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Author:

U.S. Foreign Economic
Administration

Title:

The fishing industry in
Taiwan (Formosa)

[Washington, D.C.]

Date:

1944

MASTER NEGATIVE #

COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES
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ORIGINAL MATERIAL AS FILMED - EXISTING BIBLIOGRAPHIC RECORD

D302.3
Un394

U. S. Office of economic prosramc.

The fishinc industry in Taiwan (Formosa )
prepared by 3v\pply and resources service. Of-
fice of economic proGrams, Foreign, economic
adroinistration for Military Goveriiment sec-
tion. General division, Cliief of naval opera-
tions. cWashinctona Office of the chief of
naval operations, Ilavy dept., 1944.

viii, 32 p. illus., fold, map, dia:,T.,
tables. (cU. 3.3 Office of the chief of
naval operations. Civil affairs z^^^O.o)

D302.3
Un394

U.S. Office of economic programs. The fish-
ing industry in Taiwan (Formosa) 1944.
(Card 2)

"OPN/VV 13-29."
Bibliography: p. 32.

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U.S. Office of Economic Programs
THE FISHING INDUSTRY IN TAIWAN..

intijeCttpofBfttigork

THE LIBRARIES

SCHOOL OF BUSINESS

CIVIL AFFAIRS GUIDE

>►

The Fishing Industry in Taiwan (Formosa)

OPNAV 13-29

OFFICE OF THE CHIEF OF NAVAL OPERATIONS
NAVY DEPARTMENT

1 NOVEMBER 1944

Mi

RESTRICTED

OPNAV 50E.2.
OPNAV 50E-3.

OPNAV 50E-4.

OPNAV 50E.5.

OPNAV 50i:-7.

OPNAV 50i:-«.

OI»NAV 50E.9.

PUBLICATIONS OF OP13.2, MILITARY GOVERNMENT SECTION

OPNAV 50E-1. Restricted, Military Government Handbook, Marshall Islands. 17 August 1943.
OPNAV 50E-1S. Restricted, Civil Affairs Handbook, Marshall Islands Statistical Supplement. 20 May

1944.
Restricted, Military Government Handbook, Kurile Islands. 1 November 1943.
(FM27-5). Unclassified, United States Army and Navy Manual of Military Govern- ^'

ment and Civil Affairs. 22 December 1943.
Restricted, Civil Affairs Handbook, Administrative Organization and Personnel of

the Japanese Mandated Islands. 1 January 1944.
Restricted, Civil Affairs Handbook, East Caroline Islands. 21 February 1944.
Restricted, Civil Affairs Handbook, West Caroline Islands. 1 April 1944.
Restricted, Civil Affairs Handbook, Mandated Marianas Islands. 15 April 1944. ^
Restricted, Civil Affairs Handbook, Izu and Bonin Islands. 10 July 1944.
OPNAV 50E-I0. Restricted, Civil Affair Studies, I, Illustrative Cases from Military Occupations.

10 June 1944.
OPNAV 50E-12. Restricted, Civil Affairs Handbook, Taiwan (Formosa). 15 June 1944.
OPNAV 50E.13. Restricted, Civil Affairs Handbook, Taiwan (Formosa)— Economic Supplement.

1 June 1944.
OPNAV 50E-14. Restricted, Civil Affairs Handbook, Japanese Administrative Organization in Taiwan ^

(Formosa). 10 August 1944.
OPNAV 50E-15. Unclassified, Civil Affairs Studies, II, The Languages of the Japanese Mandated

Islands. 20 June 1944.
OPNAV 13-16. Unclassified, Civil Affairs Manual, Port Control. 15 October 1944.
OPNAV 13-17. Restricted, Civil Affairs Guide, Agriculture in the Japanese Mandated Islands. 1 Sep-
tember 1944. , i
OPNAV 13-18. Restricted, Civil Affairs Guide, Far Eastern Nutritional Relief (Japanese Culture).

15 August 1944.
OPNAV 13-19. Unclassified, Civil Affairs Manual, Fishing Regulations. 15 September 1944.
OPNAV 50E-20. Restricted, Civil Affairs Guide, The Fishing Industry of the Japanese Mandated

Islands. 15 August 1944.
Restricted, Civil Affairs Handbook, Taiwan (Formosa), The Pescadores Islands.

1 September 1944.
Restricted, Civil Affairs Handbook, Taiwan (Formosa), Tdkao Province. 1 Octo-
ber 1944.
Restricted, Civil Affairs Manual, Military Courts of Military Government, 15

November 1944.
Restricted, Civil Affairs Handbook, Taiwan (Formosa), Karenko and Taito Prov-
inces. 1 October 1944.
Restricted, Civil Affairs Handbook, Taiwan (Formosa), Shinchiku Province. 15

October 1944.
Restricted, Civil Affairs Handbook, Taiwan (Formosa), Taichu Province. 15 Octo-
ber 1944.
Restricted, Civil Affairs Handbook, Taiwan (Formosa), Taihoku Province. 15 Oc-
tober 1944.
Restricted, Civil Affairs Handbook, Taiwan (Formosa), Tainan Province. 1 Octo-
ber 1944.
Restricted, Civil Affairs Guide, The Fishing Industry in Taiwan (Formosa). 1 No-
vember 1944.

OPNAV 13-21.
OPNAV 13-22.
OPNAV 13-23.
OPNAV 13-24.
OPNAV 13-25.
OPNAV 13-26.
OPNAV 13-27.
OPNAV 13-28.
OPNAV 13-29.

RESTRICTED

CIVIL AFFAIRS GUIDE

The Fishing Industry in Taiwan (Formosa)

OPNAV 13-29

Prepared By

SUPPLY AND RESOURCES SERVICE

OFFICE OF ECONOMIC PROGRAMS

FOREIGN ECONOMIC ADMINISTRATION

for

MILITARY GOVERNMENT SECTION

CENTRAL DIVISION

CHIEF OF NAVAL OPERATIONS

Activities desiring copies of the above publications should make request directly to the Chief of
Naval Operations, Central Division, Military Government Section.

OFFICE OF THE CHIEF OF NAVAL OPERATIONS
NAVY DEPARTMENT
1 NOVEMBER 1944

mimi

«Mlil

•'"""'•^liil I iiBlr I

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

It-,;'

F%mackr§om m €^is4^ mutiiBY

mscmni

mamsmgfif'-m'Sfs^M'i

OPWky 50E-1S.

OW^AV 50E-2.
OPfiAV 50E-3.

OPNAV 50E-4.

OPNAV SOE-S.
OPNAV 50E.7.
OPNAV 50E-8.
OPNAV 50E.9.
IMPNAV ^E-IO.

OPNAV 50E-12.
OKMAV 50E-13.

OTOAV 50E-14.

OPNAV 50E-1S.

OPNAV 13-16.
ORHAV 13-17.

OPNAV 13-18.

CWPNAV 13-19.
CMPNAV 50E.20.

OWfAV 13-21.

OIWAV 13-22.

OPNAV 13-23.

OPNAV 13-24.

OPNAV 13-25.

OPNAV 1326,

OPNAV 13-27.

OPNAV 13-28.

OPNAV 13-29,

liUm^, 17 A^^^Q^ IMS.

Bestnetedp Military Gov^^^B^nt Haiulbodlf
Bestrl<^, Civil Affairs Hanibodc, Marsi^

Restricted, Military Govemwent Haodbook^ Wi^ tdtmd9. 1 Koiw»ber <943.

(FM27-5). Unclassified, V%ited Smes Arm m4 Nfi^ Mfsmal of Mttitati Gowsm- t>
ment and CivU Affairs, 22 Deewnber 19*3.; J< ;

Restricted, Civil Affairs Handbook, AdtnifdattmfP^^OrgaaU^^ion cM FmwofmU of
the Japanese Mandated IsHnds, 1 Janoary ipifi|A> |

Restricted, Civil Affairs Handbodt:, East Car<^n^ hlands, 21 February li44.

Restricted, Civil Affairs Handbook, West CatiijIiU Islands, 1 April 1944. j

Restricted, Civil Affairs Handbook, Mandated k^rianas Islands. II April! 1944. c

Restricted, Civil Affairs Handbook, Izu <md Bonin Islands. 10 Jufy 1944. \

Restricted, Civil Affair Studies, I, lUustratim Cases from MiUtaty Oc^patiom.
10 June 1944. 1

Restricted, Civil Affairs Handbook, Taiwcm {Jtorfnom). II June 1944. j

Restricted, Civil Affairs HandlKwk, Taiwan {F&rmosa) ^Economic Supplement
1 June 1944.

Restricted, Civil Affairs Handbook, Japanese Administrative Organisation h Taiwan *
(Formosa). 10 August 1944.

Unclassified, Civil Affairs Studies, 11, The Lmgw&ges of the Japanese Mandated
Islands. 20 June 1944.

Unclassified, Civil Affairs Manual, PoH Control. 15 October 1944.

Restricted, Civil Affairs Guide, Agrieidture in Ifes ^fapanese Mandated Islands. 1 Sep-
tember 1944. , t

Restricted, Civil Affairs Guide, Far Eastern Nutritional Relief (JapmieseiCvUure).
15 August 1944.

Unclassified, Civil Affairs Manual, Fishing Regtdatior^. 15 September 1944.

Restricted, Civil Affaire Guide, The Fishing Industry of the Japanese ManMUd
Islands. 15 August 1944.

Restricted, Civil Affairs Handbook, Taiwan (Formosa), The Pesmdorei^ IsUnds.
1 September 1944.

Restricted, Civil Affairs Handbook, Taiwan (Formma), Takao Provine^. 1 Octo-
ber 1944.

Restricted, Civil Affairs Manual, MiUtary €mHs of MUitary Gover^mmt. 15
November 1944. j

Restricted, Civil Affairs Handbook, Taiwan ^mrmosa), Karenko and TUito Prov-
inces. 1 October 1944.

Restricted, Civil Affairs Handbook, Taiwam iFmrmosa:), Shinchiku Province. U
October 1944.

Restricted, Civil Affairs Handbook, Taiwan (Formma), Taichu Friwi»c#. 15 Octo-
ber 1944.

Restricted, Civil Affairs Handbook, Taiwan (Formosa), Taihoku Provime. 15 Oc-
tober 1944.

Restricted, Civil Affairs Handbook, Taiwan (Frnmoha), Tainan Pfovinm. 1 Octo-
ber 1944.
Restricted, Civil Affairs Guide, The Fishing Industry in Taiwan (Form^a). 1 No-
vember 1944.

ll'

Activities desiring copies of the above publications should make request directly to the Chief of
Naval Operations, Central Division, Military Government Section.

RESTRfaED

CIVIL AFFAIRS GUID

The Fishing Industry W: ^oiwon fFormosa)

jPNAV 13-29

d

Prepared By

SUPPLY AND RESOURCES SERVICE

OFFICE OF ECONOMIC PROGRAMS

FOREIGN ECONOMIC ADMINISTRATION

for

M!LiTARY GOVERNMENT SECTION

CENTRAL DIVISION

CHitf OF NAVAL OPERATIONS

f

OFFICE OF THE CHIEF OF NAVAL OPERATIONS
NAVY DEPARTMENT
1 NOVEMBER 1944

'J

■a]

f-

I i *tt.Vrm^ ^".ttr

JL^-^JJL...... ■* - ^

-'' ^1. ^jn»-i^- 'Wi^

NAVAL aVIL AFFAIRS PUBUCATIONS

1. There will be issued from time to time several types of civil affair!
publications for the guidance and assistance of naval personnel in carry*
ing out their responsibilities in occupied areas. These publications will b0
principally Handbooks, Guides, Manuals, and Studies.

2. Civil Affairs Handbooks are factual studies of general information
pertaining to civil affairs in specific areas.

3. Civil Affairs Guides are studies of anticipated civil affairs prob-
lems. In no sense is a Guide, as such, to be taken as an order or a statement
of official policy. Such orders and statements of policy will be issued in
the normal manner.

4. Civil Affairs Manuals establish basic principles, procedures, and
methods of dealing with civil affairs for naval personnel. The broadest of
these is the Army-Navy Manual of Military Government and Civil Affairs,
(FM 27-5, OPNAV 50E-3).

5. Civil Affairs Studies will include special studies on military gov-
ernment and civil affairs techniques of other powers, and other material
as found useful.

ID

RESTRICTED

M ^

Letter of Promulgation

Office of the Chief of Naval Operations,

Navy Department,

Washington 25, D.C.,
1 November 1944.

CIVIL AFFAIRS GUIDE
THE FISHING INDUSTRY IN TAIWAN (FORMOSA)

OPNAV 13-29

1. OPNAV 13-29 is a nonregistered RESTRICTED publication. It is
intended to provide useful information for civil affairs officers in the area
indicated, but the material contained herein may be of value to other
officers and for other purposes. The suggestions contained herein are not
to be construed as mandatory.

2. This publication is to be used and stowed in accordance with the
provisions of U. S. Navy Regulations, articles 75, 75 A, and 76.

Reproduction of this material in any form is not authorized
except by specific approval of the Secretary of the Navy.

41

• •

11

•■•••♦

Vice Admiral, U.S. Navy,
Vice Chief of Naval Operations.

Ill

RESTRiCTED

TABLE OF CONTENTS

RESTRiCTED

Page

Letter of Promulgation iii

Summary vi

L General Survey 1

IL Fish resources and fishing grounds ... 2

1. The sea fisheries 2

a. Sparidae 2

b. Thunnidae 2

c. Scombridae 2

d. Clupeidae 2

e. Spearfish and swordfish 2

f . Sharks 2

g. Other products 2

h. Fishing grounds 4

2. Fresh-water fisheries 5

3. Fish for culture '5

in. Fishing craft and fishermen 6

1. Fishing craft 6

a. Number 6

b. Types 6

c. Construction 6

2. Fishermen 6

a. Number and type 6

b. Distribution 8

c. Wages 8

d. Organization 8

IV. Fishing operations : methods, gear and

ports 9

1. Methods and gear 9

a. Drag-net fishing 9

b. Trawling 9

c. Other net fishing 9

d. Hook and line fishing 9

e. Spear fishing 9

f . Sekko fishing 9

g. Other methods 10

2. Fishing ports 10

V. Special fisheries 12

1. Fish culture 12

a. General 12

b. Culture of sabahii, bora and other
fish 12

c. Oyster culture 13

d. Cultivation of crabs, lobsters and
shrimps 13

2. The coral fishery 13

3. Whaling 15

4. Seaweed production 15

VI. Processing of marine products 17

1. Bonito and tuna 17

2. Shark is

3. Karasumi 18

4. Other products 18

VII. Consumption and trade 19

1. Domestic marketing and consumption 19

a. Domestic marketing 19

b. Consumption 19

2. Exports and imports 19

VIII. Organization, administration, control

and aid of the fishing industry .... 22

1. Organization 22

2. Administration and control 25

3. Government aid 25

Appendices 27

A. Notes on fishing industry of the Pesca-

dores 27

B. Notes on fishing industry of Takao

Province 29

C. Foreign Economic Administration

fishing kits for small-scale commer-
cial operations 30

D. Preliminary work chart of the fishing

industry for the planning of mili-
tary government in certain Pacific

areas 31

Bibliography 32 ^

IV

4;!

List of Tables

No.

2.

3.

4.

6.

7.

9.
10.

11.

13.
14.
15.

16.

I

17.
18.

Page

Estimate of the gear required to catch

50,000,000 pounds of fish viii

Taiwan: value of fish catch, fish culture

and fish manufactures, 1933-1938 1

Taiwan : major commercial species of fish 3

Taiwan : fishery catch, 1932-1938 5

Taiwan : fishing craft for 1934-1937 and

selected earlier years 6

Taiwan: number of persons engaged in

fishing, 1934-1937 8

Taiwan: numbers of persons engaged in

fishing and fish culture, by type, 1929 8
Taiwan : relative importance of chief fish-
ing ports, 1930 10

Taiwan: production of fish farms, 1929 13
Taiwan : value of coral production, 1933-

1938 13

Taiwan : catch of whales, 1933-1938 15

Taiwan: manufactures of chief marine

products, 1929 17

Taiwan : marine manufactures 17

Taiwan : leading fish markets of Taiwan 19
Taiwan: foreign trade in fish, 1937 and

1938 19

Taiwan: quantity of fish imported and

exported, 1937 21

Taiwan: fishing corporations, capital,

1938 21

Taiwan: fishing corporations, by com-
pany, 1939 22

(f

No.

19. Taiwan: firms dealing with marine

products 23

20. Taiwan: fishing industry associations as

of December 31, 1937 23

21. Taiwan : aquatic societies, 1939 25

22. Taiwan : government administrative and

research agencies connected with the
fishing industry 26

23. Pescadores: kinds of fisheries and num-

ber of persons engaged in fishing, 1930 27

24. Pescadores: total fish hauls, 1926-1928. . 27

List of Illustrations

1. A teppai, characteristically Formosan

bamboo raft 3

2. Fishing boats {teppai) 7

3. Jitsugetsutan Lake, with local fishing

craft 7

4. Suo harbor H

5. Oyster culture near Rokko 14

6. Whaling at Daibanretsu 14

7. Fish market, Takao 16

8. Fishing boats in Taito harbor 20

9. Fish drying, east coast 20

10. Takao harbor 24

11. Cormorant fishing in Tamsui River at

Shinten (near Taihoku) 24

Chart
Taiwan, fishing ports Inside front cover

RESTRICTED

SUMMARY

The fishing industry of Taiwan (including the
adjacent islands) normally furnishes a large part
of the protein food needs for the inhabitants of
the region. Local production, however, is normally
supplemented by imports of processed fish from
Japan. During the war period fishing operations
have been curtailed and production may reason-
ably be presumed to have dropped considerably.

It is advisable that the restoration of the fish-
ing industry be undertaken as soon as possible
following occupation. Commercial fishing will be
important in feeding members of the armed forces
and the population of Taiwan. The leading con-
cern will be the production of fish for use as food
within the region rather than production of fish
for export. Normally fresh fish is exported from
Taiwan to Japan.

In order to achieve this end, attention might
first be given to small-scale commercial opera-
tions. For this type of fishing, kits such as those
devised by the Foreign Economic Administration
for use in the South Pacific should prove useful.
(Appendix C describes these kits). Larger scale
operations offshore — trawling on the grounds of
the China Sea and fishing for bonito and tuna —
should be resumed, however, as soon as security
permits, because this type of fishing accounts for
a very large part of the total catch. Fish culture,
important in this area, should also be maintained.

The main fishing areas and seasons are sum-
marized below for the various types of fish impor-
tant in Taiwan waters:

Fish

bonito

tuna

tai (sea breams)
guchi and esc
mackerel

Main area of
production

Eastern waters pri-
marily, but also to
north, south and
to the west (Pes-
cadores)

Eastern waters, es-
pecially to the
northeast and
southeast

Western waters
Western waters
Some in all waters

Main season

Early March to
mid-October

June, July and
August

All seasons
All seasons
April to July

Vi

Fish

Main area of
production

Main season

All year

Winter

Summer

April, May
and June

Winter

sardine All waters

grey mullet Western waters

swordfishj Eastern and south-

spearfish \ ern waters

sharks All waters, largest

numbers in north-
ern, eastern and
southern waters
whales Southern waters

The detailed requirements for the restoration of
the fishing industry cannot be adequately esti-
mated at present. Large numbers of fishing boats
are known to have been taken over by the Japa-
nese armed forces. Further losses of boats and
equipment depend in part upon the nature of the'
naval and military operations in this area. If de-
struction of fishing equipment is widespread, the
gear needed to restore the fisheries to former pro-
duction will be large. Table 1, p. viii, lists the
equipment needed for the production of about 50
million pounds of fish of the types important in^
Taiwan waters. (Taiwan in recent years has pro-
duced 50 to 66 million pounds of sea fish.) Al-
though it is likely that all of this gear would not
be needed for use in Taiwan, such a supply would
provide a stockpile for later use as occupation
forces move into Japan. ^

Fishing boats will require repairs; new boats
will be needed. A few trawlers might be sent to
operate in the South China Sea and Taiwan Strait,
operating from Taiwan bases. Later these boats
could be shifted northward to bases in Japan.
Small boats can be built in Taiwan, and marine*
engines can perhaps be provided at Keelung,
where such manufacture has been undertaken in
recent years.

The distribution of fish to the population will
present a major problem. Much of the fish will be
marketed fresh to larger towns and villages ; care^
should be taken to prevent spoilage. The po»si-
bility of including refrigerating units in the port
areas is worth investigation.

Special attention should be given to the govern-
ment records concerning fisheries, both those of

the division of marine industries of the govern-
*ment-general and the various fishery departments
of the provinces. As soon as possible these records
should be examined with the aid of competent
translators. A survey of commercial boats and
gear should be made. With this knowledge of ex-

RESTRICTED

isting conditions, a group of fishery experts, in-
cluding men competent in bonito and tuna opera-
tions, trawling operations and the processing of
fish under tropical conditions, could then proceed
with a definite program for placing operations on
a systematic production basis.

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RESTRICTED

I. GENERAL SURVEY

The fishing industry of Taiwan, which includes
coastal and deep sea fishing, rather extensive fish
culture, and less important fresh-water fishing,
contributes considerably to the economic life of
the island. Direct employment is created for only
^ per cent of the total population. However, a
goodly portion of the dietary demands of the
population is supplied, the basis for a processing
industry is founded, a sizable item in the export
trade is established, and encouragement and busi-
ness are given to other industries — shipbuilding,
^alt manufacture, etc. — which are either closely
or remotely related.

The commercial fishing catch in recent years
has amounted to 55 to 70 million pounds valued at
12 to 16 million yen. The catch in 1938 amounted
to 2^ per cent of the total catch of the Japanese
gPmpire, and 4 percent of the catch of Japan
proper. In addition fish produced by culture
amounted to 5 million yen. Manufactured prod-
ucts, chiefly dried and salted fish, were valued at
more than 2 million yen. (Table 2.) Exports of
fish, largely fresh fish sent to Japan, were valued
^t 3 to 5 million yen in recent years.

Table 2.-Taiwan: value of fish catch, fish culture and

fish manufactures, 19SS-19S8

[Yen]

Year

t

Fish catch
(exclusive of
fish culture)

Production from
fish culture

Manufacture of
fish products

1933

10.806.670

3,223,832

1.908,982

1934

11.462,341

2,890,340

2.290.923

1935

13.639.986

3,483,582

2.290.741

1936

14,934,405

4,207,178

2.500.289

1937

14.613.106

4.545,292

2,324.009

1938

16,670.812

5,525.265

2.358.530

Notwithstanding the importance of the fishinir
industry and its growth and steady increase in
ex}K)rts in recent years, Taiwan is a net importer
of fish. It depends on Japan for dried, salted, and
canned fish valued annually at 10 or 11 million
yen. Net imports thus amounted to about 6 to 8
million yen in 1937 and 1938. Although not self-
sufficient in fish now nor expected to be in the
near future, with further development of the
industry eventually Taiwan could attain self-
sufficiency.

Japanese fishing interests control the greater
part of the industry. Most of the fishermen are
either united in associations, or are working for
entrepreneurs, the majority of whom are Japa-
nese.

During the war the fishing industry has suf-
fered greatly. Fishing boats, particularly the
larger efficient ones, have been requisitioned by
the government, and the severe rationing and high
price of gasoline have caused difficulties for the
remaining boats.

RESTRICTED

11. FISH RESOURCES AND FISHING GROUNDS

1. The sea fisheries

To the north and west of Taiwan are the China
Sea and the Taiwan Strait which constitute a
major fishing area of thousands of square miles.
Some of the chief fishing banks of this area are
around the Pescadores. Off the precipitous east
coast of Taiwan runs the Kuro Siivo (Japan cur-
rent) in which migratory fish — bonito, tuna,
mackerel, swordfish — move northward from the
Philippines. The seas off South China and the
waters of the South Seas are also easily accessible
with Taiwan as a base. Thus, although Taiwan
has comparatively few bays and gulfs and few
close-lying reefs and shoals, its fish resources are
large.

Several hundred species of fish live in the
waters surrounding Taiwan, many of them com-
mon in Japan, although the marine fauna are
largely tropical. Considered below and in table 3,
p. 4, are only those species which are taken in
commercial quantities. The relative importance of
various fish constituting the sea catch is indicated
by table 4, p. 5, which shows production from
1932-1939.

a. Sparidae (sea breams or porgies). Members
of this family known as tai by the Japanese are
found throughout the waters of Taiwan, but are
most numerous in the seas off the west coast.
These are among the most abundant fish and ac-
count for a considerable part of the commercial
production. Since 1925, however, the catch of
these species has decreased in proportion to other
species. In this group are the red tai or red
snapper which are taken in quantity in the west-
ern and southern sea areas. Renko dai, kuro dai
and chidai are three other species taken in large
numbers.

b. Thunnidae (tunas, bonitos, etc.). The bonito
and katsuwo or "soda bonito", reported to be
Sarda chilensis and Katsuwonis pelamis respec-
tively, are of wide distribution in the seas north,
east and south of Taiwan. Maguro or tuna (Thun-

nus orientalis) abounds in offshore waters, espe-
cially in waters of the Japan current.

In the past the main bonito grounds were con-
centrated off the northeast coast, but in recent
years they have also covered the southern home
waters and been extended southward through the\
Batan Islands to the seas of northern Luzon in
the Philippines. The main fishing season is from
early March to the middle of October.

c. Scombridae (mackerels). Several species, es-
pecially aji, sdba and Sahara or sawara are im-
portant food fish taken in large numbers. These^
fish occur in schools, and many species are
migratory.

d. Clupeidoi (herrings and sordines). Several
species of this family are important in commer-
cial production. By weight, sardines constitute the
second largest catch of fish, being surpassed only^
by sharks (table 4).

e. Spearfish and swordfish. H(;ference is made
both to spearfish and swordfish in the Taiwan
area. The species of spearfish is reported as
Teti^apturus (tngustirestiis, and that of swordfish
as Xiphias r/ladius. Probably both species and^
perhaps other species of spearfish are referred to
as kajiki; the names seem to be used inter-
changeably.

These are excellent food fish and are common
especially in the Japan current. In the Takao re-
gion kajiki art' taken the year lound, with Janu-:^
ary, Februar.\ . May and June reported as major
fishing seasons.

f. Sharks. Sharks of several kinds are caught
in Taiwan waters in both the n(»rth and the south.
Near Taichu and Tainan provinces they are taken
in April, Ma\ and June. The so-called "sakata"
shark (scientific name not known) weighing as
much as 100 kin, is one of the types commonly
caught.

g. Other products. Other fish of economic im-
portance are (fuchi (Sciaenidae), bora or mullet
(Mugil sp.), and eso (Sauridae). Whales are.

RESTRICTED

4.

\

\

%

Figure l.-A teppai, characteristically Formosan raft

^

RESTRICTED

RESTRICTED

taken in the southern waters. Shrimps, cuttle-
fish, lobsters, clams, oysters and turtles are pro-
duced in commercial quantities. Seaweeds suitable
for commercial production are abundant on the
northern seacoast and in the Shoko-to. Coral is
produced commercially (see pages 12, 14). Takase
and other shells are found in some areas, but the
gathering of shell does not form an important
part of the fisheries.

h. Fishing grounds. The fishing grounds for
some of the leading species have been indicated,
but the general grounds can be briefly summar-
ized as follows: In the northern sea area, tai,
bonito, tuna, shark and swordfish ; in the eastern
sea area, bonito, tuna, shark and swordfish; in
the western sea area, grey mullet, mackerel, and
tai; and in the southern area, tuna, bonito, shark
and tai.

Table S.— Taiwan: major commercial species of fith

English equivalent

Taiwan name

Sea Fish:
aji

bonito"

bora

chidai
eso

frigate

mackerel"
guchi
kajiki

katsuwo
kuro dai
maguro

Scientific name

Scombersomorus

commersoni

(Cyhium

commersoni?)
Thunnidae:

Sarda

chilensis (?)

(also other

species)
Mugil sp. (in-
cluding Mugil

cephalus)
Pagrus cardinalis
Saurida tumbil

and other

Sauridae
Auxis thazard

Sciaenidae
Tetrapturus an.

gustirestus

(also used for

Xiphias

gladius ?)
Katsuwonis

pelamis
Sparus

macrocephalus
Thunnidae :

Thunnus

orientalis?

horse mackerel
Spanish mackerel

bonito

grey mullet or
mullet

sea bream

frigate mackerel

croaker

spearfish

swordfish

bonito
sea bream
tuna or tunny

Taixvan name

mangatsu
renhodai
renko dai

Scientific name

Clupeidae
Pagrus tumifrons

(Dentex

tumifrons)

English equivalent

sardine

sea bream **

red sea bream
red snapper
red tai
saba

' 1 Pagrus major
■ (and other
} Sparidae?)
Scombridae :

red sea bream
mackerel «i

especially
Rastrelliger

f

Sahara
sawara

species
Scomberomorus
niphonium
(Cybium

kingfish, king
mackerel

shark
tai

niphonium?)
Galeidae
Sparidae

shark i
sea bream

zato

Megaptera
nodosa

(family name)
humpback whale

Fish Culture

(Salt and fresh-water)

»

bora
kenhii
koi
renhii

sabahii

topminnow"

tsuohii

Mugil species
Labes kontius
Cyprinu^ carpio
Hypophthal-

michtys

mo7-itrix

Chanos chanos
?

Ctenopharyngo-
don idellus

mullet
carp

milkfish
topminnow

Fresh Water Fish
ayu

eel»
funa

koi

renhii

Plecoglossua

altivelis
Anguilla japonica
Carassius

auratu^
Cyprinus carpio
HypophthaL

michtys

moritrix

sweetfish

eel
?

carp

-II

"Common Taiwan name not known.

"These three names all seem to be used in Taiwan for the same species.
However, the true red snapper (Lutianus sp.) may be also cawht.

Note: -The identification by species is not possible in some case, be-
cause of lack of correlation between common names and scientific
names m this area. For some fish, therefore, family and/or g«ia>
names are listed rather than species. Because of lack of specifi. in-
formation for this area, it is also probable that iK,me of the identifica-
tions are incorrect. Shellfish and crustaceans, not listed here, are abo
taken in considerable quantities.

Table 4.— Taiwan: fishery catch, 1932-19S8

I In 1000 kan. 1 kan = 8.75 kg or 8.27 Ibs.l

i

Year

Sardine

Bonito

Tai

Shark

Tuna

Sword-
fish

Shellfish

Shrimp

Cuttle-
fish

Coral

Weed

TottJ
other*

1932

1.512

969

328

1,603

808

868

16

106

146

2.6

1S6

9.197

11.4SC
1S.M*
I4.9S4

I4.&1S
15.CM
25.1IM

1

1933

2,258

1,173

569

1.493

813

858

42

123

212

2.4

64

1934

2.834

1.572

430

1,854

857

1,190

53

129

186

1.2

83

1935

2,651

1,386

415

1.936

869

1,131

62

166

245

3.7

67

1936

2.898

1,284

483

2,031

1.348

1,054

409

151

306

5.3

97

1937
1938

1.788
2.094

1,262
264

456
307

2.214
1,626

1.459
971

1.150
669

248
206

178
199

123
193

2.8
1.5

8C
14S

-

1939

1.824

1,130

215

1.837

1,674

978

182

210

136

4.9

154

• 2. Fresh-water fisheries

The fresh-water resources are much smaller
and the fisheries less promising than those of the
ocean. There are few large rivers; most streams
are short and torrential without the quiet reaches
which provide a prolific source of fresh water

* marine life. There is but one large inland lake,
Jitsugetsutan, or Candidius. Natives of the in-
terior fish in the inland waters for subsistence
purposes, but these resources account for only a
small part of the commercial catch. In recent
years the commercial production of the fresh-

> water fisheries amounted to 820,000 pounds, as
compared with the 55 - 70 million pounds of the
total commercial fish catch.

'!

Of the fresh-water fish taken commercially the
most important are funa {Carassius auratus),
kenhii (Labes kontius), eels {Anguilla ). koi or
carp {Cijprinus carpio), renhii {Hypophthah
michtys moritrix), and ayu or sweetfish {Pleco-
glossus altivelis). Fresh-water crustaceans and
shellfish also figure in the production.
3. Fish for culture

Sabahii (milkfish) and bora (grey mullet) are
particularly important for fish culture in both
salt-water and fresh-water farms. Also raised are
tsuohii, renhi and kenhi. A minnow known lo-
cally as topminnow is propagated to a large extent
for combating malaria. (See page 12 for further
discussion of fish culture.)

RESTRICTED

III. FISHING CRAFT AND FISHERMEN

1. Fishing craft

a. Number. In 1937, the latest year for which
data are available, 1,053 power boats, about 4,000
sailing vessels, and 5,279 bamboo boats (teppai)
were in operation. Table 5 shows the relative
number of power boats and sailing vessels for
1934-1937 and several earlier years. The number
of teppai operating in fishing has varied from
5,000 to 6,500 during the period 1922 to 1937.

Table b.-Taiwan: fishing craft for 1934-1937 avd
selected earlier years

Year

Power vessels

Sailing craft

1922

174

3.914

1925

498

4.325

1929

819

4,091

1934

848

3,519

1935

905

4,047

1936

1,082

4.124

1937

1.053

"4,077

''Another source gives this figure as 3,939.

Since the beginning of the war the Japanese
government has taken over many fishing boats for
military purposes. It is reported that 811 boats
were taken from the Taiwan fishing fleet. This is
only 16 per cent of the total number of cratt (ex-
cluding teppai), but since the vessels taken were
undoubtedly the newer, larger ones, it can be ex-
pected that there has been a serious reduction in
the catch because of this loss.

b. Types. More than 80 per cent of the catch
of sea fish is made by motor boats. Although the
average size of these is 17 tons, the figure has
little meaning because the craft vary considerably
in size. Steam vessels are not numerous. They
numbered 6 in 1930 with a total tonnage of 1,136.
More than 200 craft in 1937 were known to be
deep-sea vessels. The increase in power vessels
(indicated in table 5) corresponds with the ex-
pansion of the fishing industry. Although the
shallow water bordering the western and southern

coasts favors the use of small boats, the larger re-
sources that can be reached by power boats have *
caused the increased production. Moreover, the
roughness of water bordering Taiwan, there being
strong monsoons from October to March in the
north, and frequent typhoon centers from April
to November in the south, calls for the emi)loy-
ment of vessels with at least auxiliary power and ^
sturdy construction for the undertaking of deep-
sea fishing.

The sailing craft average 2 to 3 tons. The teppai
or tekpai is a rather unique type of fishing boat —
a bamboo boat clumsy in appearance but useful
under the skilful operation (»f the Formosan- *
Chinese. These boats, commonly used by the i)art-
time fishermen, are most numinous on the west
coast from Tainan Province southward.

c. Construction. The construction of teppai and
the small sailing craft is undertaken in many
ports of Taiwan, the first type being built by *
Formosan-Chinese. The power vessels are built
mostly in Japan, in part because the firms operat-
ing and owning the ships have their headquarters
there. By 1980 there had been, however, some
development in shipbuilding in Taiwan, and boats
were being turned out in increa.^ing number.s. In *•
Keelung is located a plant for th«; manufacture of
marine engines, which are installed in locally built
boats. Encouragement was given to the shipbuild-
ing industry- in recent years, the government-
general granting subsidies to those who con-
structed fishing vessels. I

2. Fishermen

a. Number and type. More than 170,000 persons
are considered as deriving their livelihood wholly
or in part from fishing and fish culture. The num-^
ber of persons engaged in fishing alone in recent
years is 125,000 (table 6). Ap])roximately 50.000
to 52,000 persons are engaged in fish culture
(51,120 in 1929, the last year for which such a
figure is available). In addition to these there is
a seasonal immigration.

RESTRUTED

'■•M«»'«*«f<tMB«MMiliilMMM«iMil

Figure 2.— Fishing Bouts <tep)>ail

Figure a.-Jitsugetsutan Lake, with local fishing craft

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

'.

;*

RESTRICTED

III. FISHING CRAFT AND FISHERMEN

1. Fishing craft

a. Number. In 1937, the latest year for which
data are available, 1,053 power boats, about 4,000
sailing vessels, and 5,279 bamboo boats {teppai)
were in operation. Table 5 shows the relative
number of power boats and sailing vessels for
1934-1937 and several earlier years. The number
of teppai operating in fishing has varied from
5,000 to 6,500 during the period 1922 to 1937.

Table ^.-Taiwan: fishing craft for 198^1937 and
selected earlier years

Year

1922
1925
1929
1934
1935
1936
1937

Pciwer vessels

Sailing craft

174

3.914

498

4,325

819

4.091

848

:«,519

905

4.047

1.082

4.124

1.053

"4,077

■'Another source jrives this figure as :{.!»:<".>.

Since the beginning of the war the Japanese
government has taken over many fi.shing boats for
military purposes. It is reported that 811 boats
were taken from the Taiwan fishing fleet. This is
only 16 per cent of the total number of cral't (ex-
cluding teppai), but since the vessels taken were
undoubtedly the newer, larger ones, it can be ex-
pected that there has been a serious reduction in
the catch because of this loss.

b. Types. More than 80 per cent of the catch
of sea fish is made by motor boats. Although the
average size of these is 17 tons, the figure has
little meaning because the craft vary considerably
in size. Steam vessels are not numerous. They
numbered 6 in 1930 with a total tonnage of 1,136.
More than 200 craft in 1937 were known to be
deep-sea vessels. The increase in power vessels
(indicated in table 5) corresponds with the ex-
pansion of the fishing industry. Although the
shallow water bordering the western and southern

coasts favors the use of small boats, the larger re-
sources that can be reached by power boats have *
caused the increased production. Moreover, the
roughness of water bordering Taiwan, there being
strong monsoons from October to March in the
north, and frequent typhoon centers from April
to November in the south, calls for the emi)loy-
ment of vessels with at least auxiliary power and ^
sturdy construction for the un<lertaking of deep-
sea fishing.

The sailing craft average 2 to 3 tons. The te/ipai
or tekpai is a lather unique type of fishing boat —
a bamboo boat clumsy in appearance but useful
under the skilful operation of the Formosan- *
Chinese. These boats, commonly used by the part-
time fishermen, are most numerous on the west
coast from Tainan Province southward.

c. Co7istruction. The construction of teppai and
the small sailing craft is undertaken in many
ports of Taiwan, the first type being built by *
Formosan-Chinese. The power vessels are built
mostly in Japan, in part because the firms operat-
ing and owning the ships have their headquarters
there. By 1930 there had been, however, some
development in shipbuilding in Taiwan, and boats
were being turned out in increasing numbers. In ♦•
Keelung is located a plant for the manufacture of
marine engines, which are installed in locally built
boats. Encouragement was given to the shipbuild-
ing industry in recent years, the government-
general granting subsidies to those who con-
structed fishing vessels. %

2. Figliermen

a. Xitmber and tijpe. More than 170,000 persons
are considered as deriving their livelihood wholly
or in part from fishing and fish culture. The num-^
ber of persons engaged in fishing alone in recent
years is 125,000 (table 6). Api)roximately 50.000
to 52,000 per.sons are engaged in fish culture
(51,120 in 1929, the last year tor which such a
figure is available). In addition to these there is
a seasonal immigration.

RESTRHTtM

Figure 2. -Fishing Bi.Mt- itei>i>aii

tijruri- ;;. Jitsunttiutan l.akf. uilh lutal fishiriK cut"!

RESTRICTED

Table 6.—Tahvan: Number of persons engaged in fishing,

1934-1937

1934

118,371

1935

119,371

1936

126,868

1937

122,981

In both types of enterprises the majority of
persons are engaged only part-time. In 1929, for
example, of the 197,822 persons engaged in fish-
ing and fish culture, 127,444 or 65 per cent were
part-time fishermen. In fishing alone the percent-
age of part-time workers is, however, smaller —
about 58 per cent in 1935, Most of those who en-
gage in fishing as a part-time occupation, chiefly
Formosan-Chinese, are also farmers. Some derive
a major part of their income from fishing, whereas
others derive but a minor portion.

Formosan-Chinese predominate in the fishing
industry. In 1929 they were 96 per cent of the
total number of people engaged in fishing and
fish culture. Since that time the percentage has
dropped slightly, but of the total more than 90
per cent are still Formosan-Chinese. It is in fish
culture that this numerical superiority is greatest
(table 7).

Table 1.— Taiwan: numbers of persons engaged in
fishing and fish culture, by type, 1929^

FISHING

Full Time

Part Time

Total

Employers

Employees

Employers

Employees

Japanese

Formosan-
Chinese

1.513
15.104

4.872
38,288

80
25,885

147
54,945

6.612
134.222

FISH CULTURE

Japanese

Formosan-
Chinese

1
2.469

6,283

12
10,831

37
31,487

50
51.070

1 Later data by this breakdown are not available.

Some years ago subsidies were granted to en-
courage the immigration of skilled fishermen from
certain prefectures in Japan. An immigrant col-
ony was established at Suo, and perhaps smaller
ones at other places. (The colony at Suo was es-
tablished prior to 1930, and its success led to the

belief that other colonies should be established.)
The importance of such colonies is the accom-
panying expansion of deep-sea fishing and the
increasing use of large motor vessels.

b. Distribution. Although no data are available
concerning the distribution of fishermen in Tai-
wan, it is known that fishermen are most numer-
ous in and near the cities of Takao, Anping,
Keelung, Suo and in the Pescadores Islands.
(Near Keelung are several villages in which al-
most all the inhabitants are fi.shermen.) Accord-
ing to one estimate 70 per cent of all fishermen
are in Taihoku and Takao Provinces and the
Pescadores. '

c. Wages. Most fishermen do not receive regu-
lar money wages but receive a certain percentage
of the net proceeds from the sale of the catch.
In the Takao district the division, with Home
variations, is as follows: " ♦^

The owner of the boat receives 55 per cent of
the net proceeds from the sale of the catch. The
other 45 per cent is divided among the crew, the
captain and the chief engineer, each receiving 1\
man's share. The net proceeds are arrived at by
deducting expenses for food, ice, oil, bait fees and^
other running expenses and, in addition, 10 per
cent of the gross receipts. Out of the 10 per cent,
7 per cent is used for fish market service fees, 1
per cent becomes a fish association fee, and 2 per
cent is placed in a sinking fund. From the sinking
fund and fish market fees the owner of the boat^
receives a cut of 1 per cent. In one 9-man crew,
the captain and the engineer had a total income
in one year of ¥ 1,085.62; the crew members,
¥ 723.75.

Sometimes in the larger centers commercial
fishermen are hired at regular daily wages. Inj

1936, the only year for which such data are avail-
able, Formosan-Chinese fishermen in Keelung re-
ceived ¥ .80 per day, and Japanese fishermen
¥ 1.08; in Takao wages were ¥ 1.15 per day for
Formosan-Chinese fishermen, and ¥ 1.60 for
Japanese. ^^

d. Organization. Many fishermen, especiklly
those engaged in fishing full-time, are united into
associations or are working for entrepreneurs. In

1937, 62 fishermen's associations with a total
membership of 16,516 were in existence (see
page 22). ^

8

RESTRICTED

rV. FISHING OPERATIONS: METHODS, GEAR AND PORTS

# 1. Methods and gear

In the coastal waters many small-scale opera-
tions are carried on by Formosan-Chinese fisher-
men with primitive appliances such as bamboo
traps and baskets, small beach seines, and cast
nets. The commercial fisheries, however, depend

* on modern Japanese methods including the use of
drag nets, trawls, seines, and hook and line an-
gling from power boats. The details available con-
cerning the operations in Taiwan waters are
meager; summarized below, however, is informa-
tion concerning some of the major methods.

a. Drag-net fishing. Operating in shallow waters
from about latitude 21° 30' N. northward to the
East China Sea are motor vessels which, working
in pairs, tow drag nets. In 1935, 50 units of 100
boats caught fish valued at ¥ 3,180,000. The catch
in 1938 was somewhat higher, and was valued at

^ ¥ 4,440,000, or about one-fourth of the total catch.
These operations, based upon Keelung and Takao,
are 10 or 12 day trips for ground species particu-
larly of the tai family, but including Sciaenidae,
Sauridae and other fish. Drag-net fishing is also
reported for swordfish, sharks and tuna, with

" Keelung, Suo and Takao as bases for this fishing.

b. Trawling. Steam trawlers of the Kyodo Gyo-
gyo Kaisha (subsidiary of Nippon Suisan Kabu-
shiki Kaisha) operate in the waters of the East
China Sea, Taiwan Strait, and the South China
Sea. Most of such vessels are based on ports in
southern Japan, particularly in Nagasaki and
Yamaguchi prefectures. They fish 300 to more
than 1,000 miles from home ports with their
catches placed in cold storage until they return
to ports of southern Japan. The voyages take 12

.to 20 days with about 8 days spent in actual fish-
ing. In recent years more than 20 such vessels
have operated in the South China Sea, of these 3
or 4 in Taiwan waters. In addition 3 or 4 trawlers
operated south of 25° N. by permission of the
government-general of Taiwan. The value of the
catch obtained by trawling off Taiwan in recent

years is reported as varying from ¥ 460.000
(1935) to ¥ 1,163,000 (1938). The number of
vessels bringing in the catch in 1935 was 7; the
number for 1938 is not known.

Some years ago, parts of the trawling grounds
off the north and west coasts of Taiwan were
forbidden to trawlers in order to protect these
areas from devastation. The exact location and
extent of these forbidden areas and their present
status are not known.

c. Other net fishing. Katsuico are caught with
nets known as machi ami and ojiki ami in large
numbers from April to July. In 1938 this catch
amounted to about ¥ 411,000.

Spread nets are used for mackerel. Seines,
probably purse seines, take sardines and members
of the mackerel family. Near Keelung torch-net
fishing is undertaken.

d. Hook-and-line fishing. Hook-and-line fishing
from boats is the chief means of catching bonito.
In 1938, 21 vessels were engaged in bonito fishing
and landed about 2,000,000 pounds. Not all, but
most of these were vessels which took bonito by
hook and line. Tuna, shark, horse mackerel and
other species are also taken by hook and line.

When a school of bonito or tuna is found, small
fish (sardines or herring) are thrown into the
water to stop the advance and the fishing begins.
For bonito, bamboo poles measuring about 20 feet
in length and a 25-foot, strong line with hook at-
tached are used. On the hook is attached a live
fish as bait. As the bonitos bite, live bait may be
replaced by lures.

e. Spear fishing. Spearfish and swordfish are
taken by spearing (presumably harpooning) from
vessels which operate out of Suo and Keelung.
About 480 vessels were engaged in this fishery
in 1938, when the catch was valued at ¥ 225,000.

f. Sekko fishing. Along the coasts of Shinchiku
and Taichu Provinces curved stone walls a few
feet high are erected on the beach to retain large
numbers of fish with the ebbing of the tide. Some

9

RESTRICTED

of these walls are 5,600 feet long. Sekko fishing,
as this method is called, includes in some parts
of Taiwan the use of bamboo walls or nets.

g. Other methods. Trolling, although not speci-
fically mentioned, may be used for some surface
species such as tuna and bonito. Trawl lines,
fishing at depths of several hundred feet, are said
to be used for tuna. This method presumably is
used largely in winter when the fish do not swim
near the surface. Many types of nets not men-
tioned in this report are also used, but the de-
tails of operation and construction of such gear
are not available.

Both hook and line and nets are used for catch-
ing fresh-water fish. In rivers bamboo fish traps
are also operated. Ayu, renhii, and kenhii are
caught largely by hook and line; koi, funa and
others by nets. Ayu is so highly prized as a deli-
cacy that if nets were permitted the supply would
soon be exhausted.
2. Fishing ports

The fishing industry of Taiwan centers in a few
ports, notably Keelung, Takao, Anping and Suo.
Daibanretsu, in the extreme south (Takao Prov-
ince), is the whaling port. Although the Pesca-
dores have important fisheries, these islands have
no single port comparable to the 4 fishing ports of
Taiwan proper. Mako, the largest fishing center
of the Pescadores, is increasing in importance,
but much of the fishing is based on small villages
which dot the bays and inlets of these islands.

Keelung and Takao are large commercial ports
as well as fishing ports. Takao is the base for
deep-sea fishing, southward to the Philippines.
Fishing vessels embarking from Takao sometimes
remain at port more than 20 days. Suo, built pri-
marily as a fishing port, has an artificial T-shaped
basin providing wharves for a fishing fleet. These
three ports all have sizable fishing fleets of power
boats as well as sailing craft. Anping, on the other
hand, is largely a port for teppai sailing craft. At
Karenko on the east coast a harbor, including fa-

cilities for fishing boats, was being built in 1937
and 1938. This was probably completed so that ^
fishing boats no doubt are based on this port.

The relative importance of the main fishing
ports is suggested in Table 8, which gives the
valuation of the industry on a i)erceiitage basis
by provinces for 1930. Although the data are old,
the relative position is thought to have been sub- j
stantially the same in 1938.

Table S.— Taiwan: relative importance of chief fishing

ports, 1930^

Percent

Taihoku Provinc*' (Keelung and Suo) 47

Takao Province (Takao) 26

Tainan Province (Anping and Daibanretsu) 14

Other provinces 3

Too

'This does not include the Pescadores, for which data
are not available.

Most other ports in Taiwan lack protective .
features for small vessels, especially craft that
cannot be drawn from the water during storms.
Teppai can and are used from other ports, but
motor vessels and sailing craft without safe an-
chorages easily accessible are endangered. (In
1929 only one teppai was wrecked, whereas 26
motor vessels and 14 sailing vessels were wrecked,
mostly because safe harbors for the latter types
of craft were lacking.) Since early times writers
have commented upon the "inhospitable shores of
Formosa."

From time to time appropriations have been
made in the budget of Taiwan for the establish-
ment and improvement of fishing ports. These
have for the most part been small amounts, how-
ever, allowing for but minor improvements. The
ports of Suo and Karenko are the two that have
received the largest amounts in recent years. En-
couragement and subsidies are given to other
port aspects, such as provisions for the handling
and storage of catches, and equipment for the
maintenance of live bait at the various ports.

RESTRICTED

Figrure 4.— Suo Harbor. Southern edge of the inner harb«ir appears as a sandy crescent beach. Artificial
basins (6 and 9 feet deep) are constructed for the fishing; fleet. View from the Suo-Karenlto motor-road.

10

11

RESTRICTED

RESTRICTED

V. SPECIAL FISHERIES

1. Fish culture

a. General. Fish culture, of long development in
Taiwan, is of considerable importance in the fish-
ing industry of the island, accounting for about
one-fourth of the total fish production by value
(Table 2, p. 1). Taiwan has more than 11,000
fish farms covering in all approximately 70,000
acres. Sabahii, tsuohii, renhii, koi, bora, oysters
and crustaceans are the chief products raised, al-
though several other types are also bred (Table
9, p. 12). It is customary to combine several kinds
of fish or crustaceans with fish.

Most of the farms are in the central and south-
ern parts of the western coastal region where
flat land, reported of little use for other produc-
tive purposes, is eminently suited to this industry.
In 1929, the last year for which detailed statistics
are available, of the 68,000 acres devoted to fish
culture 45,000 acres (66 per cent of the total)
were located in Tainan Province, 10,500 acres or
15 per cent in Takao Province, 8,300 acres or 13
per cent in Shinchiku Province, and 3,100 acres
or 5 per cent in Taichu Province. The warm cli-
mate of the island encourages the rapid breeding
of fish.

Many of the fish ponds are merely hollows in
the ground. Others are rather low rice fields, the
walls of which have been raised and re-enforced.
Still others are on waste land. The ponds are of
all dimensions and shapes: long or short, round,
oval or square. Some ponds are supplied with rain-
water; others are filled with water diverted from
irrigation ditches; still others are supplied with
sea water.

The industry is largely in the hands of For-
mosan-Chinese who cultivate fish either as their
principal occupation or as a side line to agricul-
ture, salt manufacture, deep-sea fishing or some
other occupation. In 1930 there were 51,070 For-
mosans engaged in this industry (8,752 full-time
and 42,318 part-time), whereas only 50 Japanese
were so engaged (one full-time and 49 part-time).
Although a somewhat higher proportion of Japa-

nese may be expected now as compared with 1930,
fish culture is markedly a Formosan-Chinese in-
dustry.

b. Culture of sabahii, bora and other fish. Sa-
bahii, a favorite fish with the Chinese, constitutes
the most important item of fish culture, the value
of its production being ¥ 3,820,000 in 1938. In one
recent year more than 1,820 fish farms raised
sabahii with more than 17,500 acres devoted to its
production. Sabahii are raised in both salt and
fresh water ponds, mostly in the provinces of
Tainan and Takao. (Although the ponds are said
to be fresh water they may actually be brackish
water ponds.) Near Anping salt pools for raising
sabahii are numerous.

Small "nurse" fish are caught by net in the
spring and summer when the sabahii approach
the west coast. These are placed in clay -bottomed
ponds, later being transferred to regular breeding
ponds. The nurse ponds are small, about two or
three acres in size, whereas some of the larger
breeding ponds are more than 200 acres. During
the winter months the ponds are drained and
dried and the soil manured. In March or April
they are filled with water and tea cakes are
placed in them to kill the parasitic enemies of the
fish. If the "nurse" fish are placed in the ponds
in April they weigh about 6 or 7 ounces by the
end of the year. At the end of the second year,
at which time they are placed on the market, they
average about one pound.

Grey mullet (bora) are also raised in both salt-
and fresh-water ponds, the larger number in the
latter. Fish for stocking are caught in the sea
near the coast of the provinces of Tainan, Takao
and southern Taichu during the months from
January to March, and are transferred directly
to breeding ponds. By October these fish, weighing
about half a pound, are ready for market. The
artificially bred mullets never attain the size of
those caught in the sea.

Numerous other species are cultivated, among
which tsuohii, renhii, koi and kenhii are impor-

tant. These species do not propagate readily, and

jl fish for stocking purposes are imported from

China. Topminnow, imported from Hawaii in

1910, are raised in abundance to combat malaria.

Table 9.— Taiwan: production of fish farms, 1929

?

I

1

J Type of fish
* or shellfish

Production
( pounds )

Value
(yen)

Sabahii

15.383.753
6.802.042
1.580,485
1,627.278
1.002,020
1.065.036
262,053
374,106

2,225.164
681.020
223.307
222.884
148.454
122.008
40.333
71,514

Oysters

Tsuohii

Renhii

Bora (Mullet)

Koi

^ Kenhii

All others ■

" Includes crab, shrimp, lobster and turtle.

c. Oyster culture. Extensive flat banks of the
coastal strip of Tainan, Taichu and Takao prov-

I inces are used for oyster beds. In one recent year,
1,525 oyster farms covered more than 7,400 acres.
With the exception of some farms in Takao Prov-
ince where stones are used, split bamboo stakes
from 1 to 3 feet in length are employed as spat
collectors. These are placed in the water in the

^ months from October to December, about 20,000
stakes per acre. When the tide brings in oyster
larvae they become attached to old shells placed
on the stakes. Nourished by microscopic creatures
carried with every tide, the oysters grow until
after 4 or 5 months the bamboos are almost hid-

^ den under clusters of oysters. The average weight
of oysters attaching to each stake is from 1^ to
2^ pounds, the size of each oyster being rather
small inasmuch as the roughness of the seas pre-
vents leaving the oysters on the stakes for more
than a year. Oysters are gathered throughout the
year, but the largest number are taken during the
summer months. Although the oysters can be used
60 days after the bamboo stakes have been
planted, they do not reach their maturity until 5
months later. In 1929, the last year for which
production data are available, 6,800,000 pounds

^ of oysters valued at ¥ 681,000 were produced. For-
mosan-Chinese tend them and gather them in flat
boats and rafts.

d. Cultivation of crabs, lobsters and shrimps.
Crabs are raised chiefly in salt water. The most
commonly cultivated variety is nokogiri gasami
(scientific name not known). Most of the ponds

for this purpose are rather small — averaging
only 360 square feet. Some of them have open
canals connecting them with larger bodies of
water through which salt water flows in and out
with the rise and fall of the tide. The production
of each pond is approximately 1,000 crabs. The
total production of crabs by cultivation in Taiwan
is more than 100,000 pounds. Stocking is done
in early summer, and the crabs are ready for
market in the months of October, November and
December.

The most commonly cultivated lobster is the
ushi lobster, which is raised with sabahii. Also
cultivated is koro-ebi or koebi. During the period
of May to September, 4- to 5-inch lobsters are
caught by nets and turned loose in ponds. After
5 or 6 months these have grown to market-
able size.

Shrimps are raised in ponds with sabahii in
both salt and fresh water. Young shrimp of one-
half inch in length are caught with nets in the
season from May to September and are then
placed in the larger ponds. In 5 or 6 months they
have grown so that 8 weigh about one pound.

2. The coral fishery

Taiwan is the largest producer of coral in the
world, the value of the production varying in re-
cent years from ¥ 210,000 to ¥ 730,000 (Table 10).

Table 10.— roeifOM: value of coral production, 19ii-19S8

Yen

1933 210,000

1934 210.000

1935 730,000

1936 710,000

1937 550,000

1938 370.000

The coral beds of Taiwan are considered to be
quite extensive, but to conserve resources and
also with a view of keeping up market values, the
government adopted a license system. Coral fish-
ing in recent years has been limited to 50 or 60
boats. The fishing season lasts officially only from
May to October.

The older coral beds are in the north near Hoka-
sho and Menka-sho. In 1935, however, a bed was
discovered near Boko-to. In 1936 grounds were
found in southern Shoko-to, at Seihyo-to and in
the islands within the Okinawa Gunto.

12

13

RESTRICTED

Figure 5.— Oyster culture near Rokko.

Figure 6.— Whaling at Daibanretsu.

14

The coral assumes various forms, some being
branch-like, some fan-like, some feather-like and
others in various shapes. Pink coral is most abun-
dant, followed by white coral and still more lim-
ited quantities of red coral.

Strong nettings are used for fishing for the
coral, which occurs on reefs at depths of 300 to
600 feet. First the fishing-boat crew casts the net-
tings, which are made of hemp rope with meshes
of almost 4 inches. Weights of 25 pounds are used
to carry the net to the bottom, where it is then
dragged. When the fishermen think they have
secured coral they raise the net to the deck. The
crew of the boat consists of 6 or 7 men, each
of whom handles one of the ropes to which the
nets are fastened. Since such small craft are used,
they often meet with disaster when overtaken by
storms.

The major part of the coral is auctioned off in
the market at Keelung. In 1930 about 70 per cent
was purchased by merchants from Kobe who re-
sold to Italian buyers. Efforts at that time were
being made to eliminate the middlemen in Kobe
and to establish direct trade with Italy, but the
lack of organization among the fishermen and
buyers in Taiwan prevented any great success.
The lack of capital and financial inability to await
good prices are also adverse factors in the regula-
tion of sales to obtain the most favorable returns.

From 1925 to 1930 considerable attention "was
given to creating a local carving industry in order
that Taiwan might derive more profit in the busi-
ness. In former years most of the coral was
shipped from Taiwan in the rough state, and
by processing the coral other countries obtained
a much greater percentage of profit.

In 1937, 20 persons were reported to be en-

RESTRICTED

gaged in processing coral articles. Keelung is the
center for this work.

3. Whaling

Whaling is a winter fishing pursuit in the seas
off the south coast. In recent years two boats have
operated from January to March from the port
of Daibanretsu. The type of whale caught is the
"zato" or humpback whale {Megaptera nodosa,
Bonn). The catch, which has varied from 17 to
33 whales in recent years, is summarized in
Table 11.

Table ll.-Taiwan: catch of whales. IftJJ-IitJfl

Number '

Valued

of Whales

(Yen)

1^33

29

70.MM

1934

17

S5.g0«>

1935

8S

74.394

1936

19

36.51S

1937

M

4S.«44

1938

14

29.7«8

' In some years (1928 and 1929) the catch was more than 50 whales.
- The value covers the total value of flesh, oil and by-products.

4. Seaweed production

Several kinds of marine algae, most of which
are consumed as food, are produced in Taiwan.
Recent production of seaweed has totaled more
than 1,200,000 pounds (Table 4, p. 5). Seaweed
is most abundant along the northern coast and in
the Pescadores.

One important seaweed product is tengusa or
Gelidium species (chiefly Gelidiian cartilagi-
neum), which is the raw material for agar-agar.
In Taihoku Province and the Pescadores, which
are the main areas of supply, the gathering sea-
son starts in February or March and reaches its
peak during April. May and June.

li

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

RESTRICTED

5U4 I r *

Figrure 5.— Oyster culture near Rokko.

(

Figure 6.- Whaling at Daibanretsu.

14

The coral assumes various forms, some being
branch-like, some fan-like, some feather-like and
others in various shapes. Pink coral is most abun-
dant, followed by white coral and still more lim-
ited quantities of red coral.

Strong nettings are used for fishing for the
coral, which occurs on reefs at depths of 300 to
600 feet. First the fishing-boat crew casts the net-
tings, which are made of hemp rope with meshes
of almost 4 inches. Weights of 25 pounds are used
to carry the net to the bottom, where it is then
dragged. When the fishermen think they have
secured coral they raise the net to the deck. The
crew of the boat consists of 6 or 7 men. each
of whom handles one of the ropes to which the
nets are fastened. Since such small craft are used,
they often meet with disaster when overtaken by
storms.

The major part of the coral is auctioned off in
the market at Keelung. In 1930 about 70 per cent
was purchased by merchants from Kobe who re-
sold to Italian buyers. Efforts at that time were
being made to eliminate the middlemen in Kobe
and to establish direct trade with Italy, but the
lack of organization among the fishermen and
buyers in Taiwan prevented any great success.
The lack of capital and financial inability to await
good prices are also adverse factors in the regula-
tion of sales to obtain the most favorable returns.

From 1925 to 1930 considerable attention was
given to creating a local carving industry in order
that Taiwan might derive more profit in the busi-
ness. In former years most of the coral was
shipped from Taiwan in the rough state, and
by processing the coral other countries obtained
a much greater percentage of profit.

In 1937, 20 persons were reported to be en-

RESTRIfTEn

gaged in processing coral articles. Keelung is the
center for this work.

li. Whaling

Whaling is a winter fi.shing pursuit in the sea<
off the south coast. In recent years two boats have
operated from January to March from the port
of Daibanretsu. The type of whale caught is the
"zato" or humpback whale {MrffUjitt m ,n>dnsa,
Bonn). The catch, which has varied from IT l«t
33 whales in recent years, i.s summarizetl in
Table 11.

Table W.-Ta'nvuu : catch n/ irhoJcx, in::- !:'■!>■

Numljer '

Value -

..r Whales

t Yen »

l!<:iH

29

TA.OdW

1!»34

17

»jim

l«*:<o

-.{■A

74.»4

li«:{(i

lit

:t<i..%It;

l'.>:-!T

20

!!>:<>

14

-

' In stimt^ ye«r> ( litjN ami lt'2i't tht- talch wa- ni."f than -'.<> \» halu*.
- The value covers^ the total value of tl»-sh. ..il an. I 1>\ -pr.»Ju<.-t-.

I. Seaweed production

Several kinds of marine algae, most of which
are consumed as food, are produced in Taiwan.
Recent production of seaweed has totaleil more
than 1,200.000 pounds (Table 4. p. 5). Seaweed
is most abundant along the northern coast and in
the Pescadores.

One important seaweed i)r()duct is tt minsa or
(Jelidium species (chiefly GelidiinH luutihiffi-
minn), which is the raw material for agar-agar.
In Taihoku Province and the Pe.^cadores. which
are the main areas of supply, the gathering sea-
son starts in February or March and reaches !t>
peak during Ai)ril. May and June.

RESTRICTED

RESTRKTFD

FMgure 7. -Fish market, Takao. Fish in the foreground ai* bonito.

16

VI. PROCESSING OF MARINE PRODUCTS

In recent years the processed marine products
of Taiwan have amounted to 2,300,000-3,300,000
yen including 10,000,000-11,000,000 pounds of
food products (Table 13). Dried and salted fish
constitute the bulk of the production with dried
bonito, dried soda bonito, and boiled and dried
sardines as the leading products (Table 12) . Dried
fish is the only type of Japanese goods produced
in quantity. Other products such as salt dried fish
and the boiled and dried sardines are produced
only for consumption within Taiwan.

Table 12.— Taiwan : manufactures of chief marine prodncts,

1929'

Product

Quantity
( pounds )

Value
(yen)

1,348,837

3,276,099

959,510

1,273.360

174,356

65.275

72,123

18.705

17,182

1,189,417

Boiled and dried sardines. . . .

371,647
274,720

Fish paste ^

216.685

Dried shark fins

163,295

Karasumi

98,109

Canned tuna (maguro)

Prepared shark fins (fai»/ii) .
Tai dempu

52,236
48,731
23,712

1 Although the data given here are old, the t.vpes of manufactured iirod-
ucts and their relative importance had not changed greatly by 1937
and 1938.

- Some sources list this item as fish cakes.

1. Bonito and tuna

The single most important processed fish prod-

uct is dried bonito, the value of which in some
recent years has amounted to 40 per cent of the
total processed fish. The manufacture of dried
bonito in Taiwan started in 1910 when workmen
for this purpose were hired in Japan. At fir^t
the industry was not financially successful and the
Taiwan government granted a subsidy to cover
the losses. An additional subsidy was made to
train Formosan women and girls in the manu-
facture of this article. Later, when the industry
showed a profit, the subsidy was stopped. In 1921,
when there were several hundred skilled opera-
tors, the training of workers was discontinued.

In 1938 it was reported that 51 factories were
producing this product in Taiwan. Some of these
"factories," however, were small, hardly deserv-
ing the name. Five were known to have operated
in that year in Keelung and others in Suo and
Kasho-to.

The manufacturing process involves boiling the
fish for one to two hours, followed by smoking for
48 hours. (Pine-wood smoke makes the best prod-
uct). A part of the catch of soda bonito is manu-
factured in the same way.

A large number of bonito and soda bonito can-
not be manufactured into dried bonito because
of excessive fat. These fish are salted and con-
sumed in Taiwan, whereas dried bonito finds a
substantial market in Japan.

Table IS.—Taiiran: marine mannfactures

I In 1(»00 ka II : one kiiii—».2~ i>ounds]

Foods ( volume )

Total value

Non-food (in 1000 yen)

CifUlBci

Year

Dried

Dried

Salted
and dried

Boiled
and dried

Salted

including

others

(in 1000 yen)

Ferti-

Fish

Other

Total
including

total
(lOMiPM)

bonito

fish

fish

fish

fish

lizer

oil

mfrs.

others

1932

14

118

22

585

45

1.441

12

20

6»

lot

I.&4&

1933

20

159

27

743

43

1.691

12

43

148

2I>

\j»m

1934

44

163

85

841

167

2,102

8

13

161

189

t£H

19S5

78

166

39

1,118

21

2,023

14

29

218

2~)

2,tM

1936

92

109

30

1.160

191

2.206

9

25

243

294

2.SM

1937

87

104

24

882

81

2.110

13

30

161

214

242«

1938

17

149

20

1,052

33

2.139

6

28

l^o

220

2.aS9

1939

32

143

11

1.129

31

2.927

22

162

.^12

396

s.s»

17

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

RKSruitTtO

h

w

FiKuie 7.— Fish market. Tnkao. Fish in the foreground aiv bonito.

16

••1

RESTHH TU*

VI. PROCESSING OF MARINE PRODICTS

In recent years the processed marine products
of Taiwan have amounted to 2,300,000-8,300,000
yen including 10,000,000-11,000,000 pounds of
food products (Table 13). Dried and salted fish
constitute the bulk of the production with dried
bonito, dried soda bonito. and boiled and dried
sardines as the leading products (Table 12). Dried
fish is the only type of Japanese goods produced
in quantity. Other products such as salt dried fish
and the boiled and dried sardines are produced
only for consumption within Taiwan.

Table 12.— Taiwan : niatia/actiircs of chief ittariiic imxinvtx.

Product

Quantity
( piiunds »

Vaku'
( yen I

Dried bunitu

l.:<4X.s:>7

l.lHit.417

Boileil and dried sardines. . . .

:{.276.0!i9

:{7 1,647

0.'>!l..510
I.27H.H<in

274.720

2Ui.6S.T

Fish iiaste -

Drie<l shark (ins

174.:<5t;

lti:{.2!t.5

Karasumi

<i5.27o

98,109

Canne<l tuna [miiiiiiro)

72.12H

52.236

Prepared shark fins (tninlii).

IS. 70.5

48.731

Tai dempu

17,182

23.712

' Although the data triven here are old. the types <if manufactured pmd-
ucts and their relative importance had not changed jfreatly hy l'.i:!7
and 193S.

- Some .sources list this item as tish cakes.

1. Kdiiilo and tuna

The single most important processed fish prod-

uct is dried bonito, the value of which in some
recent years has amounted to 40 \)er cent of the
total i)rocessed fish. The manufacture of drieti
bonito in Taiwan started in 1910 when workmen
for this purjiose were hired in Japan. At first
the industry was not financially successful and thf
Taiwan government granted a subsidy to cover
the losses. An additional subsidy was matle to
train Formosan women and girls in the manu-
facture of this article. Later, when the indu.^try
showed a profit, the subsidy was stopi^ed. In 11»21.
when there were several hundred skilled o|>era-
tors, the training of workers was discontinueti.

In 1938 it was reported that 51 factories were
producing this product in Taiwan. Some of these
"factories," however, were small, hardly deserv-
ing the name. Five were known to have oiKM-ate<i
in that year in Keelung and others in Suo and
Kasho-to.

The manufacturing process involves boiling the
fish for one to two hours, followed by smoking for
48 hours. (Pine-wood smoke makes the best prod-
uct ) . A part of the catch of .soda bonito is manu-
factured in the same way.

A large number of bonito and .soda bonito can-
not be manufactured into dried bonito because
of excessive fat. These fish are salted and con-
sumed in Taiwan, whereas dried bonito finds a
substantial market in Japan.

Table y.\. Taiican : nKiiiin- >n a nil fact u res

I In 1000 An,,. or:e A'i» -S.27 pounds]

F'oods ( volume 1

Total value

induilinK

others

( in 1000 yen)

Non-food ( in looo yen I

lira mi

Year

Dried
bonito

Urie<l
fish

Salted

and dried

fish

Hoiled

and dried

fish

Salted
fish

Ferti-
lize!

Fish

oil

Other
mf IS.

TirtaJ

including

• it hers

tmml

1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939

14
20
44
78
92
87
17
32

lis
1.59
163
166
109
104
149
143

22
27

s.-j

39
30
24
20
11

.5S.">

743

S41

l.llS

1.160

SS2

1.052

1.129

4.5

43
167
21
191
81
33
31

1,441
1.691
2.1ti2
2.023
2.206
2.110
2.139
2,927

12
12

14
ii

13

6

22

20
43
i:t
29
25
3(t
28
162

6 s
148
161
218
243
161
lv5

KM
21s

IN!'

27 •
294
211
22"
396

l.-m.
l.»W«
2.»t
2^W
2..54:»

-■ - V

17

RESTRiCTED

In order that better financial returns be ob-
tained from these fish, canneries have been es-
tablished. In 1926 experimentation started at
Karenko and later small production was initiated
at Suo, Keelung and Taito. Canned boiled bonito
has been exported in recent years in small quan-
tities. The canning of tuna (maguro) and spear-
fish (kajiki) has been a matter of study in re-
cent years with a view to utilizing more fully the
resources of these fish. An efficient cannery for
tuna was suggested in 1930, but no mention has
been found of operating plants devoted to the can-
ning of this species.

2. Shark

The manufacture of by-products from shark
has increased noticeably since 1920. The flesh is
used as food by the Formosans, the fins are a
delicacy prized in China, and oil (probably Vita-
min A oil) is obtained from the liver. In the north-
ern part of Taiwan there is some drying and
tanning of shark skin for manufacture into
leather articles.

Dried shark fins and taishi (processed shark
fins) are manufactured as by-products by those
engaged in shark fishing. The former product is
derived by merely drying the fins ; the latter are
processed in hot water from which transparent
threads are obtained and dried in the sun. A dry
season is necessary for the manufacture. There-
fore this industry is most active from May to
November in the north, and from October to May
in the south.

3. Karasumi

Karasumi, or Japanese caviar, is said to com-
pare favorably with most ordinary caviar. It is
processed from the eggs of grey mullet, fish which

«

migrate annually along the western shore in De-
cember and January. The producing areas are
in the provinces of Shinchiku, Taichu, Tainan
and Takao. In 1938 this product of Taiwan was
valued at ¥ 290,000.

Formerly the process of manufacture was a
matter of tradition, having its inception in China
many years ago and being transmitted from
father to son. At one time the process employed
in Taiwan was quite distinct from that in Japan,
but at present much of the domestic production
is in the hands and under the direction of Japa-
nese entrepreneurs. The manufacturing process
consists of salting, drying and pressing.

4. Other products

Other manufactured products include salted
and dried fish produced by fishermen in the coastal
regions when there is an excessive supply of fresh
fish. Fish thus processed — tai, tobimvo, sardines,
flying fish — are consumed entirely in Taiwan.
Boiled and dried fish — sardines, mackerel, soda
bonito — are in great demand among the For-
mosans. Salted preserves have been made from
frigate mackerel, sardines, whale and flying fish.
Canning of the preserves was undertaken several
years ago, but is now discontinued. Dried sea-
weed is processed in Taihoku and the Pescadores
in the season from November to April, but the
product is of relatively poor quality and is con-
sumed only in Taiwan. Tai dempu is manufac-
tured in the Pescadores by crushing tai and add-
ing sugar and soy sauce. Fish paste (kamaboko)
is manufactured in the larger centers, its total
production in 1938 being ¥ 190,000. In addition
to the edible manufactures there is some produc-
tion of carved corals in Keelung and shell carving
in the Pescadores.

18

m

RESTRtCTtD

VII. CONSUMPTION AND TRADE

1. Domestic marketing and consumption

a. Domestic marketing. Many of the part-time
Formosan fisherman who are also farmers use
their catch directly; fish is part of their daily
food provided by themselves. Commercial catches
are landed at many ports but chiefly at Takao,
Keelung and Suo.

To handle the catch effectively and to prevent
spoilage when fish are brought to shore in quan-
tities greater than can be disposed of imme-
diately, refrigeration plants are needed in the
major ports. The warm climate and the increas-
ingly large amounts brought in by motor-boat
fleets has made refrigeration facilities of great
importance. Although many of the firms dealing
in marine products have cold storage facilities,
in 1930 there were only two large refrigerating
plants: one at Takao and one at Keelung. The
plant at Takao had a refrigerating capacity of
100 tons but only 20 tons were used for fish. The
Keelung plant had a capacity of 64 tons but only
24 tons devoted to fish. Both plants used part of
their capacity for the manufacture of ice for
sale. Both were new in 1929 or 1930, and it is
likely that additional refrigeration facilities are
now available.

In 1937, 99 fish markets operated in Taiwan
handling a total volume of business estimated at
114,000,000 pounds, valued at ¥ 17,000,000. The
market handling the largest volume is that of
Takao, followed by those of Taihoku, Keelung,
Tainan, Suo, Heito, Kagi and Taichu (Table 14).

In these markets fresh fish is available through-
out the year. The value of sales is in the following
order : swordfish, mackerel, shark, guchi, sabahii,
eso, chidai, renkodai and red tai.

Many of the markets in 1930 were under the
management of and operated by municipalities,
townships and villages. Large numbers, however,
are operated by various aquatic or marine prod-
ucts societies or associations, some of which are
operated by proxy by corporations or individuals.

b. Consumption. Accurate statistics concerning

fish consumption in Taiwan are not available. The
Formosans are frequently described as a fish-
eating people, but the average consumption is
considerably less than in Japan. The average
value of fish consumed per capita in Taiwan is
about ¥ 3.80 as compared with ¥ 9.30- in Japan.
The consumption by weight is estimated as 40
pounds per person annually as compared with
twice that amount in Japan. Some estimates of
annual consumption in Taiwan are as low as 25
pounds per capita.

Table 14.— Leading fish markets of Taiuan

Market

Heito. ..

Kaei...

Keelungr

Suo

Tiiichu.
Taihoku
Tainan .
Takao. .

1936

IS-^I

Amount of

fish handled

(kin)

3.0«2,265
2.091.448
4.937,346
4.380,384
1.891,599
6.324.234
4.251.671
12.296.125

Value
(yen)

435,261
340.648

1.047,283
913,445
487,542

1,732.857
783.383

2.724.095

Amount of

fish handled

ikint

3.295.039
2.478.777
5.082.984
3.865.547
2.009,913
6.563,971
4.944.179
1.^.426.918

Vatec

500.MI
502.7M

1.10».l7t
762.CSS
521. •»

1.840.4S&
906.9SC

2.947.719

1 kin equals 1.32 pounds.

2. Exports and imports

In spite of increased production over a period
of years, Taiwan is compelled to import fish
products to supply domestic demands. This excess
of imports over exports is indicated in Table 15
below :

Table 15.-Taiwan: foreign trade in fish, 19S7 and 19SS

(1,000 yen)

1937

19S8

Exports to Japan

4.111
8S2

li OM

Exports to other countries

491

Gross exports

4.943

3.497

Imports from JapaiA

10.095
687

ii.su

4«5

Imports from other countries

Gross imports

10.782

11.94«.t

Surplus of imports over exports

5.839

8.443

19

RESTRICTED

Figure 8.-Fishingr boats in Taito harbor.

Figure 9.— Fish drying, east coast.

20

restrhtkd

By far the greater proportion of the imports is
It from Japan ; in 1937 more than 93 per cent of the
fish imports were from Japan.

The itemization of the foreign trade in 1937
(Table 16 below), gives the nature of the trade.
Some of the major items of import are types
of fish not procurable in Taiwan waters. Exports
^ consist largely of fresh fish, whereas imports are
salted, dried and canned fish.

Table 16.-Taiwan: quantity of fish imported and

exported, 1937^
U.OOO A-rn]'^

Fresh fish and shellfish. . .

Salted fish:
Herring
Trout . .
Mackerel
Sardine .
Hairtail
Salmon .
Other . .

Dried fish:

Cod

Small fish
Cuttlefish .
other

Shrimps and prawns < dried

and salted) .
Other shellfish, dried ....

Sharks fins

Koiibu

Other fish and aquatic

products.

Sea blubbers, salted

Whale meat

Katsuobuahi

Imports

Export*

From

foreign

countries

:l,y24.3
:j. 190.1

:J2.6

9.0

38.5
210.7

From
Japan

.664.2

2.211.2

19.509.7

2.191.1

551.3

3.114.6

1.521.1

125.2

1,277.0
6.131.9
1.428.4
1,70.<{.0

2.485.5

403.6

144.9

To foreign
countries

609.3

81.5
46.6
71.8

84.9

629.6

373.5

103.7

62.9

236.5

165.8
161.9
214.8

74.7

To

II.IM^

111.2
271.4

' Does not include canned fish, which is not listed separately in the trade

statistics.
2 1 ikiN equals 1.32 lbs.

Table n.-Taiwan: fishing corporations, capital, 1938

Japanese corporations
with offices in Japan

Japanese corporations
with offices in Taiwan

Other corporations

(mostly Formosan-Chinese)

Number of
firms

28

21

Nominal

capital

(1,000 yen)

Paid-up Average paid-up

capital capital per com-

(1,000 yen) pany (1,000 yen)

101,500

6.927

429

65,500

3.044

899

32,750

IM

19

21

RESTRICTED

VIII. ORGANIZATION, ADMINISTRATION, CONTROL AND AID OF

THE FISHING INDUSTRY

1. Organization

Organized fishing companies are very active in
Taiwan. In 1938, there wfere 51 companies, 30 of
which were Japanese-operated and the remainder
Formosan-Chinese. The average paid-up capital
of the Formosan-Chinese companies was only
¥ 19,000 compared with ¥ 109,000 for 28 of the
Japanese companies with offices in Taiwan, and
¥ 33,000,000 for the two Japanese companies with
offices only in Japan but carrying on fishing opera-
tions in Taiwan waters (Table 17), The detailed
list of the companies operating in 1938 is given
in Table 18.

A merger of 11 fishing companies was reported
in 1943. The company thus formed is called the
South Japan Control Company, with a capital of
¥ 50,000,000. Only firms owning boats of 50 tons
or more could qualify as members in this recent
merger.

Firms which deal with marketing, chiefly con-
cerned with the export trade, are listed in Table
19. Most of these firms have cold storage facilities.

In 1937, Taiwan had 62 fishing associations
with a membership of 16,516. These are regulated
under the amendment of the Fishing Industry
Law of 1933. Table 20 summarizes the conditions
of these associations in 1937.

Similar to the associations are a number of
provincial aquatic or fishing societies, which sub-
scribe members from people residing in their dis-
tricts and engaging in fishing industries. The vari-
ous provincial societies are represented in the
Taiwan Aquatic Society, which thus serves the
entire island. Table 21 indicates the budgets and
work of these societies as of 1939.

Table IS.— Taiwan: fishing corporations, by company

[As of August 1939]
ORGANIZATIONS WITH HEAD OFFICE IN JAPAN

ORGANIZATIONS WITH HEAD OFFICE IN TAIWAN

Capital

Paid-in capital

Nippon Suisan Kabushiki Kaisha
(Japan Aquatic Products Corporation).

Kabushiki Kaisha Rimken Shoten
(Rimkem Store, Incorporated).

yen

91,600,000

10,000,000

yen

65,&00,0«0

10,000,000

Total

101.600.000

6e,eoo.o«o

22

Taihoku Uo-ichi Kabushiki Kaisha
(Taihoku Fish Market Corporation)
Otei Suisan Kabushiki Kaisha
(Otei Aquatic Products Corporation)
Taiyo (lyogryo Kabushiki Kaisha
(Taiwan Waters Fishing Industry Corp.)
Nikka Kinso Gyogytj Kabushiki Kaisha
(Japan-China Boat Fishing Ind. Corp.)

Taiwan KairikuBuswan Kabushiki Kaisha
(Taiwan Ocean and Land Produce Ckirp.)

Chubu Gyogyo Kabuwhiki Kaisha
(Central Fishing Industry Corporation)

Taiwan Suisan Hambai Kabushiki Kaisha
(Taiwan Aquatic Products Marketing
Corp.)

Suo Suisan Kabushiki Kaisha

(Suo Aquatic Products Corporation)

Taiwan Gyogyo Kabushiki Kaisha
(Taiwan Fishing Industry Corporation)

Nambu Taiwan Kaisan Kushiki Kaisha
(South Taiwan Sea Products Corp.)

Takao Uo-ichi Kabushiki Kaisha
(Takao Fish Marketing Corporation)
Toko Yoshoku Kabushiki Kaisha
(East Harbor Fish Cultivation Corp.)
Mino Suisan Kabushiki Kaisha
( Mino Aquatic Products Corporation)
Karenku Uo-ichi Kabushiki Kaisha
(Karenko Fish Market Corporation)
Nankai Boeki Kabushiki Kaisha
(South Ocean Trade Corporation)
Taiwan Suisan Kogyo Kabushi Kaisha
(Taiwan Aquatic Products Ind. Corp.)
Kaiyo Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha
(Open Sea Promotional Cori>oration)
Kabushiki Kaisha Senri Shoko
(Senri Business Transactions Corp.)
Rato Suisan Kabushiki Kaisha
(Rato Aquatic Products Corporation)
Kabushi Kaisha Daimaru Shoko
(Daimaru Business Transactions Corp.)
Taiwan Sengyo Hambai Kabushiki Kaisha
(Taiwan Fresh Fish Marketing Corp.)
Miwa Suisan Kabushiki Kaisha
(Miwa Aquatic Products Corporation)
Sengen Suisan Kabushiki Kaisha
(Sengen Aquatic Products Corporation)
Shazokki Shoji Kabushiki Kaisha
(Shazokki Business Matters Corp.)
Taiwan Gyogu Kabushiki Kaisha
(Taiwan Fishing Equipment Corp.)
Kagi Uo-ichi Kabushiki Kaisha
(Kagi Fish Market Corporation)
Takao Kaiso Saishu Hambai Kabushiki

Kaisha
( Takao Sea-weed Pr<jcuring and Market-
ing Corp.)

Takuo-yo Suisan Kabushi Kaisha
(Ocean Colonization Aquatic Products
Corp. )

Total (28 corporations)

Capital

6,972,000

Paid-in capital

400,000
SIS ,000

200,000
12,000

S90.000

100.000

soo.ooo

40,000 t
600.000

sao,ooo

110,000

400,000
36.000
90.000
20,000
00.000

500.000
50.000
40.000
&0.000
50.000

200.000
20.000

120,000
00,000
50,000
00.000

2.000,000

175,000

6.260

65.416

3,0l»0

87.0«0

30.000

225,000

30.0UO

500,000

168.000

60.000

131.1110

6,250

10,000

20,000

30.0M

220.000

39.5I»

10,00«

12,600

37.600

60.000

5.000

30,000

30.000

12,600

60.00«

1.000,000

f

»

3.044.110

i

OTHER KINDS OF CORPORATIONS

Capital

Paid-in capital

Taika Suisan Go-shi Kaisha
(Taika Aquatic Products Ltd.
Partnership)

50,000

40.000

Go-mei Kaisha Asahi Gyogyo Gumi
(Asahi Fishing Industry Group, Unltd.)

6,000

6.0«0

Taiwan Yobetsu Go-shi Kaisha
(Taiwan Snapping Turtle Cultivation.
Ltd.)

80,000

80.000

Toko Shokusan Go-shi Kaisha
(East Harbor Fish Nursery, Ltd.
Partnership )

30,000

10.000

Goshi Kaisha Bunki Shoko
(Bunki Business Transactions, Ltd.,
Partnership)

16.000

15.000

Goshi Kaisha Kentoryu Shoko
(Kentoryu Business Transactions. Ltd..
Partnership )

10.000

10.000

Keelung Kaisan Go-shi Kaisha
(Keelung Sea Products. Ltd.
Partnership)

12,000

12.000

Tainan Suisan Yoshoku Go-shi Kaisha
(Tainan Aquatic Cultivation, Ltd.
Partnership)

30,000

30.000

Go-shi Kaisha Shinsei Shoko
(Shinsei Business Transactions, Ltd.
Partnership)

20.000

20.000

Hobi Go-shi Kaisha
(Hobi Ltd. Partnership)

6.000

5.000

Eiwaryu Go-mei Kaisha
(Eiwaryu Unlimited Partnership)

10.000

10.000

Go-mei Kaisha Ryugen Shoko
(Ryugen Business Transaction. Ltd.
Partnership)

10.000

10.000

Sangen Go-shi Kaisha
(Sangen, Ltd. Partnership)

2,000

2.000

Kineiho Go-shi Kaishi
(Kineiho, Ltd. Partnership)

8,000

8.000

Shuho Kaisan Go-mei Kaisha
(Shuho Sea Products. Unlimited.
Pamership)

10.000

10.000

Horai Kogyo Shintaku Go-shi Kaisha
(Horai Promotional Trust, Ltd.
Partnership)

10.000

10.000

Go-shi Kaisha Chuwa Shoko
(Chuwa Business Transaction, Ltd.
Partnership )

10,000

10.000

(3o-shi Kaisha Shinsuri Shoko
(Shinsuri Business Transaction, Ltd.
Partnership )

20.000

20,000

Go-shi Hyogyokuchin Shoko
(Hyogyokuchin, Ltd. Partnership)

35.000

35.000

Go-shi Kaisha Shuhyakunen Shoko
(One Hundred Year Anniversary Busi-
ness Transaction, Ltd. Partnership)

20.000

20,000

Go-shi Kaisha Chinyuho Shoko
(Chinjruho Business Transaction, Ltd.
Partnership)

36.000

36,000

Total (21 corporations)

429.000

399.000

Table 19.— rafwan ; firms dealing with marine products

(Most of these firms have cold storage facilities.]

Hayashi Kane Shoten, fish 53 Hama-cho, Keelung
and shellfish (J)

Jun Bee Kaisanbu, marine 47 Asahi-machi, 1 chome,
products exporter Keelung

RESTRICTED

Lee Kee and Co., marine 29 Fukutoku-machi,

products exporter (F) 1 -chome, Kiirun

Mikawa Shoko 5 Asahi-machi, l-chome,

Keelung

Taihoko Chuo Shijo K. K. 5 Kotoboki-cho, S-chome,

(J) Taihoku

Shin Senri Shoko, exporters 43 Asahi-machi, l-«home,

Keelung

Sie Zu Kee and Co., 79 Tamada cho, 2-chonie,

exporters Keelung

Taiwan Kairiku Bussan 39 Asahi-machi. 2-choine,

K. K., equipment Keelung

Taiwan Suisana Hanbai 5 Asahi-machi. 3-chome.

K. K., equipment Keelung

Takao Uo Ichi K. K., 10 Shin-Hama-cho,

equipment 2-chome, Takao

Nippon Suisan K. K., 53 Hama-cho, Keelung

equipment (J)

Taiwan Coral Export Taihoku

Association

Takao Chuo Oroshi-Shijo 3 Kitano, 3-chome, Takao

K. K., (J)

The use of (F) or (J) indicates present Formosan-Chinese
or Japanese management, where known.

Table 20.— Taiwan: fishing industry association^ ms •/
December SI, 19S7
Number of associations:

Fishing industry united associations IC

Non-fund contributing association 1

Non-liability associations 45

Number of association members:

Fishing industry united associations 5,197

Non-fund contributing associations^ 119

Non-liability associations ll;8M

16.516

Number of associations using cooperative equipment:
Economic facilities:

Processing facility %

Storage facility f

Marketing facility 45

Purchasing facility 5

Loans of funds 28

Loans of other than funds 5

Non-economic facilities :

Docking facility \

Boat-house facility g

Boat embankment $

Dry dock g

Fishing equipment warehouse, net drying

and manufacturing factories If

Facility for prevention of ship distress

and relief if

Other facility 19

Capital :

Total capital if 107.540

Paid-in capital 68,444

Security fund 92315

23

RESTRICTED

Figure lO.-Takao Harbor.

V

^

Figure 11. -Cormorant fishing in Tamsui River at Shinten (neai Taihoku).

24

P.

Table 20-Continued
Reserve fund:

Foundation fund

Reserve fund

Other reserves

Funds borrowed by:

Fishing industry united association,
Non-fund contributing association . .
Non-liability associations

29,551

20,426
106,347

156,324

81,676

1,411

24,709

107,796

¥1,225,285
none

Amount of sale by:

Fishing industry united association

Non-fund contributing association

Non-liability associations 1,444,916

2,670,201

Amount of purchase by:

Fishing industry united association ¥

Non-fund contributing association

Non-liability associations

16,012
1,222
1,582

Amount of loans extended to:

Fishing industry united association ¥

Non-fund contributing association

Non-liability associations

18,816

40,402

1,431

27,911

69,744
'Given in source as "fund contributing association," but
this appears to be in error.

^ 2. Administration and control

The government-general of Taiwan regulates
and controls the fisheries. It governs the opera-

RESTRICTED

tions of trawlers and drag-nets and establishes
forbidden zones for these fisheries. It sets up
fishing districts and establishes periods for fish-
ing. It determines tools and methods and limits
the weight of certain catches. The government-
general maintains aquatic products inspection sta-
tions in Keelung and Tainan. Some of the prov-
inces have separate departments which deal with
the regulatory aspects of the fisheries as well as
providing aid to the industry (Table 22).
3. Government aid

The fishing industry has had active encourage-
ment and aid from the Taiwan government-gen-
eral and from provincial governments for many
years. Coordination of this assistance is under
the direction of the Division of marine industries
of the government-general. The activities deal
largely with three aspects of the industry: sea
fishing, fish culture, and manufacturing.

The greatest aid to fishing is through the study
of fishing grounds fostered by the Marine prod-
ucts experiment station at Keelung and several
provincial governments. Considerable research
has been carried out concerning the relation of
migratory movements of fish to ocean currents. A
number of experimental ships have been built
and put into operation to facilitate the study of
fishing prospects and conditions. In 1937 both the
central government and several of the provincial

Table 21.— Taiwan: aquatic societies, 1939

Name of society

Taiwan Aquatic Society.
Taihoku Aquatic Society.

Shinchiku Aquatic Society.
Taichu Aquatic Society...
Tainan Aquatic Society...

Date of

establishment

1939 Budget

Ordinary
Account

Takao Aquatic Society .

Taito Aquatic Society

Karenko-cho Aquatic Society.
Boko-cho Aquatic Society

1928
1925

1924
1930
1925

1924

1935
1938
1927

Yen
123.32S

128.197

S7,14f»
20.966
20,966

33.802

24.584
57.706
38,835

Special
Account

Yen

73,390

14.720

1.012

246.186

Most innpurtant projects undertaken

Short course: lectures; subsidizing cullectioii of
shark skin recommended for purchase.
Experimental sur>ey; encouraKement of fiitMl^'
{management of fish market and wireleas tar
fishing: industr>-; relief ; loans for coral fishiiic.

I Management of fishing market: loaiw for aquatic
\ industr>'.

Short course: lecture: guidance and enoourmcc-
ment: various sur\'eys.

Short course: encouragement and subsidy: alii»
distress assistance.

Guidance and encouragement : management of
fish market: fish harbor: wireless: subsidr: «lu|>
distress relief: loans for aquatic parpoacs.
Management of fish nnarket: various e.xp«ri-

|ments: encouragement : management of boat-

I house; ship distress relief.

I Management of fish market and boac-iHiinc:
sur\'ey of fishing grounds.

'Management of fish market and cold storage:
gruidance and encouragement: ship distress

25

•i

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

RESTRICTED

I

%

Fijrure lO.-Takao Harbor

^

f|

FiKure 11. -Cormorant fishing in Tamsui River at Shinten (near Taihoku).

24

I

o^m^m

tj

Table 20-Continued
Reserve fund:

Foundation fund

Reserve fund

Other reserves

Fuuds bonoived by:

Fishing industry united association ¥

Non-fund contributing association

Non-liability associations

29,551

20,426
106,347

156,324

81,676

1,411

24,709

107.796
Amount of sale by:

Fishing industry united association ¥1,225,285

Non-fund contributing association none

Non-liability associations 1,444,916

2,670,201
Amount of purchase by:

Fishing industry united association ¥

Non-fund contributing association

Non-liability associations

16,012
1,222

1,582

Amount of loans extended to:

Fishing industry united association ¥

Non-fund contributing association

Non-liability associations

18,816

40,402

1,431

27.911

69,744

'Given in source as "fund contributing association," but
this appears to be in error.

^ 2. Administration and control

The government-general of Taiwan regulates
and controls the fisheries. It governs the opera-

tions of trawlers and drag-nets and establishes
forbidden zones for these fisheries. It sets up
fishing districts and establishes periods for fish-
ing. It determines tools and methods and limits
the weight of certain catches. The government-
general maintains aquatic products inspection sta-
tions in Keelung and Tainan. Some of the prov-
inces have separate departments which deal with
the regulatory aspects of the fisheries as well as
providing aid to the indu.stry (Table 22).
t^. Governmenl aid

The fishing industry has had active encourage-
ment and aid from the Taiwan government-gen-
eral and from provincial governments for many
years. Coordination of this assi.stance is under
the direction of the Division of marine industries
of the government-general. The activities deal
largely with three aspects of the industry: sea
fishing, fish culture, and manufacturing.

The greatest aid to fishing is through the study
of fishing grounds fostered b\ the Marine prod-
ucts experiment station at Keelung and .several
provincial governments. Considerable research
has been carried out concerning the relation of
migratory movements of fish to ocean currents. A
number of experimental .ships have been built
and put into operation to facilitate the study of
fishing prospects and conditions. In 1937 both the
central government and several of the provincial

Name of society

Taiwan Aquatic Society.
Taihoku Aquatic Society.

Table 21. -Tainan : aquatic societies, 19.};i

i 19tiV BudKet

Special
Account

Yen

Shinchiku Aquatic Society,
Taichu Aquatic Society...
Tainan A<iuatic Society...

Takao Aquatic Society

Taito Aquatic Society

Karenko-cho Aquatic Society.
Boko-cho Aquatic Society

Date of

™

establishment

Ordinary

Account

Yen

1928

123.:<2ft

1925

128.1!t7

1924

:<7.14;t

1930

20.9Sfi

1925

20,rtfit;

1924

:<s.h02

1935

24..5S4

1938

57,70«

1927

38.835

Most important projects undertaken

73,39«

14.720

1,012

246.1 8«;

Short course: lectuivs; subsidizinK ct41ec1wi«i mi
shark skin rect»mmende«i for purchase.
Experimental sui-\ey: encourairement of tishinc:
manaKement of fish market and wireless f.*t
(ishinK industo': relief: loans for coral

{ ManaKement of fishinK market: loan.- fori
industry.

Short course; lecture; guidance and efi«u«irace>
ment; \arious surveys.

Short course; encourauement and subsidy: »Jkj|»
distress assistance.

iGuidance and encuamement : Rian«Keaa«tit wf
fish market; fish harbor: wireless: subisidy; Aifi
distress relief: loans for aquatic purp«i«esv
Manatcement .if lish market; various ex|^ri-
ments; encourajrenient : manaKement of bumt-
house; shi|i distress relief.

ManaKement of fish market and iMi«t-tK>«ia)*:
surve.v of fishinK Krounds.

ManaKement of fish market and coUl stor»jc#;
Kuidance and encoui-aKement; ship distFW>ss relief.

25

\\

^^^m

IF

RESTRICTED

governments (Taihoku, Takao, Taichu and Shin-
chiku) had experimental ships.

These vessels are known to have undertaken
surveys of bonito and tuna grounds north and
east of Taiwan — snapper, sahara and shark fish-
ing grounds — and the shallow-water grounds of
the East China Sea. In recent years they extended
their research to seas off South China and in the
waters of the South Seas. The shift in emphasis
in Taiwan's fishing industry from coastal to deep-
sea fishing is in part related to these surveys.

To aid fish culture a fresh water cultivation ex-
periment station was established in Shinchiku
Province in 1913, and a salt water cultivation ex-
periment station at Tainan in 1919. These sta-
tions, which investigated the culture of carp, top-
minnow, frogs (from stock imported from the
United States), oysters, pearls, sponges and vari-
ous kinds of salt water fish, merged to form the
present Tainan branch aquatic experimental sta-
tion. In recent years cultivation experiments have
also been made with lobsters, snapping turtles
and eels.

Assisted by the government, the manufacture
of various products has been studied: improved
dried bonito, utilization of bonito and shark by-
products, boiled dried sardine, dried mullet roe,
canned fish, refrigerated fish and smoked fish. A
dried bonito experimental factory was constructed
at Keelung in 1923. By 1935, through improve-
ments in the methods of preparation, the Taiwan
dried bonito was reported to be up to a standard
as good as the best produced in Japan. In 1933
a canning machine was equipped to undertake
experimental fishing vessel canning.

From time to time, subsidies have been granted
either for the direct benefit of a particular phase
of the industry or for the training of workmen
in that particular phase, as has been noted in
connection with the manufacture of dried bonito
and in the carved coral industry.

Plans for improving the storage and handling
of catches have been formulated by the govern-
ment and are being carried out. The importance
of this aspect of the industry is great, for in 1930
it was reported that 20 per cent of the actual
production was thrown back into the sea or
spoiled because of lack of ready market or storage
facilities.

The government-general has also promoted the

construction of improved fishing vessels and im-
plements; has aided in purchasing new equipment
for canneries; has given subsidies to encourage
fishing companies and the purchase of boats; and
has promoted the influx of Japanese fishermen to
Taiwan. A special radio station has been pro-
vided at Takao, to which ships report the occur-
rence of fish runs, the information then being
repeated by radio telephone to fishing boats at sea.
(A similar station was planned for Keelung but
it is not known whether this was established.)

In 1936 an aquatic training center was opened
at Keelung and a ship of the lOO-ton class was
attached to it. This training center, which an-
nually enrolled about 50 students, has a three-year
course of study with work in four fields : fishing,
fish processing, fish culture and fish management.

Table 22.— Taiwan: government administrative and
research agencies concerned with the fishing industry

Government-general of Taiwan:

Under the Oflfice of industrial production are
two units which deal with fisheries:

1. Marine products experiment station {Sui-

san Shikenjo) at Keelung. This station
had in 1938 a chief, one assistant and
six technicians. A branch of this insti-
tution with three technicians and one
clerical worker is at Tainan.

2. Marine products training school (Suisan

Koshu-jo). The personnel of this school
at Keelung includes a chief and seven
technicians.

Provincial governments:

Taihoku provincial government has a marine
products inspection bureau located at
Keelung.

Shinchiku provincial government has a sec-
tion entitled marine products research in-
stitute (Suisan Kenkyu-kjo) .

Taichu Province has a marine products in-
vestigation institute {Suisan Shikken jo).

Tainan provincial government has a marine
products experiment station (Suisan Ken-
kyu-jo).

Takao Province has a marine products re-
search institute.

RESTRICTED

APPENDIX A. NOTES ON FISHING INDUSTRY OF THE PESCADORES

%/

Vi

1. The sea catch of the Pescadores has increased

considerably in recent years. In 1939 the
catch was valued at ¥ 1,500,000.

2. There are two very prosperous grounds for the

sea fisheries based on the Pescadores
Islands : (a) in the south of the island group
where a branch stream of the Black current
meets with another current running south
from the North China Sea and forms the
so-called Formosa Bank; and (b) in the
South China Sea.

3. Especially during April and May large schools

of fish, are taken on the banks but some
types of fishing take place all year around.
(See Table 23 below).

4. Many varieties of fish are caught. Red tai,

sardine, shark and bonito are taken in large
numbers.

5. More than 6,000 persons are engaged in com-

mercial fishing (Table 23 below). On some
islands the inhabitants are chiefly fishermen.
6. Drag-nets, drift-nets, sekko fishing, hook-and-
line and other methods are in common usage
(Table 24, below).

Table 2S.— Pescadores: kinds of fisheries and uumher of
persons engaged in fishing, 19S0

Kind of fishing

Fishing seasuns

PereoBS

Red sea bream casting

methods All year round

Shark casting

Drag-net fishing '

»2
31«

Sakara )

fishing From April to August

From October to March

Bonito \

By means of drift net i
Casting net from shore v
Takiyose net by use of

fire to attract fish From April to October

Other methods

ToUl

WWI

i.c

M12

Table 2A.-Pescadores: total fish hauls, 1926-1928

(in kan) »

Fishing methods

Tai ( red sea bream >

Casting method

Shark casting method

Drag net method

Sahara

By means of drift nets

Bonito:

By means of drift nets

By means of casting nets from shore

Takiyose net

By use of fire to attract fish
Sekko fishing

(nets made of bamboo)

Funebiki Ami:

Dragging nets by means of boats
Other methods

Total

1926

1927

M.000

li,600
40.(KM)
48.000

16,500
58,500
4S.000

51.000

4S.000

102,238

74.0002

18.600
37,000
59.000

24,800
51,000
46.000

66.000

57,000
130.609

1928

78,000

35,600
45.000
73.000

36.000
56,000
47.500

62,000

55,000

100,573

516,738

663.009

588,673

^Source does not indicate unit of catch. Figures are presumably in kan (8.27 pounds).
2Thi8 figure is given as 7,400 in the source. 74.000 is probably the correct figure, in
which case the total is also correct.

7. Small fishing ports dot the coast. Mako is the

single largest fishing port.

8. Both motor boats and Chinese style fishing
^ craft are employed.

9. The yield of coral fishing in 1939 amounted to
¥ 200,000. Coral fishing is under direct gov-
ernment regulation and requires a govern-
ment license. Coral is found near Boko-to

26

27

RESTRICTED

and in the reefs around Shoguno-sho and
Tokichi-sho.

10. Salt and dried fish, shark fins, boiled fish

paste, skinned shrimp, shredded red sea-
bream and certain kinds of dried seaweed
are the processed fish products. The West
Taiwan Marine Products Company (Nishi
Taiwan Suisan K.K.) founded in 1939 and
located at Mako dominates the processing
industry. It also has marketing functions
and maintains an ice-manufacturing and
cold-storage plant.

11. Fishery associations and cooperatives are ac-

tive in the fishing industry of the Pesca-
dores. The associations are composed of
fishermen who live in the district in which
the association is located. Would-be mem-
bers must file an application and an admis-
sion fee is required.

12. After allocation of the fishing catch among

the members of the association, or among
the fishermen and crews in the case of co-
operatives, the distribution of income is as
follows :

(a) Fishing by means of motor boats. Of
the total amount earned by a haul, all ex- \
penses for oil, ice, bait and provisions are
deducted, and the remainder is equally
divided among the shareholders and fisher-
men.

(b) Fishing by means of Chinese-style
fishing boats. The total amount earned on a %
haul is divided into ten equal parts : one part
for the boat, two parts for the fishing equip-
ment, and one part for each fisherman (the
crew usually consists of seven members).

(c) Fishing by other means. In cases of
equal investment of the managers, the earn- %
ings are divided equally.

13. Fishing associations dispose of their surplus
money in the following manner at the end of
the fiscal year: reserve fund, 30 per cent;
fund for disaster relief, 10 per cent; fund ^
for enterprises, 20 per cent; dividends for
the members of the association, 40 per cent.
The reserve funds are used for the purchase
of equipment.

%

RESTRMCTED

^

APPENDIX B. NOTES ON FISHING INDUSTRY OF TAKAO PROVINCE

1. Almost 40 per cent of Taiwan's marine prod-

ucts come from Takao Province.

2. Several hundred boats were engaged in recent

years in net fishing from Takao. The catch
includes several hundred thousand kan of
each of the following: tuna, swordfish and
sharks.

'ib. In a recent year the fishing operations from
Takao were described as follows: boats of
10 to 25 horsepower made one-day fishing
trips; 30 to 35 horsepower, 7 to 12 days;
40 to 60 horsepower, 10 to 14 days; 80
horsepower and more, 15 to 18 days. Rec-

|F. ords are available of three very active fish-
ing boats, one of 11 tons and 15 horsepower
, which made 82 trips during 1928; another
of 17 tons and 25 horsepower which made
38 trips; and a third of 25 tons and 50
horsepower which made 29 trips during the

^ year. The smallest ship had a total catch
valued at ¥ 14,000; the second, ¥ 23,000;
and the largest, ¥ 28,000.

4. Fishing seasons for some types of fish caught
are summarized as follows:

PI (a) Swordfish.

(1) Korokawa (Black-skin). The year
around. Most abundant in January
and February. The fishing ground is
7 or 8 miles southwest of Takao.

(2) Basho-Kajiki (Banana swordfish).
Ill From April to July. Most abundant

5.

in May or June. The fishing ground
is 50 or 60 miles southwest of Sho
Ryukyu Island.

(b) Tuna.

(1) Khvada (Tuna). The year around.
Most abundant in November, Decem-
ber, April, May, June. The fishing
ground is 70 or 80 miles southwest
of Sho Ryukyu Island as well as
off-shore from Manila.

(2) Mehachi. From April to June. Fish-
ing ground is 150 miles southeast of
Takao.

(c) Shark.

(1) Hiragashira (Flat-head shark). Sea-
son : January to April.

(2) Hirozame (Wide shark?). Season:
the year around.

( 3 ) Shumokusame ( Hammer-head shark) .
Season: October to April.

(4) Oymgasame (Long-tail shark?). Sea-
son: October to April.

(5) Yoshikiri. Season : January to April.

A marine experimental station is maintained
at the city of Takao, together with an ex-
perimental fishing vessel, the Takao Maru,

At Takao a special radio station is equipped
to receive reports of fish runs and to repeat
the signals by radio-telephone to boats at
sea.

28

RESTRICTED

h

m

%

APPENDIX C. FOREIGN ECONOMIC ADMINISTRATION FISHING KITS

FOR SMALL-SCALE OPERATIONS

In 1942 the Foreign Economic Administration
(then the Board of Economic Warfare) devised
a fishing kit for small-scale commercial opera-
tions in the South Pacific. It is composed of an
assortment of apparatus which can be used under
various fishing conditions and circumstances and
can be easily transported. One or more of these
kits, assigned to military bases or to local settle-
ments, can provide a considerable amount of fresh
fish for immediate consumption. These kits, which
have now been used in the Solomons, Fijis, New
Hebrides and other parts of the South Pacific,
have proved excellent producers, although as a
result of use in these areas, several changes have
been suggested.

The kits are made up of simple types of stand-
ard fishing gear which can be fished in the coastal
areas and around the reefs from small motor
boats or rowboats and canoes. It is estimated the
gear in each kit will catch 2,000 to 6,000 pounds
of fish per week, depending upon the amount of
the different types of gear used at one time ; and,
of course, on the presence and kinds of fish in the
area.

In detail each kit contains the following :

Nets:

One complete haul seine.
One complete gill net.

One complete trammel net. ^

Lines:

Three complete sets of trawl lines.
Twelve complete hand lines (trolling lines).
Traps:

One fish trap (collapsed). |^

Two crayfish traps (collapsed).

Accessories:

An assortment of hooks, lines, lures, lead-
ers, swivels, sinkers, snaps, rings, etc.,
for the construction of trolling gear and
shark set lines. ^

Six fish knives.

Two gaff hooks. •

One dip net.

Mending apparatus.

All of this equipment is assembled compactljs^
in plainly marked packages which, if necessary,^
can be shipped by airplane. The material in each
kit as packed will weigh 1,100 pounds, and will
occupy 100 cubic feet of space.

These kits are now available through Naval
channels, and may be ordered via CinCPAC-POA^
Additional information may be obtained from the
Chief of Naval Operations, Central Division, Mili-
tary Government Section (Op. 13-2), Washington
25, D. C.

^

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31

RESTRICTED

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Alvarez, Jose Maria. Formosa, Geografia e Historica-

mente Considerada.
Annual Return of the Trade of Taiwan. Department of

Finance, Government-General of Taiwan. 1936 and 1937

volumes.

"Boko-cho suisangyo-chosa" (Investigation of Marine
Products Industry of Pescadores) Suisankai No. 567
(February 1930), Tokyo.

Dai nippon teikoku tokei nenkan (Japanese Empire Sta-
tistical Yearbook). Tokyo.

Far East Yearbook, Asia Statistics Co., Tokyo; 1941
latest issue available; section on Taiwan.

Goldschmidt, R. B., Neu Japan, Berlin, 1927.

Grajdanzev, Andrew J. Formosa Today, New York, In-
stitute of Pacific Relations, 1942.

lehisa, Satoru "Trawl Fishing Grounds in the South
China Sea." Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scien-
tific Fisheries. Vol. 8, No. 1 (May 1939).

JANIS Report on Taiwan.

Japan-Manchukuo Yearbook, The Japan-Manchukuo Year-
book Co., Tokyo, 1941 latest issue available; section on
Taiwan.

Japan Times and Mail. "Japan's Progress Number," July
1935 (section on Taiwan) and "Aquatic Industry Num-
ber", February 1935.

Konda, S. A Geography of the Marine Industry of Japan.
(Translated from Japanese) Tokyo, 1936.

Progressive Formosa, Govemment-Gftneral of Taiwan,
1926, section on marine industry. ^

Reed, Charles S. II "The Fishing Industry in Taiwan'^
Consular report, Taihoku, Taiwan, August 31, 1931.

Schepers, Hansj alius, Japan's Seefisherei, Breslau, 1935.

Suisan Nempo (Fisheries Yearbook), 1938 and 1940 vol-
umes, Tokyo.

Taiwan, A Unique Colonial Record, 1937-38, published by
the Kokusai Nippon Kyokai. ||^

Taiwan jijo, (Conditions in Taiwan), Oovernment-Generaf
of Taiwan, Taihoku, December 1939. Section 20-Marine
Products.

"Takao ni okeru suisan-jokyo" (Marine Products Condi-
tions in Takao) Suisankai, No. 567 (February 1930)
Tokyo.

Tokyo Chigaku-Kyokwai (Journal of the Tokyo Geo%
graphical Society). Note in April 1926 number on fish-
ing in Taiwan, Tokyo.

United Fishing Corporation and Its Enterprises, Tokyo
October 1929. '

United States Navy Department, Chief of Naval Opera-
tions, Washington, D. C. OPNAV&0E-12. Restricted,
Civil Affairs Handbook, Taiwan (Formosa), lb Jur^
1944. '^

OPNAV50E-13 Restricted, Civil Affairs Handbook,

Taiwan (Formosa) -Economic Supplement, 1 June 1944.

m

'^U.S. Government Printinjr Office: 1944—611035

^

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32

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COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES

This book is due on the date indicated below, or at the
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provided by the library rules or by special arraagement with
the Librarian in charge.

DATK ■OmiOWCO

DATK DUE

DATK BORROWCO

OATC DUC

caa (ii4») looM

) A

0U\

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#ki

§>>

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(

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NOV 2 3)994

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00594

D302.3

T}n394

U*S. Office of economic prograas. '
The fishing industry in Taiwan. ••

COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY LIBRARIIES

0041422856

MAR 9 1951

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■%

END OF
TITLE