branchiostegals 7 or 8; gill membranes separate, 3; gills 4, a
slit behind the fourth. Pseudobranchie present. Gill rakers moderate.
A single dorsal. Dorsal and anal without spinous rays. Ventral fins
abdominal, farther back in the adult than in the young, with 1 spine and
5 rays. (Goode & Bean.) One genus, with two species, found in the
deep seas. (Stephanoberycida, Gill, Standard Natural History, 1, 1885,
182.)

836 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

374. STEPHANOBERYX, Gul.
Stephanoberyx, G1LL, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1883, 258, (monz).

Berycids with an elongated claviform contour; body covered with
cycloid scales, scarcely imbricated, and armed about the center with one
or two erect spines; an oblong head, with a moderate convex snout and
with thin osseous ridges, especially an inner Y-shaped one on the crown,
whose limbs diverge on each side of nape, and an outer sigmoid one on
each side, above the eyes, and continuous with one projecting from the
nasal; the inner and outer ridges connected by a crossbar on a line with
the anterior margin of the orbit; rather small eyes, in the anterior half
of the head, and the teeth small, acute, and in a band on the premaxilla-
ries and dentaries (palate toothless), and with ventrals having 1 spine
and 5rays. Deep sea. (o7ég¢avoc, crown; Beryz.)

a. Dorsal and anal each with 13 or 14 rays. MON®, 1216

aa. Dorsal and anal each with 11 rays. GILLU, 1217

1216. STEPHANOBERYX MON F#, Gill.

Head 3; depth 34. D.14; A.130r14; P.10; V.1,5. Eye43in head and
nearly equal to snout; upper jaw slightly longer than postorbital part of
head. Gill rakers long and slender, about 25 below the angle; distance
of anal origin from end of head equal to $ length of head; ventrals orig-
inating under middle of pectorals. Color brownish. One specimen, 2
inches long, obtained by the Albatross from station 2077, at a depth of
1,255 fathoms. (Goode & Bean.) (Named for Mona Gill, niece of Dr. Gill.)
Stephanoberyx monz, GILL, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1883, 258, Gulf Stream. (Type, No. 33445.

Coll. Albatross.) GoopE & BEAN, Oceanic Ichth., 186.

1217. STEPHANOBERYX GILLII, Goode & Bean.

Head 3; depth 34; eye 4; snout 4. D.11; A.11; P. 13; V.1,5; B. Te
scales 9-33-7. Upper jaw as long as postorbital part of head; gill rakers
long and slender, about 15 below the angle on first arch. Origin of ven-
trals behind end of pectorals; distance of anal origin from end of head
fully equals length of head. Color in spirits pale, the back in front of
dorsal showing traces of rose. Length 43 to 6 inches. Gulf Stream, at
different stations in about 1,200 fathoms. (Goode & Bean.) (Named for
Theodore Gill.)

Stephanoberyz gillii, Goopr & Bran, Oceanic Ichthyology, 187, fig. 206, 1895, Gulf Stream. (Type,
No. 33555. Coll. Albatross.)

Family CXIII. TRACHICHTHYID.

Body ovate, deep, much compressed, with small ctenoid scales. Abdo-
men protected by a dermal scute which forms a serrated edge. Head
large, deeper than long; superficial bones excavated and with conspicuous
muciferous cavities. Mouth very wide, oblique; villiform teeth in jaws
and sometimes on vomer. Suborbitals very broad, covering the cheeks.
Branchiostegals 8. Gill openings very wide, the gill laminw very short.

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 837

One dorsal fin, short, with a few spinesin front. Ventral rays I, 6. Deep-
sea fishes, allied to the Berycidw, 2 genera and 10 species known. (Trachich-
thyide, Goode & Bean, Oceanic Ichthyology, 187, 1895.)

a. Vomer toothless ; opercle entire ; anal spines 3. HOopPLosTETHvs, 375.

375. HOPLOSTETHUS, Cuvier & Valenciennes.
Hoplostethus, CuviER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 1v, 469, 1829, (mediterraneus).

Body short and deep, much compressed. Head short, compressed, very
blunt anteriorly, deeper than long, with very conspicuous mucous cavi-
ties. Eye very large. Mouth very oblique, the jaws equal when the
mouth is closed. Maxillary long, broad behind, with a distinct supple-
mental bone, which reaches the posterior border of the eye. Teeth very
fine, villiform, on jaws and palatines, none on the vomer. Suborbital
with radiating ridges and a few spines; a vertical ridge on the front of
the opercle. Opercle little developed, its spine small or obsolete; a strong
spine at the angle of the preopercle; the long vertical limb of the pre-
opercle finely serrated. Gill membranes separate, free from the isthmus.
Branchiostegals 8. Scales moderate or small, ctenoid ; lateral line pres-
ent, its scales enlarged; abdomen with a series of bony plates, each end-
ing in aretrosespine. Dorsal fin continuous, short, the spines graduated,
6in number; anal with 3 graduated spines; caudal forked, its rudimen-
tary rays spinous; pectorals low, rather long; ventrals I, 6, rather short.
Air bladder simple. Pyloric cceca numerous. Vertebre 11+ 15. Deep-
sea fishes. Redin color. (é7zAov, armor; or7Hoc, breast.)

1218. HOPLOSTETHUS MEDITERRANEUS, Cuvier & Valenciennes.

Head 24; depth 13; eye very large, much longer than snout, aboct 3.
D. VI, 12 to 15; A.III,8 to 11; scales 28 to 31. Abdominal serre 9 to 13
in number. Body above with very small roughish scales; sides nearly
or quite naked (in the young example seen), scaly in the adult. Pec-
torals reaching first soft ray of anal; ventrals to vent; fins rather low.
Silvery, rosy in life; fins scarlet; peritoneum and inside of mouth black.
Coasts of southern Europe, in deep water; numerous specimens taken in
the Gulf Stream by the dlbatross and Fish Hawk in about 200 fathoms.
Also found in Japan, if H. japonicus is the same species, as Dr. Giinther
has supposed.

Hoplostethus mediterraneus, Cuvirr & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., tv, 469, 1829, Mediter-
ranean Sea; Ginruer, Cat., 1, 9, 1859; JorpANn & GILBERT, Synopsis, 458, 1883; Goopr &
Bean, Oceanic Ichthyology, 181, 1895.

Trachichthys pretiosus, Lowx, Proc. Zoi). Soc. Lond., 1839, 77, Madeira.

? Hoplostethus japonicus, HincENvorr, Sitz. Ges. Naturforschende Freunde, Berlin, 78, 1879,
Japan ; apparertly a variety or species with slightly smoother scales.

Family CXIV. BERYCID&.
(Tuer BERYCOIDS.)

Body oblong or ovate, compressed, covered with ctenoid or cycloid,
foliate or granular scales. Head with large muciferous cavities, covered

838 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

by thin skin. Eye lateral, usually large. Mouth wide, oblique. Pre-
maxillaries protractile; maxillary rather large, usually with a supple-
mental bone. Suborbitals narrow, not sheathing the cheeks. Bands of
villiform teeth on jaws, and usually on vomer and palatines; canines
sometimes present. Opercular bones usually spinous. Branchiostegals
7 or 8. Gill membranes separate, free from the isthmus. Gills 4, a slit
behind the fourth. Pseudobranchize present. Gill rakers moderate.
Cheeks and opercles scaly. No barbels. Dorsal fin continuous, with 2 to
8 weak spines; anal with 2 to 4 spines; ventral fins thoracic, mostly I,
7, the number of rays usually greater than I,5; caudal fin usually forked.
Pyloric coca numerous. Genera 6 or 8; species about 40. Fishes mostly
ef the deep seas; the general color redor black. This group is an ancient
type, a great number of extinct species being now known. (Berycide,
Giinther, Cat., I, 2-50, 1859, exclusive of certain genera.)
ANOPLOGASTRINE :

a. Scales small, granular or leaf-like; teeth unequal; palatines toothless; mouth very wide

and oblique.
b. Scales leaf-like, pedunculated ; teeth villiform, with two pairs of long fang-like teeth

above, and three below. CAULOLEPIS, 376.
bb. Scales reduced to minute asperities; teeth villiform, some of those in the lower jaw
enlarged. ANOPLOGASTER, 377.

.

MELAMPHAINE :
aa. Scales cycloid ; teeth villiform, none on palatines; head large and thick.
c. Teeth small, cardiform; lower jaw projecting ; scales thin ; body short, compressed.
Poromirra, 378.
ce. Teeth in villiform bands ; scales large ; spinous dorsal short.
d, Anal inserted under last rays of dorsal ; anal with one spine; dorsal with three.

PLECTROMUS, 379.
BERYCINE:

aaa. Scales ctenoid ; teeth villiform on jaws, palatines, and vomer.
e. Muzzle short ; chin projecting ; preopercle spineless ; opercles serrated ; anal rays IV,
26 to 80; ventrals, I, 10. Beryx, 380.

376. CAULOLEPIS,* Gill.

Caulolepis, G1LL, Forest and Stream, xx1, August 30, 1883, and in Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., v1,
1884, 258, (longidens).

Contour laterally oval or broad pyriform, the body compressed, covered

with small, pedunculated, leaf-like scales; forehead abruptly declivous;

* Dr. Gill (in Goode & Bean, Oceanic Ichthyology), adds the following details :

Body compressed, pyriform, highest in frunt, and with the dorsal and inferior outlines con-
verging to caudal peduncle, which is moderately long and slender. Scales small and not or
scarcely imbricated, upraised by peduncles, and with the surface extended and dentate behind.
Lateral line distinct and developed as a groove running parallel with the back and continuous
to the base of the caudal fin. Head higher than long, with the cranial portion very declivous,
and with the suspensorial portion obliquely extended downward and backward; the cranium
above with three naked membranous areas, an anterior pair pointed forward and diverging to
receive the ascending process of the intermaxillariesand a median hastiform one behind; also with
a naked horseshoe-shaped area around the nape, the naked spaces being separated by the bony
bars limiting the large muciferous cavities; suborbital bones enlarged, sculptured, and with
small, erect spines; the first with three radiating bars; the second largest, sending four
depending processes, three forward or downward, and another articulating with the preoper-
culum above its angle; the postorbital expanding distally and articulating with the preoperculum
above; the interspaces covered by a tense skin with the extension of the scales embedded in it.

Preoperculum angulated downward and backward, spinigerous at the angle and with no hori-
zontal lines; opercular apparatus much reduced; the operculum extended downward, with

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 839

eyes small; a pair of very long, pointed teeth in front of upper jaw, clos-
ing in front of lower; a similar pair of still longer pointed teeth in the
lower, received in fovee of the palate; on the sides of each jaw two
long teeth terminating in bulbous tips; a row of minute teeth on the
posterior half of the supramaxillaries; palate toothless. One species.
(xavidc, Stem; Aezic, scale.)

1219. CAULOLEPIS LONGIDENS, Gill.

D. Ii, 17; A. II, 8; C. x-19-x; P.I, 14; V. 1,7. Head 22; depth of
body + its length inclusive of caudal; upper jaw from symphysis to end
of maxillary contained 34 times in total length. Orbit 4 times in length
of head. Front teeth of upper jaw considerably longer than eye; those
of the lower nearly twice as long. Scales very peculiar, foliaceous and
pedunculate. Color uniform black. One specimen from Gulf Stream.
(Goode -& Bean.) (longus, long; dens, tooth.)

Caulolepis longidens, G11, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1883, 258, Atlantic Ocean, latitude 39° 277’,
longitude 69° 56’ 20”, in 1,346 fathoms. (Type, No. 33270. Coll. Albatross); Goopr &
BEAN, Oceanic Ichthyology, 185, fig. 204, 1895.

377. ANOPLOGASTER, Giinther.

Anoplogaster, GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., 1, 12, 1859, (cornutus).

Body compressed, deep, with the scales reduced to minute asperities.
Head large, with thin bones and wide muciferous cavities. Cleft of
mouth wide and oblique; chin prominent. Muzzle short, rounded, not
protruding. Teeth in villiform bands in the jaws, with several larger
teeth in the lower jaw; palatine toothless. Eye large. Preoperculum
entire. Suprascapula and angle of preoperculum armed with a spine.
Dorsal without spines and with about 17 rays. Anal with 9 or 10 rays.
Ventral with lspineand6rays. Air bladder small, pyriform. Branchios-
tegals 8. Gill openings very wide. (dvorAoc, unarmed; yuorhp, belly.)

numerous striz and ridges and with three more diverging ridges extended backward or down-
ward into spiniform angles, one horizontal and the others oblique, leaving emarginated inter-
spaces between ; the interopercula and subopercula small, the latter with several striw pointed
backward.

Eye moderately developed, near the anterior profile. Upper jaw not protractile, with the
premaxillaries extended far backward and the supramaxillaries lying behind and above, and
with wide oval extremities furnished with radiating ridges or strix.

Lower jaw quite deep, with an upper and Jower portion longitudinally striated and an inter-
mediate region provided with a naked skin, and with its angle emitting a spine backward ;
chin flattened backward to a median inferior point; teeth enlarged and few, in a single row in
each jaw. (1) Inthe upper a pair slightly curved and regularly pointed, closing in front of
lower jaw, and on each side two at intervals, behind much smaller and with swollen blunt tips.
(2) In the lower jaw a pair near the symphysis more separated than those of the upper and
fitting into fovew of the palate on each side; two smaller teeth nearly straight and with glob-
ular points, the first intermediate between the first and second of the upper, and the second
behind the second lateral tooth of the upper jaw ; palate and tongue edentulous. (3) A row of
very small teeth around the posterior half of the supramaxillary.

Dorsal single, commencing above the upper axil of the pectoral, with 2 spines and 17 bifur-
cate rays, the last of which is double; anal short, mostly behind the dorsal, with 2 spines, the
first very short, and 8 bifurcate rays, the last double; caudal deeply emarginated, but with
rounded lobes; pectorals obliquely inserted, of moderate size, with | simple and about 14
branched rays ; ventral fins subabdominal or decidedly behind the pectorals, with 1 spine and
- 6 branched rays, Branchial apertures deeply cleft ; branchiostegal rays 8.

840 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

1220. ANOPLOGASTER CORNUTUS (Cuvier & Valenciennes).

Head 23; depth about 123; eye about 3. D.17; A. 9or10; P. 16; V.
7. Interorbital width nearly half that of head; suborbital arch with
7 cavities; bony ridges of head ending in several blunt points; ventrals
midway between tip of snout and base of caudal. Deep Atlantic, five
specimens known, one of them from 39° 187 30’ N., 68° 24” W., obtained
by the Albatross. (Goode & Bean.) (cornutus, horned.)
Hoplostethus cornutus, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., rx, 270, 1833, stomach of an

Albicore, 31° N., 40° W.
Anoplogaster cornutus, GUNTHER, Cat., 1, 12, 1859; Goopr & BEAN, Oceanic Ichth., 18+, 1895.

378. POROMITRA, Goode & Bean.

Poromitra, GoopE & Bran, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zodl., 1882, 214, (capito).

Body short, compressed, scopeliform, covered with thin cycloid scales.
Head very large (in young specimens nearly as long as trunk) its sides
scaly. No barbel. Mouth very large, the lower jaw projecting. Margin
of upper jaw composed of a long maxillary and a short premaxillary.
Teeth very small, cardiform, on premaxillaries and lower jaw only.
Opercula complete. Dorsal fin in middle of body, its origin not far behind
ventrals, its spinous and soft portions about equal in length ; anal much
shorter than dorsal; the last rays of dorsal nearly above its middle.
Pseudobranchiz present. Gill openings very wide. Deep seas. (zopdc,
pore ; uizpa, stomacher.)

1221. POROMITRA CAPITO, Goode & Bean.

Head 24(in young); depth 34. D. VII or VIII, 6; A.9; V. Tor8; P.
12; C.5. Eye large, as long as snout; maxillary 33 in head. Scales as
large as pupil, with concentric striz, about 24 in lateral line and 10 in

transverse series. Insertion of dorsal midway between tip of snout and ©

base of caudal; base of anal half that of dorsal; pectoral inserted low,
its length twice its distance from the snout ; ventrals minute, in advance
of pectorals. Caudal (mutilated in the known specimens). Gulf Stream
in latitude 34°, obtained by the Blake. (Goode & Bean.) (capito, large-
headed. )

Poromitra capito, GoopE & BEAN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zoil., 215, 1882, Gulf Stream; GoopE &
BEAN, Oceanic Ichth., 183, 1895.

379. PLECTROMUS,* Gill.

Pleciromus, GILL, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1883, 257, (suborbitalis).

30dy moderately elongate, covered with moderate cycloid scales. Head
large and thick, with wide muciferous channels, the bones often with

* The following details concerning Plectrumus are given by Dr. Gill (Goode & Bean, Oceanic
Ichthyology, 178):

Body little compressed, highest behind ventrals, with the dorsal outline describing a slight
sigmoidal curve and the abdominal almost rectilinear; the caudal peduncle long and robust.
Scales moderate, imbricated, cycloid, and readily deciduous. Lateral line apparently undevel-
oped. Head oblong or longer than high, very declivous in front, and with the suspensorium

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 841

foliaceous expansions ; opercles unarmed. Mouth moderate, oblique, the
jaws subequal. Teeth villiform, mostly in two rows, the inner row
largest; palate toothless. One dorsal, with 2 or 3 spines and 10 to 16
rays. Anal inserted below last rays of dorsal, with 1 spine and 8 or 9
rays. Ventrals thoracic, with 7 rays. Caudal forked. Deep sea. Very
close to Melamphaés, from which it chiefly differs in possessing 2 or 3 dor-
sal spines instead of 6. Perhaps the two groupsshould be merged in one,
as has been done by Gunther and Gilbert. (/jxTpov, spur; ouoc, shoulder;
“two spines, one on each side of the nape, springing forward from the
shoulder bones, give a strange appearance to the fish.”)

a. Dorsal rays IIT, 15 or IIT, 16.
b. Nape with a spine on each side, springing from the shoulder bones.

SUBORBITALIS, 1222.
bb. Nape without spine as above; bones of head firm, without papery expansions; maxil-

lary reaching vertical from posterior margin of eye. LUGUBRIS, 1223.
aa. Dorsal rays IT, 11 to 13.
c. Head 3 in length; pectora: nearly or quite as long as head. BEANII, 1224,
d. Eye large, 41% in head.
dd. Eye small, 7 in head. CRASSICEPS, 1225.
cc. Head 22 in length; pectoral 114 in head; head with high thin crests above; snout with
a slender spine; eye small, 74% in head. CRISTICEPS, 1226.

1222. PLECTROMUS SUBORBITALIS, Gill.

Head 3; depth 23. D.III,16; A. 1,8; P. 14; V.1,7; scales about 30-6;
the exposed margins of the few scales present marked with coarse concen-
tric strie. Eye as long as snout and 5} times in head. Mouth oblique; end
of maxillary reaching to below hind margin of orbit. Two spines, one on
each side of the nape, springing forward from the shoulder bones. Man-
dible projecting slightly. Gill membranes deeply cleft, free from the isth-
mus behind; gill rakers moderate, about 15 below angle of first arch. A
single series of weak, somewhat scattered, curved teeth on the intermax-
illa and mandible. Dorsal origin over the sixth row of scales; length of
dorsal base equal to head. Anal origin under seventeenth ray of dorsal ;
anal base nearly 4 as longas head. Pectoral 34in body; ventral inserted
under base of pectoral. Color black. The type of the species, 3,"; inches
long without the caudal, was obtained by the Albatross from Station 2036,
at a depth of 1,735 fathoms. Another (No. 35451, U. S. Nat. Mus.) was

almost vertical; the cranium above with a naked skin extending from the nape forward to the
nasal region, covering large muciferous cavities separated by osseous bars and with lateral crests
simulating those of crested Scorpenids. Suborbital bones with the superficial a ea narrow and
emitting suleate spiniform processes; cheeks covered with skin as well as periorbital region.
Preoperculum with its inner fold parallel with, but widely separated from, the external margin;
the latter is rounded at the angle, the posterior limb is vertical, and a short horizontal one is
developed. Operculum normally developed, with large cycloid scales, and, behind, radiating
ridges; suboperculum extending as a membranous border behind; interoperculum moderate,
Eye moderate (its diameter equaling a quarter of the head's length) and entirely in the anterior
half of the head. Mouth with the cleft moderately oblique. Upper jaw not protractile; the
intermaxillaries protracted backward almost as far as the supramaxillaries; the latter have nor-
mally dilated smooth ends. Lower jaw quite deep, curved, with smooth skin, with the rami
inclined inward below and nearly contiguous, and with a truncate chin. Teeth rather small,
curved, and pointed, in two rows in each jaw, those of the upper closing around the lower jaw,
and the teeth of the external row (at least in the lower jaw) smaller than those of the internal.
Branchial apertures normally cleft. Shoulder girdle emitting a spine on each side, behind the
nape.

842 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

taken from Station 2190, at a depth of 1,800 fathoms; also two small indi-

viduals from Station 2535, at a depth of 1,149 fathoms. (Goode & Bean.)

(sub, below; orbitus, orbit.)

Plectromus suborbitalis, GILL, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vi, 1883, 258, latitude 38° 52’, longitude
69° 24’, 1,735 fathoms. (Type, No. 33271. Coll. Albatross); GoopE & BEAN, Oceanic Ichth.,
179, fig. 201, 1895.

1223. PLECTROMUS LUGUBRIS (Gilbert).

D. III, 15; A. I, 8; scales 26. Head very broad and heavy, the snout
extremely broad and short, its anterior profile nearly vertical. Mouth very
oblique, the lower jaw protruding beyond the upper, the premaxillaries
anteriorly on level of lower margin of pupil, the maxillary reaching vertical
from its posterior margin, 2? in head; snout 43, its width equaling the length
of snout and eye; interorbital width 23; eye 63. Teeth minute, uniform,
in a single series in upper jaw and in front of mandible, the lower jaw
laterally with a narrow band. Vomer and palatines toothless. Interor-
bital space strongly convex, as well as rest of head deeply excavated for
mucous canals, which are covered with a very delicate integument con-
spicuously marked with fine parallel or radiating strie. Bones firm and
cartilaginous, not papery nor with thin membranous expansionsas in other
related species. Margins of preopercle entire, the bone firm, the posterior
angle scarcely produced, evenly rounded, the margin nearly vertical. No
evident ridge on opercle, which terminates posteriorly in a flexible rounded
process without spine. Mandibles meeting along median line posteriorly,
but not forming a ridge. Gill rakers as long as eye, slender, about 14
below angle. Dorsal spines very weak, the third half as high as first soft
ray. Posterior line of occiput midway between tip of snout and origin
of dorsal. Base of dorsal equals length of head behind middle of eye.
Anal small, its origin under base cf last dorsal ray, the length of its base
equaling half interorbital width ; spine slender, about % longest soft ray ;

pectorals long, slender, faleate, with 14 rays, the longest 1; in head.

Ventrals half head, uot reaching vent. Scales large, caducous, with
entire edges, covering the opercles but lacking elsewhere on head. Uni-
form brownish black, the fins dusky ; mouth, gill cavity, and peritoneum
black. A single specimen, 33 inches long, from Albatross station 2923, in
822 fathoms. This species resembles very closely MW. typhlops, as figured
by Giinther (Deep-sea Fishes, Challenger, Pl. v, Fig. a). In typhlops the
mouth is evidently larger, and the species is described as having 6 dorsal
spines and 11 rays, although the artist has represented it with D. III, 14.
(Gilbert.) (lugubris, sorrowful, dark.)

Melamphaés lugubris, GILBERT, Proc, U. S. Nat. Mus., 1890 (1891), 59, Albatross station 2923, coast

of California, south of Point Concepcion, in 822 fathoms. (Coll, Albatross.)

1224. PLECTROMUS BEANII (Giinther).

Head 3; depth 34; eye 44. D. II, 1l-or 12;.A.1, 8019; V.I, 7; Podag
scales about 25. Pectoral as long as head, more than twice length of ven-
tral, which does not reach vent. Black. (Bean.) Gulf Stream in deep
water. (Named for Tarleton Hoffman Bean.)

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 843

Plectromus crassiceps, BEAN, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1885, 73, Gulf Stream. (Type, Nos. 33378,
33509, and 34835. Coll. Albatross); about latitude 40°; not Scopelus crassiceps, GUNTHER,
Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 1878, 185, also a Plectromus.

Melamphaés beanii, GUNTHER, Deep-sea Fishes, Challenger Report, xx11, 29, 1887; after BEAN.

Plectromus heani, Goope & Bran, Oceanic Ichthyology, 179, 1895.

1225. PLECTROMUS CRASSICEPS, Giinther.

Head 3; depth 4. D. III, 12; A. 1,9; P.14; V. I, 7; scales 28. Least
depth of tail 2 of its free portion. Head very thick, with short snout.
Eyes small, 7 length of head, and j of that of snout; posterior margin of
preoperculum descending obliquely backward; lower jaw slightly promi-
nent; cleft of mouth rather oblique; maxiliary reaches to behind eye,
and is moderately dilated behind. Origin of dorsal fin nearer the ventrals;
its last ray is above the anterior anal rays. Pectoral fin narrow, nearly as
long as head, reaching to or beyond end of anal fin. Black. Length 24
inches. Twospecimens known, one from the mid-Atlantic (1,500 fathoms),
the other from off Pernambuco. (Giinther.) (crassus,thick; -ceps, head.)
Scopelus crassiceps, GUNTHER, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 1, 1878, 185, deep sea, mid-Atlantic,

and off Pernambuco.
Melamphaés crassiceps, GUNTHER, Challenger Report, xx11, 28, Pl. vii, Fig. p, 1887.
Plectromus crassiceps, GOODE & BEAN, Oceanic Ichtbyology, 180, 1895.

1226. PLECTROMUS CRISTICEPS (Gilbert).

Head long, 23 in length; depth 33; length of caudal peduncle 4}.
Greatest depth of caudal peduncle 4 its length. Head narrower than in
M. lugubris, its anterior profile descending more gradually. Mouth less
oblique, the lower jaw included, the maxillary extending behind eye, 24
in head; snout 44; interorbital width 2$; eye 74. D. III, 13; A. II, 9.
Pectorals long, 1$ in head. Ventrals I, 7or I, 8. System of mucous canals
on head highly developed, their margins raised into high thin crests, usu-
ally with undulating margins and more or less serrulated. A rather long,
sharp, slender spine, directed upward and forward on middle of snout.
Two or three spines at lower posterior angle of cheek; marginal portion
of preopercle extremely thin and flexible, its lower limb sharply serrated.
From the upper anterior angle of opercle 2 ridges diverge, the one run-
ning backward terminating in a spinous point. Opercular margin serru-
late. Mandibles meeting on median line below, their edges produced to
form a conspicuous median crest. Their lateral margins form membranous
wings which combine with similar prolongations from the suborbital
bones to overlap the cleft of the mouth. Teeth minute, equal, in a single
series in both jaws. Vomer and palatines toothless. Gill rakers long,
broad at base, compressed, weak, about 15 below angle. Posterior line of
occiput slightly nearer front of dorsal than end of snout; length of fin
equaling its distance from base of caudal. Spines slender, pungent, weak.
Origin of anal under the fourth from the last ray of dorsal, the length of
its base scarcely exceeding length of snout. Anal spines rather strong,
the two intimately soldered together. their outlines distinct. Seales
entirely lost, apparently about 23innumber. Black anteriorly, brownish

844 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

black behind. Mouth, gill cavity, and peritoneum jet black. Fins all

blackish. One specimen 5 inches long, from station 3075, in 859 fathoms.

(Gilbert.) (crista, crest; -ceps, head.)

Melamphais cristiceps, GILBERT, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1890 (1891), 60, Albatross station 3075,
coast of Oregon and Washington, in 859 fathoms.

380. BERYX, Cuvier.

(ALFONSINES. )

Beryx, Cuvier, Réegne Anim., Ed. 2, vol. 11, 151, 1829, ‘decadactylus).

Body deep, compressed, covered with rather large, ctenoid scales, which
are regularly arranged. Abdomen trenchant, but without enlarged
scutes. Head large, with thin bones and high ridges with deep mucifer-
ous cavities. Snout short, the mouth oblique, the chin prominent; eye
large; both jaws, vomer, and palatines with villiform teeth. Opercles
serrated, the opercle usually with spine; preopercle unarmed. Caudal
forked; anal spines 4, the soft rays 26 to 30; dorsal continuous, with 4 to
6 spines; ventrals with about 10 soft rays. Air bladder simple. Pylorie
ceecanumerous. Colorred. Deep-sea fishes, beautifully colored. (Gépv§,
Beryx, a Greek name of some fish, taken by Gesner from Varinus. )

a. Scales in lateral line 64 or 65; D. IV, 16 to 19. DECADACTYLUS, 1227.
aa. Scales in lateral line 71 to 76; D. IV, 13 to 15. SPLENDENS, 1228.

1227. BERYX DECADACTYLUS, Cuvier & Valenciennes.

(ALFONSIN A Casta LARGA.)

Head 24; depth 24. D.IV, 16-19; A. IV, 28-29; V.1,10; P.14. Body
oblong, considerably compressed, its height greatest at the origin of the
dorsal; maxillary bone reaches almost to middle of orbit. Eye very large,
about 23 times in head, its upper limb impinging upon upper profile of
head; distance of insertion of pectoral from snout equal to length of
base of anal; insertion of anal nearly in vertical from tenth to twelfth
dorsal ray, its middle slightly behind last ray of dorsal; ventral inserted
under axil of pectoral. Scales sharply ctenoid, with a strong middle
keel; the number in the lateral line 64 or 65. Red, with bright streaks.
Deep seas, recorded from Portugal, Madeira, Japan, and Cuba. Poey
mentions it as ‘‘ Pez hermoso y rarisimo.” (déxa, ten; daxtvdoc, finger.)
(Eu. )

Beryx decadactylus, Cuvier & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 111, 222, 1829, Madeira or Por-
tugal ; Pory, Synopsis, 297; Goopr & Bean, Oceanic Ichth., 175, 1895.

1228. BERYX SPLENDENS, Lowe.
(ALFONSIN A CASTA CUMPRIDA.)
30dy compressed, elongate, its height equal to the length of the head,
and contained 34 times in the total. Pectoral and dorsal fins, which are

equal in length, } of the entire length of the fish; the ventral ¢. Dorsal |
and anal fins are higher than in B. decadactylus; insertion of the anal is

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America, 845

under the end of the dorsal. Caudal deeply forked. Scales large, the

whole surface spinous, with short reflexed points or prickles, giving a
general roughness to the touch. Lateral line nearly straight, following
the curvature of the back, inconspicuous, and with 71 to 76 scales, with
8 above and 20 below the lateral line in transverse series. Its color is
thus described by Lowe: ‘‘At the moment of capture, whilst this fish is
yet alive, the whole body beneath the lateral line is of a pure, resplen-
dent, silvery white; the fins alone, and merely the ridge of the back and
head, the inside of the mouth, the lower jaw, and parts beneath the eye
being of the brightest scarlet, contrasting strongly with the pure silver
of the whole sides and belly, which only after death turn iridescent rosy,
or sometimes rich golden scarlet. The hind parts of the dorsal and the
ventral fins are transparent; the iris is pale scarlet. There is a watery
transparency about the scarlet of the back in this state perfectly inim-
itable by art.” Color paler than in B. decadactylus, but the inside of the
mouth deep red. Known from Madeira, Japan, and the Gulf Stream,
34° 49/ 30/7 N., 74° 34/ 45’/” W., in 424 fathoms. (Goode & Bean.) (splen-
dens, glowing. )

Beryx splendens, Low®¥, Proc. Zoél. Soc. London, 1833, 142, Madeira; Goope & BEAN, Oceanic

Ichthyol., 176, 1895.

Family CXV. HOLOCENTRIDZ.
(THE SQUIRREL-FISHES. )

Body oblong or ovate, moderately compressed, covered with very strongly
ctenoid or spinous scales. Head with large muciferous cavities; eye lat-
eral, very large; preorbital very narrow; mouth moderate, oblique; pre-
maxillaries protractile; maxillary very large, with supplemental bone;
bands of villiform teeth on jaws, vomer, and palatines. Opercular bones
and membrane bones of head generally serrated or spinescent, along
their edges. Branchiostegals 8. Gill membranes separate, free from isth-
mus. Gills 4, a slit behind fourth. Pseudobranchie present. Gill rakers
moderate; no barbels. Sides of head scaly. Lateral line present. Dor-
sal fin very long, deeply divided, with about 11 strong spines depressible
in a scaly groove; anal with 4 spines, the third longest and strongest;
ventrals thoracic, with 1 spine and 7 rays; caudal deeply forked, with
sharp rudimentary rays or fulecra at base. Vertebrw about 27. Pyloric
ceca 8 to 25. Air bladder large, sometimes connected with the organ of
hearing. General color red. Young with the snous sharp and produced
(constituting the nominal genera Rhynchichthys, Rhamphoberyx, and Rhino-
beryx, based on peculiarities of immature examples). Genera 4; species

_ about 70, gaily-colored inhabitants of the tropical seas, abounding about

coral reefs. (Berycidw, part, Giinther, Cat., 1, 19-50, 1859.)
a, Preopercle without conspicuous spine at its angle; air bladder divided by a contraction, the
anterior part extending to the otocrane. MYRIPRISTIS, 381.
aa. Preopercle with a conspicuous spine.
b, Suborbital arch simply serrated; scales moderate, 38 to 55, HoLocenrrus, 382,
bb. Suborbital arch armed with 3 long spines curved forward; scales undescribed,
PLECTRYPOPS, 383,

S46 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

381. MYRIPRISTIS, Cuvier.
(FRERE-J ACQUES. )
Myripristis, Cuvier, Régne Animal, Ed. 2, Vol. 11, 1829, (jacobus).
Myriopristis, GILL, amended spelling.
Ostichthys, LANGSDORF MS., CuviER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 111, 174, 1829, (japonicus);
name only; passing reference.
Rhamphoberyx, G1LL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, 87, (pacilopus).

This genus is closely related to Holocentrus, differing externally, chiefly
in the absence of the large spine at the angle of the preopercle. The air
bladder is divided into two parts by a transverse constriction, the ante-
rior part extending to the otocrane, and the pyloric ceca are rather few (9).
Species numerous in the tropical seas; gay-colored inhabitants of reefs
and rock pools. The group contains two well-marked subgenera, for one
of which we retain the manuscript name Ostichthys, given it by Langsdorf
some seventy years ago. If no intermediate forms exist, Ostichthys may
stand as a distinct genus. (uvpidc, myriad; zpioTic, a Sawyer, here mean-
ing saw.)

OsTICHTHYS (Go T€ov, bone; txOus, fish):

a. Scales very large, about 3-29-7; anal rays IV, 10 or 11. TRACHYPOMA, 1229,
MyRriPRIstTIs:

aa. Scales moderate, about 3-36-6.

ce. Anal rays IV, 13; a deep red or black bar across gill opening and base of pectoral.

JACOBUS, 1230.
cc. Anal rays IV, 11.

d. Ventral fin plain reddish or whitish; dorsal pale. OCCIDENTALIS, 1231.
dd. Ventral fin black at tip; dorsal mostly dark. PECILOPUS, 1232.

Subgenus OSTICHTHYS (Langsdorf).
1229. MYRIPRISTIS TRACHYPOMA, Giinther.

Head 2? in length with caudal; depth about 24; interorbital width 6 in
head. B.8; D. XI-I, 13; A. 1V, 10-11; V.1, 7; P. to5 0) 4-3) 2b eeegies
3-29-7. All the teeth villiform; the upper maxillary bone reaches behind
the middle of the eye, and is not denticulated. Opercles covered with
spines, and operculum with a rather strong spinous prominence; scales
ctenoid, but the denticulations equal; the third anal spine much stronger
and also longer than the fourth. Carmine red, darker above; sides with
about 10 alternate streaks of deep red on rose color; fins all red. (Giin-
ther.) West Indies; rare in Cuba. A beautiful fish, closely related to
Myripristis japonicus, the type of Ostichthys. (rtpayic, rough; aaa, oper-
culum. )

Myripristis trachypoma, GUNTHER, Cat., 1, 25, 1859, Cuba.
Myriopristis fulgens, Pozy, Memorias, 11, 160, 1860, Cuba.

Subgenus MYRIPRISTIS.
1230. MYRIPRISTIS JACOBUS, Cuvier & Valenciennes. *

(FRERE-JACQUES 3 CANDIL.)

Head 4; depth 3; interorbital width 4. D. X-I, 14 or 15; A. IV, 13;
scales 3-36 to 38-6. Maxillary reaching a little beyond middle of eye;

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 847

opercle striated, the strie# ending in fine points at posterior edge of oper-
cle, above a very feeble spine. Pectorals shorter than ventrals; third
and fourth anal spines nearly equal in length, the former broader.
Deep crimson, paler below; a blood-red bar across opercle and base of
pectoral, becoming black in spirits; fins red, the vertical fins edged with
whitish. Length 1 foot. West Indies to Brazil; common; a brilliantly
colored fish. (Jacobus, James; the species is called Frére-Jacques,
“brother Jim.” in Martinique.)

Myripristis jacobus, Cuvier & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 11, 162, 1829, Martinique;

GUNTHER, Cat., 1, 19, 1859.

Myripristis lychnus, Pozy, Memorias, 11, 159, 1860; Havana.
Rhinoberyx chryseus, Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., 464, 1870, St. Croix Island.

1231. MYRIPRISTIS OCCIDENTALIS, Gill.

Head 3+ in extreme length; depth nearly 4; eye 2}; snout 5. D. X-I,
13; A. IV, 11; scales 3-35 or 36-7; pectoral fin contained 6 times in the
total length, the ventrals 74, and the caudal 5 times. Color on the upper
half reddish purple, silvery below, with many dark points, especially
along edges of scales; fins pale, except a darker border along spinous
dorsal. Length 6inches. (Gill.) Pacific Coast of Mexico: common in
rock pools about Cape San Lucas. (occidentalis, western.)

Myrioprislis occidentalis, Git, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, 87; Cape San Lucas. (Coll.
Xantus.)
Rhamphoberyx leucopus, GILL, l. c., 88, Cape San Lucas. (Coll. Xantus.)

1232. MYRIPRISTIS PCILOPUS (Gill).

Head 4 in extreme length; depth 34; eye 2; snout 5, blunt. D. X-I,
14; scales 3-35 or 36-7. Olive green, golden green below, and cupreous
on the opercle; spinous dorsal dark green in front of each spine, but
light behind as well as above and below; black in spirits; spinous dor-
sal margined with dark; ventrals with a broad blackish terminal band;
base of caudal punctulate with dark spots. (Gill.) Cape San Lucas.
Known from the types, which are very young; probably the young of
Holocentrus suborbitalis. (mo.xidoc, variegated; zotc, foot.)

Rhamphoberyx pecilopus, Gitt, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, 87, Cape San Lucas. (Coll.
Xantus.)

382. HOLOCENTRUS (Gronow) Scopoli.

(SQUIRREL-FISHES. )

Holocentrum, Anrrnti, Seba, 111, about 1740, nonbinomial, (rubrum).
Holocentrus, Gnonow, Zoophy]., 65, 1763, (rostratus, nonbinomial).
Holocenthrus (Gronow), Scoro.i, Int. Hist. Nat., p. 449, 1777.

Holocentrus, Buocu, Ichthyol., tv, 61, 1790, (sogo).
Rhynchichthys, Cuvien & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vit, 503, 1831, (pelamidis) (young).
Holocentrum, of authors generally.

848 Bulletin 47, United States National Musewm.

Bhinoberyx, GiLt, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, 237, (brachyrhynchus); young; scales said to be
25; may represent a distinct genus.

Body oblong, moderately compressed, the ventral outline nearly
straight, the back a little elevated, the tail very slender. Head com-
pressed, narrowed forward. Operculum with astrong spine above, below
which the edge is sharply serrated; a strong spine at the angle of pre-
opercle. Orbital ring, preorbital, preopercle, interopercle, subopercle,
occiput, and shoulder girdle with their edges sharply serrate. Mouth
small, terminal, the lower jaw projecting in the adult; in the young
(which constitute the supposed genera Jthynchichthys and Rhinoberyx)
the snout is much produced. Maxillary broad, striate, with a supple-
mental bone. Eye excessively large. Scales moderate, closely imbri-
cated, the posterior margin strongly spinous. Lateral line continuous.
Dorsal deeply emarginate, the spines usually 11, depressible in a groove;
soft dorsal short and high; anal with 4 spines, the first and second quite
small, the third very long and strong, the fourth smaller; caudal widely
forked; both lobes with the rudimentary rays spine-like; ventrals
large, 1, 7, the spine very strong. Species numerous, remarkable for the
development of sharp spines almost everywhere on the surface of the
body. (6Aoc¢, whole; xévTpov, spine; spinous all over.)

a. Preopercular* spine long, tapering, acute; third anal spine very long, more than half

depth of body. -
b. Mouth moderate, lower jaw extending to below first 14 to 44 length of eye.

c. Scales small, 50 to 55 in lateral line; upper lobe of caudal longer than lower, fal-
cate; soft dorsal and anal elevated, pointed at tip, this character subject to

variation. ASCENSIONIS, 1233.
ce. Scales moderate, about 45; depth of body 23 in length; membrane of front spines
of dorsal black. SICCIFER, 1234.

cec. Scales rather large, 38 to 42 in laterai line; caudal lobes nearly or quite equal.
d. Maxillary extending to below middle of eye.
e. Depth of body greater than length of head.

f. Third anal spine 1% in head. SUBORBITALIS, 1235,
jf. Third anal spine 14 in head. coruscUs, 1236.

ee. Depth of body equal to length of head. BRACHYPTERUS, 1237. _
eee. Depth of body less than length of head; dorsal without black; cheeks
without white dots. MARIANUS, 1238.

dd. Maxillary extending to below first third of eye; dorsal with black markings.
VEXILLARIUS, 1239.
bb. Mouth small, maxillary reaching to below first fourth of eye; upper lobe of caudal

longer; cheek with a white blotch. oscuLus, 1240-
aa. Preopercular spine short, flattish, notched at tip; third anal spine short, its length about
1, depth of body; soft dorsal and anal low, rounded. SANCTI-PAULI, 1241.

12338. HOLOCENTRUS ASCENSIONIS (Osbeck).

(MATEJUELO; SQUIRREL-FISH; SOLDADO; WELSHMAN.)

Head 3%; depth’ 32; eye 24; snout 44. D. XI, 15; A. III, 10; scales
5-50 to 54-7; coca 25; vertebre 11-+-16. Mouth small, little oblique,
maxillary scarcely reaching middle of eye. Longest dorsal spines more

* Little dependence can be placed on this analytical key, as several species are imperfectly
known and of doubtful validity.

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 849

than half length of head; soft dorsal pointed, as high as the body; third
anal spine very strong, as long as longest anal rays, 13 in depth of body.
Upper lobe of caudal much the longer. In life chiefly bright red, with
shining longitudinal streaks along the rows of scales; some specimens
somewhat darker, and tinged with olive above; fins light red, the spinous
dorsal largely golden olive, its edge scarlet; head quite red above; an
oblique white bar descends backward from the eye; these colors fading in
spirits. This species varies much in the depth of body and the height of
the fins. Length about 2 feet. West Indies, about rocks and reefs, rang-
ing from Florida to St. Helena; very common in Cuba; a most brilliantly
colored fish, often seen in tropical markets. (Name from Ascension
Island.)

Perea ascensionis, OsBEcK, Iter Chin., 388, 1771, Ascension Island.

Bodianus peniacanthus, Buocu, Ausl. Fische, tv, 40, pl. 225, 1790, Brazil; after Jaguaraca of
MARCGRAVE.

Holocentrus sogo, Biocn, l, c., 61, pl. 232, 1790, Africa.

Sciena rubra, Buocuh & ScHNEIDER, Systema Ichthyol., 82, 1801; after Perca marina rubra of
CATESBY. :

Amphiprion matejuelo, Boch & SCHNEIDER, Syst. Ichthyol., 206, 1801, Cuba ; after Matejuelo of
PARRA.

Bodianusjaguar, LACEPEDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 1v, 286, 1802, Brazil; after Jaguaraca of MARCGRAVE.

Holocentrum longipinne, Cuvier & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 111, 185, 1829, Martinique;
San Domingo; Porto Rico; St. Thomas; Havana.

Holocentrus longipinne, GUNTHER, Cat., 1, 28, 1859.

Holocentrus pentacanthus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 459, 1883.

? Holocentrus striatus, GRoNow, Cat. Fishes, 173, 1854, Antilles; name preoccupied.

? Holocentrus rostratus, GRONOW, I. c., 173, 1854, near the Equator; young specimen; unidenti-
fiable.

Represented in the West Indies by

1233a. HOLOCENTRUS ASCENSIONIS RUFUS (Walbaum).

Specimens of this species from Bahia, apparently representing the true
ascensionis, differ from Cuban examples. The latter may be regarded as a
distinct subspecies, for which the oldest name is that of rufus of Walbaum
(=ruber =rubra=jaquar=longipinnis). The Brazilian form (var. ascen-
sionis) has the preopercular spine not reaching past the gill opening, its
free portion 24 in eye. Pectoral short, 1% in head, measured to end of
opercular spine; ventrals reaching vent; third anal spine measured from
the scales, 2} in head; soft dorsal 14 in head; caudal lobe not quite equal
to head. In var. rufus the preopercular spine reaches about to root of
pectoral, its free part 14 in eye. Third anal spine 1, in head; soft
dorsal ;\;5 longer than head; caudal lobe about 4 longer. The color and
form of body seem to be the same in both subspecies. (rufus, red.)

Perca rufa, Waubavm, Artedi Pisc., 351, 1792, Bahamas; after Perca marina rubra of CATEsBY.

1234. HOLOCENTRUS SICCIFER, Cope.

Head with spines 24; depth 24. D.XI,13; A.IV,9; scales 3-45-8; eye
2} times in head and } interorbital width. Spinous dorsal rather short,

F.N, A, —O5

850 Bulletin 47, Untted States National Museum.

elevated ; last spine very short, only connected with first soft ray within
the groove. Second dorsal not elevated, first rays equal to 14 length of
longest spines. Third anal ray not reaching basis of caudal; scales bor-
dering anal fin, prolonged into grooved blades; body scales strongly
pectinate, not grooved; muzzle contracted, especially laterally, the max-
illary reaching anterior margin of pupil; anterior supernumerary maxil-
lary minute; operculum finely denticulated; opercular spines 2, equal,
elongate; a pair of smaller spines at summit of operculum; one spine
directed backward at front of preorbital bone, all the lateral bones ser-
rate; interorbital carine very weak; ventral fins not reaching vent.
Color in spirits silvery; a brown longitudinal band between each two
rows of scales, to middle of sides; below this brown puncte in the same
position; head brown shaded; fins white, except first dorsal, which is
blackish; the membranes of first to third spines black. with white or pale
spots at base and one at margin; chin brown. Length of type 2? inches.
This species differs from H. ascensionis, of the same size, in the wider inter-
orbital space, narrower muzzle, upper pair of opercular spines, free oper-
cular serration, deeper body, color, etc. It differs in coloration from the
species described by Poey, who also does not mention any of the pecu-
liarities of this fish in any of them. Bahamas; one specimen known.
(Cope.) (siccus, dry; fero, to bear.)

Holocentrum sicciferum, Copr, Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., xxx, 1866, 465, New Providence,

Bahamas.

1235. HOLOCENTRUS SUBORBITALIS, Gill.

(Mosarra CARDENAL.)

Head 3; depth 23; eye 24; snout44. D.XI,14; A.IV,9; scales 438-7.
Mouth moderate, scarcely oblique, maxillary about reaching middle of
eye. Longest dorsa] spines 13 in head; soft dorsal about as high as
spinous portion, sheathed with scales at base; third anal spine 14in head;
first anal rays about as long as third anal spine, the others graduated to
the last, which is less than half length of first ; pectorals about as long
as third anal spine or 14 in head; ventrals as long as pectorals. Steel
colored, thickly sprinkled with dark dots, which become less numerous
downward; the fins are dark, the dorsal lighter on the anterior half at the ©
base between the spines; the suborbital chain is bright silvery and
immaculate. Adult specimens recently obtained at Mazatlan are described
as follows: Head 3; depth 2%. D. XI, 12; A.1V,8; V.1,7; seales
3-36-7, 7 on cheek. Dorsal spine 13; dorsal ray 13; caudal 14; third
anal ?. Pectoral 13. Maxillary slipping under preorbital. Ventral with
accessary scale; dorsal ina groove. Body short and deep, compressed
with slender caudal peduncle, anterior profile rounded. Mouth small;
upper jaw protractile. Teeth in uniform bands on jaws, vomer, and -
palatines. Maxillary moderate, slipping under very narrow preorbital,
which, like rest of suborbital ring, is armed with close-set sharp teeth
turned backward. Preopercle, opercle, subopercle, interopercle, pos-
temporal, armed with similar teeth. Preopercle spine nearly as long as
pupil; 2 spines in opercle. Steel gray, underlaid by bright. coppery red,

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 851

which becomes brighter after death; everywhere much punctate with
black, the dots coarse ; sides and especially back with purple reflections.
Top and side of head coppery, a curved bright silvery streak from tip of
snout below eye and around it, ceasing opposite middle of pupil ; a ver-
tical silver streak on edge of opercle and extending out on spine; head
yellowish, upper tip reddish and lower with throat silvery ; dorsal brown,
clouded with reddish and dark; dark brown near edge, then a series of
grayish clouds, roundish irregular whitish spots at its base; second dor-
sal reddish, its ray pale, the first two black; the caudal red, base pale,
the upper and lower rays dark yellowish, darkest in young, the dark
extending on peduncle above and below; anal spines whitish, the soft
rays birch red, the last ones pale, the first soft rays dark ; ventral reddish,
the spine and first soft ray whitish, the first ray dark red; when the fins
are closed it seems reddish edged with whitish or yellowish and with a
blackish line. The dark is fainter in larger specimens. Very common
in rock pools about the Gulf of California, rarely exceeding 8 inches in
length. Mazatlan to Panama; a small species abundant in rock pools.
(suborbitalis, below the eye.)

Holocentrum suborbitale, GiLL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, 86, Cape San Lucas. (Coll.
Xantus. )

1236. HOLOCENTRUS CORUSCUS, Poey.

Head 24 (34); depth 23 (34). D. XI, 14; A. IV, 9; scales 3-42-8. Eye
very large, 24 in head; snout very short, 2 in eye. Body shaped as in H.
suborbitalis, a Pacific Coast species, to which it is nearly related. Mouth
small, maxillary reaching past anterior margin of pupil, 3 in head.
Width of interorbital space not as long as maxillary, 34 in head; bones of
top of head marked as in Holocentrus suborbitalis, except that a few of the
upper occipital ridges are serrated. Spines on preopercle, opercle, inter-
opetcle, preorbital and suborbital, as in the western species ; spines on
subopercle a few more; scales on body as in ascensionis or suborbitalis ;
nuchal scale as large as in the latter; five rows of scales on cheek, none
on opercle. Spinous dorsal moderately high; first spine 3 in head; third
spine longest, 2+ in head; soft dorsal higher than spines; not falcate, as
in ascensionis; longest ray 13 in head; third anal spine longest, almost 2
in head ; longest ray 1/ in head, not faleate; pectorals 12 in head; ven-
trals 14; its outer rays not produced, about ? diameter of eye from vent ;
upper caudal lobe apparently not much produced, 1? in head. Color in
spirits pale silvery, edges of scales showing bright steel-blue reflections ;
a reddish shade above lateral line; bands of dots following rows of
scales, those below luteral line widest and most diffused ; no markings on

head with the exception of dots; spinous dorsal dusky; a large black

spot between first and third spine; membrane between bands of posterior
spines with dusky spots; a row of whitish angular spots on the anterior
part of membrane between each two spines, those between the third and
sixth spines longest, the two anterior well developed below the large
black spot ; other fins pale; upper angle of pectoral with a group of dots ;
black blotches between first and second and second and third spines.

5s

852 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

West Indies, known from Cuba and the Bahamas ; very close to
Holocentrus suborbitalis. (coruscus, sparkling.)

Holocentrum coruscum, Pory, Memorias, 11, 158, 1860, Cuba; JorRDAN & BoLuimaNn, Proc. U. S.
Nat. Mus., 1888, 550.

1237. HOLOCENTRUS BRACHYPTERUS, Poey.

Head 34in total length with caudal; depth 33; eye3; snout 4. D. XI,
13; A. IV, 8; scales 40. Mouth moderate, maxillary reaching middle of
eye. Soft dorsal and anal not pointed; caudal lobes equal. Carmine;
longitudinal rosy streaks along rows of scales; a pale band along spinous
dorsal; no white band on cheek. (Poey.) Cuba; a doubtful species, per-
haps the same as H. vevillarius. (Gpayic, short; zrepor, fin.)

Holocentrus brachypterus, PoEy, Repertorio, 184, 1866, Cuba.

1238. HOLOCENTRUS MARIANUS, Cuvier & Valenciennes.

(MARIAN.)

Head 3 in total length with caudal; depth 3%. D. XI, 13; A. IV, 8.
Body rather deep; snout long, mouth large, maxillary reaching middle of
eye; opercularspines 2, short andsubequal. Soft dorsal reaching $ length
of caudal peduncle; third anal spine very strong, its length ? depth of
body, longer than first soft ray. Caudal lobes equal. Pyloric ceca 8 to
10. Bright red, the spinous dorsal with two rows of white spots; other
fins carmine; no white blotch on cheeks. (Poey.) (Marian, a negro word
meaning tough and lean—a fish of much bone and little flesh.)

Holocentrum marianum,* CuyrER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 111, 219, 1829, Martinique.
Holocentrum rostratum, Pory, Memorias, 11, 157, 1860, Cuba; naime preoccupied.

1239. HOLOCENTRUS VEXILLARIUS, Poey.

Head 3? in total length with caudal; depth 33; eye 22. D. XI, 13; A.
IV, 8; snout short; maxillary reaching first third of eye. Caudal lobes ~
equal, vertical fins not very high; third anal spine 3 depth of body. |
Metallic white, flushed with red-brown streaks along the edges of
scales; dorsal whitish, with large dark-red spots; spinous dorsal with a
black vertical bar behind each ray,not reaching its base; soft dorsal,
anal, and candal with dark-red border. (Poey.) Cuba; not seen by us.
(vexillarius, pertaining to a banner; from the*marks on the dorsal fin.)

Holocentrum vexillarium, Pory, Memorias, 11, 158, 1860, Cuba.

Holocentrum productum,t+ Pory, Synopsis, 300, 1868; described from specimen 3 inches long; young,
as shown by the protruding snout.

? Holocentrum riparium,{ Pony, Enumeratio, 37, 1875, Cuba.

* Holocentrus marianus, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES:

D. XI, 12; A. IV, 9. Third anal spine exceedingly long. Color silvery red, without longitu-
dinal streaks. No black spot on the dorsal, nor dark points on the scales. Lower jaw projecting.
Opercle with two flat points. Martinique.—Cuvier & Valenciennes.

+Head 32 in total; depth the same; eye 3, half longer than snout. D. XI-15; A. IV, 10;
snout projecting; maxillary reaching front of pupil. Upper spine of opercle with a black
point or perforation at base. Dorsal low, its highest spine half depth of body; third anal
spine strong. Rosy; belly silvery; series of scales scarcely marked by streaks ; fins red ; first
two and last two interspaces between spines dusky. Matanzas.—Poey.

t Holocentrum riparium is based on small specimens found in shallow water along the reefs and
is said to differ from vevillarius in having the first three spines only with black interspaces, It
is possibly a distinct species, but needs verification.

*

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 853

1240. HOLOCENTRUS OSCULUS, Poey.

D. XI, 15; A. IV,10. Mouth small, the maxillary reaching first fourth
of eye. Scales deeply furrowed. Upper lobe of caudal longer. Red; a
diffuse white blotch on side of belly and one on cheek. First three anal
spines whitish. Cuba. (Poey); not seen by us. (osculus,small-mouthed.)

Holocentrum osculum, PoEy, Memorias, 11, 156, 1860, Cuba.
Holocentrum perlatum, Porky, l. c., 157, Cuba ; female specimen with a white blotch behind tip of
each dorsal spine ; wanting in type of osculum, which was a male,

1241. HOLOCENTRUS SANCTI-PAULLT, Giinther.

Head 3; depth 2}; eye 4; snout 4; interorbitai width 5 in head, inelud-
ing opercular flap. D. XI,15; A.IV,10; scales 48-3}. Maxillary not
reaching to vertical from center of eye. Operculum with a strong and
thick triangular spine, and with denticulations beneath; preopercular
spine broad, flattened, and cleft, or bifurcate at its extremity; its length
34 times in that of posterior edge of preoperculum; third and fourth dor-
sal spines longest, a little less than half length of head; soft dorsal
rather elevated, more than half height of body; caudal deeply forked,
upper lobe much longer than lower; third anal spine very strong, 3 in
height of body. Ventral fins about ? length of head, terminating at a
great distance from the anus; pectoral shorter than the ventrals. Uni-
form red. Length 16inches. St. Paul Rocks, mid-Atlantic.

Holocentrum sancti-pauli, GUNTHER, Shore Fishes, 4, 1880, St. Paul Rocks.

383. PLECTRYPOPS, Gill.

Plectrypops, Git, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, 237, (retrospinis).

This genus differs from Holocentrus chiefly in having the preopercle
armed with three strong teeth curved forward. The preopercular spine
is moderate, and the third anal spine not greatly developed. One species.
(wAqKTpOV, Spur; d76, below; dv, eye.)

1242. PLECTRYPOPS RETROSPINIS (Guichenot).

Head 2? in total length; depth 24. D. XJI,14; A, III(?) orIV,11. The
infraorbital arch is armed beneath with three long spines, curved and
directed forward; the spines of the preorbital and of the posterior part
of the infraorbital arch with smaller spinous teeth. Both limbs of the
preoperculum denticulated, with a rather strong flat spine; operculum
and suboperculum armed with spinous teeth, the former with two long
spines, the lower of which is the stronger. Spines of the fins rather
slender; the soft portions of the dorsal and anal fins rounded, and as
high as the spinous. Caudal forked; scales deeply serrated. Uniform
red. Cuba. (Guichenot); rare. (retro, backward; spina, spine; but the
spines are directed forward. )

Holocentrum retrospinis, Guicut+ Nor, in Ramon de la Sagra, Hist. Cuba, 35, pl. 1, fig. 3, 1850,
Cuba,
Holocentrum prospinosum, Pory, Memorias, 11, 343, 1861; after GuicuENor. Substitute for retro-

spinis, as the spines turn forward and not backward ; GUnrHer, Cat., 1, 49, 1859.

854. Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

Family CXVI. POLYMIXIIDA.
(THE BARBUDOS.)

Body rather elongated and compressed; scales not serrated; lateral
line continuous with back; head compressed, and with a decuryed pro-
file; preoperculum serrated; mouth with a lateral and nearly horizontal
cleft; teeth villiform, on both jaws and on palate; branchiostegal aper-
tures large, the gill membranes separate, free from the isthmus; branchi-
ostegals 4; dorsal moderately elongated, with several spines, increasing
backward; anal opposite the posterior portion of dorsal, armed with 3
or 4 spines; pectorals with branched rays; ventral fins thoracic, each
with a spine and 6 or 7 rays. Vertebre in increased number (29). The
family is distinguished by the combination of chin barbels, increased
number of rays, and small number of branchiostegals. Its affinities are
doubtful, but on the whole seem to be rather with the Mullide. (Gill.)
The increased number of ventral rays and the structure of the fins seem
to point to Berycoid rather than Percoid affinities. For this reason we
leave the Polymixiid@ near the Berycide, and place the Mullid@ next to it.

A single genus, with 1 to 3 species, inhabiting rather deep waters
in the tropical Atlantic and Pacific. (Berycidw, genus Polymizia, Gun-
ther, Cat., 1, 17, 1859.)

384. POLYMIXIA, Lowe.
(BARBUDO.,

Polymixia, Low, Trans. Cambr. Phil. Soc., 1838, 198, (nobilis).
Nemobrama, VALENCIENNES, Berher-Webb & Berthelot, Ich. Iles Canar., 40, 1844, (webbii).
Dinemus, PoEY, Memorias, 11, 160, 1860, (venustus).

Characters of the genus included above. (odtvc, many; wigic, Mixing;
a mixture of the characters of many groups.)

1243. POLYMIXIA LOWEI, Giinther.

Head 32; depth 33; eye 3-. D. V, 30; A. III, 16; scales 50. Anterior
profile slightly convex, but descending rapidly from eye to snout; pos-
terior profile gradually descending to the caudal fin; lower profile nearly
straight between snout and anal fin. Snout short, obtuse, lower jaw
overlapped by the upper. Interorbital width 4 in head, covered with
scales to near the anterior margin of the eyes. Cleft of mouth wide,
maxillary reaching to behind eye, ending in a broad plate with a convex
posterior edge and a concave superior and inferior one. Lower jaw with
a slight prominence in front. Eye placed high; suborbital less than
diameter of eye. Opercles without spines; these and the subopercles
densely scaled. Origin of dorsal midway between snout and base of
caudal, the fifth spine about half as long as the first ray, which is the
longest; the following rays become shorter and shorter to the seven-
teenth, the remaining ones being short and nearly equal in length. Can-
dal fin deeply forked, with pointed and equal lobes; anal fin similar to
the dorsal in shape, but shorter and lower; the third spine about + of

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North Amertca. 855

the first ray, which equals the fifth dorsal ray. Pectorals short and
pointed, reaching beyond origin of dorsal; ventrals very short. Teeth
in broad, velvet-like bands. (Giinther.) Uniform greenish above, sides
golden shining. Caribbean Sea, in deep water; occasionally taken in
Cuba. (Named for Rev. Richard Thomas Lowe, British chaplain in
Madeira, an accomplished and careful ichthyologist, author of the Fishes
of Madeira. )

Polymixia lowei,* GUNTHER, Cat., 1, 17, 1859, Caribbean Sea.
Dinemus venustus, PoEy, Memorias, 11, 160, 1860, Cuba.

Family CXVII. MULLIDZ.
(THE SURMULLETS.)

Body elongate, slightly compressed, covered with large scales which are
usually slightly ctenoid; lateral line continuous, the pores often branched;
large scales on the head; upper profile of the head more or less parabolic.
Mouth small, low, subterminal; teeth mostly smail, variously placed;
no canines, incisors, nor molars. Premaxillaries somewhat protractile;
maxillaries thin, nearly as broad at base as at tip, without supplemental
bone, partly hidden by the broad preorbital. Preopercle entire or
slightly serrate; opercle unarmed, or witha single spine. Eye moderate,
placed high; branchiostegals 4; pseudobranchie present; 2 long
unbranched barbels at the throat, attached just behind the symphysis of
the lower jaw. Dorsal fins 2, remote from each other, both short, the
first of 6 to 8 rather high spines, which are depressible in a groove;
anal short, similar to the soft dorsal, with 1 or 2 small spines; ventrals
thoracic, I,5. Air bladder usually present, simple. Vertebre 9 -—-14—
23; stomach siphonal; pyloric ceca about 20. Species about 40, refera-
ble to 5 closely related genera, found in all tropical seas, some species
straying northward. Many of the species are highly valued as food,
especially the European Mullus barbatus and Mullus surmuletus. The
family is a very natural one and not closely related to any other. It
bears some superficial likeness to the Sci@nidw and the Cheilodipteride, but
this may not show real affinity. The singular barbels appear also in
the Polymiziide, but in that family the ventral rays are numerous, as in
Berycide. The small number (4) of the branchiostegals is found both in
Mullide and Polymiziide. As the singular hyoid barbels are not likely to
have been developed independently in two unrelated groups, we place
the Mullide and Polymiziide together. As the latter group seems to have
Berycoid affinities, we leave the Mullidw with the Berycoidei, although
they show no resemblance to the Berycoids, other than the characters
shared with the Polymixiide. (Mullida, Giinther, Cat., 1, 397-411, 1859. )

a. Teeth on lower jaw, vomer, and palatines; upper jaw toothless; the bone which forms a
downward hook over maxillary strongly developed; interorbital space flat and wide;

opercle without spine. MuLius, 385

* This species has been recently identified by Giinther with the rare but almost cosmopolitan
Polymixa nobilis, Lowe. The latter has D. V, 37 or 38, a difference beyond the ordinary range

of variation. We therefore retain the American species, Polymixia lowei, as provisionally dis-
tinct, although Dr, Giinther claims to have a complete series of connecting forms,

(o,0)
Cu

6 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

aa. Teeth on both jaws; vomer and palatines toothless; the bone which forms a downward
hook over the maxillary moderately developed; interorbital space rather narrow;
opercle ending in a single spine.
b. Teeth small, subequal, in villiform bands in both jaws. MULLOIDEs, 386.
bb. Teeth rather strong, unequal, in one or two series in each jaw. UPENEUS, 387.

385. MULLUS, Linneus.
(SURMULLFTS.)
Mullus, Linnmus, Systema Nature, Ed. x, 1758, 299, (barbatus).

Villiform teeth in the lower jaw and on the vomer and palatines ; none
in the upper jaw; the bone forming a hook over the maxillary well devel-
oped; opercle without spines; interorbital space flat and wide. Other-
wise as in Upeneus, the head rather shorter. One species known. (Latin,
Mullus, uvz,oc, the ancient name of Mullus barbatus, from pidAdoc, lip;
hence ‘‘ mullet,” a fish with thick lips.)

1244. MULLUS AURATUS, Jordan & Gilbert.

Head 33; depth 33 to 4; eye 3%; oblique length of snout 23. D. VII-I,
8; A. II, 6; scales about 40. Form essentially as in the European Mullus
barbatus, the profile a little less steep, the interorbital space a trifle
broader, the maxillary extending exactly to opposite front of eye, its
length 24 in head. Interorbital width 34 in head; barbels 14. Teeth in
lower jaw small; on upper jaw obsolete; on vomer and palatines coarse
and granular, forming large patches. Gill rakers slender, a little shorter
than pupil. Dorsal spines slender, compressed, the longest about 13 in
head (14 to 14 in Mullus barbatus) ; height of soft dorsal half head ; cau-

dal as long as head. Pectoral 1? in head; ventrals 14. Scales mostly ~

lost, so that the number in the lateral line can not be counted. Color
scarlet, becoming crimson where the scales are removed; snout scarlet;
side with two distinct longitudinal yellow stripes. Caudal scarlet, first
dorsal with an orange band at base and a yellow band higher up; the
‘rest of the fin pale; no black on dorsal fin. Second dorsal mottled scarlet
and pale; anal and ventrals plain, pectoral reddish ; iris violet, dusky
above; sides of head with silvery luster. Length 8 inches. Eastern
coast of North America; Cape Cod to Pensacola, occasionally taken in
some numbers at Woods Hole, Massachusetts, and found among the spew-
ings of snappers and groupers off the Florida Snapper Banks. Very close
to the European Mullus barbatus, and especially to surmuletus, differing in
the rather lower fins, the black band on the dorsal replaced by yellow.
(auratus, gilded.)

Mullus barbatus auratus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., 1882, 280, Pensacola; (Type,
No. 30828. Coll. Jordan); Jorpan & GILBERT, Synopsis, 931, 1883.

Mullus auratus, JORDAN, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1884, 39; Hatt & McCauauan, Proc. Ac. Nat.
Sci. Phila., 1885, 151.

SE e

yee oe

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 857

—_——————

386. MULLOIDES, Bleeker.

Mulloides, BLEEKER, Ceram., 11, 697, 1865, ( flavolineatus).

This genus differs from Upeneus only in the dentition, the teeth in both
jaws being in narrow villiform bands, none on vomer or palatines.
Species numerous, chiefly of the Pacific Ocean. (Mullus; eidoc, resem-
blance. )

1245. MULLOIDES RATHBUNI (Evermann & Jenkins).

Head 33; depth 4; eye large, 23 in head, or1}in snout. D. VIII-I,8;
A. i, 6; scales 24-41-6. Body slender. Dorsal outline well arched; pro-
file from snout to origin of first dorsal regularly curved, except above the
eyes, where it is very slightly flattened ; from first dorsal to posterior end
of second dorsal gently convex, and from there to the caudal slightly
concave; ventral outline nearly straight to caudal fin; head triangular ;
snout blunt-pointed; least depth of caudal peduncle 2? in head, and its
length 1} in the same; mouth slightly oblique; the maxillary, which is
34 in head, greatly broadened behind, almost reaching anterior margin of
orbit; preorbital deep and broad, its depth 3} in head; lower jaw slightly
included ; barbels moderate, scarcely reaching posterior edge of opercles ;
preopercle very weakly serrate. First dorsal spine minute, the second,
third, and fourth subequal, 1}in head, the others decreasing gradually, the
eighth being contained less than 3 times in head; longest soft dorsal ray
2} in head ; anal spine evident; longest anal rays 23 in head; pectorals
1} in head, reaching posterior edge of spinous dorsal; ventrals equaling
_pectorals. Scales large, ctenoid ; head well scaled, 3 scales upon the max-
illary bone, a row of 6 upon cheek, and an odd one on its lower margin ;
preopercle and opercle with about 2 rows each; preorbital without scales,
but roughened by a very evident set of irregularly radiating lines; the
branches of the pores in scales of lateral line large and numerous, as many
as 13 being counted in some scales. Teeth villiform, in a band broadest in
front and narrowing backward. Gill rakers slender, the longest 3} in
maxillary, about 16 below angle. Peritoneum black. Length about 8
inches. Known only from Guaymas, Gulf of California. (Named for Mr,
Richard Rathbun, Chief of the Division of Inquiry respecting Food
Fishes, United States Fish Commission.)

Upeneus rathbuni, EVERMANN & JENKINS, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1891, 158, pl. 2, fig. 4, Bay of
Guaymas. (Type, No. 43241. Coll. Evermann & Jenkins.)

387. UPENEUS, Cuvier.
(GOATFISHES. )

Upeneus,* Cuvier, Régne Animal, Ed. 2, Vol. 2, 157, 1829, (vittatus; russellii; bifasciatus; trifasciatus) ;
(restricted by Bleeker to bifasciatus).

*The name Upeneus was first restricted by Bleeker to the species which, like bifasciatus, have
the teeth in both jaws conic and uniserial; those with teeth on jaws, vomer, and palatines also
being called Upeneoides. But as Upencoides vittatus is the first species mentioned under Upeneus
by Cuvier, Bleeker afterwards transferred the name Upeneus to this group, giving the new
name Parupeneus to Upeneus bifasciatus. In our judgment the first restriction should hold, and
the name Upeneus should go with Upeneus bifasciatus,

858 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

Hypeneus, AGAssiz, Nom. Zoil., Index Universalis, 190, 1846, (amended orthography).

Pseudupeneus, BLEEKER, Poiss, Cote de Guinée, 56, 1862, ( prayensis); (teeth biserial above, uniserial
below).

Parupeneus, BLEEKER, Notice sur le Parupeneus bifasciatus, de 1’ Ile de la Réunion, 345, 1867, (bifas-
ciatus); (teeth uniserial, conic, in both jaws).

Mullhypeneus, Pory, Synopsis, 307, 1868, (maculatus); teeth partly biserial above, uniserial below.

Brachymullus, BLEEKER, Archiv. Neerl., x1, 333, 1875, (tetraspilus).

Body oblong, compressed ; mouth moderate, nearly horizontal, low, the
jaws subequal; eye large, high, posterior; opercle short, deep, with a
posterior spine; both jaws with rather strong unequal teeth, in one or
two series in each jaw; no teeth on vomer or palatines; lips well devel-
oped; the bone which forms a hook over the maxillary less developed
than in Mullus; interorbital space concave and narrow; opercle ending
in one spine; barbels nearly as long as head; scales very large, somewhat
ctenoid; lateral line continuous, its tubes ramifying on each scale; head
covered with large scales; first dorsal with about 7 spines; anal with 2,
the first very short ; caudal fin forked. Species numerous in the tropical
seas. (An old nanie of some fish; from izfvy, upper lip.)

a. Teeth in both jaws uniserial (or irregularly biserial above); all the teeth coarse and distinct.
b. Eye 4in head; barbels 144 in head. Scales 31; depth 4 in length; sides with 3 black
blotches. MACULATUS, 1246.
aa. Teeth of upper jaw uniserial, of lower biserial; teeth rather strong.
c. Eye moderate, 34 in head; scales 37; depth 4; a broad red band from eye to caudal.
DENTATUS, 1247.
aaa. Teeth of both jaws biserial, at least in front.
d. Scales moderate, about 40. Teeth all obtusely conic, distinct from each other; teeth on
upper jaw turned inward; color red, with a bright yellow lateral streak.
e. Dorsals and caudal with dark cross bands. PARVUS, 1248.
ee. Dorsals and caudal plain yellow.
f. Eye 314 in head in adult, 14 in snout; head 3144 in length. MArrinicus, 1249.
Jf. Eye 3% in head in adult, 124 in snout; head 324 in length.
XANTHOGRAMMUS, 1250.
dd. Scales large, about 32; outer series of teeth of upper jaw formed by very obtuse teeth
which are partly confluent; eye 4in head; a pearly spot on each scale; each side of
body with 2 black blotches; dorsal spotted. GRANDISQUAMIS, 1251.

1246. UPENEUS MACULATUS (Bloch).
(RED GOATFISH; SALMONETE.)

Head 34; depth 4; eye 4. D. VII or VIII-I, 8; A. II, 6; scales 30 or
31, the lateral line high up, following curve of back. Body oblong, mod-
erately compressed, tapering backward from occiput; ventral outline
nearly straight. Snout long and rather sharp; mouth terminal, small,
maxillary not reaching orbit, 2? in head; eye situated backward and high
up. Teeth on under jaw uniserial, on upper jaw uniserial or occasionally
irregularly biserial, with the outer teeth turned outward; all the teeth
coarse and distinct. Barbels extending to vertical of preopercle and
extremity of opercular spine. Color red, the color deepening after death or
with the removal of the scales; sides of head with bluish longitudinal
lines; 3 black blotches along lateral line; each scale with a blue spot at
base. In spirits, steel blue above, descending on the sides in 3 blotches—
1 above point of opercular spine (sometimes extending on opercle), 1 under

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 859

each dorsal fin; under parts of body pale. West Indies and Brazil, Key

West to Rio Janeiro; generally common. A food-fish of some value, pret-

tily colored. (maculatus, spotted.)

Mullus maculatus, Buocu, Ichthyologia, 348, 1793, Brazil.

Urpeneus maculatus, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 111, 478, 1829; Pory, Memorias,
I, 223, 1851; GUNTHER, Cat., 1, 408, 1859; Jonpan & GILBERT, Synopsis, 565, 1883.

Mullhypeneus maculatus, Poey, Synopsis, 307, 1868.

Upeneus punctatus, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 111, 482, 1829, Martinique.

1247. UPENEUS DENTATUS, Gill.

Head 32; depth 4; eye moderate, 3$ in head in adult; snout 24. D.
VII-I, 8; A. II, 6; scales 2-37-5. Teeth of upper jaw uniserial, of lower
biserial; teeth rather small, weaker than in Upeneus grandisquamis; bar-
bels extending nearly to vertical of preopercle. Scales very deciduous;
second dorsal spine 1% in head. Color dusky above, sides bright rosy,
with broad red band extending from eye to caudal and suffusing caudal.
Length 1 foot. Pacific Coast of Mexico; rare. Known from Cape San
Lucas, La Paz, and Tres Marias Islands. (dentatus, toothed.)

Mipeneus dentatus, G1LL, Proc. Ac, Nat. Sci. Phila., 256, 1862, Cape San Lucas; young. (Type,

No. 3699. Coll. Xantus.) Jorpan & GiLBerT, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., 1882, 263; Haun &
McCavuGuay, I. c., 154, 1885; EvVERMANN & JENKINS, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1891, 157.

1248. UPENEUS PARVUS, Poey.

D. VII-I, 8; A. II, 6; scales 23-40-6. Snout short and decurved; max-
illary reaching front of eye; barbels reaching angle of preopercle, on
jaws only. Teeth conical, very small, on anterior part of jaws in two
series; lateral teeth in a single series; all the teeth obtusely conic and
distinct from each other. Vermilion above, fading into white below; a
yellow longitudinal band along the side, with similar narrower streaks
below; ventrals and anal yellow; other fins whitish, with dusky cross
bands, 3 on first dorsal, 2 on second, and 5 on each caudal lobe. (Poey.)
Cuba. Known only from Poey’s description. (parvus, small.)

Upeneus parvus, Pory, Memorias, 1, 226, 1851, Cuba.

1249. UPENEUS MARTINICUS, Cuvier & Valenciennes.

(YELLOW GOATFISH ; SALMONETE AMARILLA.)

Head 34; depth 4: eye 3} to 34, large. D. VIII-I, 8; A. II, 6; scales
24-37 to 39-7. Body moderately elongate; anterior profile gibbous before
the eyes. Interorbital space flat, 3} in head. Teeth on anterior part of
jaws in two irregular series; lateral teeth in a single series; all the teeth
obtusely conic, and distinct from each other; teeth on upper jaw turned
inward; no teeth on vomer. Barbels reaching to vertical of preopercle,
ljin head. Longest dorsal spine 1}in head; analsmall. Color pale red,
deepening after death; sides with a broad longitudinal band of bright
yellow; snout with yellow streaks; vertical fins and patches on sides of
head bright yellow. Length 1 foot. West Indies, north to Key West;
generally common; a handsome fish, valued as food.

860 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

Upeneus martinicus, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 111, 483, 1829, Martinique ;
young; Hatt & McCaueGHan, l. c., 154, 1885.

Upeneus balteatus, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 111, 484, 1829, Cuba; young.

Upeneus flavovittatus, Pony, Memorias, 1, 224, 1851, Cuba ; adult.

Mulloides flavovittatus, GUNTHER, Cat., 1, 403, 1859.

1250. UPENEUS XANTHOGRAMMUS, Gilbert.

Head 33; depth 4 to 44; eye 1% in snout, 32 in head, in specimens 104
inches long, (14 in snout, 34 in head, in martinicus of the same size.) D.
VII-I, 8; A. II, 6. Pores in lateral line 38, not counting two on base of
caudal. Two and one-half rows of scales between lateral line and base
of spinous dorsal. Fifteen developed gill rakers on horizontal limb of
outer arch, with 5 smaller rudiments. Spinous dorsal not high, less than
depth of body, 14 to 13 in head. Pectorals pointed, scarcely reaching tips
of ventrals, 14 in head. Ventrals reaching halfway to front of anal.
Caudal very deeply forked, the lobes sharp, the upper the longer, equal-
ing the length of head. Barbels reaching vertical from preopercle.
Teeth in a narrow band anteriorly in each jaw, and in a single series
laterally. Maxillary very wide posteriorly, projecting well beyond the
border of the preorbital, its width % orbit. Red, with a broad yellow
streak along sides. La Paz, Lower California. Very close to Upeneus
martinicus, the head smaller, the eye much smaller. (fav6dc, yellow;
ypauun, line.)

Upeneus xanthogrammus, GILBERT, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1891, 553, La Paz. (Coll. Albatross.)

1251. UPENEUS GRANDISQUAMIS, Gill.

(CuHIVO.)

Head 3 to 34; depth 3 to 33; eye 4; snout about 23. D. VIII-I, 8; A.
I,6; scales 2-30 to 32-5. Teeth on anterior part of jaws in 2 series, those
of the outer series of the upper jaw very obtuse and partly confluent.
Barbels reaching to vertical from root of pectoral fins. Color light
greenish brown above, rose-colored below lateral line; scales with indis-
tinct pearly spot at center; black blotch on lateral line behind spinous
dorsal; a smaller, somewhat indistinct black spot behind orbit; dorsal
fins spotted with color of back; other fins immaculate. Pacific Coast of
Mexico and Central America; Guaymas to Panama; generally common.
(grandis, large; squama, scale.) i

Upeneus grandisquamis, Giuu, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, 168, west coast of Central
America; STEINDACHNER, Ichth. Beitriige, 1v, 6, 1875; Haut & McCavuenan, l. c., 155,
1885; EvERMANN & JENKINS, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1891, 156.

Upeneus tetraspilus, GUNTHER, Proc. Zod). Soc. London, 1864, 148, Panama; GinrueEr, Fishes
Cent. Amer., 420, pl. 66, fig. 1, 1864.

Group SCOMBROIDEI.

(THE MACKEREL-LIKE FIsHEs.)

Body variously formed, usually adapted for rapid swimming; the scales
usually small and cycloid or wanting, sometimes transformed into rough

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 861

or bony plates, but rarely ctenoid. Lateral line various, usually undu-
late or with an anterior arch and a posterior straight part, at least not
regularly arched; sometimes wanting. Flesh in typical forms firm, oily,
and reddish in color, but in some cases pale and soft. Caudal peduncle
almost always slender and strong, the caudal fin if present more or less
deeply forked, except in certain deep-sea forms and in aberrant families,
the structure typically adapted for swift propulsion. Dorsal fin usually
long, the spinous portion generally shorter than the soft part, sometimes
absent; the spines seldom very strong, sometimes not differentiated from
the soft rays; anal fin always long, more of less similar to soft dorsal.
_Ventrals thoracic, subjugular, or subabdominal, usually with 1 slender
spine and 5rays, sometimes many-rayed, sometimes rudimentary or wholly
wanting. Branchiostegals few, usually 7. Gills 4, a slit behind the fourth;
gill rakers various; gill membranes usually separate, sometimes joined
together, rarely attached to the isthmus. Mouth and dentition various.
Skeleton firm or variously soft, the structure as in spinous-rayed fishes
generally; the shoulder girdle attached to the cranium by a distinctly
forked post-temporal, which is not adnate to the cranium. Vertebre
varying from 24 to more than 100, the high numbers found in pelagic spe-
cies. Intestinal canal generally short. This group of mackerel-like fishes
is not capable of exact definition, its deviations from the ordinary type of
spiny-rayed fishes being various and in various directions, so that no set
of diagnostic characters will cover them. The group is not a suborder as
the term is generally understood; it is incapable of simple definition, and
in its divergence some members approach to other groups more nearly
than to extreme or even to typical members of their own. The group is,
however, a somewhat natural one, as by the common consent of ichthy-
ologists its different types have always been kept near each other in the
system of classification. This naturalness, however, has been obscured by
the intrusion of aberrant forms, as Zeus, Oreosoma, Capros, Antigonia, Pem-
pheris, and Lampris. These forms have no near relationship to Scomber,
Caranz, or Coryphena, the central groups of the Scombroidei, and it may be
that none of them are Scombroid fishes at all. Perhaps the earliest type
of existing Scombroids is that of the genus Lampris; of the others,.the
Scombride proper form a center of divergence. The Zeidw and Caproida

are certainly not Scombroid fishes, nor are they at all closely related to
each other. While it is uncertain just where they should go in a natural
arrangement, we have thought best to remove them from the Sombroidei,
with which they have usually been associated by recent writers, and
reserve them for insertion elsewhere. From Scomber-like forms are
descended on the one hand the Gempylida, Lepidopidw, and Trichiuride.
Another line of descent leads to Acanthocybiina, Istiophorida, and Niphiide:
still another apparently runs through Carangidaw to Nomeidaw and perhaps
to Coryphanide and Bramida. Other forms, as Telragonurida, are appar-
ently not Scombroid, but their line of descent is not apparent and at
present, knowing no better place for them, we leave them associated with
the Scombroidei. (oxéu8poc, mackerel ; eidoc, likeness. )

862 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

Families of SCOMBROIDEI.

a, Ventral fins each composed of about 15 soft rays, attached to a very long pubic bone; cora-
coid bones very large and heavy; body very deep, compressed, unarmed, covered with
minute scales. LAMPRIDID®, CXXX.

aa. Ventral fins with less than 8 soft rays, usually I, 5, sometimes wanting.

b. Bones of snout and upper jaw united and prolonged into a distinct sword; vertebre
about 24; scales minute or rudimentary.

c. Ventrais of 1 to 3 rays each; teeth present; scales present. IsTropHORIDA, CXXI1.

ce. Ventrais and teeth wanting in the adult; scales obsolete.

XIPHIIDE, CXXIII.
bb. Bones of snout not prolonged in a sword.

d. Body fusiform or band-shaped, with many vertebra (30 to 120), small or minute
scales and distinctly forked caudal on a slender peduncle (the fin sometimes
wanting); lower jaw well developed, usually with a slit in the flesh to permit
its motion; dorsal andanal long, the spinous part of dorsal well developed; the
last rays of both fins often developed as finlets.

e. Caudal fin present. :

f. Soft dorsal and anal distinct from spinous part, the anterior rays forming a

more or less distinct lobe.

g. Body moderately elongate, fusiform; caudal peduncle with a distinet
keel; finlets always present; ventrals I, 5; third and fourth phar-
yngeals united. ScOMBRID®, CXVIII.

gg. Body decidedly elongate; caudal peduncle without keel; finlets pres-

ent or absent; ventrals I, 5, or variously reduced; dentition strong.

GEMPYLID®, CXIX.

jf. Soft dorsal and anal more or less continuous with spinous dorsal, their
anterior rays not forming a distinct lobe; ventrals rudimentary.

LEPIDOPID#, CXX.

ee. Caudal wanting, the body tapering to a point; ventrals rudimentary or want-

ing; dorsal and anal very long and iow, continuous; dentition very strong.

TRICHIURIDE, CXXI. _

dd. Body and fins various, not showing the combination aboye noted under d.

Ve Je Jel

h. Scales, if present, cycloid or ctenoid or lobate, not bony nor parchment-like; —

sometimes, especially in the young, with a median ridge on each one.

i. Caudal fin lunate or forked (or if rounded, the dorsal with very weak spines), —

er

j. Anal fin not longer than dorsal and more or less similar to it in size —

and form.
k. Vertebre 10+ 12 to 15= 22 to 25.
l, First dorsal with its rays connected by membrane, sometimes
becoming obsolete with age.

m. Anal preceded by 2 free spines (these often obsolete with
age, connected by membranes to the finin the young);
no teeth in the cesophagus.

n. Scales minute or obsolete, cycloid, those along lateral
line sometimes armed; tail widely forked; third
and fourth pharyngeals separate.

o. No free anal spines; dorsal spines long and fila-
mentous; pectorals very long and falcate;
caudal well forked. NEMATISTIID&®, CXXIY,.

oo. Dorsal spines not long and filamentous; anal —

with two free spines, in young.
CARANGID®, CXXV.
nn. Scales moderate, weakly ciliate; tail not deeply forked;
canine teeth present. - PoMATOMID®, CXXVL
mm. Anal without free spines; scales moderate; cesophagus
with tooth-like processes, dorsal fin very long; cau-
dal little forked, CENTROLOPHIDE, CXXXIV.

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America, 863

ll. Spinous dorsal represented by several free spines; body elon-
gate, fusiform; scales small; caudal little forked.
“ RACHYCENTRID#, CXXVII.
J kk. Vertebre 30 or more (in excess of 10 + 14),
p. @sophagus with tooth-like processes; spinous dorsal and ven-
trals rudimentary or wanting; body compressed; caudal
3 deeply forked; gill membranes attached to the isthmus or
: not. STROMATEID®, CXXXV.
pp. @sophagus without tooth-like processes; gill membranes
free from the isthmus; caudal fin deeply forked; skeleton
more or less firm.
q. Dorsal rays all with simple rays, none of them articulate
or branched; ventrals jugular, I, 3 to I, 5.
PTERACLIDE, CXXXI.
qq. Dorsal rays not all simple, some or all of them branched
or articulate; ventral fins thoracic, I, 5.
r. Dorsal fin with a distinct spinous part.
s. Spinous dorsal well developed, the spines 10 to 12
in number.
t. Scales weak, cycloid. NOMEID®, CXXVIII.
it. Scales firm, each one with a median ridge.
STEINEGERIID2, CXXXIII.
ss. Spinous dorsal little developed, of 3 or 4 weak and
slender spines continuous with the soft rays;
dorsal fin beginning behind the head; body
ovate; scales firm, not very small; hypercora-
coid very large, entering ventral outline,
intervening between the very short pelvic
bone and the shoulder girdle.
BRAMID®, CXXXII.
rr. Dorsal fin without spinous part, all the rays branched
and articulate.
u. Dorsal beginning as a crest on the head; body
oblong; scales very small.
CoRYPHENID®H, CXXIX,
uu. Dorsal beginning above the axil of the pectoral;
caudal rounded or merely emarginate; skele-
ton without firmness, soft like a wet rag;
dorsal spines few or none.
IcOSTEIDH, CXXXVI.
jj. Anal fin excessively long, more than twice as long as dorsal; scales
well developed; dorsal spines few, graduated.
PEMPHERID™, CXXXIX.
hh. Scales firm, linear, parchment-like; body compressed; spinous dorsal short;

tones of head rough; mouth small. GRAMMICOLEPID.®, CXXXVII.
hhh. Scales hard, bony, arranged in oblique spirals; tail with 2 keels; teeth in
jaws comb-like; body oblong. TETRAGONURID®, CXXXVIII.

Family CXVIII. SCOMBRID%.*
(THE MACKERELS. )

Body elongate, fusiform, not much compressed, covered with minute
cycloid scales, the scales anteriorly sometimes forming a corselet. Lat-
eral line present, its course undulate. Head subconic, pointed anteriorly.

* For a review of the Mackerels (Scombrinw) of America and Europe, see Dresslar and Fesler
in Bull. U. 8. Fish Comm., vir, 1887 (1889), 429 to 446,

864 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

Mouth rather large, with lateral cleft; premaxillary not protractile;
maxillary without supplemental bone; jaws with sharp teeth, large or
small. Vomer and palatines toothed or not. Preopercle entire; opercle
unarmed. In the very young the preopercle is armed with radiating
spines, which are later absorbed and lost. Gill openings very wide, the
membranes not united, free from the isthmus. Gill rakers usually long.
Pseudobranchiz present, large. Gills 4, a slit behind the fourth. Bran-
chiostegals 7. Dorsal fins 2, the first of rather weak spines, depressible
in a groove, the second similar to the anal; the elevated anterior lobe
always distinct; anal spines weak; last rays of dorsal and anal detached
and separate, forming in each case a series of finlets; caudal peduncle
extremely slender, keeled, the caudal lobes abruptly diverging, falcate,
the fin adapted for rapid motion; ventral fins well developed, thoracic,
I,5. Vertebre in greater number than in Carangide, the number rang-
ing from 31 to 66. First upper pharyngeal present, without teeth; second
with teeth; third and fourth coossified, with teeth; lower pharyngeals
separate. Stomach sac-shaped. Pyloric ceca numerous. Air bladder
small, sometimes absent. Coloration metallic, often brilliant, the pre-
vailing shade steel blue. Genera about 12; species about 60. Fishes of
the high seas, many of them cosmopolitan, and all having a wide range;
most of them are valued as food-fishes, the flesh being firm and oily, but
sometimes coarse. (Scombridaw, part, Ginther, Cat., 11, 349-373.)

ScOMBRINE :

a, Caudal peduncle without median keel on each side; dorsal fins well separated, the inter-
space being less than half length of head; spinous dorsal short, of 9 to 12 spines;
body scaly; vertebre normally formed; slender teeth on vomer and palatines; maxil-
lary entirely covered by preorbital; a fleshy lobe on each side of lower jaw near its
junction with maxillary; corselet very small or obsolete; gill rakers long, slender, and

numerous; pectorals inserted high, on level of eye; vertebrae 14 + 17= 31.
ScomBER, 388.

aa. Caudal peduncle with median keel; a smal] keel above and one below this; pectoral
usually inserted below eye.
SARDINZE:
b. Dorsal spines 10 to 16; gills normal, the laminz not forming a network; teeth entire.

c. Body scaleless, excepting about the lateral line and corselet; abdominal vertebra with
their lower foramina enlarged, and a portion between the vertebra proper and the
hemapophyses developed in the form of a network or trellis.

d. Dorsals well separated, the interspace more than half head; corselet well devel-
oped; teeth small, some present on vomer, none on palatines; gill rakers long,
slender, and numerous; pectorals rather high; vertebra 39. Auxis, 389.

dd. Dorsals contiguous, the interspace more than 5 in head; palatine teeth villiform;

pectorals low.
e. Vomer toothless; dorsal spines 15 or 16; vertebrz 38. GYMNOSARDA, 390.
cc. Body wholly covered with small scales, those on the corselet and lateral line sometimes
larger; dorsal spines 14 to 26; vertebrae normally formed, not as in duxisand Gym-
nosarda,

f. Teeth of jaws slender, subconical, little, if at all, compressed; gill rakers numer-

ous; corselet distinct; pectorals inserted low. A
g. Vomer and palatines with villiform or sand-like teeth; body robust, not com-
pressed; vertebra 39 to 41.
h. Pectoral short, not reaching much beyond tip of the moderate ventral;

size enormous. Tuunnus, 391.

hh. Pectoral very long, ribbon-shaped, reaching much beyond front of anal;
size moderate, GERMO, 392,

%

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 865

—_—_-—— os

gg- Vomer toothless; palatines with a single row of rather strong, conical teeth;

body elongate, slightly compressed; vertebrae 50 to 54. SARDA, 393.

ff. Teeth of jaws strong, subtriangular or knife-like, more or less compressed; villi-

form teeth on vomer and palatines; gill rakers comparatively few; corselet

obscure; pectorals inserted near level of eye; dorsal spines 14 to 18; body
elongate, compressed; head short: snout short; vertebra 45.

ScoMBEROMORUS, 394.
ACANTHOCYBIINE :

bb. Dorsal spines about 25; gills with the laminw forming a network as in Xiphias; teeth
large, compressed, serrated.

i. Dorsal spines 24 to 26; body elongate, fusiform; snout long; vertebra 32 +- 34 = 66.
ACANTHOCYBIUM, 395.

388. SCOMBER (Artedi) Linneus.
_ (MACKERELS. )

Scomber (ARTEDI) Linnzxvs, Syst. Nat., Ed. x, 297, 1758, (scombrus).
Cordylus, GRoNOW, Cat. Fishes, 163, 1854, (scombrus),
Pneumatophorus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1882, 593, (pneumatophorus).

Body fusiform, rather elongate, somewhat compressed; caudal pedun-
cle slender, without median keel, but with two small keels on each side.
Mouth wide, with a single row of rather small, slender teeth in each
jaw and on the vomer and palatines; maxillary slipping under the broad
preorbital, a fleshy lobe on each side of lower jaw near its junction with
maxillary. Scales very small, not forming acorselet. First dorsal of 9
to 12 feeble spines, separated from the second by an interspace greater
than the base of the fin; second dorsal small, followed by 5 to 9 detached
finlets; anal similar to second dorsal, with similar finlets; pectorals and
ventrals small, the former placed high, on the level of the eyes; caudal
fin small, widely forked. Pyloric appendages exceedingly numerous.
Air bladder small or wanting. Vertebre normally formed, 14+ 17=831.
Gill rakers long and slender. Species few, widely distributed, usually
swimming in large schools; carnivorous and migratory; everywhere
highly valued for food. (cxdufSpoc, Scomber, the ancient name of the com-
mon mackerel.)

ScomBERr:
a, Air bladder wanting.
b. Dorsal spines 11 or 12; sides of body below median line silvery. — SCOMBRUS, 1252.
PNEUMATOPHORUS (rvedma, air; dopéw, to bear):
aa. Air bladder present.
c. Dorsal spines 9 or 10; sides of body below median line in adult mottled. coLras, 1253,

Subgenus SCOMBER.
1252. SCOMBER SCOMBRUS, Linneus.

(ComMoN MACKEREL.)

Head 3; depth 34; eye less than snout, 5 in head. D, XI-12-V; A.I,
11-Y. Skull with inconspicuous parallel ridges; suborbital somewhat
triangular, posterior border of eye not covered by radiating scales ; first
dorsal about as high as long, height of second about § its length; a
groove connecting dorsals; air bladder wanting. Snout rather long and

F, N. A——56

866 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

pointed, compressed. Mouth large, maxillary extending to anterior mar-
gin of orbit. Ventrals and pectorals short, the former nearly half length
of head. Lustrous dark blue above, with about 35 wavy, blackish, trans-
verse streaks; below silvery; base of pectorals dark; base of preopercle
with about 15 or 20 small black specks or mucous pores, generally arranged
in a single row; both dorsals margined with white. Length 18 inches.
North Atlantic ; abundant on both coasts, north to Norway and Labrador;
south to Spain and Cape Hatteras. One of the best known food-fishes of
America and Europe. (Eu.)
Scomber scombrus, Linnxus, Syst. Nat., Ed. x, 297, 1758, Atlantic; after Scomber pinnulis V
of ARTEDI; JoRDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 424, 1883; DressLar & FEsLER, I. c., 431, 1889.
Scomber vernalis, MircH1Lt, Trans. Lit. and Philos. Soc. N. Y., 1815, 423, Sandy Hook, New
jersey.
Scomber scomber, LinnNxus, Syst. Nat., Ed. x11, 492, 1766; after ARTEDI; GUNTHER, Cat., 11, 357,
1860.

Subgenus PNEUMATOPHORUS, Jordan & Gilbert.
1253. SCOMBER COLIAS, Gmelin.*

(CHUB MACKEREL; TINKER MACKEREL; EASTER MACKEREL; THIMBLE-EYED MACKEREL ; SPANISH
MACKEREL OF ENGLAND.)

Head 3; depth 34; eye 4 in head, nearly equal to snout. D.IX-I,12-V
or VI; A. I-I, 11-V or VI; scales 200. Head rather pointed; ridges of
skull evident but not parallel; subopercle rather more elliptical than tri-
angular; posterior border of eye covered with large radiating scales; top
of head with a large translucent area; no groove connecting dorsals; the
first dorsal higher than long, the last spines short and weak; second dor-
sal twice as long as high. Maxillary reaching front of pupil. Pectoral
2 length of head. Blue, with about 30 wavy, blackish streaks which
extend to just below the lateral line; some of these form reticulations,
and inclose pale spots of the color of the back; more than 20 black
specks or mucous pores on base of preopercle, generally arranged in more
than one row; belly and sides silvery, but always in the adult with
roundish dusky spots or cloudings; a black axillary spot. Atlantic and
Pacific oceans, widely distributed, north to England, Maine, and San
Francisco ; very common in the Mediterranean and in southern Califor-—
nia; irregular in its appearance on our Atlantic Coast. Smaller than the
common mackerel and inferior to it, although a food-fish of importance.
The Pacific Coast form called Scomber diego differs in no tangible charac-
ter. (colias, an old name of some mackerel.) (Eu.)

* A supposed hybrid between Scomber scombrus and Scomber colias was obtained at Block Island,
off Rhode Island, by Dr. Seth E. Meek. The following are its characters:

Head 4 in length to fork of caudal fin; eye 5in head. D. XII, I-10-IV; A. 1, 11-IV. Body
robust, asin colias. Caudal peduncle round, asin colias, rather than depressed, as in scombrus.
No longitudinal groove between the dorsals. A black axillary spot. Snout more like scombrus
than colias. Ventrals and pectorals short. Hindmost finlets double, as is the case with & —
scombrus. Ridges on its head are in three parallel lines, as in scombrus, not asin colias. Suboper-
cle more elliptical than triangular. Posterior border of eye not covered with large radiating
scales. Top of head, asin S. scombrus, without translucent area. About 20small black specks
or pores at base of preopercle, arranged ina single row. Coloring on the back in blotches, a8
in colias, rather than in stripes, as in scombrus. Sides mottled, much asin colias. Base of pec
torals dark. The following note was made by Dr. Meek: ‘‘September 16, Block Island.—A
peculiarly marked Scomber scombrus, only four finlets, no air bladder, low spinous dorsal, and
eee of S. colias. Mr. Blackford thinks it is a cross between the two.’? Length 13%
inches,

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. S67

Lacerto, Certi, Hist. Nat. Sard., 1, 190, 1774, Sardinia.

Scomber colias, GMELIN, Syst. Nat., 1329, 1788, Sardinia; based on Lacerto of Cerri.

Scomber lacertus, WALBAUM, Art. Pisc., 209, 1792, Sardinia; after Cerrr.

Scomber pneumatophorus, DE LA Rocueg, Ann. Mus. Nat. Hist., x11, 315 and 334, 1809, Balearic
Islands.

Scomber macrophthalmus, RAFINESQUE, Indice d’Ittiologia Siciliana, 15, 1810, Palermo.

Scomber grex, Mircuit, Trans. Lit. and Philos. Soc. N. Y., 1815, 422, New York.

Scomber maculatus, Coucn, Mag. Nat. Hist., v, 22, 1832, England.

Scomber undulatus, SWAINSON, Nat. Hist. Fishes, 11, 409, 1839, Sicily.

Scomber gracilis, Swatnson, Nat. Hist. Fishes, 11, 410, 1839, Sicily.

Scomber diego, AYRES, Proc. Cal. Ac. Sci., 1856, 92, Santa Barbara.

Scomber dekayi, SrorER, Fishes Mass., 130, 1867, Massachusetts coast.

Scomber colias, DRESSLAR & FESLER, I. ¢., 432, 1889.

389. AUXIS, Cuvier.
(FRIGATE MACKERELS. )

Auzis, Cuvier, Régne Anim., Ed. 11, Vol. 2, 119, 1829, (rochei).

Body oblong, plump, mostly naked posteriorly, anteriorly covered with
small scales, those of the pectoral region enlarged, forming a corselet.
Snout very short, conical, scarcely compressed. Mouth rather small, the
jaws equal. Teeth very small, mostly in a single series, on the jaws only.
Tail very slender, depressed, with a rather large keel on each side. First
dorsal short, separated from the second by a considerable interspace.
Second dorsal and anal small, each with 7 or 8 finlets. Pectorals and ven-
tralssmall. No air bladder. Branchiostegals 7. Pyloric ceca dendriti-
eal, Gill rakers very long and slender, numerous. Vertebrie 39 in num-
ber, peculiarly modified, essentially as in Gymnosarda. One species, pela-
gic, widely distributed. (avé:c, an ancient name of a young tunny, from
avgavw, to grow.)

1254. AUXIS THAZARD (Lacépéde).

(FRIGATE MACKEREL.)

Head 4; depth 4+; eye5; snout5. D.X-12-VIII; A. VII-13; Vert. 39.
Body robust, scarcely compressed, abruptly contracted at caudal peduncle.
Opercle very broad. Scales of corselet and along anterior dorsal region
comparatively large. Maxillary almost entirely concealed by preorbital.
Dorsal spines rather stiff; space between dorsals # length of head. About
33 gill rakers below angle. Pectoral reaching past middle of first dorsal.
Blue, variegated with darker above, becoming plain with age; belly sil-
very. All warm seas, occasionally northward to Cape Cod. This species
is very erratic in its movements, swimming in large schools in various
warm seas. It rarely reaches the coasts of the United States, but it
_ occasionally comes in immense numbers. It is a poor fish, of little value
as food. (Thazard, from the French Tassard, a name applied to the species
of Scomberomorus. )

Scomber thazard, Lackrivr, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 111, 9, 1802, 6° and 7° S, latitude, coast of New
Guinea.

Scomber rochei, Risso, Ichth. Nice, 165, 1810, Nice.
Scomber bisus, Rarinesque, Caratteri, etc., 45, 1810, Palermo.

868 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

Thynnus rocheanus, Risso, Eur. Mérid., 111, 417, 1827, Nice.

Auxis vulgaris, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vim, 139, 1831, Mediterranean.
Auvis tapeinosoma, BLEEKER, Fauna Japan, 408, 1854, Japan.

Auzis thynnoides, BLEEKER, Ternate, V, 391, 1855, Ternate.

Auzxis rochei, GUNTHER, Cat., 11, 369, 1860.

Auxis thazard, JoRDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 425, 1883.

390. GYMNOSARDA, Gill.
(LITTLE TUNNIES.)

Gymnosarda, GILL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, 125, (unicolor).
Thynnus, LUTKEN, Spolia Atlantica, 460, 1880, (pelamys); not of CuvirR & VALENCIENNES.
Thynnichthys, GiaLioL1, Catal. Pesci Italiana, 25, 1880, (thunnina, not Thynnichthys of BLEEKER, a
genus of Cyprinidz).
Euthynnus, LUTKEN, MS. (in Epist. Feb. 1881); Jornpan & GILBERT, Synopsis, 429, 1883, (thunnina).
This genus according to Litken* differs from Thunnust (1) in the
absence of teeth on vomer; (2) by the complete absence of scales outside
of the corselet, while in Thunnus of thesame size the skin is covered with
small scales; the limits of the corselet in the Tunny and Albicore are
obscure, so that itcan not properly be said that they have distinct corse-
lets; and (3) by an important osteological character, namely the peculiar
development, in the form of a network or trellis, of a portion of the
abdominal part of the backbone, between the vertebre proper and the
hemapophyses. Vertebrie 38. Species of smaller size than the Tunnies,
also pelagic, and of little value as food. (yvuvéc, naked; capda, a kind of
tunny caught about Sardinia; Sarda.)
a. Lateral line with a decided curve below second dorsal ; 4 lengthwise stripes on sides of body

below lateral line. PELAMIS, 1255.
aa. Lateral line without distinct curve; no stripes below lateral line. ALLETERATA, 1256,

1255. GYMNOSARDA PELAMIS (Linnzus).

(OcEANIC Bontro.)

Head 34; depth4. D. XV-12-VIII; A. II,12-VII. Body oblong, robust.
Lateral line making a decided curve immediately beneath the second dor-
sal. Corselet strongly developed, covering the entire space between the
diagonals connecting the posterior extremity of the spinous dorsal and
the base of the pectorals. Posterior margin of preopercle about 14 in
inferior margin. Pectorals reach vertical from tenth dorsal spine. Back
bluish; belly silvery ; 4 brownish stripes on each side of belly, parallel
with the lower curve of body; no spots below pectorals. Warm seas;
pelagic; not very common; north to Cape Cod and Bermudas on the
Atlantic Coast of America, once recorded from California.} (7Aauie,
tunny.) (Eu.)

*Spolia Atlantica, 596, 1880. ’

+ We follow Dresslar and Fesler in uniting Euthynnus and Gymnosarda, because the external
characters of Euthynnus are all shown by Gymnosarda nuda, the Asiatic type of the latter genus,
Gymnosarda. Probably the skeletons are also similar.

{See Kigenmann, Proc. Cal. Ac. Sci., 111, 1889, 8.

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 869

Scomber pelamis, LINNXvS, Syst. Nat., Ed. x, 297, 1758, ‘‘in Pelago inter Tropicos.”
Scomber pelamides, LAcEPEDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 111, 14, 1802; after Linnxus.

Thynnus pelamys, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vir, 113, 1831.

Thynnus pelamis, STEINDACHNER, Ichth. Berichte, v, 7, 1868, .

Oreynus pelamys, Pory, Synopsis, 362, 1868; Goopr & Brean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1878, 24.
Euthynnus pelamys, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 430, 1883.

Gymnosarda pelamis, DRESSLAR & FESLER, I. c., 436, 1889.

1256. GYMNOSARDA ALLETERATA (Rafinesque).

(LittLeE Tunny; Bontro.)

Head 32; depth 44. D. XV-I, 12-VIII; A. 12-VII. Body fusiform,
robust. Lateral line nowhere making a very distinct curve. Corselet
well developed, not covering the entire space between the diagonals con-
necting the posterior extremity of spinous dorsal and base of pectorals.
Posterior margin of preopercle about 2 in inferior margin. Pectorals
reaching vertical from ninth dorsalspine. Bluish above; sides and belly
silvery ; no stripes of any kind below lateral line; above lateral line sev-
eral wavy, oblique streaks; 5 round black spots about as large as pupil
below pectoral. Warm seas, occasionally northward to Cape Cod; com-
mon in the West Indies and the Mediterranean ; not recorded from Califor-
nia. (Alleteratu, a local name in use at Palermo.) (Eu.)

Scomber alletteratus, RAFINESQUE, Caratteri Alcuni Genere, etc., 46, 1810, Palermo.

Thynnus leachianus, Risso, Eur. Mérid., 111, 414, 1826, Nice.

Scomber quadripunctatus, GEOFFREY St. Hitaire, Descr. Egypt. Poiss., pl. 24, fig. 3, 1827, Egypt.
Thynnus thunnina, Cuvier & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vir, 104, 1831, Mediterranean.
Thynnus brasiliensis, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vir, 110, 1831, Brazil.

Thynnus brevipinnis, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vir, 112, 1831, Mediterranean.
Oreynus alliteratus, Git, Cat. Fish. East Coast N. A., in Rept. U. S. Fish Comm., 802, 1873.
Buthynnus alliteratus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 4380, 1883.

Thynnichthys thunnina, GIeLioLt, Cat. dei Pesci Italiani, 25, 1880.

Oreynus thunnina, Porky, Enumeratio, 72, 1875.

Thynnus affinis, CANTOR, Cat. Malay Fishes, 106, 1850, Sea of Pinang.

Thynnichthys brevipinnis, GIGLIOLI, Cat. dei Pesci Italiani, 25, 1880,

391. THUNNUS, South.

(GREAT TUNNIES. )

Thynnus, Cuvier, Régne Animal, Ed. 1, 313, 1817, (thynnus; not of Fasrictus, 1775, a genus of
Butterflies),

Thunnus, Souru, Encyclop. Metropol., v, 620, 1845, (thynnus); (fide Gru).

Orycnus, CoopeR, Proc. Cal. Ac. Nat. Sci., 1863, 77, (thynnus; not Orycnus, GILL, 1861, which was
originally a misprint for Orcynus).

Albacora, JorvDAN, Man. Vert., Ed. v, 106, 1888, (thynnus).

Body oblong, robust, with very slender caudal peduncle. Head conical.
Mouth wide, with one series of small, conical teeth inthe jaws and bands
of minute villiform or sand-like teeth on the vomer and palatines. Scales
present, those of the pectoral region forming an obscuro corselet. First
dorsal of 12 to 15 spines which grow gradually shorter backward, the
interval between last spine and second dorsal slight; second dorsal and
anal short and rather high, each with 8 to 10 finlets; ventrals moderate ;

pectorals moderate, inserted rather below the level of the eye. Vertebra

870 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

normal, 39 to 41 in number, the lower foramina very small. Open seas;
the single species widely distributed and -ttaining a very great size.
(Ovvvoc. Thunnus or Thynnus, an old name of the Tunny.)

1257. THUNNUS THYNNUS (Linnzus).

(TuNNY; Horse MACKEREL; GREAT ALBACORE; TUNA.)

Head 33; depth 4. D. XIV-I, 13-IX; A.I,12-VIII. Body oblong, very
robust; corselet well developed, extending farther back than pectorals;
caudal keel extending forward to second finlet from caudal. Mouth rather
large; maxillary reaching pupil; posterior margin of preopercle somewhat
shorter than inferior. Eye small. Dorsal and anal falcate, short, 2 in
height of first dorsal; ventrals longer than anal, caudal very widely
forked; pectorals short, reaching to about ninth dorsal spine. Dark blue
above; below grayish, with silvery spots. Pelagic, found on all warm
coasts; north to England, Newfoundland, San Francisco, and Japan.
The largest of the Scombride, reaching a length of 10 feet or more and a
weight of 1,500 pounds. Occasionally taken along the California coast,
a specimen 8 feet long, from Monterey, examined by us. The flesh is
excellent, that even of very large individuals being of fine flavor. The
subject of extensive fisheries in Europe. (divvoc, an old name, whence
Tunny, Tuna, Thon, etc.) (Eu.)

Scomber thynnus, LINNEUS, Syst. Nat., Ed. x, 297, 1758, Europe; based on Scomber pinnulis 8 seu
9, of ARTEDI.

Scomber albacores, BONNATERRE, Encyc. Ichth., 140, 1788, Jamaica; based on SLOANE.

Thynnus mediterraneus, Risso, Hur. Mérid., 111, 414, 1826, Nice.

Thynnus vulgaris, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., v111, 58, pl. 210, 1831, European seas.

Thynnus brachypterus, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., viir, 98, pl. 211, 1831, Mediter-
ranean.

Thynnus coretta, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vir, 102, 1831, Caribbean Sea.

Scomber sloanei, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vi11, 148, 1831, Jamaica; based on
SLOANE.

Thynnus secundo-dorsalis, StORER, Fishes Mass., 143, 1867, Cape Ann and Provincetown.

Oreynus schlegelii, STEINDACHNER & DéDERLEIN, Beitriige zur Kenntniss der Fische Japan, 111, 11,
pl.3, fig. 1, 1885, Tokio.

Orcynus thynnus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 429, 1883.

Albacora thynnus, DRESSLAR & FESLER, l. c., 439, 1889.

392. GERMO, Jordan.

(ALBACORES. )

Orcynus, CuvIER, Régne Animal, Ed. 1, 314, 1817, (alalonga); not Orcynus of Rafinesque, Analyse
de la Nature, 1815, which is equivalent to Scomberoides.
Germo, JorDAN, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1888, 180, (alalonga).

Pectoral fins very long, saber-shaped, their length in the adult about +
the length of the body. Otherwise essentially as in Thunnus, to which
the genus is very closely related. Size large, but much less than that of
the species of Thunnus. (Germon, the French name of the long-finned
Albacore.*) J;

* Albacore is from Albacora, a Portuguese name said to be from the Arabic al a, and bacora,
little pig. It should not be spelled Albicore, as it is not connected with albus, white.

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 871

1258. GERMO ALALUNGA (Gmelin).

(LONG-FINNED ALBACORE; ALBECOR; ALILONGHI; GERMON.)

Head 34; depth 34. D. XIV-II, 12-VIII; A. II, 12-VII. Body little
compressed, regularly elliptical, its weight great in proportion to length.
Tail strongly keeled, broader than deep, the keel extending forward to
fifth finlet from last. Corselet small, indistinct. Scales rather large.
Dorsal and anal of equal height; pectoral very long, saber-shaped,
reaching to first of the dorsal finlets, shorter in the young, inserted a
— little below level of pupil, its base a little wider than the large eye; ven-
trals short. Metallic steel-blue; belly silvery; fins dark, with metallic
luster.’ Tropical seas; pelagic and widely distributed. Rarely seen on
the Atlantic Coast of America, but very common in the Mediterranean.
Itis found on the Pacific Coast as far north as San Francisco, and is
extremely abundant in the spawning season about the Santa Barbara
Islands. As a food-fish it is of little value, the flesh being coarse and
oily, far inferior to that of the Tunny. Length 3 feet; weight 15 to 20
pounds. (Alalunga, a name used in Sardinia, from ala, wing; longus,
long.) (Eu.)

Ala-lunga, Cert1, Hist. Nat. Sard., m1, 191, 1777, Sardinia.

Scomber alatunga, GMELIN, Syst. Nat., 1330, 1788, (Sardinia; based on Ceéti; misprint for
** alalunga’”? ).

Scomber germo, Lac&PEpE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 11, 598, and 111, 1, 1802, 17° S. latitude and 103°
W. longitude.

Thynnus atlanticus, Lesson, Voy. Coquille, Zodl., 11, 165, 1828, Atlantic Ocean.

Thynnus balteatus, Cuvier & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vii, 136, 1831, tropical parts
of Atlantic.

Thynnus pacificus, CuviER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., viii, 133, 1831, 27° and 26° S.
latitude, 103° W. longitude.

Thynnus argenti-vittatus, Cuvier & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vim, 134, 1831, Atlantic
and the Indies.

Thynnus albacora, Lowe, Proc. Zod. Soc. Lond., 1839, 77, Madeira.

Thynnus macropterus, TemmincK & SCHLEGEL, Fauna Japan, Poiss., 98, pl. 51, 1850, Japan.

Orcynus subulatus,* Pony, Enumeratio, 71, 1875, Cuba.

Orcynus alalonga, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 428, 1883.

Albacora alalonga, DressLar & FESLER, I. c., 438, 1889.

393. SARDA, Cuvier.

(BONITOS.)

Sarda, Cuvier, Régne Anim., Ed. 2, 11, 199, 1829, (pelamys = sarda).
Pelamys, Cuvier & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vitt, 149, 1831, (sarda); not Pelamys of
DAuDIN, a genus of snakes.

Body rather elongate, covered with small scales, those of the pectoral
region forming a corselet. Caudal peduncle slender, strongly keeled.

*Poey, in describing Orcynus subulatus, says the pectoral in subulatus is 12¢ in anal, 5 in total
to base of caudal, % in ventral, $in head. Dr. Liitken unites other doubtful species, albicora,
pacificus, germo, etc., with alalunga, but hesitates to do the same with subulatus only on account
of the length of its pectoral, which he thinks is a little too long for Hynnus and not nearly long
enough for alalunga.

872 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

rather strong, conical, slightly compressed; similar teeth on the pala-
tines, but none on the vomer; maxillary not concealed by preorbital.
Gill rakers long and strong. First dorsal long and rather low, of 18 to 22
rather stout spines, which are gradually shortened behind; interval
between the last spine and the second dorsal short; second dorsal small,
followed by 8-9 finlets; anai fin similar, usually with one less finlet;
paired fins small; pectorals placed below the level of the pupil. No air
bladder. Pyloric cceca very numerous, dendritical. Vertebrae normally
formed, 50 to 54 in number. Fishes of rather large size, of metallic
coloration. (Sarda; capda, the ancient name of the typical species, also
known as Amia, Pelamys, etc.; so called from its being taken in the
neighborhood of the island of Sardinia; hence, also, the diminutive
capdivn, the Sardine. )

a. Dorsal spines 21; maxillary reaching beyond orbit. SARDA, 1259.
aa. Dorsal spines 18; maxillary not reaching beyond orbit. CHILENSIS, 1260.

1259. SARDA SARDA (Bloch).

(BontTo.)

Head 32; depth 4. D. XXI-I, 13-VIII; A. I, 13-VII; P. 10. Body
elongate, moderately compressed, robust; corselet distinct, small, not
extending beyond pectoral. Teeth moderate, slightly compressed, about
30 in each jaw. Gill rakers rather small, 11 or 12 below angle. Maxil-
lary reaching beyond orbit. Lateral line slightly undulating, with
nowhere a decided curve. Dark steel blue above, with numerous narrow,
dark stripes from the back obliquely downward and forward from the
back; silvery below. Length 23 feet; weight from 10 to 12 pounds.
Atlantic Ocean, on both coasts, north to Cape Cod; very abundant; a
food-fish of rather low grade. This species seems to inhabit the open
ocean, approaching the shores for food or purposes of spawning. (Eu.)
Scomber pelamys, BRUNNICH, Ichth. Massil., 69, 1768, Marseilles; not of Linnmvs.

Scomber sarda, Buocu, Ichthyologia, x, 35, pl. 334, 1793, Europe.

Scomber mediterraneus, BLocu & SCHNEIDER, Syst. Ichth., 23, 1801, Marseilles; after BRUNNICH.
Scomber pelamitus, RAFINESQUE, Caratteri, 44, pl. 2, 1810, Palermo.

Pelamys sarda, GUNTHER, Cat., 11, 367, 1860, and of most European writers.

Sarda mediterranea, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 427, 1883.

Sarda sarda, DRESSLAR & FESLER, l. c., 440, pl. virr, 1889.

1260. SARDA CHILENSIS, Cuvier & Valenciennes.

(CALIFORNIA Boniro ; SKIPJACK.)

Head 32; depth 4%. D. XVIII-I, 12-VIII; A. II,11-VI. Head pointed,
conical, naked. Maxillary not reaching eye. Teeth strong, curved,
about 40 in each jaw. Pectorals placed just below the level of pupil,
scarcely half as long as head. Gill rakers long, strong, 16 or 17 below
angle. Corselet moderately developed. Lateral line undulating, making
a sharp curve below soft dorsal. Dark metallic blue; sides dusky;
several blackish stripes running obliquely upward and backward from
the pectoral region to the upper edge of the tail, these variable in num-
ber and direction. Length 2 to3 feet; weight 16 pounds. San Francisco

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 873

to Patagonia and Japan; abundant northward in summer; very similar

to the preceding, but with the spinous dorsal always shorter, its flesh

similarly coarse, dark red, and oily. (chilensis, living in Chile.)

Pelamys chilensis, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vir, 163, 1831, Valparaiso; Gin-
THER, Cat., 11, 368, 1860.

Pelamys orientalis, TEMMINCK & SCHLEGEL, Fauna Japan, Poiss., 99, pl. 52, 1850, Japan.

Pelamys lineolata, GirARD, Pac. R. R. Surv., x, 106, 1858, San Diego, California.

Sarda chilensis, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 428, 1883; Dresstar & Fester, I. c., 441, 1889.

394. SCOMBEROMORUS,* Lacépéde.

Scomberomorus, LACEPEDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 111, 292, 1802, (plwmierii).
Cybium, Cuvier, Regne Anim., Ed. 2, 11, 1829, 120, (commersonii),
Apodontis, BENNETT, Proc. Comm. Zo6l. Soc., 1, 169, 1831, (tmmunis).
Lepidocybium, GitL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 125, 1862, (flavobrunneum).
Chriomitra, LocK1neTon, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1879, 133, (concolor).
Scomberodon, VAN BENEDEN, (fossil).

Body elongate, wholly covered with rudimentary scales, which do not
form a distinct corselet. Head pointed, comparatively short and small.
Mouth wide, the strong teeth in the jaws more or less compressed or
knife-shaped ; villiform or sand-like teeth on the vomer and palatines;
maxillary not concealed by preorbital. Gill rakers few. Caudal pedun-
cal with a single keel. Spinous dorsal low, of 14 to 18 feeble spines.
Soft dorsal and anal short, similar, somewhat elevated and falcate, each
followed by 7 to 10 finlets; ventrals small; pectorals moderate, near
the level of the eye. Air bladder present. Vertebre normally formed,
45in number. Fishes of the high seas; graceful in form and beautiful in
color; among the best of food-fishes. (oxdu8poc, Scomber ; duopoc, near.)

a, Males with sides silvery, no spots; females with 2 rows of brown spots, fins nearly plain.

CONCOLOR, 1261.
aa. Both sexes with numerous bronze spots on sides ; spinous dorsal dark except at base.
b, Soft dorsal inserted in advance of anal. MACULATUS, 1262.
bb. Soft dorsal inserted over anal.
c. Body deep, the depth less than 5 in length

d. Teeth 26 to 32ineach jaw. SIERRA, 1263.
dd. Teeth about 40 in each jaw. REGALIS, 1264.
cc. Body more slender; the depth about 6 in length. CAVALLA, 1265.

1261. SCOMBEROMORUS CONCOLOR (Lockington).

(MontTEREY SPANISH MACKEREL.)

Head about 5; depth rather less; eye 54. D. XVII-16-VIII; A. I,
16-VIII. Mouth slightly oblique, the maxillary reaching to posterior
margin of pupil. Teeth of jaws comparatively small, subconical, little
compressed ; about 50 in each jaw; those of vomer and palatines minute
and granular. Lateral line slightly wavy, descending obliquely. Pecto-
ral fins 8 in length, inserted rather above axis of body; ventral fins
small; spines of dorsal slender and fragile, the longest + as long as head ;
dorsal fins separated by an interspace equal to } length of base of spinous

* For an account of the species of Scomberomorus see a paper by Meek & Newland, Proc. Ac.
Nat. Sci. Phila., 1884, 232-235.

874 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

dorsal; caudal shorter than head, its lower lobe longest. Gill rakers
long, 18 below angle. Male dark steel blue, the sides silvery, without
streaks or spots; female with two alternate series of brown spots, the
silvery on sides clouded with dusky; fins nearly plain, dark. Monterey
Bay, California; appearing about Santa Cruz in moderate numbers each
fall; not known elsewhere, and always disappearing in November. A
food-fish of very high quality, not inferior to any other of the family.
(concolor, uniformly colored. ) .

Chriomitra concolor, LOCKINGTON, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1879, 133, Monterey, California.

Scomberomorus concolor, JORDAN & GILBERT, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 45, 1881; Jorpan & GILBERT,
Synopsis, 426, 1883; Merk & NEwLAnpD, I. c., 233, 1884; Dresstar & Fesier, lI. c., 442,,1889.

1262. SCOMBEROMORUS MACULATUS (Mitchill).

(SPANISH MACKEREL.)

Head 43; depth 44. D. XVII-18-IX; A. II-17-IX; maxillary 1; in head;
eye 42; pectoral 12; ventral 4+; dorsal and anal lobes subequal,2. Body
elongate, its dorsal and ventral outlines equal; profile straight from
snout to dorsal; head small and pointed: mouth large, oblique, jaws
equal; maxillary reaching posterior margin of orbit; teeth large, com-
pressed, and sharp, their formula being 24-24 to 32-32; gill rakers 2+ 11.
Soft dorsal inserted in advance of anal a distance about equal to diame-
ter of eye; lateral line undulating, with about 175 pores. Color silvery,
bluish above; sides with many elliptical spots of dall orange color, two
rows of these spots below lateral line and one row above; spinous dorsal
white at base, black above; soft dorsal tinged with yellowish, its mar-
gins black; anal white; posterior side of pectoral black, anterior side
yellowish with black borders; caudal blackish. Both coasts of North
America, appearing in large but very irregular schools in the Gulf of
Mexico and along the Carolina Coast; ranging north in the fall as far as
Cape Ann, and south to Brazil; rare or unknown in Cuba. Weight 8or9 ~
pounds. One of the very best food-fishes in the United States. (macu-
latus, spotted.)

Scomber maculatus, MitcH1it, Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soc. N. Y., 1, 1815, 426, New York.
Cybium maculatum, GUNTHER, Cat., 0, 372, 1860; HoLBrook, Ichth. 8. Car., 66, 1860.

Scomberomorus maculatus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 426, 1883; Merk & NEwLanp, l. c., 233,
1885; DressLar & FESLER, l. c., 443, pl. 9, 1889.

1263. SCOMBEROMORUS SIERRA, Jordan & Starks.

(SIERRA.)

Head 43: depth 4%. D. XVIIJ-15-IX; A. II-15-IX; maxillary 1$ in
head; eye 5; pectoral 1$; ventral 34; dorsal and anal lobes equal, 1 in
head. Body elongate, its dorsal and anal outline about equal; profile
straight from snout to dorsal; head smal] and pointed; mouth large,
oblique, jaws equal; maxillary reaching to posterior edge of orbit.
Teeth large, compressed, and sharp, +? on each side; gill rakers
4+ 11. Soft dorsal inserted almost directly over front of anal; lateral

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 875

‘

line undulating, with about 165 pores. Silvery; above dark steel bluish;
sides with numerous round spots of the same color as the back, three
rows of these spots below lateral line and one above; spinous dorsal
all black ; soft dorsal tinged with yellowish, its margins black; anal
white; posterior face of pectoral entirely black, anterior face yellowish
with blackish borders; caudal black. A large example, supposed to be a
male, has five rows of spots below the lateral line, anteriorly these spots
decreasing in size toward the belly, but extending nearly to base of ven-
tral fin. Length 2} feet. Pacific Coast of tropical America; generally
common, representing S. maculatus, which it resembles very closely, the
more backward insertion of the soft dorsal and the coloration being the
only distinctive characters of importance. The species is not valued as
food, but this may be due to the poor ways of cooking fish prevalent in
Mexico. (Sierra, the vernacular name, meaning saw.)

Scomberomorus maculatus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., 1, 1882, 106; not of

MitcHiLt.

Bcomberomorus sierra, JORDAN & STARKS, Rept. Fishes Sinaloa, MS. 1895, Mazatlan. (Type,
No, 1720, &. S. Jr. Univ. Mus. Coll. Hopkins Expedition.)

1264. SCOMBEROMORUS REGALIS (Bloch).

(SIERRA ; PINTADO.)

Head 44; depth 44. D. XVII-I, 15-VIII; A. II, 14-VIII. Body rather
elongate, its dorsal and ventral curves about equal. Lateral line
descending obliquely, undulaté along the tail. Mouth large; maxillary
reaching to below eye; angle of preopercle produced backward; pec-
torals scaly ; caudal peduncle rather slender, its least depth 54 in head;
caudal less widely forked than in maculatus. Teeth triangular, strongly
compressed, about 40 in each jaw. Pectoral scaly. Silvery; sides with
two blackish longitudinal bands crossing lateral line below soft dorsal,
both posteriorly broken with longitudinal spots; above and below these
numerous brownish spots in rows persistent in the adult; anterior por-
tion of spinous dorsal black. Cape Cod to Brazil; not very common on
our Atlantic Coast; abundant in Cuba, closely allied to Scomberomorus
maculatus, from which most fishermen do not distinguish it. It reaches
a length of 5 or 6 feet and a weight of 20 pounds, it being also an excel-
lent food-fish. (regalis, royal.)

Scomber regalis, Buocu, Ichthyol., pl. 333, 1795, Martinique ; after a drawing by PLumter.

Scomberomorus plumnieri, LAcérEpE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 111, 292, 1806, Martinique; after AuBRIET’s
copy of PLumrer’s drawing.

Cybium regale, GUNTHER, Cat., 11, 372, 1860.

Cybium acervum, Cuvier & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vit1, 186, 1831, Cuba.

Scomberomorus regalis, JonpaAN & Gitpert, Synopsis, 426, 1883; Merk & NewLanpn, Ll. ¢., 234,
1885 ; Dresstar & Frsier, I. c., 444, pl. x, 1889.

1265. SCOMBEROMORUS CAVALLA (Cuvier & Valenciennes),
(KING¥FIsH ; CAVALLA ; CERO; SIERRA. )

Head 5; depth6; eye large, 2insnout. D.XV-I,15-VIIT; A. I, 15-VIII.
Mouth large, maxillary reaching to below eye, Lateral line descending

876 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

abruptly below the second dorsal. ‘Teeth triangular, strongly compressed,

about 30oneachjaw. Pectoral5in body. Gill rakers very short, less than

+ diameter of eye, about 8 below the angle. Adult iron gray, nearly or

quite immaculate; young with the sides of body marked with darker

yellowish spots; spinous dorsal without black blotch anteriorly. Tropi-

eal Atlantic, in the open seas, coming in immense numbers to the Florida

Keys and Charleston, ranging north to Cape Cod and south to Africa

and Brazil; very common on our South Atlantic coast, especially among

the Florida Keys, the catch at Key West very large. One of the best food-

fishes of the Florida coast, with firm rich flesh. It reaches a length of

5 feet and a weight of 100 pounds. (Cavalla or Caballa, a Spanish name,

from caballus, horse.)

Cybium cavalla, CUVIER, Ragne Anim., Ed. 2, 11, 200, 1829, Brazil; after Guarapucu of Marc-
GRAVE,

Cybium caballa, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vim, 187, 1831, Brazil ; GUNTHER,
Cat., 11, 373, 1860.

Cybium immaculatum, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, l. c., vi1I, 191, 1831, no locality.

Scomberomorus caballa, JORDAN & GILBERT, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 268, 1882; JorDAN & GILBERT,
Synopsis, 427, 1883; MreKk & NEWLAND, l. c., 235, 1885.

Scomberomorus cavalla, DRESSLAR & FESLER, l. c., 444, pl. x1, 1889.

395. ACANTHOCYBIUM, Gill.

(PETOS.)

Acanthocybium, Gru, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, 125, (sara = solandrt).

Body elongate, fusiform. Head very long, slender and pointed, the
mandible being longer than upper jaw; jaws forming a sort of beak;
cleft of mouth extending to below eye; posterior part of maxillary
covered by the preorbital; both jaws armed with a close series of trench-
ant teeth, ovate or truncate; their edges finely serrate; villiform teeth
on vomer and palatines; gills as in Xiphias, their lamine forming a net-
work; scales small, scarcely forming a corselet; those along the base of
dorsal enlarged and lanceolate; keel strong; caudal spinous; dorsal very
long, its spines about 25innumber. One species, a very large mackerel-like
fish, widely distributed; especially abundant about the Florida Straits.
This remarkable genus indicates a long step from Scomberomorus toward
the type of the swordfishes. (déxavéa, spine; Cybium; the name xi/cov
was originally applied to the cured flesh of zyAauic).

1266. ACANTHOCYBIUM SOLANDRI (Cuvier & Valenciennes).
(Pero; WaHoo ; GUARAPUCU.)

Head 4; depth 64; eye 5in snout; gape more than half length of head;
premaxillaries in front prolonged in a sort of beak, which is nearly half
length of snout; teeth somewhat irregular, the posterior much the largest,
all strong, serrated, about 50in each jaw. Dorsal spines mostly subequal;
lateral line descending abruptly under sixteenth dorsal spine; the
highest, behind the middle of fin, 5} in head; dorsal and anal lobes low.
Caudal lobes short, very abruptly spreading, their length about $ head.

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 877

Pectoral 27 in head. Corselet small. Steel blue; dark above, paler
below ; no distinct markings, young faintly barred ; fins colored like the
body. Tropical seas; not rare akout Cuba, where it spawns; north to
southern Florida; not rare about the Florida Keys. It reaches a length
of 6 feet or more and a weight of over 50 to 100 pounds, and is valued as
afood-fish. (Named for its discoverer, Solander, an early explorer.) (Eu.)

Cybium solandri, CuvIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vir1, 192, 1831; after MS. of Sonan-
DER; Open sea, exact locality unknown.

Cybium sara, BENNETT, Beechey’s Voyage, Zodl., 63, pl. 20, fig. 2, 1849, Loo Choo; Ginruer.
Cat., 11, 373, 1860.

Cybium petus, Pory, Memorias, 11, 234, pl. 16, fig. 1, 1860, Havana.

Oybium verany, DoDERLEIN, Giorn. di Sc. Nat., Ed. Econ., vir1, 1872, Palermo.

Acanthocybium petus, PoEy, Synopsis, 363, 1868.

Azanthocybium solandri, JORDAN, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1884, 119.

Family CXIX. GEMPYLID.
(THE ESCOLARS.)

Mackerel-like fishes with the body rather elongate, more or less com-
pressed, covered with minute scales. Lateral line various, sometimes
obsolete, sometimes with a dorsal branch. Head large, compressed, with
very strong teeth, usually compressed, some of the anterior canine-like.
Lower jaw projecting. Gill openings wide, the membranes not united,
free from isthmus. Gills 4, a slit behind fourth. Opercles in adult
unarmed; in young the preopercle with radiating spines as usual in scom-
broid fishes. Dorsal fin long, a notch separating the weak spines from
the soft part, which always forms a distinct lobe anteriorly, similar in
form to the anal fin. Finlets often present. Caudal peduncle slender,
usually not keeled, the fin moderate in size, always forked. Ventrals
small, often reduced to a single spine. Vertebre numerous, 32 to 53 in
number. Pyloric ceca rather few. Air bladder usually present. Color-
ation metallic, usually brilliant. Genera about 6; species about 12.
Fishes of the high seas, widely distributed and descending to considera-
ble depths, usually breeding about rocky islands, most of them used as
food. The Gempylide are closely allied to the Scombrida, from which they
diverge in the direction of the Lepidopide and Trichiuridw. The succes-
sive steps are indicated by the progressive elongation of the body, the
progressive reduction of the ventrals and the vertical fins, and on the
other hand by the progressive elongation of the lower jaw and the spe-
cialization of the dentition. Dr. Litken calls attention to the fact that
the Gempylid@ possess a system of dermal ribs or subcutaneous ribs, com-
posed of slender bony filaments close-set, directed backward and upward,
and backward and downward from the median Jine. This character has
-_ been verified in Thyrsites, Nealotus, and Gempylus. (Trichiurida, part, Giin-
ther, Cat., 11, 349-353, 1860.)

THYRSITIN ©:

a, Body moderately elongate, the dorsal spines less than 80, the finlets usually few,
b. Ventrals well developed, their rays I, 5.
c. Dorsal and anal each with detached finlets,
d, Lateral line well developed, moderately curved; finlets 2; skin with small thin
scales, » BIPINNULA, 396,

878 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

dd. Lateral line obsolete or nearly so; finlets 2; skin with bony tubercles.

RUVETTUS, 397.
ec. Dorsal and anal each without finlets; lateral line present, double.
EPINNULA, 398.

bb. Ventral fins each reduced to a single spine.
e. Dorsal fin more or less separated from soft part of the fin; body not greatly elon-
gate; finlets few or none. :
f. Space between vent and anal fin armed with a dagger-shaped spine; lateral
line present, single; 2 or 3 finlets present. NEALOTUS, 399.
J. Space between vent and anal without dagger-shaped spine; finlets 2; lateral
line single; ventrals minute; (young without finlets and with the ventral
spines very long and jagged). PROMETHICHTHYS, 400.

GEMPYLINE:

aa. Body greatly elongate, the dorsal fin with about 30 spines, the spinous part continuous
with the soft part; dorsal and anal finlets 6; dentition strong; ventrals I, 5, very small.
GEMPYLUs, 401.

396. BIPINNULA, Jordan & Evermann.

Bipinnnla, JORDAN & EVERMANN, new genus, (violacea).

Body subfusiform, elongate, low, uniform, slender; head compressed ;
lower jaw longest, both jaws with small teeth ; teeth on vomer fang like.
First dorsal low, uniform, of 20 slender spines, the fin near soft dorsal,
the anterior lobe of which is moderately developed; finlets 2, anal spines
3, a dagger-shaped spine before it. Ventrals moderate, I, 5; pectorals
inserted low. Scales thin, cycloid, deciduous; lateral line single. No
gillrakers. One species known. Dr. Gill divides the genus Thyrsites,
Cuvier & Valenciennes, into Thyrsites,* with 6 or 7 finlets, the lateral line
abruptly decurved, and Thyrsitops,t with 4 or 5 finlets, and the lateral
line nearly straight. The American species, violacea, with 2 finlets, and
the lateral line lightly curved is still better distinguished, and should
probably constitute the type of a new genus, for which we propose the
name Bipinnula. (bis, two; pinnula, finlet.)

1267. BIPINNULA VIOLACEA (Bean).

Head 4; depth 8. D. XX-I, 19-+II; A. 17+ II]; V.1, 5; P. i
Width of interorbital area slightly greater than length of eye, which is
contained nearly 74 times in length of head and 3} times in length of
upper jaw. Least height of tail equals width of interorbital area.
Length of snout twice that of longest dorsal spine, and 4+ distance from
snout to origin of spinous dorsal. Maxilla extending to vertical through
front of eye. Length of upper jaw equals 3} times width of interorbital
space. Mandible reaches to vertical through hind margin of eye; its
length, including the fleshy tip, is 5 times width of interorbital area.
Anterior nostril smaller than posterior; situated in advance of eye 1
diameter of eye. Posterior nostril a narrow slit placed midway between
anterior and eye. Strong teeth on intermaxillary and mandible. Three
large fangs anteriorly in roof of mouth; pseudobranchize well-developed ;
no trace of gillrakers. Spinous dorsal begins at a distance from snout

* Thyrsites, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vi11, 196, 1831, (atm). (Thyrsites, an
old name of some fish, from @vpaos, a wand.)
+ Thyrsitops, GitL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, 125, (lepidopoides).

Jordan and Evermann.— Fishes of North America. 879

which equals twice length of snout; itis highest in middle. Ninth and
thirteenth spines slightly longer than third spine and more than twice
as long as twentieth, their length equaling 4 that of snout. Soft dorsal
highest anteriorly, its longest ray, the fifth, being nearly twice least
height of tail. Caudal forked, its middle rays about 4-as long as
external rays. Anal origin under the third ray of soft dorsal, its dis-
tance from vent 2; times length of dagger-shaped spine. Vent directly
under end of spinous dorsal. Anal rays longest anteriorly, the fifth ray
being nearly as long as corresponding ray of soft dorsal. The dagger-
shaped spine in front of anal } least height of tail; ventral immediately
under third spine of dorsal; its first and longest ray ? interorbital width;
fifth ray about # as long as first; pectoral beginning under second dorsal
spine, its length 24 times width of interorbital area, extending to verti-
cal midway between fifth and sixth dorsal spines. Lateral line well
developed, descending gradually from upper angle of gill opening,
reaching median line of body under soft dorsal. Scales irregular in
shape, thin, elongate, cycloid, and deciduous. Purplish; the spinous
dorsal, pectorals, ventrals, and inside of mouth blackish. Known from
one specimen caught by Captain Thomas Thompson, on Le Have Bank,
south of Newfoundland, in 125 fathoms. (Bean.) (violacea, violet-

colored. )

Thyrsitops violaceus, BEAN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1887, 513, Le Have Bank. (Type, No.
39287. Coll. W. A. Wilcox); Goopr & BEAN, Oceanic Ichth., 195, 1895.
Thyrsites niger, PoEY, Enumeratio, 74, 1875.

397. RUVETTUS, Cocco.

(ESCOLARES. )

Ruvetius, Cocco, Giorn. Sci. Sicilia., x11, 2, 1829, (pretiosus).
Aplurus, Lowe, Trans. ZoG]. Soc. Lond., 11, 180, 1841 (simpler).
Acanthoderma, CANTRAINE, Journ. Ac. Sci. Belles-Lettres Bruxelles, x, 1835, ( temminki).

Body fusiform, moderately elongate, the skin covered with bony tuber-
cles remote from each other and obliquely placed. Mouth large, with
strong teeth, some of the anterior in each jaw canine-like. Lateral line
obscure, little developed. Abdomen keeled. Tail not keeled. Dorsals
near together, well differentiated; dorsal and anal each with 2 finlets.
Ventral rays I, 5. Color black. One species. A large, deep-water fish,
generally valued as food in the tropics. (Roveto or Ruvetto, Italian name
of Ruvettus pretiosus. )

1268. RUVETTUS PRETIOSUS, Cocco.
(EsconaRr; Roverro; Ruverro; Curconar; Or Fisu; Scour Fisu; PLArin-ralt.)

Head 4; depth 6; eye large,5. D. XV-18-II; A. 17-II; V. 1,5; C.9+8;
vertebree 16+ 16—32. Coecalltol4. Body oblong, compressed, not greatly

* Another fish of this group, apparently allied to Escolar has been mentioned as Thyrsiles niger,
Pory.

Known only from a fragment of the tail of a specimen weighing about 100 pounds. Caudal
peduncle with a distinct keel. Scales thin, smooth, and roundish, not spinous. Color every-
where intense black. Last rays of dorsal apparently detached. Flesh white, exquisite in
flavor, as in Ruvetlius pretiosus. Havana, (Poey.) Thrown on shore byastorm, This is proba-

Hu i) a Thyrsites, nor a Bipinnula, as the caudal peduncle has no keel in either genus. (niger,
ack,

880 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

elongate. Head large, compact, plain, with flat and even sides, clumsier
than in Promethichthys, the lower jaw being very strong. Top of head
broad and flat. Mouth very large, the gape extending beyond middle of
eye; teeth strong, some of the anterior canine-like. First dorsal low, the
spines slender; second dorsal and anal high in front. Caudal large,
broadly forked. Pectorals small, ventrals smaller. Skin apparently
smooth and scurfy in appearance, harsh and stiff to the touch. Skin cov-
ered with small, irregular, cycloid scales and also rows of glassy forked
prickles in quincunx, the structure of these complicated and peculiar;
each one -shaped or -shaped, with 2 points and 2 or 3 roots. Color
purplish brown, darker above and with blackish patches; inside of mouth
dusky. ‘Tropical parts of the Atlantic in deep water. Abundant in deep
water about Cuba and the Madeiras, frequently taken in the Mediterra-
nean, two specimens, 4 and 6 feet long, taken off the Grand Banks of New_
foundland. Found in 300 to 400 fathoms. It reaches a weight of 100
pounds and is valued as food. ‘‘The Cuban fishermen go ‘a-scholaring’
(‘a escolarear’), after the fishing for the spearfish has ceased and before
that for the red snapper begins.” ‘The flesh is white and flaky, but soft
and insipid in the Madeiras, according to Lowe, where its extreme oili-
ness makes it unwholesome. (pretiosus, precious.) (Eu.)

Ruvettus pretiosus, Cocco, Giornale di Scienze per la Sicilia, x11, 21, 1829, Messina.

Tetragonurus simplex, Lown, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 143, 1833, Madeira,

Rovetus temminkii, CANTRAINE, Giorn. Sci. et Litt. Pisa, 1833, Malta; fide Pory.

Thyrsites acanthoderma, Lowk, Proc. Zod]. Soc. Lond., 1839, 78, Madeira.

Thyrsites scholaris, Pony, Memorias, 1, 372, 1851, pl. 32, fig. 1, Havana.

Thyrsites pretiosus, GUNTHER, Cat., 351, 1860.

Aplurus simplex, Low®8, Trans. Zoi]. Soc. Lond., 11, 1841, 180.

Rovettus temminkii, VALENCIENNES, in WEBB & BERTHELOT, Poiss. Canar., 52, plates.
Acanthoderma temmin- ii, CANTRAINE, Journ. Ac, Sci. et Belles-Lettres, Bruxelles, 1835, x, pl. 1.

398. EPINNULA, Poey

Epinnula, Pory, Memorias, 1, 369, 1854, (magistralis).

Body fusiform, somewhat compressed, moderately elongate, covered
with minute thin scales. Lateral line present, double. Dorsal fins con-

tiguous, barely connected, the spines well differentiated. Ventrals I, 5.

No finlets. Tail not keeled. Deep waters of the Atlantic. (Name short-
ened from epinnulatus, without finlets. )

1269. EPINNULA MAGISTRALIS, Poey.

(D6MINE.)

Head 3; depth 5. D. XV-I, 16; A. III, 13; V. 1,5; P. 15; C. 8-=75ame
7; ceca 10. Body moderately elongate, compressed. Maxillary reaching
middle of eye; eye large, about 2in snout; opercular point soft; first
dorsal low, depressible in a groove; anal beginning but little behind
second dorsal. Caudal forked, the lower lobe shorter; pectorals not fal-
cate; ventrals half smaller, under lower angle of pectoral. Intestinal
canal straight. Head about as in Ruvettus, the mouth large; the maxil-
lary nearly half head; lower jaw projecting; premaxillaries bordered

See eee

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 881

with an external series of sharp teeth; about 2 large compressed canines
on each side in front; one on each side near tip of low jaw; lower teeth
otherwise smaller. Scales small, caducous. Upper lateral line very high,
parallel with back; lower joining it behind the shoulder, thence curving
downward, following outline of belly. Intestinal canal short. Bluish,
darker above, silvery below. (Poey.) Two specimens known, one taken
near Havana in 1853, 3 feet long, the other obtained by the Albatross in
1885. (Magistralis, master; in Spanish, Démine; in reference to its resem-
blance to the scholar, Escolar, Ruvettus pretiosus.)

Epinnula magistralis, Pokey, Memorias, 1, 369, 1851, Havana; Ginrner, Cat., 11, 349, 1860; GoopE
& BEAN, Oceanic Ichthyol., 198, 1895.

399. NEALOTUS, Johnson.

Nealotus, JOHNSON, Proc. Zobl. Soc. Loud., 1865, 434, (tripes).

Body elongate, much compressed, incompletely covered with delicate
scales. Cleft of mouth deep. Small teeth in jaws and on palatine bones;
none on vomer. First dorsal (composed of about 20 spines) continuous,
extending to the second; finlets behind dorsal and anal; a dagger-shaped
spine behind vent. No keelon tail. Caudal fin well developed. Ven-
trals reduced to a spine each. Seven branchiostegals. Deep seas; one
species known. (vedAwroc, newly caught.)

1270. NEALOTUS TRIPES, Johnson.

' Head 4}; depth 93; eye5; snout 3. D. XXI,19+II; A. 18, II; P. 13;
V.1. Body very elongate, with a few large, deciduous, simple scales of
delicate structure here and there upon its surface. Head flattened above,
concave in interorbital region, with 4 low ridges, the inner pair of which
inclose an elongate, diamond-shaped space; lower jaw longest. Eye round,
lateral; opercle with 2 obtuse projections behind, separated by a notch.
Spinous dorsal inserted in front of root of pectoral, its height slightly
greater than half that of body; its length less than half that of body,
placed in a groove; the second dorsal placed close behind first, not so
high and less than half as long. Pectoral origin under angle of opercle,
its length equal to that of second dorsal fin. Spines representing ventrals
inserted close together under hinder part of roots of pectorals, their length
about t+ height of body. These spines are longitudinally grooved, and each
appears to consist of 2 or 3 spines coalesced together. Vent very slightly
postmedian ; a flat, dagger-shaped spine, longitudinally grooved, half as
long as height of body, inserted close behind vent. Anal fin inserted
behind this spine at a distance about equal to its length, and opposite
to, but rather shorter than second dorsal. Caudal fin deeply fureate.

_ Lateral line descends obliquely from above opercle to middle of length of

fish, and then continues with a gentler obliquity along posterior part of
body to tail, where it is inserted at + distance from ventral to dorsal out-
line. (Goode & Bean.) Two specimens known, one from Madeira, the
other taken by the Challenger between the Bahamas and Bermudas. ((tripes,
3-footed, the 2 ventral spines and the anal spine forming a tripod.)
Nealotus tripes, Jounson, Proc. Zobl. Soc. Lond., 1865, 434, Madeira,

F,N, A. 57

882 Bulletin 47, Untted States National Museum.

400. PROMETHICHTHYS, Gill.

(CONEJOS.)

Prometheus, Quoy & GATMARD, MS.

Prometheus, Lowr, Trans. Zo6l. Soc. London, 11, 181, 1841, (atlanticus) ; name preoccupied.

? Dicrotus,* GUNTHER, Cat., 11, 349, 1860, (armatus).

Promethichthys, Gitt, Mem. Nat. Ac. Sci., vi, 115, 123, 1893, (atlanticus; substitute for Prometheus
of Lower).

Body elongate, slender, fusiform; mouth large, with two strong
canines in front of each jaw; spinous dorsal long, contiguous to the soft,
which is rather high; two finlets above and two below; pectorals com-
paratively low; caudal without keel; ventrals represented by a pair of
minute spines; no dagger-shaped spine behind vent. Preoperculum unarmed
except in young. Lateral line descending in an oblique line, undulat-
ing below the front of the spinous dorsal. Scales very minute, smooth.
Voracious fishes of the open seas, reaching a moderate size. (zpounAyc,
wary ; /yVic, fish.)

a. Head short, 4in length ; depth 7. PROMETHEUS, 1271.
aa. Head longer, 214 in length ; depth 6. PARVIPINNIS, 1272.

1271. PROMETHICHTHYS PROMETHEUS, Cuvier & Valenciennes.

(Rapsit Fish ; CopLHoO ; ConEJO; BERMUDA CATFISH.)

Head 4; depth7. D. XVIII-19 or 20-II; A. 16-II; V. 1; vertebrx 30 +
14—44. Body elongate, compressed throughout, nowherecarinate. Head
smooth; eyes prominent, the space between them flat, with a shallow
median groove. Mouth large, the gape about reaching middle of eye.
Both jaws with an outer row of about 25 short, strong, compressed
triangular teeth; anterior canines similar but much stronger; vomer
toothless; palatines with fine close-set teeth. First dorsal low, its spines
weak, with fragile membrane; second dorsal high; caudal forked. Ven-
trals reduced to two small blunt scale-like spines, much larger in the
young, where minute rays are also present. Lateral line abraptly bent
downward under front of dorsal, without dorsal branch. Scales minute,
apparently wanting; vertical fins with rudimentary scales. Uniform
deep coppery brown in life, with metallic iridescence, with some blackish
cloudings; fins more or less dusky. Tropical islands of the Atlantic, in
deep water; west to Cuba and the Bermudas; not very common. (Lowe.)

* The generic name, Dicrotus, was given to a very young fish, Dicrotus armatus, GUNTHER, from
unknown locality. The characters of Dicrotus are those of larval Gempyline and Thyrsitine.
In these larve the ventral spines are elongate, the preopercle armed with spines, the finlets con-
nected with the body of the fin, the anal spines more developed, and the body short. Litken
regards Dicrotus armatus as the young of Promethichthys prometheus, in which case the name
Dicrotus (Sikpotos, two-oared), would supersede Promethichthys. The description of Dicrotus,
however, applies better to Promethichthys promethoides (Bleeker), an East Indian species haying
D. XVIII-IJ, 15-II, A. I, 14, II, and two lateral lines. This species apparently belongs to
a different genus from Promethichthys prometheus. For this latter genus, the name Dicrotus should
be retained.

The following is the generic description of Dicrotus: ‘Body rather elongate, compressed ;
cleft of mouth wide. First dorsal continuous, with the spines of moderate strength, and
extending on to the second; finlets none. Ventral reduced to a long, crenulated spine. Pre-
operculum with several spines at the angle. Body naked, Several strong canines in the jaws;
minute teeth on vomer and palatine bones. No keel on tail. Seven branchiostegals. Pseudo-
branchie present. (Giinther,) Fin rays D. XVIII, 18; A. II, 16; Y. 1, in Dicrotus armatus.

|

Jordan and Evermann,—Fishes of North America. 883

‘This fish, the ‘Coelho’ or Rabbit Fish of Madeira, lives habitually at
the bottom, and is taken at most seasons at a depth of from 100 to 300
or 400 fathoms, and in the summer months, according to Lowe, it is gen-
erally one of the commonest and cheapest fishes in the market, where it
is sold in bundles, chiefly to the Portuguese. It breeds in August and
September, and attains a length of 1} to 2} feet. It is a very wary fish,
its name of rabbit fish being due to its habit of snapping off bait. Sev-
eral specimens were obtained in Bermuda in 1877 by Dr. Goode. The
fishermen obtain it at a depth of 60 to 100 fathoms, and it is known to
them as the ‘Catfish.’” (Goode & Bean.) (Prometheus, a classical name
“nar une allusion facile ad saisir.”’)

Gempylus prometheus, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., viii, 213, pl. 222, 1831, St.
Helena.

Gempylus solandri, CuvIER & VALENCIENNES, I. c¢., Vill, 215, 1831, New Holland; after
SoranpDEeR MS.

Gempylus prometheus, VALENCIENNES, Ichth. Iles Canaries, 51, pl. 11.

Prometheus atlanticus, Lowr, Trans, Zoél. Soc. London, 11, 181, 1841, Madeira.

Promethichthys atlanticus, GoopE & BEAN, Ocean. Ichth., 200, 1895.

We provisionally associate with Promethichthys, the fish called Dicrotus
parvipinnis by Goode & Bean, the very young or larva of some unknown
species. If the small number of dorsal and anal rays is permanent, this
species would form anew genus, between Promethichthys and Gempylus,
the small soft dorsal and anal marking a transition toward the Lepidopide.

1272. PROMETHICHTHYS PARVIPINNIS (Goode & Bean).

Head 24; depth 6; eye 6; height of tail 2 in eye. D. XXI, 11; A. II,
8; P. 12; V. I, 1, or I, 2. Upper jaw reaching vertical from front of
orbit. Three large fangs in upper jaw, a large fang near tip of lower jaw,
and 8 smaller teeth. ‘Three weak, diverging spines on the border of pre-
operculum. Dorsal originating at a distance behind eye about equal to
13 times length of eye, or about over middle of operculum; spines all
serrated, the first 5 about equal ; they diminish gradually in size from fifth,
and the last is only about as long as eye. The ventral origin is under
the sixth dorsal spine; the spine strongly serrated, its length equal to
that of ninth dorsal spine; ventral with either a single bifid ray or 2
simple rays. Color silvery ; caudal peduncle and top of back at base of
dorsal brownish. Western Atlantic; Albatross stations 2537, 2542, and
2601; about 40° N., 70° W.; known only from larval specimens. (parvus,
small ; pinna, fin.)

Dicrotus parvipinnis, Goope & Bean, Oceanic Ichthyology, 201, 1895, Gulf Stream.

401. GEMPYLUS, Cuvier & Valenciennes.

(SNAKE MACKERELS. )

Gempylus, Cuvier & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vit1, 207, 1831, (serpens).
Lemnisoma, LEsson, Voyage Coquille, Poissons, 160, 1826, (thyrsitoides).
Zjphothyca, Swainson, Nat. Hist. Fishes, 11, 1839, 239, (coluber),

Body very much elongate, compressed, and band-shaped, approaching

the form of Lepidopus. Head long, pointed anteriorly, the lower jaw

884 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

projecting, the anterior teeth in upper jaw very long, canine-like. Scales
minute or obsolete. Spinous dorsal very long, of about 30 spines; soft
dorsal low, but with a distinct lobe, similar to anal and both followed by
5 to 7 finlets. Ventrals I, 5, but extremely minute. Caudal fin rather
small, well forked. Lateral line single, arched anteriorly. Vertebre
28 + 25—53. Air bladder present. Young having the ‘‘ Dicrotus” form,
with large head, spinous ventrals, and spinigerous preopercle. Deep sea.
(Gempylus, an old name of some Scombroid fish.)

1273. GEMPYLUS SERPENS, Cuvier & Valenciennes.

Head 53; depth17. D.XXX-I, 13-V; A. IJ-I,11-VII; V.1,5; vertebr
28 +25—53. Eye7in head. Maxillary nearly reaching front of pupil.
Each jaw with a series of compressed, triangular, trenchant teeth; about
6 long canines in front of jaws, some of these with an emargination, as in
Sphyrena; palatines with a row of small teeth, none on vomer; usually
a single canine at tip of lower jaw. Lateral line straight except anteriorly.
Dorsal spines slender; soft dorsal and anal small, with numerous finlets.
Pectorals pointed, rather long; ventrals minute. Color dark metallic
blue. Flesh firm. Deep seas; a rare fish, widely distributed, reaching a
length of 3 feet or more. (serpens, a snake.)

Gempylus serpens, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vii, 207, 1831, Martinique.
Gempylus serpens, GUNTHER, Cat., I, 350, 1860.

Gempylus coluber, CUVIEKR & VALENCIENNES, I. c,, 211, Otaiti.

Gempylus ophidianus, Pozy, Memorias, 11, 246, 1861, Cuba.

Lemnisoma thyrsitoides, LESSON, Voyage Coquille, 160, 1826.

Gempylus serpens, GOODE & BEAN, Oceanic Ichth., 202, 1895.

Family CXX. LEPIDOPIDA.

Body elongate, band-shaped, scaleless; dorsal long, continuous or sub-
continuous, without distinct lobe-to the soft dorsal; anal comparatively
short, preceded by a considerable number of short detached spines ; no fin-
lets ; caudalsmall, but distinct and forked ; pectorals with some of the lower
rays longest; ventrals rudimentary or absent; a spine or scute, or pair of
scutes behind the vent. Lateral line conspicuous. Mouth large, the
lower jaw projecting. Teeth very strong, premaxillaries not protractile,
lanceolate in jaws, more or less larger in front; no teeth in palatines.
Air bladder present. Gill membranes separate, free from the isthmus;
gills 4, with a slit behind the fourth. Abdominal and caudal vertebre
numerous, 100 or more. Pyloric ceca in large numbers. Three genera,
and about 5 species; similar to the Trichiuride in habit, but retaining the
caudal fin of the Gempylide. This group represents successive steps by
which the muscular and free-swimming mackerels become transformed to
band-shaped pelagic surface fishes with many vertebre. The fins and
tail become degenerate, the teeth more and more highly specialized.
The retention of the rudimentary caudal furnishes a slender character for
the distinction of Lepidopide as a family from Trichiuride. (Lepidopodide,
Gill, Standard Natural History, 111, 206, 1885.)

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 885

APHANOPINE:
a. Dorsal divided into two portions; front of anal with a dagger-shaped spine behind vent;
ventrals wanting; vertebra 43 + 57 = 100. APHANOPUS, 402.
LEPIDOPINE:

aa. Dorsal fin continuous; front of anal without dagger-shaped spine; ventrals reduced toa
pair of scales; body not very slender; head with a crest above.

b. Dorsal rays lessthan 100; two distinct postanal scutes; ventrals behind base of pectorals.

e. Head short, high, compressed above to a trenchant edge; jawsequal; profile convex.

EvoxyYMETOPON, 403.
ec. Head rather long, with lateral occipital crests converging anteriorly; lower jaw

projecting. Leprpopws, 404,
bb. Body low; head without crest; dorsal rays about 150; one postanal scute; ventrals
below base of pectorals. BENTHODESMUs, 405.

402. APHANOPUS, Lowe.

Aphanopus, Low®¥, Proc. ZoGl. Soc. Lond., 1839, 79, (carbo).

Body very elongate, band-like, scaleless; head long, pointed; cleft of
mouth very wide; jaws armed with strong, lanceolate teeth arranged in
single series and in common alveolar groove; no teeth on palatine; eye
very large; back occupied by a long dorsal fin, divided in two subequal
parts; anal spines numerous and feeble; a dagger-shaped spine behind
vent; caudal well developed, deeply cleft; pectorals moderate, rounded;
ventrals absent; branchiostegals7; air bladder present. Pyloric append-
dages few. Two species in the deep sea. (ddavic, invisible; zot¢, foot.)

1274. APHANOPUS MINOR, Collett.

Head about 2? in length of body to vent; eye about 44 in hzad. D.
XLI, X+?; B.11. Eight long teeth in the intermaxillary, the two fore-
most ‘‘canines” the longest ; 8 teeth in the lower jaw, a trifle shorter; no
teeth in vomer and the palatine bones. Ventrals none; a strong dagger-
shaped spine behind vent. Air bladder present; pyloric ceca 7. Dark
silvery or steel-colored. Length from tip of snout to vent (in the single
specimen examined) 352 millimeters. One specimen known, from the east
coast of Greenland, 65° N., 31 W. (Collett.) (minor, smaller.)

Aphanopus minor, CoLterT, Vidensk. Selsk. Forhandl. Christiania, No. 19, 3, 1886, east coast of
Greenland; Goope & Bran, Oceanic Ichthyology, 207, 1895.

403. EVOXYMETOPON, Poey.
(TIRANTES. )

Evorymetopon (Porky) Giiu, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, 228, (teniatus).

Body very elongate, band-like; head with the supraocular portion com-
pressed into a trenchant edge, and the upper profile abruptly descending
toward the end of the snout; eye of moderate size, much below upper
profile. Cleft of mouth wide; teeth lanceolate, in single rows, with
larger ones in front; a series of small teeth on palatines. Fins as in
Lepidopus. One species. (ei, true; dfi¢, sharp; uérwrov, forehead. )

886 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

1275. EVOXYMETOPON TENIATUS, Poey.

(TIRANTE ; TYRANT FisH.)

Head 8 in extreme length ; depth 12; eye about 6in head. B.7; D.87;
A.19; C.17; P.12. Head oblong, trenchant above, elevated above eyes
for a space considerably greater than diameter of eye, and decurved very
obliquely downward to snout. ‘The first 10 dorsal spines undivided ;
the rest split. Color silvery, with about 6 narrow reddish bands, most
distinct behind, the first on the ridge of the back and the fifth along
lateral line. Cuba,in deep water; rare. Sizesmall. (Poey.) According
to Drs. Gill and Ginther a specimen probably identical with this was
recorded early in the present century from Scotland by Hoy. (teniatus,
with ribbon-like stripes.)

Evoxymetopon teniatus (PoEY) Git, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, 228, Cuba; Gru1, Proc. Ac.
Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, 206; Goopr & Bran, Oceanic Ichth., 204, 1895.

404. LEPIDOPUS, Gouan.
(FROST-FISHES. )

Lepidopus, GoUAN, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 185, 1770, (gouani).
Vandellius, Suaw, Genl. Zodl., rv, 199, 1803, (lusitanicus).
Sarcina, RAFINESQUE, Car. Nuo. Gen. Sic., 20, 1810, (argyrea).
Ziphotheca, MontaGu, Werner Mem., 1, 82, 1811, (tetradens).

Body very elongate, band-like, scaleless; liead pointed, with lateral
occipital crests converging anteriorly; cleft of mouth wide, the jaws
being armed with strong lanceolate teeth in a single series, larger ones in
front; a series of minute teeth on the margin of the palatines. Nodules
oblique. Eyes large. Along the whole of back one single dorsal fin ;
anal spines numerous, but minute or hidden beneath the skin ; no post-
anal spines; caudal well developed; ventral fins rudimentary, inserted
behind pectorals. Two postanal scutes. Eight branchiostegals; air
bladder present. Pyloric cceca somewhat numerous. Surface fishes of
the open sea, readily chilled by cold weather, hence the name frostfish.
(Aeris, scale; zotc, foot.)

1276. LEPIDOPUS CAUDATUS (Euphrasen).
(FrostFIsH; SCABBARD FIsH.)

Depth 1543; D.102to 104; A.24o0r25. Coca 23; vertebra 41 + 71—=112.
Body very elongate, band-like; cleft of mouth wide. One single dorsal
fin extending whole length of the back; caudal well developed; ventrals
reduced to a pair of scales; anal spines numerous, but minute or hidden
beneath the skin; no scales. Several strong teeth in jaws; teeth on pal-
atines. No keel on tail; 8 branchiostegals ; air bladder present; pyloric
appendages in increased number. Pelagic, occasional in the Atlantic,
from Norway to South Africa and New Zealand. In New Zealand it
comes to the surface periodically in great numbers to deposit its spawn.
Length 5 or 6 feet. Aspecimen taken by John Xantus at Cape San Lucas;
not otherwise known from American waters. (caudatus, tailed.) (Eu.)

Jordan and Evermann.— Fishes of North America. 887

Trichiurus caudatus, EUPHRASEN, Stockh. K. Vet. Ac. Nya Handl., 52, pl. 9, fig. 2, 1788.
Lepidopus gouani, Buocu & ScHNEIDER, Syst. Ichth., 239, 1801.

Trichiurus gladius, HoLtEN, Kidbenh, Skri. v, Nat. Selsk., v, 23, 1802.

Trichiurus ensiformis, VANDELLI, Ac. Sci. Lisb., 1797, Lisbon.

Vandellius lusitanicus, SHaw, Gen. Zoil., tv, 199, 1803, Portugal.

Lepidopus peronti, Risso, Ichth. Nice, 148, pl. 5, 1810, Nice,

Zipotheca tetradens, MONTAGU, Wern. Mem., 1, 82, pl. 2 and 3, 1811, Great Britain.
Lepidopus argyreus, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vir, 223, 1831, France.
Lepidopus caudatus, GUNTHER, Cat., 11, 344, 1860; GoopE & Bran, Oceanic Ichth., 203, 1895.

405. BENTHODESMUS, Goode & Bean.
Benthodesmus, GOODE & BEAN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1v, 1881, 380, (elongatus).

Body naked, much compressed, attenuate, tapering gradually from vent
to base of caudal; caudal peduncle very slender, supporting a small but
well-developed caudai fin; vent considerably nearer head than to tail.
Lateral line simple, in a deep, wide furrow, nearly straight, in front of
the vent gradually ascending to the scapular region. Head compressed,
its upper profile nearly horizontal; snout gibbous near its end, as in Lepi-
dopus. Topoft head very flat, concave between the eyes, with no occipital
crest; interorbital ridges not elevated. Eyes large, slightly postmedian.
Operculum oblong, reaching a little beyond the’ base of the pectoral fin.
Nostrils horizontal, in front of the eyes. Supramaxillary not extending
to vertical from front of eyes ; lower jaw withstout cutaneous appendage.
Three very long, simple, compressed teeth on each intermaxillary in front ;
outside of these a few minute teeth, and behind them a row of large acic-
ular teeth; lower jaw with a single row of moderately large acicular
teeth, more numerous than in the upper jaw, largest in the middle of the
jaw ; palatine teeth minute. Dorsal fin beginning above the operculum,
nearly uniform in height throughout its entire length, and continuous
almost to the caudal; rays very numerous, 150 or more. Anal beginning
near the vent, preceded by a single scale-like appendage; spines very
numerous (numbering with the rays about 100) all except about 30 being
spines, minute and almost hidden; a short fin posteriorly ; caudal small,
normal, forked; pectoral inserted almost horizontally, with lower rays
longest, and its upper outline rounded; ventral fins represented each by
a minute scale-like spine, inserted below the origin of the pectorals.
Pseudobranchiw present; gills 4, a slit behind the fourth; gill rakers
short and spiny, in a single series on the first and second arches, almost
obsolete on the third and fourth. Deep-sea fishes; two species known.
(BéivOoc, deep; decubc, band.)

1277. BENTHODESMUS ATLANTICUS, Goode & Bean.

Head 73, its greatest width 6 in length; depth about 4; snout 2}. D.
164; A. 100; P. 12; V.I,1. Body attenuate, its height at vent 4 in head, its
width $ of its height at the point mentioned; length of caudal peduncle
half of greatest height of body; least height of tail } width of inter-
orbital area; width of interorbital area (on the bone) 4 in head. Upper

888 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

jaw not reaching vertical from anterior margin of eye, and equaling post-
orbital portion of head; lower jaw about twice greatest height of body;
mandibular tip nearly 3ineye. Eyeslightly postmedian, the orbital diam-
eter equaling half length of snout. Besides the 3 long teeth, there are on
each intermaxillary 8 or 9 of moderate size; on one side many small inter-
mediate teeth are present; the number of teeth in the lower jaw varying
from 13 on the one side to 21 on the other. Gill rakers 13, the longest
about 2 millimeters; about the same number on second arch, while on
the third there are but 6 or 7 very small ones, and present only in the
angles, while in the fourth there is about the same number, very incon-
spicuous. Origin of dorsal above middle of opercle, and at a distance
from the snout equaling twice length of snout; anal fin composed of
about 100 spines and rays. Owing to the mutilation of thespecimen it is
jmpossible to determine how many there are of each, but there are sup-
posed to be about 28 rays, normally united by a membrane into a fin.
Caudal also imperfect but the middle rays are seen to be about half as
long as the remnants of the external rays; the fm supposed to resemble
in shape that of Lepidopus caudatus; pectoral originating under tip of
opercular flap, its outline rounded above instead of emarginate, as in
Lepidopus caudatus; its longest ray equaling postorbital part of head;
ventrals originating at a distance from the snout equaling that of base of
pectorals from same point, rudimentary, and represented by minute scutes,
the length of which is 34 millimeters, or about half interorbital width.
Cecal appendages 8 in the specimen examined ; some, however, may have
been lost, the abdominal viscera having been partly digested by the hali-
but in the stomach of which it was found. Color uniform silvery, with
traces of dark color upon head and tail. Length 354 inches. One speci-
men taken from the stomach of a halibut caught on the western edge of
the Grand Bank of Newfoundland in 80 fathoms. (Goode & Bean.)
(atlanticus, Atlantic.)

Benthodesmus elongatus, GOODE & BEAN, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., rv, 1881, 380-3; not of CLARKE, the

original elongalus being from New Zealand; Jorpan & GILBERT, Synopsis, 910, 1883.
Benthodesmus ailanticus, GOODE & BEAN, Oceanic Ichth., 205, 1895, Grand Bank.

Family CXXI. TRICHIURIDA.
(THE CUTLASS FISHES.)

Body extremely clongate, band-shaped, naked, tapering to a point, the
ventral fins imperfect or wanting and the spinous and soft parts of the
dorsal fin not differentiated. Mouth wide, the jaws armed with strong
unequal teeth. Premaxillaries not protractile. Pseudobranchi present.
Gills 4, a slit behind the fourth; gill membranes separate, free from the
isthmus ; lateral line present ; dorsal fin very long, low, usually continu-
ous, the rays all similar. Caudal fin absent; anal fin very long and low,
scarcely rising above the surface of the skin. Ventrals thoracic, rudi-
mentary (Lupleurogrammus) or wanting. Vertebre in greatly increased
number, about 160. Air bladder present. Pyloric cceca numerous.
Genera 2, species about 6. Surface fishes of the tropical seas. Very

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 889

close to the Lepidopide and Gempylide, differing from the former chiefly
in the absence of the caudal fin, the last stage in the progressive reduc-
tion of parts seen in these groups. (Trichiuride, part, Giinther, Cat.
Fishes, 346.)

a. Ventral fins wanting. TRICHIURUS, 406.

406. TRICHIURUS, Linnzus.
(HAIRTAILS. )

Trichiurus, LINN2XUS, Syst. Nat., Ed. x, 246, 1758, (lepturus).

Gymnogaster, GRONOW, Mus. Ichth., 1, 17, No. 47, 1754, and Zooph., 1, 136, 1763, (lepturus).
Enchelyopus (KLEIN) BLEEKER, Mém Poiss. Guin., 9, 73, 1862, (leptwrus).

Lepturus (ARTEDI) GILL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, 126, (argenteus).

Body extremely elongate, band-like, the tail very slender, tapering to
a fine point, without caudal fin. Head long, with avery wide mouth,
the jaws armed with unequal and very strong teeth; upper jaw with
about 4 long, strongly compressed barbed teeth; teeth on the palatines,
none on the vomer. Lower jaw longest, preorbital covering cleft of
mouth posteriorly. Dorsal fin single, low, occupying the whole of the
back, the spines not distinguishable from the soft rays; anal very long,
its base more than half the length of the body; composed of detached
spines, which are very short, nearly hidden in the skin, the anterior
directed backward, the posterior forward; ventral fins wanting; pec-
torals small. No scales. Lateral line decurved, concurrent with the
belly. Vertebre 39+ 120, ribs excessively frail. Color silvery. Voraci-
ous fishes of the high seas; reaching a considerable size. (rtpryiov, a little
hair ; ovpd, tail.)

1278. TRICHIURUS LEPTURUS, Linneus,

‘4 .
(CurLass Fisu ; Scapparp Fis; SILverrisH; SABLE; SAVOLA.)

Head about 74; depth about 16; eye 2 in snout. D.135; A. about 100;
snout long and pointed, about as long as pectoral; maxillary reaching
nearly to pupil, concealed by preorbital. Uniform bright silvery; dorsal
dark-edged. Warm seas, chiefly of the western Atlantic, north to Vir-
ginia; occasionally in Lower California (Streets); common in the West
Indies, swimming near the surface, where it becomes benumbed with the
slightest cold.* (Aexroc, slender; ovpa, tail.)

Trichiurus lepturus, Linn vs, Syst. Nat., Ed. x, 246, 1758, America; after Lepturus of ARTEDT;
Ouviern & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss,, vii, 237, 1831; GUnrueEr, Cat., 11, 346, 1860;
Streets, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., vir, 46, 1877; Jornpan & GiLperRt, Synopsis, 422, 1883.

Trichiurus argenteus, Suaw, Gen. Zoil., tv, 90, pl. 12, 1803, after Linneus,

Lepturus lepturus, Pony, Enumeratio, 94, 1860.

——— = — - ———

*“A commercial fishery of considerable importance exists at Jamaica. This species enters
the estuary of St. John’s River, in Florida, and has been known to leap into rowboats, Lin-
nreus wrote of it in 1758: ‘Totus argentous exiliens ex aqua sepe in cymbam,’” (Syst. Nat.,
Ed. x, 1, 246.) (Goode.)

890 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

Family CXXII. ISTIOPHORIDZ.*
(THE SAILFISHES. )

Body elongate, much compressed, covered with elongate scutes; bones
of upper jaw consolidated into a sword, which is roundish on the edges
and spear-like, shorter than in Xiphias. Jaws with small, persistent
granular teeth. Ventral fins of 1 or 2 rays each, attached to a pelvic
arch; dorsal single, or divided into 2 contiguous portions, the first much
longer than the second, the fin rays distinct, the first rays of dorsal dis-
tinctly spinous; anal divided, last rays of dorsal and anal suctorial;
caudal peduncle with 2 fleshy crests or keels. Vertebre 12-+4+12—24,
elongate, hourglass-shaped; neural and hemal spines flag-like; ribs wel!
developed. Air bladder very large, sacculate, of numerous separate
divisions. Intestine short, straight. Gills reticulated as in Xiphias.
Two genera, with about 5 species, oceanic, similar in character and
habits to the swordfishes, but smaller in size. This group represents a
younger stage in the development of Xiphias, and is intermediate between
the latter and the Scombroid stock, frem which both are derived. The
gaps are wide in the series Scomberomorus, Acanthocybium, Istiophorus,
Tetrapturus, Xiphias, but the natural sequence seems evident. Several
fossil genera of sailfishes are recorded. Other forms are apparently inter-
mediate between them and the mackerels.

a. Ventral rays 2 or 3; dorsal very high, undivided. ISTIOPHORUS, 407.
aa. Ventral rays united into 1; dorsal low, divided in the adult. TETRAPTURUS, 408

407. ISTIOPHORUS, Lacépade.
(SAILFISHES. )

Tstiophorus, LACEPEDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 111, 374, 1802, (gladifer = gladius).
Histiophorus, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES ; amended spelling.

Makaira, Lackprpr, Hist. Nat. Poiss., rv, 688, 1803, (nigricans).

Machera, CuvIER; amended spelling.

Macaria, Narvo, Isis, xxv, Col. 418, 1833; amended spelling.

Notistium, HERMANN, Obsery. Zo6l., 305, 1804, (gladius).

Zanclurus, SWAINSON, Nat. Hist. Fish., 11, 239, 1839, (indicus = gladius).

Body slender, much compressed, covered with elongate scales. Numer-
ous small teeth on the jaws and palatines. Ventral fins present, of 2 or
3 rays; dorsal fin extremely high, continuous, as in the young of Tetrap- |
turus and Xiphias; the rays very numerous, none being aborted, the
height of the first much greater than that of body; anal fin divided.
Air bladder sacculate; intestine short, nearly straight. Sword usually
shorter and less flattened than in Xiphias, the edge more rounded, the
lower jaw more deyeloped. The skin is also rougher. Large fishes of
the warm seas; the number of species uncertain, probably several.
(toriov, sail; gopéw, to bear.)

*For a detailed account of the Istiophoride and Xiphiide see Goode, Proc. U. 8, Nat. Mus.,
1881, 415,

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 891

1279. ISTIOPHORUS NIGRICANS (Lacépéde).

(SAILFISH ; SPIKEFISH ; BooHoo; GuEBUCU; VOILIER; AGUJA VOLADORA; AGUJA PRIETA.)

Head 2% (34 in length with caudal); depth about 6. D. XLI-7; A. 9-7.
Longest dorsal spine # total length of head. Ventrals 12 in head; pec-
torals 33; caudal lobes 1g. Snout, from eye, 24 times length rest of
head; lower jaw 3} in head. Front of eye nearly midway between tip
of lower jaw and edge of opercle. Interorbital space broad, flattish,
13 in postorbital part of head. Maxillary reaching to slightly beyond
eye, which is 24 in postorbital part of head and 10in snort. Sword nar-
row, regularly tapering, depressed, its upper and lower surfaces both
rounded, its edges blunt and rougher than its upperside. For its entire
length it is nearly twice as broad as deep. Breadth of snout at the mid-
dle point between its tip and the eye 25 times in its length from the eye.
Bluish black, paler below; dorsal dusky bluish; its membranes with
many nearly round black spots, from 4 to + diameter of orbit. Length
of specimen described (obtained by Dr. Jordan at Key West) 6 feet.
West Indies and warmer parts of the Atlantic, north to Key West and
France; rather common about the Florida Keys; stragglers taken at
Newport and Savannah; very rare in Europe. Differing from the East
Indian Jstiophorus gladius in the longer and slenderer sword and in the
shorter dorsal fin. (Eu.)

Makaira nigricans, LAckDEDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., rv, 688, 1808, Rochelle; from a drawing by M.
TRAVERSAY.

Xiphias makaira, SHAW, Gen’l. Zo6l., 1v, 104, 1803, Rochelle; after Lacfkpipe,

Histiophorus americanus, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vit1, 303, 1831, Brazil;
after Guebucu of MARCGRAVE.

? Histiophorus pulchellus, Cuvier & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat, Poiss., viir, 305, 1831, Eastern
Atlantic, north of Cape of Good Hope.
Skeponopodus guebucu, Narvo, Isis., xxv, Col, 416, 1833, Brazil; after Marccrave.

408. TETRAPTURUS, Rafinesque.

(SPEARFISHES. )

Tetrapturus, RAFINESQUE, Indice d’Ittiol. Sicil., 30, 1810, (belone).
Skeponopodus, Narpo, Isis., xxv1, Cols. 416, 419, 1833, (dypus).

Body much compressed, covered with rudimentary embedded scales;
sword rounded on the edge; caudal keel double; small teeth in the jaws
and on the palatines; ventral fins represented each by a single spine,
dorsal fins separate in the adult, part of the middle rays being aborted,
not greatly elevated, their height not greater than the depth of the body.
Air bladder sacculated. Vertebr 124-12. Intestine short, nearly straight.
Pyloric coca very numerous. Large fishes of the deep seas. They swim
in deep water, according to Poey, and pass Cuba in pairs in summer
bound for the Gulf of Mexico. Males smaller than females. (rerpa-, four;
mrepov, Wing; ovpa, tail, from the wing-like caudal keels.)

a, Body rather slender, the height of dorsal in adult more than half depth of body; caudal

moderately forked. IMPERATOR, 1280.

aa, Body robust, the height of dorsal barely half depth in adult; caudal very widely forked,
AMPLUS, 1281.

892 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

1280. TETRAPTURUS* IMPERATOR (Bloch & Schneider).

Tetrapturus indicus, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vit, 286, 1831, Sumatra; on a
figure by Banks.
‘etrapturus herschelii, GRAY, Ann, Nat. Hist., 1, 313, 1888, Table Bay, Cape of Good Hope.
Histiophorus herschelii, GUNTHER, Cat., 11, 513, 1860.
Histiophorus brevirostris, GUNTHER & PLAYFATR, Fish. Zanzibar, 53, 1866, Zanzibar.
Tetrapturus herschelii, LUTKEN, Spolia Atlantica, 441, 1890.

(BILLFISH ; SPpEARFISH ; AGUJA BLANCA; AGUJA DE PALADAR.)

Head (to end of upper jaw) 23; depth 7to 8. Length of caudal lobes
43. D. III, 39-6; A. II, 13-6. Nape elevated, the greatest depth of body,
opposite the opercle. Eye midway between opercle and tip of lower jaw.
Dorsal inserted in front of base of pectorals, its height $ to 3 in depth of
body ; caudal forked at an angle of 70 to 80 degrees. Dark blue above;
whitish beneath; fins dark blue. Length 7 feet. Weight 40 to 100
pounds. West Indies; not rare on our coast, ranging occasionally north-
ward to Cape Cod. Our species is here considered to be identical with
the form found in southern Europe; but no direct comparison has yet
been made. (imperator, emperor). (En.)

Xiphias imperator, BLocn & SCHNEIDER, Syst. Ichth., 93, pl. xx1, 1801, Mediterranean; after
DUHAMEL.

Tetraplurus belone, RAFINESQUE, Caratteri, 54, pl. 1, fig. 1, 1810, Sicily; Cuvirr & VALEN-
CIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vi1r, 280, 1831.

Skeponopodus typus, NARDO, Isis., xxv, Col. 417, 1833, Adriatic.

Tetraplurus georgii, Low®, Proc. Zodl., Soc. Lond., vitr, 1840, 36, Madeira.

Tetrapturus albidus, PoEy, Memorias, 11, 237, 1861, Havana; Jorpan & GrLBeERt, Synopsis, 420,
1883.

Tetrapturus lessoni, CANESTRINI, Arch. Zodl., 259, pl. vit, 1861, Mediterranean.

Histiophorus belone, GUNTHER, Cat., 11, 513, 1860.

Tetrapturus imperator, GoopE, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1881, 417.

1281. TETRAPTURUS AMPLUS, Poey.

(AGUJA DE CASTA.)

Head 22; depth 5; length of caudal lobes 33. D. III, 38-7; A. II, 13-7.
Body stouter than in Tetrapturus imperator, more convex at nape, the
greatest depth behind opercle. Caudal forked at an angle of 90 to 100
degrees. Dorsal inserted rather behind base of pectorals, its height ?
depth of body. Length 10 feet or more; reaches a weight of 400 to 800

*Tf, as Dr. Goode suggests, the species called imperator is confined to the Mediterranean, the
American species may stand as Tetrapturus albidus, oer possibly as TI. georgii. According to
Liitken there arc but four recognizable species of Istiophorid: (Histiophorus gladius and graciliros-
tris; Tetrapturus belone and herscheli). We identifies both of the American species of Yetrapturus
with Tetrapturus indicus, Cuvier & Valenciennes. This view is perhaps correct, but, as has been
pertinently observed by Dr. Goode, the identity of the American species called Tetrapturus albidus
and Histiophorus americanus, with their Old-World representatives, is yet unproved, and in many
respects it is desirable to retain the American names until this identity is shown. ‘‘To unite
species from widely distant localities, without ever having seen them, is very disastrous to a
proper understanding of the problems of geographical distribution.’? (Goode, Proc. U. 8. Nat.
Mus,, 1881, 427.)

Should Liitken’s view prove correct, the following synonyms should be added to Tetrapturus
imperator or albidus. We do not see any notable difference between the Amercan form, called
albidus, and the European imperator, and so adopt the latter name for both. We have no means
of comparing either with indicus or herscheli.

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 893

pounds. (Poey.) West Indies; not very common, and recorded by
Poey only. (amplus, ample.) 2

Tetrapturus amplus, Pozy, Memorias, 11, 243, 1861, Havana; Jorpan & GiLpeErt, Synopsis, 420,
1883.

Family CXXIII. XIPHIIDA.
(THE SWORDFISHES. )

Fishes of great size, with the body elongate, naked, the young covered
with rough granulations; upper jaw very much prolonged, forming a
“sword,” which is flattened horizontally and composed of the consoli-
dated vomer, ethmoid, and premaxillaries. Teeth wanting in the adult,
present in the young. Dorsal fin long, usually divided in the adult, con-
tinuous in the young, without differentiated spinous part, both parts
composed of soft rays, the posterior portion much smaller than the ante-
rior and placed on the tail, resembling the second dorsal of a shark; fin
rays enveloped in the skin. Anal fin divided in the adult. Caudal
peduncle slender, with a strong median keel. Caudal fin widely forked
in the adult. Ventral fins entirely wanting; no pelvic arch. Gills of
peculiar structure, the laminz of each arch joined into one plate by reticu-
lations. Gills 4, a slit behind the fourth; gill membranes separate, free
from the isthmus. Pseudobranchie present; branchiostegals 7. Air
bladder present ; pyloric ceca very numerous. Intestinal canal long, with
mmany folds. Air bladder simple, large. Vertebre short, 14+ 12—26 in
number, the neural and hemal spines normal; ribs very few. One species,
an enormous fish of the open sea, rivaling the largest sharks in size and
of immense strength of muscle. Very young or larval individuals differ-
ing much from the adults; the fins high, both jaws prolonged into a beak,
and the head armed with long spines. (Xiphiidw, part, Gunther, Cat., u,
511, 512.)

409. XIPHIAS, Linnzeus.
(SwORDFISHES. )

Xiphias, LinnNmvs, Syst. Nat., Ed. x, 248, 1758, (gladius).

Swordfishes without teeth and without ventral fins. Body somewhat
compressed. Dorsal fins 2, the anterior beginning opposite the gill open-
ings, falcate and elevated, its height rather less than that of the body;
second dorsal very small, on the tail, opposite the small second anal. In
the young, teeth are present and the 2 dorsal fins are connected, the fin
being elevated as in the species of Jstiophorus. First anal similar to first
dorsal, but smaller, less faleate, and far behind it ; pectoral fins moderate,
faleate. Skin naked, more or less rough, especially in the young, which
have rudimentary scales. Sword flattened and trenchant. Caudal keel
single. Intestines long, sinuous. Air bladder simple. Pelvic arch obso-
lete. Fishes of great size, reaching a weight of 300 to 400 pounds, the
flesh red and rich in flavor, highly valued as food. (&c0iac, the ancient
name of Xiphias gladius, from fsidoc, a sword.)

894 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

1282. XIPHIAS GLADIUS, Linneus.

(ComMoN SworpDFisu; EspapAa; EspADON; EMPERADOR.)

Head about 24; depth about 53; snout 3in length. D. 40-4; A. 18-14;
Vertebree 14+12. Cleft of mouthextending beyond eye. Color dark metal-
lic purplish above, dusky below; ‘‘sword” almost black above, below
lighter; fins dark, with silvery sheen. Atlantic Ocean, on both coasts,
most abundant between Cuba and Cape Breton; not rare off Cape Cod
and the Newfoundland Banks; rather common in southern Europe; also
found in the Pacific, occasionally taken about Santa Barbara Islands,*
but not elsewhere recorded from the eastern Pacific. The object of exten-
sive fisheries in the Atlantic. (gladius, sword.)

Xiphias gladius, LINN =US, Syst. Nat., Ed. x, 248, 1758, Europe; after Xiphias, of: ARTEDI; Buocn,
Ichthyologia, pl. 76, 1784; Cuvier & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vi11, 255, 1831; Gin-
THER, Cat., 11, 511, 1860; SrorEr, Fishes Mass., 71, 1867; JorDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 420,
1883.

NXiphias rondeleti, LEAcH, in Wern. Mem., 01, 58, pl. 2, fig. 1, 1818, Frith of Forth.

Family CXXIV. NEMATISTIID.
(THE PAPAGALLOS.) .

Body oblong, compressed, regularly diminishing in height toward the
caudal; the caudal peduncle moderately reduced. Scales cycloid and
small, but conspicuous, arranged in moderately oblique rows above and
less oblique ones below. Lateral line simple and unarmed, scarcely con-
vex anteriorly and not angulated. Head little longer than high, com-
pressed and trenchant above, with the profile strongly decurved from the
dorsal fin to the eyes, the snout oblique. Eyes in the anterior half of the
head, near the snout and the profile. Nostrils double, in front of the eyes.
Suborbital bones low. Opercula unarmed. Mouth rather large, the cleft
very oblique and continued under the eyes. Teeth villiform, small, pres-
ent on the vomer and palatine bones. Branchiostegals 6. Dorsal fins 2,
folding in a deep sheath; the first with 8 very long filamentous spines;
the second low, long; anal fin low and oblong, shorter than the second
dorsal and with 1 slender spine, which is attached to the soft rays by
membrane for its whole length; caudal fin forked and acutely lobed;
pectoral fins long, acuminate; ventral fins large, inserted under the bases
of the pectorals; each with a long, slender, compressed spine contiguous
to the first ray, and with 5 rays, the internal of which is compound, and
has several contiguous branches nearly or quite distinct, thus appearing
like several rays. A single species known, a large, showily colored fish,
found on the Pacific coasts of tropical America. The group is closely
related to the Carangida, especially to Seriola. It is, however, well distin-
guished by the peculiar development of its anal and dorsal spines and by
the structure of its ventral fins. (Nematistioide, Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci-
Phila., 1863.)

* One very large specimen was seen by Jordan & Gilbert in 1880, off Anacapa Island; another
taken off Santa Rosa Island, was exhibited at the San Francisco Midwinter Fair in 1894; another
seen near Cerros Island by Thos. C. Williams, December, 1894.

es es. wor

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 895

410. NEMATISTIUS, Gill.

Nematistius, Git, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, 258, ( pectoralis).
2? Seriolophus, * GUICHENOT, Mém. Soc. Sci. Nat, Cherbourg, x11, 90, 1868, (carangoides).

This genus is allied to Seriola, from which it differs notably in the devel-
opment of the spinous dorsal and the pectoral fins, the dorsal being com-
posed of 8: very long filamentous spines, the pectorals being falcate,
acuminate, and nearly twice as long as the ventrals. The lateral line is
nearly straight and is not keeled on the caudal peduncle. Ventrals I, 5,
the inner ray much branched to the base so that the number of rays appears

much greater than it really is. One species known; a large fish of an

imposing appearance. (vijua, thread; iorior, sail.)

1283. NEMATISTIUS PECTORALIS, Gill.
(PEz DE_GALLO; PAPAGALLO.)

Head 343; depth 2°; eye 5 in head in young; snout 4. D. VIII-I, 27 or
28; A. 1,17; scales 119. Body oblong, compressed; caudal peduncle
slender. Scales very small and inconspicuous; lateral line simple and
unarmed. Mouth rather large, very oblique, the cleft continued under
the eyes. Teeth villiform, small. Dorsal fins 2, folding into a deep sheath,
the first with 8 long filamentous spines, the second low and elongate;
anal fin low, long, but shorter than second dorsal; pectoral fin very long
and faleate. Color plumbeous on the back and opercles; sides golden ;
an indigo-blue cross band on the snout, another on the forehead, a third
band from nape to subopercles; a broad indigo band from first dorsal spine
to near vent; a curved band from sixth dorsal spine downward and across
to base of upper caudal rays; dorsal spines banded with alternate blue
black and white; lower half of pectoral black. Length of adult 4 feet
or more. Gulf of California to Panama, generally common; one of the
most stately fishes in our waters, its long rays brightly colored, giving a
striking appearance. Recorded from Cape San Lucas, Guaymas, Piche-
luogo, Mazatlan, Magdalena Bay and Panama. (pectoralis, pertaining
to the pectoral.)

Nematistius pectoralis, Giut, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1862, 259, Cape San Lucas; (Coll.
Xantus); STEINDACHNER, Ichth. Beitr., rv, 11, 1875; Jorpan & GiLBerRt, Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus., 1881, 277; ibid, 1885, 375; Jorpan, Catalogue, 72, 1885; Eyermann & JENKINS, Proc.
U.S. Nat. Mus., 1891, 140.

? Seriolophus carangoides, GUIOCHENOT, Mém., Soc. Sci. Nat. Cherbourg, x11, 90, 1868, locality
unknown.

Family CXXV. CARANGID.t
(THE PAMPANOS.)

Body more or less compressed and often elevated, sometimes naked, or

more usually covered with small, thin, cycloid scales. Head compressed,

veh prolong ae to Guichenot, is distinguished from Seriola in having the dorsal spines
much prolonged and filiform; all the ope reular bones covered with scales, D, VILI- I, 30; A. II,
i an account of the transformations of various members of this family, see Liitken, Spolia

Atlantica, 1880.

896 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

the occipital keel prominent, usually trenchant. Mouth of varying size,
the dentition various, the teeth generally small; premaxillaries usually
protractile; maxillary with or without a supplemental bone; preopercle
usually entire in the adult, in the very young armed with 3 or more
spines. Lateral line complete, anteriorly arehed, the posterior part
straight, sometimes armed with bony plates. Dorsal fins more or less sep-
arated, the spinous part rather weak, the spines usually depressible in a
groove; anal fin long, similar to the soft dorsal, always preceded by two
stiff spines, usually separate, but in the young often more or less connected
with the fin or with each other; these sometimes disappear with old age,
and sometimes the spinous dorsal also vanishes; often a procumbent
spine before the dorsal fin; ventral fins thoracic, well developed, I, 5;
caudal peduncle very slender, the fin widely forked; pectoral fins narrow.
Gill openings very wide, the membranes usually not united, free from the
isthmus. Gills 4, a slit behind the last. Gillrakers usually long. Bran-
chiostegals commonly 7. Air bladder present, often bifurcate behind.
Pseudobranchie large, present in all our genera, sometimes disappearing
with age. Csophagus unarmed. Pyloric cceca generally numerous.
Vertebre fewer than in the Scombrida, usually 10 + 14—24 in number.
First superior pharyngeal without teeth; second, third, and fourth sepa-
rate, with teeth; lower pharyngeals separate. Coloration generally
metallic and silvery or golden. Genera 29; species about 200, abounding
in warm seas, often moving northward in summer, like the Scombride.
They swim swiftly, often with the dorsal fin above the surface of the
water. Most of the species are widely distributed, and nearly all are
valued as food. (Carangida, part, Giinther, Cat., 11, 417-485, 1860, exclu-
sive of certain genera. )
ScOMBROIDINZ:

a. Premaxillaries not protractile (except in the very young); pectoral fins short, rounded;

soft dorsal similar to anal, both much longer than abdomen; lateral line unarmed,

b. Maxillary without supplemental bone; no pterygoid teeth; scales linear, embedded.
OLiGopuires, 411.
aa. Premaxillaries protractile.
b. Anal fin much shorter than soft dorsal, its base not longer than the abdomen.
SERIOLINA :
c. Pectoral fin short, not faleate; maxillary with a distinct supplemental bone.
d. Dorsal spines low and weak.
e. Dorsal and anal fins without finlets.
jf. Membrane of dorsal spines disappearing with age. | NaucRATEs, 412.
if. Membrane of dorsal spines persistent. SERIOLA, 413.
ee. Dorsal and anal fins cach with a detached two-rayea finlet. KLAGaris, 414.
bb. Anal fin about as long as soft dorsal, its base longer than abdomen.
g. Maxillary with a supplemental bone; lateral line arched anteriorly, usually armed
posteriorly; pectoral long, falcate.
CARANGIN/ :*
h. Dorsal outline more strongly curved than ventral outline.
i. Dorsal and anal each with a single detached finlet; body slender.
DecaprErvus, 415.

* The genera of Carangine here recognized are all -clesely allied to Caranx, and the known
species form an almost unbroken series from Decapterus on the one extreme to Selene on the
other. They might well all be reunited with Caranx as Gunther and others have proposed,

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. S97

ii. Dorsal and anal without finlets. 1
Jj. Lateral line with well-developed scutes for its entire length; body

elongate. Tracuurus, 416.

jj. Lateral line with scutes on its straight posterior portion only (these

sometimes very few and small, especially in those species with the
body much compressed).
k. Shoulder girdle with a deep cross furrow at its junction with the
isthmus, above which is a fleshy projection; body elongate.
TracHurops, 417.
kk. Shoulder girdle normal, its surface even; body deeper.
l. Body oblong or more or less elevated, not as below.

m. Teeth of jaws in few series or in one series, unequal, or
at least not forming villiform bands, the outer series
above usually enlarged, the lower teeth usually uni-
serial.

n. Maxillary very narrow, its greatest width scarcely 14
eye; head small; lateral line strongly arched in
front; teeth uniserial, those on palatines and

.

vomer minute or obsolete. HEMICARANX, 415
nn. Maxillary broad; head rather large; vomerand pala-
tines with teeth. CaRANX, 419.

mm. Teeth of jaws equally small or wanting, forming villi-
form bands if present; maxillary broad; body com-
pressed; spinous dorsal weak, usually disappearing
with age.

o. Teeth very minute, disappearing in the adult; no teeth

on vomer or palatines; dorsal spines low and weak.

GNATHANODON, 420.

oo. Teeth persistent, in bands; vomer and palatines with
minute teeth.

p. Soft dorsal with none of its rays produced in fila.

ments; lateral line nearly Straight; body

oblong. CARANGOIDES, 421.

pp. Soft dorsal with 1 to 6 rays produced in filaments.

q- Body moderately compressed; spinous dorsal

more or less persistent. Citruna, 422.
qq. Body deep, greatly compressed, its edges all
trenchant.

r, Soft dorsal lobe very high, filamentous.
ALEcTIS, 423.
rr. Soft dorsal lobe low.
Hynnis, 424.
ll. Body broad ovate, very strongly compressed, its outlines
everywhere trenchant, the anterior profile nearly verti-
cal; scutes almost obsolete. Vomer, 425,

Jj. Lateral line without any scutes; body short and elevated, strongly

compressed. SELENE, 126.

CHLOROSCOMBRIN & :
hh. Dorsal outline less strongly curved than ventral; body much compressed, its
outlines everywhere trenchant; armature of lateral line obsolete or
nearly so, CHLOROSCOMBRUS, 427.

TRACHINOTINE :

gg. Maxillary without supplemental bone; anal fin similar to soft dorsal, its base much
longer than abdomen; tail unarmed; pectoral short, not falcate.
8. Forehead convex; teeth small or deciduous, TRACHINOTUS, 428,

_* A detailed account of the American species of Caranginw is given by Jordan & Gilbert, Proc.
U.S. Nat. Mus., 1883, 188-207.

F. N. A.——58

898 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

411. OLIGOPLITES,* Gill.

(LEATHER JACKETS.)
Oligoplites, G1LL, Proc Ac, Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, 166, (occidentalis = saurus).

Body compressed, oblong or lanceolate. Caudal peduncle slender, not
keeled. Head short, compressed, acute. Occipital keel sharp. Mouth
rather large, with small sharp teeth in bands on jaws, tongue, vomer, and
palatines, none on the pterygoids. Jaws about equal, the upper not pro-
tractile, except in the very young, in which it is movable as in other
Carangide; maxillary very narrow, without distinct supplemental bone.
Gill rakers rather long. Scales small, linear, and extremely narrow,
embedded in the skin at different angles. Lateral line unarmed. Dorsal
spines rather strong, 3 to 5in number, uearly free in the adult; second
dorsal very long, its posterior rays pencillated and nearly or quite discon-
nected, forming finlets; anal rather longer than soft dorsal, much longer
than the abdomen, its last rays forming similar finlets ; anal spines strong ;
ventral fins depressible ina groove; pectoral fins very short. Species few,
in the tropical seas of America. (0Aiyoc, few; ozAitnc, armed.)

a. Body rather elongate, elliptical, the depth about 4 in length.
b. Maxillary not reaching posterior border of eye; lowest infraorbital bone usually nar-

rower than the one above it. SAURUS, 1284,
bb. Maxillary reaching beyond posterior border of eye; lowest infraorbital bone usually
broader than the one next above it. SALIENS, 1285.

aa. Body rather deep, the depth in adult about 3 in length of body; lowest infraorbital bone
broader than the one above it; maxillary nearly reaching posterior margin of eye. ALTUS, 1286.

1284. OLIGOPLITES SAURUS (Bloch & Schneider).

(LEATHER JACKET; RUNNER; ZAPATERO; QUIEBRA; SAUTEUR.)

Head 5; depth 4. D. V-I, 20; A. II-I, 20. Body lanceolate, slender, and
compressed. Eye as long as snout, about 4 in head; opercles short.
Maxillary reaching beyond middle of orbit, nearly to its posterior edge;
lowest bone of infraorbital series usually narrower than the bone above
it. Scales very long and narrow, embedded in the skin, placed obliquely
at angles with each other, their appearance unlike ordinary scales. Fins
low; pectoral as long as eye and snout; caudal very deeply forked, the
lobes equal. Bluish above, bright silvery below; fins yellow. Both
coasts of Tropical America, very common in the West Indies and along
the Florida Coast, ranging north to New York and Lower California ;
not valued as food, being dry and bony. The Pacific Coast form called
inornatus seems to us inseparable from saurus. (saurus, cavpoc, lizard.)
Scomber saurus, BLocu & SCHNEIDER, Syst. Ichth., 321, 1801, Jamaica; based on the Leather Coat
or Saurus argenteus of BROWNE.

Chorinemus occidentalis, GUNTHER, Cat., 11, 475, 1860; not Gasterosteus occidenialis, LINNEUS, whieh
is some other Carangoid fish seen by LINNeUs inthe Museum de Geer; the description un-
identifiable.

Oligoplites occidentalis, Gi1uL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 166, 1863.

* In the Old-World genus Scombroides there are seven dorsal spines, the pterygoids are armed
with teeth, and in most of the species the scales are normally developed.

EE OEE

Jordan and Evermann.— Fishes of North America. 899

Centronotus argenteus, LACEPEDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 111, 316, 1802, Equatorial America.

Lichia quiebra, Quoy & GAImARD, Voy. Freyc., Zoil., 365, 1824, Equatorial America.

Chorinemus saltans, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vit, 393, 1831, Martinique;
Brazil, and San Domingo.

Chorinemus quiebra, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, I. c., V111, 396, 1831.

Scombroides occidentalis, JoRDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 447, 1883.

Oligoplites inornatus, GILL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 166, 1863, Panama.

Chorinemus inornatus, GUNTHER, Fish Centr. Amer., 433, 1869.

Oligoplites saurus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 973, 1883; JorpaNn, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1885,
375.

1285. OLIGOPLITES SALIENS (Bloch).

(SAUTEUR.)

Head 53 in total length with caudal; depth 44 (with caudal). D. IV-I,
19; A. II-I,20. Upper maxillary very narrow posteriorly, reaching beyond
vertical from posterior rim of orbit; length of intermaxillary half that of
head; snout a little longer than eye; the infraorbital, situated above the
maxillary, is broader than the bone next above it; none of these bones
reach to anterior preopercular edge. Posterior margin of infraorbital
ring nearly vertical. Coloration uniform. (Gtnther.) West Indies; not
seen by us; perhaps not distinct from Oligoplites saurus. Length 1 foot.
(saliens, leaping.)

Scomber saliens, BLocu, Ichthyologia, pl. 335, 1798. See Vol. x.
Scomberoides sallator, LacéPEDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 11, pl. 19, fig. 2, 1800.

Chorinemus saliens, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vir1, 389, 1831.
Oligoplites saliens, GUNTHER, Cat., 11, 475, 1860.

Represented in Lake Maracaibo, in fresh or brackish waters, by

1285a. OLIGOPLITES SALIENS PALOMETA (Cuvier & Valenciennes),

Entirely similar, but with the posterior margin of the infraorbital ring
deeply concave. (Ginther.) Lake Maracaibo, Venezuela; said to be a
food-fish of some importance. (palometa, a Spanish name applied to var-
ious species of Bramida, Stromateida, and Carangida.)

Chorinemus palometau, CUvViER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., viir, 392, 1831, Lake Mara-
caibo.

1286. OLIGOPLITES ALTUS (Giinther).

(JUREL ; Monda.)

Head 3} to 44; depth 3 to 34; eye 3? to4 in head; snout 3? to 4 in head;
maxillary very narrow, 12 in head, not quite reaching posterior border
of orbit. D. V-I, 19; A. II-I, 19. Lower jaw projecting. Lowest bone
of infraorbital broader than the bone above it. Pectoral fin longer than
the ventral, nearly as long as the head without snout. Body much deeper
and more compressed than in other species. Color silvery, bluish above.
Pacific Coast of tropical America from Mazatian to Panama; a pretty fish,
rather common, easily distinguished by the deep body. (altus, high.)
Chorinemus altus, GUNTHER, Fishes Centr, Amer., 433, 1869, Panama,

Oligoplites altus, JORDAN & GitBeRt, Proc, U.S, Nat, Mus., 1882, 374; ibid, Bull. U.S. Fish, Comm.,
1882, 106 and 110; Jorpan, Proc, U. 8S. Nat. Mus., 1885, 375.

900 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum,

412. NAUCRATES, Rafinesque.

(PILOT-FISHES. )

Centronotus, LACEPEDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 111, 311, 1802, (conductor); not Centronotus of BLocu &
ScHNEIDER, 1801, which is Pholis.

Naucraies, RAFINESQUE, Caratteri di Aleuni Nuovi Generi, &c., 1810, 44, (conductor).

Pomphilus, MinptxG, Lehrb. Nat. Fische, 108, 1832, (ductor).

Nauclerus, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 247, 1833, (compressus ; young).

Xystophorus, RicHARDSON, Voyage Erebus and Terror, 52, 1844; very young.

This genus differs from Seriola only in the reduction of the spinous
dorsal to a few (4 or 5) low, unconnected spines. The young, called
Nauclerus and Xystophorus, have the spines of the dorsals connected by
membrane, and a more or less distinct strong spine at the angle of the
operculum. A single pelagic species widely distributed in the open seas.
(vavxparne, ruler of the ships, i. e., holding ships fast—a name applied by
the ancients to Echeneis and other fishes.)

1287. NAUCRATES DUCTOR, Linnzus.

(PrILot-FIsH ; RoMERO.)

Head 4; depth 4. D. IV-I, 26; A. II-I, 16. Body rather elongate,
little compressed. Snout rather blunt; mouth terminal, oblique, small;
maxillary scarcely reaching orbit. Caudal keel large, fleshy; pectorals
short and broad; ventrals rather large. Bluish, with 5 to 7 broad dark
vertical bars, extending on the fins. Length 2 feet. A pelagic fish found
in all warm seas; occasional on our Atlantic Coast from Cape Cod to the
West Indies; not common in markets or in collections. (ductor, leader.)
(Eu.)

Gasterosteus ductor, LINN vs, Syst. Nat., Ed. x, 295, 1758, ‘Sin Pelago.”’

Naucrates ductor, GUNTHER, Cat., 11, 374, 1860: JorDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 443, 1883; GILL, -
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1882, 490.

Gasterosteus antecessor, DaLpORF, Skriv. Nat. Selskab. Kjob., 11, 166, 1800.

Scomber kalreuteri, BLocu & SCHNEIDER, Syst. Ichth., 570, 1801.

Centronotus conductor, LACEPEDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 111, 311, 1802, no locality.

Naucrates fanfarus, RAFINESQUE, Caratteri, 1810, 45, Sicily.

Naucrates indicus, Lesson, Voy. Coquille, 157, 1829, India.

Naucrates noveboracensis, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vir, 325, 1831, New York.

Sericla dussumieri, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, I. c., 1X, 217, 1833, Gulf of Bengal.

Seriola succincta, CuvreER & VALENCIENNES, l. c., 1X, 218, 1833, south of St. Heiena.

Nauclerus compressus, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, I. c., IX, 249, 1833, Molucca.

Nauclerus abbreviatus, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, l. c., 1X, 251, 1833, Atlantic Ocean.

Nauclerus brachycentrus, Cuvier & VALENCIENNES, l. c., 1X, 253, 1833, Indian Ocean.

Nauclerus triacanthus, Cuv1ER & VALENCIENNES, l. c., 1X, 253, 1833, Atlantic Ocean.

Nauclerus annularis, CuviER & VALENCIENNES, l. c., IX, 254, 1833, south of St. Helena.

Nauclerus leucurus, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, I. ¢., IX, 255, 1833, south of St. Helena.

Naucrates cyanophrys, Swainson, Classn. Fishes, 11, 412, 1839, Palermo. -

Naucrates serratus, SWAINSON, lL. c., 413, 1839, Palermo.

Thynnus pompilus, GRonow, Cat. Fishes, 123, 1854, Palermo. :

Xystophorus, RicHaRDsON, Voy. Erebus and Terror, 52, 1844, Palermo.

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 901

413. SERIOLA, Cuvier.
(AMBER-FISHES. )

Seriola, Cuvier, Régne Anim., Ed. 2, 11, 218, 1829, (dumerili).

Halatractus, Gti, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, 442, (dumerili; substitute for Seriola, used in
botany).

Micropteryz, AGAssiz, Pisc. Brasil., 1829, (dwmerili; substitute for Seriola, used in botany ; not
Microplerix, HUBNER, 1816, a genus of insects).

Zonichthys, SwAtNson, Nat. Hist. Classn. Fishes, 11, 1839, 248, (fasciatus).

Lepidomegas,*, THOMINOT, Bull. Sci, Philom. Paris, 1880, tv, 173, (mueller).

Body oblong, moderately compressed, not elevated. Occiput and breast
not trenchant. Head usually more or less conical, uot very blunt.
Mouth comparatively large, with broad bands of villiform teeth on both
jaws, tongue, vomer, and palatines; a broad, strong, supplemental max-
illary bone; premaxillaries protractile. Scales small; lateral line
searcely arched, forming a keel on the caudal peduncle, not armed with
bony plates; sides of head with smallscales. First dorsal with about seven
low spines, connected by membrane; second dorsal very long, elevated
in front; anal similar to the soft dorsal but not nearly so long, shorter
than the abdomen, preceded by two very small free spines, which dis-
appear in old fishes; no finlets; ventral fins very long; pectorals short
and broad. Gill rakers moderate. Species of moderate or large size,
often gracefully colored; most of them valued as food-fishes. (Seriola,
the Italian name of Seriola dumerili.)

SERIOLA:

a, Head longer than deep, the profile not very steep. Dorsal and anal fins not falcate, the
height of their lobes less than half depth of body. Dorsal rays 30 to 38; species of
large size, elongate, with 5 or 6 broad, dark cross bars when young, these becoming
obsolete with age; a yellow lateral band; nuchal bar pale.

b. Dorsal rays 36 to 38; dark bands on young very broad.
ce. Mouth smaller, the maxillary barely reaching front of pupil, 224 in head. Head

4 in length. DORSALIS, 1288.
cc. Mouth large, the maxillary reaching middle of orbit, 24%, in head. Head 3% in
length. ZONATA, 1289.

bb. Dorsal rays 30 to 34. Mouth rather large, the maxillary reaching middle of pupil;
dark bands on young broad,

d. Body slender, depth 34% to 334 in length. LALANDI, 1290.
dd, Body deeper, the depth 3 in length. DUMERILI, 1291.

ZONICUTHYS (Goves, band; ixOvs, fish):
aa. Head deeper than long, the anterior profile steep; no yellow longitudinal band; size
small.
e. Dorsal not falcate, its soft rays 32; young with about 12 narrow dark cross bars.
f. Body rather elongate, the depth 82 in length; nuchal band obscure,
MAZATLANA, 1292,
Jf. Body rather deep, the depth 3 in length; dark nuchal band distinct.
FASCIATA, 12953,
ee. Dorsal and anal falcate, their anterior lobes more than half depth of body; head
deeper than long ; body deep; dorsal rays 27 to 30.
g. Nuchal band dark brown or black. RIVOLIANA, 1294,
gg. Nuchal band pale yellowish. FALCATA, 1295,

* Said to differ from Seriola in having no free anal spines and the first dorsal spine not turned
forward, both characters being probably due to age.

902 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

1288. SERIOLA DORSALIS (Gill).

(YELLOW-TAIL. )

Head4; depth 4. D. V to VII-I, 35 to 39; A. II-I, 21. Body regularly
fusiform, somewhat compressed, tapering to the sharp snout and slender
caudal peduncle. Maxillary barely reaching front of pupil, 2} in head,
mouth not very large. Gill rakers long and strong. Head naked, except
on the cheeks; finsscaleless. Caudal keel moderate; caudal lobes nearly
equal. Spines of moderate development, the free anal spines disappear-
ing with age; pectorals shorter than ventrals, which are half length of
head; longest dorsal ray ? height of body. Pyloric ceca very numerous.
Bright steel blue above; sides dull silvery, an irregular yellowish lateral
band; fins dusky yellowish green; caudal dull yellow; young with 10
indistinet dark bands, twice as wide as their intervals, the second between
the second and fifth dorsal spines; dorsal and anal fins nearly black, the
anterior angle of the latter lighter. Length 3 feet. Pacific Coast, from
Point Concepcion southward to Mazatlan; abundantin summer about the
Santa Barbara Islands. An excellent food-fish and much sought after by
anglers. (dorsalis, pertaining to the back, from the long dorsal.)

Halatractus dorsalis, G1Lu, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, 84, Cape San Lucas. (Coll. Xantus.)

Seriola lalandi, JonRDAN & GILBERT, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1880, 456; not of Cuvier & VALEN-
CIENNES.

Seriola dorsalis, JORDAN & GILBERT, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1882, 270 and 359; Rosa Smira, Proc.
U.S. Nat. Mus., 1883, 234; Jorpan, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1884, 123; GoopE, Fishery Indus-
tries of U. S., 331, pl. 108, 1884; Jorpan, Catalogue, 72, 1885; JornpDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis,
444, 1883; in part.

1289. SERIOLA ZONATA (Mitchill).

(RuDDER-FISH ; SHARK’S PILot.)

Head 33; depth 34. D. VII-I,38; A.II-I,21. Head longer than deep;
profile descending in a gentle curve; top of head to base of dorsal fin
compressed. Mouthsmall, nearly horizontal ; maxillary reaching to below
the middle of orbit. Pectorals small, rounded, as long as eye and snout ;
ventrals $ length of head. Vent behind middle of body. Bluish above,
white below ; sides with about 6 broad black bars, these forming three
large blotches on the dorsal and two on the anal; the bars growing faint
or disappearing with age; an oblique dark band from the spinous dorsal
to the eye, the space above this olivaceous; spinous dorsal black; ven-
trals mostly black. Length 2to3 feet. Cape Cod to Cape Hatteras ; the
banded young rather common northward. (zonatus, banded.)

Scomber zonatus, Mircuitt, Trans. Lit. and Philos. Soc. N. Y., 1815, 427, New York Bay.
Seriola zonata, GUNTHER, Cat., 11, 465, 1860; JorDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 445, 1883.

Represented south of Cape Hatteras by

1289a. SERIOLA ZONATA CAROLINENSIS, Holbrook.

Very similar to Seriola zonata, but more elongate, and paler in color.
Head 34; depth 4%; eye 64. D. V to VII-I, 36 or 37; A. II-I, 19 to 21.
Body subfusiform, more slender, highest at origin of second dorsal, thence

——————-—<—

Jordan and Evermann.—Ffishes of North America. 903

tapering evenly to snout and tail. Caudal peduncle somewhat depressed,
with lateral carine and strong transverse grooves above and below;
maxillary reaching vertical from middle of orbit, about 2$ in head.
Teeth villiform in jaws, on vomer, palatines, and in one median and two
lateral series on tongue. Scalessmall on the cheeks, noneon limb of pre-
opercle or the remainder of the head. Adult bluish above, whitish
beneath, a band of greenish yellow as wide as eye extending from pre-
opercle to extremity of tail; fins greenish; traces of bands on the opercle;
caudal dusky, not yellow; second dorsal and anal dusky ; tip of dorsal
pale; pectoral dusky ; ventral creamy, its inner edge somewhat dusky;
inside of mouth pale; young banded. Gulf of Mexico and South Atlan-
tic Coast, common north to Cape Hatteras.

Seriola carolinensis, HotBrooK, Ichthyol. 8. C., 72, 1860, Charleston, South Carolina; JorpDAN
& GILBERT, Synopsis, 445, 1883. .

Seriola stearnsii, GoopE & BEAN, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1879, 48, Pensacola, Florida. (Type,
No. 22325. Coll. Stearns.)

1290. SERIOLA LALANDI, Cuvier & Valenciennes.

(GREAT AMBER-FISH ; AMBER JACK ; CORONADO.)

Head 32 to 44; depth 33 to 33. D.I, 34; A. I, 27; dorsal lobes 2} in
head ; maxillary 2}. Bodyslender. Dorsal fin dusky, with a light-yellow
submarginal band; pectorals dusky yellowish; ventrals yellow and
blackish; anal blackish, with pale edge. Young and old specimens have
essentially the same general form, being in all stages more slender than
Seriola dumerili. A food-fish of some importance reaching a weight of 100
pounds and a length of 5or 6 feet. West Florida to Brazil; rather common ;
occasionally north to New Jersey; the specimens here described from Key
West. (Named for M. Delalande, a well-known naturalist, who collected
fishes for Cuvier in Brazil.)

Seriola lalandi, CuvieR & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 1x, 208, 1833, Brazil; GUNTHER, Cat.,
m1, 463, 1860; SretNDACHNER, Ichthyol. Berich., v, 40, 1868; Goopr & BEAN, Bull. U.S. Fish
Commission, 1, 1881, 43; Jornpan & GiLpert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1882, 271; Jorpan,
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1884, 122 and 123.

Seriola gigas, Poky, Memorias, 11, 227, 1860, Cuba.

Zonichthys gigas, Pony, Synopsis, 371, 1868.

1291, SERIOLA DUMERILI (Risso).

(AMBER Jack; CoroNADO.)

Head 3;;; depth 3. D. VII-I, 32; A. II-I, 21. Lobes of dorsal and
anal low, not quite half length of head. Nape scarcely carinated. Very
close to Seriola lalandi, but reaching a smaller size, and with the body
deeper and little compressed; mouth larger than in S. dorsalis, about as
in S. lalandi, the maxillary reaching middle of pupil, 2;y in head. Gray-
ish, silvery below; a gilt band through eye to base of caudal; another
through temporal region to front of soft dorsal; no dark cross bands;
fins plain. Length 24 inches. Mediterranean to West Indies, north to
Key West and Pensacola; common southward; a food-fish of some

904 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

importance. (Named for A. M. Constant Duméril, ichthyologist of the

Museum at Paris, about 1810, father of Auguste Duméril, 1870.) (Eu.)

Caranx dumerili,* Risso, Ichthyol. Nice, 175, pl. 6, fig. 20, 1810, Nice.

Seriola dumerili, Risso, Eur. Mérid., 111, 424, 1827; Cuvier, Régne Animal, Ed. 2, 130, pl. 56, fig.
1, 1829; Cuvier & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., rx, 201, pl. 258, 1833; Ginrner, Cat., 11,
462, 1860; SrEINDACHNER, Ichth. Berichte, v, 40, 1868; SrEINDACHNER, Ichth. Beitriige, 1,
20, 1874; JorpaNn, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1884, 122 and 123.

Trachurus aliciolus,* RAFINESQUE, Caratteri, 42, pl. x1, fig. 2, 1810, Sicily.

Trachurus fasciatus, RAFINESQUE, Indice d’Ittiologia Sicil., 21, No. 108, and app. 53, No. 12, 1810,
Sicily; not Scomber fasciatus of Biocn.

Seriola proxima, PoEy, Memorias, 11, 229, 1860, Cuba.

Subgenus ZONICHTHYS, Swainson.

1292. SERIOLA MAZATLANA, Steindachner.

Head 32; depth 33.° D. VII-I, 32; A. II-I, 21. Eye 44 in head; snout
3. Maxillary not reaching middle of eye. Longest dorsal ray 2} in head ;
longest anal ray 3. Pectoral half as long as head; ventral 13 in head.
Grayish, with numerous narrow bluish cross bands, more or less mottled
with brown. Mazatlan; one young specimen known. Coloration as in
Seriola fasciata, but the body formed more as in Seriola dumerili.

Seriola mazatlana, STEINDACHNER, Ichth. Beitriige, v, 8, 1876, Mazatlan.

1293. SERIOLA FASCIATA (Bloch).
(MEDREGAL.)

Head 4; depth 33. D. VIII-I, 32; A. II-I, 20. Body oblong oval, com-
pressed. Maxillary reaching front of pupil; pectoral 8 in total length;
second dorsal low, not faleate, its longest ray not half depth of body;
anal similar, but lower. Grayish, with golden reflections, a brown band
from eye to nape; no yellow longitudinal band; young with about 12
very narrow dark cross bands which disappear with age, these bands
continued on the vertical fins; fins greenish. Sizesmall. Length about
one foot. (Poey.) West Indies north to Charleston; not very common;
not seen by us. (fasciatus, banded.)

Scomber fasciatus, BLocu, Ichthyologia, pl. 341, 1793.

Seriola fasciata, Cuvirn & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., rx, 211, 1833; GinrHer, Cat., m1,
464, 1860; Jorpan & GILBERT, Synopsis, 445, 1883.

Halatractus fasciatus, PoEyY, Synopsis, 373, 1868.

Seriola semicoronata, Porky, Memorias, 11, 232, 1860, Havana. The name /fasciata was given by
Pory to banded specimens, that of semicoronata to those from which the bands had disap-
peared.

1294. SERIOLA RIVOLIANA (Cuvier & Valenciennes).

Head 34; depth 3,4. D. I, 29; A. I, 20. Body elliptical, deep, com-
pressed; the nape not very sharp; caudal keel weak. Head a little

* We do not know which of the two names dumérili and aliciolus has priority of date. We fol-
low custom in recognizing the names of Risso given in 1810, in preference to those of Rafinesque
of thesame year. The far greater accuracy and value of the excellent work of Risso justifies
this preference,

Jordan and Evermann.—Ffishes of North America, 905

longer than deep; snout blunt, compressed, not conical, 3 in head; max-

illary reaching to near middle of pupil, 22 in head. Dorsal fin falcate, its

lobe 44 in length of body, 1? in depth, 1? in length of head, and 2} in base

of fin. Olivaceous; a dark-brown or black band from eye to soft dorsal ;

the body otherwise plain. Mediterranean to Brazil, the West Indies, and

South Carolina; occasional on the Florida Coast. (Named for the Due

de Rivoli, who collected the types of the species in Greece.) (Enu.)

Seriola rivoliana, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 1x, 207, 1833, the Greek Archipel-
ago; LUrKen, Spolia Atlantica, 603, 1880; Jorpan & Gitzert, Synopsis, 444, 1883; Jorpan
& GILBERT, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1884, 123; Jorpan, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1886, 532.

Seriola boscii, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., rx, 208, 1833, South Carolina.

Zonichthys bosci, Gru, Cat. Fish. E, Coast N. A., 36, 1861.

Halatractus bosci, Gut, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, 442.

Seriola bonariensis, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss,, 1x, 211, 1833, Buenos Ayres;
Pory, Memorias, 11, 232, 1860; GUNTHER, Cat., 11, 464, 1860.

Halatractus bonariensis, PoEy, Synopsis, 373, 1868.

Seriola coronala, Pory, Memorias, 11, 232, 1860, Cuba.

Halatractus coronatus, Pory, Synopsis, 373, 1868.
Zonichthys coronatus, PoEy, Enumeratio, 83, 1875.

1295. SERIOLA FALCATA, Cuvier & Valenciennes

(Maprecatr: ‘t‘ Rock SALMON.’’)

Head 34 (4? in total); deptk 3? (4 in total). D. VII-I, 29; A. II-I, 21.
Ceca 30. Body rather deep and compressed. Head somewhat longer
that deep, not conical. Snout 2? in head; maxillary reaching front of
pupil, 33 in head, its tip broad; eye large, 54 in head, 1? in snout. Occi-
put somewhat carinated. Interorbital space wide, convex. Caudal keel
little developed. Dorsal high, somewhat falcate, its anterior lobe 1? in
head, 24 in the base of the fin; pectorals 2 in head; ventrals 13; anal
lobe 1; anal spines small. Life coloration as follows: Grayish above,
paler but hardly silvery below; fins blackish, the pectorals pale, the
caudal not at all yellow; eye white; lining of opercle pale; a very
obscure olivaceous band from eye to front of dorsal, scarcely visible in
fresh specimens; preorbital and preopercle shaded with olive. West
Indies, north to Florida and Carolina; more common than the preceding,
with which it is probably identical, differing, so far as we can see, only in
the faint color of the temporal band. If the two are the same, the name
Seriola rivoliana should be used, as having priority. Seriola fasciata is
apparently a different species. (falcatus, seythe-shaped).

Seriola falcata, Cuvier & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 1x, 210, 1833, Gulf of Mexico;
GUNTHER, Cat., 11, 464, 1960; LiivKen, Spolia Atlantica, 603, 1880; JorpDAN & GrLpERT,
Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., 1882, 271; Goopr & Bran, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus,, 1882, 237;
JORDAN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1884, 123.

Seriola dubia, Lown, Proc. Zoul. Soc. London, vit, 1839, 81, Madeira.

Seriola declivis, Pony, Memorias, 11, 230, 1860, Havana.

Serwla ligulata, Pony, Memorias, 11, 231, 1860, Cuba.
Zonwhthys declivis, Pory, Synopsis, 372, 1868.

906 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

414. ELAGATIS, Bennett.
(RUNNERS. )

Elagatis, BENNETT, Narrative of a Whaling Voyage, 11, 283, 1835, (bipinnulata).
Seriolichthys, BLEEKER, Natuurk, Tydschr. Nederl. Ind., v1, 196, 1854, (bipinnulata).
Decaptus, Pony, Memorias, 11, 1860, 233, (pinnulatus).

Body long and slender. Second dorsal and anal long, each with one
detached finlet composed of 2 rays behind the rest of the fin. Other-

wise essentially as in Seriola. One species pelagic. (7Aaxary, a spindle.)

1296, ELAGATIS BIPINNULATUS (Quoy & Gaimard).
(RUNNER ; YELLOW-TAIL.)

Head 32; depth 32; eye 54; snout 2%. D. VI-I, 27,2; A. D-I, 17,2;
scales about 100. Maxillary triangular, its greatest width 2} in its
length; supplementary bone long and linear, all except its caudo-ventral
margin slipping under the preobital; preorbital and preopercle entire.
Length of mandible equal to distance from tip of snout to middle of
pupil; distance from tip of upper jaw to posterior end of maxillary 3}
in head. Body oblong, elliptical, the back little elevated; head rather
long and pointed, the mouth terminal; a slight occipital keel. Gill
rakers about all below the angle, cephalic ones gradually shorter, the
longest about 13 ineye. Lateral line wavy, origin at dorsal edge of opercle,
the cephalic end running slightly dorsal to opposite origin of spinous
dorsal, then turning slightly ventral until opposite origin of anal fin,
and then median to caudal fin. Origin of soft dorsal slightly nearer tip
of snout than base of caudal; spinous dorsal low, the third and fourth
spines longest, about 54 in head; soft dorsal and anal similar, each
slightly faleate ; longest dorsal ray 23 in head, the thirteenth shortest,
64 in head; second ray of dorsal finlet twice length of first, or 4 in head;
longest anal ray 33 in head, about as long as second ray of finlet; the
two small anal spines remote from the rest; pectorals short and broad,
nearly 2 in head; ventrals short, 2 in head, folding in a ventral depres-
sion; caudal widely forked, the lobes attenuate and slightly longer than
head. Body covered with small cycloid scales; head naked, except por-
tion of cheeks and part of its dorso-caudal margin; scales on cheeks in
about 6 series, those on nape smaller than those on upper portions of
body. Color dark blue or lead above, becoming pale yellowish below;
two conspicuous blue bands on sides of body, the upper one beginning at
the orbit and passing to dorsal margin of caudal peduncle, its width
about equal to diameter of eye; the other beginning at snout and pass-
ing along lower margin of orbit, across opercle and above pectoral fin to
caudal ; caudal yellowish, with a darker margin; ventrals and pectorals
yellowish, with some blue. Length 2} feet. Tropical seas, occasionally
in the West Indies, straying northward to Long Island, where the speci-
mens upon which the above description is based were secured by Dr.
Meek. (bi-pinnulatus, with two pinnules.)

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 907

Seriola bipinnulata, Quoy & GAImARD, Voy. Uranie, Zoél., 1, 363, pl. 61, fig. 3, 1824, Keeling
Islands.

Seriola pinnulaia,* Pory, Memorias, 11, 233, 1860, Havana.

Elagatis bipinnulatus, BENNETT, Whaling Voy., 11, 283, 1835; Merk & Botiman, Proc. Ac. Nat.
Sci. Phila., 1889,42. __

Elagatis bipinnulata, GUNTHER, Cat., 11, 468, 1860.

Elagatis pinnulatus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 446, 1883.

415. DECAPTERUS, Bleeker.

(MACKEREL SCADS. )

Decapterus, BLEEKER, Natuurk. Tydschr., v, 417, 1855, (kurra).
Eustomatodus, GiuL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, 261, (kurroides).
Gymnepignathus, GILL, l. c., 261, (macrosoma).

Evepigymnus, GILL, 1 c., 261, (hypodus).

Body elongate, little compressed, almost perfectly fusiform. Head
short, pointed. Mouth rather small; jaws about equal, the dentition
feeble; maxillary rather broad, with a supplementary bone. Premaxil-
laries protractile. Scales moderate, enlarged for the whole length of the
lateral line, but spinous and bony posteriorly only; second dorsal and
anal each with a single detached finlet; free anal spines very strong;
first dorsal well deveioped, persistent; pectorals comparatively short.
Abdomen rather shorter than anal fin. Gill rakers long and slender.
Species numerous. (déxa, ten; zrepér, fin; there being 10 fins, counting
the spurious finiets and excluding the free spines.)

a, Shields of lateral line numerous, 40 to 50 in number; depth 5 in length; teeth present on

jaws, vomer, and palatines; none on tongue.
b. Dorsal with 30 soft rays; lateral line anteriorly with about 12 distinct, small black
points. PUNCTATUS, 1297.
bb. Dorsal with 27 soft rays. SCOMBRINUS, 1298.

aa, Shields of lateral line tew, 20 to 30 in number.
c. Teeth minute on both jaws, vomer, palatines, and tongue; shields 22 to 28; depth 5 in

length. | SANCT.E-HELEN®, 1299.
ee. Teeth distinct on lower jaw and tongue; caudal keel of 30 distinct shields; depth 514
in length. HyPopus, 1300.
cee. Teeth obsolete; caudal keel of 25 shields; depth 534 in length. MACARELLUS, 1301.

1297. DECAPTERUS PUNCTATUS (Agassiz).

(Scap; Rounp Rosin; CiGAr-FISH ; QUIA-QUIA.)

Head 44; depth 5. D. VIII-I, 30-I; A. II-I, 24-I. Eye rather small,
shorter than snout, about equal to the width of cheeks or the inter-
orbital space. Maxillary reaching front of eye. Teeth on vomer and
palatines, none on tongue; teeth in jaws in single series. Lateral line
little arched ; arch of lateral line nearly as long as straight part; scutes
numerons, deep, crowded, about 40. Pectorals short, shorter than head.
Breast, cheeks, and top of head scaly. Bluish above, silvery below; a
dark opercular spot. Length 12inches. Cape Cod to Brazil; occasionally

* There seems to be no difference between the American form called pimnulatus and the East
Indian bipinnulatus.

908 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

northward; very common on the coasts of Florida and in the West
Indies. (punctatus, dotted.)

Scomber hippos, Mircut.t, Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soc. N. Y., 1, 1815, pl. 5, fig. 5; not of Linnzxvus.

Caranx punctatus, AGASSIZ, Spix, Pisc. Bras., 108, plate 56a, fig. 2, 1829, Brazil; Cuvier &
VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 1x, 38, 1883, GGnTHER, Cat., 11, 426, 1860.

Caranx suareus (Risso), CuvieER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., rx, 33, 1883, Mediterranean.

Decapterus punctatus, Pony, Synopsis, 368, 1875; JorDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 432, 1883; JoRDAN
& GILBERT, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1883, 189.

-

1298. DECAPTERUS SCOMBRINUS (Valenciennes).

Head 33; depth 43. D. IX-I, 27-I; A. II, 23-I; scales 42, lateral line
very slightly bent. Eye large, 33 in head; snout equaling eye; pectoral
tin head. Greenish above; paler below; no distinct opercular spot;
no black spots in figure. (Ginther, after Valenciennes.) Galapagos
Islands; not seen by us. Close to Decapterus punctatus, the dorsal appar-
ently shorter. (scombrinus, mackerel-like.)

Carane scombrinus, VALENCIENNES, Voyage de la Venus, 332, pl. 7, fig. 1, 1846, Galapago
Islands; GUnrTueER, Cat., 11, 426, 1860.

1299. DECAPTERUS SANCTE-HELEN £ (Cuvier & Valenciennes).

Head 44; depthd. OD. VIII-I, 32-I; A. II-I, 27 or 28-I. Shields 28
to 32 (in Japanese examples; 22 to 28 in specimens from St. Helena;
Steindachner); pectoral 14 in head. Maxillary reaching front of eye;
eye moderate, rather shorter than snout. Teeth minute, in single series
in jaws; also on vomer, palatines, and tongue. Bluish, a black opercular
spot; tip of soft dorsal brown. ‘Tropical parts of the Atlantic, on both
coasts of South America; not seen by us. According to Poey this species
occurs in Cuba, where it differs from Decapterus punctatus in having its
scutes subdenticulate, less narrow, and beginning much behind the
origin of the anal. According to Steindachner this species is identical
with a common Japanese species, Decapterus muroadsi (Temminck &
Schlegel).

Caranx sanctze-helene, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 1x, 37, 1833, St. Helena.

Decapterus sancte-helenx, Pory, Synopsis, 368, 1868; JorpAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 190, 1883;
STEINDACHNER & DODERLEIN, Fische Japans., 111, 17, pl. 4, fig. 1, 1884.

? Carane muroadsi, TemMincKk & SCHLEGEL, Fauna Japonica, 108, pl. 58, fig. 1, 1842, Japan;
GUNTHER, Cat., 11, 425, 1860.

1300. DECAPTERUS HYPODUS, Gill.

Head 4 in total; depth nearly 5. D. VII-I, 21-I; A. I-I, 26-I; scales
70 + 30, lateral line with a very slight sigmoidal flexure, and covered
with very conspicuous scales, trifid on each scale. Teeth on lower jaw
small and uniserial; tongue with a longitudinal narrow band. Color
above greenish blue, the opercular spot small. Cape San Lucas; five speci-
mens known. It is perhaps a subspecies of Decapterus macarellus, the
differences in the size of the teeth being of minor importance and of
doubtful permanence, and both forms may be inseparable from Decapterus
sancte-helene. (id, below; ddotc, tooth.)

Decapterus hypodus, G1Lt, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, 261, Cape San Lucas; (Coll. Xantus);
JORDAN & GILBERT, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1882, 358.

—

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 909

1301. DECAPTERUS MACARELLUS (Cuvier & Valenciennes).

(MackKEREL SHAD; ANTONINO.)

Head 5; depth 6. D. VIII-I, 33-I; A.II-I,27-I; teeth obsolete; scutes
beginning at end of dorsal, 25 of them with keels. Lateral line nearly
straight. Silvery, plumbeous below; a small black spot on the opercle.
Warm parts of the Atlantic, straying northward to Cape Cod; scarce on
our coast. Length 1 foot. (French maquereau, mackerel, the name
applied to the species in Martinique. )

Caranx macarellus, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 1x, 40, 1833, Martinique; Giin-
THER, Cat., 11, 426, 1860.

Decapterus macarellus, PoEy, Enumeratio, 79, 1875; Jorpan & GiLtBerRt, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
1883, 190; JonpAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 433, 1883.

416. TRACHURUS, Rafinesque.
(SAURELS. )

Trachurus, RAFINESQUE, Indice d’Ittiologia Siciliana, 20, 1810, (trachurus).
Trachurus, CUViER, Régne Animal, Ed. 1, 1817, (trachurus).

Body rather elongate, somewhat compressed, not elevated, tapering to
a slender caudal peduncle, which is as broad asdeep. Scales present, not
very small. Lateral line armed throughout with plates, those on the
caudal peduncle larger and spinous; an accessory dorsal branch to the
lateral line. Snout rather long. Mouth moderate. Minute teeth mostly
in single series on jaws, vomer, and palatines. Dorsals 2, the first pre-
ceded by a procumbent spine. No finlets. Two strong spines before the
anal, connected by membrane. Pyloric ceca numerous. About 4 species
known ; found in all warmseas. (tpayotpoc, the ancient name of Trachurus
trachurus; from tpaytc, rough; ovpd, tail.)

a. Body elongate, little compressed, the depth 5 in length; scutes about 96 (50 + 46 to 48) in
number, the height of the anterior scutes 14 that of the posterior and about 2! in
diameter of eye; curved part of lateral line scarcely shorter than straight part; maxil-
lary 224 in head, reaching just beyond vertical from front of eye; lining of opercle
scarcely blackish. PICTURATUS, 1302.

aa, Body comparatively deep and compressed, the depth 4 to 4144 in length; scutes about 72

(34 to 36 + 36 to 38) in number, the anterior scutes scarcely lower than the posterior,
their height about 114 in diameter of eye; length of curved part of lateral line 13 to
1? in straight part; maxillary reaching past front of pupil, 244 to 2} in head; lining
of opercle blackish. TRACHURUS, 1303.

1302. TRACHURUS PICTURATUS (Bowdich).

(HOoRSE-MACKEREL; XUREL.)

Head 33; depth 5. D. VIII-I, 31; A. II-I, 27; scales 50 + 47 in Cali-
fornia examples, 90 to 108 in others. Similar to Trachurus trachurus, but
slenderer and less compressed and reaching a much larger size. Arch of
lateral line longer, as long as straight part, the junction of the two much
beyond tip of pectoral; plates on the anterior part small, crowded, their
height less than half eye. Length2feet. Warm seas, especially common
on the coast of California, from San Francisco southward to the Galapagos

910 Bulletin 47, Untted States National Museum.

Islands and Chili; not noticed on the coast of Mexico. Abundant in
summer in the markets of San Francisco, where it is a food-fish of good
quality. Also widely distributed in the open sea, reaching the Mediter-
ranean and New Zealand. It has not been recorded from the east coast of
either North or South America, where Trachurus trachurus is the only well-
known species, even this being rare. The California species may prove
separable from the Atlantic form, in which case it would stand as Trachurus
symmetricus, Ayres; no difference is, however, known to us. Lutken
records specimens from the West Indies, Azores, and Chili. (picturatus,
pictured.) (KEu.)

Seriola picturata, Bowpicu, Excursion to Madeira, 1238, fig. 27, 1825, Madeira.

Caranx picturalus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1882, 269.

Lrachurus picturatus, STYEINDACHNER, Ichth. Berich., v, 34, 1868; Jonpan & Guueert, Proc. U.S.
Nat. Mus., 1882, 358; Jonpan & GILBERT, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1883, 191; Jonpan & Giz-
BERT, Synopsis, 911, 1883.

Caranx trachurus, ‘* deuxieme subdivision,’ Cuvier & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 111, 17,
1833, Mediterranean; Valparaiso.

Caranx cuvieri, Lower, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond., 11, 1837, 188, Madeira.

Caranx symmetricus, AYRES, Proc. Cal. Ac. Nat. Sci., 1, 1855, 62, San Francisco.

Trachurus fallax, CAPELLO, Catal. Peix. Portugal, 310-318, 1867, Lisbon.

Trachurus rissoi, GigLioLi, Catalogo degli Anfibi e Pesci Italiani, 27, 1880, Italy; based on Caranx
amia, Risso.

Carans (Trachurus) cuvierit, StEINDACHNER, Ichth. Beitr., 11, 16, 1875.

Trachurus cuvieri, LUTKEN, Spolia Atlantica, 126, 1880.

Trachurus symmetricus, GiLL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, 261.

1303. TRACHURUS TRACHURUS (Linnzus).
(SAUREL; GASCON.)

Head 34; depth 4; eye large, equal to snout, 4in head. D. VIII-I, 29;
A. II-I, 28; scales 40-+ 37. Body more compressed and deeper than in the
preceding. Head rather long. Mouth moderate, the maxillary reaching
the front of eye. Arch of lateral line short, reaching scarcely beyond pec-
toral, 14 in straight part, the plates high, nearly as high anteriorly as
posteriorly, their height more than half eye. Greenish, sides silvery; a
dusky opercular spot. Length 1 foot. North Atlantic chiefly on the
coasts of Europe, south to Spain and Naples; it is very rare on our coast,
recorded from Newport, R. I., Pensacola, and Cape San Lucas. A third
species, Trachurus mediterraneus, not known from America, largely replaces
it in southern Europe. (Eu.)
Scomber trachurus, LINN&US, Syst. Nat., Ed. x, 1758, 298, Mediterranean Sea; after Scomber
linewlaterali aculeata of ARTEDI; D. VIII, 34; probably includes Trachurus mediterraneus.*

Trachurus trachurus, BLocu, Naturgesch. Ichthyologia, 1, 138, pl. 36, 1784; good figure and
description of the northern species, here called trachurus.

Caranx trachurus, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 1x, 11, 1833.

Trachurus trachurus, STEINDACHNER, Ichth. Berich., v, 32, 1868; JorpAN & GiLBER?, Proc. U. 3.
Nat. Mus., 1882, 269; GinrHeER, Cat. (in part), 11, 419, 1860.

*It is possible that the specific name trachurus, being based entirely on Mediterranean speci-
mens, should be transferred to the commonest species of that region, now called Trachurus medi-
lerraneus. In that case the name Trachurus semispinosus (Nilsson) is probably to be retained for
the form here called Trachurus trachurus, which ranges farther northward than the others.
Bloch’s description of trachuvrus belongs to this form, and probably two or three species were con-
founded by Artedi and Linnzus, as by very many later writers,

SSS =

‘

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 911

? Caranxomorus plumierianus, LACEPEDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 111, 84, pl. 11, 1802; scarcely identi-
fiable; from a figure by PLUMIER, supposed to have been made in Martinique.

Trachurus saurus, RAFINESQUE, Indice d’Ittiol. Siciliana, 20, 1810; based on Scomber trachurus of
Linn£vus; JoRDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 911, 1883; JornpaAn & GiLBERT, Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus., 1883, 191.

Caranz semispinosus, Niusson, Prodr. Ichthyol. Scand., 84, 1832, Scandinavia.

Trachurus europxus, Gronow, Cat., Ed. Gray, 1854, 125, seas of Europe; after Scomber linea
laterali curvo omnino loricata of GRONOW.

Trachurus linnxi, Mato, Bohuslins Fauna, 421, Bohuslan, Sweden.

Trachurus trachurus, LUvKEN, Spolia Atlantica, 125, 1880.

417. TRACHUROPS, Gill.

Trachurops, GitL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 431, 1862, (crwmenophthalmus).

This genus is close to Caranx, differing in the more elongate form and
especially in the structure of the shoulder girdle which has a deep cross-
furrow at its junction with the isthmus, with a fleshy projection above
the furrow. Species few, found in all warm seas. (Trachurus; ow,
appearance. )

1304. TRACHUROPS CRUMPNOPHTHALMUS (Bloch).

(GoGGLER ; BIG-EYED SCAD ; GOGGLE-EYE JACK ; CHICHARRO.)

Head 33; depth 34; eye 3. D. VIII-I, 26; A. II-I, 22; scutes 35. Body
oblong elongate, little compressed, the back not elevated. Head elongate,
rather pointed, the lower jaw projecting; maxillary reaching past the
front of the eye, which is very large, longer than snout, much deeper
than the cheeks, and greater than the interorbital width. A single series
of small teeth in each jaw; very weak teeth on vomer and palatines; a
patch of teeth on tongue. Shoulder girdle near isthmus with a fleshy
projection, in front of which is a deep cross furrow ; adipose eyelid largely
developed. Scales comparatively large. Cheeks and breast scaly. Gill
rakers long, numerous. Lateral line scarcely arched, its scutes weak, but
little carinated. Dorsal spines slender; free anal spines strong; pectorals
faleate, shortish, about 14 in head. An angle at lower posterior part of
opercular region as in Clupea. Bluish olive above, silvery below, a faint
opercular spot. Length about 2 feet. Both coasts of tropical America,
occasionally north to Cape Cod; common in the West Indies and on the
west coast of Mexico; specimens examined by us from Cape San Lucas,
Mazatlan, Acapulco, and Panama. We are unable to see any difference
between the Pacific Coast form Trachurus brachychirus, Gill, and the ordi-
nary crumenophthalmus. Specimens from Havana, Acapulco, and Mazatlan
agree perfectly. Also found on the coast of Africa and in most tropical
seas. (crumena, purse; 0¢aAudc, eye.)

Scomber crumenophthalmus, Buocu, Ichthyol., pl. 343, 1793, Acara in Guinea.

Scomber plumieri, Biocu, Ichthyol., pl. 344, 1793, Antilles.

Scomber balantiophthalmus, Buocn & Scuneiper, Syst. Ichth., 29, 1801, Guinea.

Caranz macrophthalmus, AGAssiz, Spix, Pisce. Bras., 107, 1829, Brazil.

Trachurops brachychirus, Git, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci, Phila., 1862, 261, Cape San Lucas.

Carane crumenophthalmus, Lackrivr, Hist. Nat. Poiss., tv, 107, 1803; Cuvier & VALENCIENNES,
Hist, Nat. Poiss., 1x, 62, 1833; JonpaAn & GILBERT, Synoposis, 434; and of recent writers gen-
erally; GUntuer, Cat., 1, 429, 1860.

912 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

Trachurops crumenophthalmus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 196, 1883.
Caranz plumieri, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 1x, 65, 1833.
Trachurops plumieri, Pory, Enumeratio, 78, 1875.

418. HEMICARANS, Bleeker.

Carangops,* GILL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, 431, (falcatus).
Hemicaraiz,* BLEEKER, Versl. Kon. Ak. Wet., xtv, 1384, 1862, (marginatus).

Maxillary very narrow, its greatest width scarcely + eye; head small.
Teeth uniserial, few or none on vomer or palatines. Dorsal and anal fins
very low anteriorly, not faleate, their bases with a conspicuous sheath of
scales. Lateral line more or less arched in front, the plates small and
numerous. Tropical seas. Allied to Caranx, differing chiefly in the nar-
row maxillary. The American species are all rare and need further com-
parison. (7, half; Caranz. )

a. Arch of lateral line very strong, its height more than 14 its length; base of pectoral merely

dusky; head very small; caudal lobes very unequal. AMBLYRHYNCHUS, 1305.
aa. Arch of lateral line less convex, its height not 14 its length;; caudal lobes subequal.
b. Base of pectoral with a large jet-black area; sides in adult not barred; head small.
ATRIMANUS, 1306.
bb. Base of pectoral without black blotch; sides barred with black; head rather large.
c. Head about 31% in length; scutes of lateral line mostly armed.

d. Soft dorsal with 30 rays; anal with 22. SECUNDUS, 1307.
dd, Soft dorsal with 28 rays; anal with 24. FURTHII, 1308.
cc, Head 3 in length; scutes feebly armed. LEUCURUS, 1309.

1305. HEMICARANX AMBLYRHYNCHUS (Cuvier & Valenciennes).

Head 44; depth 23; eye large, as long as snout, 33 in head. D. VII-I,
28; A. II-I, 25; shields 50. Arch of lateral line very strong, its height
more than } its length, which is much less than half length of straight
part. Body oval, much compressed, with the axis nearly midway between
the back and belly; profile very convex. Mouth very small, oblique, the
maxillary reaching little past front of orbit. Head small, short. about as
deep as long. Gillrakers shortish, rather strong, 20 below arch, anal spines
small, the second longest; upper lobe of the caudal falcate, more than a
third longer than the lower. Lateral scutes numerous, very strong.
Teeth rather strong, in one series in each jaw; teeth on tongue few or
none; those on vomer and palatines minute, deciduous; scales small;
cheeks naked, breast scaly; lateral line strongly arched, the arch about $
the straight portion ; scaly sheaths of dorsal and anal very high, extend-
ing the whole length of fin. Pectoral falcate, little longer than head,
reaching anal. Greenish above, with blue reflections; sides and below
golden or dark silvery; caudal fin yellow, inner edge of upper lobe
black ; base of pectoral dusky; a black axillary spot; opercle faintly
blotched. Tropical America from Cape Hatteras to Brazil; rather com-
mon in the West Indies, occasional on the coast of Carolina and Florida.
(aufrvc, blunt; fiyyoc, snout.)

* We have no means of knowing which of these two names has priority of date. Apparently
Hemicaranx was first printed.

} Character not verified in Hemicaranx secundus.

Jordan and Evermann,.— Fishes of North America. 913

Caranx amblyrhynchus, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 1x, 100, pl. 248, 1833, Brazil;
GUNTHER, Cat., 11, 441, 1860.

Caranx falcatus, HOLBROOK, Ichth. South Carolina, 94, 1860, Charleston.

Caranz heleropygus, PoEy, Memorias, 11, 344, 1861, Cuba.

Carangeps heteropygus, Porky, Enumeratio, 77, 1875.

1306 HEMICARANX ATRIMANUS (Jordan & Gilbert).

Head 4; depth 23. D. VI-I, 29; A. II-I, 25; scales 60 (all plates).
Body regularly elliptical, compressed and much elevated, the dorsal and
ventral curves about equal, and the greatest depth of body nearly in the
middle of length, exclusive of caudal peduncle. Head small, short, and
low, its depth rather less than its length, the upper profile descending
gently to the sharp snout; jaws about equal; premaxillaries anteriorly
about in the axis of body; maxillaries narrow, reaching slightly beyond
anterior margin of orbit, 33 in head; each jaw with a single regular
series of very small, close-set teeth, without larger teeth; no teeth on
yomer, palatines,or tongue. Eye moderate, slightly longer than snout,
1} in interorbitai width; occiput with an evident carina. Gill rakers
moderate, about 15 on the anterior limb, the longest half the diameter of
orbit. Head naked, with the exception of a patch of scales on the tem-
poral region. Distance from snout to origin of spinous dorsal less than
length of pectorals; dorsal spines slender and fragile, the highest equal-
ing distance from snout to front of pupil; a well-developed antrorse
spine before dorsal; soft dorsal and anal similar, not faleate, the rays
regularly decreasing from the first; highest soft ray of dorsal about half
distance from snout to base of pectoral, and somewhat longer than the
highest ray of anal; free anal spines little developed ; dorsal and anal
each depressible into a very high sheath of scales, which leaves only the
' last two or three rays uncovered ; caudal fin wide, well forked, the upper

lobe evidently longer and more falcate than the lower, but less produced
than in Hemicaranx amblyrhynchus, the longest ray about 4 length of rest
of fish ; pectoral fin very long and falcate, reaching opposite to base of
seventh ray of anal, about half longer than head; ventrals rather long,
teaching beyond vent and slightly more than halfway to front of anal.
Breast entirely covered with very fine thin scales; upper part of sides
anteriorly with irregular series of scales which are not well imbricated;
lateral line with a strong curve anteriorly (but less arched than in Car-
anz amblyrhynchus), the height of the curve 3 of its length, which is a
little more than half length of straight portion; the line becoming
abruptly straight opposite front of anal; plates of lateral line developed
along entire length of straight portion, the plates not large, the height
of the largest one not more than half diameter of eye. Color blackish
Olive above, dusky yellowish below with a silvery luster; top of head,
snout, and a large diffuse blotch on upper part of opercle black; cheeks
and lower parts of head thickly dusted with large brown points; vertical
fins dusky, the caudal and anterior rays of anal with much greenish
‘yellow; ventrals largely white; pectorals dusky olive, the axil and a
large black blotch on both sides of the fin at base jet black, the blotch

F. N. A.—-59

914 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

covering the base of all the rays of pectoral except the lower, and
extending on the fin for a distance greater than + length of fin; inside of ©
mouth and lining of opercles not black. Length 12 inches. A single
specimen (Type, No. 29,341) was taken in the Bay of Panama. (ater,
black ; manus, hand.)

Caranz atrimanus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Bull. U. 8. Fish Comm., 1, 1881, 308, Panama.

1307. HEMICARANX SECUNDUS (Poey).
(SEGUNDO; VOLANTIN.)

Head 43 in total with caudal; depth 3. D. VII-I, 30; A. II, I, 22; eye
5in head. Body oval, moderately elevated, the curve of the front a little
greater than that of throat. Maxillary reaching first fourth of eye;
adipose eyelid well developed; scales very small; pectoral long, faleate,
the bucklers of lateral line beginning opposite its point, large and
numerous; curve of lateral line not described. Caudal lobes not widely
separated, probably subequal; dorsal and anal without salient lobe. Pale
violet above, white below; sides with 6 broad dark bands, lost with age;
fins mostly blackish, the caudal greenish; throat blackish. Ceca 20.
Cuba; not very common, reaching a weight of 3 pounds; used as food.
(Poey); notseen by us. (secundus, second, from the Spanish name Segundo.
‘¢ ignore le motif qui l’a fait nommer ainsi.’”’—Poey.)

Caranx secundus, Pony, Memorias, 11, 223, 1860, Cuba. (Coll. Poey.)

Carangops secundus, PoEY, Synopsis, 367, 1867.

? Caranz fasciatus, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 1x, 70, 1833, Mexico; on adraw-
ing by Mociegno & LeEssé; a banded species, with angle of lateral line under front of soft
dorsal.

1308. HEMICARANX FURTHII (Steindachner).

Head 34; depth 2; eye 34 in head. D. VIII-I, 28; A. II-I, 24; scutes ~
57. Body deep, strongly compressed, the back arched, the ventral line
little curved. Maxillary reaching pupil. Dorsal and anal fins rather high,
but the anterior rays not exserted beyond the rest; highest rays of dor-
sal, 12 in length of head; sheath at base of dorsal little developed; cau-
dal fin not deeply forked ; pectoral moderate, as long as head, twice length
of ventral; curve of lateral line not quite twice in straight part. Scutes
small, but each ending ina spine. Teeth slender, rather long, uniserial
above and below; no teeth on vomer or palatines. Body everywhere
finely punctulate, with 6 rather sharply defined broad dark bars, besides
one on the head; pectoral and caudal yellowish; other fins dark gray ;
axil with some dusky ; caudal fin pale. Pacific coast of tropical America,
known from three specimens, the largest 5 inches long, from Panama.
(Steindachner.) Perhaps not distinct from Caranz leucurus. (Named for
Ignatius Furth, Austrian Consul at Panama.)

Caranz fiirthii, STEINDACHNER, Ichth. Beitr., rv, 12, 1875, Panama. (Coll. Fiirth.)

1309. HEMICARANX LEUCURUS (Giinther).

Head 3; depth 2. D. VIII-I, 28; A. II-I, 24 to 26; seutes 50; snout
rather obtuse, the jaws equal, the maxillary reaching past front of eyé

Jordan and Evermann.—Ffishes of North America. 915

Teeth uniserial, very small, none on palate. Lateral line with a semicir-
cular arch, the length of which is 13 to 14 in straight part; its angle
below front of second dorsal and with about 50 small low shields, but few
of which have depressed spines. Pectoral reaching anal spines. Brownish
gray, body with 6 dark-brown vertical bands, the first behind base of
pectoral, the fourth from middle of soft dorsal; a large black spot on
opercle; dorsal, anal, and ventral black; pectoral and caudal pale. Two
specimens, each 3 inches long, from Panama. (Giinther.) (Aevxdc, white;
ovpa, tail. ) : .

Caranx leucurus, GUNTHER, Proc. Zodl. Soc. London, 1864, 24, Panama; (Coll. Capt. John M.

Dow); Ginruer, Fish.Centr Amer., 430, 1869; Jorpan & GILBERT, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus.,
1883, 194.

419. CARANX,* Lacépéde.
(CREVALLES. )

Caranz (CoMMERSON) LAcépEDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 111, 57, 1802, (trachurus, speciosus, carangus,
ruber, etc.).

Caranx, RAFINESQUE, Caratteri Alcuni Nuovi Generi, 41, 1810, (first restriction to ferdau, ruber,
etc.).

Tricropterus, RAFINESQUE, Caratteri, 41, 1810,+ (carangus = hippos).

Carangus, GRIFFITH, Cuvier’s Nat. Hist. Fishes, 335, 1837, (based on Les Carangues of Cuvier;

type Caranx carangus).

? Argyrlepes, SwAINSON, Class’n Fishes, 11, 247, 1839, (melanoptera).

Alepes, SWAINSON, Class’n Fishes, 248, 1839, (Wari parah, Russet = nigripinnis, Day; species
with the teeth uniserial on jaws and tongue only; body fusiform; shields numerous; dorsal
low).

* The proper type of the genus Caranx seems to be Scomber ruber, Bloch. The name Caranr
was apparently recorded in manuscript by Commerson, who applied it to Caranx speciosus. In
printed nomenclature Caranx was first used by Lacépéde, who adopted the name from Commerson
applying it toa large group containing among other species trachurus, carangus, speciosus, ferdau,
and ruber. This genus was next further limited by Rafinesque in the following words:

“To hocreduto dovere dividere in quattro generi, il genere Caranx dei moderni ittiologi che ho
nominati Trachurus, Caranx, Tricropterus, e Hypodis; e questi tre ultimi non offeriscono veruno
specie Siciliano; Hipodys (Hypodis) differisce dal Trachurus nell’ avere due ale anali, e il Caranx
nell’ avere un raggio o spine sciolto fra le due ale dorsali ed il Tricropterus nell’ averne tre
forniti ognuno d@’una membrana alare.”’

These characters are all partly fallacious and of no systematic importance. All of them are
taken from Lacépéde’s analytical key. We must turn to Lacépéde’s work to find their signifi-
eance. Trachurus evidently corresponds to Lacépéde’s ‘‘ premier sous-genre,’’? Scomber trachurus
being itstype. Carvanx corresponds to the ‘‘second sous-genre,’’ including the species ferdan,

er, giez, sansun, and korab. Hypodis (vm, below; dis, two; two free anal spines or finlets) is
based on Scomber glaucus, L. = Lichia glauca, Cuvier, a European species. ‘Tricropterus is based
on Caranz carangua, and is therefore synonymous with the later Carangus of Griffith and Carangus
of Girard.

Caranz is next further restricted by Cuvier & Valenciennes. Among their ‘* Caran propre-
ment dits’’ are two species, ferdau and ruber, placed in Caranx by both Rafinesque and Lacépede.
One of these two species should apparently be retained as the type, unless we are toreturn tothe
manuscripts of Commerson for our understanding of the group. In Swainson’s work, in 1839,
ruber is still retained in connection with the name Caranx. As trachurus, speciosus, and carangus,
species heretofore taken by authors as types of Caranx, are none of them available for this pur-
pose because all of them were referred to other genera by Rafinesque, we must apparently
: between ruber and ferdau. We therefore select Caranz ruber as type of the genus.

Gillin 1862 adopted speciosus as the type of Caranr because this was the ouly species mentioned

Commerson, from whose manuscripts Lacépéde adopted the name Caranr. It is not, however,
évident that Lacépéde regarded this species as his type. If, however, we should adopt this view,

hame Caranz would supersede Gnathanodon and the genus here called Caranex would become
Tricropterus, The name Caranz is really derived from Carangue, and several writers have taken
Carane carangus as its type. This arrangement seems to us not tenable, Its adoption would
shift the names of the subgenera, Cauranx taking the place of Tricepterus.

+ Hypodis, Rafinesque, 1. c. (based on Scomber glaueus, L.), is equivalent to Lichia, as is also Rafi-
nhesque’s genus Hypacantus, 1. c., 43. Lichia is of later date.

916 Bulletin 47, Untted States National Museum.

Selar, BLEEKER, Verhandl. Batay. Genootsch., xxiv, 1851, (boops; teeth in one row; teeth on

palate).
Leioglossus, BLEEKER, I. c., (carangoides; teeth in one row; teeth on vomer and palatines, none on

tongue).

Uraspis, BLEEKER, l. c., (carangoides; teeth 2-rowed in jaws only).

Leptaspis, BLEEKER, lI. c., (leptolepis; uniseria] teeth on lower jaw and tongue; none on upper jaw
or palate).

Selaroides, BLEEKER, l. c., (leptolepis).

Carangichthys, BLEEKER, Bijdragen Ichthyol. Fauna Celebes, 111, 760, about 1852, (¢ypus; young of
some species allied to latus; preopercle serrate; teeth in several rows, outer enlarged; teeth
on vomer, palatines, and tongue). ¢

Carangus, GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1858, 168, (esculentus=hippos).

Paratractus, Git, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, 432, (pisquetus—crysos).

Body ovate or oblong, compressed, the back sometimes considerably
elevated, sometimes little arched. Head moderate or rather large, more
or less compressed. Mouth moderate or large, oblique; maxillary broad,
with a well-developed supplemental bone, extending to below eye. Pre-
maxillaries protractile. Teeth developed in one or few series, unequal,
or at least not in villiform bands. Villiform teeth usually present on
vomer, palatines, and tongue, wanting or deciduous in some species.
Gill rakers long. Eye large, with an adipose eyelid. Dorsal spines
rather low, connected ; second dorsal long, usually elevated in front; both
fins depressible in a groove. Anal fin similar to second dorsal and nearly
as long, preceded by two rather strong spines, its base longer than the
abdomen. Caudal fin strongly forked, the peduncle very slender. Ven-
tral fins moderate; pectorals faleate; no finlets. Scales present, mostly
very small. Lateral line with its posterior portion armed with strong
bony plates, which grow larger on the tail, each plate armed with a spine;
a short dorsal branch of lateral line usually present. Preopercle entire
in the adult, serrate in the young, usually with a membranaceous border.
Species very numerous in all warm seas, most of them valued for food.
As here understood, this genus includes a considerable variety of forms,
differing in the dentition and in the shape of the body. Its members seem,
however, to form a natural series. (Name a corruption of the Portuguese
Acarauna, French Carangue. Lacépéde, however, claims to derive it from
capa, head, ‘‘& cause de l’espéce deeprominence que présente leur téte,
de la force de cette partie, de l’éclat dont elle brille, et d’ailleurs pour
annoncer la sorte de puissance et de domination que plusieurs osseux de
ce genre exercent sur un grand nombre des poissons qui fréquentent les
rivages.”—Lacépéde.)

a. Teeth on vomer and palatines persistent.

b. Soft dorsal and anal low, not much elevated in front, little if at all falcate; teeth in
jaws in one or few series, with no canines.
SELAR:

c. Lateral line strongly arched; arch of lateral line not half as long as straight por- _

tion; the angle under front of soft dorsal; breast scaly; lateral scutes strong,
about 48 in number; scaly sheath of dorsal and anal very deep. Head 3%;
depth 3; second D. I, 24; A. I, 19; sides with broad, dark bars; a black oper-
cular spot; fins largely yellow. : vinctus, 1310.
CARANX : :
cc. Lateral line little arched, its curved part not shorter than its straight part; max-
illaries scarcely reaching front of eye.

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 917

d. Opercular spot obsolete; body rather elongate, the depth 3 to 31% in length;
snout 3 in head; head 34% in body; second D, I, 26; A. I, 22; shields 25
to 29.
e. Body slender, the depth about 314 in length; color dark, chiefly bluish.
RUBER, 1311.
ee. Body deeper, the depth about 24 in length; color pale, mostly golden.
BARTHOLOM&£I, 1312.
bb. Soft dorsal and anal much elevated in front and more or less falcate; upper teeth in a
band, the onter enlarged; lower teeth in one series; dorsal sheath of scales not
greatly developed; soft dorsal and anal both rather short.
TRICROPTERUS (7peis, three; axpov, point; mrepor, fin; from the 3 free spines supposed to
stand between the dorsals):
f. Breast naked, except a small rhombic area before ventrals; two small canines in
front of lower jaw; body robust, compressed.
g- Opercular spot large; adult with a black spot on pectoral; pectoral 3 in length.
Head 314; depth about 3; second D. I, 20; A. I, 16; scutes (developed)
about 25, HIPPOS, 1313.
Sf. Breast entirely covered with small scales.
PARATRACTUS (wapa, Near; atpaxtos, spindle):
h. Body subfusiform, the depth less than ¥4 the length; breast scaly; teeth of outer
series small, not canine-like; a black opercular spot; no spot on pectoral;
arch of lateral line about half straight part. crysos, 1314.
i. Pectoral fin moderate, rarely longer than head; scutes about 50,
ii. Pectoral fin very long, much longer than head; scutes about 40.
CABALLUS, 1315.
CARANGICHTHYS, (Caranx; ix@vs, fish):
hh. Body oblong ovate, the depth more than 14 the length; outer teeth rather
strong, lower teeth not canine-like.
j. General color silvery; vertical fins not all black.

k. Body moderately elevated, the depth in adult 2 to 234 in length.
Opercular spot very small or obsolete; no pectoral, spot; pectoral
3 in length,

l. Body rather elongate, the depth in adult 234 in length; dorsal
and caudal fins largely black; eye larger than in (. latus, the
head less obtuse. Head 314; second D. I, 19; A. I, 15; scutes
30. MARGINATUS, 1316,

‘ ll. Body moderately deep, the head bluntish, the eye small; the
depth about 24 in length; dorsal fin scarcely dusky, caudal
fin pale. Head 34; second D, I, 20; A. I, 17; scutes 30.
LATUS, 1317,
kk. Body much elevated, the depthin adult 2} in length; no dark cross
bands nor opercular spot; a small, dark spot in axil; caudal and
dorsal lobes dusky; curve of lateral line 11% in straight part;
caudal lobes as long as head; pectoral 4 longer. Head 32; depth
2h; second D. I, 22; A. II, I, 19; scutes 32. MEDUSICOLA, 1318,
jj. General color brassy or blackish; vertical fins black; lower teeth not
canine-like,

m. Anterior profile gibbous; head very large; curve of lateral line less
than 24 straight part; second dorsal and anal strongly falcate;
anterior lobe of dorsal about 24 head; pectoral very long, 2%4 in
length; color nearly uniform black, Head 3'4; depth 23; second
1D. I, 21; A. IT, I, 18; scutes 28. LuGuBRIs, 1319,

mm. Anterior profile scarcely gibbous; curve of lateral line a little more

than 24 straight part; soft dorsal and anal strongly falcate; ante-
rior rays of dorsal 24 head; pectoral a little more than 44 body;
color dark olivaceous or brassy; sides with many small dark-
brown spots. Head 34; depth 234; second D, I, 22; A, I, 19;
scutes about 35, MELAMPYGUS, 1320,

918 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

URASPIS (ovpa, tail; aomis, shield):
aa. Teeth on yomer and palatines wanting or deciduous ; teeth in jaw subequal, bluntish, in
one or two rows; lateral line not strongly arched; soft dorsal and anal low; shields
rather few.
n. Body deep, compressed, the back and belly arched; shields 24 to 30; second D. I, 26; A.
I, 22; opercular spot present. GUARA, 1321.

Subgenus SELAR, Bleecker.

1310. CARANX VINCTUS, Jordan & Gilbert.

(CocINERA.)

Head 34; depth 3. Second D. I, 24; A. I, 19; lateral seutes strong,
about 48. Body elongate, elliptical, compressed, upper profile evenly
arched from snout to caudal peduncle, the lower nearly rectilinear from
snout to origin of anal fin; upper profile slightly carinate anteriorly.
Width of cheek about equal to diameter of eye. Mouth moderately
oblique, the jaws subequal, the lower scarcely included ; intermaxillaries
anteriorly about on a level with axis of body, just below level of lower
margin of eye; maxillary reaching vertical from front of orbit, 3 in
head; teeth very small, blunt, in a narrow band in each jaw, becoming
a single series in sides of mandible; the outer series slightly enlarged ;
teeth on vomer, palatines, and tongue similar to those on jaws. Gill
rakers very long, numerous, the longest % diameter of orbit, their
number about 10+ 27. Eye large, less than length of snout, about equal-
ing interorbital width, 4 in head. Adipose eyelid moderately developed.
Preopercle with its posterior margin very oblique, the angle broadly
rounded; preorbital thin, its least width 3 diameter of orbit. Spinous
dorsal well developed, the spines high and flexible; the antrorse spine
well developed; the fourth spine the longest, the fifth but little shorter;
those posterior rapidly decreasing; the fourth spine equaling ? length of
head; length of longest dorsal ray less than 4 length of head; anal
spines strong, the soft rays a little lower than those of dorsal; soft—
dorsal and anal entirely received within a very deep membranaceous
scaly sheath, which is ? the height of median dorsal rays, and terminat-
ing before the ends of the fins, leaving the last 2 rays free; the 2 fins
not faleate, the rays regularly decreased from first; pectorals very long,
faleate, reaching much beyond origin of anal, and to twelfth lateral
scute; the fins + length of body; ventrals reaching to or slightly beyond
vent, which is nearly equidistant from their inner axil and from second
anal spine; caudal lobes not faleate, the upper slightly the longer, a
little less than length of head. Lateral line with a strong curve ante-
riorly, the width of which is less than 4 straight portion; the depth of
curve about + its width; plates very strongly developed, extending the
whole length of straight portion of lateral line, which begins under first"
dorsal rays; top of head, opercles, jaws, and preorbital scaleless or with
a very few scattering scales; cheeks scaly; breast entirely covered with
fine scales; membrane of caudal fin with series of scales. Color dusky,
bluish above, silvery below, with golden and greenish reflections ; 8 or 9
vertical dark half bars descend from back to below lateral line, the

Joraan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 919

widest about equaling diameter of orbit, and more than twice as wide as
the light interspaces; breast blackish ; head dusky; end of snout black;
a distinct black blotch on upper angle of opercle; fins somewhat dusky ;
the lower yellow in life; pectoral without spot; axil dusky; anal white
at tip of lobe. Pacific Coast of Mexico, Mazatlan to Punta Arenas. A
well-marked species, abundant about the entrance to the Gulf of Califor-
nia, its range extending thence to the coast of Central America. (vinctus,
banded.)

Caranx vincius, JORDAN & GILBERT, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1881, 349, Mazatlan; (Type, Nos.

28365 and 28366. Coll. Gilbert); Jonpan & GiLBERt, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., 1883, 197.
Caranz, sp., LAY & BENNETT, Beechey’s Voyage, 55, 1849, San Blas; Mazatlan.

Subgenus CARANX.
1311. CARANX RUBER (Bloch).
(C1s1 MANCHO ; CARBONERO.)

Head 32; depth 34. D. VII-I, 26; A. II, I, 22; scutes 25 to 29.
Straight portion of lateral line considerably longer than curved part, 2}
in body. Lateral line not strongly arched; maxillary scarcely reaching
front of eye; teeth on vomer and palatines persistent, those on jaws in
a few series without canines. Dorsal low, its anterior rays slightly
faleate, 24 in head. Color bluish olive, silvery below, scarcely yellowish
in life; a vaguely defined horizontal stripe of clear blue just below the
dorsal; dorsal yellowish gray, other fins dusky olive, a distinct black-
ish bar extending along lower lobe of caudal. West Indies; not rare.
(ruber, red, which the species is not; it was originally named from a
drawing erroneously colored.)

Scomber ruber, Buocu, Ichthyologia, plate 342, 1793, Ste. Croix. .

Caranx ruber, BLocH & ScHNEIDER, Syst, Ichthyol,, 29, 1801; Jorpan & Gipert, Proc. U. S.
Nat. Mus., 1884, 32; Ginruer, Cat., 11, 430.

Caranz blochii, Cuvier & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 1x, 69, 1833, Ste. Croix; same type.

Caranz iridinus, Pory, Memorias, 11, 226, 1860, Cuba.
Carangoides iridinus, Pony, Synopsis, 366, 1868; Pory, Enumeratio, 77, 1875.

1312. CARANX BARTHOLOMAEI, Cuvier & Valenciennes.

(YELLow Jack ; Crpt AMARILLO.)

Head 3}; depth 24. D. VIII-I, 27; A. II-I, 23; scales 28. Body ovate,
deep and compressed, somewhat elliptical; the profile anteriorly not ele-
vated, forming an even curve continuous from the snout to the base of
the dorsal, the snout therefore not blunt. Top of head not much com-
pressed. Premaxillaries on the level of the lower edge of the pupil;
maxillary not reaching to opposite the front of the pupil. Teeth rather
small, in a narrow band on each jaw, without distinct canines; villiform
teeth on tongue, vomer, and palatines. Cheek about as deep as the eye,
Which is rather small, considerably shorter than snout; adipose eyelid
little developed. Gill rakers long. Breast entirely scaly; soft parts of
the vertical fins densely covered with small scales. Dorsal low, its anterior
rays slightly falcate. Pectoral fin falcate, a little shorter than the head,

920 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

reaching past the front of the anal; caudal equally forked. Straight

part of lateral line 24 in body, scarcely as long as curved part; plates of

lateral line small. In life, bluish silvery, everywhere strongly washed

with golden. the young with golden spots. Fins all pale yellow; no

black on opercle or lower lobe of caudal. West Indies, occasionally

northward to Florida and North Carolina; common in Cuba. (Named

for the Island of San Bartolomé. )

Caranx bartholomexi, CuvIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., rx, 100, 1833, St. Bartholo-
mew; JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 436, 1833.

Caranz eibi, Pory, Memorias, 11, 224, 1860, Cuba.

Caranx beani, JORDAN, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1880, 486, Beaufort, North Carolina. (Type,
No. 27372. Coll. Gilbert.)

Carangoides cibi, PoEy, Synopsis, 366, 1867.

Subgenus TRICROPTERUS, Rafinesque.
1318. CARANX HIPPOS (Linnzus).

(CREVALLE ; Toro; Horse CrEVALLE ;-CAVALLY ; JACK; JIGUAGUA.)

Head 33; depth 2}; lateral line (scutes) about 30. D. VIII-I, 20; A. Ii-I,
17. Body oblong, the anterior profile very strongly arched. Head large
and deep. Mouth large, low ; lower jaw prominent; maxillary extending
to nearly opposite posterior border of eye, 2} in head. Teeth in upper
jaw in a broad villiform band ; an outer series of large, wide-set, conical
teeth ; teeth of lower jaw in one row, a distinct canine on each side of
symphysis; villiform teeth on vomer, palatines, pterygoids, and tongue.
Lateral line with a wide arch, its length 1} in straight part, the angle
under fifth dorsal ray; plates not covering all of straight part. Dorsal
spines short, rather stout ; gill rakers stout, rather long, 15 below angle.
Occipital keel sharp. Eye not very large. Pectoral falcate, 4 longer than
head. Breast naked, with only a small triangular patch of scales in
front of ventrals. Caudal lobes equal, nearly as long as head. Oliva-
ceous above; sides and below golden; a large distinct black blotch on
opercle, bordered behind with pale; a large faint black spot on lower
rays of pectorals, the latter sometimes wanting in young; axil of pecto-
ral with a black blotch; edge of soft dorsal black; upper edge of caudal
peduncle dusky. Warm seas, generally abundant; found on both coasts
of tropical America, north to Cape Cod and Gulf of California, also in

the East Indies; a large and well-known food-fish. More abundant

northward on our coast than any other species of the genus except
Caranx crysos. Easily distinguished by its canines, its naked breast, and
the color markings. (izoc, horse.)

Scomber hippos, LinNxus, Syst. Nat., Ed. x11, 494, 1766, Charleston, South Carolina.

Scomber carangus, BLocu, Ichthyol., pl. 340, 1793, Antilles. «

Caranx erythrurus, LACEPEDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 111, 68, 1802, South Carolina; based on Scomber
hippos, LINN2US.

Caranx daubentonii, LAc&PEDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 111, 72, 1802, Martinique; on a drawing by
PLUMIER.

Carane carangua, LackpEpr, Hist. Nat. Poiss., m1, 59, 74, 1802, Martinique; onadrawing by
PivMrIeR; Cuvier & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 1x, 91, 1833; GUNTHER, Cat., u, 448,
1860, and of authors,

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 921

Caranz xanthopygus, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 1x, 109, 1833, Isle de France.

Caranz ekala, CuviER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 1x, 117, 1833, Vizagapatam; after
Ekala parah, of RussELL.

Caranz antiliarum, BENNEtW, Whaling Voyage, 11, 282, 1840, West Indies.

Caranz defensor, DE Kay, N. Y. Fauna: Fishes, 120, 1842, New York; Hotsrook, Ichth. South
Carolina, 87, 1860.

Carangus esculentus, GIRARD, U. 8S. Mex. Bound. Surv., 23, pl. xt, figs. 1-3, 1859, Brazos San-
tiago, Texas. (Coll. Wiirdemann.)

Carangus chrysos, GILL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 434, 1862; young.

Caranx caninus, GUNTHER, Fish. Centr. Amer., 432, 1869, Panama.

Carangus hippos, Gitu, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, 433, and elsewhere; Pory, Enumeratio,
75, 1875.

Caranx hippus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Proc, U. S. Nat. Mus., 1882, 269; Jornpan & GILBERT, Synopsis,
437; JorpAN & GILBERT’, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1883, 200.

Subgenus PARATRACTUS, Gill.

1314. CARANX CRYSOS (Mitchitl).

(Harp TaIL; RUNNER; JUREL; YELLOW MACKEREL; CREVALLE.)

Head 33; depth 34. D. VIII-I, 24; A. II-I, 19; lateral line 50 (scutes).
Body oblong, moderately elevated, the dorsal and ventral outlines about
equally arched. Profile forming a uniform curve. Snout rather sharp.
Mouth slightly oblique, a little below axis of body. Maxillary reaching
about to middle of orbit. Teeth comparatively large; a single series in
lower jaw; upper jaw with an inner series of smaller teeth; no canines;
teeth on vomer, palatines, and tongue. Eye rather small, shorter than
snout, 34 in head. Gill rakers long and numerous. Pectoral as long as
head, barely reaching anal; rarely longer than head in certain specimens
from Key West, possibly referable to C, caballus. Scales moderate; cheeks
and breast scaly. Lateral line with a weak arch anteriorly, which is
about half length of straight portion. Lateral scutes numerous, devel-
oped on whole straight part of lateral line. Greenish olive, golden
yellow or silvery below ; a black blotch on opercle; fins all pale. Length
1 foot or more. Cape Cod to Brazil; generally abundant, common farther
north than any of the other species of Caranx; a well-known food-fish
rarely exceeding a foot in length, not found in the Pacific, where it is
replaced by Caranx caballus. (ypvodc, gold.)

Scomber erysos, MircuiLt, Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soc. N. Y., 1, 1815, 424, New York.

Caranx pisquetus, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 1x, 97, 1833, San Domingo, Cuba,
and Brazil; Jorpan & GILBERT, Synopsis, 435, 1883.

Trachurus squamosus, GRonow, Cat. Fishes, Ed. Gray, 125, 1854, Carolina.

Carine crysos, DE Kay, N. Y. Fauna: Vishes, 121, 1842; Ginruer, Cat., 11, 445, 1860.

Paratractus pisquetus, GIL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, 432; Porky, Synopsis, 336, 1868,

Caranz chrysus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1883, 190; Jorpan & GILBERT, Synop-
sis, 970, 1883,

1315. CARANX CABALLUS (Giinther).
(CocinERO ; CocinERO Dorano; JUREL.)
Head 4; depth 34. D. VIII-I, 24 (22 to 24); A. II-I, 21 (20 or 21); lat-

eral line 41 (developed scutes), Pectoral usually longer and scutes fewer
than in Caranx crysos. Form of C. erysos; rather elongate, not greatly

922 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

compressed ; the dorsal and ventral outlines regularly and nearly equally
arched ; a low occipital carina; a prominent supraocular ridge. Scales
comparatively large, the scaly sheaths of the vertical fins moderately
developed. Cheeks and upper part of opercles scaled; breast scaly.
Teeth in a narrow band above, those in front somewhat enlarged,
those of lower jaw mostly in one series; feeble teeth on tongue, vomer,
and palatines. Mouth rather small, the jaws nearly equal; maxillary
reaching front of pupil, 2% in head. Eye large, 34 in head, the adipose
eyelid well developed. Gill rakers numerous, very long and slender, 28
below angle. Curve of lateral line low, the straight part beginning under
first ray of second dorsal; length of arch 1% in straight part. Scutes of
lateral line strong. Pectoral] fins very long, slender, and falcate, their
length considerably more than that of the head, 2? in length of body,
their tips reaching fourth anal ray; ventrals short; second dorsal and
anal a little elevated in front, the longest ray half length of head, the
last rays of the fin scarcely rising above the scaly sheath. Greenish above,
golden below; a black blotch on the opercle, no spots elsewhere; fins
greenish, with faint dusky shades, nowhere distinctly black. Pacific Coast
of tropical America, Cerros Island to Panama, straying northward to San
Diego; very common from Guaymas southward. Closely related to C. crysos,
of which it is a representative on the Pacific Coast. Among our specimens
of Caranx crysos from Key West, are some which agree closely with the
type of Caranx caballus, having the pectoral scarcely shorter; it is not
likely that the two forms can be distinguished as species, and perhaps
not even as varieties. (caballus, horse; the names Caballo and Horse-
mackerel are often applied to species of Caranz.)

Trachurus boops, GIRARD, Pac. R. R. Surv., Fish., 108, 1858, San Diego; not Caranx boops, CUVIER
& VALENCIENNES.

Caranz caballus,* GUNTHER, Fish. Centr. Amer., 431, 1869, Panama; JorpaNn & GILBERT, Proc. U.
S. Nat. Mus., 1880, 456; Jornpan & GriupBeErt, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1883, 199; Jornpan &
GILBERT, Synopsis, 435, 1883.

Caranx girardi,* STEINDACHNER, Ichthyol. Notizen, rx, 25, 1869, San Diego; based on Trachurus

boops, GIRARD.
Carane boops, Gin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philia., 1862, 261.

Subgenus CARANGICHTHYS, Biceker.
1316. CARANX MARGINATUS, Gill.

Head 33; depth 23; eye 3. D. VIII-I, 19; A. II-I, 15; scutes 30. Body
more elongate than in Caranx latus, the back less elevated, and the pro-
file less steep. Eye larger, 3} in the young of C. latus of same size.
Teeth moderate, the anterior in both jaws little enlarged ; maxillary 2 in
head, reaching beyond pupil; teeth and mouth essentially as in Caranx
latus. Gill rakers rather long, about 12 below angle; scutes rather
weaker than in C. latus; arch of lateral line 1} in straight part, an
abrupt angle at junction of the two parts which is under sixth dorsal ray ;
pectoral } longer than head; cheeks and upper parts of opercle scaly;

* We do not know which of these two names of the same date is entitled to priority, Gtin-
ther’s paper was written first and probably printed first.

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 923

breast scaly ; scaly sheath of fins little developed. Bluish; sides golden ;
a very small, black opercular spot and a black axillary spot ; young some-
times with faint cross bands; fins all deep golden, especially the anal;
dorsal and caudal broadly margined with black, the color covering most
of fin; no spot on pectoral. Pacific Coast of Mexico; rather common
at Mazatlan; recorded from Mazatlan and Panama; long confounded
with Caranz latus, which lives in the same waters? Caranzx marginatus is
readily known by the slenderer form, dark colors, and larger eye. (mar-
ginatus, edged.)

Caranz marginatus, GILL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 166, Panama. (Coll. Capt. Dow.)

1317. CARANX LATUS, Agassiz.

(JUREL; XUREL; HORSE-EYE JACK.)

Head 32; depth 24. D. VIII-I, 22; A. II-I, 16 to 18; lateral line with
35 scutes. Form of Caranx hippos, but the profile not so strongly arched.
Teeth much as in C. hippos, the canines considerably weaker. Gill rakers
rather long, about 12 below angle. Breast scaly. Scutes present on
whole of straight part of lateral line; arched part of lateral line 14 in
straight part; an abrupt angle at junction of the two parts, which is
under third dorsal ray. Pectoral about as long as head; maxillary reach;
ing posterior edge of pupil; cheek and upper parts of opercles scaly -
scaly sheaths of fins little developed. Bluish; sides golden or silvery; a
very small, black opercular spot; young sometimes with faint dark cross
bands; fins mostly grayish. Anterior part of soft dorsal fin dusky;
caudal yellow, without black; no spot on pectorals; no axillary spot.
West Indies and all warm seas, occasionally north to Virginia; very
abundant southward; not so common northward as Caranx hippos.
Equally abundant on the west coast of Mexico; our specimens from
Panama, Clarion Island, and Chatham Island apparently not different
from West Indian examples. Also common in the East Indies, if Caranr
heberi is the same, as we suppose. The flesh is sometimes poisonous in
the tropics, giving rise to the disease called Ciguatera. (latus, broad.)

Carenx latus, AGASSIz, Pisc. Bras., 105, 1829, Brazil; Jorpan & Gitpert, Iroc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
1883, 200.

Caranx lepturus, AGAssizZ, Pisc. Bras., 106, 1829, Brazil; Ginrner, Cat., 11, 447,

Scomber heberi, BenNeE?TT, Fishes Ceylon, pl. 26, 1830, Ceylon.

Caranx fallax, Cuvier & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 1x, 95, 1833, Antilles; Brazil;
Pory, Repertorio, 328, 1875; Jorpan & GiLBeRt, Synopsis, 437, 1883.

Carangus fallax, GILL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, 433, and elsewhere; Pory, Synopsis, 364,
1868.

Caranx sem, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 1x, 105, 1833, Pondicherry.

Caranz forsteri, Cuvirn & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 1x, 107, 1833, East Indies.

Caranzx peroni, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 1x, 112, 1833, East Indies.

Caranx lessoni, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 1x, 113, 1833, Malabar.

Caranx belengeri, Cuvier & VALENCIENNES, Hist, Nat. Poiss., 1x, 116, 1833, Malabar.

Caranx paraspistes, Ricuarpson, Voy. Erebus and Terror, 136, 1844, Port Essington.

Caranz hippos, Ginruer, Cat., 11, 449, 1860, not Scomber hippos L.; Ginrurr, Fishes Centr. Amer.,
431, 1869; Day, Fishesof Malabar, 86, 1865; GUnrner, Fische der Siidsee, 131, fig. 84, 1876.

Caranz richardi, HorprooK, Ichthyol. South Carolina, 96, pl. 13, fig. 1, 1860, South Carolina.

Caranz aureus,* Pony, Enumeratio, 76, 1875, Cuba.

* Carane aureus, Poey. Brilliant yellow; silvery below; ventrals straw color; anal yellow; tip
of second dorsal and caudal lobes greenish. Length 10 inches. Seen in Cuba after north
winds in winter, Said to differ from Caranx latus only in color.—(Poey.)

924 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

1318. CARANX MEDUSICOLA, Jordan & Starks.

Head 32; depth 24. D. VII-I, 22; A. II-I, 19 or 18; scutes 32. Pec-
toral } longer than head. Dorsal lobe 13 in head; caudal lobes equal to
head; curve of lateral line 13 in straight part; height of arch in
its chord 4. Eye4in head; snout3; maxillary 3; ventral 24. Body
unusually deep and compressed, deeper than in Caranx latus; the back
elevated, the belly similarly arched ; head moderate, deep, the nape arched.
Mouth small, maxillary broad, with broad supplemental bone. Teeth in
moderate bands, the outer enlarged but not canine-like; upper teeth rather
larger than lowerandina broader band. Villiform bands on vomer, pala-
tines, and tongue. Eye moderate; preorbitalrathernarrow. Gill rakers
rather long and slender, about 12 below angle of arch. Soft dorsal and
anal with faleate lobes. Caudal well forked, the lobes equal. Pectoral
very long and falecate; ventrals short. Lateral line rather strongly
curved, with moderate armature. Breast entirely scaly. Clear blue
above, silvery below ; no bands or spots anywhere, except a small, black
axillary spot, and a blue-green patch on back of caudal peduncle; pec-
toral bright yellow; anal and caudal yellow, the lobes blackish; caudal
grayish, the lobes black with whitish posterior edge; ventrals yellow ;
young with a deep-blue spot above the eye in life. Length 6 to 12 inches.
About Mazatlan, on sandy shores; very common; the young of an inch
in length very abundant in the body cavity of a large translucent jelly-
fish found about the Venados Islands in January. (Medusa, a jelly-fish ;
colo, to inhabit.)

Caranz medusicola, JORDAN & STARKS, Rept. Fishes Sinaloa, MS., 1895, Mazatlan. (Coll. Hopkins
Expedition.) ~ :

1319. CARANX LUGUBRIS, Poey.

(Tr1NoSA.)

Head 33; depth 2?; eye 4}. D. VII-I, 21; A. II-I, 18. Body oblong
ovate, compressed, deep, the back elevated, but not arched. Profile gib-
bous from occiput forward to above eye, thence straight and steep at a
considerable angle to a point in front of nostrils, whence the snout again
projects at a strong angle. Outline of back nearly straight from occiput
to front of second dorsal, thence declining regularly to caudal peduncle.
Ventral outline nearly straight from lower jaw to origin of anal, the base
of which is placed at a similar angle to that of soft dorsal. Head large,
very deep, deeper than long, occipital ridge not sharp. Mouth large, the
broad maxillary reaching to opposite front of pupil. Lower jaw strong,
the chin projecting when mouth is closed. Teeth in upper jaw ina narrow
villiform band, with an outer series of larger, conical teeth, 6 to 8 in num-
ber on each side, subequal and regularly arranged. Lower jaw with a
single series of teeth similar to the larger teeth of upper jaw, afew smaller
teeth intermixed with them. No differentiated canine teeth. Villiform
teeth on vomer, palatines, and tongue. Gill rakers rather long, close-set,
2 diameter of eye. Eye large, witha distinct adipose eyelid, its diameter
equal to that of the broad preorbital, which is wider than maxillary.

, Pe

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 925

Cheeks closely scaled ; opercles mostly naked below; a few seales on sub-
opercle and interopercle. Scales on body not very small; breast closely
scaled. Lateral line with a moderate curve anteriorly, becoming straight
at front of anal, the length of the arch being less than # that of straight
part; greatest depth of arch about } itslength. Armature of lateral iine
beginning atthe curve; the plates rather large, very broad, 28 in number.
Fins with very few scales or none. Spinous dorsal moderate, the spines
rather strong, its last spine stout and free, nearly horizontal. Second
dorsal falcate, the longest rays more than half length of its base. Poste-
rior part of fin rather low, rising well above its low basal sheath of scales
which terminates near middle of fin; anal similar to soft dorsal, its
anterior rays more than half base-of fin. Free anal spines moderate.
Caudal lobes rather broad, equal, not very long, the upper as long as from
snout to edge of opercle, depth of fin from tip to tip about equal to
depth of head. Ventral fins short, not filamentous, as long as from snout
to end of maxillary. Pectoral extremely long, falcate, reaching to tenth
plate of lateral line, or about to seventh anal ray, its length 2? in that of
body, less than greatest depth of body. Color sooty blackish, nearly
uniform, the belly not paler than back. A black spot at angle of opercle,
none on pectoral. Ventrals, anal, and dorsal wholly black, as are the
shields of lateral line. Length 18 inches. Rocky islands in the tropics,
both in the Atlantic and Pacific. We have compared our specimens from
Clarion Island, Revillagigedos, with one of Poey’s specimens from Cuba,
and with specimens obtained by Dr. Streets. These differ somewhat in
form and in the height of fins, but we have no doubt that all belong
to the same species, this being another of those common to the two coasts
of tropical America. The species is rather common about Cuba, where it
is regarded as poisonous, and its sale in the markets is forbidden. (lugubris,
mournful, from its dark color and especially its bad reputation, associated
with the dread Ciguatera, a disease arising from fish poisoning. )

Scomber ascensionis, BLocu & ScuNEIDER, Syst. Ichth., 33, 1801; not Scomber ascensionis of OsBeck,
which may be Caranz guara.

Caranx lugubris, Pozy, Memorias, 11, 222, 1860, Cuba; Jorpan & GiLBert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
1881, 227; JorpAN & GILBERT, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1883, 201.

Caranz frontalis, Porky, Memorias, 11, 222, 1860, Cuba.

Caranx ascensionis, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 1x, 102, 1833; Gintuer, Cat., 1,
432, 1860; GUnrner, Fische Siidsee, x1, 132, pl. 85,1876; GUnruer, Voy. Challenger, Shore
Fishes, 4, 5, 1880.

Carangus lugubris, Pory, Synopsis, 365, 1868.

1320. CARANX MELAMPYG@US, Cuvier & Valenciennes.

Head 34; depth 24; eye 2 in length of snout, 1} in depth of broad pre-
orbital, 24 in postorbital part of head, and 2 in interorbital area. Second
D. I, 22; A. I, 19; scutes about 35. Body oblong ovate, compressed, the
back arched, the profile not steep, the curve from snout to dorsal being a
nearly regular arc; ventral outline nearly straight from the chin to front
of anal, where an angle is formed with the ascending base of the anal.
Head moderate, compressed, not blunt in profile, the occiput and inter-
orbital region elevated and considerably carinated. Mouth moderate,

926 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

low, oblique, the lower jaw prominent, scarcely projecting beyond upper ;
maxillary barely reaching to opposite front of smalleye. Upper jaw with
a band of villiform teeth, in front of which isa row of strong teeth, about
10 on each side, the anterior largest, larger than in most species, but
hardly canines. Lower jaw with a single row of rather large teeth, irregu-
larly placed much smaller than the larger teeth of the upper jaw ; villiform
teeth on vomer, palatines, and tongue. Eye small, placed high and far back ;
adipose eyelidsmall. Cheeks and upper part of opercles with small scales ;
rest of head naked. Gill rakers long and strong, as long as eye. Scales
rather small; breast closely scaled; lateral line not strongly arched,
becoming straight opposite front of anal, its curved part 17 in length of
straight part. Plates on anterior portion of straight part scarcely differ-
ent from ordinary scales; those on posterior portion moderate, with high
keels and appressed spines; 37 plates in all, counting from beginning of
straight part. Spinous dorsal moderate, the spines slender, rather high.
Procumbent spine obsolete. Soft dorsal low, faleate in front, the longest
ray little more than half base of fin, or 14 in length of head. Anterior
part of fin with a distinct scaly basal sheath, which becomes obsolete at
about the fourteenth ray. Anal fin similar to soft dorsal, a little shorter
and lower, its scaly sheath more developed; free anal spines moderate.
Caudal fin widely forked, its lobes subequal, 1} in head, distance from
tip to tip more than length of either lobe. Pectorals long and falcate,
their tips reaching sixth anal ray, longer than head, and a trifle
less than greatest depth of body. Ventrals short, + length of pec-
torals. Coloration in spirits olivaceous; dark above; pale below, but
nowhere silvery ; top of head clear olivaceous; opercular spot obsolete ;
lower jaw soiled golden; no pectoral spot; base of pectoral somewhat
dusky; small irregular dark-brown spots, smaller than the pupil and
irregular in size, scattered without order over the body, rather most
numerous about pectorals. Caudal fin dusky, especially on its posterior
edge; dorsal and anal dusky, their lobes black; ventrals dusky at tip;
pectorals olivaceous. Pacific Ocean, about islands in mid-ocean, widely
distributed. Our specimen from Socorro Island of the Revillagigedo
group. (uésac, black; mvy7, rump.)
Caranz melampygus, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 1x, 116, 1833, East Indies.
GUNTHER, Cat., 11, 440, 1860; GUnrHER, Fische der Siidsee, 133, pl. 86, 1876; Srreers, Bull;
U. S.Nat. Mus., vit, 69, 1877; Jonpan & GILBERT, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1881, 230; Jorpan & |
GILBERT, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1883, 201. |
Caranx stellatus, Eypoux & SouLreyretr, Voy. Bonite, Poiss., 167, 1840, Hawaiian Islands.
Caranx bixanthopterus, RUpPELL, Neue Wirbelthiere, 49, 1837, Red Sea.

Subgenus URASPIS, Bleeker.

1821. CARANX GUARA (Bonnaterre).
( “ Enxarfo.”’ )
Head 34; depth 243; snout 24 in head; eye 43 to 54. .D. VII-I, 26; A.
II-I, 21. Shields 24 to 29, 112 scales in lateralline. Body oval, compressed,

the outlines evenly curved; head compressed; upper profile steep, not
strongly decurved; mouth small, the broad maxillary barely reaching

a Ses

Jordan and Evermann.— Fishes of North America. 927

front of eye; teeth in jaws biserial in young, uniserial in adult, the
teeth subequal, blunt; villiform teeth on vomer, palatines, and tongue in
the young, these disappearing entirely with age, traces remaining in spec-
imens of 13 inches; lips thick in the adult. Lateral line little arched, its
curved part rather longer than its straight part. Pectoral long, falcate,
reaching seventh soft ray of anal, slightly longer than head. Soft dorsal
and anal low, scarcely elevated in front, the rays 2} to 3in head. Cantdal
lobes long, as long as head. Bluish and silvery; a black opercular spot;
no spots on fins. Length 2 feet. (Steindachner.) Tropical parts of the
Atlantic, widely distributed; not rare in the Mediterranean; common
along the coasts of Africa, Brazil, and the Madeiras. Not certainly known
from the West Indies, though doubtless occurring there. It is also abun-
dant in the South Pacific, if Caranz platessa and Caranx chilensis are really
the same species, as is supposed. We have not studied this species and
are not sure of allits synonymy. (Guara Tereba, a Brazilian name used
by Marecgrave for some Caranz, apparently Caranz latus.) (Eu.)

? Scomber adscensionis, OsBECK, Iter China, 1757 and 1771, English edition, Ascension Island;
soft D. 25; A. 25. Gray above; sides silvery. Length 1 foot. May be crumenophthalmus or
ruber; not Scomber ascensionis, Forster, 1801, nor Caranx ascensionis, Cuvier & VALEN-
CIENNES, which is C. lugubris.

Scomber guara, BONNATERRE, Encycl., 1788, 139, pl. 58; onaspecimen from America in Jussieu’s
collection.

Scomber dentexr, BLocu & ScHNEIDER, Syst. Ichth., 30, 1801, Brazil.

Caranx dentex, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., rx, 87, 1833; GUNTHER, Cat., 11, 441,
1860, erroneously ascribed to New Orleans; Strinpacuner, Ichth. Berichte, v, 36, pl. 1, 1868;
JoRDAN & GILBERT, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1883, 198.

? Trachurus imperialis, RAFINESQUE, Caratteri, 42, 1810, Palermo.

Caranz luna, GEOFFROY St.-H1Laire, Descr. Egypte Poiss., pl. 23, about 1820, Egypt.

Citula banksi, Risso, Eur. Mérid., 111, 422, 1826, Nice.

? Caranx platessa, Cuvier & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 1x, 84, 1833, seas of the Indies.

? Caranx georgianus, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 1x, 85, 1833, Australia.

Caranx solea, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., rx, 86, 1833, Brazil.

Carane analis, Cuvier & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 1x, 88, 1833.

? Caranx chilensis, Gay, Hist, Chili, Zodl., 11, 250, 1850, Juan Fernandez.

420. GNATHANODON,* Bleeker.

Gnathanodon, BLEEKER, Verh. Batay. Genootsch., xxiv, Makreele, 1851, (speciosus; teeth on
tongue only, none on jaws or palate).

Caranz, GILL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, 433, (speciosus; not Caranx, as restricted by
Bleeker).

Hypocaranx, KLUNZINGER, Fische des Rothen Meeres, 92, 1884, (speciosus).

This genus differs from Caranx mainly in the dentition, the teeth being
very small, granular, and entirely lost with age. The maxillary is broad,
the body compressed, and the fins are without filaments. Tropical seas.
(yvdoc, jaw; a, without; ddot¢, tooth.)

*Should the name Caranx be regarded as limited to the species (speciosus) first placed in it in
the manuscripts of Commerson, the present genus would be called Caranc, rather than
Gnathanodon.

928 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

1322. GNATHANODON SPECIOSUS (Forskal).
(Mosarra Dorapa.)

Head 3}; depth 24 to 2. Second D.I, 20; A. 1, 16; scutes weak, about
15. Teeth very minute, disappearing early ; none on vomer or palatines;
cheeks scaly ; breast entirely scaly. Curve of lateral line 14 in straight
part. Body broadly ovate, strongly compressed ; vertical fins somewhat
faleate; the lobe of the soft dorsal about half head; pectoral faleate, }
longer than head. Gill rakers numerous, long, about 20 below angle.
Color brilliant golden, with 6 broad, dusky cross bands, a narrow stripe
between each pair of broad ones; opercular spot obsolete, a small black
axillary spot; caudal lobes with dusky inner edge; no dark spots on
caudal in young or old. Length 2 feet. Tropical parts of the Pacific
and Indian oceans, Cape San Lucas to the Red Sea; on sandy shores; an
excellent and valued food-fish. The three dark blotches on the caudal
fin described and figured by authors as characteristic of G. speciosus are
not found in our specimens. (speciosus, beautiful. )

Scomber speciosus, ForsAt, Descr. Anim., 1775, xu, Red Sea, at Djidda, Arabia.

Scomber rim, Fors At, 1. c., 1775, 54, Djidda.

Caranx poloosoo, RicHARDSON, Voy. Erebus & Terror, Ichth., pl. 58, fig. 4 and 5, 1844; called
Caranx speciosus in text; Australia.

Caranx speciosus, GUNTHER, Cat., 11, 444, 1860; GUNTHER, Fish. Centr. Amer., 431, 1869; Jonpayn
& GILREBT, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1882, 375; ibid, 1883, 202

Caranx panamensis, GILL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, 166, Panama.

421. CARANGOIDES, Bleeker.

Carangoides, BLEEKER, Batay. Genootsch. Verh., xxiv, Makreele, 1851, (plagiotxnia; teeth equal
several series in both jaws and on palate and tongue),

Teeth persistent, all small, in villiform bands on jaws, vomer, pala-
tines, and tongue. Lateral line scarcely arched in front. Body oblong,
not much elevated; none of the dorsal rays produced. Otherwise essen-
tially asin Caranz. Tropical seas. (Caranz; cidoc, likeness.)

1323. CARANGOIDES ORTHOGRAMMUS (Jordan & Gilbert).

Head 2?; depth 3%; eye large, broader than preorbital, its diameter 13
in length of snout, 4% in head. Second D. I, 32; A. I, 26; scutes 17.
Body.elliptical, compressed, the back regularly but not strongly arched,
the ventral outline forming a rather even but less convex curve. Head
longer than deep, rather pointed in profile, its median ridge somewhat
elevated. Mouth low, oblique, the maxillary extending to nearly oppo-
site front of pupil, its length 24 in head; lower jaw slightly projecting.
Teeth all equally minute, in villiform bands on jaws, vomer, palatines,
and tongue. Adipose eyelid little developed. Cheeks and temporal
region with fine scales; rest of head naked. Scales rather small, those
below pectorals smaller; a naked area on breast, becoming wider for-
ward from base of ventrals. Lateral line almost straight, slightly
undulated and curved upward above pectorals, becoming straight by

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 929

almost imperceptible degrees opposite lobe of anal. Greatest depth of
the arch less than diameter of pupil; the length of straight part less than
that of the curve. Plates developed only on the posterior third of the
straight part; the plates small, with low keels, their spines little promi-

nent; 15 to 18 plates developed, including small ones, in front of which

are about 40 ordinary scales on the straight portion of the lateral line.
Spinous dorsal very small, of 3 weak spines slightly connected by mem-
brane, the highest spine not longer than diameter of pupil (these spines,
probably, more numerous and larger in young examples). Soft dorsal
long and low, with slender rays; a well-developed scaly basal sheath
anteriorly. Elevated rays in front a little more than 4 the base of the
fin, a little more than half length of head ; anal shorter than dorsal, its
anterior lobe equally high, and with a similar basal sheath. Free anal
spines obsolete in typical specimen. Caudal lobes moderate, equal, as
long as head, their length equal to the depth of the fin from tip to tip.
Pectoral fin falcate, its tip very slender, reaching eighth ray of anal, its
length 24 in body. Ventrals short, 2} in head. Coloration in spirits,
smutty olivaceous, everywhere irregularly clouded with darker, the belly
searcely paler than the back; opercular spot obsolete. Dorsal, anal, pos-
terior border of caudal, and tips of ventrals blackish; fins otherwise
dull olivaceous. Length l6inches. Revillagigedo Islands; one specimen
known; the species is possibly identical with the one called Caranz
ferdau by Giinther (Fische der Siidsee, 134, 1876), from the Pacific
islands. It is, however, certainly different from the original Scomber
ferdau of Forsk&l, from the Red Sea. (dp66¢, straight; ypauuf, line.)

Caranx orthogrammus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 226, 1881, Sulphur Bay,

Clarion Island, Revillagigedos. (Type, No. 28345. Coll. Lieut. Nichols.)
Carangoides orthogrammus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., 202, 1883.

422, CITULA, Cuvier.

Citula, CuviER, Régne Animal, Ed. 1, 315, 1817, (armata).
Alropus, Cuvier, Régne Animal, Ed. 1, 1817, 324, (atropus).

This genus differs from Carangoides mainly in having one or more of the
anterior rays of the soft dorsal produced in filaments. The body has not
the distorted form seen in Alectis, but is more like that of Caranx. The
young is more like Caranz in form and appearance than the adult,* its

* Compared with the central species of Carana (as Caranzx latus), Citula dorsalis differs strikingly
in many respects, among others the following: The greater compression and elevation of the
body, the greater length and sharpness of the breast, the much greater depth of the preorbital
region, the greater prominence and sharpness of the frontal and occipital keel, the more oblique
position of the bones of the head, the feebleness and uniformity of the teeth, the approximation
below of the mandibular rami, the reduction in size of the scales and scutes, and the increase of
the naked areas, the reduction or loss (in the adult) of the dorsal and anal spines, the increase in
length of the lobes of the dorsal, anal, and caudal, and, finally, the increase in the difference
between the old and the young. Not one of these features is, however, well adapted for generic
distinction, as they increase by easy transitions from species to species. On the other hand,
comparing Citula dorsalis with Selene vomer, we find that in almost every one of the differences
above noted, the latter species carries these characters to a still greater extreme, and differs from
Citula dorsalis in just the respects in which the latter differs from Caranx latus. Vomer setipinnis
is, in some regards, a species still more extreme than Selene vomer, although it has not quite lost
the lateral scutes. As a matter of fact the Carangine (excepting Megalaspis, Decapterus, and pos-
sibly Trachurus) form a continuous, almost unbroken series, only divisible into genera for con-
venience sake, beginning with Zrachurus on the one hand and ending with Selene on the other.

F.N. A. 60

930 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

——— = ea

later development carrying the fish farther in the direction of the extreme
forms Alectis, Hynnis, and Selene. Warm seas. (Citula, an Italian name
of Zeus faber.)

1324. CITULA DORSALIS #* (Gill).

(PAMPANO.)

Head 31; depth 275. D. VI-I, 19; A. II, 1,17; eye 42 in head; snout 23.
Pectorals + longer than head; ventrals short, 3in head; dorsal lobes 13 in
body reaching middle of caudal. About 25 developed scutes. Caudal lobe
equal to head. Dorsal with 1 long filament, anal with 1. Caudal moderate,
the lobes equal. Dorsal sheath of scales very low. Pectoral very long,
falcate, reaching tenth anal ray. Ventrals small, reaching just past vent.
Body deep, compressed, rather ovate than angular, profile straight from
the vertically truncate snout to nape, then rounded, then straight to front
of dorsal. A nearly straight line from chin to front of anal. Eye rather
small; adipose eyelid small; preorbital deep; mouth rather large, the
lower jaw included; teeth small, in broad bands on jaws, vomer, and pal-
atines; maxillary reaching pupil, 24 in head. Cheek entirely scaly, some
scales on opercle above; breast naked, body well scaled; a partly naked
area above lateral line; body with small scales, the nuchal region naked,
scarcely carinate. Gill rakers rather long,2+15. Lateral line evenly
curved, the curve high, equal to straight pazt. Scutes small, 18 with
keels, the total number of scales on straight part 58. Steel blue above,
silvery below, with golden reflections and shades; fins all pale, tinged
with yellowish, some of the posterior membranes of dorsal dusky; no
black on pectorals; axis jet black; ventrals tipped with dusky. Opercle
with a dusky streak along its edge; blackish within; a dark spot on
orbit above. Young more elongate, the produced rays shorter. Length
about 1 to 2 feet. Pacific Coast of Mexico, not rare on sandy shores in
the surf, Mazatlan to Panama. (dorsalis, pertaining to the back.)

Carangoides dorsalis, GILL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, 166, Panama; not Vomer dorsalis, Git,

Caranz dorsalis, GUNTHER, Fish. Centr. Amer., 432, 1869.

Citula dorsalis, JORDAN & GILBERT, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1882, 375.

Caran otrynter, JORDAN & GILBERT, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1883, 202; a new name as a substitute
for dorsalis, preoccupied in Caranz, if Vomer dorsalis is regarded as a species of Curanx.

* A large specimen from Mazatlan apparently represents the adult condition of this species.
Its characters are: Head 314; depth 214. Second D. I, 18; A. I, 17; about 25 scutes developed.
Body rather elongate, moderately compressed, with angular outlines. Profile of head rounded;
that of belly somewhat concave, forming an angle at front of anal similar to that at front of dor-
sal. Eye 5in bead; maxillary 244; mouth moderate; lower jaw included. Teeth in broad, villi-
form bands on both jaws and on yomer and palatines. Nostrils large, equal, close together. Gill
rakers 3-14, rather stout, shorter than eye. Dorsal spines all obsolete in specimeus examined.
First dorsal ray soft, filamentous, 134 in body; longest anal ray 234 in body. Caudal keel consid-
erably elevated, with a small keel above and below it; scutes not sharp; caudal -lobes subequal,
about as long as head; pectorals falcate, } longer than head; ventrals short, 324 in head. Curve
of lateral line low, 114 times in straight part, its height 14 the length of itschord. Maxillary
broad, with very broad supplemental bone, its greatest width 24 eye. Color silvery, strongly
tinged with golden. olive on upper parts, with pearly reflections below; a large black spot in
axil, nearly as large aseye. Finsall pale. A single large specimen, 2 feet in length, taken in
the Astillero at Mazatlan.

*

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 931

423. ALECTIS, Rafinesque.

(THREADFISHES. )

Gallus, LAc&PEDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., rv, 583, 1802, (virescens; name preoccupied in birds).

Alectis, RAFINESQUE, Analyse de la Nature, 1815, (substitute for Gallus, preoccupied).

Blepharis, Cuvier, Regne Anim., 11, 322, 1817, (ciliaris; name preoccupied).

Scyris, Cuvier, Régne Anim., Ed. 11, Vol. 11, 209, 1829, (indica).

Gallichthys, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., rx, 168, 1833, (gallus; substitute for Gallus):

Blepharichthys, Giut, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, 431, (ciliaris; substitute for Blepharis, pre-
occupied).

Body rhomboid, deep, strongly compressed, more or less completely
covered with minute embedded scales, sometimes apparently naked;
scutes on the straight portion of the lateral line enlarged, bony, and
spinous, as in Caranz, but much less developed. Mouth moderate, with
bands of villiform teeth on jaws, vomer, palatines, and tongue. First
dorsal fin little developed, the spines short and rudimentary, mostly dis-
appearing with age; soft dorsal and anal similar to each other; the first
five or six rays of each fin elongate and filiform in the young, becoming
shorter with age; ventral fins elongate in young, short in the adult;
pectorals falcate; no finlets. Caudal peduncle narrow, the caudal widely
forked. Gillrakers moderate, stout. This genus is not essentially different
from Caranz, the great change in form arising from no important modifi-
cation of the skeleton. The changes due to age are surprisingly great,
as Dr. Litken has shown, the characters of the nominal genera being
chiefly stages in the growth of individuals. The young individuals are
almost orbicular in form, with the filaments excessively long. Tropical
seas. (wAéxtwp, a cock; different species having been known as Weerhenne
or Gallus marinus, Peixe-Gallo, Gal, or Poisson-Coqg; these names first
applied to Zeus faber.)

1525. ALECTIS CILIARIS (Bloch).

(THREADFISH ; COBBLER Fisu ; SUNFISH.)

Head 34; depth 14 to 2. D.VI-I, 19; A. II-I, 16; scutes 12. Body
oval, much compressed, highest at the elevated bases of dorsal and anal
fins. Preorbital very deep. Mouth nearly horizontal in the adult, very
oblique in the young. First rays of dorsal and anal filamentous, exceed-
ingly long, in the young much longer than body, becoming shorter with
age. Lateral line with a wide arch, the curved portion about equal to
the straight part. Scaly sheath of fins little developed. Scutes becom-
ing stronger and blunter with age. Ventrals broad; occipital keel sharp.
Pectorals long and falcate, longer than head. Bluishabove, golden yellow
below; a dark blotch on opercle; a black spot on orbit above; a black
blotch on dorsal and anal in front. Tropical America on both coasts,
ranging north to Cape Cod and Mazatlan, generally common southward,
about the Florida Keys and Cuba; a food-fish of some importance. The
many nominal species of this type have been reduced by Liitken to three
or four: gallus and ciliaris of the East Indies, alexandrinus of North
_ Africa, and crinitus of America. We have not examined the East Indian

932 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

forms, but we see no reason for doubting that ciliaris is the young of gallus,

as has been supposed by Dr. Day and others. The name gallus was, how-

ever, originally applied by Linneus to Selene vomer. Our young speci-

mens of crinitus, moreover, agree fully with the figures of ciliaris. We

think it, therefore, extremely probable that all the nominal species of

this type are forms of Alectis ciliaris. As has been shown by Liitken

(Spolia Atlantica, 197), the nominal genera Scyris, Blepharis, and Gallich-

ihys, are simply stages in the developmeut of individuals, the charac-

ters assigned to these genera changing with age. (ciliaris, with long

lashes.)

Zeus ciliaris, BLocu, Ichthyol., v1, 29, pl. 29, 1788, East Indies ; young.

Scomber filamentosus, MuNGO Park, Trans. Linn. Soc., 111, 36, 1797, Sumatra.

Gallus virescens, LACEPEDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., rv, 583, 1803; after LINN2xus.

Zeus crinitus, Mircuitt, Amer. Journ. Sci. Arts, x1, 1826, 144, Shoreham.

Blepharis crinitus, DE Kay, N. Y. Fauna: Fishes, 123, 1842.

Alectis crinitus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 438, 1883.

Blepharichthys crinitus, GILL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci, Phila., 1862, 262.

Caranx crinitus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1882, 359; ibid 1883, 203.

Gallichthys crinitus, LETKEN, Spolia Atlantica, 131, 197, 1880.

Blepharis sutor, CUuvV1ER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 1x, 161, 1833, Caribbean Sea.

Caranx sutor, GUNTHER, Cat., 11, 454, 1860.

Blepharis major, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 1x, 163, 1833, West Indies.

Gallichthys chevola, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., rx, 175, 1833, East Indies.

Carangoides blepharis, BLEEKER, Verhand. Batay. Genootsch., xx1rv, Makr. 67, 1852, East
Indies,

Carangoides gallichthys, BLEEKER, I. c., 68, East Indies.

Scyris analis, PoEy, Synopsis, 369, 1868, Cuba; a large specimen without filamentous rays on
the anterior part of the anal; probably an accidental variation ; the dorsal has the second
ray as long as the body; the other filamentous rays shorter. <A. I, 14.

424. HYNNIS, Cuvier.
* Hynnis, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., rx, 195, 1833, (gorcensis).

This genus has the high, compressed, angular body of Selene, the dorsal
and anal lobes not ending in filaments, and the caudal peduncle armed
with a few weak plates, as in Alectis. Its position is between Alectis and
Selene, with close affinities to both. As elsewhere stated, the separation of
these peculiarly formed genera from Caranx and from each other has no
basis in any structural character of importance. Tropicalseas. (ivvic, a
vomer or plowshare. )

~

a. Eye moderate, 5’ in head in adult; pectorals pale. CUBENSIS, 1526.
aa. Eye very large, 334 in head in adult; pectorals tipped with dusky. HOPKINSI, 1327.

1326. HYNNIS CUBENSIS (Poey).

Head 4 in total length with caudal (about 3} without) ; depth 3 (2¢
without). D. I, 19; A. I, 16. Eye 5} in head in specimen of 24 feet.
Maxillary reaching nostrils. Teeth villiform, present on jaws, vomer, and
palatines. Scales minute. Arch of lateral line very convex, its scutes
weak. Pectorals falciform, a little longer than head. Insertion of anal
opposite second third of pectoral. Dorsal moderately falcate, its height ?
that of body below it. Caudal deeply forked. Silvery, with bright

ies

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 933

reflections; a large blue spot on opercle; lips bluish ; no spot on pectoral.
Length 3 feet. Cuba. (Poey.) We have examined Poey’s drawings of
this species and are sure that it is distinct from Hynnis alexandrinus,
the Egyptian species.

Hynnis cubensis, Poxy, Memorias, 11, 235, 1860, Havana. (Coll. Poey.)

1327. HYNNIS HOPKINSI, Jordan & Starks.

(PAMPANO.)

Head 34; depth 2; eye 33. D. VI-I,18; A. II,I, 15; snont 22 in head;
maxillary 22; pectoral 35 in body; V. 24in head ; dorsal lobes 2! in head;
caudal lobes 13 ; anal2+; preorbital4jin head. Body oblong, compressed,
elevated, with angular outlines, ventral outline sharp. Top of head
sharply carinate; profile nearly straight from snout to nape, there boldly
convex, then nearly straight to elevated front of soft dorsal, a concavity
in profile before soft dorsal and before anal. Mouth oblique, rather
large, the jaws equal. Broad bands of small sharp teeth on jaws, vomer,
and palatines. Eye very large. Dorsal and anal lobes low, none of the
rays prolonged. Lateral line with a long arch, as long as straight part,
which has about 12 elevated scutes and 37scales in allfromend of curve;
curved part of lateral line undulating behind. Gill rakers short, rather
few, 12inall, those above angle obsolete. Body minutely scaly. Belly and
lower parts largely naked, a large patch of scales on cheeks; head other-
wise naked. Pectoral long, falcate, reaching seventh anal ray; ventrals
notshort, reaching past vent. Caudalmoderate. Bright blue above, with
bright reflections; sides bright silvery ; no golden; a narrow brownish
streak not quite so wide as pupil from upper part of gill opening to middle
of base of soft dorsal ; péctoral tipped with black ; axilof pectoral dusky ;
upper fins rather dusky, lower white; dusky on angle of opercle inside
and out, but without definite spot. One specimen, 26 inches long, taken
with a seine in the surf at Puerto Viejo, near Mazatlan. (Named for
Timothy Hopkins, esq., of San Francisco, founder of the Hopkins Labora-
tory on Monterey Bay, in recognition of his deep interest in biological
research. )

Hynnis hopkinsi, Jorvan & Starks, Rept. Fishes Sinaloa, MS., 1895, Mazatlan. (Type, No.
1563, L. 8. Jr. Univ. Mus. Coll. Hopkins Expedition.)

425. VOMER, Cuvier and Valenciennes.

Zomer, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 1x, 189, 1833, (brownii).
Platysomus, SWAINSON, Class’n Fishes, 11, 250, 1839, (brownii).

This genus is closely allied to Caranz, from which it differs only in its
distortion of form, and in its weak teeth and very low fins. Body broad
ovate, very strongly compressed, all the outlines sharply trenchant.
Head very gibbous above the eyes, its anterior profile vertical; lateral
line strongly arched, its posterior portion with very weak shields. Scales
minute, rudimentary ; soft dorsal and anal extremely low, not faleate.
Young much deeper in form than the adult, ‘all the fins higher, resembling
Selene. Warm seas. (vomer, a plowshare, from the form of the body.)

934 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.
a. Soft dorsal with about 25 rays; depth in adult less than half length. DORSALIS, 1328.
aa. Soft dorsal with 21 or 22 rays.
b. Depth in adult about half length. SETIPINNIS, 1329.
bb. Depth in adult much more than half length. GABONENSIS, 1330.

1328. VOMER DORSALIS, Gill.

Depth less than half length of body. D. VII-I, 25; A.I, 20. West Indies
and west coast of Africa. (Giunther.) A doubtful species, not seen by us.
(dorsalis, pertaining to the dorsal, which is longer than in Vomer setipinnis.)
Argyreiosus setipinnis, var. B, GUNTHER, Cat., 11, 459, 1860, St. Vincent, Cape Verde Islands;

West Indies.
Vomer dorsalis, Gru, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, 436; after GUNTHER.
Vomer senegalensis, GUICHENOT, Ann. Soc. Linn. Maine et Loire, 1865, 35, Senegal.
Vomer goreensis, GUICHENOT, I, c., 37, Gorea.
Caranz setipinnis dorsalis, JORDAN & GILBERT, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1883, 204.

1329. VOMER SETIPINNIS (Mitchill).

(JoROBADO; MoonrisH; HorserisH; BLUNT-NOSED SHINER.)

Head 34; depth 2 in adult, 14 to 1in young. D. VIII-I, 21 or 22; A.
II-I,19 or 20; scutes 20. Body oblong, rhombic, less elevated than in
Selene vomer; profile anteriorly nearly vertical, highest above the eye,
snout somewhat protruding, belly mostly arched in the young; mouth
oblique; maxillary reaching vertical from front of orbit. Ventral fins
minute; dorsal and anal very low, especially in the adult, the long rays
disappearing very early; pectorals falcate, about as long as head. Green-
ish above, below golden or silvery. Young with a black blotch at origin
of straight part of lateral line. Tropical America, on both coasts; from
Maine to Brazil, and Cape San Lucas to Peru; generally common south-
ward, the young coming northward in the Gulf Stream; also in Western
Africa. (sela, bristle; pinna, fin.)

Zeus setipinnis, Mrrcu111, Trans. Lit. and Philos. Soc. N. Y., 1815, 384, New York.

Vomer browni, CuvVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., rx, 189, plate 256, 1833, New York
and West Indies.

Argyreiosus setipinnis, GUNTHER, Cat., 11, 459, 1860.

Vomer setipinnis, GILL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, 436; Jornpan & GILBERT, Synopsis, 440,
1883; JorpDAN & GILBERT, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1883, 204.

Selene setipinnis, LUTKEN, Spolia Atlantica, 135, 1880.

Platysomus spixii, SwAINSON, Class’n Fishes, 11, 1839, 250, 406, Brazil; after Sprx and AGAssIz,
pl. 57.

Platysomus micropteryx, SWAINSON, l.c., 406, Pernambuco.

Argyreiosus unimaculatus, BATCHELDER, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 11, 1845, 78, Maine; young.

Vomer sanctxe-marthx, columbianus, martinicensis, dominicensis, noveboracensis, sanctie-petri, brasiliensis, .
cayennensis, and cube, GUICHENOT, Ann. Soc. Linn. Maine et Loire, 1865, 38 to 44, localities
indicated by the names.

Vomer curtus, CopE, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. Phila., 1870, 119, Rhode Island; young.

1330. VOMER GABONENSIS, Guiehenot.

Depth in adult more than half length. D. VIII-I, 22; A. I, 18 or 19.
West Indies and west coast of Africa (Giinther). A doubtful species, not
seen by us.

Jordan and Evermann.—Ffishes of North America. 935

Argyreiosus setipinnis, var. A., GUNTHER, Cat., 11, 459, 1860, Fernando Po; San Domingo;
Jamaica ; Bahia.

Vomer gabonensis, GUICHENOT, Ann. Soc. Linn. Maine et Loire, 1865, 42, Gaboon.

Argyreiosus gabonensis, STEINDACHNER, Fisch-Fauna des Senegals, 38, 1869.

Caranz setipinnis gabonensis, JORDAN & GILBERT, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1883, 204.

426. SELENE, Lacépéde.

(MOONFISHES. )

Selene, LAc&PEDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., rv, 560, 1803, (argentea = young of vomer).
Argyreiosus, Lac&PrpE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 1v, 566, 1803, (vomer).

Body very closely compressed and much elevated, the profile very
oblique or nearly vertical; edges of body everywhere trenchant, espe-
cially anteriorly. Head short and very deep, the opercle very short, and
the preorbital extremely deep; an abrupt angle at the occipital region.
Mouth rather small; premaxillaries protractile, fitting into a notch
between the bases of the maxillaries; maxillaries broad, each with a
supplemental bone. Tongue narrow, free. Teeth minute, on jaws,
tongue, vomer, and palatines. Gillrakers long and slender. Spines of
fins usually weak, more or less filamentous in the young ; free anal spines
immovable, sometimes obsolete in the adult. Soft fins faleate, much
elevated. No finlets. Head naked. Scales minute. Lateral line wholly
unarmed. Colorationsilvery. Tropicalseas. Notwithstanding its extra-
ordinary form, this genus differs in no important regard from Carane.
(ceAnvn, the moon.)

a. Dorsal with about 18 soft rays, anal with about 15; anterior profile of head curved; bones

of head lower and less oblique than in Selene vomer. (RSTEDII, 1331.
aa, Dorsal with about 23 soft rays, anal with about 18; anterior profile of head, from base
of snout to occiput, almost perfectly straight. VOMER, 1332.

1331. SELENE (RSTEDITI, Liitken.

Head 3; depth 2. D. VI-I, 15; A. (II)-I, 14; eye 4 in head; snout 13;
maxillary 2¢; ventral 3}; caudal lobes equal head; pectoral 4 longer
than head. Body compressed and elevated, but less so than in Selene vomer;
profile oblique, concave over snout, then straight to occiput, which is
well rounded ; line of back straight to soft dorsal, then slightly curved
to caudal peduncle; ventral outline rounded on breast to ventrals, then
straight to anal, forming an angle at first ray, then straight to caudal
peduncle. Mouth projecting, with minute teeth on jaws, vomer, pala-
tines, and tongue; gill rakers thick and blunt, many of them knobbed at
tip—in old examples at least, 1 above angle with 3 or 4 rudimentary
ones, and 13 below. A large thickened knob at occiput, very conspicu-
ous in adult, due to the thickening of the supraoccipital crest. Pectoral
faleate, reaching to tenth anal ray; dorsal and anal lobes filamentous,
reaching past tips of caudal lobes; lateral line strongly arched, its curve
equal to its straight part. Color silvery, with bluish reflections above;
dorsal and caudal dark, pectoral, ventral, and anal white; axil dusky.
Length 15 inches. Pacific Coast of tropical America, from Mazatlan to

936 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

Panama; not common. MHere described from an adult example taken at
Mazatlan. (Named for Professor Q@rsted of Copenhagen, its discoverer.)

Selene orstedii, LUTKEN, Spolia Atlantica, 144, 1880, Punta Arenas.
Selene wrstedii, JORDAN & GILBERT, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1883, 205.

1332. SELENE VOMER (Linnzus).

(Moonrisu ; Jorosapo ; Look Down; HorsEneap.)

Head 3; long dorsal rays 2; pectoral 24; long anal rays 23; depth 13,
the young much deeper. D. VII-I,23;* A. II-I,18. Anterior profile from
tip of snout to occiput almost perfectly straight in the adult. Diameter
of eye, length of opercle, and distance from eye to profile about equal ;
eye 2 in maxillary, 24 in preorbital; mandibles very deep, the dentary
bones thin, approximate; one or two of the dorsal spines greatly elongate
and filamentous in the young, short in the adult; ventrals variable in
length, usually about as long as the eye in the adult, variously elongate
in partly grown specimens. Color uniform silvery in the adult. Our
observations of this species tend to confirm the correctness of Dr. Liitken’s
views (Spolia Atlantica, 189) as to the transformations incident to its
growth. ‘Tropical America, on both coasts, from Cape Cod to Brazil, and
from Lower California to Peru. Very common southward on sandy
shores, both in the Atlantic and Pacific. The Pacific Coast form, bre-
voortii = pacificus, is not evidently different from Selene vomer. (vomer,
a plowshare.)

zeus vomer, LiINN/US, Syst. Nat., Ed. x, 1758, 266, America; after Zeus cauda bifurca of Lin-
Nmus, Mus. Adolph-Fred., 1, 66.

Argyreiosus vomer, LACEPEDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., rv, 566, 1803; Gin~, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
1862, 437, and elsewhere.

Selene vomer, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 1x, 177, 1883; GUNTHER, Cat., 11, 458,
1860; LirKen, Spolia Atlantica, 1880, 547, (with figures showing the various changes under-
gone with age); JorDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 439, 1883; Brevoort, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist.
N. Y., v, 68, pi. 4, 1853; Gitt, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, 436; Jornpan & GILBERT,
Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1883, 205.

Zeus gallus, LINNmUS, Syst. Nat., Ed. x, 1758, 267, America; after Zeus cauda bifurca of ARTEDI;
confused with Alectis ciliaris.

Zeus niger, BLocuH & SCHNEIDER, Syst. Ichth., 98, 1801, (confounded with Pomacanthus arcuatus).

Selene argentea, LAcCELPEDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 1v, 560, pl. 9, fig. 2, 1803, (adult).

Zeus capillaris, Mircu1Ly, Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soc., 1, 1815, 383, (young), New York.

Argyriosis capillaris, GiLL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, 437.

Zeus rostratus, Mivcuit, l. ¢c., 384, New York, (young).

Zeus geometricus, MrrcuitL, Amer. Monthly Mag., 11, 1818, 245 (adult), New York.

Argyriosus triacanthus, SWAINSON, Nat. Uist. Class’n Fish., 1839, 250, Brazil; after Sprx & AGas-
siz, pl. 58, (young).

Argyriosus filamentosus, SWAINSON, lL. c., 250; after CuviIER & VALENCIENNES, pl. 255.

Argyriosus setifer, SwAInson, l. c., 409; after Cuvier & VALENCIENNES, pl. 255, substitute for _
vomer and filamentosus.

Argyriosus mauricei, SWAINSON, l. c., 408, Brazil, (adult).

Argyriosus milchilli, De Kay, N. Y. Fauna: Fishes, 1842, 126, (young), New York.

Argyriosus spixii, CASTELNAU, Anim.-Nouy. Rares, 23, 1855, (adult).

Argyriosus brevoorti, GiLL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, 88, Panama, (young).

Argyreiosus pacificus, Lock1neTon, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1876, 84, Lower California,
(aduit).

* D, I, 20 to 22; A. I, 17 or 18, in Pacific Coast specimens = Selene brevoortii (Gill).

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 937

427. CHLOROSCOMBRUS, Girard.

(CASABES. )

Chloroscombrus, GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1858, 168, (cosmopolita).
Micropteryx, GUNTHER, and others, but Micropteryx, AGAssiz, was given as a substitute for Seriola,
of which name it must be considered a synonym.

Body oblong ovate, closely compressed, but not elevated; the abdomen
prominent anteriorly, its curve being much greater than the curve of the
back. Occiput and thoracic region trenchant. Caudal peduncle very
narrow, the fin widely forked. Scales small,smooth. Lateral line arched
in front, unarmed, or with a few small plates. Head nearly naked. Pre-
orbital low. Mouth rather small, oblique, lower jaw scarcely projecting ;
upper jaw protractile; maxillary broad, emarginate behind, with a large
supplementalbone. Jaws, vomer, and palatines with feeble teeth, mostly
in single series. First dorsal of feeble spines, connected by membrane;
second dorsal and anal long and low, similar, much longer than the short
abdomen. No finlets. Anal spines strong. Ventrals small; pectorals
faleate. Gill rakers long. American; small species, little valued as
food. (yAwpéc, green; cxduf3poc, mackerel.)

a. Chord of curved part of lateral line considerably longer than head, 1% to 12 in straight

part; lateral line armed posteriorly with small bony shields, as in Vomer; coloration
rather dusky, the fins largely tipped or edged with blackish. ORQUETA, 1333.
aa, Chord of curved part of lateral line about as long as head, measured from tip of lower

jaw, and 124 to 134 in length of straight part; lateral shields wholly obsolete; color-
ation rather pale. CHRYSURUS, 1334.

1333. CHLOROSCOMBRUS ORQUETA, Jordan & Gilbert.

(ORQUETA ; XUREL DE CASTILLA.)

Head 32; depth 24. D. VIII-I, 26; A. II, 26. Body ovate, strongly
compressed, the edges trenchant. Dorsal and ventral outlines very regu-
larly curved, the curve of the belly considerably stronger than that of the
back, the axis of body much nearer the latter. Caudal peduncle very slen-
der. Young less elongate than the adult, otherwise very similar in form.
Head small, rather pointed, the anterior profile nearly straight. Mouth
small, very oblique, the lower jaw projecting. Maxillary broad, extend-
ing a little beyond front of eye, its length 2} in head, its tip marginate ;
supplemental bone well developed. Teeth very small, those of the jaws
not villiform, forming very narrow bands or single series in both jaws;
villiform patches on vomer, palatines, and tongue. Adipose eyelid well
developed. Preorbital very narrow, not half width of orbit. Gill rakers
numerous, very long, slender, close-set. Head nearly naked. Body coy-
ered with well-developed imbricated scales; the ventral ridge, and a nar-
rowly triangular area forward from front of dorsal naked. Lateral line
with a rather strong arch anteriorly, the chord of the curve being consid-
erably longer than head, and 1} to 1? in the straight part. (In Chloroscom.
brus chrysurus the chord of the curve is about as long as head from tip of
lower jaw, and 1} to 1} in the straight portion.) A distinct keel along
Caudal peduncle, the scales of lateral line enlarged and bony, with

938 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

bluntish tips. (In C. chrysurus the scales of lateral line are little if at all
different from the other scales.) Dorsal and anal naked, the sheaths at
their bases largely developed along the anterior half of each fin. Antrorse
dorsal spine concealed. Spinous dorsal persistent, the spines slender,
longest slightly shorter than anterior rays of soft dorsal, which are about
half head. Soft dorsal and anal with anterior rays highest, the fins not
faleate. Caudal widely forked, the upper lobe slightly longer than the
lower, which about equals head. Anal spines strong. Pectorals very
long, faleate, a little more than } length. Ventrals short, about ? head.
Color somewhat darker than in C. chrysurus. In life, back green with
blue reflections ; sides and below silvery white, with bluish and purplish
reflections ; a distinct black blotch on upper angle of opercle, extending
on shoulder girdle; inside of opercle, and skin lining shoulder girdle
below, largely dusky. A quadrate black blotch on back of tail, extend-
ing backward along bases of upper caudal rays. Fins light yellowish,
the dorsal and anal edged with black; tip of upper caudal lobe black.
Ventrals whitish. Tongue, base and roof of mouth, and skin of upper
branchiostegals black. Pacific Coast of tropical America, Magdalena
Bay (Steindachner) to Panama (Gilbert); common at Panama, but not
seen at Mazatlan either by Gilbert or Jordan. (Orqueta, the Spanish
name at Panama.)

Chloroscombrus orqueta, JORDAN & GILBERT, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1882, 646, Panama. (Type,
Nos. 29165, 29278, 29285, and 29343. Coll. Gilbert.) :

Chloroscombrus stirurus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus,, 1883, 206, (lapsus for orqueta,
uncorrected proof sheet).

1334. CHLOROSCOMBRUS CHRYSURUS (Linneus).

(CASABE ; BUMPER.)

Head 33; depth 2}; eye very large, longer than snout, about 3 in head.
D. VIII-I, 26; A. II-I, 26. Head rather deeper than long ; opercles very
short; snout short. Mouth very oblique; maxillary reaching anterior
margin of eye. Chord of curved part of lateral line scarcely longer than
head, 1% to 12 times in length of straight part. lateral line wholly
unarmed. Caudal peduncle longer than deep, its diameter less than that
of eye; ventrals very small, fitting into a groove in which the vent is
situated ; pectorals long, faleate, 4 the length. Greenish above, sides

and below golden; caudal peduncle dusky above; dark opereular and

axillary spots; inside of mouth black; fins not bordered or tipped with
black. Cape Cod to Brazil; very common on our south Atlantic Coast
and in Cuba; not valued as food, the flesh thin and dry, the bones large.
(ypva0c, gold; ovpa, tail.)

Scomber chrysurus, LINN&US, Syst. Nat., x11, 494, 1766, Charleston, South Carolina.

Scomber chloris, BLocu, Ichthyologia, plate 339, 1793.

Micropteryx cosmopolita, AGASSIZ, Spix, Pisc. Bras., 104, 1829, Brazil.

Seriola cosmopolita, CuvreER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 1x, 219, pl. 256, 1833.

Scomber latus, GRoNow, Catalogue Fishes, Ed. Gray, 127, 1854, Carolina.

Chloroscombrus caribbzeus, GrRaRD, Mex. Bound. Surv. Zodl., 21, pl. 9, fig. 6, 1859, St. Joseph
Island, Texas. (Coll. Wiirdemann.)

Micropteryx chrysurus, GUNTHER, Cat., 11, 460, 1860.

Chloroscombrus chrysurus, GILL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, 437; JonpDAN & GILBERT, Synop-
sis, 441, 1883; JonpAaN & GILBERT, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1883, 206¢

ee a > Se

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 939

428. TRACHINOTUS,* Lacépéde.
(PAMPANOS. )

Trachinotus, LACEPEDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 11, 79, 1802, ( falcatus).
Cesiomorus, LACEPEDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 111, 95, 1802, (blochii).
Acanthinion, LacépEpe, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 1v, 500, 1803, (rhomboides).
Bothrolemus, Hotprook, Ich. South Carolina, 82, 1860, (pampanus).
Doliodon, Grrarp, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1858, 168, (carolinus).

Body compressed, moderately elevated, the gereral outline ovate.
Caudal peduncle short and rather slender. Abdomen not trenchant,
shorter than the anal fin. Head moderately compressed, very blunt, the
snout abruptly truncate. Mouth nearly horizontal, the maxillary reach-
ing the middle of the eye; premaxillaries protractile; maxillary without
distinct supplemental bone. Jaws, vomer, and palatines with bands of
villiform teeth, which are deciduous with age. Preopercle entire in the
adult. Gill rakers short. Gill membranes considerably united. Spinous
dorsal represented by 6 rather low spines, which are connected by mem-
brane in the young but are free in the adult. In old specimens the spines
appear small on account of encroachments of the flesh, and ultimately
often disappear. Second dorsal long, elevated in front ; anal opposite to
it and similar in form and size; 2 stout, nearly free spines in front of
anal, and 1 connected with the fin, these often disappearing with age.
Seales small, smooth. Lateral line unarmed, little arched; no caudal
keel. ‘‘ When extremely young the preoperculum is armed at the angle
with 3 large spines, and smaller ones above and below. ‘The spinous
dorsal is developed as a perfect fin, and teeth are present on the jaws and
palatine arch. In this stage the species has never been described by pre-
vious naturalists, and consequently has received no name, as the cor-
responding stage of Naucrates (Nauclerus) has. At an early period the
preopercular spines are absorbed into the substance of the preoperculum
and disappear. The spinous dorsal and the teeth are still retained. In
this condition it remains for some time, the spinous dorsal, however,
gradually losing its relative size, while the soft vertical fins increase.
In this stage the species belongs to the genus Doliodon of Girard. Ata
later period the membrane connecting the dorsal spines has become obso-
lete, and the species then represents the zenus Trachynotus, as understood
by Cuvier & Valenciennes, and others. Finally, in old age, the teeth of
the jaws, palate, and pharyngeal bones have fallen out, and the lobes of
the dorsal, anal, and caudal fins attain their greatest extension and
become pointed. This final stage has been made known by Holbrook
under the new generic name of Bothrolamus” (Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sei.
Phila., 1862, 440). The pseudobranchi also disappear in old specimens.
Some of the species of Trachinotus (carolinus, etc.) are among the most
highly valued of our food-fishes. Most or them are, however, not of
Superior quality. (tpayic, rough; varoc, back; hence properly written
Trachynotus. )

*For a review of the species of Trachinotus, see Meek & Goss, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1884,

940 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

a. Dorsal with 19 to 20 soft rays; anal with 17 to 19 soft rays.
b. Body very much compressed; sides with narrow black cross bars; lobes of vertical fins
elongate, reaching past middle of caudal fin in adult.

c. Snout subtruncate or nearly vertical; profile from supraorbital to front of dorsal fin

convex. GLAuCUS, 1335.
ec. Snout low, very oblique; profile from supraorbital region to dorsal scarcely con-
vex; bands on body narrow, obsolete in the young; vertical fins with red.
RHODOPUS, 1336.
bb. Body moderately compressed; sides without narrow black cross bars; lobes of vertical
fins shorter, rarely reaching base of caudal; lobes of dorsal and anal usually
blackish.

d. Body broad, ovate; the back arched; the greatest depth at all ages nearly 24 length
of body; profile from nostril to dorsal everywhere nearly evenly convex; axil
without black spot.

e. Lobes of vertical fins much elevated, that of dorsal in adult much longer than

head; color pale. FALCATUS, 1337.
ee. Lobes of vertical fins low, that of dorsal in adult shorter than head; color
dusky. CULVERI, 1338.

dd. Body oblong, the profile not strongly arched; the depth in young aud old 2 to 23
in length of body; dorsal lobes low.

jf. Axil with a jet-black spot; depth about 214 in length; snout blunt, project-
ing beyond the mouth. _ KENNEDYI, 1339.
jf. Axil not black; depth about 23 in length. GOODET, 1340.
aa. Dorsal with 25 to 27 soft rays; anal with 22 to 26 soft rays; body oblong, rather robust;
greatest thickness 3 in greatest depth of body; depth less than half length; lobes of

vertical fins short, not black; sides without dark cross bars.
g. Dorsal with 25 soft rays; anal with 22 soft rays; profile from snout to procumbent spine

evenly convex.

h. Body very deep, the depth about half length. ARGENTEUS, 1341.
nh. Body moderately deep, the depth about 2'% in length.
i. Head moderate, about 4 in body; dorsal lobe pale. CAROLINUS, 1342.
ii. Head large, 314 to 314 in body; dorsal lobe black. PALOMA, 1348.
gg. Dorsal with 27 soft rays; anal with 26. CAYENNENSIS, 1344.

1335. TRACHINOTUS GLAUCUTS (Bloch).

(GAFF-TOPSAIL PAMPANO; OLD WIFE; PALOMETA.)

Head 4; depth 2; eye 32. D. VI-I,19; A. II-I,18. Pyloric ceca 13.
Body elliptical, much compressed; snout blunt, subtruncate, vertical
from mouth to horizontal from upper edge of eye; the profile from
supraorbital to front of dorsal fin convex. Mouth nearly horizontal;

maxillary nearly reaching vertical from middle of eye, its length 3 in

head; jaws without teeth in the adult; dorsal spines separate in the
adult; dorsal and anal fins faleate, the anterior soft rays reaching middle
of caudal fin; dorsal lobe 14, anal 13 in length of body; ventrals reach-
ing + distance to vent, their length 2? in head; caudal very deeply forked,
its lobes nearly half length of body. Color bluish above, golden
below; lobes of dorsal and anal very dark; rest of fins pale, with bluish
edges; caudal bluish; pectorals golden and bluish; ventrals whitish.
Body crossed by four black vertical bands; the first is under the pro-
cumbent spine, the second under the third dorsal spine, the third and
fourth under the soft dorsal; a black spot, representing a fifth band, on
lateral line between last rays of dorsal and anal; this is sometimes obso-
lete; the position of these bands appears to be subject to slight variation.

Jordan and Kvermann.—Fishes of North America. 941

The young of this species has not yet been described. Length 13 inches.

Tropical America, from Virginia to the Caribbean Sea, generally common

from Carolina to Florida; a very handsome fish, not highly valued.

(glaucus, yAavxoc, hoary blue.)

Chextodon glaucus, Biocu, Ichthyol., pl. 210, 1787, Martinique ; on a figure by PLUMIER.

Trachinotus glaucus, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vir, 400, 1831; JonpAN & GILBERT,
Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 270, 1882; Jorpan & GILBERT, Synopsis, 443, 1883; Mrrx & Goss, Proc.
Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 122, 1884.

Trachynotus glaucus, GUNTHER, Cat., 11, 483, 1860; GiLL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 438, 1862.

1336. TRACHINOTUS RHODOPUS, Gill.

(PAMPANITO.)

Head 34; depth 2. D. VI-I, 20; A. II-I, 18. Body more elevated than
in Trachinotus glwucus, the snout lower and the anterior profile much
more straight; mouth rather large, oblique, the jaws nearly equal; the
snout low, somewhat prominent. Anterior rays of dorsal and anal much
produced, reaching nearly to middle of caudal in the adult, short in the
young; caudal deeply forked, its lobes 2} in body. Ventrals short, not
reaching vent. Bluish green above, silvery below; sides with 5 short,
narrow, vertical, blackish stripes, the first two nearer together than the
others, the last two sometimes reduced to spots; these bands always
faint, obsolete in the young, in which the vertical fins are also much
lower; caudal, dorsal, and anal lobes largely of a bright maroon color,
or orange brown in life, the anterior edge blackish, shading off into
pinkish, this color present at all ages. Pacific Coast of tropical
America to Panama; very common on sandy shores, replacing Trachinotus
glaucus, whichitmuch resembles. The difference in profile is constant and
characteristic. Not much valued as food. Length 2 feet. (/0dé¢, rose-col-
ored; zotc, foot.)

Trachynotus rhodopus, GiLL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, 85, Cape San Lucas; (Coll.
Xantus); young, 2 inches long.

? Trachynotus nasutus, GILL, I. c., 1863, 85, Cape San Lucas; (Coll. Xantus); young of 1 inch,
possibly young of 7. kennedyi. hk

Trachynotus fasciatus, Git, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, 86, Panama; Giinruer, Fish. Centr.
Amer., 434, 1869; MEEK & Goss, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1884, 123.

Trachynotus glaucoides, GUNTHER, Proc. Zobl. Soc. Lond., 1864, 150, San Jose de Guatemala.

13837. TRACHINOTUS FALCATUS* (Linneus).

(Round PAMPANO; PALOMETA.)

Head 3%; depth 1%. D. VI-I, 19; A. II-I, 18. Body broadly ovate,
moderately compressed, profile very evenly convex from procumbent spine
to level of upper edge of eye, where it descends almost vertically. The
vertical portion is about 1} times the eye; length of snout nearly equal
to eye; mouth nearly horizontal; maxillary reaching to vertical from
middle of eye, its length 2% in head; jaws without teeth in adult; dorsal

*Should Trachinotus falcatus prove to be identical with the Bast Indian 7. ovatus, as several
writers have supposed, the American name, falcatus, has precedence of date.

942 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

spines short and thick, not connected by membrane in adult; ventrals
short, their tips scarcely reaching halfway to anterior anal spine, 3 in
head; caudal widely forked; lobes about 23 in length of body; dorsal
and anal fins faleate; anterior rays reaching almost to posterior end of
fins; in adults, dorsal lobe 23, anal lobe 44, in length of body. Color
bluish above, silvery below; lobes of dorsal black in young; in adults
the fins are all bluish with lighter tips. The young differ from the adult
as above described in the following respects: The profile is scarcely con-
vex; snout shorter and less vertical; spines much longer and connected
by membranes; lobes of vertical fins shorter; dorsal lobe with black;
fins all much darker; jaws with bands of villiform teeth; eye larger.
West Indies; Cape Cod to Brazil; abundant southward; ranging north
in the Gulf Stream to Woods Hole, the adult rarely taken northward. As
a food-fish this specios is less valuable than its congener, carolinus.
( faleatus, seythe-shaped.)

Labrus falcatus, LInNmuS, Syst. Nat., Ed. x, 1758, 284, America; Museum de Geer.

Trachinotus falecatus, JORDAN, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 575, 1886; Mrex & Goss, l. c., 1884, 124.
Chelodon rhomboides, Buocu, pl. 209, 1787, Martinique; on a drawing made by PLUMIER.
Trachinotus spinosus, DE Kay, N. Y. Fauna: Fishes, 117, pl. 19, fig. 53,1842, New York Harbor.
Acanthinion rhomboides, Lac&PEDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., rv, 500, 1803.

Trachinotus rhomboides, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vi11, 407, 1831.

Trachynotus rhomboides, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 974, 1883.

Trachinotus fuscus, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vi11, 410, 1831, Brazil.

Trachynotus ovatus, GUNTHER, Cat., 11, 481, 1860, (in part, not of LinNmUvs), and of many recent
writers.

1338. TRACHINOTUS CULYVERI, Jordan & Starks.

Head 32; depth 14. D. VI-I, 17; A. II-I,17. Maxillary 3 in head;
eye 33; snout 44. Dorsal lobe 1,5 in head; pectoral 1,55; caudal 4 longer
than head. Body very deep, compressed, the back muchelevated. Snout
very blunt and convex, the rest of profile straight and steep; lower jaw
somewhat included; base of dorsal and anal very oblique. Dorsal and
anal lobes ratherlow. Caudal long. Lateral line little elevated in front,
the curve ldin straight part. Gillrakers very short,aboutx-+14. Teeth
persistent. Bluish gray, silvery below, tinged with yellow, everywhere
much soiled with blackish dots, no distinct markings anywhere; the axil
only slightly dusky; fins all dusky except middle of caudal and lobe of
anal, and the ventrals which are whitish. Five specimens, each about 8
inches long taken in the Astillero at Mazatlan. Close to Trachinotus falcatus
and to TY. ovatus, but with the vertical fins lower. (Named for George
Bliss Culver, its collector, a member of the Hopkins Expedition to Sin-
aloa, December, 1894.)

Trachinotus culveri, JonpaAN & Starks, Rept. Fishes Sinaloa, MS., 1895, Mazatlan. (Type, No.
2691, L. 8. jr., Univ. Mus. Coll. Hopkins Expedition.)

1339. TRACHINOTUS KENNEDYI, Steindachner.
(PALOMETA.)
Head 33; depth at vent 24; at anal 2/5 in specimens 2 feet long, young
somewhat deeper, with lower fins. D. VI-I, 19; A. II-I,16. Curve of lat-
eral line ? in straight part. Eye 5 in head; maxillary 2%. Dorsal lobe 13;

Jordan and Evermann.—Ffishes of North America. 943

caudal lobes ¢ longer than head. Pectoral 14 in head. Snout 32. Least
depth of caudal peduncle 33 in head. Body oblong, compressed, and ele-
vated at bases of dorsal andanal. Anterior profile of head an even curve,
the snout blunt and convex, line straight from nape to dorsal. Mouth
moderate, very oblique, subinferior, the lower jaw much shorter than
upper, the maxillary reaching to posterior border of pupil. Teeth obso-
lete. Tail widely forked, the lobes equal. Lobes of dorsal and anal low,
not sharp. Gray above with deep-green reflections, lower half silvery,
with strong golden tinge; axil jet black, the color covering base of fin
and extending behind for a distance nearly equal to eye, so that the fin
does not cover it, this mark said to be faint or wanting in the young;
upper fin dusky, the caudal edged with paler; anal dusky with golden
tinge ; ventrals purplish white; pectorals dusky ; maxillary witha black-
ish streak. Tropical America, in the surf, rather common from Bahia de
Magdalena to Panama; here described from a large specimen from Mazat-
lan, deeper in body than Steindachner’s types, which have the depth 13
to 2 in length. The Pacific Coast representative of Trachinotus goodei.
(Named for its discoverer, Lieutenant Kennedy, of the steamship Hassler.)

Trachynotus kennedyi, STEINDACHNER, Ichth. Beitr., 11, 47, pl. vu, 1875, Magdalena Bay.
Trachinotus kennedyi, MEEK & Goss, I. c., 1884, 123.

1340. TRACHINOTUS GOODEI, Jordan & Evermann, new species.

(PERMIT; PALOMETA; GREAT PAMPANO.)

Head 3; depth 23. D. VI-I, 19; A. II-I,17. Body oblong, elliptical,
moderately compressed ; profile nearly straight from procumbent spine to
nostril, where it descends nearly vertically, forming an angle; vertical
portion from angle to snout nearly equaling eye; snout obliquely trun-
cated; maxillary reaching slightly behind vertical from middle of eye;
its length 2? in head; jaws with bands of villiform teeth (these disappear-
ing with age); ventrals reaching # distance to vent, their length 2 in
head ; tips of pectorals reaching slightly past tips of ventrals; dorsal and
anal fins faleate, their anterior soft rays less elevated than in Trachinotus
faleatus, but extending beyond middle of fins when depressed, their length
in the young 4 in length of body; caudal forked, lobes about 3 in body ;
lateral line nearly straight, slightly curved upward above the pectorals.
Color bluish silvery above, silvery below; dorsal, caudal, and anal lobes
black ; nocross bars. Length3 feet. West Indies, north to West Florida ;
notverycommon. Here described from a small specimen from Key West,
the characters of the adult taken from Giinther. The species reaches a
very large size, larger than any of the others in American waters. The

- Species is allied to the African Trachinotus qoreensis, Cuvier & Valen-
g ,

ciennes, but it has fewer dorsal rays (D. VI-I, 22, in 7. goreensis). (Named
for Dr. G. Brown Goode, who first noticed the species as an inhabitant of
the waters of the United States. )

Trachynotus goreénsis, GUNTHER, Cat., 1, 483, 1860, in part; not of Cuvier & VALENCIENNES;

Goopr & Bean, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1879, 112 and 339; specimen nearly 3 feet long.
Trachinotus rhodopus, JorDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 442, 1883, and of Merk & Goss, I. ¢.; not of
GILL.

944 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

Trachinotus goodei, JORDAN & EVERMANN, MS., Key West, Florida. (Coll. Jordan. Type,
No. 1455, L. 8S. Jr. Univ. Mus.)
Trachynotus carolinus, PoEy, Synopsis, 371, 1868; not of other authors.

1341. TRACHINOTUS ARGENTEUS, Cuvier & Valenciennes.

Depth 2 in length in specimens 6 inches long (2;'5 in original type, a
foot long); caudal lobes 3}. D. VI-I, 24; A. II-I, 21, (D. 25; A. 23, in
original type). Lobes of dorsal and anal reaching to middle of base of
fin. Silvery, with blackish on tip of dorsal lobe and on middle of pec-
toral. Atlantic Coast, usually confounded with Trachinotus carolinus, if
really distinct from it. According to Dr. Bean, this may be a valid
species, allied to Trachinotus carolinus, but with the body deeper, the
depth being half length without caudal. West Indies. We have seen
only the original type of argenteus in the museum at Paris, from
“America.” (argenteus, silvery.)

Trachinotus argenteus, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vii1, 413, 1831, New York
and Rio Janeiro. (Coll. Delalande. Coll. Milbert.)

Trachinotus cupreus, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., /. c., vit, 414, 1831, Martinique.
(Coll. Plée.)

1342. TRACHINOTUS CAROLINUS (Linneus).

(Common PAMPANO.*)

Head 4; depth 23 to 2?. D. VI-I, 25; A. II-I, 23. Body oblong, com-
paratively robust ; greatest thickness 3 in greatest depth. Snout from
mouth to horizontal from upper edge of eye nearly vertical, some-
what bluntly rounded ; profile from upper edge of snout to procumbent
spine evenly convex. Mouth nearly horizontal, maxillary reaching to
vertical from middle of eye, its length 2{ in head ; eye 43 in head, about as
long as snout. Jaws without teeth in adult. Ventrals reach ? distance
to vent, about 2 in pectorals, 24 in head. Dorsal and anal fins falcate,
anterior rays nearly reaching middle of fins when depressed ; dorsal lobe
4} in body; anal 53 in length of body. Color bluish above, silvery or
slightly golden below; pectorals and anal light orange shaded with
bluish; caudal and upper portion of caudal peduncle with bluish reflec-
tions. Length 18 inches. South Atlantic and Gulf coasts of United
States, ranging north to Cape Cod on sandy shores, very common south-
ward, rare or accidental in the West Indies and in Brazil. The most
valued food-fish in our southern waters, its flesh rich, firm, and delicate,
superior to all others of its genus or family. On the Pacific Coast it is
scarcely known as a food-fish, perhaps from its scarcity. (ccrolinus, from
Carolina. )

Gasterosteus earolinus, LINN/EUS, Syst. Nat., Ed. x11, 490, 1766, Carolina. (Coll. Dr. Garden.)

? Trachynotus argenteus, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vii1, 410, 1831, New York; -
Rio Janeiro.

? Trachynotus cupreus, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., virr, 414, 1831, Martinique.

Trachynotus pampanus, CUVtER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vit1, 415, 1831, Brazil;
Charleston. é

Trachynotus carolinus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 442, 1883.

Trachinotus carolinus, MEEK & Goss, l. c., 1884, 127, and of most recent writers.

* This word (meaning grape leaf) is properly spelled Pampano. not Pompano.

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 945

1343. TRACHINOTUS PALOMA, Jordan & Starks.

Head 34 to 3§; depth 23. D. VI-I, 24; A. II, I, 23; eye 34 in head ;
snout 23; maxillary 23. Dorsal lobe 13 in head; caudal 1,5. Body
rather elongate, the back moderately and regularly arched; snout blunt-
ish; the profile straight from before eye to dorsal. Mouth large, hori-
zontal, the jaws subequal, maxillary reaching past pupil. Lateral line
little arched, its curve 1j in straight part. Teeth well developped. Cau-
dal not widely forked. Gill rakers shortish, about 8 below angle; dorsal
and anal lobes about reaching middle of fin. Silvery, without spot or
band; anal creamy orange, its tip whitish. Other fins pale, except
dorsal lobe, which is blackish; pectoral a little dark, axil silvery. West
coast of Mexico; rather scarce, found on sandy shores. Length about a
foot. Recorded from Cape San Lucas, Mazatlan, and San Juan Lagoon.
It is extremely close to Trachinotus carolinus, but has the head rather
larger. As a food-fish it is unknown to Mexican fishermen, who do not
distinguish it from other species. Here described from 2 specimens
from Mazatlan, and from 4 from San Juan Lagoon, the largest 5 inches
long. (paloma, a dove, a name applied to fishes of this group.)

Trachinotus paloma, JORDAN & STarks, Rept. Fishes Sinaloa, MS., 1895, Mazatlan. (Type, No
213, L. S. Jr. Univ. Mus. Coll. Hopkins Expedition to Mazatlan.)

1344. TRACHINOTUS CAYENNENSIS,* Cuvier & Valenciennes.

Depth (in young of 2} inches) 2 in length. PD. V-I, 27; A. II-I, 26.
Form of Trachinotus falcatus, the body very deep, the snout short and
very blunt; eye very large; preopercle (in type) with very strong spines.
Dorsal lobe 2 in head, in young. Fins all pale. Coloration plain. Cay-
enne; known from one very young specimen in the museum at Paris, in
bad condition, examined by us. Close to Trachinotus falcatus, but with
more numerous fin rays.

Trachinotus cayennensis, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vir, 417, 1831, Cayenne;
GUNTHER, Cat., 11, 485, 1860 (copied); MrEeK & Goss, I. c., 1884, 129.

Family CXXVI. POMATOMID.
(THE BLUEFISHES. )

Body oblong, compressed, covered with rather small scales, which are
weakly ctenoid. Caudal peduncle rather stout. Head large, compressed.
Mouth large, oblique. Premaxillaries protractile; maxillary not slip-
ping under the preorbital, provided with a large supplemental bone;
lower jaw projecting; bands of villiform teeth on vomer and palatines,

those on the vomer forming a triangular patch; jaws each with a single
series of very strong, compressed, unequal teeth, widely set; upper jaw
with an inner series of small depressed teeth; villiform teeth on the base
of the tongue. Occipital keel strong; free edge of preopercle produced

*Similar to this species is Trachinotus paitensis from Payta, Peru, also known from a very young
example, Depth 24 in length, D. 28; A. 27, Dorsal lobe black, snout low, bluntish.

F.N.A, 61

a

946 Bulletin 47, Onited States National Museum.

and serrated. Gill membranes free from the isthmus, not united. Bran-
chiostegals 7; gills 4, a slit behind the fourth. Pseudobranchi large.
Gill rakers slender, rather few. Opercle ending in a flat point. Cheeks
and opercles scaly; lateral line present, unarmed. Dorsal fins 2, the
anterior of about 8 weak, low spines, connected by membrane and.
depressible in a groove; second dorsal long, similar to the elongate anal,
both fins being densely scaly ; fin rays slender; 2 very small, free anal
spines, sometimes hidden in the skin; ventrals thoracic, I, 5; peduncle
stout; pectorals rather short; caudal fin forked, the lobes broad; air
bladder simple, with thin walls. Pyloric ceca very numerous. Vertebre
10+ 14—24, as usual in Carangide. A single species, found in nearly
all warm seas. This family is closely related to the Corangide, from
which group it seems to be an offshoot toward the Percoids. (Carangida,
genus Temnodon, Ginther, Cat., 11, 479, 480, 1860. )

429. POMATOMUS,* Lacépéde.
(BLUEFISHES. )

Pomatomus, LAcEPEDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., rv, 486, 1802, (skib).

Gonenion, RAFINESQUE, Caratteri Alcuni Nuovi Generi, 53, 1810, (serra).

Lopharis, RAFINESQUE, l. c., 53, 1810, (mediterraneus =lophar).

Temnodon, Cuvier, Régne Animal, Ed. 2, Vol. 11, 206, 1829, (saltator).

Sypterus, ErcHwALD, Fauna Caspio-Caucasana, 1841.

Chromis, (Garden MS.) Gronow, Cat. Fishes, Ed. Gray, 1854, 149, (epicwrorwn).

Cheilodipterus, BLEEKER, Nat. Verh. Holl. Maats., Wet. V, 2, No. 1, 74, 1874, (heptacanthus; not
of LACE&PEDE, as earlier restricted by CUVIER).

Sparactodon, DE RocHEBRUNE, Bull. Sci. Philom. Paris, rv, 159, 1880, (nalnal).

Characters of the genus included above. (zoua, operculum; rouoc,
cutting; from the serrated preopercle. )

1345. POMATOMUS SALTATRIX (Linnzus).
(BLUEFISH; SNAP MACKEREL; SKIPJACK; FAT-BACK.)

Head 34; depth 4. D. VIJI-I, 25; A. II-I, 26; scales 95. Body robust,
moderately compressed ; belly compressed to a bluntish edge. Head deep;
top of head and a ridge on each side above the cheeks naked. Cheeks
much longer than opercles. Pectorals placed rather low, their length a |
little more than half that of head. Coloration bluish or greenish above,
silvery below; a blackish blotch at base of pectoral. Length 3 feet. |

* The following words of Mr. D. G. Elliot, are pertinent as to cases of this kind, in which the
generic name commonly used can claim no right of priority:

**The law of priority is very clear inregard to the treatment of such cases, but some naturalists
object to have itenforced on the ground of expediency, and because it would be apt to create con-
fusion. Doubtless such would be the temporary result in this and all similar instances when ~
errors are corrected which have been continued by writers who have simply fellowed each other
without making independent investigations; but the confusion is originally caused by those who
commit errors, not by those who correct them. * * * It may be inconvenient for those who
have become familiar with any special group to have their ideas of its nomenclature disturbed,
by showing that errors have been committed and then knowingly continued; but that would be
a most indefensible reason to advance why these should not be corrected. * * * Conserva-
tism is an excellent principle when it serves as a bulwark against the commission of abuses, but
it isa most baleful principle when it is exerted against the correction of errors.’’—Daniel G. Elliot:
Monograph of the Pittidx.

Cie

Jordan and Evermanu.— Fishes of North America. 947

Atlantic and Indian oceans; widely distributed; of late years very abun-
dant on our Atlantic Coast; a large, voracious fish, extremely destructive
to other fishes; highly valued for food, the flesh being most excellent.
Occasional in the Mediterranean; (specimens from Athens examined by
us). (saltatrix, one who leaps.) (Eu.)

Perca saltatrix, LinN&vs, Syst. Nat., Ed. x, 1758, 1, 293, Carolina; after Perca marina saltatriz,
the Skipjack of CaTEsBy.

Perca lophar, ForskAu, Descr. Anim., 1775, Constantinople.

Cheilodipterus heptacanthus, LacEPEDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., Fort Dauphin, Madagascar.

Pomatomus skib, LacfPEDE, Hist. Nat Poiss, tv, 436, 1802, Carolina.

Lopharis mediterraneus, RAFINESQUE, Indice, 17, 1810; after ForsK At.

Gonenion serra, RAFINESQUE, Indice, 53, 1810, Sicily.

Chromis epicurorum, GRoNow, Cat., Ed. Gray, 149, 1854, Carolina; ‘‘ Piscis sapidissimus et palato
epicurorum gratissimus.”’

Sparactodon nalnal, Dr RocHEBRUNE, Bull. Sci. Philom. Paris, 159, 1880, Senegambia.

Gasterosteus saltatriz, LINN«Uvs, Syst. Nat., Ed. x11, 491, 1766.

Temnodon saltator, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Hat. Poiss., 1x, 225, 1833; Storer, Hist. Fish,
Mass., 159, pl. 15, fig. 1, 1839; GUNTHER, Cat., 11, 479, 1860; STEINDACHNER, Ichth. Beitrige,
1881.

Pomatomus saltator, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 448, 1883.

Pomatomus saltatrixz, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 914, 1883.

Family CXXVII. RACHYCENTRID.*
(SERGEANT FISHES.)

Body elongate, fusiform, subcylindrical, covered with very small, smooth,
adherent scales. Lateral line nearly parallel with the back. Head rather
broad, low, pike-like, the bones above appearing through the thin skin.
Mouth rather wide, nearly horizontal, the maxillary about reaching front
of eye; both jaws, vomer, palatines, and tongue with bands of short,
sharp teeth; lower jaw longest; premaxillaries not protractile ; preopercle
unarmed. First dorsal represented by about 8 low, stout, equal, free
spines, each depressible in a groove; soft dorsal long and rather low,
somewhat falcate, similar to and nearly opposite anal; 2 weak anal spines,
one of them free from the fin; pectorals moderate, placed low; ventrals
thoracic, I, 5; caudal fin strong, forked, on a moderate peduncle; no caudal
keel; no finlets. Gill rakers rather short, stout; no air bladder; branchi-
ostegals 7; pyloric ceca branched ; vertebrae 12-+4+ 1325. Asingle genus
with probably but one species; a large, strong, voracious shore fish, found
in all warm seas. Its relations are with the Scombroid fishes, although
not close to any of the other groups. The superficial resemblance

*The osteology of this family is given as follows by Dr. Gill: ‘‘Acanthopterygians with a
depressed, broad, distegous cranium, the medifrontines double, plane, sculptured, and perfectly
ecarinate; the sphenotics with the upper surface plane and scarcely declivous; the parethmoids
exserted, with the upper surface nearly continuous with the medifrontines and the lower with
the parasphenoid, and imperforate; the prosethmoid with a large and nearly square tabular sur-
face and a short declivous portion at a very obtuse angle with the former; the supraoccipitine
with an anterior ecarinate plane portion and a posterior cristiform portion; the lateral posterior
crests very low, depressed, and ceasing at the medifrontines; the basioccipitine solid below; the
exoccipitine condyles distant from each other; the parasphenoid very broad and ecarinate; the
contour of the body fusiform; the head wedge-shaped and broad; the scales small and cycloid;
the caudal fin with procurrent raylets; dorsal fin long and preceded by free spines reclinable in
grooves, and normal pectoral and ventral fins.”

948 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

Rachyentron bears to Echeneis, as Dr. Gill has shown, is not connected
with any intimate homology. (Scombridew, part, Ginther, Cat., 11, 375,
1860; Rachicentrida, Gill, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., 1895.)

430. RACHYCENTRON, Kaup.

Rachycentron, Kaur, Isis, x1x, Col. 89, 1826, (typus).

Rachicentron, Kaur, Isis, xx, Col. 624, 1827; emended spelling.

Les Elacates, Cuvier, Regne Animal, Ed. 2, 11, 203, 1829.

Elacate, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vi11, 328, 1831, (malabarica= canadus).
Characters of the genus included above. (/éyc, lower part of back;

kévTpov, spine.)
1346. RACHYCENTRON CANADUS (Linnzus),

(SERGEANT FisH ; CRAB Eater; Bonrro; Costa.)

Head 44; depth 53. D. VIII-I, 26; A. II, 25. Head much depressed ;
mouth moderate, the short maxillary reaching front of orbit. Pectorals
broad and faleate ; caudal deeply emarginate, the upper lobe slightly the
longer. Lateral line wavy and irregular, descending posteriorly. Olive
brown, sides with a distinct broad band of darker, and a less distinct
band above and below it; silvery below. Length 5 feet. Warm seas;
common on our Atlantic Coast in summer, especially in Chesapeake Bay
and southward; north to Cape Cod; not recorded from the Eastern
Pacific, but abundant in the East Indies. (Name from Canada, where the
species is not found.)

Gasterosteus canadus, LINN@US, Syst. Nat., Ed. x11, 491, 1766, Carolina. (Coll. Garden.)

Scomber niger, Buocu, Ichthyologia, plate 337, 1793.

Centronotus gardenii, LACEPEDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 111, 357, 1803, Carolina.

Centronotus spinosus, MiTcHILL, Traus. Lit. and Philos. Soc. N. Y., 1, 490, pl. 3, fig. 9, 1815, New
York.

Elacate pondiceriana, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vim1, 329, 1831, Pondicherry.

lacate motta, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vii, 332, 1831, Orixa.

Elacale malabarica, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vil, 332, 1831, Malabar.

Elacate atlantica, CuvIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vi11, 334, 1831, Brazil.

Blacate canada, Dk Kay, N. Y. Fauna: Fishes, 113, pl. 25, fig. 77, 1842,

Elacate bivittata, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vi11, 338, 1831, Molucca.

Elacate falcipinnis, Gossr, Jamaica, 208, 1851, Jamaica.

Elacate nigra, GUNTHER, Cat., 11, 375, 1860.

Elacate canada, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 418, 1883.

Family CXXVIII. NOMEIDA.

Body oblong, compressed, covered with cycloid scales ; lateral line con-
tinuous and unarmed; head compressed; opercula unarmed; nostrils
double; mouth with a lateral cleft ; upper jaw scarcely protractile ; teeth
small and conical, on the palate as well as jaws; gill membranes free
from the isthmus; branchiostegal rays 5 or 6; dorsal more or less divided,
and with the spinous portion shorter than the soft, but well developed,
and the spines slender. Skeleton with numerous vertebre (in Nomeus
16-+-25); pyloric appendages very numerous. Genera 6 or 8; species

Jordan and Evermann.—Ffishes of North America, 949

about 15, mostly of the open sea; small fishes, rarely used as food.

(Nomeina, Gunther, Cat., 11, 387, 1860.)
NoMEIN= :
a. Finlets none.

b. Ventrals very long and broad, longer than the pectorals; attached by a membrane to

the abdomen and depressible in a deep furrow; mouth narrow; teeth on jaws,

vomer, and palatines. Nomeus, 481.

_ bb. Ventrals moderate, much shorter than pectorals; snout inflated. PSENES, 432.

431. NOMEUS, Cuvier.
Nomeus,Cuvier, Régne Anim., Ed. 1, 11, 315, 1817, (gronovii).

Body oblong, rather compressed, covered with rather small cycloid
scales. Head flattish above; occipital crest little developed; cleft of the
mouth narrow. ‘Teeth small, in a single series in the jaws; teeth on the
vomer and palatines. Pseudobranchie large. First dorsal with 10 or 11
spines; second dorsal and anal very long, similar to each other, without
finlets; anal fin with 3 rather strong spines, none of them free; caudal
fin not deeply forked ; ventral fins long and broad, attached to the belly
by a membrane, depressible in a deep furrow in the abdomen. Lateral
line running high. Air bladder present. Pyloric cceca very numerous.
Vertebrie 16+ 25. Small fishes of the warm seas, our species living com-
monly under the protection of the ‘‘ Portuguese Man-of-War,” swimming
freely among its poisoned tentacles. Goode & Bean mention the capture
of 10 individuals under a single colony of this ‘‘ Man-of-War.” (voyeuc,
pastor ; early travelers having compared the fish to a mullet, harder or
berger in Dutch.)

1347. NOMEUS GRONOVITL (Gmelin).
(PortuGUESE MAN-oF-WaAR Fisn ; HARDER; PASTOR.)

Head 32; depth 3!; eye 3}; snout 41; interorbital width 44. D. X-l,
26; A. III, 26. Body compressed, back and ventral line equally and gen-
tly arched. Maxillary reaching to below the front of the eye; ventrals
reaching front of anal,* 14} in head; pectorals reaching past front of anal,
a little longer than head. Brownish above, silvery below, the sides below
with large round brown spots; cheeks and opercles silvery; ventrals
black, with silvery edgings; anal with 3 brown spots; caudal with brown
spots; pectorals brown above, white below. Tropical parts of the Atlantic
and Indian oceans in rather deep water, swimming near the surface, very
abundant in the Sargasso Sea, common north to Florida and Bermuda,
occasionally farther; Woods Hole, Mass. (Barton A. Bean.) Alsorecorded
by Kigenmann from Panama. (Named for Lawrence Theodore Gronow or
Gronovius, a senator of Leyden and one of the ablest ichthyologists con-
temporary with Linnzus.)

Gobius gronovii, GMELIN, Syst. Nat., x11, 1205, 1788, Tropical America; after Gronow.
Nomeus gronovii, GUNTHER, Cat., 11, 387, 1860; JorpAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 449, 1883,

* The large fan-shaped ventrals are used in support in resting on the bottom, In swimming
they are usually closed in their groove. Goode & Bean.

950 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

Eleotris mauritii, BLocu & SCHNEIDER, Syst. Ichth., 66, 1801, Brazil; after Prince Maurice.
Gobiomorus gronovianus, LACEPEDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 11, 584, 1799; after Gronow.
Jomeus maculosus, BENNETT, Proc. ZoGl. Soc., 1, 1831, 146, East Indies.
Seriola argyromelas, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., rx, pl. 262, 1833.
Nomeus maculatus, VALENCIENNES, in CuviER, Regne Anim., 111, Poiss., pl. 56, fig. 2.
Nomeus oxyurus, Pory, Memorias, 11, 236, 1860, Havana.

432. PSENES, Cuvier & Valenciennes.

Psenes, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 1x, 259, 1833, (cyanophrys).

Cubiceps, Lowk, Proc. Zovl. Soc. London, 1843, 82, (gracilis).

Atimostoma, SmirH, [1]. Zoél. S. Africa, Fish., pl. xxiv, about 1842, (capense).

Navarchus, DE Frurppt and Verany, Men. Accad. Sci. Turin, 2d ser., xvui1, 7, (sulcatus).
Trachelocirrus, DoumEt, Rey. et Mag. Zodlogie, 1863, pl. xv, (mediterraneus).

Body compressed, covered with cycloid scales of moderate size. Mouth
narrow, beneath the short, swollen snout. First dorsal with 6 to 10 spines;
second dorsal and anal much longer, similar, without finlets; anal spines
3, joined to soft part of fin; pectorals larger than ventrals. Lateral line
unarmed. Small teeth in jaws. Branchiostegals 5 to 7. Warm seas,
known chiefly from very young specimens; found in the open ocean.
(whvn, the osprey, Pandion, the allusion not evident.)

a. Dorsal rays about XT, I, 34; anal rays III, 34; body deep; unspotted. PELLUCIDUS, 1348.
aa. Dorsal rays X, I, 25 to 27; anal rays III, 25 to 27; sides with parallel dark streaks; body
deep. CYANOPHRYS, 1349.

aaa. Dorsal rays XI, I, 22 or 28; anal rays III, 23; body oblong, much blotched and banded.
MACULATUS, 1350.

aaaa. Dorsal rays X, I, 15; A. ITI, 15; body oblong, much spotted and mottled.
REGULUS, 1351.

1348. PSENES PELLUCIDUS, Liitken.

Head 4; depth 24; eye 22; snout 4. D. XII, 34; A. III, 134. Body
high, short, and compressed. Pectorals 13 in head; ventrals as long as
head, extending considerably beyond the end of pectorals; vertical fins
quite high, 14 in head, showing a tendency to become falcate posteriorly;
caudal fin furcate. Lateral line placed high; scales small. Dentition as
in the other species of the genus; teeth in the maxillary finer and
farther apart than in the mandible; end of maxillary reaching to verti-
cal from anterior margin of pupil. Nearly colorless and semitransparent.
Deep seas, one specimen taken at 32° 24’ N., 76° 55’ W., in 528 fathoms,
by the Albatross. (Goode & Bean.) (pellucidus, transparent. )

Psenes pellucidus, LUTKEN, Spolia Atlantica, 516 (109), fig. 601 (198), 1880, Strait of Surabaja;
GoovE & Bean, Ocean. Ichth., 221, fig. 228, 1895.

1349. PSENES CYANOPHRYS, Cuvier & Valenciennes.

Head 4; depth 14. D. xX, I, 25 to 27; A. III, 25 to 27. Snout short,
truncate, as long as eye; lower jaw slightly projecting; soft dorsal and
anal scaly. Body brownish, with dark parallel lines of dots along the
rows of scales, sometimes a bluish streak above each eye. Open
sea, widely distributed, in the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian oceans;

4
:

—————w— = eC CCU TrhhU

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 951

recorded by Litken from deep water off Jamaica and Martinique.

(xvaveoc, blue; égpic, eyebrow. )

Psenes cyanophrys, CuviER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 1x, 260, pl. 265, 1833, New Ice-
land; LUTKEN, Spolia Atlantica, 110, 1880.

Psenesjavanicus, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., rx, 264, 1833, Java.

Psenes auratus, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., rx, 264, 1833, Gulf of Bengal.

Psenes fuscus, GUICHENOT, Mém. Soc. Sci. Nat. Cherbourg, 1866, 138, Madagascar.

Cubiceps multiradiatus, GUNTHER, Proc. Zodl. Soc. Lond., 1871, 661, pl. 61, Manado.

1350. PSENES MACULATUS, Liitken.

Head 33 to 3; depth about 3. D. XI, I, 22 or 23; A. III, 23. Body
rather elongate; eye 3 in head, half longer than snout; fins somewhat
scaly ; scales behind eye and on interopercle; no others on head. Pec-
toral length less than depth of body. Teeth in one row in each jaw.
Dusky, with diffuse spots forming 7 broad cross bands on back and
tail, extending on the fins; first dorsal mostly black, second with 2
dark bands. Open Atlantic. (Liutken.) One specimen taken by the
Albatross in 27° 49’ N., 76° 12’ W., at the surface in 633 fathoms. Accord-
ing to Liitken, this is very likely the young of Psenes capensis, Smith,
but that species has D. X, I, 19; A. 1,19. (maculatus, spotted.)

Psenes maculatus, LUTKEN, Spolia Atlantica,110, 1880, open Atlantic, 39° N.,25°4/S., and between
34° and 27° W.

1351. PSENES REGULUS, Poey.

D. X, 1,15; A. Ill, 15; V. 1,5. Eye median, 3 in head. Body regu-
larly oval, compressed; teeth uniserial, cylindrical, short, slender, close-
set. Silvery with blue spots, some large, others rounded, about 20 in all,
distributed without order and about as large as eye, a band passing
through eye; cheeks silvery. Coastsof Cuba. Length 34 inches. (Poey.)
Specimens apparently similar to the type of Psenes regulus have been
recorded under other names from the East Indies. (regulus, diminutive
of rex, king.)

Psenes regulus, Pory, Synopsis, 375, 1868, Cuba.

Cubiceps indicus, Day, Proc, Zoil. Soc. Lond., 1871, 690, Madras.
Cubiceps panciradiatus, GUNTHER, Aun. Nat. Hist., x, 1872, 423, Misol.

Family CXXIX. CORYPH.ENIDZ.
(THE DOLPHINS.)

Body elongate, compressed, covered with small cycloid scales. Cleft of
the mouth wide, oblique, the lower jaw projecting. Cardiform teeth in
the jaws and on the vomer and palatine bones; a patch of villiform teeth
on the tongue; no teeth on the wsophagus. Opercular bones entire.
Skull with a crest, which is much more elevated in the adult than in the
young. A single, many-rayed dorsal fin, not greatly elevated, extending
from the nape nearly to the caudal fin; anal similar, but shorter; both
without distinct spines; pectoral fins very short and small; ventrals well
developed, thoracic, I, 5, partly received into a groove in the abdomen ;

952 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

Or

caudal fin widely forked. Lateral line present. Gill membranes free from
the isthmus. Branchiostegals 7; no pseudobranchie. No air bladder.
Pyloric appendages very numerous. Vertebre about 30. A single genus,
with probably but two species. Very large fishes, inhabiting the high
seas in warm regions, noted for their brilliant and changeable colors.
(Scombride, genus Coryphena, Gunther, Cat., 11, 404-408, 1860.)

433. CORYPHAENA, Linneus.

(DOLPHINS. )

Ooryphzena, LINNMUS, Syst. Nat., Ed. x, 1758, 261, (hippurus).

Caranxomorus, LACEPEDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 111, 26, 1802, (pelagicus).

Lepimphis, RAFINESQUE, Caratteri, etc., 33, 1810, (hippuroides).

Lampugus, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 1x, 317, 1833, (pelagicus; young form).
Characters of the genus included above. The species are not well

known, having been unduly multiplied by authors. According to Dr.

Lutken all are probably reducible to two. (xopidaiva, the name applied

by Aristotle to Coryphena hippurus, from xépuc, helmet; gaivw, to show.)

a. Dorsal rays 55 to 65; anal 26 to 30; adult male with the front greatly elevated, forming a

high crest. . HiprurRus, 1352.
aa, Dorsal rays 51 to 55; anal 24 to 26; profile of adult male not very steep, not very different
from that of the female. EQUISETIS, 1353.

1352. CORYPHENA HIPPURUS, Linneus.

(Common DoLpHIn ; DoRADO; DOURADE.)

Head 43 to 53; depth 5. D. 55 to 65; A. 26 to 30. Profile in adult male
nearly vertical; maxillary reaching middle of eye or beyond. Vertebre
30 or 31. Ventrals inserted slightly behind upper ray of pectoral, its
length 14 in head; pectoral 13. Colors brilliant in life, the head, body,
and tail greenish olive, changing suddenly at death; brownish olive
above, white or golden below, with a series of about 15 bright-blue spots
on back along each side of dorsal, the largest on the back and head, forming
bands on the snout; dorsal purplish blue, with paler oblique lines ; other
fins tinged with blue; caudal yellow; in spirits pale, with blackish spots
on the lower parts. Length 6 feet. Pelagic, north on our coast to Cape ©
Cod; abundant from South Carolina to Texas; not definitely known
from the eastern Pacific. Remarkable for its brilliant coloration, which
fades at death, although the change has been much exaggerated. A good
food-fish. (Eu.) (ioc, horse; ovpa, tail.)

oryphena hippurus, Linnmus, Syst. Nat., Ed. x, 1758, 261, open seas; Giinruer, Cat., 11, 405,

1860; JorpAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 914, 1883, and of authors generally.

Scomber pelagicus, LInN«uS, Syst. Nat., Ed. x, 1758, 299, no locality.

Coryphena fasciolatus, PALLAS, Spicil. Zo61., vit, pl. 3, fig. 2, 1772, Amboina.

Coryphena chrysurus, LACLPEDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 11, pl. 18, fig. 2, 1799.

Coryphena imperialis, RAFINESQUE, Caratteri, &c., 33, 1810, Sicily.

Lepimphis hippuroides, RAFINESQUE, Caratteri, &c., 34, 1810, Palermo.

Coryphzenaimmaculata, AGASSIZ, in Spix, Pisc. Bras., 111, pl. 56, 1829, Atlantic, off Brazil.

Coryphena marcgravii, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 1x, 301, 1833, South
America.

se

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 953

Coryphzna sueurii, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., rx, 302, 1833, Philadelphia.

Coryphzna dorado, CuvirrR & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 1x, 303, 1833, Brazil.

Coryphzena dolfyn, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., rx, 305, 1833, Antilles.

Coryphxna virgata, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 1x, 308, 1833, Martinique; after
PLUMIER.

Coryphzna argyrurus, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, l, ¢., 1x, 314, 1833, Sea of Coromandel.

Coryphzena vlamingii, CuVIER & VALENCIENNES, I. c., 1x, 315, 1833, seas of India; after RENARD.

Lampugus siculus, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, I. c., IX, 323, 1833, Sicily.

Corypnzena scomberoides, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, I. c., rx, 315, 1833, South Sea; after Ostero-
glossus of COMMERSON.

Coryphzna sueuri, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 455, 1883.

1353. CORYPHENA EQUISETIS, Linnzus.

(SMALL DOLPHIN.)

Head 4: to 42; depth 32 to 4. D.51t0 55; A. 24 to 26; vertebra 33.
Profile of head convex, but not nearly vertical, even in the adult; max-
illary reaching front of pupil,3!to4/in head. Insertion of dorsal behind
eye; pectorals equal half length of head; maxillary reaching middle of
eye; profile of snout becoming nearly vertical with age; front of anal
under middle of body. Colors brilliant in life, changing suddenly at
death ; brownish olive above, white or golden below, with bright-blue
spots, the largest on the back and head, forming bands on the snout;
dorsal purplish blue, with paler oblique lines; other fins tinged with
blue; caudal yellow; in spirits pale, with blackish spots on the lower
parts. ‘‘ Male with the front elevated, forming a crest, which projects a
little beyond the upper jaw; female with blue spots along each side of
the tail, regularly arranged.” (Poey.) Length 30 inches. Open Atlantic;
rare in the West Indies; not recorded from coast of the United States.
(equus, horse; seta, bristle, tail.) (Eu.)

Coryphena equisetis, LINN@US, Syst. Nat., Ed. x, 1758, 261, (misprinted equiselis), high seas;
after Dorado of Ospeck, Resa China, 308, 1757; Cuvier & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss.,
1x, 297, 1833; JorpAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 914, 1883.

Ooryphzena aurata, RAvINESsQueE, Caratteri, &c., 33, 1810, Sicily.

Coryphzena lessonii, Cuvier & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 307, 1833, India.
Lampugus punctulatus, CuvieR & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 1x, 327, 1833, Atlantic at the

Equator.
Lampugus neapolitanus, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 1x, 325, 1833, Naples; after
Buiocn.

Coryphena azorica, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 1x, 306, 1833, Azores.
Corypheena punctulata, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 454, 1883.

Family CXXX. LAMPRIDZ.
(THE MARIPOSAS.)

Body ovate, compressed, and elevated, covered with minute, cycloid
scales. Head small, rather pointed. Mouth small, terminal, without
teeth in the adult, its angle with slits in the skin to permit the motion of
the jaws, as in the tunnies. Premavxillaries protractile. Opercular bones
entire. Dorsal fin single, very long, elevated, and faleate in front, with-
out distinct spines; anal long and low, not at all faleate; both fins

954 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

depressible in a groove; ventral fins thoracic, but behind the pectorals,
attached to a very long pubic bone, composed of 14 to 17 soft rays; pec-
toral fins large, faleate, their bases horizontal; caudal fin moderately
forked, its peduncle short and slender, without keel. A pit at base of
eaudal, above and below, as in certain sharks. Lateral Ene present,
much arched in front. Branchiostegals 6. Gill membranes free from the
isthmus. (sophagus not armed with spinous teeth, Air bladder large,
bifurcate behind. Pyloric appendages very numerous. Vertebrie 45.
Hypocoracoid very much dilated as in Brama, the entire shoulder girdle
very heavy; the pubic bone much longer than in Brama. Fishes of
large size and gorgeous coloration, inhabiting the open seas, the flesh
firm and rich. A single genus with probably but one species. It resem-
bles the tunnies in the character of the flesh, but the form is very differ-
ent, and the character of the anal fins separates it widely from all the
mackerel-like fishes. It is not certain that it really belongs with the
Scombroidei. (Scombridw, genus Lampris, Giinther, Cat., 11, 415, 416, 1860.)

434. LAMPRIS, Retzius.

(MARIPOSA. )

Lampris, Retzius, Nya Handlung, 111, 91, 1799, (quttatus).
Chrysotosus, LACEPEDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., rv, 586, 1802, (lama).

Characters of the genus included above. The single species is cosmo-
politan, most beautifully colored, and unsurpassed as food, the flesh rich,
firm, and delicate. (/auzpéc, radiant.)

1854. LAMPRIS LUNA* (Gmelin).

(Mariposa; OpaH; Moonrisu; SAN Pepro FisH; Cravo; JERUSALEM Happock ; GLANCE
Fis ; Gupiax ; Poisson LUNE.)

Head 34; depth 1%. D.53 to 55; A. 38 to 41; V. 14 to 17; vertebra
23 + 22—45. Body short and very deep, the sides much compressed.
Mouth toothless. Longest dorsal ray shorter than pectorals, which are
nearly as long as the head. Anal very low in front, a little higher
behind. Color a rich brocade of silver and lilac, rosy on the belly;

everywhere with round silvery spots; head, opercles, and back with —

ultramarine tints; jaws and fins vermilion; flesh red, of varying shades.
Skeleton strong and firm. Length 3 to 6 feet. Open waters of the
Atlantic and Pacific, frequently taken off the Coasts of Europe; not
rare off Madeira, occasionally taken off Newfoundland, Maine, and Cuba,
also at Monterey and other places in California. Our specimen is from
Monterey. One of the choicest of fishes, the flesh rich, firm, and of deli-
cate flavor. (luna, moon.) (Eu.)

* We have before us a drawing of a specimen of Lampris luna made at Sable Island by James
Farquhar in 1856, and sent with an accompanying letter to Dr. J. Bernard Gilpin of Halifax.
Mr. Farquhar writes: ‘“‘ Just imagine the body a beautiful silver, interspersed with spots of a
lighter color about the size of a sixpence, the eyes very large and brilliant, with a golden ring
around them. You will then have some idea of the splendid appearance of the fish when fresh.
If Caligula had seen him I might have realized a fortune.

Jordan and Evermann.—Ffishes of North America. 959d

Zeus luna,* GMELIN, Syst. Nat., x11, 1225, 1788, Normandy; after Poisson de Lune, Du HAMEL,
Des Péches, 111, 74. .

Zeus guitatus,* BrtUnnicu, Danske Selskr., 111, 398, 1788, Elsinore, Denmark.

Zeus regius,* BONNATERRE, Encycl. Ichth., 72, pl. 39, 1788, Torbay, England; after Opah of
PENNANT.

Zeus stremii, WALBAUM, Artedi Piscium, 398, 1792, Norway; after Zeus cauda bifurca of STROM.

Scomber gunneri, Buocu & ScuNnerpeER, Syst. Ichth., 38, 1801; after Scomber pelagicus of GUNNER;
specimens from near Throndhjem.

Zeus imperialis, SHAW, Nat. Misc., rv, 140, 1803, Torbay; after Opah of PENNANT.

Zeus opah, SHaw, Genl. Zodl., 1v, 287, 1803, Torbay; after PENNANT.

Lampris lauta, Low¥, Fishes Madeira, 27, 1843, Madeira.

Lampris guttatus, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., x, 39, pl. 282, 1835; Jorpan & GIL-
BERT, Synopsis, 453, 1883.

Lampris luna, GUNTHER, Cat:, 11, 416, 1860; Day, Fish. Great Britain 118.

Lampris regius, GOODE & BEAN, Oceanic Ichth., 223, 1895.

Family CXXXI. PTERACLID.

Dorsal fin very high, continuous, with its rays all simple, not articulate
nor. branched; anal similar to dorsal; ventrals jugular, inserted before
pectorals, about under the eye, their rays I, 3 or I, 5; scales firm, lobate
or emarginate; dorsal and anal each with a basal sheath of enlarged
scales, the fin otherwise naked. Otherwise essentially as in the Bramide.
Skeleton not examined, the vertebre probably numerous, the attachment
of the ventrals to the shoulder girdle evidently unlike that seen in the
Bramide. Two genera, with about 5 species; small pelagic fishes, notable
for the very high fins.

a. +Ventral rays I, 3; lateral line faint, but present; dorsal beginning on head, its short rays

few (about 2 or 3) in number, the third or fourth ray longest; teeth on vomer and pala-
tines. PTERACLIS, 435.

435. PTERACLIS, Gronow.

Pteraclis, Gronow, Acta Helvetica, vi1, 44, 1772, (velifera).
Oligopodus, LAchPEDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., m, 512, 1800, (velifera).

Body oblong ovate, much compressed, deep anteriorly, growing rapidly
and regularly slender behind; scales rather large, firm, each one with a
median horizontal furrow or emargination, these forming distinct
striated lines along the rows of scales. Lateral line not obsolete. A
sheath of very large scales along bases of dorsal and anal; a long axillary
scale at base of ventral; scales on head and breast small. Caudal
peduncle slender, the caudal fin short, lunate. Vent nearly under pre-
opercle, the breast very short. Abdominal cavity extending much behind
vent, as in the flounders. Ventrals jugular in position, directly under

_ the eye, each of a feeble spine and about 3 soft rays. Pectorals moderate.

* We have no means of knowing which of the three specific names given to this species in
1788, luna, guttatus, regius, is entitled to priority. We have elsewhere regarded the names of
Gmelin as prior to those of Bonnaterre, and we know of no reason for supposing the work of
Briinnich to be earlier than either. Tha still earlier name pelagicus, given by Gunner, is an
error of identification, the Scomber pelagicus of Linneus being a Coryphena.

+ The Japanese genus, Centropholis, Hilgendorf, has the veutral rays I, 5; lateral line obsolete;
dorsal beginning behind head, with about 13 graduated rays, the fourteenth ray longest; no

teeth on vomer or palatines. The type is Centropholis petersi, Hilgendorf.

956 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

Dorsal fin excessively high, all the rays alike, simple, fragile, and
unbranched, appearing like hairs; some of the anterior rays higher; 2
or 3 of the anterior shorter and graduated ; the posterior rays progres-
sively shorter; first dorsal ray on the head. Anal similar to dorsal,
equally high and almost as long, the rays all simple, the first ray short.
Eye large; nape elevated; mouth large, nearly vertical ; maxillary broad,
scaly; teeth small, slender, on jaws, tongue, vomer, and palatines.
Pseudobranchiz present ; air bladder small ; ceca 6. Pelagic fishes, widely
distributed. (a7vepov, fin or,wing; «xAeiw, to close. ‘‘ Thename indicating
the double rows of scales which embrace the bases of the two vertical
fins.”’)

13855. PTERACLIS CAROLINUS, Cuvier & Valenciennes.

D. LIT; A. XLIV. Mouth larger, scales larger, and fourth or longest
ray of the dorsal stouter than in other species. Silvery, with bluish
reflections. Coast of South Carolina; known from a mutilated specimen
4 inches long, evidently the young of some pelagic species. (Cuy. & Val.)
A second specimen, agreeing in general with this description has been
lately obtained by the Albatross (Goode & Bean).

? Pteraclis trichopterus, CuviER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 1x, 367, 1833, locality
unknown. D. 50; A. 44. (Coll. Quoy & Gaimard.)

Pteraclis carolinus, CuviER & VALENCIENNES, l.c., IX, 368, 1833, off coast of South Carolina,
GUNTHER, Cat., 11, 411, 1860; Jorpan & GILBERT, Synopsis, 455, 1883; GcopE & BEAN;
Oceanic Ichthyology, 212, 1895.

Family CXXXII. BRAMIDZ.

(THE POMFRETS.)

Body oblong, more or less elevated, strongly compressed, covered with
firm adherent scales, large or small. Scales firm, cycloid, lobate, or
emarginate, or with a median ridge or spine; this character found in the
young of all species but disappearing with age in some of them. Mouth
moderate, very oblique, the maxillary broad and scaly, the premaxillary
protractile ; jaws with bands of slender teeth; teeth on vomer and pala-
tines present or absent. Preopercle entire or serrulate, serrate or spinous
in the young; opercles well developed. Dorsal and anal fins long, similar
to each other; each with 3 or 4 anterior rays short and simple, developed
as spines, the remaining rays all articulated; soft dorsal and anal scaly
or with a sheath of scales; ventrals small, below the pectoral; the axil-
lary scale well developed, the rays I, 5. Pectorallong. Caudal peduncle
slender, the fin lunate or forked, sometimes widely so. Branchiostegals
7. Pseudobranchice present. Pyloric ceca few. Air bladder present or
absent ; supraoccipital crest large and high, extending forward to the
snout. Vertebrae numerous (164+ 23—39 in Brama raii). Skeleton firm.
Shoulder girdle thick and heavy, the hypocoracoid especially large and
much dilated, entering the ventral outling, excluding the pubic bones from
contact with #he shoulder girdle; pubic bones short and small; neurals
and interneurals small and slender. Fishes of the open sea, widely dis-
tributed and often inhabiting considerable depths, subject to great changes

Jordan and Evermann.—Ffishes of North America. 957

with age. Genera 3 (Brama, Taractes, Pterycombus) with about 10 species.
(Scombride, part, Giinther, Cat., 11, 408-411, 1860.)

a.* Dorsal fin beginning at a point behind the gill opening.

b. Scales large (40 to 50 in lengthwise series); lateral line obsolete ; each scale deeply
emarginate and with a median horizontal ridge (as in Preraclis and the young of
Brama); this character persistent through life; soft fins chiefly scaly at base and
on the anterior lobe; ventrals inserted before pectorals. TARACTES, 436.
bb. Scales small (about 80 in lateral line) those of sides with a long bony vertical ridge
and a narrow cycloid free part, which conceals the ridge in the adult; lateral line

developed; soft fins almost entirely scaly; ventrals inserted below pectorals.
Brama, 437.

436. TARACTES, Lowe.

Taractes, Lowe, Proc. ZoGl. Soc. Lond., 1863, 82, (asper, probably young of Brama or Taractes
longipinnis). =|

Argo, DODERLEIN, in Steindachner’s Fische Japan, 111, 7, 1884, (steindachneri); name preoccupied
in Mollusks, by Bohadsch, 1761.

Body ovate, compressed, the nape less elevated than in Brama, the back
more so; scales large, firm, deeply emarginate and with a horizontal
median ridge orspine, as in the young of Brama, this character persistent ;
no lateral line; dorsal and anal more or less falcate, the spines few and
slender, adnate to the soft rays; scales on the fins largely confined to the
anterior lobe; ventrals small, inserted before pectorals. Caudal simply
lunate, on aslender peduncle. A well-marked genus intermediate between
Pteraclis and Brama. The large scales (lateral line 43) of Taractes asper,
show, as Dr. Liitken has indicated, that it is the young of Brama longi-
pinnis, rather than of Brama raii. This species, longipinnis, is very closely
related to the Japanese form called Argo steindachneri. The name Taractes
may therefore supersede Argo, which is preoccupied, (tapd«ryc, a dis-
turber. )

1356. TARACTES SAUSSURIIL (Lurel).

Head 4+ in totallength; depth 2}. D.III,30; A. Tl, 20; V. 1,5; B. 7;
scales 50. Body compressed, elevated; back and belly slightly keeled;
line of profile strongly elevated toward front of dorsal, thence descending
gradually to the forehead, where it is abruptly decurved in a semicircle.
Eye large, 3in head. Mouth oblique, the maxillary nearly reaching pos-
terior margin of eye. Dorsal beginning behind base of pectoral, its
length of base equal to height of body; second soft ray longest, nearly
+ of height of body; anal inserted below fourteenth dorsal ray, its
first soft ray + depth of body ; pectoral reaching twelfth soft ray of dorsal ;
_ ventral under base of pectoral, its first ray + height of body. Silvery

and gray; the dorsal, from its first soft ray to the ninth, broadly bor-
dered with white, the rest of the fin with black; first 7 rays of anal
perfectly white, the next 4 bordered with white, the rest of the fin black-
ish; both lobes of caudal broadly bordered with white, the 6 middle rays

* Dorsal beginning on the head above the preopercle in Plerycombus, Fries. Plerycombus brama,
Fries, the known species of this genus, is thus far known from Iceland, Norway, and neighboring
_ Waters. It doubtless occurs in Greenland waters,

958 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

blackish; pectorals and ventrals yellowish. Eachscale of sides (in speci-
men 12 inches long) with a spinous ridge along its middle. (Lunel.)
Havana. One specimen in the museum at Geneva. It is evidently a
Taractes, but with the fins much lower than in Taractes longipinnis.
(Named for Prof. Henri de Saussure, of Geneva, a writer on crustacea,

insects, etc.
Brama saussurii, LUNEL, Revue du Genre Brama, Mem.Soc. Phys. Hist. Nat. Genéve, xvutr, 185,
pl. 2, 1865, Cuba; Pory, Synopsis, 358, 1868.

437. BRAMA,* Bloch & Schneider.

(POMFRET. )
Brama, Buocu & SCHNEIDER, Syst. Ichth., 98, 1801, (raii).
Lepodus, RAFINESQUE, Caratteri, etc., 58, 1810, (saragus).

Body oblong or elevated, compressed, covered with rather small cycloid
scales, each of which is usually composed of a bony ridge or spine, with
a cycloid free edge, the bony vertical portion often becoming hidden with
age. Mouth wide, oblique, the lower jaw the longer; the jaws and pal-
atines provided with slender teeth; maxillary broad, scaly. No teeth in
the wsophagus. Opercle moderately developed; preopercle entire, serru-
late in the young. Snout obtuse and convex, supraoccipital crest highly
elevated, extending forward to tip of snout. Dorsal and anal fins very
long, both with the anterior lobe more or less elevated, the first ray of
dorsal over the ventrals and notably behind the head; a few (3 or 4) of
the anterior rays developed as slender graduated spines; ventrals small,
thoracic, the number of raysI,5. Soft parts of vertical fins covered with
small scales except along the edge. Pyloric ceca 5; branchiostegals 7;
vertebre about 40; pseudobranchiz large; air bladder large. Shoulder
girdle very heavy, as in Lampris, the hypocoracoid especially thick and
large, excluding the small pelvis from contact with the clavicle. Neurals
and interneurals comparatively small. Large pelagic fishes of dusky
colors, widely distributed and descending to considerable depths, the
adult quite unlike the young. (Brama, bream, Abramis, the species hay-
ing been called Brama marina by John Ray.)

a. Dorsal rays about III, 30; anal rays II, 19 or 20; caudal not deeply forked.
b. Caudal fin bordered with white (as in Taractes), its middle rays notsalient; longest dor-

sal rays more than half depth of body. AGASSIZ, 1357.
bb. Caudal fin without whitish border, its middle rays somewhat salient; longest dorsal
rays 2 depth of body. BREVOORTII, 1358.

aa. Dorsal rays III, 31 to 33; anal rays II, 26 or 27; scalesin lateral line 80 to 90; longest
dorsal rays about half depth of body; caudal very deeply forked, its middle rays not
salient. RAII, 1359.

* A very elaborate study of Brama has been completed by Liitken, based upon a large series,
chiefly of young specimens. Concerning B. raii he concludes that it is quite cosmopolitan in its
distribution, occurring from the Farjée Islands to the Cape of Good Hope, and is represented by
closely similar, if not identical, forms on the coast of Chile (B. chilensis and australis) and New
Zealand (B. squamosa) and in the waters of Japan. He states thatit has not yet been found in
the West Indies or off the east coast of North America, overlooking, perhaps, the fact that
Brama raii was observed at the Bermudasin 1880 by Dr. Goode. He considers B. orcini and B.
dussumieri and Taractes asper to be immature forms and gives a very doubtful acceptance to six
species, claiming to be distinct from B. raii, described from various parts of the Atlantic.—
(Goode & Bean.)

Brama raii is not unfregently taken on the coasts of California, Oregon, and Washington.
Taractes asper is, however, not the young of Brama raii, but belongs to a distinct genus.

Ee

’

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of Norih America. 959

1357. BRAMA AGASSIZII, Poey.

Head 43 in total with caudal; depth 3. D. III, 29; A. II, 21. Number
of scales not stated, probably about as in B. raii. Eye 3} in head (in
specimen 2 feet long); maxillary reaching past middle of eye. Jaws with
bands of villiform teeth, those in front larger; no canines; villiform
teeth on the palatines; two strong teeth on the vomer. Form of the
scales about as in B. raii, their free border thin and not ciliated, giving
the effect of an epidermal membrane attached to each scale and reflect-
ing a dull silvery color. Longest ray of dorsal a little more than half
depth of body; anal inserted under thirteenth ray of dorsal; ventrals
twice as short as pectorals; caudal concave, its middle rays not at all
produced. Air bladder large; vertebre more than 24. Dusky, with
bright reflections; caudal largely bordered with whitish. Ceca 7.
Cuba; known from one specimen. (Poey.) Apparently allied to Brama
ravi, but the fins are shorter. (Named for Louis Agassiz.)

Brama agassizii, Porky, Memorias, 11, 204, 1860, Havana.

1358. BRAMA BREVOORTII, Poey.

Head 44 in total length with caudal; depth 23. D. IT, 27 (or III, 30);
A. II, 21. Eye 3% in head, (in specimen 16 inches long). Teeth as in
Brama agassizii, but none on vomer. Second ray of dorsal ? height of
body; anal inserted much farther back than front of dorsal. Scales as
in Brama agassizii. Caudal blackish, without pale margin, its middle
rays salient, half the length of the outer; pectorals shorter than in
other species; fins higher than B. raii, lower than in B. agassizii. Ceca
8. Color as in B. agassizii, except the caudal. Havana, Cuba; known
from one specimen. (Poey.) (Named for James Carson Brevoort. )

Brama brevoortii, Pozy, Memorias, 11, 206, 1860, Havana.

1359. BRAMA RAII (Bloch).

(POMFRET; CASTAGNOLE ; RONDANIN.)

Head 3%; depth 24. D. III, 32; A. II, 27; scales 13-80-23. Pyloric
emca 5. Vertebre 16+ 24—40. Eye large, 4 in head, as long as snout.
Maxillary 2} in head. Teeth on palatines, none on vomer. Scales of
sides of body in adult much elongate vertically, consisting of a long ver-
tical bony portion which is sharp at either end and does not appear at
the surface; this projection extends under each scale above and below
for a distance nearly equaling diameter of the visible part of the scale;
this free part forming a cycloid lobate flap deeper than long; axil with
a fringe of long scales attached by one edge; scales of back and belly
smaller, nearly normal in form; fin rays of anterior part of dorsal, each
with a scaly flap free at one edge. Maxillary and opercles scaly; lower
jaw with rudimentary scales. Pectorals long, faleate, reaching middle
of anal, 23 in body; dorsal and anal high in front, but lower than in
Brama agassizii, the longest rays about 2} in depth of body, 5} in length
of body; candal fin on a slender peduncle, deeply forked, its middle rays

960 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

not salient, its longest rays 32 in body. Gill rakers moderate, x + 18.

Color sooty gray, with some soiled silvery; snout, vertical fins, and

region above anal] black; edges of dorsal and anal darker; axil jet black

within. Bones firm. Length 2 to 4 feet. Open seas, widely distributed,

descending to considerable depths; occasional on the coasts of Europe

as far north as the Fardée Islands, rarely taken on our Atlantic Coast.

Bermuda (Goode); Grand Bank (Bean). It has lately been frequently

obtained on our Pacific Coast in different localities from Santa Catalina

to Puget Sound. Here described from a specimen found in the Los

Angeles market. In our specimen the pectoral is a little longer and the

scales a little larger than in Day's figure of the European form, but

doubtless the same species. Many of the known specimens have been

beached by storms. An excellent food-fish. (Named for Rev. John Ray,

a learned naturalist, one of the ablest of the predecessors of Linnzus.)

(Eu. )

Brama marina cauda forcipata, Ray, Synopsis Methodica Piscium, 115, 1713, Middelburg.

Sparus raii, BLocu, Ichthyol., pl. 273, 1791; after Ray, etc.

Sparus castaneola, SHaw, Gen. Zoil., 1v., 404, 1803; after LackpEpE, who copied from Biocu.

Sparus niger, TURTON, British Fauna, 98, 1807, Swansea.

Lepodus saragus, RAFINESQUE, Caratteri, etc., 53, 1810, Palermo.

Brama dussumieri, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vir, 294, 1831, Indian Sea, Lon-
gitude 85° E.

? Brama orcini, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, I. c, vil, 295, 1831, Indian Sea, Longitude 85° E.;
from stomach of Germo alalunga.

? Brama chilensis, GAY, Hist. Chili, Peces, 218, 1843, Chile.

Brama raii, VALENCIENNES IN CuviER, Régne Anim., Ilustr. Poiss., pl. 26, fig. 1, 1839, Chile;
after Gay’s type.

Brama raji, Buhocu & ScHNEIDER, Syst. Ichth., 99, 1801; Jonpan & GILBERT, Synopsis, 915, 1883.

Brama raii, GUNTHER, Cat., 11, 408, 1860, Lirken, Spolia Atlantica.

Family CXXXIII. STEINEGERIIDZ.

Dorsal fin low, divided by a deep notch into an anterior part of about
11 slender spines and a posterior part of about 18 soft rays; scales moder-
ate, each with a median keel; ventrals I, 5, inserted before pectorals,
otherwise essentially as in the Bramide, so far as external characters
show. The true relation of the group remains to be shown from a study
of the skeleton. One species known, from rather deep water.

438. STEINEGERIA, Jordan & Evermann.
Steinegeria, JonpAN & EVERMANN, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1886, 467, (rubescens).

Body ovate, considerably compressed, thickly covered with rather
large membranous scales, which are closely imbricated, and each with a
distinct median keel. Cleft of mouth very oblique, the lower jaw
strongly projecting. Jaws with bands of small cardiform teeth, those in
front largest, especially in the lower jaw; teeth in villiform bands on
the palatines, but absent from the vomer. Premaxillaries protractile;
preopercle without angle, with ascending limb finely serrulate, and with
a few coarser teeth about the angle. No distinct lateral line. Dorsal

ee ee

Jordan and Evermann.— Fishes of North America. 961

and anal fins somewhat elongate, the former deeply notched, with 11
slender spines, the latter with 2 spines; caudal lunate, with short and
slender peduncle; ventrals I, 5, inserted before pectorals, not depressible
in a groove, each with 1 spine and 5 rays. Vent well behind ventrals.
A single species known, from the Gulf of Mexico. Its skeleton has not
been examined. It is therefore not known how close its relations to
Brama may be, but it cannot be removed far from that group. Its
divided dorsal suggests relations with Nomeus, but the scales are more
like those of Brama. (Named for Leonhard Stejneger, curator of rep-
tiles in the United States National Museum, one of the ablest systematic
zoologists of our time.)

1360. STEINEGERIA RUBESCENS, Jordan & Evermaun.

Head 23; depth 2; snout short, 5 in head. D. XI-I, 18; A. II, 20; V.

I, 5; scales 50-26. Body ovate, considerably compressed, the greatest
thickness a little less than half length of head. Anterior profile from
tip of snout to base of dorsal nearly straight; outline of belly prominent,
the axis of body being rather nearer dorsal than ventral outline; breast
and belly not carinate. Head but little longer than deep, its upper sur-
face flattish, the bones not very firm; interorbital space nearly flat, with

2 ridges about as broad as eye, which is 3f in head; preorbital very nar-
row, somewhat cavernous, its edge sharply dentate; mouth very oblique,
the lower jaw strongly projecting, the broad maxillary reaching to below
middle of eye, its length 4 that of the head. Each jaw with a band
of small cardiform teeth, those in front largest, especially in the lower
jaw, but all of them small; a band of villiform teeth on each palatine

. bone, but none on the vomer; premaxillaries protractile. Lower jaw
with conspicuous pores; preopercle forming a nearly even curve, without
distinct angle; ascending limb of preopercle very finely serrulate, with
some 4 or 5 coarser teeth about the angle; other opercular bones very
thin, with entire edges. Cheeks, opercles, maxillary, and top of head
closely covered with scales similar to those on rest of body, but a little
smaller. Gill rakers rather short and wide apart, 8 or 9 developed on the
lower part of the arch, the longest about 4} length of eye. Body closely
covered with membranous scales, which are closely imbricated, deeper
than long, each with a distinct median keel, besides which are some
smaller radiating ridges, especially on the scales of the sides of the body.
These ridges on the scales form continuous ridges, which give the body a
rough appearance, although they are not spinigerous; scales largest on
middle of sides, becoming smaller on back and on belly; no distinct
lateral line; fins with few scales or none. Dorsal spines very slender
and flexible, some of them ending in filaments (all more or less mutilated
in typical example); soft rays separated from spines by a deep notch
extending nearly to base of fin; soft dorsal elevated, the longest rays
about 14 in head; caudal lunate, its peduncle very short and slender;
| anal fin high, its spines short and slender, the longest ray 14 in head; no
| free anal spines; ventrals inserted before pectorals, their length 1} in
.
|

F.N, A.——62

962 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

head, not depressible into a fissure of the abdomen ; pectorals 1} in head ;
vent well behind ventrals. Color in life salmon red, rather bright and
nearly uniform, darker on back, silvery under the chin; fins all salmon,
with black areas toward base on both dorsals and anal; ventrals largely
black; lining of opercles pale. Length 5 inches. A single specimen, in
fair condition, was found in the stomach of a Red Grouper from the
Snapper Banks off Pensacola. (rubescens, reddening.)

Steinegeria rubescens, JORDAN & EvERMANN, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1886, 467, Snapper Banks

off Pensacola. (Type, No. 37991. Coll. Jordan & Evermann.)

Family CXXXIV. CENTROLOPHIDA.
(THE RUDDER-FISHES. )

Body oblong or elongate, compressed, covered with moderate cycloid,
adherent scales. Lateral line present, straightish. Bones of head some-
times serrulate. Mouth moderate, with small teeth. Premaxillaries pro-
tractile. Csophagus with tooth-like processes as in Stromateidw. Verte-
bree in normal number, 10+ 14 or 15 = 24 or 25. Dorsal fin long, 3 to 10
of the anterior rays simple, more or less spine-like ; anal similar, shorter;
caudal lunate, on a rather stout peduncle; ventrals well developed, tho-
racic,I, 5. Skeleton moderately firm. Fishes of the open seas, inhabit-
ing moderate depths. Three genera and about 6 species recognized. This
group is closely related to the Stromateidw, but seems worthy of separate
recognition. (Centrolophinw, GILL, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc., Xx1, 666, 1884.)

CENTROLOPHINS :
a. Dorsal spines slender, graduated, joined by the membrane; soft rays moderately elevated;
head naked, its bones entire. CENTROLOPHUS, 439.
MUPIN#=E:

aa. Dorsal spines short and stout, subequal, about as long as soft rays; fins not falcate; sides
of head scaly.

b. Eyes small; dorsal spines scarcely connected by membrane; preopercle, interopercle,

and subopercle finely serrate, PaLinuricutuys, 440,

439. CENTROLOPHUS, Lacépéde.
(BLACK RUFFS.)

Centrolophus, LACkPEDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 1v, 441, 1803, (niger).
Pompilus, Lowe, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 81, 1839, (pompilus).
Acentrolophus, Narpo, Prodr. Ichth. Adriat., sp. 62, (maculosus).
Gymnocephalus, Cocco, Giorn. Sci. Lettr. Sic., 26, 1829, (messinensis).

Body elongate, covered with minute scales; lateral line present, arched
anteriorly. Head naked, unarmed. Morth rather small, with small teeth
in jaws only. Epibranchials of fourth gill arch with long, toothed pro-
cesses as in Stromateus, Rhombus, Mupus,* and Palinurichthys. Dorsal long,
continuous, not faleate, with about 3 slender, graduated spines. Dorsal
and anal scaly ; anal with 3 slender spines. Ventrals moderate, thoracic,

* Mupus, Cocco = Leirus, Lowe, based on Mupus imperialis, Cocco = Centrolophus ovalis, Cuvier
& Valenciennes,

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 968

I,5. Pectorals moderate. Caudal forked. Air bladder small. Pyloric
ceca 9 or 10. Three species known, from the Atlantic and Pacific.
(kévtpov, spine ; Adgoc, crest.)

1361. CENTROLOPHUS NIGER (Gmelin),

(BLACKFISH ; BLack Rurre ; Boras.)

Head 5 in total length; depth 4 to 5. D. III, 35 to 38; A. III, 20 to 22;
vertebra 11-+ 14; ceca 9. Maxillary reaching to below front of eye. Dor-
sal inserted above first third of pectoral. Scales minute, forming a sheath
along basal third of vertical fins. Dark brown, clouded or spotted with
paler. Coasts of southern Europe, not rare in rather deep water; one
specimen, 9 inches long, taken at Dennis, Massachusetts, in 1888. (niger,
black.) (Eu.)

Perca nigra, GMELIN, Syst. Nat., 1321, 1788, Cornwall.

Centrolophus liparis, Risso, Eur. Mérid., 111, 337, 1826, Nice.

Centrolophus morio, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 1x, 342, 1833, Mediterranean.

Centrolophus pompilus, Cuv1ER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 1x, 334, 1833; not of LINN £US,
who describes some very different fish as Coryphena pompilus.

Acentrolophus maculosus, NARDO, Prodr. Ichth. Adriat., No. 62, Isis, Col. 478, 1827, Adriatic.
Centrolophus niger, GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes, 11, 403; GoopE & Bran, Ocean. Ichth., 214.

440. PALINURICHTHYS, Bleeker.
(BLACK RUDDER FISHEs. )

Palinurus, De Kay, New York, Fauna: Fishes, 118, 1842, (perciformis) (preoccupied in Crustacea.)
Palinurichthys, BLEEKER, Enum. Spec. Pisce. Arch. Ind., 22, November, 1859, ( perciformis).
Palinurichthys, G1Lu, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., Jan., 1860,* 20, (perciformis).

Pammelas, GUNTHER, Cat., 11, 485, June, 1860, ( perciformis).

Body oblong, ovate, moderately compressed. Profile very blunt and
convex. Mouth moderate; maxillary narrow, with a small supplemental
bone; premaxillaries protractile, little movable. Jaws nearly equal, each
with about one series of small, slender teeth; no teeth on vomer or pala-
tines. Preoperculum, interoperculum, and suboperculum finely serrated.
Gill rakers long; gill membranes separate, free from the isthmus. Scales
small, smooth; larger, thicker, and more adherent than in Stromateus.
Cheeks scaly. Fins rather low; dorsal fin long, preceded by 6 to 8 short
subequal, rather strong spines, the last ones connected by membrane, the
others nearly free, all much lower than the soft rays; anal fin similar but
shorter, preceded by 3 spines, which, like the dorsal spines, are nearly
embedded in thick skin; vertical fins densely scaly toward their bases;
caudal fin emarginate; caudal peduncle stout; ventral fins large, thoracic,

1,5; pectoral fins moderate, rounded, or falcate. One species, differing
from the European genus Mupus Cocco (= Leirus Lowe) by the low, partly
free spines, and thesmall eye. (zadwoipoc, Palinurus, a pilot; lytic, fish.)

*“ The paper in the Proc. Acad. was probably published earlier than Dr. Bleeker’s but, happily,
the question is immaterial.’’—Gill, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., Xx1, 667, 1884,

964 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum,

1362. PALINURICHTHYS PERCIFORMIS (Mitchill).
(RuDDER-FISsH; LoG FisH; SN1p-NOsE MULLET.)

Head 34; depth 23. D. VIII, 20; A. III, 16; lateral line 75; eye rather
large, nearly equal to snout, 43 in head. Body ovate. Maxillary reach- :
ing to opposite front of pupil; eye with adipose eyelid. Top of head
scaleless, covered with small mucous pores. Pectorals nearly as long as
head. Blackish green, everywhere dark, the belly scarcely paler and not
silvery. Length 1 foot. Atlantic Coast of North America, from Cape Hat-
teras to Maine; rather common northward, especially about Cape Cod;
one specimen once taken in a live box off Cornwall, having drifted across
from America. (Perca, perch; forma, shape.)

Coryphena perciformis, MircH1LLt, Amer. Monthly Mag., 11, 244, 1818, New York Harbor.

Pimelepterus cornubiensis, CORNISH, Zodlogist, 1x, 1874, 4255, Penzance,in Cornwall. (Coll. T.
Cornish.)

Palinurus perciformis, DE Kay, New York Fauna: Fishes, 118, p]. 24, fig. 25, 1842.

Palinurichthys perciformis, GILL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 20, 1860.

Pammelas perciformis, GUNTHER, Cat., 11, 485, 1860.

Lirus perciformis, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 452, 1883; Forpicr, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 316,
1884.

Family CXXXV. STROMATEIDZ.*
(THE FIATOLAS.)

Body compressed and more or less elevated, covered with small or
minute cycloid scales. Profile anteriorly blunt and rounded. Mouth
small. Premaxillaries not protractile. Dentition feeble; no teeth on
vomer or palatines; pharyngeals little developed; esophagus armed with
numerous horny, barbed, or hooked teeth. Opercular bones smooth, not
serrate. Gills 4,a slit behind the fourth. Gill membranes either separ-
ate and free from (Stromateinw) or broadly joined to the isthmus (Stroma-
teoidinw), restricting the gil! openings to the sides as in Chetodipterus. Gill
rakers rathtr long. Pseudobranchie present. Cheeks scaly. Preopercle
entire or serrate. Lateral line well developed. Dorsal fin single, long, with
the spines few or weak, often obsolete; anal fin long, similar to soft dorsal,
usually with 3 small spines, which are often depressible in a fold of skin;
ventrals thoracic, I, 5, in the young, but reduced or altogether wanting
in the adult; caudal fin well forked. Usually no air bladder. Pyloric
ceca commonly numerous. Vertebrie 30 to 36 (Rhombus 30 or 31; Strom-
ateus 36). Genera 3, species about 30. Fishes usually of small size,
found in most warm seas, many of them valued as food. We here remove
the Centrolophide, a group usually associated with the Stromateide, but
differing in appearance and in the smaller number of vertebre, although
agreeing in the possession of teeth in the esophagus. (Scombride, part, |
Giinther, Cat., 11, 597, 1860, genus Stromateus. )
aPelvic + bone projecting from the skin as an evident spine ; no trace of ventrals.

Ruomevs, 441.

* For a review of the American species of Stromateid see paper by Fordice in Proc. Ac. Nat.
Sci. Phila., 1884, 311-317.
+ The pelvic bone is not externally visible in Stromateus.

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North Amertca. 965

441. RHOMBUS, Lacépéde.

(BUTTER-FISHES. )

Rhombus, LACEPEDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 11, 321, 1800, (alepidotus).

Peprilus, CuvieR, Régne Anim., Ed. 2, Vol. 11, 213, 1829, (longipinnis).

Poronotus, GitL, Cat, Fish. E. Coast N. Amer., 1861, 35, not characterized, (triacanthus); Proc.
Am, Phil. Soc., xx1, 670. 1884, (diagnosed).

Palometa, JORDAN & EVERMANN, new subgenus, (palometa).

Body ovate or suborbicular, strongly compressed, tapering into a slen-
der caudal peduncle, which is not keeled or shielded. Head short, com-
pressed, the profile obtuse. Mouth small, terminal, the jaws subequal.
Premaxillaries not protractile. Jaws each with a single series of weak
teeth. Scales very small, cyloid, silvery, loosely inserted, extending on
the vertical fins. Opercular bones entire. Gill membranes separate, free
from the isthmus; gill rakers moderate. Lateral line continuous, con-
current with the back. Dorsal fin long, more or less elevated in front,
preceded by a few indistinct spines—usually one or more procumbent
spines in front of dorsal and anal, each of these with a free point both
anteriorly and posteriorly; anal fin similar to dorsal, or shorter, usually
with three small spines; ventral fins wanting; a single small, sharp
spine, attached to the pubic bone, occupying the place of the ventrals ;
pectorals long and narrow; caudal widely forked. Species few, mostly
American. This genus differs from Stromateus chiefly in the prominence
of the pelvic bone, which projects as a lamina beyond the skin. Species
of Stromateus occur in Europe and South America, but none within our
limits. (/éuBoc, a rhomb or diamond, from the form of the body.)

RHOMBUS:
a. Dorsal and anal fins very high in front, the anterior lobe falcate; body suborbicular,
b. Dorsal rays III, 45, anal rays III, 43. PARU, 1363,
bb. Dorsal rays about IIT, 40; anal rays about ITT, 39. XANTHURUS, 1364,

aa. Dorsal and anal fins moderately elevated in front, the anterior lobe scarcely falcate.
Pa.Lomerta (Spanish name from Paloma, a dove):
c. Sides of back without conspicuous series of pores above lateral line.
d. Anal rays IIT, 45; body ovate, the depth half its length. PALOMETA, 1365.
dd, Anal rays IIT, 32 to 39.
e. Body broad ovate, the depth rather more than half the length; A, ITT, 32.
MEDIus, 1366.
ee. Body elliptical, the depth not half the length; A. III, 39. srmriiius, 1367.
PORONOTUS (mdpos, pore; v@Tos, back):
ce. Side of back above lateral line with a series of large, wide-set pores.
f. Body elliptical, the depth 2'4 in length; anal rays ITI, 37. TRIACANTHUS, 1368,

Subgenus RHOMBUS.

1363. RHOMBUS PARU (Linneeus).

(Harvest Fist.)

Head 3; depth 14. D. III, 45; A. II, 43; scales about 90; vertebra
15+ 15. Body suborbicular, bounded by even curves; mouth very small,
oblique; maxillary reaching front of orbit. No pores along sides of
back. Dorsal and anal fins falcate, the length of their longest rays

966 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

greater than head; pectorals much longer than head, reaching halfway

to caudal; caudal lobes equal; scales thin and deciduous, not very small.

Pelvic spine crenulate in young. Greenish above, golden yellow below.

Length 6 inches. South Atlantic Coast of United States and West

Indies; not rare southward, ranging from Cape Cod to Jamaica, and

also to Brazil; often found swimming beneath the Portuguese man of

war with Nomeus gronovii. (Paru, a Brazilian name of a species of

Pomacanthus.)

Paru Brasiliense congener, SLOANE, Jamaica, 285, 1727.

Stromateus paru, LINN mus, Syst. Nat., Ed. x, 1758, 248, Jamaica (based on SLOANE); JORDAN &
GILBERT, Synopsis, 914, 1883; Forpick, lI. c., 312, 1884.

Chetodon alepidotus, LINNmUS, Syst. Nat., Ed. xi, 460, 1766, Charleston. (Coll. Dr. Garden.)

Sternoptyx gardenii, Buocu & SCHNEIDER, Syst. Ichth., 494, 1801, Carolina; after LINNZUs.

Stromateus longipinnis, Mrrcui1ti, Trans. Lit. and Philos. Soc. New York, 1, 1815, 366, New
York Bay.

Rhombus alepidotus, LACEPEDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 11, 321, 1800.

Rhombus longipinnis, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., rx, 401, pl. 274, 1833.

Stromateus gardenii, GUNTHER, Cat., 11, 399, 1860.

Stromateus alepidotus, LiTKEN, Spolia Atlantica, 521, 1880; JorpAN & GitpertT, Synopsis, 451,
1883.

13864. RHOMBUS XANTHURUS (Quoy & Gaimard).

Allied to Rhombus paru, but perhaps distinguished by the shorter dor-
sal and anal. D.IV, 40; A, III, 39. East coast of South America,
Cayenne to Montevideo; not seen by us; perhaps not distinct from

thombus paru. (gavddc, yellow; cvpa, tail.)
Seserinus canthurus, Quoy & GAIMARD, Voy. Freyc., Zodl., 384, 1824, Brazil.
Rhombus argentipinnis, CuvIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., rx, 405, 1833, Montevideo.
Rhombus crenulatus, CuvIER & VALENCIENNES, l. c.. 1x, 410, 1883, Cayenne.
Rhombus orbicularis, GUICHENOT, Mem, Soc. Imp. Sci. Natur. Cherbourg, x11, 245, 1866, Cay-
enne,

Subgenus PALOMETA, Jordan & Evermann.
1365. RHOMBUS PALOMETA (Jordan & Bollman).

Head 2? to 3; depth 2; snout shorter than eye, 44 in head; eye rather
large, 3 to 34 in head (young). D. III, 45 to 47; A. III, 45. Body ovate,
compressed, rather deeper than in &. triacanthus; ventral outline most
arched; profile evenly convex to nostrils, where it abruptly descends.
rendering the snout very blunt. Mouth small; maxillary reaching mid-
dle of pupil, 5 in head. Jaws equal. Teeth comparatively long, slender,
and close set, especially in the lower jaw, where they form an even cut-
ting edge. No teeth evident on vomer or tongue. Gill membranes
entirely separate. Gill rakers long and slender, the longest about half
eye, about 17 developed below angle. Dorsal and anal spines subequal,
the longest not half eye; distance from tip of snout to first soft ray of
dorsal less than depth of body by }% diameter of eye; base of anal
slightly shorter than base of dorsal (perhaps longer in adult); pectorals
as long as head; no trace of ventrals, the pubic bone ending in a sharp
spine; the usual antrorse spines before the dorsal. Region above lateral
line without evident pores. Cheeksscaly; opercles naked; body covered

Jordan and Evermann.—fishes of North America. 967

with very small scales. Color silvery, bluish above; body with numer-
ous, small, black dots, which are most numerous along bases of fins,
caudal peduncle, top of head, and on snout, and largest along base of
anal; vertical fins covered with small black dots, those on caudal small-
est; pectorals dotted. Length 3 inches. Pacific Ocean, off Colombia.
Length 2% inches. (Palometa, Spanish name of these fishes, from Paloma,
dove.)

Stromateus palometa, JORDAN & BoLiLMAN, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1889, 156, off Coast of Colom-

bia, latitude 8° 16’ 30” N., longitude 79° 37’ 45” W.; Albatross Station, No. 2804.
(Type, No. 41136. Coll. Albatross).

1366. RHOMBUS MEDIUS (Peters).

(PALOMETA.)

Head 34; depth 1,3;; pectoral 23 in body; dorsal lobe 44; caudal 24.
D. Ill, 42; A. III, 32. Form broad, ovate. Fins distinctly punctulate.
Length 74 inches. Otherwise essentially as in Rhombus simillimus.
Pacific Coast of North America, Mazatlan to Panama, scarce. This
species is now known only from the original type in the museum at Berlin.
In 1882, numerous specimens were collected at Panama by Dr. Gilbert,
all of which have since been destroyed by fire. (medius, midway.)

Stromateus medius, Pevers, Berliner Monatsberichte, 707, 1869, Mazatlan; JorbDAN, Proc. Ac.
Nat. Sci. Phila., 1883, 284; Forpice, lJ. c,, 314, 1884.

1367. RHOMBUS SIMILLIMUS (Ayres).
(CALIFORNIA PoMPANO.)

Head 4; depth 2. D. III, 46; A.III,40. Body ovate, blunt anteriorly,
with a short, slender tail, the caudal fin widely forked. Mouth very
small, terminal, the maxillary extending to the eye. Teeth very feeble.
Gill rakers short, slender, less than half diameter of eye. Eye small.
One or 2 procumbent spines before the dorsal; longest rays of dorsal } of
head; pubic spine small; pectorals longer than head; no pores along
base of dorsal. Spines of dorsal and anal very small or entirely obsolete.
Scales small, silvery, deciduous. Bluish above, bright silvery below;
fins punctulate; anterior lobes of dorsal and anal dusky-edged. Length
10 inches. Pacific Coast of the United States, Puget Sound to San
Diego; abundant in summer, especially about Santa Cruz; highly prized
as a food-fish, its flesh being rich and delicate. (simillimus, very similar,
to Rhombus triacanthus.)

Poronotus simillimus, Ayres, Proc, Cal, Ac. Nat. Sci., 1860, 84, San Francisco.
Stromateus simillimus, JORDAN & GiLBERT, Synopsis, 451, 1883; Forpice, U. ¢., 314, 1884,

Subgenus PORONOTUS, Gill.
1368. RHOMBUS TRIACANTHUS (Peck).

(DoLLAR-Fisn ; HARvVEstT-FISH ; Burrer-Fish; LA FAYETTE.)

Head 4; depth 24; eye 4. D. III, 45; A. III, 38. Body oval, much
compressed. Dorsal and ventral outlines about equally curved. Snout,

968 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

very blunt, rounded in profile. Mouth small, the maxillary not reaching

orbit. Caudal peduncle very short; anterior rays of dorsal and anal

little elevated. Lateral line high, a series of conspicuous pores above it
near the base of dorsal. Pectorals much longer than broad. Gill rakers

rather long, $ diameter of eye. Bluish above, silvery below. Length 10

inches. Maine to Florida; very abundant northward; rare, and found in

deep water south of Cape Hatteras; an excellent pan-fish of fine flavor,
though less highly valued than its California congener, which it closely
resembles. (zpefc, three; dxavfa, spine.)

Stromateus triacanthus, Peck, Mem. Amer. Ac., 11, part 2, 48, pl. 2, fig. 2, 1800; Piscataqua
River, New Hampshire; JorpDAN, & GILBERT, Synopsis, 451, 1883; Forpicer, J. ¢., 313,
1884.

Stromateus cryptosus, MitcHILL, Trans. Lit. & Philos. Soc. N. Y., 1, 1814, 365, plate 1, fig. 2, New
York Bay; Cuvier & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 1x, 408, 1833.

Rhombus triacanthus, Dr Kay, N. Y. Fauna: Fishes, 137, plate 26, 1842.

Family CXXXVI. ICOSTEID.
(THE RAG FISHES.)

Body oblong, compressed, naked, prickly, or covered with small
cycloid scales. Head moderate, not externally bony, the opercles
unarmed. Mouth moderate, terminal; premaxillary not protractile; max-
illary moderate, withoutsupplemental bone. Teethsmall,in single series ;
vomer and palatines without teeth; no teeth in the throat or on the phar-
yngeals (in Jcosteus or Acrotus). Nobarbels. Lower pharyngeals separate.
Branchiostegals 6. Gill openings wide, the membranes free from the
isthmus; gills 4, a slit behind the fourth; gill rakers slender. Pseudo-
branchie large. Pyloric ceca few. Air bladder present. Lateral line
present. Dorsal fin very long, continuous, without distinct spines; anal
long, without spines; caudal fin convex,its peduncle slender; ventral fins
thoracic, separate, but very close together, 1, 4, or I, 5, wanting in one
genus; pectorals rounded, fleshy at base; vent normal, without papilla.
Skeleton very soft and cartilaginous. Vertebre in large number. This
group, as at present constituted, is composed of 4 quite diverse genera,
inhabiting the deeper waters of the Atlantic and Pacific. Dr. Gill unites
Icosteide with the Stromateide. The reason of this association is not
evident, as the peculiar throat dentition seen m the Stromateid@e does not
occur in Icosteus or Acrotus. The IJcosteide show affinities with Centrolo-
phus, but apparently their recognition as a distinct family is justified.
SCHEDOPHILINE:

a. Body covered with small, cycloid scales; no prickles; ventrals I, 5; caudal rounded orsub-

truncate. ‘
b. Body elongate, not compressed at bases of vertical fins. Icicutuys, 442.
bb. Body ovoid, strongly compressed, especially at bases of vertical fins.
ScHEDOPHILUS, 443.
aa. Body scaleless; ventral fins, if present, with the number of rays less than I, 5.
IcostEIN&:
c. Ventral fins present; caudal rounded.

d. Ventral rays I, 4; fin rays and lateral line rough with spinules; dorsal very long, of
50 to 60 rays. IcostEus, 444.

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 969

ACROTINE:
ee. Ventral fins wanting; caudal emarginate; lateral line without spinules; dorsal fin
very long, of about 50 rays. ; Acrotus, 446,

442. ICICHTHYS, Jordan & Gilbert.

Ieichthys, JORDAN & GiuBeRt, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1880, 305, (lockingtoni).

Body elongate, not elevated, not compressed at the bases of the vertical
fins. Head moderate. Eyes lateral. Mouth terminal, little oblique, with
small, sharp teeth in one series, in the jaws only. Premaxillaries not
protractile. Gill membranes separate, free from the isthmus; gill rakers
long. Psendobranchiz present; branchiostegals 7. Body covered with
small cycloid scales. Lateral line continuous, unarmed. Bases of fins
without spinules; dorsal and anal fins long and low, composed of
soft rays only; pectoral fins moderate, their bases fleshy, as in Icosteus;
ventral fins small, thoracic, I,5. Caudal rounded. Pyloric ceca about,
6, large. Bones all very flexible, cartilaginous. Deep-sea fishes. (ka,
to yield or submit; iy@éc, fish; in allusion to the flexible skeleton. )

1369. ICICHTHYS LOCKINGTONI, Jordan & Gilbert.

Head 5; depth 4; eye large, lateral, longer than snout, 4 in head. D.
40; A. 28; scales 120. Body oblong, somewhat compressed, the caudal
peduncle rather slender, Head moderate, compressed, with vertical
cheeks, rather broad and slightly convex above, the snout abruptly
descending. Mouth moderate, little oblique, the slender maxillary
scarcely widened at the tip, extending to beyond front of pupil; anterior
edge of premaxillary on level of lower rim of eye; lips thin; premaxil-
lary tapering backward, not forming the whole margin of upper jaw;
maxillary behind slipping entirely under the membranous edge of preor-
bital ; preorbital rather wide with one or two series of rather large, thin,
cycloid scales; lower jaw prominent, projecting in front, included at the
sides. Teeth in jaws only, minute, sharp, closely and evenly set, larger
and less numerous than in Jcosteus wnigmaticus. Cheeks rather wide ;
preopercle with a prominent crest, behind which are some radiating
mucous cavities; the bone with a broad, prolonged, flexible, membrana-
ceous edge, covered with radiating striw,each of which ends in a flexible
point; opercle and subopercle rather large, extremely thin, and each
crossed by radiating striw. Branchiostegals7. Gill rakers long, slender,
sharp, close-set, and moderately stiff, their length nearly } diameter of
eye. Scales very small, soft, and smooth, covering the body evenly,
but becoming smaller below; lateral line nearly straight, apparently
continuous. Dorsal fin long and low, beginning nearly midway between
vent and base of ventrals; all the rays soft and articulated, and all
except the first branched; first rays very low, the fin gradually rising
posteriorly, the highest rays 3 in head, somewhat scaly ; anal fin similar,
shorter, beginning slightly in front of the middle of the body and ending

970 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

just in front of last rays of dorsal; caudal broad, fan-shaped, on a slen-
der peduncle; the accessory rays numerous and procurrent; base of pec-
torals a little below the axis of body, their outline rounded; the fin short
and small, shorter than head; ventrals short and small, thoracic, placed
a little behind pectorals, with 1 obsolete spine and 5 soft rays, 1 of which
is slightly filamentous, the fin 3 in head; fin rays not beset with spinules.
Vent normal, immediately in front of the anal, without papilla. Air
bladder wanting. Bones all soft and flexible. Skin not thick and tough,
as in Jcosteus, but thin and scaled. Color plain brown, paler below, some-
what punctulate. Length 74+ inches. Deep water off San Francisco,
California; one specimen known. (Named for William N. Lockington,
its discoverer, at that time ichthyologist of the California Academy of
Sciences. )

Icichthys lockingtoni, JORDAN & GILBERT, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 111, 1880, 305, deep water off

San Francisco; (Coll. W. G. W. Harford); Jonpan & GILBERT. Synopsis, 621, 1883.

.

443. SCHEDOPHILUS, Cocco.

Schedophilus, Cocco, Giorn. Innom. Messina, Ann., 111, 7, 57, 1834, (medusophagus).
Crius, VALENCIENNES, Ichth. Isles Canaries, 43, 1836-1844, (bertheloti).

Body ovoid, strongly compressed, covered with small, smooth scales,
without prickles. Head small, the interorbital space broad. Eyesmall;
snout obtuse; margin of preopercle with fiexible spines. Mouth moder-
ate, oblique, with one row of small teeth; none on the palate. Gill open-
ings wide; gill rakers long, narrow, wide-set. One dorsal with a few
flexible spines in front, beginning at the nape, its rays numerous; anal
similar; caudal rounded, or slightly emarginate; base of vertical fins
closely compressed; ventrals small, I, 5: Branchiostegals 7; pseudo-
branchiz present. Skeleton extremely soft, as in Jcosteus. Open seas,
the young found at the surface. Severalspecies recorded. (oyedia, araft;
giAéw, to love.)

1370. SCHEDOPHILUS MEDUSOPHAGUS, Cocco.

Head 44; depth 2%; eye 4. D. 40 to 50; A. 25 to 29. Body strongly
compressed, elongate, ovoid in shape. Head small, as deep as long. Inter-
orbital space convex, broader than diameter of eye, which is situated
immediately below the upper profile of head, nearly as long as snout.
Snout obtuse, with projecting lower jaw and oblique mouth; mouth of
moderate width, the cleft extending to below front margin of eye; max-
illary rather narrow, but widening toward its extremity. Teeth minute,
implanted in a single series on the sharp edge of jaws; palate toothless.
Preopercular margin armed with short spines, which usually become a
little longer on posterior margin; these longer spines have an oblique
dorsal direction; interoperculum spinous, the suboperculum less so; oper-
culum membranous, its upper portion shows radiating osseous striz#, which
project beyond the margin. Gill rakers of the outer branchial arch long,
narrow, and rather widely set; gill openings very wide. Dorsal fin com-
mencing above root of pectoral and terminating at a short distance from

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 971

caudal, the caudal peduncle being about as deep as long; this fin rather
low, the longest rays, behind the middle of fin, being not erectile into a
vertical position ; caudal fin (slightly injured) with a rounded margin,
and rather shorter than the head; pectoral fin with a broad base, more
than half as long as head, and with the upper rays longer than the lower;
ventrals rather small, close together, inserted in advance of pectorals.
The entire fish is covered with minute, cycloid scales; on the head they
appear to be present on the cheek only; upper part of the head covered
with a thick, spongy skin, as in Centrolophus. Color in life a pale greenish
olive, marbled with darker, the markings being in the form of spots on
the upper and in irregular longitudinal bands on the lower half of the
body ; vertical fins also spotted with blackish; iris nearly white, a ring
of small white pores encircling the orbit. The specimen described is 9}
inches long and in good condition, with the exception of the lower part
of the abdomen, which is lacerated and shrunk in consequence of the loss
of theintestines. All parts of the body are in that state of softness which
is peculiar to many deep-sea fishes. (Giinther.) Pelagic, the young
abundant in the mid-Atlantic, the adult taken in the Mediterranean, off
Ireland and off Samoa. ‘‘ This is primarily a pelagic surface form, but it
seems very possible that it inhabits the middle or lower strata of the ocean
as well. Dr. Giinther says that it is evident that at least in the adult
state, it descends to some depths. The want of firmness in the tissues
seems to clearly indicate it as a deep-sea fish. He hazards the opinion
that the depth to which it may descend probably does not exceed 100
fathoms. Calling attention to the fact that the young of the species are
much more frequently found near the surface than the adult, he mentions
the habit of this and similar forms of congregating around the floating
Medusew, and also questions the accuracy of the theory that fish ever feed
upon Meduse, since he says the fish could draw but little nourishment
from these animals. As a matter of fact, many of our surface oceanic
fishes feed voraciously upon various forms of Meduse and upon Salpa.
We have often taken large quantities of this kind of food from thestomachs
of various surface Scombroids, as well as from dAlutera and Mola. Dr. Giin-
ther’s full description, which is quoted above, is taken from a specimen
obtained at Port Rush, County Antrim, Ireland, in August, 1878, captured
in asalmon net. Mr. Ogilby, who sent it to the British Museum, was very
much impressed by the softness of the flesh. ‘It was,’ he says, ‘the
most delicate adult fish I ever handled; so much so, that within twenty-
four hours after its capture the skin of the belly and the intestines fell
off when it was lifted, and it felt in the hand quite soft and boneless.’
_ This is quoted to emphasize what has been said regarding the softness of
its tissues, and its similarity in this respect to the fishes inhabiting the
abyss.” (Goode & Bean.) (Medusa, jelly-fish; gayeiv, to eat.) (Eu.)

Schedophilus medusophagus, Cocco, Giorn. Innom. Messina, 111, 7, 57, 1834, Messina; Ginrier, Cat.,
m1, 412, 1860; Ginrner, Deep-Sea Fishes, Challenger, 46, 1887; Goopk & Bran, Oceanic
Ichth., 214, 1895.

Orius bertheloti, VALENCIENNES, Voy. Canaries, Poiss., 43, 1836-1844, Canaries.

972 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

444. ICOSTEUS, Lockington.

Teosteus, LOCKINGTON, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 111, 1880, 63, (senigmaticus).
Schedophilopsis, SVEINDACHNER, Ichth. Beitriige, x1, 4, 1881, (spinosus).

Body oblong, much compressed throughout, the head thicker than any
part of the body. Dorsal outline rising rapidly to the origin of the dorsal
fin, thence more regularly curved; the region at the base of the dorsal
and anal strongly compressed; caudal peduncle slender, widened at the
base of the fin. Mouth large, horizontal; maxillary narrow, reaching to
beyond middle of eye. Teeth in jaws in one row, slender, sharp, closely
and regularly set, those in the lower jaw largest; no teeth on vomer, pal-
atines, or pharyngeals. Gillrakers flexible, few; gill membranes separate,
free fromtheisthmus. Branchiostegals6; pseudobranchiz well developed.
Lateral line conspicuous, continuous, decurved, groups of small spines
present along its entire length; no scales anywhere on body orfins. Fins
rough, with small spinules; a series along each ray, dividing as the ray
branches; dorsal fin commencing above the axil of the pectoral, composed
of 50 to 60 rays, which are all soft and flexible, some of the anterior
unbranched; the fin low in front, increasing in height behind; none of the
rays more than once forked; anal shorter thar dorsal, similar to it, of 35
to 40 rays; some of the anterior apparently undivided ; caudal fin elongate,
fan-shaped, the middle rays produced; accessory rays numerous, procur-
rent; pectorals with a fleshy base, fan-shaped, the middle rays longest;
ventrals thoracic, inserted just behind the pectorals, narrow, consisting
of 1 short subspinous ray and 4 long soft rays. Air bladder large. Ver-
tebrz numerous, the vertebral column extremely flexible and soft. Cranial
bones tolerably firm; bones of the face and opercles very flexible. Deep-

sea fishes, from the Pacific. (ei«w, to yield, submit; dcréov, bone—the —

‘entire body being characterized by a want of firmness, as it can be
doubled up as readily as a piece of soft, thick rag.”’)

1371. ICOSTEUS ENIGMATICUS, Lockington.

Head 4; depth3. D.52t055; A. 37to 40; V.1I, 4; scales 110 to 120 (groups
of spines). Longest ray of dorsal nearly reaching base of middle caudal
trays. Eye 6 in head, scarcely half the length of the snout or the width of
the interorbital space; diameter of caudal peduncle about 53 in greatest
depth. Pellucid yellowish or brownish, with purplish spots and blotches
of irregular form; the spots largest above and most numerous along the
lateral line; fleshy bases of caudal and pectorals spotted; throat and
gill membranes with dark punctulations; fins dusky, obscurely blotched.
Length about 12 inches. Pacific coast of United States; some 10 speci-
mens known from deep water off California, Oregon, and Washington ;
the example before us from Monterey. (aiviyuatixoc, puzzling.)

Icosteus zenigmaticus, LOCKINGTON, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 111, 1880, 63, off San Francisco; (Coll.
W. G. W. Harford); Jorpan & GILBERT, Synopsis, 620, 1883.
Schedophilopsis spinosus, STEINDACHNER, Ichth. Beitr., x1, 4, 1881, with figure, off San Fran-

cisco. :
Schedophilus enigmaticus, GUNTHER, Deep Sea Fishes, Challenger, 46, plate 44, 1887.

|
|
|

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 973

445. ACROTUS, Bean.
Acrotus, BEAN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1887, 631, (willoughbyi).

Shape of the body as in Icosteus, from which it differs in the absence of
ventrals and spiny tubercles along lateral line, and in having an emargi-
nate caudal. Head short; mouth moderate; eye small. Teeth minute,
uniserial, on intermaxillary and mandible; vomer, palate, and pharynx
toothless. Gill openings wide, the membrane not attached to isthmus;
gills 4, a wide slit behind the fourth; gill rakers short, soft, and flexible ;
pseudobranchiz well developed; branchiostegals 6. Vent somewhat in
advance of middle of body. Caudal peduncle very slender; ventrals
absent; caudal large, emarginate. Skin naked. Lateral line without
tubercles. Vertebre 70. Bones all soft and flexible. Size large. Probably
worthy of family rank. (d«poroc, without oars (ventral fins).)

1372. ACROTUS WILLOUGHBYI, Bean.

Head 6; depth 34; eye 12; snout 4; interorbital width 3. D.41; A.
38; P. 20. Upper jaw 3 in head, maxilla reaches to below middle of eye.
Caudal peduncle very slender; its least height little more than } its length
and not much exceeding } length of head. Gill rakers 15, 9 below the
angle, longest about as long as eye. Origin of dorsal not clearly made
out, the first ray that can be seen without dissection is nearly midway
between eye and end of dorsal, but dissection reveals 7rays in advance of
this ; dorsal beginning much nearer head in Jcosteus, and dissection may
show that rays are developed much farther in advance than we have been
able to distinguish them; longest dorsal ray about 3 in head. Caudal
peduncle as long as head without snout; caudal large, emarginate, its
middle rays # as long as external rays and as long as head; vent at a
distance from tip of snout equal to 3 times, and from base of caudal a
space equal to 34 times length of head; the first evident anal ray at a dis-
tance behind the vent equal to § length of head; longest anal ray a little
less than } as long as head; pectoral placed close to the head and nearly
in the middle of the height, its length $ length of head. Lateral line
with a slight curve over the pectoral and becoming median about half-
way between the pectoral and vent. Skinnaked. Peritoneum very dark.
Chocolate brown; inside of mouth and gill opening rich, dark brown.
(Bean.) One specimen, 5+ feet long, obtained at Damon, Washington
(Quinault Agency) apparently thrown up in a storm from deep water.
(Named for its discoverer, Charles Willoughby, Indian Agent at Quinault.)
Acrotus willoughbyi, BEAN, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1887, 631, Quinault Agency, west coast of

Washington; (Type, No. 39340. Coll. Chas, Willoughby); Goope & Bran, Oceanic
Ichthyology, 217, 1895.

Family CXXXVII. GRAMMICOLEPIDIDZ.

Body compressed, covered with vertical linear scales. Mouth small,
terminal; teeth minute, asperities on the jaws only. Lateral line sinuous,
unarmed. Two dorsals, the first very short, triangular, the second and

974 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

the anal long; anal fin preceded by two short, stout, separate spines.
Vertebre numerous, 10+ 36—46 in number. One genus, with a single
species, found in deep waters in the West Indies. (Grammicolepidide,
Poey, Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., 11, 1873.)

446. GRAMMICOLEPIS, Poey.

Grammicolepis, PoEY, Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., 11, 1873, (brachiusculus).

Body deep, compressed; eye large; mouth small; head and opercles
partly rugose; teeth minute, none on the vomer or palatines. Pectoral
short and rounded. Rays of dorsal, anal, and pectoral branched. A
single species known. (ypaupcxoc, linear; Aezic, scale.)

1373. GRAMMICOLEPIS BRACHIUSCULUS, Poey.

Head 5; depth nearly 2; D. VI, 34; A. II, 33; V. 1,6; P. 15; C. 1, 13-1.
Eye very large, 2 in head. Body much compressed and quite deep.
Branchial apertures deeply cleft, apparently only 4 branchiostegals.
Snout short. Prefrontal turbinal and anterior suborbital extremely hard
and covered with spiny rugosities. Preopercle and interopercle with
rugose borders; remaining opercular bones entirely rugose. Mouth small,
subvertically cleft; premaxillary process large and lodged in a fossa of
the cranium ; maxillary complicated; teeth simply a narrow row of minute
prickles, none on vomer or palatines. First spine of dorsal rugose, as
are the first ventrals, the two postanals, and the external ones of tail;
rays of pectoral, second dorsal, and anal compressed, not branched at
tip; pectorals very short and rounded; vertical fins all well developed;
tail injured in the type; caudal peduncle large; ventrals thoracic, with
arugose spine and 6 flexible ones that are branched. Aside from the
frontal bones and the suborbitals where the skin abruptly terminates
and the nasal portion of snout, all the trunk and head is covered with
scales, including the inferior mandible; scales very different from those
found among related fishes, their length greatly exceeding their width;
they have the appearance of parchment, transparent, brittle when dry,
overlaping each other, and strengthened longitudinally by a raised lineal
ridge; their contact with each other is so extremely intimate that it lends
to the skin of either side a very smooth appearance although rough to the
touch ; the scales are so long that 4, 5, or 6 of them are sufficient to span
the height of the trunk, one of such a series being crossed. by the lateral
line, where its presence is denoted by a raised ridge; leading scales on
the body, above as well as below shorter, and where carried on to the
head much more firm than those found on the fin rays; scales of the head,
although shorter, of the same form as those of the trunk; no scales upon
the fins. Caudal peduncle without cartilaginous or osseous plate at its
sides; posterior to the anus, the ventral keel is rough. Cranium rather
cartilaginous than osseous in structure, except the frontals, which are
rugose in line in the supraorbital region, and bristly in front, as are the
turbinals and suborbitals; these latter are 4 in number, the last 3 being
very slender; 2 supratemporals; lower jaw with several rows of minute

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America, 975

—

spines upon the dentary and articular elements. Vertebre 10-+ 36—46.
Anterior neural spine not excavated, being lofty and smooth; the 5 that
follow are short and inclined backward; remaining ones slender, as also
their hemapophyses ; last vertebre without lateral spines. Pleurapop-
hyses inconspicuous, feebly developed, of much the same size and shape as
the epipleurals; but one pseudo-interneural spine in front of the one that
supports the first dorsal fin ray. (Poey.) A single specimen of this
remarkable fish was obtained by Poey at Cuba, in 1872. (Name a Latin
diminutive of Spayiov, arm, from the small pectoral.)

Grammicolepis brachiusculus, Pory, Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., 11, 1873, Cuba; SHurexpt, Journal
Morphology, u, 1888, 271, with 13 figures; Goopr & Bean, Oceanic Ichth., 218, fig. 221, 1895.

In a natural arrangement the Grammicolepidide should apparently be
followed by the Ephippide, and these in turn by the Chetodontide and their
allies, from which are derived the long series of aberrant or degenerate
forms known as Plectognathi. 'The needs of a linear arrangement make it
desirable to interrupt the series here to give place to the Tetragonuride
and other aberrant forms which may be allied to the Scombride, and also
to the long series of Percoidea, which are also very closely allied to the
mackerel-like fishes. When the Percoid series is finished we shall revert
to these remote branches from the Mackerel stem, if such the Chetodon-
tide and the Plectognaths should prove to be.

Family CXXXVIII. TETRAGONURID&.
(THE SQUARE TAILS.)

Body long, slender, plump, not compressed, covered with hard, ciliated,
grooved scales, which are very adherent. Lateral line single, straightish.
Head scaly; opercles entire; eye large; mouth short, oblique, the jaws
box-like, armed with one series of close set, comb-like teeth; teeth on
palate. Dorsal divided, short and low; spines about 15; soft rays
few ; anal very small, its spines indistinct; caudal peduncle long, rather
slender, with cartilaginous expansions at the base of caudal; caudal
rather small, forked; ventrals small, subabdominal, placed below middle
of pectoral, I, 5; pectorals short; no air bladder. Atlantic; probably
but one species; in deep water, apparently rare. The relationships of the
group are doubtful. Lowe places it among the mackerels, Giinther near
the Mugilide. It seems remotely allied to Bramidw and other Scombroid
forms, but it forms a distinct group without near relatives. (Zetraygon-
urina, Gunther, Cat., 111, 407, 1861.)

447. TETRAGONURUS, Risso.

Tetragonurus, Risso, Ichth. Nice, 347, 1810, (cuvieri).
Clenodaz, Macieay, Proc. Linn Soc. N. 8. Wales, 1885, 718, (wilkinsoni).

Characters of the genus included above. (retpaywvoc, square; olpa, tail;
square-tailed, from the form of the caudal peduncle. )

976 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum,

1374. TETRAGONURUS CUVIERI, Risso.

(Escotrar DE Natura; CouRPATA; SQUARE TAIL; SEA-RAVEN.)

Head 4+; depth 7; eye about 33. D. XV-11; A. II, 9; V.1I, 5; scales
90. Body fusiform, not compressed, plump and compact, the tail becoming
distinctly four-angled; at base of caudal these four equidistant angles
rise suddenly into four short, elevated, lacerato-serrate crests or ridges
of produced toothed scales, these serrate keels meeting in the fork of
the fin, the keels as long as eye. Belly underneath round, with a fine,
closed groove from ventral fins to vent; a similar groove behind anal.
Head broad above; eye very large; snout short, truncate, as long as eye;
jaws equal; maxillary slipping below preorbital; gape moderate, reach-
ing front of eye; lower jaw with very high gums, shutting within upper
jaw like a trunk within its lid; teeth bony, white, and glassy, in one
row in each jaw, arranged like comb teeth; lower teeth larger, about 40
in each side of each jaw, the teeth of lower jaw larger backward ; upper
teeth subconic, lower compressed, lancet-like; vomer and palatines with
small teeth; gill openings very large, the membranes connected below,
free from isthmus; pectorals short, rather low; ventrals small, ovate,
rather behind pectorals, fitting into a hollow of the belly. Dorsal inserted
behind ventrals, of 15 low pungent spines depressible in a groove; soft
dorsal short, scaleless, not in a groove; anal similar, shorter, its first two
rays small and simple; caudal broad, rather short, well forked, its rays
feeble, much articulate. Whole body covered with a hard and com-
pact armor of close-set scales in 83 regular oblique spiral rings, those
on tail smaller. These scales are so firmly fixed that they can
be torn off in spiral belts. Their edges are striate and finely ciliate,
the strie being also rough. Lateral line nearly straight; head mostly
scaly; the surface everywhere rough. Color uniform rusty black, the
edges of the scales hyaline; inside of mouth blackish. Length 1 foot.
(sophagus with soft papille ; stomach a long conic sac; ceca numerous, —
unequal; vertebre 36-+ 22=—58. (Lowe.) Open Atlantic, once taken
off our Atlantic Coast. Originally described from Nice. Risso says
that it lives at great depths, approaching the coast only in August at the
time of spawning, and that its natation is slow and feeble. It has since
been found off Toulon and Marseilles, and by Lowe near Madeira, where
it was taken swimming at the surface. Lowe is also of the opinion that
it occurs at very great depths. Its flesh is white and tender, but at times
when eaten it is a violent poison, as was demonstrated by the personal
experience of Risso himself. This Risso thinks may be due to the poison-
ous jelly fishes on which it feeds. A single specimen was obtained by
the United States Fish Commission at Woods Hole, November 10, 1890
(No. 44436, U. S. Nat. Mus.). (Goode & Bean.) (Named for Georges
Chrétien Leopold Dagobert Cuvier, 1769-1832, the great comparative
anatomist, who laid the foundations of modern ichthyology.) (Eu.)
Tetragonurus cuvieri, Risso, Ichth. Nice, 347, 1810, Nice; GinTHER, Cat., 11, 408, 1861; Goope

& BEAN, Oceanic Ichth., 230, fig. 417, 1895.
Tetragonurus atlanticus, Lower, Fishes Madeira, 129, p]. x1x, 1843, Madeira.

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 977

Family CXXXIX. PEMPHERIDZ.
(THE DEEP-WATER CATALUFAS.)

Body oblong, compressed, covered with moderate or small scales, which
are distinctly ctenoid, the vent well forward, the long base of the anal
very oblique. Lateral line nearly straight, unarmed, extending on the
caudal fin; membranes of anal more or less scaly, that of dorsal mostly
naked. Head compressed, with blunt snout, narrow preorbital, and large
eye; bones of head unarmed, or very nearly so; nostrils double; cheeks,
opercles, and jaws scaly ; mouth large, very oblique; premaxillary pro-
tractile; maxillary very broad posteriorly. Small teeth on jaws, vomer,
and palatines. Gills 4; gill membranes separate, free from the isthmus.
Branchiostegals 7. Dorsal fin very short, median or anterior, with 5 or 6
slender graduated spines, continuous with the soft rays, the first of which
is longest; no projecting interspinal bones before dorsal. Anal fin very
long, not faleate, with 2 or 3 small spines in front; caudal lunate or mod-
erately forked, on a stoutish peduncle. Ventrals moderate, I, 5, inserted
below the pectorals, which are rather long. Supraoccipital crest high,
slender; vertebre in normal number, 10+ 24 (Pempheris); the abdominal
vertebre short; the caudal vertebra gradually lengthened. Coracoids
much dilated. Air bladder large, thick, divided into two by a constric-
tion, the anterior part smaller and round. Pyloric cceca 6 or 7, some of
them longer than the stomach. Small fishes, inhabiting rather deep
water in the tropics. Three genera, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus (Pemphe-
richthys),and Neopempheris, with about 12 known species. The relation-
ships of the family are not very clear. In the form and proportions of the
fins Pempheris resembles Kurtus, with which genus it has been usually
associated. Kurtus has feeble scales, nearly or quite naked head and free
spines, and antrorse interspinals before the dorsal fin. Awrtus seems to
be-a member of the Scombroid group. Pempheris shows but few Scom-
broid characters, and bears a superficial resemblance to Priacanthus.
We allow the supposed relation to Kurtus to remain, and place the
group at the end of the Scombroidei, where in fact it probably belongs.
(Carangide, part, Giinther, Cat., 11, 509, 510, 1860.)

a, Anal fin very long, its first ray in advance of middle of body. PrempuHenris, 448.

448. PEMPHERIS, Cuvier & Valenciennes.
Pempheris, Cuvier & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vi, 296, 1831, (onalensis).

Body short and deep, tapering posteriorly, covered with rather small
scales, 35 to 70 in lateral line. Vent in advance of middle of length.
_ Dorsal rays VI, 9; anal rays III, 35 to 46. Caudal lunate. (Pempheris, a
name given by Numenius to some little fish, now unrecognized. ‘Ces
noms sans caractére indicatif de leurs espéces se trouvant ainsi vacantes
les naturalistes s’en emparent comme de choses sans maitres pour les
appliquer aux genres nouveaux quw’ ils decouvrent.” (Valenciennes. )

a, Anal rays III, 32 to IIT, 25.

b. Scales in lateral line nearly 50; 32 in a lengthwise series; eye 244 in head.
MEXICANUS, 1375,

F.N. A.——63

978 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

bb. Scales in lateral line 56; eye 31% in head. SCHOMBURGKI, 1376.
aa. Anal rays III, 31. Scales in lateral line 58; eye very large, 214 in head. * MULLERI, 1377.
aaa. Anal rays III, 24. Scales in lateral line 56; eye 21% in head. POEYI, 1378.

1375. PEMPHERIS MEXICANUS, * Cuvier & Valenciennes.

D. VI, 9; A. II, 35; scales in a lengthwise series 32,16 scales in a
transverse series. Profile alittleconcave. Copper color; the fins yellow,
without black markings. Pacific coast of Mexico, only the type known,
from Acapulco. (Cuvier & Valenciennes. )

Pempheris mexicanus, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vit, 308, 1831, Acapulco.

1376. PEMPHERIS SCHOMBURGKI, Miiller & Troschel.

Head 4; depth 3. D. VI,9; A. III, 33; V.I, 5; seales in lateral line
56, besides about 13 on the caudal fin. Profile depressed above the eye;
lower outline strongly convex anteriorly, then straight along the belly,
then contracted so that the base of last anal ray is on level of middle of
pupil. Scales rather large, distinctly ctenoid, deciduous, except those
along the lateral line, which are smaller than the others and persistent.
Eye 3} in head; half broader than interorbital space. Maxillary reach-
ing beyond middle of eye; each jaw with two rows of small, slender
teeth directed backward; small teeth in narrow bands on vomer and
palatines; preopercle finely serrate; fin rays slender; height of dorsal
greater than its base, which is about half length of head; anal base not
quite 2} in body, its first rays 34 in head; anal spines slender, graduated ;
caudal moderately lunate, the upper lobe the longer; pectorals faleate,
as long as head; ventral short, as long as eye; lateral line curved to
below middle of dorsal and extending on the scales of caudal fin. Violet
above, golden yellow below (in spirits); scaly sheath of anal with dark
specks. (Steindachner.) Barbados and Cuba. (Named for Robert ‘H.
Schomburgk, author of the History of Barbados.)

Pempheris schomburgki, MULLER & TROSCHEL, in Schomburgk’s History of Barbados, 669, 1846,
Barbados; D. V, 9; A. III, 35; Sternpacuner, Ich. Notizen, 1, 8.

1377. PEMPHERIS MULLERI, Poey.

(CATALUFA DE LO ALTO.)

Head 32; depth 22; eye 24 in head; base of anal 2} in body or 1% times
as long as head. D.IV,10; A.III, 31; scales 56 to 60. Color red, silvery
below, dusky on back and base of anal. Length about 5inches. West
Indies to Brazil; rather rare on the coast of Cuba, in waters of moderate
depth. A handsome little fish, resembling a young Priacanthus. Probably

* The following account of the original type of Pempheris mexicana has been sent us by our
friend, Mr. Alexander Thominot: ‘‘ Body compressed, its height 214 times in the total length;
head a little more than four times in this dimension; snout 6 in head; eye as long as caudal
peduncle; insertion of dorsal nearer tip of snout than root of caudal; pectorals as long as head.
Total length 0.140 mm.; head 0.033 mm.; snout 0.005 mm.; eye 0.015 mm.; caudal length 0.028;
length of pectorals 0.033; base of dorsal 0.018; height of dorsal 0.026. Fin rays D. 13; P, 16;
V.1, 5; A. 32; C. II-I-II. Scalesin lateral line nearly 50.”

Jordan and Evermann.— Fishes of North America, 979

identical with Pempheris schomburgki. (Named for the noted comparative

anatomist, Prof. Johannes Miiller, who wrote on the fishes of Barbados.)

Pempheris miilleri, Pozy, Memorias, 11, 203, 1860, Cuba; (the later Pempheris mulleri of Klun-
zinger is a different species).

Pempheris schomburgki, JORDAN, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1886, 38, and 1890, 317; perhaps not of
Miter & TRoscHeE.

1378. PEMPHERIS POEYI, Bean.

Head 3; depth 24; eye 24; snout 2ineye. D.IV,8; A. III, 24; scales
2-56-12. Maxillary about + as long as head, its posterior extremity
very much widened; mandible slightly longer than maxilla, its length
nearly + greatest height of body; width of interorbital space equal to 4
length of maxillary; origin of dorsal slightly behind vertical through
origin of ventral; distance from tip of snout to origin of dorsal not
much more than length of anal base; longest dorsal ray slightly exceed-
ing + length of head; origin of dorsal fin considerably in advance of
middle of total length; origin of anal directly under end of dorsal;
length of anal base equal to greatest height of body and not much in
excess of length of head; origin of ventral almost directly under that of
dorsal; third ray of ventral as long as eye; pectoral 4 in body; caudal
imperfect in type. Cuba. Only the type known. (Bean.) Named for
Prof. Felipe Poey, who collected the type of the species.)

Pempheris poeyi, Bean, Proc. U.S, Nat. Mus., 1885, 229, Havana. (Type, No. 37184. Coll,
Poey.)

Group PERCOIDEA.*

(THE PERCH-LIKE FISHES.)

A group of fishes of diverse habits and forms, but on the whole, repre:
senting better than any other the typical Acanthopterygian fish. The
group is incapable of concise definition, or, in general, of any definition
at all; still, most of its members are definitely related to each other, and
bear in one way or another a resemblance to the typical form, the perch,
or more strictly to its marine relatives, the sea bass or Serranide. The
following analysis gives most of the common characters of the group:

Body usually oblong, covered with scales, which are typically ctenoid,
not smooth nor spinous, and .of moderate size. Lateral line typically
present and concurrent with the back. Head usually compressed later-
ally, and with the cheeks and opercles scaly. Mouth various, usually
terminal and with lateral cleft, the teeth various, but typically pointed,
arranged in bands on the jaws, vomer, and palatine bones; gill rakers
usually sharp, stoutish, armed with teeth; lower pharyngeals almost
always separate, usually armed with cardiform teeth; third upper

* As these sheets are passing through the press we have received, through the courtesy of our
friend, Dr. G. A. Boulenger, of the British Museum, proof sheets of the first volume of his
* Oatalogue of the Perciform Fishes in the British Museum,”’ This gives promise of being, like
its prototype, Dr. Giinther’s ‘‘ Catalogue of the Fishes of the British Museum,’’ a monumental
work indispensable to all students of fishes. We have made free reference to Dr. Boulenger’s
omega in those genera of Perciformes or Percoidea, in which his work is printed in advance
0 ours, ?

980 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

—

pharyngeal moderately enlarged, elongate, not articulated to the cra-
nium, the fourth typically present; gills 4, a slit behind the fourth; gill
membranes free from the isthmus, and usually not connected with eaeh
other; pseudobranchie typically well developed. Branchiostegals few,
usually 6 or 7. No bony stay connecting the suborbital chain to the pre-
opercle. Opercular bones all well developed, normal in position; the
preopercle typically serrate. No cranial spines. Dorsal fin variously
developed, but always with some spines in front, these typically stiff and
pungent; anal fin typically short, usually with 3 spines, sometimes with
a larger number, sometimes with none; caudal fin various, usually lunate;
pectoral fins well developed, inserted high; ventral fins always present,
thoracic, separate, almost always with 1 spine and Srays. Air bladder
usually present, without air duct in the adult; simple and generally adher-
ent to the walls of the abdomen. Stomach cecal, with pyloric append-
ages, the intestines short in most species, long in the herbivorous forms.
Vertebral column well developed, none of the vertebre especially mod-
ified, the number 10+ 14, except in certain extra-tropical and fresh-water
forms, which retain the primitive higher numbers. Shoulder girdle
normally developed, the post-temporal bifurcate, attached to the skull,
but not coosified with it; none of the epipleural bones attached to the
center of the vertebre; coracoids normal, the hypercoracoid always
with a median foramen, the basal bones of the pectoral (actinosts or
pterygials) normally developed, 3 or 4 in number, hourglass-shaped,
longer than broad; premaxillary forming the border of the mouth,
usually protractile; bones of the mandible distinct. Species very
numerous, found in all seas except those of the Arctic regions. Many
species inhabit fresh waters, especially in North America and Europe.
These fresh-water forms are apparently nearer the primitive stock than
the marine species are. The Elassomide, Centrarchide, and Percide are
the most primitive, and apparently form, with the Percopside and Aphre-
doderidw, an almost continuous series. This series we are compelled to
break in a linear arrangement for the purpose of bringing in other series
of transitional forms, which culminate in the Berycoids and the Scombroids.
a. Maxillary not sheathed by the preorbital, or only partially covered by the edge of the latter;
ventral with its accessory scale very small or wanting; pectoral without accessory scale;
sheath at base of spinous dorsal little developed; vomer usually with teeth; opercle

usually ending in a spine.

b. Precaudal* vertebrae with transverse processes from the third or fourth to the last;
ribs all but the last 1 to 4, sessile, ins2rted on the centra behind the transverse pro-
cesses; anal spines 3 or more.

c. Pseudobranchiz rudimentary, covered by the skin.
d. Lateral line wholly wanting; dorsal spines 4 or 5; vertebra about 10 + 14=24.
ELASSOMID&, CXL.

dd. Lateral line more or less developed; dorsal spines 6 to 15; vertebra 29 to 33.
CENTRARCHIDS, CXLI.
cc. Pseudobranchie large; dorsal spines about 10; vertebra 10 + 15 = 25,
KUHLIIDA, CXLIL.
bb, Precaudal anteriorly without transverse processes; all or most of the ribs inserted on
the transverse processes when these are developed.

* These characters are taken from Boulenger, Cat., 1, p. 2.

Jordan and Evermann.—Ffishes of North America. 981

e. Anal spines 2 or 1, very rarely obsolete; vertebree in increased number (30 to 46).
PERCIDA, CXLIII.
ee. Anal spines 2 (rarely 3); vertebre 24 or 25; pseudobranchiz well developed; dorsal
fin divided. CHELLODIPTERID™, CXLIV.
eee. Anal spines 3 or none, never 2 nor 1; pseudobranchiz well developed; dorsal fin
continuous or divided; vertebrze 24 to 35.
f. Vomer, and usually palatines also, with teeth.
g. Lateral line strongly marked, extending to end of caudal fin; body elon-
gate; teeth small. CENTROPOMID, CXLV.
gg. Lateral line not extending on caudal fin.

h. Anal fin shorter than dorsal; head not everywhere covered with rough
scales; postocular part of head not shortened. SERRANID®, CXLVI,

hh. Anal fin scarcely shorter than dorsal and similar to it; head and body

everywhere covered with rough scales; body deep, compressed,

PRIACANTHID#, CXLVIII.

J. Vomer without teeth; dorsal fin continuous; body deep, compressed.
LOBOTID”, CXLVIT.
aa. Maxillary slipping for most of its length under the edge of the preorbital, which forms a
more or less distinct sheath; ventrals with an accessory scale; opercle without spines;

maxillary without supplemental bone; anal spines 3, rarely 2.
i. Carnivorous species; intestines of moderate length; teeth in jaws not all incisor-like;
vertebree usually 24 or 25.
j. Spines of premaxillary not greatly produced, not extending backward to the
occiput; mouth moderately protractile.
k. Vomer with teeth.

l, Teethin jaws usually unequal, some of them more or less canine-like;
no distinct tubercles from the cranium for the articulation of the
epipharyngeals; enlarged apophyses for the articulation of the
palatines and preorbital; first 4 vertebrae without parapophyses;
maxillary long. LUTIANID”, CXLIXx.

kk. YVomer without teeth; palatines and tongue toothless.

m. Teeth on sides of jaws not molar; maxillaries formed essentially as in
the Serranidz. H2MULID&, CL.

mm, Teeth on sides of jaws molar; maxillaries peculiar in form and in

articulation, unlike those of the Serranide. Anterior teeth coni-
cal, or else more or less incisor-like; preopercle entire.
, SPARID#, CLI.
jj- Spines of premaxillary extending backward to the occiput, so that the mouth
is excessively protractile; preorbital very narrow.
n. Lower pharyngeals well separated; teeth in jaws small or wanting; vomer
with minute teeth or none; dorsal fin continuous or deeply notched;

preopercle entire. M2&NID&, CLII.
nn. Lower pharyngeals closely approximated, often apparently united; teeth
present, small; dorsal fin notched. GERRID®, CLIT.

ii. Herbivorous species; intestinal canal elongate; anterior teeth in jaws incisor-like;
no molars or canines; premaxillaries moderately protractile.
KyYPHoOsID®, CLIV.

Family CXL. ELASSOMID 2.
(P1GMy SUNFISHES. )

Body oblong, compressed, covered with rather large cycloid scales.
Mouth small, terminal, the lower jaw projecting; each jaw with rather
strong conic teeth, in few series, directed forward vomer with a few
weak teeth; palatines toothless; upper jaw very protractile. Bones of
head with entire edges. Cheeks and opercles scaly. Gill membranes

982 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

broadly united, free from isthmus; gill rakers tubercle-like. Lower
pharyngeals narrow, separate, with sharp teeth. Branchiostegals appar-
ently 5. Lateral line obsolete. Vent normal. Dorsal fin single, small,
with 4 or 5 spines; anal with 3 spines; ventrals thoracic,I, 5; caudal
rounded. Pseudobranchize small, glandular, covered by the skin. No
pyloric ceca. Posterior processes of premaxillaries extending to the
frontals, the latter smooth; parietal and supraoccipital crests not pro-
duced on the frontals. Vertebre 10414 or 15—24 or 25. Two species
known; very singular little fishes, among the very smallest known,
inhabiting the swamps of the southern United States, intermediate
between the Aphredoderide and Centrarchide. Like Percopsis, Umbra,
Aphredoderus, Dallia, Chologaster, etc., the Elassomide constitute a relic of
a very ancient fauna. Dr. Boulenger places Elassoma among the Centrar-
chide, an arrangement to which we see no serious objection. Elassoma, as
Dr. Boulenger suggests, is a dwarfed sunfish, bearing much the same
relation to the others that the darters bear to the perch. (Elassomida,
Jordan & Gilbert, Synopsis, 461, 1883.)

449. ELASSOMA, Jordan.

Elassoma, JORDAN, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., x, 50, 1877, (zonata).
Characters of the genus included above. (Adoowua, a diminution.)

a. Scales moderate, 38 to 45 in a longitudinal series. ZONATUM, 1379.
aa. Scales very large, 27 to 30 in longitudinal series. EVERGLADEI, 1380.

1379. ELASSOMA ZONATUM, Jordan.

Head 3; depth 34; eye large, 3in head. D.IV, 10, or V,9; A. III, 5;
B. 5; scales 38 to 42-19. Body oblong, compressed, the nape rather broad .
and depressed; head narrowed forward. Mouth small, oblique, the max-
illary scarcely reaching pupil. Teeth in jaws stout, conical, slightly
curved, directed forward in 2 or 3 rows. Color olive green, everywhere
finely punctulate; sides with about 11 parallel vertical bands of dark
olive, about equal in width, narrower than the eye, about as wide as the
pale interspaces ; a conspicuous roundish black spot, nearly as large as
the eye, on the sides just above the axis of the body, under the beginning
of the dorsal; soft fins faintly barred; a blackish bar at base of cau-
dal. Length ljinches. One of the smallest of our spinous-rayed fishes,
inhabiting sluggish streams and bayous from Southern Illinois to Texas,
Louisiana, and Alabama; not very common and only in still waters of
small extent. Variable. ‘zonatus, banded.)

Elassoma zonata, JORDAN, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., x, 50, 1877, Little Red River, Judsonia,
White County, Arkansas. (Coll. Prof. Henry 8. Reynolds).

Elassoma zonatum, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis 461, 1883; BouLENGER, Catalogue of Fishes in
the British Museum, 1, 34, 1895.

1380. ELASSOMA EVERGLADEI, Jordan.

Head 3,5; depth 3}; eye3 in head. D.IV,9 (III, 8 to IV, 9); A. If,
5, (to IIT, 7); scales 28-13 or 14. Body more elongate and less compressed

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 983

than in Elassoma zonatum ; the head thick, moderately pointed anteriorly,
flattish, and moderately wide above. Mouth oblique, very small, its out-
line curved, upper jaw very protractile, lower jaw projecting ; snout very
short, not longer than pupil; preorbital very narrow. Maxillary of mod-
erate width, barely reaching the vertical from front of eye, its length 4
in head. Teeth in narrow bands, those of the outer series enlarged, close-
set, slender, and curved. Apparently a few teeth on the vomer. Cheeks
and opercles scaly, the former with 3 or 4 rows of scales. Preopercle
entire; opercle unarmed, emarginate behind. Gill membranes broadly
connected across the isthmus. Breast with small scales; scales of body
very large, cycloid; no trace of lateral line. Gill rakers very small,
tubercular. Pseudobranchiz very small, apparently covered by skin, as
in the Centrarchidw. Vent normal in position. Dorsal fin low, the first
spine short, the others graduated; ventral fins very slender and narrow,
their filamentous tips nearly reaching front of anal; their rays I, 5; the
inner ray short, so that the number appears on a hasty examination to be
I, 4; pectoral 14 in length of head; caudal slightly emarginate, 1} in
head. Color, in spirits, dusky olive, without cross bands or scapular
spot; centers of scales paler, thus forming faint longitudinal streaks;
many scales of back and sides each with a dark brown spot; these irreg-
ularly scattered ; body and head soiled with dark points; dorsal, anal, and
caudal conspicuously marked with cross bands formed of dark dots; ven-
trals and anal largely dusky, similarly but more faintly barred. Length
l4 inches. Swamps of southern Georgia and Florida, locally common in
dark waters tributary to the Everglades. Extremely variab!e in colora-
tion and in number of fin rays, if all the known specimens really belong
to one species.

Elassoma evergladei, JORDAN, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1884, 323, Indian River and Lake Jessup,
Florida; (Type, No. 25326(8). Coll. R. Edward Earll); Gripert,* Bull. U. S. Fish Comm.,
Vil, 1888, 228; WooLMAN,} Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., x, 1890 (1892), 299 and 300, pl. 53, fig.

*** A single specimen from the Satilla River at Waycross, answering well the original descrip-
tion, but with the anal III, 7, instead of III, 5; D. IV, 9; scales27. Finsall high, the ventrals
reaching slightly beyond origin of anal, the longest dorsal ray 114 in head. In spirits, faint
traces of 6 or 7 dusky cross bars; a white area on base of caudal. In life, a blue band under
eye and a number on sides. Dorsal spines with blue.’’—Gilbert.

+ Woolman gives the following account of specimens or this species from Hillsboro River,
Florida: ‘‘ Two very fine specimens were taken in Pemberton Creek, which differ in several
particulars from the types of this species (Hlassoma evergladei). Totallength of specimens 25 and
27 mm. respectively; length to caudal fin 2214, 23 mm.; greatestheight of body 6,7 mm.; depth
of caudal peduncle 3, 3inm; length of head 6, 7mm.; interorbitalarea 2, 2mm.; eye, 2, 2 mm.;
distance from tip of snout to front of dorsal, 10,10 mm, Number of dorsal spinesand rays, ITT,
8; III, 8; length of base of dorsal 7, 7 mm.; longest dorsalspine 3,3, mm.; longest dorsal ray 5,
5; anal [V, 5; 1V, 5; ventrals reaching anal; scales 28,28. Ground color, very dark brown,
nearly black, with 3 cross bars behind dorsal, between which there is adark metallic blue space;
spot on opercle of a dull carmine color; 2small spots of the same color at base of caudal; spots
of blue on other parts of body, notably along lateral line; finsdark; upper half of dorsal black;
2 lighter spots on the last rays of dorsal.

“Several specimens were obtained in Mill Creek which correspond more closely with the orig-
inals of Elassoma. The measurements of 3 of these are as follows: Length 25, 25, 23 mm,
respectively; length to base of caudal 21, 21,19 mm.; greatest depth 6, 7,5 mm.; depth of caudal
peduncle 3, 8, 3mm.; length of head 6, 6, 6mm.; eye 1%, 1%, 1'4 mm.; distance from end of
snout to origin of dorsal 9,914, 8mm. Dorsal rays [V, 8; IV, 9; IV, 9; anal rays TL, 5; TIT, 5;
ITI, 5; number of scales 27, 28, 27. Ground color dark brown, thickly covered with darker spots
having no definite arrangement; a few deep lustrous blue scales on body; dorsal dark, showing
in some specimens adouble row of dark-red spots, forming 2 stripes parallel with edge of fin,
There seems to be somo variation in size of eye aud width of interorbital space.” (Woolman, Ll. ¢.)

984 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

4; LONNBERG,* Ofvers. Kong. Vetensk. Akad. Forh., 123, i894; Boulenger, Cat., I, 34.

Family CXLI. CENTRARCHIDZ.t+
(THE SUNFISHES. )

Body more or less shortened and compressed ; the regions above and
below the axis of the body nearly equally developed, and corresponding
to each other, and the pseudobranchize imperfect. Head compressed.
Mouth terminal, large or small. Teeth in villiform bands, the outer
slightly enlarged, without canines; teeth present on premaxillaries,
lower jaw, and yvomer, and usually on palatines, also sometimes on tongue,

* Dr. Einar Lénnberg gives the following account of the specimens observed by him about
Orlando, Florida, and provisionally named ‘‘ Elassoma orlandicum”” :

‘‘Localities—Fern Creek and small lakes around Orlando, Orange County; Tohopekaliga and
other waters around Kissimmee, Osceola County; Arcadia, De Soto County.

‘* This little fish seems to be extremely variable. When I obtained my first specimens in Fern
Creek I surely believed that I had found a new species. I was led to that opinion by the num-
ber of spines and soft rays in the verticalfins. Jordan (Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1884) describes
Elassoma evergladei with 4 spines and 9 or 10 soft rays in the dorsal and 3 spines and 5 soft rays
inthe anal. On my specimens I counted 5 spines (in one only 4) and 11 or 12 soft rays, and the
formulaof the anal was TII, 7. There was thus 1 spine and 1 or 2 soft raysin the dorsal and 2
soft rays in the anal more than in the typical FE. evergladei. I therefore believed it just to estab-
lish a new subspecies with the name orlandicum, the more as also the color, etc., was different.
Later on I found in the literature that Woolman (I. ce, p. 299) had found in Pemberton Creek
variations in another direction, that is with the formula ITI, 8 for the dorsal, and IV, 5 for the
anal. Bunt in the Santa Fé River the specimens were more similar to mine with dorsal IV,
9-12; anal III, 5-7. Through this the variability of FE. evergladei becomes still more evident,
The fins are larger in the males, as the following measurements will show:

7 ;
| |

Male. | Female.

|

| illimeters: Millineters.

Length without caudal___._____.__. -._--- 2014 20
hencth of head: 2" a2 soe eae eae ek 6% 6
Depth of. body,--=—.-2225 = ea 6% 6
Vertical height of dorsal__._.___________ 214 | 2
Vertical height of anal =.=. —- 3% 24
Lone th ofdorsals=- se ee 10 | 8
Length ef caudal: = 2 te 9 5 | 41
Height of caudal. 262 2s ee 8 5

“My largest specimen measured 25 millimeters without the caudal, which is rounded, not
slightly emarginate. Woolman’s figure (J. ¢., Pl. LII1) has the caudal rounded, too. In the
females the ventrals reach to the anal; in the males the filament from the fourth ray surpasses
the spines of anal. Intestinal canal short, no appendices pylorice. Eggs large, but few in
number. December and January seem to be the spawning season of this little fish, and in that
time the male has such a bright color that it must be regarded as one of the handsomest fresh-
water fishes. It is black, with 7more or less complete vertical cross bars of bright metallic blue,
A semicircular blue spot below and behind eye. Atthe base of the caudal there are 2 whitish
blue or blue spots surrounded by black. The ventral fins almost blue with black border. At
the base the dorsal has 2} bands of blue spots; the anal has 1 or 2 bands of the same kind. A
little within the black margin of all the vertical fins, ths chief color of which is black, isa
broad, blue band, which is broadest and brightest on the anal; pectorals not colored. After
the spawning time the blue will change to paler greenish blue but still metallic. In spirits
the blue color is lost and the fishes become blackish with paler band where the blue has
been. Both the caudal spots are always conspicuous. The female is not so bright. Its color
is a kind of rusty brownish with darker spots. These are sometimes arrangedin three ranges
along the side. The belly is always paler and the entrails shine through, the liver reddish and
the intestines dark, if they contain anything. At the base of the caudal two whitish, dark-
pariores FEU, Dark spots on the rays make one band on the anal, two on the dorsal, and three
on the caudal.”

+ For a useful review of the species of this family see Bollman in Report U, S, Fish Comm.,
XVI, 1888 (1892), 557-579, plates LXVIII-LXxII.

Jordan and Evermann.—Ffishes of North America. 985

—e

pterygoids,and hyoid. Premaxillaries protractile; maxillary with a sup-
plemental bone in the large-mouthed forms, sometimes minute or obsolete
in others. Preopercle entire or somewhat serrate ; opercle ending in two
flat points or prolonged ina black flapat the angle. Preorbital short and
deep; first suborbital narrow, the maxillary not slipping under its edge.
Nostrils 2, on each side. Gills 4, a slit behind the fourth. Pseudo-
branchiz small, almost glandular, nearly or quite covered byskin. Gill
membranes separate, free from the isthmus. Branciostegals 6, rarely 7.
Gill rakers variously formed, armed with small teeth ; lower pharyngeal
bonesseparate, their teeth conic or sometimes paved. Cheeks and opercles
scaly ; body fully scaled, the scales usually not strongly ctenoid, rarely
cycloid; lateral line present, usually complete. Dorsal fins confluent,
the spines 6 to 13 in number (usually 10), depressible in a shallow groove;
anal spines 3 to 9. Intestinal canal short. Pyloric ceca5dtol10. Verte-
bre 28 to 35 (13 to 18+ 15 to 17), Entopterygoid present. Precaudal or
abdominal vertebre with transverse processes from the third or fourth to
the last; ribs all but the last 2 to 4 sessile, inserted on the centrum behind
the transverse proceses. Frontals with a pair of large muciferous chan-
nels which converge posteriorly orare confluent with a transverse channel
connecting the postfrontals, their posterior openings close together on the
median line in front of the supraoccipital crest. Coloration usually bril-
liant, chiefly greenish. Sexes similar; changes with age often great.
Fresh-water fishes of North America; genera 12; species about 30, form-
ing one of the most characteristic features of our fish fauna. Most of
the species build nests, which they defend with much courage. All are
carnivorous, voracious, and gamy. All are valued as food, their impor-
tance being in direct proportion to the size which they attain. The
group has been divided by Dr. Gill into three subfamilies very closely
related to each other—Centrarchinw, Lepomine, and Micropterine. Most of
the species belong to the Lepominw. The Micropterinew approach most
nearly to the Serranide. At the same time they are perhaps farthest from
the primitive stock from which the group has sprung. (Percidw, group
Grystina, Giinther, Cat., 1, 256-261, 1859.)

CENTRARCHINE :

a, Dorsal fin scarcely longer than anal.
b. Dorsal spines 5 to 8; anal spines 6; spinous dorsal shorter than soft dorsal; body eloagate,

compressed. Pomoxis, 450.
bb. Dorsal spines 11 or 12; anal spines 7 or 8; spinous dorsal longer than soft dorsal; body
short and deep, compressed. CENTRARCHUS, 451,

aa. Dorsal fin much larger than the anal; gill rakers rather short.
LEPOMIN” :

¢. Body comparatively short and deep, the depth usually.more than 3 the length; dorsal
fin not deeply emarginate.
d, Tongue and pterygoids with teeth; mouth large, maxillary reaching past middle
of eye.
e. Scales cycloid; caudal convex. AcantTuarcuus, 452,
ee. Scales ctenoid; caudal concave behind.
Sf. Opercle emarginate behind; anal spines 5 to 8.
g. Lingual teeth in a single patch; gill rakers about 10; preopercle ser-
rate only at its angle, other membrane bones entire; lower point

of opercle without pointed strim, AMBLOPLITEs, 453,

986 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

gg. Lingual teeth in two patches; gill rakers about 20; most of the mem-
brane bones of the head serrate; lower point of opercle striate,
the strie ending in sharp points. ARCHOPLITES, 454.
jf. Opercle ending in a black convex process or flap; anal spines 3; preopercle
entire. CH2ZNOBRYTTUS, 455.
dd. Tongue and pterygoids toothless; mouth small, the maxillary barely reaching past
middJe of eye.
h. Caudal convex; opercle emarginate, without flap.
i. Dorsal fin continuous, normally with 9 spines; anal normally with 3 spines.
ENNEACANTHUS, 456.
ii. Dorsal fin angulated, some of the median spines elevated; dorsal spines 10;
anal 3. : Mesogonistivus, 457.
hh. Caudal margin concave; opercle prolonged behind in a convex process or flap
which is always black; dorsal spines normally 10; anal 3,
j. Supplemental bone of maxillary perfectly distinct. Apomotis, 458.
jj. Supplemental bone of maxillary rudimentary or wanting.
k. Lower pharyngeals narrow, the teeth usually sharp, not conical.
Lepomis, 459.
kk. Lower pharyngeals broad and concave, especially in the adult; teeth
more or less blunt and paved. Evpomortis, 460.
MIcROPTERIN-E :
ce. Body comparatively elongate, the depth in the adult about 14 the length; dorsal fin
low, deeply emarginate, with 10 spines; mouth large; caudal lunate.
Microprerus, 461.

450. POMOXIS, Rafinesque.

(CRAPPIES. )

Pomowis, RAFINESQUE, Amer, Month. Mag., 1818, 41, (annularis).
Pomoxys, HotBrook, Ichth. South Carolina, 29, 1860, (change of spelling).
Hyperistius, GILL, Amer. Journ. Sci. and Arts, 1864, 92, (hexacanthus = carolinensis).

Body more or less elongate, strongly compressed, the snout projecting.
Mouth large, oblique; maxillary broad, with a well-developed supple-
mental bone. Teeth on vomer, palatines, entopterygoids, and tongue.
Lower pharyngeals narrow, with sharp teeth. Gill rakers long and slen-
der, numerous. Opercle emarginate; preopercle and preorbital finely
serrated. Scales large, feebly ctenoid. Fins large, the anal larger than
dorsal, of 6 spines and about 17 rays; dorsal with 6 to 8 graduated spines,

the spinous dorsal shorter than the soft part ; caudal fin emarginate ; pec-

torals rounded or obtusely pointed, with 15 or 16 rays, the upper longest.
Ventrals close together, each with a strong spine. Branchiostegals 7.
Lateral line complete, the tubes straight and extending at least on the
anterior half at the exposed surface of the scale. Posterior processes of
the premaxillaries not extending to the frontals; supraoceipital and
parietal crest very strong produced forward on the frontals to between the
orbits; vertebree 184+ 15—33. (dua, opercle; ofc, sharp; the operele
ending in two flat points instead of an ‘‘ ear-flap.”)

a. Dorsal spines 6, rarely 5; anal fin plain; profile of head more strongly S-shaped than in

sparoides. ANNULARIS, 1381.
aa, Dorsal spines 7, rarely 8; anal fin strongly reticulated. SPAROIDES, 1382.

|
7

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 987

1381. POMOXIS ANNULARIS,* Rafinesque.

(CRAPPIE; BACHELOR ; NEw Licut; CAMPBELLITE; SAC-A-LAIT; CRAPET.)

Head 3; depth 24; eye large, 4, reaching past pupil. D. V1,15; A. VI,
18; scales 36 to 48. Body elongate. Head long, the profile more or less
strongly S-shaped, owing to the projecting snout, depressed occipital
region, and very prominent thickened antedorsal area. Mouth very wide.
Seales on cheeks in 4 or 5 rows. Color silvery olive, mottled with dark
green, the dark marks chiefly on the upper part of the body and having
a tendency to form narrow vertical bars; dorsal and caudal fins marked
with green; anal fin pale, nearly plain. Fins very high, but lower than
in Pomoxis sparoides. Length 12 inches. Very variable. Middle United
States from the Great Lakes south to Texas and west to Kansas and
Nebraska; generally common, especially in sluggish waters, in ponds, and
bayous; it strongly resembles its equally abundant congener, but the two
do not intergrade so far as we have seen. (annularis, having rings.)
Pomoxis annularis, RAFINESQUE, Amer. Month. Mag., 1818, 41, Falls of the Ohio River;

Botitman, Review of the Centrarchide, 560, pl. 68, fig. 3,1892; JonpAN & GILBERT, Synopsis,
464, 1883.
Cichla storeria, K1nTLAND, Report Zoél. Ohio, 191, 1838, Ohio River.
Promozvis nitidus, GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1857, 200, Houston River, Kentucky.
Pomoxys brevicauda, G1, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1865, 64, North Grand River, Missouri.

Pomoxys intermedius, GILL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1865, 64, no locality.
Pomuxys protacanthus, GILL, Proc, Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1865, 66, Tarboro, North Carolina,

1382. POMOXIS SPAROIDES (Lacépéde).

(Catico Bass; Grass Bass; BARFISH ; STRAWBERRY Bass.)

Head 3; depth 2. D. Vil or VIII, 15; A. VI, 17 or 18; scales 40 to 45,
6 rows on cheek. Body oblong, elevated, much compressed. Head long,
its profile not strongly S-shaped, the projection of the snout and ante-
dorsal region and the depression over the eye being less marked than in
Pomozis annularis. Mouth smaller than in P. annularis, the maxillary
reaching about to the posterior edge of pupil, the mandible shorter than
pectorals. Fins very high; anal higher than dorsal, its height 4—5 times
in length of body. Color silvery olive, mottled with clear olive green,
the dark mottlings gathered in irregular small bunches, and covering
the whole body; vertical fins with dark olive reticulations surrounding
pale spots; the anal marked like the dorsal; a dusky opercular spot.
Length 12 inches. Great Lakes and Upper Mississippi Valley to New Jer-
sey, and southward to Florida, Louisiana, and Texas; chiefly in lowland
streams and lakes, abundant ; a handsome fish, valued as food; it frequents
chiefly cold anal clear waters, being rarely seen in muddy bayous. (o7dpog,
Sparus; cidoc, resemblance. )
Labrus sparoides, Lackripx, Hist. Nat. Poiss., m1, 517, 1802, South Carolina.
Cantharus nigromaculatus, Le Surtur MS., in Cuvrer & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 111, 88,

1829, Wabash River.

Oentrarchus hexacanthus, Cuvier & VALENCIENNES, Hist, Nat. Poiss., vit, 459, 1831, Charleston,
South Carolina.

—

*This perfectly well-marked species is confounded with Pomovis sparoides by Dr, Boulenger.

988 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum,

.
Hyperistius carolinensis Git, Amer. Journ. Sci. and Arts., 1864, 93, South Carolina.
Pomoxys sparoides JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 465, 1883; BouLENGER, Cat., 1, 7.
Pomozxis sparoides, BOLLMAN, l. c., 559, pl. 68, fig. 2.

451. CENTRARCHUS, Cuvier & Valenciennes.
(RounpD Bass.)

Centrarchus, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 111, 84, 1829, (irideus).
Eucentrarchus, Git, Amer. Jour. Sci. and Arts, 1864, 93, (irideus).

Body short and deep, compressed. Mouth moderate, the lower jaw the
longer; maxillary witha well-developed supplemental bone. Teeth on
vomer, palatines, entopterygoids, ectopterygoids, and tongue. Opercle
emarginate behind. Gill rakers setiform, very long, finely dentate, in
large number (20 to 30 below angle of arch), Fins large; the dorsal and
anal fins about equal in extent, the soft portion of the latter longest and
most posterior, the 2 fins being obliquely opposed; dorsal fin with the
spinous part longer than the soft part, of about 12 spines, which are not
rapidly graduated; analfin withabout 8 spines. Scales large, not strongly
ctenoid. Lateral line complete, the tubes straight and occupying at
least half of the exposed surface of the scales. Posterior processes of
the premaxillaries extending nearly to the frontals; frontals posteriorly
with a transverse ridge, connecting the parietal and supraoccipital crests,
which are very strong and extend forward to between the orbits. Vertebre
15+ 16= 31. («Kévtpov, spine; dpyoc, anus, from the development of the
anal spines.)

1383. CENTRARCHUS MACROPTERUS (Lacfépipe).

(RounpD SUNFISH ; FLIER.)

Head 2% to 3; depth 13 to 2; eye large, 3} to 4 in head. D. XI to XII,
12 to 14; A. VII or VIII, 15; scales large, 5 or 6-38 to 45-15, 4 to 6 rows
on cheeks. Body ovate, strongly compressed; head small; snout short,
shorter than eye; mouth small, oblique; maxillary reaching posterior
border of pupil; lingual teeth in 2 patches; opercular spot narrow, much
higher than long; dorsal high, longest spine 12 in head; pectorals and
ventrals long, reaching anal, ventral spines extending past anus to fin.
Gill rakers «+ 30. Green, with series of dark brown spots on sides below
lateral line, forming interrupted longitudmal lines; a dark spot below
eye; soft dorsal and anal reticulated; young with a black ocellus at
base of soft dorsal. Lowland streams and bayous from Virginia south-
ward to Florida and Louisiana; northward in the Mississippi valley to
southern Illinois; locally abundant in clear waters; a handsome fish, rarely
exceeding 6 inches in length. (uaxpoc, long; z7epor, fin.)

Labrus macropterus, LAchPrpE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 111, 447, 1802, Charleston, South Carolina.

Labrus trideus, LACLPRDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 11, 716, 1802, Charleston, South Carolina.

Centrarchus macropterus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 463, 1883; BoLLMAN, I, ¢., 558, pl. 68, fig. 1;
BoULENGER, Cat., I, 8.

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 989

452. ACANTHARCUHUS, Gill.
Acantharchus, GILL, Amer. Journ. Sci. and Arts, 1864, 92, (pomotis).

Body oblong, robust, not much compressed or elevated. Mouth not
very large, the broad maxillary with a well-developed supplemental bone;
lower jaw projecting. Teeth on vomer, palatines, pterygoids, and tongue;
lingual teeth in a single patch; pharyngeal teeth sharp. Gill rakers few,
rather long and strong. Opercle emarginate; preopercle entire. Scales
eycloid, large. Lateral line complete. Dorsal spines usually 11; anal
spines 5; caudal finrounded behind. Close to Ambloplites, differing chiefly
in the rounded caudal. Onespecies known. (dkava, spine; dpyéc, anus.)

1384. ACANTHARCHUS POMOTIS (Baird).

(Mup SunNrIsH.)

Head 23; depth 2; eye not very large, 3} to4 in head. D. XI or XI,
10 or 11; A. V, 10; scales 6-43-12, about 5 rows on cheek. Body oblong,
moderately compressed. Snout short. Mouth wide, the gape short; the
maxillary reaching posterior part of orbit; lingual teeth in 1 patch.
About 5 gill rakers besides rudiments. Dorsal spines low, the longest
about as long as from snout to middle of pupil. Pectoral 13 in head.
Color very dark greenish; body usually with 5 rather indistinct blackish
longitudinal bands along the sides; cheeks with dark bands, which run
nearly parallel, the lowest passing across the maxillary around the front
part of the lower jaw; fins plain dusky; a black opercular spot. Length
6inches. Southern New York to South Carolina, in sluggish streams near
the coast; locally common, especially in the Delaware River; a small
species of little value as food. (Pomotis, the sunfish, asynonym of Lepomis. )
Centrarchus pomotis, BAtrD, Ninth Smithson. Report, 325, 1854, New Jersey; New York;

(Coll. Baird); GUNTHER, Cat., 1, 256, 1859.

Acantharchus pomotis, JoRDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 469, 1883; BoLLMAN, I. c., 563, pl. 70, fig. 1.
Ambloplites pomotis, BOULENGER, Cat., 1, 11.

453. AMBLOPLITES, Rafinesque.
(Rock Bass.)

Ambloplites, RAFINESQUE, Ichth, Oh., 33, 1820, (ichtheloides — rupestris),

Body oblong, moderately elevated, compressed. Mouth large, the
broad maxillary with a well-developed supplemental bone; lower jaw
projecting. Teeth on vomer, palatines, tongue, entopterygoids, and
ectopterygoids; lingual teeth in a single patch; pharyngeal teeth sharp.
Branchiostegals 6. Opercle ending in 2 flat points; preopercle serrate at
its angle; other membrane bones chiefly entire. Gill rakers rather long
and strong, dentate, less than 10 in number, developed only on the lower
portion of the arch. Scales large, somewhat ctenoid; lateral line com-
plete, the tubes occupying at least the anterior half of the surface of the

scale. Dorsal fin much more developed than the anal fin, with 10 or 11

990 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

rather low spines; anal spines normally 6; pectorals obtusely pointed
with 14 or 15 rays, the upper longest. Caudal fin emarginate. (auBric,
blunt; 67Aity¢, armature. )

1385. AMBLOPLITES RUPESTRIS (Rafinesque).

(Common Rock Bass; RED-EYE; GOGGLE-EYE.)

Head 22; depth 2-24; eye very large, 3} in head. D. XI, 10; A. VI, 10;
scales about 5-39-12, 6 to 8 rows on cheeks. Caca7. Vertebre 14-+ 18.
Body oblong, moderately compressed. Head large, the profile little
depressed above the eye. Mouth large, the maxillary extending to oppo-
site posterior part of pupil; lingual teeth in 1 patch. Gill rakers few,
7 to 10, developed on lower part of arch; preopercle serrate near its angle.
Color olive green, brassy-tinged, with much dark mottling; the young -
irregularly barred and blotched with black, the adult with a dark spot
on each scale, these forming interrupted black stripes; a black opercular
spot; dark mottlings on the soft dorsal, anal, and caudal. Length 12
inches. Vermont to Great Lake region and Manitoba, south to Louis-
iana; very abundant west of the Alleghanies; a gamy fish, valued as
food. (rupestris, living among rocks.)

Bodianus rupestris, RAFINESQUE, Am. Monthly Mag., 1817, 120, Lakes of New York, Ver-
mont, and Canada.

Ichthelis erythrops, RAFINESQUE, Ichth. Ohiensis, 29, 1820, Ohio River.

Lepomis ichtheloides, RAFINESQUE, Ichth. Ohiensis, 32, 1820, Ohio River,

Cichla xnea, LE SuruR, Jour. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1822, 214, Lake Ontario.

Centrarchus pentacanthus, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 111, 88, 1829, Wabash
River.

Centrarchus seneus, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 111, 84, 1829.

Ambloplites rupestris, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 466, 1883; BoLLMAN, J. c., 561, pl. 69, fig. 2;
BouLENGER. Cat., 1, 10.

Represented in the Roanoke River, east of the Alleghanies, by an
isolated colony,

1385a. AMBLOPLITES RUPESTRIS CAVIFRONS, Cope.

Seales on cheek minute and embedded, wholly invisible over most of
the area; profile concave over the eyes. Differing in no other particular —
from Ambloplites rupestris. Roanoke River, Virginia. (cavus, concave;
frons, forehead. )

Ambloplites cavifrons, Copr, Jour. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, 217, Roanoke River. (Coll. Cope.)
Ambloplites rupestris cavifrons, BOLLMAN, l. c., 561.

454. ARCHOPLITES, Gill.

Archoplites, Gitu, Proc. Ac, Nat. Sci. Phila., 1861, 165, (interruptus).

Body oblong, compressed, the back elevated. Mouth large, oblique,
the broad maxillary with a well-developed supplemental bone. Teeth on

— a

Jordan and Lvermann.— Fishes of North America, 991

jaws, vomer, palatines, tongue, ectopterygoids, and entopterygoids ; lin-
gual teeth in 2 patches; pharyngeal teeth pointed. Gill rakers long
and strong, compressed, numerous, about 20 in number, some of them on
the upper portion of the arch. Branchiostegals 7. Opereulum emargi-
nate, the lower point much the larger, striate, the ridges terminating in
small spines; preopercle, interopercle, subopercle, suborbital, and pre-
orbital with their inferior edges conspicuously serrate; dentaries and
preopercle with large muciferous depressions or pits. Dorsal fin with
about 13 spines; anal usually with 7 spines. Caudalemarginate. Scales
strongly ctenoid. California. (dapyéc, anus; d7Airnc, armature.)

1386. ARCHOPLITES INTERRUPTUS (Girard).

(SACRAMENTO PERCH.)

Head 23; depth 23; eye very large, 4 to5in head. D. XII or XIII, 10;
A. VI or VII, 10; scales about 7-40 to 51-14, about 8 series on cheek.
Body oblong, ovate, compressed, the back considerably elevated ante-
riorly, depressed over the eye, the snout projecting at an angle. Mouth
terminal, very large, the maxillary very broad, extending beyond pupil.
Dorsal spines rather low, strong; anal spines similar; pectoral short,
barely reaching anal. Color blackish above, sides silvery, with about 7
vertical blackish bars, irregular in form and position and more or less
interrupted; body sometimes almost wholly black; sometimes brassy ;
a black opercular spot; fins nearly plain. Length 1 to 2 feet. Sacra-
mento and San Joaquin rivers and tributary lakes; abundant; the only
fresh-water Percoid west of the Rocky Moantains; an excellent food-
fish, now being exterminated by the carp and catfish, which infest its
spawning grounds. (interruptus, interrupted. )

Centrarchus interruptus, GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1854, 129, San Joaquin and Sac-
ramentorivers. (Colls. Drs. Heermann and Newberry.)

Centrarchus maculosus, Ayres, Proc. Cal. Ac. Nat. Sci., 1, 1854, 8, Sacramento River.

Ambloplites interruptus, GIRARD, Pac. R. R. Surv., x, 10, pl. 2, figs. 1-4, 1858; BouLENGER, Cat., 1, 12.

Archoplites interruptus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 466, 1883; Bollman, 560, pl. 69, fig. 1.

455. CHAENOBRYTTUS, Gill.

(WARMOUTHS. )

Chenobryttus, GILL, Amer. Journ, Sci. Arts, 92, 1864, (melanops = gulosus).
Glossoplites, JORDAN, Manual of Vertebrates, Ed. 1, 223, 1876, (melanops).

This genus has the general form and dentition of Ambloplites with
the convex opercle, 10 dorsal and 3 anal spines of Lepomis. Preopercle
entire. Branchiostegals 6. Caudal fin emarginate. Scales weakly
etenoid. Vertebre 13+ 16—29. Posterior processes of the premaxil-
laries extending nearly to the frontals; frontals posteriorly with a
transverse ridge connecting the parietal and supraoccipital crest, which
are very strong. (yaivw, to yawn; Bryltus, i. e. Lepomis. )

992 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

1387. CHENOBRYTTUS GULOSUS (Cuvier & Valenciennes).

(WARMOUTH ; GOGGLE-EYE.)

Head 2} to 23; depth 2 to 24; eye 4 to 44. D.X,9 or 10; A. III, 8 or -

9; scales 6-40 to 46-11 or 12; 37 to 42 pores; 6 to 8 rows on cheek. Body
heavy, deep, more elongate than in Lepomis; head large, snout about
equal to eye; mouth large, maxillary reaching posterior border of eye;
opercular spot about as large as eye. Dorsal spines low, longest reach-
ing to middle of pupil from tip of snout; pectoral not reaching origin of
anal fin; ventrals nearly reaching anus, ventral spine about 2 in distance
between origin of ventral and anus. Gill rakers 8 or 9 besides rudi-
ments. Dark olive-green, clouded with darker, usually with red or blue,
and brassy; a dusky spot on each scale more or less distinct; vertical
fins mottled with dusky ; a faint spot on last rays of dorsal, bordered by
paler; 3 oblique dusky or reddish bars radiating from eye; belly yellow-
ish or brassy. Length 8 to 10 inches. Eastern United States from the
Great Lakes to Carolina and Texas and west to Kansas andIowa. Chiefly
west or south of the Alleghanies; common in South Carolina. A very
voracious species, variable in form and color. (gulosus, large-mouthed. )
Pomotis gulosus, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 111, 498, 1829, Lake Pontchartrain
and lagoons about New Orleans.
Oentrarchus viridis, CuvirR & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vir, 460, 1831, Charleston,
South Carolina.
Jalliurus punctulatus, AGAssiz, Amer. Jour. Sci. and Arts. 1854, 300, Huntsville, Alabama.
Calliurus floridensis, HOLBROOK, Jour. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1855, 53, St. Johns River, Florida.
Calliurus melanops, GIRARD, Proc, Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1857, 200, Leon and Medina rivers,
and Dry and San Pedro creeks, Texas.
Lepomis charybdis, Copn, Jour, Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, 224, Texas.
Lepomis gillii, Copr, Jour. Ac. Nat. Sci. PhiJa., 1868, 225, James River, Virginia.
Chenobryttus antistius, McKay, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1881, 88, Lake Michigan, at Chicago;
(Coll. Jordan); specimens with dorsal spines a little more anterior than usual; JorpAan &
GILBERT, Synopsis, 467, 1883.
Cheenobryttus gulosus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 468 1883; Bonuman, l. c., 562, pl. 69, fig. 3;
BouLENGER, Cat,, 1, 13.

456. ENNEACANTHUS,* Gill.

Enneacanthus, Gti, Amer. Jour. Sci. and Arts. 92, 1864, (obesus).
Hemioplites, Corr, Jour. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, 218, (simulans = gloriosus).
Copelandia, JorpdAN, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1877, 56, (eriarcha).
Body rather short and deep, compressed. Mouth small; the supple-
mental maxillary bone well developed. Teeth on vomer and palatines,

* Concerning this genus McKay remarks: ‘‘This genus, Hnneacanthus, Gill, as understood by
me, includes Hemioplites and Copelandia. The genus Hemioplites was based by Cope on the pres-
ence of 8 spines in the dorsal fin and 4in the anal. I learn from Professor Jordan’s notes that
Cope’s original type of Hemioplites simulans has really 9 spines in the dorsal. Dr. Edward J.
Nolan, who has recently examined the specimen, also informs me that there are 9 spines in the
dorsal. In a collection of youug specimens of Enneacanthus margarotis from Virginia, which I
have examinedin the National Museum, there are several specimens with the fin formula D, 9,
A. 4, several with the formula D. 10, A. 4,and the remainder with the formula D. 9, A.3. That
is, some of these specimens, all collected at the same time and evidently of the same species,
were Inneacanthus margarotis, others were Hemioplites simulans, and the remainder would repre-
sent asecond species of Oopelandia. In 120 specimens of Hnneacanthus margarotis, examined by
me the results were as follows: 13 specimens with D. 8, A. 3; 89 specimens with D. 9, A 3; 9
specimens with D. 10, A. 3; 5 specimens with D. 10, A. 4; 4 specimens with D. 9, A. 4. In the
examination of 53 specimens of Enneacanthus obesus the following results were obtained: 4
specimens with D, 8, A. 3; 46 specimens with D. 9, A. 3; 2 specimens with D. 10, A.3; 1 specimen
with D. 10, A, 4,"—McKay, Proc. U. 8, Nat. Mus., 1881, 92,

ee

Jordan and Evermann.—Ffishes of North America. 993

none on the tongue. Opercle ending behind in 2 flat points, with a
dermal border. Preopercle entire. Scales rather large, the lateral line
sometimes interrupted. Gill rakers short, 9 or 10 below angle of arch.
Dorsal fin continuous, normally with 9 spines; anal fin smaller than the
dorsal, with 3 spines; caudal fin convex behind. Branchiostegals 6.
Species of small size and bright coloration, intermediate between Lepomis
and Centrarchus. Abnormal variations in the number of dorsal and anal
spines have given rise to the nominal genera Hemioplites and Copelandia.
(évvéa, nine; dkavia, spine. )
a. Opercular spot large, more than half eye; sides with 5 to 8 distinct vertical black bars.

OBESUs, 1388.
aa, Opercular spot smaller than half eye; body with the crossbars narrower and less distinct,

usually disappearing with age; male with head, body, and vertical fins with round
sky-blue spots; female duller with lower fins and larger faint spots. GLoRIOosUs, 1389.

1388. ENNEACANTHUS OBESUS (Baird).

Head 23; depth 14; eye3iinhead. D.IX,10; A. III, 10; scales 4-32-10,
the pores developed usually on about 20 scales, but sometimes on nearly
allofthem. Body oblong, ovate,elliptical. Scales large, little crowded.
Gill rakers x+9or10. Dorsal spines 24 in head, as long as from snout
to posterior margin of eye; anal fin large ; ventral spine not reaching vent,
its first ray not reaching the base of the last anal spine; caudal fin moderate,
about as long as from snout to middle of opercle; opercular spot rather
large, more than half the size of eye, velvet black, bordered with purple.
Cheeks with 4 rows of scales. Color olivaceous, with 5 to 8 well-defined
blackish cross bars, not disappearing with age; spots on body and fins
purplish or golden; cheek with lines and spots; a dark bar below eye.
Length 3 inches. Charles River, Massachusetts, to Florida; abundant in
sluggish streams near the coast; usually larger in size and duller in color
than the next, the two closely related but apparently not intergrading.
(obesus, fat.) .

Pomotis obesus, BARD, Ninth Smithson, Report, 1854, 324, Beesley Point, New Jersey. (Coll.
Baird.

Brytlus ahem Howsrook, Jour. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1855, 51, St. Johns River, Florida;
GUNTHER, Cat., 1, 260, 1859.

Pomotis guttatus, Morris, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 3, Delaware River, Philadelphia,

Enneacanthus obesus, JonpAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 470, 1883; Botuman, l. ¢., 564.
Apomotis obesvis, BOULENGER, Cat., I, 19.

1389. ENNEACANTHUS GLORIOSUS (Holbrook).

Head 24; depth 24; eye 3¢ in head. D.IX, 10; A. III, 9 (occasionally
DD. X, or A. IV, in abnormal specimens, these often abundant in
certain streams); scales 3-30-9. Body comparatively elongate. Mouth
moderate, very oblique, the maxillary reaching just past front of orbit.
Dorsal spines medium ; soft rays in the males somewhat elevated, reach-
ing to or beyond (var. pinniger) the base of the caudal; the longest soft
ray as long as from snout to front of opercle, or (var. pinniger) as long as
head; fins in females all lower; pectoral fin reaching nearly to middle of

¥.N, A,———64

994 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

anal. Gill rakersx+9or10. Lateral line usually, but not always, com-
plete. Color dark olive; young with traces of narrow vertical, darker
bars; ear flap small, with a blue border and a pearly spotin front; a dark
bar about width of pupil extending obliquely downward below eye;
sides of head, whole body and vertical fins, in the males, with round
bright blue spots arranged in irregular rows, these spots most distinct on
the cheeks and opercles and on the lower part of thesides; females duller,
with larger and fainter spots more regular in position; a dark bar below
eye. Length 2% inches. New Jersey to Florida, in clear, sluggish
streams; a beautiful little fish. (gloriosus, glorious).

Bryttus gloriosus, HOLBROOK, Jour. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1855, 51, Cooper River, South Caro-
lina.

Hemioplites simulans, Corr, Jour. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, 218, Tuckahoe Creek, near
Richmond, Virginia. (Coll. Cope.)

Enneacanthus pinniger, JORDAN, Bull. x, U. S. Nat. Mus., 27, 1877, Tar River, Kinston, North
Carolina; specimens with bright colors and very high fins; probably not worthy of varietal
distinction.

Enneacanthus margarotis, GILL & JORDAN, Bull. x, U. 8. Nat. Mus., 28, 1877, Beesley Point,
New Jersey.

? Copelandia* eriarcha, JORDAN, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1878, 56, type specimen received from
Dr. Philo R. Hoy, said to be from Menomonee River, near Milwaukee, Wisconsin;
this is probably an error, aud the specimens really came from New Jersey.

Enneacanthus simulans, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 470, 1883.

Enneacanthus gloriosus, BOLLMAN, I. c., 564.

Enneacanthus eriarchus, JORDAN & Grae Synopsis, 469, 1883; BoLiman, l. c., 564.

457. MESOGONISTIUS,} Gill.

(BANDED SUNFISHES. )
Mesogonistius, Gitt, Amer. Jour. Sci. and Arts., 1864, 92, (chzxtodon).

Body short and deep, compressed. Mouth small. Teeth present on
vomer and palatines, none on the tongne; supplemental maxillary bone
small. Gill rakers rather strong, dentate. Opercle ending in two flat
points, with a dermal border; preopercle entire. Scales large. Dorsal
with 10 spines; outline of the fin angulated, the middle spines being much
longer than some of the posterior ones; anal fin much smaller than the
dorsal, with 3 spines; caudal fin posteriorly rounded; pectoral obtusely
pointed, the upper rays longest. Size small. (uéooc, middle; ywria, angle;
ioriov, sail.)

* Enneacanthus eriarchus (Jordan):

Dorsal X, 7; anal IV, 8; scales 33. Ventral spine reaching anal. Olivaceous; vertical fins
with round, pale spots. Only two specimens known; the original type, purporting to be from
Milwaukee, Wisconsin, another from Tabo Creek, Missouri. Both these specimens were received
from Dr. P. R. Hoy. There is no doubt a confusion of localities, and probably both came from
Delaware River, perhaps from Dr. Abbott’s collection. This is especially probable, as @
specimen of Stolephorus brownii was found in the same collection, also attributed to Milwaukee.

+ Dr. Boulenger unites this genus and Enneacanthus with Apomolis. In our judgment Apomotis
is scarcely distinct from Lepomis, with which genus Mesogonistius and Enneacanthus haye no very
close affinities.

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 995

1390. MESOGONISTIUS CHETODON (Baird).

(BLACK-BANDED SUNFISH.)

Head 3; depth 13; eye large, 3 in head. D. X,10; A. III, 12; scales
4-28-10. Body suborbicular, compressed. Head moderate, the profile
nearly concurrent with the dorsal curve. Mouth very small, the maxil-
lary reaching nearly to the eye. Cheeks with 3 or 4 rows of scales. Fins
rather large; dorsal fin high in front, the middle portion depressed. Gill
rakers short,x-+10or11. Pectoral] 14 in head; fourth dorsal spine 2 to
24. Lateral line continuous. Coloration clouded straw color, the sides
with 6 to 8 conspicuous but rather irregular black vertical bars, the first
through the eye, the second in front of pectorals, interrupted on the oper-
culum, the third at the front of the dorsal covering the membrane of the
first 3 spines and forming a medial black stripe on each ventral fin, the
fourth at front of soft dorsal, the fifth opposite its last ray, the last at
the base of the caudal; black opercular spot, with a crescent-shaped paler
center; firs mottled. Length 4 inches. New Jersey to Maryland, in
sluggish streams. A very handsome little fish; locally abundant, but very
narrow in its range. (Chetodon, a genus of marine fishes, with similar
cross bands. )

Pomolis cheetodon, BarrD, Ninth Smithson, Report, 1854, 324, Cedar Swamp Creek, New Jer-
sey; (Coll. Baird.) Gtnrner, Cat., 1, 263, 1859.

Mesogonistius cheetodon, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 471, 1883; BoLiman, l. c., 565.

Apomotis chetodon, BOULENGER, Cat., 1, 19.

458. APOMOTIS, Rafinesque.

Apomotis, RAFINESQUE, Journal de Physique, etc., Paris, 420, 1819, (cyanellus).
Telipomis, RAFINESQUE, Ichth. Ohiensis, 27, 1820, (cyanellus).

Bryttus, Cuvier & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vir, 461, 1831, (punctatus).
Calliurus, GrrarpD, U. 8S. Mex. Bound. Surv., Ichth., 5, 1859, (not of RAFINESQUE).

This genus is very close to Lepomis, from which it differs only in the
development of the supplementary maxillary bone, which becomes rudi-
mentary or wanting in the adult of Lepomis. The mouth is largest in the
species in which this bone is best developed. Lower pharyngeals narrow,
with acute teeth; gill rakers well developed, long and stiff; pectoral
bluntish, shorter than head; scales moderate, 43 to 50. Species widely dis-
tributed in American waters, similar in habit to the species of Lepomis.
(a, without ; taua, opercle; ovc, ear. )

a. Body oblong, the depth 24% to 244 in length; dorsal with a more or less distinct black spot
at basé of last soft rays; opercular spot margined with bright colors, the black confined

to bony part; scales 45 to 55; supplemental maxillary well developed.
CYANELLus, 1391.

aa, Body short and deep, the depth about 2 in length.
b, Scales 40 to 46; opercular spot as large as eye, margined above and below,

ce. Eye 44% to 5 in head; body not covered with brown spots.
d, Color dusky olive, with some red and bluish, a faint spot at base of last dorsal
rays. ISCHY RUS, 1392,

dd. Color plain olive; no spots on the fins, PHENAX, 1393.

996 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

cc. Eye 34% to 324 in head; color olive, usually with many dark bronze spots like fly
specks scattered over the body; no black spot on last rays of dorsal.and anal.

PUNCTATUS, 1394,

bb. Scales large, 33 to 35; color green, with darker bars; dorsal fin usually with a black
ocellated spot at base of last rays. SYMMETRICUS, 1395.

1391. APOMOTIS CYANELLUS (Rafinesque).

(BLUE-SPOTTED SUNFISH ; GREEN SUNFISH; LITTLE RED-EYE.)

Head 3; depth 24. D. X, 11; A. III, 9; scales small, 6 or 7-45 to 55-16;
40 to 48 pores; 8 rows on cheek. Body oblong, rather elongate, becoming
short and deep with age; moderately compressed. Head large, with pro-
jecting snout. Mouth rather large, the maxillary broad and flat, with a
small supplemental bone, reaching nearly to middle of eye; lower
jaw projecting. Dorsal spines quite low, the highest scarcely longer than
snout, 3 to 4 in head in the adult, longer in the young. Opercular spot
small, less than eye, broadly margined with bronze, the black confined to
the bony part. Gill rakers moderate, x +138. Pectoral short, not reach-
ing anal, 14 in head; ventrals not reaching vent. Color variable, the
prevailing shade green with a strong brassy luster on sides, which becomes
nearly yellow below ; each scale usually with asky-blue spot and more or
less of gilt edging, giving an appearance of pale lateral streaks; besides
these marks, dusky or obscure vertical bars are often present, and the
sides are sprinkled with dark dots; vertical fins marked with blue or
green, the anal usually edged in front with pale orange; usually a con-
spicuous black spoton posterior base of dorsal and anal, these often obso-
lete; iris red; cheeks with narrow blue stripes. Length 7inches. Very
variable. Great Lake region to Mexico; very abundant from Ohio south-
westward to the Rio Grande; ascending small brooks; not found east of
the Alleghanies. (xvdveoc, blue.)

Lepomis cyanellus, RAFINESQUE, Journ. de Physique, 1819, 420, Ohio River; JorpAN & GILBERT,
Synopsis, 474, 1883; Botuman, 1. c., 569; Evermann & KenpaLt, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm.,
X11, 1892 (1894), 111.

Icthelis melanops, RAFINESQUE, Ichth. Ohiensis, 28, 1820, Ohio River.

Pomotis longulus, BAirD & GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1853, 391, Otter Creek, Arkansas;
(Coll. Capt. Geo. B. McClellan).

Calliurus diaphanus, GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 200, 1857, Rio Blanco, Texas.

Calliurus formosus, GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 200, 1857, Arkansas.

Calliurus microps, GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 200, 1857, Rio Blanco, Texas.

Calliurus murinus,* GIRARD, Proc. Ac, Nat. Sci. Phila., 200, 1857, Texas; (Type, No. 415).

Bryttus signifer, GIRARD, Proc, Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 201, 1857, Rio Medina, Texas.

Bryttus mineopas, Corr, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 84, 1865, Whittlesey Lake, Minnesota.

Calliurus longulus, GIRARD, Rept. U. 8. Mex. Bound. Surv., Ichth., 5, pl. rv, figs. 1-4, 1859.
Apomotis cyanellus, BOULENGER, Cat., 1, 21.

* The specimens called Calliurus murinus by Girard are ucarly all the ordinary ecyanellus. One
of them (No. 415, U. S. N. M.) differs somewhat and has been regarded by McKay asa distinct
species, thus described:

Apomotis murinus(Girard): Head 22; depth3. D. X, 10; A. IIT, 9: scales 7-42-15. Body elongate,
somewhat compressed, the form precisely as in Apomotis cyanellus. Mouth rather large; maxil-
lary about reaching front of eye; teeth on vomer and front of palatines. Gill rakers moderate,
9or 10 developed. Supplemental maxillary scarcely appreciable. Eye equal to interorbital
width. Cheeks with 7 rows of scales. Spinous dorsal rather high, the longest spine about as
long as from tip of snout to pupil; pectorals short, scarcely reaching vent. Scalessmall, reduced
on breast. Dark greenish; a black spot on dorsal asin A. cyanellus. Characters from No, 415,
U.S. Nat, Mus., from Texas; definite locality not known. (murinus, like a mouse, Mus.)

a

Se tm

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 997

1392. APOMOTIS ISCHYRUS (Jordan & Nelson).

Head 23; depth 2}; eye 44 in head, smaller than opercular spot. D.1X
or X, 12; A. III,9or10. Scales 5-46-14, 6rows on cheek. Form of Lepomis
pallidus. Body robust, rather elevated; mouth wide, the maxillaries
reaching middle of orbit; supplemental maxillary bone well developed.
Palatine teeth present. Occiput prominent; top of head flat and short,
forming an angle with the descending profile. Fins high; dorsal spines
rather low and strong, the longest equal to distance from tip of snout to
middle of orbit; opercular flap large, entirely surrounded by a broad
pale edge. Gillrakerslong. Color in spirits dusky olive, mottled with
orange and blue ; cheeks with broad, faint blue bands; a dusky spot on
dorsal and anal behind; belly and lower fins coppery yellow ; lower jaw
and lower parts of head leaden biue. Length 7 inches. Upper Missis-
sippi Valley ; rare, known only from western Illinois. (icyvpic, robust.)
Lepiopomus ischyrus, JORDAN & NELSON, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., x, 25, 1877, Illinois River:

(Coll. S. A. Forbes).
Lepomis ischyrus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 474, 1883; BoLuMmay, I. c., 50.

1393. APOMOTIS PHENAX (Cope & Jordan).

Head 24 (3 without flap); depth 24; eye small,5; snout 4%. D. X, 10;
A. III, 9; scales 7-44-12, 7 rows on cheek. Form of Lepomis pallidus,
Body rather short and deep; snout short, projecting, forming an angle
over the eye. Mouth moderate, the lower jaw slightly the longer, the
maxillary reaching pupil; the supplemental bone strong ; opercular spot
larger than eye. Gill rakers very long. Dorsal spines short and strong,
the longest as long as from snout to middle of eye; pectorals long; soft
dorsal high; anal higher. Color in spirits nearly plain olive green; no
black spot on dorsal or anal. Length 6inches. Beesley Point, New Jer-
sey; only two specimens known (in Coll. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila.). These
specimens are referred by Bollman to Apomotis ischyrus, on the supposi-
tion of error in locality. We have recently been permitted* to examine
the types of 4. phenax. It seems to differ from A. ischyrus in the some-
what smaller eye, the smaller and less bony opercular flap, and in the
coloration. Both ischyrus and phenax are well separated from cyanellus,
but both are near punctatus, and more material is needed to fix the status
of each. (gevaé, deceptive, having the maxillary of Apomotis cyanellus
and the form of Lepomis pallidus. )

Apomolis phenax, Cork & JorvdAN, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., x, 26, 1877, Beesley Point, New

Jersey; locality possibly erroneous,
omis phenax, JORDAN & GiLBeRtT, Synopsis, 474, 1883,
I > > “ if , ’

1394. APOMOTIS PUNCTATUS (Cuvier & Valenciennes).

Head 3; depth 1{; eye large, 34 to 4 in head. D. xX, 11; A. III, 10;
scales 6-10 to 45-13; pores 38 to 40; 7 rows on cheek. Body deep, com-
pressed, the profile steep; an angle above the eye, Mouth moderate;

* Through the kindness of Dr. Edward J, Nolan of the Philadelphia Academy,

998 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

maxillary reaching past anterior margin of eye; supplemental maxillary
present, small; palatine teeth present. Gill rakers rather long, stiff, and
strong,x-+8or9. Opercular flap small, short, and deep; shorter than
eye. Dorsal spines high, the middle ones highest and nearly half head, as
long as snout and orbit; pectoral 14 to 1} in head, ventral reaching anal.
Olivaceous, with numerous small deep brown spots, smaller than pin-
heads, resembling flyspecks; most distinct on lower part of the sides,
where they form lines along the rows of scales, and on the opercles;
sometimes they cover the whole body ; spots rarely obsolete; fins plain
dusky. Length 6 inches. A handsome species, known at sight by the
peculiar coloration. South Carolina to Florida, in lowland streams. Not
rare. (punctatus, spotted.)
Bryttus punctatus, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vir, 462, 1831, Charleston, South
Carolina.
Brytius reticulatus, CuvieER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 463, 1831, Charleston, South
Carolina,
Lepomis apiatus, CopE, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., 1877, 65, Volusia, Florida.

Lepomis punctatus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 476, 1883.
Apomotis punctatus, BOULENGER, Cat., I, 28.

1395. APOMOTIS SYMMETRICUS (Forbes).

Head 22; depth 24; eye 3$; snout 44. D. X, 10; A. III, 9; scales
6-35-10; tubes developed on 14 scales only; 5 rows on cheek. Body
rather short and deep, the back evenly arched, a slight depression above
eye; caudal peduncle stout, its least depth nearly 4 length of head.
Mouth small, oblique, the maxillary reaching to vertical of eye; supple-
mental maxillary bone present; opercular process $ diameter of eye,
flexible margin narrow, the black not confined to the bony part.
Lower pharyngeals broad, broader than in somewhat larger specimens of
Eupomotis gibbosus, the teeth bluntly conic; gill rakers long and slender,
the longest more than half diameter of eye. Lateral line gently
arched, incomplete. Fins moderate; longest dorsal spine equal to dis-
tance from tip of snout to posterior edge of pupil; soft dorsal higher, its
longest ray half length of head; pectorals long, 1} in head, reaching
third anal spine; ventrals short, scarcely reaching anal, or nearly twice
in head; anal size of soft dorsal. Coloration in aleohol: Base of each
scale on upper parts of body and along sides brown, outer margin pale,
the general appearance resulting being that of 12 or 13 longitudinal rows
of brown spots, 4 of which lie above the lateral line; on the caudal
peduncle the spots are less regular; all parts of the body, including fins
as well, covered thickly with small coffee-colored specks, the head and
breast being especially thickly covered; tips of the ventral fins black ;
no black spot: on dorsal or anal and no blue lines on cheek. Length 3
inches. Mississippi Valley, Illinois to Louisiana and Texas; a pretty
little fish, not rare southward in lowland streams; here described from
specimens collected by Evermann and Gurley at Houston, Texas. It
shows affinities with Hupomotis. (symmetricus, a word improperly assumed
as the antecedent of our symmetrical, for which the Greek is ciuuerpoc.)

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 999

Lepomis symmetricus, FORBES, in JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 473, 1883, Illinois River, (Coll.
Forbes); Bottman, /. ¢c., 571; Evermann & KENDALL, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., x11, 1892
(1894), 111, pl. xxxu1, fig. 2.

Apomotis symmetricus, BOULENGER, Cat., 1, 21,

459. LEPOMIS, Rafinesque.
(SUNFISHES. )

Lepomis, RAFINESQUE, Journ. de Physique, 402, 1819, (auritus).

Pomotis, RAFINESQUE, Journ. de Physique, 402, 1819, (auritus); the name transferred by CuvIER
to the group of which vulgaris (= gibbosus) is type.

Ichthelis, RAFINESQUE, Ichth. Ohiensis, 27, 1820, (auritus); HotBrook, Ichth. S. Carolina, 1, 12,
1860.

Helioperca, JORDAN, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 1876, (1877), 335, (pallidus).

Erichzla, JoRDAN, in Klippart’s Rept. Fish. Comm. Ohio, 1876 (1877), 48, slip for Helioperca,
uncorrected in proof, (pallidus),

Xenolis, JORDAN, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1877, 76, (fallax).

Lepiopomus, JORDAN, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 1877, 316, (emendation of Lepomis).

Body oblong or ovate, more or less compressed, the back in the adult
somewhat elevated. Mouth moderate or small, the jaws about equal;
maxillary narrow, the supplemental bone reduced to a mere rudiment or
altogether wanting. Teeth on vomer, and usually on palatines ; none on
tongue or pterygoids; lower pharyngeals narrow, the teeth spherical or
paved, all or nearly all sharp, few or none of them conical. Gill rakers
mostly short; preoperculum entire; operculum ending behind in a con-
vex flap, black in color, which in some species becomes greatly developed
with age. Branchiostegals 6. Scales moderate. Dorsal fin continuous,
with 10 spines; anal with 3 spines; caudal fin emarginate; pectorals
long or short; vertebre usually 13 + 16 or 17 = 29 or 30. Coloration
brilliant, but evanescent. A large genus, one of the most difficult in
our fish fauna in which to distinguish species. The form of body, devel-
opment of ear flap, and height of spines vary with age and condition,
while the general appearance and the numbers of fin rays and scales are
essentially the same in all. Several attempts have been made to subdi-
vide the group,* but the characters used, drawn from the pharyngeals,
gill rakers, palatine teeth, and pectoral fins are themselves subject to
variation, changing or disappearing by degrees without marked gaps.
The following analytical key, based largely on work of McKay, Bollman,
and Boulenger, will generally serve to identify adult examples; only by
careful comparison, aided by long experience, can young individuals be
distinguished. As to the difficulty of defining the genera of sunfishes,
McKay has the following pertinent remarks: ‘‘ This genus (Lepomis)
as understood by me, includes Apomotis, Xenotis, Bryttus, Helioperca,
Xystroplites, and Lupomotis of authors. Apomotis has been separated
from Lepomis on account of the large size of the supplemental max-
illary. On careful comparison this is found to be scarcely larger than

*Dr. Boulenger divides Lepomis and Eupomotis as here understood into genera, thus defined :

a, Supplemental maxillary absent or reduced to a slight rudiment; pectoral fin obtuse.
Lepomis,

aa, Supplemental maxillary absent; pectoral fin acutely pointed. Evpomorts,

1000 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

in one or two other species of Lepomis. It disappears by degrees, but
seems to exist in all the species, though sometimes so small as to be
inappreciable. I have even found it present in large specimens of
L. pallidus. Its presence in the species is only a character of degree,
therefore not generic. Till the group has been more fully studied
Xenotis was supposed to contain a large number of species, and was
separated from Lepomis principally for convenience sake, and on the
slight character of the feeble gill rakers. By a comparison of a very
large series of the alleged species from Professor Jordan’s collection I
have come to the conclusion that they are all forms of a single species.
The gill rakers are usually rather more feeble than in the rest of the
species of Lepomis, but this again is a question of degree. Bryttus has
been distinguished from Lepomis by the presence of palatine teeth. This
is also a character of degree, and is subject to the most perfect gradation.
I have found it impossible to retain Xystroplites and Eupomotis also, as
there is complete gradation in the character of the pharyngeals between
Lepomis proper and Xystroplites and again between Xystroplites and Eupo-
motis, both as to the width and form of the bones themselves and the form
of the teeth.” (McKay, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1881, p. 88.) (Aezic, scale;
moua, operculum, a character supposed to distinguish the genus from
Sparus.)

a. Pectoral fins short, obtuse, not reaching beyond front of anal, considerably shorter than
head; dorsal spines low.
LEPOMIS:
b. Gill rakers shortish, but rather firm, x + 8 or 9; palatine teeth present.
c. Opercular flap in adult very long, but narrow; scales 43 to 48; longest dorsal spines

about 3 in head; some bluish stripes on head; belly red in adult.
AURITUS, 1396.

ce. Opercular flap short and broad; scales 36 to 40; longest dorsal spines about half
head; sides with rows of red spots. MINIATUS, 1397.
XENOTIS (Fevos, strange; ovs, ear):
bb. Gill rakers very soft and weak, x + 8 or 9; palatine teeth obsolete, so far as known.
d. Dorsal spines rather long, about half head; sides with rows of bronze spots; scales
34 to 41. GARMANI, 1398,
dd. Dorsal spines short, about 3 in head in adult; opercular spot in adult very long
and broad, variously shorter in young; colors brilliant, excessively variable;
scales 36 to 45. MEGALOTIS, 1399.
HELIOPERCA (nAtos, sun; wépxy, perch):
aa. Pectoral fins more or less pointed, not much, if any, shorter than head, and reaching to
or beyond front of anal; gill rakers rather long, slender, and firm, x + 11 to 13.
e. Scales very large, about 35 (33 to 39) in lateral line.
f. Opercular spot short, wholly surrounded by a red margin; mucous pores on head
large; sides with conspicuous red spots; dorsal spines moderate, the longest not
quite half head. HUMILIs, 1400.
ff. Opercular spot plain black; body without red spots, but with some bluish bands.
HAPLOGNATHUS, 1401.
ee. Scales moderate or small; mucous pores small; dorsal spines high, the longest half
head.
g. Dorsal fin without black at base of its last rays; opercular flap shortish; sides with
chain-like cross bands, MACROCHIRUS, 1402.
gg. Dorsal and anal fins each with a large black blotch at base of posterior rays; oper-
cular flap large, but not long; no red spots, the colors often brilliant but not
varied. PALLIDUS, 1403.

AO nein. %

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North A merica. 1001

Subgenus LEPOMIS.

1396. LEPOMIS AURITUS (Linnzus).

(YELLOW BELLY ; RepBREAST BREAM.)

Head (without flap) 2% to 3; depth 2 to 2}; eye 4 to 4}in head. D. X,
11 or 12; A. III, 8 to 10; scales 6-43 to 48-15, 40 to 45 pores; 7 rows of
scales on cheek ; scales on breast very small. Body elongate, not much
elevated. Snout moderately prominent. Mouth rather large, oblique,
the maxillary reaching past front of eye. Palatine teeth few, rather
large. Guill rakers quite short, x-+8or 9, not much longer than in Lepo-
mis megalotis, but stiff and rough, set wide apart, diminishing in size
from the angle forward. Opercular flap very long (longer in the adult
than on any other of the sunfishes except Lepomis megalotis), narrow,
usually not wider than the eye; in the young the flap is variously
shorter, but always narrow; lower margin of flap usually pale. Dorsal
spines rather low, the longest 3 in head; pectoral 14 to 14 in head.
Color olive; belly largely orange red; scales on the sides with reddish
spots on a bluish ground; vertical fins chiefly orange or yellowish; head
usually with bluish stripes, especially in front of eye, most distinct
in adult; fins becoming dusky in spirits; no dusky blotch on last rays of
dorsal and anal. Length 8 inches. Maine to Louisiana; abundant in
all streams east of the Alleghanies; the typical form above described
chiefly northward. (dauritus, eared.)

Labrus auritus, Linn mus, Syst. Nat., Ed. x, 1758, 283, Philadelphia.

Bryttus unicolor, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vil, 464, 1831, Philadelphia and
Charleston.

Pomotus rubricauda, Storer, Jour. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 1842, 177, Concord, New Hamp-
shire. (Coll. E. S. Hoar.)

Leporis ophthalmicus, Corr, Jour. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, 233, Roanoke River, Virginia.

Lepomis auritus, elongatus and mystacalis, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 475 and 477, 1883.

Lepomis auritus, BOLLMAN, I. c., 573; BOULENGER, Cat., I, 24.

Represented southward, from Virginia to Louisiana by
1396a. LEPOMIS AURITUS SOLIS (Cuvier & Valenciennes).

Seales on cheeks larger, in 5 or 6 rows; scales on breast large. A
dusky blotch on last rays of dorsal. Very abundant in coastwise
streams, passing into the typical form northward. (solis, of the sun.)

Pomotis solis, CuvIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vir, 468, 1831, Lake Pontchartrain,
Louisiana ; in part.

Pomotis elongatus, HoLprook, Jour. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1855, 47, pl. 5, fig. 1, St. Johns River,
Florida.

Lepomis mystacalis,* Corr, Proc. Amer. Philos, Soc., 1877, 66, East Florida.

*'Lepomis mystacalis (Cope): Head 324; depth 2., Eye large, 344 in head. D, X, 12; A. ITT, 13;
scales 7-51-15. Body deep, compressed. Dorsal spines robust, little shorter than the soft rays;
paired fins long; maxillary extending somewhat beyond front of orbit; 4 rows of scales on
cheeks; opercular spot short, without border, Gill rakersslender. Dusky, sides silvery, with
irregular, short, dark, vertical bars; a pale band from mouth across preopercle, a dark line
below this, then a silvery band; lower parts and most of vertical fins yellow, East Florida.—

é

1002 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

1397. LEPOMIS MINIATUS,* Jordan.

Head 23; depth 24; eye large, 33 in head. D. X, 10; A. III, 9; scales
4-40-11, 4 rows on cheek. Body oblong and somewhat regularly ellipti-
cal. Mouth rather large. Opercular flap short and broad, entirely black
or dark green. Gill rakers stout but not very short. Palatine teeth
present. Dorsal spines rather long, as long as from tip of snout to pos-
terior edge of pupil; pectorals long. Sides of male with about 14 rows
of red spots, those of the lower rows very bright in life; middle of side
with a few scales with black spots, and some black on scales under the
pectorals; belly orange, with red spots. Length 6 inches. Mississippi
Valley and southward in lowland streams; common about New Orleans,
ranging from Texas eastward to Indian River. (miniatus, scarlet.)

Lepomis miniatus, JORDAN, Bull. x, U. S. Nat. Mus., 26, 1877, Tangipahoa River, Louisiana;
(Coll. T. H. Bean); JorpAan & GILBERT, Synopsis, 476, 1883.

Subgenus XENOTIS, Jordan.

1398. LEPOMIS GARMANIT, Forbes.

Head 2%; depth 24. Eye large. D. X,10or 11; A. III, 8 to 10; scales
5-34 to 41-14, 5 rows on cheek. Body rather deep; mouth moderate;
maxillary not reaching front of pupil; longest dorsal spine about half
head. Gill rakers short and flexible. Dusky olive, sides with rows of
bronze spots, 1 on each scale, 7 rows below lateral line; head with blue;
opercular flap large, $ diameter of eye. Length 4 inches. Perhaps not
distinet from Lepomis miniatus. (Named for Professor Harrison Garman,
now of the University of Kentucky, at Lexington.)

Lepomis garmani, Forses, Bull. Ill. Lab, Nat. Hist., 135, January, 1885, Little Fox River, at

Phillipstown, and Wabash River and Drew Pond, at Carmi, Illinois; (Coll.
Forbes); Boulenger, Cat., 1, 27.

1399. LEPOMIS MEGALOTIS (Rafinesque).
(LONG-EARED SUNFISH.)

Head without flap, 3 in length; depth 1% to 23; eye 33 to 4 in head.
D. X, 10 to 12; A. III, 8 to 10; scaies 5-36 to 45-14; pores 31 to 40, about
5 rows on cheek. Body short and deep, compressed, the back very
strongly arched in adult, the profile very steep, usually forming an angle
above eye, but sometimes full and convex. Mouth small, oblique, the
premaxillary rather below the eye, the maxillary extending to opposite
middle of eye. Gill rakers very short and soft, weaker than in any other
species, x + 8 or 9. Dorsal spines very low, the longest little longer than
the snout, 3in head. Pectoral 14 to 13 in head. Opercular flap in the
adult very long and broad, with a broad or narrow pale blue or red mar-
gin, the margin sometimes very broad, sometimes almost wanting ; theflap
half or more longer than the eye in the adult, much shorter in the young,

* This is probably a distinet species; not the young of auritus, as Bollman and Boulenger have
regarded it.

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 1003

its development subject to great variation. Color, brilliant blue and
orange; the back chiefly blue; the belly entirely orange, the orange on
the sides in spots, the blue in wavy, vertical streaks; lips blue; cheeks
orange, with bright blue stripes; blue stripes before eye; iris red; soft
parts of vertical fins with the rays blue and the membranes orange; ven-
trals dusky. Length 8inches. Michigan to Minnesota, South Carolina,
and southwest to the Rio Grande; very abundant in most streams,
especially in clear brooks. One of our most brightly colored fishes.
Extremely variable; the young are often elliptical in form, and the size
at which the characteristic ear flap is developed varies greatly with dif-
ferent individuals. We have thus far failed to distinguish any tangible
varieties. Some southern specimens have the ear flap longer ( fallax);
some northern ones have the scales rather larger (inscriptus), or the margin
of the ear flap broader than usual (peltastes), or wanting altogether
(lythrochloris) ; others (aureolus) are bright golden with the flap short;
some southern specimens (breviceps) have a dusky spot on the last rays of
dorsal ; still others (marginatus) have the ear flap bordered with green.
These characters gradually disappear on examination of a large series.
(uéyac, great; dv¢, ear.)

Ichthelis megalotis, RAFINESQUE, Ichth. Oh., 29, 1820, Ohio River.

Pomotis nitida, KirTLAND, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., 472, 1842, Ohio.

Pomotis breviceps, BAIRD & GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1853, 309, Otter Creek, Arkan-
sas. (Coll. Capt. Geo. B. McClellan.)

Pomotis fallax, Barrp & GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1854, 24, Elm Creek, Texas.
(Coll. John H. Clark.)

Pomotis convexifrons, BAIRD & GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1854, 24, Rio Cibolo, Texas.
(Coll. Clark.)

Pomotis nefastus, BAIRD & GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1854, 24, Rio Cibolo and Salado
Creek, Texas. (Coll. Clark.)

Pomotis sanguinvlentus, AGassi1z, Amer. Jour. Sci. and Arts, 1854, 302, Huntsville, Alabama.

Pomotis inseriptus, AGAss1z, Amer. Jour. Sci. and Arts, 1854, 302, Huntsville, Alabama.

Pomotis bombifrons,* AGassiz, Amer. Jour. Sci. and Arts, 1854, 303, Huntsville, Alabama.

Pomotis marginatus, Holbrook,} Jour. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1855, 49, St. Johns River, Florida.

Pomotis popeii, GrraRD, Pacific R, R. Survey, x, 26, 1858, headwaters of Coloratio River,
Texas. (Coll. Capt. Pope.) °

Lepomis peltastes, Cope, Proc. Amer, Phil. Soc., 1870, 453, Huron River, Michigan. (Coll.
Prof. A. Winchell.) :

Xenotis lythrochloris, Jonpan, Ann. N. Y. Lyc. Nat. Hist., 376, 1877, Wabash River.

Xenotis aureolus, JorvAN, Ann. N. Y. Lyc. Nat. Ilist., 376, 1877, Wabash River.

Lepomis megalotis, JoRvAN & GiLBEeRt, Synopsis, 477, 1883; BouLENGER, Cat., 1, 26.

* Lepomis bombifrons (Agassiz): Head 234; depth 24%. D. X, —; A. III, —; scales 5-?-11.
Body rather short and deep, with the profile very steep and the back very much arched, the
greatest depth of the body being over the opercles; opercular flap very small, unmargined,
Eye large ; aslight angle in front of the eye. Gill rakers unknown. Mouth moderate, placed
very low; the premaxillaries entirely below the eye; maxillary extending back to the middle of
the pupil. Dorsal spines moderate, the last ones somewhat shortened. Anal fin large, pectorals
and ventrals reaching anal. Scales of cheek in 5 rows. Light brown; fins pale, unspotted.
Scales of belly and sides dotted with golden orange. Length 4 inches. Tennessee River; this
account taken from the original description and from a tracing of a drawing received from
Richard Bliss.—Agassiz.

+ Lepomis murginatus (Holbrook): Head 3; depth 2. D. IX or X, 12; A. IIT, 10, Body short
and deep; snout shorter than diameter of eye; maxillary reaching orbit; paired fins rather
long. Color dark olive with darker vertical bars; head and body with numerous bluish-green
spots; opercular flap bordered with green, St, Johns River, Florida,~— Holbrook.

1004 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum,

Subgenus HELIOPERCA, Jordan.
1400. LEPOMIS HUMILIS (Girard).

(RED-SPOTTED SUNFISH.)

Head 2? to 3; depth 23 to 24; eye large, 3 to 3 in head. D.X,10o0r11;
A. II], 8 or 9; scales 5-34 (33 to 39)-11; pores 25 to 32, about 5 rows on
cheek. Body oblong. Scales large. Spines rather high. Profiles not very
steep. Mucous pores on head very large; opercular flap rather long,
broad, with avery broad red margin, which entirely surrounds the black.
Longest dorsal spine not quite half head; pectoral a little shorter than
head. Gill rakers rather long, blunt, x +9to11, well developed. Bluish,
with conspicuous greenish spots and mottlings posteriorly; sides with
many conspicuous round, salmon-red spots, usually a faint black spot on
last rays of dorsal; belly and lower finsred. Length 4 inches. Ohio and
Kentucky to the Dakotas, Kansas ,and Texas; locally abundant, especially
in sandy streams of the Lower Missouri basin; a small, highly-colored
species. (humilis, humble.)

Bryttus humilis, GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1857, 201, Sugar Loaf Creek, Arkansas.

Bryttus oculatus,* Copr, Jour. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1865, 83, Lake Whittlesey, Minnesota.

Lepomis anagallinus, CoprE, Jour. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, 221, Leavenworth, Kansas.

Lepomis humilis, JorvaAn & GILBERT, Synopsis, 479, 1883; EVERMANN & Cox, Report U. 8S. Fish
Comm., XV, 111, 1893 (1895).

Lupomotis humilis, BOULENGER, Cat., 1, 30.

1401. LEPOMIS HAPLOGNATHUS, Cope.

Head (without flap) 3+; depth 22; eye 34 in head without flap, equal to
the nearly flat interorbital space. D. X, 11; A. III, 9; scales 6-35-14 or
15,6 rows on cheek. Formoval. Dorsal and ventral outlines subequally
convex. Lower lip more prominent, maxillary bone reaching anterior
line of orbit, lower pharyngeals narrow, with conical teeth; gill rakers
obtuse, rather stout; no supplementary maxillary bone nor palatine
teeth. Pectorals not described; ventrals barely reaching anal; extremi-
ties of soft dorsal and anal of the same length, and falling far short of base
of caudal. Caudal notched at middle, the lobes beveled at the free bor-
ders. Opercular flap rather long. Color olivaceous, yellowish below, a
blue band crossing the preorbital bone above, and another following the
premaxillary border and passing along the inferior border of the orbit;
below this another blue line crosses the cheek. Other blue bands have
been obscured by the alcohol; flap plain black. Length of type 43 inches.
Monterey, Nuevo Leon. The most southern of the group to which it
belongs, and, the first known from Mexican waters. (Cope.) (d7Ao6c,
simple; yvaloc, jaw.)

Lepomis haplognathus, Copr, Proc, Amer. Philos. Soc., 1884 (1885), 168, Monterey, Nuevo Leon.
(Coll. Cope.)

* Lepomis oculatus (Cope): Similar to Lepomis humilis, but the body deeper, the caudal pedun-
cle and fin forming but 44 of length. Head short; opercular flap long, with a black spot as
large as eye, surrounded by a broad, pale margin; body without red spots. Depth 244. Scales
5-32-11. Length 3 inches, Minnesota.— Cope.

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 1005

1402. LEPOMIS MACROCHIRUS, Rafinesque.

Head 3; depth 23; eye 3? to4 in head. D. X,12; A. III, 10; scales
about 6-42-15, about 7 rows on cheek. Body rather elongate, the head
somewhat acute. Pectoral fins pointed, as long as head, reaching beyond
ventrals to anal. Gill rakers rather long and slender, strongly toothed,
x+11. Longest dorsal spine about half head. Supplemental bone minute.
Bright steel blue, with many bronze orange spots, which cover nearly the
whole surface, so arranged that the ground color forms a series of vertical
chain-like bars, very conspicuous in life; vertical fins mottled with bronze
and usually more or less edged with pale orange; sometimes a faint black
dorsal spot; no distinct blue stripes on cheek, but the sides of the head
shaded with purplish. Opercular flap small, black, margined with pale.
Length 5 inches. Ohio Valley and southwestward to Arkansas and Ken-
tucky ; rare; a small, handsome species. (saxpoc, large; yeip, hand.)
Lepomis macrochira, RAFINESQUE, Journ. de Physique, 420, 1819, Ohio River ; Licking River;

JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 475, 1883; Botuman, l. c., 572.
Lepomotis nephelus, CopE, Journ. Amer. Philos. Soc., 1868, 222, Kiskiminitas River, western

Pennsylvania.
Eupomotis macrochirus, BOULENGER, Cat., I, 30.

1403. LEPOMIS PALLIDUS (Mitchill).
(BLUE-GILL; BivE BREAM ; BLUE SUNFISH ; CoPPER-NOSED BREAM; DOLLARDEE.)

Head 3 (2% to 34); depth 2 (14 to 24); eye 34 to 4in head. D.X,1i or
12; A. III, 10 to 12; scales 7-43 to 52-16, 40 to 50 pores, 5 rows of scales
on cheek. Body comparatively short and deep, compressed ; the young
slender, the adult nearly orbicular. Caudal peduncle rather slender.
Head not large, the projecting snout usually forming an angle above eye.
Mouth quite small, oblique, the jaws about equal, the maxillary barely
reaching the front of the eye. Opercular flap very short in the young;
in the adult rather long and wide, without pale edge. Gill rakers moder-
ately long, nearly terete, bent slightly downward, about x +11 to 13.
Dorsal spines strong and high, the longest about half head, usually longer
than snout and eye; ventral fins reaching anal; pectorals very long, usu-
ally longer than head, reaching past base of anal spines. Olive green;
adults dark; young more or less silvery, with a purple luster in life; sides
with undulating, often chain-like, transverse greenish bars, which become
obsolete in the adult; no blue stripes on cheeks; a diffuse black blotch at
base of posterior rays of dorsal and anal, often obscure in young; no red
on fins; very old specimens often with the belly coppery red. Length 12
inches. Great Lakes to Florida and the Rio Grande; very abundant; one
of our most widely distributed and variable species; found in all quiet
streams throughout its range, and often brought into the markets; a good
pan-fish. (pallidus, pale.)

Labrus pallidus, Mrron111, Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soc., N. Y., 1815, 407, New York; misprinted
palladus,

Lepomis appendix, Mircui.1, Amer. Month. Mag., 1818, 247, New York.

Pomotis incisor, Cuvien & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vir, 466, 1831, New Orleans.

Pomotis gibbosus, Cuvier & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vit, 467, 1831, Charleston,

1006 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

Pomotis speciosus, BAIRD & GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1854, 24, Brownsville, Texas.

Pomotis obscurus, AGAssi1z, Amer. Jour. Sci. and Arts, 1854, 302, Huntsville, Alabama (speci-
mens deeply colored, almost black.)

Pomotis luna, GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1857, 201, Fort Snelling, Minnesota.

Lepomis longispinis, Copr, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1865, 83, Leavenworth, Kansas.

Lepomis ardesiacus, Copr, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, 222, Kiskiminitas River, Penn-

sylvania.
Lepomis purpurescens, Corr, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., 1870, 454, Yadkin River, North Carolina.
Lepomis pallidus, GILL & JORDAN, Field and Forest, 1877, 190; JonpAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 479,
1883, and of most recent writers.
Eupomotis paltidus, BOULENGER, Cat., 1, 29.

460. EUPOMOTIS, Gill & Jordan.

Pomotis, HoiBrook, Icth. 8. Carolina, 1, 6, 1860, (not of RAFINESQUE).
Eupomotis, Gitt & JoRDAN, Field and Forest, 1877, 190, (aureus).
Xystroplites, JORDAN MS. in Corr, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., xv, 67, 1878, (gillii).

This genus, as understood by us, is very closely related to Lepomis,
differing only in the blunter and more pavement-like teeth of the lower
pharyngeal bones. These bones are, in typical species, broad and con-
cave, especially in the adult. There is considerable variation among the
species, and it is possible that this division can not be maintained. Most
of the species have long pectoral fins, the supplemental maxillary lost
or very much reduced, and the opercular flap always with an orange
patch on its lower posterior portion. Gill rakers various, usually short.
The retention of this genus is possibly justified by convenience, but
neither the longer pectorals nor the blunt pharyngeals separate it sharply
from Lepomis, with which it has been united by McKay, Bollman, and
Jordan & Gilbert. (cei, well; toua, opercle; ovc, ear; or rather, civ, gen-
uine Pomotis, sunfish. )

XYSTROPLITES (OVoTpor, Scraper; omAiTys, armature, from the gill rakers of the typical species):
a. Pectorals shorter than head, not extending beyond tips of ventrals; scales small, about 42;
gill rakers rather long; coloration plain. PALLIDUS, 1404.

EUpomotis:

aa. Pectorals longer than head, extending to beyond front of anal; gill rakers moderate or

short; opercular flap orange on its lower posterior portion.

b. Cheeks without marked blue or orange spots or lines.
c. Scales large, 34 to 39; opercular flap smaller than eye, its margin blood-red in
male. HEROS, 1405,
ce. Scales moderate, 42 to 44; opercular flap broad, with a very broad orange or
whitish margin.

d. Cheeks with 5 rows of scales; color chiefly greenish. HOLBROOK], 1406.
dd. Cheeks with 6 or 7 rows of scales. EURYORUS, 1407.
bb. Cheeks with wavy blue lines; sides of body profusely spotted with orange; scales about
47; dorsal spines not very low; cpercular flap large, its lower posterior border
always scarlet. GIBBosus, 1408.

Subgenus XYSTROPLITES, Jordan.
1404. EUPOMOTIS PALLIDUS,* (Agassiz).

Head 23; depth 22; eye 44; snout 33; scales 8-42-12, 5 rows on cheek.
D. X,10; A.III,9. Body elongate, rather deep mesially. Caudal pedun-

* ** This species resembles Pomotis incisor (Lepomis pallidus) in the outline of the body, the nature
and coloration of the scales, and in the size and form of the fins, but it differs greatly from it by
its large mouth, the free extremity of the upper jaws reaching the vertical line of the middle of
the eye, by the presence of teeth upon the palate, and by the ventral fins being placed immedi-
ately under the pectorals. The black opercular appendage, which is very short, has a narrow

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 1007

cle rather elongate. Snoat projecting, forming an angle above eye.
Mouth wide, the lower jaw projecting ; maxillary reaching just past front
of pupil. Eye as long as opercular flap; flap moderate, broad, with a
very wide pale edge below and behind. Dorsal spines moderate, as long
as snout and half of orbit; pectoral short, reaching tips of venirals.
Lower pharyngeal teeth blunt, almost paved. Light olive, uniform in
spirits ; traces of dusky mottlings on last rays of dorsal and anal. Length
7 inches. Georgia to Texas; not common, but few specimens known.
(pallidus, pale.)

Pomotis pallidus, AGassiz, Amer. Jour. Sci. Arts, 1854, 303 (name preoccupied in Lepomis by
Labrus pallidus, MircuiLy, but not in Hupomotis.

Bryttus albulus, GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1857, 200, Rio Blanco, Texas ; (Type, 421).

Xystroplites gillii, JonpAN, Bull. x, U. S. Nat. Mus., 24, 1877, ‘‘Garden Key, Florida’”’
(undoubtedly an error, as there is no fresh water stream or pond on the island of Garden
Key).

Lepomis albulus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 481, 1883; BoLtuman, /. c., 575.

Lepomis lirus, McKay, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus,, 1881, 89, (after Pomotis pallidus, Agassiz).

Subgenus EUPOMOTIS.
1405. EUPOMOTIS HEROS (Baird & Girard).

Head 24 to 3; depth 2 to 22; eye 3} to 44; snout 34 to 4. D.X,11; A.
III, 11; scales 4-34 to 39-13, 4 rows on cheek. Appearance of Lepomis
pallidus. Body robust, moderately elongate, dorsal and ventral outlines
about equally curved; head rather large, the projecting snout forming a
considerable angle above the eye. Mouth rather wide, oblique, the
maxillary reaching slightly past front of eye. Longest dorsal reaching
past posterior border of pupil; pectorals reaching beyond middle of anal ;
ventral spine 1} to 14 in distance between origin of ventrals and anus.
Opercular flap smaller than eye, smaller than in E. holbrooki, much as in
E, gibbosus. Gill rakers short and not very stiff. Pharyngeal teeth
paved; the pharyngeal teeth not so blunt as in £, holbrooki or in E. gibbo-
sus. Life colors dark greenish above, gradually becoming brassy toward
the belly, which is light brassy ; cpercular spot greenish black, the flap
with a broad, blood-red border in the male, plain in the female; no spot
on dorsal or anal fin. Southern Indiana to Florida and the Rio Grande
basin, in lowland streams; rather rare. (jjpwc, hero; Heros is the name
of a genus of Cichlida, which these fishes resemble. )

Pomotis heros, BaAirp & GirRARD,* Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., March, 1854, 25. Rio Cibolo,
Texas.

- orange border behind; there is a black spot at the base of the posterior rays of the dorsal; both

dorsal and anal are marked by 1 or 2 dark stripes; the caudal is crossed by several dotted vertical
lines; there are 8 or 9 dusky bars across the sides between the head and tail, This species bears
the same relation to Pomotis that Pomoxis bears to the true Centrarchus in the size of the mouth
and form of the body, and I have no doubt it will some day become the type of a distinct genus.”
(Agassiz.) Tennessee River, at Huntsville, Alabama. We are informed by Mr. Richard Bliss
that the types of this species have the pharyngeals paved. Since these pages have been putin
type we have received from Mr. Samuel Garmana description of Agassiz’s type which leaves
little doubt of its identity with the present species. It has: Head 2%4; depth 24. D. X, 10; A.
117,10. Scales 5-36-13. Pectoral shorter than head barely reaching front of anal; mouth large,
With projecting snout, the maxillary nearly reaching middle of pupil; last rays of dorsal and

anal dusky above base.

1008 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

Pomotis notatus,* AGassiz, Amer. Journ, Sci. and Arts, March, 1854, 302, Huntsville,
Alabama.

Lepomis notatus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 482, 1883.

Lepomis heros, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 480, 1883; Botan, I. c., 575.

Eupomotis heros, BOULENGER, Cat., 1, 32.

1406. EUPOMOTIS HOLBROOKI (Cuvier & Valenciennes).

Head 3 to 33; depth 2 to 24; eye 4 in head, aslongassnout. D. xX, 10to
12; A. III,9 to 11; scales 6-44 or 45-15, 43 pores, 5 rows on cheek. Body
robust, elevated, the snout rather produced; maxillary reaching front of
orbit; preopercle slightly denticulate. Dorsal fin high, the spines about
as high as the soft rays, the longest half head; pectoral fins very long,
long as head. Gill rakers moderate, obtuse, strongly toothed, x +10.
Opercular flap short, broad, with a broad orange margin below and
behind. No palatine teeth; lower pharyngeals broad; the teeth large,
with subspherical crowns. Dusky olive, silvery below; throat yellow;
fins dark, with yellowish rays; no black dorsal spot. Length 10 inches.
Virginia to Florida; abundant in lowland streams. (Named for Dr.
John Edwards Holbrook, of Charleston, author of the excellent Ichthy-
ology of South Carolina.)

Pomotis holbrooki, CuviER & VA‘ENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vi, 466, 1831, Charleston,
South Carolina.

Pomotis speciosus, Hotproox, Jour, Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1855, 48, pl. 5, fig. 2, St. Johns
River, Florida.

Pomotis microlophus, GUNTHER, Cat., 1, 264, 1859, St. Johns River, Florida; after Holbrook.

Xystroplites longimanus,t Corr, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., 1877, 66, Volusia and Bay Port,
Florida.

Lepomis holbrookii, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 482, 1883; Botuman, l. c., 576.
Eupomotis holbrookii, BOULENGER, Cat., I, 31.

+
1407. EUPOMOTIS EURYORUS (McKay).

Head 33; depth 2?. D. X,11; A. III, 10; scales 6-43-14, 6 or 7 rows on
cheek. Body very robust, compressed; form nearly oval; dorsal outline
more convex than ventral; profile steep, convex. Mouth oblique, small;
maxillary reaching front of eye. Outer teeth stronger than others; teeth
on front of palatines. Lower pharyngeals with the rather long posterior
spur turned up, stoutish; the inner angle rounded, somewhat obtuse.

* We do not know which of these two names, heros and notlatus, has priority. We give prefer-
ence to heros as a less conventional name and as already most widely accepted.

+ Xystroplites longimanus, Cope, is thus described: ‘‘ Body elevated, but the head rather pro-
duced, so that the profile is oblique and nearly straight from the base of the dorsal fin. The
depth of the body enters the total length 2.5 times, and the length of the head enters the same _
3.6 times. The orbit is large, equaling the length of the muzzle, and entering the length of the
head 4 times. The interorbital space is 1.5 times the diameter of the orbit. The muzzle is
subconic and the end of the maxillary bone reaches the line of the anterior margin of the
orbit. The dorsal fin is elevated, the spines equaling the soft rays and not separated from them
by a notch. Caudal fin openly notched; ventral not reaching anal; the pectoral yery long,
reaching the line of the fifth anal soft ray. Formula: D. X-12; A. III-11; P.13. Scale formula:
7-44-15; 5 rows on the preoperculum below the orbit. The color above is dusky, below silvery,
the gular and thoracic region light yellow. The opercular black spot is short and has a crim-
son border, Fins black, the caudal, anal, and pectoral fins with yellow rays. The ends of the
long gill rakers are obtuse, asin L. apiatus. There are no palatine teeth. Length 170 meters,
Volusia and Bay Port, Florida.’’—Cope.

~

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America, 1009

Teeth stout, very much blunted, not close set, the inner considerably
stronger and less blunt than the rest. Gill rakers short, stout, about 8
in number, the inner surface roughened. Maxillary with a small but
perfectly distinct supplemental bone. Eye very small, considerably less
than length of snout. Opercular flap nearly as long as snout, surrounded
by a very broad, paler, membranous margin; scales on the opercle large,
in 5rows. Dorsal spines low, the longest as long as from snout to eye;
much lower than soft rays; caudal peduncle and fin short and broad;
ventrals and pectorals short, reaching vent. Scales on breast larger than
those on cheeks. Color in spirits mottled olive, yellowish below; top of
head blackish; membranes of vertical fins dusky; ventrals dusky, with
lighter margins; pectorals pale. Length 8 inches. Upper Great Lake
region, long known from one specimen ; several others lately obtained in
northern Ohio and northeastern Indiana show that the species is a valid
one, although allied to Hupomotis gibbosus. (eipic, wide; doc, margin.)
Lepomis euryorus, McKay, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus, 1881, 89, Lake Huron at Fort Gratiot,
Michigan; (Type, No. 4109); Jornpan & GiLBERT, Synopsis, 481, 1883; McCormick, Fishes

Lorain Co., Ohio, 27, 1892; Kirscu, Bull. U.S. Fish Comm., xiv, 1894, 38.
Lepomis auritus, BOULENGER, Cat., 1, 24; in part.

1408. EUPOMOTIS GIBBOSUS (Linnxus).

(Common SunFIsH ; BREAM; PUMPKIN SEED; SUNNY.)

Head 3 to 34; depth 13 to 2; eye 4 to 44. in head; snout 44. D.X,10to
12; A. III, 10 or 11; scales 6-40 to 47, pores 35 to 45, 4 rows on cheek.
Body short and deep, compressed, the profile steep, convex, usually an
angle above the eye. Head rather small. Mouth small, oblique, the
maxillary scarcely reaching the front of the eye. Dorsal spines rather
high, the longest 2 to 24 in head, as long as eye and snout; the soft rays
higher; pectorals long, as long as head. Scales large. Gill rakers short
and soft, smaller than in any other species except Lepomis megalotis, x +8
to10. 2haryngeal téeth all bluntly rounded, paved, the bones very broad,
somewhat concave. Color greenish olive above, shaded with bluish, the
sides spotted and blotched with orange; belly orange yellow; cheeks
orange, with blue wavy streaks; lower fins orange, upper bluish and
orange spotted. Opercular flap rather small, the lower posterior part
always bright scarlet, a mark which distinguishes this species, when
adult, at once from all our other high-colored sunfishes. Length 8
inches. Great Lake region to Maine and southward east of the Alle-
ghanies to Florida; rather rare in the Carolinas and Florida; found only
in the northern parts of the Mississippi Valley—Iowa, Minnesota, Wis-

consin, etc.; one of our most abundant fishes northward; a familiar

and active inhabitant of clear brooks and ponds, defending its nests
with great spirit. ‘“A very beautiful and compact fish, perfect in all its

parts, looking like a brilliant coin fresh from the mint.” (gibbosus
formed like the full moon.)
Perca gibbosa, Linn mus, Syst. Nat., Ed. x, 1758, 292, Carolina; after Perca fluviatilis gibbosa, ventre

luea, of CaTesBy.

Be N, A ——65

1010 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum,

Sparus aureus, WALBAUM, Artedi, Pisc., 290, 1792, lakes of New York; after ‘‘ Goldfisch” of
ScHOprF.

Morone maculata, MircuitL, Fishes of New York, 18, 1814, near New York City.

Pomotis vulgaris, CuviER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 111, 91, 1829, Lake Huron, New
York, Virginia, and Carolina.

Pomotis ravenelii, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, I. c., vi1, 465, 1831, Philadelphia.

Pomotis catesbei, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, I. c., VII, 469, 1831, Philadelphia.

Eupomotis aureus,* BOULENGER, Cat., I, 32.

461. MICROPTERUS, Lacépéde.
(Buiack Bass.)

Micropterus, LACEPEDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 1v, 325, 1802, (dolomieu).

Calliurus, RAFINESQUE, Journ. de Physique, 420, 1810, ( punctulatus = dolomien).

Aplites, RAFINESQUE, Ichth. Ohiensis, 30, 1820, ( pallidus = salmoides).

Lepomis, RAFINESQUE, Ichth. Ohiensis, 30, 1820, (not Lepomis, RAFINESQUE, 1819), ( pallida =sal-
moides).

Nemocampsis, RAFINESQUE, Ichth, Ohiensis, 31, 1820, ( jleruolaris = dolomieu).

Dioplites, RAYINESQUE, Ichth. Ohiensis, 32, 1820, (salmonea= dolomieu).

Aplesion, RAFINESQUE, Ichth. Ohiensis, 36, 1820, (calliura). :

Huro, Cuvier & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 11, 126, 1828, (nigricans = salmoides).

Grystes, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 111, 54, 1829, (salmoides).

Body oblong, compressed, the back not much elevated. Head oblong,
conic. Mouth very large, oblique, the broad maxillary reaching nearly
to or beyond the posterior margin of the eye, its supplemental bone well
developed. Lower jaw prominent. Teeth on jaws, vomer, and palatines
in broad villiform bands, the inner depressible; usually no teeth on the
tongue. Preopercle entire; operculum ending in two flat points without
cartilaginous flap. Branchiostegals normally 6. Gill rakers long and
slender. Scales rather small, weakly ctenoid. Lateral line complete, the
tubes straight, occupying the anterior half of each scale. Dorsal fin
divided by a deep notch, the spines low and rather feeble, 10 in number;
anal spines 3; the anal fin much smaller than the dorsal; pectorals
obtusely pointed, the upper rays longest; ventrals close together below
the pectorals; caudal fin emarginate. Posterior processes of the premax-
illaries not extending to the frontals; frontals posteriorly with a trans-
verse ridge connecting the parietal and supraoccipital crests, which are
very strong. Vertebre16-+ 16o0r 17=—32o0r33. Sizelarge. Twospecies,
among the most important of American ‘‘ game fishes,” now largely intro-
duced into the waters of Europe. (wixpoc, small; zrepéy, fin; the dorsal
fin in the typical specimen having been injured, its posterior rays detached
and bitten off short, were taken by Lacépéde for a separate fin.)

a. Mouth moderate, the maxillary in the adult not extending beyond eye; scales small, about

11-74-17, about 17 rows on the cheek; young more or less barred orspotted, never with
a black lateral band. DOLOMIEU, 1409,

* Dr. Boulenger rejects the name gibbosus applied to this species, as it occurs in the tenth edi-
tion of the Systema Nature, not reappearing in the twelfth, with which he begins the binomial
nomenclature. We have followed the custom of American authors in recognizing the tenth
edition (of 1758) as the starting voint of binomial nomenclature.

e nS

foraan ana Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 1011

aa. Mouth very large, the maxillary in the adult extending beyond the eye; scales rather
large, about 7-68-16, about 10 rows on the cheek; Jast spines of dorsal very short, so

that the fin is almost divided into 2; young with a blackish lateral band.
SALMOIDES, 1410.

1409. MICROPTERUS DOLOMIEU, Lacépéde.

(SmALL-MOUTHED Brack Bass.)

Head 23 to 34; depth 3} (22 to 34); eye 13 to 2 in snout, 5 to 64 in head.
D. X, 13 to 15; A. IL, 10 to 12; scales 11-72 to 85-25, pores 67 to 78.
Body ovate-fusiform, becoming deeper with age. Mouth large, but
smaller than in Micropterus salmoides, the maxillary ending considerably
in front of the hinder margin of the orbit, except in very old examples.
Scales on the cheek minute, in about 17 rows; scales on the trunk com-:
paratively small. Gill rakers long, x + 6 or 7 besides rudiments. Dorsal
fin deeply notched, but less so than in M. salmoides, the ninth spine being
about half as long as the fifth and not much shorter than the tenth.
Fifth dorsal spine about 34 in head; base of soft dorsal and anal scaly.
Coloration dull golden green, with bronze luster, young with darker spots
along the sides, which tend to form short vertical bars, but never a dark
lateral band; 3 bronze bands radiating from eye across cheeks and oper-
cles; a dusky spoton point of operculum; belly white; caudal fin yellow-
ish at base, then black, with white tips; dorsal with bronze spots, its
edge dusky. In some waters the fin-markings are obsolete, but usually
they are very conspicuous in the young. Southern specimens usually have
the scales of the lower part of the sides with faint dark streaks; adult
specimens have all these marks more or less wholly obliterated, and
become ultimately of a uniform dead green, without silvery luster.
“The black bass is eminently an American fish; he has the faculty of
asserting himself and of making himself completely at home wherever
placed. He is plucky, game, brave, unyielding to the last, when hooked.
He has the arrowy rush and vigor of a trout, the untiring strength and
bold leap of a salmon, while he has asystem of fighting tactics peculiarly
his own. Iconsider him inch for inch and pound for pound the gamest
fish that swims.” (J.A.Henshall.) From Lake Champlain to Manitoba
and southward on both sides of the mountains from James River to South
Carolina and Arkansas; abundant; frequenting running streams, and
preferring clear and cool waters; its southern limit is bounded by the
presence of such waters. As a game fish this species is usually more
highly valued than its congener. (Named for M. Dolomieu, a mineralo-
gist in Paris for whom the mineral Dolomite was also named. )

Micropterus dolomieu, Lack Pepe, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 1v, 325, 1802, locality uncertain, perhaps
South Carolina; Jorpan & GiLBERT, Synopsis, 485, 1883.

Bodianus achigan, RA¥INESQUE, Amer. Month. Mag., 1817, 120, New York ; Canada.

Calliurus punctulatus, Ravinesque, Ichth. Ohiensis, 26, 1820, Falls of the Ohio.

Lepomis trifasciata, Rarinesque, Ichth. Ohiensis, 31, 1820, Ohio River, etc.

Lepomis flexuolaris, RAFINESQUE, Ichth. Ohiensis, 31, 1820, Ohio River.

Lepomis salmonea, Ra¥inesQueE, Ichth. Ohiensis, 32, 1820, Kentucky, Green, Licking, and
Ohio rivers,

Lepomis notata, Ra¥inesque, Ichth. Ohiensis, 32, 1820, Ohio River.

Etheostoma calliura, Rarinesque, Ichth. Ohiensis, 36, 1820, Ohio River; Salt River, Kentucky.

?

1012 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

Cichla fasciata, LE Sueur, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1822, 216, Lake Erie.

Cichla ohioensis, LE SuEuR, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1822, 218, Ohio River.

Cichla minima, LE SuEuR, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1822, 220, Lake Erie.

Centrarchus obscurus, DE Kay, N. Y. Fauna: Fishes, 30, pl. 17, fig. 48, 1842, Onondaga Creek,
New York.

Dioplites variabilis, VAILLANT & Bocourt, Miss. Sci. Mex., 1874, 142, Wabash River, New
Harmony, Indiana; after LE Sueur MS., 1822.

Centrarchus fasciatus and obscurus, GUNTHER, Cat., I, 258, 1859.

Micropterus dolomiei, BOULENGER, Cat., I, 15.

1410. MICROPTERUS SALMOIDES (Lacépéde).

(LARGE-MOUTHED Biack Bass; OsweGo Bass; GREEN Bass; Bayou Bass.)

Head 3 to 33; depth 3 to 34; eye 14 to 2 in snout,5 to6in head. D.X,
12 or 13; A. III, 10 or 11; scales 7-65 to 70-18, pores 58 to 67. Body
ovate-fusiform, becoming deeper with age, moderately compressed. Head
large. Mouth very wide, the maxillary in the adult reaching beyond the
eye, in the young shorter. Scales on the cheek in about 10 rows; scales
on the trunk comparatively large; tip of maxillary in adult as broad as
eye. Lingual teeth sometimes present. Gill rakers longer than gill
fringes, x +7 or 8, besides rudiments. Dorsal fin very deeply notched,
its fifth spine 34in head. Coloration dark green above; sides and below
greenish silvery ; young with a blackish stripe along the sides from oper-
cle to the middle of the caudal fin; three dark oblique stripes across the
cheeks and opercles; below and above the lateral band some dark spots;
caudal fin pale at base, then blackish, whitish at tip; belly white. As
the fish grows older the black lateral band breaks up and grows fainter,
and the color becomes more and more of a uniform pale dull green, the
back being darker; a dark opercular blotch usually present. Length 18
inches ormore. Rivers of the United States from the Great Lakes and Red
River of the North to Florida, Texas, and Mexico; everywhere abundant,
preferring lakes, bayous, and sluggish waters. It grows to a larger size
than the preceding species and is readily distinguished by its coloration
and the larger mouth and larger scales. Both species vary much with
different waters, but in general this species is less active than the pre-
ceding, and is less esteemed as a game fish. (Salmo, trout; cidoc, like;
the fish being often called ‘“‘ Trout” in the Southern States, being trout-
like in gameness and in quality as food.)
Labrus salmoides, LACEPEDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 716, 1802, South Carolina. (Coll. Bosc.)
Lepomis pallida, RA¥INESQUE, Ichth. Ohiensis, 30, 1820, Ohio, Miami, and Hocking rivers.
Cichla floridana, LE SuEuR, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1822, 219, East Florida.

Huro nigricans, CuVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 11, 124, 1828, Lake Huron; GUNTHER,
Cat., 1, 255, 1859.

Grystes nobilis, AGAss1z, Amer. Journ. Sci. and Arts, 1854, 298, Huntsville, Alabama. (Coll.
Newman.)

Grystes nuecensis, BARD & GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1854, 25, Rio Frio and Rio
Nueces, Texas. (Coll. Clark.)

Grystes megastoma, GARLICK, Treat. Art. Prop. Fish., 108, 1857, bays of Lake Erie.

Dioplites nuecensis treculii, VAILLANT & BocourT, Miss. Sci. Mex., 1874, 142, San Antonio de
Bexar, Texas (Coll. Trécul.)

Micropterus salmoides, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 484, 1883; BouLENGER, Cat., 1, 16,

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 1013

Family CXLII. KUHLUDZ.

Body oblong, strongly compressed; scales large, ciliated. Lateral line
complete, the tubes straight and occupying the anterior half of the
exposed surface of the scale. Mouth large, protractile; maxillary
exposed, without supplemental bone; teeth in jaws in villiform bands;
teeth on vomer, palatines, entopterygoids, and ectopterygoids; tongue
smooth ; head partly naked ; preorbital and preopercle denticulate ; oper-
cle with 2 spines. Gill membranes separate; 6 branchiostegals; pseudo-
branchiz large; gill rakers long and slender. Dorsal fins connected at
the kase, with X, 9 to 15 rays, the spinous portion longer than the soft.
Anal as much developed as the soft dorsal, with III, 10 to 12 rays. Dorsal
and anal fins fitting in a well-developed sheath. Caudal emarginate.
Pectorals obtusely pointed, with 14 or 15 rays, upper the longest. Ven-
trals behind base of pectorals, close together, with a strong spine. Pos-
terior processes of the premaxillaries not extending to the frontals; supra-
occipital bone extending forward to between the post-frontal processes,
its crest not extending on the upper surface of the cranium; parietals
short, without crest. Precaudal vertebre with transverse processes
behind the fourth; ribs all but the last 2 to 4 sessile, inserted on the cen-
trum behind the transverse processes. (Boulenger.) Vertebrie 25 (10 or
11+14o0r15). One genus with7 or 8 species inhabiting the Pacific Ocean,
especially fresh and brackish waters of East Africa, the islands of the
Indian and Pacific oceans, and north Australia; our species strictly marine.
The relations of this family have been much in doubt. Its species were
originally placed in the genus Dules, which is a near ally of Centropristes
and Serranus. Dr. Gillrecognized the superficial resemblance of these spe-
cies to Xenichthys, which is one of the Sparoid forms. But in Auhlia the
preorbital is narrow, serrated, and not sheathing the maxillary; there is
no axillary ventral scale and the opercle has 2 strong spines. All this
indicates Serranoid affinities, for which reason we have hitherto placed
Kuhlia near Morone. A similar thought seems to have been with Dr. Gill
when he proposed the name Moronopsis for species of Kuhlia. Very lately
Dr. Boulenger has shown in Kuhlia the presence of skeletal characters
of the Centrarchide, and in his catalogue Kuhlia is placed in the latter
family, but there are important differences and the natural character of
the group Centrarchide disappears if this genus is introduced. We there-
fore admit Kuhliide as a distinct family between Micropterus and Morone
and closely allied to both.

462, KUHLIA, Gill.

Kuhlia, G11, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1861, 4%, (ciliatus).
Moronopsis, Giti, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, 82, (marginatus).
Paradules, BurekeRr, Neder]. Tijdschr. v. Dierkunde, 1, 257, 1872, (marginatus = ciliatus).

Body oblong, much compressed; head compressed; mouth short, oblique ;
maxillary without supplemental bone; lower jaw projecting; no canines;
the teeth subequal; preorbital sharply serrate; angle of preopercle with-
out strong spine. Gill rakers slender. Pseudobranchiw large. Scales

1014 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

large, not very rough; lateral line distinctly arched in front; top of head
naked. Dorsal fin deeply notched, but not divided to base, with 10 slender
spines; caudal lunate; anal spines graduated, the fin short. Coloration
bright silvery. (Named for Kuhl, a naturalist, associate of Van Hasselt,
and the discoverer of the typical species in the streams of Java.)

a. Eye moderate, 32 in head; pectorals 12 in head; caudal with 2 oblique black bars on each
lobe; dorsal with a dark bar, ARGE, 1411.
aa. Eye very large 23 in head; pectorals 2} in head; fins not barred. XENURA, 1412.

1411. KUHLIA ARGE, Jordan & Bollman.

Head 34 to 3%; depth 2%; eye 3? in head. D. IX-I, 11; A. III, 11;
scales 7-50 to 52-12. Body oblong, strongly compressed; back elevated
above pectorals, the anterior profile straight and rather deep; caudal
peduncle long, compressed. Mouth rather small, very oblique, the lower
jaw considerably projecting; maxillary reaching anterior margin of pupil,
23 to 2? in head. Eye moderate, slightly longer than snout. Teeth very
small, in narrow bands, those on vomer in a Y-shaped patch. Preorbital
very narrow, its edge anteriorly with strong retrorse serre, the moder-
ately broad maxillary not sheathed by it. Least width of preorbital 3}
ineye. Serr of preopercle sharp and fine, well developed below angle.
Gill rakers long and slender, about 9-+-21. Scales rather small, ctenoid,
firm, 3 or 4 rows on cheeks, 2 rows on interopercle; jaws, snout, and top
of head naked; opercle with 2 strong spines, the lower the larger and
nearly as long as pupil. Lateral line anteriorly rather sharply curved
upward, concurrent with the back; no accessory ventral scale. Nostrils
very small, round, close together. Dorsal spines high and pungent, hardly
flexible, the first half as long as the second, the fifth longest, 1; in head,
reaching tip of eighth when depressed; dorsal fins very slightly con-
nected by membrane; soft dorsal 13 in anal, first ray 2 in head; caudal
deeply forked, as long as head, its inner rays not quite half as long as
outer; first anal spine 1? in second, which is strongest and equal in length
to third; free margin of anal slightly concave, first soft ray 2% in head;
pectorals short, pointed, 12? to 14 in head; ventrals moderate, reaching
vent, 12 in head; soft dorsal and anal free from scales; a scaly sheath
along base of both dorsals. Coloration bluish above, sides brilliant sil-
very ; soft dorsal with a black oblique bar across its anterior rays; caudal
with 2 black and 3 white cross bands on each lobe, these convergent
backward ; lower fins pale; axil of pectoral dusky on the inner side.
Length 1 foot. Galapagos and Revillagigedos archipelagos; locally com-
mon. This species was first known from several specimens taken by the
Albatross at Chatham Island. It has since been taken in great abundance
by Dr. Gilbert about Clarion Island. It is very close to Kuhlia teniura, of
the waters of Java, Sumatra, and Buro, with which it isidentified by Dr.
Boulenger. Kuhlia teniura has the eye larger, 23 to 3 in head. Compar-
ing our specimens with the full description of the latter species given by
Dr. Bleeker, we are able to detect no other difference, and it is possible
that our species will prove to be a variety of K. teniura. (dpyhe, bright.)

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 1015

Kuhlia arge, JORDAN & BoLLMAN, Proc, U.S. Nat. Mus., 1889, 159, Chatham Island, Galapagos
Archipelago; (Type, No. 41169. Coll. Albatross); Jonpan & EIGENMANN, lL. c., 419, 1890.

1412. KUHLIA XENURA (Jordan & Gilbert).

Head 34; depth 23; eye very large, 2?in head. D.IX-I,11; A. III, 11;
scales 7-51-12. Maxillary barely reaching front of pupil; gill rakers long
and slender, 9-++ 24; pectorals 2} in head; ventrals scarcely reaching
vent; longest dorsal spine 14 in head. Body deep and compressed. Color
olivaceous above, silvery below; caudal fin plain. Tropical seas; prob-
ably west coast of Central America ; known from two specimens in the U. S.
National Museum, bearing the label ‘‘San Salvador. J.M. Dow.” But
it is possible that they were brought by Dr. Stimpson from China, and
Kuhlia xenura may not be an American fish at all. (évoc, strange; oipé,
tail; the tail being more deeply forked than in Xenichthys.)

Xenichthys xenurus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1881, 454, supposed to come
from San Salvador. (Type, No. 4356.)

Kuhlia xenura, JORDAN & GILBERT, Proc, U. Nat. Mus., 1882, 376 (locality questioned); JorpAN
& EI1cENMANN, I. c., 419, 1890.

Family CXLIII. PERCIDZ.

(THE PERCHES.)

Body more or less elongate, terete or compressed, covered more or less
completely with rather small, ctenoid, adherent scales. Dorsal and ven-
tral outlines more or less unlike. Lateral line usually present, not extend-
ing on the caudal fin. Mouth terminal or inferior, small or large, the
premaxillaries protractile or not; maxillaries large or small, without
distinct supplemental bone. Jaws, vomer, and palatines with bands of
teeth, which are usually villiform, but sometimes mixed with canines;
occasionally the teeth on the vomer or palatines are absent. Head naked,
or more or less scaly; preopercle entire or serrate; opercles usually
ending in a flat spine. Branchiostegals 6 or7. Gills 4, a slit behind the
fourth; gill membranes free or connected, not joined to the isthmus;
gill rakers slender, toothed; pseudobranchie small, or glandular and
concealed, or altogether wanting; lower pharyngeals separate, with
sharp teeth. Anal papilla usually more or less developed. Fins generally
large; 2 dorsals, the first of 6 to 15 spines; anal fin with 1 or 2 spines, the
usual number 2. Ventrals thoracic, I, 5; pectorals often very large;
caudal lunate, truncate, or rounded. Air bladder small and adherent,
often entirely wanting. Pyloric ceca few. No subocular lamina of the
-suborbitals; entopterygoid present. Anterior vertebrae without trans-
verse processes; only the first pterygial or actinost usually in contact
with the coracoid; sometimes a part of the second also. The posterior
processes of the premaxillaries are short; the supraoccipital and parietal
bones are short and confined to the back of the skull; parietal crests
are absent, and the supraoccipital crest is very short, not extending
to the anterior extremity of the bone, or even absent. Vertebrie 30
to 48, always more than 10, 13 to 25 in the precaudal portion. Genera

1016 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

about 23 (12 to 25); species about 120; inhabitants of the fresh waters
of cool regions in the Northern Hemisphere, most of them being con-
fined to eastern North America or to Europe. The great majority of
the species belong to the subfamily Etheostomine (the Darters) all the
species of which group are American. They are among the most singular
and interesting of our fishes. They differ from the typical Percine in
their small size, bright colors, and large fins, and more technically in the
rudimentary condition of the pseudobranchie and the air bladder, both
of which organs are usually inappreciable. The preopercle is unarmed,
and the number of branchiostegals is 6. The anal papilla is likewise
developed, as in the Gobiidew, to which group the darters bear a consid-
erable superficial resemblance, which, however, indicates no real affinity.
The relations of the darters to the perches have been aptly expressed by
Prof. Stephen A. Forbes: ‘Given a supply of certain kinds of food
nearly inaccessible to the ordinary fish, it is to be expected that some
fishes would become especially fitted for its utilization. Thus the
Etheostomatine as a group are explained in a word by the hypothesis of the
progressive adaptation of the young of certain Percidw to a peculiar
place of refuge and a peculiarly situated food supply. Perhaps we may
without violence call these the mountaineers among fishes. Forced from
the populous and fertile valleys of the river beds and lake bottoms,
they have taken refuge from their enemies in the rocky highlands,
where the free waters play in ceaseless torrents, and there they have
wrested from stubborn nature a meager living. Although diminished
in size by their constant struggle with the elements, they have developed
an activity and hardihood, a vigor of life,and a glow of high color
almost unknown among the easier livers of the lowerlands. * * * Not-
withstanding their trivial size, they do not seem to be dwarfed so
much as concentrated fishes.” (Am. Nat., 1880, October, pp. 697-702.)
The colors of the Etheostomine* are usually very brilliant, species of

* The following is a popular account of the habits of these fishes: Any one who has ever been
a boy and can remember back to the days of tag alders, yellow cowslips, and an angleworm
on a pin hook will recall an experience like this: You tried some time to put your finger on a
little fish that was lying, apparently asleep, on the bottom of the stream, half hidden under a
stone or leaf, his tail bent around the stone as if for support against the force of the current.
You will remember that when your finger came near the spot where he was lying, the bent tail
was straightened and you saw the fish again resting, head up stream, a few feet away, leaving
you puzzled to know whether you had seen the movement or not. You were trying to catch a
Johnny Darter. Nothing seems easier, but you did not do it. Having by well-understood
strategem succeeded where you failed, allow us to give you that acquaintance which he so deftly
declined. In all clear streams from Maine to Mexico the Johnny Darters are found, and the boy
who does not know them has missed one of the real pleasures of a boy’s life. All of them are
very little fishes, some not more than 2 inches long, and the very largest but 6 or 8. But small
though they are, they are the most interesting in habits, the most graceful in form, and many
of them the most brilliant in color of all fresh-water fishes. The books call them ‘‘ Darters,”’
for one of the first species known was named Boleosoma, and that in Greek means ‘‘ dart body,”
a name most appropriate to them all. The realistic dwellers in the Ohio Valley call some of
them ‘‘ Hogfish,’? and the boys call them ‘‘Johnnies.”? Certainly the boys ought to know, and
Johnnies they are, and Darters they are; so Johnnie Darters they shall be. Their first intro-
duction to science was in 1819, when Rafinesque gave to them their scientific name Etheosloma.
This name seems to mean ‘‘strainer mouth,” but the ‘‘ eccentric naturalist ’’ whose peculiar use
of the Greek language was not the least of his eccentricities, says that it means ‘‘ various mouth,”
because no two of those he knew (Etheostoma jflabellare, Percina caprodes, and Diplesion blennioides)
have the mouth alike. But whatever it may mean, Etheostoma is their name, and Rafinesque
their godfather, and we may call them Johnnies for short. Rafinesque said of the Johnnies that
he knew ‘‘ they are good to eat fried.’’ I suppose that he had tried them, but we have not. We
should as soon think of filling our pan with wood warblers as to makea meal of them. The good

ee

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 1017

the Etheostomine especially being among the most brilliantly colored fishes
known; the sexual differences are often great, the females being asa rule
dull in color and more speckled or barred than the males. Most of them pre-
fer clear running water, where they lie on the bottom concealed under
stones, darting, when frightened or hungry, with great velocity, for a
short distance, by a powerful movement of the fan-shaped pectorals, then
stopping as suddenly. They rarely use the caudal fin in swimming, and
they are seldom seen moving or floating freely in the water like most
fishes. When at rest they support themselves on their expanded ventrals
and anal fin. All of them can turn the head from side to side, and they
frequently lie with the head in a curved position or partly on one side of
the body. The species of Ammocrypta, and perhaps some of the others,
prefer a sandy bottom, where, by a sudden plunge, the fish buries itself
in the sand and remains quiescent for hours at a time, with only its eyes
and snout visible. The others lurk in stony places, under rocks and
weeds. Although more than usually tenacious of vitality, the darters,
from their bottom life, are the first to be disturbed by impurities in the
water. All the darters are carnivorous, feeding chiefly on the larve of
Diptera, and in their way voracious. All are of small size; the largest
(Percina rex) reaches a length of 10 inches, while the smallest ( Microperca
punctulata) is, next to Elassoma zonatum, the smallest spiny-rayed
fish known, barely attaining the length of an inch and a half.
In Europe no L£theostominw are found, their place being filled by the
genus Zingel (Aspro), which bears a strong resemblance to the American
forms, a resemblance which may be a clue as to the origin of the latter.
The other European genera are Perca, Lucioperca, a near ally of Stizostedion,
Gymnocephalus (Acerina), and Percarina. The separation of the Litheosto-
mine into genera is a matter of much difficulty as the structural differ-
ences are small, the individual variations great, and the gradations very
perfect. We have, hitherto, been disposed to unite them all in one genus,
but to do so tends to obscure the relations of the species. Dr. Boulenger *

man goes a fishing not for ‘“‘ pot luck,’’ but to let escape ‘‘ the Indian within him.’’ The Johnny
has all that ardent desire for perfect freedom that is supposed to be native to this continent.
Unless all appearance of captivity be concealed in a well-kept aquarium he will quickly lie on the
bottom, dead. Here, at the beginning (for much as we may regret the fact, the death of some
individual must precede our acquaintance with the group, and even to some extent with the
individual himself), we observe two noteworthy facts, the fish in dying does not turn over, and
does not rise to the surface. On dissection, we find that the air bladder is only rudimentary,
being structurally but not functionally present, a distinction not without meaning in these days
of evolutionary hypotheses. If our tank be so arranged that the conditions are nearly natural,
there being an abundance of stones and weeds on the bottom, our Johnnies will cheerfully live
with us and we shall be ready to study their individual peculiarities. For it must be known
that while all fish 4r¢ fish, they are so only as all men are men. ‘The children of one family are
not more unlike one another than the fishes of one brood might be if the sickly ones and the lazy
ones were as carefully guarded as are ours. As it is, they have their individuality. One is con-
stantly darting over and among the stones, never resting, moving his head from side to side when
his body is for a moment still. Another will lie for hours motionless under a stone, moving only
for a few inches when pushed out with astick. These peculiarities of temperament are import-
ant factors in the problem of life, and from such differences under varying conditions, may have
resulted forms which we now designate as different species,—*' The Johnny Darters,’’ Jordan & Cope-
land, Amer. Nat., 1876.

*Dr. Boulenger gives the following synopsis of the genera of Percide :
I. Head with the muciferous cavities moderately or feebly developed above and on the sides;
dorsal fins distinct.
A. Body more or less compressed,

1018 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

places them in 8 genera. We are unable, however, to stop with that
number of divisions. If they are not all placed in one genus each struc-
tural type must stand asa genus by itself. (Percide, part, Giinther, Cat.,
I, 58-78, 1859.)

T. Pseudobranchie well developed; preopercle serrate, the teeth on its lower margin antrorse;
pranchiostegals 7; no anal papilla; premaxillaries protractile; skull not especially cavy-
ernous; mouth large, terminal.

LUCIOPERCINE :

a. Canine teeth on jaws and palatines; body elongate.

b. Ventral fins well separated, the distance between them equal to the width of their
base; spines of second dorsal and anal very feeble, closely appressed to the soft
rays; dorsal fins well separated; canines strong. STIZOSTEDION, 463.
PERCIN BH:
aa, Canine teeth none; body oblong; ventral fins near together; mouth large. Perca, 464.
IT. ErHEOSTOMINE:
Pseudobranchie imperfect or wanting; preopercle entire or nearly 50; branchiostegals6; anal
papilla usually present; pyloric cceca 2 to 6; supraoccipital crest low or wanting; fishes of
small size, all American.
c. Parietal region of skull rather depressed, not strongly convex in transverse section,
——~-shaped in section; bones of skeleton rather slender and thin; vertebra 38 to 44.
d. Cranium broad between the eyes; premaxillaries not protractile; snout conic, pig-
like, projecting beyond the inferior mouth; ventrals separated by an interspace
equal to the width of their base; ventral line with a series of enlarged scales
which fall leaving a naked strip; dorsal spines numerous (13 to 15); gill mem-
branes separate; scales small; vertebrae 23 -+ 21 = 44; size largest of the darters.
Percina, 465.
dd. Cranium not broad between the eyes; mouth less inferior, the snout not much
projecting.

e. Body not hyaline nor extremely elongate, its surface almost entirely covered

by scales.

f, Premaxillaries not protractile, free only at the sides, the skin of the pre-
maxillaries in front, firmly connected mesially with that of the fore-
head, with no cross groove between; anal fin always large, rarely
smaller than second dorsal.

1. Seven (exceptionally 8) branchiostegals; maxillary large, exposed, free behind;
premaxillaries protractile; preopercle serrated.

No canine teeth; ventrals close together. 1. PERca.
More or less enlarged canine teeth; ventrals separated by an interspace at least equal
to 24 the width of their base. 2. LUCIOPERCA.

2. Six branchiostegals; maxillary small, its upper border if free, entirely or nearly
entirely slipped under the preorbital.
a. Maxillary free from preorbital.
a. Premaxillaries free only at the sides.
Ventrals separated by an interspace equal to the width of their base. 3. PERCINA.
Ventrals separated by an interspace considerably less than the width of their base.
4. ETHEOSTOMA.
8. Premaxillaries protractile, entirely free from the skin of the snout.
Ventrals separated by an an interspace nearly equal to the width of
their base.
5. BoLEosomMa.
Ventrals narrowly separated. 6. ULOCENTRA.
b. Maxillary adnate to preorbital; ventrals narrowly separated. 7. DipLEsiIuM.
B. Body cylindrical or somewhat depressed.
a. Maxillary exposed, its upper border slipping under the preorbital; body translucent.

Premaxillaries protractile. 8. AMMOCRYPTA.

Premaxillaries free only at the sides. 9. CRYSTALLARIA.
b. Maxillary covered by preorbital; premaxillaries free only at the sides.

10. Aspro.

IT. Head with very large muciferous cavities above and on the sides.
Two dorsals; maxillary exposed, free behind. 11. PERCARINA.
Dorsals united; maxillary covered by preorbital. 12. ACERINA.

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 1019

g. Ventral fins well separated, the interspace about equal to width of
their base.
h. Middle line of belly with more or less enlarged, caducous plates,
which are shed at certain seasons, leaving a naked strip.
HADROPTERUS, 466.
hh. Middle line of belly with small, persistent scales like those of
sides. Hyrouomvus, 467.
jf. Premaxillaries protractile, a groove separating them from the skin of the
forehead, rarely crossed by a narrow frenum in one species (skumardi).
i. Anal spines 2, both well developed, the first usually the longer, the
second rarely obsolete.
j. Maxillary normal, free from the preorbital, except at base; vomer
usually with teeth.

k. Anal fin rather large, scarcely smaller than second dorsal;
mouth not very small; belly naked or with caducous
plates, at least anteriorly; gill miembranes scarcely con-
nected, ventral fins well separated. CoTTOGASTER, 468.

kk. Anal fin short and small, much smaller than second dorsal;

mouth small; belly covered with ordinary scales; gill
membranes broadly connected across the isthmus; ven-
tral fins inserted close together. ULocenTRA, 469.
jj. Maxillary adnate to the preorbital for most of its length, and
therefore nearly immovable; mouth very small, inferior; no
teeth on vomer; ventral fins close together. DrpLesion, 470.
uw. Anal spine single, obscure; dorsal spines usually 9, slender; anal fin
small, much shorter than soft dorsal; ventral fins well separated.
BoteEosoma, 471.
ee. Body extremely elongate, hyaline, subterete, the belly mostly naked;
lateral line complete; head long, pointed; gill membranes somewhat
united.

1. Premaxillaries not protractile, free only at the sides; dorsal spines 14;
anal fin large, with 1 spine; scales very small. CrysTALLARIA, 472.

ll. Premaxillaries protractile; dorsal spines 7 to 11.
m. Anal spine single; anal nearly as large as second dorsal; vertebra

41 to 44; bones of skeleton very thin. Ammocrypta, 473.
mm. Anal spines 2; anal fin small, much smaller than second dorsal.
Toa, 474.

cc. Parietal region of skull not depressed, more or less strongly convex in cross-
section, thus, () ; premaxillaries never protractile ; belly covered with ordi-
nary scales; ventrals inserted close together; anal fin rather small, of 7 to 9
soft rays, notably smaller than second dorsal, usually with 2 spines; vertebrae
31 to 36, the bones rather firm.
n. Lateral line developed, at least anteriorly; dorsal spines 8 to 14,
o. Lateral line straight; body rather robust.
p. Head naked above.
q. Dorsal fins large, usually with more than 7 spines.
Ernrostoma, 475
qq. Dorsal fins small, VI-10. ALvaArtus, 476.
pp. Head completely scaled above. PsyCHROMASTER, 477.
oo. Lateral line with a slight arch running high anteriorly; dorsals well
separated; body slender.
r. Head scaled above. COPELANDELLUS, 478,
rr. Head naked above. Bo.eicuruys, 479.
nn. Lateral line wholly wanting; fins all very short, only 6 dorsal spines; verte-
bree 14 +- 16 = 30, Mrcroperca, 480,

1020 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

The following are the numbers of the vertebre in species of Percide as
given by Jordan & Eigenmann and by Boulenger:

Perce tilyiatllisee 22 + 19=41 Etheostoma maculatum ___ 15 + 24—39
Perea flavescens:=222222—2—= 22+ 19=41 Boleichthys fusiformis ____ 16 + 20 = 36
Lucioperca volgensis_______ 22 + 21=— 43 Etheostoma variatum _____ 15 + 21= 36
Lucioperca sandra ~---_~--- 25 -+ 21= 46 Etheostoma lepidum ______ 16 + 19= 35
Stizostedion vitreum _______ 25 +- 21==46 Etheostoma whipplii______ 15 + 21=36
Zingel asperease ae eee 20 + 24 = 44 Etheostoma flabellare_____ 13 + 20 = 33
Zingelwingel = 22 + 26 = 46 Microperca punctulata ____ 14+ 16=30
Percarina demidoffii________ 14+ 19=33 Cottogaster copelandi _____ 18 + 20= 38
Acerina cornua =~ — === === 15+ 19=34 Boleosoma camurum______ 17 +- 21=38
Percina caprodes___________ 23 + 21 = 44 Boleosoma nigrum ___---__ 15 + 22 = 37
Hadropterus aspro _________ 19 + 23 = 42 Ulocentra simotera____---- 15 + 23 = 38
Hadropterus evides ________ 18 + 22—40 Diplesion blennioides _____ 19 + 23 = 42
Hadropterus phoxocephalus_ 19 + 20 = 39 Ammocrypta pellucida ____ 23 + 21 = 44
Hadropterus scierus ________ 18 + 22—40 Ammocrypta vivax__..--.- 21+ 20=— 41
Etheostoma zonale ~-_-____- 16 + 23 = 39

463. STIZOSTEDION,* Rafinesque.

(AMERICAN PIKE PERCHES.)

Stizostedion, RAFINESQUE, Ichth. Ohiensis, 23, 1820, (salmonea).

Pomacampsis, RAFINESQUE, Ichth. Ohiensis, 23, 1820, (nigropunctata; mythical).
Cynoperca, GILL & JORDAN, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., x, 44, 1877, (canadense).
Stizostedium or Slizostethium, amended spelling.

Body elongate, fusiform, the back broad. Head subconical, long.
Cheeks, opercles, and top of the head more or less scaly. Mouth large,
the jaws about equal; premaxillaries protractile, little movable. Teeth
in villiform bands, the jaws and palatines with long, sharp canines. Gill
rakers slender, strong; gill membranes separate. Preopercle serrated,
the serre below turned forward; operele with 1 or more spines, termina-

tions of radiating strix. Dorsal fins well separated, the first with 12 to

15 spines, the second with 17 to 21 soft rays; last dorsal spine not erectile,
bound down by membranes; anal spines 2, slender, closely appressed to
the soft rays, which are rather long, 11 to 14in number. Ventral fins
well separated, the space between them equal to their base; ventral spine
slender, closely appressed to the soft rays. Scales small, strongly ctenoid;
lateral line continuous. Branchiostegals 7. Pseudobranchiz well devel-
oped. Pyloric ceca 3to 7. Two species, differing considerably from each

* The genus Stizostedion is closely related to the European genus Lucioperca, Cuvier (type Perea
lucioperca, L.). From Lucioperca, however, it differs sufficiently in the wide-set ventrals and in the
weak development of the anal and ventral spines, which are closely approximated to the soft rays.
The dorsals in Lucioperca are slightly connected. The name Incioperca, according to Boulenger,
‘‘should date from the first edition of the Regne Animal, 1817, when Cuvier (p. 295) does use the
Latin name [as well asthe French plural ‘Les Sandres’] (‘ce qui leur a fait donner le nom de
lucio-perca’) although indirectly and without a capital.’’ (Boulenger, Proc. Zoél. Soc. Lond.,
1892, 411.) But, as Dr, Gill has shown, this is too great a strain on the words of Cuvier, who
‘simply stated a historical fact and did not formulate a nomenclatural proposition.”? In other
words, Cuvier states that the name Lucioperca was used by Gesner, but to the genus to which
Gesner’s Lncioperca belongs he supplies only the French name ‘‘ Les Sandres,’’ and Lucioperca can
only date from its use by Fleming, Phil. of Zoél., 394, 1822. Since that time, the names Sandal,
Cloquet, 1827; Sandrus, Stark, 1828, and Schilus, Krynicki, 1832, have been applied to the type of
Iucioperca. See Boulenger, l. c., and Gill, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1894, 123, for discussions of the
relationships and nomenclature of the Pike Perches.

RE

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 1021

other. Large, carnivorous fishes of the fresh waters of North America.
(orilw, to prick; oryfiov, a little breast ; ‘‘ the name means pungent throat,”
according to Rafinesque; the substitution of stedion for stethion apparently
suggested by the name Peristedion. )

STIZOSTEDION:
a. Pyloric coeca 3, subequal, each as long as the stomach; soft dorsal long, its base } shorter
than spinous dorsal, of about 20 soft rays.
b. Cheeks and upper surface of head sparsely scaled; body somewhat compressed; a black
blotch on last dorsal spines; no black blotch on base of pectoral; second dorsal
simply mottled. VITREUM, 1413.
CYNOPERCA (kUwv, dog; mépxn perch):
aa. Pyloric cceca unequal, 4 of them of moderate length, much shorter than stomach, the
others 1 to 3 in number, smaller and variable, some or all of them sometimes wanting ;
soft dorsal shorter, its base 14 shorter than spinous dorsal, of about 17 soft rays.
e. Cheeks and upper surface of head more or less closely scaled; body terete; no black
blotch on last dorsal spines; a black blotch at base of pectoral; second dorsal with
rows of dark spots. CANADENSE, 1414,

Subgenus STIZOSTEDION.

1413. STIZOSTEDION VITREUM (Mitchill).

(WALL-EYED PIKE; PIKE PERCH ; Dory; GLASSEYE; YELLOW PIKE; BLUE PIKE; Jack SALMON ;
WHITE-EYE. )

Head 33; depth about 44; eye shorter than snout, 44 to5in head. D.
XII to XVI, 19 to 21; A. II, 12 to 14; scales 10-110 to 132-25, 83 to 95
pores. Body slender, becoming compressed with age, the back more
arched than in Stizostedion canadense. Cheeks and upper surface of head
nearly naked. Dorsal spines high, more than half length of head; dorsal
fins well separated, the interspace between them greater than diameter
of eye, the last dorsal spine scarcely erectile; soft dorsal nearly as long
as spinous dorsal; anal longer than high. Pyloric ceca 3, rather long.
Dark olive, finely mottled with brassy, the latter color forming indis-
tinct oblique lines; sides of head more or less vermiculated; lower jaw
flesh colored; belly and lower fins pinkish; spinous dorsal with a large
jet-black blotch on the membrane of the last 2 or 3 spines, otherwise
nearly plain; second dorsal and caudal mottled olive and yellowish;
base of pectoral dusky, without distinct black blotch. Great Lake
region, Upper Mississippi, north to Assiniboia, east to Vermont and Penn-
sylvania, south to Georgia and Alabama, especially common northward:
an abundant and valued food-fish, reaching a length of 3 feet and a
weight of 10 to 20 pounds. (vitreus, glassy, from the large eye.)

Perca vitrea, MitcHitL, Supp. Amer. Month. Magazine, 11, 247, 1818, Cayuga Lake, New
York.

Perca salmonea,* RAFINESQUE, Amer. Month. Magazine, v, 354, 1818, Ohio River.

Perca (Pomacampsis) nigropunctalta, RAYVINESQUE, Ichth. Ohiensis, 23, 1820, mythical; on a draw-
ing by Audubon, not intended to represent any fish.

”

*Tho name salmoneum has been applied to the so-called ‘‘ Blue Pike’ originally described
from the Ohio River, but more common in the Great Lakes, particularly Ontario and Erie, It
is smaller and deeper in body than the ordinary vitreum and different in color, but it is not
likely that any permanent distinctions exist, this species, as usual among fresh-water fishes,

yarying largely with the environment and with age,

1022 Bulletin 47, United States National ‘Museum.

Lucioperca americana, CuVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 11, 122, 1828, New York:
GUNTHER, Cat., 1, 74, 1859.

Stizostedium vitreum, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 525.

Lucioperca vitrea, BOULENGER, Cat., I, 55.

Subgenus CYNOPERCA, Gill & Jordan.

1414. STIZOSTEDION CANADENSE (Smith).

(SAUGER ; SAND PIKE.)

Head 34; depth 44 to 6; eye5in head. D. XI to XV-I, 17 to 19; A. II,

11 or 12; scales 9-100 to 125-27; pores in lateral line, 80 to 95; vertebra

23 + 22; pyloric ceca 4 to 7, unequal in length. Body elongate, more
terete than in Stizostedion vitreum, the flesh more translucent; head
depressed, pointed; opercular spines variable. Olive gray, sides brassy
or orange, with dark mottlings, more distinct in the young, which are
sharply marked; first dorsal with 2 or 3 rows of round, black spots, no
black blotch on last spines; second dorsal with 3 irregular rows of dark
spots; a large black blotch on base of pectoral; caudal dusky and yel-
lowish. Northeastern North America, from Pennsylvania to Tennessee,
Arkansas, and the Upper Missouri, especially abundant northward;
a smaller fish than S. vitrewm and of much less value as food. ‘The typical
canadense is from the St. Lawrence region, much less widely distributed
than the variety griseum, from which it differs in having the opercles and
bones of the head considerably rougher, the number of the opercular
spines (which are merely the free ends of the striz) increased, and the
head more closely and extensively scaled.

Lucioperca canadensis, C. H. SmitH MS. in GRIFFITH’s edition of CuvreR’s Régne Animal, Fishes,
275, pl. 1, 1834, Canada; BouLENGER, Cat., 1, 54.
Stizostedium canadense, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 526, 1883.

Represented in the Great Lake region and southwestward to Kentucky
and Arkansas by

1414a. STIZOSTEDION CANADENSE GRISEUM (DeKay).

(SaucER; Sanp PIKE; GRAY PIKE; PICKERING.)

This is the common Sand Pike or Sauger of the Great Lake region and
southwestward. It differs from the typical canadense chiefly in the
smoother opercles and head bones, the fewer opercular spines, and the
less complete scaling of the head. The two need fuller comparison and
may prove to be distinct species, but this is unlikely. Length 10 to 18
inches. (griseus, gray.)

Lucioperca grisea, DEKay, New York Fauna: Fishes, 19, 1842, New York.
Lucioperca pepinus, Estes in HaLtock’s Sportsman's Gazetteer, 322, 1877, Lake Pepin. (Coll.
D. C. Estes.)

1414b. STIZOSTEDION CANADENSE BOREUM (Girard).

This is the form found in the Upper Missouri Basin, and differs from
griseum chiefly in the more slender head, which has 2 snake-like aspect.
(boreus, northern. )

Lucioperca borea, GIRARD, Proc, Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1857, 201, Fort Sarpi, Nebraska.

* ot rl

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 1022

464. PERCA (Artedi), Linnzus.
(KIVER PERCH.)

Perca (ARTEDI) LINN=us, Systema Nature, Ed. x, 1758, 1, and Ed. x1, 1, 481, 1756, (fluviatilis)
Epitrachys, SCHULZE, Journ. Ber. Ver. Magdeburg, 1889, 209, ( fluviatilis).

Body oblong, somewhat compressed, the back elevated. Cheeks scaly;
opercles mostly naked; the operculum armed with a single spine; preop-

_ ercle and shoulder girdle serrated; preopercle with retrorse, hooked

serrations below. Mouth moderate, terminal; premaxillaries protractile ;
teeth in villiform bands on jaws, vomer, and palatines ; no canine teeth.
Branchiostegals 7. Gill membranes separate; pseudobranchize small,
but perfect; no anal papilla. Scales rather small, strongly ctenoid,
lateral line complete, the tube straight and not extending to the extremity
of the scale. Dorsal fins entirely separate, the first of 12 to 16 spines;
anal fin with two slender spines, well separated from the soft rays ; ven-

_ tral spines well developed, the ventral fins near together; caudal emar-

ginate; air bladder present. Pyloric ceca 3; vertebra very numerous,
21 + 20 or 21—41or42. Fresh waters of northern regions ; three closely-
related species now known—Perca fluviatilis in Europe, P. schrenkii in
Asia, and P. flavescens in North America. This genus has long been con-
sidered the type of the spiny-rayed fishes, and in many systems it has
been placed first in the series of fishes. Perca is, however, a compara-
tively recent and somewhat aberrant type,‘and in no sense entitled to be
regarded either as the first or the center of the spiny-rayed series. The
great group of Percoidea occupies in some sense a central position among
the Acanthopterygii and the characteristic spinous armature is here most
typical in character. But the genus Perca is neither central nor typical
among the Percoidea. That position is more properly to be assigned to
Epinephelus. (mépxy, Perca, the ancient name of Perca fluviatilis, from
mépxoc, dusky.)

1415. PERCA FLAVESCENS (Mitchill).

(YELLow PercH ; AMERICAN PERCH; RINGED PERCH ; Raccoon PERCH.)

Head 33; depth 3}. D. XIII to XV-II, 13 to 15; A. II, 7 o0r8; scales
7-74 to 88-17, 54 to 62 with pores. Back highest at origin of spinous
dorsal, which is more or less behind insertion of pectoral; profile convex
from dorsal to occiput, thence concave anteriorly, the snout projecting,
a little longer than eye. Mouth somewhat oblique, maxillary not quite
reaching opposite middle of orbit. Gill rakers x + 15, the longest } to
# length of branchial filaments. Cheeks closely scaled throughout, the

-seales imbricated ; opercular striw and rugosities on top of head well

marked. First anal spine longer than first dorsal spine; first dorsal
spine inserted above or a little behind base of pectoral. Pseudobranchiw
quite small. Gill rakers stout, sbortish. Back dark olivaceous; sides
golden yellow; belly pale; sides with 6 or 8 broad, dark bars, which
extend from the back to below the axis of the body; lower fins largely
red or orange; upper fins olivaceous; with or without a distinct black

1024 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

spot on anterior or posterior part of spinous dorsal.* Length 1 foot.

Fresh waters of the eastern United States, chiefly northward and east-

ward; abundant in the Great Lakes and in coastwise streams from Nova

Scotia to North Carolina, common in the tributaries of the upper Missis-

sippi, especially in Iowa and Minnesota, west to the Dakotas; unknown

from central Ohio southwest ; abundant in the lakes of northern Indiana;

not known from the Ohio River or the lower Missouri. — A familiar, hand-

some, and active fish of fair quality as food, the flesh not rich in flavor.

(flavescens, yellowish. )

Perca americana, SCHRANCK, Abh, Privalges. Oberdeutschland, 1, 1792, America, (not Perca
americana, GMELIN, 1788); JorDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 524, 1883.

Morone fiavescens, MitcHiL1, Rept. Fish. N. Y., 18, 1814, near New York City. ;

Centropomus luteus, RAFINESQUE, Précis des Découvertes Somiologiques, 19,1814, Pennsylvania,
probably.

Perca notata, RAFINESQUE, Amer. Monthly Mag., Jan., 1818, 205, Lake Erie. (Coll. Gov. DeWitt
Clinton.)

Perca serratogranulata, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 11, 47, 1828, New York.

Perca granulata, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 11, 48, pl. rx, 1828, New York.

Perca acuta, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 11, 49, pl. x, 1828, Lake Ontario.

Perca gracilis, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 11, 50, 1828, Skaneateles Lake,
New York.

Bodianus flavescens, Mircu1ut, Trans. Lit. and Philos. Soc. N. Y., 1815, 421.

Perca flavescens, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 11, 46, 1828; GUNTHER, Cat., 1, 59,
1859, BouLENGER, Cat., 1, 48, and of authors generally.

Perca fluviatilis flavescens, STEINDACHNER, Sitzgber, Ak. Wien, Lxxvitt, 1878, 24.

465. PERCINA, Haldeman.

(LoG PERCHES.)

Percina, HALDEMAN, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., vi11, 1842, 330, (nebulosa).
Pileoma, De Kay, New York Fauna: Fishes, 16, 1842, (semifasciatum).
Asproperca, HECKEL, Canestrini, Systema der Percoiden, 311, 1860, (zebra).
Body elongate, slightly compressed, covered with small, ctenoid seales;
Lateral line continuous ; ventral line with enlarged plates, which fall off,

leaving a naked strip. Head depressed, rather pointed, the mouth being ~

small and inferior, overlapped by a tapering, subtruncate, pig-like snout;
upper jaw not protractile. Maxillary small, exposed. Teeth on vomer
and palatines. Gill membranes scarcely connected. Dorsal fins well
separated, the first the larger, of 13 to 15 spines; the second dorsal rather
longer than the anal, which has two spines, the first of which is usually
the shorter. Pectorals symmetrical, rounded, or bluntly pointed, their
rays 14 or 15, their spines moderate; ventral fins well separated, the
interspace about equal to their base. Air bladder and pseudobranchixe
present, rudimentary.* Vertebre (P. caprodes) 23+ 21—44. General

* So far as the cranium is concerned, Perca is probably nearer Percina than either is to Stizoste-
dion. Comparing the skull of Percina with that of Perca, we find that in the former the bones
of the skull above are much smoother; the ridgesand grooves of the frontal, parietal, and mastoid
regions conspicuous in Perca, are nearly obsolete in Percina. The tube-like pores on the frontal
bones, conspicuous in Perca, are barely visible in Percina. Parietals and supraoccirital with
radiating strie, more regular than in Perca, the ridges lower and Jess sharp. Frontal region
narrower than in Perca, and less depressed. Supraoccipital bone largér than in Perea, its crest
very much smaller, not rising to level of occiput. Sutures of skull more distinct than in Perea.
Skull in profile less convex at occiput, more elevated between eyes.

Post-temporal in Percina trifurcate, the forks slender, the posterior part without serration ; its
form similar to that of Perca, Scapula L-shaped, thinner and weaker than in Perca; its edge

O—— —— a

j

Jordan and Lvermann.—Ffishes of North America. 1025

pattern of coloration olivaceous, with dark vertical bands alternatly
long and short. Size, largest of the darters, approaching that of Aspro,
to which genus it is more nearly related than the other darters are. (A
diminutive of Perca.)

a. Body deep; the depth more than { the length; body with orange shades in life. REX, 1416.
aa. Body subterete, the depth not more than } the length; no orange shades in life.

CAPRODES, 1417.

1416. PERCINA REX, Jordan & Evermann.

Head 3%; depth 43. D. XIV-15; A. II, 11; scales 11-83 to 85-19, 5
rows of small scales on cheek. Body elongate, little compressed, the
form more robust than in Percina caprodes, the back more elevated; head
stouter, the snout more acuminate, and the mouth a little larger than in
P. caprodes; the head similarly formed. Opercles and nape closely
scaled ; breast naked; gill membranes nearly separate; pseudobranchize
very small; median scales on ventral line moderately enlarged. Fins
higher than in P. caprodes, the longest ray of the soft dorsal slightly
more than half head. Adult, in spirits, mottled green above, yellowish
below ; 4 dark cross blotches on back; about 10 roundish dark blotches
on sides, these almost confluent into a band; a small black spot at base
of caudal; no trace in young or old of parallel cross bands on side of
back, the young with the back covered with zigzag markings, the sides
with 10 short, vertical, inky black blotches about as high as the eye;
second dorsal and caudal in adult yellowish, with oblique cross stripes
of black spots; first dorsal yellowish, mottled, with a median dusky

not serrate. Foramen of hypercoracoid much larger than in Perca, Pelvic bones proportion-
ately shorter and broader than in Perca. Rest of skeleton essentially as in Perca; number of
vertebrx, 23 + 21—44. Lower pharyngeals triangular-elliptical, with large teeth.

As compared with the other darters, the skull of Percina is much broader between the eyes;
the parietal bones are more strongly ridged, the sutures more distinct, the top of the cranium
beyond the eyes more depressed, and the supraoccipital crest more developed than in most of the
others. In ali these respects Percina is intermediate between Perca on the one hand, and the
extreme forms, Ammocrypta and Microperca, ou the other.

The other darters form two irregular lines, the one with depressed cranium, and slenderer
bones, culminating in Ammocrypta; the other having the cranium more convex transversely, the
bones firmer and smooth, and the vertebre fewer in number. This group seems to culminate
in Microperca.

So far as the skeletons are concerned, we seem to be justified in the following inferences:

1. The Etheostomine are near allies of the Percinz, and should not form a separate family.

2. They are among themselves closely related, and the extreme forms are so connected by
intermediate forms that they might with no great violence to nature be regarded as forming a
single genus.

3. The species nearest allied to the typical Percine is Percina caprodes. This is the largest in
size, and of the others in general those smallest in size are most aberrant in structure.

4. Those species which have usually been grouped together on external characters agree in
general in regard to the skeleton.

5. As most of the skeletal characters change by degrees, none of them is of much use in
defining genera.

6. These skeletal characters apparently of most importance are in the structure of the mouth,
the breadth of the frontal region (Percina), the number of vertebrae, and the outline of the
transverse section of the skull across the parietals, whether — as in Boleosoma, etc., or (), as
in Etheostoma. The prolongations of the frontals in Etheostoma flabellare and in Hadropterus
seca and its shortness in Etheosloma zonale seem to be purely specific characters. The

e

lopment of the nearly obsolete supraoccipital crest, the distinctness of the sutures, and the

sculpture of the parietals are features which offer no basis for trenchant division, except, per-
, a8 distinguishing Percina from all the others.

. As defined by skeletal characters alone, we may distinguish Percina, Etheostoma, Miecroperea,

and perhaps Diplesion and Ammocrypta from the rest as a distinct genera, The other groups, if
retained, must be separated from these and from each other by other characters,—Jordan &
nn, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1985, 71.

¥. N.A,——66

1026 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

band; pectorals yellow, banded with olive; anal faintly spotted with
black. In life the adult example was olive green, straw color below;
back with 5 obscure, dusky, cross blotches; 9 obscure, dark, olive cross
blotches on sides; a small, dark, caudal spot; snout and nape dashed
with orange; cheeks yellow; first dorsa] pale olive, with darker olive
spots at base; a broad band of brilliant orange toward margin, the
edge dusky; soft dorsal and caudal light yellow, with bands of black
spots; anal pale yellow, with 2 rows of olive spots; pectorals and ven-
trals yellow, with olive spots; ventrals edged with orange. The smaller
specimen had the dark blotches on side inky black, the back more
sharply mottled, and the orange on dorsal very faint. Length of type
54 inches. Two specimens of this species were taken in swift water in
the Roanoke River, near the city of Roanoke, Virginia. A splendid fish,
probably the largest of all the darters, looking like a Lucioperca. (rex,
king.)
Etheostoma rex, JORDAN & EVERMANN, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1888, 357, pl. xv, fig. 9, Roanoke
-River, near Roanoke, Virginia. (Type, No. 39858. Colls. Jordan, Evermann and

Jenkins.)
Percina rex, BOULENGER, Cat., 1, 59,

1417. PERCINA CAPRODES (Rafinesque).

(Loc PercH*; RockrisH ; Hoc Mouty; HoaGrFisu.)

Head 4 to 42; depth 5 to 634; eye 14 in snout, 4 in head. D. XIII to
XVII-12 to 17; A. II, 9 to 12; scales 9-90 to 95-15, pores 76 to 93. Body
elongate, compressed, Head long and pointed, depressed and sloping
above. Mouth small, quite inferior, the maxillary not reaching to the
front of the eye. Cheeks, opercles, and nape scaly (the nape naked in var.
zebra); chest naked. Fins rather low. Middle line of belly with a row
of enlarged caducous scales ; pectoral about as long as head; anal spines
feeble, subequal, or the second the longer; caudal truncate; vertebra
23+ 21—44. Color yellowish green, or yellow, with about 15 transverse
dark bands from the back to the belly, these usually alternating with
shorter and fainter ones, which reach about to the lateral line; a black
spot at the base of the caudal; fins barred. Length 6 to8inches. Great

* The Log Perch is the giant of the family, the most of a fish, and therefore the least of a
darter. It may be readily known by its zebra-like colors. Its hue is pale olive, silvery below,
darker above. On this ground color are about 15 black vertical bars or incomplete rings, alter-
nating with as many shorter bars which reach only halfway down the side. The hindmost
bar forms a mere spot on the base of the tail, and there are many dots and speckies on the fins.
The body is long and slender, spindle-shaped, and firm and wiry tothe touch. The head is flat
on top and tapers into a flat-pointed snout which is squared off at the end like the snout of a
pig, and this resemblance is heightened by the form of the small mouth underneath it. From
this pig-like snout has come the scientific name caprodes. This is a translation of the older

name of ‘‘hogfish,’’ which Rafinesque heard applied to it in his time and which is still usedin _

the same regions. Percina reaches a length of 6 or 8 inches and it may readily be caught on @
smal] hook baited witha worm. We often meet an urchin with two or three of them strung
through the gills on a forked stick along with “‘red-eyes,”’ ‘‘stone toters,” ‘‘hornyheads,”
and other ‘‘boys’ fish.”’. We find Percina usually in rapid and rather deep water. We rarely
find them small enough for ordinary aquarium purposes; and the Jiving specimen before us,
though wonderfully quick and graceful in its movements, has shown little that is noteworthy,
save his courage, his foudness for angleworms, and a possible disposition to bury himself in the
sand. There is something in the expression of his face, as he rests on his ‘hands and feet”
on a stone, that is remarkably lizard-like, suggesting the Blue-tailed Skink (Bumeces fasciatus).
—Jordan & Copeland, 1876.

— =) ee

i

|
|
'

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 1027

—<—$$< eo

Lakes and streams of the south and west from Quebec to Lake Superior
and Iowa and south to Mississippi and the Rio Grande, chiefly in swift
gravelly streams of some depth, not in brooks; a large darter, readily
taking the hook, and abundant in most localities. (xampoc, pig; eidoc,
resemblance. )

Scizena caprodes, RAFINESQUE, Amer. Month. Mag., 1818, 534, Ohio River.

Percina nebulosa, HALDEMAN, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1842, 330, Susquehanna P.iver,
Pennsylvania.

Pileoma semifasciatum, DE Kay, N. Y. Fauna: Fishes, 16, pl. 50, fig. 162, 1842, Lake Cham-
plain, at Westport, N. Y.

Percina bimaculata, HALDEMAN, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1844, 157, Susquehanna River,
Pennsylvania.

Pileoma carbonaria, BAtrp & GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1853, 387, Rio Salado; Rio
Medina; San Pedro Creek, Texas. (Type, Nos. 740; 742. Coll. Clark; Kennerly.)

Asproperca zebra, HeckeL, Canestrini, Verh. Ges. Wien., x, 311, 1860.

Etheostoma caprodes, Rafinesque, Ichth. Ohiensis, 38, 1820; Ma@NnkuAus,* Amer. Nat., 1894, 641,
pl. 18 and 19.

Pileoma nebulosa, VAILLANT, Recherches, 51, 1873:

Pileoma bimaculata, VAILLANT, Recherches, 52, 1873.

Percina caprodes, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 499; BouLENGER, Cat. 1, 57, and of writers.

Represented in lakes northward by

1417a, PERCINA CAPRODES ZEBRA (Agassiz).
(Manitou DaRTER.)

Head 44; depth 7. D. XV-14; A. II, 10; scales 90. Nape always
naked. Lateral black bars short, shorter than in caprodes, not extending
much above lateral line; these also more or less confluent, about 20 in

* This paper gives an interesting study in specific variations. The following are some of the
conclusions reached by Mr. Moenkhaus in regard to individual variation in Percina caprodes:

1. The variation between the specimens of a single locality is very slight.

2. The most complicated color pattern can be connected with the simplest by a series of inter-
mediate stages. ;

8. The variation in color pattern can not be connected with the latitude inhabited by the
different varieties. The color variation is determined, but not in a direct line north and south.

4. The simplest color pattern of the body, found only in immature specimens, consists of 9
transverse bars.

5. The simplest color pattern of adults, consists of the 9 bars seen in the young plushalf bars
between each two of the primary bars.

6. The next complication arises by the addition of quarter bars. These bars are first intro-
duced in the region between the two dorsals, from which region variation seems to radiate.

7. Another complication may be the splitting of the bars into reticulations on the back and

their intensification into larger spots along the sides.

8. As to dorsal rays, XV, 15 isthe commonest combination, XIV, 16 the next, XV, 16 and
XVI, 15 the next, andso on. The largest percent of any combination does not exceed 21,052.
9. The average number of dorsal spines is 15,5;, while the number of spines predominating is

10. The average number of soft dorsal rays is 15,%, about the same as the spines—15 is seen to
be the number in about 50 per cent of all the specimens examined. While 42.11 per cent have
XV dorsal spines, and 50.007 per cent have 15 dorsal rays, only 21.05 per cent have a combination

of XV spines and 16 rays.

11. It will be seen that the prevailing numbers of dorsal rays occuring in the more northern
streams are XIV, 15. As we go farther south the usual number is XY, 16, and in the most
southern streams the numbersare 15, 16, and 17 spines; the specimens from Texas are peculiarly
poor in the number of spines.

12. The soft rays do not show the same variation found in the dorsal spines, the number being
the same for localities north and south. The average number of dorsal spines and rays com-
bined consequently increases with the dorsal spines.

13. Inthe anal rays we have, as in the dorsal spines, a slight increase in their number from
North to south. The most common number in the Indiana streams is 10, the number increasing
to 11 and 12 in the most southern specimens.— Manihaus, Ll. ¢.

1028 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

number; a black caudal spot; dorsal and caudal mottled. Lakes of
northern Indiana, Michigan, Wisconsin and northward to Lake Superior ;
the common form in the Great Lakes. The typical zebra is well distin-
guished from caprodes, but specimens variously intermediate have been
obtained in Illinois by Dr. Forbes and in the Potomac by Dr. Bean.
(zebra, a striped wild horse; from the color.)

Pileoma zebra, AGassiz, Lake Superior, 308, 1850, Lake Superior; VAILLANT, Recherches, 48,

1873, with plates.
Percina manitou, JORDAN, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1877, 53, Lake Manitou, Rochester,

Indiana.
Percina caprodes manitou, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 500, 1883.

466. HADROPTERUS, Agassiz.
(BLACK-SIDED DARTERS. )

Hadropterus, AGAssiz, Amer. Journ. Sci. and Arts, 1854, 305, (nigrofasciatus).

Etheostoma,* AGcassiz. Amer. Journ. Sci. and Arts, 1854, 305, (*‘ blennioides”’ (not of RAFINESQUE
= aspro).

Alvordius, GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1559, 68, (maculatus).

Plesioperca, VAILLANT, Recherches sur Poissons des Eaux Douces, Etheostomatina, (anceps).

Ericosma, JonDAN & COPELAND, Bull. x, U. 8. Nat. Mus., 8, 1877, (evides).

Serraria, GILBERT, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1884, 205, (scierus).

Body rather elongate, compressed or not. Mouth rather wide, terminal,
the lower jaw included, the snout above not protruding beyond the pre-
maxillaries, which are not protractile. Teeth on vomer and usually on
palatines, also. Gill membranes separate or more or less connected.
Scales small, ctenoid, covering the body. Belly with a median series of
more or less enlarged spinous plates or ctenoid scales, which in most spe-
cies fall off at intervals, leaving a naked strip; in some species persistent
and but slightly enlarged; sides of head scaly or not; lateral line com-
plete or nearly so. Fins large, the soft dorsal smaller than the spinous or
the anal; anal spines 2 (one of them very rarely obsolete); dorsal spines
10 to 15. Ventralt fins more or less widely separated, especially in species

* The name Etheostoma can not be used for this group as none of its species was known to
Rafinesque, who based the genus Etheostoma on caprodes, blennioides, and flabellare.

+ This character of the separation of the ventrals ‘‘ by an interspace equal to the width of their
base’’ was first introduced as a generic feature by Dr. Boulenger (Cat. Teleostean Fishes, I, 45). -
Itisused by him toseparate Percina (= Percina 4- Alvordius) from Etheostoma (= Etheostoma +- Hypo-
homus +- Serraria +- Hadroplerus proper -+- Pewcilichthys +- Boleichthys 4- Alvarius, etc.), in which the
ventrals are said to be ‘‘separated by an interspace considerably less than the width of their
base.” Inlike manner Boleosoma (including Cottogaster) is separated from Ulocentra and Diplesion,
the former having the ventrals widely separated. In Ammocrypta the interspace is equal to the
width of the base. To ascertain the value of this character we have, with the assistance of Dr.
Meek, examined most of the species of Etheostomine. We find that in the extreme forms, Pereina,
Crystallaria, Boleosoma, Ammoecrypta on the one hand, the ventrals are Widely separated, as stated
by Dr. Boulenger. On the other hand, in species related to Etheostoma jflabellare and F. ceeruleum,
they are very close together. Between these extremes, however, we find every gradation. This
character, like othercharacters, shading off by degrees, and many of those species described by
Dr. Boulenger as having the fins close together, would be placed by us rather with the others.
The comparison of the interspace with the width of the base of the fin is not wholly satisfactory,
asthe base of the fins appears broader in the males with enlarged rays and narrower in the
young. In general those species with the most elevated crania have the ventrals nearest
together, a character usually going with small anal fin and short first dorsal, except among the
allies of Ammocrypta and Boleosoma, Thespecies examined by us may be roughly placed in four
groups, thus:

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 1029

with caducous plates. Vertebre 39 to 44,19 + 23 — 42 (H. aspro);
18 + 22— 40 (H. evides); 18+ 22—40 (H. scierus); 19+ 20—39 (AH. phox-
ocephalus). Parietal region more or less depressed, not strongly convex
in cross section ; supraoccipital crest usually present, but small. Pyloric
ceca 2to 4. Coloration bright; often brilliant; sides usually with dark
blotches. The most active and graceful of the darters and many of them
with most attractive coloration. This group exhibits large variation in
minor characters, some of its species approaching very close to those of
Etheostoma, the dividing line between the two genera being somewhat arbi-
trary. It seems best not to regard the subdivisions of this group as
distinct genera, as the characters which separate them disappear by
degrees. (dadpdéc, strong; 77«p6v, fin.) :

a. Median line of belly with a series of enlarged caducous ventral plates, which fall off at
certain intervals leaving a naked strip from breast to vent; preopercle strictly entire;
gill membranes usually separate, sometimes somewhat connected across the isthmus;
ventral fins well separated, the interspace usually not less than the breadth of their
base.

ALVORDIUS :*
b. Palatine teeth present; dorsal spines 11 to 15; ventral fins widely separated.
c. Lower jaw as long as upper; snout very narrow and pointed, especially in the adult;
space between mouth and gill cleft about 24 length of head; cheeks and opercles

scaly; lateral blotches small, quadrate; scales small. PHOXOCEPHALUS, 1418.
ce. Lower jaw shorter than upper; snout less pointed; distance from mouth to gill
cleft about half head.

d, Snout longer than eye; head very large and long, 31% in length, chiefly naked;
scales very small, about 90; 80 pores; sides with oblong blotches.
MACROCEPHALUS, 1419,

Group A (ventrals widely separated).

Percina rex. Hadropterus scierus. Toa vitrea,
Percina caprodes. Jottogaster shumardi. Ammocrypta pellucida,
Hadropterus aspro. Cottogaster copelandi. Ammocrypta pellucida clara.
Hadropterus peltatus. Cottogaster gilbertt. Boleosoma podostemone.
Hadropterus ouachitex. Cottogaster uranidea. Etheostoma swannanoa.
Hadropterus macrocephalus. Boleosoma nigrum. Hypohomus aurantiacus.
Hadropterus phoxocephalus. Boleosoma nigrum olmstedi. Hypohomus cymatotznia.
Hadropterus nigrofasciatus. Boleosoma camurum. Hypohomus squamatus,
Hadropterus roanoka. Crystallaria asprella.

Group B (ventrals well separated, not*quite so much so as in A).
Hadropterus evides, Ulocentra histrio. Ulocentra stigma.
Etheostoma variatum. Etheostoma elegans. Etheostoma thalassinum,
Etheostoma zonale. Etheostoma blennius. Boleosoma longimanus.

Group C (ventrals rather close together).

Psychromaster tuscumbia. Diplesion blennioides. Microperca prceliaris.
Etheostoma obeyense. Microperca punctulata, Etheostoma squamiceps,

Ulocentra simotera.

Group D (ventrals very close together, almost touching).

Etheostoma flabellare. Etheostoma whipplii. Etheostoma pottsii.
Etheostoma cceruleum. Etheostoma jessiz. Copelandellus quiescens.
Etheostoma lepidum. Etheostoma rufilincatum. Boleichthys fusiformis.
_ Etheostoma cragini. Etheostoma camurum. Boleichthys fusiformis eos.
Etheostoma australe, Etheostoma maculatum.
Tn several of these cases, the assignment is almost arbitrary; thus: Hadropterus nigrofasciatus
has the interspace narrower than in Hadroplterus aspro, and scarcely wider than in Hadropterus

evides. Diplesion blennioides and Pyschromaster tuscumbia might be placed in Bas properly asin C,
We conclude that while this character may prove useful in classification, we are unable to use
it to separate a large group or genus, Percina, from the still larger and more heterogeneous group,
Etheostoma

* Named for General Benjamin Alvord, U. 8. Army, a gentleman interested in natural history,
who discovered ‘‘ Alvordius maculatus,”’ at Fort Gratiot on Lake Huron,

1030 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

dd. Snout searcely longer than eye; head shorter, about 4 in length.
e. First dorsal about as high as second; scales rather small.
jf. Cheeks and opercles entirely naked; sides with dusky shades.
MACULATYS, 1420.
jf. Cheeks and opercles more or less scaly,the cheeks sometimes naked.
g. Scales small, about 60 to 70; 65 to 75 pores; cheeks with small scales;
opercle with larger ones; line with rounded confluent blotches.
ASPRO, 1421.
gg. Scales larger, 50 to 60; 50 to 55 pores.
h. Cheeks and opercles each with some large scales.
GUNTHERI, 1422.
hh. Cheeks naked or with small embedded scales; opercles with
° some scales.
i. Body not very slender, the depth 51% to 534 in length; pec-
torals shorter than head. PELTATUS, 1423,
ii. Body very slender, the depth 6 to 64% in length; pectorals
as long as head. OUACHIT®, 1424.
ee. First dorsal lower than second; scales large, 44 to 50; head chiefly naked;
pectorals as long as head; sides barred with deep-blue green in male.
ROANOKA, 1425.
ErIcosMA (ép, springtime; ckoouew, to adorn):
bb. Vertebre about 37; dorsal spines 10 to 12; male with the lower fins tuberculate in
spring; gill membranes separate; ventrals not widely separated; scales moderate.
j. Cheeks naked; opercles scaly; head heavy; fins large; coloration ornate, the male
with much blue-black and orange. EVIDES, 1426,
aa. Median line of belly with a series of enlarged and spinous scales, which are persistent, at
least posteriorly; ventrals well separated, but the interspace usually less than width of
base of fin.
SERRARIA (serra, Saw):
k. Preopercle finely serrated; gill membranes broadly united across isthmus; scales small,

about 70.
l. Coloration of Hadropterus aspro: yellowish, with diffuse, blackish, lateral blotches.
depth 5 to 6 in length. SCIERUS, 1427.
HADROPTERUS:

kk. Preopercle strictly entire; gill membranes rather narrowly united; scales larger, about
60; body robust, deep. :

m. Olivaceous, with dark vertical bars; fins high; dorsal rays XII-12; depth 5 in

length. NIGROFASCIATUS, 1428.

Subgenus ALVORDIUS, Girard.
1418, HADROPTERUS PHOXOCEPHALUS (Nelson).

Head 33 to 4; depth 53 to 6; eye 44 in head, about equal to snout.
D. XI or XII-12 to 14; A. II, 8 or 9; scales 12-80 to 85-16, 66 to 71 pores.
Body rather slender, compressed. Head extremely long, narrow, and
tapering, the snout very acuminate. Mouth large, the maxillary reach-
ing to the eye; the lower jaw unusually narrow and long, scarcely
shorter than upper; distance between mouth and gill cleft } head. Gill
membranes somewhat connected. Cheeks, opercles, and neck with small
scales; breast naked; a strong opercular spine; ventral line with small
caducous shields ; pectoral shorter than head; ventrals widely separated.
Skull more elongate than in H. aspro, the frontal region very narrow;
parietals more convex in cross section than usual in Hadropterus, no supra-
occipital crest; vertebre 19-+ 20—39. Pyloric ceca 2. Color yellowish
brown, but the lateral spots smaller and more numerous than in H. aspro,

Jordan and Evermann.—Ffishes of North America. 1031

quadrate in form, the hues rather dull; a small blackish spot at each end

of the lateral line. Length 6 inches. Ohio to Iowa, south to Kentucky

and Oklahoma; in sandy rivers; locally common, especially in Arkansas ;

a well-marked species, notable for its very slender head. (¢of6c, tapering;

kegadn, head.)

Etheostoma phoxocephalum, Newson, Bull. Ills. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1, 35, 1876, Illinois River and
its tributaries. (Coll. Nelson.)

Alvordius phoxocephalus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 501, 1883.
Percina phoxocephala, BOULENGER, Cat., I, 63.

1419. HADROPTERUS MACROCEPHALUS (Cope).

Head 34 to 4; depth 6 to 7; eye 44 in head, shorter than snout. D. XIII
to XVI-12 to 14; A. II, 9 to 11; scales 11-88 to 90-16, pores 74 to 83.
Body elongate; head longer and more slender than in Hadropterus aspro;
maxillary about reaching pupil, 34 in head; nape scaly; cheek naked, or
with a few rudimentary scales behind eye; opercle with very small
cycloid scales above, rarely quite naked; breast naked ; scales on middle
line of belly enlarged and caducous. Gill membranes separate. Pectoral
12 in head; anal spines subequal; ventrals well separated. Color light
brown; 9 black spots on side, confluent, squarish in form, sharply defined
and edged above by a continuous, undulating pale streak from eye to
base of caudal; fins, including ventrals, barred; a small but very dis-

_ tinct spot at base of caudal; a median dark shade across spinous dorsal.

West slope of the Alleghanies from Pennsylvania southward in mountain
streams; rather scarce; .known from Youghiogheny River, Foxburg, Penn-
sylvania; north fork of Holston River, Saltville, Virginia; middle fork
of Hoiston River, Glade Spring, Virginia; Big Sandy, Green, and Cum-
berland rivers, Kentucky; and Clinch River, Tennessee. A large and
interesting darter; found only in clear rivers, not in brooks. (uaxpoc,
long; xegaAy, head.)
Etheostoma macrocephalum, Corr, Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., 1866, 400, Youghiogheny River,
Pennsylvania; VaiLLant, Recherches, 64, 1873, with plate; Jorpan, Bull. U. S. Fish
Comm., vi11, 1888 (1890), 147.

Alvordius macrocephalus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 501, 1883.
Percina macrocephalus, BOULENGER, Cat., 1, 62.

1420. HADROPTERUS MACULATUS (Girard).

This species has never been satisfactorily identified since its first descrip-
tion. It seems to be close to Hadropterus guntheri and to Hadropterus
aspro, but is apparently characterized by the naked head. The following
is the original description: ‘‘ Amongst the fishes collected by Major B.
Alvord, at Fort Gratiot, Lake Huron, there is a species of Ltheostomid, the
generic character of which reminds us somewhat of those given to the
genus Hadropterus. The opercle and cheeks, however, are scaleless, as
well as the throat, which is minutely prickly. The first dorsal fin 1s longer
and lower than the second, which is equal to the anal. The caudal is
emarginated posteriorly. The species itself being yet undescribed, we
shall call it Alvordius maculatus. The specimen before us measures 2

1032 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

inches. The body is elongated, rather slender, and subfusiform. The head
is subconical, entering about 44 times in the total length. The eye is well
developed, its diameter being contained 4 times in the length of the side
of the head, once in advance of its anterior rim. The posterior extrem-
ity of the maxillary bone extends to a vertical line drawn within the
anterior rim of the orbit, not quite in front of the pupil. The lower jaw
is somewhat shorter than the upper. The first dorsal fin is much longer
and lower than the second, to which it is nearly contiguous. Its upper
margin is convex. The second dorsal is lower than high, diminishing
gradually backward. The caudal, which forms about the sixth of the
total length, is somewhat emarginated posteriorly. The anal is placed
opposite the second dorsal, and nearly equal to it in size and shape. The
ventrals are sublanceolated and rather short, their posterior extremities
being even with those of the pectorals, which are subelliptical in their
outline. The formula of the fins reads: D. XIV; A.I,10; C.5,1,7,6,1,8;
V.1,5; P. 14. The scales are rather small, deeper than long, anteriorly
truncated, posteriorly rounded, with radiating furrows upon the anterior
sections only, and fine pectination upon the posterior margin. A series of
larger scales conspicuously toothed posteriorly, may be observed along
the ventral line between the vent and the extremities of the ventrals.
The ground color is reddish brown, the dorsal region being tessellated
with blackish spots, whilst a series of black patches may be observed on
either side, larger and less numerous in the male than in the female. A
black streak intersects vertically the eye. The fins in the male are uni-
color, except the first dorsal, which is black, spotted at the base. In the
female sex the caudal exhibits transverse blackish lines. The inferior
regions are unicolor in either sex.” (Girard.) (maculatus, spotted.)

Alvordius maculatus, GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 67, Fort Gratiot, Michigan.
(Coll. B. Alvord.)

1421. HADROPTERUS ASPRO (Cope & Jordan).

(BLACK-SIDED DARTER.*)

Head 4; depth 5 to 6; eye about equal to snout, 4in head. D. XIII to
XV-11 to 18; A. II, 8 to 10; scales 9-65 to 80-17, pores 63 to 75. Body

* The fine gentleman of the family is the Black-sided Darter (Hadropterus aspro). Him we may
know by his colors. The ground hue isa salmon yellow; the back is regularly and beautifully
marbled with black in a peculiar and handsome pattern. On the sides, from the head to the tail,
runs a jet-black band, which is widened at intervals into rounded spots which contrast sharply
with the silvery color of the belly; or we may say that on each side is a chain of confluent
round black blotches. Sometimes the fishes seem to fade out; these blotches grow pale and no
longer meet, but in an instant they may regain their original form and shade. This latter
change can be induced by the offer of food, and it is of course due to muscular action on the
scales which cover the darker pigment. A male in our aquarium underwent almost instantly
an entire change of coloration upon the introduction of a female fish of the same species recog-
nized by him as his affinity. Although the two have been together for some weeks, the novelty
has not yet worn off, and although his colors vary much from one hour to another, he has never
yet quite reverted to his original hues, The form of the Black-sided Darter is more graceful
than that of any other, and his movements have little of that angular jerkiness which charac-
terizes his relativos. The fins of Hadropterus, like those of Percina, are long and large, the num-
ber of dorsalspines being about 14. A notable peculiarity in both species is the presence of arow of
shields, or enlarged scales, along the middle line of the abdomen. These may help to protect
that part from the friction of the stony bottom. They seem to be shed sometimes, but when or
why thishappens wedonot know. Hadropterus delights inclear running waterand may be found
in most streams south and west of New York. Itisespecially desirable for aquaria, being hardier
than any other fish as pretty, and prettier than any other fish as hardy, and withal with *‘a way
of his own,’’ as an Irish laborer, Barney Mullins, once said tous of Thoreau.—Jordan & Copeland.

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 1033

rather elongate, fusiform, compressed behind. Head moderately elongate
less pointed than in some of thespecies. Mouth moderate, the lower jaw
included ; maxillary reaching just past the front of the eye. Gill mem-
branes scarcely connected ; distance from mouth to gill cleft about half
head. Lateral line straight, prolonged forward to the eye. Opercles
with rather large scales; cheeks usually covered with very small ones,
which are scarcely visible, but rarely or never obsolete; breast naked;
nape naked, or more or less scaly; middle line of belly with enlarged
caducous scales ; body otherwise entirely scaly, the scalessmall and rough.
Pectoral a little shorter than head; ventrals well separated. Skull
smoother than in Percina, its outline more convex, frontal region very
narrow; supraoccipital crest minute. Pyloric ceca 3. Vertebree
19 + 23—42. Shoulder girdle and pharyngeals asin Percinu. Coloration
straw yellow or greenish, with-dark tessellations and marblings above,
and about 7 large dark blotches along the sides, which are partly confin-
ent, thus forming a moniliform band; fins barred. Great Lake region to
the middle Missouri, and north to Minnesota ;* southward through Mis-
souri, Indiana, and Kentucky to Arkansas, especially common in the
Ohio Valley ; abundant in clear, gravelly streams, not common in small
brooks. One of the most curious and elegant of the darters. Its color-
ation varies much in intensity with differences in surroundings. (Aspro,
or Zingel, a related genus, which this species resembles; from asper, rough.)
Etheostoma blennioides, KiRTLAND, Journ. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1839, 340, fig. (but not descrip-

tion) ; not of RAFINESQUE.
Alvordius aspro, Cope & JORDAN, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1877, 51, White River, Indian-

apolis, Indiana, substitute for Etheostoma blennioides, of KirTLAND and AGAssiIz; JORDAN &

GILBERT, Synopsis, 501, 1883.
Percina aspro, BOULENGER, Cat., 1, 59.

1422, HADROPTERUS GUNTHERI (Eigenmann & Kigenmann).

Head 33 to 4; depth 5§ to6. D. X-13 or 14; A. II, 9 to 11; seales 5-56
or 57-9, pores 53 to 56. Premaxillaries not protractile; distance from
mouth to gill cleft half head; gill membranes scarcely connected; ven-
tral line with the median scales enlarged ; lateral line complete ; palate
with well-developed teeth; preopercle entire; nape and breast (with the
exception of the median line) naked; cheeks and opercles each with
about 3 series of large scales. A strong opercular spine; pectdral nearly
as longas head. Yellowish; back marbled with darker; a lateral series
of large dark spots; dark streaks below and before eye; spinous dorsal
with a dark spot in front and another behind. Closely related to Hadrop-
terus ouwachite. Souris River, Winnipeg, south to Iowa. (Kigenmann.)

* Recorded by Dr. Eigenmann from Brandon and Winnipeg in Manitoba. Concerning these
specimens, Dr. Boulenger remarks: ‘‘The latter specimens have been referred by Prof. Bigen-
mann to P. aspro, from which they differ in the naked cheek (with or without a few embedded

scales) and the smaller number of scales in the lateral line. They show the following formula:
D. XIII, 12-14; A. II, 9-10; scales 64-72,,—; ; lateral line 56-62. In the Bull. U.S. Fish Comm.,

Vii, 1889, p. 113, Professor Jordan says of P. peltata: ‘General form of EF. aspro, from which this
species scarcely differs except in the larger size of the scales.’ If so, the Canadian specimens
belong to P. peltata and not to P. aspro. The two species are, however, nearly completely con-
nected, and may ultimately have to be united,”

1034 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

(Named for Dr. Albert C. L. G. Ginther, Keeper of the British Museum
of Natural History.)

? Alvordius maculatus,* GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 67, 1859, Fort Gratiot, Lake Huron.
Etheostoma giintheri, EIGENMANN & EIGENMANN, Amer. Nat., Nov., 1892, 962, Winnipeg; Souris

River, (Coll. Eigenmann); Cedar River, Cedar Rapids, Iowa. (Coll. Meek.)
Percina guentheri, BOULENGER, Cat., I, 61.

1423, HADROPTERUS PELTATUS (Stauffer).

Head 4; depth 53; eye 4. D. XIII-12; A. II, 10; scales 6-52 to 56-9.
General form of Hadropterus aspro, but stouter and with larger scales;
head rather heavy, the snout bluntish in profile, about as long as eye;
lower jaw slightly included, maxillary reaching just past front of eye, its
length 32 in head; gill membranes scarcely connected. Cheek usually
wholly naked (peltatus), but often with smooth embedded scales (nevi-
sensis). Opercle with about 3 small scales above, sometimes naked on
one side; nape and breast naked; caducous ventral shields large and few
in number. Fins all comparatively low and small; pectoral a little
shorter than head, barely reaching tips of ventrals; anal nearly as large
as second dorsal, its second spine a little slenderer and longer than first ;
caudal lunate. Light straw color, the marking all very dark, verging on
jet black; back with dark cross blotches and irregular wavy longitudinal
markings above lateral line, much as in H. aspro; sides with six large
conspicuous square black blotches, about as broad as the interspaces and
alternating with fainter bars of black, these sometimes coalescing in a
dark lateral bar; a faint dusky streak along lateral line; markings some-
times bright (peltatus), or obscure and diffuse (crassus); top of head
black; a black bar below eye; snout and opercle mostly black; nape
with a pale spot surrounding a dark one; a dark band in axil and 6 to 8
round spots on back; first dorsal with a submedian black band and some
black spots toward tip; second dorsal and caudal obscurely barred ;
ventrals and pectorals dusky. Southeastern Pennsylvania southward to
South Carolina in coastwise streams; locally common; not found west
of the Alleghanies. Close to Hadropterus aspro, but with the scales
always larger. (peltatus, shielded. )

Etheostoma peltatum (Stauffer MS.), Copr, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, 233, Conestoga
Creek, néar Lancaster, Pennsylvania; (Coll. Stauffer); Varnitanr, Recherches, 61,
1873, with plates; Jorpan, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., virr, 1888 (1890), 115.

Hadropterus maculatus, GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 100, (name preoccupied), tribu-
tary of Potomac River, Ann Arundel County, Maryland.

Etheostoma nevisense, Corr, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. Phila., 1870, 261, Neuse River at the
falls, 8 miles east of Raleigh, North Carolina. (Coll. Cope.)

Alvordius crassus, JORDAN & Brayton, Bull. xm, U. S. Nat. Mus., 12, 1878, Saluda, Ennoree,
and Reedy rivers, near Greenville, South Carolina. (Coll. Jordan & Brayton.)

Alvordius nevisensis, crassus, and variatus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 502 and 503, 1883.

Percina peltata, Boulenger, Cat., 1, 60.

* This Alvordius maculatus is more likely to be Hadropterus guntheri than H. aspro, as Girard
describes it as having the head scaleless. Perhaps both are varities of one species, to which it
may he necessary to add peltatus and ouachitx also, and possibly even aspro.

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 1035

1424. HADROPTERUS OUACHITE (Jordan & Gilbert).

Head 4; depth 63; eye 3 in head, equal to snout. D.-XI or XII-13;
A. II, 10; scales 6-52 to 60-10, pores 50 to 58. Body elongate, slender,
comparatively little compressed. Head slender, the snout not blunt, the
upper profile descending in a long gentle curve. Mouth moderate,
narrow , premaxillaries on a level with lower part of orbit, vonprotrac-
tile; lower jaw included; gape nearly horizontal; maxillary reaching
vertical from front of orbit, its length slightly greater than snout, 3} in
head. Gill membranes scarcely joined across isthmus. Fins of moderate
size; longest dorsal spine 27 in head, the longest soft ray more than half
head; anal spines short and weak, the two nearly equal, their length
equaling diameter of orbit; caudal emarginate; pectorals reaching to
opposite tips of ventrals,as long as head. Scales moderate, rough;
lateral line complete, straight; opercles and nape scaled ; cheeks smooth,
naked or covered with embedded scales; breast naked; middle of belly
naked, or with series of enlarged plates; an enlarged spinous scale
between bases of ventral fins. Color olivaceous; back more or less tes-
sellated with dark brownish, the margins of the scales dusky ; 5 rather
faint dark bars from the back downward and forward to lateral line ; the
first under front of spinous dorsal and the second under its last rays, the
third under middle of soft dorsal and the fourth immediately behind it,
the fifth a mere cross blotch on back of tail; on middle of back these
bars are narrower than the interspaces, but grow much wider downward;
middle of sides with a series of 8 or 9 quadrate dusky blotches, more or
less confluent, as in aspro; below pale, unmarked ; dorsals, caudal, and
pectorals more or less evidently barred with light and dark; ventrals
and anal unmarked ; no red or blue in life. Length 2 inches. Southern
Indiana, western Kentucky, and southwest to Arkansas; not rare; known
from Patoka River, Indiana (Evermann); lower Green and Obion rivers.
Kentucky (Woolman) ; Black River* and Saline River, Arkansas. Very
close to Hadropterus peltatus, a little more slender, the pectorals longer,
and 4 distinct cross blotches on the back. The scales in both are larger
than in Hadropterus aspro, which they otherwise much resemble. (Name
from the Ouachita River in Arkansas, now usually spelled Washita,
from a tributary of which the types were taken.)

Etheostoma (Hadropterus) ouachite, JORDAN & GILBERT, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 49, 1887, Saline

River, Benton, Arkansas, a tributary of the Washita; (Type No. 36449) ; Coll. Jor-
dan &Meek); Jorpan, Bull. U. 8. Fish Comm., vitr, 1888 (1890), 164.

* The foliowing description is taken from a specimen from Black River, Black Rock, Arkan-
sas (Coll, 8. E. Meek):

Head 4; depth 614; eye 33; snout 344; interorbital width 2in eye. D. X-13; A. IT, 10; scales
6-58-8, lateral line complete. Body slender, subterete, rather loosely scaled; breast and nape
naked, cheeks and opercles scaly; belly with a naked streak where the plates have fallen off.
Head narrow, slender; snout pointed; mouth large, maxillary reaching pupil. Upper jaw with
frenum, but scarcely protractile. Gill membranes slightly connected across isthmus. Eye
large, a little less than snout; interorbital very narrow. Anal fin large. Color similar to that
of H. aspro; sides with about 8 very irregular, confluent dark blotches, most distinct on pos-
terior partof body; a dark line forward and a very distinct one downward from the eye, meet-
ing ites fellow beneath; 4 broad dark blotches across the back (resembling Cottogaster wranidea
in this respect), the first at anterior part of spinous dorsal, the second between the dorsals, the
third near the middle of soft dorsal, and the fourth just behind the soft dorsal; fins, except
ventrals and anal, barred with dark.

1036 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

1425. HADROPTERUS ROANOKA (Jordan & Jenkins).

Head 3% to 4; depth 44 to 42; eye 44 to 4? in head, about as long
as snout. D. X or XI-11; A. II, 8 or 9; scales 548-9, pores 41 to 50.
Body decidedly robust, moderately compressed, the back elevated. Head
broad, heavy, tapering forward, the snout moderately blunt at tip, then
nearly straight from before eye backward to occiput. Premaxillaries not
protractile. Maxillary 33 in head, reaching front of pupil. Mouth small,
little oblique, low, the lower jaw included all around; teeth rather strong.
Cheek scaleless, usually 2 or 3 small scales on upper part of opercle, the
head often quite naked; nape and breast naked; middle line of belly
with about 8 moderately enlarged scales; preopercle entire; opercular
spine moderate; gill membranes very slightly connected; lateral line
complete; dorsal fins moderate, contiguous; anal large, its spines large,
the first strongest; pectoral about as long as head, reaching beyond ven-
trals to vent; caudal slightly lunate. Color straw yellow, the males
dark green; sides with 10 or 11 vertical cross bars, more or less confluent
into a lateral band; in the males these bands are of a deep blue green
and vaguely defined; in the females they are distinctly diamond-shaped
and confluent along their middle, forming a broad band, with both edges
serrate; male with lower parts and paler parts of head bright sulphur
yellow; back barred and mottied with dark; nape with a pale spot;
head dark blue in males, with a black bar forward and one downward
from eye; lips orange. Fins in male nearly plain blue-black; first dorsal
with a median band of very bright yellow, its base with a black band,
its edge narrowly black; second dorsal and anal faintly barred; some
orange yellow on ventrals, anal, and soft dorsal; 2 yellow spots at base
of caudal, the upper forming a curved streak above the last of the dark
lateral spots. Females paler, yellowish below, the markings black and
less diffuse, the second dorsal and caudal sharply barred. Length 23
inches. Roanoke River, Virginia; common; a beautiful species of the
mountain streams.

Etheostoma voanoka, JORDAN & JENKINS, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 358, 1888, Roanoke River at
Roanoke, Salem, and Alleghany Springs, Virginia. (Type, No. 39866. Coll. Jordan,
Evermann, and Jenkins.)

Percina roanoka, BOULENGER, Cat., I, 62.

Subgenus ERICOSMA, Jordan & Copeland.
1426. HADROPTERUS EVIDES* (Jordan & Copeland),

Head 43; depth 53; eye rather large, high, 34 in head. D. XI-10; A.
II, 8or9; scales 9-52 to 67-9 to 11; vertebree 18 + 22— 40. Body mod-
erate, somewhat compressed. Head heavy, the profile rather convex.
Mouth moderate, somewhat oblique, the lower jaw included ; maxillary
reaching front of eye. Cheeks, neck above, and throat naked; opercles
with rather larger scales, caducous; ventral plates little enlarged. Fins
large; pectorals long; second dorsal lower than anal, but with longer

* Dr. Boulenger places this well-marked species in the synonymy of ‘‘Percina peltata.’’ There
is no warrant for this arrangement.

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 1037

base; ventrals not widely separated. Coloration extremely brilliant;
dark olivaceous above, tessellated with dark; sides with about 7 broad
transverse bars extending from below the lateral line on one side, across
the back, and down the other side; these bars are wider than the eye
and are connected along the lateral line by a faint black stripe; in the
female these bars are black and the intervening spaces yellowish; in the
male the bars are of a dark rich blue green, with metallic luster; the
connecting longitudinal line greenish bronze; just above this line is a
luminous yellowish streak, and above, in each of the interspaces between
the bars, is a bright blotch of bronze-red; blackish green streaks down-
ward and forward from eye; cheeks orange red, the color of iron rust ;
dorsal fin orange colored, with a bright bronze edge, a blackish spot on
the last rays; second dorsal and caudal pale orange; two bright yellow-
ish spots at base of caudal; anal bronze, with a blue-black shading;
ventral fins dark blue-black; pectorals faintly orange. Males with the
rays of the ventral and anal fins covered with small corneous tubercles,
much as in some Cyprinide. Female and alcoholic specimens show little
of the bright colors, although the same pattern is preserved. The spinous
dorsal has a dusky spot on its posterior rays, and the fins are destitute of
the dark bars found in related species. Length 2 to 3 inches. Indiana,
in the Wabash and Maumee basins, west to central Iowa and south-
ward in Arkansas, Kentucky, and Tennessee in the larger, clear streams ;
especially abundant in the French Broad, the Wabash and in the Ozark
region ; not found east of the Alleghanies. There is considerable varia-
tion in coloration and in size of scales, those from the Tennessee Basin
especially having larger scales (52 to 65). One of the most brilliant of
all fishes. (eve:d#¢, comely.)
Alvordius evides, JORDAN & COPELAND, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1877, 51, White River, near
Indianapolis, Indiana; (Coll. Jordan & Copeland); Jorpan & Ginsert, Synopsis, 503.

Etheostoma evides, JORDAN, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., vir, 1889, 53; Woouman, Bull. U. S. Fish
Comin., x, 1890, 260.

‘

Subgenus SERRARIA, Gilbert.
1427. HADROPTERUS SCIERUS, Swain.

Head 4 to 4}; depth 5 to 6; eye 4 to 44 in head, scarcely equal to snout;
snout bluntish, 34 in head. D. XIII-13 or 14; A. II, 9; scales 7-68 to
70-17, pores 64 to 71. Body robust, rather compressed behind. Head
rather short. Mouth small, the lower jaw included; maxillary not
reaching the eye by about the width of the pupil; preopercle more or
less distinctly serrate, especially in the young and in southern speci-
mens. Gill membranes broadly connected. Lateral line straight, com-
plete, not prolonged forward to the eye. Opercle covered with rather
large scales; cheeks with slightly smaller ones; a triangular area on the
breast, in front of the ventral fins, with embedded scales; breast other-
wise almost naked; throat naked; scales persistent, those on middle line
of belly little enlarged and not caducous, except a few of the anterior
ones, 1 enlarged plate being present between the ventral tins; body
otherwise covered with rather small ctenoid scales. Fins all very large;

1038 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

spinous dorsal separated from the soft dorsal by the length of the snout ;
outline of the spinous dorsal gently curved, the first spine $ longer than
last spine, and $ length of middle spine, which is 1% in head; base of
soft dorsal longer than that of anal, its rays of about equal length, 13 in
head; anal about as large as soft dorsal, its spines subequal; ventrals
moderately separated, about equal to pectorals, which are 14 in head.
Vertebre 18+ 22=—40. Color yellowish olive, everywhere vaguely
blotched with black. Top of head, dorsal, anal, and ventral fins
entirely black in male, paler in female; base of pectoral and caudal fins,
branchiostegal membranes, cheeks, and sides posteriorly blackish ;
scales everywhere finely punctulate with brown, the sides with a few
larger black specks. Length 5 inches. Northern Indiana to Tennessee
and Texas, the typical form above described being common in weedy
brooks from northern Indiana southward in the Wabash Basin through
Kentucky and Tennessee to the Washita and Saline rivers, Arkansas.
Strongly resembles Hadropterus aspro, but duller in color, and easily dis-
tinguished by the united gill membranes and the serrulate preopercle.
(axcepoc, dusky.)

Hadropterus scierus, SWAIN, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1883, 252, BEAN Blossom Creek, Monroe

County, Indiana. (Coll. Jordan & Swain.)

Etheostoma scierum, JORDAN, Bull, U.S. Fish Comm., v1u1, 1888 (1890), 160, 164, and 167; Bov-
LENGER, Cat., 1, 80.

Represented in streams of Texas by

1427a. HADROPTERUS SCIERUS SERRULA, Jordan & Gilbert.

Close to Hadropterus scierus, but with smaller scales, 68 to 71 in the
lateral line, instead of 64 to 66 as in typical scierum. The coloration in
serrula is paler, with more sharply defined markings, the black blotches
on the side being less confluent, and the sides of the belly without dark
clouds. Breast naked; the opercle very weakly, but generally distinctly
serrulate. From southern Arkansas southward through eastern Texas.
Common in sandy streams. (serrula, a little saw.)

Hadropterus scierus serrula, JORDAN & GILBERT, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1886, 16, Red River,

Fulton, Arkansas (Type, No. 36481. Coll. Jordan & Swain); EverMANN & KENDALL,
Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., x11, 1892 (1894), 113.

Subgenus HADROPTERUS, Agassiz.

1428. HADROPTERUS NIGROFASCIATUS, Agassiz.

(CRAWL-A-BOTTOM. )

Head 4; depth 5; eye moderate, 4 in head, equal to snout. D. XII, 11
or 12; A. II, 9 or 10; scales 7-58-15, pores 55 to 60. Head and body
stout and heavy, the body compressed, more robust than in related
species. Mouth moderate, the maxillary reaching front of eye; preoper-
cle entire; distance from mouth to gill cleft } head. Fins all large.
Scales rather large. Pectoral nearly as long as head; ventrals moder-
ately separated; anal spines subequal. Breast usually naked, but some-

times closely scaled; scales on the median line of the belly somewhat

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 1039

enlarged, but the most of them not caducous nor especially spinous.
Gill membranes a little connected. Color dark olive above, with black-
ish markings; sides with vertical bars, somewhat diamond-shaped, but
quite narrow ; these acute above and below, more or less confluent along
the middle, about 12 in number; the bands dark greenish, varying to jet
black, most distinct near the middle of the body and broadest behind;
inner half of each of the vertical fins black; outer half more or less
speckled and barred ; top of head black, a black band through eye and
snout, and a dark vertical shade below the eye; a small black spot
between 2 smaller ones at base of caudal fin; no red nor blue. Length 6
inches. South Carolina to Louisiana in the larger clear streams ; common
in the Alabama Basin; one of the largest of the darters, its form heavy,
more like that of a typical perch. (niger, black; fasciatus, banded.)

Hadropterus nigrofasciatus, AGAssiz, Amer. Journ. Sci. and Arts, xvi, 1854, 305, Mobile,

Alabama; JorpAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 506.
Plesioperca anceps, VAILLANT, Recherches sur Etheostom., 37, plate 1, fig. 3, 1873; no locality
ven.
Sains spillmani, Hay, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1880, 491, Chickasawha River, Mississippi.

(Type, No. 27432. Coll. Hay.)
Etheostoma nigrofasciatum, VAILLANT, Recherches, 69, 1873; BoULENGER, Cat., 1, 80.

467. HYPOHOMUS, Cope.

Hypohomus, Cope, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. Phila., 1870, 449, (aurantiacus).
Swainia, JonpAN & EVERMANN, new subgenus, (sguamatus),

This genus contains darters closely allied both to Hadropterus and to
Etheostoma ( Nothonotus). From the former they are separated by the non-
differentiation of the ventral scales, the belly being covered with small,
persistent scales like those on the sides. From Etheostoma, Hypohomus is
distinguished chiefly by the larger anal fin, more depressed cranium, and
more separated ventrals. The relation in both cases is very close. Species
of large size and usually showy coloration. (i70, below; duoc, uniform.)

SwAINiA*; -
a, Gill membranes broadly united across the isthmus; scales very small; snout long and slender,
the mouth long and narrow.
b. Color olivaceous, with dark lateral blotches; a black humeral scale; fins with orange;
head 33 in length; depth 544; cheek and opercles scaly, SQUAMATUS, 1429,
Hyponomus:
aa. Gifl membranes scarcely connected; snout moderately produced.
c. Opercles and breast scaly.

d. Scales very small, about 85; dorsal rays XV, 15; color yellow, with dark lateral
shades. AURANTIACUS, 1430.
| dd. Scales moderate, about 66; dorsal rays about XIII, 13; color greenish, with a dark
| wavy lateral band, bordered above and below by pale; a dark spot at base of
| caudal, CYMATOTENIA, 1431,
ec, Opercles and breast naked; cheeks nearly so; dorsal rays about XII, 12; color brilliant
; olive, with dark cross bars, the interspaces red in the male.
e. Scales about 74; lateral line complete. NIANGUR, 1432,
| ee. Scales about 60; lateral line incomplete. sprLoTus, 1433,
. eon
*Named for Dr. Joseph Swain, President of the University of Indiana, and discoverer of the
1

typical species.

1040 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

Subgenus SWAINIA, Jordan & Evermann.
1429. HYPOHOMUS SQUAMATUS (Gilbert & Swain).

Head 33; depth 54. D. XIV-13; A. II, 10; scales 10-82-18. Body elon-
gate, the sides and caudal peduncle compressed ; back elevated, the pro-
file forming a slight angle at occiput; head very long and slender, with
a long acuminate snout, as in Hadropterus phoxocephalus, which this spe-
cies somewhat resembles in appearance. Cleft of mouth long and narrow,
the lower jaw included in closed mouth; maxillary reaching vertical
from front of orbit, its length equaling that of snout, 34 times in head;
upper jaw not protractile. Bands of teeth very wide, the outer premaxil-
lary series enlarged. Vomerine patch well developed. Eye moderate, 1?
in snout, 4% in head to end of opercular spine, 23 times the furrowed inter-
orbital width. Preopercular margin strictly entire. Gill membranes
widely united across isthmus. Spinous dorsal long and low, spines from
the third to the tenth subequal in length, those anteriorly and posteriorly
gradually shortened; longest spine 4 length of head; spinous and soft
dorsals well separated; base of soft dorsal equaling 4+ the distance from
its origin to front of spinous dorsal; anal shorter than soft dorsal, but
higher and inserted more anteriorly ; anal spines strong, the first slightly
the longer, about equaling length of snout; highest anal ray nearly half
length of head; caudal emarginate, the lobes rounded, 1} in head; pec-
torals equal to length of head behind front of eye; ventrals 1? in head.
Body covered with very small scales, uniform in size, and completely invest-
ing the ventral region, which is without series of enlarged scutes; cheeks,
breast, and nuchal region covered with still finer scales having entire
edges, and the opercle with larger spinous scales; interopercle and part
of subopercle naked; an enlarged black humeral scale. Colors in life:
Yellowish olive, with about 10 broad dusky bars across the back, and an
equal number of dusky blotches along lateral line; a conspicuous black
humeral spot: a broad black line forward from eye to snout, and a nar-
rower line backward from eye to upper preopercular margin; opercle and
occiput largely dusky ; a diffuse dusky blotch at base of tail, with a small
round, jet-black spot behind it; spinous dorsal translucent, with a broad
subterminal brownish-orange band; soft dorsal and caudal barred with
dusky and orange-yellow; pectorals slightly reddish; ventrals translucent.
Length 5 inches. Upper Tennessee River Basin; known from the Watauga
and French Broad rivers; rare; a large and interesting species, remarka-
ble for its long and slender head; perhaps the type of a distinct genus.
(squamatus, scaly, the scales being small and close-set.)

Etheostoma (Hadropterus) squamatus, GILBERT & Swain, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1887, 50, French
Broad River, at mouth of Wolf Creek, Tennessee. (Type, No. 36652. Coll. Gilbert
& Swain); JorDAN, Bull. U. 8. Fish Comm., vir1, 1888 (1890), 147, 153.

Etheostoma squamatum, Boulenger, Cat., 1, 84.

Subgenus HYPOHOMUS, Cope.

1430. HYPOHOMUS AURANTIACUS (Cope).

Head 4}; depth 6; eye 4 in head; snout 33. D. XV-15; A. II, 11;
scales about 14-100-15, 85 pores. Body elongate, somewhat compressed ;

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 1041

head moderate, snout decurved; mouth nearly horizontal, lower jaw
slightly included; premaxillaries not protractile; maxillary reaching past
front of orbit; gill membranes slightly connected; width of interorbital
space about 5 in head. Cheeks, opercles, and nape covered with fine
scales; breast naked ; scales very small, firm, and even, strongly ctenoid;
lateral line nearly straight, complete. Dorsal fins long, well separated,
low, longest spines less than half length of head; anal higher; pectorals
long, 1; in head; caudaltruncate. Color in life olive, tinged with orange :
a black lateral band of confluent black blotches; chin and throat deep
orange; deep orange on front of spinous dorsal, shading to yellow behind;
orange on front of pectoral; a round yellow spot above each interspace
in lateral band; a row of small brown spots on each side of back nearer
base of dorsal fin than to lateral line, these ceasing under soft dorsal ; top
of head dark. Length 4 to 6 inches. Upper Tennessee Basin, rather rare,
in swift waters; a beautiful species; known from the North Fork of
Holston, Clinch, Watauga, and French Broadrivers. (auwrantiacus, orange
colored. )

Cotiogaster aurantiacus, Corr, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1869, 211, North Fork of Holston

River, Saltville, Virginia, (Coll. Cope).
Etheostoma aurantiacwm, VAILLANT, Recherches, 67, 1873; JorDAN, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., vim,
1888 (1890), 147; BouLENGER, Cat., I, 67.

Hadropterus aurantiacus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 505, 1883; Bean, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus.,
1885, 165.

1431. HYPOHOMUS CYMATOTENIA (Gilbert & Meek).

Head 4 to 4+; depth 5; eye large, 4 in head, about equaling snout;

D. XII to XIV-12 to 14; A. II, 10. Scales 7-64 to 70-12, pores 60 to 63.
Body robust, comparatively little compressed, the ventral region very
prominent, rounded, the dorsal region scarcely elevated ; dorsal and ven-
tral outlines converging rapidly toward caudal peduncle, which is very
narrow and expands abruptly behind to form a broad basis for the caudal
fin. Head short, tapering rapidly forward, the snout not blunt, short and
slender. Mowith small, oblique, the lower jaw included; maxillary nearly
reaching vertical from front of orbit, about 44 in head. Teeth in very
narrow cardiform bands, the outer series in both jaws rather conspicuously
enlarged. Cheeks, opercles, nape, and breast covered with large scales,
those on cheeks smaller than the others. Preopercular margin entire.
Gill membranes narrowly joined across isthmus, the union being in most

| eases hardly perceptible, but in one specimen examined quite broad.
| Spinous dorsal rather short and high, the first spine but little shorter than
| the second; anterior spines highest, the outline of the fin thence declined ;
highest spine equaling half the length of the head; soft dorsal small,
quadrate, as long as high, its base but little more than half that of spinous
dorsal, its longest ray 1} in head; first anal spine very strong and robust,
much stronger than any of dorsal spines, or than the second anal spine,
its length equaling distance from snout to center of pupil, equaling or
| slightly exceeding that of second anal spine; anal larger than second
dorsal, its base slightly longer, and the rays higher, the longest ray 1} to

F. N. A.——67

1042 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

—

13 in head; caudal slightly emarginate; pectorals short, not reaching tips
of ventrals, the two about equal in length, equaling head behind nostrils.
Body covered with large, rough scales, everywhere spinous, but witha
tendency to smoothness on the breast; ventral region completely and
uniformly scaled, without median series of enlarged plates, two or three
of which only are visible between the ventrals. Colors in life: Above
and on sides greenish, made very dark by fine, close-set, punctulations ;
two pairs of light streaks along sides, narrower than interspaces, becom-
ing yellowish in spirits; the upper pair from the nape running along each
side of dorsal, inclosing between them a dusky streak occupying median
line of back; the lower pair from above opercles running in a wavy course
above lateral line to upper caudal lobe; below this and bounded by it,
occupying the middle of the sides, is a broad dusky moniliform band;
lower part of sides and ventral region light olive, dusted sparsely with

rather coarse black specks; a small jet-black spot at base of caudal; a

broad black bar (sometimes obscure) on head from snout through eye

across upper part of cheeks to opercular spine; sometimes a series of
small black cross blotches on median dorsal line; fins translucent, barred
with dark lines. Length 4 or 5inches. Western Kentucky and southern

Missouri, in clear, cold streams; not very common; one of the most

beautiful species. (kiwa, Wave; taivia, ribbon or stripe.)

Etheostoma (Hadropterus) cymatotzenia, GILBERT & MEEK, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1887, 51, Niangua
River and Osage Fork of the Gasconade, near Marshfield, Missouri; Sac River,
near Greenfield, Missouri; (Type, Nos. 36215, 36308, 38260. Coll. Gilbert & Meek);
Wooiman, Bull. U. 8. Fish Comm., x, 1890 (1892), 260.

Etheostoma cymatotenia, BOULENGER, Cat., I, 67.

1482. HYPOHOMUS NIANGUE (Gilbert & Meek).

Head 34; depth 53 to 6. D. XI or XII-13 or 14; A. II, 11 or 12; scales
11-74-16. Body elongate, terete, the sides somewhat compressed, becom-
ing more so posteriorly; back elevated, the profile descending gently in an
unbroken line from front of dorsal to tip of snout. Head very long and
slender, much as in H. macrocephalus and H. phoxocephalus; the snout com-
paratively deep and narrow, abruptly rounded vertically at tip. Mouth
large, the cleft wide and slightiy oblique, the maxillary reaching beyond
front of orbit, its length equaling distance from snout to front of pupil,
34 in head (the latter measured in this description to end of opereular
spine). Outer series of premaxillary teeth somewhat enlarged, the
bands all broad. Eye slightly less than snout, 54 in head to end of oper-
cular spine; interorbital space convex transversely, its width about ?
diameter of eye. Cheeks perfectly smooth, with a few scattered, embed-
ded cycloid scales; opercles and breast strictly naked; nape and yentral
region closely scaled. Preopercular margin entire. Gill membranes
scarcely joined across the isthmus. Spinous dorsal short and high, the
first spine much shorter than the second, the seventh and eighth about
equal, the longest 2} in head; soft dorsal high, its base 1} in that of
spinous dorsal, the longest ray 1! in head; anal similar to second dorsal,
but smaller; first anal spine short, the second but little longer, its length

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 1043

equaling that of snout; caudal wide, truncate behind, slightly emarginate
when fin is not spread; pectorals equaling distance from front of orbit
to tip of opercular spine, the tips of pectorals and ventrals reaching
about the same vertical; ventrals 14 or 1} in head. Scales on body of
moderate size, becoming larger and less closely imbricated posteriorly,
those on nape and along base of dorsal anteriorly little imbricated,
roundish, without spinous points, partially embedded in the skin ; ventral
region uniformly scaled, without naked strip or series of caducous plates ;
no enlarged scale between bases of ventral fins; head and breast naked,
excepting a few embedded scales below and behind eye. Color olivaceous,
the back with 8 to 10 dusky cross bars wider than the interspaces; these
dorsal bars usually continuous with an equal number on middle of sides,
the latter terminating below lateral line in V-shaped prolongations, much
like those in Diplesion blennioides. In one specimen examined (adult male)
the first 2 bars are partially confluent on sides, the anterior one including
the axil and ending in a black spot below pectorals, the second encircling
body behind ventral fins; bars behind front of anal in this specimen also
completely encircling body; back and sides marked with many small,
bright, carmine-red spots, irregularly disposed in the light interspaces ;
in the male specimen examined by us they are much more numerous,
those on hinder part of body confluent, forming narrow bars, 1 down
the middle of each light space; a dark streak forward and 1 backward
from eye, none downward ; opercle and .op of head dusky; spinous dor-
sal dusky, the base marked with fine red spots, the fin broadly margined
with a bright carmine band; soft dorsal barred with alternating series of
dark and of reddish spots; caudal with wide bars of dark and red; a pair
of small jet-black spots on caudal peduncle at base of median caudal
rays; anal dusky at base; pectorals and ventrals light orange, indis-
tinctly barred with dusky. Length 4 inches. Niangua River, in the
Ozark region of southern Missouri; scarce; not seen elsewhere. A sin-
gularly beautiful fish.
Etheostoma (Hadropterus) niangue, GILBERT & MeeEK, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1887, 52, Niangua
River, near Marshfield, Missouri (Type, No. 36214. Coll. Gilbert & Meek); Merk,

Bull. U. 8. Fish Comm., 1x, 1889 (1891), 125.
Etheostoma niangue, BOULENGER, Cat., 1, 68.

1433. HYPOHOMUS SPILOTUS (Gilbert).

Head 34 to 33; depth 5+ to 64; eye 5 in head in specimens 2 to 3 inches
long. DD. X or XI-12 or 18; A. II, 10 or1l. Scales 8-58 to 60, the pores
absent on the posterior 5 to 13 scales, and occasionally on single scales
more anteriorly. Color in life olive green above, light below; back with
8 dark cross bars formed of dusky mottlings; continuous with these, or
in other cases alternating with them, are 8 V-shaped markings on middle of
sides; sides and above spotted, with reddish orange occupying the light
interspaces; a narrow black bar from above opercular angle, through eye,
encircling the snout; pectorals and ventrals translucent, tinged with
light orange; dorsal translucent, the rays speckled; spinous dorsal with
& narrow red margin, terminating posteriorly in a bright orange-red

1044 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

spot, in advance of which is a large black blotch; a black humeral spot ;
2 jet-black spots at base of caudal, more or less confluent into 1. In all
other respects this agrees with the description of typical niangue.
Length 2? inches. Kentucky River; apparently rare. Close to Hadrop-
terus niangue, but the scales much larger and the lateral line incomplete.
(omiAotoc, spotted. )
Etheostoma niangue spilotum, GILBERT, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1887, 53, Sturgeon Creek, a trib-
utary of the Kentucky River, near Travellers Rest, Owsley County, Kentucky.

(Type, No. 38319. Coll, Gilbert); WooLtman, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., x, 1890 (1892), 280,
pl. 51, fig. 3.

468. COTTOGASTER, Putnam.

Cottogaster, PUTNAM, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zodl., 5, 1863, (tessellatum, THompson, not of DE Kay
= copelandi).

Imostoma, JORDAN, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1877, 49, (shwmardi).

Rheocrypta, JORDAN, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., x, 9, 1877, (copelandi).

Body rather robust, little compressed. Head moderate, bluntish.
Mouth moderate or small, the lower jaw included; premaxillaries pro-
tractile or occasionally (in shumardi) joined by a narrow frenum to the
frontal region; maxillary not adherent to the preorbital. Teeth on
vomer. Gill membranes nearly separate. Scales ctenoid; the middle
line of the belly anteriorly naked or with caducous scales; lateral line
continuous. Dorsal fins large, the second usually smaller than the first
and smaller than theanal. Analspines two, the first the longer. Pyloric
ceca 3; vertebra 18 + 20—38 (copelandi). Skullshort, the frontal region
not very narrow ; parietals little convex transversely ; sutures distinct.
No supraoccipital crest. Coloration not brilliant. Size moderate.
(xorroc, sculpin; yaoryp, belly.)

COTTOGASTER :

a. Median line of belly with a series of more or less enlarged caducous spinous scales; cheeks
and breast mostly naked.

b. Dorsal rays X or XI-13; back with four broad black cross bands. URANIDEA, 1434.
bb. Dorsal rays XI-10 or 11; back tessellated; sides pale, with a series of black blotches;
a small ink-like speck at base of caudal. COPELANDI, 1435.

ImoOsToMA (e€iur, to Move; aTdua, mouth) :
aa. Median line of belly naked anteriorly, with ordinary scales posteriorly; cheeks mostly
scaly; premaxillaries sometimes with a frenum.
c. Dorsal rays X or XI-13 to15; scales about 56; sides with diffuse dusky blotches.
SHUMARDI, 1436,

Subgenus COTTOGASTER.
1434. COTTOGASTER URANIDEA (Jordan & Gilbert).

Head 34 to 33; depth 53; eye 32in head; snout 33. D. X or XI-15; A.
II, 10 or 11; scales 6-48 to 56-x. Form moderately elongate, terete, very
little compressed ; upper profile gently arched, the lower almost straight ;
caudal peduncle short and very slender; upper profile of head descend-
ing in a long gentlecurve to the sharp snout. Premaxillaries always pro-
tractile, the fold very narrow. Eye equaling length of snout, 32 in head,
nearly twice interorbital width in a specimen 2 inches long. Opereular.
spine well developed ; preopercular margin entire. Parietal region rather

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 1045

broad, depressed, the bones rugose. Gill membranes very slightly joined
at base. Cheeks mostly naked ; opercles closely scaled. Breast naked,
or with a few scattered scales. Paired fins rather small, the vertical fins
long but rather high ; membrane of first dorsal not joining base of second;
longest dorsal spine about equaling distance from tip of snout to middle
of orbit; soft rays half as long as head; caudal fin deeply emarginate .
anal spines very short, about equal in size, as long as diameter of orbit;
soft rays of anal high, the fin rather longer than second dorsal ; pectorals
and ventrals short, reaching about the same vertical, not nearly to vent;
length of pectorals nearly equal to head. Scales of moderate size; nape
completely invested ; a wide naked strip on each side of median line of belly,
the latter containing a single series of thin, elongate plates, weakly
spinous on posterior margins, these probably caducous; lateral line com-
plete, parallel with outline of back. Color greenish olive, rendered dusky
on upper parts by black specks which become large and very conspicuous
on top of head, opercles, and sidesof snout; four conspicuous dark cross
bars, narrower than interspaces, downward and forward from back to
lateral line; the first from anterior dorsal spines, the second from space
between dorsals, the third from posterior half of soft dorsal, and the
fourth from caudal peduncle; a series of about 11 dusky blotches on
sides immediately below lateral line; a black bar before, one below and
one behind eye, the one below eye very distinct; dorsals, pectorals, and
caudal barred with light and dark; ventrals and anal plain. In life the
colors similar, there being no distinct blue, red, or green. Lower
Wabash basin (Evermann) to southern Missouri, south through Arkansas
and Alabama to the Escambia; mostly in sandy lowland streams. A
strikingly colored species.* (Uranidea, the miller’s thumb, or blob, now
called Cottus; ovpavdéc, sky ; cidoc, looking.)

Etheostoma (Cottogaster) wranidea, JORDAN & GILBERT, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1887, 48, Washita

River, Arkadelphia, Arkansas; (Type, No. 36413. Coll. Jordan & Gilbert); JonDAN,
Bull. U.S. Fish Comm., viir, 1888 (1890), 164.

1435. COTTOGASTER COPELANDI (Jordan).

Head 3} to 44; depth 54 to 64; eye large, 34 to 3$in head. D.X to XiI-10
to 12; A. II, 8or9; scales 6-44 to 56-8. Body rather slender and elongate.
Head rather large and long, somewhat narrowed, resembling that of
Boleosoma. Mouth small, horizontal, subinferior. Cheeks naked; oper-
cles and neck each with a few scales; throat naked; ventral plates well
developed ; scales moderate, strongly ctenoid. Pectoral as long as head.
Color brownish olive; a series of rather small, horizontally-oblong, black
_ blotches along the lateral line, forming an interrupted lateral band; back
tessellated ; blackish streaks forward and downward from eye; ventral
fins dusky in the male; vertical fins with dusky specks; a small ink-like
speck at base of caudal persistent in most specimens; a black spot on
anterior rays of spinous dorsal. Length 24 to 3 inches. Great Lake
region, from Lake Champlain to Lake Huron and south to the Black

* Improperly placed in the synonymy of Coltogaster #»ardi by Dr. Boulenger.

1046 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

Warrior, westward to Missouri and through the Ozark region, where it is

abundant, as also throughout Central Indiana, in clear brooks. A plainly

colored and very variable species, the eastern form, subspecies putnami,

usually with larger scales,* (44 to 48), the typical copelandi having usually

53 to 56. C. putnami inhabits the Great Lake region from Lake Huron to

Lake Champlain. (Named for its discoverer, Herbert Edson Copeland,

an enthusiastic student of these fishes; a most active and well-equipped

naturalist, whose early death at Indianapolis in 1876, deprived American

ichthyology of one of its ablest workers. )

Boleosoma tessellatum, THompson, Appendix Hist. Vermont, 5, 1853, Lake Champlain; not of
DeKay.

Rheocrypta copelandi, JORDAN, Bull. x, U. 8. Nat. Mus., 9, 1877, White River, near Indian-
apolis, Indiana; (Type, No. 20148. Coll. Jordan); scales 56.

Cottogaster putnami, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 498, 1883, Westport Brook, Essex County,
New York; Lake Champlain ; (name a substitute for Boleosoma tessellatum, THompson);

specimens with scales 44 to 48.
Boleosoma copelandi, BOULENGER, Cat., I, 91.

Subgenus IMOSTOMA, Jordan.
14386. COTTOGASTER SHUMARDI (Girard).

Head 32 to 4; depth 5 to 54; eye large, 33 in head, as long as snout.
D. IX to XI-13 to 15; A. II, 10 to 12; scales 6-48 to 60-11. Body stout,
heavy forward, compressed behind. Head broad and thick. Mouth
large and broad, the lower jaw wide, a little shorter than the upper;
maxillary reaching to the eye. Premaxillaries usually protractile, but
a narrow frenum sometimes present. Cheeks, opercles, and neck usually
scaly ; the cheeks rarely naked; chest naked; belly naked anteriorly,
scaly for a distance in front of the vent; scales rather large. Dorsal fins
large, the first larger than the second, which is smaller than the anal,
though longer; the 2 dorsal fins well separated; anal fin large, very
deep, in some male specimens reaching to the caudal ; anal spines strong,
the first the larger; pectoral nearly as long as head. Color dark, densely
but vaguely blotched with darker; sides with 8 to 10 obscure blotches,
the anterior ones bar-like; a large black spot on base of spinous dorsal
behind, and a small one in front; second dorsal, caudal, and pectorals

barred ; a very strong black suborbital bar, and a faint dark line along ©

muzzle. Length 3 inches. Michigan to Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois, and
southward to Kentucky and Arkansas; common in the lower Wabash

* Concerning the relation of these forms, Mr. Woolman remarks: ‘‘Etheostoma copelandi and
E. putnami are closely allied, and may be identical, the chief differences occurring in the num-
ber of spines in the dorsal and anal finsand in thesize of thescales. HE. copelandihas dorsal XI-10;
anal II-9; lateral line 56. 2H. putnami has dorsal X-11; anal II-8; lateral line 44. In 13 speci-
mens from this locality the dorsal is X-11, X-12, XI-11, XI-10, X-11, XJ-12, X-11, X-12, X-12,
X-12, X-12, X-11, X-12: anal II-9, II-8, II-9, II-9, II-8, II-8, II-8, II-9, II-9; lateral line
51, 48, 51, 49, 52, 51, 50, 48, 51, 48, 50, 50, 54. In these specimens the lateral line does not go as
high as the average given for E. copelandi, nor as low asin E. putnami, while the number of fin
rays seems toindicate nothing. I was also unable to find any constant difference in the relative
proportion of head and depth.”’

To this Dr. Gilbert adds: ‘‘ Specimens of this species recently collected by Dr. J. A. Henshall
at Put-in-Bay (Lake Erie), Ohio, have scales varying from 47 to 52; others from New Harmony,
Indiana (collected by Prof. Evermann), vary from 46 to 51. In the Alabama specimens the
lateral line averages 53. Iam thus unable to longer distinguish putnami (characterized by its
larger scales) from copelandi.”’

Jordan and Evermann.—Ffishes of North America. 1047

River; very variable; inhabits rivers rather than brooks. (Named for
its discoverer, Dr. George C. Shumard, surgeon of the U. S. Pacific R. R.
Survey.)

Hadropterus shumardi, GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 100, Arkansas River, near
Fort Smith, Arkansas.

Etheostoma wrighti, McCormick, Bull. Oberlin College Lab., No. 2, 30, 1891, near Oberlin,
Lorain County, Ohio; specimen with a frenum to upper jaw. (Coll. L. M. McCormick.)

Etheosioma schumardi, VAILLANT, Recherches, 73, 1873.

Imostoma shumardi, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 498, 1883.

Boleosoma shumnardi, BOULENGER, Cat., I, 92.

469. ULOCENTRA, Jordan.

Ulocentra, JORDAN, Man. Vert. E. U.S., Ed. 2, 223, 1878, (atripinnis).

Body moderately elongate, little compressed. Head short, thick, with
tumid cheeks. Mouth small, horizontal, the lower jaw included. Pre-
maxillaries protractile, little movable, sometimes with a narrow, mesial
frenum in some species; maxillary movable, not joined to the preorbital
except at its root; vomerine teeth present, small. Gill membranes nar-
rowly or broadly connected. Scales moderate; the belly scaled like the
sides, with no ventral plates. Lateral line complete or incomplete.
First dorsal with about 12 spines; anal smaller than second dorsal, with
2 well-developed spines, the first the longer. Ventrals not widely sepa-
rated. Vertebre (simotera) 15+ 23—38. Skull not very narrow ante-
riorly; parietal region rather depressed, not strongly convex transversely:
Frontal region much broader than in Diplesion. Supraoccipital crest
small. Small species, often highly colored, intermediate between Bole-
osoma and Diplesion. (ov/6c, complete; xévtpov, spine; the chief character
separating the genus from Boleosoma.)

a. Gill membranes narrowly connected; cheeks and opercles usually scaly; body slender; scales
large.
b. Lateral line incomplete; coloration olivaceous, tessellated with darker; scales about 46.
r STIGMA, 1437,
bb. Lateral line complete; scales about 55; pectorals as long as head. GILBERTI, 1438,
aa, Gill membranes broadly united.
c. Lateral line complete or nearly so.

d, Opercles naked or nearly so.
e. Spinous dorsal longer than soft dorsal; pectorals as long as head; sides

with green spots; scales about 47. VERECUNDA, 1439.

ee. Spinous dorsal not longer than soft; pectoral longer than head; sides

much variegated; scales about 52. HISTRIO, 1440,

dd, Opercles scaled; pectoral longer than head; snout blunt; scales about 50;
sides with dark green quadrate blotches. SIMOTERA, 1441.

cc. Lateral line incomplete; cheeks and opercles naked; anal rays II, 6; red, with
dark markings. PHLOX, 1442.

1437. ULOCENTRA STIGMEA (Jordan).
(Speck.)
Head 44; depth 5. D. X to XIII-12; A. Il, 7; scales 5-46 to 55-10,

pores 35, more or less. Body slender, formed as in Boleosoma. Head nar-
row and thin, the snout somewhat pointed, obliquely truncate in profile.

1048 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

Mouth narrow, horizontal, subinferior, its cleft nearly reaching eye:
premaxillaries little protractile, sometimes with a narrow frenum.
Lateral line extending to opposite middle of second dorsal; scales rather
large; opercles, cheeks, and neck scaly; breast naked. Gill membranes
not very broadly joined; opercular spine sharp. Fins rather large;
caudal emarginate. Olivaceous, tessellated, and speckled above; sides
with about 8 W-shaped dark green blotches below the lateral line and
various duller ones above; upper parts in the larger specimens sprinkled
with small orange spots, which are more conspicuous after death, when
the green has faded; fins mottled; spinous dorsal with a band of orange
red above, and 1 or 2 narrow dark ones below it; a dark stripe forward
and another downward from eye. Length 2% inches. Tennessee and
Arkansas to Georgia and Louisiana; rather common in the ponds and
streams of the pine woods; a small variable species. (oriyywaioc, speck-
led, from oryuy, speck. )

Boleosoma stigmeum, JORDAN, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 1876, 311, small tributaries of the
Etowah and Oostenaula rivers, near Rome, Georgia. (Coll. Jordan & Gilbert.)
Pecilichthys saxatilis,* Hay, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1880, 495, a rocky and sandy stream

flowing into the Chickasawha River at Enterprise, Mississippi. (Type, No.
27433. Coll. O. P. Hay.)
Etheostoma stigmeum, GILBERT, Bull. U. 8. Fish Comm., 1x, 1889 (1891), 150.

* Concerning the form called saxatilis, Dr. Gilbert has the following:

“Head 334 to 4; depth 6. D. XI to XIII-11 to 12; A. II, 9; scales 50 to 55, 5 longitudinal
series between lateral line and base of spinous dorsal. Numerousspecimens from various locali-
ties enable us to contribute the following points to our knowledge of this species: With much
the habit of E. olmstedi, but the snout slender and sharp, with gently decurved profile and the
mouth terminal, nearly horizontal; lower jaw included; maxillary extending scarcely beyond
vertical from front of eye. Preopercle entire; opercular spine developed. Gill membranes
evidently but rather narrowly united across isthmus. Pectorals reaching somewhat beyond
ventrals, about as long as head, not nearly reaching vent; ventrals not extending 24 distance
to front of anal, equaling distance from snout to preopercle; dorsal fins well separated, the
interval between them equaling 24 diameter of orbit; dorsal spines very slender and fragile, the
longest equaling longest soft ray and half length of head; anal spines slender, about equal in
length, the anterior the stronger, 14 length of head; soft anai rays equal half distance from
snout to base of pectorals; caudal shallowy lunate. Scales strongly ctenoid, uniformly covering
body except breast, those on the nape smaller; opercles and upper portion of cheeks closely
scaled; head otherwise naked; no enlarged black humeral scale. Lateral line reaching about to
end of soft dorsal, on 30 to 45 scales. Color in life: Olivaceous, with six dark cross bars on
back and with dark tessellations, which follow the same pattern as in H. olmstedi; those on upper
parts light brownish red, instead of dusky; the -shaped marks along sides dusky, serving, in
the brighter specimens only, as the starting points for light-blue bands which more or less com-
pletely encircle belly and caudal peduncle; no other bright markings; a narrow dark streak
from eye to snout; an indistinct dark streak below and a black spot behind eye; dorsals and
caudal inconspicuously barred; a pair of minute jet-black spots at base of median caudal rays,
more conspicuous in the young; opercle dusky. ‘This species has undoubtedly a very wide dis-
tribution. Originally described by Professor Hay from the Chickasawha River, it was during
the summer of 1884 found to be abundant in tributaries of the Clinch River near Clinton, Ten-
nessee, in the Black Warrior River at Morris, and at Tuscaloosa, Alabama and in the Saline
and Washita rivers in Arkansas. Our specimens have been compared with the original types,
with which they agree in all respects. The frenum joining the premaxillary to the forehead is
very narrow and easily ruptured, the upper jaw then appearing protractile. Occasionally the
fold is continuous, no frenum being present, the species varying in this respect like #.
simoterum.”’ bs

In a later paper Dr. Gilbert adds: ‘‘ This species is widely distributed throughout the basins
of the Cumberland, Tennessee, Escambia, Alabama, and Pascagoula rivers, and will doubtless
be found in other Gulf rivers. It has also been taken in Arkansas. Comparison of sazatile
with the type of stigmeum, and with additional material from the Coosa River has shown their
identity, Specimens are in the present collection from Cypress Creek and Big Nance.”

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 1049

Etheostoma davisoni,+ Hay, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1885, 554, Yellow River, near Chaffin,
Santa Rosa County, Florida (Coll. Mann & Davison); anal rays IT, 6.

Ulocentra stigmxa, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 515, 1883; BouLenceEr, Cat., 1, 99.

Ulocentra davisonii, BOULENGER, Cat., 1, 99.

1438. ULOCENTRA GILBERTI, Evermann & Thoburn, new species.

Head 43; depth 6; eye 3 in head, longer than snout. D. IX-12; A. II,
9; scales 5-54 to 57-x. Body slender, fusiform, little compressed; the
upper profile descending in a gentle, regular curve from front of dorsal
to tip of snout, which is below the axis of the body. Mouth small, hori-
zontal, the lower jaw included; maxillary reaching vertical from front
of orbit, its length equal to diameter of eye; premaxillaries protractile.
Interorbital space $ diameter of eye. Gill membrane narrowly joined,
free from isthmus. Lateral line continuous, nearly straight, continued
forward to eye. Opercle and upper part of cheeks with scales similar to
those on body ; breast naked; scales on median line of belly similar to
the others. Fins moderate, the pectoral reaching to tip of ventral and 2
distance to anal, equal to length of head; anal rather small. Color in
alcohol: Yellowish with dark tessellations above; 8 to 10 oblong blotches
along the sides, with smaller blotches between and partly confluent with
them ; the coloration much as in Cottogaster copelandi; upper fins barred.
Three specimens from Clinch River, at Walker’s Ford, near Tazewell,
Tennessee, the longest 2 inches in length. (Type, No. 47531. Coll. Ever-
mann, Scovell, and Gurley.) (Named for Dr. Charles Henry Gilbert.) .

1439. ULOCENTRA VERECUNDA (Jordan & Evermann).

Head 44; depth 44; eye large, longer than snout, 3+ in head. D. XI,
11; A. II, 7; scales 6-47-9. Form of head and body much as in Pweilich-
thys zonalis, the body subfusiform, little compressed, the back somewhat
elevated. Head small; snout short, very convex in profile. Mouth
small, inferior, horizontal; premaxillaries protractile, but with traces of
an obsolete mesial frenum ; maxillary extending to just beyond front of
eye, 3% in head. Gill membranes broadly united; preopercle entire;
cheeks, opercles, and nape scaly; breast naked; lateral line complete.
Fins all very low; dorsal fins scarcely joined; caudal slightly lunate ;
pectorals as long as head, reaching tips of ventrals, not to vent. Color

* Ulocentra davisoni (Hay).

Head 4}; depth 64%; eye3; snout 144 ineye. D.IX-10, well separated; A. IT, 6; scales 5-50-7,
pores developed on about 30. Interorbital space narrow. Mouth large, horizontal, terminal,
the maxillary extending to a perpendicular from pupil; cleft of mouth 44 head; jaws about
equal; premaxillaries freely protractile. Cheeks and opercles densely scaled; breast naked;
opercular spine well developed; gill membranes narrowly connected; vomerine teeth apparently
present. Base of spinous dorsal 44% in length of body, its height 7; base of soft dorsal shorter,
Tin length of body, its height aboutthesame. Analspines well developed, the first the stronger.
The pectorals reach to vertical of eighth dorsal spine, the ventrals falling short of tips of pec-
torals. Caudal peduncle compressed, tapering gradually to caudal fin. General color oliva-°
ceous; many scales, each with a dark blotch, these uniting to form zigzag and We-shaped
markings, especially above the lateral line; sides with about 10 larger and nearly square spots,
the largest on caudal peduncle; belly and chest under a lens are seen to be thickly sprinkled
with black dots; a black streak downward from eye and another forward to snout; fins dusky;
both dorsals with rows of dusky spots between the rays; caudal barred. One specimen known,
Yellow River, near Chaffin, Santa Rosa County, Florida, This is probably identical with
Ulocentra stigmea.

1050 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

in spirits: Greenish yellow, much mottled with darker green; 6 or 7
distinct quadrate green spots along lateral line; traces of 3 dark spots
in a vertical row at base of caudal; a dark bar below and before eye;
top of head dark; ventrals and anal plain; other fins barred with dark
olive; spinous dorsal with orange in front and orange spots on its last
rays, tip of last spines dark. Length 24 inches. Tributaries of Holston
River, Virginia; rare. (verecundus, modest.)

Etheostoma verecundum, JORDAN & HVERMANN, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1888, 360, Middle Fork of
the Holston River, about 5 miles south of Glade Spring, Virginia. (Type, No.
39862. Coll. Jordan, Evermann, and Jenkins.)

Ulocentra verecunda, BOULENGER, Cat., 1, 98. _

1440. ULOCENTRA HISTRIO (Jordan & Gilbert).

Head 4 to 44; depth 5 to 54; eye 3 in head; scales 54-50 to 54-X. D.
X-13; A. II, 7. In form much resembling Pecilichthys zonalis, but the
body slenderer and less compressed, and the anterior profile of head more
declivitous, the mouth being on a level with lower portion of base of pec-
torals. Mouth small, horizontal, subinferior, the lower jaw included ;
maxillary reaching vertical from front of pupil, 32 in head. Eye rather
large, high up on sides of head, its diameter much greater than length of
snout. Interorbital width half vertical diameter of orbit; parietal region
narrow, smooth, rather strongly arched. Opercular spine little developed.
Gill membranes broadly joined across the isthmus. Premaxillaries tech-
nically protractile, the upper lip everywhere separated by a fold from
the skin of the forehead; they are, however, very little movable. Verti-
cal fins small, the paired fins greatly developed; spinous and soft dorsals
separate, nearly equal in height and extent; the longest dorsal spine
half length of head, the spines all slender and weak; first anal spine
longer and stronger than the second, slightly longer than snout; caudal
fin emarginate, less than length of head; pectorals much longer than
head, reaching beyond tips of ventrals to vent, their length nearly +
that of body; ventrals about as long as head. Scales ctenoid; lateral
line complete, not decurved; head naked, or with a few scales on oper-
cles; nape completely scaled; breast and a long strip behind ventral
fins naked, only the posterior half of. ventral region scaled over; no
enlarged humeral scale. Color: Body very dark green; back with 7
light cross bars, usually very distinct; ventral region light, the lower
half of sides marked with light and dark greenish, these markings
showing a tendency to form bars, usually alternating with those on
back; top of head dark, the sides light greenish; a broad dark bar from
eye to tip of snout, 1 below eye, and a broad dusky area covering parts
of opercle, preopercle, and cheek; a dark bar in front of pectoral fin
and several transverse series of dark spots on under side of head; fins
all conspicuously marked with broad bars of light and dusky greenish;
a black humeral spot; females show traces of this plan of coloration,
but are more uniformly dusky greenish, the lighter marking much less
conspicuous. Leugth 2 inches; asmall, odd looking little fish. Southern

= jah

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 1051

Indiana and southwestward to Arkansas;* known from the lower Wabash
and tributaries (Evermann), Green River, Kentucky, and Black, Poteau,
and Washita rivers, Arkansas; locally common. (histrio, a harlequin.)
Etheostoma (Ulocentra) histrio, JORDAN & GILBERT, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1887, 47, Poteau River,
near Hackett City, Arkansas; Saline River at Benton, and Washita River at
Arkadelphia, Arkansas. (Type, Nos. 36386, 36409, 36448. Coll. Jordan & Gilbert.)

Etheostoma histrio, JORDAN, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., vii, 1888, 164.
Ulocentra histrio, BOULENGER, Cat., 1, 98.

1441. ULOCENTRA SIMOTERA (Cope).

Head 4 to 43; depth 4 to 5; eye 3} in head; D. X to XII-10 or 11; A.
II, 7; scales 6-48 to 52-11. Body short and rather deep. Head small;
the snout very obtuse with strongly curved profile, almost as blunt as
in Diplesion blennioides. Cheeks, opercles, and breast naked or partly
scaly. Dorsal fins well separated; pectoral a little longer than head ;
lateral line complete. In life pale green, the dark markings green;
various scales on back bronze-red in center, the neighboring scales light
yellow, the bronze markings forming very irregular streaks; belly pale
yellow, more or less flushed with bright orange; spinous dorsal pale at
base, then a black streak, then pale, each membrane with an orange spot
throughout the pale streak, the first two spots of a brilliant scarlet;
edge of the fin snuffy brown; soft dorsal with the rays pale yellowish,
the membranes spotted with bronze brown, a black spot at base of each
ray ; caudal yellowish, with three wavy black bars; anal and ventrals
pale yellowish; pectorals yellowish, faintly barred; head with various
green markings; a dark stripe downward and one forward from the eye.
Length 3 inches. An elegant and peculiar species, carrying to an extreme
the gobioid appearance of these fishes. Western Virginia, eastern Ken-

_ tucky and Tennessee, in the basins of the Green, Cumberland, and Ten-

nesee rivers, southward through Alabama to the Escambia River; very
abundant in clear rocky or sandy streams; one of the handsomest of the
small darters. (ouorépa, comparative of ciuoc, snub-nosed. )

Hyostoma simoterum, Corr, Journ. Ac, Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, 215, Holston River and its
tributaries; VAILLANT, Recherches, 100, 1873, with plates.

Ulocentra simotera, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 495, 1883; BouLENGER, Cat., 1, 97.

Arlina aripinnis,t JorDAN, Bull. X, U. 8. Nat. Mus., 10, 1877, tributary of the Cumberland
River, near Nashville, Tennessee. (Type, No. 20433. Coll. A. Winchell.)

*The following description is taken from the specimens from Black River, Black Rock,
Arkansas, belonging to Ulocentra histrio, (Coll. 8. E. Meek):

Head 414; depth 514; eye 4; snout 344; D. IX-9; A. II, 7; scales 6-56-7, lateral line complete;
cheeks and opercles nearly naked, a few scales on their upper parts; nape scaled; breast and
anterior portion of belly naked. Body rather robust, similarin form to Pecilichthys zonalis. Head
heavy; snout short, sharply decurved; mouth small, horizontal, the lower jaw included; upper
jaw with aslight frenum, premaxillaries slightly protractile; gill membranes broadly united;
teeth in jaws well developed. Fins rather high; pectorals large, their tips reaching past tips
of ventrals. Color dark olivaceous, much mottled with darker; six dark dorsal blotches; top of
head and base of caudal black; spinous dorsal with a broad dark margin across top of spines and
downward on first membrane; all the other flns irregularly barred and dotted with black or
dark brown; a dark vertical bar above base of ventral; a series of dark spots on postocular and
a dark line downward from eye; snout and lower parts of head with some spots,

+ The description of this form is substantially as follows:

Ulocentra atripinnis (Jordan).—Head 414; depth 444. D. XII-10 or 11; A, II, 7. Body rather
short, somewhat compressed behind. Head extremely short and deep, the snout very short and
abruptly rounded, as in Ulocentra simutera, Eye large. Gill membranes broadly united, Mouth

1052 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

1442. ULOCENTRA PHLOX (Cope).

D. X-12; A. II, 5; scales 5-52-8. Body rather stout. Head com-
pressed. Mouth terminal, the premaxillaries freely protractile; opercu-
lar spine strong. Cheeks and opercles naked. Breast and neck scaleless
or nearly so. Scales rather large, the belly scaled like the sides. Gill
membranes not described. Lateral line straight, reaching middle of
second dorsal. Vermilion red, with faint, small, brown dorsal spots; a
series of similar blue spots along the lateral line. Spinous dorsal with a
dark blue border; second dorsal with a dark shade; caudal cross-barred.
Anal fin small, other fins large. Length 2 inches. Trinity River, Texas.
(Cope.) Not seen by us. (@A0é, flame.)

Boleosoma phlox, Cork, Bull. xvu, U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1880, 30, Trinity River, Fort Worth,
Texas. (Coll. Cope.)
Ulocentra phlox, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 495, 1883; BouULENGER, Cat., 1, 90.

470. DIPLESION, Rafinesque.

Diplesion, RAFINESQUE, Ichth. Ohiensis, 37, 1820, (blennioides).
Hyostoma, Acasstz, Amer. Journ. Sci. and Arts, 1854, 305, (newmani).

Body rather elongate, subterete. Head very short and blunt, with
tumid cheeks; the profile very convex. Mouth small, inferior, hori-
zontal. Premaxillaries protractile, little movable, joined to the forehead
mesially by a slight frennm; maxillary not protractile, adnate for most
of its length to the fleshy skin of the preorbital; lower jaw very short;
teeth in jaws strong; no teeth on vomer or palatines. Gill membranes
broadly connected. Gill rakers very short. Scales moderate, rough.
Lateral line complete; no enlarged ventral plates. Dorsal fins large, the
spinous dorsal longer and lower than the second, of about 13 spines;
anal smalier than second dorsal, with 2 strong spines. Ventrals moder-
ately separated; pectorals long, symmetrical. Vertebre (blennioides)
19+ 23=—42. Pyloric ceca 4. Frontal region of skull very narrow;
ethmoid region abruptly decurved. Parietal region moderately convex
(less so than in Htheostoma, more so than in Boleosoma); no supraoccipital
crest. Coloration largely green. (dic, two; wAnciov, near; dorsal fin
nearly divided in two.)

small, with equal jaws. Cheeks and opercles scaly; the cheek scales small and closely set; a tri-
angular series of scales on temporal region; throat smooth; neck above closely scaled; belly
closely scaled. Fins large; spinous dorsal high, the second still higher, but smaller than the
first, its base about equal to the length of the head; dorsal fius contiguous, slightly connected.
Color olivaceous; head above entirely black; back with 8 dark cross bars; about 11 bar-like
blotches, somewhat indistinct, arranged along the lateral line; fins chiefly black; membranes
of the second dorsal and ventral fins entirely black, that of the spinous dorsal with a broad
black horizontal bar at base, above which are numerous distinct black oblique streaks; anal
with a broad black bar; caudal and pectoral fins largely dusky. Females and young probably
paler, Scales 7-58-8. Length 2% inches. Cumberland River. It is probably identical with
Ulocentra simotera, (ater, black; pinna, fin.)

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 1053

1443. DIPLESION BLENNIOIDES * (Rafinesque).

(GREEN-SIDED DARTER.)

Head 43 to 4g; depth 4% to6. D. XII to XIV-12 to 15; A. II, 8 or 9;
scales 6-58 to 78-14. Body stout, elongate, little compressed ; profile
very convex. Eyes large, 3} in head, high up and close together; a
longitudinal furrow between the eyes. Mouth small, horizontal, quite
inferior; upper jaw concealed in a furrow under the snout. Opercular
spine strong; distance from mouth to gill cleft } head. Scales moderate;
those on the belly large, not caducous; cheeks with fine scales; opercles
with large ones; neck scaly; chest naked. Anal papilla very large.
Anal spines strong; caudal fin emarginate; lower rays of the pectorals,
and the rays of the ventrals and anal enlarged and fleshy in the males.
Pectoral longer than head, of 15 rays. Vertebrew 23+ 21—44. Color
olive green, tessellated above; sides with about 8 double transverse bars,
each pair forming a Y-shaped figure; these are sometimes joined above,
forming a sort of wavy lateral band; in life these markings are of a
clear deep green; sides sprinkled with orange dots; head with olive
stripes and the usual dark bars; first dorsal dark orange brown at base,
blue above, becoming pale at tip; second dorsal and anal of a rich blue
green, with some reddish; caudal greenish, faintly barred; young and
female specimens are more or less dull, but the pattern is peculiar.
Length 3 to5 inches. Pennsylvania to South Dakota and Kansas and
south to the lower Alabama basin; one of the handsomest and most
abundant of the darters; in clear brooks. (Blennius, blenny; eidoc,
likeness. )

Etheostoma (Diplesion) blennioides, Ra¥riNEsQUE, Journ. de Physique, 419, 1819, Ohio River;
VAILLANT, Recherches, 57, 1873.

Hyostoma newmani, AGassiz, Amer. Journ. Sci. and Arts, 1854, 305, vicinity of Huntsville,
Alabama. (Coll. Dr. Newman.)

Pileoma cymatogramma, ABBott, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, 327, no locality.

Hyostoma blennioperca, Corr, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, 215, tributaries of the

Kanawha and Holston rivers.
Diplesium blennioides, JonpAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 497, 1883; BouLeNGEr, Cat., 1, 100.

* One of the most simply beautiful of all fishes is the Green-sided Darter (Diplesion blennioides).
He is not like the Ltheostoma cxruleum, an animated rainbow, but he has the beauty of green
grass, wild violets, and mossy logs. As we watch him in the water, with his bright blended
colors and gentle ways, once more, with Old Izaak, ‘‘ we sit on cowslip banks, hear the birds
sing, and possess ourselves in as much quietness as the silent silver streams which wesee glide so
quietly by us.”” During the ordinary business of the year, Diplesion, like most sensible fishesand
men, dresses plainly. Itis not easy to get time for contemplation when the streams are low and
food isscarce. Besides, a plain coat may ward off danger as well as facilitate attack. At all
times, however, he may be known by these marks: The fins are all large; the back is covered
with zigzag markings, while on the lower part of the sides are 8 or 9 W-shaped olive spots;
these are more or less connected above, and sometimes form a wavy line. The eyes are promi-
nent; the snout is very short and rounded; while the little inferior mouth is puckered up as if
for saying ‘‘ prunes and prisms, prunes and prisms.” But when the first blue birds give warning
by their shivering and bodiless notes that spring is coming, then Diplesion puts on his wedding
clothes and becomes, in fact, the Green-sided Darter. The dorsal fins become of a bright grass
green, with a scarlet band at the base of each; the broad anal has a tinge of the deepest emerald;
while every spot and line upon the side has turned from an undefined olive to a deep rich

reen, such as is scarcely found elsewhere in the animal world excepting on the heads of frogs.

he same tint shines out on the branching rays of the caudal fin, and may be seen struggling
through the white of the belly. The blotches nearest the middle of the back become black,
and thickly sprinkled everywhere are little shiny specks of clear bronze orange. In the aqua-
rium Diplesion is shy and retiring, too much of a fine lady to scramble for angleworms or to
snap at the ‘bass feed."’ She is usually hidden among the plants or curled up under an arch
of stones or in a geode,—(Jordan & Copeland, )

1054 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

471. BOLEOSOMA, De Kay.
(TESSELLATED DARTERS.)

Boleosoma, DE Kay, New York Fauna: Fishes, 20, 1842, (tessellatum = olmstedi),
Arlina, GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 64, (effulgens).

Estrella, GinarD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 65, (atromaculata).

Vaillantia, JORDAN, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., x11, 89, 1878, (camurum).

Body moderately elongate, fusiform, but slightly translucent. Head
small, narrowed forward, the profile convex. Mouth small, horizontal,
the lower jaw included; premaxillary protractile. Maxillaries not adnate
to preorbital. Vomerine teeth present. Scales large; lateral line con-
tinuous or interrupted behind; belly with ordinary scales. Gill mem-
branes broadly or narrowly connected. Dorsal spines usually 9, very
slender and flexible; soft dorsal much larger than anal; anal normally
with a single, short, slender spine, the first soft ray simple, but articulate;
ventrals well separated ; vertebra (B. nigrum) 15+ 22—37. Pyloric ceca
3to6. Frontal region of skull very short and narrow; parietal region
flattish above; no supraoccipital crest. Coloration olivaceous and
speckled, the males with inky black in spring; no red or blue. Size
small. Very active little fishes ; abounding among weeds in clear streams.
(Boric, arrow, dart; coua, body.)

BoLEOSOMA :
a, Lateral line complete or very nearly so; pyloric cceca 6.
b. Pectorals very long, 14 to 4 longer than head; opercles scaly; gill membranes some-
what connected.
c. Snout about as long as eye; profile steep and nearly straight; scales about 43.
LONGIMANUS, 1444.
ce. Snout shorter than eye; profile rounded; mouth small, inferior; scales about 37.
PODOSTEMONE, 1445,
bb. Pectorals moderate, about as long as head; body and fins speckled; male with the head
black in spring.
d, Head more or less scaly; dorsal rays usually IX-12 to 14; scales 44 to 55.
NIGRUM, 1446.
; dd. Head wholly naked; dorsal rays usually VIII-10; scales 45 to 50. susanm, 1447.
VAILLANTIA®* :
aa, Lateral line ceasing near middle of body; pyloric cceca 3; cheeks and opercles scaly;
breast usually so; head speckled above. D. IX or X-10 orl11; A. I, 7 or I, 8; scales
about 56, CAMURUM, 1448,

1444, BOLEOSOMA LONGIMANTS (Jordan).

Head 42; depth 5. D. X-13: A. I, 8; scales 5-44-7. Body moderately
elongate, not much compressed; head rather long, somewhat blunt anter-
iorly, convex above the eyes; profile of the snout steep and nearly straight;
premaxillaries protractile ; lower jaw included; maxillaries reaching front
of orbit, about as long as eye, which is 4in head, and about as long as
snout; teeth rather strong; gill membranes a little connected. Lateral
line complete; scales rather large; belly naked anteriorly, with ordinary
scales posteriorly. Cheeks naked; opercles with some scales; nape and
breast naked. Pectorals very long, reaching front of anal, about 14 times

* Named for Léon Vaillant, ichthyologist of the museum at Paris, author of a most excellent
monograph of the Etheostomide.

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 1055

——

as long as head; ventrals long, but not reaching tips of pectorals nor front
of anal; dorsal spines high, the longest 1} in head; soft dorsal very high,
1,5 in head ; anal smaller than soft dorsal; anal spine short, the first ray
longer than the spine, simple, but articulate toward the tip; caudal lunate.
Color in spirits: Straw color, many scales on the back darker; 10 dark
spots on sides, rather irregular and small; 1 at base of caudal and 1 on
front of opercle; back with 5 or 6 dark cross blotches. Both dorsals with
dark spots; caudal and pectoral somewhat barred; 3 or 4 dark bars only
on caudal; ventrals and anal plain; a stripe forward from eye, but only
a very faint dark shade below eye; a little black spot on base of pectoral
above; sometimes faint dark dashes on lower part of side, alternating
with the dark blotches. In life this species is clear green, with markings
of darker green or black. Length 2} inches. Basin of James River, Vir-
ginia; recorded from North River at Loch Laird, Virginia; Buffalo Creek
near Lexington, Virginia, and Elk Creek near Natural Bridge, Virginia.
An active species living among rocks; locally abundant. (longus, long;
manus, hand.)

Etheostoma longimana, JORDAN, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1888, 179, tributary of James River,
_ Virginia; (Type, No. 24619, Mus. Comp. Zo01., 8 specimens) ; Jorpan, Proc., U. S. Nat. Mus.,
1888, 361.
Boleosoma longimanus, BOULENGER, Cat., 1, 95.

1445. BOLEOSOMA PODOSTEMONE (Jordan & Jenkins),

Head 42; depth 53; eye 33 in head, a little longer than snout. D. X-13;
A. I, 8; scales 4-35-6. Body rather stout, somewhat compressed, the back
elevated. Head short, rather bluntly rounded in profile, the rather wide,
blunt snout overhanging the small inferior mouth. Upper jaw protrac-
tile; maxillary short, freely movable, just reaching front of eye, and
scarcely as long as eye; mouth very small, inferior, contracted; teeth
small; gill membranes broadly united. Cheeks, nape, and breast naked;
opercles with a few large scales; preopercle entire; middle line of belly
naked anteriorly with ordinary scales behind; lateral line complete.
Dorsal fins moderate ; anal fin lower and smaller than soft dorsal; anal
spine short; first anal ray simple, a little longer than the spine and artic-
ulate toward tip; candal truncate; pectorals rather long, + longer than
head, reaching beyond ventrals to vent. Color, light yellowish green,
with 7 or 8 small dark quadrate spots along side; 5 or 6 larger ones along
back; scales of back mostiy with dark centers; a dark bar below eye; a
little spot behind eye; a dark opercular bar and a dark bar before and
behind pectorals; lower side of head with some dark spots; pectorals,
both dorsals and caudal, with cross bands of dark olive spots; dorsal in
life also spotted with brownish red ; caudal also with a subterminal dark
band; ventrals and anal nearly plain. Length 2 inches. Roanoke River
Basin ; locally abundant in very clear streams, living almost exclusively
in the river weed Podostemon ceratophyllum (Michaux), whence the specific
name.

Etheostoma podostemone, JORDAN & JENKINS, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1888, 359, Roanoke River
at Roanoke, Salem, and Alieghany Springs, Virginia. (Type, No. 39863. Coll. Jor-
dan, Evermann, and Jenkins. )

Boleosoma podostemone, Boulenger, Cat., 1, 95.

1056 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum,

1446. BOLEOSOMA NIGRUM (Rafinesque).

(JOHNNY DaRTER.*)

Head 3% to 43; depth 5 to 6; eye 3% to 4 in head, equal to or a little
longer than snout. D. IX-12 to 14 (VIII to X-10 to 14); A. I, 7 to 9;
’ scales 5-44 to 55-9, rarely 35 to 40. Body fusiform, slender, little com-
pressed. Head conical, moderate, the snout somewhat decurved. Mouth
small,lower jawincluded. Cheeks and breast naked (specimens occasion-
ally found with these regions closely scaly); opercles scaly ; space before

dorsal mostly scaled. Opercular spine strong; space between mouth and...

gill cleft about half head. Fins high; pectoral about as long as head;
dorsals about equal in height, the spinous a little longer. Anal small,
its spine short and weak; caudal truncate. Coloration pale olivaceous ;
back much tessellated with brown; sides with numerous small W-shaped
blotches; head speckled above, mostly black in the males; a black line
forward from eye and sometimes a line downward also; fins barred;
males in the spring blackish anteriorly, often almost entirely jet black.
Tubes of the lateral line sometimes obsolete on the last 4 or 5 scales.
Length 2 to 24 inches. Eastern United States, almost everywhere, espe-
cially northward, the typical form (nigrum) throughout the Ohio Valley,
Great Lake region, and Upper Mississippi west to Colorado and north to
Manitoba;t very abundant in most streams, especially small ones, among

* We never grew tired of watching the little Johnny (Boleosoma nigrum, Rafinesque),
Although our earliest aquarium friend—and the very first specimen showed us by a rapid ascent
of the river weed how ‘‘a Johnny could climb trees’’—he has still many resources which we
have never learned. Whenever we try to catch him with the hand we begin with all the uncer-
tainty that characterized our first attempts, even if we have him in a two-quart pail. We may
know him by his short fins, his first dorsal having but 9 spines, and by the absence of all
color save a soft yellowish brown, which is freckled with darker markings. The dark brown
on the sidesis arranged in7 or 8 W-shaped marks, below which are a few flecks of the same
color. Covering the sides of the back are the wavy markings and dark specks, which have given
him the name of the ‘‘Tessellated Darter,” but Boleosoma isa braver name and we even prefer
‘*Boly’’ for short. In the spring the males have the head jet-black, and this dark color often
extends on the back part of the body so that the fish looks asif hehad been taken by the tail
and dipped into a bottle of ink. But with the end of the nuptial season this color disappears,
and the fish regains his normalstrawy hue. The head in Boleosoma resembles that of Diplesion,
but the habit of leaning forward over a stone, resting on the front fins, gives a physiognomy
even more frog-like. His actions are, however, rather bird-like, for he will strike attitudes like
a tufted titmouse, and he flies rather than swims through the water.. He will, with much perse-
verance, push his body between a plant and the side of the aquarium and balance himself on
the slender stem. Crouching cat-like before a snail shell, he will snap off the horns which the
unlucky owner pushes timidly out. But he is often less dainty, and, seizing the animal by
the head, he dashes the shell against the glass or a stone until he pulls the body out or breaks
the shell.—Jordan & Copeland.

+ Specimens obtained by Mr. Woolman from Big Stone Lake, Minnesota, and which may repre-
sent a tangible variety, are described as follows:

Head 31%; depth 52; eye 4'%4 (4 without flap), equaling snout. D. VIII-12; A. I, 8; scales
4-49-5, Resembling the variety olmstedi in the high fins and slender body; head moderate;
caudal peduncle long and slender; mouth large, nearly horizontal; premaxiliaries protractile,
maxillary reaching vertical of pupil; gill membranes scarcely connected. Cheeks naked or
nearly so; opercles, nape, and breast scaled; belly with ordinary scales; lateral line complete,
slightly arched in anterior portion. Dorsal fin high, the Jongest spine about 134 in head, the
soft portion alittle higher; anal rays about 2in head; anal fin smaller than soft dorsal, its base
12 in that of soft dorsal; pectoral long, as long as head, almost reaching anal fin; ventralsshort,
114 in pectoral. Color of male, inalcohol, dusky, with 10 or 11 darker vertical pars extending from
median line of back to below lateral line, the anterior ones narrow, those on posterior part of
body broader; the spaces between these bars with small dark punctulations; topand sidesof head
profusely punctulate, a dark suborbital spot; spinous dorsal black on membrane connecting first
2 or 3 spines, rest of spinous part punctate and edged with black; a small black spot on posterior
part; soft dorsal more or less mottled; caudal paler, some black on tip and edges; anal profusely
covered with fine dark points, thickest on edge; ventrals blue black; pectorals pale. Length 2
inches, Known only from Big Stone Lake, Ortonville, Minnesota,

Jordan and Evermann.—Ffishes of North America. 1057

gravel and weeds. The typical form (nigrum) has the lateral line slightly

interrupted behind, the dorsal rays usually IX-12, and the fins rather low.

(niger, black.)

Etheostoma nigrum, RAFINESQUE, Ichth. Ohiensis, 37, 1820, Green River, Kentucky.

Boleosoma maculatum, Acassiz, Lake Superior, 305, 1850, Lake Superior. (Coll. Agassiz).

Boleosoma olmstedi brevipinnis, Core, Journ, Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, 214, Kiskiminitas River,
Pennsylvania.

Boleosoma mutatum, VAILLANT, Recherches sur Etheostomatide, 88, 1873; substitute for maculatum
of Acassiz, changed on account of the prior maculatwm of KirTLaNnp.

Peecilichthys beani, JORDAN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 479, 1884, Tabo Creek, Lafayette County,
Missouri. (Type, No. 35754.)

Boleosoma nigrum, BOULENGER, Cat., 1, 93.

Represented Northeastward by

1446a. BOLEOSOMA NIGRUM OLMSTEDI (Storer).

(TESSELLATED DARTER; GRAND ORANCHEE.)

Head 4; depth 54. D. IX-14 or 15; A. I, 9; scales 47 to 52. Body
slender, little compressed, with long caudal peduncle. Head slender,
rather pointed. Cheeks and opercles scaly; space before dorsal and breast
usually naked, sometimes closely scaled. Fins very high, pectorals reach-

ing past tips of ventrals. Coloration olivaceous, tessellated above; sides
with blotches and zigzag markings; fins speckled or somewhat barred;
head not speckled, dusky in males; usually a black stripe forward from
the eye and another downward. Length 34 inches. Lake Ontario to

Massachusetts, south to Virginia, chiefly coastwise and east of the

Alleghanies ; probably intergrades with Boleosoma nigrum, but generally

the dorsal is longer in olmstedi, the fin higher, and the head more scaly.

(Named for Charles H. Olmsted, an early student of the fishes of the

Connecticut River.) |

Etheostoma olmstedi, SroRER, Journ. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1841, 61, pl. 5, fig. 2, Hartford, Con-
necticut. (Coll. Chas. H. Olmsted).

Perca minima, HAtpEMAN, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., virt, 1842, 330, Susquehanna River.

Boleosoma tessellatum, De Kay, New York Fauna: Fishes, 20, pl. 20, fig. 57, 1842, ‘‘most of the
fresh-water streams of New York;’’ no definite locality given.

Etheostoma atromaculata, Girarp, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 66, Potomac River,
vicinity of Washington, D. C.; a slight variety with nape and breast closely scaled;
this form found also in Cayuga Lake, New York.

? Boleosoma sesopus,* Corr, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc., 1870, 270, Loyalsoc Creek, a tributary of

the Alleghany River in Pennsylvania.
; Boleosoma olmstedi, JonvAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 492, 1883.

* Boleosoma xsopus (Cope): D. VII-14; A. 10; scales 5-47-8. Body stout, the back rather

elevated; the caudal peduncle somewhat contracted; muzzle somewhat decurved; mouth
terminal. Dorsal fins much elevated. Color light brown, with 6 small dark dorsal aes and
similar small spots along the dorsal line; a bar around muzzle and one below eye. Length

244 inches. Loyalsoc Creek, (Cope,) One specimen koown, probably an accide ntal variation
Of Boleosoma olmstedi.

¥. N. A.——68

1058 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

Represented southeastward by
1446b. BOLEOSOMA NIGRUM EFFULGENS (Girard).

Head 4}; depth 64; eye 3% in head. D. IX-13; A. 1,9; scales 5-40 to
49-6. Body rather slender; caudal peduncle not contracted: opereular
spines rudimental; muzzle abruptly decurved. Opercles scaly ; cheeks,
nape, and breast naked; sometimes a few scales on cheek. Fins very
high ; caudal very much rounded; ventrals reaching anal; pectorals still
longer. In the males the dorsal is extremely high, the membranes largely
black, the rays spotted with white; seven dark cross blotches on back ;
8 faint dark marks on side, the intervening spaces metallic green in
life; a small spot at base of caudal; caudal with white specks. Length
24 inches. Maryland to North Carolina. (effulgens, brilliant.)

Arlina effulgens, GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 64, brooks and streams flowing

into the Potomac River; VAILLANT, Recherches, 142, 1873.
Boleosoma ejfulgens, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 493, 1883.

Represented in streams of Virginia by °

1446c. BOLEOSOMA NIGRUM VEXILLARE (Jordan).

Head 4; depth 4%. D. VIII or IX-10 to 12; A. 1,7; scales 4-35 to
47-6. Body rather short and stout; caudal peduncle not contracted ;
opercular spine moderately developed; space in front of dorsal fin naked;
muzzle moderately decurved; eye moderate. Second dorsal very high,
higher than long; pectorals and ventrals long, nearly reaching anal.
Coloration olivaceous, the sides with traces of vertical bars; first dorsal,
ventrals, and anal black; second dorsal and caudal strongly barred with
pale in fine pattern; head black in the male; lateral line complete. Fins
shorter than in olmstedi, the scales larger; the form joined to both nigrum
and olmstedi by series of variations. Length3inches. Tributaries of the
James, Roanoke, and Rappahannock rivers; common. (vexillaris, carry- —
ing a standard, from the high fins.)

Boleosoma vexillare, JORDAN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1879, 235, Rappahannock River, War-
renton, Virginia; a very extreme specimen with D. VIII-10; A. I, 7; scales 4-35-6; (Coll. —
Charles Hallock); Jornpan & GILBERT, Synopsis, 493, 1883.

Etheostoma nigrum vexillare, JORDAN, Bull. U. 8. Fish Comm., VIII, 1888 (1890), 112 and 124.

Represented southeastward by

1446d. BOLEOSOMA NIGRUM MACULATICEPS (Cope).

Head 4; depth 64; eye 33 in head. D. IX-15; A. I, 8; scales 5-41-10.
Fins large; opercular spine moderate; cheeks naked. Pale yellowish,
with ill-defined series of dorsal and lateral spots and many speckles —
between; top of head, nape, and muzzle marked with large brown spots ;
all the fins black, barred. Common in the upper waters of the Catawba
River, North Carolina. (Cope.) (maculatus, spotted; ceps, head.)

Boleosoma maculaticeps, Cope, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc., 1870, 269, Upper waters of the Catawba
River, North Carolina.

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 1059

Another form or species of this type from Nebraska may be recorded as

1446e. BOLEOSOMA NIGRUM MES EUM (Cope).

A stout, little compressed species, with largescales. Dorsals not in con-
tact. Eye 5 in head, more than once in muzzle, anterior to its border;
head 44 in total length. Caudal very rounded, first scarcely as high as
second dorsal. Pectorals longer than ventrals, not reaching vent. Scales
440-5. D. IX-13; A. 9; V. I, 4. Outline of back rather elevated.
Beside the large size of the scales, the proportionately longer head and 4
soft ventral rays distinguish it from other species. The colorin spirits is
pale brown, with four dorsal blotches, and a few groups of zigzags on the
sides. Second dorsal and caudal barred. (Cope.) We have the follow-
ing additional notes upon the type of this species: Head 3? in length
of body; pectoral as long as head; dorsal spines IX; the ventral rays
appear to be really 1,4; analspine weak. Cheeks naked; gill membranes
separate. Eye not half as large as in specimens of nigrum of same size,
44+ in head in adult; snout more pointed than in other species of Boleo-
soma; mouthlarger. Lateral linecomplete. A true Boleosoma and appa-
rently a valid species. Type, a single specimen in poor condition in the
Museum of the Academy of Natural Sciences at Philadelphia. Platte
River, near Fort Kearney, Nebraska; only the type known. (meseus,
uécatoc, intermediate. )

Pecilichthys meseus,* Core, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, 232, Platte River, near Fort

Kearney, Nebraska. (Coll. Dr. Hammond.)
Boleosoma mesceum, VAILLANT, Recherches, 98, 1873.

1447. BOLEOSOMA SUSAN (Jordan & Swain).

Head 4+; depth 64. D. VIII-10 or 11; A, I, 8; scales 4-45 to 50-6.
General form and appearance of Boleosoma nigrum, the body slenderer,
the fins smaller, and the head entirely naked. Body very slender, fusi-
form, little compressed, the back not much elevated. Head short and
small. Mouth small, inferior, formed as in other species of the genus.
Snout short, bluntly decurved. Eye rather large, a little longer than
snout, the maxillary extending to below front of pupil. Whole head,
nape, breast, and middle line of belly naked. Scales rather large, the
tubes of the lateral line wanting on the last 3 or 4. Fins moderate, the
dorsals shorter and lower than usual in this genus, highest in the males.
Anal spine single, weak. Pectorals rather long, reaching well beyond
tips of ventrals, their length about equal to that of head. Color in life
essentially asin Boleosoma nigrum, the miles (in spring) with the head
and fins jet black, the body blackish olive, barred with black. Females
light olive, tessellated with darker, and with dusky spots along the lat-
eral line. A dark spot before eye and one on back before dorsal; lower
fins pale; both dorsals and caudal with darker bars. Length 2 inches.
Basin of the Upper Cumberland River, Kentucky ; locally abundant. A
well-marked species, without bright colors; small and slender. (Named

1060 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

for Mrs. Susan Bowen Jordan, who was interested in life studies of the
darters. )
Boleosoma susane, JORDAN & Swain, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1883, 249, Wolf Creek and other

tributaries of the Clear Fork of Cumberland River, near Pleasant View, Whit-
ley County, Kentucky (Type, No. 36501. Coll. Gilbert & Swain); BouLENGER, Cat., 1, 94.

Subgenus VAILLANTIA, Jordan.

1448. BOLEOSOMA CAMURUM, Forbes.

Head 4 to 44; depth 54 to 64. D. IX or X-10 or 11; A. I, Tor 8; scales
5 or 6-56 to 65-11, pores about 20 to 30. Body slender, moderately com-
pressed, with long caudal peduncle. Back somewhat elevated. Head
small, rather slender, the snout shorter than eye, strongly decurved.
Eye 4in head. Mouth inferior, horizontal, small, the maxillary extend-
ing nearly to middle of eye. Gill membranes little connected. Cheeks,
opercles, and breast closely covered with rather large scales; median line
of neck naked; opercular spine strong; scales moderate; lateral line
quite short, nearly straight, reaching to middle of the spinous dorsal,
developed on 20 to 39 scales. Fins small, the dorsals well apart; first
dorsal larger than the second, which is larger than the small anal; pec-
toral as long as head. Coloration much as tn Boleosoma nigrum, but
rather paler, olivaceous; back spotted and tessellated; sides with about
10 irregular spots; a dark spot on opercles; head spotted above; a black
line across the muzzle; no bar below eye; dorsals and caudal fin finely
barred. Length 24 inches. Indiana and Iowa to Alabama and south-
west to Houston, Texas; common in Arkansas and southward in sandy
streams. (camurus, snub-nosed.)
Boleosoma camura, Fores, Bull. 11, Ill. Lab. Nat. Hist., 40, 1878 (name preoccupied in Etheostoma,
but not in Boleosoma), streams of Illinois (Coll. Forbes); BouLENGErR, Cat., 1, 96.
Vaillantia chlorosoma,* Hay, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1880, 495, tributary of Tuscumbia River
at Corinth, Mississippi, Sandy Creek at Artesia, Mississippi, and Horsehunter

Creek at Macon, Mississippi. (Type, No. 27428. Coll. Hay.)
Vaillantia camura and chlorosoma, JoRDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 494, 1883.

472. CRYSTALLARIA, Jordan & Gilbert.

Crystallaria, JORDAN & GILBERT, in JORDAN, Cat. Fishes N. A., 78, 1885, (asprella).

Body slender, elongate, subcylindrical, pellucid in life; scales small,
rough; lateral line complete. Mouth small; premaxillaries not protrac-
tile; teeth on jaws and vomer; cheeks and opercles scaly; opercle with
a strong spine, gill membranes somewhat united; branchiostegals 6.

* The following is the substance of Dr. Hay’s account of Boleosoma chlorosoma :

Boleosoma chlorosoma (Hay).—Head 444; depth 5144. D. IX-11; A. I, 7 or I, 8; lateral line 50
to 60. Body slender, compressed, the dorsal region much arched. Caudal peduncle long an
slender, the body abruptly contracted at the vent. Head small, convex in profile. Cheeks and
opercles scaled. Breast scaled or naked. Dorsals separated by a distance equal to half the head,
about equal to each other, larger than the anal. Lateral line developed on 4 to 20 scales.
Greenish yellow, with many blotches and zigzag markings of brown; a row of about 10 of these
blotches along each side, most distinct on caudal peduncle; about 8 square brown dorsal spots.
Top of head, opercular spot, aud subocular spot black. A black streak from eye to snout.
Length 2 to 24% inches.

/

_ Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 1061

Both dorsals and anal high and long; caudal notched; ventrals well sep-
arated ; anal with one feeble spine. This genus differs from Ammocrypta
chiefly in having the premaxillaries nonprotractile. The vertical fins are
much more developed than in the latter genus, there being 14 dorsal
spines and 12 soft rays in the anal fin. The squamation is much more
complete than in Ammocrypta, but the body is similarly hyaline. The
single species is one of the largest of the darters, much larger than the
species of Ammocrypta or Joa, resembling species of Hadropterus in habit.
(kptoTaddAoc, crystal.)

1449. CRYSTALLARIA ASPRELLA (Jordan).

Head long and slender, 4} to 44; depth 7 to 8; eye large. D. XII to
XIV-13 to 15; A. I, 12 to 14; scales 7 to 10-98 to 100-10 (83 to 85 in speci-
mens from Alabama). Body long,slender; mouth not large, subterminal,
horizontal; premaxillaries not protractile; opercular spine well devel-
oped. Squamation much more complete than in Ammocrypta pellucida, the
scales very small and quite rough, largest posteriorly ; cheeks and oper-
cles with pectinate scales; throat and belly naked, the space between
the ventrals scaled; back of neck scaled. Fins large; the dorsals well
separated, the spinous high, highest in front; second dorsal smaller,
smaller than anal; anal spine high, flexible; caudal lunate. Color hya-
line olive, with 3 or 4 dark, broad cross bands meeting over the back,
the width of each of the first 3 about equal to depth of body, the fourth
narrower, all extending somewhat obliquely downward and forward to
the lateral line; a dark lateral band along side, made up of about 10
more or less confluent dark quadrate blotches, darkest where it passes
through the cross bands. Southern Indiana and Illinois to Arkansas and
Alabama, chiefly in the larger, clearer streams, where it is found in the
swift currents. Recorded from the Ohio River, at Rising Sun (Jenkins) ;
Wabash River, at New Harmony, Vincennes, and Terre Haute (Ever-
mann); Green River, Kentucky (Woolman); Chocolo Creek, Alabama
(Kirsch); and Washita River, Arkansas (Jordan & Gilbert), besides the
original locality in Illinois, where it was first obtained by Dr. Forbes.
A singularly interesting fish. (asprellus, a diminutive of Aspro.)

Pleurolepis asprellus,* JorpAN, Bull. 11, Ill. Lab. Nat. Hist., 38, 1878, rocky tributary of Mis-
sissippi River in Hancock County, Illinois. (Coll. Forbes.)

* Ammocrypta asprella, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 490, 1883.

Etheostoma asprellus, EVERMANN & JENKINS, Proc, U. 8S, Nat. Mus., 1888, 56.
Orystallaria asprellus, BOULENGER, Cat., I, 104.

473. AMMOCRYPTA, Jordan.
(SAND DARTERS.)

Pleurolepis, Aaass1z, Bull. Mus, Comp. Zoiil., 1, 5, 1863, (pellucidus), (not Pleurolepis, Eaerton, a
genus of extinct Ganoids).
Ammocrypta, JORDAN, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., x, 6, 1877, (beanii).
Body slender and elongate, subcylindrical; pellucid in life. Head slen-

der. Mouth rather wide, terminal, horizontal, the lower jaw included ;

*TIn the original description, copied in Jordan & Gilbert, Synopsis, 490, the count of fin rays
of Ammoerypta pellucida was, by a slip, substituted for that of Crystallaria asprella,

1062 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

premaxillaries very protractile; teeth on the vomer. Scales thin, ctenoid,
little imbricated, present along the region of the lateral line and on the
tail, sometimes wanting on the back or belly; lateral line complete,
each tube occupying nearly the whole length of its scale. Head scaly or
naked; no ventral plates, the belly naked. Gill membranes consid-
erably united, forming an angle at their junction. Dorsal fins moderate,
about equal to the anal fin and to each other; dorsal with about 10
spines; anal spine single, weak; ventrals well separated, behind pecto-
rals, their spines feeble; pectorals pointed, symmetrical, of 12 to 15 rays.
Vertebree 23 + 21— 44 (A. pellucida). Pyloric ceca 4. Frontal region of
skull narrow, the parietal region unusually depressed, the bones of skele-
ton all slender and thin. Sutures of skull very distinct ; supraoccipital
crest obsolete. Foramen of hypercoracoid very large. Darters of mod-
erate or rather large size, inhabiting the sandy bottoms of clear streams,
where they bury themselves entirely, exceping the eyes and snout. Col-
oration translucent, with bright reflections. (duoc, sand; xpuyzroc, con-
cealed. )

a. Cheeks and opercles scaly; sides of body usually well scaled. PELLUCIDA, 1450.
aa. Cheeks and opercles naked; body imperfectly scaled. BEANII, 1451.

1450. AMMOCRYPTA PELLUCIDA (Baird).

(Sanp DaRrTER.*)

Head 4 to 42; depth 7 to 84. D. X-10 (IX to XI-9 to 11); A. I, 8 to 10;
scales about 75 (67 to 78), about 6 series above lateral line. Body elon-
gate, nearly cylindrical, the flesh pellucid in life, but of firm, wiry tex-
ture; head stout. Cheeks, opercles, and temporal region scaled; the scales
embedded and more or less cycloid. Neck above thinly sealed or naked;
scales of body not very rough, those along lateral line and caudal peduncle
most closely imbricated ; belly entirely naked ; opercle ending in a short,
flatspine. Maxillary barely reaching to opposite the largeeye; eyes high
up, 3$ to 4 in head, nearly equal to snout, separated by a narrow, grooved
space. Pectorals shortish, almost as long as head, reaching tips of ven-
trals, halfway to vent. Translucent; scales with fine black dots; a

* We have often brought home with us a ‘‘ Johnny,” ‘‘Speck,”’ or ‘‘ Crawl-a-bottom,”’ of a
different type from any of those whose habits wealready knew. It had a very sharp nose which
projected over its mouth; its body was exceedingly slim and round, as transparent as jelly, but
hard and firm to the touch. Its belly and much of its back were quite bare of scales and those
along its sides were small and inconspicuous. Our aquarium had been arranged for the con-
venience of our other Etheosiomine friends and the bottom was thickly covered with stones, among
which asmall fish might easily hide. Several days passed after the introduction of the first Ammo-
crypta, which survived the change of water, when we noticed that it had disappeared. Careful
search among the stones and around the geode only made it the more certain thatithad gone and
increased our wonder as to the way; for surely it had not been eaten, nor had it jumped out, unless,
like Ariel, it could assumea ‘‘shape invisible.’’ Finally, after going over every inch of the ground,
there was discovered, under the nose of Boleosoma, Which was standing, as usual, on its handsand
tail, the upper edge of a caudal fin, and on each side of Boly’s tail appeared a little black eye set
inayellow frame. Ammocrypta was buried! Was he dead? Slowly one eye was closed in a Darter’s
inimitable way—for they can outwink all animalsin creation except owls—and a touch of a finger
on its tail showed thatit had lost none of its activity. It was quite improbable that it had been
buried so completely by accident, we therefore cleared of stones a small spot, leaving the hard
white sand exposed, and awaited developments. Then for days we watched it closely only to learn
thatit could bury itself with great celerity, for it was notcaughtin theact. Butour patience was
at last rewarded; for one morning, as we came out to breakfast, it put its nose, that we now know
has a tip nearly as hard as horn, against the bottom, stood up nearly straight on its head and with

Jordan and Evermann.— Fishes of North America. 1063

series of small, squarish olive or bluish blotches along the back and
another along each side ; lateral spots connected by a gilt band. Length
3 inches. Lake Erie to Minnesota, Kentucky and Texas; abounding in
clear sandy streams; one of the most interesting of our fishes, burying
itself in the sand by an instantaneous movement, leaving only its eyes
and snout visible. (pellucidus, transparent. )
Pleurolepis pellucidus (BarrD MS.) Acassiz, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zodl.,1, 5, 1863, no locality; the
specimens from Black River, Ohio, the types of Etheostoma pellucidum, Barrp MS,, 1853,
(Type, No. 1311. Coll. Baird); VarLuant, Recherches, 138, 1873, with plate.

Pleurolepis pellucidus, JORDAN & COPELAND, Amer. Nat., 86, 1877.
Ammocrypta pellucida, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 489, 1883; BouLENGER, Cat., 1, 102.

Represented northwestward by

1450a. AMMOCRYPTA PELLUCIDA CLARA (Jordan & Meek).

This variety differs from the typical pellucida in having no scales along
the nuchal region, and none on sides anteriorly, except the 5 or 6 rows
along the lateral line; cheeks with few scales. It grades into the typi-
cal pellucida, although extreme forms are readily recognizable; scarcely
worthy of separation from the species. Mississippi Valley, Wabash
River, west to central Iowa and Minnesota and south to Arkansas and
northern Texas. (clarus, clear.)

Ammocrypta clara, JORDAN & MEEK, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1885, 8, Des Moines River,

Ottumwa, Iowa. (Type, No. 35828. Coll. Jordan & Meek.)
Etheostoma pellucidum clarwm, EVERMANN & JENKINS, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1888, 49.

Represented southwestward by

1450b. AMMOCRYPTA PELLUCIDA VIVAX (Hay).

More fully scaled than typical pellucida, the region before the dorsal
being more or less closely covered with scales; scales firmer and rougher.
A dusky bar across base of soft dorsal. In other respects essentially as
in pellucida. Pyloric ceca 4. Vertebra 21+ 20—41. Length 1} inches.

a swift beating of the tail to right and left was in less than five seconds completely buried. The
sand had been violently stirred of course, and just as it had nearly settled, probably in less than
half a minute, its nose was put quietly out, and settling back left the twinkling eyes and narrow
forehead alone visible. Since then we have kept scores of them in an aquarium arranged
especially for their convenience and have often seen them burrow intothesand. They will remain
buried so long as the water is pure and cool. Indeed, we now rely almost entirely on them to
warn us when the water needs changing. When this need is felt they come out of the sand and
lie on the bottom panting violently. We have been unable to discover any immediate incentive
for the act. It seems to be entirely unpremeditated. A number of them in confinement lie
helplessly on the bottom, motionless and slowly breathing, when one suddenly starts and buries

_ his head and neck in the now whirling sand; by a motion as quick as thought, his tail beats

frantically about and when again the clean sand lies smooth on the bottom the little eyes are
looking at you like two glistening beads, as if to witness your applause at so clever a trick,
We have never seen Ammocrypta taste of food, nor do we ever expect to do so; for although its
mouth bristles with teeth, its small size forbids an attack on any game which we can offer. Its
quiescent habits and the character of the bottoms to which it confines itself seem to indicate that
its prey is minute if not microscopic. But speculation about what we do not know as to its food
might lead us to speculation as to the origin of its characteristic features—how, for instance, the
hard snout, the transparent muscles, and the burrowing habits are consequent on its loss of scales,
or how the loss of unnecessary scales and of pigment cells is consequent on its burrowing habits.
Then, when we have finished these matters, we might inquire how it came about that there are

“Johnny Darters” at all, and why no other continent has them,—Jordan & Copeland.

1064 Bulletin 27, United States National Museum.

Mississippi and northwest through Arkansas to Texas; in sandy streams.
(vivax, vivacious. )

Ammocrypta vivax, Hay, Bull. U. 8. Fish Comm., 1, 1882 (1883), 58, Pearl River, Jackson,
Mississippi. (Type, No, 32213. Coll. Hay.)

1451. AMMOCRYPTA BEANII, Jordan.

Head 3% to 4; depth 74. D. VIII to X-10 or 11; A.1I,9 or 10; scales
65. Body greatly elongated, subcylindrical, transparent. Head rather
large, heavier than in Ammocrypta pellucida. Mouth rather wide, nearly
terminal; the upper jaw somewhat the longer; outer teeth strong,
hooked. Opercular spine obsolete. Head entirely naked. Body naked,
except the caudal peduncle, which is sparsely covered with thin, embed-
ded scales, and a series of rather large scales along the sides, on which
the lateral line runs. Dorsal fins high, wide apart, about equal in height
to the anal fin and to each other; caudal fin emarginate. Color trans-
lucent, without bars or spots, the lateral line shining golden in life.
Spinous dorsal with a large black spot on the membrane anteriorly,
another near the middle, and some small ones behind; other fins with
their membranes dusted with dark points. Length 24 inches. Gulf
States, Alabama to Louisiana; rather common in sandy bottoms of clear
brooks in the pine woods. (Named for Dr. Tarleton Hoffman Bean, its
discoverer. )

Ammocrypta beanii, JORDAN, Bull. x, U. S. Nat. Mus., 5, 1877, Notalbany River, Tickfaw,
Louisiana, (Coll. Bean); BouLENGErR, Cat., 1,103; Jorpan & GILBERT, Synopsis, 489.

Ammocrypta gelida, Hay, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1880, 490, Chickasawha River, Enterprise,
Mississippi. (Young.) (Type, No. 27425. Coll. Hay.)

*

474. IOA, Jordan & Brayton.
Toa, JORDAN & Brayton, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., x11, 88, 1878, (vitrea).

This genus differs from Ammocrypta chiefly in the presence of 2 well-
developed spines in the anal fin. The anal fin is proportionately smaller,
and the scales are larger and rougher, more fully covering the body.
Species small and slender, translucent in life; abounding in sandy brooks
of the southern pine woods. (ié¢, an arrow or dart.)

a, Cheeks and opercles closely scaled; anal rays IT, 7. VITREA, 1452.

aa. Cheeks and opercles naked; anal rays IT, 10. viet, 1453,

1452. IOA VITREA (Cope).

Head 4 to 44; depth 7 to 74. D. VII to IX-11 to 14; A. II, 6 to 9;
scales 50 to 62. Form of Ammocrypta pellucida, or a little less elongate.
Head slender, acuminate; mouth not very small, maxillary reaching
front of eye; temporal region scaled; eye 3% in head, nearly equal to
snout; cheeks and opercles covered with large, imbricated, very roughly
ctenoid scales, these scales extending forward to the maxillary and back-
ward to edge of opercle and on subopercle; the feeble opercular spine is
almost hidden by them. Middle and lower part of the sides of the body

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 1065

. covered with large, imbricated, very rough scales, these less closely set
below; breast naked; behind the ventrals the middle line of the belly
with some small scales, behind which is a naked space bounded by small
embedded scales, and extending as far as tLe vent; back, from middle of
first dorsal forward, naked, posteriorly more or less scaly. Fins low and
small, the second dorsal longer than the first or the anal, the spines
slender; anal spines short; pectoral fins long and narrow. Translucent,
with small dark spots on back and sides, besides finer specklings; fins
plain. Length 2inches. Southeastern Virginia and eastern North Caro-
lina; locally abundant in clear sandy streams in pine woods. (vitreus,
glassy.)

Pecilichthys vitreus, Copr, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. Phila., 1870, 263, Walnut Creek, a tribu-

tary of Neuse River, Wake County, North Carolina. (Coll. Cope.)

: Toa vitrea, JoRDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 490, 1883.
Ammocrypta vitrea, BOULENGER, Cat., 1, 102.

1453. I0A VIGIL, Hay.

Head 3%; depth 6; eye 3, greater than snout. D, X-12; A. II, 10; scales
about 60 in longitudinal series. Body slender; head long; caudal pedun-
cle compressed and comparatively deep, the fish, therefore, having nearly
the same depth throughout its length. Top of head sloping gradually
from occiput to snout. Upper jaw protractile; mouth large, terminal,
slightly oblique; the jaws equal, maxillary reaching anterior edge of
pupil; interorbital space very narrow ; jaws with recurved teeth; oper-
cular spine well developed; opercles and cheeks naked. Dorsal fins well
separated ; the origin of spinous dorsal + distance from snout to base of
caudal, its length 4 and its height + length of head; soft dorsal same
size as spinous. Length of anal fin $ length of head, its height + head.
Posterior portion of body densely scaled, anterior portion probably with
few scales above, but none below the lateral line. Pale straw color or
pellucid in life with some blotches and specks of olive, about 10 square
spots along the back, and about as many along the lateral line, most dis-
tinct posteriorly ; top of head dusky; a small but distinct black spot at
base of caudal. Length 1 inch. (Hay.) Only one specimen known.
Pearl River, Jackson, Mississippi; a rather doubtful species, possibly a
variation of Ammocrypta beanii. (vigil, wide awake.)

Toa vigil, Hay, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., 11, 1882 (1883), 59, Pearl River, Jackson, Missis-
sippi. (Coll. Hay.)

The genus Ammocrypta represents the extreme of development of the
series of darters with elongate bodies, a natural series being formed from
Percina through Hadropterus, Ulocentra, and Boleosoma to Crystallaria and
Ammocrypta. Another well-marked series, at first parallel with these and
closely related to its members, leads off from Hadropterus and Ulocentra
through Ltheostoma, culminating in Microperca. This second series is
distinguished as a whole by firmer skeleton with fewer vertebra, the
skull more convex in cross section, the anal fin smaller and the fin rays
tending to become fewer. In habits, the species of the second group are

1066 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

more quiescent, Swimming less freely for a distance, but lying at rest for
some tiie, then moving with sudden jerks. In this series bright blue or
red coloration in the males is more frequently observed. We begin the
series with the chief group, Hiheostoma, a group from which as a whole
Hadropterus can scarcely be separated.

475. ETHEOSTOMA, Rafinesque.

Etheostoma, RAFINESQUE, Journ. de Physique., etc., Paris, 1819, 419, (caprodes, blennioides, flabel-
lare; first restricted by AGassiz, 1854, to aspro, wrongly identified as ‘‘ blennioides;’’ restricted
by Copr & JORDAN, 1877, to flabellare).

Pecilosoma, AGASsi1z, Lake Superior, 1850, 299, (variatus) (name preoccupied).

Pecilichthys, AGAssiz, American Journal Sci. and Arts, 1854, 305, (variatus).

Catonotus, AGAssiz, American Journal Sci. and Arts, 1854, 305, (flabellatus).

Oligocephalus, GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 67, (lepidus).

Nothonotus, AGAss1z, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zodl., 1, 3, 1868, (maculatus).

Astatichthys, VAILLANT, Recherches sur les Etheostomatina, 107, 1873, (cxruleus).

Nanostoma, Purnam MS., Jorpan, Bull. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., x, 6, 1877, (zonalis) (not Nannostomus,
GUNTHER).

Rhotheca, JORDAN, Rept. U. 8. Fish Comm., 1885, 868 (zonalis, substitute for Nanostoma, regarded
as preoccupied by Nannostomus).

Torrentaria, JORDAN & EVERMANN, new subgenus, (australe).

Nivicola, JORDAN & EVERMANN, new subgenus, (boreale).

Rafinesquiellus, JORDAN & EVERMANN, new subgenus, (pottsii).

Claricola, JORDAN & EVERMANN, new subgenus, (juliz).

Body robust, or rather elongate, compressed. Mouth terminal, or sub-
inferior, varying in size; the lower jaw included or not; premaxillaries
not protractile ; maxillary movable. Teeth rather strong, usually present
on vomer and palatines. Gill membranes separate or more or less broadly
connected. Scales moderate or small, ctenoid ; top of head without scales ;
scales of the middle line of the belly persistent and similar to the others ;
lateral line well developed, nearly straight, often wanting posteriorly ;
fins large, with strong spines; first dorsal usually longer and larger than
the second, with 7 to 15 spines; anal with 2 strong spines, the anterior
usually the larger, the second rarely obsolete; anal fin always smaller than
the soft dorsal; ventral fins more or less close together. Skull narrow,
the parietal region very strongly convex in cross section; supraoccipital
crest very small or wanting; lower pharyngeals very narrow. Vertebre
33 to 39, usually 15+ 21—36. Pyloric ceca 3 or 4. Bones rather firm.
Coloration various, often brilliant. As here understood, a very large
genus covering a great variety of forms. Many attempts at further sub-
division have been made and some of the subgenera indicated below
have been considered of generic value. Intergradations of all sorts
occur and the technical characters do not always indicate the real rela-
tionship. Many of the species are excessively variable, each brook having
its peculiar race. (The word Etheostoma is stated by Rafinesque to mean
‘‘various mouths,” the species known to him, i. e., Percina caprodes,
Diplesion blennioides, and Etheostoma flabellare, being so different in respect
of the form of the mouth that he conceived that they might belong to
different subgenera. The etymology of the word is not evident, unless

Jordan and Evermann.—Ffishes of North America. 1067

it be from 7#éw, to strain, and oriua, mouth; érepdc, different, and
otoua, would make Heterostoma.)

a. Lateral line complete (a few tubes very rarely wanting).
b. Gill membranes more or less broadly connected across the isthmus; ventrals separated
by a distinct interspace, which is not so wide as base of the fin; anal spines nor-
mally 2.
PECILICHTHYS (7otKtAds, variegated; ix4vs, fish):
ce. Anal fin nearly as large as soft dorsal; spinous dorsal with about 13 spines; head
almost naked; fins very large; colors brilliant. VARIATUM, 1454.
NANosToMA (vavos, small; oréua, mouth):
ec, Anal fin much smalier than soft dorsal; spinous dorsal with 9 to 12 spines.
d, Head entirely naked.
e. Scales moderate, 48 to 57; pectoral 14 longer than head; D. about XII-13;
sides with dark green spots. SWANNANOA, 1455.
ee. Scales rather large, 40 to 48.
f. Pectoral about as long as head; D. about X-11.
g. Head large, 324 to 4 in length; sides with dark green blotches.
THALASSINUM, 1456.
gg. Head rather small, 434 in length; males with series of scarlet
spots along the rows cf scales. INSCRIPTUM, 1457.
jf. Pectoral much longer than head; D. XII-12; body robust; the depth
41 in length; color olive with dark oblique bars. BLENNIUuS, 1458.
dd. Head not entirely naked.
h, Cheeks naked; opercles scaly; scales 50 to 60; body slender, the depth 534
in length; color green, with darker markings. RUPESTRE, 1459.
hh. Cheeks and opercles scaly (rarely naked); body slender, the depth 5 to 6
in length. D. about X-11; pectoral about as long as head.
i. Scales about 42; males with series of dark spots along the rows of
scales. ELEGANS, 1460.
ii. Scales about 50; no distinct dark spots along series of scales.
ZONALE, 1461.
NotHonotvs (vo66s, prominent; v@ros, back):
bb. Gill membranes scarcely connected across isthmus; first dorsal long; anal rather
small; yentrals near together, the interspace very narrow.
j. Humeral region without enlarged black scale.
k. Head short, the muzzle abruptly decurved; scales 50 to 58;|vertical fins black-
edged; breast blue in life.
l. Dorsal spines 11 or 12. CAMURUM, 1462.
ll. Dorsal spines 14. VULNERATUM, 1463.
kk. Head rather long and pointed, the snout not decurved.
m. Scales rather small, 56 to 63; body and fins variegated with red.
n. Color olive; throat blue; sides in male with crimson spots and a

brown, wavy, lateral band. D. XII-12. MACULATUM, 1464.
nn. Color yellowish, with 4 dark bars; 10 to 12 oblong dark spots on
sides; fins with redin male; I). XI-12. CINEREUM, 1465,

nnn, Color greenish, with 8 to 10 transverse bluish bands; between each

pair a bluish rhomb; a black caudal spot; fins with yellow.

D. XII-13. TESSELLATUM, 1466.

mm. Scales rather large, about 45; male olive with quadrate red spots on

sides; breast blue; belly orange; fins ornate; form robust.

RUFILINEATUM, 1467,

jj. Humeral region with an enlarged black scale; scales 43 to 55. D, X-11; color

olivaceous, with 8 to 10 dark cross bars; form robust. JORDANT, 1468,

aa, Lateral line more or less incomplete (occasionally nearly or quite complete in jessie and

in sguamiceps); ventrals close together, the interspace very slight; first dorsal andanal
rather small,

1068 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

TORRENTARIA (forrens, a swift stream):
o. Anal spine single as far as known; head naked or very nearly so; a black humeral
process or scale; snout sharp, the mouth large.
p. Scales 68; body and head very long andslender. A. I, 10; gill membranes separate.
SAGITTA, 1469.
pp. Scales 58 to 66; body rather deep, the head slender. A.I, 7 or 8; gill membranes
moderately connected; body with sharp cross bands. AUSTRALE, 1470.
oo. Anal spines normally 2.
q. Gillmembranes scarcely connected; lower jaw moderate, not projecting.
NIVICOLA (nix, niveus, snow; colo, to inhabit):
r. Fins very small, the dorsal rays VIII-9; cheeks and opercles scaly; scales 53.
BOREALE, 1471.
rr. Fins not very small. Dorsalspines 9 to 13; the soft rays 10 to 14.

RAFINESQUIELLUS *:
s. Dorsal fins more or less connected; last dorsal spine not longer than next
the last; a dark humeral scale; coloration mottled; form very robust,
the depth about 4 in length; scales 44 to 50. POTTSII, 1472.
OLIGOCEPHALUS (0Acyés, few, small; kefady, head):
ss. Dorsal fins well separated, the last dorsal spine short; form comparatively
slender.
i. Humeral region without differentiated black scale-like process; some-
times with a faint dark spot.
u. Scales between spinous dorsal and lateral line 4 to 7.
v. Head not entirely naked.
w. Cheeks and opercles more or less closely scaled.
x. Scales small, about 60; soft dorsal with 10 or 11 rays;
body slender. 1ow”, 1473,
xx. Scales moderate, 41 to 55; soft dorsal rays 12 or 13.
y. Lateral line almost or quite complete; sides in
male with bluish bars or blotches.
JESSIm, 1474.
yy. Lateral line with 30 to 35 tubes only; sides with
alternate yellow and dark cross bars.
LUTEOVINCTUM, 1475,
ww. Cheeks scaly; opercles naked; scales 54 to 61. D. X-12;
sides with faint dark cross bars. LEPIDOGENYS, 1476,
www. Cheeks naked or n2arly so; opercles more or less scaly;
scales rather large, about 48; males with alternate
oblique bars of red and blue; fins ornate.
CEHRULEUM, 1477.
vv. Head entirely naked; scales about 48; form and coloration of
Etheostoma cxruleum. LEPIDUM, 1478.
tt. Humeral region with a distinct black process or scale.
z. Cheeks mostly naked, operclesscaly; scales about 50; body banded;
fins rather large. D. XII-12. ‘TIPPECANOE, 1479.
za, Cheeks and opercles naked, or very nearly so.
a’. Scales very small, 63 to 80; body everywhere much dotted
with black. PUNCTULATUM, 1480.
aa’, Scales moderate, less than 62 in number.
b’. Scales of sides not marked, each with a dark spot, these
forming continuous stripes.
c’. Scales 46 to 55; snout much shorter than eye, which

is 314 in head, CRAGINI, 1481,
cee’. Scales 45 to 50, snout as long as eye, which is 5 in
head. OBEYENSE, 1482.

* Named for Constantine Samuel Rafinesque, who first recognized the existence of darters in
the streams about the falls of the Ohio (Louisville, Kentucky),

_

eee ae re
.

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 1069

bb’. Seales of back and sides each with a dark snot, these
forming continuous streaks.
d’. Scales 56 to 61; male with the belly red; snout
rounded. PAGEI, 1483.
dd’, Scales 53; no red; snout pointed. vircaTum, 1484.
qq. Gill membranes more or less broadly connected across isthmus; usually an
enlarged black humeral scale,
CLARICOLA (clarus, clear; colo, to inhabit):
e’. Lower jaw scarcely projecting; head more or less scaly; spines in males
without knobs.
jf’. Scales usually less than 60.
g’. Body robust, the depth 4 to 4! in length; snout sharp; mouth
rather Jarge; greenish with dark markings. JULI®, 1485,
gg’. Body rather slender, the depth 414 to 5 in length.
h', Cheeks scaly; male with dark bars and red blotches on sides

of body. ARTESLE, 1486.
hh’. Cheeks naked, or with embedded scales; male with red spots
along sides of body. ALABAM®, 1487.

ff. Scales usually more than 60.

7. Cheeks usually naked or nearly so; pores wanting on 16 to 20

scales; male with red spots and red markings on fins.
WHIPPLII, 1488.
wi’. Cheeks usually scaly; pores wanting on few (usually not more

than 4 or 5) scales; fins low; no red in life.
SQUAMICEPS, 1489.
ETHEOSTOMA:

ee’. Lower jaw strongly projecting; head entirely naked; dorsal spines low,
each ending in a small, fleshy knob in the male; colors dark, no red
nor blue; fins checkered. FLABELLARE, 1490,

Subgenus PO@CILICHTHYS, Agassiz.
1454. ETHEOSTOMA VARIATUM, Kirtland.

Head 34 to 42; depth 43 to 54; eye 34 to 3 in head. D. XII to XIV-11
to 13; A. II, 7 to 9; scales 8-51 to 63-12. Body moderately elongated,
not much compressed, the back somewhat arched. Head short and thick,
the snout short and blunt, and the profile above the eyes strongly
decurved ; profile a little depressed at the nape. Eyes large, not very
close together, slightly longer than snout. Mouth small, low, subhori-
zontal, the lower jaw included; teeth small, subequal, bluntish, in rather
broad bands; teeth on vomer. Premaxillary not protractile; maxillary
reaching front of eye,4 in head. Top of head extremely rugose, the
wrinkles evident through the skin, and radiating irregularly from behind
the eye. Parietal region rather broad and depressed, as in species of
Hadropterus. Preopercle entire; opercle with a rather sharp spine. Gill
membranes somewhat broadly united, but meeting at a rather acute
angle. Head naked, except for 1 to 3 scales on the upper part of the
opercle; seales of body rather large, ctenoid; lateral line complete; nape
covered with small scales; breast loosely scaled; belly covered with
ordinary scales similar to those on the sides; no enlarged ventral plates.
Fins all very large; dorsal fins slightly joined; anal fin large, but lower
than the soft dorsal, and somewhat shorter; pectorals as long as head,
reaching front of anal; second anal spine longer than first, both of

1070 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

moderate size; longest dorsal spine 24 in head; longest soft ray 14;
caudal subtruncate, its longest ray 13 in head; longest ray of anal 12;
pectoral a little longer than head; ventral a little shorter. Color of
large male specimen, dusky greenish above, the head similar, the centers
of the scales darker, and the whole body covered with fine dark points
visible with a lens; belly and sides of the body from anal fin forward
and as high up as the level of the scapula of a bright yellow orange;
posterior parts of the body with 5 vertical zones of bright orange,
these about half as broad as the dark greenish interspaces; first zone
opposite the interspace between the dorsals and extending downward to
front of anal: the Jast two on caudal peduncle; a vague, dusky area on
base of caudal; a dusky shade across nape in front of dorsal, with 2 or
3 blackish cross blotches on back behind it; head nearly plain, with
some dark specks and some dashes of orange; breast with light-orange
shades; first dorsal with a broad median band of blue black; a paler
stripe below it and above it; the base of the fin with dark interspinal
spots, and the edge of the fin again blackish; second dorsal blue black,
dashed with orange toward the base; caudal blackish, rather darker at
base; anal blue black, with orange yellow at the base; pectoral blackish,
with orange cross shades; ventrals blue black, with some edgings of
orange. Young examples similarly marked, but paler in color, with
more distinct markings, especially the dark cross bars on back, which
are often very distinct, much as in Cottogaster uranidea; fins in females
and young paler. Length 33; inches. Ohio River basin from western
Pennsylvania,* through Ohio, Indiana, and Kentucky; generally rare,
probably more common southward. A large, handsome species, not
recognized for nearly thirty years after its discovery, the name variatus
having been meanwhile transferred to other species (cwrulewm and peltatus).
(variatus, variegated. )

Etheostoma variatum, KirtLanp, Zodlogy of Ohio, 168, 192, 1838, Mahoning River, Ohio;

BouLENGER, Cat., 1, 81.
Etheostoma notatum, AGassiz MS., Putnam, Bull. 1, Mus. Comp. Zo6l., 4, 1863, (name only).
Hadropterus tessellatus, JORDAN, Bull. x, U. S. Nat. Mus., 7, 1877, Alleghany River, Fox:
burg, Pennsylvania. (Coll. Baird.)
Hadropterus variatus, JORDAN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1885, 163; rediscovery of the species from

Whitewater River, Brookville, Indiana. (Coll. Amos. W. Butler.)
Boleosoma variatum, VAILLANT, Recherches, 84, 1873.

Subgenus NANOSTOMA,} Putnam.

1455. ETHEOSTOMA SWANNANOA, Jordan & Evermann.

Head 44; depth 6; eye 4 in head. D. XI or XII-12 to 14; A. II, 9;
scales 6-48 to 57-7 or 8. Form of Ulocentra simotera. Body robust, some-
what compressed, the back elevated; head very short, deep, the anterior

* A specimen in the Museum of Comparative Zoélogy from Easton, Pennsylvania (Delaware
River), seems to belong to Etheostoma variatum. Anal large; dorsal spines 12; scales 49, Gill
membranes united; belly scaled; premaxillary not protractile; a dark spot on last dorsal spine,
color otherwise faded. There is no other record of this species from east of the Alleghanies,
and this locality may be doubtful.

+ This group is very closely allied to Ulocentra.

Jordan and Evermann,.—Fishes of North America. 1071

profile strongly convex; snout short and blunt; eye large, placed high;
mouth very small, horizontal, inferior, the lower jaw included all around.
Premaxillaries not protractile; maxillary short, not adnate, reaching to
opposite front of eye, 4 in head; teeth small. Cheeks, opercles, and
breast naked ; napenaked in one specimen examined, scaly in the others;
lateral line complete; belly evenly scaled. Gill membranes broadly con-
nected. Fins rather low; dorsals contiguous; pectorals long, $ longer
than head, reaching beyond ventrals to vent. Males, in spirits, dusky
green, the belly paler; back irregularly mottled and blotched with black
and strewn with specks of saffron yellow; 6 distinct black cross blotches
on dorsal line; 8 to 10 roundish or quadrate black blotches on sides, a
smaller spot behind the last of these at base of caudal, these lateral
blotches somewhat connected; head dusky above; a faint bar below eye;
axil black; fins nearly plain. In life, male olive green, light green below;
markings all dark green; base and lower edge of pectoral tinged with
saffron; base and tip of first dorsal bright snuffy brown; second dorsal
and caudal olive, speckled; lower fins pale yellow. Female and younger
specimens have the body more speckled; the pectorals and caudal barred
with dark. Length 2}to 3inches. Upper waters of the Tennessee River;
locally abundant; a beautiful little fish, thus far known only from the
clear, cold waters of the middle and south forks of the Holston and the
south fork of the Swannanoa, a most beautiful stream flowing from the
flanks of Black Mountain into the French Broad.

Etheostoma swannanoa, JORDAN & EVERMANN, Proc. U, S. Nat. Mus., 1888, 360, South Fork of
Holston River, Holstein Mills, Virginia; Middle Fork of Holston River, Marion,
Virginia, and South Fork of Swannanoa River, Black Mountain, North Caro-
lina (Type, No. 39861. Coll. Jordan, Evermann and Jenkins); BouLENGER, Cat., 1, 81.

1456. ETHEOSTOMA THALASSINUM (Jordan & Brayton).

Head 3% to 4; depth 43 to 5; eye3ito4in head. D. IX to XI-10to 12;
A. II, 7 or 8; scales 5-40 to 48-7. Body rather stout, compressed behind,
the back somewhat arched. Head large, the snout rather blunt and con-
vex in profile. Eye large, high up, about equal to suout ; interorbital space
rather narrow. Mouth moderate, slightly oblique, the maxillary reaching
to the orbit. Upper jaw slightly longer than the lower. Head entirely
naked; throat naked; neck naked anteriorly; opercular spine obtuse;
Fins all large; membrane of the first dorsal continued to the base of the
second ; longest dorsal spine scarcely shorter than the soft rays, the base
of the spinous dorsal a little longer than that of the soft dorsal; anal not
much smaller than the soft dorsal, its first spine the longer; caudal fin
deeply lunate; pectorals as long as head, reaching nearly to vent. Male,
in life, with body dark green and blotched above; sides with 6 to 9 dark
blue-green vertical bars, the 5 next the last most distinct; spinous dorsal
reddish at base, then a broad black band, the uppermost third of a bright
ferruginous red; second dorsal blackish at base, reddish above; caudal
with 2 orange blotches at base, black mesially, pale orange distally ; anal
fin of a brilliant blue-green color at base, pale at tip; ventrals greenish ;
head mostly grass green; the streaks forward and downward from eye

1072 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

dark green; females duller and more speckled. Length 24inches. Santee

River basin in North and South Carolina; locally very abundant; a pretty

species. (thalassinus, sea green, from @adiacca, sea.)

Nothonotus thalassinus, JonDAN & Brayton, Bull. XII, U. 8S. Nat. Mus., 13, 1878, Reedy River,
Greenville, South Carolina; Catawba River and tributaries in North Carolina;
Ennoree River, Chick Springs, South Carolina; and Saluda River, Farr’s Mill,
South Carolina, (Type, No. 31122. Coll. Jordan & Brayton); Jonpan & GILBERT, Synopsis,
511, 1883.

Etheostoma thalassinum, JORDAN, Bull. U. 8. Fish Comm., v1, 1888 (1890), 139; BouLENGER, Cat.,
I, 83.

1457. ETHEOSTOMA INSCRIPTUM (Jordan & Brayton).

Head 47; depth 43; eye 34, about equal to snout. D. XI-12; A. II, 8;
scales 546-5. Body rather stout and deep, strongly compressed. Caudal
peducle rather deep. Head large, rather obtuse, the profile quite gibbous,
a considerable angle formed opposite the eyes, which are high up and
close together. Mouth moderate, slightly oblique, the maxillary reaching
eye, the upper jaw the longer. Head entirely scaleless ; neck above scaly ;
breast naked; belly closely scaled; scales large. Fins large; spinous
dorsal longer than soft dorsal, which is somewhat larger than the anal;
the 2 dorsals connected by membrane; dorsal spines a little more than
half the length of the head; pectorals large. Color olive, with a bright
scarlet spot on each scale, these forming continuous lines along the rows
of scales; 3 dark blotches across the back; 1 in front of dorsal, forming
a black spot on the anterior spines; 1 between the 2 dorsal fins, forming
a Similar black spot on the last rays of the spinous dorsal, and 1 on the
caudal peduncle, behind the second dorsal; sides with about 6 irregular
dark-olive blotches just below the lateral line; edge of spinous dorsal
black, below this bright orange red, a dusky bar at the base; entire anal
fin, cheeks, opercles, and a bar below the eye bright blue; females with-
out red spots, the sides blotched. Length 24 inches. Oconee River,
Georgia; scarce; one of the most beautiful of the group. (inscriptus,
written on, from the markings. )

Nothonotus inscriptus, JORDAN & Brayton, Bull. xu, U. S. Nat. Mus., 34, 1878, Oconee River, at

Sulphur Springs, Hall County, Georgia. (Coll. Jordan & Brayton).
Nanostoma inscriptum, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 512, 1883.

1458. ETHEOSTOMA BLENNIUS, Gilbert & Swain.

Head 43; depth 43; eye 14 in snout, 44 in head. D. XII-12; A. II, 8;
scales 5-43-8. Body exceedingly robust, little compressed, the ventral
outline more strongly arched than dorsal outline; greatest depth opposite
front of spinous dorsal, the 2 profiles thence converging rapidly backward
to form the rather long, slender, caudal peduncle. Head very deep, with
subvertical cheeks, broad below, narrowing upward and forward. Profile
from nape to middle of interorbital space nearly horizontal, thence abruptly
and very obliquely decurved to tip of snout. Middle of eye equidistant
from tip of snout and front of nape. Greatest depth of preorbital 7 length

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 1073

of head. Mouth very small, subinferior, the lower jaw included. Length
of maxillary equaling distance from tip of snout to anterior nostril. Pre-
maxillaries not protractile, the fold of upper lip interrupted by a very
narrow frenum, as is the case in some specimens of Ulocentra simotera,
to which species the present one is really closely related. Vomer with
teeth. Opercular spine very little developed, the opercle terminating in
a flat point, scarcely projecting beyond the membrane. Gill membranes
very widely joined across isthmus, the width of the union being } dis-
tance from posterior margin of membrane to tip of lower jaw. Eye small,
high up. Spinous dorsal long and rather low, composed of stiff spines,
the membrane of last spine joining base of first soft ray; the middle spines
the highest, about half length of head; second dorsal shorter and higher
than the first, much larger than the small anal fin, its longest ray 12
in head. Anal spines short and robust, the first longe: than second; long-
est anal ray about equaling length of snout; caudal lunate; pectorals
very large, reaching much beyond ventrals, about } length of body. Ven-
trals equaling distance from snout to base of pectorals; least depth of
caudal peduncle 3 depth of body. Body covered with very large scales,
those on nape somewhat smaller; head and breast wholly naked; lateral
line complete, straight. Color in life: Light olive green above, with 4 con-
spicuous blackish-brown cross bars, narrower than the interspaces, run-
ning from back downward and forward to below lateral line; the first,
very broad, occupies the entire nape, and terminates above base of pec-
torals; the second, much narrower, begins below end of spinous dorsal ;
the third below last rays of soft dorsal; the last bar much less conspicu-
ous on back of caudal peduncle. On middle of each light interspace is a
similar, somewhat broader bar, less clearly marked, and with ill-defined
boundaries, these bars terminating below lateral line in 7 or 8 dusky
blotches ; each scale on back and sides with the central portion light red,
changing to golden brown in spirits; belly and lower fourth of sides sil-
very white; two bright areas at base of caudal, with a blackish bar
immediately behind them; caudal indistinctly barred with dusky. Dor-
sals translucent, the membrane between each 2 rays with an elongate
dusky-red blotch, extending $ height of fin; spinous dorsal margined
with light red; pectorals barred with dusky and light yellowish; ven-
trals with traces of similar bars; anal translucent, an indistinct yellow-
ish band along its middle. Length 24 inches. Northern Alabama, in
small streams tributary to the Tennessee River; not common; a strongly
marked species. (Blennius, a blenny, from the form of the head.)

Ptheostoma (Rhothxea) blennius, GitBpert & Swain, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1887, 55, Cox's Creek

and Shoal Creek, tributary to the Tennessee River, Florence, Alabama, (Type,
No. 36187. Coll. Gilbert & Swain); Gruperr, Bull. U. 8. Fish Comm., rx, 1889 (1891), 150,

1459. ETHEOSTOMA RUPESTRE, Gilbert & Swain.

Head 34 to 4; depth 5%. D. XI or XIJ-11 or 12; A. II, 7 or 8; scales
50 to 57, 6 or 7 series above lateral line. Closely related to Ltheostoma
thalassinum, from which it may be distinguished by its more slender form,

F. N. A.— -—6§9

1074 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

the absence of bright coloration, the smaller scales, and the squamation
of the opercle. Body slender, fusiform, little compressed, the upper
anterior profile descending rapidly to tip of snout. Mouth small, hori-
zontal, terminal at lower side of snout, the lower jaw included ; maxil-
lary reaching vertical from front of orbit, its length slightly less than
diameter of eye, 34 in head, in specimens 1} inches long. Interorbital
space very narrow, its width half diameter of orbit. Gill membranes
widely joined, free from the isthmus. Scales small, 6 to 7 longitudinal
series between lateral line and the base of the spinous dorsal; tubes of
lateral line usually 55 or 56 in number, varying from 50 to 57; lateral line
complete, straight; opercle more or less completely covered with scales
as large as those on sides; cheeks and breast naked, the nape closely
scaled. Fins of moderate size, the spines weak and flexible; length of
dorsal spines equaling distance from tip of snout to middle of orbit; anal
spines short, about equal in size, their length less than diameter of orbit ;
pectorals long, reaching beyond vertical from vent, their length 3 to 34
times in length of head and body; ventrais reaching vent; caudal short,
not deeply notched, 44 in length. Coloration in life: Grass green,
with dark markings, but no red or blue; back with 6 dark cross bars,
wider than the light interspaces; a series of 6 dark blotches, sometimes
W-shaped along sides, immediately below lateral line; usually 4 dark
spots at base of caudal, 2 of which are closely approximated at base of
median caudal rays; dark vermiculations on top of snout; a dark bar
downward, and 1 downward and forward from eye; fins with wavy,
dusky bars. North River, a tributary of the Black Warrior River, Ala-
bama. (rupestris, living among rocks.)

Etheostoma rupestre, GILBERT & SwAIN, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus. 1887, 57, North River, near Tus-

caloosa, Alabama, (Type, No. 36695. Coll. Gilbert & Swain); BouLENGER, Cat., 1, 82.

1460. ETHEOSTOMA ELEGANS (Hay).

Head 4; depth 5; eye 4 in head. D. X-12; A. II, 8; scales 5-42-6.
Body stout, somewhat compressed. Head short and deep, with swollen
cheeks ; snout abruptly decurved ; mouth subterminal, horizontal, small,
the maxillary not reaching the front of eye. Lateral line nearly
straight; cheeks, opercles, and back of neck scaly; chest and region just
behind ventrals naked. Spinous dorsal half as high as long, a little
longer than the head ; soft dorsal 2 as long as head and # as high as long;
anal # length of head, as high as long; pectoral fins very large, reaching
beyond ventrals to vent. Color purplish; 6 large, quadrate, black
blotches along back, and 8 broad, transverse bars along sides fainter,
these alternating with dark spots; many of the scales above with jet-
black spots, forming longitudinal streaks ; 2 black spots at base of cau-
dal, as in zonale, but larger and brighter; a few black spots behind eye;
dark spots downward and forward from eye; ventral and anal fins indigo
blue; pectorals with blue; a bar of deep orange red along base of both
dorsalis; female with the lower fins pale. ‘Thought by Dr. Gilbert to be
based on highly colored examples of Ltheostoma zonale, which is not

= wee 2

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 1075

unlikely, but the coloration is more like that of E. inscriptum. Length

27 inches. Chickasawha River, Mississippi. (elegans, elegant.)

Nanostoma elegans,* Hay, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1880, 493, shallow rocky branch of Chicka-
sawha River, Enterprise, Mississippi, (Type, No. 27455. Coll. Hay); Jorpan &
GILRERT, Synopsis, 510, 1883.

Etheostoma lynceum, Hay MS., Jorpan, Cat. Fish. N. A., 80, 1885; same type; name a substitute
for elegans, as Boleichthys elegans, GIRARD, was then placed in Etheostoma.

1461. ETHEOSTOMA ZONALE (Cope).

Head 4 to 5; depth 5to 6. D.X or XI-10 to 12; A. II, 6 to 8; scales
6-48 to 53-9, pores 44 to50. Body slender, somewhat compressed. Head
small, rather short; the mouth small, subinferior. Snout very short,
decurved, rather obtuse, maxillary scarcely reaching front of eye; eye
longer than snout, 3} to 4in head. Cheeks, opercles, and neck, more or
less scaled, breast usually naked. Teeth very feeble, those on vomer not
evident, probably none on the palatines. First dorsal well developed,
separated from the second, which is higher and shorter than the spinous
dorsal, and considerably larger than the anal; caudal emarginate, pec-
toral as long as head or a little longer. Bright olivaceous above, golden
below; 6 dark brown quadrate dorsal spots, which connect by alternat-
ing spots with a broad, brown, lateral band, from which 8 narrower dark
bluish bands more or less completely encircle the belly; paired, anal, and
caudal fins golden, brown-spotted ; middle half of the first dorsal ecrim-
son; a series of round crimson spots near the base of the second dorsal;
occiput, a band on muzzle and 1 below eye, black; a black spot on oper-
culum and 1 at base of pectoral; females duller and speckled, with ven-
trals barred and lateral bars feebler. Length 3 inches. Mississippi
Valley from Ohio, northern Indiana (Kankakee River), west through
Iowa, and south through Kentucky and Tennessee to Alabama, Louisi-
ana, and Arkansas, in small, clear streams; locally abundant in weedy or
gravelly places.t Very variable. (zonalis, banded.)

Peeilichthys zonalis, Cork, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, 212, Holston River, Virginia.
(Coll. Cope.)

Nanostoma vinctipes, JoRDAN, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., 1879, 236, tributary of Illinois River,
Naperville, Illinois, (Type, No. 23454. Coll. E. R. Copeland); females with barred
ventrals.

Astatichthys zonalis, VAILLANT, Recherches, 110, 1873.

Nanostoma zonale, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 510, 1883.

Etheostoma zonale, GILBERT, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1887, 54; BouLengsr, Cat , 1, 83.

Represented southwestward by

1461a. ETHEOSTOMA ZONALE ARCANSANUM, Jordan & Gilbert.

This form differs from the typical form, in having the breast nearly or
quite naked. Found in the Ozark region of Missouri and Arkansas.

*The specimens from Mississippi called Nanostoma zonale by Hay, seem to be the female of
his elegans.

TA specimen in the Museum of Comparative Zotlogy from Delaware River apparently
belongs to Ltheostoma zonale. It is very deep in body, the depth 43 in length, equal to length of
the short head; scales 53, There is no other record of the species from this region and the
locality may be doubtful.

1076 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

Etheostoma zonale arcansanum, JORDAN & GILBERT, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1886, 5, Spring River,
Carthage, Missouri; James River, Marshfield, Missouri; Poteau River, Hackett
City, Arkansas; Washita River, Arkadelphia, Arkansas, and Saline River, Ben-
ton, Arkansas. (Type, Nos. 36249, 36275, 36399, 36410, 36447. Coll. Jordan & Meek.)

Subgenus NOTHONOTUS, Agassiz.
1462. ETHEOSTOMA CAMURUM®* (Cope).

(BLUE-BREASTED DARTER.)

Head 4; depth 43. D. XI-13; A. II, 8; scales 7-50 to 58-8, 48 to 53
pores. Body stout; head short; muzzle abruptly decurved, the mouth
somewhat inferior, lower jaw included; caudal broad, truncate. Males
very dark olive or blackish, with an obscure band of a paler shade; belly
paler; breast and throat deep rich blue; sides profusely sprinkled with
crimson dots; these spots are sometimes arranged in short longitudinal
series of threes and fours; series of olivaceous lines along the rows of
scales; first dorsal with a black spot at base in front and a crimson one
on the margin between the first and second rays; second dorsal, caudal,
and anal crimson, bordered with yellow, which again is bordered with
black or dark blue on the edge of the fin; the crimson is deepest next
the yellow; pectoral and ventral fins with a broad red margin. Females
less distinctly marked; greenish; many scales brown; fins yellowish
olive; caudal red; all vertical fins edged with blackish. Specimens from
the Tippecanoe River, Indiana (Coll. Evermann), have the following life
colors: Sides light brown, with 12 to 15 very narrow greenish lines run-
ning from pectorals to caudal; three rather plain vertical bars of the
same color, but much broader just back of the pectorals, faint traces of 5
or 6 others between them and the tail; about 50 to 60 small deep orange
spots scattered irregularly over the sides; axils dusky; belly pale bluish
green ; throat and chin deeper blue; top of head and cheeks light brown,
more or less mottled with darker; spinous dorsal uniform light brown,
or greenish; soft dorsal deeper brown, with a series of reddish spots near
the top; above these a pale line, above which is a still darker line, form-
ing the border of the fin, and same as soft dorsal; pectorals pale brown,
darkest on outer half; ventrals same, but outer half a little darker than
pectorals ; caudal light brown with some dark near the middle, a reddish
brown bar near the tip; outside this a pale bar, the extreme tip of the
fin being a pale green. Scales 53; snout bluntly decurved. Length 24
inches. Indiana and Ohio to Tennessee in clear, swift waters; not com-
mon; one of the most elegant members of this most beautiful genus,
perhaps the prettiest of fresh water fishes. (camuwrus, blunt-headed.)

Pecilichthys camurus, Corr, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. Phila., 1870, 265, head waters of the Cum-
berland River in Tennessee. (Coll. Cope.)

Nanostoma camurus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 506, 1883.

Etheostoma camurum, JORDAN, Bull. U.S. Fish Comm., vii1, 1888 (1890), 160; BOULENGER, Cat., 1, 69.

* A more beautiful fish than the Rainbow Darter, one of the very handsomest of them all, is
the Blue-breasted Darter, Etheostoma camwum. It is a deep clive-green little fish, sprinkled
over with dots of carmine like a brook trout. Its breast is of a deep ultramarine blue, and its
fins gayly variegated with blue, yellow, and crimson. But we hardly learned to know it as an
aquarium acquaintance, for we found it but twice, both times in the clearest of water, and our
specimens never survived confinement more than two or three hours. We can only say of their
habits that they died where other darters lived, and that before they died all other fishes seemed
cheap and common beside them.—Jordan & Copeland.

- Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America, 1077

1463. ETHEOSTOMA VULNERATUM (Cope).

Head 4; depth 44. D. XIV-I3; A. II, 8; scales 8-53-9. Body fusiform,
stout; caudal peduncle very deep; dorsal outline scarcely arched; top
of head gently and regularly curved to the end of the muzzle; orbit,four
times in length of head, equal to muzzle; first dorsal not low; caudal
truncate, rounded; anal small; scales small. Color light olive, with
about 8 vertical dark olive bars on the sides, which are interrupted above
the lateral line; a few irregular crimson dots on the sides. Fins uni-
form, transparent, except the first dorsal and caudal; the former has a
median series of red spots, the latter is pale orange, with a black margin;
no cross bars on fins in the male; second dorsal with a black margin.
Length 2 inches. French Broad River. This is probably the young of
Etheostoma camurum, as Dr. Gilbert has indicated. The number of dorsal
spines is, however, greater than we have seen it in camurum and we
leave it for the present as a distinct species. (vulneratus, wounded.)
Pecilichthys vulneratus, Corr, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. Phila., 1870, 266, tributary of French

Broad River, Warm Springs, North Carolina. (Coll. Cope.)
Nothonotus vulneratus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 508, 1883.

1464. ETHEOSTOMA MACULATUM, Kirtland.

Head 3% to 4; depth 4% to 54. D. XII-120r13; A. II, 80r9; scales 9-56
to 63-14, pores 57. Body elongate, with dorsal line not elevated, and
the caudal peduncle very deep. Head acuminate, the front descending
very gradually, the mandible rising as gradually to its extremity; orbit
rather large, equal to snout, 4 to 44 in head; end of maxillary reaching
front of pupil; jaws subequal; teeth of outer row larger. Lateral line
complete; cheeks naked; opercles scaly; opercular spine strong. Fins
generally, especially the caudal, short, latter slightly rounded; first
dorsallong; first anal spine very large. Pectoral shorter than head; gill
membranes separate. Coloration above black, shading to dark olive
below and with a narrow, wavy, leather-colored dorsal band; throat
turquoise blue; sides and dorsal region marked with small circular
spots of bright crimson, irregularly disposed, and in considerable num-
ber; first dorsal uncolored, with a black spot at base anteriorly and a
dark shade through the middle; second dorsal blood red, without border ;
caudal with two large crimson spots confluent on the middle line of the
tail at its base, without border; pectorals and ventrals not red-bordered ;
females dull, with the fins black barred and not crimson. Length 2
inches. Northern Ohio and Indiana southward through Kentucky and
Tennessee to northern Alabama, generally rare; most common in tribu-
taries of the Wabash, Ohio, Cumberland, and Tennessee rivers ; found
in clear, swift water; one of the most beautiful species. (maculatus,
spotted. )

Etheostoma maculata, KirvLAND, Jour. Bost. Soc. Nat, Hist., 1840, 276, Mahoning River, Ohio,
(Coll. Kirtland); BouLENGER, Cat., 1, 65.

Pacilichthys sanguifluus, Corr, Proc. Amer. Philos, Soc. Phila., 1870, 264, head waters of the
South Fork of the Cumberland River,in Tennessee, (Coll, Cope.)

Boleosoma macnlatum, VAILLANT, Recherches, 87, 1873.

Nothonotus surguifluus and maculatus, Jordan & Gitwert, Synopsis, 507 and 508, 1883,

1078 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

1465. ETHEOSTOMA CINEREUM, Storer.

Head 343 depth 54; eye 4 in head; snout 3}. D. XI or XII-11 to 13;
A. II, 8; scales 8-57 to 60-9. Body slender, somewhat compressed ; head
pointed; profile from tip of snout to top of head regularly convex;
mouth moderate, horizontal, low ; upper lip on level with lower rim of
orbit; maxillary reaching front of orbit; premaxillaries not protractile;
gill membranes but slightly connected. Opercles scaled; cheeks, nape,
and breast naked or with few embedded scales; scales small, firm, finely
ctenoid, those on ventral line not enlarged; lateral line complete. Fins
moderate; height of spinous dorsal about half length of head; soft dor-
sal somewhat higher, a little higher than anal; pectorals about 13 in
head, reaching tips of ventrals. Color: Upper portion of body light yel-
low ; back with 4 dark cross bars, the first and largest between the two
dorsals, the next two in the base of the second dorsal, and the last upon
the caudal peduncle; each scale above lateral line with a brown spot,
these spots forming 2 or 3 lines running back to region of second dorsal;
along the lateral line is a series of 11 or 12 oblong dark spots, continued
forward across opercles and through the eye, meeting around the snout;
top of head dark; entire under parts of body yellowish; dorsal fins
speckled or mottled with brownish; spinous dorsal margined with red;
second dorsal and anal variegated with red spots. Length 33 to4 inches.
Tennessee and Cumberland rivers; rare, and only lately rediscovered by
Doctor Philip H. Kirsch nearly fifty years after its original discovery;
recorded from Tennessee River at Florence, Alabama, Obeys River at
Olympus, Tennessee, and Rock Creek, near Whitley Station, Kentucky.
A large and showy species. (cinereus, ashy gray.)

Etheostoma cinerea, STORER, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1845, 49, Florence, Alabama. (Coll.
C. A. Hentz.)

Etheostoma cinereum, Kirscu, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., x1, 1891 (1893), 264, and 268; VAILLANT,
Recherches, 68, 1873; BouLENGER, Cat., 1, 82.

Nothonotus cinereus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 509, 1883.

1466. ETHEOSTOMA TESSELLATUM,* Storer.

D. XII-13; P. 13; V. I, 5; A. II, 10. Body oblong. Head gibbous,
less than 7 the length of the body. Lateral line straight. Top of the
head and upper portion of the sides of a greenish-brown color; 8 or 10
transverse bluish bands on the sides; the intervals between these bands
are yellowish, and in the center of each is a bluish rhomb; a black blotch
at the base of the tail; the lips, opercles, and rays of the first dorsal
gamboge-yellow. Length 3 inches. Florence, Alabama. Caught in run-
ning water. (Storer.) Not seen by any later collector, but apparently a
valid species. (tessellatus, having spots, like mosaic. )

Etheostoma tessellata, StoRER, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1845, 48, Tennessee River at Flor-
ence, Alabama. (Coll. C. A. Hentz.)

Etheostoma tessellatum, VAILLANT, Recherches, 68, 1873.

Nothonotus tessellatus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 509, 1883.

* The name f¢essellatus is preoccupied in this genus, only if Boleosoma be merged into it.

le

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 1079

1467. ETHEOSTOMA RUFILINEATUM (Cope).

Head 4; depth 43 to 5. D.X to XII-11 to 13; A. II,8 or 9; scales
6-45 to 48-7. Stout, the dorsal line elevated and descending regularly
from the base of the first dorsal to the end of the muzzle. Muzzle short,
regularly conic, about equal to eye, which is smaller than usual, 44 in
head. Premaxillaries not protractile; gill membranes not united across
the isthmus. Pectoral as long as head; lateral line complete. Dorsal
well developed; caudal peduncle deep; caudal fin small, truncate.
Scales large; cheeks, nape, and breast naked, opercles scaled. In life,
male, green, the body with longitudinal stripes, each as wide as one row
of scales, and formed by darker edges of the scales; some of the scales
with center spots of bright orange brown; usually from 2 to 6 consecutive
scales in each series orange brown, then an equal number olive, the olive
and orange areas irregularly alternating; head with an olive-black band
through snout to nape; an interrupted band below this, still lower 2
blackish spots; usually about 5 black dashes on each side of head, a
characteristic color mark; angle of mouth orange; lips orange, except in
front; lower jaw with an orange spot; interopercle, opercle, cheek, and
first three branchiostegals each with orange spots; belly orange yellow;
breast deep blue; fins all bordered with scarlet, a very narrow blackish
edge and a narrow pale streak between it and the scarlet; spinous dorsal
straw color, dotted with black and edged with orange; second dorsal
similar, more yellow; caudal scarlet, its center yellow, its base with a
large blue-black spot, which extends into the yellow; base of caudal
yellow, an orange spot above and below; anal bright yellow at base,
then scarlet, with narrow pale and dark edgings; ventrals similar; pec-
torals yellow, with a blackish and a scarlet crescent at base and a sub-
terminal scarlet band. Females green with 8 faint dark cross bars,
obscure and interrupted; scales on sides with yellow streaks arranged
like the brown streaks on the male; fins all yellow; anal and ventrals
tinged with orange; pectorals tinged with orange anteriorly, all the fins
with bars or dark spots; caudal blackish, its base yellow; head with
black markings similar to those on the male, but without scarlet. Length
3 inches. Upper tributaries of the Tennessee, Cumberland, and Green
rivers; very abundant in clear brooks and pools; one of the most gaudy
of darters. (rufus, reddish; lineatus, lined; properly spelled rufolineatum.)
Pecilichthys rufilineatus, Copr, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., 1870, 267, Warm Springs Creek,

French Broad River, Madison County, North Carolina. (Coll. Cope.)
Nothonotus rujilineatus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 508, 1883.

Etheostomarufolineatum, JonvAN, Bull. U. 8. Fish Comm., vir, 1888 (1890), 149; BouLENGER, Cat.,
I, 69.

1468. ETHEOSTOMA JORDANI, Gilbert.

Head 3} to 3%; depth 43 to 5. D. X or XI-10 to 12; A. I,7or&; scales
48 to 55 (averaging 48Y. Closely related to Ltheostoma rujilineatum, from
which it differs conspicuously in form and coloration. Body rather deep,
compressed, the caudal peduncle slenderer than in related forms, the
anterior profile much more convexly decurved, the snout bluuter. Mouth

1080 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

terminal, oblique, rather small, the maxillary scarcely reaching vertical
from front of pupil, 3? in head; premaxillaries on level of lower margin
of orbit, the jaws about equal. Eye equaling snout, 44 to 44 in head,
twice interorbital width. Preopercle entire. Gill membranes not united.
Spinous dorsal high, the spines strong, the membrane from last spine not
joining base of soft dorsal; highest dorsal spine slightly more than half
length of head; base of soft dorsal 14 in base of spinous dorsal; anal
shorter than soft dorsal and inserted more anteriorly, the first spine
longer and stronger than the second, % the height of longest anal ray
and 4 length of head; caudal fan-shaped when widely spread; pectorals
reaching beyond tips of ventrals, 14 in head; ventrals extending half
way to base of second anal spine. Scales large, strongly ctenoid, pres-
ent on nape, the breast naked; opercles scaly, head otherwise naked.
No enlarged black humeral scale. Lateral line complete or wanting on
occasional scales in its course, straight. Colors probably brilliant in life.
In spirits, the males are olivaceous, darker above, the sides with faint,
narrow longitudinal dark lines running between the rows of scales;
back with 8 black cross bars wider than the interspaces, the first on
nape, the second under and in advance of origin of spinous dorsal, the
fifth under first rays of soft dorsal; the first bar continued downward
into axil of pectorals, the others usually not reaching lateral line; mid-
dle of sides with irregular bars, usually formed of disconnected blotches,
and 9 or 10 in number; a pair of black blotches at base of median caudal
rays and sometimes a pair at base of outer rays; fin rays all blackish,
the membranes lighter; basal half of anterior portion of spinous dorsal
black, its margin narrowly white, a narrow submarginal dark line below
it. Soft dorsal and candal with a wide white (probably orange in life)
submarginal band, the tips narrowly black; anal and ventrals similar,
but without black margin; pectorals uniform dusky, with light mem-
branes; snout and top of head blackish; a small black spot behind eye;
fins probably blue and orange in life. Females mottled, with fins barred.
Tributaries of the Coosa River in the Alabama River basin; locally
abundant. (Named for David Starr Jordan. )
Etheostoma (Nothonotus) jordani, GILBERT, Bull. U. 8. Fish Comm., 1x, 1889 (1891), 156, plate 43,
fig. 3, Choccolo Creek, Oxford, Alabama, and Chestnut Creek, Verbena, Ala-

bama. (Coll, Kirsch.)
Etheostoma jordani, BOULENGER, Cat., 1, 70.

Subgenus TORRENTARIA, Jordan & Evermann.
1469. ETHEOSTOMA SAGITTA, Jordan & Swain.

Head 3}; depth 4%. D. X-13; A. I, 10; scales about 68 (48 tubes).
Body rather slender, compressed, the back a little elevated, the caudal
peduncle rather long and not very deep. Head very long and slender,
eel-like, tapering forward to a sharp snout, its depth at the pupil about +
its length. Interorbital space narrow. Snout about as long as eye, 5 in
head. Mouth very large for the genus, oblique, the maxillary reaching
to below front of pupil, 3} in head. Jaws subequal in front, upper jaw
not protractile; teeth rather strong. No scales on cheeks, opercles, or

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 1081

breast; nape covered with small scales. Opercular spine well developed.
Gill membranes scarcely connected. Scales on body small, firm, ctenoid;
a small, black humeral process. Lateral line nearly straight, becoming
obsolete under last rays of second dorsal; belly covered with ordinary
scales. Dorsal spines slender, rather high; soft dorsal rather higher, its
base shorter; anal nearly equal to soft dorsal, its base somewhat shorter,
its rays a little higher; anal spine slender, single in the typical example,
the normal number probably 2; caudal truncate, 14 in head, about as
long as the ventrals, which are rather shorter than the pectorals. Color
in life dusky green, with markings of darker olive, the latter forming
about 9 obscure cross bars, which are about as wide as the interspaces,
these most distinct posteriorly and below the lateral line; a dusky spot
at base of caudal; a roundish orange spot in each of the pale interspaces
between the bars along the sides; some minute orange spots above the
lateral line; a narrow black streak along side of head through eye; a
pink spot in front of eye above; snout tinged with orange; first dorsal
translucent, with a narrow edge of orange; soft dorsal translucent,
speckled with dusky and pale orange; tail with 3 or 4 alternate bars of
orange and dusky olive, the marking not very sharp; pectorals similarly,
but more faintly, marked, orange at base; anal and ventrals colorless.
Breast not blue nor orange. Length 2} inches. Head waters of Cumber-
land River; only the single type known, perhaps the type of a distinct
genus. (sagitta, an arrow.)
Peecilichthys sagitta, JORDAN & Swatn, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1883, 250, Wolf Creek, a tribu-
tary of South Fork of the Cumberland, near Pleasant View, Whitley County,

Kentucky. (Coll. Jordan & Swain.)
Etheostoma sagitta, BOULENGER, Cat., 1, 88.

1470. ETHEOSTOMA AUSTRALE, Jordan.

Head 34 to 32; depth 44 to 4%. D. X to XII, 9 to 11. A. I, 7 or
8; scales 6-58 to 66-11, pores 34 to 44. Form of Etheostoma ceruleum;
mouth rather small, the lower jaw included; maxillary reaching front
of pupil; eye small, about as long as the sharp, pointed snout, 4 to 44 in
head; gill membranes moderately connected ; cheeks, opercles, nape, and
breast naked; lateral line incomplete; a well-marked black humeral
scale. Fins in males rather high; anal fin with a single spine (in all the
numerous specimens examined), this spine long and quite strong. Pee-
toral as long as head; caudal rounded. Color in spirits: Males with about
10 dusky cross bars, with pale interspaces, perhaps red in life, these alter-
nating with pale blotches on back; a dark spot below eye and a dark
humeral scale; soft dorsal and caudal barred. Female specimen (with
eggs) speckled, with dark cross blotches on back; scales punctulate.
Length 2 inches. Chihuahua River, Mexico, in the Rio Grande Basin ;
locally common. (australis, southern. )

Diplesion fasciatus, Grranp, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 101, Chihuahua River, Mexico;
not Catonotus fasciatus, GIRARD, also an Ltheostoma,
Etheostoma australe, JonpvaN, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1884, 362, Chihuahua River, Mexico

(substitute name, description taken from the types of Diplesion fasciatus, GiRARD); EVERMANN
& Kenpatt, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., xu, 1892 (1894), 115; Bounenorr, Cat., 1, 88,

1082 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

Etheostoma scovellii, Woouman, American Naturalist, March, 1892, 261, Rio de las Conchas,
Chihuahua, Mexico. (Coll. the Scovell Orizaba Expedition.)

Subgenus NIVICOLA, Jordan & Evermann.
1471. ETHEOSTOMA BOREALE (Jordan).

Head 32; depth 52; eye 4in head. D. VIII-9; A. II, 7; scales 4-53-10 ;
lateral line with pores on 15 scales. Body moderately elongate, somewhat
compressed, the caudal peduncle rather long and stout, the general form
resembling that of Etheostoma artesie and E. punctulatum. Head rather
heavy, the snout bluntish, rather strongly decurved. Anterior profile
gently and somewhat evenly arched. Snout short, about half as long as
eye. Mouth nearly horizontal, the lower jaw included, the maxillary
extending about to opposite front of pupil, its length 3 in head. Teeth
small. Preopercle entire; opercularspine strong. Premaxillary not pro-
tractile. Gillmembranes very slightly connected, A small black humeral
scale; cheeks, opercles, and nuchal region scaly ; breast naked; scales of
moderate size; lateral line very short, not reaching last spine of dorsal,
running rather high and slightly arched. Scales of belly like those of the
sides. Dorsal fins well separated, unusually short and small; the longest
spine in the largest example (9 ?) 33 in head, in another one ( g ?) 23 in
head; soft dorsal a little higher than spinous dorsal, also unusually small
for this genus ; caudal long, truncate, or slightly lunate, 13 in head; anal
low and short, its spines high, the first highest; pectorals nearly as long
as head, reaching past tips of ventrals. Color in spirits: Male, dark
gray (perhaps red in life) somewhat mottled with darker; sides with 11
or 12 very distinct vertical dark cross bands (probably blue in life), each
alternate, one usually extending across the back, meeting its fellow of the
opposite side; a dark saddle-like blotch on back between dorsal fins; a
dark bar before, behind, and below eye, radiating from eye, the suborbital
bar most distinct ; head with dark dots; spinous dorsal with a submedian
broad dark band (otherwise pale) ; soft dorsal and caudal sharply barred
with darker; about 5 dark bars across caudal; pectoral more faintly
barred ; lower fins pale, plain. Another specimen, probably a female, is
paler and grayer, with the cross bars narrower and less regular; the mark-
ings on the fins are much paler, the first dorsal being without dark longi-
tudinal band. Length 2+ inches. Montreal, Canada; only the type
known. (borealis, northern.)

Pecilichthys borealis, JORDAN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1884, 477, Montreal, Canada. (Type, No.

35747. Coll. T. J. Doran.)
Etheostoma boreale, BoULENGER, Cat., 1, 78.

Subgenus RAFINESQUIELLUS, Jordan & Evermann.
1472. ETHEOSTOMA POTTSILI (Girard).

Head 34 to 3%; depth 3? to 4. D. IX to X-1, 10 to 12; A. II, 7 or 8; scales
5-44 to 50-10, pores 23 to 31. Length of caudal peduncle nearly equal-
ing head. Least depth caudal peduncle equals + head. Body extremely
short and deep, the head short and heavy, moderately compressed. Upper

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 1083

profile of head rounded, no angle above orbits, the short snout with rounded
profile, but not obtuse. Premaxillaries on level of pupil, nonprotractile.
Preorbital extremely narrow, little wider than the broad end of the max-
illary bone, which is not concealed by it. Gill membranes rather narrowly
united across the isthmus, their width anteroposteriorly 4+ diameter of
eye. Opercular spine bifid, with 2 minute free points. Preopercle entire.
Eye large, 4 in head to end of opercular spine. Interorbital space wide,
strongly convex, its width equaling length of snout, 54 in head. Fins all
small; distance from front of dorsal to tip of snout $ length; dorsals low,
the 2 joined at base, the last spine appearing longer than the preceding
one and belonging to the second dorsal; longest dorsal spine $ head;
length of last dorsal spine $ diameter of orbit, the spine erect and con-
nected for its entire height with the following soft ray ; the next to the
last spine directed very obliquely backward, and appearing much shorter
than the last spine, its membrane joining last spine at base only; base of
spinous dorsal as long as head in front of preopercular margin, its highest
ray half head; anal fin very small, the spines large and strong, first spine
much longer and stronger than the second, 3} in head, equaling length of
snout and half eye; highest soft ray of anal equaling length of snout and
eye; pectorals and ventrals both very small; the pectoral short, broad,
and rounded, reaching the same vertical as ventrals, 1} inhead,and having
but 11 rays; ventrals close together, 14 in head. Sides of head, breast,
and nape wholly naked; body with rather large, ctenoid scales, uniformly
covering belly ; lateral line straight, incomplete, reaching to below mid-
dle of soft dorsal. Color in spirits: Light olive, sides and above obscurely
tesselated with darker ; nine short dark cross bars on back, and traces of
about an equal number on middle of sides, those on front of sides faint,
only the last 5 evident; a black humeral spot present; a faint dark streak
downward and 1 forward from eye, and a small dark spot above and
behind orbit ; cheeks dusky ; top of head vermiculated with dusky brown-
ish; spinous dorsal with a basal series of small blackish spots, each in the
midst of a translucent area, the terminal portion of membrane rendered
dusky by minute close-set dark points; soft dorsal and caudal barred
with light and dark lines; pectorals and ventrals translucent, unmarked.
Length lj inches. Streams of Chihuahua, Mexico; an aberrant species
of darter, looking like a young bass. (Named for John Potts of Chihua-
hua, its discoverer and an ‘‘ esteemed friend” of Dr. Girard.)

Aplesion pottsii (missprinted potsii), Girarp, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 102, tributaries of
Chihuahua River. (Coll. John Potts.)

Etheostoma micropterus, GILBERT, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1888, 289, Chihuahua, Mexico; Ever-
MANN & KENDALL, Bull U.S. Fish Comm., x11, 1892 (1894), 115, pl. 35.

Boleosoma pottsii, VAILLANT, Recherches, 94, 1873.

Etheostoma pottsii, BoULENGER, Cat., 1, 74.

Subgenus OLIGOCEPHALUS, Girard.
1473. ETHEOSTOMA IOW.E, Jordan & Meek,
Head 34 to 4; depth 4 to 54; eye4to5 in head. D. VII to X-10 or
11; A. II, 6 to 8; scales 5-55 to 63-11, pores 20 to 34. Body rather more
elongate than in Ltheostoma jessiw; the caudal peduncle rather long and

1084 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

slender. Head moderately acute, the snout a little decurved, its length
rather less than eye. Mouth small, nearly horizontal, the lower jaw
included, the maxillary reaching to opposite front of eye, its length 4 in
head. Teeth rather small. Opercular spine strong. Gill membranes
scarcely connected. No black humeral scale. Cheeks, opercles, and nape
more or less closely scaled; breast naked; top of head without scales;
scales smaller than in 2. jessiw; lateral line straight, ceasing near the
middle of the body. Fins all low, the spines slender. Dorsal fins well
separated, caudal subtruncate; pectorals 1j to 13 in head. Fin rays
unusually variable. Color in life: Light green, finely blotched with darker;
dark-green blotches on opercle; a dark stripe below eye; sides with 10 or

11 reddish spots interspersed among darker bands; spinous dorsal with a

narrow dark margin, below this a darker band and then a red one; soft

dorsal, caudal, and pectorals irregularly barred with yellow and with
greenish specks. Length about 2 inches. Upper Mississippi Valley from

Iowa and Nebraska, north to Assiniboia ; common northwestward, many

specimens having been taken by Dr. Eigenmann from Swift Current River in

the Saskatchewan Basin, and from Fort Qu’ Appelle in the basin of the

Red River of the North, this last being the most northern point at which

any spegies of darter has yet been found. Dr. Meek records it as abun-

dant in Storm and Spirit lakes in Iowa, and in the State Fish Commis-
sion ponds at South Bend, Nebraska. It is the most common darter in

Nebraska and South Dakota (Evermann & Cox), its range extending as

far west as Valentine, Nebraska (longitude 100° 30’ W.), the most westerly

point at which any member of the family has yet been found in the Mis-
souri Basin.

Etheostoma iow, JORDAN & MEEK, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1885, 10, Chariton River, Chariton,
Iowa, (Coll. Jordan & Meek); ErgENMANN, Bull. U. 8. Fish Comm., xiv, 1894, 117; MEEK,
Bull. U.S. Fish Comm., xrv, 1894, 188; EverMANN & Cox, Rept. U.S. Fish Comm., xviit, 1895.

Etheostoma quappella,* EIGENMANN & EI1GENMANN, American Naturalist, November, 1892, 963,
Qu’ Appelle River, Fort Qu’ Appelle, Manitoba, (Type in Brit. Mus. Coll. Eigen-
mann); EIGENMANN, Bull. U. 8. Fish Comm., xrv, 1894, 117.

Etheostoma io, BOULENGER, Cat., 1, 72.
Etheostoma quappellz, BOULENGER, Cat., I, 74.

1474. ETHEOSTOMA JESSLE (Jordan & Brayton).

Head 4; depth 4? to 5. D. X to XII-12 to 14; A. II, 7 or 9; scales 6-47
to 55-8, lateral line usually but not always incomplete, pores developed
on about 35 to 38 scales. Body fusiform, rather deep and compressed;
head rather large and moderately pointed; mouth rather large, terminal,

* This nominal species was described as follows:

Head 324 to 4; depth 5 to 514; dorsal IX-9 or 10; anal II, 7, scales 3-53-10; pores 19. Eye
very large, much longer than snout, 344 inhead; jawssubequal. Premaxillaries not protractile;
gill membranes scarcely connected; cheeks and opercles with a few scales; ventral line with the
median scales not enlarged; lateral line straight; palate without teeth; anal fin considerably
smaller than soft dorsal; humeral region without black scale; cheeks with a few scales just
below and behind eye; opercle with a few scales on its upper angle. Pectorals 14% in head;
caudal rounded. Color pale olive, with a lateral series of ill-defined large -darker spots; in life
with about 8 dark-blue bars on side; alternating with rusty bars; dorsal and caudal fins barred.
Qu’ Appelle River, a tributary of Assiniboine River, at Qu’ Appelle, Assiniboia; one specimen
known, 44mm. long. (Eigenmann; Boulenger). This is the northernmost point from which
Darters have been obtained. This species is very close to Etheostoma iowe and may not be differ-
ent. (qu’ appelle, what calls?; name of ariver tributary to the Assiniboine.)

;
4

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North A merica. 1085

upper jaw slightly the longer. Cheeks usually closely scaled, sometimes
almost naked; opercles scaled; nape scaled; breast naked. Fins moder-
ate. Chestnut-colored above, with about 9 quadrate bar-like blotches of
dark greenish along the sides, and about 5 dark cross blotches on back;
body usually covered with dark dots; fins mottled with chestnut; spin-
ous dorsal with an orange-red bar across it near the edge; second dorsal
and anal speckled with golden, or with dark cross streaks. Texas speci-
mens with 3 dark spots at base of caudal, the median one most distinct.
No dark humeral spot; lower fins dusky. Length 1? inches. Indiana to
Iowa and south to Mississippi and Texas; widely distributed but not very
common anywhere; perhaps more than 1 species included here, as the
types of jessiw, asprigene and swaini differ in form and coloration. Only
the form asprigene is well known as yet. (Named for Mrs. Jessie Dewey
Brayton. )

Peecilichthys jessix,* JORDAN & Brayton, in Jordan’s Man. Vertebrates, Ed. 2, 227, 1877, and in
JoRDAN, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xu, 1878, 59, Chickamauga River, Ringgold, Georgia,
(Coll. Jordan); Jorpan & GILBERT, Synopsis, 518, 1883.

Peecilichthys asprigenis,— Fores, Bull. 1, Il. Lab. Nat. Hist., 41, 1877, small creek at Pekin,
Illinois. (Coll. Forbes.)

* The following is the original description of Pecilichthys jessix, Jordan & Brayton:

Body fusiform, rather deep and compressed, the depth 5 to 5% in length, the form of the
body similar to that of P. spectabilis. Head rather large, moderately pointed, 4 in length;
mouth rather large, terminal, the upper jaw slightly longest, not protractile. Eye pretty
large, high up, 3) in head, about equal to snout. Cheeks naked, scaly above; opercles scaly;
throat naked; neck above scaly; scales medium, 6-45 to 50-7. Lateral line incomplete, but

“extending farther than P. variatus and P. spectabilis, on about 35 scales, or nearly to the end of

the second dorsal. Fins moderate. Dorsal XII-about 12. AnalII, 9. Color in spirits, oliva-
ceous, with about 9 squarish, bar-like blotches along the sides and about 5 cross blotches on the
back. Dorsal and caudal fins faintly barred. In life, the fish is chestnut-colored above and
the squares on the sides are bright dark blue; the fins are mottled with chestnut. A dark yel-
low or orange band across the dorsal. Second dorsal and anal with dark and golden specklings,
Several specimens, each about 2 inches long, taken in Chickamauga River at Ringgold. The
specimens are certainly not fully grown, and the coloration of the adult male is doubtless much
more brilliant. It will be distinguished at once from P. variatus (= coeruleus) and P. spectabilis by
the scaliness of the upper part of the cheeks, by the greater development of the lateral line

the more numerous dorsal spines, and the coloration. This species is named for Mrs, Jessie D.
Brayton..—Jordan & Brayton.

+ The following is the original description of Pwcilichthys asprigenis, Forbes:

Head 334 to 4; depth 414 to 434 in length, eye in head 314 to 4; nose about 24 the eye. Width
at pectorals 8 to 10 in length; at middle of second dorsal 12 to 15. The caudal peduncle is
twice as long as high. Longitudinal rows 5g. Breast always naked, opercle wholly scaly,
back wholly scaled before the dorsal, or a narrow strip left bare. The first dorsal consists of
from 9 to 12 spines; its height is from 14 to 14 its length, and 24 the height of the second dor-
sal. The latter contains from 10 to 12 rays, of which, in one case, the first was a stout, sharp
spine (XI-I, 11); its length is 24 that of the first, and 3 greater than that of the anal. The anal
consists of 2 spines and 7 or 8 soft rays, the longest ray reaching to the middle of the caudal
peduncle, Fourteen specimens examined; taken in small creek near Pekin, Illinois. Among
some specimens from Pekin, Illinois, whose label as Pecilichthys spectabilis had apparently served
to disguise them, I observed a number with scaly cheeks. Dr. Jordan has decided that these
are neither spectabilis nor jessix, and I have therefore described the series as a new species,
although the wide variation of so-called specific characters presented by them suggests that
several species of this genus may ultimately have to be merged, I have not been able, however,
with a large number of specimens, to trace the one wholly into the other, and I therefore leave
them distinct for the present. General appearance much like that of I’. spectabilis, from which
it differs in the scaly cheeks, the more complete lateral line, and the greater number of vertical
rows of scales. In spectabilisthe cheeks are either wholly bare or a few scales appear behind
and below the eye. In asprigenis they are either wholly covered or naked only on the lower
fourth. The vertical rows vary in my specimens of spectabilis from 38 to 43 (counting only com-
plete rows), in asprigenis from 48 to 50. In the former, the lateral line extends over from 25 to
31 scales, in the latter from 34 to 41. The head is small and pointed, the eye large (longer than
“ha the outlines regularly curved, the body compressed and rather deep, the mouth ter-
minal, oblique, and the jaws about even. The dorsal fins are sometimes separated by distances
varying from the length of half a scale to a scale and a half, but are occasionally quite continu-
ous, the two being united by membrane, Length 35 to 45 millimeters.

1086 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum,

Peecilichthys swaini,t JoRDAN, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., 1884, 479, tributary of Pearl River,
Monticello, Mississippi. (Type, No. 35308. Coll. Jordan & Swain.)

1475. ETHEOSTOMA LUTEOVINCTUM, Gilbert & Swain.

Head 33 to 4; depth 44 to 5; eye3$ to4in head. D.IX or X-13; A.II,
7 or 8; scales 6-49 to 55-11. Body compressed, the back elevated, the
profile descending rapidly forward, and gradually toward tail, from front
of spinous dorsal; caudal peduncle very slender. Head compressed,
with a short high snout, the upper profile of which descends in a strong
curve. Mouth at lower level of muzzle, which does not project beyond
it, mandible included. Gape nearly horizontal, of moderate size, the
maxillary reaching vertical from front of pupil, 3t in head. Cheeks and
opercles scaled. Preopercle entire. Opercular spine present. Branchio-
stegal membranes narrowly joined across isthmus. Eye rather large,
longer than snout. Dorsals short and low, well separated from each
other; base of spinous dorsal equaling length of caudal peduncle and
but little longer than that of soft dorsal; highest dorsal spine half
length of head; the highest soft ray 1% in head; anal spines of about
equal length, both slender and rather high, $ length of head; pectorals
as long as head; ventrals 1} in head. Cheeks, opercles, and nape closely
scaled, the breast naked or partially scaled; no black humeral scale; lat-
eral line nearly straight, continued to below middle of second dorsal,
running on 30 to 35 scales. Colors in life: Very light pale olive, with 7
dusky cross bars on back, narrower than the interspaces and reaching
about halfway to lateral line, their ends connected by dusky lines;
below lateral line about 9 dusky greenish blotches, between which are
orange-yellow cross bars, most distinct posteriorly, not reaching median
ventral line; no distinct streak forward from eye; a dusky bar below
eye; snout dusky; small black spots at base of caudal; soft dorsal and
caudal barred with dusky ; spinous dorsal with a black blotch on posterior
rays, a yellow or orange bar through middle of fin, the base and margin
dusky ; anal fin unmarked. Length 2 inches. Stone River, a tributary
of Tennessee River; not common. (luteus, yellow; vinctus, banded.)

{ The following is the original description of Paecilichthys swaini:

Head 32 in length; depth 48. D. XI, 12; A. II, 6; scales 3 or 4-41-7 or 8. Body fusiform,
rather elongate, the back rather elevated anteriorly, the caudal peduncle moderate, somewhat
compressed. Head rather slender and small, the anterior profile rather steep and gently curved,
becoming more obtuse at the tip of the snout. Snout short, a little bluntish;its length 5 in
head. Eye rather large, 344in head. Mouth not very small, oblique, the lower jaw included;
the maxillary reaching very nearly to opposite middle of pupil, its length 344 in head. Teeth
rather strong, present on vomer. Preopercle entire. Gill membranes very nearly separate.
Opercular spine strong. Opercles and cheeks well scaled; scales of body rather large, ctenoid;
belly covered with ordinary scales; nuchal region nearly naked; breast naked; lateral line
wanting posteriorly on about two scales, anteriorly somewhat arched and concurrent with the
back. Dorsal fius contiguous but separate, both high, the soft dorsal shorter and higher than
the spinous dorsal and much longer and higher than the anal; longest ray of soft dorsal 134 in
head; caudal truncate, 124 in head; pectorals moderate, 1,4, in head, not quite reaching vent;
ventrals coterminous with them, 144 in head. Color in spirits olivaceous, marbled with darker,
the dark markings rather obscure and taking the form of dark quadrate spots about as large as
the eye and alternating so as to give a checkered appearance. Head with 4 dark stripes, which
radiate from the eye; a dark streak on anterior part of opercle; spinous dorsal with a basal
band of pale (probably crimson in life), above this a dark band (probably deep blue); the outer
edge of the fin broadly pale (probably scarlet in life); soft dorsal and caudal checkered with
light and dark spots; anal and ventrals plain, apparently bluish, the latter darkest; pectorals
plain; no black humeral spot. <A single specimen, 2 inches long.

a

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 1087

Etheostoma luteovinctum, GILBERT & SwalIn, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1887, 58, Stone River, near
Nashville, Tennessee, (Coll. Gilbert & Swain); BouLeNcER, Cat., 1, 73.

1476. ETHEOSTOMA LEPIDOGENYS, Evermann & Kendall.

Head (including opercular flap) 4; depth 5; eye 4 in head; snout 4.
D. X-12; A. JI, 7 or 8; scales 7-54 to 61-9; lateral line straight and
incomplete, 32 to 38 pores. Body moderately stout, head heavy, snout
short, blunt, and decurved, back little elevated, caudal peduncle deep,
its least depth 2 in head. Mouth rather small, but little oblique, lower
jaw slightly included; premaxillary just reaching front of orbit, not
protractile. Gill membranes scarcely united. Fins moderate; soft dor-
sal higher than spinous portion; pectoral short, only as long as head,
not reaching beyond tips of ventrals; ventrals short, distance from their
tips to origin of anal equaling half length of head; anal rather small,
scarcely reaching tips of soft dorsal when depressed. Scales strongly
ctenoid; cheeks densely scaled; opercles and breast entirely naked;
nape scaled; median line of belly with ordinary scales, not deciduous.
In the larger specimen, which is 2 inches long, there are on the right side
57 scales in a longitudinal series, upon 38 of which pores are developed,
while upon the left side there are but 54 scales, upon 35 of which pores
are developed. The second specimen, 1 inches long, has 61 scales upon
the right side, with pores in 38 of them, and 55 upon the left, with only
35 developed pores. This shows a considerable variation, not only among
individuals, but between the 2 sides of the same individual. Color in
alcohol: Head dark above, sides pale, a dark line forward from eye to
tip of snout and another broader one straight downward from the eye,
broadest at lower end; a dark postocular spot followed by a fainter one
on the opercle; dark humeral scale present; side of body with about 13
dark vertical bars, the first crossing over the back just in front of the
spinous dorsal, the next 4 indistinct, except on back, where they widen
into large blotches, the sixth crossing the back between the 2 dorsals;
the seventh to tenth, inclusive, under the soft dorsal; the eleventh
crosses just back of it, while the thirteenth is at the base of the caudal
fin; spinous dorsal pale at base, next a broad dark band, then a narrow
pale one, which is followed by a pale blue one (probably blue in life and)
lastly, tipped with a very narrow margin of white; soft dorsal marbled
or vermiculated with brown, the largest, plainest markings being at
about 4 the distance from the tips of the fin; caudal like the soft dorsal,
but the colors deeper; all the other fins unmarked. Lergth 2 inches.
Rio Comal, Texas. Only the types known. (Aezic, seale; yévuc, cheek.)

Etheostoma lepidogenys, EVERMANN & KENDALL, Bull, U. 8. Fish. Comm., x11, 1892 (Feb. 6, 1894),
114, pl. xxxv, fig. 3, Rio Comal, New Braunfels, Texas, (Type, No, 44840. Coll. Ever-
mann, Scovell, and Gurley); BouLENGER, Cat., 1, 72.

1088 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

1477. ETHEOSTOMA CCERULEUM,* Storer.

(BiuE Darter; Rarnsow Darter; SoLprer Fisu.)

Head 32; depth 44; eye 4 to 43 in head, little shorter than snout.
D. IX to XII-12 to 14; A. Il, 7 or 8; scales 5-37 to 50-10, usually
5-45-10, pores 18 to 35. Body robust, rather deep and compressed,.
the back somewhat elevated. Head large, compressed. Mouth mod-
erate, terminal, oblique, the lower jaw somewhat included, the max-
illary reaching front of orbit; opercular spine moderate; gill membranes
not connected. Palatine teeth in one row. Cheeks naked or nearly so;
opercles scaled; neck and breast usually naked. Fins all large; dorsal
fins usually slightly connected. Anal spines subequal or the first a little
the longer; caudal rounded; pectoral nearly or quite as long as head.
Males olivaceous, tessellated above, the spots running together into
blotches; back without black lengthwise stripes; sides with about 12
indigo-blue bars running obliquely downward and backward, most dis-
tinct behind, separated by bright orange interspaces; caudal fin deep
orange, edged with bright blue; anal fin orange, with deep blue in front
and behind; soft dorsal chiefly orange, blue at base and tip; spinous
dorsal crimson at base, then orange, with blue edgings; ventrals deep
indigo; cheeks blue; throat and breast orange; females much duller,
with little blue or red, the vertical fins barred or checked; young vari-
ously marked, no dark humeral spot. Length 23 inches. Mississippi
Valley; very abundant in gravelly streams, and ascending small bruoks.
One of the most gorgeously-colored darters, but less graceful than most
of them. The most common species in most parts of the Ohio Valley.
(cweruleus, blue.)

Etheostoma cerulea, STORER, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1845, 47, Fox River, Illinois. (Coll.
8. C. Clark.)

* Gayest of all the Darters, and indeed the gaudiest of all fresh-water fishes, is the Rainbow
Darter (Etheostoma cwruleum). This is a litttle fish, never more than 3 inches long, and usually
about 2. Everywhere throughout the northern parts of the Mississippi Valley it makes its
home in the ripples and shallows of the rivers and in the shady retreats of all the little brooks.
The male fish is greenish above, with darker blotches, and its sides are variegated with oblique
bands alternately of indigo blue and deep orange, the orange often edged with patches of white.
The cheeks are deep blue, the breast deep orange, while the expanded fins are gorgeous in scar-
let, indigo, and crimson, The female, as is usually the case when the male of the species is
resplendent, is plainly colored—a speckly green, with no trace of blue or orange. When the
war of the rebellion broke out there were some good people who were anxiously looking for
somes sign or omen, that they might know on which side the ‘‘stars in their courses’? were
fighting. It so happened that in a little brook in Indiana, called Clear Creek, some one caught
a Rainbow Darter. This fish was clothed in a new suit of the red, white, and blue of his native
land, in the most unmistakably patriotic fashion. There were some people who had never seen
a Darter before and who knew no more of the fishes in their streams than these fishes knew of
them, by whom the coming of this little ‘‘soldier fish”? into their brooks was hailed as an omen
of victory. Of course these little fishes had really ‘‘always been there.’? They were there
when America was discovered and fora long time before, but the people had not seen them.
The warblers lived, you remember, in Spalding’s woods at Concord, but Spalding did not know
that they were there, and they had no knowledge of Spalding. So with the Darters in Spald-
ing’s brooks. Still, when the day comes when history shali finally recount all the influences
which held Indiana to her place in the Union, shall not, among greater things, this least of
little fishes receive its little meed of praise? The Rainbow Darter is a chubby little fish, as
compared with the other Darters. In its movements it is awkward and ungraceful, though
swift and savage asa pike. One of the mildest of its tricks, which we have noticed, is this: it
would gently put its head over a stone and catch a water boatman by one of its swimming legs,
release it, catch it again and again release it, until at last the boatman, evidently much annoyed.
swam away out of its reach. It will follow to the surface of the water a piece of meat suspended
by astring. It is more alertin discovering this than a hungry sunfish or rock-bass, and it can
be i rice like a pet lamb by a thread to which is fastened a section of a worm,.—Jordan &
Copeland,

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 1089

Pecilosoma erythrogastrum, KirRTLAND, Cleveland Annals Science, 1854, 4, near Cleveland,
Ohio. (Type, No.1218. Coll. Kirtland.)

Pecilichthys versicolor, AGassiz, Am. Journ. Sci. and Arts, 1854, 304, Quincy, Illinois. (Coll,
Dr. L. Watson.)

Pecilosoma transversum, ABBOTT, Proc. Ac, Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, 826, Lake Superior,

Astatichthys coeruleus, VAILLANT, Recherches, 107, 1873.

Pecilichthys coeruleus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 517, 1883.

Etheostoma ceeruleum, Meek, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., 1891, 119, 131, 155; Bounenaer, Cat.,
Leper ao

Gradually passing from Indiana westward into the slight variety

1477a. ETHEOSTOMA CQ@HRULEUM SPECTABILE (Agassiz).

Head 4; depth 44. D. X-12; A.II,7; scales 5-40-7; lateral line on
20-25 scales. Very similar to cwruleum, but more elongate and rather
more compressed ; the colors similar, but the upper portion of the sides
with distinct blackish stripes along the rows of the scales, and the
ground color of the back and sides having a peculiar whitish or bleached
appearance. The two dorsal fins usually well separated. Scales usually
present below and behindeye. Length2to3inches. Mississippi Valley ;
rather less abundant than the other and ascending small or even muddy
streams ; not always to be distinguished with certainty from the pre-
ceding. Both occur in Indiana and Illinois, but the form called spectabile
is the only one seen in streams of Missouri. (spectabilis, conspicuous. )

Pecilichthys spectabilis, AGAss1z, Amer. Journ. Sci. and Arts, 1854,304, Osage River, Missouri,
(Coll. Geo. Stolley); Jorpan & GiLBert, Synopsis, 518, 1883.

1478. ETHEOSTOMA LEPIDUM (Baird & Girard).

Head 44; depth 44. D.IX-11 to 13; A. II, 6to 8; scales 6-48 to 54-8,
pores 27 to 36. Body rather stout, compressed, tapering backward.
Head subconical. Mouth moderate, with equal jaws; maxillary reaching
front of orbit. Eyes large. First dorsal rather low; dorsal fins some-
what connected. Head, as well as throat and neck, entirely scaleless.
Color olivaceous, with some dark-blue bars; scales dusky at base, some-
times a slight trace of a humeral spot; dorsals and caudal mottled or
barred. Length 2tinches. Streams of Arkansas, Texas, and Chihuahua,
common; apparently gradually passing into Htheostoma cwruleum, from
which only the naked head separates it. Gilbert regards it as a sub-
species of cwruleum. (lepidus, pretty.)

Boleosoma lepida, BAirp & Grrarp, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1853, 388, upper tributaries of
the Rio Nueces, (Coll. Clark.)

Oligocephalus grahami, Girarp, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 102, Devil River, Texas,
D. IX-13; A. II, 7. (Coll. Clark.)

Oligocephalus leonensis, GIRARD, I. c., 102, Leon River, Texas. D.IX-10; A. II, 7. (Coll, Clark.)

Oligocephalus pulchellus, Girarp, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 102, Gypsum Creek, a trib-
utary to the Canadian River; A. II, 6. (Coll. Lieut. Whipple.)

Boleosoma lepidum, VAiLLANt, Recherches, 90, 1873.

Pecilichthys lepidus, JonvAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 517, 1883.

Etheostoma lepidum, Evermann & Kenpawt, Bull. U, 8. Fish Comm., x11, 1892 (1894), 114;
Bovutenaer, Cat., 1, 73.

F. A. N.—70

1090 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

1479. ETHEOSTOMA TIPPECANOE, Jordan & Evermann.

Head 44; depth 4%. D. XII-12; A. II, 7; scales 5-50-8, with pores on
about 23. Body rather robust, compressed, with deep caudal peduncle ;
head moderate, with pointed snout; eye small, as long as snout, 43 in
head; mouth large, oblique, the lower jaw somewhat included ; maxillary
reaching nearly to middle of eye; opercle very short, little longer than
snout, its spine strong; cheeks naked, or with one or two scales above;
opercles well scaled; breast naked; top of head naked ;- nape with fine
scales; upper jaw not protractile; gill membranes nearly separate;
lateral line straight, ceasing under front of second dorsal. Dorsals mod-
erate, slightly connected ; anal spines subequal; pectorals shortish, about
as long as head ; caudal] short, subtruncate. Color dark, the scales covered
with fine punctulations; body with 12 dark (probably blue in life)
cross bands, nearly vertical and narrower than the interspaces, the next
the last one brightest and broadest ; between this and the last, two bright
spots (probably red in life) with a dark one between them, at base of
caudal; a black humeral scale; first dorsal dark; second dorsal, anal,
caudal, and pectorals barred; ventrals speckled; three dark streaks
diverging from eye; interspaces on sides probably more or less red in
life. Length 14inches. Tippecanoe River, Indiana; but few specimens
known; possibly a variation of Ltheostoma jessie.

Etheostoma tippecanoe, JORDAN & EVERMANN, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., 1890, 3, (with a figure of

Etheostoma camurum, by an error of printer), Tippecanoe River, Marshland, Indiana,
(Type, No. 40080. Coll. Evermann); BouLENGER, Cat., 1, 79.

1480. ETHEOSTOMA PUNCTULATUM (Agassiz).

Head 34; depth 53; eye large, 3 in head; snout 44. D. X or XI-14;
A. II, 8or 9; scales 9-63 to 80-16, 43 to 53 pores. Body slender, com-
pressed, the ventral outline nearly straight, the back scarcely elevated;
upper profile descending in a gentle regular curve from front of dorsal to
snout, which is below axis of body. Snout sharp; mouth terminal,
moderately oblique, large, the maxillary reaching vertical from middle
of pppil, 3 in head; premaxillaries not protractile. Teeth on vomer and
palatines, outer series in upper jaw enlarged. Preopercle entire; oper-
cular spine very slender. Gillmembranes not united across isthmus. Fins
rather small. Pectorals and ventrals about equal, the latter not nearly
reaching vent, as long as from snout to nape; dorsals not joined at base,
the spines rather strong; anal with two slender subequal spines, as long
as diameter of orbit, the first stronger than second; caudal truncate.
Body covered with small ctenoid scales, which become very fine on the
nape; breast naked; an enlarged black humeral scale; cheeks and oper-
cles naked; lateral line straight, ending below last rays of soft dorsal,
the tubes wanting on about 20 scales. Colors in life: Very dark slaty
green, with indistinct darker bars, irregular in number and size, down-
ward from back; belly and branchiostegal membranes deep orange red;
sides of head coarsely punctate with black; top of head dusky, a dark
par forward from eye, one upward and backward across upper portion

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America, 1091

of cheek and opercle and a broad bar downward to behind the mandi-
ble; a conspicuous black humeral spot; usually a darker area at base of
caudal, one below soft dorsal and a dusky bar in axil of pectoral, ending
below the fin in a blackish blotch; spinous dorsal dusky green at base, a
broad black bar through its middle, more conspicuous anteriorly, its
margin reddish ; second dorsal, caudal, and pectorals light reddish, with
indistinct wavy bars formed of black punctulations; anal and ventrals
dusted with coarse black specks. Length 2 inches. Ozark region of
southwestern Missouri; not very common ; in small brooks; here described
from specimens from James Fork of White River, Marshfield, Missouri.
(punctulatus, with little points.)

Pecilichthys punctulatus, Acassiz, Amer. Jour. Sci. and Arts, 1854, 304, Osage River, Mis-

sourl.

Boleosoma punctulatum, VAILLANT, Recherches, 92, 1873.
Etheostoma punctulatum, GILBERT, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., x, 1887, 60; BoULENGER, Cat., 1, 79.

1481. ETHEOSTOMA CRAGINI, Gilbert.

Head 34; depth 4%. D. VIII or IX-10 to 12 (VI, 12 in one specimen,
probably abnormal); A. II, 60r7; scales 6-46 to 55, pores 15 to 20. Head
and body heavy and not closely compressed, the back not elevated, the
caudal peduncle deep; snout short and broad, less than diameter of orbit,
5 in head; mouth terminal, broad, little oblique, the lower jaw included;
the maxillary scarcely reaching vertical from front of pupil, 34 in head.
Premaxillaries nonprotractile. Eye large, much longer than snout,
equaling length of maxillary. Interorbital space narrow, less than diam-
eter of pupil. Preopercle entire; opercle ending in a short, flat point,
the spine poorly developed. Gill membranes very slightly connected
across the isthmus. A conspicuous black humeral scale. Fins small, the
pectorals reaching but little beyond tips of ventrals, 14 in head ; spinous
dorsal low, the spines strong, the longest about ? length of head; anal fin
very small; first anal spine longer and stronger than the second, 34 in
head; caudal truncate, equaling length of pectorals. Scales weakly
ctenoid, uniformly covering body, including nape and ventral region,
becoming somewhat smaller anteriorly on sides ; cheeks and opercles with
few scales or none, head and breast otherwise naked. Color in spirits:
Olivaceous, much mottled with dusky above; lower half of sides sprinkled
with coarse black specks, and with traces of two silvery lines; middle of
sides with a series of about 12 dusky spots as large as pupil, the inter-
spaces silvery; a black spot on opercle, one behind and one below orbit;
snout dusky ; caudal conspicuously barred with light and dark ; soft dor-
sal and anal faintly barred; spinous dorsal translucent, dusted with
minute dark points, margined with blackish; traces of orange markings
on lower side of head, and on bases of pectoral fins; caudal apparently
tinged, in life, with bright yellow. In life, fins with brick-red shades ;
body with blue specks; body and fins profusely punctulate with black.
Length 1}inches. Western portion of Arkansas River Basin, from Garden
City to Cafion City, in small brooks; the only darter reaching the base

1092 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

of the Rocky Mountains in Colorado. (Named for its discoverer, Prof. F.
W. Cragin, then director of the Washburn College Laboratory.)

Etheostoma cragini, GILBERT, Bull. Washburn College Laboratory for March and April, 1885, 99,
small stream connecting the ‘‘ Lake’”’ at Garden City, Kansas, with the Arkan-
sas River, (Type, No. 38320. Coll. Cragin); Gitperv, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., 1887, 62; Jor-
DAN, Bull. U.S. Fish Comm., 1x, 1889 (1891), 17; BouLENGER, Cat., 1, 77.

1482. ETHEOSTOMA OBEYENSE, Kirsch.

Head 33; depth 44 to 53. D. VIII to X-12 or 13; A. II, 7 to 9; scales
5-45 to 50-10, pores 10 to 27. Body rather long and low, compressed,
the back not much elevated in adults, more so in the young. Head
moderate, heavier and less pointed than Ltheostoma flabellare, which this
species resembles in many respects. Interorbital space narrow, eye about
as long as snout, 4 in head, the maxillary extending nearly to below its
middle. Mouth rather large, little oblique, the jaws subequal; premax-
illaries not protractile; teeth rather strong; gill membranes slightly con-
nected. Head, nape, and breast naked. Margin of first dorsal rounded,
its longest spine 2 in base; second dorsal larger than first, its margin
nearly straight, the anterior ray about 14 in base; caudal moderate, equal
in length to caudal peduncle, also to base of first dorsal, its margin sub-
truncate ; anal smaller than second dorsal and placed opposite or shghtly
behind that fin; pectorals about as long as head; ventrals equal in length
to base of anal. Lateral line almost straight, beginning at upper edge of
preopercle and extending backward, slightly descending, to past middle
of first dorsal, developed on about 12 scales. Color of adult male, light
olive; dorsal region marked with 7 dark cross bars, the first being on the
nape and the last on the end of the caudal peduncle; on the sides are 10
or 11 irregularly-shaped dark spots; top of head dusky or black; fins of
adult males dusky white; black spot on membrane of first 3 or 4 dorsal
spines, vanishing posteriorly ; second dorsal with faint traces of bars;
caudal plain; margin of anal jet black; pectorals faintly barred; ven-
trals dusky or black. The female and younger specimens are similarly,
but more deeply, colored. Black humeral scale very large and distinct,
larger than in related species, asin KHtheostoma flabellare. The anal, pec-
torals, and ventrals of the female and younger specimens are plain white,
while the dorsals and caudal are distinctly barred; on the cheek is a
smooth, light colored area, extending from below the eye obliquely
upward and backward to a distance twice the length of eye, and termi-
nating at upper edge of preopercle, constricted into two parts, the anterior
somewhat the larger, and everywhere bounded by a silvery band, being a
notable color mark. Length 2? inches. Tributaries of the Cumberland
River in Clinton County, Kentucky. (Name from Obey River.)

Etheostoma obeyense, Kirscu, Bull. U. 8S. Fish Comm., x, 1890 (1892), 292, Indian Creek, Spring
Creek, Smith Creek, and Albany Branch, all tributaries of Cumberland River
in Clinton County, Kentucky (Type, No. 45565. Coll. Kirsch); BouLENGER, Cat., I, 78.

1483. ETHEOSTOMA PAGEI, Meek.

Head 34; depth 4 to 44; eye 34; snout 34. D. IX or X-12 or 13; A. Il,
7; scales 8-56 to 61-13. Body robust, snout abruptly decurved, but not

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 1093

blunt. Mouth rather large, terminal, maxillary reaching vertical from
pupil; premaxillaries not protractile; lips thick; gill membranes not
connected. Cheeks, opercles, and breast naked, nape scaled; lateral line
imperfect, developed on only about 12 scales. Color of male: Belly bright
red, extending on sides to upper rays of pectoral fins; above the red isa
yellowish band on the sides about as wide as diameter of eye; upper
part of the body olivaceonus, with darker markings, each scale being pro-
vided with a dark spot, these making faint lateral streaks along the rows
of scales; about 9 dark blotches on the side, resembling faint bars;
caudal and soft dorsal barred; pectorals faintly barred; anal and ven-
trals plain; a dark humeral scale. The female has the under part whit-
ish, the sides olivaceous, much mottled with darker; otherwise as in the
male. Length 2 inches. Only the types known, 2 specimens, taken in
the spring branch on the United States Fish Hatchery grounds at Neo-
sho, Missouri, tributary to Neosho River, Arkansas Basin. (Meek.)
(Named for William F. Page, Superintendent of the United States Fish
Hatchery at Neosho, Missouri.)

Etheostoma pagei, MEEK, American Naturalist, 1894, 957, Neosho, Missouri, (Type, No. 45566.

Coll. Meek); BouLenGER, Cat., 1. 79; EVERMANN & KENDALL, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., xiv,
1894 (1895), 472.

1484. ETHEOSTOMA VIRGATUM (Jordan).

Head 3%; depth 5. D. IX-10; A. I, 8. Body slender, subfusiform,
compressed, the back somewhat elevated, the caudal peduncle rather
deep. Head long, rather slender and pointed, little compressed, the
snout but little decurved. Mouth rather large, somewhat oblique, the
maxillary reaching to the pupil, the lower jaw scarcely shorter than the
upper; teeth small, even, in several rows. Eye rather large. Posterior
border of preopercle obtusely crenate above. Scales rather large;
lateral line distinct, on about 20 scales; 53 in a lengthwise series. Head
naked; nape and’breast naked. Color greenish, each scale with a small
blackish spot, forming conspicuous lateral stripes, as in Ltheostoma flabel-
lare lineolatum; back and sides with*cross blotches; humeral scale large
and black; dorsal and caudal fins faintly barred. Rock Castle River and
Round Stone River. tributaries of Cumberland River, in Rock Castle and
Laurel counties, Kentucky ; not common; a pretty little fish. (virgatus,
streaked.)

Pacilichthys virgatus, JonDAN, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1879, 236, Rock Castle River, Living-

ston, Kentucky, (Type, No. 23456. Coll. Jordan); Jorpan & GILBERT, Synopsis, 515, 1883,
Etheostoma virgatum, BOULENGER, Cat., 1, 77.

Subgenus CLARICOLA, Jordan & Evermaun.

1485. ETHEOSTOMA JULLE, Meek.

Head 4; depth4to4}. Eye4}. D. XI-llor12; A. II,7 or8; scales 8-58
to 60-8. Lateral line incomplete; cheek and breast naked, opercles with
few scales on upper part. Ventral region sealed, like the sides. Gill
membranes broadly united across the isthmus. Teeth on vomer., Body

1094 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

deep, compressed, with the dorsal region elevated, the form being much
as in Cottogaster uranidea. Mouth large, terminal, the lower jaw but
little the shorter; snout pointed, upper lip thick; premaxillary not pro-
tractile, the frenum narrow, torn in the type. Tip of maxillary reaching
to front of pupil. Pectoral fins large, their length equal to the length of
the head; ventrals small, not close together; anal small, with 2 short,
sharp spines.* Color in life, dusky olivaceous, greenish below; caudal
fin, soft dorsal, anal, and ventral fins yellowish; pectoral fins dusky,
with outer border pale yellowish; spinous dorsal dusky, upper half with
a yellowish tinge; a faint dark band on chin; a dark bar below eye; a
black band across back in front of spinous dorsal, terminating at base of
pectoral fins; a second and much fainter band on back between spinous
and soft dorsal; a third faint band on back at middle of soft dorsal,
and a fourth on caudal peduncle; sides dotted with faint yellowish,
forming irregular stripes along rows of scales. On the posterior half of
body are 6 faint, dark, vertical bars. One of the handsomest of the
darters in life.. Length 24 inches. Basin of White River, Missouri.
Only the types known. (Named for Mrs. Julia Hughes Gilbert.)

Etheostoma julizx, MrEK, Bull. U. S. Flsh Comm., 1x, 1889 (1891), 130, plate 42, fig. 2, James
River, near Springfield, Missouri, (Coll. Meek, Drew & Rettger); BoULENGER, Cat., I, 87.

1486. ETHEOSTOMA ARTESLE (Hay).

Head 323; depth 5. D. XI-12 or 13; A. II, 7 or 8;. scales 8-46 to 56-11.
Body elongate, compressed. Head large. Mouth large, terminal, nearly
horizontal, the lower jaw slightly included; maxillary reaching to oppo-
site front of pupil. Palatine teeth in a broad band. Eye equal to snout,
44 in head. Cheeks entirely covered with small scales; opercles with
large scales; scales along back very small. Lateral line extending to end
of second dorsal, on about 45 scales. Dorsals contiguous; first dorsal as
long as head, its height less than halfits length; soft dorsal considerably
higher; anal a little over half length of head; pectorals reaching tips of
ventrals, much smaller than in EZ. cwruleum. Gill membranes largely con-
nected. Yellowish olive, with transverse oblique bars of darker, and
sprinkled with small blotches of carmine; pectorals and ventrals dull
blue; dorsals with a broad band of carmine along their middle, bordered
on each side by orange; tips of dorsals dull blue, as is the base of the soft
dorsal; base of spinous dorsal with several carmine spots; anal mostly
crimson, tipped with blue; caudal blue, then orange, carmine orange, and
tipped witb blue; a black humeral scale. Length 2? inches. Georgiat
to Central Texas (Palestine), in sandy streams of the pine woods; rare;
perhaps intergrading through Ztheostoma alabame with E. whipplii.

Peecilichthys artesix, Hay, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1880, 494, small branch of the Catawba River,
Artesia, Lowndes County, Mississippi. (Type, No. 27434. Coll. Hay).

* This species is described and figured as having but 1 anal spine. In one of Dr. Meek’s
types in the Museum of Stanford University, two spines are well developed, as in its ally, Etheos-
toma whipplii.

+ A specimen from Georgia (24524, M. C. Z.) has scales, 46. Another specimen is from an arte-
sian well in Alabama.

Bie

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 1095

1487. ETHEOSTOMA ALABAME (Gilbert & Swain).

This species or subspecies is closely allied to Etheostoma whipplii differ.
ing from it in having the scales constantly larger, there being usually 50 to
56 in the course of the lateral line, though occasionally 58 and even as low
as 43; the pores of the lateral line wanting on about 12 scales; the num-
ber of rows of scales between the lateral line and the spinous dorsal is 7
or 8, occasionally fewer. Gill membranes moderately united; humeral
process or scale developed, black. Not otherwise differing*from Etheos-
toma whipplii, the form and coloration similar. The relations of this
species with Ltheostoma artesiw are also very close, the two may prove
inseparable. The male of artesiw seems to have much more of blue mark-
ing than the male of alabame. Black Warrior and Big Cahawhba rivers,
Alabama; locally abundant.

Etheostoma whipplei alabamex, GILBERT & SwAIN, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1887, 62, Black Warrior
River near Morris and Tuscaloosa, Alabama. (Coll. Gilbert & Swain.)

1488. ETHEOSTOMA WHIPPLII (Girard).

Head 33; depth 44 to 5; eye 4d in head. D. IX to XII-12 to 14; A. IT, 7.
Scales 60 to 70,* 8 or 9series between lateral line and base of spinous dor-
sal; pores 35to 50. Body rather deep, compressed ; least depth of caudal
peduncle equaling length of snout and eye. Mouth terminal, oblique;
maxillary reaching vertical from front of pupil, 3$ in head. Premaxilla-
ries not protractile. Eye moderate, slightly greater than snout. Pre-
opercle entire; opercular spine strong. Gul] membranes rather widely
joined across isthmus. Fins larger than in FZ. punctulatum; dorsals slightly
joined at base, the longest soft ray half length of head; pectorals some-
what longer than ventrals, which equal distance from snout to preoper-
cular margin; first anal spine longer and much stronger than second;
caudal truncate. Scalessmall; lateral line straight, ending under last rays
of soft dorsal, the pores wanting on 16 to 20 scales; opercles with a few
large ctenoid scales; breast and ventral region, cheeks, nape, and a strip
along base of spinous dorsal anteriorly naked or with embedded, ecycloid
scales. Colors in life: Grayish, mottled with darker and with about 12
indistinct dusky bars, becoming more clearly marked posteriorly ; scales
of lighter interspaces on sides with small, round, bright, orange-red spots,
those near lateral line in longitudinal series of 2 to 5; 2 orange blotches
at base of caudal; a dark spot below eye and 2 behind it, 1 of these on
upper part of cheeks, the other fainter, on occiput. A conspicuous black
humeral process; spinous dorsal dusky translucent at base, a dark bar
about halfway up, then a translucent bar, an orange-red bar, and a trans-
lucent bar tipped with dusky; soft dorsal similarly marked, with more
yellowish; anal like soft dorsal, the orange brighter, sometimes covering
distal half of fin, the basal dusky area fainter; caudal barred with light

*Ina single specimen from the Washita River at Arkadelphia, Arkansas, but 48 scales are
present. No other of many examples has less than 60, It is this variation of whipplii which
led Gilbert & Swain to regard alabanwe as a subspecies of it. The extent of such intergradation
needs examination.

1096 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

and dark and margined with black, sometimes with a submarginal band
of orange. Lower Arkansas Basin; locally abundant in clear tributaries
of the Saline, Washita, etc. (Named for Lieut. A. W. Whipple, U.S. A.,
in command of the survey by which the species was discovered.)
Boleichthys whipplii, GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 103, Coal Creek, Arkansas.

Boleosoma whipplei, VAILLANT, Recherches, 96, 1873.
Etheostoma whipplei, GILBERT, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., 1887, 61; BovuLENGER, Cat., 1, 84.

1489. ETHEOSTOMA SQUAMICEPS, Jordan.

Head 3} to 44; depth 44 to 5. Snout short, as long as eye, 4 in head,
D. VIII to XI-9 to 12; A. I, 7 or 8; scales 6-48 to 60-12. Body rather
robust, the back not elevated, the sides somewhat compressed, the caudal
peduncle stout. Head rather short, the snout rather blunt, the anterior
profilesomewhat decurved. Premaxillary not protractile. Mouth small,
oblique, the lower jaw somewhat included; the maxillary extending to
front of eye, 3in head. Teeth rather large, close set. Preopercle entire.
Gill membranes rather broadly united. Opercular spine well developed.
Nape, cheek, opercles, and breast covered with small scales; these parts
rarely naked; body with moderate, ctenoid scales, those on belly simi-
lar; lateral line straight, its pores wanting only on the last 4 or 5
scales. Fins all low; dorsal spines subequal, the longest about 34 in
head; soft dorsal well separated from spinous dorsal, its longest rays not
quite equaling head; caudal fin rather large, 1} in head; anal small, the
longest rays 13 in head, the spines small; pectorals 1} in head; ventrals
14. Color in life dusky olive, with about 10 rather diffuse blackish cross
bands, most distinct just below lateral line, along which is a longitudinal
pinkish streak; scales above with many dark punctulations, but with no
distinct spots; a dark bar below eye, and a horizontal dark streak
through it; both dorsals and caudal barred with black in fine pattern, as
in E. flabellare, but less distinctly ; lower fins pale; no red or blue mark-
ings anywhere. This species varies excessively in squamation of head
and in size of fins; nape, breast, and cheeks sometimes naked. Lower
Wabash Valley, Indiana, through western Kentucky and Tennessee to
Georgia and western Florida; abundant in sandy streams southward.
Specimens from Alabama (var. parvipinnis) are smaller, with lower fins
and fewer finrays. D. XI-10; A. I, 7; scales 6-48-13. They seem to vary
perfectly into the typical form. (squama, scale; -ceps, head.)

Etheostoma squamiceps, JORDAN, Bull. x, U. S. Nat. Mus., 11, 1877, Russellville, Kentucky
(Type, No. 1345. Coll. Dr. Bebb). (Head 33; depth 5. D.IX-12; A. II, 7; scales 5-50-X);
JorpAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 51 4, 1883. (Type, No. 1845. Coll. Dr. Bebb); Botzman, Proc.
U. S. Nat. Mus., 1886, 464; BouLENGER, Cat., 1, 85.

Etheostoma parvipinne, GILBERT & Swatn, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1887, 59, small spring branch

tributary to the Black Warrior River, Tuscaloosa, Alabama. (Type, No. 36716.
Coll. Gilbert & Swain.)

wan =

YT ee ae

a

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 1097

Subgenus ETHEOSTOMA.
1490. ETHESTOMA FLABELLARE, Rafinesque.

(FAN-TAILED DaRrTER.*)

Head 33 to 4; depth 44 to5}; eye 4 to44.in head; snout 4. D. VIII-12
to 14; A. II, 7 to 9; scales 9-40 to 65-14, 15 to 40 pores. Number of fin
rays and scales subject to large variations, the spines occasionally fewer
than 8. Body slender, compressed, the back not elevated; head long
and pointed ; snout not decurved, the upper lip on a level with top of
eye; mouth very oblique, lower jaw projecting; maxillary reaching
front of eye; interorbital space narrow, 14 in eye; gill membranes rather
broadly united ; distance from mouth to gill cleft on median line 14 to 14
in head; caudal peduncle compressed, deep, its least depth 2 in head.
Fins all low, the first dorsal in the male about } us high as second, higher
in the female, the spines with enlarged fleshy tips in the male; anal about
size of soft dorsal; pectorals usually not quite as long as head, their tips
reaching beyond tips of ventrals; caudal large, rounded. Scales moder-
ate; head entirely naked; lateral line nearly straight, incomplete, reach-
ing about to end of first dorsal; a narrow strip along base of spinous
dorsal not scaled. Color rather dark, body covered with numerous fine
dark specks, these forming dark cross bands or blotches in the males,
less distinct in the females; black humeral spot conspicuous; usually
a dark line across opercles, through the eye, and around snout; second
dorsal and caudal fins barred, other fins usually plain; pectorals faintly
barred in Virginia specimens. Length 24 inches. New York to Virginia,
west to Iowa, and south to South Carolina and northern Alabama;
usually abundant wherever found. It lives in swift waters, and its
movements in the water are more active than those of any other species;
it is the most hardy in the aquarium. (flabellaris, like a fan, from the
form of the tail.)

Etheostoma flabellaris, RAFINESQUE, Jour. de Physique, 1819, 419, tributaries of Ohio River.

Etheostoma flabellata, RAFINESQUF, Ichth. Ohiensis, 36, 1820, Ohio River.

Etheostoma fontinalis, RAFINESQUE, Ichth. Ohiensis, 86, 1820, Ohio River.

Etheostoma linsleyi, SrorER, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1851, 37, Wolcott, Wayne County,
New York,

Oligocephalus humeralis, GrRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat: Sci. Phila., 1859, 67, James River, Virginia.

*The Darter of Darters is the Fan-tail (Ltheostoma flabellare), Tardiest, wiriest, wariest of
them all, it is the one which is most expert in catching other creatures, and the one which most
surely evades your clutch. You can catch a weasel asleep when you can put your finger on one
of these. Itisa slim, narrow, black, pirate-rigged little fish, with a long pointed head, anda
projecting, prow-like lower jaw. It carries no flag, but is colored like the rocks among which
itlives. Itis dark brown in hue, with a dusky spot on each scale, so that the whole body seems
covered with lengthwise stripes, and these are further relieved by cross bands of the same color,
Its fins, especially the broad, fan-shaped caudal, are likewise much checkered with spots of
black. ‘lhe spines of the dorsal fin are very low, and each of these in the male ends in alittle
fleshy pad of a rusty-red color, the fish’s only attempt at ornamentation. The Fan-tailed Darter
chooses the coldest and swiftest waters, and in these, as befits his form, he leads an active, preda-
tory life. He is the terror of water snails and caddis worms, and the larve of mosquitoes, In
the aquarium this Darter is one of the most interesting of fishes, for, though plainly colored, it
is very handsome, and in its movements is the most graceful of all the Darters, Its mouth opens
wider than that of any of the others, and it is fuller of bristling teeth. Its large, yellow-rim-
med black eyes are ever on the watch. The least of a “‘fish’’ and the most of a Darter, the Fan-
tailed is worthily left as a type of the genus Etheostoma, in which it was first placed by its
discoverer, Rafinesque. (Jordan & Copeland.)

1098 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

Catonotus fasciatus, GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 68, Madrid, New York, and
Grass River. (Type, Nos. 1393 and 1345. Coll. E. O. Dayton.)

Catonotus kennicotti,* PUYrNAM, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 1, 1863, 3, southern Illinois.

Catonotus flabellatus, VAILLANT, Recherches, 121, 1873, with plate.

Etheostoma flabellare, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 513, 1883; BouLENGER, Cat., 1, 86.

A slight variety of this species, from the Cumberland Mountains, has
been recognized by name as

1490a. ETHEOSTOMA FLABELLARE CUMBERLANDICUM, Jordan & Swain.

Head 33; depth 53; eye 44 in head, equal to snout. D. VIII, 11; A. II,
7; scales 45, the tubes on 15 to 20 scales. Body moderately elongate,
somewhat compressed, the back little elevated. Head usually thick and
heavy, little tapering anteriorly, much stouter than in £. jflabellare.
Mouth terminal, very oblique, the lower jaw somewhat projecting,
maxillary extending nearly to below its middle. Teeth rather strong.
Head, nape, and breast naked; belly and region along dorsal with the
scales small; scales of body smoother than in £. flabellare and more
loosely imbricated, especially in the adult. Fins essentially as in other
species, the dorsal spines low and subequal, lowest in the male, the flesh
at their tips being thickened; caudal large, rounded; other fins mod-
erate. Color in life greenish, semitranslucent, the body in the adult
without trace of lines, cross bars, or spots, excepting the large, black
humeral spot; back with a few faint dusty cross shades. Young with
tessellated spots and numerous faint cross bars, which are developed
chiefly as a series of spots along the lateral line; a dark streak from eye
through snout; a round, black spot behind eye; first dorsal translucent,
abruptly edged with black, the free tips of the spines golden orange;
second dorsal obliquely barred with alternating bands of black and
golden; caudal pale, with about 7 very sharply defined curved cross
bands of black; pectorals olivaceous, scarcely barred, an orange bar at
base; ventrals and anal plain, slightly dusky. Length 2? inches.
Brooks in the Cumberland Mountains tributary to Cumberland River.
Etheostoma cumberlandicum, JoRDAN & SWAIN, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1883, 251, small streams

of the Cumberland Mountains, Wolf Creek and Briar Creek, near Pleasant
View, Whitley County, Kentucky. (Coll.Jordan & Swain.)

A better marked variety, differing chiefly in color, representing EHtheos-
toma flabellare to the northwestward, is

1490b. ETHEOSTOMA FLABELLARE LINEOLATUM (Agassiz).

Very similar to the typical flabellare, but rather less elongate and more
compressed. Coloration darker, each scale with a dark spot, these form-
ing a series of conspicuous longitudinal lines along the rows of scales;

*The original types of Catonotus kennicotti, now in poor condition, show the following charac-
ters: Color plain, without trace of lines or spots on body; pectorals, caudal, and both dorsals
brightly checkered with black. Black humeral spot large. Cheeks, opercles, and breast naked.
Scaley rather large. Lateral line extending to below middle of second dorsal. Gill membranes
forming an angle with each other. Pectorals a little shorter than head. Head 334; depth 544.
D. VIII, 10; A, II, 7; scales 6-40 to 42-X. From a rocky brook in Southern Illinois,

aa

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 1099

second dorsal and anal conspicuously cross-barred; head blackish, with
darker stripes radiating from eye; males further marked with conspicu-
ous dark cross bars. Minnesota to northern Indiana and northern Mis-
souri, in cold weedy streams. (lineolatus, with small lines.)

Catonotus lineolatus, AGAssiz, Amer. Journ. Sci. and Arts, 1854, 305, small creeks near Quincy,
Illinois.

Etheostoma lineolatum, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 513, 1883.

Catonolus lineolatum, VAILLANT, Recherches, 118, 1873.

476. ALVARIUS, Girard.
Alwarius,sGIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 101, (lateralis).

This genus is based on a single species, which has not been recognized
since it was originally described. It is apparently closely allied to
Etheostoma, differing in the small number of its fin rays, in which regard
it approaches Microperca. The species is imperfectly described and its
affinities can only be guessed at. (A coined name without meaning.)

1491. ALVARIUS LATERALIS, Girard.

“A representative of the Etheostomoid family was procured by the
United States and Mexican Boundary Commission at the mouth of the
Rio Grande del Norte (Rio Bravo). It constitutes a new generic pety
allied to Catonotus, and to which we have applied the name of Alvarius,
with the following characters: Head elongated and tapering. Mouth
terminal, large, not protractile; lower jaw longer than the upper. Teeth
very minute. Opercular apparatus, cheeks, and throatscaly. First dorsal
nearly equal in height to the second, from which it is quite distinct.
Anal fin much smaller than the second dorsal; caudal fin truncated ; 5
soft rays to the ventrals. Ventral scales uniform.” Body slender, elon-
gate. Head subconical and tapering forward. Eye equal to snout, 4 in
head. Maxillary reaching pupil. First dorsal about equal to second and
separated from it. Anal smaller than second dorsal, the last rays of the
2 fins opposite each other. Scales very small. Lateral line median.
Brownish, back spotted; sides with a narrow blackish streak, which
extends around the snout; first dorsal witha black spot on its upper pos-
terior edge; caudal transversely barred. D. VI, 10; A. 8. Length 1}
inches. Rio Grande. (Girard.) The types are now lost and the species
has not been rediscovered. (lateralis, pertaining to the side. )

Alvarius lateralis, GiRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 101, mouth of Rio Grande, (Coll.
Mex. Bound. Surv.); VAILLANT, Recherches, 141, 1873.

Pecilichthys lateralis JORDAN & GriBERT, Synopsis, 522, 1883.

Etheostoma laterale, BOULENGER, Cat., 1, 87.

477. PSYCHROMASTER, Jordan & Evermann, new genus, (tuscumbia).

This genus is allied to Ltheostoma, from which it differs in its robust
form, its single anal spine, and especially in the squamation of the head,
which is scaled to the snout. One species. (wWvyxpdc, coldwater ; “aorip,
searcher. )

1100 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

-_———— — ———-——-- a

1492. PSYCHROMASTER TUSCUMBIA (Gilbert < Swa_).

Head 34 to 33; depth 4 to 44.. D. 1X or X-11 to 18; A. I, 8; scales 6-48
to 50-10; pores 15 to 20. Body exceedingly heavy and robust, with ele-
vated back and broad, thick head. Anterior profile descending rapidly
from front of dorsal, the snout blunt and broadly rounded, but not over-
hanging the mouth. Gape large and wide, the mandible little included,
the maxillary reaching vertical from middle of orbit, 3 in head. Eye
rather small, 44 in head, the interorbital width % its diameter. Preoper-
cular margin entire. Cheeks, opercles, nape, and top of head generally
scaly; only the snout, interorbital space, and preorbitals naked. Oper-
cular spine little developed. Gill membranes scarcely joined across
isthmus. Fins all very small; dorsal spines weak, the median spines
highest, half length of head; soft dorsal scarcely higher than spinous;
anal fin with a single, rather weak spine, the first soft ray articulated
and branched. Pectorals and ventrals very small, the latter not reach-
ing % distance to vent; length of pectorals equaling distance from tip of
snout to preopercular margin; caudal broadly rounded. Scales rough,
wholly enveloping head and body, except snout and interorbital space ;
lateral line incomplete, arched, following the curve of the back; pores
absent on 15 to 18 scales. Color in life: Varying shades of grayish and
greenish olive, much mottled and speckled with black; six broad, dark
bars across back; 8 or 10 linear black blotches along lateral line, sepa-
rated: by silvery interspaces; a dark streak before, one below, and one
behind orbit; opercle and top of head dusky; pectorals with several
dark bars, ventrals unmarked; a black blotch at base of each caudal
lobe; other fins more or less barred with light and dark. Length 2
inches. Spring brooks in the Tennessee River basin in northern Ala-
bama; locally abundant.

Ltheostoma tuscumbia, GILBERT & Swain, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1887, 63, stream flowing from

the great spring at Tuscumbia, Alabama, (Type, No. 36154. Coll. Gilbert & Swain);
30ULENGER, Cat., I, 89.

478. COPELANDELLUS, Jordan & Evermann.
Copelandellus, JORDAN & EVERMANN, new genus, (quiescens).

This genus differs from Boleichthys in having the top of the head closely
sealed. One species, found in the lowland swamps and everglades of the
south. (Named for Herbert Edson Copeland, 1849-1876, who studied the
Darters because he loved them, and who began a monograph of the group
in 1874, a work not yet finished, although many have worked upon it.)

14938. COPELANDELLUS QUIESCENS (Jordan).

Head 3%; depth 43. D. IX to XII-9 to 12; A. II, 7; scales 3-48 to 56-10,
pores on 21 to 28 scales. Body not greatly elongate, compressed, the back
elevated, the back higher and the tail shorter than in Boleichthys eos.
Maxillary extending to front of pupil; jaws equal; preopercle a little
crenulate above. Eye much longer than snout, 34 in head. Cheeks,

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 1101

opercles, and whole top of head closely scaled; breast and nape scaled;
snout, jaws, and preorbital naked; lateral line running very high, as in
Boleichthys fusiformis, from which this species is chiefly distinguished by
the scaly crown, a character seen also in P. tuscumbia. Gill membranes
separate, asmall black humeral spot. Caudal long, 14 in head, rounded
or pointed behind; pectoral nearly as long as head. Color dark brown,
the pale parts chiefly bright red in life; back withsome dark markings;
side with a broad black lateral band, mottled and interspersed with red;
an area of red along lateral line; some black spots on lower part of side;
a black spot at base of pectoral; 3 black bars about eye; 4 or 5 round
black spots in a cross series at base of caudal, the 2 middle ones conspic-
uous; fins checkered; dorsal, anal, and caudal finely barred; ventrals,
anal, and pectorals plain. Length 1? inches. Swampsand streams of the
lowlands from Virginia to Florida; known from Blackwater River, Zuii,
Virginia; Allapaha, River, Nashville, Georgia, and various streams in
Florida; the south2rnmost known species of the darters. Specimens
from Orlando, Florida (Coll. Einar Lonnberg), are larger and more brightly
colored than those from the Dismal Swamp region. (quiescens, lying quiet.)
Pecilichthys quiescens, JORDAN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1884, 478, tributary of the Allapaha
River, Nashville, Georgia, (Type, No. 28509. Coll. W. J. Taylor.)

Etheostoma quiescens, JORDAN, Rep. U. 8. Fish Comm., vy, 1885, 869; Wooitman, Bull. U. S. Fish
Comm., x, 1890 (1892), pp. 294, 297, 299, 300, and 302, pl. 53, fig. 3; BouLENGER, Cat.,1, 75.

479. BOLEICHTHYS, Girard.
Boleichthys, GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 103, (exilis).

This genus contains small and slender species allied to those of the
section Oligocephalus under Etheostoma. The lateral line is incomplete and
has a slight upward curve anteriorly instead of being straight as in all
the species of Etheostoma. ‘Top of head not scaly. Lowland streams and
swamps; the species few, variable, and hard to determine. (GoA/c, dart;
ixyOvc, fish.)

a, Cheeks and opercles scaly. FUSIFORMIS, 1494.
aa, Cheeks naked; opercles more or less scaly. EXILIs, 1495.

1494. BOLEICHTHYS FUSIFORMIS (Girard),

Head 34 to 4; depth 3} to 6; eye about 4in head. D. IX or X-9 to 12;
A. II, 6 to 8; scales 3-43 to 60-12, pores 10 to 30. Body usually elongate,
compressed; head rather long and narrow; muzzle short, decurved,
shorter than eye; mouth comparatively large, terminal, lower jaw
slightly included, maxillary reaching to pupil; premaxillaries not pro-
tractile; gill membranes somewhat connected. Opercular spine strong.
Caudal peduncle long. Scales strongly ctenoid; cheeks scaled; opercles,
nape, and breast usually well scaled, sometimes partly naked, especially
the breast; lateral line incomplete, high up, often interrupted. Fins mod-
erate; pectorals broad, about reaching tips of ventrals. Olivaceous,
sides and back dotted and blotched with dusky, paler beneath ; head dark

1102 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

above, with dusky dots on sides, a dark line downward and another for-
ward from the eye; base of caudal with 4 dark spots in a vertical row.
Dorsal and caudal fins speckled and barred with dark; the spinous dorsal
in life usually bright blue, with a median crimson band. An extremely
variable species found in lowland streams and ponds from Massachusetts
to the Rio Grande and west to Minnesota. Throughout this entire region
small darters are found, which agree more or less closely with typical
fusiformis, from Charles River, Massachusetts, but presenting slight vari-
ations for different regions. To these have been given the various speci-
fic names found in the accompanying synonymy.* ( fusiformis, spindle
shaped.)

Boleosoma fusiformis, GIRARD, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1854, 41, Charles River, Massa-
chusetts. (Coll. Girard.)

Boleosoma barratli, Hotproox, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1855, 56, South Carolina.

Boleosoma gracile, GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 103, Rio Seco and Leona River,
near Fort Inge, Texas. (Type, No. 1328. Coll. Kennerly.)

Hololepis erochrous, Cope, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, 233, Brown’s Mill, New Jersey,
opposite Philadelphia, (Coll. Cope); Variant, Recherches sur Etheost., 133, 1873, with
plate.

Boleichthys eos, JORDAN & COPELAND, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1877, 46, Rock River, Wiscon-
sin; Wisconsin River, Wisconsin, (Coll. Jordan & Copeland); Fox River, Illinois,
(Coll. Jordan); Northern Indiana, (Coll. Dr. G. M. Levette); perhaps a valid species.

Peecilichthys butlerianus, Hay, Bull. U. 8. Fish Comm., 11, 1882 (1883), 61, shallow pool on Big
Black River near Vaughans Station, Yazoo County, Mississippi, (Coll. Hay); Jor-
DAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 519, 1883.

Pecilichthys palustris, GILBERT, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1884, 209, Switz City Swamp, Greene
County, Indiana. (Coll. Gilbert.)

Hololepis barratti, VAILLANT, Recherches sur Etheost., 127, 1873, with plate.

Hololepis fusiformis, VAILLANT, Recherches sur Etheost., 131, 1873, with plate.

Peecilichthys barratti, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 519, 1883.

Peecilichthys fusiformis, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 520, 1883.

Pecilichthys erochrous, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 520, 1883.

Peecilichthys eos, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 521, 1883.

* Some of the results of a comparison of specimens of this species from different localities

may be given here:

a, Thayer Lake, Michigan (eos). These specimens are a little stouter and darker in color;
the scales on the cheeks obscure, in this respect approaching evile; scales 55.

b. Northern Illinois (eos). Stouter, the depth 5 in length; scales 56, 4 rows above lateral line;
scales on cheeks evident; 3 spots at base of caudal.

c. Southern Illinois (barratti). Still stouter, depth 41%; scales 49, 3 rows above lateral line;
cheeks well scaled; color nearly plain; sides with faint bars, and a single spot at base
of caudal.

d. Terre Haute, Indiana (palustris). Depth 5; scales 50, 3 rows above lateral line; snout
rather short; cheeks well scaled; a single faint caudal spot; markings obscure; bluish
bars in life.

e. Trinity River, Dallas, Texas (gracilis). Similar to b in color and form, a little stouter;
cheeks well scaled; scales 50, 3 rows above laterai line; 3 spots at base of caudal.

f. Saline River, Benton, Arkansas (gracilis). Similar to e. Scales 49; 3 spots at base of caudal.

g. Sims Bayou, Houston, Texas (gracilis). Snout blunter; color much paler; spots at base of
caudal scarcely perceptible; scales 53.

h. Mount Vernon, Indiana (palustris). Stout; depth 444; scales; 53, 1 row above lateral line;
1 caudal spot; snout bluntish; no dark lateral stripe.

Possibly these several varieties may be separated by the following characters:

a, Body very slender, depth about 6 in length.
b. a dark lateral stripe and more or less of red markings; 4 dark spots at base of caudal.

FUSIFORMIS.
bb. Paler, no evident dark lateral stripe, but body finely spotted or mottled with dark;
no red spots; 3 faint spots or none at base of caudal. GRACILIS.

aa. Body stoutish, depth 4% to 51% in length; no dark lateral stripe.
c. Snout moderate; scales on cheeks small; sides with crimson spots. : EOS.
cc. Snout bluntish; no bright red; sides with greenish cross shades. PALUSTRIS.

ecc. Snout rather sharp; body nearly plain greenish. BARRATTI.

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 1103

Peecilichthys gracilis, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 521, 1883.
Etheostoma fusiforme, EVERMANN & KENDALL, Bull. U.S. Fish Comm., x11, 1892 (1894), 115; Bov-
LENGER, Cat., 1, 75; and of authors generally.

1495. BOLEICHTHYS EXILIS, Girard.

Head 3%; depth nearly 6. D. IX or X-10 or 11; A. II,7 to 9. Body
compressed, tapering toward the caudal peduncle, which is slightly con-
tracted. Maxillary reaching anterior edge of pupil. Lateral line nearer
dorsal than the abdominal outline; pectorals extending beyond ventrals.
Cheeks naked, yellowish brown, speckled with grayish black; dorsals
and caudal barred; a dark spot on occipital region, and a streak in
advance of as well as below the orbit. (Girard.) Length 1 to 2 inches.
This species differs from Boleichthys fusiformis in the naked cheeks.* It is
probably a variety of the latter. Upper Missouri River Basin and Red

River of the North (spec. Mus. Comp. Zool.). (exilis, slim.)

Boleichthys exilis, GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 103, Little Muddy River, a tribu-
tary of the Upper Missouri. Type a little stouter than B. fusiformis, the head heavier;
scales 53; pores 22.

Boleichthys warreni, GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci, Phila., 1859, 104, Cannon Ball River.

Pecilichthys exilis, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 521, 1883.

Pecitichthys warreni, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 521, 1883.

Etheostoma exile, BOLLMAN, Bull. U. 8. Fish Comm., vii, 1888, 224; BouLeNGEr, Cat., 1, 76.

480. MICROPERCA, Putnam.

Microperca, PutNAM, Bull. 1, Mus. Comp. Zodl., 4, 1863, ( punctulata).

This genus differs from Htheostoma in the almost or quite complete
absence of the lateral line. Thescales are larger than in most of the other
darters, the fin rays and vertebre fewer. Gill membranes considerably
connected ; mouth small, the lower jaw included. The species of Microperca
are the smallest in size of the darters, and are plainly colored. They
are very closely allied and may all be varieties of Microperca punctulata.
(utxpoc, Small; épxy, perch.)

a, Cheeks and opercles scaly; anal spines 2; scales 36. PRELIARIS, 1496.
aa. Cheeks and opercles chiefly naked,
b. Anal spines 2. PUNCTULATA, 1497.
bb, Anal spine single. FONTICOLA, 1498.

1496. MICROPERCA PRELIARIS, Hay.

Head 4; depth 44. D. VIII-11; A. II, 6; scales 36. Body short and
stout. Snout conical, pointed; jaws equal; mouth small, slightly oblique,
maxillary reaching front of eye. Eye small, 4 in head. Cheeks and
opercles with large scales. Opercular spine well developed. Scales large,
the tubes of the lateral line developed on 2 to 4 of them; dorsals well

* Specimens of a small darter obtained by Mr. Charles H. Bollman in Clam Lake, Michigan,
may belong to this species. These specimens, however, differ materially in the number of dorsal
rays. Dorsal VII-10; A. II, 7; lateral line extending to end of anal; scale 55; tubes interrupted,
87 to 40; cheeks naked.—Bollman, Bull. U, 8, Fish Comm., vii, 1888 (1890), 124.

1104 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum,

separated. Anal spines slender, high; pectorals and ventrals reaching

about to vent. Olive, speckled with brown; 10 brownish spots along the

sides; black streaks downward and forward from eye; dorsal fins mottled.

Length ljinches. Alabama and Mississippi, west to Arkansas, in lowland

streams and ponds. (preliaris, pertaining to battle, it being found on

the battlefield of Corinth.)

Microperca preliaris, HAY, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1880, 496, small branch of the Tuscumbia
River, at Corinth, Mississippi, (Type, No. 27418. Coll. Hay); Hay, Bull. U. S. Fish
Comm., 11, 1882 (1883), 62; Jornpan & GILBERT, Synopsis, 522, 1883.

Etheostoma preliaris, GILBERY, Bull. U. 8. Fish Comm., rx, 1889 (1891), 159.

Etheostoma preliare, BOULENGER, Cat., 1, 89.

1497. MICROPERCA PUNCTULATA, Putnam.

(LEAST DARTER.)

Head 33 to 4; depth 44 to 5. D. VI to VIII-9 or 10; A. TI, 6; scales 34
to 37-9. Body rather short and deep, somewhat compressed, the back
arched. Caudal peduncle rather long. Head moderate; snout somewhat
decurved ; mouth moderate, terminal, oblique, the maxillary extending
to below eye; jaws equal. Cheeks naked; opercles with a few scales;
opercular spine very small; neck and chest naked; no trace of lateral
line; the usual series of tubes along the temporal region; scales quite
large, strongly ctenoid. Vertical fins short; anal spines strong, the
first usually the largest; ventrals rather long. Coloration olivaceous,
the sides closely speckled and with vague bars and zigzag markings ;
second dorsal and caudal barred; dark streaks radiating from eye; a
dark humeral spot. Length1to1ljinches. Smallest of the darters and one
of the smallest of fishes; common in the clear, cold, weedy streams and
ponds of the Northwestern States from Indiana, Michigan, and Minnesota,
south to Arkansas, where it may intergrade with fonticola, as Dr. Meek has
specimens with 1 and 2 anal spines; rare outside of tributaries of the
Great Lakes. (punctulatus, speckled.)

Microperca punctulata, PurNAM, Bull. 1, Mus. Comp. Zodél., 4, 1863, from various points in
Michigan, Wisconsin, Illinois, and Alabama [those from Alabama probably M. pre-
liaris] (name preoccupied in Etheostomaby E. punctulatum, AGASSIZ); JORDAN & GILBERT, Synop-
sis, 523, 1883.

Etheostoma microperca, JORDAN & GILBERT, in Jordan’s Manual of Vertebrates, Ed. 5, 134, 1888,

substitute for punctulata, preoccupied in Etheostoma; specimens from lakes of Laporte
County, Indiana; BouLENGER, Cat., 1, 87.

1498. MICROPERCA FONTICOLA (Jordan & Gilbert),

Head 32 to 4; depth 43 to 5. D. VI or VII-8 to 10; A. I, 7; scales 34.
This species or variety is very close to the northern Microperca punctulata.
The only tangible differences seem to lie in the coloration and in the con-
stant presence in Microperca fonticola of but one anal spine. The head
in Microperca fonticola is nearly or quite devoidof scales. In life, light oliva-
ceous, the scales broadly margined behind with dusky ; about 8 indistinct
dusky cross blotches on back, the dorsal region dusted with fine dusky
specks; a series of dark, stitch-like, short horizontal lines along the

‘End

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 1105

middle of the sides, forming an interrupted lateral streak; three small
dark spotsat base of tail; soft parts of vertical fins with light and dark bars;
lower half of spinous dorsal jet black, then a broad red band narrowly
edged above with black; a dusky streak below orbit and one in front
of it. Arkansas and Texas, in clear rocky streams; rather scarce; known
only from Washita River, at Arkadelphia; San Marcos River, at San Mar-
cos, Texas; Comal Creek, at New Braunfels, Texas. (fons, fountain; colo,
to inhabit, it being most common in the great spring in which the Rio
San Marcos rises. )

Alvarius fonticola, JORDAN & GILBERT, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1886, 23, San Marcos River, San

Marcos, Texas. (Type, No. 36523. Coll. Jordan & Gilbert.)

Etheostoma fonticola, EVERMANN & KENDALL, Bull, U. S. Fish Comm., x11, 1892 (1894), 115, pl.
XXXVI, fig. 4; BouLENGER, Cat., 1, 90.

Family CXLIV. CHEILODIPTERID®.
(THE CARDINAL FISHES.)

Body oblong or elongate, sometimes compressed and elevated, covered
with rather large scales, which are striated and ctenoid, or sometimes
cycloid; cheeks scaly; lateral line continuous; cleft of mouth wide,
oblique; villiform teeth on jaws and vomer, and sometimes on palatines;
canines sometimes present; (teeth wanting in Brephostoma); preopercle
with a double ridge, its edge entire or slightly serrated; opercular spine
little developed; lower pharyngeals separate, with sharp teeth; pseudo-
branchiw present; branchiostegals 6 or 7. Dorsal fins well separated, the
first with 6 to 9 rather strong spines; no dorsal sheath or furrow; anal
fin short, usually with 2 spines, sometimes with 3 or 4; ventral fins thor-
acic, I, 5, without axillary scale. Small fishes of the tropics, especially
abundant in the East Indies, some of them in fresh waters, most of them
in rather deep waters. Color often bright red. Genera about 15; species
about 130. (Percidew, part; group Apogonina, Giinther, Cat., 1, 222-250,
1859. )

CHELLODIPTERINE !
a. Body oblong, not greatly compressed nor greatly elongate; anal spines 2, rarely 3; teeth
present in jaws at least.
». Anal fin with 2 spines, the soft rays usually 8 or 9.
c, Canines none; teeth all villiform; lateral line normal.
d. Palatines with teeth.
e. Scales large, 20 to 30 in lateral line.
jf. Preopercle with its posterior edge distinctly serrate, at least in the

young. Apogon, 481.
J. Preopercle with its ridges entire at all ages. APpoGonicuritys, 482,
ee. Scales small, 40 to 45 in lateral line, GLOSSAMIA, 483,
dd. Palatines toothless; teeth moderate; eye very large; body elongate; scales
rather small; preopercle entire or nearly so. Epiconus, 484,
cc, Canines present in jaws. Dorsal spines 6; opercle unarmed ; anal spines 2,

CHELLODIPTERUS, 485,
bb. Anal fin with 3 spines and 8 soft rays; no teeth on vomer or palatines; no canines; cau-
dal rounded; opercles entire; body moderately elongate. AMIIcHTiys, 486,

F, N. A.——71

1106 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

SCOMBROPIN®.
aa. Body elongate, the form approaching that of the Barracuda (Sphyrena); mouth large; anal
spines 3 or 4.
g. Teeth subequal, without distinct canines; preopercle serrate. D. VII-I, 10; A. III, 7;
scales small, about 60. SPHYRANOPS, 487.
gg. Teeth unequal, the jaws with long canines; preopercle entire or nearly so.
h. Second dorsal and anal long, each of 12 to 14 soft rays; soft parts of vertical fins

scaly; scales rather small, 45 to 50. Scomsroprs, 488.
hh. Second dorsal and anal short, each with 7 to 9 soft rays; vertical fins scarcely
scaly; scales large, about 30. Hypociyponia, 489

481. APOGON,* Lacépéde.
(KINGS OF THE MULLETS.)

Amia, Gronow, Zoophyl., 80, 1763, (moluccensis; nonbinomial); GiitL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
1862, 237, (imberbis; scales 20 to 28).

Apogon, LAcEPEDF, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 111, 411, 1802, (ruber = imberbis).

Ostorhinchus, LACEPEDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 1v, 165, 1802, (flewrieu).

Dipterodon, ;LAcEPEDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., rv, 167, 1802, (hexacanthus, etc.).

Monoprion, Porky, Memorias, 11, 123, 1860, (maculatus).

? Lepidamia, Guu, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, 81, (kalosoma; scales 33 to 38).

Mionurus, KrEF¥F1, Proc. Zobl. Soc. Lond., 1867, 942, (Iunatus).

Body oblong, compressed, covered with large, ctenoid scales. Lateral
line continuous, with 20 to 30 scales. Head large; mouth wide, oblique,
the maxillary extending to below middle of the large eye; villiform teeth
on jaws, vomer, and palatines; no canine teeth ; preopercle with a double
ridge, the edge somewhat serrate, at least in the young, becoming entire
with age in some species; opercle with a spine behind. Gillrakers rather
long. Dorsal spines 6 or 7, strong; second dorsal remote, short; anal
with 2 spines and 8 or 9 soft rays,{ the second much the longer, the soft
part similar to the soft dorsal; pectorals and ventrals moderate; vertebra
11+14—25. Warm seas; the species numerous. (a, without; zéywr, a
beard; thus distinguished from the bearded mullet, Mullus barbatus.)

*The following description of the skull of Apogon is given by Dr. Giinther: The skull of the
species of the genus Apogon is distinguished by the hemispherical prominent capsula cerebri,
formed by the parietal and occipital bones and by the hinder part of the frontals; the latter past
is generally provided with 2 or more small spinous prominences; the orbital part of the frontals
is very developed, not flat, but with a deep, narrow groove along the median line; this groove is
bifid behind, thus separating the orbital part of the frontals from the posterior. In front of the
median eroov eis a high ridge, generally half as long as the diameter of the eye, and bifid behind;
this ridge, together with those spinous prominences of the frontals, is for the’ purpose of keeping
the skin suspended above the grooves. Large mucose cavities are "formed thereby, communica-
ting with those of the suborbital arch, etc. The occipital crest is very developed and broad, more
or less truncated behind, reaching downward to the vertebral column and supported by another,
narrower, horizontal one, which arises also from the occipital. Another peculiarity of the skull
of Apogon is the internal free ridge of the preoperculum, parallel to the external margin. The
operculum ie always supported by a strong, straight bony ridge, conspicuous from the outside,
but prominent only at the inner surface; it arises near the articulation of the operculum with
the epitympanic (os temporale), and projects sometimes in a small free spine at the hinder angie
of the operculum. In Apogon imberbis the lower outer margin only of the preoperculum is very
finely denticulated, the teeth becoming smaller at the angle. The vomerine and palatine teeth
are arranged in a single row, the series of the former forming aright angle. There are 11
abdominal and 14 caudal vertebra.

+ This genus, as defined by Lacépéde, includes species of Lautianus, lipcate Aspro, Bairdiella, ete.
As one of these species, hexacanthus, is type of the earlier genus Apogon, Dipterodon may be
regarded as a synonym of Apogon.

{ 12 to 17 soft rays in the East Indian genus Archamia.

————

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 1107

a. Base of caudal with a distinct round blackish blotch (rarely wanting).
b. Base of soft dorsal without blackish saddle-like blotch.
ce. Opercle without dark spot; cheeks without evident dark dots; soft dorsal much
higher than spinous; scales 28 to 30. IMBERBIS, 1499.
ec. Opercle with a dark spot; cheeks dusted with dark points; soft dorsal half higher
than spinous; scales 25. povir, 1500.
bb. Base of soft dorsal with a distinct blackish saddle-like blotch extending downward on
sides of body; scales 25, RETROSELLA, 1501.
aa. Base of caudal without blackish blotch. ;
d. Soft dorsal with a round black blotch below it and a similar one on caudal peduncle
above; scales 26. MACULATUS, 1502.
dd. Soft dorsal and caudal peduncle without round black spots.
e. Body with few black specks or none; a blackish bar between last rays of soft dorsal

and anal; another on caudal peduncle. BINUTATUS, 1503.
ee. Body covered everywhere with blackish dots, like fly specks; no other distinct
markings; scales 25. PIGMENTARIUS, 1504.

1499. APOGON IMBERBIS (Linnzus).

(KING or THE MULLETS; ALFONCINO; FUNCINITA.)

Head 334; depth 3}. D. VI-I, 9; A. II, 8; seales 28 to 30; vertebrae
10+15. Body ovate, moderately compressed; eye large; preopercle
finely serrate. Bright scarlet, with minute black specks; fins red, a
black blotch at base of caudal on each side, this sometimes wanting;
dark shades made of fine dots, usually present on each angle of caudal,
tips of second dorsal and anal, and between the eyes. Mediterranean and
neighboring waters; once taken at Newport, Rhode Island,* and once
recorded from the island of Fernando de Noronha. (imberbis, without
beard, a character which distinguishes Apogon from Mullus.)

Mullus imberbis, Linnmus, Syst. Nat., Ed. x, 1758, 300, Malta; after ArTeptr.

Apogon ruber, LACEPEDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 111, 411, 1802, Malta,

Ostorhinchus fleurieu, Lact&PEpE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 1v, 165, 1802, Equinoctial Ocean.

? Dipterodon hexacanthus, LAckPEpE, Hist, Nat. Poiss., 1v, 167, 1802, Equinoctial Ocean.

? Centropomus auratus, LAckPRpE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 1v, 273, 1802, Equinoctial Ocean; this
species, and the two preceding, based on notes and drawings of Commerson, representing
some species of Apogon with a black bar at base of caudal.

Centropomus rubens, SpINoLA, Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat., x, 1806, 370, plate 28, fig. 2, Mediterra-
nean.

Perca pusilla, De LA Rocur, Ann, Mus. Hist. Nat., x111, 1809, 318, Nice.

Dipterodon ruber, RAFINESQUE, Caratteri, 47, 1810, Palermo.

Apogon rex-mullorum, CuvieR & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 11, 143, 1828, Marseilles;
Nice; Genoa; Ivi¢a; Naples; Palermo.

Apogonichthys americanus, Corr, Proc, Ac, Nat. Sci. Phila., 1870, 120, Newport, Rhode Island ;
not of CASTELNAU. +

Apogon imberbis, GUNTHER, Cat., 1, 230, 1859.

* Wrongly identified by Cope as Apogon americanus (Castelnau), a Brazilian species, not known
to occur north of Bahia.

+ The following description of the true Apogon americanus (Castelnau) is taken from a speci-
men from Bahia: Head equal to depth of body, 2 in length, maxillary 1°4 in head, eye 244.
D. VI-I, 8; A. II, 8, scales 2-25-9. Gill rakers slender and long, about 8 +10 in number,
Preopercle very finely serrate above, mostly entire below, except near the angle, when its
surface is irregularly notched, Color red, nnmarked, except for a diffuse dusky blotch made
up of dark points on the opercle, and some dark spots on snout and cheeks. No spot at base of
caudal, and no spot or marking anywhere on body or fins, except the dusty blotch on head,

1105 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

1500. APOGON DOVII, Giinther.

Head 23; depth 3; eye large, less than 3in head. D. VI-I, 9; A. II, 8;
scales 3-25-9. Palatine and vomerine teeth present; upper jaw slightly
overlapping the lower; maxillary extending backward to below the pos-
terior third of the orbit. Operculum with an upper flexible point, and
with a lower stiff spine. The third dorsal spine a little longer than the
second, + the length of the head, $ height of longest ray of second dor-
sal. Caudal fin slightly emarginate, with the angles rounded. Only the
hind margin of the posterior preopercular ridge is serrated. A roundish
black spot on each side of the root of the caudal; the spinous dorsal
colorless, transparent; uniform olive (in spirits) ; head densely punctu-
lated with brown. Length 23 inches. Mazatlan to Panama; generally
common southward. Very close to Apogon imberbis. (Named for Capt.
John M. Dow, its discoverer.)

Apogon dovii, GUNTHER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1861, 371, Panama. (Coll, Dow.)

1501. APOGON RETROSELLA (Gill).

(CARDENAL.)

Head 23; depth 2% to 31; scales 24-26-9. Dorsal VI-I, 10; anal II, 7;
eye 2 to 34:1n head; maxillary 13; snout 3? to 443; interorbital space 4;
height of first dorsal 1£; of second dorsal 12; caudal 14 in head; pec-
toral 1?; ventral 1?. Body rather plump, not much compressed, the pro-
file rising steeply from snout to first dorsal. Caudal peduncle long and
strong; eye very large; mouth large, oblique, the maxillary opposite
posterior margin of pupil. Teeth small, the outer scarcely enlarged.
Premaxillary protractile; no supplemental maxillary. Preopercle mi-
nutely serrulate on its vertical margin only, these serrulations soft and
easily rubbed off in the adult, distinct in the halfgrown. Bright scarlet,
much dotted with black; cheek with many dark points; a diffuse dark
blotch on opercle; a diffuse black blotch at base of caudal; first dorsal
with triangular red area in front of base; second dorsal red at base, the
anterior half jet black above the red, the posterior half translucent; from
black anterior rays a rather faint black saddle falls to middle of side;
caudal red at base, upper and lower lobes black, the middle pale; anal red
at base, the anterior rays black, the posterior pale; pectoral white, the
base deep scarlet ; ventral white, red at base, blackish at tip; opercle red-
dish within, with some dusky. Young more sharply colored, with less
black on fins, the spots on body more distinct. Color of half-grown exam-
ples scarlet, deeper below and on tail, fading on fins; second dorsal, anal,
and caudal tipped with blackish; an oblong inky spot at middle of base
of caudal; an inky bar below soft dorsal extending to level of pectoral
and spreading on base of soft dorsal; a black bar from snout through eye
to gill opening, broader and clearer behind, overlaid by reddish, a fainter
dusky band below parallel with it. Length 4 inches. Pacific Coast of
Mexico; about rocks; known from Cape San Lucas, and from the Venados

>

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 1109

and Isla Blanca, near Mazatlan; rather rare; a singularly pretty little
fish; our specimens obtained by the use of dynamite. (retro, behind ;
sella, saddle. )

Amia retrosella, GILL, Proc. Ac, Nat, Sci. Phila., 1862, 251, Cape San Lucas. (Coll. Xantus. )
Apogon retrosella, JORDAN, Fishes of Sinaloa, in Proc. Cal. Ac. Sci., 1895, 442, plate 37.

1502. APOGON MACULATUS (Poey).

Head 22; depth 2%. D. VI-I, 9; A. II, 8; scales about 23-26-7.
Maxillary 13 in head, reaching beyond pupil; eye very large, 3 in head;
preopercle distinctly serrulate. Pectoral 1} in head, somewhat shorter
than caudal. Color intense scarlet, nearly uniform; a tinge of crimson
about pectorals and on sides of head; a round, black, ink-like spot, a
little larger than pupil, under second dorsal; another, smaller, on upper
part of tail, on each side, just before root of caudal; tip of caudal
whitish; tip of anal dusky; iris red. Length 2} inches. West Indian
fauna, from Pensacola to Bahia, in rather deep water; common on the
“Snapper Banks;” often found in the stomachs of snappers and
groupers; a very handsome little fish. (maculatus, spotted).

Monoprion maculatus, Pory, Memorias, 11, 123, 1860, Cuba.

Apogon maculatus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1882, 279.
Apogon maculata, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 930, 1883.

1503. APOGON BINOTATUS (Poey).

Like Apogon pigmentarius in all respects except that it lacks the black
dots of pigment. Mouth, eyes, and scales similar. Caudal lunate.
Rosy ; a black vertical band uniting last rays of second dorsal with the
anal, and another on the caudal peduncle. (Poey.) Cuba. Not seen
by us. (binotatus, two-spotted.)

Amia binotata, Pory, Repertorio, 234, 1867, Cuba.

1504. APOGON PIGMENTARIUS (Poey).

Head with flap, 24; depth 3; eye 34; snout very short, 44; D. VI-I, 8;
A. II, 8; scales 3-25-3. Body considerably compressed, especially on
caudal peduncle whose least depth equals length of head from snout to
posterior border of orbit. Mouth large, oblique, the maxillary reaching
slightly beyond posterior rim of orbit. Preopercle serrate. Longest
dorsal spine 2} in head or 14 in height of soft dorsal. Scales ciliated.
Caudal forked. Carmine red with purple reflections on the head; pro-
fusely and irregularly covered with small black dots like fly specks,
most distinct on jaws and cheeks; fins all pale. Length 2inches. Cuba;
common at Havana, where our specimens were obtained. (pigmentarius,
having dots or points.)

Monoprion pigmeéntarius, Poy, Memorias, 11, 123, 1860, Cuba,

1110 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

482. APOGONICHTHYS, Bleeker.
Apogonichthys, BLEEKER, Floris, 321, 1854, (perdix).

This genus differs from Apogon only in having the preopercle entire at
all ages; scales very large (20 to 26) andcycloid. Small species, similar
in habit to those of Apogon, found in the tropical seas. The genus is
scarcely distinct from Apogon. (Apogon; ixGdvc, fish.)

a. Scales in lateral line 21 to 23; body with many dark points.

b. Ventrals short, not reaching vent; dorsal rays VI-I, 9. ALuTUwS, 1505.

bb. Ventrals long, extending beyond anal; dorsal rays VII-I, 9. STELLATUS, 1506.

aa, Scales in lateral line 30; ventralslong, reaching beyond front of anal; body everywhere
with black specks; dorsal VI-I, 9. PUNCTICULATUS, 1507.

1505. APOGONICHTHYS ALUTUS (Jordan & Gilbert).

Head 22; depth 22. D. VI-I,9; A. II, 8; scales 21. Head much com-
pressed, short and high, its height at occiput } its length; snout short
and blunt, less than interorbital width, about half diameter of orbit;
mouth very oblique, the maxillary reaching beyond pupil, but not to pos-
terior margin of orbit; length of maxillary 1? in head; teeth in narrow
villiform bands in each jaw, those on vomer and palatines minute; eye
of moderate size, 24 in head; orbital rim elevated above and behind ;
interorbital width 3} in head, with a low median longitudinal ridge;
both ridges of preopercle entire; opercle without spine; gill rakers
slender, the longest rather more than half diameter of orbit, 8 or 9
on anterior branch of outer arch. First dorsal low, of 6 rather weak
spines, its base ? length of head, and equal to greatest height of fin:
second dorsal high, the longest ray 14 in head. Anal similar to second
dorsal; second anal spine half length of longest ray, which is contained
1} in head; caudal 14; ventrals not reaching vent, 1%, and pectorals 13,
in length of head. Color rusty red with silvery luster; sides of head
little reddish. Body and fins everywhere much soiled and freckled with
dark points. First dorsal blackish, thickly punctate; second dorsal,
anal, and caudal yellow, smutty with dark points, the posterior half of
the caudal more dusky. Ventrals smutty yellow; pectorals colorless.
Snapper Banks off Pensacola and Tampa; not rare; the known specimens
from stomachs of the Red Snapper, Neomenis aya. (dAovroc, unwashed.)

Apogon alutus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1882, 279, and in Synopsis, 931, 1883,
Snapper Banks, Pensacola. (Coll. Jordan & Stearns.)

1506. APOGONICHTHYS STELLATUS, Cope.

D. VII-I, 9; A. Il, 8; P. 10; scales 7-23. Ventral with elongate rays
extending beyond last anal ray. Caudal rounded. End of maxillary
reaching nearly to opposite posterior margin of large orbit. A delicate
frontal carina. Greatest depth 3 times to base of caudal. End of muzzle
truncate, with emargination to receive tubercle of mandible. Reddish
brown, With a series of dark brown spots on the edges of the scales of
each row (except that bearing the lateral line), each with a silver center;

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 1111

head with numerous silver-centered brown spots. Caudal, dorsal, and
anal fins dark, with dusky cross bars. Total length 1 inch, 7.5 lines;
head 7.5 lines. Bahamas; one specimen known. (Cope.) (stellatus,
with starry spots.)

Apogonichthys stellatus, Cope, Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., 1866, 400, Nassau, Bahama Islands.

1507. APOGONICHTHYS PUNCTICULATUS, Posey.

Head 32 in total; depth 32. D. VI-I,9; A. II, 8; scales 3-30-8; eye 24,
twice length of snout. Preopercle with both margins entire; mouth
oblique, the maxillary reaching to posterior margin of pupil; teeth in
villiform bands; ventral reaching beyond pectoral to middle of anal fin.
Scales cycloid. Reddish with blue reflections on the opercle; head and
middle of trunk covered with black specks, as are also the fins, except
the pectoral, which is blackish at the tip. Cuba. (Poey.) Not seen by
us. (puncticulatus, with fine specks. )

Apogonichthys puncticulatus, Pory, Repertorio, 11, 233, 1867, Cuba.

483. GLOSSAMIA, Gill.

Glossamia, GILL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, 82, (aprion).

This genus contains a few species with small, cycloid scales, 40 to 45 in
the lateral line, and the preopercle entire. The anal is short, as in Apogon
and Apogonichthys, its rays being about II, 9. (ydAdoca, tongue;
Amia = Apogon.)

1508. GLOSSAMIA PANDIONIS (Goode & Bean).

Head 4; depth 4. D. VII-I,9; A. II, 8; scales small, cycloid, 3-45-9.
Body oblong, rather robust, not elevated nor greatly compressed. Eye
very large, forming nearly half the length of theside of the head, much
greater than the interorbital space; maxillary as long as eye, extending
to opposite front of pupil; preopercle entire. Gill rakers very long and
slender. Mouth oblique, but not nearly vertical, the lower jaw projecting.
Teeth in jaws very feeble; feeble teeth on vomer and palatines. Fins
low; caudal well forked. Color nearly plain reddish, the body and fins
everywhere speckled with fine dots. Deep water, off Chesapeake Bay ;
rare. (Pandion, the Osprey, named for the United States Fish Commis-
sion steamer, Fish Hawk, by which the species was dredged. )

Apogon pandionis, GOODE & BEAN, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1881, 160, deep water, off Chesapeake
Bay. (Type, No. 26228.)

484. EPIGONUS,”* Ratfinesque. ,

Epigonus, RAFINESQUE, Indice Ittiol. Sicil., 64, 1810, (macropthalmus = telescopium).
Pomatomus, Cuvier & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 11, 171, 1828, (telescopium, not of Lackp®pe),
Telescops, BLEEKER, Archiv. Néerl., x1, 261, 1876, (telescopium).

Pomatomichthys, GiaLio11, Elenco Pesci Italia, 1880, 80, (constancis = lelescopium),.

*The name Pomatomus can not be used for this genus. Pomafomus was originally framed by
Lacépéde for the biuefish, his ‘* Pomatomus skib.’’ Later, in 1810, Risso described the type of
Epigonus, referring itto Pomatomus as asecond species of that genus, Cuvier arbitrarily renamed
the bluefish Temnodon and retained Pomatomus for the type of Epigonus, a form unknown to
Lacépéde. In defiance of rules of nomenclature, most Huropean writers have followed Cuvier
in this arrangement.

1112 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

Body elongate, thick, covered with rather large deciduous scales. Head
very large, entirely covered with scales; eyes very large; teeth all villi-
form, without canines; no teeth on vomer or palatines. Branchiostegals
7; opercular bones not serrated nor spinous, the opercle ending in 2 feeble
points; preopercle with prominent rounded or striated angle. Dorsals 2,
well separated, the first with 7 spines; anal spines 2. Caudal forked.
Soft fins more or less scaly ; pyloric cceca numerous. Deep sea fishes of
the Atlantic and Mediterranean.t ‘ézi, above; ywria, angle, the back
angulated.)

1509. EPIGONUS OCCIDENTALIS, Goode & Bean.

Head 3; depth 7. D. VII-9; A. II, 9; scales 4-55-8. Least height of
tail equal to width of interorbital space. Eye nearly half length of
head and 7 in body. Snout about eye; maxillary reaching somewhat
beyond anterior margin of orbit, its length half that of head without
snout; premaxillary short and thin, its length about equal to that of
snout, its connection with the tip of maxillary ligamentous; groove for
premaxillary process naked, narrow, its length twice its width; a weak
spine on the operculum. Sixteen gill rakers below the angle, the longest
about + length of maxillary. Weak villiform teeth in very narrow bands
on the jaws; vomer and palatines toothless. Third spine of dorsal
longest. Interspace between dorsals as long as the last spine. Base of
soft dorsal $ as long as head, the longest ray slightly longer than base
of fin. Ventral fin + length of head. Color in spirits: Upper parts dark
brown; lower parts light brown; inside of mouth pale; trace of a dark
band beginning on the snout and continued behind the eye, along the
lateral line to the tail. Only one specimen known, secured by the
steamer Blake off Barbadoes, in 237 fathoms. The species is very readily
distinguished from the Mediterranean species (£. telescopium) by its more
slender form and its large number of rows of scales. Length 53 inches.
(Goode & Bean.) (occidentalis, western.)

Epigonus occidentalis, GOODE & BEAN, Oceanic Ichthyology, 233, 1895, off Barbadoes. (Coll.
Blake.)

485. CHEILODIPTERUS, Lacépéde.

Cheilodipterus, LAckPEDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 111, 539, 1802, (saltatrix, macrodon, etc., restricted by
CuvIER & VALENCIENNES, in 1828, to macrodon).

Chilodipterus, GUNTHER, amended spelling.

Paramia, BLEEKER, Revision Apogonini, 74, 1874, (macrodon, the name Cheilodipterus being trans-
ferred to Pomatomus saltatrix).

Body oblong, Covered with rather large, deciduous scales; teeth on
jaws, vomer, and palatines, some of them in both jaws strong, canine-
like; operculum without spine; preopercle with a double margin, the
posterior edge sérrated; eye large. Dorsal fins separated, the first of 6

+ ‘‘Its chief characteristics are its globular eyes of extraordinary dimensions, its large and
strong fins, the powers of rapid swimming, and a generally vigorous and active constitution.
All these characteristics are necessary for its defense against the oceanic animals which frequent
the marine abysses, where it customarily lives.’’—Risso.

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 1113

spines; anal spines 2; caudal forked. Tropical seas. (yeiAoc, lip; dic,
two, 7Tepov, fin; fishes with 2 dorsals and the upper lip extensible. )

1510. CHEILODIPTERUS AFFINIS, Poey.

Depth 43 in total length with caudal. D. VI-I,9. A.II,9. Eye 3in
head; mouth oblique, deeply cleft, the maxillary emarginate behind,
reaching to opposite center of pupil. Opercle with 2 flat spines and a
stria, which ends in the lower spine, behind which the subopercular lobe
extends; preopercle dentate, with a double border, having at its angle
scarcely discernible points. A spine on the mastoid region; jaws with
villiform teeth, with some canines in front; lower jaw with lateral
canines, also. Second dorsal opposite anal; second ray of first and third
of second double height of the last; ventral spine strong; caudal emar-
ginate. Scales of back cycloid, those of sides finely ciliate; cheeks with
scales. Color red; peritoneum silvery ; base of caudal blackish; opercle
smooth and shining. Cuba; 3 specimens known. (Poey.) Not seen by
us. (affinis, related, to Cheilodipterus macrodon.)

Cheilodipterus affinis, Pony, Ann. Ac. Nat. Sci. N, Y., x1, 1876, 58, Havana, (Type, No. 37416.)

486. AMIICHTHYS, Poey.

Amiichthys, PoEY MS., in JorpAN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1886, 586, (diapterus).

Body rather elongate, covered with small, caducous scales. Head blunt-
ish, the mouth almost vertical, the lower jaw short. Small sharp teeth
on jaws, none on vomer or palatines; opercles entire. Dorsal deeply
notched, very long, of 13 spines and 22 soft rays; anal short, with 3
spines and 8 soft rays. Lateral line parallel with the back; caudal
rounded. One species; the affinities of the genus doubtful, but probably
belonging to the Cheilodipterinw. (Amia, a name used by Gronow and
Poey for Apogon; iyic, fish.)

1511. AMIICHTHYS DIAPTERUS (Poey).

Head 4 in total length with caudal; depth5; eye large, 2?in head. D.
XII-I, 22; A. III, 8; V. I, 5. Head bluntish. Mouth almost vertical;
maxillary reaching pupil; lower jaw short. Teeth in jaws only, sharp,
curved, and well separated. Opercles entire. Dorsals deeply notched ;
the third dorsal spine highest, more than half depth of body, the last
spine 2 in eye; second dorsal low, its height half that of longest dorsal
spine; caudal rounded; pectoral acute. Lateral line parallel with the
back. Scales small, caducous, each one with a central dot. Color uni-
form, the eyes silvery, the vertical fins yellowish. Two specimens, 24
inches long, from the coast of Cuba. (Poey.) Not seen by us. (dia,
divided; zrepdév, fin.)

Genus ? diapterus*,’? Pony, Synopsis, 305, 1861, Cuba,
Amiichthys diapterus, JORDAN, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1886, 586.
—EE a — — _ Nee =
* In view of the doubt attached to the relations of these young fishes, the specific name only
was published by Poey. With his permission, the generic name chosen by Poey was later printed

by Dr. Jordan, the confusion being less if the species has some recognized name,

1114 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

487. SPHYRENOPS, Gill.
Sphyrzenops, GILL, in PoEy, Memorias, 11, 349, 1861, (bairdianus).

Body elongate, slender, covered with small scales. Head elongate;
snout rather convex ; preopercle rounded, its edge serrate; opercle with
3 spines, the middle one largest; eye large; mouthlarge. Vulliform teeth
on jaws and vomer. Dorsal fins well separated, the first with 7 spines;
second dorsal and anal short, the latter with 3 spines; caudal forked.
One species known. (Sphyrena, the Barracuda; ow, appearance.)

1512. SPHYRENOPS BAIRDIANUS, Poey.

Head 3; depth 55; eye large, as long as snout, 3 in head. B. 6; D.
VII-I, 10; A. III, 7; scales about 60. Head depressed above the eye;
mouth very protractile; teeth pointed, subequal. Maxillary long and
pointed, reaching posterior border of pupil. Opercular spine strong ;
dorsals about equal in height, the longest spine 2+ in head; ventrals
longer than pectorals, which are 24 in head; caudal forked; anal spines
weak. Carmine red; a large blue-black spot on the opercle; fins red.
Known from a single young specimen taken in deep water off Cuba. (Poey.)
Not seen by us. (Named for Professor Spencer Fullerton Baird.)
Sphyrznops bairdianus, Pory, Memorias, 11, 350, 1861, Cuba.

488. SCOMBROPS, Temminck & Schlegel.

Scombrops, TEMMINCK & SCHLEGEL, Fauna Japonica, 118, 1842, (cheilodipteroides).
Latebrus, PoEy, Memorias, 11, 168, 1860, (oculatus).

Body elongate, covered with small, thin, smooth scales; lower jaw
longest ; 2 to 4 long canines in upper jaw, a series of canines in lower; teeth
on palatines; bones of head not serrated; opercle with 2 feeble points.
Eye large. Branchiostegals7. Dorsals separated, the first of 8 very feeble
spines; anal spines 3; soft dorsal and anal rather long, of 12 to 14 rays.
Pyloric ceca 6 to 15. (Scomber, mackerel; ow, appearance.)

Subgenus LATEBRUS,* Poey.
1513. SCOMBROPS OCULATUS (Poey).

(EscoLarR CHINO.)

Head 3}; depth 34; eye very large, 34 to 34 in head. D. VIII-I, 14; A.
III, 12; scales 45 to 50. Body elongate, the dorsal and ventral outlines”
similar; mouth very large, the lower jaw projecting ; maxillary extend-
ing beyond pupil, its length 1} in eye. Teeth long, sharp, slender, well
separated, with conical points,t some of them enlarged, forming small
canines; 12 canines on premaxillary, 2 to 4 on inner edge longer than

* Latebrus, ‘‘étymologie fantastique.”’ (Poey.)

+In Poey’s figure the premaxillary canines are represented as distinctly barbed, although
nothing is said of this character in his description. If this character exists, it may define the
subgenus or genus Latebrus, as the teeth in the Japanese Scombrops chilodipteroides are not barbed.

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 1115

the others; teeth on vomer and palatines compressed, in a single row;
preopercle entire; opercle with 2 flat points. Dorsals well separated,
the spines slender, the longest about half head. Soft dorsal and anal
similar, concave in outline, the longest ray half head. Caudal forked;
pectorals and ventrals short, the former 14 in head; ventrals inserted
under the pectorals. Scales large, caducous, with entire edges; head
scaly except the lips; soft dorsal, anal, and caudal scaly. Air bladder
slender; pyloric cceca 6. Violet brown, paler below. (Poey.) Coast of
Cuba in deep water; reaches a weight of 14 pounds, the general appear-
ance suggesting that of the Barracuda. (oculatus, big-eyed.)

Latebrus oculatus, Pony, Memorias, 11, 168, with plate, 1860, Cuba.
Scombrops oculatus, GOODE & BEAN, Oceanic Ichthyology, 236, 1895.

489. HYPOCLYDONIA, Goode & Bean.

Hypoclydonia, GoonE & BEAN, Oceanic Ichthyology, 236, 1895, (bella).

Body covered with thin, deciduous, eycloid scales. Entire head scaly,
with the exception of the angle of the preoperculum, but the scales of the
head are deeply embedded in the skin and are covered by minute pores,
so that their outlines are almost entirely concealed. Eye large. Mouth
moderately large; the upper jaw slightly protractile. Teeth in the pre-
maxillary minute, in broad bands, which are separated at the sym-
physis; mandible with a marked concavity in front on each side of the
symphysis, this concavity being armed with a band of minute teeth; 4
small canine-like teeth in an irregular group at the symphysis; 5 addi-
tional canines on the mandible, increasing in size backward and con-
tinued behind by a short, narrow band of minute teeth; minute teeth
on the vomer in a triangular patch; palatine teeth in bands, which are
broadest in front. Anterior nostril small, circular, not tubular; pos-
terior nostril in a long, wedge-shaped slit. Maxillary dilated posteri-
orly. Lower lip well developed, broadly attached to the under surface
of the maxilla. Preoperculum minutely serrated behind and below;
operculum with 2 thin, flat spines. Branchiostegals 7; gill rakers in
moderate number, rather stout; a glandular organ in the upper angle of
the gill opening; fins well developed, the spinous dorsal longer than the
second dorsal; dorsal with 9, anal with 2, spines; ventrals long; scales
large, thin, cycloid, deciduous; lateral line high up, with a gradual curve
nearly following outline of back. This genus resembles Scombrops in
form and is closely related to it, but none of the vertical fins is scaly,
the tongue is toothless, and the soft dorsal and anal have few rays. (i760,
below ; «Aidwv, wave).

1514. HYPOCLYDONIA BELLA, Goode & Bean.

Head 3; depth 3%; eye 34 in head. D.IX-I,9; A. IV,7; seales 2-29-7,
Snout # as long as eye. Maxillary reaching nearly to below middle of
eye, its length % of head. Spinous dorsal inserted over origin of pee:
toral; the third and longest spine as long as the postorbital part of the
head; interspace between the 2 dorsals very short; longest ray of soft

1116 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

dorsal } length of mandible. Anal spines slender. Pectoral as long as
head without the snout. Ventral slightly in advance of origin of pec-
toral, the fin nearly as long as pectoral, its length 4in body. Length
90 millimeters. Colors faded in the types; traces of purplish brown on
the upper parts and the head; spinous dorsal with a dark triangular
blotch on its upper portion, extending from the second to the sixth
spine, involving less than half the height of the membrane. Specimens
were obtained by the Albatross from station 2314, at a depth of 159
fathoms; from station 2397, at a depth of 280 fathoms; from station
2401, at a depth of 142 fathoms; from station 2417, at a depth of 95
fathoms; from station 2418, at a depth of 90 fathoms; from station 2425,
at a depth of 119 fathoms, and from station 2426, in 93 fathoms. (Goode
& Bean.) (bellus, beautiful.)

Hypoclydonia bella, GoopE & BEAN, Oceanic Ichthyology, 236, 1895, Gulf Stream. (Type,
No. 44621.)

Family CXLV. CENTROPOMIDZ.
(THE ROBALOS.)

This family is thus defined by Professor Gill (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
1882,484): ‘Typical Acanthopterygians with the postorbital portion of the
skull longer than the oculo-rostral; the parietals behind the constriction
continuous with the epiotics and transverse laminz arising from the
supraoccipital crest, the three together forming a well differentiated pos-
terior oblong pentagonal or hastiform area; the reentering parietal sinus,
with its anterior margin, produced forward nearest the opisthotics ; the
exoccipitals well developed and contiguous above the foramen magnum ;
the vertebre in typical number (10-+14) and longish; the anterior 2
partly coossified and the first with selliform apophyses extending back-
ward and embracing the second vertebra; the vertebre mostly with
fovex or pits for the ribs and only with developed parapophyses for the
posterior (6 to 10) pairs of ribs; the second neural spine suberect, and
with laminiform extensions, which embrace the first; the neurapophyses
and neural spines of the other vertebre depressed at their bases, continuous
with the zygapophyses in front, and slightly curved upward at their tips;
the hemal spines resembling the neural.” Subocular lamin produced
behind in a pointed process. External characters are the elongate body,
with elevated back, straight abdomen and angulated base of anal. Scales
ctenoid, varying in size, lateral line conspicuous, extending on the caudal
fin, the tube straight, confined to basal half of the scale. Head depressed,
pike-like, the lower jaw projecting; villiform teeth in bands, on Jaws,
vomer, and palatines ; tongue smooth. Maxillary broad, truncate behind,
with a strong supplemental bone. Pseudobranchiz present, small. Pre-
opercle with a double ridge, the posterior margin strongly serrated, with
larger spines at the angle; preorbital and suprascapula serrated ; opercle
without true spines. Gill rakers long. Dorsal fins well separated, the
first with 8 spines, the first and second short, the third and fourth longest;
anal with 3 spines, the second strong, the third long and slender, these fins

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America, 1117

moving in scaly sheaths. Caudal forked. Ventrals large, I, 5, inserted
well behind the pectorals, a scaly process at their base; pectorals narrow
and rather pointed, the upper rays longer than lower. Branchiostegais
7. Air bladder well developed, simple or with appendages anteriorly.
Species about 15, all American and referred to one genus. They are game
fishes, excellent as food, the habits and character of flesh resembling the
bass, as the common name Robdalo* indicates. (Giinther, Cat., 1, 80, genus
Centropomus.t)

. 490. CENTROPOMUS, Lacépéde.

(ROBALOS. )

Centropomus, LackPEpe, Hist. Nat. Poiss., rv, 248, 1802, (lucioperca, undecimalis, etc., restricted to
undecimalis by CUVIER & VALENCIENNES).

Oxylabrax, BLEEKER, Arch. Neerl. Sc. Ex. Nat., x1, 264, 1876, (undecimalis; the name Centropomus
being restricted to lucioperca, the first species mentioned under the generic name Centropomus
by Lacépéde). .

Macrocephalus (BROWNE) BLEEKER, op. cit., XI, 336, 1876, (undecimalis).

Characters of genus included above. (kévtpov, spine; tama, opercle.)

a. Preorbital entire or very faintly serrated; spines of fins moderate, none more than half head;
lateral line black, with about 70 scales (pores); caudal fin short; air bladder usually”
with recurved appendages at its anterior end; anal with 6 soft rays, the last cleft to the
base. Size large.

b. Appendages to air bladder developed; ventral fins yellow in life, the posterior part with-
out dark blotch.
c. Appendages to air bladder very long, 2 to 3 times diameter of eye; third anal spine
projecting beyond second. vIRIDIS, 1515,
cc. Appendages to air bladder short, shorter than eye; second anal spine projecting
beyond third. UNDECIMALIS, 1516.
bb. Appendages to air bladder obsolete; second anal spine usually shorter than third, less
than half depth of body; ventrals more or less blackish. NIGRESCENS, 1517.
aa. Preorbital with well-developed retrorse teeth, especially posteriorly; air bladder without
appendages; spines longer. Size comparatively small.
d, Lateral line in a narrow black streak.
e. Scales moderate or large, 50 to 60 in lateral line; second anal spine very strong;
ventrals more or less dusky; usually broadly tipped with black; anal rays
III, 7, the second spine a little shorter than third.
Jf. Scales in lateral line 57 to 60; second anal spine very long, 144 to 12 in head;
depth of body 324 in length. PEDIMACULA, 1518.
J. Scales in lateral line 51 or 52; second anal spine 124 io head.
g. Body rather stout, the depth about 344 in length. GRANDOCULATUS, 1519.

gg. Body more slender, the depth 3%4 in length. CUVIERI, 1520.
ee. Scales small, about 70 in lateral line; ventrals pale; second anal spine strong, equal
to depth of*body; anal rays ITI, 6. MEXICANUS, 1521.

dd. Lateral line pale, not in a dark stripe; ventral fins yellowish, without black tip.
h. Scales very small, about 87; sides of body parallel with each other; second anal

spine longer than third, equal to depth of body; anal rays III, 6.
PARALLELUS, 1522.

hh. Scales small, 65; second anal spine very long, about equal to depth of body; third
anal spine same length; angle of preopercle with about 6 long, comb-like
teeth; anal rays IT], 7. PECTINATUS, 1523,

* Robilo is the Spanish name of the European bass, Dicentrarchus (or Morone) labrax.

+ Dr. Boulenger adds to this group the old world genera, Latesand Psammoperca. These genera
are apparently allied to Centropomus, but in them there are 11 or 12 precaudal vertebra, 25 in all,
the dorsals are connected, and there are numerous minor differences,

1118 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum,

hhh. Scales large, 49 to 53 in lateral line; eye moderate, about 6 in head; anal rays ITT, 6.
i. Second anal spine moderate, about 24 depth of body, little longer than third;
preopercle with 2 strong teeth; back steeply elevated. | UNIONENSIS, 1524.
ii. Second anal spine extremely long, its length little, if any, less than depth of
body; much longer than third anal spine.
j. Body moderately elongate, the depth 314 to 324 in length.
k. Scales before the dorsal small, 16 to 18 in number; maxillary reaching
past front of pupil. Third dorsal spine half head; scales 51.
ARMATUS, 1525.
kk. Scales before dorsal not crowded, 10 to14in number; maxillary barely
reaching front of pupil; third dorsal spine not quite half head;
scales 51.
1. Third dorsal spine less than half head; scales 47 to 50.
ROBALITO, 1526; AFFINIS, 1527.
jj. Body more elongate, the depth 4 in length; second anal spine excessively
long, 12 times depth of body; scales 53. ENSIFERUS, 1528.

1515. CENTROPOMUS VIRIDIS, Lockington.

(RoBALO.)

Head 3; depth 44; eye 74 in head. D. VIII-I, 10; A. III, 6; scales
9-75-15, pores 71. Snout 34 in head, including subopercular flap; 18
scales before dorsal; gill rakers4-++9. Preorbital faintly serrate, becom-
ing entire with age. Subopercular flap extending to within 4 to 6 scales
of front of dorsal. Maxillary 22 in head, extending to below middle of
eye. Preopercle strongly serrate, with coarser teeth at the angle. Body
robust, the sides not flattened. Dorsal spines moderate, the third longest,
2 to 24 in head; second anal spine not reaching tip of third, its length 2%
in head, quite variable, proportionately longest in the young. Ventral 2
in head, reaching more than halfway to anal; caudal shortish, 1) in
head; pectoral 2} in head. Air bladder large, with 2 recurved appen-
dages anteriorly, each 2 or 3 times diameter of eye. Back greenish, sides
dull silvery, the upper fins dusky, the lower paler; ventrals plain yellow-
ish, scarcely dotted with dusky; no yellow on other fins; lateral line
black ; some dusky at base of pectoral and behind second anal spine.
Length 2 to 4 feet. Pacific Coast of Mexico; very common from the Gulf
of California to Panama; a valuable food-iish, in all respects similar to
Centropomus undecimalis. The only differences we find are the larger
size of the appendages to the air bladder and the greater length
of the third dorsal spine. Here described from a specimen from Mazatlan.
(viridis, green.) .

Centropomus viridis, LocK1neton, Proc. Cal. Ac. Sci., vit, 1876 (1877), 110, off Asuncion Island,
Lower California. (Coll. W. J. FIsHER.)

1516. CENTROPOMUS UNDECIMALIS (Bloch).

(Rosato; SNooK; BrocHer DE MER.)

Head 2% to 3; depth 4 to 44; eye 74 in head. D. VIII-I, 10; A. III, 6;
scales 9-75 to 80-15 to 17, pores 60 to 70; snout 34; gill-rakers 4-+9; 18
scales before dorsal. Body robust, the sides little compressed, the back
not muchelevated. Preorbital faintly serrated ; subopercular flap extend-
ing to within 4 to 6 scales of origin of dorsal. Maxillary extending to

EEE EE ——<—

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 1119

below middle of orbit, 2? in head. Dorsal spines of moderate strength,
the third longest, about half as long as head ; second anal spine more or
less longer than third, 2 to 24 in head, the spines variable in length,
longer in the young. Ventrals 2 in head; pectoral 2} in head; caudal
shortish, 1} in head, reaching more than halfway to anal. Air bladder
with a pair of shortish appendages anteriorly, these about as long as eye.
Color olive green, the sides dull silvery ; dorsal fins blackish ; lateral line
black; ventrals pale yellowish, rarely dotted with black; blackish
shades behind second dorsal spine. Length 2 to4 feet. Thelargest, most
abundant, and much the most important species of the genus. Common
on sandy shores throughout the West Indies, from the coast of Texas
to Surinam or beyond. An excellent food-fish with delicate white flaky
flesh, like that of the striped bass (Roccus lineatus). Here described from
specimens from Havana. (uwndecim, eleven, the soft dorsal with eleven
rays.)
Scizena undecimalis, BLocu, Ichthyol., vr, 60, pl. 303, 1792, Jamaica.
Centropomus undecimradiatus, LACEPEDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 1v, 268, 1802, after Biocu.
Perca loubina, LACEPEDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., rv, 397, 1802, Cayenne.
Sphyrena aureoviridis, LACEPEDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., v, 324, 1803, Martinique.
Centropomus appendiculatus, Pozy, Memorias, 11, 119, 1860, Havana and Cienfuegos.
Centropomus undecimalis, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 11, 102, 1828; Vainnanr &
Bocourt, Miss. Sci. Mex., 1v, 17, 1875 ; GUNTHER, Cat., 1, 79; JonDAN & GILBERT, Synonsis,
528 ; BouLENGER, Cat., I, 367.

1517. CENTROPOMUS NIGRESCENS, Giinther.
(RoBALO PRIETO. )

Head 24 to 22; depth 4 to 44; eye 7 to 9 in head. D. VIII-I, 10; A.
III, 6; scales 10-73 to 78-19, pores 70. Gill rakers4+9. Body robust,
the flanks not compressed. Preorbital very faintly serrated; subopercu-
lar flap reaching to within 5 scales of origin of dorsal fin. Maxillary
extending a little beyond middle of orbit, 2? in head. Dorsal spines not
very strong, much as in Centropomus undecimalis, third and fourth
equal in length, 24 to 23 in head; second anal spine rather shorter than
third, barely $ head; ventral 2$ in head, reaching scarcely more than 4
distance of its base from anal. Pectoral 24 in head. Caudal shortish.
Air bladder without appendages anteriorly. Dusky olive, sides silvery ;
dusky shades on opercle and base of pectoral; ventrals largely black;
upper fins dusky ; lateral line black. Length 2 to 3 feet. Pacific Coast
of Tropical America; generally common from Mazatlan to Panama; a food
fish of some importance, rather smaller in size than Centropomus viridis.
Here described from a specimen from Mazatlan. (nigrescens, blackish.)

Centropomus nigrescens, GUNTHER, Fishes Central America, 407, 1869, Chiapas; VAILLANT &
Bocourr, Miss. Sci. Mex., 20, 1875.

1518. CENTROPOMUS PEDIMACULA, Poey.

(CONSTANTINO DE LAS ALeTAs Prietas; ROBALITO DE LAS ALETAS PRIETAS.)

Head 24; depth 3% to 33; eye 5 in head. D. VIII-I, 10; A. III, 7; seales
8-55 to 58-11, pores 55; 21 scales before dorsal; gill rakers 5+ 13. Body

1120 “Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

deep, compressed, with flattened parallel sides. Preorbital sharply ser-
rate; preopercle very sharply serrate, the teeth at the angle longer; 4
spinules on the humeral plate; subopercular flap ending 6 scales before
dorsal fin. Maxillary nearly reaching front of pupil, 2; in head. Dorsal
spines strong, the second alittle shorter than third, the third 1} in head;
second anal spine very long and straight, 1¢ to 1 in head (in Pacific Coast
specimens, var. medius, Giinther, this spine is somewhat curved, a little
shorter so far as known, than in Atlantic specimens, var. pedimacula, 14 to 13
in head); caudal fin deeply forked, the lobes pointed, 14 in head; ventral 14
in head, reaching more than halfway to anal; pectoral shortish, 24 in head.
Air bladder simple. Lateralline black. Dark olive, the sides bright silvery;
ventral pale yellow, tipped with black; some yellow on anal, with black
behind the spines; upper fins dusky; pectoral colorless, a little dusky at
its base. Length 15 inches. Both coasts of tropical America; very com-
mon in Cuba, Jamaica, and south to Brazil, and also on the west coast
from Mazatlan to Panama; a food-fish of some importance. Except that
the second anal spine is a little shorter and more curved in Pacific
examples (Centropomus medius, Gunther), we find no difference between
these and the typical pedimacula. On both coasts the species enters the
rivers. Here described from specimens from Havanaand Mazatlan. (pes,
foot; macula, spot.)

Centropomus pedimacula, Pony, Memorias, 11, 122, 1860, Havana and Cienfuegos; VAILLANT &

Bocourt, Miss. Sci. Mex., 29, 1875; BouLENGER, Cat., 1, 371.

Centropomus medius, GUNTHER, Trans. Zo6l. Soc. Lond., 1864, 144, Chiapam. (Coll. Osbert
Salvin.)

1519. CENTROPOMUS GRANDOCULATUS, Jenkins & Evermann.

Head 22; depth 32 to 3%. D. VII-I, 10; A. III, 7; scales 8-52 to 54-13,
23 to 26 before dorsal. Body moderately elongate, somewhat compressed,
but not flat-sided, the back elevated, the belly straight; nape convex ;
snout projecting, the profile behind it concave; maxillary 2% in head,
reaching front of pupil; snout 3} to 3+* in head. Lower jaw strongly
projecting; eye 54 in head; preorbital with rather small retrorse serre
posteriorly ; preopercle with sharp, distinct teeth on posterior limb, 2 to
4 enlarged teeth at the angle; moderate teeth below; suprascapula with
5 spines; opercular flapending about 6 scales before dorsal, the scales before
dorsal being much reduced in size. Scales of body large. Dorsal spine
strong, the third much longest and strongest, 12 in head, fourth slenderer
and shorter; second anal spine very strong, straight, 1? in head. shorter
than the very slender third spine; caudal well forked, 14 to 14 in head; pec-
toral 1; ventral 1%. Color pale greenish, silvery below, the lateral line
black and conspicuous, becoming straight under last dorsal spine; upper
fins slightly dusky; ventrals pale or with a few dusky specks near tip ;
a little dusky behind second anal ‘spine. Pacific Coast of Mexico Here
described from two specimens, 1534 (L. 8. Jr. Univ. Mus.), 15 inches long,
and 201 (L. 8S. Jr. Univ. Mus.) 14 inches long, both taken by Dr. Gilbert

* Not 3.7, as stated in the original description.

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Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 1121

(Albatross xp.) in San Juan Lagoon, on the west coast of Mexico. The
larger specimen is much deeper in body than the other, and both differ
somewhat from the two specimens from Guaymas, the original types.
This species is very close to Centropomus pedimacula, but its scales are
larger in all the four known specimens than in any of the latter we have
seen. (grandis, great; oculus, eye.)

Centropomus grandoculatus,* JENKINS & EVERMANN, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1888, 139, Guaymas.
(Type, No. 39630. Coll. Jenkins & Evermann.)

1520. CENTROPOMUS CUVIERI, Bocourt.

Head 3; depth 3%; eye 5. D. VIII-I, 10; A. III, 7; scales 9-51-14.
Maxillary reaching first third of eye; preopercle with 2 short spines at
the angle, with smaller ones above and below. Third dorsal spine high,
about half head; second anal spine long, but shorter than third, not
quite equal to greatest depth of body. Air bladder simple. Olivaceous;
sides silvery ; lateral line black; ventrals dusky at tip. Length 8 inches.
Haiti. (Vaillant & Bocourt.) Not seen by us. Apparently very close
to Centropomus pedimacula, but the scales apparently larger. Dr. Boulen-
ger refers the species to the synonymy of Centropomus pedimacula.
(Named for Georges Leopold Dagobert Cuvier.)

Centropomus cuvieri, Bocourt, Ann. Sc. Nat. Paris, 1868, 91, Haiti; VartLtanr & Bocourt, Miss.
Sci. Mex., 26, 1875, with plate.

1521. CENTROPOMUS MEXICANUS,; Bocourt.

Head 2%; depth 4; eye 4. D. VIII-I, 10; A. III, 6; scales 11-69-16.
Flanks compressed, parallel with each other; ventral outline nearly
straight, with an angle at the anal. Suborbital with 5 or 6 sharp teeth;
preopercle with 2 teeth, larger than the others; opercular lobe reaching
front of dorsal. Dorsal spines high, the third longest, 13 in depth of
body; second anal spine very long, much longer than third, equal to

* The following is a description of the Guaymas types, slightly condensed from the original:

Head 234; depth 32. D. VII-I, 10; A. III, 7; scales 8-52-10, 21 infront of the dorsal. Allied
to Centropomus pedimacula; the body compressed, the belly straight, the back somewhat elevated;
profile concave; nuchal region convex; maxillary reaching a vertical line through the pupil, 3
in head; snout 344 to 3} in head; eye large, 5 in head; preorbital with small serre on the pos-
terior portion, directed backward; preopercle with nearly equal, distinct teeth on the vertical
limb; a series of graduated teeth on the horizontal limb; a strong spine at the angle, anda
strong spine next above the angle, sometimes bifid; 2 flat spines at the angle of the anterior
ridge; suprascapula with 4 strong spines; opercular flap about reaching the vertical from the
front of the dorsal. Gill rakers 6 +-16, the longest as long as pupil. Dorsal spines strong, the
third being the highest and strongest, 14 in head; the fourth but little shorter, but more slen-
der, their tips, when depressed, scarcely reaching tips of ventrals; insertion of first dorsal spine
midway between tip of snout and last ray of second dorsal; fourth dorsal spine 2 in head;
second anal spine very strong, straight in one specimen, slightly curved in another, 1°4 in head;
third anal spine a little longer, but much more slender than the second anal and longer than
the third dorsal; caudal well forked; pectoral small, 24} in head, much smaller than the ventrals;
ventrals with a strong epine; the spine nearly as long as the pectoral fin; soft rays of ventral as
long as third dorsal spine. Scales large on the sides; crowded in front of the dorsal. Color
white below; dusky above the lateral line, which is black and conspicuous; scales on back and
sides covered with numerous punctulations; first dorsal somewhat dusky, second lighter, colora-
tion of both due to fine punctulations; a large black blotch on the tipsof the ventrals and anal;
membrane between second and third anal spines black.—Jenkins d Evermann.

+ Dr. Boulenger refers this species to the synonymy of Centropomus parallelus, This determina-
tion may be correct, but from Bocourt’s description it would appear that Centropomus mexicanus
had a dark lateral line and larger scales than C, parallelus,

BF. N. A.——72

1122 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

depth of body, 13 in head. Air bladder simple. Color olivaceous,
whitish below, lateral line blackish; ventrals not black. Length 7inches.
Coasts of Mexico; recorded from the Coast of the Gulf of Mexico; also
reported from the State of Oaxaca; the exact locality not known. (Vail-
lant & Bocourt.) Not seen by us. Recorded by Steindachner from
Bahia.

Centropomus mexicanus, Bocourt, Ann. Sc. Nat. Paris, 1868, 90, Gulf of Mexico; Variant &
Bocourt, Miss, Sci. Mex., 23, 1875, with plate.

1522. CENTROPOMUS PARALLELUS, Poey.

Head 23; depth 32; eye small, 5. D. VIII-I, 10; A. III, 63 scales 85 to
90. Body moderately elongate, compressed so that the two sides of the
body are parallel; an angle at front of anal. Mouth small; maxillary
not quite reaching middle of eye. Subopercular flap reaching front of
dorsal. Dorsal spines feeble, the longest 2 in head. Lateral line not
black ; 12 scales between second dorsal and lateral line. Serrations of
preopercle directed slightly upward; 2 or 3 much stronger spines at the
angle; suborbital toothed. Length of second anal spine equal to depth
of body; third spine much shorter and very slender. Air bladder simple.
Greenish above, sides silvery, with bright reflections; faint pale streaks
along the rows of scales; ventrals and anal tipped with orange brown.
A small species, rarely more than a foot long, found on the coasts of Cuba,
entering lakes and streams. (Poey.) Also recorded from San Domingo,
Jamaica, Barbados, and Rio Chagres, Guiana, Pernambuco, and Bahia.
(mapaAanioc, parallelus, parallel, the form being ‘‘ slab-sided.”’)

Centropomus parallelus, Pory, Memorias, 11, 120, 1860, Havana and Cienfuegos; GUNTHER,
Fishes Central Amer., 407, 1869; BouLENGER, Cat., 1, 369.

1523. CENTROPOMUS PECTINATUS, Poey.

Head 24; depth 32; eye 6. D. VIII-I, 10; A. III, 7; scales 68. Body
moderately elongate, compressed, with an angle at front of anal. Mouth
small. Maxillary reaching anterior third of eye; angle of preopercle
with about 6 long spines, slender and close-set, like the teeth of a comb ;
preorbital sharply serrate behind; second or third dorsal spine longest,
1$ in head; second anal spine as long as depth of body, 14in head; third
slightly longer, but very slender. Air bladder simple. Plumbeous above,
sides and belly white; center of each scale bluish, thus forming faint
lines; fins greenish; lower lobe of caudal yellow. A small species
(Poey ; Boulenger), rarely more than a foot long, found on the coasts of
Cuba, entering the lakes and rivers. Also recorded by Boulenger from
San Domingo and Pernambuco. (pectinatus, comb-toothed.)

Centropomus pectinatus, Porky, Memorias, 11, 122, 1860, Havana and Cienfuegos; BouLENGER,
Cat., I, 368.

1524. CENTROPOMUS UNIONENSIS, Bocourt. |

Head 2%; depth 3}; eye small, 6. D. VIII-I, 9; A. III, 6; scales
8-49-12. Body robust, back steeply elevated; base of anal angulated.

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America, 1123

Profile more concave than in other species. Snout long, about 3 in head;
maxillary not reaching middle of eye. Preopercle with 2 very strong
teeth, other serrations very weak. Dorsal spines moderate, the longest
not quite half head; anal spines long, the second % depth of body, about
half head, but little longer than third. Air bladdersimple. Olivaceous,
with faint streaks along the scales; upper fins brownish, ventrals pale;
lateral line pale. Pacific coast of Central America; rather common at
Panama; not recorded from Mazatlan; closely related to Centropomus
armatus and to C. ensiferus, but apparently distinct from both. (From La
Union.)

Cenwopomus unionensis, Bocourt, Ann. Sc. Nat. Paris, 1868, 90, La Union, San Salvador;
VAILLANT & Bocourt, Miss. Sci. Mex,, 1875, 37; BouLENGER, Cat., 1, 370.

1525. CENTROPOMUS ARMATUS, Gill.

Head 24; depth 33 to 3%. D. VIII-I, 10; A. III, 6; scales 7-51-14, 10 to
14 scales before dorsal. Preorbital serrated in its hinder half; suboper-
culum produced into a long flap, which extends beyond the vertical from
the origin of the dorsal fin. Premaxillary scarcely extending to below
middle of orbit. Dorsal spines of moderate strength, the third longest,
half as long as head; second anal spine exceedingly strong, much
stronger than third and longer than third dorsal spine; ventral fin
scarcely more than 4 of distance of its base from anal. Air bladder
simple. Silvery; dorsal fins, a blotch on the opercle, and the membrane
between the anal spines blackish; lateral line not black. Length about
afoot. Pacific coast of Central America, common from Chiapas to Pan-
ama. Dr. Boulenger refers this species, with its allies, robalito and affnis,
to the synonymy of Centropomus ensiferus. Our Atlantic Coast material
shows that ensiferus and affinis are very close to each other and doubt-
fully distinct from robalito, but certainly distinct from armatus. It is
probable that robalito and afinis should be united with ensiferus.
(armatus, armed.)

Centropomus armatus, GiLL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, 163, Panama; Ginruer, Fishes
Central Amer., 408, 1869; VaILLaAnt & Bocourt, Miss. Sci. Mex., 34, 1875.

1526. CENTROPOMUS ROBALITO, Jordan & Gilbert.

(CONSTANTINO ; ROBALITO DE LAS ALETAS AMARILLAS.)

Head (with opercular flap) 2% in length; depth 34. D. VIII-I, 10; A.
III, 6; scales 5-51-9; scales large, those in front of dorsal not crowded,
10 to 14in number; 5 series between lateral line and front of spinous dorsal.
Body comparatively elongate, the back little elevated; profile from snout
to base of dorsal more nearly straight than in most of the species; upper
outline of head somewhat concave ; nuchal region little gibbous. Mouth
smaller than in C. armatus, the maxillary barely reaching the vertical
line from front of pupil (in C. armatus of the same size reaching past
front of pupil), the gape contained nearly 3 times in length of head;
snout long, longer than in C. armatus, 34 in head; eye moderate, a little

1124 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum,

more than half length of snout; preorbital with strong retrorse serre.
Top of head narrower than in C. armatus and more strongly ridged;
the two interior ridges on the interorbital space separated by a space
little wider than the nostril, coalescing opposite the nostrils and forming
a single ridge for a little distance forward to near the base of the spines
of the premaxillary. Preopercle with rather distant teeth of nearly
equal size on the entire length of its vertical margin; similar teeth on
the horizontal part, growing larger backward; about 2 teeth at the
angle much longer and stronger than the others; suprascapula with 5
or 6 strong teeth; subopercular flap reaching about to front of spinous
dorsal. Gill rakers long, about % diameter of orbit. Dorsal spines high
and rather strong, but distinctly slenderer and more flexible than in
C. armatus, their tips when depressed reaching considerably farther back
than the tips of the pectorals or ventrals; third spine longest, a little
less than half length of head; fourth spine but little shorter than third;
insertion of first dorsal spine a trifle nearer last ray of second dorsal
than tip of snout; second anal spine very long and strong and straight or
more or less curved, its length and form very variable, its tip about
reaching base of caudal; much longer than third dorsal spine or than
third anal spine, and about 1) in length of head; third anal spine about
equal to first soft ray; caudal fin well forked; ventral fins long, reaching
in most cases scarcely to the vent; pectorals about equaling ventrals, 1}
in length of head, not reaching tips of ventrals. Vent about midway
between base of ventrals and middle of base of anal. Color bluish,
olivaceous, silvery white below ; lateral line pale ; membrane of anterior
dorsal spines and of second and third anal spines blackish; pectorals and
soft parts of vertical fins somewhat dusky; ventral plain bright yellow;
anal with more or less of bright yellow. Length about 1 foot. Pacific
coast of Mexico from Mazatlan to Panama; generally common, espec-
ially about Mazatlan, where it enters the streams in abundance. Proba-
bly not distinct from C. ensiferus. (Robalito, the vernacular name;
diminutive of Robalo.)

Centropomus robalito, JORDAN & GILBERT, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1881, 462, Mazatlan; Aca-
pulco. (Types, Nos. 28102, 28132, 28150, etc. Coll. Gilbert.)

1527. CENTROPOMUS AFFINIS?Steindachner.

Head 22; depth 34; eye large, 4 in head. D. VIII-I, 10; A. III, 6;
scales 7-46-11 (Vaillant), 7-47 to 50-10 or 11 (Steindachner). Snout
depressed, its profile a little concave; back not much elevated; sides
compressed, parallel; line of belly straight. Maxillary reaching to first
third of eye; suborbital with 5 or 6 small teeth; preopercle with 2 large
triangular teeth at angle, the other teeth strong; subopercular flap
reaching base of first dorsal spine. Scales large, those before dorsal
small. Suprascapula with 4 teeth. Ventral reaching more than half
way to anal; pectoral 1% in head; third dorsal spine 13 in depth of body,
about 23 in head; second anal spine notably longer than third, its length
1? in head, ;5 greater than depth of body; caudal a little shorter than

vu

———————— OP?

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 1125

head. Coloration olive; sides silvery; black shades on vertical fins,

especially behind anal spines. Lateral line brown; ventrals pale. (Vail-

lant & Bocourt.) Coast of Brazil, north to Belize; evidently very close
to Centropomus ensiferus, to which Dr. Boulenger refers it. (afinis, related,
to Centropomus undecimalis. )

Centropomus affinis, STEINDACHNER, Ichth. Notizen, 1, pl. 1, fig. 1, 1864, Rio Janeiro and
Cajutuba, Brazil; Demerara, (Coll. Johann Natterer); Vartuant & Bocourt, Miss. Sci.
Mex., 31, pl. 1, fig. 1. -

Centropomus scaber, Bocourt, Ann. Sci. Nat., 5 Ser., 1x, 90, 1868, marshes of Belize. (Coll.
Bocourt).

1528. CENTROPOMUS ENSIFERUS, Poey.

Head 24; depth4; eye 64in head. D.VIII-I,10; A. III,6; scales 7-53-11,
pores 48. Preorbital coarsely serrated; subopercular flap extending to
vertical from origin of dorsal. Maxillary scarcely extending to below
middle of orbit. Dorsal spines of moderate strength, the third and
fourth longest, 7 as long as head; second anal spine exceedingly strong,
much stronger than third, 1? times depth of body, much longer than
dorsal spines; ventral somewhat more than + the distance of its base
from anal. Silvery; dorsal fin, a blotch on the opercle, and the mem-
brane between the anal spines blackish; lateral line not black. Air
bladder simple. Length about a foot. West Indies; generally common
from Cuba to Surinam; also found on the Pacific Coast,if C. robalito is
the same, which is not unlikely. (ensis, sword; fero, I bear.)

Centropomus ensiferus, Porky, Memorias, 11, 122, 1860, Havana; GUnTHER, Fishes Central Amer.,

408, 1869; BouLENGER, Cat., 1, 369. ;
? Centropomus brevis,* GUNTHER, Proc. Zodl. Soc. Lond., 1864, 144, locality unknown.

For the sake of completeness, we add the description of the only remain-
ing species of this genus which is known to us:

Centropomus constantinus, Jordan & Starks, new species. — Head 23;
depth 34; eye 5 in head; snout 34; interorbital # eye; D. VIII-I, 10;
A. III, 6; scales 10-67-13. Posterior half of preorbital rather strongly
retrorse-serrate; anterior portion entire; maxillary extending to below
the middle of orbit, 24 in head; subopercular flap extending nearly to
within 4 scales of the vertical from the origin of dorsal. Gill rakers
4+9; 21 series of scales before first dorsal. Third and fourth dorsal
spines equal, about half as long as head; second anal spine longer and
much stronger than third, 1$ in head; third longer than soft rays; ven-
trals long, 14 in head, nearly reaching vent, their length not quite equal
to distance from their tips to anal. Air bladder with very short, blunt
anterior appendages, which are not more than half the length of the
pupil. Pectorals 2 in head; caudal short, with roundish lobes, 2 in
head. Olive; sides silvery; lateral line dusky; head pale; ventrals
pale; tips of dorsal and membrane behind anal spines blackish. Allied

* Centropomus brevis, Giinther: Head 2144; depth 34%. D.VIII-I, 10; A. IIT, 6; scales 8-50-X,
Maxillary reaching to middle of eye; suborbital strongly toothed; lobe of subopercle reaching
beyond front of dorsal. Vent much nearer anal than ventrals. Dorsal spines strong, the third
equal to distance from chin to posterior border of eye; second anal spine strong, 14 in head,
greater than depth of body; third anal spine much shorter. Air bladder simple. Lateral line
pale; lower fins pale Locality unknown. (Giinther.) This may be a species distinct from
Cenlropomus ensiferus, having deeper body and smaller scales, Its validity is, however, very
doubtful. Dr. Boulenger, who has examined its type, as well as specimens certainly refer-
able to robalito (Presidio, Forrer), to armatus (Panama, Salvin), and ensiferus (Jamaica), regards
them all as identical. ©, armatus is certainly valid, but the others may all be identical with
ensiferus,

.

1126 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

to C. mexicanus, but the dorsal spines more slender and shorter and the
body deeper. Known from 3 specimens collected at Bahia, Brazil, by
the Albatross. The one here described is 8} inches long and numbered
1633 on the register of Stanford University. Two others are in the U.S.
National Museum, numbered 43289. (Constantino, a Spanish vernacular
name of the smaller Robalos or Robalitos.\

Family CXLVI. SERRANIDZ.
(THE Sea Bass.)

Body oblong, more or less compressed, covered with adherent scales of
moderate or smal] size, which are usually but not always ctenoid; dorsal
and ventral outlines usually not perfectly corresponding. Mouth moder-
ate or large, not very oblique, the premaxillary protractile and the broad
maxillary usually not slipping for its whole length into a sheath formed
by the preorbital, which is usually narrow. Supplemental maxillary
present or absent. Teeth all conical or pointed, in bands, present on
jaws, vomer and palatines. Gill rakerslong orshort, usually stiff, armed
with teeth. Gills 4, a long slit behind the fourth. Pseudobranchize
present, large. Lower pharyngeals rather narrow, with pointed teeth,
separate (except in Centrogenys). Gill membranes separate, free from the
isthmus. Branchiostegals normally 7 (occasionally 6). Cheeks and
opercles always scaly; preopercle with its margin more or less serrate,
rarely entire; the opercles usually ending in one or two flat spine-like
points. Nostrils double. Lateral line single, not extending on the cau-
dal fin. Skull without cranial spines and usually without well-developed
cavernous structure. Nosuborbitalstay. Post-temporalnormal. Second
suborbital with an internal lamina supporting the globe of the eye;
entopterygoid present; all or most of the ribs inserted on the transverse
processes when these are developed; anterior vertebre without trans-
verse processes. Dorsal spines usually stiff, 2 to 15 in number; soft dor-
sal with 10 to 30 rays; anal fin rather short, its soft rays 7 to 12, its spines,
if present, always 3, in certain genera (Grammistine, Rypticine) altogether
wanting. Ventrals thoracic, usually I, 5 (1, 4, in Plesiopine), normally
developed, without distinct axillary scale. Pectorals well developed,
with narrow base, the rays branched. Caudal peduncle stout, the fin
variously formed. Vertebre typically 10+ 14= 24, the number some-
times increased, never more than 35.* Air bladder present, usually small,

* The following account of the numbers of vertebre is taken from Dr. Boulenger’s Catalogue
of Teleostean Fishes; the nomenclature of certain species is changed to agree with that of the
the present work:

Percichthys trucha —~___--__ 15 + 20 = 35 Acanthistius serratus ___.___ 10 + 16 = 26
Percichthys pocha _________ 14+ 19=33 Hemilutjanus macrophthal-

Percilia: gillissii. 2 a8 13 + 22= 35 THEE 202 pe a 10 + 15= 25
Lateolabrax japonicus _____ 17 +18=35 Centrogenys vaigiensis____~ 11+14=—25
Niphon spinosus_______--__ 14+-17=31 Polyprion americanus___--_ 13 + 14= 27
Morone americana ~____-__ 12 +13=25 Polyprion prognathus ~____ 14 +13= 27
Rocéus th¥ysope — = 12 +-13=25 Oligorus macquariensis____ 16 + 19= 35
Dicentrarchus labrax —_-___ 12+-13=25 | Aulacocephalus temminckii 10 + 14= 24
Percalates colonorum ___-_- 11 + 14= 25 Plectropoma maculatum ___ 10 + 14= 24
Ctenolates ambiguus _______ 11 +15 = 26 Variola louti: +. 2. 2 sae 10 + 14= 24
Siniperca chuatsi ~---_____- 13 + 15= 28 Bodianus guttatus ______-__ 10 + 14= 24

Acanthistius pictus -..-.... 10+16=26 | Bodianus punctatus_....... 10+ 14= 24

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 1127

and adherent to the wall ofthe abdomen. Stomach cecal, with few or many
pyloric appendages; intestines short, as is usual in carnivorous fishes.
Genera 60 to 70. Species about 400.t Carnivorous fishes, chiefly marine,
and found in all warm seas; several genera found in fresh waters. As
here understood, the Serranide comprise the most of the family of Per-
cide as understood by Gunther and others, exclusive of those with imper-
fect pseudobranchiz, those with one or two anal spines, those with the
number of vertebre increased, those in which the whole length of the
maxillary slips under the preorbital, and those with the anal fin many
rayed, and the cranium shortened behind. As here understood, the
Serranide are essentially equivalent to the Serranine and Grammistine
of Boulenger’s Catalogue. Even after these eliminations, the family is
considerably varied. (Percide, part, Giinther, Cat., 1, 61-220.)

I. Anal spines 3, well developed.
a. Dorsal fins 2; vertebre 25 to 36, 11 to 15 in precaudal portion.

Moroninz:

b. Maxillary without supplemental bone; teeth all pointed; pectoral unsymmetrical, its
upper rays longest; dorsal (in our genera) X-14; skull without cavernous struc-
ture; preopercle strongly serrate; caudal fin forked; tongue with teeth; ventral
fins inserted behind axil of pectorals; teeth all alike, usually villiform, without
canines; preorbital narrow; lateral line normal, straight, or bent upward at base;
preopercle serrate; gill rakers moderately long and slender; species generally of
large size, and silvery-olive coloration, mostly inhabiting fresh or brackish waters.
Preopercle without antrorse spines on its lower limb.

e. Dorsal fins separate; spines of fins weak; anal rays III, 12, the spines graduated;

lower jaw projecting; base of tongue with teeth. Roccus, 491.
cc. Dorsal fins joined; spines of fins strong; anal rays III, 9, the spines not gradu-
ated; jaws subequal; base of tongue toothless. Morong, 492,

aa. Dorsal fin single, sometimes deeply divided.
d. Maxillary with a distinct supplemental bone (rarely obscured by the skin); dorsal
usually divided or deeply notched.
e. Inner teeth of jaws not depressible or hinged,

LIOPROPOMIN2E:
f. Soft dorsal longer than spinous part; dorsal deeply divided, the spines 6 to 9 in
number; preopercle entire; vertebra 10+14—24; lateral line arched

anteriorly.

g. Dorsal spines 9; caudal lunate. Lioproroma, 493.

_gg- Dorsal spines 6; caudal truncate. CHoRISTIStTIUM, 494,
Bodianus teeniops__-.----__ 10+14=—24 || Serranus cabrilla.._._..--__ 10 +-14= 24
Epinephelus areolatus______ 10+14=24 || Serranus scriba _-.......... 10 +- 14 = 24
Epinephelus striatus ______- 10+14=—24 || Gilbertiasemicincta__...-_- 10 +17 =27
Epinephelus fasciatus______ 10 +-14= 24 Ceesioperca lepidoptera__._. 10 4-16 = 26
Epinephelus tauvina_______ 10+14=-24 | Caprodon longimanus__._-. 10 +-16= 26
Promicrops guttatus ____-__ 10-+-14=24 | Holanthias borbonius__.__- 10 -+- 18 = 26
iMiphestes afer .._. =... 10+14=24 || Anthias sacer__.._.._..____ 10 +- 16 = 26
Mycteroperca bonaci_______ 104-1424 || Plectranthias anthioides_.. 10 4-16 = 26
Anyperodon leucogrammi- Callanthias peloritanus__._. 11 -}- 13 = 24
pele Ea ees 10+14=24 |, Paraplesiops meleagris _.___ 10 + 16 = 26
Paranthias furcifer _.______ 10+14=24 || Plesiops nigricans........__ 10 +- 15 = 25
Parolabrax humeralis__.._- 10 +1424 || Rypticus saponaceus_._.._- 10 +- 14 = 24

t A review of the genera and species of Serranide found in the waters of Americaand Europe,
by David Starr Jordan and Carl H. Kigenmann, was published in Bulletin vurof the U. 8. Fish
Commission, 1888 (1890), 329-433, plates 60 to 69. In that paper may be found full synonymy
of all the genera and species. A most excellent account is given in Boulenger’s Catalogue of
Teleostean Fishes, Vol, 1, just published as these pages are going through the press,

1128 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

POLYPRIONIN®E:
Jf. Soft dorsal shorter than spinous part; vertebre more than 24 (25 to 36); head
without rugose dermal ossifications.
h, Teeth all villiform, without canines; soft dorsal with 10 to 12 rays.

i. Head not armed with spinigerous ridges; preopercle moderately ser-
rate, sometimes becoming entire with age; dorsal fin deeply
notched, the last spines much shorter than the middle ones;
scales rugose; soft dorsal scaly; dorsal spines 11; tongue tooth-
less; forehead broad, flattish; snout, preorbital, and jaws naked;
caudal subtruncate; preopercle finely serrate, becoming entire
with age; gill rakers very strong; pyloric coeca few (about 7);
pectoral obtusely pointed; ventral inserted a little before axil of
pectoral; vertebre 26, STEREOLEPIS, 495.

vi. Head armed with rough spinigerous crests, there being spinous pro-
jections above the eyes and a rough, bony ridge on the opercle,
with others on the post-temporal; dorsal fin low, continuous;
tongue with teeth; dorsal spines 11 or 12; soft dorsal scaly; caudal
rounded; ventral not inserted before axil of pectoral; pyloric
coeca numerous (about 70); vertebra 27. PoLyprion, 496.

EPINEPHELINE:

ee. Inner teeth of jaws depressible or hinged; canine teeth more or less distinct, in
front of each jaw; scales smail, firm, the top of head more or less scaly;
lateral line running low (except in Gonioplectrus, etc.); supraoccipital crest
usually more or less encroaching on the top of the skull, so as to leave no dis-
tinct smooth area at the vertex (except in Variola); temporal crests usually
distinct; gill rakers various, generally small and short. Dorsal rays VIII to
XIV, 12 to 20, the number of spines usually not 10; anal rays III, 7 to III, 12;
ventral fins inserted more or less behind axil of pectorals; head unarmed,
except for the opercular spines and the serre on the preopercle; soft dorsal
scaly; scales of lateral line usually triangular and cycloid; vertebra almost
always 10 + 14= 24, rarely 26 or 27. Chiefly shore fishes, often of large size;
all of them, so far as known, bisexual.

j. Pectoral unsymmetrical, its upper rays longest; dorsal spines 8; plectroid spine
on preopercle single, very strong; a strong canine on middle of side of
lower jaw; opercle with a long, knife-shaped spine; body rather deep;
lateral line running high; jaws naked; scales small, firm, and rough; cau-
dal rounded; soft dorsal rather short, of 12 or 13 rays.

GoNIOPLECTRUS, 497.

jj. Pectoral rounded, symmetrical, its middle rays longest; canines usually dis-
tinct, in front of 1 or both jaws.

k. Frontals* with a transverse ridge on posterior part in front of the supra-
occipital connecting the parietal crests; frontal bones without processes

or longitudinal ridges on the upper surface; dorsal spines always 9.
I, Posterior process of premaxillary extending to between frontals; man-
dible without curved canines on its sides; caudal not forked;
scales ctenoid. PETROMETOPON, 498,

kk. Frontals without transverse ridge.

m. Dorsal spines 9; soft dorsal of moderate length and height, its rays
13 to 15; anal rays III, 7 or 8; skull and head essentially as in
Ephinephelus, the snout not very short, the frontal region flat or
convex, the supraoccipital crest continued forward oyer it, the
lateral crest short, low, and diverging; mouth and teeth as in
Ephinephelus. _ Bopranvs, 499.

* These characters, with other osteological characters used in this analysis, are taken from
Boulenger’s Catalogue, p. 165 et seq.

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 1129

z
mm. Dorsal spines 11, (rarely 10, never 9).

n. Parietal crests not produced forward on the frontals; frontals with
a process or knob on each side, behind interorbital area; pre-
maxillary processes fitting into a cavity at the anterior extrem-
ity of the frontals, or into an emargination of these bones; anal
rays IIT, 8, or III, 9.

o. Scales of the lateral line normal, marked by radiating ridges.

p- Cranium narrow above the interorbital space, deeply

concave; occipital crest meeting interorbital region.

EPINEPHELUs, 500.

pp. Cranium very broad and flat above, the interorbital little

concave, the occipital crest disappearing before

reaching interorbital region. GaRRuPA, 501.

oo. Scales of the lateral line each with 4 to 6 strong radiating

ridges ; cranium short, extremely broad, and depressed

between the eyes; the anterior profile of head a little
concave; dorsal spines low; dorsal rays XI, 16.

Promicrops, 502.
nn. Parietal crests produced forward on the frontals.

q. Frontais with a process or knob on each side behind the
interorbital area; premaxillaries fitting into a cavity at
anterior extremity of frontals; anal rays III, 8, rarely
TEL, 9.

r. Preopercle with a single antrorse hook or spine near the
angle; supraoccipital and parietal crests not extending
to between orbits; scales ctenoid. ALPHESTES, 503.
rr. Preopercle without antrorse spine; supraoccipital and
parietal crests extending to between orbits; scales
smooth; canine teeth small or obsolete; head small
much compressed, the interorbital area in the adult
not broader than the eye; supraoccipital crest low;
soft dorsal unusually long, the rays XI, 17 to 20;
dorsal spines low; vertical fins all rounded pos-
teriorly. : DERMATOLEPIS, 504.
qq. Frontals without processes on the upper surface; parietal
- crests extending to between orbits; premaxillary pro-
cesses not extending to the frontals. Anal fin elongate,
its rays ITT, 11 or III, 12, (very rarely III, 9 or IIT, 10);
caudal fin lunate or truncate; spines slender, those of the
anal fin graduated; lower jaws strongly projecting; cra-
nium rather broad and transversely concave between the
eyes, its lateral crests very strong, nearly parallel with
the supraoccipital crest and extending farther forward
than the latter, joining the supraocular crest above the
eye; scales small, largely cycloid, those of the lateral
line simple; pyloric coeca few (12 to 20); dorsal rays XT,
16 to 18. MyYcTeROPERCA, 505,
dd, Maxillary without supplemental bone; canine teeth, if present, usually developed on
the side of the lower jaw as well as in front; no depressible teeth; scales mostly
ctenoid, including those of the lateral line; tubes of lateral line straight or with
an ascending tubule, covering most of the length of scale. Temporal crests on
cranium almost obsolete,
SERRANINZE :
s. Gill rakers comparatively short and wide apart; lateral line not running close
to the back (except in Serranus); dorsal rays X, 11 to 15; anal rays usually
III, 7; supraoccipital crest not extending far forward on top of the skull,
a more or less distinct convex smooth area being left on the vertex between
the supraoccipital and the interorbital area; mouth not very oblique; ver-
tebre about 10 +-14= 24, Chiefly shore fishes of olivaceous colors,

1130

Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

——

a
it. Ventral fins inserted below or more or less behind axil of pectoral; branch-
iostegals 7.

u. Dorsal fin with 4 or 5 spines produced in long filaments; dorsal rays

X, 12, or X, 13; preopercle evenly serrate; preorbital compari-

tively broad; top of head, cheeks, and preorbital finely and

closely scaled to the tip of snout; snout long and low, the lower

jaw much projecting; caudal lunate; scales rathersmall; cranium

with a large smooth area, much as in Serranus and Prionodes,

body elongate, little compressed; gill rakers few and short.
Cratinus, 506.

uu. Dorsal without long filamentous spines, not more than one of its
spines specially produced.

v. Body short and deep, with elevated back, the depth more than 2
the length, usually nearly half; preopercle with a few
antrorse serre on its lower limb; top of supraoccipital crest
very high, about as long as the smooth area on vertex of
cranium, which is well developed, as in Serranus and Prionodes.

Top of head naked; dorsal rays usually X, 14.
Hypop.ectrvus, 507.

vv. Body comparatively elongate, the depth 14 to 14 the length; no
hooked spinules on lower limb of preopercle.

w, Cranium with its smooth area very short and small, much asin
Centropristes; caudal fin more or less distinctly lunate or
concave, the middle rays shortest; dorsal spines strong,
very unequal, the third or fourth more or less elevated;
(scales small; dorsal rays X, 14; top of head usually
more or less scaly). PARALABRAX, 508,

tt. Ventral fins anterior, inserted more or less in advance of axil of pectoral,
well separated; upper half of pectoral fin usually vertically|truncate.
x. Smooth area on top of cranium very short and small*; the long
supraoccipital crest encroaching on the posterior border of cra-
nium so that the latter in profile is not nearly vertical along the
occipital region. Branchiostegals 7. Caudal fin not lunate,
rounded, or ending in 3 points, the middle rays produced like the
outer ones; dorsal spines slender, the third little elevated, some
of them with dermal appendages or filaments (teeth small, in
broad bands; top of head naked; scales large, dorsal rays X, 11).
CENTROPRISTES, 509.
zx. Smooth area on top of cranium* very large, longer than the low
supraoccipital crest, which is low and short; posterior border of
cranium at occipital region nearly vertical in profile. Caudal fin
lunate or truncate; dorsal rays X, 11 to X, 13; soft dorsal scaleless

or nearly so. Canine teeth small.
y. Branchiostegals 7; caudal fin forked or lunate; none of the dorsal

spines elongate.

z. Preopercle with numerous strong diverging spines atits angle,
these spines diverging from one or two centers; preorbital
broader than maxillary, which is widest near its middle;
scales rather large. DIpPLectroum, 510.

zz. Preopercle simply and rather finely serrate; preorbital narrow.

PrionopeEs, 511.
yy. Branchiostegals 6; caudal fin truncate. Dues, 512,
ss. Gill rakers (in American species) very long, slender, and close set; lateral
line running close to the back; supraoccipital crest high; occiput with
a short convex smooth area; canines strong; nc.depressible teeth; pre-
orbital narrow; maxillary without supplemental bone or with a rudiment
only.

* Seen on removal of skin of vertex.

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 1131

ANTHIINE:

a’, Lateral line complete and continuous, extending to base of caudal; ventral rays I, 5;
dorsal rays IX to XII, 9 to 20; anal rays III, 7 to 10; pectoral rays branched; snout
short, mostly convex in profile; fishes of rather deep waters, chiefly bright red in life.

b’ Dorsal spines 9, all low, the soft rays about 19. Caudal fin deeply forked, the lobes
produced; scales small, ctenoid; ventrals long, inserted behind axil of pectoral;
maxillary scaly; frontal region flattish, the supraoccipital crest very prominent.

PARANTHIAS, 513.

bb’ Dorsal spines 10 or more; scales not very small: preopercle angular, with salient teeth

at its angle; one or more dorsal spines sometimes filamentous; ventral fins long.

ce’. Maxillary and frontal region naked; tongue mostly toothless; caudal fin lunate;
parietals weak; posterior process of premaxillary reaching the frontals.

ad’. Ventrals inserted behind axil of pectoral; scales 50 to 60.
HeMIANTHIAS, 514.

dd’. Ventrals inserted before axil of pectoral; scales 38 to 45.

PRONOTOGRAMMUS, 515.
ec’. Maxillary scaly; top of head scaled to the snout.

e’. Pterygoids toothless; tongue with few teeth or none; caudal forked.
Antuias, 516.
ee’. Pterygoids with a large patch of teeth; tongue toothed; parietal crest strong,
extending to above eye; posterior processes of premaxillary not reaching
the frontals; caudal truncate, with the outer rays much produced.
OcyanTHIAS, 517.
aa’. Lateral line interrupted, running close to the back, beginning again on caudal peduncle.

GRAMMINZ :
J’. Ventral rays I, 5;* preopercle serrate; caudal convex; scales rather large, somewhat
ctenoid; dorsal spines 12. Gramma, 518.
RYPTICINE:

II. Anal spines wanting; dorsal spines 2 to 4 only; soft dorsal and anal long, the dorsal of 20
to 26 soft rays; the anal of 14 to 17; maxillary with a supplemental bone; the pre-
opercle with 2 or 3 spine-like hooks posteriorly, the scales small and embedded, the
teeth all villiform; preorbital narrow, no canine teeth; preopercle without angle
or serratures, its margin with 2 or 3 spinous teeth above; caudal fin rounded; scales
small, smooth, embedded; smooth area on top of head very large, transversely convex,
much ionger than the low supraoccipital crest; interorbital area very narrow;
temporal ridges strong; lateral line normal; vertebrae 10 +14. Rypticus, 519.

491. ROCCUS, Mitchill.

(STRIPED Bass.)

Roccus, Mitcnitt, Fishes of New York, 25, 1814, (striatus = lineatus).
Lepibema, Ra¥FinESQuE, Ichthyologia Ohiensis, 23, 1820, (chrysops).

Base of tongue with 1 or 2 patches of teeth ; anal spines graduated ; dorsal
fins entirely separate; anal rays ILI, ll or12; supraoccipital crest scarcely
widened above; lower jaw projecting. Vertebre 12-+13=25. Other-
wise as in Morone, the body more elongate, the scales smoother, and the
fin spines more slender than in the latter genus. Anal fin with 11 or 12
soft rays. Species all American, valued as food-fishes. In both Roceus
and Morone, the antrorse preopercular spines (characteristic of the Kuro-
pean genus or subgenus Dicentrarchus) are wanting. (From the vernac-
ular, Rockfish. )

*The related group of Plesiopinwy (Plesiops, Paraplesiops and Trachinops) have the ventral rays
1.4 only. It may be that they do not belong to the Serranidw, in which case Gramma should
probably be detached also.

1132 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

LepiIBeMaA (Aemis, scale; B7jja, a staircase, from the scales at base of dorsal) :

a. Teeth on base of tongue ina single patch; body rather deep and compressed, the depth
more than 14 thelength; back arched.
b. Color whitish with several narrow dusky lateral stripes following the rows of scales;
second anal spine about 3 in head. CHRYSOPs, 1529,
LOCCUS :
aa. Teeth on base of tongue in 2 parallel patches; body rather elongate, the depth less than
14 the length; back not arched.

bb. Color brassy or greenish, sides with 7 or 8 continuous dark stripes; second anal spine
5 in head. LINEATUS, 1530.

Subgenus LEPIBEMA, Rafinesque.

1529. ROCCUS CHRYSOPS (Rafinesque).

(Witt Bass ; Wuite Lake Bass.)

Head 34; depth 24; eye 5in head; snout43. D. IX-I,14; A. II, llor
12; seales 10-55 to 65-15, 53 to 61 pores. Body ratherdeep and com-
pressed, the depth more than % the length; back considerably arched ;
head subconical, slightly depressed at the nape; mouth moderate, nearly
horizontal, the lower jaw little projecting ; eye large, nearly as long as
snout; maxillary reaching middle of pupil, 22 in head; teeth on base of
tongue in a single patch, a patch also on each side of tongue; margin of
subopercle with a deep notch; head scaled to between nostrils; preoper-
cular serre feeble, strongest at the angle; gill rakers rather long and
slender, x + 14, as long as gill fringes; longest dorsal spine 2 in head;
anal spines graduated ; second ana] spine 3; middle caudal rays 1% in
outer. Color silvery, tinged with golden below; sides with narrow
dusky lines, about 5 above the lateral line, 1 along it, and a variable
number below it, these sometimes more or less interrupted or transposed.
Length 15 inches. Great Lake region, upper Mississippi and Ohio valleys,
south to Washita River; not found east of the Alleghanies nor in salt
water; rare in the Ohio Valley; generally abundant in the Great Lakes.
It frequents deep or still waters, seldom ascending small streams. (ypvodc,
gold; wy, eye.)

Perca chrysops, RAFINESQUE, Ichthyologia Ohiensis, 22, 1820, Falls of the Ohio.

Labrax multilineatus, CuvieER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. des Poissons, 111, 488, 1830, Wabash
River; GUNTHER, Cat., 1, 67, 1859.

Labrax nolatus (HAMILTON SmiTH) RicHAaRDson, Fauna Boreali-Americana, 111, 8, 1836, Lower
St. Lawrence River; GUNTHER, Cat., 1, 67, 1859.

Labrazx albidus, De Kay, Nat. Hist. N. ¥.: Fishes, 13, pl. 51, fig. 165, 1842, Buffalo.

Labrax osculatii, Fizipri1, Rey. et. Mag. de Zoologie, 2d series, v, 164, 1853, Canada; GUNTHER,
Cat., 1, 65.

2oceus chrysops, GILL, Ichth. Rep. Captain Simpson’s Sury. Great Basin Utah, 391, pl. 1, figs. 1-7,
1876; JorDAN & EIGENMANN, l. c., 422, 1890.

Morone multilineata, BOULENGER, Cat., 1, 128.

Subgenus ROCCUS.
1530. ROCCUS LINEATUS (Bloch).
(StriPED Bass; RockrisH, Rock.)

Head 33 to 34; depth 34 to 4, varying considerably with age, the young
being more slender. D. IX-I,12; A. III,11; scales 8-67-11. Body rather

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 1133

elongate, little compressed, the depth less than } the length; back little
arched ; head subconical ; mouth large, oblique, the maxillary reaching to
nearly below middle of orbit, 24 in head, its width at tip nearly } diameter
of eye; teeth on base of tongue in two parallel patches; interorbital space
wide; lower jaw projecting; eye 4 to# the length of the rather sharp
snout, 5 to 7 in head; preorbital entire; preopercle rather weakly serrate,
the teeth strongest at the angle; margin of subopercle entire; suprascap-
ula entire; gill rakers long and slender, about 4 + 15; dorsal fins
entirely separated; spines slenderer than in allied species; longest dorsal
spine 2} in head; anal spines graduated; second anal spine 5 to 6 in head;
Caudal forked, the middle rays # length of outer. Color olivaceous, sil-
very, often brassy-tinged ; sides paler, marked with 7 or 8 continuous or
interrupted blackish stripes, one of them along the lateral line; fins pale.
Atlantic coast of the United States, from New Brunswick to the Escambia
River, Florida, ascending all rivers in spring for the purpose of spawn-
ing; rather rare in the Gulf of Mexico; most common from Cape Cod to
Cape May; occasionally in Lake Ontario. Introduced by the U. S. Fish
Commission into Sacramento River and elsewhere on the west coast,
where it has become an abundant and valuable food-fish. This species is
one of the most important of the game and food-fishes of America. It is
very abundant throughout its range and reaches a large size, often
weighing 30 to 90 pounds. The largest one ever reported, according to
Goode, was taken at Orleans, Massachusetts, and weighed 112 pounds.
Its flesh is firm, white, flaky, and of excellent flavor. (lineatus, striped.)

ite ae vel Striped Bass, Scuipr, Schrift. der Gesells. Nat. Freunde, vir, 160, 1788, New

ork

Perca saxatilis, WALBAUM, Artedi Genera Piscium, 330, 1788, New York; after Scuipr.

Sciena lineata, Buocu, Ichthyologia, 1x, 53, pl. 305, 1792, Mediterranean Sea; figure incorrect,
but probably from an American specimen.

Perca septentrionalis, Bhocu & SCHNEIDER, Systema Ichthyol., 90, pl. 70, 1801, New York.

Roccus striatus, MiTcHILL, Rep. Fishes N. Y., 25, 1814, specimens from New York.; Bran, Proc.
U.S. Nat. Mus., 1884, 243, specimens from Montgomery, Alabama.

Perca mitchilli, Mircu1Lu, Trans. Lit. and Phil. Soc. N. Y., 1, 413, pl. 3, fig. 4, 1815, New York.

Perca mitchilli alternata, Mircui.t, 1. c., 415, 1815, New York.

Perca mitchilli interrupta, MitcHI.1, Trans. Lit. and Phil. Soc. N. Y., 415, 1815, New York.

Lepibema lineatum, STEINDACHNER, Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien., x11, 1862, 504.

Lepibema mitchilli, RAFINESQUE, Ichthyologia Ohiensis, 23, 1820.

Labrax lineatus, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. des Poissons, 11, 79, 1828.

Roccus lineatus, GitL, Ichth. Rep. Capt. Simpson’s Expl. Great Basin Utah, 391, 1876; Goopr,
Nat. Hist. Aquat. Anim., 425, 1884.

Roccus saxatilis, JORDAN & GILBERT, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1882, 599.

Roceus lineatus, JORDAN & EIGENMANN, /. c., 423, 1890.

Morone lineata, BouLENGER, Cat., 1, 129.

492. MORONE, Mitchill.

(WHITE PERCH.)

Morone, Mitcniu1, Fishes of New York, 18, 1814, (rufa and /lavescens: the genus properly a syno-
nym of Perea).
Morone, Git, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, 111, (restriction to americana = rufa).
Body rather short and deep, compressed; maxillary broad, naked, with-
out supplemental bone; teeth subequal, lower jaw scarcely projecting; no

1134 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

canines; nomovyable teeth; base of tongue without teeth, edge of tongue
with linear patches of teeth. Lower margin of preopercle simply serrate
or entire, the serre not greatly increased in size toward the angle, and
none of them developed as antrorse hooks. Spines strong, 10 in the
dorsal fin; dorsal fins more or less connected by membrane: second anal
spine much enlarged, not shorter than third; anal rays III, 8 or 9: lower
margin of preopercle finely serrate, without antrorse spines. Lower
jaw slightly projecting; vertebre 12 + 13 — 25, Scales rather large,
ctenoid; top of head scaly; lateral line little arched. Ventrals inserted
well behind pectorals. Two known species, both American. (Name
unexplained. )

a, Longest dorsal spine considerably more than half head; color brassy yellow, with 7 very dis-
tinct longitudinal black lines, interrupted posteriorly; dorsal fins slightly connected;

spines all very robust. INTERRUPTA, 1531.
aa. Longest dorsal spine about half head; color green or vlivaceous and silvery with faint
streaks; dorsal fins well connected; spines moderate. AMERICANA, 1532.

1531. MORONE INTERRUPTA, Gill.
(YELLOw Bass.)

Head 3; depth 2%. D.IX-I,12; A. III, 9 or10; scales 7-50 to 54-11.
Body oblong, ovate, the back much arched; head depressed, the snout
somewhat pointed, the anterior profile concave; eye large, as long as snout,
44 in head; preorbital finely serrate ; suprascapula serrate; mouth small,
somewhat oblique, the maxillary reaching middle of orbit, about 3 in
head; maxillary somewhat scaly; gill rakers moderate, x + 138 to 16,
longer than gill fringes; dorsal and anal spines very robust, the Jongest
dorsal spine 1? to 1% in head, the longest anal spine 2 to 24; dorsal fins
slightly connected. Color in life brassy yellow, with about 7 very dis.
tinct longitudinal black lines, those below the lateral line interrupted
posteriorly, the posterior part alternating with the anterior. Length 15
inches. Lower Mississippi Valley, north to Cincinnati and St. Louis,
chiefly in the channels of the larger streams; rather common southward;
a good food-fish. (interruptus, interrupted, referring to the longitudinal
black lines. )

Morone interrupta, GILL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, 118, St. Louis; New Orleans: Gi11,
Ichth. Rep. Capt. Simpson’s Sur. Great Basin Utah, 398. pl. 2, figs. 1-8, 1876, Jorpan &
GILBERT, Synopsis, 5380, 1883; JoRDAN & EIGENMANN, l. c., 420, 1890

Morone mississippiensis, JORDAN & EIGENMANN, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1887 (substitute name for
interrupta, regarded as preoccupied, as it has been used for a species of Roccus, a genus at that
time merged in Morone); BoULENGER, Cat., 1, 127.

1532. MORONE AMERICANA (Gmelin).

(WHITE PERCH.)

Head 2? to 3; depth 2} to 3. D.IX-I, 12; A. III, 8 or 9; scales 8-50 to
55-12, 50 to 55 pores. Body oblong, ovate, the back moderately elevated;
head depressed above eyes; the snout rather pointed; mouth small, some-
what oblique, the maxillary not reaching middle of orbit, 24 in head, its
width at tip half eye; preorbital entire; eye moderate, scarcely as long

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 1135

as snout, 4 in head; base of tongue without teeth; head scaled to
between the nostrils; gill rakers 4+ 14 to 17, rather long, as long as gill
fringes. Dorsal and anal spines moderate, the longest dorsal spine 2 in
head; the second anal spine 2} to 3, as long as third spine; dorsal fins
considerably connected. Pectorals 14 to 14 in head. Color olivaceous,
varying to dark green; sides silvery or olivaceous, usually with faint,
paler streaks. Length 8 to 14 inches. Atlantic Coast of the United
States, from Nova Scotia to South Carolina, ascending streams and fre-
quently landlocked in ponds, the pond specimens much darker in color;
one of the most abundant and characteristic fishes of the brackish
waters and river mouths of our Atlantic Coast. A very excellent pan-
fish. Specimens from Woods Hole represent the variety called nigricans,
very dark green in color, scarcely paler below, the body deeper and the
spines lower and shorter than in the common White Perch (head 3} in
length; depth 27; fourth dorsal spine 23 in head; second anal spine 31;
A. III, 9); this form occurs landlocked in fresh-water ponds. (ameri-
canus, American. )

The River Perch of New York, Scuopr, Schrift. der Gesells., Nat. Freunde, vim, 159, 1788, New
York.
Perca americana, GMELIN, Syst. Nat., 1, III, 1308, 1788, New York; after Scuipr.

Perca immaculata, W ALBAUM, Artedi Genera Piscium, 330, 1788, New York; after Scuipr.
Morone rufa, MircuiLt, Rep. Fishes N. Y., 18, 1814, New York.

Morone pallida, Mircu1L1, Rep. Fishes N. Y., 18, 1814, New York.

Centropomus albus, RAFINESQUE, Pricis des Découvertes Somiolog., 1814, 19, Philadelphia.

Perca mucronata, RAFINESQUE, Am. Month. Mag. and Crit. Revy., 1, 204, 1818, Delaware,
Schuylkill, and Susquehanna rivers.

Labrax nigricans, DE Kay, Nat. Hist. N. Y.: Fishes, 12, pl. 50, fig. 160, 1842, Long Island;
landlocked form.

Bodianus rufus, MitcHiL1, Trans. Lit, and Phil. Soc. N. Y., 1, 420, 1815.

Labrax mucronatus, CuVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 11, 86, pl. 121, 1828.

Labrasx pallidus, Dk Kay, Nat. Hist. N. Y.: Fishes, 11, pl. 1, fig. 2, 1842.

Labrax rufus, De Kay, Nat. Hist. N. Y.: Fishes, 9, pl. 3, fig. 7, 1842; GiinrueEr, Cat., 1, 65, 1859.
Labrax americanus, Ho~BrooKk, Ichth. 8. C., Ed. 1, 21, pl. 3, fig. 2, 1856.

Morone americana, Gitt, Ichth. Rep. Capt. Simpson Sur. Great Basin, Utah, 397, 1876; Jorpan
& GiLBert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1878, 380; Jorpan & EiGENMANN, I, c., 421, 1890;
BouLENGER, Cat., 1, 126.

493. LIOPROPOMA,* Gill.

Liopropoma, GiL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, 236, (aberrans).
? Pikea, STEINDACHNER, Sitzgber. Ak. Wien, Lxx1, 1874, 375, (Junulata).
?Labracopsis, STEINDACHNER & DODERLELN, Denkschr. Ak. Wien, xLvit, 225, 1883, (japonicus).

Body elongate, the caudal peduncle robust; mouth moderate, the lower
jaw projecting; maxillaries scaly; teeth small, uniform; preopercle
entire; opercle with a spine; numerous pores on head. Scales large.
Lateral line with a strong upward curve, as in Anthias. Dorsal spines
moderate, 9 in number, the third highest, the fin deeply notched. Soft
dorsal and anal short; caudal short, lunate; pectorals long, falcate.
Vertebrw 10+ 14. One species known, from deep water. (Aecioc, smooth;
mporaua, preopercle. )

*Dr. Boulenger unites to Liopropoma the extralimital genera—Pikea, Steindachner and Labar-
copsis, Steindachner & Diderlein. In these genera there are but 8 dorsal spines, and in Labar-
copsis the preopercle is serrate. Pikea is certainly very close to Liopropoma,

1136 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

1533, LIOPROPOMA ABERRANS (Poey).

Head 24; depth 33; D. IX, 12; A. III, 8; scales 45; vertebra 10+ 14.
Body rather elongate, the back little elevated; the caudal peduncle very
thick. Head large, form as in Epinephelus. Maxillary extending to
below posterior part of eye. Lower jaw longest; teeth small, uniform
on jaws, vomer, and palatines. Preopercle entire; opercle with a spine.
Eye moderate, 13 in snout, 43 in head. Head with numerous conspicu-
ous pores, especially above eye, on preorbital, suborbital, and lower jaw.
Lateral line with a strong upward curve running close to spinous dorsal.
Dorsal spines moderate, the third longest, 3 in head; the sixth shortest,
seventh, eighth, and ninth progressively longer, so that the spinous
dorsal is deeply notched; anal spines slender, graduated; caudal short,
lunate; pectorals long, falcate, 13 in head; ventrals shorter, 24 in head,
inserted farther forward. Head scaly, including the maxillaries; soft
parts of vertical fins with scales. Head rose-color, rest of body orange;
the rose-color extending on back and throat, the orange forming a broad
band to end of muzzle; cheeks with orange spots; an orange border on
the maxillary; vertical fins orange, paired fins rose-color; a yellow post-
ocular band. Pyloric ceca4. Coast of Cuba: known from one specimen,
5 inches long. (Poey.) (aberrans, wandering away, from the type of
Perca.)

Perca aberrans, Poky, Memorias, 11, 125, 1860, Cuba.

Liopropoma aberrans, Pory, Synopsis, 291, 1868; BouLENGER, Cat., 1, 155.

494. CHORISTISTIUM, Gill.

Chorististium, GILL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, 236, (rubrum).

Body rather short and deep, covered with ctenoid scales. Lateral line
running high, close to dorsal anteriorly. Mouth large, the lower jaw
projecting, the teeth all villiform; maxillary scaly ; preopercle entire;
gillrakers moderate, slender. Dorsal spines 6, the two fins well separated,
the second spine longest; soft dorsal and anal produced backward to a
point. Caudaltruncate. Onespecies known, from deep water. (ywproroc,
divided ; icriov, sail, for dorsal fin.)

1534. CHORISTISTIUM RUBRUM (Poey).

Head 3} in total length; depth 44; eye4—snout. D. V-I, 12; A. II,
8. Body rather stout, with deep caudal peduncle. Head long, narrow,
resembling that of Sphyrena. Lower jaw much longer than upper; chin
projecting; teeth very small; maxillary reaching posterior border of
orbit; jaws with pores; preorbital very narrow, not sheathing the max-
illary. Both jaws, vomer, and palatines with villiform teeth; preopercle
rounded, with two borders, both entire ; opercle with two spines; gull
rakers moderate, slender. Scales covering the body, except the extreme
end of muzzle, ctenoid; small scales on second dorsal and anal; lateral
lne running very high anteriorly, forming a high arch, as in Anthias.
Dorsal fin very short, notched to the base; first dorsal spine nearly as

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America, 1187

long as second, the others rapidly shortened ; second dorsal opposite anal ;
both fins high and produced backward in a point; second anal spine
nearly as long as third; caudal squarely truncate. Color deep red, with
5 reddish longitudinal stripes, the middle one from snout to base of cau-
dal, the others parallel, extending on the head; another streak on the
middle line under the throat; a narrow streak of pale orange in each
interspace; fins red; a black spot on the point of the dorsal, on that of
the anal, and on each angle of caudal; these fins also edged with white.
Length 4inches. Coast of Cuba, in deep water; very rare. Here described
from Poey’s type in the Museum at Cambridge. (ruber, red.)

Liopropoma rubra, Pory, Memorias, 11, 418, 1861, Havana.
Chorististium rubrum, PoEy, Synopsis, 291.

495. STEREOLEPIS, Ayres.
(J EWFISHES. )

Stereolepis, AYRES, Proc. Cal. Ac. Sci. 1859, 28, (gigas).
Megaperca, HiLGENpDorRF, Sitzgber. Ges. Nat. Freunde, Berlin, 1878, 155, (ischinagi).

Body oblong, somewhat elevated, little compressed. Head robust, the
profile steeply elevated, the forehead broad and flattish. Edges of pre-
opercle and interopercle serrate, becoming nearly entire with age, the
interopercle with antrorse spines on its lower border; opercle with two
obtuse spines. Crown, cheeks, and opercles scaly ; snout, preorbital, and
jaws naked. Scales small, not strongly ctenoid, their surface rugose,
with radiating strie. Mouth large, wide, placed low; lower jaw promi-
nent. Maxillary with a well-developed supplemental bone, extending to
below the eye. Preorbital wide, only the anterior edge of the maxillary
slipping under it. Teeth all villiform, in broad bands on jaws, vomer,
and palatines. Branchiostegals 7. Pseudobranchie very large. Gill
rakers very strong. Dorsal fin with 11 low, stout spines, and 10 soft rays,
the last spines very much shorter than the middle ones, and all depressible
in a deep groove. Anal fin short, similar to soft dorsal, with 3 low, stout
spines; caudal fin broad, nearly truncate; soft dorsal and anal scaly ;
pectorals moderate; ventrals long, inserted a little before pectorals ;
caudal truncate or rounded. Vertebre 26. Pyloric ceca about 7. Size
enormous, among the largest of Percoid fishes. This genus contains two
species, the gigantic Serranoids known as ‘‘Jewfishes,” rivaling in size
Polyprion cernium, Garrupa nigrita, and Promicrops guttatus, (orepede, firm;
Aeric¢, scale).

1535. STEREOLEPIS GIGAS, Ayres.

(CALIFORNIA JEWFISH.)

Head 3 in length; depth 3. D. XI, 10; A. III, 8; scales 115. Body
oblong, somewhat elevated, little compressed; head robust, the profile
steeply elevated, the forehead broad and flattish ; edges of preopercle and
interopercle serrate, becoming nearly entire with age ; crown, cheeks, and
opercles scaly; snout, preorbital, and jaws naked; scales small, not

F. N. A.——713

1138 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

strongly ctenoid, the surface rugose, with radiating strie ; mouth large,
lower jaw prominent; maxillary with a well-developed supplemental
bone extending to below the eye; preorbital wide; teeth all villiform, in
broad bands on jaws, vomer, and palatines ; dorsal spines stout, the last
spines very much shorter than the middle ones, and all depressible in a
deep groove; anal fin similar to soft dorsal, with 3 low, stout spines;
caudal fin broad, nearly truncate; pectorals moderate; ventrals long,
reaching vent. Color brownish, with large black blotches, becoming with
age nearly uniform greenish black ; vertical fins in the young with a con-
spicuous pale edge; ventrals black. Coast of California from Coronados
Island (San Diego) north to the Farallones. A huge fish, rather common
about rocks, reaching a weight of 400 to 500 pounds and a length of 5 to
7 feet. (yiyac, gigas, giant.)
Stereolepis gigas, AYRES, Proc. Cal. Ac. Sci., 1859, 28, Southern California; Jorpan & GILBERT,
Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., 27, 1880; Jorpan & GILBERT, Synopsis, 531; JonpAN & EIGENMANN,
l. c., 344, 1890.
Stereolepis californicus, GILL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 330, 1863, California; substitute for gigas,
supposed to be preoccupied, but the Centropristis gigas of OWEN is Polyprion oxygeneios.
22 Megaperca ischinagi,* HILGENDORF, Sitzgb. Ges. Nat. Fr. Berlin, 1878, 156, Yeddo and Yoko-
hama.

496. POLYPRION, Cuvier.

(W RECKFISHES. )

Polyprion (CUVIER) VALENCIENNES, Mémoires du Muséum, x1, 265, 1824, (cernium).
Hectoria, CASTELNAU, Proc. Zod]. Soc. Vict., 11, 1873, 1851, (gigas = oxygeneios).

Body robust, moderately elevated, not much compressed, covered with
small, firm, ctenoid scales which extend on the bases of the vertical fins.
Lateral line complete, partly concealed under adjacent scales, the tubes
covering the whole length of the scale. Mouth large, the lower jaw pro-
jecting; maxillary with supplemental bone. Teeth in broad, villiform
bands on jaws, vomer, palatines, and tongue; no canine teeth. Head
scaly. Preopercle serrate; orbital region with spinous projections ; opercle
with a strong spine and with a strong, rough, bony longitudinal ridge.
Gill membranes separate; gill rakers long, few. Dorsal fin continuous,
low, with 11 strong spines and 11 or 12 rays, the spinous portion longest ;
caudal rounded; anal short, with 3 spines, the third the longest ; ventrals
large, inserted below, little behind pectoral; caudal rounded or truncate;
pectorals short, unsymmetrical, of 18 or 19 rays, the upper longest. Spines
of anal and ventrals somewhat serrate on the anterior edge. Vertebre
13+14—27. Pyloric ceca about70. Branchiostegals7. Posterior pro-
cesses of premaxillaries not reaching frontals; parietal and supraocular
crests not extending between postfrontal processes; supraoccipital crest
strong, but not produced forward on cranium. Species inhabiting deep
waters in the warm seas, reaching a very great size. The one is confined
to the coasts of Southern Europe and neighboring waters; the other

* Dr. Boulenger is probably in error in placing this Japanese species in the synonymy of
Stereolepis gigas.

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America, 1139

(Polyprion oxygeneios) is recorded from Juan Fernandez and about New

Zealand. (modvc, many; zpiov, saw, from the uumerous serrations on
head and fins.)

1536. POLYPRION AMERICANUS (Bloch & Schneider).

(WRECKFISH; STONE Bass; CERNIER.)

Head 3; depth 23 to 33. D. XI,12; A. III, 8. Body robust, moderately
elevated ; mouth large, the maxillary reaching posterior border of eyes;
teeth in villiform bands on jaws, vomer, palatines and tongue ; supraocular
region, supraclavicle, post-temporal, preopercle, and aridge on the opercle
spinigerous; dorsal fin low, with 11 strong spines; caudal rounded ; anal
spines short, serrate anteriorly, the third much the longest; ventrals
large; pectoralshort. Color grayish brown, the caudal edged with white;
young clouded with light and dark. This large fish is not uncommon off
the coast of Europe in deep waters of 300 fathoms or more, the young
only swimming near the surface, especially southward. It is said to live
most abundantly about wrecks; hence the common name of wreckfish.
It reaches a length of 5 or 6 feet. A single young specimen has been
taken in the deep waters of the Gulf Stream by the United States Fish
Commission, but there is no other record from America. (Eu.)

? Amphiprion americanus, BLocH & SCHNEIDER, Syst. Ichth., 205, 1801, Pl. xnvi1; (basedon a
drawing sent by Latham to Schneider representing some fish called in America ‘‘ girom;”’
called Amphiprion australis on pl. 47).

Scorpzna massiliensis, Risso, Ichth. Nice, 184, 1810, Marseilles.

Polyprion cernium, CuviER, in VALENCIENNES, Mém. du Museum, x1, 265, Pl. xvit, 1824, France;
Cuvier & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 111, 21, pl. 42, 1829; GiinrHER, Cat., 1, 169,

Holocentrus gulo, Risso, Europe Méridionale, 111, 367, 1826, Nice.
Serranus couchii, YARRELL, British Fishes, Ed. 1, 12, 1836, Great Britain.

Polyprion oxygenius, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 532, 1883, (not Epinephelus oxygeneios, BLocn &
ScHNEIDER, which is the New Zealand species).

Polyprion americanus, JORDAN, Cat. Fish. N. A., 83, 1885, (after Amphiprion americanus, BLocu &
ScHNEIDER); BoULENGER, Cat., I, 148.
Polyprion cernium, JORDAN & E1GENMANN, I, c., 342, 1890.

497. GONIOPLECTRUS, Gill.
(SPANISH FLAGS.)

Gonioplectrus, G1Lu, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci., Phila , 1862, 236, 237, (hispanum).

Body short, deep, with very short tail, covered with small scales, the
lateral line running high, bent posteriorly. Mouthlarge; maxillary with
a supplemental bone; dentition essentially as in Epinephelus; preopercle
with a large antrorse hook; opercle with sharp spines; posterior nostril
slit-like; gill rakers longand slender. Dorsal spines 8 in number, low and
stout; soft dorsal and anal short; anal spines strong; pectoral rounded,
its upper rayslongest. This well-marked genus contains a single species,
allied to Plectropomaand Alphestes, but with a stronger opercular armature
than is found in any other genus. According to Poey, the skull “shows
a great affinity with Hypoplectrus. Thus it is rounded above, the supra-
occipital crest is below the level of the frontals; the other crests are low.”
(ywvia, angle; tA7jKTpov, spur.)

1140 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

1537. GONIOPLECTRUS HISPANUS (Cuvier & Valenciennes).

(“SpanisH FLaG’’; OvATILIBI EsPpAGNOL; BIAJAIBA DE LO ALTO.)

Head 23 in length; depth 22. D. VIII, 13; A. III, 7; scales 70. Body
short and deep, with very short, deep tail; interorbital region narrow,
the bones rugose; snout 33 in head; maxillary reaching middle of orbit,
2 in head, naked, its supplemental bone well developed; preorbital nar-
row ; lower jaw projecting, teeth very small, in narrow, villiform bands,
the depressibie teeth very few; a stout canine on each side, in front of
each jaw, and 1 or 2 similar canines in middle of side of lower jaw; eye
44 in head (exclusive of opercular spine); preopercle finely serrate, with
a single very large antrorse hook at its angle; opercle ending in 4 spines,
the second of which is long, straight, compressed and knife-shaped, as
long as eye; nostrils small, round, separated, the posterior the larger ;
suborbital serrate on its edge; gill rakers rather long and slender, x + 15;
scales small, firm, and rough; lateral line arched, running high, close to
middle of spinous dorsal and then bent abruptly downward; dorsal
spines low and stout, the fin notched; soft dorsal short and rather high;
longest dorsal spine 3 in head; second anal spine 23, very strong, longer
than third, the soft rays high and rather short, scaly ; pectorals moderate,
unsymmetrically rounded at tip, the upper rays longest, longer than ven-
trals, 14 in head; caudal truncate, its peduncle as deep as long. Color
rose-colored, with yellow stripes along head and back; top of head with
orange spots; a pale bar before vent; caudal fins sometimes with dark
spots; fins otherwise plain. West Indies; not common ; the specimens here
described from Cuba, being sent by Poey to the Museum at Cambridge.
(hispanus, Spanish, its splendid colors resembling those of the Spanish
flag.)

Plectropoma hispanum, Cuvier & VALENCIENNES Hist. Nat. Poiss., 11, 396, 1828, Martinique;
Pory, Memorias Cuba, 1, 72 pl. 4, fig. 1, 1851; GUNTHER, Cat., 1, 165, 1859.

Gonioplectrus hispanus, Pory, Synopsis, 289, 1868; Jorpan & ErGenMANN, I. c., 346, 1890; Bov-
LENGER, Cat., 1, 159.

498. PETROMETOPON, Gill.

(ENJAMBRES.)

Petrometopon, G1Lu, Proc. Ac, Nat. Sci. Phila., 1865, 105, (“‘ guttatus,”” PoEy = cruentatus).

Frontal bones with an anterior groove or excavation for the reception
of the posterior processes of the premaxillaries, without processes on the
upper surface ; a curved or angular ridge across the posterior portion of
the frontals in front of the supraoccipital, connecting the parietal crests >
supraoccipital and parietal crests not produced forward. Dorsal spines
9; anal rays mostly III, 8; scales ctenoid; otherwise essentially as in
Epinephelus. Species rather few, mostly of small size, distinguished from
Bodianus chiefly by the peculiarities of the frontal bones, the above
account being taken from Boulenger, Cat.,1,175. (7étpoc, stone; uetwror,*
forehead. )

* “Distinguished by the petrous-like convexity between the supraorbital grooves and its
triangular sinus behind, into the angles on each side of which the lateral crests terminate; the
crests are parallel and the surface between flat or slightly convex.’’—Gill.

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 1141

a. Lower jaw strongly projecting; opercular flap pointed; body with 9 or 10 dark cross bands;
sides of head and jaws with many round bluish or yellowish spots; a large jet-black
spot behind eye; vertical fins edged with blue; preopercle very finely serrulate, its
angle not salient; scales rather large (about 80); second anal spine longest; caudal
much rounded; ventrals not reaching vent. PANAMENSIS, 1538.

aa. Lower jaw not strongly projecting; opercular flap very obtuse; body without cross bands;
body, head, and fins more or less covered with scarlet or orange spots; about 4 round,
inky spots along base of dorsal; lower jaw not strongly projecting; caudal fin much

rounded; scales rather large, ctenoid (about 80); ventrals not reaching vent.
CRUENTATUS, 1539.

1538. PETROMETOPON PANAMENSIS (Steindachner).

Head 3; depth 3; eye6in head. D.IX, 14; A. III, 8; scales 77, pores 53.
Body rather elongate, compressed. Head pointed, the lower jaw much
projecting; maxillary scaleless; eye broader than interorbital space;
two small canines in each jaw; angle of preopercle rounded, its edge
beset with very fine teeth; anterior profile of head steep and rather
straight ; dorsal spines moderate, subequal, the longest scarcely + head ;
second and third anal spines about equal; soft dorsal and anal high,
much rounded; caudal much rounded; pectoral rather long; scales
strongly ctenoid. Color, dark brownish violet; sides with 9 or 10 dark
cross bands; sides of head and jaws with many round bluish-yellow
spots, those on lips smaller and clear blue; a large jet-black spot behind
eye; vertical fins edged with blue; fins unspotted. Panama. (Stein-
dachner.) On rocky coral reefs; rare; the characters of the skull not
described by Steindachner, the only naturalist who has seen the species.
Serranus panamensis, StTEINDACHNER, Ichth. Beitriige, rv, 1, 1871, with plate, Panama.
Bodianus panamensis, JORDAN & EIGENMANN, l. c., 378, 1890.

Enneacentrus panamensis, JORDAN & SwAIN, l. ¢., 398.
Epinephelus panamensis, BOULENGER, Cat., 1, 177.

1539. PETROMETOPON CRUENTATUS (Lacépéde).

(ENJAMBRE ; Conry; Rep HInp.)

Head 24; depth 22; eye 5 in head. D. IX, 14 or 15; A. III, 8; scales
8-85 to 95-30, pores 50 to 55. Body oblong, rather deep and compressed,
its width 24 in greatest depth. Head moderate, a little acute anteriorly,
the profile nearly straight from snout to nape, where it is rather convex.
Mouth rather large, the maxillary extending somewhat beyond eye, its
length 1f in head. Lower jaw not strongly projecting. Teeth in narrow
bands, the depressible teeth of the inner series very long and slender,
longer than in any other of our species, those of the lower jaw and front
of upper especially enlarged, longer than the small, subequal canines ;
interorbital space narrow, with a median depression, its width 7 in head.
Preopercle convex, very weakly serrate, its posterior angle obliquely sub-
truncate, without salient angle or distinct emargination. Opercle with 3
distinct spines. Nostrils small, subequal. Gill rakers slender, x +-9 to 11
besides rudiments, the longest as long as gill fringes. Scales rather large,
mostly strongly ctenoid. Dorsal spines rather slender and pungent, the
fourth and fifth spines highest, 3? in head, the outline of the fin gently
arched; caudal very convex, its middle rays 1) in head, their length 1}

1142 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

times that of the outer rays; anal rounded, its longest ray half head;
second anal spine a little sfronger than third and slightly longer, 23 in
head; pectorals long, reaching much past tip of ventrals, 14 in head;
ventrals short, not reaching vent. In the typical form (cruentatus), from
rather deep water and among rocks, the ground hue in life is a livid
reddish gray, a little paler below, and the spots are vermilion, usually
darker posteriorly; the spots are larger especially anteriorly. In spirits
the vermilion spots become light gray, except posteriorly, where they
are brown; those on the head remain very distinct, those above never
disappearing. Length about a foot. West Indian fauna; Brazil to
Florida Keys; a beautiful fish; very common on the coast of Cuba; a
food-fish of some importance. (cruentatus, dyed with blood. )

Jurvucapeba or Itaiara, Marceraye, Hist. Brasil, 146, 1648, Brazil (doubtful).

Perca guttata*, Buocu, Ichthyol., 312, 1792, Martinique (description and figures from a drawing
by PLuMIeER); not Perca guttata of Linnmus, which is Promicrops gultatus.

Sparus cruentatus, Lackpbpkr, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 1v, 157, pl. 4, fig. 1, 1808, Martinique (on a copy
of Plumier’s drawing), :

Saranus apiarius, Poky, Memorias, 11, 143, 1860, Havana.

Serranus coronatus, GUNTHER, Cat., 1, 124, 1859.

Petrometopon apiarius, Pony, Synopsis, 1868, 288.

Enneacentrus guttatus,* JORDAN & SwaIn, l. c., 399, 1884.

Bodianus cruentatus, JORDAN & HIGENMANN, I. c., 378, 1890.

Epinephelus guttatus, BoULENGER, Cat., 1, 176.

Represented in shallow waters by the form or variety

1539a. PETROMETOPON CRUENTATUS CORONATUS (Cuvier & Valenciennes).

(Brown Hinp; PETITE NEGRE.)

In life, whitish or dusky olive, somewhat translucent, the head decid-
edly greenish; spots everywhere, all bright orange red, darker in the
center, those on the edges of the vertical fins darker maroon or cherry
color; four larger spots along base of dorsal, inky black, irregular, the
third largest, the fourth smallest; a very small one on each side of shoul-
der. Eyes green above, with red specks, iris yellow; fins rather bluish;
tips of ventrals dusky, tips of vertical fins appearing so from the darker
color of the spots. In spirits, the bright spots become brown or fade
into the ground color; those on the head mostly disappearing. In other
respects like the preceding, its colors duller. West Indies, north to Key
West; generally common. (coronatus, crowned. )

Serranus coronatus, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 11, 371, 1828, Martinique.
Serranus coronatus var. nigriculus, GUNTHER, Cat., 1, 124, 1859.

Petrometopon guttatus, Porky, Synopsis, 288, 1868.

Epinephelus guitatus, JORDAN, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1884, 125.

Enneacentrus guttatus coronatus, JORDAN & Swan, Ll. c., 1884, 398.

* As this species is in no wise concerned in forming the Perca gutiata of Linneeus, the specific
name guttatus should not be used for it. The Bodianus guttatus of Bloch (Serranus myriaster
Cuvier & Valenciennes) is an Hast Indian species, referable to Bodianus as here restricted.

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America, 1143

499. BODIANUS, Bloch.

(JACOB EVERTZENS.*)

Bodianus,+ Biocu, Ichthyologia, 1790, (guttatus, bodianus, etc., species with entire preopercle and
spine on opercle).

Cephalopholis, Buocu & ScHNEIpDER, Syst. Ichth., 311, 1801, (argus = Bodianus guttatus, BLocu,—
Serranus myriaster CuviER & VALENCIENNES).

Bodianus, Cuvier, Régne Animal, Ed. 1, 11, 276, 1817; Griu, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, 237
(restriction to gultatus, etc.)

Uriphzxton,t Swarnson, Nat. Hist. Classn. Fishes, 11, 202, 1839, ( phzeton).

Enneacentrus, Git, Proc Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1865, 105, (ouatalibi = fulvus, Bodianus being trans-
ferred to Bodianus bodianus, BLocu, = Harpe rufa).

Menephorus, Pory, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., x, 1869, 50, (dubius).

Enneistus, JorpaNn & EVERMANN, new subgenus, (acanthistius).

This genus is close to Epinephelus, from which it is separated mainly by
the presence of 9 spines in the dorsal fin instead of 11. In character of
cranium the two genera differ little, the skull above having its bones
thin and smooth, the angular ridge on the posterior part of the frontals
being wanting, the parietal and supraoccipital crests not extending on
the frontals. Species rather numerous in warm seas, of small size and
bright color. (Bodiano or Pudiano, Portuguese name of the larger Labroid
fishes in Brazil, the name used for Harpe rufa, which Bloch referred to
this genus. The word is from pudor, modesty, and is cognate with Don-
zella, Sefiorita, and similar terms applied to the same fishes, in opposition
to Old Wife, Vieja, etc., given to the larger and plainly-colored species. )
BopraNnvus:

a, Scales ctenoid; none of the dorsal spines elevated.

b. Caudal fin not lunate; head and body with few or many small, blue, dark-edged spots.
c. Caudal fin rounded, the middle rays longest; snout with 1 or 2 blue stripes; back of
tail without conspicuous black blotch; scales small; lateral line about 115.
TENIOPS, 1540,
ec, Caudal fin truncate, the middle and outer rays about equal; snout without stripes;

back of tail with 2 black spots; lower jaw with a black spot at tip; scales
moderate; lateral line about 90.

d. Ground color lemon-yellow; blue spots few. FULVus, 1541.
dd, Ground color bright scarlet. RUBER, 1541a.
ddd. Ground color brown. PUNCTATUS, 1541b.

MENEPHORUS (uyVvN, MOON; dopew, to bear) :
bb. Caudal fin lunate, with prominent angles; body covered with blue spots.

e, Body rather deep; preopercle evenly convex, without salient angle; mouth small,
the lower jaw much projecting; gill rakers slender, long, about x +- 20; color
carmine red, the head, back, and sides more or less covered with blue, dark-
edged points; caudal tips black; some dark spots on maxillary and about eye;
no black blotch on caudal peduncle or on tip of lower jaw. puBrIus, 1542.

ee. Body more slender, the depth 4 in total length; eye 51% in head,
PUNCTIFERUS, 1543.
* According to Bloch, Jacob Evertzen was a noted Dutch pilot in the middle of the last cen-
tury. From his pock-marked face, his fellow sailors gave to these dark-spotted and freckled fishes
(especially to Bodianus guttatus, the type of the genus) the name of Jacob Evertzen,

+ Bodianus of Bloch is an artificial group, resting on characters valueless or erroneous, It was
limited by Cuvier, in 1817, to species allied to Epinephelus; by Gill, 1862, to 9-spined species of
this group; and by Jordan & Gilbert, 1883, to the limits here assigned, Bodianus guélatus, Bloch
(= argus), an Kast Indian species, being recognized as the type.

t The generic name Uriphxton was given to a specimen, “Serranus phwton’’ Cuvier & Valen-
ciennes, of some species of Bodianus, probably Bodianus nigripinnis, according to Boulenger, in
the caudal fin of which the caudal filament of /istularia had been inserted,

1144 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

ENNEISTUs (€vvéa, nine; toTds, mast):
aa. Scales not ctenoid; third dorsal spine elevated; maxillary naked.
f. Color red; a black streak on cheeks; fins all blackish on distal half.
ACANTHISTIUS, 1544. .

1540. BODIANUS TENIOPS (Cuvier & Valenciennes).

Head 2 to 3; depth 3 to 3}. D. IX, 15; A. III, 9 (rarely 10); scales 10
to 12, 125 to 130-42 to 48, pores 75 to 82. Teeth forming rather broad
bands, in 3 or 4 series on the sides of the mandible; canines strong.
Snout 14 to 14 diameter of eye, which is contained 5 to 6 times in length
of head; interorbital width 6 to 7 times in length of head; lower jaw
projecting; maxillary extending to below posterior border of eye or
beyond, the width of its distal extremity equal to or a little jess than
diameter of eye; preopercle very finely serrated, the serre scarcely
enlarged at the angle, which is rounded; middle opercular spine nearer
lower than upper, lower not extending so far back as upper; opercular
flap obtusely pointed, its upper border strongly curved; head covered
with cycloid scales; snout and maxillary entirely or partially scaly.
Gill rakers 10 or 11, and 6 to 8 rudiments on lower part of anterior arch,
the longest longer than gill fringes. Dorsal originating above base of
pectoral; spines increasing in length to the third, which is about +
length of head and shorter than posterior soft rays; soft dorsal rounded;
pectoral % to ? length of head; ventral shorter, reaching anus or not quite
so far; second and third anal spines equal, as long as or a little shorter
than longest dorsal spine and much shorter than soft rays; caudal
rounded. Scales strongly ciliated. Dark brown (or red) all over, with
small, blue, black-edged spots; a blue horizontal streak below the eye;
soft dorsal, anal, and caudal edged with blue. Length 1 foot. (Bou-
lenger.) West coast of Africa, and adjacent islands; very common; said
by Steindachner to stray to the coast of Florida and the Bahamas; not
obtained by any American collector. (rawia, band; vw, face.)

Serranus leniops, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 11, 370, 1828, Cape Verde; GUNTHER,
Cat., 1, 121, 1859; SrEINDACHNER, Fische Afrikas, 1881, 4, pl. 1 (‘‘very common on the coast
of Senegambia to the Cape Verde Islands and Guinea; rare on the coasts of the Bahama
Islands to Florida.’’)

Bodianus teniops, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 919, 1883 ; JorDAN & EIGENMANN, /. ¢., 379, 1890.

Enneacentrus teniops, JORDAN & SWAIN, I. c., 402, 1884.
Epinephelus teniops, BOULENGER, Cat., 1, 186.

1541. BODIANUS FULVUS (Linnzus).

(GUATIVERE; NIGGER-FISH; YELLOW FISH; BUTTER-FISH; GUATIVERE AMARILLA.)

Head 2%; depth 3; eye large, 5in head. D. IX, 14 to 16; A. III, 8 or9;
scales 9-90 to 110-33, pores 53 to 65. Body oblong, moderately com-
pressed, its greatest width 24 in depth. Head rather pointed anteriorly,
the profile forming an even curve from snout to base of dorsal. Mouth
moderate, the maxillary extending somewhat beyond eye, its length 2 in
head. Lower jaw strongly projecting. Teeth in narrow bands, rather

large, the depressible teeth smaller than in Petrometopon cruentatus; canines

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 1145

rather small, subequal; interorbital space narrow, flattish, with a median
depression, its width 7in head. Preopercle with weak serrations, its out-
line convex, with aslight and shallow emargination, its angle not salient.
Opercle with 3 distinct spines. Nostrils small, subequal. Gill rakers
slender, x + 17 or 18, the longest as long as gill fringes. Seales rather
large, mostly strongly ctenoid. Dorsal spines slender, pungent, the
fourth and fifth highest; the outline of the fin above nearly straight.
Caudal truncate, its angles slightly rounded, its longest (middle) rays 1}
in head, scarcely longer than the outer rays; anal high, rounded, its
longest rays 2 in head; second anal spine stronger and rather longer than
third, 2$ in head; pectoral long, reaching much past tips of ventrals, 14
in head; ventral short, not reaching vent. Color in the typical form
(fulvus): In life, lemon yellow, being somewhat orange red on the back;
two black spots on back of tail; afew sky-blue spots on body anteriorly,
and on head with darker margins; a few violet spots about eye; fins
colored like body; head, pectorals and dorsal a little redder than rest of
fish. Edge of spinous dorsal blackish. Color in spirits, olivaceous yel-
low; other color variations indicated below. Length about a foot.
West Indies; ranging from Bermuda and Florida Keys to Bahia; every-
where very common, the brown and the red forms most so, the yellow or
typical variety scarce in the markets of Cuba and not yet recorded from
Florida. This is probably confined to water still deeper than that
inhabited by the red variety. (fulvus, tawny in color.)
Turdus cauda convexa (the Yellow Fish), Catrespy, Nat. Hist. Carol., pl. x, fig.2, 1743, Bahamas.
Labrus fulvus, Linnzxvs, Syst. Nat., Ed. x, 1758, 287, Bahamas; after CATESBY.
Guativere amarilla, Parra, Descr. Dif. Piezas, Hist. Nat. Cuba, 1787, lam. v, fig. 2, Cuba.
Holocentrus auratus, Buocu, Ichthyol., vu, 57, pl. 236, 1792, East Indies.
Bodianus guativere, BLocu & SCHNEWDER, Syst. Ichth., 1801, 336; based on Parra’s figures.
Serranus auratus, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 11, 364, 1828.
Serranus guativere, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 11, 383, 1828, on PARRA’s second
figure; Pory, Repertorio, 1, 203.
Enneacentrus fulvus, JoRDAN & SwAtn, I. c., 402, 1884,
Bodianus fulvus, JORDAN & EIGENMANN, I. ¢., 379.

Represented at moderate depths, especially in the West Indies, by the
scarlet form or variety

1541a. BODIANUS FULVUS RUBER (Bloch & Schneider).

(RED GUATIVERE ; OUATILIBI.)

Color in life, vivid scarlet; spots on head nearly black ; others light
blue, with a purplish border; two black spots on lower jaw and two on
back of tail; caudal paler than body, with a few scattering dark points ;
ventrals and anal edged with dusky. Pectorals paler than dorsal, In
spirits this fish becomes pale, almost cream color ; spots on head dark, the
others brown, with grayish margins. West Indies, ete.; very common,
(ruber, red.)

Carauna, MARcGRAVE, Hist. Brasil, 1648, 147, Brazil.

Guativere, Parra, Descr. Dif. Piezas, Hist. Nat., 1787, lam. v, fig. 1, Cuba,
Perca punctata, Buocu, Ichth., 314, 1792, Martinique; on a figure by PLumrier.

1146 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum,

Gymnocephalus ruber, Buocu & SCHNEIDER, Syst. Ichth., 346, pl. 67, 1801, on Carauna of Marc-
GRAVE; not Epjnephelus ruber, BLocu.

Serranus ouatalibi, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., m1, 381, 1828, Havana; GUNTHER,
Cat. x, 1859, 120; Pory, Repertorio, 1, 202, 1867.

Serranus carauna, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 11, 384, 1828, Brazil.

Enneacentrus fulvus outalibi, JorDAN & SwAIn, l. c., 402.

Bodianus fulvus ruber, JORDAN & EIGENMANN, I. c., 379.

Represented along the shores from Southern Florida to the West Indies
by the brown form or variety

1541b. BODIANUS FULYUS PUNCTATUS (Linneus).

(NIGGER-FISH; NEGRO-FISH; BLACK GUATIVERE.)

Color in life, blackish olive; spots everywhere on sides and head, dark
blue with light-blue centers; dorsal fin dusky olive, edged with darker, a
few spots on its base; the soft dorsal margined with whitish. Caudal
dusky olive; anal and ventrals violaceous black; pectorals olivaceous ;
the spots in spirits become brown, with gray centers. West Indies, etc.;
everywhere common. (punctatus, dotted.)

Perca marina puncticulata (the Negro-fish), CatesBy, Hist. Carolina, etc., pl. 7, 1843, Bahamas.
Perca punctata, LINN&vS, Syst. Nat., x, 1758, 291, Bahamas; based on CaTEsBY.

Perca punctulata, GMELIN, Syst. Nat., 1315, 1788, Bahamas; after CaTEsBy.

Enneacentrus punctatus, PoEy, Synopsis, 288, 1868.

Bodianus punctatus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 919, 1883.

Bodianus fulvus punctatus, JORDAN & EIGENMANN, l. c., 380.
Epinephelus punctatus, BOULENGER, Cat., 1, 184.

Subgenus MENEPHORUS, Poey.
1542. BODIANUS DUBIUS (Poey).

Head 31; depth 22; eye moderate, 44 in head, as long as snout. D.IX,
11+ (the fin having been injured in youth); A. III, 9; scales 96. Body
rather deep and compressed, formed much as in Bodianus fulvus; head
anteriorly pointed, the profile forming a slight, even curve. Mouth
small; maxillary extending to posterior edge of pupil, 2+ in head; lower
jaw much projecting; teeth moderate, the anterior canines in both jaws
rather strong. Interorbital space narrow. Preopercle finely serrate, its

outline evenly convex. Gill rakers slender and long, x +20. Scales —

moderate, strongly ctenoid. Caudal fin lunate, its angles pointed, the
inner rays 2+ in head, the outer 13. Dorsal spines low, stiff, the longest
3 in head; outline of the fin not notched; anal fin high and rounded, its
longest rays 2} in head; second anal spine stronger than third, but
scarcely longer, 3t in head; pectoral long, reaching past tips of ventrals,
1} in head. Color much as in Bodianus fulvus ruber, bright red; head,
back, and sides covered with blue points, which are edged with black-
ish; dorsal edged with dusky ; caudal tips black above and below; max-
illary with a row of dark spots; some dark spots about eye. Length 9
inches. Cuba; 3 specimens known; the one above described in the

Museum at Cambridge, probably sent by Poey. A well-marked species, —

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 1147

possibly the type of a valid genus. (dubius, doubtful; the author being
in doubt as to whether the species belongs to Serranus. )

Serranus dubius, Porky, Memorias, 11, 142, 1860, Cuba.
Menephorus dubius, Porky, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., x, 1869, 50.
Bodianus dubius, JORDAN & EIGENMANN, I. c., 380.

15483. BODIANUS PUNCTIFERUS (Poey).

Very similar to Bodianus dubius, differing in the more slender body;
the depth 4 in total length; eye 5} in head, 1} in snout. Red, the blue
spots not covering the whole body, those on the head blue and very
small; those on the body forming oblique series of dashes, rather linear
than rounded; fins l-spotted. (Poey.) Cuba. Known from one speci-
mén, 10 inches long, probably a color variation of Bodianus dubius. (punc-
tum, point; fero, I bear.)

Menephorus punctiferus, Pony, Enumeratio, 21, 1875, Havana.

Subgenus ENNEISTUS,* Jordan & Evermann.

1544. BODIANUS ACANTHISTIUS (Gilbert).

Head 27; depth 2}; eye large, equaling length of snout, 5 in length of
head; interorbital space narrow, convex, 6} in head. D. IX, 17; A. III,
9; scales 75,56 pores. Mouth oblique, with mandible strongly projecting,
the mandibular canines shutting outside of premaxillaries in closed
mouth; maxillary reaching vertical from behind pupil, its length half
that of head. ‘Teeth in sides of mandible in 2 perfectly defined series,
separated by a narrow groove-like interval; outer teeth nearly erect and
rigid, the inner series directed obliquely inward and very slightly mov-
able (not strictly depressible); a patch of smaller movable teeth at sym-
physis, with the customary pair of canines in front of them; premaxillaries
with an outer series of strong teeth, terminating anteriorly in the double
pair of enlarged canines; behind this series a wide band of minute villi-
form teeth, only slightly movable; wide bands of similar villiform teeth
on vomer and palatines, the vomerine patch without backward prolonga-
tion along median line; tongue smooth; nostrils close together, the
posterior round and much the larger, the anterior with a flap. Preopercle
minutely serrulate on hinder margin, which is convexly rounded; ashal-
low notch above the angle, which is provided with 2 or 3 irregular lobes,
coarsely toothed; lower margin smooth, entire. Gill rakers long and
strong, 17 below angle, the anterior short; opercle with 3 flat spinous
points. Scales with entire edges, those on opercles and on middle of sides
the largest, smaller above lateral line and along ventral outline, becom-
ing much reduced on breast and head (except opercles). Mandible with
a few embedded scales, maxillary and premaxillary wholly naked; top
and sides of head wholly scaled, including both limbs of preopercle and

*This subgenus seems close to Bodianus, from which it differs in its smooth scales, naked
maxillary, and elevated spinous dorsal, which is deeply notched as in Paralabrax, The charac-
ter of the cranium has not been indicated in the single known species, but Dr. Boulenger is

probably right in placing it with the group here called Bodianus,

1148 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

the opercular membrane. First dorsal spine very short, the third the
highest, half length of head, the fourth but little shorter; in the type speci-
men the fifth and sixth rapidly shortened, while the seventh, eighth, and
ninth are again lengthened, thus forming a decided notch in the course of
the spinous dorsal; spines all with pungent tips; dorsal membranes from
third to sixth spines very deeply incised, that between third and fourth
joining latter on the basal ? of its length; soft dorsal and anal pointed,
not faleate, the outline behind angle straight; anal higher than the dor-
sal, but shorter than the spinous dorsal; caudal rounded, 1? in the head;
pectorals long, reaching beyond the ventrals, and nearly to front of anal;
first anal spine concealed in our single specimen, probably mutilated, the
second stronger but much shorter than the third, which is contained 44 in
the length of the head. Color of head and body uniform, probably red
in life; a black streak on cheeks, following hinder edge of maxillary:
fins all blackish on distal half; basal part of fins scaly. A single speci-
men, 16inches long, from Albatross Station 3017, in 58 fathoms, near Cape
Lobos, on the eastern shore of the Gulf of California. This peculiar spe-
cies is characterized by its convex caudal, plain coloration (varied only
by a black streak behind maxillary), its comparatively large, smooth
scales, the naked maxillary, and the very high spinous dorsal with its
deeply incised membranes. Gulf of California; one specimen known.
(axavia, spine; loriov, sail.) (Gilbert.)

Bodianus acanthistius, GILBERT, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1891, 552, Cape Labos, on the eastern

shore of Gulf of California. (Type, No. 46940. Coll. Albatross.)

500. EPINEPHELUS, Bloch.
(GROUPERS. )

Epinephelus, Buocu, Ichthyologia, 1793, (after, marginalis, brunneus, merra, ruber, etc., restricted to
marginalis by authors).

Cerna, BONAPARTE, Introduzione alla Classe Pesci, Fauna Italica, tome 111, pt. 1, 1833, (gigas =
guaza).

Cynichthys, SWAINSON, Nat. Hist. Classn. Fishes, 11, 201, 1839, (flavo-purpuratus).

Cromileptes, SWAINSON, Nat. Hist. Classn. Fishes, 11, 201, 1839, (gigas, etc.).

Hyporthodus, Giiu, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1861, 237, (flavicauda — niveatus).

Schistorus, GILL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, 237, (mystacinus).

Labroperca, Git, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, 80, (labriformis).

Merus, Pony, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., x. p. 39, 1871, (gigas).

Priacanthichthys, DAY, Proc, Zoil, Soc. London, 1868, 193, (maderaspatensis, young).

Cerna, DoDERLEIN, Revista delle Specie del genere Epinephelus 0 Cerna, 1873, (gigas).

Homalogrystes, ALLEYNE & MAcLEAy, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, 1, 1876, 268, pl. v1, fig. 3,
(giintheri).

Hyposerranus, KLUNZINGER, Fische des Rothen Meeres, 3, 1884, (morrhua).

Body stout, compressed, covered with small, ctenoid scales, which are
often somewhat embedded in the skin; scales of the lateral line triangu-
lar, cycloid; soft parts of the vertical fins generally more or less scaly.
Cranium narrow above. Parietal crests not produced on frontals which
are without transverse ridge posteriorly ; frontals with a process or knob
on each side behind interorbital area; premaxillary processes fitting into

4

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 1149

a notch or cavity on the anterior end of the frontals. Preopercle moder-
ately serrate behind, its lower limb entire, without distinct antrorse
spine; opercle with two strong spines. Nostrils well separated. Mouth
large; maxillary large, with a well-developed supplemental bone, its sur-
face usually with small scales. Canine teeth few, large in the front of
the jaws; enlarged teeth of the inner series of each jaw depressible.
Gill rakers short and rather few. Dorsal spines usually 11, rarely 10, not
filamentous, the last ones somewhat shorter than the middle ones. Anal
spines 3, the second usually the larger; the number of soft rays 7 to 9.
Caudal fin rounded or lunate. Pyloric ceca few (usually 10-20). Pee-
torals rounded, shortish, nearly symmetrical, of 15 to 20 rays. Ventrals
moderate, inserted below pectorals, close together, each with a strong
spine. Species very numerous, most of them of large size, abound-
ing in all the tropical seas, where they are valuable food-fishes. This is
the largest and most important genus of the Serranide, and its species
are most widely distributed. (ézvvégedoc, clouded over, in allusion to the
membrane supposed to cover the eye in the typical species.)

I. ScHIstorus (oxtoTds, split; dpos, for pylorus): Nostrils unequal, the posterior much the
larger, 3 times diameter of anterior; preopercle with 2 or 3 small irregular teeth below
its angle; pyloric coeca in increased number; head large.

a, Second and third anal spines about equal in length; color brownish, with about 8 darker
cross bands; dark bands radiating from eye; a dark mustache above maxillary; a
dark blotch on back of caudal peduncle. MYSTACINUS, 1545,

Il. EpinepnHetus: Nostrils subequal, the posterior scarcely larger than anterior; pyloric cceca
in moderate number.

a. Second dorsal spine short, lower than third or fourth, the fin not much notched; caudal
rounded more or less; lower opercular spine inserted farther back than upper.
Lateral teeth* of lower jaw in more than 2 rows, at least in the adult. Interorbital
space of moderate width, its breadth more than half diameter of eye and 7 to 10
times in length of head.

b. Dorsal spines 10; body with faint, dark cross shades and many round, dark orange spots,
these extending on the fins; vertical fins not edged with black; preopercle without
salient angle; maxillary naked; lower jaw strongly projecting (in all respects
except the number of spines almost identical with EF. adscensionis).

ANALOGUS, 1546,
bb. Dorsal spines 11; preopercle without distinct spinules on its lower limb.
c. Maxillary naked.
d, Lower jaw strongly projecting.

e. Body and head covered with red or orange spots (dusky in spirits and always
darker than the ground color); vertical fins without dark edge, their
bases spotted like the body; body with large pale spots besides the
orange spots; young with large black blotches at base of dorsal; angle

of preopercle not salient; form robust. ADSCENSIONIS, 1547.
ee. Body and head reddish brown, the adult nearly plain, the young with
darker spots; vertical fins broadly edged with dark brown. Body
robust, the depth 3 in length. D. XI, 15 or 16. Caudal fin convex
behind; maxillary naked; dorsal spines low, subequal; interorbital
moderate, 644 in head; preopercle with strong teeth at its angle, the
lower limb entire. GUAZA, 1548,

* Lateral teeth of lower jaw in two rows only in the group or subgenus Hyposerranus, Klun-
zinger,

yk

~

v

0 Bulletin 47, Untted States National Museum.

dd. Lower jaw not prominent. Preopercle without salient angle, the serre at
the angle scarcely enlarged; caudal fin rounded; scales of body smooth-
ish; lower jaw not prominent; eye not surrounded by dark points; body
without traces of longitudinal darker stripes; caudal peduncle with a
large, quadrate black blotch above (sometimes obsolete in young or in
very old examples); color (in spirits) dark brown, with scattered roundish
blotches of pale bluish, these most distinct on breast and lower parts of
head; fins pale, spotted like the body, their edges darker; young with
large round, whitish spots, regularly arranged. LABRIFORMIS, 1549,

cc. Maxillary more or less scaly. a
Jf. Preopercle with a more or less distinct salient angle, which is armed with larger
teeth (these teeth occasionally undeveloped in JL. striatus, which species
may be known by the presence of black points around the eyes). -

g. Body without orange or dark-brown spots, the spots (if any) brownish or
pearly, diffuse or irregular; vertical fins without broad black margin.

h. Caudal peduncle without black, saddle-like blotch above. Caudal
fin truncate or emarginate when spread open, not convex behind;
maxillary usually more or less scaly; vertical fins without broad
edging of black; dorsal fin, or a part of it, distinctly edged
with bright yellow; color of body uniform reddish brown, a
clear blue streak from eye to angle of preorbital; a faint dark
mustache; no black spots anywhere; whole dorsal with a bright
yellow edging; anal and caudal without pale edging; caudal
slightly lunate; maxillary scaly; dorsal rays XI, 14; lower jaw
strongly projecting (as in Epinephelus niveatus, with which this
species seems to agree very closely in all respects except the
color). FLAVOLIMBATUS, 1550.

hh. Caudal peduncle with a large quadrate saddle-like black blotch above
(sometimes wanting in E. niveatus, especially in the young).

i. Eye not surrounded by dark points; sides brown, marked with large
blotches of steel blue, these more or less regularly arranged
and not distinct on the breast; no dark cross bars; lower jaw
strongly projecting; caudal fin subtruncate, its angles rather
acute; pyloric ceca rather numerous. NIVEATUS, 1551,

ii. Eye surrounded by conspicuous dark-brown points; body with
irregular dark cross bars; angle of preopercle little salient;
third dorsal spine highest, 214 in head; scales moderate, about
100; caudal rounded; lower jaw little projecting; vertical fins
in life broadly edged with yellow. STRIATUS, 1552.

gg. Body covered with small dark orange or brown spots; lower jaw not
prominent; interorbital space very narrow, not half diameter of eye.
Vertical fins broadly edged with blue black, their bases unspotted;
body without pale spots, the orange spots rather small; body rather
slender; size small, MACULOSUS, 1553.

gj. Preopercle without salient angle; body, head, and fins dark reddish brown,
profusely covered with small pearly-white stellate spots; body robust; lower

jaw projecting; caudal subtruncate, with sharp angles.
DRUMMOND-HAYT, 1554.

aa. Second dorsal spine elevated, not lower than third or fourth; caudal fin lunate; preoper-
cular angle little salient, without enlarged teeth; interorbital width 74 in head;
color brown, clouded with whitish; lower parts flushed with orange red; small dark
spots about eye; vertical fins broadly edged with blue black, MORIO, 1555,

;
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Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 1151

Subgenus SCHISTORUS, Gill.
1545. EPINEPHELUS MYSTACINUS * (Poey).

(CHERNA DE LO ALTO.)

Head 27; depth 2§; eye large, 44 in head. D. XI, 15; A. III, 9; scales
18-120-50, pores 75. Body oblong, rather deep, somewhat compressed,
its thickness 23 in its depth. Head large, rather obtuse, the anterior
profile little convex and not steep. Mouth moderate, the broad maxillary
reaching posterior border of eye, 27 in head; maxillary naked or nearly
so. Teeth rather strong, those below mostly biserial, those above in a
narrow band; canines small, shorter than the depressible teeth of the
inner series, those of the lower jaw scarcely differentiated; lower jaw
little projecting. Posterior nostril larger than anterior, nearly round.
Interorbital space slightly convex, 6 in head. Preopercle rather sharply
serrate, the posterior limb nearly vertical, not emarginate, the angle
nearly a right angle, its serrations considerably enlarged, coarse, variable
in form, some of the lower ones usually hooked forward. Lower limb
straight, its edge otherwise entire. Skull essentially as in other species
of Epinephelus. Opercle with 3 distinct spines, larger than in any other
of our species. Gill rakers short and thick, 15 below the angle. Scales
mostly ctenoid, those on head small; none on the maxillary and few on
lower jaw. Lower jaw with 5 or 6 large mucous pores on each side, more
distinct than in our other species. Dorsal spines rather strong and high,
the first nearly half the second, which is considerably higher than the
tenth; third spine longest, 2 in head; second, fourth, fifth, and sixth
but little shorter; soft dorsal rather high; caudal rounded, its longest
ray 1% in head; anal rounded, its longest ray 2} in head; second anal
spine stronger than third, which is of the same length, 33 in head; pec-
torals reaching slightly beyond tips of ventrals, 1% in head; ventrals
rather long. Pyloric ceca many, according to Poey. Color in life, dull
olive brown, the body grayish brown crossed by 8 bands of dark olive
brown, the one on caudal peduncle broader than the others, darkest on
back of tail; these bands, which are more conspicuous in life than those
of other species of this genus, become faint in spirits; a dark mus-
tache along edge of maxillary; three.dark bands across cheek, almost
disappearing in spirits; dorsal dull olive, the bands of sides extending
on the scaly parts; caudal and anal dull olive, the anal dusky in spirits;
ventrals blackish; pectorals light olive brown; mouth bluish within.
West Indies, south to Brazil; not rare. It inhabits deeper water than
most species of Kpinephelus. Size small; length about 2 feet; the speci-
men here described from Havana, 10 inches long. (u“iorus, mustache.)

Serranus mystacinus, Porky, Memorias, 1, 52, 1851, pl. 10, fig. 1, Cuba; GUnruer, Cat., 1, 109,
1859.
Schistorus mystacinus, Porky, Repertorio, 11, 154, 1868.
Epinephelus mystacinus, JORDAN & SwAtn, |. c., 383, 1884; JorpAN & E1GENMANN, lL. ¢., 860, 1890,
* This species is referred by Dr. Boulenger to the synonymy of Epinephelus septemfasciatus
(Thunberg). It is evidently closely allied to this Japanese form, but we hesitate to unite them

without material for comparison.

1152 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

Subgenus EPINEPHELUS.

1546. EPINEPHELUS ANALOGUS, Gill.

(CABRILLA PINTA.)

Head 2? to 3; depth 3 to 34; eye rather large, 53 in head. D. X, 17;
A. III, 8; scales 14-110 to 120-40, pores 70 to 73. Body oblong, rather
robust. Head moderately acute, the anterior profile straight from tip of
snout to above eye, thence moderately convex: snout short, 4? in head.
Mouth large, oblique, the maxillary reaching to beyond eye. its length 24in
head. Maxillary naked. Lower jaw strongly projecting. Canine teeth
short, those of lower jaw small. Interorbital space gently convex, its width
7: in head. Nostrilsround, subequal. Preopercle well serrate, its outline
strongly convex, without distinct emargination. Gill rakers moderate,
about as long as gill fringes, 17 or 18 below angle of arch. Scales moder-
ate, rather strongly ctenoid, mostly cycloid above. Dorsal spines rather
strong, the third and fourth subequal, 34 in head; caudal fin slightly
rounded, 1,9; in head; anal high, its longest ray 2? in head. Second anal
stronger than third, but rather shorter, 5 in head; pectorals reaching
beyond tips of ventrals, 12 in head; ventrals shortish, not reaching vent.
Color in spirits: Brown, clouded with darker and with faint dusky cross
bars; body and fins everywhere covered with roundish dark-brown spots,
larger and fewer below, smallest and most numerous on the fins, and
everywhere very distinct ; soft dorsal with 3, spinous dorsal with about 2
rows of dark spots. In life, orange brown on an olivaceous ground, as in
E. adscensionis, to which species, as the name indicates, this fish is
extremely analogous. No distinct dusky edgings to fins; no evident dark
blotches along base of dorsal. Length 1 foot. Pacific Coast of tropical
America; common on the Pacific Coast of Mexico. Here described from
No. 4944, U. S. Nat. Mus., from Panama. (analogus, similar; its form and
coloration resembling those of Epinephelus adscensionis. )

Epinephelus analogus, GiLu, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, 163, Panama, (Coll. Dow); Jorpan
& Swaln, l. ¢., 393, 1884; Jorpan & EIGENMANN, l. c., 354, 1890.

Serranus courtadei, Bocourt, Ann. Sci. Nat. Paris, 222, 1868, La Union, San Salvador. (Ooll.
Bocourt.)

1547. EPINEPHELUS ADSCENSIONIS (Osbeck).

(Rock Hinp; CaBra Mora.)

Head 22; depth 3; eye moderate, 6in head. D. XI,17; A. III, 7, or III,
8; scales 12-90 to 110-40, pores 55 or 60. Body comparatively robust,
little compressed, the greatest thickness 2 in depth. Head subconie,
acute, its anterior profile straight from tip of snout to nape, thence
slightly gibbous. Mouth rather large, the maxillary reaching rather
beyond the eye, 24 in head. Lower jaw rather strongly projecting, more
prominent than in any other of our species. Teeth in rather broad
bands, the canines short and stout, those of the lower jaw larger than
those of the upper. Interorbital space flattish, not very narrow, its
width 6 in head. Nostrils subequal, roundish. Preopercle finely ser-
rate, ifs outline strongly convex, with a very slight emargination, Gill

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 1153

rakers rather short and thick, 15 to 18 below the angle. Scales moder-
ate, mostly strongly ctenoid. Dorsal spines rather strong, the third and
fourth longest, 3} in head, the outline of the fin little convex, the second
spine about as long as tenth; caudal fin slightly rounded, 2 in head;
longest anal ray 23; second anal spine stronger than third, the length
equal, 33 in head; pectorals broad, reaching much beyond the tips of the
short ventrals, 14 in head; ventrals not reaching vent. Pyloric ceca 12
(Poey). Color in life: Olivaceous gray, with darker clouds; a number of
irregular whitish blotches, roundish, mostly rather larger than pupil,
scattered over different parts of the body; 5 roundish, blackish blotches,
ill-defined along sides of back, the 4 under the dorsal fin extending up on
the fin, these disappearing with age; head and body everywhere covered
with round orange-brown spots of varying sizes, the centers more orange,
the borders rather brown; the spots largest on breast, smallest on lips
and upper parts, equally distinct everywhere. Mouth pale within, its
roof with red spots; dorsal light olive, with rather sparse spots, colored
like those of the body, but smaller; no dark edge to dorsal or anal;
numerous whitish spots on dorsal, especially on soft dorsal; caudal pale
olive, with some paler spots. Anal reddish, marked like dorsal, its spots
larger; basal half of pectoral similar, outer part plain olive; ventrals
pale, with orange spots; the orange-brown spots of body and head
become brown in spirits. Length about 18 inches. West Indian fauna;
Florida Keys to Brazil, Ascension and St. Helena islands; common in
rocky places; widely distributed through the Western Atlantic; recorded
by Boulenger from the Cape of Good Hope. It is considered a finer food-
fish than any of the others. (adscensionis, from Ascension Island, where
the species was first taken.)

Pira-pixanga or Gat-visch, MARCGRAVE, Hist. Brasil, 152, 1648, Brazil (doubtful).

Perca tota maculis, SeBA, Thesaurus, 111, tab. 27.

Trachinus adscensionis, OsBECK, Iter Chin., etc., 1757, and in English edition, 96, 1771, Ascension
Island. (Coll. Osbeck.)

Trachinus punctatus, BONNATERRE, Tableau Encycl. Method, 1788, 46; after OspEck.

Perca stellio, WaAtBAum, Artedi Piscium, 349, 1792; after Sepa.

Perca maculata, Buiocu, Ichthyol., pl. 313, 1792, Martinique (on a figure by PLumrer; not Holo-
centrus maculatus, Buocu, tafel 242, an East Indian species of Hpinephelus = Holocentrus albofus-
cus, LACLPRDE).

Trachinus osbeck, LAcLPEDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 11, 364, 1800; after Ospeck.

Sparus atlanticus, LacEPEDE, l. c., tv, 158, pl. 5, fig. 1, 1803, Martinique (on a copy of a drawing
by PLUMIER).

Serranus nigriculus, CuvieR & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 11, 375, 1828, Martinique. (Coll.
Plée.)
Serranus pixanga, CuvIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 11, 383, 1828, after MARCGRAVE;

Pory, Repertorio, 1, 203, 1866.

Serranus aspersus, JENYNS, Voy. Beagle, Fishes, 6, 1842, Porto Praya, St. Jago, of the Cape
Verde Islands. (Coll. Darwin.)

Serranus impetiginosus, MULLER & Troscurt, Schomburgk’s Hist. Barb., 665, 1848, Barbadoes;
Gintuer, Cat., 1, 142, 1859.

Serranus varius, Bocourt, Ann. Sci. Nat. (5), x, 1868, 222, Gulf coast of Mexico, (Coll. Salard
& Boucard.)

Holocentrus punctatus, Buoon, Ichthyol., vu, pl. 241, 1790.

Serranus maculatus, Perers, Berliner Monatsber., 1865, 109 (identification of Perea maculata,

Buioon).
F, N. AA——74

1154 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

Epinephelus punctatus, Porky, Enumeratio, 16, 1875.

Epinephelus atlanticus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 918, 973, 1883.

Epinephelus ascensionis, JORDAN & Swatn, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1884, 391.

Epinephelus adscensionis, JORDAN & EIGENMANN, l. c,, 354, 1890; BouLENGER, Cat., 1, 228.
Epinephelus aspersus, JORDAN & EIGENMANN, l. c., 358.

1548. EPINEPHELUS GUAZA (Linnzus).
(Mrrovu ; Méro; Guasa.)

Head 23; depth 22; eye 5fin head. D. XI, 15; A. III, 8; scales 12 to
17-100 to 120-42 to 55, peres 55 to 60. Body rather deep; profile steep ;
snout short, rather pointed; lower jaw little projecting ; canines small;
preopercle without salient angle, the teeth just above the angle large
and strong; lower limb of preopercle entire. Scales of head cycloid.
Gill rakers very short, x-+15. Interorbital space narrow, not as wide as
eye; maxillary naked, 2? in head. Third dorsal spine highest, 2? in
head; anal high and rounded, its second spine 5 in head; caudal
rounded; pectoral 14 to 2 in head; ventral short, not reaching vent.
Color in spirits: Dark brown, with rather faint, round, whitish spots
which are irregular, and arranged somewhat in vertical rows, and most
distinct on caudal peduncle; dorsal, anal, caudal, and pectorals broadly
edged with black. Coasts of southern Europe and western Africa, rang-
ing north to England and westward to Cape of Good Hope and Rio
Janeiro, and to Guiana; reaching a length of 3 feet, and weight
of about 25 pounds. This description is taken from No. 4506, M. C. Z.,
15 inches long, collected at Rio de Janeiro by Professor Agassiz. There is
not much doubt that Epinephelus brachysomus, Cope, and the Brazilian
specimens referred by Cuvier & Valenciennes to Epinephelus dichropterus,
belong to this form, for which the earliest American specific name is
mentzeli. We are, however, unable to see any difference between the
Brazilian form and the common ‘‘ Mérou” of the Mediterranean. (Guasa
or Guaza, Spanish name of the large fishes called Mérous or Garrupas.)
(Eu.)

Labrus guaza, LINNUS, Syst. Nat., Ed. x, 1758, 285, ‘*‘ Habitat in Pelago.

Perca gigas, BRiénnicu, Ichthyol. Massiliensis, 65, No. 81, 1768, Marseilles.

Holocentrus merou, LAcEPEDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 1v, 8377, 1803, Marseilles; after BRUNNICH.

Serranus mentzeli, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 11, 291, 1828, coast of Brazil;
GUNTHER, Cat., 1, 140, 1859.

Perca robusta, Coucn, Mag. Nat. Hist., 1832, v, 21, fig. 7, Polperro, Cornwall.

Serranus marginatus, Low, Proc. Zod]. Soc. Lond., 1833, 142, Madeira. (Coll. R. T. Lowe.)

Serranus fimbriatus, LowE, Trans. Cambr. Phil. Soc., 1836, 195, pl. 1, Madeira. (Coll. R. T.
Lowe.)

Serranus ongus, GUNTHER, Cat., 1, 142, 1859; not Epinephelus ongus, BLocn, a Japanese fish.

Epinephelus brachysomus, Cope, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. Phila., 1871, 466, Rio Janeiro.

Serranus gigas, CuvIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., u, 270, pl. xxx, 1828; GUNTHER,
Cat., 1, 182, 1859, and of European authors generally.

Cerna gigas, DODERLEIN, Rivista del Genere Epinephelus o Cerna, 1882, 10,-tab. 1, fig. 1 (detailed
description and synonymy).

Epinephelus gigas, Jonpan & Swain, Proc. U.S, Nat. Mus., 1884, 388; JonpDAN & EIGENMANN,
I. c., 359; BoULENGER, Cat., 1, 232,

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 1155

1549. EPINEPHELUS LABRIFORMIS (Jenyns).

Head 23; depth 3. D. XI, 15; A. III, 8; scales 9-90 to 100-40, pores
55 to 57. Body oblong, moderately compressed, the back somewhat ele-
vated. Head rather slender and sharp, anteriorly pointed, the profile
nearly straight from the tip of the lower jaw to the base of the dorsal.
Snout sharp, 34 in head. Lower jaw strongly projecting. Mouth mod-
erate, the maxillary extending to slightly beyond eye, its length 24 in
head. Maxillary naked. Canines moderate, about equal in the 2 jaws.
Nostrils subequal, roundish. Eye large, 54 in head. Interorbital space
narrow, convex, its width 9in head. Preopercle weakly and bluntly ser-
rate, its angle evenly rounded, without evident notch or salient angle.
Gill rakers rather short, about 16 on lower limb of arch. Scales moder-
ate, ctenoid. Dorsal spines strong, the fourth, fifth, and sixth longest, 3
in head. Soft dorsal not very high. Caudal slightly convex, 2! in head.
Longest anal ray 23 in head. Second anal spine about as long as third,
4: in head. Pectorals short, reaching little past tips of ventrals, 14 in
head. Ventrals not quite reaching vent. Color in spirits: Dark brown
everywhere, on head, body, and fins much clouded with roundish pale
blotches, these most distinct on breast and lower parts of head; a con-
spicuous biack blotch on back of caudal peduncle; fins rather pale,
darker toward their edges, with narrow, pale margin, spotted like the
body, the spots smaller and fainter. In life, the mouth is salmon color
within, the pectoralsalmon yellow, with pale edge; caudal with a maroon
band above and below; dorsal edged with blackish red; spots on sides
and belly nearly white. Length2 feet. Pacific Coast of tropical America;
Cape San Lucas to the Galapagos Islands, abundant in rocky places; here
described from 28213, U. 8S. N. M., from Socorro Island. Specimens seen
from Cape San Lucas, Mazatlan, Manzanillo, Acapulco, Panama; Socorro,
Albemarle, Charles, and Indefatigable islands. (Labrus; forma, form.)
Serranus labriformis, JENYNS, Zo6l. of Beagle, Fishes, 8, pl. 3, 1840, Galapagos Islands, (Coll.
Charles Darwin).

Epinephelus sellicauda, Gitt, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, 250, Cape San Lucas, (Coll.
Xantus); JonpAN & Swain, l. c., 385.

Epinephelus ordinatus, Corr, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc,, 1871, 466, Panama.

Epinephelus labriformis, GUNTHER, Cat., 1, 152, 1859; dark blotch on back of tail not noticed;
JorRDAN & Swain, l. c., 1884, 387; JorpAN & EIGENMANN, I. c., 356, 1890; BouLeNGeEr, Cat.,
I, 230,

1550. EPINEPHELUS FLAVOLIMBATUS, Poey.
(YELLOW-FINNED GROUPER.)

Head 24; depth 23. D. XI, 14; A. III, 9. Lower jaw strongly project-
ing. Closely related to Epinephelus niveatus, with which it seems to agree
in all respects except in color. Color in life: Brownish flesh color,
unspotted, a clear, blue streak from angle of eye to preopercle; no spots
or blotches anywhere, and no black on caudal peduncle; whole dorsal
with a narrow edge of bright yellow ; dorsal, pectorals, anal and caudal
without pale edging; ventrals dusky; a very faint mustache of dark
olive along the maxillary. Three specimens of this species have been

1156 Bulletin 47, Untted States National Museum.

obtained at the Snapper Banks off Pensacola by Mr. Silas Stearns.
These differ a little from Poey’s account, but they evidently belong to
the same species as the LZ. flavolimbatus of Poey. In all details of form,
the species seems to agree fully with LE. niveatus, but the coloration is
quite unlike that of the latter species, and so sharply defined that we are
obliged to admit it as a distinct species. It may, nevertheless, prove to
be the adult of Epinephelus niveatus, as supposed by Dr. Boulenger.
West Indies, recorded from Havana and Pensacola, in rather deep water ;
not common. Our specimens from the Pensacola Snapper Banks.
(flavus, yellow ; limbus, edge.)

Epinephelus flavolimbatus, Pony, Repertorio, 1, 183, 1867, Cuba; Pory, Synopsis, 286, 1868; JoRDAN

& EIGENMANN, I. c., 357, 1890.
EX\pinephelus niveatus, JORDAN & EVERMANN, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1886, 475.

1551. EPINEPHELUS NIVEATUS (Cuvier & Valenciennes).

Head 24; depth 28;. D. XI (rarely X), 14 or 15; A. III, 9; scales 18-115
to 120-50, pores 67 to 75. Body oblong, compressed, the back elevated ;
the anterior profile somewhat convex; the snout short, rather sharp, its
length 3% in head. Mouth large, the maxillary extending to below pos-
terior margin of eye, its length 2 in head. Canines rather strong, espe-
cially in upper jaw. Lower jaw considerably projecting. Eye rather large.
Preopercle with its angle decidedly salient,° armed with stronger teeth,
the emargination above the angle slight. Interorbital space flattish, its
width 7}in head. Gillrakers moderate, the longest as long as gill fringes,
about 15 on lower limb of arch. Scales moderate. Dorsal spines rather
high, the fourth about 2? in head; soft dorsal of moderate height; caudal
truncate, 2 in head; anal moderate, its second anal spine about as long as
third, 2} in head; longest soft ray 2}. Pectorals not reaching to the tips
of the long ventrals, 1°; in head. Ventrals nearly reaching vent, about
as long as pectorals. Color of young specimen in alcohol: Brown, with
round whitish spots on the body, rather smaller than pupil, regularly
arranged in vertical and horizontal series, about 5 in horizontal and 4 in
vertical row ; these rows sometimes show irregularities; no distinct spots
on breast ; a very large black blotch on upper part of caudal peduncle,
much larger than in FH. labriformis and extending to below lateral line;
a dark mustache above edge of maxillary; fins nearly plain, probably
yellowish in life, the dorsal with a median row of round dusky spots on
the membranes. (Description from young specimen 63 inches long.) West
Indies to Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul); not very common; occasionally
northward in the Gulf Stream as far as Newport, Rhode Island. Some
specimens lack the saddle-like blotch on the tail, but in all the pearly
spots on the side are persistent. (niveatus, snowy.)

Serranus niveatus, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 11, 380, 1828, Brazil; GinTHeER,
Cat., 1, 130, 1859.

Serranus margaritifer, GUNTHER, Cat., I, 131, 1859, South America.

Serranus conspersus, Pory, Memorias, 11, 139, 1860, Havana.

Hyporthodus flavicauda, G1iLL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1861, 98; young specimen, taken at New-
port, Rhode Island. (Coll. Samuel Powell.)

Epinephelus niveatus, Pony, Synopsis, 286, 1868; JorpaANn & GILBERT, Synopsis, 541, 1883; JorDAN
& Swaln, l. c., 386, 1884; Jorpan & EIGENMANN, l. c., 357, 1890; BoULENGER, Cat., 1, 226.

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 1157

1552. EPINEPHELUS STRIATUS (Bloch).

(Nassau GRouPrER ; HamLet; CHERNA CRIOLLA.)

Head 2+; depth 23; eye rather large, 54 in head (young). D. XI,17;
A. III, 8; scales 13 to 18-110 to 125-45 to 55, pores 55 to 65. Body rather
deep, not strongly compressed, its greatest width 2? in depth. Head
somewhat pointed; the anterior profile nearly straight to the front of the
dorsal. Mouth moderate, the lower jaw little projecting; the maxillary
reaching posterior border of eye, 2} in head. Teeth in moderate bands;
2 moderate canines in front of each jaw, the lower smallest. Nostrils
close together, the posterior a little the larger, ovate. Interorbital space
narrow, flattish, or somewhat concave, 8} in head. Angle of preopercle
slightly salient, a shallow notch above it; the teeth at the angle some-
what larger. Gill rakers slender, about 16 below the angle. Scales mod-
erate, strongly ctenoid. Dorsal spines of moderate strength, higher than
in most species, the second much higher than tenth, the third highest, 24
in head ; soft dorsal rather high; caudal rounded, 14 in head; soft anal
rounded, the largest ray 27 in head; second anal spine stronger than third
and about as long, 4 in head; pectorals reaching tips of ventrals, 13 in
head. Ventrals short, barely reaching vent. Color in life: Rather pale
olivaceous gray, paler below, and with obscure whitish clouds along sides ;
body with about 4 vertical bars, very irregular and undulating, of an
olive-brown color, darker on the back, and all extending on the dorsal
fin; a square blotch of jet black on back of tail; a band of dark olive
through eye and on snout, meeting its fellow on shoulder just before
dorsal; another on median line of snout, forking opposite front of
eye, the 2 bands extending backward parallel and ceasing abruptly on
occiput without reaching the other band; dark shades radiating from eye
below; a ring of deep brown or blackish points around eye, the upper
ones on eye; a deep orange-red stripe on lower edge of preorbital; mouth
within partly orange; lower parts of head and breast tinged with orange
and with coppery cloudings; vertical fins colored like the parts of the
body nearest them; edge of both dorsals yellow; caudal and anal tipped
with orange yellow; ventrals blackish, faintly yellowish at tips ; pectorals
chiefly light orange, dusky at base; bands and dark -markings of body
becoming fainter in old examples of this species, and almost disappearing
in alcoholic specimens. West Indies, Key West to Brazil; very common ;
a well-marked species and a food-fish of importance. Length 3 feet; those
usually found in the markets much smaller. (striatus, striped.)

Cherna, Parra, Dif. Piezas Hist. Nat., 1787, 50, lam. 24, Havana.

Anthias striatus, Buocn, Ichthyologia, rx, 109, pl. 324, 1792, Martinique; ona figure by PLumrer.

Anthias cherna, Buocu & ScunerpEr, Syst. Ichth., 310, 1801, Cuba; after Parra.

Sparus chrysomelanurus, LAcépRpr, Hist. Nat. Poiss., tv, 160, 1803, Martinique; on a copy of
PLumIeEr’s figure.

Serranus striatus, Cuvier & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 11, 288, 1828; GUNtiHer, Cat,, 1, 1859,
110.

Epinephelus striatus, JORDAN & EK1GENMANN, l. c., 356, 1890; BouLENGER, Cat., 1, 235,

1158 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

1553. EPINEPHELUS MACULOSUS (Cuvier & Valenciennes).
(CABRILLA; RED HIND.)

Head 24; depth 3}; eye large, 44 in head, rather longer than snout. D.
XI, 16; A. ILI, 8; scales 19-100-x. Body rather slender, moderately com-
pressed, the back somewhat elevated, the greatest thickness of the body
22 in its greatest depth. Head rather long and pointed, its anterior pro-
file regularly and rather weakly arched. Mouth not very large, the max-
illary reaching to below posterior margin of eye, its length 24 in head;
lower jaw rather weak, its tip little projecting ; teeth rather strong, in
moderate bands; both jaws with two moderate, curved canines, those in
the upper jaw largest. Interorbital space very narrow, anteriorly con-
cave, its width 11 in head; nostrils small, round, close together, the pos-
terior largest. Preopercle weakly serrate, with a salient angle, which is
armed with stronger teeth; a shallow emargination abovetheangle. Gill
rakers slender, longer than gill fringes, 15 to 17 developed below. Scales
of moderate size, rather strongly ctenoid. Dorsal spines rather slender
but pungent, the second spine considerably higher than the tenth, the
third and fourth longest, 24 in head; soft rays lower than the highest
spines ; caudal fin rounded, its length 2in head; anal rather high, pos-
teriorly rounded, its longest soft rays 2? in head; second anal spine some-
what stronger than third and rather longer, 3 in head; pectorals rather
narrow, reaching past tips of ventrals, 1$ in head; ventrals short, not
reaching vent. Colorin life: Light yellowish olive above, whitish below ;
three broad, oblique, obscure bands of olive running upward and back-
ward on sides; spots on body vivid scarlet red, those above a little darker,
the edges of the scales being brown; inside of mouth mostly pale, partly
scarlet; belly spotted ; dorsal olive yellow, somewhat clouded, a few red
spots on spinous dorsal; soft dorsal broadly edged with black ; caudal
yellowish, the posterior half black, its edge white; anal like soft dorsal;
pectorals light yellow, with rows of small scarlet spots; ventrals red,
blackish at tips; branchiostegal membrane spotted like body. The olive
bands on sides disappear in spirits, and the red spots above become brown,
those below gray. West Indies; Carolina to Brazil. This is one of the
smaller species of the genus, rarely exceeding 18 inches in length; very
abundant in the Havana market, West Indies; occasionally north to
Charleston, the Florida Keys, and the Bermudas; south to Brazil; here
described from Havana specimens. (maculosus, spotted.)

Cugupuguacu Brazil, the Hind, Catressy, Nat. Hist. Carolina, etc., pl. 14, 1743, Bahamas; not
of MARCGRAVE.

Cabrilla, Parra, Dif. Piezas, Hist. Nat. Cuba, 1787, Havana.

Iutjanus lunulatus, BLocu & SCHNEIDER, Syst. Ichthyol., 329, 1801; after Cabrilla of PARRA; not
Tnitjanus lunulatus (Mungo Park).

Serranus apua,* Cuvier & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 11, 287, 1828; not Bodianus apua,
Biocu; GUntTHeER, Cat.,1, 140, 1859.

* We reject the name apua formerly used by us for this species, the originai Bodianus apua of
Bloch being in our opinion based on the red variety of Mycteroperca venenosa. The name guttalus,
Linnzus, is based chiefly on the Cugupuguacu of Marcgrave, with which Catesby had errone-
ously identified his ‘‘ Hind,’? which is the present species. The oldest tenable name of this fish,
so far as we can see, is Epinephelus maculosus,

a

——

_———w- «

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 1159

Serranus maculosus, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, l. c., 11, 332, 1828. (Type, No. 7360, Mus. Paris.
Examined by Dr. Boulenger. )

Serranus catus, CuvIER & VALENCIENNES, I. ¢., 11, 373, 1828, Martinique.

Serranus arara, CuvIER & VALENCIENNES, /. c., 11, 377, 1828, Havana; erroneously identified
with Bonaci araré of Parra.

? Serranus angustifrons,* STEINDACHNER, Verh. Ges. Wien, xiv, 1864, 230, pl. viz, fig. 213, Cuba.

Epinephelus cubanus, Pory, Repertorio, 1, 202, 1867, Cuba.

Serranus stadthouderi, VAILLANT, Miss. Sci. Mex., Poiss., 69, 1877; based on Serranus maculosus,
Cuvier & VALENCIENNES, the name regarded as preoccupied by Serranus maculatus, which is
adscenscionis.

Serranus lunulatus, CuviIER & VALENCIENNES, l. c., 11, 379, 1828; after PARRA.

Epinephelus lunulatus, PoEy, Synopsis, 286, 1868.

Epinephelus guttatus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 919, 973, 1883; wrongly identified with Perca
guttata, LINNZEUS.

Epinephelus apua, JonDAN & SwAIN, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1884, 389.

Dermatolepis angustifrons, JORDAN & EIGENMANN, l. ¢., 375, 1890.

Epinephelus catus, JORDAN & EIGENMANN, J. c., 355, 1893; BouLEeNGER, Cat., 1, 210.

1554. EPINEPHELUS DRUMMOND-HAYI, Goode & Bean.

(SPECKLED Hinp; JoHN Paw.)

Head 2%; depth 23; eye 6 to 8 in head. D. XI, 16; A. III, 9; scales
32-125-57. Body robust; lower jaw strongly projecting ; preopercle evenly
serrate, without salient angle; caudal truncate or slightly emarginate, the
angles acute. Dark umber brown, densely covered with small pearly
white spots, those below smaller and nearly round, all arranged in some-
what irregular series; fins not dark-edged, all covered with similar spots,
those of the paired fins chiefly on the inner surface; lower side of head
flushed with red and unspotted; caudal fin more densely spotted than
body, the terminal spots of a fine lavender; pectoral with a subterminal
band of orange. Reaches a weight of 30 pounds. Gulf of Mexico, north
to the Bermudas, once recorded from Charleston; common on the Snapper
Banks off Pensacola, where it is a valued food-fish; the most beautiful in
color of all the groupers. (Named for ‘‘Col. H. M. Drummond-Hay, C. M.
Z.8., of Leggieden, Perth, Scotland, formerly of the British army, by
whom the species was first discovered at the Bermudas in 1854.’’)

Epinephelus drummond-hayi, Goopr & Bran, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1878, 173, 174, Pensacola,
(Coll. Silas Stearns); Bermuda; (Coll. Lieut. Drummond-Hay); JorDAN & GILBERT, Synop-
sis, 540, 1883; Jonpan & Swain, l, c., 388; JornpAN & E1GENMANN, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus,,
1887, 269; Jorpan & EIGENMANN, l. c., 356, 1890; BouLENGER, Cat., 1, 22

* Epinephelus angustifrons (Steindachner): Head 3; depth 4. D. X1I,17; A. ILI, 8. Body very
strongly compressed; scales very small, ctenoid; interorbital space not half diameter of eye,
which is 44% in head, 11% in snout; maxillary reaching middle of eye; angle of preopercle salient,
with 5 to 7 strong teeth, the two lowermost being turned forward; lower limb of preopercle
entire; third dorsal spine highest, twice diameter of eye; anal spines graduated; pectoral as
long as from snout to edge of preopercle, a little longer than caudal, much longer than ventral;
caudal triangular; dorsal and anal rounded. Color brown, the scales edged with darker; fins
brownish, blackish toward tips of first dorsal. Cuba; not seen by us; referred by Dr, Boulenger
to the synonymy of Epinephelus maculosus, a species to which it is evidently related, The very
narrow interorbital area is the chief basis of this identification as the color markings of
Epinephelus maculosus are not indicated in the account of angustifrons, We know nothing of
this species except what is contained in the original description, (angustus, narrow; Jrons,
forehead.)

1160 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

1555. EPINEPHELUS MORIO (Cuvier & Valenciennes).
(Rep GROUPER; CHERNA AMERICANA; CHERNA DE VIVERO; NEGRE.)

Head 24+; depth 24; eye large, 5 in head (young). D. XI, 16-17; A.
III, 9, rarely III, 8; scales 18 or 20-130 to 140-60, pores 60 to 65. Body
comparatively deep and compressed, highest under front of spinous dor-
sal, its greatest width 24 in greatest depth. Head large, moderately
pointed, the anterior profile rather steep and nearly straight. Mouth
rather large, the maxillary reaching slightly beyond eye, its length 2} in
head. Lower jaw not strongly projecting. Teeth moderate, in rather
narrow bands; 2 moderate canines in the front of each jaw, the lower
smaller. Interorbital space narrow, its width 74 in head, the outline of
the bone (under the flesh) transversely concave. Nostrils small, round,
subequal. Preopercle moderately serrate, its angle slightly salient; teeth
at the angle a little enlarged. Gill rakers rather slender, about 15 below
the angle. Scales small, mostly ctenoid. Dorsal spines high, slender but
pungent, the first less than half the second, which is highest, 23 in head;
the outline of the fin thence almost straight to the tenth spine, which is
13 in the second; soft dorsal not elevated; caudal fin lunate, the outer
rays a little produced, 13 in the head; caudal peduncle comparatively
slender; soft part of anal rounded, its longest ray 2? in head; second
anal spine somewhat stronger but not longer than third, 4+ in head.
Pectorals reaching slightly beyond tips of ventrals, 14 in head; ventrals
short, not reaching vent. Pyloric cceca 25 (according to Poey). Color in
life: Olive gray or olive brown, clouded with paler olive, with no clear red
shades except on jaws and lower part of sides of head and breast, these
regions being usually a salmon color; besides these, very irregular
rounded blotches of grayish white over the body; preorbital, suborbital
region, and snout with numerous round points of dark orange brown,
most numerous on preorbital, these points brown in spirits; inside of
mouth posteriorly bright orange; iris gilt; vertical fins colored like the
body, the shades from the body extending on them; soft dorsal, anal, and
caudal with a broad ridge of blue black, with a narrow whitish edge;
spinous dorsal narrowly edged with blackish; ventrals slightly dusky;
pectorals light olive. With age this species becomes more and more of a
flesh red, especially below and on mouth; the pale spots and blotches
are less distinct in old examples. Length 1 to 3 feet. Atlantic Coast of
America, from Virginia to Rio Janeiro; the most abundant of the genus on
our coasts; ranging farther northward than any other; a food-fish of
importance; handsome in coloration. (morio, Moor, translation of the
name négre used at San Domingo.)

Serranus morio, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 11, 285, 1828, New York and San
Domingo; GUNTHER, Cat., 1, 142, 1859; Pory, Enumeratio, 15.

Serranus erythrogaster, DE Kay, New York Fauna: Fishes, 21, pl. 19, 1842, Florida; GiinrHeEr,
Cat., 1, 133, 1859.

Serranus remotus, Poky, Memorias, 11, 140, 1860, Havana.

Epinephelus morio, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 510, 1883; Jornpan & SwaIn, Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus., 1884, 381.

Epinephelus morio, JORDAN & EI1GENMANN, l. c., 361, 1890; BouLENGER, Cat., 1, 237.

b a

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 1161

501. GARRUPA, Jordan. -
(BLACK GROUPERS. )

Garrupa, JORDAN, Bull. U.S. Fish Comm., vii, 1888 (1890), 353, (nigritus).

This genus contains very large groupers, closely allied to Epinephelus,
but with the skull different in form so far as its upper surface is con-
cerned. In Garrupa* the skull is very broad and flat, the interorbital
area is little concave, and the median ridge is scarcely evident; the
occipital crest disappears before reaching the interorbital region; the
outline of the skull above is everywhere more or less flattened; the top
of the temporal crest points outward; the stay of the occipital crest
meets the crest at right angles and does not form a groove between itself
and the latter. A single species known, of very great size, its dorsal
spines indifferently 10 or 11. Atlantic Ocean. (Garrupa, the Portuguese
name of the large species of Epinephelus, transferred also to species of
Sebastodes, and corrupted by the Americans into Grouper or Groper.)

1556. GARRUPA NIGRITA (Holbrook).

(Buack JEwFisH ; BLack Grouper; MERO DE LO ALTO.)

Head 23; depth 24; eye very small, 6 to 8in head. D. XI, 14 (nigrita),
or X, 14 (merus); A. III, 9; scales 90 to 110. Body very robust; teeth in
broad bands; canines strong, but growing smaller with age. Interor-
bital width 44 in head; lower jaw projecting; maxillary scaly, about 2 in
head, extending beyond eye; preopercle rounded, without salient angle,
the young with enlarged teeth at the angle. Gill rakers short and thick,
x + 12 to 14, the longest not twice as long as broad. Dorsal fin notched;
second dorsal spine longest, its length 2 to 3 times in head, and half
longer than third spine; caudal fin rounded; second anal spine shorter
than third, 6 in head. Scales ciliated, those of lateral line of the ordi-
nary type. Color plain chocolate brown, varying to blackish gray, with-
out markings, or with faint pale blotches, the lower parts scarcely paler,
the distal part of the vertical fins darker; a dark streak along edge of
maxillary. South Atlantic and Gulf coast of the United States (Charles-
ton to Pensacola) south to Cuba and Brazil, once straying to Sicily,
rather common off the coast of Florida. This species reaches a weight
of probably 500 pounds, about the same size as the largest known exam-
ples of Promicrops guttatus and Stereolepis gigas; but one specimen of less
than 100 pounds weight examined by naturalists. None of the European
Serranide@ reaches so large a size, the extreme weight of Mpinephelus quaza
being, according to Doderlein, about 50 kilograms; that of /. caninus, 90
kilograms. (nigritus, blackened.) (Eu.)

Serranus nigritus, HoLBrook, Ichth. 8. Carolina, Ed, 1, 173, pl. xxv, fig. 11, 1856, Charleston;
GUnrtuer, Cat., 1, 134, 1859,

* In Epinephelus morio the skull is narrow and the upper surface rugose, the interorbital area
is deeply concave, and the median crest, though low, is quite prominent; the occipital crest is
sharp, and drawn out so that it gradually merges into the interorbital ridge; the outline of the
skull immediately behind the orbit is convex; the tip of the temporal crest points inward to the

occipital crest; the stay of the occipital crest forms a groove between it and the posterior part of
the crest.

1162 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

Centropristis merus,* Pory, Synopsis Piscium Cubensium, 288, 1868, Cuba; specimen with 10 dorsal
spines.

Cerna sicana, DODERLEIN, Rivista delle Specie del Genere Epinephelus 0 Cerna, 1882, 81, Palermo;
specimen with 10 dorsal spines.

Epinephelus nigritus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 540, 1883; JorpaN & Swain, l. c., 1884, 380;
JorDAN, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1885, 208; Jonpan & EIGENMANN, I. c., 361, 1890; BouLENGER,
Cat., I, 238.

Epinephelus merus, JORDAN & EIGENMANN, l. c., 362, 1890.

502. PROMICROPS (Gill) Poey.
(GUASAS.)

Promicrops (G1tu MS.) Pory, Synopsis Piscium Cubensium, 287, 1868; Ann. N. Y. Lyc. Nat.
Hist., x, 1871, 42, (quasa).
Ttaiara, VAILLANT & Bocourt, Mission Scientifique au Mexique, 1875, 90, (itaiara).

Cranium short, extremely broad and depressed between the eyes, the
anterior profile of the head more or less concave. Dorsal spines all low.
Scales of the lateral line each with 4 to 6 radiating ridges. This genus is
fairly well distinguished by the peculiarities of its cranium. One species
is certainly known, a tropical fish of very large size, like the species of
Stereolepis and Garrupa. Dr. Boulenger does not separate either Promi-
crops or Garrupa from Epinephelus. The relationship of each to Hpine-
phelus is certainly very close. (zpé, before; pixpdc, small; oy, eye; in
allusion to the shortness of the anterior part of the cranium.)

1557. PROMICROPS GUTTATUS (Linneus).

(Guasa; SpoTreD JEWFISH ; MERO.)

Head 22 to 3; depth 3,5; eye very small, 7 in head (in young), about 12
in adult. D. XI, 16; A. III, 8; scales 16-95 to 135-40, pores 60 to 70.
Body more robust than in any species of Epinephelus, its greatest breadth
13 in the depth. Head very large, unusually broad, anteriorly obtuse,

*The following description of the nominal species, Garrupa merus (Poey), characterized by the
possession of-10 dorsal spines and by a more strongly armed preopercle, is taken from 2 specimen
from Rio Janeiro, (No. 9737, Mus. Comp. Zool.; Coll. L. Agassiz): Head 23 in length of body ;
depth 23. D. X,14; A. III, 9. Scales 86 (series). Second dorsal spine 22 in head; second anal
spine 6. Pectoral 14; maxillary 2; eye 7; snout 324; interorbital area 414; soft dorsal rays
224in head. Body very deep and short, deeper and more compressed than in Epinephelus. Head
large and blunt, the anterior profile regularly convex ; interorbital area broad, as in Garrupa
nigrita, rather convex ; eye small; mouth very large, the lower jaw projecting ; supplementary
maxillary small. Three or four very small canines in front of each jaw; no lateral canines,
Nostrils round, near together, the posterior largest. Preopercle without salientangle, but rather
coarsely serrate ; two or three very coarse, irregular teeth just below angle, these turned down-
ward much asin Epinephelus mystacinus. Opercular spine moderate. Gill rakers very short and
thick, x -+ 12, the longest not twice as high as broad and all very coarsely toothed; preorbital
moderate, nearly as broad as the small eye. Scales moderate, not very rough ; dorsal fin rather
deeply notched, the second spine highest, nearly three times the height of the first, but little
higher than the third; soft dorsal high; caudal rounded; anal fin high, rounded, the spines
moderate, graduated; pectorals short. Color, in spirits, plain dark brown; fins all darker ; a
dark mustache along the edge of the maxillary. Ina young specimen from Rio Grande do Sul
the caudal fin is abruptly paler. West Indies, recorded from off Cuba, Sicily, and Brazil.
(Merus, from mérou, the French name of Epinephelus guaza, derived from Latin morrhua, codfish.)
Garrupa merus is probably identical with Garrupa nigrita. The five known specimens of Garrupa
merus (from Hayana, Palermo, Rio Janeiro, Rio Grande do Sul) differ from Garrupa nigrita in
having 10 dorsal spines instead of 11, no other distinction being evident. Often specimens of
Garrupa nigrita from Pensacola, Florida, examined by us, one has 10 spines, the others 11.
Probably all belong to one species, for which the oidest name is nigrita,

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 1163

its profile Cepressed or slightly concave above the eye, convex at the nape.
Snout very short, 4¢ in head; lower jaw projecting. Maxillary scaly.
Mouth large, the maxillary, even in the young, reaching much beyond the
eye, 2 in head, its tip in the adult as wide as eye. Teeth in broad bands,
those of the outer series somewhat enlarged, the canines very small,
searcely differentiated, but present. Interorbital area flattish, very
broad, its width 5in head. Nostrils subequal, roundish, close to the eye.
Preopercle convex, with a slight emargination, the angle a little promi-
nent, with somewhat larger teeth. Opercular flap obtusely pointed, its
upper edge curved. Opercular spines small and blunt. Gill rakers short
and thick, few (about 12) in number. Scales comparatively large, mostly
ctenoid. Scales of the lateral line each with 4 to 6 conspicuous radiating
ridges separated by furrows. Dorsal spines low and strong, the third,
fourth, and fifth subequal, 4 in head, the outline of the fin scarcely con-
vex; second spine lower than tenth; caudal fin rounded, its outer rays
very much shortened, little more than half the length of the middle rays,
which are 13 in head. Anal rounded, its longest rays 2} in head; second
anal spine rather shorter than third and a little stronger, 42 in head; pec-
toral reaching a little beyond tips of ventrals, 13 in head; ventrals 2, not
reaching vent. Pyloric ceca excessively numerous and finely divided.
Color of adult nearly uniform dull olive brown, the spots and bands faint
or obsolete. Young specimens in life pale olive green, slightly yellowish
on breast and lower jaw, the body with 5 cross bars of dark olive green,
with irregular but rather sharply defined edges, and extending on the
dorsal and anal fin; 2 under spinous dorsal, 2 between soft dorsal and
anal, 1 on caudal peduncle; these bars partially or wholly disappear in
spirits; a dark blotch at nape; two shades down and backward from eye;
a bar at base of caudal; round blackish spots smaller than pupil, of differ-
ent sizes, scattered over the whole of head and nuchal region ; a few along
back; these smallest on upper part of head, largest on back and lower
parts of sides of head; breast and belly plain; dorsal fin olive, with dark
clouds like the body, a few spots on spines and tips of soft rays; caudal
much clouded with dark, which form series of spots on the hinder parts,
these spots smallest and best defined posteriorly. Anal similar to caudal;
pectorals light olive, profusely covered with large dark spots; ventrals
similar to pectorals, with fewer spots. Tips of pectorals and caudal
slightly reddish. In spirits the dark bands and blotches of body are more
or less faded. Length 2 to 6 feet. Both coasts of tropical America north
to Florida and Gulf of California, south to Brazil; not uncommon about
rocks; here described chiefly from a young specimen, 16 inches long, from
Key West; specimens examined by us from Punta Arena, Mazatlan, Pan-
ama, Key West, Havana, Rio de Janeiro, Bahia, Pernambuco, and Can-
narivieras. Dr. Boulenger records a specimen 5 feet 7 inches long from
Clarence River, New Suuth Wales. We are not able to separate the Pacific
Coast form, Promicrops quinquefasciatus, from the Atlantic guttatus. (gut-
tatus, spotted. )

Cugupuguacu, MARrcGRAVE, Hist. Brazil, 169, 1648, Brazil.

1164 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

Perca guttata, Linnmus, Syst. Nat., Ed. x, 1758, 292, Brazil; after Marccrave, WILLUGHBY,
SLOANE, CATEsBY, etc.; the account of color taken from Catesby’s figure of the Red Hind
(Bpinephelus catus); the various authors quoted each supposing his specimens to be identical
with that of Marcgrave.

Serranus itaiara, LICHTENSTEIN,* Acta Berolinens. for 1821, 378, 1822, Brazil; Cuvier & VALEN-
CIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 11, 376, 1828; not Itaiara, MARCGRAVE.

Serranus galeus, MULLER and TRoscHEL, in Schomburgk’s Reise in Brit. Guiana, 621, 1842,
Guiana; GUNTHER, Cat., 1, 130, 1859.

Serranus guasa, PoEY, Memorias Cuba, 11, 141, 354, tab. 13, fig. 8, 1860, Cuba.

Serranus quinquefasciatus, Bocourt, Ann. Sci. Nat., 1868, 223, Nagualate, Pacific Coast of
Guatemala.

Epinephelus quinquefasciatus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Bull. U. 8. Fish Comm., 1882, 106, 110, 112.

Promicrops guasa, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 542, 1883.

Epinephelus galeus, JORDAN, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1883, 285.

Epinephelus itaiara, JORDAN, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., 1884, 124; BouLenaer, Cat., 1, 252.

Promicrops itaiara, JORDAN & SwAIN, l. c., 1884, 877.

Promicrops guttatus, JORDAN & EIGENMANN, I. c., 363, 1890.

503. ALPHESTES, Bloch & Schneider.

Alphestes, Buoch & SCHNEIDER, Syst. Ichthyol., 236, 1801, (afer).
Prospinus, (PoEY MS.) Gru, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, 237, (chloropterus = afer).

The genus Alphestes contains two species of small fishes which differ from
Epinephelus proper in the presence of a strong antrorse spine on the lower
limb of the preopercle. Frontal bones with an anterior excavation for
the reception of the posterior processes of the premaxillaries, a process or
knob on each side of skull behind the interorbital area; supraoccipital
and parietal crests produced on frontals, but not extending to between
orbits. Dorsal rays XI, 17 to 20; anal III, 9. (dAdnorie, greedy or fncon-
tinent, a name applied to a kind of fish that swims in pairs, one behind
the other, possibly Symphodus tinca.)

a. Second anal spine as long as third; gill rakers short. Color olive, clouded with dusky, the
body with rather few dark-orange spots; breast with pearly spots; a dark mustache
above the maxillary; lower jaw little projecting; preorbital very narrow. AFER, 1558.
aa, Second anal spine longer than third; gill rakers long, longer than gill fringes. Color
olivaceous, the ground color nearly uniform, the body and fins closely covered with
small dark-brown spots; breast plain; snout slender, pointed; lower jaw rather strongly
projecting. i MULTIGUTTATUS, 1559.

1558. ALPHESTES AFER (Bloch).
(GUASETA.)

Head 2+; depth 23; eye large, 44 in head. D. XI, 17 to 19; A. III, 9;
scales 10-75 to 80-35, pores 50 to 60. Body oblong, ovate, rather com-
pressed, the greatest width 2} times in depth ; head small, rather pointed,
the profile nearly straight from the tip of the snout to the nape, there
forming a considerable angle, being steeper and more gibbous to the
front of the dorsal fin; snout short, shorter than eye; mouth small, the
maxillary extending a little beyond the eye, its length 2? in head; max-
illary naked; teeth comparatively small, in broad bands, the upper jaw

*According to Professor Peters, the type of Serranus itaiara is a very young fish, with the eye
as wide as the interorbital space, but in other respects identical with the type of Serranus galeus.

Ee EEE

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 1165

with about four small canines, the canines of the lower jaw searcely dif-
ferentiated ; lower jaw rather weak, little projecting ; interorbital space
moderate, convex, its width 6 in Hosa preopercle strongly and unequally
convex, its upper limb oblique, without notch above the angle; upper
limb of preopercle with slender teeth, which regularly increase in size
downward, those at the rounded ahale strong; below the angle is a
strong flattish spine, directed forward and downward, its length 4 in eye;
nostrils small, round, close together; scales not very small, mostly
cycloid, those on opercles larger than those on body, those on cheeks small :
gill rakers short and stout, their length not more than half pupil, 14 to
16 below angle; dorsal spines rather short, robust, and pungent, the sec-
ond higher than the tenth, the fourth and fifth highest, 24 in head, the
outline of the fin gently curved; soft rays about as high as third spine;
caudal convex behind, its angles rounded, its length 1 in head; anal
rather high, posteriorly rounded, its longest soft rays 2in head; second
anal spine longer and stronger than third, 2$ in head; pectorals broad,
rounded, extending beyond tips of ventral, 13 in head; ventrals nearly
or quite reaching vent. Color in life, dark brownish olive, mottled with
darker blotches; body with some dark orange spots; vertical fins dark
olive, mottled with darker blotches; lower parts of head yellow; pec-
torals dull olive red, with bluish spots; ventrals dull olive, edged with
darker; some pearly spots on breast and on anal; mustache dark red
brown ; the orange spots become brown in spirits. Length about a foot.
West Indies; Cuba to Brazil; generally common; the specimen here
described from Havana; recorded by Dr. Boulenger from the Falkland
Islands; only the original type of Bloch recorded from Africa. (afer,
African. )

Epinephelus afer, Buocu,* Ichthyologia, pl. 327, 1793, Acara in Guinea; (Coll. Dr. Isert);
BouLENGER, Cat., 1, 254.

Plectropoma eicasbrim, CuvigeR & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 11, 398, 1828, San
Domingo; Martinique; Pory, Memorias Cuba, 1, 73, tab. 9, fig. 3, 1851.

Plectropoma monacanthus, MULLER & TRoscHEL, Schomburgk’s Hist. Barbadoes, 665, 1847, Bar-
badoes; GintTHER, Cat., 1, 164, 1859.

?Serranus armatus, Osor10, Jorn. Sci. Lisboa, 2, 111, 1894, 74; fide BouLENGER.

Alphestes afer, BLocu & SCHNEIDER, Syst. Ichth., 1801, 236; Perers, Berliner Monatsber., 1865,
105 (description of BLocn’s type); JORDAN & SWAIN, l. c., 1884, 396; JonDAN & EIGEN? MANN,
l. c., 350, 1890.

, atte chloropterus, PoEy, Synopsis, 289, 1868.
1559. ALPHESTES MULTIGUTTATUS (Giinther).

Head 27; depth 24; eye large, 44 in head. D. XI, 18 to 20; A. ITI, §
scales 10-75 to 80-36, pores 55 to 62. Body oblong ovate, compressed.

* According to Professor Peters, who has examined the type of Bloch in the Museum at Berlin,
Epinephelus afer of Bloch is, in all respects, identical with Plectropoma chloroplerum, the types of
the two having been compared by him. This may be true, in which case the American species
should stand as Alphestes afer. It is to be noticed, however, that few species are common to the
faunas of Guinea and the West Indies; no one has yet recorded the West Indian species of
Alphestes from Africa. Bloch distinctly asserts that his specimen was from Arar on the coast of
Guinea, whence it was sent by Dr. Isert. The figure of Bloch re presents a species deeper in
body and more uniformly colored than is our species, The American species should perhaps
stand as Alphestes chloropterus until its identity with the African one is more clearly shown. On
the other hand, it must be admitted that Bloch was often careless as to his statement of locali-

ties, and in default of other knowledge, we may accept Peters’s identification as sufficient,

1166 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

Head small, slender, and pointed, the profile nearly straight from the snout
to behind the eye, where is formed a considerable angle; the outline
thence steeper, but still nearly straight to the front of the dorsal fin.
Snout very short, rather pointed, 54 in head. Mouth small, oblique, the
maxillary not reaching to posterior margin of eye, its length 2? in head.
Teeth small; small canines present in upper jaw only. Lower jaw rather
strongly projecting. Interorbital space very narrow, convex, its width
10 in head. Preopercle strongly convex; the angle not salient, but armed
with sharp radiating serre. A strong flattish spine directed downward
and forward below the angle. Nostrils small, round, close together, sub-
equal. Gill rakers moderate, the longest as long as gill fringes, 15 or 16,
14 on lower limb of arch. Scales not very small, mostly cycloid; those
on opercles somewhat enlarged. Dorsal spines rather short and stiff, the
fourth 3 in head; soft dorsal high; caudal subtruncate, 2 in head; anal
rather high, rounded, the longest rays 2 in head; second spine longer and
stronger than third, 24 in head; pectorals broad, reaching a little beyond
tips of ventrals, 13 to 1% in head; ventrals shortish, scarcely reaching
vent. Color dark olive brown, the body and head profusely covered
with round spots of a darker brown, their diameter about half that of
the pupil; spots on posterior part of body confluent in horizontal streaks;
breast and front of head with few spots; a very faint mustache above
maxillary ; dorsal and caudal dusky olive, nearly plain; anal with two
cross bands of dusky; pectoral yellowish, with 5 dusky cross bands, its
edge pale; ventrals dusky. Very close to 4. afer, differing chiefiy in
color, the head more slender, the chin more prominent. Length 8 inches.
Pacific Coast of tropical America, Mazatlan to Panama; rather common;
here described from specimens from Panama. (multum, many; guttatus,
spotted).
Plectropoma multiguttatum, GUNTHER, Proc, Zool. Soc. London, 1866, 600, Panama.
Plectropoma afrum, GUNTHER, Fishes Centr. Amer., 411, 1869, with plate.
Alphestes multiguttatus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Bull. U. 8. Fish Comm., 1882, 107,110; JonpANn &
EIGENMANN, I. c., 349, 1890.

Epinephelus multiguttatus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1882, 625; JorpAn & Swain,
1, c,, 1884, 395.

504. DERMATOLEPIS, Gill.

Dermatolepis, GILL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1861, 54, (punctatus).
Lioperca, Git, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, 237, (inermis).

Body shorter and deeper than in Lpinephelus, the head small, much com-
pressed, the interorbital area narrow ; supraoccipital crest low ; canines
very small or obsolete; lower opercular spine absent; frontal bones with
the anterior concavity for the reception of the posterior processes of the
premaxillaries, and with a process or knob on each side behind the inter-
orbital area; supraoccipital and parietal crests produced on the frontals to
between the orbits. Dorsal rays XI, 19; anal III,9. Soft dorsal very
long; anal short; spines low; vertical fins all rounded; scales all
cycloid, small, embedded; squamation approaching that of Rypticus ;
canine teeth very small. Otherwise essentially as in Hpinephelus. Species
three, in the warm seas. (dépua, skin ; Aezic, scale.)

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 1167

LIoPpEeRcA (AeZos, Smooth ; wépxn, perch):

a. Preopercle evidently serrate, the serre rather coarse and blunt; upper jaw with very
small canines ; pectoral fins long, more than two-thirds length of head, reaching vent;
anal spines rather strong ; dusky olive, with large rounded whitish spots; no black
spots on head ; a whitish streak from snout through eye toward front of dorsal.

INERMIS, 1560.
DERMATOLEPIS:

aa, Preopercle subentire ; canine teeth obsolete ; pectoral fins short, not two-thirds length of
head and not reaching vent ; anal spines short ; dusky olive, with round whitish spots ;
head with smaller black spots. PUNCTATUS, 1561.

Subgenus LIOPERCA, Gill.
1560. DERMATOLEPIS INERMIS (Cuvier & Valenciennes),

Head 23; depth 24. D. XI, 19; A. III, 9; scales 20-115 to 125-45 to 50,
70 pores. Body comparatively short and deep, strongly compressed, the
back elevated, the anterior profile concave, forming a reentrant angle
before the eye, thence nearly straight to the nape. Head compressed,
the snout short, moderately pointed, 3% in head. Eye small, 5? in head.
Interorbital space narrow, anteriorly with a broad groove, which receives
the spines of the premaxillary bones, its width 8 in head. Posterior part
of head narrow, strongly convex transversely. Mouth small, oblique,
the jaws subequal, the broad maxillary extending to below the middle of
the eye, its length 24 in head. Supplemental maxillary well developed.
Teeth in narrow bands, formed as in Epinephelus, but small. Canines
scarcely differentiated, none in lower jaw, 1 on each side in upper jaw
slightly larger than the other teeth. Preopercle with very weak and
irregular serrations, the angle not salient, its teeth little, if any,
enlarged. A very slight emargination above the angle. Opercle witha
single spine, above which is a flat lobe. Opercular flap unusually large,
extending beyond the spine for a distance nearly equal to the diameter
of the eye. Gill rakers rather slender, nearly as long as gill fringes,
about 14 on lower part of anterior arch. Nostrils round, very close
together, the posterior the larger. Scales small, all eycloid, somewhat
embedded in the skin; lower jaw scaly; maxillary, preorbital, and tip of
snout naked. Dorsal spines strong, the third highest, 2} in head, the
others gradually shorter to the ninth, which is 34 in head; soft dorsal
elevated, the twelfth ray highest, 2 in head; caudal long, rounded iti
outline, 14 in head; anal very high, the middle soft rays 1% in head, the
other rays rapidly shortened each way; anal spines short and strong,
graduated, the second spine 3}? in head; pectorals very long, nearly
reaching anal, 1} in head; ventrals moderate, 14 in head, reaching vent
or a little farther. Color in alcohol, dusky brown, mottled with darker;
head, body, and fins covered with roundish, whitish blotches, which are
very irregular in form and size, some of them larger than the eye; the
spots most numerous and distinct on the tail and on the lower part of
the head; several spots behind the eye, confluent into a pale stripe from
eye toward spinous dorsal; fins all blackish, the pale spots smaller and
generally less distinct than on body; pectorals olivaceous, with small,
rather distinct black spots. West Indies; rare; here deseribed from an

1168 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

Havana specimen sent by Leonel Plasencia. Length 1 foot. (inermis,

unarmed. )

Serranus inermis, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 1x, 436, 1833, Antilles; GUNTHER,
Cat., 1, 1859, 153.

Lioperca inermis, PoEY, Synopsis, 282, 1868.

Dermatolepis inermis, JORDAN & SWAIN, l. c., 405, 1884; JorpDAN & EIGENMANN, l. c., 376, 1890.

Epinephelus inermis, BOULENGER, Cat., 1, 257.

Subgenus DERMATOLEPIS.
1561. DERMATOLEPIS PUNCTATUS, Gill.

Head 2,95; depth 22; eye small, 64 in head. D. XI, 19; A. III, 9; scales
24-115-x. Body comparatively short and deep, strongly compressed,
the back elevated, the anterior profile forming a slight reentrant angle
before the eye, thence nearly straight to the nape. Head compressed,
the snout short, moderately pointed, 4in head. Interorbital space quite
narrow, anteriorly with a broad groove, which receives the spines of the
premaxillaries, its width 7+ in head. Cranium posteriorly narrow,
strongly convex transversely. Mouth rather small, oblique, the jaws
subequal, the broad maxillary extending to below the middle of the eye,
its length 2} in head. Supplemental maxillary well developed. Teeth
small, formed as in Kpinephelus, but with no canines in either jaw, not
even rudimentary ones. Preopercle not serrated anywhere, its upper
part with a few irregular crenations, its angle not salient, its emargina-
tion obsolete. Opercle with a rudimentary spine, above which is a flat
lobe. Opercular flap extending beyond the spine for a distance nearly
equal to the diameter of the eye. Gill rakers shortish, about 13 on lower
part of anterior arch. Nostrils small, round, close together, the posterior
one the larger. Scales small, cycloid, somewhat embedded in the skin.
Maxillary, preorbital, and tip of snout naked. Dorsal spines low, strong,
subequal, the longest 4 in head; soft dorsal elevated, the longest ray 2,9;
in head; caudal long, subtruncate, with rounded angles, 1? in head; anal
very high, rounded, its middle rays 24 in head; anal spines short and
strong, graduated, the second spine 5 in head; pectorals short, not nearly
reaching vent, 1% in head; ventrals short, 2} in head. Color in spirits,
dusky brown, mottled with darker; head, body, and fins covered with
rounded whitish blotches, very irregular in form and size, none of them so
large as the eye, these spots most distinct on the body; head, breast, and
branchiostegals thickly covered with smaller, round, dark spots, very
distinct on the jaws and on the membrane of the maxillary; top of head
with some dark longitudinal streaks; pectoral with small black spots;
other fins blackish, with pale spots like those on the body, but smaller.
Rocky shores off the west coast of Mexico; known from Cape San Lucas,
the Venados, and the Revillagigedos. About the latter islands, Dr. Gilbert
found it in abundance. Description from a specimen 14 inches long
(U.S. N. M., No. 28223. Socorro Island. Coll. Captain Nichols). (pune-
tatus, spotted.)

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 1169

Dermatolepis punctatus, GILL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1861, 54, and 1862, 250, Cape San Lucas,
(Coll. Xantus); Jonpan & GiLBeERt, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 229, 1881; Jornpan & Swaln, 1. ¢.,
407, 1884; JorpAN & EIGENMANN, l. c., 376, 1890.

Epinephelus dermatolepis, BOULENGER, Cat., 1, 256, 1895; name a substitute for punctatus, preoccu-
pied in Epinephelus.

505. MYCTEROPERCA, Gill.

Mycteroperca, GILL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, 80, (olfaz).

Trisotropis, GILL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1865, 104, (guttatus = renenosus).
Parepinephelus, BLEEKER, Systema Percarum Revisum, 257, 1875, (acutirostris).
Archoperca, JORDAN & EVERMANN, new subgenus, (boulengeri).

Xystroperca, JORDAN & EVERMANN, new subgenus, (pardalis).

Cranium broad and transversely concave between the eyes, its lateral
crests very strong, nearly parallel with the supraoccipital crest and
extending much farther forward than the latter, joining the supraocular
crest above the eye, the supraoccipital crest not extending on the frontals;
frontal bones without anterior concavity or notch for the reception of
the premaxillaries, without processes on the upper surface; lower jaw
strongly projecting ; anal fin elongate, with 11 or 12 (in one species 9 or
10) soft rays; caudal Junate; spines of fins slender, none of them much
elevated; scales small, mostly cycloid, those on the lateral line simple;
pyloric ceca few; gill rakers various; nostrils small, and subequal, or
; with the posterior enlarged. Otherwise essentially as in Lpinephelus, from
which genus Mycteroperca is well separated by the structure of the
| skull,* and superficially by the longer anal, larger mouth, and more elon-

gate body. Large food-fishes of the tropics, mostly American. (uv«rip,
nostril; zépxn, perch, in allusion to the large divided posterior nostril of
M. olfaz.)

a. Nostrils subequal, well separated; scales on head cycloid.
b. Gill rakers comparatively few and short, 8 to 20 below angle of arch.
ARCHOPERCA (apxos, anus; 7epxy, perch; from the high, short anal fin):
ce. Anal rays III, 10 (III, 9 to III, 11), the fin high and falcate; body deep, com-
pressed; gill rakers 6 -+- 15; scales 95; angle of preepercle slightly salient; color
olive, with blackish markings; fins dark. BOULENGERI, 1562.
TRISOTROPIS (tpets, three; iods, equal; tpomis, keel):
ec. Anal rays III, 11 or III, 12, the fin long.
d. Anal fin not angulated, its outline more or less evenly rounded in adult as
well asin young; soft parts of vertical fins edged with black in life.
. e. Angle of preopercle not salient, its teeth scarcely enlarged; gill rakers
x + 8tol0,

f. Gill rakers very few and short, x -- 8 developed (besides some rudi-
ments); general color pale, bright red, or grayish, with roundish
spots or blotches of black or red darker than the ground color;
the blacker blotches along the middle of sides much larger and
quadrate in the young; red always present somewhere in life

zs (fading in spirits); pectorals blackish, in the adult broadly tipped
with orange yellow; scales rather small (about 125); caudal lunate,
VENENOSA, 1563.

*This character is thus expressed by Dr. Gill: ‘‘ The skull differs from that of Epinephelus by
the wider interorbital area; the parallelism and continuation of the lateral crests forward to
the middle of the orbits, inclosing an elongated parallelogram, the surface of which, especially
between the orbits, is more uniform; the absence of a frontal crest, the simple curvature or
straightness of the naso-yomerine ridge, and absence of the angle at the suture between the

1 nasals and the vomer.”’

F.N.A. 75

1170 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum,

y. General color gray, with red and black markings. (var. venenosa).

yy. General color scarlet, with red and black markings. apua, 1563a.

J. Gill rakers rather slender, about x + 10 (besides several rudiments);
caudal subtruncate; nostrils small.

g. Scales not very small (about 110); color dark olive green; sides of
head and body with rivulations of dark bluish around round-
ish dark-bronze spots, large or small (these markings subject
to considerable variation, fading in spirits); sides with darker
quadrate areas.

z Dark blotches on body rather large, often quadrate.

BONACI, 1564.
zz. Dark spots on bedy very small, close-set, of a deep bronze
orange. XANTHOSTICTA, 1564a.
gg. Scales small (120 to 140); angle of preopercle not salient, but the
teeth at the angle somewhat larger; general form, appear-
ance, and color of M. bonaci. Color olive green; head with
numerous dark-green streaks radiating from eye; a dark
mustache along maxillary; body with small, irregular, dark,

quadrate blotches; fins, except pectorals, mostly dusky.
JORDANI, 1565.
ee, Angle of preopercle more or less salient, its teeth somewhat enlarged;

gill rakers more numerous, x + 12 to 14.

h. Scales very small (about 140); caudal peduncle without black spot;
interorbital area scarcely concave; cheeks without distinct dusky
stripes; commissure witbout yellow; caudal distinctly lunate; gill

rakers few, about 12 on lower part of anterior arch.
MICROLEPIS, 1566.

hh. Scales rather small (about 120); interorbital area channeied; angle of

preopercle little salient; body slender; caudal little concave; sides

with small, faint spots of darker; commissure with yellow green.

INTERSTITIALIS, 1567.

hhh. Scales not very small (about 110); upper part of body dark brown,

the lower half abruptly paler; a pale ring around the caudal

peduncle, behind which is a squarish dark blotch, smaller than

eye, at base of upper rays of caudal; caudal deeply lunate;

teeth strong. DIMIDIATA, 1568.

dd. Anal fin angulated, its middle rays much exserted, its posterior margin con-

cave; body rather robust; scales moderate (about 110); caudal fin sub-

truncate; gill rakers about x -+ 18; angle of preopercle slightly salient,

with coarser teeth; seventh ray of anal nearly half head; tenth ray of

dorsal somewhat produced; color nearly plain dark olivaceous, the edges

of the fins scarcely darker. XENARCHA, 1569.

PAREPINEPHELUS (mapa, near; Epinephelus) :

bb. Gill rakers close-set, very long and slender, 25 to 35 below angle of arch.

i. Caudal fin junate, its angles more or less produced in the adult, the fin subtruncate
in the young; anal fin more or lessangulate in the adult, rounded in the young;
soft dorsal somewhat angular; scales rather large (lateral line 95); body rather
deep, the snout sharp; preopercle with a salient angle which is armed with
larger teeth; dorsal spines low; gill rakers close-set, x ++ 30, the longest 71% in
head; ventrals not reaching to vent; color olive gray, with darker reticulations
around pale spots; fins not much darker on their edges; a dark mustache along

the maxillary; adult examples nearly uniform brown; not known to be red.
RUBRA, 1570.

aa. Nostrils very close together, the posterior decidedly larger than the anterior, and with a
more or less distinct horizontal cross septum within; scales on head cycloid.
XyYSTROPERCA (EVorpov, a raker; mépxn, perch): .
j. Gill rakers very numerous, long and slender, about 24 below angle of arch; fourth dor-
sal spine highest; soft dorsal and anal high, but scarcely falcate. Color greenish,
with many round brown spots. PARDALIS, 1571.

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 1171

ee ees

MYcTEROPERCA:
jj. Gill rakers moderate, fewer in number, 6 to 18 below angle of arch.

k. Second dorsal spine highest, its length more than 74 that of head; third spine
scarcely shorter; caudal slightly lunate; canine teeth moderate; angle of pre-
opercle not salient; anal fin angulated, its longest rays about 214 in head, its
posterior margin concave; gill rakers coarse and long, x +15; scales small
(13-20-x).

x. Color brown, with grayish reticulations around brown spots; fins dusky-edged,

OLFAX, 1572,
xx. Color chiefly red. RUBERRIMA, 1572a,

kk. Second dorsal spine low, shorter than third, the third and fourth highest.
l. Margin of anal fin posteriorly concave, its middle rays much exserted.
m. Gill rakers rather numerous, 17 to 20 below angle of arch,
n. Outer rays of caudal scarcely produced, not % length of head; canine
teeth moderate; angle of preopercle little salient; scales small
(about 130); color plain red; vertical fins without black edgings;
gill rakers long, x + 17. ROSACEA, 1573.
nn. Outer rays of caudal much produced, more than 24 length of head;
preopercle with salient angle; canine teeth strong; scales small
(140); gill rakers about 4+ 20. Color brownish, with small
darker spots; vertical fins broadly edged with blackish.
x. Upper canines directed strongly forward, the lower backward;
coloration obscure. FALCATA, 1574,
xx. Upper canines nearly vertical; coloration paler and brighter,
PHENAX, 1574a,
mm. Gill rakers few, 8 below angle of arch; caudal well forked, the outer rays
134 in head; preopercle without salient angle. Color uniform olive
brown, the vertical fins dark-edged. Size very large.
VENADORUM, 1575,
UW. Margin of anal fin not concave posteriorly, the outline of the fin rounded or
slightly angular.
o. Gill rakers rather few, x +12; body without dark cross bars, covered with
| grayish reticulations around small round spots, these not evident on
head; anal fin rounded; preopercle with asalient angle; caudal deeply
lunate; scales moderate (lateral line 90 to 100); form rather robust;
anal fin not angulate. CALLIURA, 1576.
oo, Gill rakers very few, short, and thick, about x + 6; body olive or (var,
camelopardalis) bright red, with light and dark cross bars, these often
becoming obsolete with age; head usually with distinct reticulations
around yellowish spots; anal fin with angular margin, subtruncate
posteriorly; preopercle without Salient angle; scales rather small
(lateral line 133); form rather robust.
x. Ground color dark olive. TIGRIS, 1577.
xx, Ground color bright red. CAMELOPARDALIS, 1577a,

Subgenus ARCHOPERCA, Jordan & Evermann,
1562. MYCTEROPERCA BOULENGERI, Jordan & Starks.

(CABRILLA DE RaizEro; MANGRove GROUPER. )

Head 2} to 2? in length; depth 2) to 3. Dorsal XI, 15 (14 to 16); anal
III, 9 to IIT, 11; scales about 19-90 to 95-38; snout 34 in head ; Maxillary
2h; eye 54; pectoral 13; ventral 12; anal ray 1§; caudal 1, Longest
dorsal spine 24. Gill rakers short, about 6+ 17, the longest about ? in
eye. Longest dorsal ray 2. Body short and deep, compressed. Head

1172 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

moderate, compressed, its profile not steep, nearly straight, a depression
before eye. Upper canines moderate, scarcely differentiated, the lower
quite small. Teeth in 2 irregular rows laterally, a larger number in front.
Nostrils small, well separated, the anterior slightly larger. Lower jaw
very strongly projecting. Maxillary reaching opposite posterior edge of
pupil, or a little farther. Preopercle slightly notched, the angle slightly
salient, with somewhat enlarged teeth, the serrations all weak. Dorsal
scarcely notched, the fourth spine not elevated, the spines all subequal
except the first. Second dorsal high and long, its median rays forming
a conspicuous angle, its posterior border somewhat concave, rounded.
Caudal scarcely lunate, the upper lobe slightly exserted, the lower trun-
cate. Anal very high, strongly falcate, its posterior border incised, the
anterior rounded. Pectoral and ventral moderate, almost coterminous.
Anal spines graduated. Scales smoothish, not very small. Color: Olive
gray, covered everywhere with oblong, irregular markings of black,
between which‘the ground color forms rivulations; color of adults
fainter, with smaller spots; gray lines radiating from the eye; a black-
ish blotch behind maxillary ; pectoral olive yellow; other fins blackish,
clouded with pale; first dorsal with faint, small, black spots; caudal
with a very narrow, pale margin ; none on other fins. Length 15 inches.
A small species, rather common in the astillero or estuary at Mazatlan,
with MWycteroperca jordani, which it much resembles in color, differing in
form and in the short, high anal. This species has the coloration and
form of Mycteroperca, with a short anal fin, scarcely longer than in
Epinephelus. The character of the skull is somewhat intermediate, but
on the whole nearest Mycteroperca. 'The supraoccipital and parietal crests
are high, the former extending forward to the posterior margin of the
orbit; parietal crests parallel with each, and extending forward to pupil ;
interorbital space concave. (Named for Dr. George Albert Boulenger,
the accomplished ichthyologist of the British Museum, in recognition
of his admirable work on the Serranida@, in the Catalogue of Teleostean
Fishes. )

Mycteroperca boulengeri, JORDAN & Starks, Fishes of Sinaloa, in Proc. Cal. Ac. Sci., 1895, 445, pl.
38, Mazatlan. (Type, No. 47481. Coll. Hopkins Expedition to Mazatlan.)

Subgenus TRISOTROPIS, Gill.
1563. MYCTEROPERCA VENENOSA (Linnzus).

(RockrFisu ; YELLOW-FINNED GROUPER; Bonaci DE PIEDRA.)

Head 23 (34); depth 3 (34); eye small, 7 in head (adult). D. XI, 16;
A. III, 11; scales 24-125-x. Body rather robust, not strongly com-
pressed; head rather bluntish, its anterior profile a little uneven.
Mouth large, the maxillary reaching much beyond eye, 2 in head; teeth
in rather narrow bands, each jaw with 2 strong canines, which are not
directed forward ; nostrils moderate, close together, the posterior largest.
Interorbital space flat, broad, 5 in head. Preopercle without salient
angle, its emargination slight. Scales rather small, chiefly cycloid.
Dorsal spines not very weak, the outline of the fin gently convex, the

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America, 11738

second spine about as long as tenth, the highest 3 in head; caudal fin
lunate, the inner rays 14 in outer, which are 1} in head; anal rounded,
rather low, the longest rays 24 in head; pectorals reaching well beyond
tips of ventrals, 2 in head. Pyloric ceca 15 to 20 (Poey.) Color in life
(adult): Clear olive green, livid bluish or pearly below (grayish below
in spirits); upper parts marked everywhere with broad reticulations,
and curved blotches of bright, clear light green; these reticulations
most distinct on the upper part of the head; a greenish blotch on
shoulder before dorsal; entire body and head covered with round
orange-brown spots (becoming brown in spirits) about as large as the
nostrils, the centers darkest; these spots largest and least numerous
above; angle of mouth orange within; iris orange; breast slightly rosy,
grayish in spirits; dorsal olive brown, with whitish blotches and a very
few dark spots; soft dorsal, anal, caudal, and ventrals broadly edged
with blackish, the caudal with more spots, these fins otherwise colored
like the dorsal fin; pectoral olivaceous, its tip yellow, its base spotted.
Length 3 feet. Bahamas, Florida Keys, and southward; generally com-
mon in rocky places; here described from a specimen from Key West..
(venenosus, venemous, the flesh being sometimes poisonous. )
Perca marina venenosa, the Rockfish, CaTEspy, Nat. Hist. Fishes Carolina, etc., 11, tab. 5, 1743,
Bahamas.
Perca venenosa, LINN&US, Syst. Nat., Ed. x, 1758, 292, Bahamas; after CaTEsBy.
Serranus petrosus, Pory, Memorias, 11, 136, 1860, Havana.
Mycteroperca venenosa, JORDAN & SWAIN, l. c., 373, 1884; JonDAN & EIGENMANN, I. c., 369, 1890,
Trisotropis pelrosus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 918, 1883.
Epinephelus venenosus, BOULENGER, Cat., 1, 259.

Represented in deep water by the red form or subspecies

1563a. MYCTEROPERCA VENENOSA APUA (Bloch).
(Bonact CARDENAL.)

Head 2%; depth 3; eye small, 54 in head (young). D. XI,16; A. III,11;
scales 24-121-x. Body rather short and deep, rather strongly compressed.
Head rather bluntish, the anterior profile rather strongly and regularly
arched; mouth rather large, the maxillary reaching past the eye, 24 in
head (in young). Lower jaw projecting, but rather less prominent than
usual in Mycteroperca. Teeth moderate, in rather narrow bands; both
jaws with 2 moderate canines in front, the upper larger and not directed
forward. Nostrils close together, subequal. Interorbital space flattish
or slightly concave, its width 6 in head. Preopercle without salient
angle, its emargination very slight, the teeth below the notch slightly
enlarged. Scales rather small, chiefly cycloid. Dorsal spines not very
slender, the second spine as long as tenth; the third and fourth highest,
3) in head; caudal fin slightly lunate, the outer rays a little longer than
inner, 1? in head; anal rather high, somewhat rounded, the longest rays
1% in head; pectorals about reaching tips of ventrals, 1{ in head. The
color varies much with age and probably also with the depth of water:

(a) Color in life of an adult example about 24 feet in length: Very dark
everywhere, sparsely covered with round spots, which are black on the

1174 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

body and red on the belly; mouth red within; pectoral broadly edged
with orange red, otherwise plain ; no other bright colors anywhere; soft
parts of vertical fins largely black.

(b) Color in life of an example about 2 feet in length: Intense scarlet red
above, grayer below; above, small black spots; below, larger red ones;
base of dorsal and caudal deep red; edge of dorsal, caudal, and anal black;
pectoral spotted at base, then blackish, thence broadly yellow.

(c) Color in life of specimens 8 inches in length: Scarlet brown above,
the color varying from vermilion to gray, becoming grayish in spirits ;
sides light gray ; the ground color forming rivulations around quadrate
blotches of black; belly and lower part of head scarlet; blotches above
and on sides black; the upper ocellated with red; those on sides, below
lateral line, presenting the appearance of interrupted horizontal bands;
the blotches below all vermilion, separated by rivulations of ground color;
lower jaw yellowish, with red blotches; pectorals yellow; the fins other-
wise all marbled with red and black; the vertical fins with grayish rivu-
lations, edged with black and tipped with white. In spirits the scarlet
and red above become gray, the vermilion below, whitish. With age the
large quadrate blotches on the sides and below gradually break up into
smaller spots, and in time the coloration of aand b is reached. West
Indies, Florida Keys, and southward to Brazil, in deeper water than the
true venenosus, from which only the color separates it. Whether this and
similar color forms should be regarded as subspecies, as distinct species,
or should be totally ignored in systematic literature is a question not
easily settied. For the present we let them stand as subspecies, but do
not regard this view of the case as satisfactory. We have never seen a
specimen intermediate between apua and venenosa, nor can any doubt
exist in the determination of specimens. (Apua or Apia, a Brazilian name;
Pirati apia, according to Marcgrave. )

Pirati apia, MARcGRAVE, Hist. Brasil, 1648, 158, Brazil.

Bodianus apua, Buocu, Ichth., vu, 37, taf. 229, 1790, Brazil (after a drawing by Prince Maurice
of Nassan—the same used by Marcgrave).

Bonaci cardenal, Parra, Piezas de Hist. Nat. Cuba, 29, pl. xv1, 1787, Havana,

Johnius guttatus, BLocu & SCHNEIDER, Syst. Ichthyol., 77, 1801 (after PARRA).

Bodianus marginatus, BLocu & SCHNEIDER, I. c., 331 (after MARCGRAVE).

Serranus cardinalis, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 11, 378, 1828 (after Parra).

Serranus rupestris, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 1x, 437, 1833, San Domingo;
GUNTHER, Cat., 1, 145, 1859,

Trisotropis cardinalis, Poky, Enumeratio, 13, 1875.

Mycteroperca venenosa gultata, JORDAN & SWAIN, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1884, 375,

Mycteroperca venenosa apua, JORDAN & EIGENMANN, l. c., 370, 1890.

1564. MYCTEROPERCA BONACI (Poey).

(Bonaci ArarA; BLack GROUPER; AGUAJI.)

Head 2%; depth 3+; eye moderate, 6 in head (young). D. XI, 16 to 18;
A. III, 11 or 12; scales 18-120 to 125-50, pores 70 to 85. Body compara-
tively slender, a little more robust than in M. microlepis, its breadth 24 in
its depth ; head moderate, rather pointed, its anterior profile little curved ;

Ot a

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 1175

mouth rather large, the maxillary reaching slightly beyond eye, 2} in
head (in young), proportionately longer in adult; maxillary with cycloid
scales. Teethin rather narrow bands; two rather strong canines directed
little forward in front of each jaw. Interorbital space slightly convex,
its width 6in head. Preopercle forming a regular curve without salient
angle, the emargination near the angle very slight. Nostrils small,
roundish, subequal; not very close together. Gill rakers few and long,
10 to 12 besides rudiments on lower part of anterior arch. Scales rather
small, chiefly cycloid; dorsal spines comparatively slender and weak, the
outline of the fin gently convex ; the tenth spine about as long as second;
third and fourth spines longest, 34 in head; caudal fin truncate when
spread open, its outer rays a very little produced, 13 in head; analrather
high and rounded, its longest rays 2tin head; pectoral reaching slightly
beyond tips of ventrals, 1,4 in head. Ventrals short, not reaching vent.
Pyloric ceceal5. Color in life, deep orange brown, more olive on the back,
clouded above by paler or grayish; sides and belly marked everywhere
by reticulations of pearly gray, which surround roundish or oblong spots
of the ground color, the pale streaks being largely horizontal on the sides ;
sides of the head similarly marked, the spots smaller, bronze brown, the
reticulations decidedly bluish; 6 or 7 spots in a straight line between eye
and preopercle, the spots having nearly the diameter of the pupil; spots
on the body mostly covering 4 to 6 scales, all of them larger than a scale;
dorsal olive brown, somewhat mottled ; caudal similar to dorsal, narrowly
edged with whitish; anal similar, with 2 or 3 rows of bluish spots, its
tips blackish, with a narrow whitish edge; pectorals olive brown, plain;
ventrals blackish, the rays bluish. Mouth not green, the lips olive,
barred with bluish; iris reddish. Here described from a specimen 11}
inches long, from Key West. A large specimen, about 24 feet in length,
seen at Key West, retained the same general coloration, the bronze spots
and rivulations being distinct and not smaller than in the young. In
spirits the orange brown of the body is replaced by dark brown, and the
blue reticulations of the head, by gray; all the markings become more
faint. Length 2 to 3 feet; maximum weight 50 pounds. West Indies,
Pensacola to Brazil; abundant about Key West, where it is known as
Black Grouper, being the only species to which that name is applied.
The young are taken along the shore in the seine. The species is equally
common at Havana. (Bonaci, the Cuban name for the species, )

Serranus bonaci, Pory, Memorias, 11, 129, 1860, Cuba.

Serranus brunneus, Pony, Memorias, 11, 131, 1860, Havana.

Serranus arard, Porky, Memorias, 11, 132, 1860; not of Cuvier & VALENCIENNES.
Serranus decimalis, Pozry, Memorias, 11, 138, 1860, Cuba; specimen with 10 dorsal spines,
Trisotropis aguaji, Pony, Repertorio, 11, 229, 1868, Havana,

Serranus cyclopomatus, Porky, Memorias, 11, 353, 1861, Cuba.

Serranus latepictus, Pozy, Memorias, 11, 353, 1861, Cuba.

Trisotropis bonaci, Pony, Synopsis, 283, 1868.

Epinephelus bonaci, Jonvan, Proc. U, 8, Nat. Mus., 1884, 124; Boutenoer, Cat., 1, 265,
Mycteroperca bonaci, JORDAN & SWAIN, 7. c., 1884, 370; JonDAN & E1GENMANN, I, ¢., 370, 1890,
Trisotropis brunneus, Poxy, Synopsis, 1868, 284; Jorpan & GiLbERt, Synopsis, 1883, 538,

1176 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum,

Represented in deeper water off Florida by

1564a. MYCTEROPERCA BONACI XANTHOSTICTA, Jordan & Swain.

Head 3; depth 3; eye 94 in head (adult). D. XI, 17; A. ITI, 12; scales
22-110-x. Body comparatively robust, formed much as in WM. venenosa.
Head large, its anterior profile little curved, the snout not very acute,
3% in head. Mouth large, the maxillary reaching to beyond eye, 1,°; in
head (in adult). Teeth in moderate bands; 2 strong, nearly vertical
canines in front of each jaw. Interorbital space strongly convex, its
breadth 44 in head. Preopercle forming a regular curve, without salient
angle, the emargination near its angle very slight. Nostrils roundish,
close together, subequal. Scales rather small, chiefly cycloid. Dorsal
spines rather slender and low, the third spine 3? in head; caudal fin sub-
truncate when spread open, its outer rays very slightly produced, 1] in
head; the rays of the fin projecting slightly beyond the membranes; anal
high and rounded, its longest rays 24 in head; pectoral reaching slightly
beyond tips of ventrals 2} in head. Color of fresh specimen, rather bright
dark purplish gray, scarcely paler below, rather darkest along top of
head and sides of back: chin dark; a few obscure paler rivulations on
belly, sides, and especially on breast; head and body everywhere covered
very evenly with round, close-set spots of a bright bronze orange; these
spots mostly broader than the interspaces, and with an average diameter
about equal to that of a nostril, obscure on lower part of head and body,
but traces of such spots almost every where; spots most distinct on head,
and covering the dark part of the eye; on the lower jaw the spots are
oblong and more closely set; about 23 spots in a straight line from eye to
angle of preopercle; spots on the body usually arranged one to each
scale, the average diameter being considerably less than that of a scale,
none on body as large as thescale; bases of pectoral, anal, and caudal simi-
larly spotted; dorsal dark olive brown, the distal half of the soft dorsal
black; caudal and anal colored like the soft dorsal, the black on the cau-
dal paler, the latter without the narrow pale edge of the dorsal and anal;
pectorals and ventrals brownish, blackish toward the tips, the pectoral
with a grayish edge and no yellow; a dusky mustache on preorbital,
along edge of maxillary; membrane of region concealed by maxillary
covered with very bright orange spots: angle of mouth on lower jaw
largely yellowish green, with some dullorange. Length4 feet. Snapper
Banks off Pensacola; scarce. (fave, yellow; o7ixTéc, spotted.)

Mycteroperca bonaci xanthosticta, JORDAN & SWAIN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus,, 1884, 371, Pensacola,
(Coll. Jordan & Stearns); JonpAN & EI1GENMANN, l. c., 370, 1890.

1565. MYCTEROPERCA JORDANI (Jenkins & Evermann).
(CABRILLA DE ASTILLERO ; Baya.)
Head 23 to 24; depth 3} to 3%; eye 64 to 74 in head; snout 32 to 3}.
D. XI, 16 or 17; A. III, 11; scales 20-120 to 185-43; maxillary 2};

pectoral 1? to 14; ventral 2 to 24; fourth dorsal spine 2? to3; soft dorsal
rays 2 to 2¢; longest anal ray 2}; caudal lobes 1? to 1% in head; gill

p
‘
,
]
]
j

Jordan and Evermann.— Fishes of North America. 1177

rakers 3+ 10 or 11,short, the longest barely longer than pupil. Body
moderately elongate, compressed. Head low, large, profile anteriorly a
little convex, depressed before eye. Mouth moderate, the lower jaw very
prominent; canines in both jaws rather strong. Nostrils wellseparated,
subequal. Preopercle scarcely notched, the angle not salient; the teeth
at angle scarcely enlarged. First dorsal low, scarcely notched, the fourth
spine not elongate. Soft dorsal moderate, rounded: caudal truncate or
very slightly rounded, becoming concave with age; anal high, anteriorly
rounded, not falcate but with a sharp angle, its posterior border not
incised ; second anal spine shorter than third, 61n head. Pectorals mod-
erate; ventrals shortish. Color olive gray, blackish above, with obscure
clouds of darker olive in the form of diffuse dark blotches, these oblong,
quadrate, and arranged in 4 series; lower parts pale olive; sides of head
with wavy blackish streaks; a black mustache behind maxillary; lower
side of head clouded ; lower lip greenish, inside of mouth pale; pectorals
reddish green, without pale edge ; other fins blackish, the soft dorsal and
caudal narrowly edged with whitish; a little dull red on lower edge of
anal and caudal.* Length 2 to 3 feet. Gulf of California; common in
bays and sheltered waters; not seen about rocks; here described from
specimens from Mazatlan; a food-fish of importance at Guaymas and
Mazatlan. (Named for David Starr Jordan.)

Epinephelus jordani, JENKINS & EVERMANN, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus.. 1888, 140, Guaymas, (Type,
No. 39628, Coll. Jenkins & Evermann); BouLenGer,} Cat., 1, 263.

Mycteroperca jordani, JORDAN & EIGENMANN, l. c., 371, 1890; EverMANN & JENKINS, Proc. U.S.
Nat. Mus., 1891, 143, pl. 1, fig. 2.

1566. MYCTEROPERCA MICROLEPIS (Goode & Bean).
(Gac; A@uAdi.)

Head 2%; depth 33; eye moderate, 64in head (young). D. XI, 16 to 19;
A. IIT, 11; scales 24-140 to 145-50 to 60, pores 88 to 95. Body compara-
tively elongate, compressed, its greatest width 2} in greatest depth.

* The following is the original description of this species, slightly condensed: Head 2.6 in
body to base of caudal (3.1 in total); depth 3.6 in body; depth of caudal peduncle 8.8; dorsal
XI, 17; anal ITI, 11; scales very small, crowded, about 20-160-40. Body comparatively elongate,
compressed. Head long, lower jaw protruding, maxillary extending but slightly beyond the eye
in the smaller specimens and not at all in the larger ones; eye 7.2 in head, the interorbital
space 6 in head. Preopercle slightly emarginate above the angle and on lower limb below the
angle; the serre above the angle very fine, at the angle stronger, the lower limb entire. Nos-
trils not very near together. Distance between them 8 in longer diameter of eye; the anterior
circular, with a flap; posterior elliptical and not more than twice the diameter of the anterior.
Gillrakers of anterior arch rather short, the longest about 2 in eye; about 9 developed and 2
rudimentary ones on lower branch, one in the angle, 2 well developed on upper branch, with a
few others rudimentary. Teeth on lower jaw in about 2 series, laterally strong; on upper jaw
several strong teeth intermingled with many small ones; two prominent canines in each jaw.
Caudal fin very slightly lunate, the outer rays scarcely longer than inner, 2in head; pectorals
reaching beyond the tip of ventrals, 5 in body and 1.9 in head; ventral fin shorter than the
pectoral, 6.25 in the body, its spine 4 in head; the first 3 spines of the dorsal graduated, the first
8.8, the second 4,26, the third 3.3, in head; the tenth spine 4, and the eleventh 3.8, in head.
The longest soft ray, the sixth, 2.3in head; origin of dorsal a little less than length of head
from tip of snout; anal spines graduated, the first 14.4, the second 6 4, the thiré 5,2, in head,
the fin evenly rounded, the longest soft ray 2.3, and the last 4.8, in head. Colorin aleohol, much
asin FL. bonaci, Poey, brown, with irregular darker mottlings of considerable size, but varying
much; belly paler; dorsal and anal fins of the general color of the body, the anal having the
lower edge pale, the outer margin not evidently darker; ventrals black with the tip white; pee-
torals paler.

+ By error credited by Dr. Boulenger to Jordan & Evermann, instead of to Jenkins & Rvermann,

1178 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

Head long, rather pointed, compressed, its anterior profile comparatively
evenly curved and not much arched; mouth comparatively large,
the maxillary extending (in the young a foot long) slightly beyond the
eye, its length 2} in head. In the adult the maxillary is proportionately
longer, about half head; teeth in rather narrow bands; each jaw with
two canines, the upper rather large and directed little forward, the lower
rather small. Interorbital space slightly convex, 7 in head. Gill rakers
few, about 12 on lower part of anterior arch. Preopercle with a shallow
emargination above the angle, which is somewhat salient and armed with
radiating serre considerably larger than those on the upper limb, which
are very fine. Nostrils small, rounded, subequal, not very close tcgether.
Seales very small, chiefly cycloid. Dorsal spines comparatively slender
and weak, the outline of the fin gently convex ; the tenth spine about as
long as second; third and fourth spines longest, 34 in head; caudal dis-
tinctly lunate, the outer rays + longer than the inner, 1? in head; anal
rather high, its posterior margin convex, the longest ray 2} in head, the
spines small, graduated; pectoral reaching slightly beyond tips of ven-
trals,2in head. Shade of color variable, those found in shallow water
being lighter and more variegated. Specimens from deep water are plain
brownish gray, paler below, with no distinct spots or rivulations, but
faint traces of darker spotting, which disappear in spirits, a faint mus-
tache ; lips not green; dorsal dark olive, the tip of soft part blue black,
its edge narrowly white; caudal black, with bright-blue shadings, its
edge white; anal deep indigo blue, olive at base, its edge white; pec-
torals olive, dusky toward the tip; ventrals blackish, the first ray tipped
with white. Specimens taken in shallow water among grass are green
olive, mottled with darker green, and variously clouded, but without
spots or rivulations ; mustache black; fins colored as above, distinctly
bluish; radiating streaks of bluish from eye; all the blue markings of
life fade more or less into dusky or grayish in spirits. Length 2 to 3
feet. South Atlantic and Gulf Coast of United States, narth to Beaufort,
North Carolina, and Pensacola; not known from the West Indies. This
species ranges farther north on our coasts than any other of the Epinephe-
line except Epinephelus morio. It reaches a weight of about 50 pounds.
Along the coast of Florida it is generally abundant on the banks and
reefs, and is an important food-fish. (sxpdc, small; Aezic, scale.)
Trisotropis microlepis, GOODE & BEAN, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1879, 141, West Florida, (Type,
Nos. 5137a; 5137b. Coll. Kaiser & Martin); Jorpan & GILBERT, Synopsis, 538, 1883.
Trisotropis slomias, GOODE & BEAN, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1882, 427, Pensacola; Key West,
(Type, Nos. 21336, 26561, 26587. Coll. Stearns); JornpAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 918, 971.

Epinephelus microlepis, JORDAN, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1884, 124; BouLenGeEr, Cat., 1, 260.
Mycteroperca microlepis, JORDAN & SwAIN, I. c., 367, 1884; JonDAN & EIGENMANN, I. c., 371, 1890.

1567. MYCTEROPERCA INTERSTITIALIS (Poey).

Head 23; depth 33; eye large, 54 in head.. D. XI, 16 or 17; A. III, 12;
scales 20-120-x. Body more slender than in any other of the species
here described ; its greatest width half its greatest depth; head not very
acute, the anterior profile rather strongly curved, somewhat gibbous

©

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Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 1179

above the eyes; mouth moderate, the maxillary reaching slightly beyond
eye, 24 in head; teeth in narrow bands; 2 strong canines in the front of
each jaw, those of the upper jaw nearly vertical; nostrils rather small,
subequal, nearly round; interorbital space slightly concave, its width 54
in head ; the orbital ridges elevated. Preopercle with a moderate emar-
gination, its angle a little salient, with slightly coarser teeth; gill rakers
rather few, about 17 on lower part of anterior arch. Scales rather small,
chiefly cycloid. Dorsal spines rather slender and weak, the outline of
the fin gently convex; the second spine slightly longer than the tenth,
the third and fourth longest, 34 in head; anal rather high, posteriorly
rounded, 2 in head ; caudal fin a little concave, the inner rays 1} in outer,
which are 12 in head; pectorals reaching tips of ventrals, 2 in head.
Pyloric ceca 12 (Poey.) Color of body in spirits, dark brown, in life
with small darker spots, surrounded by reticulations of the ground
color; dorsal and caudal fins dusky, their margins blackish; anal dusky,
edged with bluish black; ventrals dusky, edged with bluish black, the
rays lighter; pectorals dusky, a well-defined mustache above the maxil-
lary; fins edged with dull orange in life, this color disappearing in
spirits. Length about a foot. Coasts of Cuba; rather common in the
markets of Havana, where the specimens here described were taken by
Dr. Jordan. (interstitialis, having interstices.)

Serranus interstitialis, Pozy, Memorias, 11, 127, 1860, Cuba.

Trisotropis chlorostomus, Pozy, Repertorio, 11, 231, 1868, Cuba.

Trisotropis interstitialis, Pony, Synopsis, 285, 1868.

Mycteroperca interstitialis, JORDAN & SwAtn, l. c., 365, 1884; JonDAN & EIGENMANN, /. ¢., 371, 1890.
Epinephelus interstialis, BOULENGER, Cat., 1, 266.

1568. MYCTEROPERCA DIMIDIATA (Poey).

Head 3; depth 3. D. XI, 16; A. III, 11; scales 110. Body rather deep
and compressed; mouth small, lower jaw projecting; canines strong, as
in Mycteroperca falcata; snout rather sharp, 4 in head; maxillary 2; eye
5; nostrils small, not far apart, the anterior rather the larger; angle of
preopercle salient, armed with stronger teeth; gill rakers rather slender,
x+14. Scales rather small; caudal fin rather deeply lunate; anal fin
rounded. Color in spirits, quite dark above, the lower half abruptly
paler; a narrow, pale ring around caudal peduncle, behind which is a
squarish dark blotch, smaller than eye, at base of upper rays of caudal ;
a dark area from tip of lower jaw through eye to the boundary between
the dark and pale on the sides; caudal, soft dorsal, ventrals, and anal
edged with black. Here described from a small specimen (26953, M. C.
Z., 8 inches long) in the Museum at Cambridge, sent from Havana by
Professor Poey, and probably one of his types. Coasts of Cuba; appar-
ently very rare. (dimidiatus, halved, upper half of body differing in
coloration from lower.)

Serranus dimidiatus, Porky, Memorias, 11, 129, 1860, Cuba.

Trisotropis dimidiatus, Pory, Synopsis, 285, 1868.

Myeteroperca dimidiata, JORDAN & Swatn, I. ¢., 367, 1884; JonrDAN & E1GeNMANN, Ll. ¢., 372, 1890,
Kpinephelus dimidiatus, BOULENGER, Cat., 1, 264.

1180 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

1569. MYCTEROPERCA XENARCHA, Jordan.

Head 23; depth 3; eye small, 7 in head. D. XI, 16; A. III, 11; scales
23-110 to 115-50. Body rather deep and compressed; head compressed,
with rather short, sharp snout, which is 4 in head; profile steep and
nearly straight; mouth large, the maxillary reaching scarcely beyond
eye, 2in head; lower canines small; upper canines (2 in number) strong,
scarcely directed forward; preorbital narrow, } width of eye; interor-
bital area convex, its width 43 in head; nostrils small, the posterior
scarcely the larger, separated from the anterior by one diameter; angle
of preopercle scarcely salient, but provided with coarser teeth; a rather
sharp notch above it; opercular spine flat and divided into about 6 teeth
attheend; gillrakers moderate,9-+18; scales moderate, scarcely ctenoid ;
dorsal spines low, the outline of the spinous dorsal gently convex, the
fourth spine longest, 3 in head; soft dorsal high, its outline angular, the
tenth ray produced, 12 in head; anal fin formed as in Mycteroperca falcata,
its seventh ray produced and falcate, 1# in head, its posterior outline
concave; caudal subtruncate, the outer slightly produced; pectoral 12? in
head. Color in spirits plain dark olivaceous, the edges of the fins scarcely
darker. Rocky Islands of the eastern Pacific from Mazatlan to the coast
of Peru; known from numerous specimens in the Museum of Compara-
tive Zoology at Cambridge, from the Galapagos Islands, and from Payta,
Peru. The above description is from a specimen 22 inches long, taken by
us at the Venados Islands, near Mazatlan. This is larger than the original
types of the species. (evéc, strange; apydc, anus.)

Mycteroperca xenarcha, JORDAN, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1887, 387, James Island, Galapagos

(Type, No. 24198, Mus. Comp. Zool.); JonpAN & EIGENMANN, l. c., 372, 1890.
Epinephelus xenarchus, BOULENGER, Cat., 1, 266.

Subgenus PAREPINEPHELUS, Bleeker.
1570. MYCTEROPERCA RUBER (Bloch).

(ScIRENGA.)

Head 24 in length; depth 24. D. XI, 16; A. III, 11 or 12; scales 15-95 to
115-40 to 46, pores 75 to 85. Body rather deep, compressed, the snout
sharp, the anterior profile straight ; interorbital space flat or convex, 4 to
54 in head; mouth moderate, the maxillary extending just beyond eye,
2: in head ; eye 43 to 7in head; canine teeth small; preopercle with a
salient angle; gill rakers very long and slender, x + 31 (22 to 35 accord-
ing to Boulenger), the longest 4 diameter of eye and 74 in head; dorsal
spines small; soft dorsal slightly angulated, the longest ray 2} in head;
anal fin (in most specimens, especially in adults) sharply angulated as in
M. falcata, the longest ray 1§ in head, in young specimens rounded ;
caudal lunate, the angles well produced in the adult, the fin subtruncate
in young; pectoral 12 in head; ventrals short, not reaching vent, (2? to
3t¢, Boulenger). Coloration grayish olive, with reticulations of dark
around irregular roundish pale spots; a black mustache along edge of
maxillary ; fins not much darker than body, usually dusky at tip; young

=P Pr" 4

a

- Yue

~

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 1181

with the markings more distinct than they are in the adults; young
sometimes with a dark blotch on back of caudal peduncle, according
to Boulenger. This description is chiefly from No. 4805, M. C. Z., from
Rio de Janeiro, 13 inches long. This species is very well distinguished
from all other groupers by the greatly increased number of gill rakers, a
character first pointed out by Dr. Bean. Perhaps more than one species
of this type exists, distinguished by the number of gill rakers. The type
of ruber has but 24. Those examined by us from Brazil and from Athens
have 30 or more. West Indies, Brazil, Mediterranean Sea, and islands of
the eastern Atlantic; common in the Mediterranean and off the coast of
Brazil. (ruber, red; from the supposed coloration of the original bleached
specimen, which may possibiy have been a deep-water form.)* (Eu.)

Epinephelus ruber, Buocn, Ichthyologia, v1, 22, 1793, pl. 330, ‘‘ Japan”’; BovuLEnceER, Cat., 1, 268.
Mycteroperca scirenga, JORDAN & Swain, l. c., 369, 1884 (not Sparus scirenga, RAFINESQUE, Which
is an Epinephelus).

Serranus acutirostris, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 11, 286, 1828, Brazil; GinrueEr,

Cat., 1, 135, 1859.

Serranus undulosus, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 11, 295, 1828, Brazil; GinrHeEn,
Cat., 1, 143, 1859.

Serranus tinca, CANTRAINE, ‘‘ Nouv. Mém. Ac. Brux., 1831, x1,’’ Naples.

Serranus fuscus, LOWE, Trans. Cambr. Philos. Soc., v1, 196, 1836, Madeira, Gi'nruer, Cat., 1,
134, 1859.

Cerna nebulosa, Cocco, ‘‘ Indice Pesci Messina, Gen. 45, sp. 2,’’ 1844, Messina.

Cerna macrogenis, Sassi, ‘‘ Descr. Genova e il Genovasato, 1, 139,” 1846, Genoa.

Serranus emarginalus, VALENCIENNES, Ichth. Iles Canaries, 10, 1850, Canary Islands.

Epinephelus chalinius, Copr, Trans. Am. Philos. Soc., 1871, 465, St. Martins.

Cerna acutirostris, var. lata, DODERLEIN, lI. c., 74, Palermo; monstrous form.

Serranus ruber, PETERS, Berliner Monatsb., 107, 1865, (redescription of original type).

Mycteroperca rubra, JORDAN & EIGENMANN, I. ¢c., 372, 1890.

Subgenus XYSTROPERCA, Jordan & Evermann.

1571. MYCTEROPERCA PARDALIS,+ Gilbert.
(CABRILLA PrrRiriTa.)

Head 2#in length; depth3; snout 34; eye6. D.XI,17; A.III,11; scales
90. Lower jaw strongly projecting. Teeth small, the outer row in mandible

*In case a red form of this species should be found, the ordinary brown form or variety may
be called var. acutirostris. It is possible, also, as above indicated, that Mycteroperca acutirostris, to
which form the above description belongs, is really a distinct species. The following compari-
son of Bloch’s type of Epinephelusruber, .165 metersin length, from ‘‘ Japan,’’ with Mycleroperca
acutirostris, is made by Dr. Hilgendorf, who writes: ‘*The gill rakers are indeed numerous. I
count 24 on the ceratobranchial of the first arch. The longest of these measures 6', millime-
ters. The points in which ruber differs from acutirostris (compared with a larger example—
12581, .283 millimeters long, from Athens) are the following: The pale coloration, which is hardly
to be explained by bleaching, as the dark-brown pigment suffers little, nor is it to be accounted
for by difference inage. The caudal is in ruber apparently strongly rounded, and the pectorals
as well as ventrals are longer in ruber. The ventrals reach at least to the vent. The point of
the pectoral is 78 millimeters from the snout, 86 millimeters from the end of the caudal (as 7
to 8). In acutirostris these numbers are respectively 123 and 160 millimeters (as 8 to 4), This
difference may be expressed by saying that in acutirostris (or in old examples?) the hinder parts
of the body are more stretched. The streaks on the sides shown in Bloch’s figure are merely
the boundaries of the groups of muscles.’’ The difference in the form of the caudal above
noticed may, we know, be due to age, as in specimens of 6 inches it is very rarely lunate. The
difference in form is not unlikely also a matter of age. The pale color of the type of Hpinephelus
ruber may be due to exposure of the type to sunlight. A few weeks of such exposure will
destroy all pigment cells. As the specimen has now been more than a century in alcohol, such
an exposure may have some time taken place.

+ The following description is taken from a specimen from the Venados Islands, near Mazatlan:

Mycteroperca pardalis,—Head 3 in length; depth 3yy. D. XI, 16; A. LIT, 11; scales 90 to 100,
small, smooth, embedded, difficult to count. Eye 6%, in head; maxillary 2',; pectoral 149;

1182 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

rigid, smaller than those of the inner series, which are depressible. The
inner series widens into a patch at symphysis, in front of which stands
the pair of very small inconspicuous canines. Outer series of teeth in
upper jaw enlarged, canine-like, growing larger toward median line,
where they terminate in 2 strong canines on each side. A patch of depres-
sible teeth behind these canines in front of jaw, rapidly diminishing in
size and becoming finely villiform on middle of premaxillaries. A U-shaped
patch of villiform teeth on vomer, those laterally the largest, and a very
narrow band on palatines; tongue covered with minute teeth. Maxillary
reaching vertical behind middle of eye, 24 in head. Interorbital space
strongly convex transversely, 44in head. Fourth dorsal spine the longest,
3} in head, the second # its height; longest ray of soft dorsal 2} in head,
the outline of fin everywhere convexly rounded; anal spines Strong and
low, the second half the height of the third, which equals length of eye
and snout; soft rays high, the angle rounded, the posterior portion of
fin straight, not concave; longest anal ray half head; caudal lunate,
the longest ray 12 in head. Scales small, not arranged in regular series,
partially embedded, those on head and hinder part of body smooth; head
wholly scaled, except premaxillaries and anterior part of maxillaries;
fins naked, except basal half of caudal; sides covered with numerous
very minute accessory scales; scales apparently in about 90 transverse
series above the lateral line, but extremely difficult to determine; scales
on cheeks, top of head, and above the lateral line anteriorly much reduced
in size. Color in spirits: Sides of head and body everywhere profusely
covered with roufd brown spots, those on caudal peduncle largest, half
the diameter of the pupil, those anteriorly and above becoming much
smaller, those on top of head about the size of a pin head; on sides these
spots are surrounded with reticulations of grayish silvery, this ground
color darker and brownish on upper parts; a dark brown streak behind
the maxillary, and one on membrane of premaxillary ; vertical fins light,
soft dorsal and anal with brown streaks on membranes between the rays
on basal half, and a few indistinct brown spots on middle of fin; caudal
brown spotted, with a narrow white margin; pectorals light at base, the
distal half blackish, with a wide pale border posteriorly; ventrals with
brown streaks along membranes on inner face. (Gilbert.) Length 2 feet.

longest anal ray 134; longest dorsal ray 2; longest dorsal spine 314. Caudal, upper lobe 114;
ventrals 2. Body deep, robust; anterior profile rather steep and straight; lower jaw moderately
projecting. Small canines in both jaws; preopercle with notch anda salient angle. Gill rakers
about 15 + 25, rather stout, the longest about 714 in head; snout 344. Posterior nostril oblong,
4 times as long as anterior, Dorsal spines low, the third and fourth but little longer than the
last. Dorsal fin pointed; anal very high, triangular in form, anterior margin convex, posterior
concave. Sixth soft ray very high, reaching far beyond tip of last, which is short; spines grad-
uated. Caudal fin broad, ona broad peduncle, unequally lunate. Upper lobe longer and broader
than lower. Pectorals rounded. Color: Olive gray ground, paler below, clouded with dark above;
everywhere covered with small, roundish, dark olive or bronzed spots, so thick as to obscure the
ground color; very close-set on head and back, small and distinct, not larger than anterior nos-
tril, growing larger and less thick, dense below; posteriorly still larger, often half diameter of
pupil, and tending to run together, forming elongate blotches and vermiculations. Dorsal simi-
larly spotted with spots which grow faint in soft rays; pectoral, anal, and caudal like soft dorsal.
All soft fins growing dusky toward margin. Soft dorsal, anal, and caudal very narrowly edged
with pale. Pectoral with broader pale margin; ventral like pectoral, pale edge narrower. When
seen from back an appearance of about 10 very faint dusky cross shades, probably more conspicu-
ous in young.

EN SOS

eee A |

_ Jordan and Evermann.—Ffishes of North America. 1183

Gulf of California; rather common about the rocky islands about Mazatlan;
a handsome species, valued as food. (apdaiuc, leopard. )

Mycteroperca pardalis, GILBERT, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1891, 551, La Paz Bay, Lower Cali-
fornia. (Coll. Albatross.)
Epinephelus pardalis, BoULENGER, Cat., 1, 268.

Subgenus MYCTEROPERCA.

1572. MYCTEROPERCA OLFAX (Jenyns).

(YELLOW GROUPER.)

Head 2,5 to 3; depth 33; eye small, 7 in head. D. XI, 17; A. III, 11;
scales 20-110 to 120-50, pores 75. Body robust, not strongly compressed ;
head deep, the snout rather sharp, the anterior profile steep; mouth
large, the maxillary reaching somewhat beyond eye, 2} in head, its sur-
face scaly ; teeth moderate ; lower jaw prominent; canines normal; nos-
trils large, very close together, separated by a narrow, vertical septum,
the posterior about 3 times the diameter of the anterior, which is broader
than the septum; preorbital as broad as eye; interorbital area flattish
and broad, 4% in head; gill rakers coarse and long, x + 15; preopercle
without salient angle, its notch moderate; scales small, chiefly cycloid.
Dorsal spine strong, the second and third elevated so that the posterior
outline of the fin is concave, first spine just half the second, second and
third equal, 2% in head, fourth 13 in third; soft dorsal scarcely angular;
pectorals 1% in head; ventrals short, scarcely reaching vent; caudal fin
shallow-lunate; soft anal falcate, its posterior margin concave, the long-
est rays 24 in head. Color brown, with some traces of grayish vermicula-
tions around small round brown spots; fins all dusky, especially distally ;
young covered all over with round brown spots, much smaller than the
pupil; a black mustache; pectoral with a narrow pale edge. (Descrip-
tion from No. 24198, M. C. Z., 2 feet long, from James Island, Galapagos.)
Galapagos Islands; Panama. Length 2 or 3 feet. (olfacto, to smell, from
the large size of the nostrils.)

Serranus olfax, JENYNS, Zoi]. Beagle, Fishes, 9, pl. 4, 1840, Galapagos Islands (Coll. Darwin);
GintuHER, Proc. Zod]. Soc. London, 1877, 67.

Mycteroperca olfax, JORDAN & SWAIN, l. c., 1884, 376; JoRDAN & E1GENMANN, l. c., 367, 1890.
Epinephelus olfax, BOULENGER, Cat., I, 263.

Represented in deep water about the Galapagos Islands by

1572a. MYCTEROPERCA OLFAX RUBERRIMA, Jordan & Bollman.

A large specimen taken by the Albatross at Abingdon Island, in the
Galapagos, seems to have been bright red in life. It probably represents
a deep-water variety analagous to the red varieties of West Indian
species. The anal is a little lower than in an equally large specimen of
the typical olfax taken in the same locality. No other difference is
apparent. Abingdon Island, Galapagos Group. (ruberrimus, very red.)
Mycteroperca olfax ruberrima, JonpAN & BottmMaNn MS. in JonpAN & EIGENMANN, Review Serra-

nid, 367, 1890, Abingdon Island.
Mycteroperca olfax, JORDAN & BoLLMAN, Proc, U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1889, 181; in part,

1184 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

eee. ssa

1573. MYCTEROPERCA ROSACEA (Streets).

(CABRILLA CALAMARIA.)

Head 23; depth 23; eye 7 in head (adult). D. XI, 18; A. III, 11;
scales 25-130-10. Body rather elongate, compressed; head large, com-
pressed, pointed anteriorly, the anterior profile nearly straight or slightly
convex; snout rather long and sharp, 3 in head. Mouth large, the
maxillary reaching to opposite posterior margin of eye, its length 2 in
head. Teeth in moderate bands; canines of moderate size, nearly verti-
cal, the lower turned somewhat backward. Interorbital space strongly
convex, its breadth about 4in head. Preopercle with the angle a little
salient, the emargination above it rather distinct, the teeth small, those
near the angle being somewhat enlarged. Nostrils rounded, very close
together, the posterior much the larger. Gill rakers rather few and long,
about 17 on lower part of anterior arch. Scales small, chiefly cycloid.
Dorsal spines rather slender and low, the third 3? in head; soft dorsal
moderate ; caudal fin distinctly lunate, the upper lobe the longer, 1? in
head ; anal very high and falcate, the middle rays produced in a point,
their length 1,4, in head, the posterior rays rapidly shortened, so that the
outline of the fin is much concave; anal spines small, graduated ;
pectorals reaching beyond tips of ventrals, 2 in head. Color in life: Body
and fins nearly uniform brick red; tip of pectorals dusky ; vertical fins
without distinct dusky edgings. In spirits, fading first to lemon color,
then to dull gray. Gulf of California. But three specimens, all adult,
of this beautifully colored species are known. The first was secured by
Dr. Streets at Angel Island ; thesecond, described above (28131, U.S.N.M.),
obtained at Mazatlan by Dr. Gilbert, where it is very rare; and the third
obtained by Dr. Jordan in December, 1894, from Venados Islands, near
Mazatlan. Length of specimen described, 38 inches. The brown form,
if existing, is unknown. (rosaceus, rosy.)

Epinephelus rosaceus, STREETS, Bull. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., viz, 51, 1877, Angel Island, Gulf of
California ; BouLENGER, Cat., 1, 262.

Trisotropis rosaceus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Bull. U. 8. Fish Comm., 11, 1882, 107.
Mycteroperca rosacea, JORDAN & SwAIN, l. c., 362, 1884; JorpAN & EIGENMANN, l. c., 368, 1890.

1574. MYCTEROPERCA FALCATA (Poey).

(Scamp; BacaALao; ABADEJO.)

Head 27 to 3; depth 34 to 34; eye large, 5 in head (in adult). D. XI,
16 to 18; A. III, 11; scales 22-130 to 140-47 to 55, pores 72 to 85. Body
moderately elongate, compressed, its greatest width 2? in its depth; head
compressed, rather pointed anteriorly, the anterior profile nearly straight.
Mouth rather large, the maxillary reaching posterior border of eye, 2} in
head ; teeth in rather narrow bands; each jaw with two strong canines,
rather larger than in any related species, those of the upper jaw directed
very strongly forward and slightly downward; those of the lower jaw
a little smaller, and directed similarly upward and backward. Interor-
bital space slightly convex, 5 in head. Nostrils close together, the

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 1185

posterior the larger. Upper limb of preopercle slightly convex, very
finely serrate; a rather sharp notch above the angle, which is salient, and
bears a few coarse teeth. Gill rakers rather elongate, 15 or 16 besides
rudiments, 19 or 20 in all,on lower part of anterior arch. Seales small,
mostly cycloid. Dorsal spines rather slender and weak, the outline of
the fin gently curved, the second spine about equal to the eighth and
higher than the tenth; the third and fourth spines longest, 24 in head;
caudal with falcate lobes; anal with its middle rays exserted ; longest
ray of anal 24 in head; upper lobe of caudaiit. Pectoral reaching tips
of ventrals, 1$ in head. Ventrals short, not reaching vent. Pyloric
cececa 15. Color in life, brown above; sides grayish brown, faintly covered
with darker spots which disappear in spirits ; eyes and angle of mouth
yellowish ; vertical fins dusky, the outer portions bluish black ; ventrals
and pectorals bluish black, the pectorals with a whitish edge. Length
2to3 feet. West Indies, north to Bermuda; acommon food-fish at Havana.
(faleatus, seythe-shaped.)

Serranus falcatus, Pony, Memorias, 11, 138, 1860, Havana.

Trisotropis faleatus, Pony, Synopsis, 285, 1868.

Mycteroperca falcata, JORDAN & SwAtn, l. c., 1884, 362; Jorpan & E1GENMANN, I. c., 368, 1890,
Epinephelus falcatus, BOULENGER, Cat., 1, 261.

Represented on the Florida Coast by

1574a. MYCTEROPERCA FALCATA PHENAX, Jordan & Swain.

(Scamp; BacaLAo.)

Specimens from the Florida Coast differ somewhat from all those observed
at Havana. The chief difference is in the direction of the canine teeth,
which are rather weaker than in var. falcata, those of the upper jaw
scarcely directed forward, those of the lower scarcely backward. The
serree on the preopercle are rather weaker than in var. falcata, and there
is some Cifference in color, as is shown in the following notes on a speci-
men from Key West: Head 3; depth 33. D. XI, 18; A. III, 11; scales
24-135-10. Color in life: Pinkish gray above, paler purplish gray below;
upper parts and opercle thickly covered with small, rounded, irregular
spots of dark brown; sides with larger and fainter brown blotches, more
or less horizontally oblong, and somewhat reticulate; spinous dorsal
brownish; soft dorsal darker, faintly spotted, edged with dusky and
with a narrow rim of whitish anteriorly ; caudal brownish, spotted with
darker, its outer rays blackish posteriorly; anal dusky, blackish ante-
riorly, and edged with whitish; pectorals plain, dusky toward the tips,
edged with whitish; ventrals pale, tipped with dusky; mouth pale,
scarcely greenish. Length about 2 feet. Coasts of southern Florida;
abundant about the Keys. (gévas, deceptive, equivalent to ‘‘scamp.”)
Trisotropis falcatus, GoopE & BEAN, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus,, 1879, 140; Jonpan & GULBERT, Synop-
sis, 538, 1883.

Lpinephelus falcatus, JORDAN, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1884, 124.

Mycteroperca falcata phenax, JorvDAN & Swatn, Proc. U. 8, Nat, Mus., 1884, 363, Key West;
JonDAN & E1GENMANN, Ll. c., 368, 1890.

¥.N.A.—£76

1186 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

1575. MYCTEROPERCA VENADORUM, Jordan & Starks,

(GARLOPA.)

Head 3} in length; depth 34. D. XI, 16; A. III, 11; scales small,
sinoothish, about 130. Snout 3in head; maxillary 2; eye 8. Gill rakers
3-48; pectorals 1,4; fourth dorsal spine 33; longest dorsal rays 3; longest
anal ray 2}; caudal lobe 1%. Ventrals 24, measured to bony opercle.
Body robust, not strongly compressed, the head large. Lower jaw much
projecting. Posterior nostril 3 times diameter of anterior. Preopercle
scarcely notched, its angle scarcely salient, its teeth a little enlarged.
Gill rakers short, thick, few in number. Dorsal deep-notched, second
spine a little lower than the fourth; soft dorsal high, slightly angulated ;
anal very high, with exserted rays; caudal well forked, lobes unequal.
Color: Olive brown, almost uniform, no spots or bands; dorsal, anal,
and caudal with broad black margin narrowly edged with whitish; pec-
toral and ventral darker behind; pectoral with pale edge. Gulf of Cali-
fornia; not rare about rocky islands. The type, a specimen from the
Venados Islands, weighing in life 75 pounds, has been sent as a skin to
the British Museum. Its length was 40 inches to base of caudal fin. The
species reaches a weight of 150 pounds, and is a food-fish of importance.
(Name from the Venados Islands near Mazatlan; Venado, hunted, the
Spanish name of the deer, Mazatlan being the Indian equivalent of the
same word.)

Mycteroperca venadorum, JORDAN & Srarks, Fishes of Sinaloa, in Proc. Cal. Ac. Sci., 1895, 446,
Venados Islands. (Coll. Hopkins Exp. Type in British Museum.)

1576. MYCTEROPERCA CALLIURA, Poey.

Head 3; depth 3. D. XI, 16; A. III, 11; scales 90 to 100; eye 5 in
head; snout 4%. Body rather deep and compressed; preopercle with
salient angle; gill rakers x +12; nostrils as in M. tigris, the posterior
considerably the larger, the two close together, the larger with an interior
horizontal cross partition at base; anal scarcely angulate. Pyloric
ceca 12, large and firm. Color in spirits, brownish everywhere, with
grayish reticulations around small brown spots, these not larger than
pupil and not evident on head; fins all edged with dusky. According
to Poey the color is dark brownish olive, with rounded spots of yellow-
ish, obscure in some specimens; lips yellowish; iris olive; fins dark
brown, darker on the edges of the vertical fins, with a pale edge along
the soft dorsal and anal; 8 narrow dusky cross bands, which disappear
after death. Caudal with a beautiful green cross band, preceding the
denticulations of itsextremity. The pectoral toward the center is yellow-
ish, followed by a dark color coming from the coloration of the rays ; all
the posterior margin is green. Longth 14 feet. Coast of Cuba; very
rare; here described from No. 10011, M. C. Z., 14 inches long, apparently
one of Poey’s types. (xdéAdoc, beauty ; ovpa, tail.)

Mycteroperca calliura, Pony, Repertorio, 1, 181, 309, 1867, Cuba; JorpAn & EIGENMANN, l. ¢., 368,
1890.

Trisotropis calliurus, Pony, Synopsis, 284, 1868; Jorpan & Swain, l. c., 366, 1884,

Epinephelus calliurus, BOULENGER, Cat., I, 264.

Jordan and Evermann.— Fishes of North America. 1187

1577. MYCTEROPERCA TIGRIS (Cuvier & Valenciennes).

(Bonaci Garo.)

Head 23; depth 33. D. XI, 160r17; A. III, 10 or 11; seales 18-125 to
135-50 to 55, pores 80 to 85. Body moderately elongate, rather strongly
compressed. Head large, the anterior profile rather more strongly curved
than in most species, somewhat gibbous above the eyes; snout not very
acute, 3} in head. Mouth very large, oblique, the maxillary extending
to beyond the eyes, its length 2$ in head. Canines moderate, nearly
vertical. Lower jaw strongly projecting; eye 63 in head. Posterior

nostril much larger than anterior, the two close together and close to

eye. Interorbital space strongly convex, its breadth 53 in head. Pre-
opercle forming a regular curve, without salient angle or conspicuous
emargination. Gill rakers very short and broad; about 6 developed on
lower half of arch, besides about 3 rudiments. Scales rather small,
chiefly cycloid. Dorsal spines rather slender, the second, third, and
fourth subequal, 34 in head; soft dorsal slightly angulated, the tenth
ray slightly longer than the others, 3 in head; caudal truncate or some-
what lunate, the outer rays 1,4; in head; anal high, slightly angulated,
the largest rays 2} in head; anal spines short, graduated; pectorals
reaching somewhat beyond tips of ventrals, 2 in head; ventrals short,
not reaching vent. Color in spirits, olivaceous; the head covered with
very distinct honeycomb-like reticulations of darker olive, surrounding
pale spots, from the size of the nostril to that of the pupil; body show-
ing traces of such spots; fins plain, the soft dorsal and anal edged with
blackish. Color in life, olive brown, with about 5 pale, grayish cross
bands, narrower than the interspaces; these bands about obsolete in
spirits ; all the fins bluish black, the vertical fins edged with whitish,
the pectorals tipped with orange; top of head reddish, becoming dusky
in spirits. Length of specimen described (6708, U. S. N. M.) from Bar-
badoes, 19 inches. West Indies; not very common; north to Bermuda.
(tigris, tiger.)
Serranus tigris, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 1x, 440, 1833, San Domingo; Giy-
THER, Cat., 1, 112.
Serranus felinus, Pozy, Memorias, 11, 144, 1860, Havana.
Serranus repandus, Porky, Memorias, 11, 135, 1860, Havana.
Trisotropis reticulatus, Git, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci., 1865, 105, Barbadoes; coloration faded.
Trisotropis tigris, Porky, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 1869, 307.
Mycteroperca reticulata, JORDAN & SWAIN, l.c., 373, 1884,
Serranus rivulatus, Pory, Memorias, 11, 135, 1860.
Mycteroperca tigris, JORDAN & SwAtn, I. c., 364, 1884; JorpDAN & EIGENMANN, I. ¢, 369, 1890,
Epinephelus tigris, BOULENGER, Cat., 1, 259.

Represented in deep waters by a red form or subspecies,

1577a. MYCTEROPERCA TIGRIS CAMELOPARDALIS (VPoey)
Ground color bright red, otherwise as in Mycteroperca tigris. West
Indies. (camelopardalis, like a giraffe or camelopard in color. )

Serranus camelopardalis, Pony, Memorias, 11, 132, 1860, Havana,
Trisotropis camelopardalis, Pony, Synopsis, 283, 1868; Enumeratio, 14, 1875,

1188 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

506. CRATINUS, Steindachner.
Cratinus, STEINDACHNER, Ichthyol. Beitriige, vir, 19, 1878, (agassizii).

Body subfusiform, moderately compressed; the head long and low;
cranium essentially as in Serranus, the smooth area above very large,
longer than the low and short supraoccipital crest. Lower jaw much
projecting. Canines small. Scales small and rough. Gill rakers mod-
erate. Dorsal spines very unequal, most of them attenuated into long
filaments without dermal appendage. Caudal slightly lunate. East
Pacific. This genus is related to Paralabraz,* differing in the form of
the head and in the prolongation of most of its dorsal spines, which
are attenuated into filaments without dermal appendage. One species
known, a fish with a very peculiar physiognomy. (Name unexplained;
perhaps from crates, a bundle of rods.)

1578. CRATINUS AGASSIZII, Steindachner.

Head to end of the opercular flap 23 in length; depth 4. D. X,12;
A. III,7; eye 9 in head; snout 22; maxillary 24+; pectoral 2; ventrals
slightly shorter; longest ray of soft dorsal 3; second anal spine 5%;
scales 9-68-22. Body elongate, not much compressed; profile gently
curved from tip of snout to dorsal; snout long and pointed; mouth large,
not very oblique; maxillary extending to posterior margin of eye; lower
jaw strongly projecting; teeth moderate, in several irregular series;
nostrils equal, nearly round, the space between them as great as their
diameter, the anterior one with a flap on its posterior margin ; eye small,
set high in the head; interorbital shallowly and evenly concave; supra-
occipital ridge extending nearly to upper angle of opercle; rounded pos-
terior limb of preopercle finely serrate, lower limb entire; opercle with a
broad, flat spine, behind which is a large flap. Gill rakers moderate,
rather slender, 3 + 9, with 3 or 4 rudimentary ones. Snout, preorbital
interorbital, and upper edge of maxillary with a few scattered, partially
embedded scales, with much naked skin between; lower part of maxil-
lary and lower jaw naked; cheeks closely set with small scales, opercles
with much larger ones; many accessory scales on head. Scales on body
large, without accessory scales ; a few small scales running up on base of
soft dorsal; all scales on body and head ctenoid. First dorsal spine
short, not much longer than eye, the second slightly longer: third, fourth,
fifth, and sixth extremely long, longer than head, and reaching to the
middle of soft dorsal, the rest not elongate; soft dorsal moderately high,
the first rays the longest; second anal spine about twice as long and
much stouter than first, third slender, a little longer than second, and
closely united to first anal ray, the middle rays the longest, twice as long
as second spine, fin rounded behind; pectorals broad, the middle rays
longest, the fin bluntly rounded behind, reaching a little past ventrals ;
caudal fin shallow-lunate. Color in spirits: Snout and upper parts dark

* Dr. Boulenger is certainly in error in referring this species to his subgenus Serranus.

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 1189

brown, light below; dorsal, anal, and ventrals dark. Galapagos Archi-
pelago; scarce; the specimens ee described from Charles Island, one of
the ae the largest about 18 inches lone. The ERO 2 half
of the body resembles that of the species of Paralabrax; the long, low
head suggests Philypnus. (Named for Professor Louis Agassiz. )

Cratinus agassizai, SYEINDACHNER, Ichth. Beitr., vit, 19, 1878, Galapagos Islands (Coll. Agas-

siz & Steindachner); Jorpan & Hicewmany, l. c., 394, 1890.
Serranus agassizii, BOULENGER, Cat., 1, 282.

507. HYPOPLECTRUS, Gill.

(VACAS.)
Hypoplectrus, GILL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, 236, (puella).

Body more deep and compressed than in the other groups allied to Ser-
ranus. The skull difiers from that of Serranus chiefly in the development
of the supraoccipital crest, which, in accordance with the form of the
body, is much elevated. The enh area on top of cranium is large,
extending backward to border of preopercle, the supraoccipital and pari.
etal crests being short; the ventrals, as in Serranus, are behind the axil
of the pectoral. All the species have several antrorse serre on the lower
limb of the preopercle, but smaller than in Gonioplectrus. The species of
Hypoplectrus are all American, and a study of their relatious offers many
difficulties. We have examined typical examples of a large number of
the nominal species. While each of these shows certain striking peculi-
arities in color, most of them are absolutely identical, one with another,
in all other respects. Moreover, even among those in which the coloration
seems most sharply defined, there are many variations. After an exami-
nation of the large series of typical forms sent by Professor Poey to the
Museum at Cambridge, we find ourselves driven to the conclusion that all
the common forms of Hypoplectrus probably constitute but a single species,
subject to almost endless variations in color. This view we here adopt,
leaving for convenience sake the various nominal species to stand as color
varieties or subspecies, produced by the action of some agencies as yet
unknown. (vuzd, below; zAjKtTpov, spur.)

a. Scales large, about 46 pores in lateral line; body short and deep, the depth 2'4 in length;
head 23; profile from dorsal to occiput convex, concave above eye; preorbital narrow;
maxillary reaching to below middle of eye; lower jaw slightly included; teeth strong,
large teeth in front 4; fourth dorsal spine highest, 24 in head; middle caudal rays little
shorter than the outer ones; pectoral reaching anal; teeth of preopercle growing larger
downward; angle and lower limb with about 9 strong radiating serre, those nearest
the angle largest, the others directed more and more forward, Color (of the single
specimen known) black with violet luster; faint, pale streaks along the rows of scales
on lower parts of body; caudal fin abruptly translucent yellowish; pectorals colorless;
tips of dorsal and anal spines and edge of soft rays abruptly whitish.

LAMPRURUS, 1579.

aa. Scales moderate, 60 to 65 pores in the lateral line; dorsal rays X, 15; depth 2 to 2'4 in
length, the head about 3; maxillary 2 in head; caudal fin slightly lunate; fourth dor-

sal spine highest, 22 in head; pectorals narrow, about reaching second anal spine;

gill rakers short and slender, x +12. Coloration extremely various, characterizing

many nominal species or varieties described below. UNICOLOR, 1580,

1190 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

aaa. Scales small, 70 to 80 in the lateral line.

b. Caudal forked. Color purple with lighter cloudings; fins colorless, the external caudal
ray darker; caudal deeply lunate, the external rays much prolonged, especially
those of the upper lobe, which are twice as long as the middle rays. Depth 244 in
length. Scales 9-70-32. GEMMA, 1581.

1579. HYPOPLECTRUS LAMPRURUS (Jordan and Gilbert).

Head 23; depth 2. D.X, 15; A. III,8; scales 6-60-x, pores 46; snout
about as long as eye, which is 3} in head, greater than interorbital width ;
Body short and deep; profile from dorsal to occiput convex, concave
above eye; preorbital narrow; maxillary reaching to below middle of
eye; lower jaw slightly included; teeth strong; large teeth in front 4;
snout and top of head naked; cheeks and opercles scaly; fourth dorsal
spine highest, 2+ in head; middle caudal rays little shorter than the outer
ones ; pectoral reaching anal, a little shorter than head or than ventral;
anal spines strong, the second longer and stronger than third; teeth of
preopercle growing larger downward; angle and lower limb with about
9 strong radiating serre, those nearest the angle largest, the others
directed more and more forward; opercle with 2 flat spines. Color (of
the single specimen known) black with violet luster; faint, pale streaks
along the rows of scales on lower parts of body; caudal fin abruptly
translucent yellowish; pectorals colorless; ventrals black; tips of dorsal
and anal spines and edge of soft rays abruptly whitish. Panama; known
from a single specimen ; well distinguished from the Atlantic species by
the much larger scales; the single type has almost exactly the coloration
of the form called Hypoplectrus chlorurus. We can only guess as to the
color variations which it may undergo. (Aauzpéc, bright; ovpa, tail.)
Serranus lamprurus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Bull. U.S. Fish Comm., 1, 1881, 322, Panama. (Type,

No. 29651. Coll. Gilbert.)

Hypoplectrus lamprurus, JORDAN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1885, 376; JorpDAN & EIGENMANN, l. c.,
384, 1890.

1580. HYPOPLECTRUS UNICOLOR®* (Walbaum).
(Vaca; PETIT-NEGRE.)

Head 2% to 3; depth 2 to 24. D. X,14 or 15; A. ITI, 8; scales 8 to 10-80
to 92-30 to 35, pores 52 to 60. Snout longer than eye, which is 3} to 4 in
head ; lower jaw slightly projecting, with small canines; maxillary 2 in
head, reaching nearly to middle of eye; snout and top of head smooth ;
cheeks and opercles scaly; caudal fin slightly lunate; fourth dorsal
spine highest, 2? in head; pectorals narrow, about reaching second anal

* We have examined large numbers of specimens of this type in the Museum at Cambridge
and elsewhere. The best series seen is that sent from Havana by Poey tothe Museum at Cambridge.
So far as we can discover, the various nominal species of this type are absolutely identical in all
respects except in color. Many of them—e. g., puella, indigo, chlorurus—seem at first sight to be
certainly different. Nevertheless, each of these forms is subject to wide variations, and from the
material which we have seen, we can draw no other conclusion than this: All belong to a single
species, which varies excessively inits coloration. Blue, yellow, and black are arranged in great
variety of patterns, in different specimens, and the cause of such variation is still unknown.
The following localities are represented in the specimens examined by us: puella, Havana,
St. Thomas, St. Croix; vitulinus, Havana; pinnivarius, Havana; maculiferus, Havana; guttavarius,
Havana; chlorurus, Havana; nigricans, Florida Keys, Havana, St. Thomas; indigo, Havana.
The other nominal species we have not seen.

i

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 1191

spine, nearly as long as head, about equal to ventrals; third anal spine
longest, as long as longest of dorsal ; gill rakers short and slender, x + 12.
Length 6 to 12 inches. West Indies, north to the Florida Keys on rocky
shores ; not recorded from Brazil; locally common and excessively vari-
able as indicated above. Only the form called nigricans thus far recorded
from the United States, Length about a foot. (unicolor, uniformly col-
ored ; a most inappropriate name even for the typical form.) Coloration
extremely various, the following being the nominal species or varieties
thus far described :

a. Soft dorsal checkered or spotted with pale blue or crossed by blue lines (these occasionally
obsolete).

b. Body dusky, the head and belly orange, the top of the head olivaceous; a black spot
; on each side of caudal peduncle close behind dorsal; black band or spot in front
of eye not bordered by blue; cheeks, opercle and breast with vertical lines of
metallic blue; dorsal yellowish; pectoral and caudal orange; a black spot in the
axil; upper margin of pectoral blue; anal orange with blue border; ventral
greenish, its base orange. UNICOLOR (= MACULIFERUs), 1580.
bb. Body all violet with 5 or 6 more or less distinct black cross bands, the middle one broad-
est, covering the space from the fourth to the tenth dorsal spine and meeting its
fellow under the belly; the band at the nape broad and saddle-like, bounded by 2
pale cross streaks on nape, opercle, and cheeks; snout pale, a pale shade across it;
ventrals pale or dark; other fins, except spinous dorsal, mostly pale. Pores 60;

8 series above lateral line.

c. Cheek with a blue band befo:e eye and some blue spots before it. PUELLA, 1580a.

cc. Cheek without blue band; no blue spots on snout; colorsduller. yviruLtNnus, 1580b.

bbb. Body and head yellow anteriorly; body abruptly black posteriorly, the back extending
forward to a wavy line reaching from first dorsal spine to vent; a broad dark-blue
band in front of eye, bordered by sky blue; fins chiefly orange; ventral and anal
bordered by sky blue. PINNAVARIUS, 1580c.
aa. Soft dorsal plain, without distinct blue lines or spots.
d. Preorbitai region with 1 or more dark-blue stripes, bordered by bright sky blue (not
fading in spirits).

e. Body yellow anteriorly, black posteriorly, the black extending forward to a line
joining the nape and last anal ray; fins orange; a single blue-black stripe or
spot in front of eye, ocellated with sky blue; caudal peduncle very dark above.

GUTTAVARIUS, 1580d.
ee. Body all orange yellow, fins orange; snout and lower jaw blue; 2 blue stripes, each

bordered with sky blue, before the eye. GUMMIGUTTA, 1580e.
eee, Body saffron yellow, orange posteriorly; snout with blue streaks and some blue
dots. crocotus, 1580f.

dd, Preorbital region without blue stripes; scales usually (?) smaller; pores 65, 11 series
above lateral line.

Jf. Preorbital region with violet spots; a round black spot on side of caudal peduncle;
dorsal light gregnish; body light olive green above, reddish below; pectorals
pale yellow, the first ray blue; ventrals, anal, and caudal light orange,

ABERRANS, 1580q.

J. Preorbital region without distinct violet spots.

g- General color blackish, brown, or yellowish—not indigo blue.
h. Color brownish, the middle of the front of body yellowish; fins all yellow

except the ventrals, which are black. ACCENSUS, L580h.
hh. Color yellowish pink; caudal and pectorals pale; ventrals and anal bright
light blue. AFFINIS, 1580i,

gg. Color of body black with violet shades,
i. Pectoral and caudal fins abruptly bright yellow, CHLORURUS, 1580),

ii. Pectoral and caudal fins violet black like the rest of the body.
NIGRICANS, 1580K,

-
¥

1192 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

j. General color deep indigo blue everywhere on body and fins; body with
4 to 6 broad cross bars of darker blue.

k. Cheeks plain, without distinct stripes. INDIGO, 1580l.
kk, Cheeks with a dark-blue suborbital band between 2 bands of clear
blue. BOVINUS, 1580m.

1580. HYPOPLECTRUS UNICOLOR (typical).

Perca unicolor, WALBAuM, Artedi Piscium, 111, 352, 1792, locality unknown; after Percau
unicolor, SEBA, Thesaurus, 111, 76, tab. 27, fig. 10.

Holocentrus unicolor, Buocu & ScHnetper, Syst. Ichth., 322, 1801.

Plectropoma ephippium, Cuvirr & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 11, 408, 1828, locality
unknown; found among fishes from Java bought in Amsterdam.

Hypoplectrus maculiferus, Pory, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., x, 78, pl. 1, x, 2, 1871, Havana.

Serranus unicolor, BOULENGER, Cat., 1, 299.

1580a. HYPOPLECTRUS UNICOLOR PUELLA (Cuvier & Valenciennes).

Plectropoma puella, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 11, 405, pl. 37, 1828, Martinique;
GUNTHER, Cat., 1, 165, 1859.
Hypoplectrus puella, Pony, Synopsis, 290, 1868; Jorpan & E1GenmMANN, l. c., 383.

1580b. HYPOPLECTRUS UNICOLOR VITULINUS (Poey).

Plectropoma vitulinum, Porky, Memorias, 1, 68, 1851, Havana.
Hypoplectrus vitulinus, Porky, Enumeratio, 23, 1875.

1580c. HYPOPLECTRUS UNICOLOR PINNIVARIUS (Poey).

Hypoplectrus pinnivarius, Pony, Synopsis, 291, 1868, Havana.

1580d. HYPOPLECTRUS UNICOLOR GUTTAVARIUS (Poey).

Plectropoma guttavarium, Pory, Memorias, 1, 70, 1851, Havana; GUNTHER, Cat., 1, 166, 1859.

Plectropoma melanorhina, GUICHENOY, Poissons, in Ramon de la Sagra, Hist. Cuba, 18, pl. 1, fig. 1,
1855, Havana.

Hypoplectrus guttavarius, Poky, Synopsis, 291, 1868.

1580e. HYPOPLECTRUS UNICOLOR GUMMIGUTTA (Poey).

Plectropoma gunmigutta, Porky, Memorias, 1, 70, 1851, Havana; Giinrnuer, Cat., 1, 166, 1859.
Hypoplectrus gunmigutta, Pony, Synopsis, 290, 1868.

1580f. HYPOPLECTRUS UNICOLOR CROCOTUS (Cope).

Plectropoma crocota,* Copr, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. Phila., x1v, 1871, 466, St. Martins, West
Indies. (Coll. Dr. R. E. Van Rijgersma.) E
Hypoplectrus crocotus, JORDAN & EIGENMANN, l. c., 386, 1890.

* The following is the description of Hypoplectrus crocotus (Cope): ‘‘ Form gibbous; depth 2.2 in
length without caudal; length of head 3 times in same. Eye 31% in head (including spine).
Anterior rays of soft dorsal little more elevated than last ray of spinous fin. Radii D. X, 15;
A. III, 7. Ventrals to anal; pectoral to first soft ray of anal; caudal moderately emarginate.
Front concave in profile; muzzle a little longer than an orbit’s diameter. Eight equal teeth on
the lower limb of the preoperculum; end of maxillary to line of posterior margin of pupil.
Scales 12-81-32. Length 45 inches. Color saffron yellow, becoming orange on the caudal,
anal, and vertical fins; dorsal region becoming brownish anteriorly; a narrow band from front
of orbit posteriorly on cheek, and some small blue spots on side of muzzle; a narrow blue line
along upper edge of preoperculum; two faint vertical lines on operculum; dorsal and pectoral
fins and jaws saffron yellow. This brilliant species was found at St. Martins, W. I., by Dr.
kk. E. van Rijgersma.’? (Cope.) The type specimen is no longer to be found in the collection of
the Academy at Philadelphia,

“ass

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 1193

— — = —

1580g. HYPOPLECTRUS UNICOLOR ABERRANS (Poey).

Hypoplectrus aberrans, Pory, Synopsis, 291, 1868, Havana.

1580h. HYPOPLECTRUS UNICOLOR ACCENSUS (Poey).

Plectropoma accensum, Porky, Memorias, 1, 72, 1851, Havana.
Hypoplectrus accensus, Pory, Synopsis, 290, 1868.

1580i. HYPOPLECTRUS UNICOLOR AFFINIS (Poey).

Plectropoma affine, Pory, Memorias, 11, 427, 1861, Havana.
Hypoplectrus afinis, Pozy, Enumeratio, 24, 1875.

1580j. HYPOPLECTRUS UNICOLOR CHLORURUS (Cuvier & Valenciennes).

Pleetropoma chlorurum, Cuvier & VALENCIENNES, Hist Nat. Poiss., 11, 406, 1828, Martinique;
GUNTHER. Cat., 1, 167.

Hypoplectrus chlorurus, Poey, Synopsis, 290, 1868.

Serranus chlorurus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 537, 1883.

1580k. HYPOPLECTRUS UNICOLOR NIGRICANS (Poey).

Plectropoma nigricans, Pory, Memorias, 1, 71, 1851, Havana.
Hypoplectrus nigricans, PorEY, Synopsis, 290, 1868; JorpDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 918, 1883.

15801. HYPOPLECTRUS UNICOLOR INDIGO (Poey).
(ANIL.)

Plectropoma indigo, Pory, Memorias, 1, 69, 1851, tab. 3, fig. 1, Havana; Giinruer, Cat., 1, 166.
THypoplectrus indigo Porty Synopsis, 290, 1868.

1580m. HYPOPLECTRUS UNICOLOR BOVINUS (Poey).

Plectropom« bovinum, Pory, Memorias, 1, 69, 1851, Havana; Ginruer, Cat., 1, 166.
Hypoplectrus bovinus, Pory, Synopsis, 290, 1868.

1581. HYPOPLECTRUS GEMMA, Goode & Bean.

Head 24; depth 24; eye4in head. B. VII; D.X,15; A. III,7; C.9+8;
P. 14; V. 1,5; scales 9-70-32. Least height of the tail contained 3 times
in the length of the head. The scales small, weakly ctenoid, about 76 in
the lateral line, 9 above it, and 29 below (elsewhere stated as 9-70-32);
lateral line following very closely the contour of the dorsal profile
throughout its entire extent. Greatest length of head 3 in distance from
the tip of snout to end of middle caudal rays. Snout 8 in head: oper-
culum to end of flap equal to snout; upper jaw extending to vertical
from anterior margin of orbit, its length equal to half that of head; lower
jaw about. the same length; armature and squamation of the opercular
bones and dentition normal. Distance of dorsal fin from snout very
slightly less than greatest height of body; length of dorsal base equal to
distance between its origin and base of the posterior ray of anal fin, the
fourth spine longest, its length equaling that of base of anal; anal fin

1194 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

inserted below origin of second dorsal ray, the base of its last ray being
beneath that of ninth dorsal ray, its third spine very slightly longer
than the second, their diameters equal; anal higher than dorsal, its
greatest height equal to distance between base of the ventrals and origin
of anal; caudal crescent-shaped, the external rays much prolonged,
especially those of the upper lobe, which are twice as long as the middle
caudal rays; distance of pectorals from snout equal to height of body at
ventrals, their length equal to that of the superior caudal lobe; when
extended horizontally these fins reach to vertical from insertion of first
anal ray ; distance of ventrals from snout equal to half standard body
length; ventrals extending to insertion of anal, and equal in length to
the rays of the lower caudal lobe. Color in alcohol, dull purple; in life,
probably deep purple, with cloudings of lighter color; fins in alcohol
colorless, in life probably pearly ; external rays of the caudal correspond-
ing in hue with the deeper portions of the body color. Florida Keys;
known from one specimen from Garden Key ; whether variable in color is
of course, not known. (gemma,a jewel.)

Hypoplectrus gemma, GoopE & BEAN, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., 1882, 428, Garden Key, Florida,
(Type, No. 3422) ; Jorpan & HIGENMANN, l. c., 386, 1890.

508. PARALABRAX, Girard.
(CABRILLAS VERDES.)

Paralabrax, GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 131, (nebulifer).
Atractoperca, GILL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1861, 165, (clathratus).
Gonioperca, GILL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, 80, (albomaculatus).

Body robust, covered with small ctenoid scales. Mouth large, with
small lateral canines and no depressible teeth. The smooth area on the
top of the cranium is very short and small, not extending much behind
the orbits. The long and low supraoccipital crest extending well forward
to a line connecting the postfrontal processes. Ventral fins, as in Serranus
and Epinephelus, inserted behind the axil of the pectoral. Caudal fin
always lunate; some of the anterior dorsal spines considerably elevated.
Dorsal rays usually X, 14; anal III, 7. The known species of Paralabrax
are confined to the coasts of tropical America, where they are important
food-fishes. (zapd, near; Labrax, 2aGBpags, the sea bass or Robalo of Europe,
Dicentrarchus labraz.)

a. Interorbital area more or less scaly, the scales extending forward at least to the middle of
pupil ; third dorsal spine longer than fourth; gill rakers x + 14 to 17; preorbital
broad, as broad as eye in adult ; some of the serre on lower limb of preorbital hooked
forward.

b. Scales on top of head extending forward as far as front of eyes; no round dark spots
anywhere except on cheeks and preorbital region ; lower jaw projecting ; eye mod-
erate, shorter than snout, about 514 in head ; mouth large, the maxillary 22 in head,
rather narrower than the preorbital; first two dorsal spines short, the third very long,
three times second and nearly 2 in head ; caudal slightly lunate ; second anal spine
as long as third and much stouter; color greenish, with irregular pale and dark
mottling and traces of dark oblique cross bars; preorbital, suborbital, and cheeks

profusely marked with round orange spots; a dark streak downward and backward
from eye. NEBULIFER 1582.

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 1195

bb. Scales on top of head extending forward only to middle of eyes ; head and sides of body
everywhere covered with dark orange spots; gill rakers short and thick, x + 12, the
longest 2/4 in eye; body moderately elongate; lower jaw projecting, but less so

than in P. nebulifer; maxillary reaching middle of eye, 22 in head, scales quite
rough. Second dorsal spine short, not half the third, which is 14 in head, the
fourth scarcely shorter ; second anal spine shorter than third ; caudal slightly con-
cave ; color olive brown, thickly covered everywhere above with dark hexagonal

or roundish spots, so close together as to leave the ground color appearing as reticu-
lations around them ; these spots are more or less confluent on the back, and are

most distinct, and tinged with orange on sides of head, on branchiostegals, and on

. base of pectorals; about seven dusky cross bars along the sides, in which the spots

are deeper in color and more confluent; a bluish stripe from eye across cheeks;

soft dorsal and caudal with bronze spots. MACULATOFASCIATUS, 1583.

aa. Interorbital area chiefly naked, the scales on top of head beginning more or less behind
. the pupil; gill rakers x + 17 to 22; third dorsal spine scarcely longer than fourth.
ce. Preorbital rather broad, more than three-fourths width of eye ; sides of back with large
white spots ; fourth dorsal spine usually higher than third, so that the posterior
margin of the dorsal fin is deeply concave ; snout 33 in head ; the scales beginning
opposite last part of pupil; gill rakers shortish, 9 + 19; first dorsal spine short ;
second one-third longer ; third more than three times second ; fourth about the
same ; anal spines short ; caudal lunate ; color dark above, abruptly pale below ;

a large, dark, oblique dash below eye, covering most of cheek; a row of five
oblong, horizontal white blotches just below lateral line ; caudal dusky, its central

and posterior part pale; anal and ventral black ; pectoral pale; spinous dorsal
dusky at base ; soft dorsal mottled. HUMERALIS, 1584.

ce. Preorbital narrow, not two-thirds width of eye ; body well compressed ; snout pointed;
preorbital narrow, not so broad as maxillary, less than half width of eye ;’ gill
rakers rather long, x + 20; third, fourth, and fifth dorsal spines about equal,

the third twice the second, 2 in head; second anal spine longer than third; caudal

fin slightly lunate; color grayish green, with obscure broad dusky streaks and
bars ; sides often shaded and mottled with bluish and greenish, but usually with-

out distinct spots; a broad, dark, longitudinal shade along axis of body ; belly

plain silvery gray. CLATHRATUB, 1585.

1582. PARALABRAX NEBULIFER (Girard).

(JOHNNY VERDE.)

Head 24 in length; depth 3} to 33. D. X, 14; A. III, 7; scales 16-110 to
120-33, pores 72 to 86; about 32 scales from dorsal to occiput. Body rather
elongate; lower jaw projecting; eye moderate, shorter than snout, about
54 in head; gill rakers half orbit, 8-+14 to 17; preorbital broad, as broad
as eye in adult; some of the serre on lower limb of preorbital hooked
forward; scales on top of head extending forward as far as front of eyes;
no round dark spots anywhere except on cheeks and preorbital region ;
interorbital nearly flat; mouth large, the maxillary extending to below
pupil, 2? in head, rather narrower than the preorbital; first two dorsal
spines short, the third very long, three times second and nearly 2 in head;
soft dorsal rather low; caudal slightly lunate; second anal spine as long
as third and much stouter; pectorals moderate, 14 to 1} in head; ventrals
2 to 24. Color greenish, with irregular pale and dark mottling and traces
of dark oblique cross bars; the colors faint as if faded; fins dusky, mot-
tled; preorbital, suborbital, and cheeks profusely marked with round
orange spots; a dark streak downward and backward from eye; lower
side of head salmon color; lower side of tail with wavy whitish streaks.

1196 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

Southern California from Monterey to Magdalena Bay; generally common
in shallow water; a food-fish of excellent quality. Length about 18
inches. Here described from San Diego specimens. (nebula, cloud; fero,
I bear. )

Labrax nebulifer, GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1854, 142, Monterey.

Paralabrax nebulifer, GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 132; Girarp, U.S. Pac. R. R.
Surv., 33, pl. x11, fig. 1, 1858; GUnrnerR, Cat., 1, 62, 1859; JorpaAN & EIGENMANN, l. c.,
388, 1890. ,

Serranus nebulifer, SYEINDACHNER, Ichth. Beitrige, 111, 1, 1875; JorpAN & GILBERT, Proc. U.S.
Nat. Mus., 1880, 456; BouLENGER, Cat., 1, 280.

1583. PARALABRAX MACULATOFASCIATUS (Steindachner).

(SpoTrED CABRILIA.)

Head 24 to 3; depth 3. D. X, 13 or 14; A. III, 7; scales 17-92 to
120-35, pores 66 to 80; about 35 small scales from dorsal to occiput.
Body moderately elongate; lower jaw projecting, but less so than in P.
nebulifer; eye small, 5 to 6 in head, shorter than snout ; interorbital gently
convex; maxillary narrow, its width about half eye; preorbital wide,
wider than eye. Top of head scaled on median line to front of pupil,
naked on sides. Scales quite rough; scales on top of head extending forward
only to middle of eyes. Gill rakers 2 in orbit, 6 + 13, the longest 24 in eye.
Second dorsal spine short, not half the third, which is 14 in head, the fourth
scarcely shorter; second anal spine shorter than third; pectoral moderate,
14 in head; ventrals 13; caudal slightly concave. Color olive brown,
thickly covered everywhere above with dark hexagonal or roundish spots,
so close together as to leave the ground color appearing as reticulations
around them; these spots are more or less confluent on the back, and are
most distinct, and tinged with orange on sides of head, on branchiostegals,
and on base of pectorals; about 7 dusky cross bars along the sides, in
which the spots are deeper in color and more confluent; a bluish stripe
from eye across cheeks; lower parts yellow; soft dorsal and caudal with
bronze spots. Length about 18 inches. Lower Californian fauna, San
Pedro to Mazatlan; everywhere common in sandy bays; a good food-fish,
Here described from specimens from San Diego. (maculatus, spotted;
JSusciatus, banded.)

Serranus maculatofasciatus, SYEINDACHNER, Ichth. Notizen, vu, 5, 1868, Mazatlan; JorpAn &
GILBERT, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1881, 46; Jorpan & GILBERT, Synopsis, 536, 1883; EVERMANN
& JENKINS, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1891, 142; BouLENGER, Cat.,1, 281.

Serranus acanthophorus, Bocourt, Ann. Sci. Nat., x, 1870, 223, west coast of Mexico. (Coll.

3ocourt. )
Pardlabrax maculatofasciatus, JORDAN & EIGENMANN, I. c., 388, 1890.

1584. PARALABRAX HUMERALIS (Cuvier & Valenciennes).

Head 2? to 3}in length; depth 3} to 4. D. X, 14; A.-III, 7; scales 13
to 18-85 to 100-32, pores 64 to 70; about 32 scales before dorsal. Body
robust; canines small; snout 3) in head; eye 54; least width of preor-
bital 6 in head; interorbital gently convex; the scales usually beginning

- OO a a

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 1197

opposite last part of pupil; maxillary 24 in head; nostrils small, sub-
equal; gill rakers 9 + 19; first dorsal spine short, second } longer, third
more than 3 times second, fourth still longer (in specimens examined by
us 2 to 25 in head, not longer than third in other specimens, according
to authors), the fin thus very deeply notched; anal spines short, the
second about equal to third, 4? in head; candal lunate; pectoral 13 to 13
in head, the middle rays longest. Color in alcohol: Dark above, abruptly
pale below; a large, dark, oblique dash below eye covering most of
cheek ; a row of 5 oblong, horizontal, white blotches just below lateral
line, first and second largest, about as long as eye, a single one as large
as third blotch above this row below the second to fourth rays of soft
dorsal; caudal dusky, its central and posterior part pale; anal and ven-
tral black; pectoral pale; spinous dorsal dusky at base; soft dorsal mot-
tled with dark, Young (humeralis) with rather faint, dark bars and round,
pale spots on head and ventral fins. Length 2 to 3 feet. Pacific Coast of
South America from Panama to Juan Fernandez. According to Dr. Stein-
dachner this handsome species is quite common in the deep channels sep-
arating the Galapagos Islands from each other. Here described from No.
10222, M. C. Z., 2 feet long, from Indefatigable Island, representing the
form called albomaculatus, of which humeralis is regarded by Dr. Boulenger
as the young. (humeralis, pertaining to the shoulder.)
Serranus humeralis, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 1, 246, 1828, Chili; GUnruer,
Cat., 1, 104, 1859; BouLENGER, Cat., I, 278.
Serranus semifasciatus (Guichenot), Gay, Hist. Chile, 1, 151, pl. 1, bis. fig. 2, 1847, Juan Fer-
nandez.
Percichthys godefroyi, GUNTHER, Journ. Mus. Godeffroy, i, 11, 2, 1878, 97, Iquique, Peru.
Serranus albomaculatus, JENYNS, Zool. Beagle, Fishes, 3, pl. 2, 1840, Galapagos Archipelago;
GUNTHER, Cat., 1, 105, 1859; STEINDACHNER, Ichth. Beitriige, rv, 4, 1875, pl. 1, fig. 2.
Paralabrax albomaculatus, JORDAN & BOLLMAN, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1889, 181; Jorpan & EIGEN-

MANN, I. c., 389, 1890.
Paralabrax humeralis, JORDAN & EIGENMANN, l. c., 389.

1585. PARALABRAX CLATHRATUS (Girard),

(CABRILLA; Rock Bass.)

Head 3; depth 3. D. X, 14; A. III, 7; scales 14-90 to 100-30, 68 to 75
pores. Caudal slightly lunate, not forked; body elongate, more com-
pressed than in related species; snout pointed; eye 1% in snout, 44 in
head. Top of head mostly naked; a few scales on median line behind
pupil; preorbital narrow, not so broad as maxillary, less than half width
of eye; maxillary 2? in head, broad at top; gill rakers rather long, x + 20
to 24; third, fourth, and fifth dorsal spines about equal, the third twice
the second, 2 in head; second anal spine longer than third; pectoral
long, 14 in head; ventrals 13; caudal fin slightly lunate. Color grayish
green, with obscure, broad, dusky streaks and bars, which form reticula-
tions on the sides; sides often shaded and mottled with bluish and green-
ish, but usually without distinct spots; a broad, dark, longitudinal shade
near axis of body; belly plain silvery gray. Coast of southern California,
from San Francisco to the Cerros Islands; the most common species of

1198 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

Paralabrax on the California Coast; an excellent food-fish, reaching a

weight of nearly five pounds and length of 18 inches. Here described

from San Diego specimens. (clathratus, latticed, from the lattice-like

markings, from x/A7Spor, a bar.)

Labrax clathratus, GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1854, 143, San Diego.

Paralabrax clathratus, GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 131, 1856; Grrarp, Pac. R. R. Survey,
34, 1858, pl. x11, fig. 5; GUNTHER, Cat., 1, 63, 1859.

Atractoperca clathrata, GILL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1861, 164.

Serranus clathratus, STEINDACHNER, Ichth. Beitriige, 111, 1, 1875; Jorpan & GILBERT, Proc. U. S.
Nat. Mus., 456, 1880; Jorpan & GILBERT, Synopsis, 535, 1883; BouLENGER, Cat., 1, 279.

Paralabraz clathratus, JORDAN & EIGENMANN, I. c., 390, 1890.

509. CENTROPRISTES, Cuvier.
(BLAck SEA Bass.)

Centropristes, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 111, 36, 1829, (nigricans).
Centropristis, CUVIER, Regne Animal, Ed. 11, 2, 145, 1829 (nigricans).
Triloburus, GILL, Cat. Fish. East. Coast U. S., 30, 1861, (name only; trifurca).

Body robust, somewhat compressed, covered with rather large ctenoid
scales. Mouth large, formed as in Serranus and Paralabraz, the canines
small. Tongue smooth. Preopercle serrate, the lower teeth somewhat
antrorse. Gill rakers rather long and slender. Supraoccipital and parie-
tals with strong crests extending forward to between postfrontal pro-
cesses; frontals posteriorly with an angular transverse ridge in front of
supraoccipital connecting the parietal crests; posterior processes of pre-
maxillaries not reaching frontals. The characteristic smooth area on top
of cranium very short and small. Dorsal short, its rays X, 11; anal rays
III, 7; caudal usually 3-lobed or double concave; the canines very weak
and the top of the head naked. The ventrals as in Prionodes, close
together and inserted in advance of axil of pectoral; pectoral with 19
rays, 1ts upper half truncate behind. The three species of Centropristes
are closely related. (xév7pov, spine; zpior7c, saw.)

CENTROPRISTES:
a. Dorsal spines with dermal flaps, which scarcely project beyond the tip of the spine; longest
dorsal spine less than half length of head. ‘

b. Caudal fin more or less rounded; coloration in alcohol uniform; scales 5-50-13.
RUFUS, 1586.
bb. Caudal fin with its angles little produced, the longest ray not exserted for a distance
equal to the length of the fin; gill rakers x + 18; scales on cheek in more than
7 rows; dorsal spines rather strong, the middle ones rather higher than the pos-
terior, which are lower than the soft rays; highest dorsal spine 2 in head; none
of the spines filamentous, color dusky brown or black, with paler longitudinal
streaks; dorsal with oblique light and dark stripes; young with a black liongi-
tudinal band, many dark cross shades, and a large black spot on last dorsal spines.
Sexes notably different, the fin rays longer in the male. STRIATUS, 1587.
bbb. Caudal fin with its upper and lower lobes filamentous, much produced, the middle
rays still longer, length of longest ray in the adult 2 in body; gill rakers about
x +12; scales on cheek in 7 rows; color grayish, each side with 3 longitudinal
rows of quadrate black blotches, the upper series obscure, the second from eye
below the lateral line to caudal quite distinct, the third series composed of
shorter spots on a level with the lower half of the pectorals; some jet-black

i et ht ll ee

——— ee

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 1199

spots about opercle and above axil; dorsal with a series of jet-black spots along
its base; caudal with the middle rays black at their tips, the outer pale; jet-
black spots on middle rays. ocyURUS, 1588.
TRILOBURUS (tpéis, three; AoBds, lobe; ovpa, tail):

aa, Dorsal spines, or some of them, tipped with fleshy filaments, which project considerably
beyond the tip of the spine; longest dorsal spine about half length of head; caudal

lobes more or less produced.
ce. Body rather elongate, little compressed, the anterior profile nearly straight; eye large,
as long as snout, about 4 in head; mouth large, the lower jaw projecting; 10 rows
of scales on cheek; dorsal spines slender, graduated rapidly to the third or fourth,
thence decreasing to the last; fourth dorsal spine 2 in head; color olive gray;
sides with about 7 broad, diffuse, brown bars extending from back obliquely for-
ward to level of pectorals; a large black spot on membrane of last dorsal spines;
dorsal filaments scarlet; caudal with irregular cross rows of round brownish spots;
other fins similarly marked. Sexes little different. PHILADELPHICus, 1589.

Subgenus CENTROPRISTES.
1586. CENTROPRISTES RUFUS, Cuvier & Valenciennes.

This species resembles very closely Centropristes striatus in all respects, the
only difference that we can detect being that the caudal fin is quite regu-
larly rounded instead of trilobate. Fourth dorsal spine longest, 2 in
head. Scales 5-50-13. Eye 44 in head. Pectorals extending beyond
ventrals, 14 in head. Color uniform dark—in alcohol. Known only
from the original types, two specimens in fair condition, from Martin-
ique, in the museum at Paris. The species is a doubtful one and its
characters need verification. (rufus, reddish. )

Centropristes rufus, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 111, 47, 1829, Martinique. (Coll.
Plée.)

1587. CENTROPRISTES STRIATUS* (Linneus).

(BLAcK SEA Bass; BLAcKFisH; TaLLy-Wac ; HANNAHILL; Buack WiLL; BLack Harry.)

Head 23; depth 2$ to 3. D. X, 11; A. III, 7; scales 5-55 to 60-16 to 20,
pores 50 to 55. Body robust, the back somewhat elevated anteriorly ;
head large, thick, little compressed ; top of head naked; eye large, nearly
5 in head; mouth oblique, low, rather large; lower jaw projecting ; max-
illary broad, 24 in head; teeth in broad bands, the canines small, none
of the teeth movable; gill rakers long, about x+18 developed; scales on
cheek in about 11 rows; posterior border of preopercle finely serrate, the
angle and lower border with larger teeth, some of them turned forward ;
maxillary slipping anteriorly under the edge of the preorbital, which is
as broad as the eye; dorsal spines rather strong, the middle ones rather
higher than the posterior, which are lower than the soft rays; highest
dorsal spine 2 in head; none of the spines filamentous, but provided
with short, lateral dermal flaps; pectorals very long, 1¢ in head; ven-
trals scarcely shorter; anal spines graduated; caudal slightly double

*Dr. Holbrook has maintained that the northern form of this fish (striatus == furvus = nigricans)
is distinct from the southern atrarius. The northern form (striatus) is said to have the air bladder
simple and the pectoral fin as long as the ventrals. In the southern fish (atrarius), the air
bladder is sacculated and the pectoral longer than the ventral, We do not find that these
differences exist.

1200 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

concave, with its angles little produced, the longest ray not exserted for

a distance equal to the length of the fin. Color dusky brown or black,

more or less mottled, and with paler longitudinal streaks along the rows

of scales; dorsal with several series of elongate whitish spots forming

oblique light stripes; other fins dusky, mottled; young with a black

longitudinal band, which later breaks up, forming dark cross shades; a

large black spot on last dorsal spines. ‘Sexes notably different, the fin

rays longer in the male, which approaches the male of Centropristes ocyu-

rus. Pyloric ceca 4 to 7. Length 18 inches. Atlantic Coast of United

States, Cape Ann to northern Florida; common northward; one of the

common food-fishes of our Atlantic Coast, reaching a weight of about 3

pounds ; its flesh excellent. (striatus, striped.)

Labrus striatus, LINN2=US, Syst. Nat., Ed. x, 1758, 285, ‘‘ America,’’ (description very brief, but
not to be referred to any other fish).

Perca atraria, LINNZUS, Syst. Nat., Ed. x11, 485, 1766, Carolina. (Coll. Dr. Garden.)

Blackfish, Scuorr, Schriften der Naturforsch. Freunde, Berlin, vit, 164, 1788, New York.

Perca furva, WALBAUM, Artedi Piscium, 336, 1792, New York (after Blackfish of Scuépr),

Coryphona nigrescens, BLocH & SCHNEIDER, Syst. Ichth., 297, 1801, New York,

Lutjanus trilobus, LACEPEDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., rv, 246, 1802, locality unknown.

Perca varia, Mircu1ut, Report Fishes N. Y., 415, pl. 3, fig. 6, 1815, New York.

Jentropristes nigricans, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 111, 37, pl. 44, 1829, New York.

Servanus nigrescens, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 917, 1883.

Centropristis atrarius, GUNTHER, Cat., 1, 86, 1859; HoiBroox, Ichth. §. Carolina, 42, 1860; BouLEN-
GER, Cat., 1, 303.

Serranus atrarius, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 533, 1883; JoRDAN & SwAIn, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus.,
231, 1884.

Serranus furvus, JORDAN, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 546, 1884.

Centropristis striatus, JORDAN & EHIGENMANN, l. c., 391, plate 64, 1890.

1588. CENTROPRISTES OCYURUS (Jordan & Evermann).

Head 23; depth 3. D. X,11; A. III, 7; scales 5 or 6-50-14. Dorsal
spines not filamentous, the longest 24 in head; pectorals 1? in head,
reaching a little past tips of ventrals. Scales on cheeks little larger
than in C. striatus, in about 7 rows. Serre of preopercle smaller than in
C. striatus. Gill rakers shorter and farther apart than in Centropristes
striatus, only 11 or 12 developed. Color pale olive, somewhat darker on
the back ; each side with 3 longitudinal rows of quadrate black blotches ;
the uppermost series obscure, along base of dorsal fin; the second dis-
tinct, and placed just below lateral line, the three anterior blotches of
this series somewhat confluent; the lower series very distinct jet black,
and not confluent, placed along side of belly, on the level of the axil
of the pectoral. The blotches in each series correspond in position to
those in the other series, so that, with dusky shades extending from
one to ancther, they form about 7 dusky cross bands; some dark inky
spots on opercle and above base of pectoral; opercle and preopercle
with dusky shades. Chin with some dusky ; spinous dorsal plain ; soft
dorsal with fine oblique bars on a pale ground, 2 of the dark blotches
on body extending on its base; last ray with 2 or 3 dark spots. Caudal
fin with the middle rays black, the outer pale, all of them with darker
spots which become black on the median rays; anal fin pale, slightly

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 1201

mottled, the tips of its rays dusky; ventrals dusky; pectorals entirely
pale; caudal fin with its upper and lower lobes filamentous, much pro-
duced, the middle rays still longer, exserted for a distance nearly equal
to % length of head, the total length of the longest ray being half the
length of the body. Gulf of Mexico, in rather deep water; known from
the Snapper Banks off Pensacola. In spite of the striking differences
in color, in which this species considerably resembles the very young of

Centropristes striatus, the details of form and structure are almost identi-

cal in the two species, the most notable difference being in the gill rakers.
Here described from the type, 10¢ inches in length. (oxic, swift; oipd,
tail.)

Serranus trifurcus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 534, 1883; not Perca trifurca, LINN XvS.

Serranus ocyurus, JORDAN & EverRMANN, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 468, 1886, Snapper Banks off

Pensacola. (Type, No. 37997. Coll. Silas Stearns. )
Centropristis ocyurus, JORDAN & EIGENMANN, l. c., 392, 1890,

Subgenus TRILOBURUS, Gill.

1589. CENTROPRISTES PHILADELPHICUS (Linnzus).

(Rock SEA Bass.)

Head 2% to 24; depth 34 to 3. D. X,11; A. III,7; P.17; C.18; scales
5-52 to 55, 15 pores. Maxillary reaching posterior margin of pupil, 24
in head; mandibular band of teeth becoming a single series laterally; a
few inner teeth in the front of each jaw enlarged; lower jaw with the
inner series laterally and the outer series anteriorly of enlarged conical
teeth, the lateral teeth but little larger than those in front; outer series
of upper jaw much enlarged, becoming smaller laterally, those in front
larger than any in lower jaw; patch on vomer crescent-shaped ; on pala-
tines long and narrow. Head naked forward from occiput, including
suborbital ring, snout, preorbital, top of head, maxillary, and lower jaw;
scales on cheeks small, in 9 to 11 very regular oblique series; scales on
opercles as large as those on body, in 8 or 9 oblique series, those on the flap
again smaller; least interorbital width about + diameter of eye, which is
4% in head; serre on and below preopercular angle slightly enlarged and
more distant than those above; subopercle and interopercle finely, evenly
serrate. Gill rakers 4 length of eye, 3-+ 10 in number. First 2 dorsal
spines short, the third and fourth nearly equal, the fourth 4 or nearly 4
head; the last spines are then much shortened, forming a notch, the last
spine 3? in head, ¥ the ray following; membrane deeply incised between
the spines, the upper angles produced beyond the spines in long, narrow
filaments, very variable in length, usually less than diameter of orbit;
the spines themselves are acute ;* the structure of the dorsal thus does
not differ from that of Centropristes striatus, which has also a trifurcate
tail. Caudal with the upper and middle rays much produced and nearly
equal, the lower lobe but little lengthened; median rays nearly as long
as head ({ to +3), the lower rays about ¢ head. A young specimen, 5

* Not at all filamentous, as figured by Holbrook (Ichth. 8. ., pl. 7, fig. 1),

F.N,A. 77

1202 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

inches long, has caudal nearly evenly convex behind, with the upper
rays only slightly projecting. Anal spines short, graduated, the second
the strongest, the third slightly longer, about + head; longest rays
nearly + head; middle ventral rays longest, not nearly reaching vent,
4 head; pectoral subtruncate, reaching vent, 1} in head. Scales very
strongly ctenoid, running well up on caudal fin and on membranes
of soft dorsal, anal, and ventrals. Color in life: Olivaceous above,
whitish below; 7 broad brown bars from back obliquely forward to
level of middle of pectorals, these almost obsolete along lateral line;
the color of the bars is not intense and is formed by shadings along
the base and margins of the scales; the anterior bar crosses the nape
and is very indistinct; snout and upper part of head with numerous
brownish-red spots and lines, 3 or 4 of these parallel and running from
eye to snout, the interspace usually light blue; upper lip reddish brown ;
tip of lower jaw broadly purplish; a dark blotch on opercle anteriorly
and sometimes a small, dark spot behind eye; lining of opercle and
throat lemon yellow; a large jet-black blotch behind pseudobranchie ;
spinous dorsal translucent, with indistinct whitish and dusky longitu-
dinal streaks; a large blackish blotch on membrane of last spines imme-
diately above fourth vertical bar of sides; some dark spots on the spines
form 2 irregular lengthwise series; dorsal filaments bright scarlet, the
fin usually with light-bluish shading; soft dorsal with a series of bluish-
white spots near margin (1 between each 2 rays), 1 or more incomplete
series above and below this; the fin is margined with reddish brown,
and has usually several series of reddish-brown spots, these most numer-
ous posteriorly ; some irregular olive-brown spots toward base; a small
black spot on base of membrane between eighth and ninth and 1 between
tenth and eleventh rays, the former frequently absent; caudal translu-
cent, with irregular cross series of round brownish-red spots, the space
between them often with bluish-white spots; the fin margined above
with brownish red; lower lobe whitish, unspotted; anal white, with a
median sulphur-yellow streak and a terminal dark bar: ventrals whit-
ish, with dusky areas, often uniform blackish; pectorals translucent;
peritoneum silvery. Sexes similar. Rocky shores of South Carolina, in
rather deep water; not yet seen elsewhere, but not rare at Charleston,
where the specimen, 94 inches long, above described, was taken by Dr.
Gilbert. (Philadelphicus, from the city of Philadelphia, where the species
is not found. )

Perca philadelphica, LINN us, Syst. Nat., Ed. x, 1758, 291, America.

Perca trifurca, LINNXUS, Syst. Nat., Ed. x11, 489, 1766, Carolina. (Coll. Dr. Garden.)
Litjanus tridens, LACEPEDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 1v, 246, 1802, Carolina.

Centropristis tridens, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 111, 43, 1829.
Centropristis trifureus, HoLBRook, Ichth. 8. Carolina, 49, pl. 7, fig. 1, 1860.

Anthias trifurcus, GUNTHER, Cat., 1, 91, 1859.

Serranus philadelphicus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1882, 600.

Serranus trifurcus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 534, 1883 }
Jentropristis philadelphicus, JORDAN & EIGENMANN, l. c., 393, 1890.

Centropristes trifurca, BOULENGER, Cat., 1, 304.

~~ =.
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Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America, 1203

510. DIPLECTRUM, Holbrook.

(SQUIRREL-FISHES. )

Diplectrum, HotBrook, Ichthyology of South Carolina, Ed. 1, 32, 1856, ( fascicularis = formosus).
Haliperca, Git, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, 236, (bivittatus = radialis, and other species;

restrict-d to biviltatus by Jorpan & GILBERT, Synopsis, 535).

Paraserranus, BLEEKER, Verh. Akad. Amst., xiv, 1873, 6, (hasselti).

This genus is very close to Prionodes, from which it differs chiefly in

the armature of the preopercle, which is provided in the adult with 1
or 2 clusters of strong, straight, divergent spines. Smooth area on top
of head, as in Serranus, large, extending backward to a line connecting
borders of preopercle; the supraoccipital and parietal crests very short;
preorbital broad ; maxillary widest before its tip ; profile of snout rounded;
pectoral unsymmetrically rounded, its upper rays longest; ventrals
inserted * somewhat before axil of pectoral; dorsal spines slender, none
of them much elevated ; soft dorsal short, the rays X,12; anal rays IIJ,7;
caudal lunate. Species all American, of small size and bright colors.
(dic, two}; xAjKTpov, Spur.)

HALIPERCA (aAs, Sea; mépky, perch):

a. Preopercle with a single center of divergence of the spinules about its angle (in the adult

as well as in the young).

b. Gill rakers very long, slender, and numerous, about 25 below angle of arch; scales on

cheek in 7 or 8 rows; preopercular process narrow and truncate, its width about 14

head; no black within gill cover; a pale-blue streak below orbit; about 18 scales

before dorsal; head with opercular flap about 3 in body. scruRus, 1590.

bb. Gill rakers moderate, about 10 below angle of arch; spines on produced portion of pre-
opercle numerous, 8 to 20 in number; outline of the spinous dorsal fin somewhat con-
vex, so that the fin is more deeply notched than in Diplectrwm formosum; jaws equal;
vertex naked; opercle black within.

c. Scales on cheeks small and regularly placed, in about 10 rows; 22 scales before dorsal;

head short, with opercular flap about 3 in body; width of preopercular process 444
to 5 in head, its posterior edge rounded; gill rakers x +10, short and slender,
well separated; region above the large eye prominent; snout short, bluntish;
cheeks with 10 rows of scales; these regularly placed; serree on preopercle much
produced in the adult, short in the young; upper lobe of caudal little produced.
Color light brown above, dull yellowish below; the scales on sides each witha
silvery center; irregular, vague, dark cross bars, broader than the interspaces; a
black bar at base of caudal; usualiy no blue lines or white areas on head; soft
dorsal with bright-blue spots, each surrounded by a dark-blue ring; caudal with
bars of similar spots; young with 2 black longitudinal stripes, the lower forming
a spot at base of caudal. RADIALE, 1591,

cc. Scales on cheek large, irregular, in 5 or 6 rows; head larger; soft dorsal pale below,

mottled above, without distinct blue spots; 15 to 17 scales before dorsal.

d. Head moderate, 224 in total length, with opercular flap; width of preopercular pro-

cess 4 head, its posterior edge truncated; upper edge of preopercle nearer tip of
opercular flap than snout; brownish, with numercus traces of vague, durk cross
bars; a very distinct black caudal spot; snout with 4 or 5 pale blotches; a pale
streak from below eye across preopercular angle; no black at base of soft dorsal,
the fin with very faint traces of blue spots. MACROPOMA, 1592,

dd, Head very large, 24% to 2% in total length (with opercular flap); upper angle of

preopercle midway between tip of snout and tip of opercular flap; preopercu-
lar process very broad; soft dorsal dark at base. EURYPLECTRUM, 1593,

* Essentially as in Centropristes, not as in Serranus, in which these species are placed by Dr.

Boulenger.

1204 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

DIPLECTRUM:
aa, Preopercle with 2 clusters of divergent spines, the one at the angle, the other higher
(the two fascicles well separated in the adult, but smaller and coalescent in the young).
e. Head and body marked with many interrupted blue lines; preorbital broad, more than
twice the width of maxillary; lower half of preopercle with strong, straight
spines diverging from two centers; gill rakers short and small, x + 14; 11 rows of
scalés on cheeks; caudal deeply lunate, the upper lobe the longer, sometimes end-
ing in a long filament. Color brownish, silvery below; sides with 7 or 8 longi-
tudinal deep-blue lines and about as many dark cross bars, the last bar forming a
large black blotch at upper base of caudal; young with 2 broad, dusky longitudi-
nal stripes, which become interrupted with age; 3 or 4 distinct blue stripes on
sides of top of head; 2 across preorbital, the lower forked; fins with narrow,
wavy bars of blue and pale yellow. FORMOSUM, 1594.

Subgenus HALIPERCA, Gill.
1590. DIPLECTRUM SCIURUS, Gilbert.

Head 2! to 3in length; depth 34 (in specimens 5 inches long). D. X,
12; A. III, 8. Scales on cheeks small, in 7 or 8 rather regular rows. Lat-
eral line with about 52 pores, about 75 vertical rows of scales above it ;
about 18 scales before dorsal. A single rather wide cluster of spines at
angle of preopercle, much as in Diplectrum macropoma, the width of the
cluster 44 to 5 in head, in specimens 5 inches long. Upper angle of pre-
opercle nearer to end of opercular flap than tip of snout. Vertical fins
low, the height of soft dorsal + length of head. Gill rakers long and
slender, about 14-25. In color this species differs from its near relatives
in having no black on the inside of gill cover, and in having a very light
blue line below the orbit; the snout is without spots or streaks; the
upper part of body is crossed with irregular dusky bars, and the soft
dorsal and caudal are marked with round yellow spots half as large as
the pupil, ocellated with blue or dusky. Known from small specimens
taken in considerable numbers, at stations 3014, 3015, 3021, 3026, and 3033,
all in shallow water in the Gulf of California. This species most resem-
bles Diplectrum macropoma, differing strongly from this and all other spe-
cies of the genus in the very numerous long and slender gill rakers,
which are % the diameter of the eye, even in young specimens; they are
about 25 in number on the horizontal limb of the outer arch, instead of
12 as in radiale and macropoma, or 9 as in formosum. (Gilbert.) (Sceiurus,
squirrel; the name squirrel-fish has been long applied to Diplectrum for-
mosum, perhaps from a croaking noise it makes.)

Diplectrum sciurus, GILBERT, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1891, 550, Gulf of California, Albatross

Stations, Nos. 3014, 3021, 3026, and 3033. (Coll. Albatross.)
Serranus sciurus, BOULENGER, Cat., 1, 298.

1591. DIPLECTRUM RADIALE (Quoy & Gaimard).

(AGUAVINA.)

Head 3; depth 3}. D.X,12; A. III, 7; scales 8-60 to 70-20, 48 to 55
pores. Scales on cheeks small and regularly placed in about 10 rows;
width of preopercular process 44 to 5 in head, its posterior edge rounded ;

See

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 1205

gill rakers 6 + 13 or 14 with 4 or 5 rudimentary ones on upper angle, slen-
der, well separated ; region above the large eye prominent; snout short,
bluntish, as long as eye, 4 in head; cheeks with about 10 rows of scales,
regularly placed, about 22 scales before dorsal; serre on preopercle
much produced in the adult, short in the young, its upper angle nearer
to end of opercular flap than tip of snout; upper lobe of caudal little
produced; longest dorsal spine 23 in head ; anal spines feeble, graduated.
Coloration of body light brown above, yellowish below; sides salmon
color, much shading of cherry red on head and fins in life; head with
greenish streaks ; the scales on sides each with a silvery center; irregular,
vague, dark cross bars broader than the interspaces; a black bar at base
of caudal; usually no blue lines or white areas on head; soft dorsal with
bright-blue spots, each surrounded by a dark-blue ring; caudal with bars
of similar spots; young with 2 black longitudinal stripes, the lower form-
ing a spot at base of caudal. Both coasts of tropical America, north to
Havana and Guaymas; very common on the coast of Brazil and in the
Gulf of California; found in shallow bays; our specimens from Guaymas,
Mazatlan, Panama, Sambaia, Rio Janeiro, and Havana. (radialis, radiant,
from the radiating preopercular spines.)
Serranus radialis, Quoy & GAtmaRD, Voyage Uranie, 316, 1824, Rio Janeiro; Cuvier & VALEN-
CIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 11, 243, 1828; BouLENGER, Cat., 1, 297.
Serranus bivittatus, CuvieR & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 11, 241, 1828, Martinique.
Centropristes ayresi,* STEINDACHNER, Ichth. Notizen, vir, 1, 1868, pl. 1, fig. 1, Santos, Brazil.
Paraserranus hasselli, BLEEKER, Verh. Akad. Amst., x1v, 1873, No. 2, 7.
Centropristis radialis, GUNTHER, Cat., 1, 83, 1859; SrerInDACHNER, Ichth. Beitriige, rv, 6, 1875.
Haliperca bivittata, PoEy, Synopsis, 282, 1868; Pory, Enumeratio, 22, 1875,
Diplectrum radialis, Srreets, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., vir, 52, 1877; Jornpan & EIGENMANN, l. ¢.,

398, 1890; EvVERMANN & JENKINS, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1891, 142.
Centropristis bivittatus, GUNTHER, Cat., 1, 82, 1859.

1592. DIPLECTRUM MACROPOMA (Giinther).

Head 3}; depth 34. D. X,12; A. III, 7; scales 5-48-14. Snout 4 in
head; eye 4. General form of body and head essentially as in D. radiale.
Produced portion of preopercle not very broad; its (vertical) breadth not
more than + length of head. Scales on cheeks large and irregular, in 5
or 6 rows; about 15 scales before dorsal; width of preopercular process
about + head, its posterior edge truncated; gill rakers x +10; longest
dorsal spine 24 in head. Coloration brownish, with numerous traces of
vague, dark cross bars; a very distinct black caudal spot ; snout with 4
or 5 pale blotches; a pale streak from below eye across preopercular angle;
no black at base of soft dorsal, the fin with very faint traces of blue spots;
caudal plain, darker toward tip; ventrals pale. Pacific Coast of tropical
America, in rather deep water, from Panama southward; abundant; here
described from specimens dredged by the Albatross. (uaxpo¢, large; Taxa,
opercle.)

* Dr, Steindachner has already noted the identity of his Centropristes ayresi from Santos, Brazil,
with Diplectrwm radiale. With Dr. Steindachner, we find no difference between Atlantic and
Pacific examples of this type. Serranus biviltatus is merely the young of this species, Specimens
sent to us from Cuba by Poey confirm this supposition, as they differ from radiale precisely as the
young differs from the adult in formosum.

1206 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

Centropristis macropoma, GUNTHER, Proc. Zodl. Soc. London, 1864, 145, Panama; GUNTHER,
Fishes Central America, 409, pl. Lxv, 1869.

Diplectrum macropoma, JORDAN & BoLuMAN, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1889, 157; Jonpan & EIGEN-
MANN, l. c., 398, 1890.

1593. DIPLECTRUM EURYPLECTRUM, Jordan & Bollman.

Head (to end of opercular spine) 2% to 22; depth 3: to 34. D. X, 12;
A. III, 8; scales 8-50 to 55-18. Body moderately elongate, heavy through
shoulders; the back not much elevated; anterior profile convex, nearly
straight above eyes; mouth large, maxillary reaching posterior border of
eye, 2 in head; snout blunt, 32 in head; eye large, slightly shorter than
snout, 4 in head. Interorbital space appearing slightly concave, 13 in eye.
Teeth as in D. radiale. Preopercular process very wide, its width 14 times
diameter of eye; spines long and slender, 15 to 20 developed; the lower
angle rot so strongly projecting as in D. macropoma. Opercular spine
rather sharp,embedded. Opercular flap long and well rounded at the end;
upper end of preopercle midway between tip of snout and opercular flap.
Gill rakers rather long, stout as in other species, x +12. Scales small,
rather firm,smaller than in other species, 8 or 9 rows on cheeks ; scales
on opercle smaller than in D. radiale or D. macropoma, about 12 scales
before dorsal. Dorsal spines weak, pungent, second 1? in third, fourth
and fifth almost equal, 34 in head; first soft ray 3 in head, shorter than next
the last; upper lobe of caudal longest, 13 to 12 in head, lower lobe 1? to 14
in head ; first anal spine 1/ in second, which is strongest and 1 in third,
latter 5in head; soft rays showing a convex margin, the longest 3? in head;
pectorals broad, their posterior margin truncate-concave, their length 13
in head; ventrals 1} inhead. Color brownish above, as in D. radiale, become
ing more yellowishand silvery below; sides with about5 pairs of interrupted
black bars; a large black blotch at base of caudal; markings on preorbi-
tal and cheeks rather indistinct; a large black spot above preopercular
angle on opercle; lips bluish; spinous dorsal dusky above; a small pale
spot under tip of spines; soft dorsal plain olive, dark at base; inner rays
of caudal tipped with dusky, a few lower rays pale; pectoral and anal
pale; ventrals dusky. This species is known from numerous specimens
dredged by the Albatross at stations 2795 and 2797, southwest of Panama,
at a depth of 33 fathoms, and at station 2805 at a depth of 514 fathoms.
The largest of these is about 7 inches long. This species and the preced-
ing, of which we have examined many specimens, are well distinguished
from Diplectrum radiale, with which Dr. Boulenger has united them. Di-
plectrum macropoma is in appearance, coloration, and in habit intermediate
between the other two, but the characters of all are well marked. (evpve>
wide; zA7KTpov, spur.)

Diplectrum euryplectrum, JORDAN & BoLLMAN, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1889, 157, Pacific Ocean,
off coast of Colombia, from 8° 06’ 30” N., 78°51’ W., and 7° 57’ N., 78° 55’ W., 7°
56’ N., 79° 41’ 30” W., stations 2797, 2795, 2805. (Type, No. 41141. Coll. Albatross.)

ee

Jordan and Evermann.—Ffishes of North America. 1207

Subgenus DIPLECTRUM.
1594. DIPLECTRUM FORMOSUM (Linneus).

(SQUIRREL-FISH; SERRANO; SAND-FISH.)

Head 3; depth 33. D.X,12; A. III, 7; scales 9-80 to 90-22, pores 54
to 60. Body elongate, the profile strongly arched above eyes; mouth
large, lower jaw slightly projecting; maxillary narrow, reaching middle
of eye, 25 in head; canine teeth small; eye placed high, shorter than
snout, about 5 in head; preorbital broad, more than twice the width of
maxillary ; upper part of margin of preopercle finely serrate; preopercle
with two clusters of divergent spines, the one at the angle, the other
higher (the two fascicles well separated in the adult, but smaller and
coalescent in the young); distance from opercular flap to upper end of
preopercle 14 in rest of head; opercular flap short and sharp; gill rakers
moderate, x + 14 or 15; top of head and preorbital region naked ; smooth
area on top of cranium very convex; 11 rows of scales on cheeks; fins,
except caudal, scaleless; 15 scales before dorsal; dorsal spines low and
slender, the first three graduated, the rest subequal; caudal deeply
lunate, the upper lobe the longer, sometimes ending in a long filament;
anal spines very weak, the third longest, 14 in eye; pectoral 1? in head.
Color brownish, silvery below ; sides with 7 or 8 longitudinal blue lines,
bright blue above, pearly whitish below, and about as many dark cross
bars, the last bar forming a large black blotch at upper base of caudal;
6 of these present, with another at base of dorsal; a broken median
stripe before dorsal; stripes on head bright blue; spinous dorsal with 2
stripes of light blue, bordered with darker, and 3 of light orange yellow;
3 blue stripes and 4 yellow ones on soft dorsal; caudal with light-blue
reticulations around light-orange spots; ventrals and anal bluish white,
shaded With light yellowish; pectoral transparent; posterior part of
mouth .tinged with yellow;* young with 2 broad, dusky longitudinal
stripes, which become interrupted with age; 3 or 4 distinct blue stripes
on sides and top of head; 2 across preorbital, the lower forked; fins with
narrow, wavy bars of blue and pale yellow. West Indies; common from
Charleston south to Montevideo.t A handsome fish, common on the

* A specimen obtained by Dr. Hugh M. Smith in Biscayne Bay, Florida, in February, had the
following life colors: Body dull light brownish above, white below, marked by 8 rather broad
dark cross bands, 3 or 4 longitudinal dark stripes, and 8 narrow blue longitudinal stripes most
distinct above where they contrast with the dark back. Head yellow, 5 or 6 narrow wavy blue
stripes on side of head below eye; head between eyes marked by 5 narrow blue cross bars run-
ning out on the nose; a dark spot at base of caudal; dorsal uniformly yellowish green, marked
by 2 median cross lines of blue, same color as the back; the blue lines posteriorly forming small
yellow ocelli; caudal same as dorsal as to color and markings; other fins white.

+ We have examined specimens from Charleston, Pensacola, Key West, Captiva Key, Havana,
Pernambuco, and Rio Janciro, These specimens show no evident specific differences, but the
differences due to age are somewhat considerable. The smallest specimens before us (2 inches
long) have a very distinct dark lateral band running from the tip of the snout and ending in a
dark spot at the upper base of caudal fin; another (paler) band runs from the upper part of eye
to base of last dorsal rays; another from above eye along base of dorsal, These bands are
sharply defined in the young, and traces of them are usually found in all examples, In the
smallest specimens the preopercle is simply but coarsely serrate with a salient angle; in larger
ones a portion of the preopercle is prolonged backward and its spines begin to radiate, In
exumples of 4 inches the spines are not yet divided into 2 fasciw, but later they begin to show
radiation from % distinct centers. In specimens of 74% inches the 2 fascicles of spines are dis-
tinct. In the largest, tho upper lobe of the caudal is filamentous,

1208 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

South Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the United States on rocky or sandy

shores. Length about afoot. (formosus, handsome.)

Perca formosa, Linnzvus, Syst. Nat., Ed. x11, 488, 1766, Carolina (Coll. Dr. Garden ; GmE Lin,
Syst. Nat., 1322, 1788 (copied), and of the copyists; partly confused with Hemulon plumieri,
to which species some of the early references belong.

Epinephelus striatus, BLocu, Ichthyologia, pl. 330, 1793, Jamaica (not Anthias striatus, BLocn,
which is really an Epinephelus.)

Serranus radians, Quoy & GaImaRD, Voy. de l’Uranie, Poiss., 313, pl. 58, fig. 2, 1824, Monte-
video (?); BouLenGeR, Cat., 1, 295.

Serranusirradians, CuVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 11, 244, 1828, Montevideo.

Serranus fascicularis, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 11, 245, pl. 30, 1828, Brazil;
also 1x, 431, 1833; Jornnan & GILBERT, Synopsis, 534, 1883.

Centropristis radians, GUNTHER, Cat., I, 83, 1859.

Centropristis fascicularis, GUNTHER, Cat., 1, 83, 1859.

Diplectrum fasciculare, HoLBrook, Ichth. S. Carolina, 35, 1860; Pory, Synopsis, 282, 1868.

Diplectrum radians, Poey, Enumeratio, 23, 1875.

Serranus formosus, JORDAN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1884, 35.

Diplectrum formosum, JORDAN & EIGENMANN, l. c., 397, pl. 65, 1890.

511. PRIONODES, Jenyns.

(SERRANOS. )

Prionodes, JENYNS, Voyage of the Beagle: Fishes, 46, 1840, ( fasciatus).
Mentiperca, Git, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, 2°6, (Iuciopercanus).

Body oblong, moderately compressed, covered with moderate-sized,
etenoid scales. Lateral line normal in direction, not running close to the
back. Cranium above with a very large convex smooth area, which is
longer than the low supraorbital crest; supraoccipital and parietal crests
short, extending to a line connecting borders of the preopercle; posterior
outline of cranium nearly vertical in profile; mouth large, the maxillary
not scaly and without supplemental bone; canines small, lateral; no
depressible teeth in jaws; teeth always present on vomer and patatines.*
Gill rakers usually few. Branchiostegals 7. Dorsal with 10 rather slen-
der spines, either subequal or one of them much produced; the fin not
deeply notched, the soft portion short, of 11 to 13 rays and nearly or quite
destitute of scales; anal short, with slender spines; caudal lunate or
truncate. Ventrals not very close together, inserted somewhat in advance
of pectorals, as in Centropristes and Diplectrum. Vertebrae 10+ 14— 24.
Species of small size, probably all American, closely allied to the Old
World genus Serranus, from which they are distinguished by the short,
naked, soft dorsal, the anterior insertion of the ventrals, and the smaller
teeth. The type of Serranus (Serranus cabrilla) has the lateral line running
very high, following the outline of the back. The subgenus Serranellus
(Serranus scriba)is intermediate, having the long soft dorsal and strong
dentition of Serranus, with the lateral line and general appearance of
Prionodes, the ventral fins longer and closer together, and inserted much
farther back; the skull is essentially similar in Prionodes, Dules, and
Serranus. (mpiwv, saw; eidac, resemblance, from the resemblance to Serranus—
serrd, Saw.)

* Not wanting, as stated by Jenyns, who perhaps had an injured or imperfect specimen.

ee ea ee

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 1209

PRIONODES:

a. Scales large, 42 to 55 in the lateral line. ;

b. Scales on cheek very large, in about 5 series; dorsal spines not quite equal, the fourth
longest, about twice length of tle ninth.

c. Teeth of jaws unusually small, the canines scarcely differentiated; lower teeth in

one series; lower jaw little projecting.
y d. Head long, 244 in length; preorbital narrow, 14 eye; angle of preopercle slightly
i projecting; vertex scaly, the serre minute and equal; gill rakers long and
slender, x + 16, the longest half eye; dorsal spines weak, flexible, low;
caudal deeply ]unate; pectorals long and narrow. Color dusky brownish,
paler below, a series of about 7 ill-defined dusky blotches along lateral
line; lining of opercle largely black, this appearing externally as a dusky
“4 blotch; vertical fins transparent, with minute dark specks; no sharp mark-
ings on body or fins. ZEQUIDENS, 1595.
ec. Teeth unusually strong, 3 or 40n each side in upper jaw as large as the largest
lateral teeth; jaws equal; preorbital extremely narrow, not 14 width of pupil;
preopercle very sharply serrate; gill rakers short, slender, x +10; caudal
forked. Color plain olivaceous; fins all pale; sides with about 6 faint dark
| cross bauds, more or less confluent along Jateral line. FUsCULUS, 1596.
) bb. Scales on cheek moderate, in about 8 series; body oblong, heavy anteriorly; dorsal
outline a little elevated, the profile almost straight; eyes very large, as long as
- . snout; lower jaw not projecting; canines small; mouth large; preorbital narrow;
gill rakers short, about x + 10; dorsal spines strong, the fourth highest, 244 in

head, a little longer than longest soft ray; dorsal fin not notched; soft dorsal a

little scaly; caudal deeply lunate; pectorals long. Color light brownish, with

lighter blotches and faint dusky bars; a very conspicuous, sharply defined, verti-

cal white bar extending upward on each side from just before vent; fins pale.
PHEBE, 1597.
bbb. Scales on the cheek very small, in 10 to 12 series; second anal spine about as long as
fourth dorsal spine. Body oblong, not elevated; snout sharp; lower jaw much
projecting, its tip entering the profile; teeth rather strong; gill rakers short and
few, x +8. Dorsal continuous, the spines low, the longest 3 in head; caudal
somewhat lunate. Color light olivaceous, with 12 irregular, broad, dark-brown
bands extending to below the lateral line, appearing again at level of base of
pectorals as a series of rounded blotches; two pale streaks or rows of blotches
extending from snout through eye and backward; a broad brown streak from eye
to upper angle of opercle; a dark spot at base of ventrals, one or more below base
of pectorals, and one in front of the latter; caudal dark brown at base, reticu-
lated with irregular, narrow, light-blue lines, these marks most distinct on outer
rays; a large double blotch at base of caudal; anal and ventrals marked with
brownish-yellow spots; upper part of soft dorsal sharply spotted with dark brown.
FASCIATUS, 1598; BULLERI, 1599,

MENTIPERCA (mentum, chin; perca, perch):
ac. Scales small, the lateral line with 60 to 75 in its course.
e.. Lower jaw not very strongly projecting.

f. Body covered with irregular, inky-black spots and bands. Body long and low, the head
low and sharp, the lower jaw projecting; scales on cheek in 10 or 12 rows; teeth
small; gill rakers very short, x + 7; dorsal low, not notched; caudal forked,
Color brownish above, the sides yellowish, everywhere above, below, and on fins
covered with irregular, inky-black spots, blotches, and bands, the latter meeting
around the belly; pectorals and anal plain; a broad ring around base of caudal,
and many irregular spots around bases of ventrals and pectorals; numerous black
spots on dorsals and caudal, one of those on front of spinous dorsal very conspic-
uous. TIGRINUS, 1600.

J). Body not covered with conspicuous, inky-black spots and bands,

g. Back with 3 or more large, conspicuous blotches of yellowish white. Body more
elongate than in related species; lower jaw slightly projecting; scales on
cheeks in 11 series; dorsal spines low, fifth the longest, 244 in head; caudal
strongly lunate; pectorals and ventrals short. Color brownish red above,

SS Ss ee Cle :T.Lhrtr

1210 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

with areas of light yellow on sides of back; one before dorsal, a large one and
a small one below spinous dorsal; a large one below last rays of soft dorsal;
one on back of tail; top of head with 2 pale cross shades, one before, one
behind eyes; lower fins light orange; caudal red, with 2 conspicuous longi-
tudinal stripes of blackish red; dorsal red-shaded, a maroon blotch on each
part of it, extending upward from a similar blotch on the back.

TABACARIUS, 1601.

gg. Back without conspicuous blotches of yellowish white.

h. Coloration nearly uniform; body elongate; snout short and thick; caudal
slightly Junate. Color brownish yellow on back, orange on sides, und
brighter or red on belly; nospots nor bands; upper part of head bluish,
the fins gray; caudal bordered above and below with brown.

FLAVESCENS, 1602.
ee. Lowerjaw very strongly projecting; body elongate, moderately compressed; scalessmall,
about 70; snout sharp, much longer than the large eye; preopercle finely denticu-
lated; top of head with vertex naked; caudal deeply forked; skull depressed, with a
single crest; dorsal spines moderate, the third highest.

i. Color clear brown with larger darker spots or bars on the sides; fins pale, more or
less tinged with orange. LUCIOPERCANUS, 1603.
wz. Color red, with numerous roundish inky-black spots behind, a large quadrate dark
blotch on front of soft dorsal; lower half of caudal black; a large, oblong silver-

white blotch from before vent, extending upward and backward.
STILBOSTIGMA, 1604,

Subgenus PRIONODES.
1595. PRIONODES EQUIDENS (Gilbert).

Head 2}; depth 33; eye large, as long as snout, 44 in head. D. IX, I,
12; A. III, 7; scales 44-48-13, 5 series on cheeks parallel with posterior
margin of orbit. Body slender, the head very long, the caudal peduncle
narrow. Tip of lower jaw but little projecting; mouth large, the max-
illary reaching vertical from posterior margin of pupil, 2}in head. Upper
jaw with teeth laterally in a single series, becoming double anteriorly ;
the outer teeth are larger and spaced but not canine-like; the inner are
close-set, small, directed inward; the median pair of teeth of inner series
are larger than the others and directed backward. Teeth of lower jaw
in a single series forming a very narrow patch at symphysis. ‘Teeth in a
narrow patch on vomer, the posterior enlarged, almost canine-like, directed
backward; on palatines in an irregular double series. Interorbital space
flat, its width # orbit. Preorbital narrow, + orbit. Angle of preopercle
slightly projecting, the vertical margin gently concave; teeth minute
and equal on both limbs and at angle. Opercle greatly produced back-
ward, reaching much beyond inner edge of shoulder girdle, the margin
of preopercle equidistant between front of eye and end of opercular flap.
Opercle with a single spine, the lower not developed. Nospine on shoulder.
Gill rakers long and slender, x +16, the longest 4+ the diameter of the
large eye. Dorsal with weak, flexible, low spines, which increase in
length to the fourth (length of head), then decrease to the ninth, which
is less than 4 the fourth, the tenth again longer ; dorsal rays slender, little
forked, the longest less than highest spine. Caudal deeply lunate; anal
short, with slender rays, the margin not rounded, the anterior rays long-
est, the posterior but little shortened; anal spines slender, graduated, the

y

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 1211

third scarcely ¢ height of first soft ray ; ventrals inserted well in advance
of base of pectorals, not nearly reaching vent, + head; pectorals long and
narrow, reaching front of anal, with narrow scaly base, the posterior
margin obliquely truncate or somewhat f-shaped in the spread fin, the
lower rays slightly longer than upper, the middle rays shortest. Scales
large, ctenoid, a wide rough area within the spinous margin; cheeks and
opcrcles sealed, the scales on opercles larger than elsewhere; top of head
scaled as far forward as posterior margin of pupil; caudal fin scaled at
base of lobes; fins otherwise without scales; lateral line running high
and descending gradually to middle of caudal peduncle. Color in spirits:
Dusky brownish above, lighter below; a series of about 7 ill-defined dusky
blotches along lateral line, from which still fainter bars run downward,
soon disappearing; lining of opercle largely black; this apparent as a
dusky blotch externally; vertical fins transparent, minutely punctate
with black; median rays of ventrals black, the outer and inner whitish ;
peritoneum silvery white; no very conspicuous marks on body or fins.
Gulf of California. A single specimen known, about 7 inches long, from
Station 2996, in 112 fathoms. (@quus, equal; dens, tooth.)

Serranus xquidens, GILBERT, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1880, 61, Gulf of California, Albatross
Station No. 2996 (Type, No. 44277); Jorpan & EiGeNMANN, Il. c., 406; BoULENGER,
Cat., 1, 291.

1596. PRIONODES FUSCULUS (Poey).

Head 24; depth 34. D. X, 12; A. III, 7; scales 48. Body rather
elongate, little compressed ; scales on cheeks very large, in about 5 series;
teeth unusually strong, three or four on each side in upper jaw as large
as the largest lateral teeth; eye very large, 23? in head; maxillary 2} in
head; jaws equal; preorbital extremely narrow, not 4 width of pupil;
preopercle very sharply serrate; gill rakers short, slender, x + 10; scales
very large, covering head forward to back of pupil; first dorsal spine
short, second a little longer; fourth longest, 24 in head; the rest
gradually shortened, lower than the soft rays, which are scaleless ; second
anal spine 4 in head, as long as third and stouter; caudal forked. Color
plain olivaceous ; fins all pale, no opercular blotch; sides with about 6
faint dark cross bands, more or less confluent along lateral line, and dis-
appearing below. Cuba; known only from the original type, sent by
Poey to the museum at Cambridge. From this specimen (10015, M. C. Z.,
7 inches in length) our’ description is taken. (fusculus, somewhat
tawny.)

Centropristes fusculus, Porky, Memorias, 11, 342, 1861, Havana, (Coll. Poey.)

Haliperca fuscula Pory, Synopsis, 281, 1868.
Serranus fusculus, JonDAN & EIGENMANN, l. c., 407, 1890; BouLENGER, Cat., 1, 290,

1597. PRIONODES PHBE (Poey),.

(Pua@BE).

Head 24; depth 3}. D. X,12; A. III, 7; scales 5-53-15, pores 50 to 62.
Body oblong, heavy anteriorly ; dorsal outline a little elevated, the profile
almost straight; eyes very large, as long as snout, 3} in head, twice the

1112 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum,

Body elongate, thick, covered with rather large deciduous scales. Head
very large, entirely covered with scales; eyes very large; teeth all villi-
form, without canines; no teeth on vomer or palatines. Branchiostegals
7; opercular bones not serrated nor spinous, the opercle ending in 2 feeble
points; preopercle with prominent rounded or striated angle. Dorsals 2,
well separated, the first with 7 spines; anal spines 2. Caudal forked.
Soft fins more or less scaly ; pyloric ceca numerous. Deep sea fishes of
the Atlantic and Mediterranean.t ‘ézi, above; ywria, angle, the back
angulated.)

1509. EPIGONUS OCCIDENTALIS, Goode & Bean.

Head 3; depth 7. D. VII-9; A. II, 9; scales 4-55-8. Least height of
tail equal to width of interorbital space. Eye nearly half length of
head and 7 in body. Snout about } eye; maxillary reaching somewhat
beyond anterior margin of orbit, its leneth half that of head without
snout; premaxillary short and thin, its length about equal to that of
snout, its connection with the tip of maxillary ligamentous; groove for
premaxillary process naked, narrow, its length twice its width; a weak
spine on the operculum. Sixteen gill rakers below the angle, the longest
about 4 length of maxillary. Weak villiform teeth in very narrow bands
on the jaws; vomer and palatines toothless. Third spine of dorsal
longest. Interspace between dorsals as long as the last spine. Base of
soft dorsal + as long as head, the longest ray slightly longer than base
of fin. Ventral fin + length of head. Color in spirits: Upper parts dark
brown; lower parts light brown; inside of mouth pale; trace of a dark
band beginning on the snout and continued behind the eye, along the
lateral line to the tail. Only one specimen known, secured by the
steamer Blake off Barbadoes, in 237 fathoms. The species is very readily
distinguished from the Mediterranean species (£. telescopium) by its more
slender form and its large number of rows of scales. Length 53 inches.
(Goode & Bean.) (occidentalis, western. )

Epigonus occidentalis, GOODE & BEAN, Oceanic Ichthyology, 233, 1895, off Barbadoes. (Coll.
Blake.)

485. CHEILODIPTERUS, Lacépéde.

Cheilodipterus, LAcEPEDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 111, 539, 1802, (saltatrix, macrodon, etc., restricted by
CuVIER & VALENCIENNES, in 1828, to macrodon).

Chilodipterus, GUNTHER, amended spelling.

Paramia, BLEEKER, Revision Apogonini, 74, 1874, (macrodon, the name Cheilodipterus being trans-
ferred to Pomatomus saltatrix).

Body oblong, ¢overed with rather large, deciduous scales; teeth on
jaws, vomer, and palatines, some of them in both jaws strong, canine-
like; operculum without spine; preopercle with a double margin, the
posterior edge sérrated; eye large. Dorsal fins separated, the first of 6

+ ‘‘Its chief characteristics are its globular eyes of extraordinary dimensions, its large and
strong fins, the powers of rapid swimming, and a generally vigorous and active constitution.
All these character istics are necessary for its defense against the. oceanic ae which frequent
the marine abysses, where it customarily lives. »__ Risso.

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America, 1118

spines; anal spines Be caudal forked. Tropical seas. (yeiAoc, lip; dic,
two, 7Tepov, fin; fishes with 2 dorsals and the upper lip extensible.)

1510. CHEILODIPTERUS AFFINIS, Poey.

Depth 4% in total length with caudal. D. VI-I,9. A.1II,9. Eye 3in
head; mouth oblique, deeply cleft, the maxillary emarginate behind,
reaching to opposite center of pupil. Opercle with 2 flat spines and a
stria, which ends in the lower spine, behind which the subopercular lobe
extends; preopercle dentate, with a double border, having at its angle
scarcely discernible points. A spine on the mastoid region; jaws with
villiform teeth, with some canines in front; lower jaw with lateral
canines, also. Second dorsal opposite anal; second ray of first and third
of second double height of the last; ventral spine strong; caudal emar-
ginate. Scales of back cycloid, those of sides finely ciliate; cheeks with
scales. Color red; peritoneum silvery ; base of caudal blackish; opercle
smooth and shining. Cuba; 3 specimens known. (Poey.) Not seen by
us. (affinis, related, to Cheilodipterus macrodon. )

Cheilodipterus affinis, Pory, Ann. Ac. Nat. Sci. N. Y., x1, 1876, 58, Havana, (Type, No. 37416.)

486. AMIICHTHYS, Poey.

Amiichthys, PoEy MS., in Jorpan, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1886, 586, (diapterus).

Body rather elongate, covered with small, caducous scales. Head blunt-
ish, the mouth almost vertical, the lower jaw short. Small sharp teeth
on jaws, none on vomer or palatines; opercles entire. Dorsal deeply
notched, very long, of 13 spines and 22 soft rays; anal short, with 3
spines and 8 soft rays. Lateral line parallel with the back; caudal
rounded. One species; the affinities of the genus doubtful, but probably
belonging to the Cheilodipterinw. (Amia, a name used by Gronow and
Poey for Apogon; iySic, fish.)

1511. AMIICHTHYS DIAPTERUS (Poey).

Head 4 in total length with caudal; depth5; eye large, 2%in head. D.
XII-I, 22; A. III, 8; V. 1, 5. Head bluntish. Mouth almost vertical ;
maxillary reaching pupil; lower jaw short. Teeth in jaws only, sharp,
curved, and well separated. Opercles entire. Dorsals deeply notched ;
the third dorsal spine highest, more than half depth of body, the last
spine 2 in eye; second dorsal low, its height half that of longest dorsal
spine; caudal rounded; pectoral acute. Lateral line parallel with the
back. Scales small, caducous, each one with a central dot. Color uni-
form, the eyes silvery, the vertical fins yellowish. Two specimens, 24
inches long, from the coast of Cuba. (Poey.) Not seen by us. (0:4,
divided; zrepdv, fin.)

“Genus ? diapterus*,’? Pory, Synopsis, 305, 1861, Cuba.
cg reg JORDAN, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1886, 586.

* In view of the doubt attached to the relations of these young fishes, the specific name ee
was published by Poey. With his permission, the generic name chosen by Poey was later printed
by Dr. Jordan, the confusion being less if the species has some recognized name.

1214 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

than any on the body, in 5 vertical series; preoperculum finely serrated,
the serre coarser at the angle, obsolete on the lower border; middle oper-
cular spine strong, nearer lower than upper. Gill rakers moderate, 12 on
lower part of the anterior arch. Dorsal originating above base of pec-
toral, the spines increasing in size to the fourth, which equals ? length
of head and is a little shorter than the longest soft rays; no notch
between the spinous and soft portions; pectoral obtusely pointed,
slightly longer than ventrals, } length of head; second and third anal
spines equal, stouter and slightly shorter than longest dorsal; caudal
slightly emarginate. Brown, with ill-defined darker vertical bars; soft
dorsal, anal, and caudal with small dark and light spots; pectorals and
ventrals yellowish. Length 6inches. Coast of Jalisco, western Mexico.

Serranus bulleri, BOULENGER, Cat., 1, 288, 1895, Las Pefias, Jalisco. (Coll. A. C. Buller.)

Subgenus MENTIPERCA, Gill.
1600. PKIONODES TIGRINUS (Bloch).

Head 22; depth 3$; eye 4in head. D. X,11; A. III,7; scales 8-68-24,
60 pores. Body long and low, the head low and sharp, the lower jaw
projecting ; scales small; top of head naked, the smooth area on frontal
region large; scales on cheek small, in 10 or 12 rows; preopercle rounded,
with regular serre ; teeth small; gill rakers very short, x +6 to 8; max-
illary 24, reaching to center of eye; soft dorsal and anal naked; dorsal

low, not notched; caudal forked; second and third anal spines equal, .

the second the strongest, 24 in head; pectoral 1} in head. Color brown-

ish above, the sides yellowish, everywhere, above, below, and on fins

covered with irregular, inky-black spots, blotches, and bands, the latter

meeting around the belly ; pectorals and anai plain; a broad ring around

base of caudal, and many irregular spots around bases of ventrals and

pectorals; numerous black spots on dorsals and caudal, one of those on

front of spinous dorsal very conspicuous. West Indies; scarce; an

exceedingly handsome little fish, here described from the original type of

Serranus prestigiator, sent by Poey to the Museum of Comparative Zool-

ogy. (tigrinus, spotted like a tiger.)

Holocentrus tigrinus, BLocu, pl. 237, 1790, after Sepa, Thesaurus, 111, pl. xxvil, fig. 5, East Indies.

Serranus preestigiator, Pory, Memorias, 1, 58, pl. 2, fig. 2, 1851, Havana. (Coll. Poey. Type
in M. C. Z.)

? Centropristes annularis, GUNTHER, Shore Fishes, Challenger, 6, pl. 1, fig. B, 1880, Pernambuco
young specimen 2 inches long.

Centropristis prestigiator, GUNTHER, Cat., 1, 85, 1859.

Haliperca prexstigiator, Pony, Synopsis, 282, 1868.

Serranus tigrinus, JORDAN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1886, 579; JorpaAn & EIGENMANN, I. c., 408,
1890; BouLeNnGER, Cat., 1, 293.

? Serranus annularis, JORDAN & EIGENMANN, l. c., 406.

* The earliest specific name of this species, fasciatus, can not be used if the species be referred
to Serranus, as already more than one Serranus has been called fasciatus. The name is, however,
not preoccupied in Prionodes. The genus Prionodes was supposed by Jenyns to differ from Serranus
by the absence of vomerine and palatine teeth. ‘These teeth are, as a matter of fact, well devel-
oped in the young, but in some old specimens they are small, partly covered by the skin, and
possibly even deciduous. Renewed comparison shows that 1598a, Prionodes bulleri (Boulenger), is
a distinct species, though close to P. fasciatus; the jaws shorter, the color dull,

ee ee ee Te ee

a
‘

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America, 1215

1601. PRIONODES TABACARIUS (Cuvier & Valenciennes).

(JACOME ; Bout DE TaBac.)

Head 3; depth 33. D. X, 12; A. III, 7; scales 11-90 to 98-25, 56 to 65
pores. Body more elongate than in related species; profile slightly con-
vex ; interorbital space concave; eyes large, longer than snout, 3} in head;
maxillary reaching middle of eye; lower jaw slightly projecting; scales
ou cheeks small, in 11 series; scales in front of dorsal small, crowded, in
25 series; top of head naked; gill rakers long, x +15; dorsal spines low,
fifth the longest, 27 in head; caudal strongly lunate; anal spines gradu-
ated, the third 3} in head; pectorals and ventrals short, not reaching
vent. Branchiostegals 7. Color brownish red above, with areas of light
yellow on sides of back; 1 before dorsal, a large one and a small one
below spinous dorsal; a large one below last rays of soft dorsal; 1 on
back of tail; yellow before eye; belly and lower parts light red; top of
head with 2 pale cross shades, 1 before and 1 behind eyes; lower fins light
orange; caudal red, with 2 conspicuous longitudinal stripes of blackish
red; dorsal red-shaded, a maroon blotch on each part of it, extending
upward from a similar blotch on the back. Length 10 inches. West
Indies; our specimens from Havana, where it is rather common. (tabaca-
rius, pertaining to tabacum, tobacco, the fish being called bout de tabac
(cigar stump) by the negroes at Martinique.)

Centroprisies tabacarius, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 111, 44, 1829, Martinique.

Serranus jacome, Pory, Memorias, 1, 57, pl. 2, fig. 1, 1851, Havana.

Haliperca tabacaria, PoEY, Synopsis, 282, 1868.

Haliperca jacome, Pory, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 1871, 34.

Serranus tabacarius, JORDAN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1886, 39; Jornpan & EIGENMANN, Ll. c., 408,
1890; BoULENGER, Cat., 1, 291.

1602. PRIONODES FLAVESCENS* (Cuvier & Valenciennes).

Dorsal IXt, 12; anal III, 7; scales 7-90-27, 60 pores. Depth of body
3? times in total length, length of head 3 times. Snout as long as diame-
ter of eye, which is 34 times in length of head; interorbital width 5
times in length of head; lower jaw projecting, with feeble canine teeth
on the sides; maxillary extending to below center of eye, the width of
the distal extremity 4 diameter of eye; upper surface of head raked;
cheeks and opercles scaly; preoperculum finely serrated, the serrw
coarser at the angle, obsolete on the lower border; opercular spine
strong, equidistant. Gill rakers a little shorter than gill fringes, 14 on
lower part of anterior arch. Dorsal originating above base of pectoral,
spines subequal, not quite + length of head, } length of longest soft
rays; no notch between the spinous and soft portions of the fin. Pee-
toral rounded, a little longer than ventral, # length of head. Third anal
spine longest, as long as dorsals. Caudal emarginate. Brown above,
lighter (orange or red) on the belly; head bluish above; fins dark gray

* Described from the type specimen (Paris Mus,, No. 7028).
+ The spinous dorsal is malformed in front; the normal number of spines is no doubt X,

1216 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

brown; caudal whitish in the middle. Total length 63 inches.
Martinique; known only from the type, the above description of which
we copy from Boulenger. (flavescens, yellowish. )

Serranus flavescens, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., v1, 506, 1830, Martinique; Jor-
DAN & FIGENMANN, I. c., 408, 1890; BoULENGER, Cat., 1, 292.

1603. PRIONODES LUCIOPERCANUS* (Poey).

Head 3 in length; depth 3}. D. X, 12; A. III, 7; scales 7-70-20.
Body elongate, moderately compressed ; cranium depressed, with a single
crest; snout sharp ; lower jaw very strongly projecting; eye large, much
shorter than snout; top of head naked; caudal deeply forked; dorsal
spines moderate, the third highest. Color clear brown with larger, darker
spots or bars on the sides; fins pale, more or less tinged with orange.
Coast of Cuba, apparently very rare, only the original type known (at
Cambridge) examined by us. (luciopercanus, resembling Lucioperca, the
Pike Perch, a European genus of Percide.)

Serranus luciopercanus, PoEY, Memorias, 1, 56, pl. 9, fig. 1, 1851, Havana; Jorpan & EIGENMANN,
l. c., 410, 1890 ; Boulenger, Cat., 1, 294.

Centropristis luciopercanus, GUNTHER, Cat., 1, 84, 1869; VAILLANT & Bocourt, Miss. Sci. au
Mexique, 1874, pl. ¥, fig. 1.

Mentiperca luciopercana, PoEy, Synopsis, 281, 1868.

1604. PRIONODES STILBOSTIGMA, Jordan & Bollman.

Head 3; depth 33. D. X,12; A. III, 7; scales 8-58-18. Body elongate
elliptical, less slender than in Prionodes luciopercanus; back not much ele-
vated; anterior profile straight from tip of snout to front of dorsal.
Snout sharp, 34 in head, lower jaw considerably projecting, mandible 34
in head. Mouth rather large; maxillary reaching nearly to middle of
pupil, 2? in head. Eye large, a little shorter than snout, 4 in head.
Interorbital space very slightly concave, ridged. Teeth small, anterior
teeth of front row in both jaws slightly enlarged; posterior teeth of
lower jaw also enlarged ; vomerine teeth in a Y-shaped patch. Preopercle
finely serrate, the lower teeth a little coarser, the margin evenly rounded,
Opercle ending in three spines, of which the middle one is considerably
the largest ; membrane extending beyond spines. Gill rakers moderately
long and slender, about 9 developed. Scales small, firm, ctenoid ; 11 rows

* Three specimens from Martinique in the Paris Museum have the following characters: Dor-
sal X, 12; anal III, 7; scales 8 to 10-85 to 90-25 to 29, pores 56 to 59. Depth of body 314 to 334
times in total length; length of head 3 times. Snout longer than diameter of eye, which is 3%
times in the length of head; interorbital width 6 to 7 times in length of head; lower jaw
strongly projecting, with feeble canine teeth on the sides; maxillary extending to below anterior
third or center of eye, the width of its distal extremity 2 diameter of eye; snout and vertex
naked, cheeks and opercle scaly; preopercle finely serrated, the serre coarser at the angle and
obsolete on the lower border; opercular spines strong. Gill rakers longer than gill fringes, 15
or 16 on lower part of anterior arch. Dorsal originating above base of pectoral; the spines
increasing in size to the fourth or fifth, which equals about 2 to 3 length of head, and exceeds
longest soft rays; no well-marked notch between the spinous and soft portions of the fin. Pec-
toral obtusely pointed, as long as ventral, 24 length of head. Third analspine longest, about as
long as third dorsal. Caudal deeply emarginate, upper lobe the longer. Purplish, with reddish-
brown irregular spots or marblings; fins yellow, spinous dorsal partly purple; upper and lower
caudal lobes bordered with purple. Total length, 8 inches, Caribbean Seq.

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 1217

on cheeks; 11 vertical rows on opercle to base of spines; 2 rows on inter-
opercle. Spinous dorsal rather low, not notched; first spine about 14 in
second, fourth very slightly longer than third, as long as from tip of snout
to middle of eye, 24 in head; soft dorsal not elevated, first ray 2? in
head ; upper lobe of caudal the longer, 13 in head; lower lobe 14 in head;
second anal spine strongest, hardly as long as third, which is 33 in head;
first 17 in second; first anal ray 3 in head; penultimate longest, 2} in head;
last somewhat shorter; pectorals pointed, 15 in head, reaching beyond
tips of ventrals to vent; ventrals 13 in head; soft dorsal and anal with a
few scales. Scales on breast and belly small. Color reddish (probably
crimson in life), becoming paler beneath, breast somewhat orange; a few
small, round, pale spots on cheeks and opercles; occiput rather dark ;
lower jaw dusky; a slight bluish shade on preorbital; anterior part of
back with small indistinct light and dark specks; large, quadrate, inky-
black spot larger than eye at base of soft dorsal, which involves the basal
half of several rays, and extends downward almost to lateral line; in
this blotch are traces of three darker spots; behind this, three much
smaller, roundish, black spots, which extend on fin; below these a row of
about 10 round black spots smaller than pupil, on median line of side
extending from opposite front of large dorsal spot to base of caudal ;
below this series some fainter irregular spots of black; extending
obliquely upward and backward from above tip of ventral fin to lateral
line a large, elliptical creamy or silvery blotch which is about as wide as
interorbital and as long as snout and eye; this spot does not reach middle
line of belly; spinous, dorsal with 3 rows of diffuse, confluent, black
spots separated by pale streaks ; soft dorsal marked with several black
spots, which extend upward from body ; above these a pale median longi-
tudinal streak; upper half of caudal red, with a few small black spots,
lower lobe inky black, with some pale edgings; outer half of ventrals
and anal dusky; pectorals pale. Length of type 7+ inches. In form it
agrees very closely with Prionodes luciopercanus, but the coloration is quite
different. Coast of Ecuador; known from a single example, dredged in
45 fathoms, at the equator. (o7iAfoc, shining; oriyua, spot.)
Prionodes stilbostigma, JORDAN & BOLLMAN, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1889, 158, Pacific Ocean, off
the coast of Ecuador, 0° 50’ S., 89° 36’ W.; depth 45 fathoms; Station 2809.

(Coll. Albatross.)
Serranus stilbostigma, JORDAN & EIGENMANN, l. c., 409, 1890; BouLenGEr, Cat., 1, 204.

512. DULES, Cuvier.
Dules, Cuvier, Régne Animal, Ed, 1, Vol. 11, 147, 1829, (auriga).

This genus is close to Prionodes, from which it differs in the possession
of but 6 branchiostegals, and in the truncate form of the caudal fin. In
one species the third dorsal spine is prolonged in a whip-like spine.”

** Par ce nom de doules (esclave) nous avons voulu indiquer la ressemblance de ces poissons
avec ceux que depuis longtemps nous avons appelées therapous, nom qui, lui-meme assez arbi-
traire, n’est que la traduction de |’ épitheéte donnée d l'espece de Therapon décrite le plus ancienne-

ment (U Holocentrus servus de Bloch).’’ (Cuvier & Valenciennes. )

FN.A. 78

1218 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

American. (dovAoc, a Slave, the fish being under the lash of the long dor-
sal spine.t)

a. Third dorsal spine not longer than fourth, 3 in head; second anal spine considerably longer
than third, about 214 in head; lower jaw little projecting; gill rakers short and few,
6 or 8 in number; jaws scaleless; soft dorsal with small scales; pectoral long, reaching
anal. Color brown, with darker cross shades; soft dorsal, anal, and caudal fins check-
ered with blackish on a white ground; a broad white area or bar before anal fin.

b. Dorsal rays x, 13; head small, acuminate; pectoral fin finely barred with black and
whitish, precisely like the caudal fin; a very conspicuous inky-black blotch on
front of soft dorsal (at least in young specimens), this being a continuation of one
of the bars on the body; a black ring about tail at base of caudal, before which are
6 or 7 dark bars, becoming progressively broader and fainter forward; lower parts

of head with a conspicuous network of dark streaks. SUBLIGARIUS, 1605.
bb. Dorsal rays x, 12; head less slender; pectorals red; inky blotch on soft dorsal small
or obsolete; dusky bars on body distinct. DISPILURUS, 1606.

aa. Third dorsal spine in the adult male greatly elevated, reaching past middle of soft dorsal,
its length quite variable ; second anal spine as long as third, 28 in head; lower jaw
prominent; gill rakers 10 to 12 below arch; pectoral shorter than head; brownish,
lower parts with light and dark shades; fins clouded. AURIGA, 1607.

1605. DULES SUBLIGARIUS (Cope).

Head 23; depth 23; eye rather large, 4in head. D. X, 13; A. III, 7;
scales about 6-42-17. Body rather deep, compressed, the back elevated,
the anterior profile nearly straight. Head long and low, slender, acumi-
nate, its depth at middle of eye but half its length in the smaller speci-
men, in the larger proportionately deeper. Mouth rather small, lower
jaw scarcely projecting; maxillary reaching to posterior margin of pupil,
its length 2} in head; teeth small, the canines little developed, those on
sides of lower jaw largest. Preorbital and interorbital space very narrow.
Edge of preopercle subequally and rather sharply serrate; none of the
teeth directed forward. Gill rakers short, rather few. Scales on cheek
small, in about 10 series. Dorsal fin scarcely emarginate, the fourth spine
not elevated, about 24 in head, a little lower than the soft rays; caudal
subtruncate, a little more than half head; second anal spine longer and
stronger than third, 24 in head; ventrals 17 in head; pectorals 13; neither
reaching front of anal; dorsal and anal fins, jaws, preorbital, and front
of head scaleless. Olivaceous, tinged with reddish above, paler below
but not silvery; each scale on the sides with a blackish margin, these
forming rather faint, continuous, dusky streaks; posterior part of sides
with faint traces of about 5 irregular cross shades of darker along the
sides; a large blotch of cream color in front of the vent, extending upward
as an irregular cross bar to near the middle of the side, its posterior edge
sharply defined, its anterior fading into the color of the belly; a black
ring around tail behind dorsal] and anal; a large black blotch on front of
soft dorsal, extending downward on the body, where it is less distinct
than on the fin; cheeks yellowish; opercles darker; lower parts of head
brown, the preopercle (below), interopercle, lower jaw, and branchioste-
gals covered by a network of wavy bluish streaks; spinous dorsal dark

+ According to Dr. Boulenger this prolonged spine is a character of themale. We do not know
the foundation of this statement, and in other Serranidz no such sexual differences exist.

y
*
h
“

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 1219

gray, mottled; soft dorsal similarly and more distinctly marked; pec-
torals, anal, and caudal grayish, with sharply defined narrow blackish
bars, somewhat undulating; ventrals faintly barred, mostly black.
South Atlantic coasts of the United States, in rather deep water; not
common ; recorded from Beaufort, Charleston, Pensacola Snapper Banks,
and Big Gasparilla; a small and very pretty species. (Here described
from a specimen, No. 30859, U. S. Nat. Mus., 3 inches long, taken by Jor-
dan & Stearns from the Snapper Banks, off Pensacola. (subligarius, wear-
ing a truss, in allusion to the white cross band.)

Centropristis subligarius, CoPpE, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1870, 120, Pensacola.

Serranus subligarius, Goon & BEAN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1882, 238; Jorpan & GILBERT, Proc.
U.S. Nat. Mus., 274, 1882; Jonpan & GILBERT, Synopsis, 535, 1883; JorDAN, Proc. U. S.
Nat. Mus., 1884, 39; Jonpan & EIGENMANN, I. c., 405, 1890.

1606. DULES DISPILURUS (Giinther).

Head 27; depth 22. D. X,12; A. III, 7; scales 5-45-14. Preopercalum
rounded, finely serrated behind, entire below, without projecting angle.
Eye of moderate size, 2 length of head. Diameter of eye much more than
width of the interorbital space, but somewhat less than the extent of
the snout, contained 44 times in the length of the head. Opercles scaly ;
the scales on the preoperculum in 7 or 8 series, much smaller than those on
the operculum and rest of the body. Cleft of the mouth oblique, the
upper maxillary reaching to the vertical from the center of the eye;
preorbital somewhat wider than the maxillary. Preoperculum rounded,
finely serrated behind, entire below; suboperculum and interoperculum
entire. Operculum with 3 flat short points, the upper and lower of which
are concealed by the scales, the middle one being the longest and sharp-
est. Dorsal fin commencing just above the extremity of the operculum;
its spinous portion scarcely lower, but longer than the soft; the fourth,
fifth, and sixth spines are the longest, more than + the length of the head;
the first spine is very short, half as long as the diameter of the eye; soft
dorsal rounded ; the anterior and middle rays the longest, the sixth being
not quite twice as long as the last spine; caudal fin truncated, slightly
rounded at the angles, about ¢ of the total length; anal with the soft
portion narrow and deeper than the dorsal fin; second anal spine strong
and long, ? the length of the head; third anal spine much longer than
the first; pectoral long, rounded, reaching to above vent, § of the length
of the head; ventrals not reaching to vent. Teeth villiform; several
larger teeth in the outer series of each jaw; vomerine and palatine
teeth in narrow bands; tongue toothless. Brownish olive, with indistmet
darker cross bands extending on the dorsal fin; a broad white cross band
on the belly, before the vent, extending upward to the level of the pec-
toral fin; a small deep-black spot behind the top of the last dorsal spine,
on the middle of the first two dorsal rays; several other irregular more or
less distinct spots on the dorsal fin corresponding to the cross bands on
the body; the soft vertical fins with transverse series of small brown
spots; a small black round spot above and below on the root of the caudal

1220 Bulletin 47, Untted States National Museum.

fin; pectoral red; ventral blackish. (Gunther); description of types, 2
specimens, 4 inches long, from Trinidad. (dic, twice; ozidoc, spot; ovpd,
tail.)

Centropristis dispilurus,* GUNTHER, Proc. Zod]. Soc. Lond., 1867, 99, Trinidad.

1607. DULES AURIGA, Cuvier & Valenciennes.

Head 24; depth 24; eye 34+; snout4. D. X,13; A. III, 7; scales 6-48-15,
pores 45 to 50. Branchiostegals 6, the first being obsolete. Body rather
deep and compressed; anterior profile steep and nearly straight ; mouth
rather small, the lower jaw protruding; preorbital rather narrow, as
broad as pupil; top of head naked ; the frontal area large and well defined,
broader than long ; occipital crest Jow and short, shorter than the frontal
area; teeth small, with no marked canines; gill rakers rather short and
slender, x +9, besides rudiments (12 to 14 in all); maxillary 23 in head;
scales large, those above in series parallel with the lateral line; scales on
breast small; third dorsal spine extremely long, reaching beyond middle
of soft dorsal; other spines all short and even; soft dorsal moderate, a
little scaly at base; dorsal not notched; caudal truncate; second anal
spine 22 in head, as long as third, and a little stouter; pectoral 1,% in
head. Coloration in spirits, brownish; a dark area from front of anal up
to soft dorsal; before this a whitish area, upper parts with dark streaks
along the rows of scales, these faint and not continuous; a dark band
upward from middle of base of ventrals; fins clouded. Length 10 inches.
Coasts of Brazil and Uruguay; said to range occasionally northward;
once reported by De Kay from New York, probably by error. Our descrip-
tion from several specimens (4531, M. C. Z.), the longest about 5} inches
long, collected by Professor Agassiz at Rio de Janeiro. (auriga, a coach-
man, from the whip-like dorsal spine.)

Dules auriga, CuvIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 111, 112, pl. 51, 1829, Brazil; DE Kay,
New York Fauna: Fishes, 34, pl. 10, fig. 34, 1842; Jnnyns, ZoGl. Beagle, Fishes, 16, 1840;
CasTELNAU, Anim. Nouv. ou rares Amér. Sud, 6, 1855; GUNTHER, Cat., 1, 266; JoRDAN & GIL-
BERT, Synopsis, 542, 1883 (description from the original type); JorDAN, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci.
Phila., 1884, 98; Jonpan & EIGENMANN, l. c., 395; BERG, Enum. Pesces Argéntina y Uru-
guaya, 45, 1895.

* Centropristis dispilurus, from Trinidad, is said to have the dorsal x, 12, the dorsal spot small,
and the pectorals red; otherwise the description agrees entirely with Dules subligarius, With the
account of dispilurus the short description given by Cuvier and Valenciennes of Dules flaviventris
is in perfect agreement. One of the types of Brisout de Barneville’s Centropristis brasiliensis is
preserved in the museum at Paris, where it has been examined by us. It is .095 millimeters in
length, and was sent from the museum at Geneva. This specimen has the dorsal rays x, 12,
the dorsal spot obscure and diffuse, but is otherwise similar to subligarius. Ailspecimens have the
second anal spine long, the caudal barred, a white bar before anal, the caudal truncate, with other
characters, which readily distinguish this species from all others related to it. It isnot unlikely,
therefore, that subligarius, brasiliensis, flaviventris, and dispilurus are synonyms of auriga, If2 species
exist, subligarius, the northern form, would be separated from the aurga by the presence of
13 dorsal rays, by having the pectoral fin barred like the caudal, and the black spot on the dor-
sal verylarge. It may be, however, that auriga or brasiliensis represents the adult of the species,
auriga or dispilurus younger specimens, and subligarius those still younger. In the type of brasilien-
sis the head is consiaerably less slender than in subligarius. This is probably amatter of age. This
species reaches but a small size, none of the known specimens being 6 inches in length, the
largest of subligarius but 4. Dr. Boulenger places all these nominal species in the synonymy of Dules
auriya, regarding flaviventris as the female and auriga as the male. Dr, Carlos Berg (Enum.
Peces Argéntina y Urugnaya, p. 45, 1895), reaches the same conclusion. He remarks: ‘* Most
male examples have the white ventral spot which Cuvier & Valenciennes indicate only in the
female, Dules flaviventris,”? Dulessubligarius is certainly different from Dules auriga both in form and
color.

Ce

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 1221

Dules flaviventris, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., m1, 113, 1829, Brazil; GinTHER,
Cat., 1, 267, 1859.

Centropristis brasiliensis, BRISOUT DE BARNEVILLE, Revue Zoologique, 1847, 131, Bahia; sent to
Paris from the Museum of Geneva; GiNnTHER, Cat., 1, 85, 1859.

Serranus brasiliensis, JORDAN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1886, 533 (from type).

Serranus flaviventris, JORDAN & EIGENMANN, l. c., 406, 1890.

Serranus aurigu, BOULENGER, Cat., 1, 287.

513. PARANTHIAS, Guichenot.

Brachyrhinus, Git, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, 236, (creolus = furcifer) (preoccupied in ento-
mology).
Paranthias, GCICHENOT, Ann. Soc. Linn. Maine-et-Loire, x, 1868, ( furcifer = creolus).

Body strongly compressed; snout short; maxillary broad, scaly, its
supplemental bone reduced to a rudiment; teeth small, recurved, in nar-
row bands, 2 to 4 canines in front; preorbital very narrow; preopercle
serrate, with a salient angle; gill rakers slender and numerous; scales
small, ctenoid; lateral line complete, running high, the tube with an
ascending tubule on each scale; dorsal fin low, of 9 short spines, the
third longest; soft dorsal low, long, like the soft anal, closely scaled at
base; anal short and small, its spines graduated, its rays III, 9 or 10;
pectorals long, obtusely lanceolate, symmetrical, with 20 or 21 rays;
ventrals long, close together, inserted behind pectoral; a fleshy ridge
extending backward from axilla; caudal deeply forked; branchiostegals
7; frontal bones* with an anterior concavity for the reception of pos-
terior processes of premaxillaries and with a knob-like process on each
side behind interorbital area; supraoccipital bone extending forward to
between postfrontal processes; supraoccipital and parietal crests pro-
duced on the frontals to between orbits; vertebre 10 + 14 = 24; pyloric
ceca 6 to 8. One of the most strongly marked genera, But one species
is known, a beautifully colored fish, inhabiting deep waters. (apa, near;
Anthias, a related genus.)

1608. PARANTHIAS FURCIFER (Cuvier & Valenciennes).

(RaBIRUBIA DE LO ALTO; CREOLE FISH.)

Head 3%; depth 3; snout about 4 in head; eyeabout 4. D. TX, 18 to 20;
A. III, 9 or 10; scales 12-120 to 135-35, pores 77 to 85. Body moderately
elongate, strongly compressed; the profile convex and the snout short, as
in Anthias; maxillary reaching to below middle of eye, 2? in head; max-
illary broadened posteriorly, its surface scaled, as in Anthias, its distal
extremity + to ? eye; teeth small, recurved, in a narrow band in each
jaw, 2 to 4 straight canines near the front of each jaw; preorbital very
narrow ; preopercle finely serrate, with salient angle or enlarged teeth;
gill rakers long, slender, and close-set, 12 + 20 in number, the longest ?
eye; scales small, closely and regularly imbricated, most of them strongly
ctenoid ; dorsal fin low, the spines strong, the third longest, 24 in head;
soft rays of dorsal low, scarcely higher than longest spine; anal short,

* For an account of the skeleton see Glinther, Cat., 1, 101.

1222 Bulletin 47, Untied States National Museum.

its longest (second) soft ray 2 in head, its third spine longest, 2 in head;
ventrals narrow, 1} in head, not reaching vent; pectorals lanceolate, as
long as head; humeral scale long. Color bright red, or salmon color,
with 3 small violet spots, lon side of back and 1 or 2 on the tail; a bar of
similar color extending from upper corner of pectoral across the humeral
process; sides with faint oblique streaks along the rows of scales; dorsal
fin with a longitudinal blackish streak. Both coasts of tropical America,
Cuba to Brazil, Cape San Lucas to the Galapagos, common about the out-

lying islands; the specimens here described from Havana. We are not able

to separate the Pacific form (colonus) from the Atlantic (furcifer). A most
beautiful fish. (furca, fork; fero, I bear; from the form of the caudal.)

Serranus furcifer, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 11, 264, 1828, Brazil.

Serranus creolus, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 11, 265, 1828, Martinique, San
Domingo; GUNTHER, Cat., 1, 100, 1859; SrEINDACHNER, Ichth. Beitriige, rv, 6, 1875.

Corvina oxyptera, Dk Kay, New York Fauna: Fishes, 77, pl. xxx, fig. 96, 1842, locality unknown.
Serranus colonus, VALENCIENNES, Voyage Vénus, Zo6l., 300, pl. 2, fig. 1, 1846, Galapagos Islands.
Anthias furcifer, GUNTHER, Cat., 1, 91, 1859.

Brachyrhinus creolus, GILL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, 249.

Paranthias creolus, GUICHENOT, Ann. Linnean Soc., x, 1868,

Paranthias furcifer, GUICHENOT, Ann. Linnean Soc., x, 1868.

Brachyrhinus furcifer, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 916, 1883.

Paranthias furcifer, JORDAN & EIGENMANN, l. c., 381, 1890; BouLENGER, Cat., 1, 273.

514. HEMIANTHIAS, Steindachner.

Hemianthias, STEINDACHNER, Ichth. Beitriige, 1, 4, 1874, (peruanus).

This genus is very close to Pronotogrammus, from which it differs chiefly
in the more posterior insertion of the ventrals, which are not before the
axil of pectoral. Scales smaller than in Pronotogrammus. Vertebre 25
or 26. Species American. (ju, half; Anthias.)

a. Scales 5-56-20; pectoral short, 124 in head; color rose red, with diffuse golden-brown spots.
PERUANUS, 1609.

aa. Scales 3-48-16; pectoral 114 in head; color carmine, much mottled with golden yellow.
VIVANUS, 1610.

1609. HEMIANTHIAS PERUANUS, Steindachner.

Head 33; depth 3; eye very large, 44 in adult. D. X, 14; A. III, 8;
scales 4 or 5-56-20. Pectoral fin short, 13 in head; middle rays of caudal
as long as head; body compressed, rather deep, deepest behind the head ;
head compressed, almost as deep as long; anterior profile nearly straight,
moderately steep; mouth moderate, very oblique, the lower jaw project-
ing, its tip entering the profile; preorbital narrow, as broad as pupil, its
edge roughened with mucous tubes; maxillary 2 in head, naked, very
broad at tip, its width # eye; snout 4} in head; snout, forehead, and
top of head naked; teeth very small,in very narrow bands; 2 canines each
directed outward, in front of lower jaw, a smaller one turned backward
before middle of side of jaw ; upper jaw with a single short canine directed
forward on each side in front; interorbital region flattish, with two bony
ridges and a median depression ; smooth area of frontal region of skull
short and small, broader than long; occipital crest high and long; pre-
opercle sharply serrate, its angle a right angle; gill rakers very long,

ree ae oe ae ee

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 1223

slender,and close-set, x + 23, the longest # the eye; branchiostegals 7;
dorsal spines rather low, slender, only the third produced in a long stif-
fish filament, which reaches the third soft ray ; soft dorsal naked, the last
rays very high, 13 in head; caudal very long, witha narrow fork, the
middle rays as long as head, and 1? in the longest; anal high, its spines
moderate, graduated ; ventrals elongate, the third ray longer than head ;
ventrals inserted scarcely before axil of pectoral, as in vivanus; pectorals
shortish, pointed, 1% in head; scales moderate; lateral line complete,
running abruptly upward and backward to below sixth dorsal spine,
then gradually curving downward. Color rose-red, with small diffuse
golden-brown spots on body and on soft dorsal, caudal,and anal. Coasts
of Peru and Chile occasionally northward; one specimen taken by the
Albatross at station 3017 (off the coast of Lower California) ; the present
description from two of Dr. Steindachner’s types, 15 inches long, from
Payta, Peru. (peruanus, from Peru.)

Anthias (Hemianthias) peruanus, Steindachner, Ichth. Beitr., 1, 4, 1874, Payta; Trujillo. (Coll.

Hassler Exp.)

Pronotogrammus peruanus, JORDAN & EIGENMANN, I. c., 413.
Anthias peruanus, BOULENGER, Cat., 1, 322.

1610. HEMIANTHIAS VIVANUS (Jordan & Swain).

Head 34; depth 34. D. X, 14 0r15; A. III, 7 or 8; scales 3 to 5-53-20,
pores 48 to 50. Body rather elongate, compressed ; profile convex to the
occiput, straight anteriorly; mouth very oblique, the maxillary extend-
ing to below pupil, 24} in head; lower jaw with a canine in front on each
side directed forward and outward; a canine hooked backward in front
of middle of side of jaw; upper jaw witha canine directed forward on
each side in front ; eye longer than snout, 3 in head; vertical margin of
preopercle serrate, the serre larger below; a short, strong, flat spine
at the angle; lower limb entire or serrate; top of head naked from the
occiput forward; 5 series of scales on cheek; dorsal spines rapidly
graduated to the fourth, which is nearly half head ; several of the spines
ending in long, fragile dermal filaments ; the filament of the fourth spine
longest, sometimes reaching caudal; caudal very deeply forked, some of
the outer rays produced sometimes half length of body ; anal spines grad-
uated, the second 3} in head, a little shorter than third ; pectorals short,
14 in head; ventrals produced, longer than pectorals, extending beyond
origin of anal, their insertion scarcely before axil of pectoral; lateral
line on third row of scales; gill rakers very numerous, x + 30, long and
slender. Color carmine, deepest on the back, becoming a clear violet on
sides ; back and sides everywhere freckled with golden olive, this on the
sides becoming reticulations around the violet; a bright golden stripe from
eye to base of pectoral abeve; another from tip of snout along lower border
of eye to middle of pectoral; dorsal carmine, the rays tinged with golden ;
caudai similar; anal golden; pectoral carmine; ventrals red and yellow.
Gulf of Mexico, in deep water; one of our most beautifully colored fishes.
Length 8 inches. All the known specimens of this brilliantly colored
species have been taken off the Snapper Banks between Pensacola and

1224 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

Tampa, nearly all of them being from the spewings of the speckled Hind,
Epinephelus drummond-hayi. (From the Red Snapper or Vivanet, then
called Lutjanus vivanus, from the stomach of which this species was
first taken.)

Anthias vivanus, JORDAN & SWAIN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1884, 544, Snapper Banks of Pensa-

cola, (Type, No. 36942. Coll. Silas Stearns); BouLencer, Cat., 1, 323.
Pronotogrammus vivanus, JORDAN & EIGENMANN, l. c., 413, 1890.

515. PRONOTOGRAMMUS, Gill.

Pronotogrammus, GILL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, 81 (multifasciatus).

Body elongate, compressed, covered with rather large, ctenoid scales;
lateral line running very high, close to the dorsal fin; top of head and
maxillary naked; mouth short, oblique, the lower jaw projecting ; maxil-
lary very broad, without supplemental bone; canine teeth usually present
both in front and on sides of jaws; no movable teeth; tongue toothless ;
posterior processes of premaxillaries extending to between the frontals,
which have a deep fossa in front; supraoccipital crest very high, not
encroaching on the short, convex, smooth area on top of head, which is
more or less depressed; parietal crest feeble; a transverse ridge behind
frontals between posterior borders of orbits and before supraoccipital
crest. Gill rakers very long, slender, and close-set. Preopercle angular,
with prominent teeth. Dorsal with 10 spines, some of them filamentous ;
anal fin short, with 7 or 8 soft rays; caudal deeply forked, its lobes pro-
duced ; pectorals obtuse, nearly symmetrical, of 17 or 18 rays; ventrals
long, inserted before axil of pectoral. Color red. Beautifully colored
American fishes, closely allied to the European genus Anthias, but differ-
ing in the naked top of head and maxillary, and in the form cf the body.
(zp0, before; varoc, back; ypauuy, line; in allusion to the upward curve
of the lateral line. )

a. Second anal spine shorter than third; body elongate, the head thick, the lower outline
nearly straight; tip of lower jaw fitting into a notch of upper, not entering profile;
angle of preopercle slightly projecting, its serree coarser; dorsal emarginate, the spines
slender and pungent, the sixth longest, 314 in head, 114 times tenth; each spine with a
short filament near its tip, as usual in this genus; caudal forked, the middle rays 2% the
outer, which are not produced; scales large, ctenoid, extending forward from occiput
on top of head to middle of orbit; scales on cheek in 6 rows. Rose red, silvery below,
the fins light yellow; a dark spot above the middle of each eye and 2 Y-shaped olive
marks behind head, the apex of the one at the nape, the other at front of dorsal.
Scales 2144-38. EOS, 1611.

aa. Second anal spine longer than third; dorsal spines rapidly increasing to the fourth, which

is about 7 in length of body, thence decreasing to the last. Color reddish, the young

with numerous dark rufous bands, descending nearly to the middle. Scales 2-45-12.
(Adult unknown.) MULTIFASCIATUS, 1612.

1611. PRONOTOGRAMMUS EOS, Gilbert.

Head 23 to 23; depth 23 to 3; eye very large, 3, much longer than snout.
D. X, 15; A. III, 8; scales 24-38-x. Body elongate, tapering regularly
backward from shoulder, the lower outline nearly straight; head thick;
mouth terminal, oblique, the mandible laterally included, its tip fitting
into an emargination of premaxillaries, not entering profile. Maxillary

;

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 1225

without supplemental bone, broad, reaching vertical from middle of
pupil, 24 to 24 in length. Teeth in upper jaw in a narrow villiform band,
the outer series slightly enlarged, and with 1 or 2 strong canines directed
forward and outward. Teeth in mandible small, in a single series, a pair
of anterior canines directed forward and outward, and a second pair on
sides of jaw directed backward and inward. Teeth in rather broad bands
on vomer and palatines; none on tongue. Interorbital space gently con-
cave, the supraocular ridge slightly elevated, its width but little more
than half diameter of orbit. Preorbital narrow, its width above middle
of maxillary $ pupil. Vertical limb of preopercle usually with a slight
emargination above the angle (in adults), the angle itself and a region
above the emargination slightly projecting. Teeth of vertical limb fine,
equal; those of angle coarser, those below again fine, directed backward;
notch above angle usually smooth when present. Two flat spines on
opercle; other bones of head entire. Gill rakers long, slender, close-set,
about 30 on anterior limb of arch, the longest 3 orbit. Dorsal emarginate ;
the spines slender, pungent, not flexible, none of them produced or fila-
mentous, each with a short membranous flap behind its tip; spines
gradually increasing in height to the sixth, which is contained 3} times
in head; the tenth is shorter than any other except the first and second,
and is # the sixth; soft dorsal high, some of the posterior rays highest,
not reaching base of caudal, 2 to 23 in head; anal similar to soft dorsal,
its posterior rays in advance of end of dorsal; second anal spine stronger
but shorter than third, the length of which is 34 in head; ventrals inserted
slightly in advance of base of pectorals, the outer rays somewhat pro-
duced, reaching beyond vent and usually to or slightly beyond front of
anal; caudal forked, the middle rays $ the length of the outer, which are
not produced. Pectorals short, reaching slightly beyond front of anal.
Scales large, ctenoid,on both head and body; on top of head the scales
cover occiput and send a V-shaped patch to above middle of orbits; the
rest of interorbital space, the snout, maxillary, preopercle, branchiostegal
membranes, and anterior half of mandibles naked. Scales on cheeks in 6
rows; those on opercles larger; all but the central rays of caudal fin well
scaled; dorsals and anal naked; pectoral and ventrals scaly on basal por-
tion; lateral line running very high, under end of spinous dorsal sepa-
rated from dorsal outline by less than 3 full series of scales; under end of
soft dorsal it regains somewhat abruptly middle of side and runs straight
thence to base of tail. Color rosy red, overlying silvery on sides, and
below the fins light yellow; a dusky spot above the middle of each orbit,
and 2 Y-shaped olive-brown marks behind the head, one from nape down-
ward and backward on each side to upper angle of gill openings, the sec-
ond parallel with it, starting from origin of dorsal; lining of buccal and
gill cavities, and peritoneum silvery white. (Gilbert.) Pacific Coast of
tropical America; known from several examples, the largest 7 inches long,
dredged by the Albatross at Station 2996, off the west coast of Mexico, in
112 fathoms. (#o¢, sunrise, from the coloration.)

Pronotogrammus eos, GILBERT, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1890, 62, Albatross Station 2996, west
coast of Mexico; Jorpan & E1GENMANN, /. c., 413, 1890; BouLENGrR, Cat., 1, S24.

1226 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

1612. PRONOTOGRAMMUS* MULTIFASCIATUS, Gill.

This species is thus described by Dr. Gill: “‘D. X, 15; A. III, 7; P. I,
14; V. 1,5; C. 10,1, 8, 7,1, 9; scales 3-31 4+ 2 + 12 5-17. The great-
ai heiote Bese or vis exceeds a quarter of ane length from the
snout to the end of the median caudal rays. The head equals a third of
that length and contains the diameter of the eye—which is oval—3 times.
The snout is less than half the diameter of the eye. The spines of the
dorsal rapidly increase to the fourth, which nearly equals a seventh of the
length, and thence decrease to the last, which equals about an eleventh
of the same. The longest ray about equals the longest spine. The second
anal spine is more than twice as long as the first, equals the fourth
dorsal one, and is considerably longer than the third anal one. The
median caudal rays enter 63 times in the total length, while the longest
exceed the greatest height. The pectoral fin commences a little before
the end of the first third of the length (32) and equals a quarter of that
length. The ventral is inserted considerably in advance of the pectoral
(28) and is rather shorter than it. The lateral line is deflected on 2 scales.
The color is tawny yellow, with numerous (20) rufous bands descending
nearly to the middle and rather wider than the tawny intervals. Only
one specimen, whose extreme length was little more than 2 inches, was

obtained.” (Gill.) Cape San Lucas. (multus, many ; fasciatus, banded.)

Pronotogrammus multifasciatus, GILL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, 81, Cape San Lucas, (Coll.
John Xantus de Vasey); JorDAN & HIGENMANN, I. c., 413, 1890.

Anthias multifasciatus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1882, 360; eee Proc. U. S.
Nat. Mus., 1885, 377; BouLENGER, Cat., 1, 324.

516. ANTHIAS, Bloch.

(BARBIERS. )

Anthias, Bhocu, Auslindische Fische, v1, 97, 1792, (anthias).

Aylopon, RAFINESQUE, Carattere di Alcuni Nuovi Generi, 52, 1810, (anthias); the generic name
Anthias said to be preoccupied.

Body strongly compressed; scales moderate or rather large, ciliate,
smooth; lateral line complete, angulated below last rays of dorsal, the
tubes straight or with an ascending tubule, and extending along nearly
the entire scale; jaws and front scaly; mouth large, protractile; maxil-
lary exposed, its surface scaly; jaws with villiform teeth intermixed with
curved canines; a small group of teeth on the vomer and a narrow series
on each palatine; tongue smooth or with a few teeth; head entirely
scaled ; propel serrated, without antrorse teeth on the lower border;

* The following is the original account of the genus Pronotogrammus, Gill, hased on the present
species: ‘‘ This genus has the form of Brachyrhinus. The body is covered by moderate, ctenoid
scales. The lateral line runs high on the sides for the greater part of its length, but is abruptly
deflected behind, and thence continued along the middle of the caudal peduncle. The head
most resembles that of Brachyrhinus. The pr eoperculum is serrated on its posterior margin and
has a strong compressed spine at its angle. ‘The operculum has 3 acute angles, the middle con-
tinued from an internal rib. The teeth are like those-of Serranus, etc.; 2 large ones exist on

each side of the front, in the margin of the upper jaw, and 1 on each side, near the symphysis
in the lower, while there are also 2 on the sides. The vomer and palatine bones have villiform
teeth. There are, apparently, only 6 branchiostegal rays. The dorsal is undulated and has 10
spines. The anal has 3 strong spines, the second of which is largest. The lobes of the caudal
are acute, the pectorals acutely rounded, and the ventrals angulated.”’— Gill.

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 1227

opercle with 2 or 3spines; gill membranes separate; 7 branchiostegals ;
pseudobranchie present; gill rakers very long and slender; a single dor-
sal fin, with X, 12 to 18 rays, the spinous portion a little longer or a little
shorter than the soft ; anal short, III, 6 to 8; caudal emarginate; pectoral
obtuse-pointed, subsymmetrical rays 17 or 18; ventrals long, below pec-
torals, close together, each with a strong spine; posterior processes of
premaxillaries extending to between the frontals, which embrace a deep
fossa in front; frontals very convex, with a transverse ridge behind,
between the posterior borders of the orbits and in front of the very strong
supraoccipital crest; parietal crests feeble; vertebrae 10 + 15 or 16 — 25
or 26. Tropical seas; the typical species (Anthias anthias, L.) a well-
known inhabitant of the Mediterranean. (avéiac, Anthias, ancient name
of some large fish, perhaps the Albacore, apparently from cvfoc, a flower.)

1613. ANTHIAS ASPERILINGUTIS, Giinther.

Head 3; depth 23. D. X, 15; A. III, 7; scales 2 to 4, 40-16, pores 37.
A few teeth in the middle of the tongue. Snout scaly, half as long as
eye, with straight profile; diameter of eye 23 times in length of head, 14
interorbital width; lower jaw projecting, partly scaly ; maxillary scaly,
extending to below center of eye, the width of its dista] extremity ? diam-
eter of eye; serre at angle of preoperculum enlarged, but feeble ; 3 oper-
cular spines; 28 gill rakers on lower part of anterior arch. Dorsal origi-
nating above opercular cleft; first and second spines shortest; rest sub-
equal and much shorter than the soft rays; no notch between spinous and
soft portions; pectoral as long as head; ventral much produced, the
longest ray filamentous and nearly reaching caudal; anal spines strong,
first short, second slightly shorter than third and as long as longest dor-
sal spines; soft portion rounded, third and fourth rays longest; caudal
crescentic, with the outer rays much produced and ending in filaments.
Lateral line forming an angle below last dorsal rays. Red, with golden
stripes along the series of scales. Total length 165 millimeters. Atlantic
Coast of South America. (Boulenger.) Only the type known. (asper,
rough ; lingua, tongue.)

Anthias asperilinguis, GUNTHER, Cat., 1, 89, 1859, South America, probably Guiana, (Coll. Sir
Robert Schomburgk); BouLENGER, Cat., 1, 326.
Odontanthias asperilinguis, JORDAN & EIGENMANN, l. c., 416.

517. OCYANTHIAS, Jordan & Evermann.
Ocyanthias, JORDAN & EVERMANN, new genus, (martinicensis).

This genus is close to Anthias, from which it differs mainly in the pres-
ence of large patches of teeth on the entopterygoids and tongue. Soft
dorsal nearly naked. Posterior processes of premaxillaries not reaching
frontals, which are very convex behind; parietal and supraoccipital bones
extending to between orbits; supraoccipital crest strong, not produced on
the frontals. Vertebre 10+16—26. From Holanthias, Giinther, with

1228 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

which it agrees in other respects, Ocyanthias differs in the form of the
caudal, which is truncate, with prolonged angles. In Holanthias fronti-
cinctus the caudal is convex. (dxic, swift; Anthias.)

1614. OCYANTHIAS MARTINICENSIS (Guichenot).

Head 3; depth 2} to 3. D. X, 15; A. III, 7; scales 2 to 4, 38 to 41-15 to
17, pores 35 to 40. Snout ? diameter of eye, which is 34 times in length
of head and a little exceeds interorbital width; lower jaw projecting;
maxillary extending to below posterior third of eye, the width of its
distal extremity 3? to} diameter of eye; posterior border of preoperculum
finely serrated, the serre enlarged at the angle; middle opercular spine
strong; 25 to 27 gill rakers on lower part of anterior arch. Dorsal origi-
nating above opercular cleft; first and second spines shortest, third long-
est, 1 as long as the following ones, which are equal; soft dorsal rounded,
deepest posteriorly ; no notch between spinous and soft portions; pec-
toral as long as head, a little longer than ventrals; latter reaching origin
of anal; anal spines strong, first short, second and third equal and as
long as last dorsal spine; fourth and fifth soft rays longest; caudal trun-
cate, with the outer rays much produced. Lateral line forming an angle
below last dorsal rays. Reddish golden,* with lighter spots; snout and
vertex whitish (red?), this color extending as a stripe on the nape to the
first dorsal spine, where it terminates in a point. Total length 160 milli-
meters. Caribbean Sea; known from Martinique and Barbadoes; the
present description taken by Dr. Boulenger from the original type.
(martinicensis, living in Martinique.)

Aylopon martinicensis, GUICHENOT, Anthiani, Ann. Linn. Soc., Vol. x, 1868, Martinique. (Coll.
Boulenger.)

Odontanthias martinicensis, JORDAN & EIGENMANN, I. c., 416, 1890.
Holanthias martinicensis, BOULENGER, Cat., 1, 317.

518. GRAMMA, Poey.

Gramma, Pory, Synopsis Piscium Cubensium, 296, 1868, (loreto).

Body rather elongate, compressed, covered with rather large, smooth-
ish scales. Lateral line interrupted, concurrent with the back, begin-
ning again on caudal peduncle. Head scaled above, its profile not
acute; preopercle serrate; opercle with weak armature. Mouth large,
with rather strong canines, especially in front of lower jaw; strong
teeth on vomer and palatines; preorbital very narrow, the maxillary not
slipping under it; maxillary not scaly; dorsals connected, the spinous
part twice as long as the soft part, spines 12 in number; anal spines 3,
the soft rays not elevated; pectoral narrow, without thickened rays;
caudal somewhat rounded; gill membranes somewhat connected. Gill
structures not described (having been cut away in the only specimen
known). A singular little fish, apparently allied to the Old-World genera
Pleseops and Trachinops, differing from these and agreeing with Anthias

* Color golden red, little paler below, many lustrous green spots on the back; fins all unspotted
and more or less yellow; upper part of head red. (Guichenot.)

ee ee

.

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America, 1229

in having the ventral rays I, 5 instead of I, 4. Dr. Gill has referred
Gramma to Bleeker’s family of Pseudochromidide, with which it agrees
in the form of the lateral line. The Pseudochromidide seem to be, how-
ever, an unnatural assemblage, and Dr. Boulenger has separated the
percoid elements of this group, referring them to the Serranide. Gramma
loreto seems not far removed from Anthias, though Poey places it among
the Lutianinew. (ypayupi, a line, from the peculiarities of the lateral line.)

1615. GRAMMA LORETO, Pocy.

D. XII, 9; A. II, 9; P. 11; V.1,5; C. 17; scales 31+-11—42. The fol-
lowing is a translation of Poey’s description: Length 50 millimeters.
Body oblong, as in Mesoprion (Lutjanus), the depth equal to length of
head, 44 in total; eye large, 3 in head, situated half its diameter from
tip of snout; jaws equal; interorbital width % eye. Mouth large, the
maxillaries reaching posterior border of eye. Upper teeth very fine;
lower larger, acute, curved; teeth on the palatine arch. Preopercle den-
ticulate; opercleentire. Nostrils near together, near upper anterior bor-
der of eye. Pores below eye and along lower jaw. Fins scaleless; soft
part of dorsal not 4+ length of spinous part. Anal spines weak; ventrals
subthoracic; first soft rays reaching beyond anal spines; caudal acute.
Lateral line almost touching outline of back, falling interrupted below
last dorsal spine, the posterior part ending at middle of caudal.
Scales moderate, ctenoid, 45 on a horizontal line; scales on opercles and
cheeks; above the head they cease at the nape. Color of body, bluish
anteriorly, paler on the sides, passing insensibly into red posteriorly ;
fins yellowish, the ventral blue anteriorly ; membrane of first 4 ‘dorsal
spines with a spot of intense blue; 2 short black lines mark region
behind eyes, turned obliquely upward, the upper broader. (Poey.)
This species is known from a single specimen 2 inches long, sent by Poey
to the Museum of Comparative Zodlogy, where it was examined by us.
It is in bad condition, the gills being destroyed. (Named for its col-
lector, la Sefiora Da. Loreto Martinez, ‘‘ que la pescé en la bahia de
Matanzas, y que aprovecha la localidad que habita, playa de Judfos, para
enriquecer los museos de sus amigos aficionados a ia historia natural.”
Poey.)

Gramma loreto, PoEy, Synopsis, 296, 1868, Matanzas, Cuba; GiLL, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus.,
1887, 615. .

519. RYPTICUS, Cuvier.

(SOAPFISHES. )

Rypticus, Cuvier, Régne Animal, Ed. 11, Vol. 11, 144, 1829, (saponaceus).
Smecticus, VALENCIENNES, Voyage de la Vénus, 305, 1855, (bicolor).
Rhypticus, GUNTHER, Cat., 1, 171, 1859, (corrected orthography).
Promicropterus, G1Lu, Proc. Ac, Nat. Sci. Phila., 1861, 53, (maculatus).
Eleutheractis, Cope, Trans. Amer, Phil. Soc., 1870, 467, (coriaceus).

Body oblong, compressed, covered with very small, smooth, embedded
scales. Lateral line normal; head scaly. Mouth rather large, oblique,
the lower jaw the longer; maxillary with a supplemental bone, as in

1230 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

Epinephelus, with which genus this family agrees in general osteology ;
smooth area on top of cranium very large, transversely convex, much
longer than the supraoccipital crest; interorbital area very narrow;
parietal and supraoccipital bones short, with feeble crests which do not
extend on the frontals; premaxillaries reaching frontals, which have a
fossa in front; teeth all villiform, in bands on jaws, vomer, and pala-
tines; preopercle crescent-shaped, without angle or serratures, but pro-
vided with 2 or 3 spinous hooks on the posterior margin; opercle with 2
or 3 spines; gill rakers short. Branchiostegals 7. Dorsal fins separate,
the first of 2 or 3 (rarely 4) small spines, the second of many (about 25) soft
rays; anal long, rounded, of soft rays only; caudal rounded ; pectorals
rounded, nearly symmetrical, of 17 rays; ventrals small, I, 5, inserted
slightly before pectorals, the spine short and strong. Vertebre 10+
14 = 24. Skeleton generally similar to that of Epinephelus. Species about
8, all from the seas of tropical America. Rypticus is apparently related
to the Epinephelinew, from which it is perhaps descended, having suffered
degradation in the loss of the anal spines and most of the dorsal spines,
in the less roughness of the scales, and in the increase in numbers of the
soft rays. The resemblance of Lypticus to Dermatolepis is especially
marked. The Old World genus Grammistes, commonly referred to the
Serranide, has much in common with Rypticus, but in Grammistes the fin
formula is D. VII-I1, 13; A. 8. (pum7ikoc, washing, from the soapy feeling

of the skin.)

I. Ryprticus:
a. Dorsal spines 2 or 3 (rarely 4).
b. Preopercle with 3 spines, the uppermost blunt, and sometimes obsolete, the lower the
largest; opercle with three strong spines, the middle one largest; body rather deep,
the depth about equal to length of head and 314 in length to base of caudal; dor-
sals slightly connected; ventral fins moderate, nearly twice as long as eye; gill
rakers short and thick. Color very dark olive brown, the fins all blackish; sides
with vague blotches of light brown. XANTI, 1616.
bb. Preopercle with twospines only, the lower scarcely the longer.

c. Opercular spines 3, all well developed.
d. Color red, with darker cross shades on sides of back; fins all dusky; dorsal fins

well separated; body rather elongate. BICOLOR, 1617.
dd. Color not red, chiefly olivaceous; dorsal fins distinctly connected by mem-
brane. ;

e. Eye not longer than snout; pores in lateral line 85 to 90. Body compara-
tively deep, the depth in the adult about equal to length of head and
3 to 314 in length to base of caudal; young moreslender; back elevated;
first and second dorsal spines subequal, the third smallest; dorsals
slightly connected; ventrals very small; gill rakers very small and
short, about 8 developed. Color dusky brown, fins marked with
blackish and usually with a narrow pale edge; sides generally with

irregular pale spots; back and head usually immaculate.
SAPONACEUS, 1618.

ee. Eye longer than snout; pores in lateral line 67; brownish, with blackish

spots and dots. ARENATUS, 1619,

cc. Opercular spines 2, small, the uppermost the smaller (the lowermost being obso-
lete); dorsal fins separated; body moderately elongate; preopercular spines

short, bluntish, close together, the uppermost the smaller; first dorsal spine
longest, the two fins well separated. Color nearly plain brown, the edges of

the scales darker with dark points; sides with some faint paler spots; edges

of vertical fins dusky. CORIACEUS, 1620.

‘
7
*

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America, 1231

II. PRoMICROPTERUS (mp0, before; ucxpos, small; repo, fin) :
jf. Body comparatively deep, the depth more than length of head and more than }4 the length
in the adult (less in the young); back considerably elevated; preopercle with 2 devel-
oped spines only, the uppermost usually obsolete; upper (median) spine on preopercle
often divided, the lowermost larger, directed partly downward; a depression before
eye, the sharp snout abruptly projecting; opercular spines small; first dorsal spine a
little longer than second, which is nearly or quite free from the soft rays. Color dusky
olive brown, somewhat clouded; sides with a few smal lirregular whitish spots; young
with brownish spots. BISTRISPINUS, 1621.
Jf. Body more slender, the depth about equal to length of head and less than 14 the length
even in the adult; back little elevated; depression before eye slight, the profile not
very uneven, slightly convex above eye; preopercle with 3 distinct spines, the upper
one small, the middle one largest, rarely divided; opercular spines 3, rather strong,
the middle one largest; first dorsal spine slightly longer than second, which is nearly
or quite free from the soft rays. Color brownish, irregularly mottled with whitish
spots as large as the pupil, some of them witha darker center, these spots extending
on all the vertical fins, sometimes wanting in the young; vertical fins and pectorals
edged with dusky. NIGRIPINNIS, 1622.

1616. RYPTICUS XANTI, Gill.

Head 3}; depth 34; eye 54in head. D. III, 24; A.16. Preopercle with
3 spines, the uppermost blunt and sometimes obsolete, the lower the
largest; opercle with 3 strong spines, the middle one largest; body rather
deep, the depth about equal to length of head and 3} in length to base of
caudal; back moderately elevated ; snout short, not very acute, the lower
jaw much projecting; anterior profile steep and almost straight; maxil-
lary reaching beyond pupil, 24 in head; first dorsal spine longest; dorsals
slightly connected; ventral fins moderate, nearly twice as long’as eye;
pectorals rounded; gill rakers short and thick. Color very dark olive
brown, the fins all blackish; sides with vague blotches of light brown.
Pacific Coast of Mexico; rather rare; known from Cape San Lucas, Coli-
ma and Mazatlan. This species differs from R. saponaceus of the Atlantic
chiefly in the armature of the head. We have examined the original type
and also specimens from Colima and Mazatlan. Our description is drawn
from No. 7740, U. S. Nat. Mus., collected by Mr. John Xantus at Colima.
(Named for John Xantus de Vasey, the discoverer of the species, once tidal
observer at Cape San Lucas, now Director of the Museum at Budapest.)

Rhypticus xanti, Giut, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, 250, Cape San Lucas, (Coll. Xantus);
JorDAN & EIGENMANN, l. c., 339, 1890.

1617. RYPTICUS BICOLOR (Valenciennes).

Head 3%; depth 3$. Body rather elongate; preopercle with 2 spines;
opercular spines 3, well developed; dorsal fins well separated. Color red,
with darker cross shades on sides of back; fins dusky. (Valenciennes. )
Galapagos Archipelago. This species is known from the description and
figure given by Valenciennes. The description speaks of 10 dorsal and 2
anal spines, but it is evident from the figure that this is an ordinary
Rypticus, the short or rudimentary rays of the dorsal and anal having
been taken by Valenciennes for spines. The red coloration, as shown on
the figure, is exceptional in this genus, and its correctness may be

1232 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

doubted. It is not unlikely that the species is identical with Rypticus
xanti. Possibly it is a deeper-water form, analogous to the red forms of
certain species of Mycteroperca. ‘The plate of this species (issued in 1846)
is named ‘‘Rhypticus bicolor,” the name Smecticus bicolor appearing in the
later text (1855). (bicolor, two-colored.)

Smecticus bicolor, VALENCIENNES, Voyage de la Vénus, Poissons, 307, pl. 11, fig. 2, 1855, Gelapa-

gos Archipelago.
Rhypticus bicolor, GUNTHER, Cat., 1, 173.
Rypticus bicolor, JORDAN & EIGENMANN, l. c., 339, 1890.

1618. RYPTICUS SAPONACEUS (Bloch & Schneider).

(SOAPFISH ; JABON; JABONCILLO.)

Head 3 to 34 in length; depth 23 to 34. D. III, 23 to 25; A. 16 or 17;
scales 85 to 90 (pores). Body comparatively deep; young more slender;
back elevated ; snout rather pointed; lower jaw much projecting; ante-
rior profile before eye a little concave; eye 44 to 5 in head; maxillary
reaching posterior edge of eye, 24 in head; preopercle with 2 straight
spines behind ; opercle with 3 spines, the middle one largest and nearer
the upper than the lower; first and second dorsal spines subequal, the
third smallest; dorsals slightly connected ; ventrals very small, not half
longer than eye; pectorals rounded; gill rakers very small and short,
about 8 developed. Color dusky brown, fins marked with blackish and
usually with a narrow pale edge; sides generally with irregular pale
spots; back and head usually immaculate. West Indies, Pensacola to
West Africa and Brazil; generally common. The best-known and most
widely distributed of the soapfishes. Our specimens are from Havana,
Pensacola, and Bahia. The young specimens are much slenderer in form
and more uniform in color than the adult. (saponaceus, soapy.)

Jaboncillo, PARRA, Difer. Piezas de Hist. Nat., 51, lam. 24, fig. 2, 1787, Havana.

Anthias saponaceus, BLocu & SCHNEIDER, Syst. Ichth., 310, 1801, Havana (after Parra).

Rhypticus microps, CASTELNAU, Anim. Nouv. ou Rares de l’Amér. du Sud, 6, 1855, Bahia (after
Perca microps, BROUSSONET, a MS. name).

Rhypticus saponaceus, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 111, 63, 1829; GUNTHER, Cat., I,
172, 1859; Pory, Synopsis, 297, 1568; BouLEeNGER, Cat., 1, 348.

Rypticus saponaceus, JORDAN & EIGENMANN, l. c., 340, 1890.

1619. RYPTICUS ARENATUS,* Cuvier & Valenciennes.

‘This fish, which is known only from young specimens, differs from the
young FR. saponaceus in the larger eye, which exceeds the length of the
snout and is less than ¢ the length of the head, and the smaller number
of tubes in the lateral line (67 instead of 85 to 90). Gray or pale brown,
with blackish dots or small round spots; fins pale. Total length 65 milli-
meters.” (Boulenger; from Bahia examples.) West Indies and coast of

* The scanty description of a young example published by Gill, under the name of Rhypticus
subbifrenatus, seems to approach very closely to R. arenatus. The following is the substance of
Dr. Gill’s account of R. subbifrenatus: Color dusky, with remote dark spots; head with 2 series
of spots; one series of 4 between orbit and opercular spine; the other of 3 smaller spots between
are and suprascapula; head 2¢in length (314 with caudal); depth 334 (444 with caudal). D, III,
23; A. 15,

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America, 1233

Brazil; recorded from Jamaica, Trinidad, Bahia, and St. Thomas; not

seen by us. (arenatus, sanded, from the speckled coloration.)

Rhypticus arenatus, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 111, 65, pl. 45, 1829, Brazil; Gin-
THER, Cat., I, 173, 1859: BouLENGER, Cat., 349.

? Rhypticus subbifrenatus, GILL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1861, 53, St. Thomas.

Rypticus arenatus, JORDAN & EIGENMANN, I. c., 340, 1890, in part; partly taken from STEINDACHNER,
Ich. Notiz., v1, 41, which may be the young of R. saponaceus.

? Rhyplicus nigromaculatus,* STEINDACHNER, Ichth. Notiz., v1, 42, 1867, Barbadoes,

Rypticus nigromaculatus, JORDAN & E1GENMANN, lI. ¢., 341, 1890.

1620. RYPTICUS CORIACEUS (Cope).

Head 37; depth 34. D. IJ-25; A. 15. Opercular spines 2, small, the
uppermost the smaller (the lowermost being obsolete); dorsal fins sepa-
rated ; body moderately elongate, the back elevated, the head low, slender,
and pointed, the anterior profile almost straight; lower jaw much pro-
jecting ; eye small, smaller than in R. saponaceus, 5 to 54 in head; about
equal to the short snout; maxillary reaching posterior edge of eye, 2? in
head; preopercular spines short, bluntish, close together, the uppermost
the smaller; first dorsal spine longest, the 2 fins well separated; ventrals
moderate, nearly twice as long as eye; gill rakerssmallandshort. Color
(in our specimen) nearly plain brown, the edges of the scales darker with
dark points; sides with some faint paler spots; edges of vertical fins
dusky. West Indies; recorded from St. Martins and Jamaica; our
description from No. 30130, U. 8. Nat. Mus., from Kingston, Jamaica.
This species seems to be distinguished from R&. saponaceus by the weak
armature of the head, and by the greater distance between the dorsal fins.
Dr. Boulenger places it in the synonymy of R. saponaceus. (coriaceus,
leathery.)

Eleutheractis coriaceus, Corr, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., 1870, 467, St. Martins. (Coll. Dr. J. Van
Rijgersma.)
Rypticus coriaceus, JORDAN & EIGENMANN, I. c., 341, 1890.

Subgenus PROMICROPTERUS, Gill.
1621. RYPTICUS BISTRISPINUS (Mitchill).

Head 3; depth 24 to 2%. D.II-25; A. 14 or 15. Body comparatively
deep, the depth greater than length of head, especially in the adult, in
which the back is considerably elevated. A depression before eye, the
sharp snout abruptly projecting; eye in adult nearly as long as snout, 54
in head; maxillary 2} in head, reaching to below posterior margin of

* Rypticus nigromaculatus (Steindachner): Head 314 (with caudal); depth 444. D. TV, 22 or 28;

A. about 12. Dorsal spines 4 ; color brown ; body and base of dorsal covered with round, jet-black

_ spots, each surrounded by a clear ring; these spots lie in 5 longitudinal rows, those of the middle
row much larger than the others; a sixth row on base of dorsal and 2 or 3 spots on base of anal;
fins dusky, without paler margin. (Steindachner.) West Indies; known from a single specimen
1% inches long taken at Barbadoes. Except that it is said to have 4 dorsal spines, the description

agrees with that of R. arenatus, and Rk, nigromaculatus is probably simply an accidental variation
of the latter.

¥F,N. A.——79

1234 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

eye; preopercle with only 2 developed spines, the uppermost being
usually wholly wanting; the median spine often divided, the lower one
largest and directed partly downward ; opercular spines small; first dor-
sal spine a little lower than second, which is nearly or quite free from
the soft rays; gill rakers short and thick, close-set, 8 to 10 in number.
Color dusky olive brown, somewhat clouded; sides with a few irregular
whitish spots; young spotted with brownish. South Atlantic Coast of
United States, in rather deep water, frequent off Charleston, Pensacola,
and Key West, occasional as far north as Newport, Rhode Island; here
described from specimens from Pensacola. (bistrispinus, twice three spines. )

Bodianus bistrispinus, Mircu1tt, Am. Monthly Magazine and Crit. Review, Feb., 1818, 247,
Straits of Bahama.

Rhypticus maculatus, HoLBrook, Ichth. 8, Car., Ed. 1, 39, 1856, and Ed. 2, 42, 1860, Cape
Romain, South Carolina; GinrHer, Cat. Fishes, 1, 173; JonpDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis,
543, 1883.

Rhypticus pituitosus, GOoDE & BEAN, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1879, 341, Key West; Jorpan &
GILBERT, Synopsis, 543, 1883.

Rhypticus decoratus, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 543, 1883 (not of GILL).

Rypticus bistrispinus, JORDAN & EIGENMANN, l. c., 338, 1890; BouLENGER, Cat., 1, 350.

1622. RYPTICUS NIGRIPINNIS,* Gill.

Head 3 to 34; depth 3 to 4. D. IIl-24 to 26; A. 16; pores 80 to 85.
Body more slender than in &. bistrispinus, the depth about equal to length
of head and less than $ the length, even in the adult; back little ele-
vated; preopercle with 35 distinct spines; maxillary 2? in head, not quite
reaching posterior border of eye; depression before eye slight, the pro-
file not very uneven, slightly convex above eye; eye as long as snout, 5+
in head; lower jaw much projecting; preopercle with 3 distinct spines,
the upper one small, the middle one largest, rarely divided; opercular
spines 3, rather strong, the middle one largest; first dorsal spine slightly
longer than second, which is nearly or quite free from the soft rays; gill
rakers short and thick, about 8 developed. Color brownish, irregularly
mottled with whitish spots as large as the pupil, some of them with a
darker center, these spots extending on all the vertical fins, sometimes
wanting in the young; vertical fins and pectorals edged with dusky.
Pacific Coast of tropical America, Cape San Lucas to Panama; not
uncommon. (niger, black; pinna, fin.)

Rhypticus nigripinnis, Gui, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1861, 53, Panama, (Coll. Dow); BouLen-
GER, Cat., 1, 349.

Rhypticus maculatus, GILL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, 251, Cape San Lucas, (Coll. Xantus);
not of HoLBrook.

Promicropterus decoratus, GILL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, 164, Panama, (Coll. Dow).

Rhypticus decoratus, GUNTHER, Fishes Cen, Am., 412, 1869.

Rypticus nigripinnis, JORDAN & EIGENMANN, l. c., 339, 1890.

* We have examined numerous specimens of this species, including the original types of nigri-
pinnis, maculatus, and decoratus, There is no doubt whatever of the identity of these three.
R. maculatus, Gill, is said to have 3 dorsal spines, but this is an error, the first (broken) soft
ray on the type having been counted as a spine. We have compared R. nigripinnis with R. bis-
trispinus, and find the two apparently different, although very nearly related. In nigripinnis the
body is less deep, and there are 3 opercular spines, while the Atlantic species has usually but 2.

i ee 4 i ad

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 1235

Family CXLVII. LOBOTIDZ.
(THE TRIPLE-TAILS. )

This family is thus defined by Dr. Gill: *

“* Percoidea with an oblong, compressed body, equally developed above
and below ; a short snout and anterior eyes; edentulous palate; dorsal
and anal with the soft portions equal and opposite, the former preceded
by a much larger spinous portion, the latter with 3 spines; vertebra 24,
12 abdominal and 12 caudal, the fifth to eleventh with short but gradu-
ally lengthening parapophyses projecting sideways and behind downward,
and the twelfth with the parapophyses elongated, converging at their
extremities, and fitting into a groove of the first hemal spine, the costif-
erous pits excavated obliquely in the developed parapophyses, and
gradually ascending forward on the vertebre, and finally on the neura-
pophyses; the skull] with its frontal portion broad, expanded forward
and outward, and entering into the posterior borders of the orbits, which
are advanced far forward; the postfrontals elongated forward and under-
lying the frontals; ethmoid short, decurved, and expanded sideways.”
This family contains a single species, a large fish closely allied to the
Serranide, but lacking vomerine and palatine teeth, and with the fore
part of the head very short. Its relations are decidedly with the Serra-
nide and not with the Hemulide, with which group it agrees in the
absence of teeth on the palate. (Pristipomatide, genus Lobotes, Giinther,
Cat., 1, 338.)

520. LOBOTES, Cuvier.
Lobotes, Cuvier, Régne Animal, Ed. 2, 11, 177, 1829, (erate = surinamensis).

Body oblong, compressed, and elevated, covered with moderate-sized,
weakly ctenoid scales; profile of head concave, the snout prominent;
mouth moderate, oblique, with thick lips; upper jaw very protractile,
the lower the longer; maxillary without supplemental bone; jaws with
narrow bands of villiform teeth, in front of which is a row of larger conical
teeth directed backward ; no teeth on vomer or palatines; preorbital nar-
rower than eye; preopercle strongly serrate. Branchiostegals 6. Dorsal
fin continuous, with 12 spines which may be depressed in a shallow
groove; soft rays of dorsal and anal fins elevated; anal spines gradu-
ated ; bases of soft dorsal and anal thickened and scaly; caudal rounded.
Air bladder present. Pyloric ceca3 (Aooric, lobed; the soft parts of
dorsal, anal, and caudal thought to resemble one 3-lobed fin.)

1623. LOBOTES SURINAMENSIS (Bloch).
(FLASHER ; TRIPLE-TAIL; DORMEUR.)
Head 3; depth 1/ to 24. D. XII, 15; A. III, 11; scales 47. Head small.

Profile from dorsal to occiput strongly convex, from occiput to snout con-
cave; maxillary reaching beyond middle of orbit. Scales around eye very

*Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1882, 560.

1236 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

small, those on opercle large. Eye small, much shorter than snout. Pre-
opercular strongly dentate ; teeth enlarged on angle, hooked upward on
posterior limb. Pectorals shorter than ventrals, which do not reach vent;
soft dorsal higher than the spinous portion. Small scales running up on
the base of soft dorsal, anal, and caudal. Blackish above, becoming sil-
very gray on the sides; often blotched and tinged with yellow; fins dusky
gray, sometimes with yellow. A large fish of rather sluggish habits,
reaching a length of 3 feet, and found in all warm seas; north on our
coasts to Cape Cod and Panama; not very common; straying occasion-
ally to the Mediterranean; used as food. Variable, the young looking
quite unlike the adult. (Eu.)

Holocentrus surinamensis, BLocu, Ichth., pl. 243, 1790, Surinam.

Bodianus triurus, MiTcH1L1, Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soc., 1, 1815, 418, Powles Hook, New Jersey.

Lobotes erate, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., v, 322, 1830, Pondicherry.

Lobotes:farkharii, CuvIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., v, 324, 1830, Malacca; on a draw-
ing of Major FarRKHSR.

Lobotes somnolentus, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., v, 324, 1830, San Domingo.

Lobotes incurvus, Ricuarpson, Ichth. China, 237, 1846, China.

Lobotes auctorum, GUNTHER, Cat., 1, 3388, 1859, Cuba; Calcutta; China; DopERLEIN, Una Specie
del genere Esotico Lobotes a Palermo, 1875, 1.

Lobotes surinamensis, HOLBROOK, Ichth. 8. C., 169, 1860.

Family CXLVIII. PRIACANTHID.*
(CATALUFAS. )

Body oblong or ovate, compressed, covered with small, firm, rough
scales ; all parts of the body and head, even the snout and maxillaries,
being densely scaly, each scale with a more or less developed plate on its
posterior border, most developed in the young. Head deep. Mouth large,
very oblique, the lower jaw prominent. Villiform teeth on jaws, vomer,
and palatines, none on the tongue. Premaxillaries protractile. Maxillary
broad, without supplemental bone, not slipping under the very narrow
preorbital, which is usually serrate; no suborbital stay. Eye very large,
forming about one-half the length of the side of the head. Posterior
nostril long, slit-like, close to the eye. Preopercle more or less serrated,
one or more strong spines at its angle; operculum very short, ending in
two or three points behind; no barbels. Gill membranes separate, free
from the isthmus. Pseudobranchize very large, extending along whole
length of opercle. Postorbital part of head very short, the opercle small.
Gills 4, a slit behind the fourth. Gill rakers long. Branchiostegals 6.
Lateral line continuous, not extending on the caudal. Dorsal fin con-
tinuous, X,9 to 15, the spines depressible in a groove; anal rays III, 9
to 15, the soft part, long, similar to the soft dorsal, the spines strong ;
ventrals very large, thoracic, I, 5, close together, in advance of base of
pectoral, joined to belly by a membrane which incloses a groove; no
axillary process; spine strong; pectorals small, pointed, not symmetrical,
of 19 or 20 rays, the upper longest ; caudal fin truncate or lunate. Spines

* For an account of the American species of Priacanthidx, see Morrison, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci.,
Phila., 1889, 160.

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America, 1237

of fins generally rough with small serre. Air bladder large. Pylorie
ceca few. Vertebre in reduced number, 9 or 10+- 13 = 22 or 23, the first
vertebra being very small or absent; transverse process beginning on
the seventh (sixth) vertebra, the last 2 precaudal bridged across; ribs
attached to the transverse processes; epipleurals absent on the last three
precaudal vertebre. Supraoccipital crest very low, continued forward
to over front of orbit, where it is joined by the parietal crests; processes
of premaxillaries moderate. Carnivorous fishes of the tropical seas,
chiefly in deep waters; mostly rose-colored in life. The family is a
sharply defined group, not close to any other, but the affinities on the
whole seem to be nearest to the Serranide and their tropical allies.
Genera 2, species about 10. (Percide, group Priacanthina, Giinther, Cat.,
1, 215-221.)

a. Scales very small, 80 to 100 in lateral line ; body oblong, its depth not half its length ; preo-
percle with a flat spine ; dorsal and anal each with 12 to 15 soft rays. PRIACANTHUS, 521,
aa. Scales large and very rough, 35 to 50 in lateral line ; body ovate, its depth more than half

its length ; preopercle without spines ; dorsal and anal each with 9 to 11 soft rays,
PSEUDOPRIACANTHUS, 522.

521. PRIACANTHUS, Cuvier.

Priacanthus, CuviER, Régne Animal, 11, 281, 1817, (macrophthalmus).

Scales very small, 80 to 100 in the lateral line; body oblong, more than
twice as long as deep; preopercle with a spine at angle; interorbital area
externally transversely convex, the cranium itself transversely concave,
the elevation being formed of flesh ; a conspicuous foramen in the inter-
orbital area; lateral line extending upward and backward from upper
angle of gill opening toward second dorsal spine, below which it changes
its course, following outline of back to end of dorsal fin, thence direct to
middle of caudal; anal fin rather long, its rays about III, 14; dorsal rays
about X, 13. Species rather numerous, in the tropical seas. (zpiwy, saw ;
dkavOu, spine; some of the fin spines being serrated.)

a. Preopercular spine obsolete or nearly so; depth about equal to length of head; dorsal

unspotted; dorsal rays X, 14; anal III, 15. ARENATUS, 1624.
aa. Preopercular spine well developed; depth of body greater than length of head; dorsal
spotted; dorsal rays X, 12 or X, 13; anal IIJ, 13 or 14. CRUENTATUS, 1625,

1624. PRIACANTHUS ARENATUS, Cuvier & Valenciennes.
(CATALUFA.)

Head 23 to 34; depth 2? to 3}; eye very large, 2} to 2}in head. D. X,
14; A. III, 15; scales 9-98 to 115-42, pores 68 to 73. Body oblong, less
deep than in P. cruentatus. Snout + to # diameter of eye. Posterior nos-
trils in a single oblong opening, within which is a septum considerably
below the surface; gill rakers 20 to 23. Preopercle with its angle termi-
nating in an oblique point, smaller than the spine in P. cruentalus; opercle
with a flat-pointed spine, which does not project; both spines almost
obsolete; shoulder girdle above with a prominent edge; dorsal spines
more or less granulate on the edges; last dorsal spine 1f to 2 in head.

1238 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

Caudal slightly lunate, the upper lobe the longer; ventrals moderate, not
extending beyond second anal spine, about as long as head; pectorals 2
in head ; third anal spine as long as sixth dorsal; scales smaller near the
back. Base of skull pierced with a large foramen between the great
wing and the base of thesuperiorsphenoid. (Poey.) Silvery red; anal,
soft dorsal, and caudal edged with black; no spots on dorsal; posterior
half of ventral black. ‘Tropical Atlantic, south to Brazil, occasionally
northward in the Gulf Stream to Newport and Woods Hole; recorded
also from Madeira. (arenatus, sanded.)

Catalufa, ParRA, Dif. Piezas Hist. Nat., pl. 20, 1787, Havana.

Priacanthus arenatus, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 111, 97, 1829, Brazil, (Coll.
Delalande.) Atlantic, (Coll. Péron); Jornpan & GiLBErt, Synopsis, 971; BouULENGER, Cat.,1, 356.

Priacanthus fulgens, Lowe, Trans. Zodl. Soc. Lond., 11, 1839, 174, Madeira. (Coll. R. T. Lowe.)

Priacanthus catalufa, Pory, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, 182, Havana; Morrison, Proc. Ac.
Nat. Sci. Phila., 1889, 161.

Priacanthus macrophthalmus, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 111, 97, 1829; not Anthias
macrophthalmus, BLocH, which is an Asiatic species, Priacanthus hamrur (Forskal); Giinther,
Cat., 1, 215; JonpaANn & GILBERT, Synopsis, 544.

1625. PRIACANTHUS CRUENTATUS (Lacépéde).
(Big Eye; CaTALUFA.)

Head 3 to 34; depth 23 to 22. D.X,120rX,13; A. III, 14; scales 10-100
to 120-50, pores 62 to 76; eye 2} to 24 in head; snout 1; to 2 in eye.
Body deep; interorbital width 32 to 3+ in head; mouth large, oblique,
maxillary reaching nearly to middle ofeye,2 in head. Gill rakers 16 to 18
below angle. Dorsal and anal spines all finely serrate in front; preopercle
with arather strong, flat, triangularspine; opercularspine very small; last
dorsal spine 1} times length of second, 13 to 2in head; pectorals small,
little longer than eye, 13 to 2 in head; third anal spine nearly as long as
last of dorsal; caudal slightly notched; roof of mouth with longitudinal
ridges ; upper limb of preopercle almost vertical; skull without sphenoid
foramen below. Rose color, the back brownish, the dark color of back
sometimes forming rounded blotches; dorsal and caudal fins with small
dark spots. West Indies to St. Helena and the Canaries; a common food-

fish in Havana; not yet recorded from the United States. Also abundant

throughout the western Pacific, if Priacanthus carolinus* is the same, as
supposed by Dr. Boulenger. (cruentatus, bloody.)

Labrus cruentatus, LAcEPEDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 111, 522, 1800 (from a copy by AvuBRIET of a plate
made by PLuMIER at Martinique), Martinique; Cuvier & VALENCIENNES, Hist, Nat. Poiss.,
111, 102, 1829,

Priacanthus cepedianus,t DESMAREST, Prém. Dec. Ichthy., 9, pl. 1, 1823, Havana; Poey,
Repertorio, 1, 273, 1866,

Priacanthus cruentatus, MorR1soN, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1889, 162; Jonpan, Proc. U.S, Nat.
Mus., 1890, 317; BouLenceEr, Cat., 1, 352.

* Priacanthus carolinus, Lesson, Voyage Coquille, Poiss., 204, 1826, Caroline Islands; Priacan-
thus schlegeli, Hilgendorf, Sitzgber. Ges. Naturf. Fr., 1879, 79, Japan.

+ Poey regards Priacanthus cruentatus and Priacanthus cepedianus as different species, solely dis-
tinguished by the presence in cruentatus of roundish rosy spots.

=) oa

-,:. s S. oe”,S,”,—lc ll Tel

aa een

Jordan and Evermann.—Fishes of North America. 1239

522. PSEUDOPRIACANTHUS, Bleeker.

Pseudopriacanthus, BLEEKER, Versl. Ak. Wet. Amsterd. (2), 111, 241, 1869, (niphonius).

Seales large, very rough, 35 to 50 in the lateral line; body ovate, not
twice as long as deep; preopercle with 2 small spines at angle; inter-
orbital space broad and flat, there being little flesh between skin and
skull; no foramen in interorbital area; lateral line changing its course
below the fourth dorsal spine; anal short, its rays III, 9 to 11; dorsal
X, 11. Otherwise essentially as in Priacanthus, the species living in
deeper water. (wWevdyc, false; Priacanthus.)

a. Outer teeth above not enlarged; body with four dark cross bars; eye moderate, 214 in head

in young. SERRULA, 1626.
aa, Outer teeth above more or less enlarged; body not banded; eye excessively large, 214 in
head in adult. ALTUS, 1627.

1626. PSEUDOPRIACANTHUS SERRULA (Gilbert).

Head 23; depth 14. D. X, 11; A. III, 11; lateral line with 36 pores.
Eye 23 in head; interorbital width 34; length of snout 5. Mouth very
oblique, maxillary scarcely reaching vertical from middle of eye, half
length of head; teeth in a very narrow band in both jaws and on vomer,
none of them enlarged ; palatines with a single series. Posterior nostril
elliptical, not twice aslongas wide. Preopercular and preorbital margins
serrate, a group of stronger spines at angle of preopercle. Gill rakers
short, about half diameter of pupil, 16 developed on horizontal limb of
outer arch. Spinous dorsal high, the longestspine 2 length of head; the
first and last spines much shorter, about equaling the soft rays; anal
spines similar but shorter, the first 2 equal and longer than third, their
length half that of head; pectorals short, barely reaching vertical from
vent; ventrals elongate, the spine reaching base of second anal spine, the
longest soft ray reaching base of first soft ray of anal. Scales on upper
and lower parts of body very small, those on middle of sides conspicu-
ously enlarged. Entire head, including maxillary, mandible, gular, and

_ branchiostegal membranes wholly covered with spiny scales; dorsal and

anal fins in a sheath. All spines rough-serrate. Color in spirits: Light
olive, with 4 dark cross bars on sides wider than the interspaces, the last
one on base of caudal peduncle; vertical fins dusky, the soft portions
more or less speckled; ventrals black; pectorals pale. Pacific Coast of
Colombia; known from one young specimen, 1? inches long. (Gilbert.)
(serrula, a little saw.)

Priacanthus serrula, GILBERT, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1890, 450, Albatross station 2797, west
coast of Colombia. (Coll. Albatross.)

1627. PSEUDOPRIACANTHUS ALTUS (Gill).

Head 2§; depth 24. D. X,11; A. III,9: pores in lateral line 37; in a
series between opercle and caudal,41. Body ovate; profile straight and
little oblique; mouth subvertical; teeth in upper jaw villiform, in a
narrow band with an outer series of enlarged teeth; teeth of lower jaw

1240 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.

similar, but the inner ones larger than in upper jaw; eye very large, its
diameter little less than half length of head; preorbital narrow, strongly
serrate; preopercle serrate, the serre of the lower margin largest; no
spines at its angle; subopercle and opercle serrate on their lower mar-
gins; highest dorsal spines 13 in head; anal spines graduated, the third
spine 2! in head; ventrals scarcely reaching anal; pectorals 1} in head;
scales all extremely rough, very strongly ctenoid; lateral line ascending
to beiow fifth dorsal spine, then descending to caudal peduncle, then
median to tail. Reddish, overlaid with plumbeous above; bright red
or crimson in life; all the fins except the pectorals edged with black;
otherwise entirely plain (in spirits). West Indies, in rather deep
water, north to Pensacola and Charleston; rare; the very young stray-
ing in the Gulf Stream to Rhode Island. Here described from a speci-
men 11 inches long, the largest yet seen, taken at Charleston by Charles
C. Leslie. Very close to the Japanese species, Pseudopriacanthus niphonius,
(Cuvier & Valenciennes), the scales a little larger. (altus, high.)

Priacanthus altus, Gini, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, 132 (very young specimen), Narragan-

sett Bay; Jorpan & GILBERT, Synopsis, 545.

Pseudopriacanthus alius, JORDAN & E1GENMANN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1887, 269; Morrison,
Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1889, 163; BouLENGER, Cat., 1, 359.

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