Pele lt eet , viele welds Neideat snthnrotey Vira vive “ Mev jatarn yhgore rn ’ APs Ayhni 9d) Ne a ay a Oni eae) weet \! ac d woo W ob a nai ; te SPH er ar anes ’ ers verte V8 be abet nt am letete et tales tana a mel tee tots meas Sirus % hal anh Ate he BH Leste, x2 iter bets We ayes OR es Diehoes eal verdad ae os hey a ciean iL. . be bAl 70) phys fonts eaueep lubtateheb eile a RR etree tiaiete wah {utubolaveas ombate te wre MMe oances aes wt PEED be Mat . WW A) qe tenga, the , sspat as eee] ves stant 3 aA : beet ay NPern) tay Oh & trey ae De : paaeeonee UY mie «He agent shetee enn «m8 ar Aah 4 Mes nies whee Riehd : eae heewtiy sey 1484 evo pean toed bah hed bee @ ently oe ome wt a ~ hee > - W ae Rope Fabia Lp hibh rep, peter eaes os a ai aati ve agi aut “(pel . o> peed ae! ® Mand cere ant peri s v as ree een een r Senne. RPLET py a fv? iby we pony Sebasitentead Yeten seh Cuons ste + ewe MN, PA a we yal eho iy ” PH bitne PAfaartoMeik: avege “Fy 4094! & S45 18 ty aale WAG over) ey: Migeek®) 4 eet td op 99 Mets voy HAR ra a doy 4 Seat we } Ve. wt Selslivesotsn : Rein a ies oo , a 4 ; eG 6 Re m4 ‘| eter ae sures iy say ; ane a WS ere b otek pales pat *eyegs Us Nore Ae em Bom eh Lot ~pbode} de%sb son EM eAg™ Her VNC ay et iva) We kee NAM WP A hetere et vere Aae- irr recess shal dots hetene caemraeminaat Git tiehate + em inrsh eek, “ eis (erp WA OLLOUN Osapayl ftatel Uy oet ye re) Keay ure aie Pe ely , . mytts Sys “oo SES 4th) +\tra hive, *yeets * He he kp he neh why Ver hind soba PARE ete Ve s0ie mths eit bath seat Lage lav qeynsgroteph: a) 44 MND Nhays bebered 1-8 oF basa dy rt COU HEINE Lhe tn “ we Crary Alt wet oe Oe avy 98 50 as abs ote be ts wren be) Mey @be wh ont bake ns tht -~ Tonto he fhe “Ve imeyny mI $4 Were, cae Nyae eh yet " eebiohaut ime wth? 8 Nett oe ocbaeam seine 1504 he wrod da eyes ty © im) + PDL OoD eted moped eae bt! tt £4 a3 HP ebay mueye eine’ agajennyet + a hoapes WHO tot ee ~~ fans rie Y Pyke we piteeht nitetten . say 4 seb Oi tee! BOS 40 bse hoe, Heder wm whet te Por@rabe de taal tAeuteee sey TS leete Arnage Peter ott tase pa inetanlol hal: wets Se. mey hits beh te snalafe wecete's? ~ noeh4 sp eonerete Pye DROID FP prrtaag reewss Pete vieby! 4 Mapa tt reves re horas wee mie yhbat telah se Tene wee Heownetehoteg oe jo me ee es Lanett) dott Po} mene erate diys Ht DYMO eS owe oy by tito ty (ale. ” i otnktny “ neva wah Pe he ar en ey | SOM) dal pyeire oh hreee ee ‘ Jetdal . +e Were ratty MANGA vive nbive) 1 iN Os the Pitieiott A de eatin t BM thote ANN! dove A Hath Dee falelnye is pote a ‘ atte baled “PAY Aap peyang Parr i oe bh mae bse at a ae an eR eee dealenped 6 Lee y * ian a ocsies ict \ " aie ener te te Pwr bee. ee . He ery met hee “el Medwyen mt) PAD Mahe ve) YD ete tree 1% Terata Semi he tele a PAS Se) vain. gy ina “yt porate bela » beers oa rer este MA ebald v Aaah hs vs yt 3 metry hire oa m . * } Ae HRs wea wy ne tend NA COM MI GE Oh ee Sydes “aie ho ve 83, 7) MySerety ‘ ht Ths ah ihs - Sicvtny be t4 enh AD * 4FPRIPE OR eaes Ve he a bes bd Nyt ABW) a! Pe Mlebe de® ARNG § 1 PE vba le tn Mf ryeebey mpg eo penis ene © OB od aint ‘ albat Wy Artes & " verry ete htweneat ey Vyitoiay brea . reed rh te wears whthh byw Lan NOARIN Fi ca sf TAS ALS OH 8, a he e Nopaces ‘ Vries tomas yr ries tinas th sins i" ee) he {eithde Neen fact iene PHO ahatered eens cs en yee be dale arerey mele WON mal ele. ghee ot WPL aPebsialy beens aatety Lok ROTH ay SE OD Ia Bhat . lnph Arie A A ihe wy qe & DY opdsnteyy! tape nobidatele chan reee® . Tupptagahs we Hm hats" eye) hed Hehe gs) lel tet qgee rrr eae Came nr biltbetestenl tohitt ona Mboar ties ive Re ee ee ent Lesa CPE OA OO OF tes enn s inquirer! “ EF ay sa 898 OA OF yy 0h" omy bhats salts Hy he > oe Abs mak Ghee 4404 , es ome ore CR ates ree haya “ are MAO pene ra Rane ae ean oe ey wh 8 v2 4 dwidat “I Beet io biasehahtettnieu . ah . were {roiaegrrc erie Pri qeten vee OO Ae whan wd PSN Sit H Wie Gury meyag) tol atal we ertns eye ati + yep ate Ae i Moyne teas veel & we > v petmary terrae cr) *. « ane nage “wr io a eer \idabana tee ) wa aot rN te wm bey J rere Pane ribwlee vy wren ty peta npn e ‘OA N Phe otal RTA etait, vt ag ware tater sagt tes 1] Dery etD Opt he ite . Vaeaveveha ‘ety Cee | West he a yeve ee ery Mate Ny aA AO ree’ eet 01 RE apts (ge aio OF vt Ane Sa lakishabe- Abd reteere’ hel wd ll Eee srr ¢ a spas Bela hy Copenh ye . Se Oe ote i GODOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOQOOOOOOO THE LISRARY OF CONGRESS, Two Copies Received JAN 5 1903-] Copyright Entry Weary 1a~— Iq00 CLASS ‘A 3 No. COPYRIGHTED, 1900, BY DRAPER PUBLISHING AND SUPPLY COMPANY, CHICAGO, ILL. © ee e e« eee « coc + ® @6e . e e Oe ee eeete ° co 8 € ce ear ee sa S8ee © ec eee ; € @e@ @ee ee er e Cat aed bi @ (6) 50, ‘6 @ig 6 Yee 6 eee ecec a c e . L x90 e%e COO OR CoE Cf ete e°s ewe 4, € « Se eo eto ne e oe 9 « e ee e@ « « ce « € 6.007, 6 =o HC c e © eee Ct OR Ay COC CC © ee ee eo eaee6 @¢ “eU ee 2 © ee Pcinted by Draper Publishing and Supply Co. Chicago, Ill. Author’s Preface. O more enchanting work, perhaps, falls to the lot of the shepherd than that of the fitting of his show flock for battle in the ring. A well-fitted show-flock is the pride of the shepherd, the joy of the flockmaster, and one of the prettiest and FEererr ee eye most valuable object lessons that can be pre- oe sented to lovers of rural life. Whilst it is unde- niably true that we have fmany really clever fitters among us, it is no less true that the proportion of American born ones is lamentably small. The reasons that may be offered in defense of such state of things are legion; among the most prominent being: The jealous way in which shepherds guard their “secrets,’—so-called—and the half-hearted way in which the majority of our most popular works on sheep- husbandry treat on this most important branch in the man- agement of stud flocks. : This volume is not intended as a brilliant literary pro- duction, but as a plain, practical instructor to the novice who aspires to become proficient in the art of fitting sheep for the show-ring, market, etc. What I have gleaned from many years of practical ex- perience in the fitting and handling of show-flocks, in the United States, Canada, and England, on what I believe to be the most modern and approved principles, will be herein chronicled in as clear and terse a manner as the author’s literary abilities will allow. That many of our fraternity will find this volume of value, and help to them is the sincere wish of : SHEPHERD, BOY. CONTENTS. PART I. FITTING SHEEP FOR SHOW. Selection—Seek for Constitution—The State Fair as an Object Les- son—Judgment—Points—The Fleece—The Skin—Feeding—Feeding to be Governed by Temperament—The Feeding of Lambs—Usual Way ef Feeding Lambs—Punctuality in Feeding—Importance of Forcing— What is Bloom?—Ewes Damaged by Their Own Urine—Milk-fed Lambs—Early Lambs Best for Show—Getting Ewes in Season—A Good Cress for Exhibition Purposes—Housing—Exercise—Care of Feet—Shearing—Stubble-Shearing—Blocking Out—Show Lambs Not to be Shorn—Washing—Dipping—Coloring—Trimming—Blanketing—How Blankets are Made—The Fitting of Wethers—Making Entries for Show—Starting for the Shows—What Constitutes the Various Classes of Show Sheep—Overheating of Show Stock—The Importance of Ex- ercise for Show Sheep While on the Circuit—Sheep Getting Tired— Judging Day—Showing Out—How to Reduce Show Stock—Spring Crops—The Preparation of Sheep for Sale by Auction—Preparing Rams for Sale AIRE elike GENERAL MANAGEMENT OF THE FLOCK. The Relation of Shepherd and Flockmaster—The Evolution of the Modern Mutton Breeds—On Purchasing the Flock—The Fleece of Breeding Stock—Mating—Inbreeding—The Management of the | Ram When in Service—The Teaser—The Sheep Barn—In the Shepherds’ Room—Ventilation—How Often Should the Sheep Barn be Cleaned ?— The Importance of Abundant Bedding—The Value of a Straw Stack —The Importance of Keeping Sheep of Different Ages Separated— Shepherd’s Marking Ink—Hurdles—Lambing Pens—The Care of Preg- nant Ewes—Importance of Exercise for Breeding Ewes—Change of Pasture—Feeding the Breeding Ewes—A Cheap and Healthful Ration for Breeding Ewes—Regularity in Feeding—At What Time Should Lambs Come?—Period of Gestation—The First Symptoms of Yean- ing—How to Manage a Ewe When Yeaning—Troubles in Yeaning— Ewes Disowning Their Lambs—How to Make Them Own Them— How to Make a Stanchion—How to Suckle a Lamb—Reviving a Chilled Lamb—Wool to be Clipped from the Ewe’s Flanks and Udder—How to Catch a Sheep—Raising a Cosset Lamb—Marking the Lambs— Feeding the Lambs—Baby Fat—Ear-tagging—Weaning—Docking— CONTENTS— Concluded. Maggots—Breeding of Ewe Lambs—Using Ram Lambs—Breeding of Dorsets Twice a Year—How to Tell a Sheep’s Age—Tagging—How to Drench a Sheep—Dipping—The Shearing of Stud Flocks—Various Styles of Shearing—On Tying the Fleece. PART III. RAISING HOTHOUSE LAMBS. Ewes to be Stimulated by Extra Feed—Castrating or Docking Spring Lambs Unnecessary—Desirable Markets—In the Hothouse—Rations for Spring Lambs—Rations for the Breeding Ewes. PART IV. COMMON AILMENTS OF THE FLOCK AND HOW TO TREAT THEM. The Hospital—The Stomach Worm—To Prevent the Attack of the Gadfly—Constipation—White Scours—The Liver Fluke—Woolballs in Lambs’ Stomachs—Stretches—Navel-ill—Garget—Ewes Casting Their Withers—Scab—Tapeworm—Inflammation of the Eyes—‘‘Quidders’’— Diarrhoea — Joint-evil — Tumors — Caked Udder—Abortion—Lice—The Sheep Tick—Footrot—Grub in the Head—Bloat—Broken Limbs—Urin- ary Troubles of Rams—Colic—Rupture—Sore Teats—How to Bleed a Sheep—Nodular Disease of the Intestines—Hints on Making a Post- Mortem Examination (illustrated). PART Wis FORAGE CROPS THAT ARE ESPECIALLY SUITABLE FOR SHEEP. Forage Crops — Roots — Cabbage — Thousand-headed Kale — White Mustard—Kohl Rabi—Cemmon Turnips—Mangels, or Beets—The Sand Vetch—The Spring Vetch--Rye—How to Raise Rape—Rape in the Cornfield—Ensilage—Sainfoin—Alfalfa, or Lucerne. PART VI. SLAUGHTERING AND DRESSING SHEEP AND LAMBS FOR MARKET. Selection of Fat Lambs—Fasting—Appliances for Slaughtering— Sticking—‘‘Pithing’’—Legging — ‘‘Wizzling’’ — Washing — Gutting— Skewering up the Shanks, etc.—Fixing up a Lamb—How to Fix a Poor Lamb to Make it Appear Fat—Packing and Shipping—Clean- liness in Dressing—How to Cut Up a Mutton Carcass—On Judging Mutton Sheep. ILLUSTRATIONS. 1. How to make a sheep blanket.............. Kicaltiocae@s mae ee Oo 2. Exterior view of modern sheep barn............... PATO Oe G2 3. Interior view of modern sheep barn................- ifs intel svaamtt vette 74 4, Ground plan of modern sheep barn... cece ee testa cenae 76 SUES TEPULG Nh tr Lore cine Se ara Rie Cote ccate betas ei iarel ela kare ore eairareretets eietesb ise al (oevel a 85 PEPLTETOLLG EIN Osa sae oxi ete co etela we cin sare Hewes oiels wus ca mat aib ieee 'd eiven oRtetslo sueitsye 86 ee CHAIR URE AMY (CHROLREINE |. cists: sare ois. cle svelri ely tal alere/a\'s. Srna ain 2 Paiste anes 116 OPT eV ETC FULL Orn PLA sore ota hs ioreretnieisss acchainsia.6:0 iela/eralcia “shapers! < alias 132 LH STAIN FOL . CADDINE ADL t set carats oa sibLais, acs oiavarcis a ayeresie Ww eatratetere's 134 10. Sheep shorn the long way.... atts RIS Mii ot cee one aie si Minin ek cgaunl tasaretnt ee ata 138 See rea Ms URGH In, DICECINE SHEED sic 6s cle miele sic lo\simi vie victe wo micle piv pialase © veigx 195 Ree arUaliy: GISSECTER jSHECD oc cie ci ciclo os wieder ttete sais a wc I oes lntsvelaria ea ware 200 Roman Cresseds trith! JON 2 DACKBEUS:". are cvlero arsve,oih aycvere aiahats Si elstsjeherenciacie 204 Pe eeuambaressed with short. DACKSEUS):..'d. i atatele ern etal 226 PP LCCRHCO BVGCATIONE | WREENGI cr, cidis celeste s\s.ce"a aVoisinie Sisva(sra scl alspetstarm Vittate ote 229 19. Lamb dressed with short backsets—front view..................0. 231 PLATES. eRe DICE) ES STIS SCONE. <.55.<72 = ete mera sta sid yeld ensya.becaLsig ae"s Frontispiece UR OREECUC SUR AIN 55 arora ccs, ni alre tale cate ta) o sae Sy eTehS tyes ny adahate clans (ote, 6a siapeimibers, ete 23 EC REODL EE GES, MUTI COLIS aya pes cafe (orm sah oj ore lal ales) Suton s Aa epc tO Sen aie © Slalate Meso ec oe 51 Evareariponiilet: Ramm ““Kogiser acs creel s «sie pe since tie sien ere aveistcjers eieieie ere 56 PEPE ELNIETIS ALOR aiay ave, aiare c wtore eleva state cfeis Sk EME WERE: ohetniehe ahaa palevatolabsiicley dhe 5S iemeeeOU Ots Americ¢any MeriNOS 28 sc isays carne, Sele tke aerterieeisicls de 67 en mee SELES OAKES ER SUNY 9.01 cs a coin valerate oraun a atetaeimitetcleTae alae stein ace scales stare tes i uinta 81 VMibtameeincktace) Mighiand: GRAM. a ert oar ke cis s shore ele w yess hetere'ercte nine wi ois 93 TOTO D +O bee I OLSEES c,0 vate eR eeteicrs cheiceafereists; Liv mai’ sh step svale gts ese tol Ba eons 103 Se LINO LILLE LIN Oo otras ethan cre atarel sete aie «ats Steere lcisaeicnsn @ayairela) citctte saree ow ete oie eptale’s. ie elcid «'atalle.'siao eee exose idles 179 PIA INE: “FANT FS SCUSA TION sind da. ore, olniccn.prelejarea 6 scaled « e.alb.ew wie ieielere 189 (el a Raed Selection. N-THE selection of suitable subjects for the % show-ring, the greatest care and soundest judg- ) ment must needs be employed to avoid disaster at the cutset, and animals carrying only the truest impress and highest characteristics of the breed peEtEyy intended to be represented, should be selected. Whilst size is a most important factor in the make-up of a show animal, the fact should not be lost sight of that quality must under no consideration be sacrificed at the expense of quantity. That an animal of extra large size, possessed of extra quality, must naturally defeat an animal of less size and carrying no more quality than its opponent, must be at once clear to the merest novice. It does not stand that no big rams carry quality of a high degree any more than all small or medium size ones carry the superlative degree of quality. But it should be borne in mind that a happy combination of size and quality, and vice-versa, is the key-note of the exhibitors’ success. Seek for Constitution. One most important feature in the selection of our sheep is constitution. Be observant that both rams and ewes carry 7 8 FITTING SHEEP nn the true signs of constitution, but don’t mistake yourself that coarseness is evidence of this valuable characteristic. There are many powerfully built sheep, that is, sheep car- rying immense bone, which are constitutionally weak. Many of the largest members of our flocks are upon examination found to be built upon lines wholly against the laws that denote strong constitution. They are slab-sided, or in other words, their ribs are imperfectly sprung, they have not the necessary room for the proper development of a healthy pair of lungs. The muscles of the leg, the muscle fibre, and ro- tundity of the twist that show the strength to carry a heavy body are not in evidence, neither is thickness of flesh, breadth of skull, width between the eyes, and the short, thick, stubby face that denotes power of stubborn endurance. Usually a sheep low on leg, with well sprung ribs, deep in chest, strong in twist, carries a constitutiou that will meet all ordinary requirements and expectations of modern shepherds. The State Fair as an Object Lesson. No better opportunity offers itself to the novice for observ- ing what really constitutes quality of a high degree in sheep than that of a visit to almost any of our State fairs; especially those of the Middle and Eastern states. Here we find con- gregated together in battle array, some of the finest specimens of sheep that the world can produce, or money purchase; and it is here we find ample room for comparison of degree of quality as pertains to the various exhibits of one individual breed of sheep, or the broader comparison of breed against breed; this, then, will not fail to prove one of the most FOR SHOW RING AND MARKET. 9 interesting and valuable object lessons procurable to the youthful aspirant to fame in the show-ring. Judgment. It is among the thoughtful, patient and observant shep- herds that we find our best judges of sheep. It requires con- stant handling of a breed to become thoroughly acquainted with the true exhibition points, qualities and merits of a breed. In these days of rapid progress, fashion asserts her sway, even on subjects pertaining to shepherding. The type of some of our leading mutton breeds of sheep has undergone a decidedly marked change and great improvement during the past ten years; therefore, it can be easily understood why to become a really expert judge of a breed it requires thought, observation, and the constant handling and study- ing of a breed to thoroughly understand the true type that fashion dictates as being the correct one of to-day. Whilst in fat stock contests the mutton conformation of the animal is the leading consideration, in breed contests the embellish- ments that must accompany true mutton form in the make- up of a typical show animal must be given due consideration. It is well for the novice to hold this fact in view, and if he is not satisfied in himself that he is capable of making judicious selections of show stock, he should seek aid from the many reliable sources this country admits of. Quite often judges are called upon and accept the respon- sibility of passing judgment upon exhibits of the various breeds of sheep, the character and general conformation of which they cannot be said to be conversant with. Although they may conscientiously do the best their judgment dictates, 10 FITTING SHEEP they sometimes err so much that they do great harm and injustice to the breeders and their exhibits, while at the same time they detract from their own credit as judges of the breed of sheep the merits and points of which they may be actually conversant with. While we may know what the most de- sirable conformation of the body of a typical mutton sheep may be, the type and characteristics of the various mutton breeds vary so much that to get a correct idea of them we must have considerable experience in handling them before we should be admitted as critical judges of any of the breeds we are to pass judgment upon. For those having experience in handling sheep other than the Merino to pass judgment upon a modern Shropshire could not be accepted as anything but an injustice to the breeder and exhibitor, and vice versa, for what can a shepherd who has handled nothing but mutton breeds be expected to know about the technical points and type of a well-bred Merino? It cannot be expected that he should know any more than a Shire horse breeder who has never handled a race horse should be acquainted with the points of the latter. Another mistake often made by judges is that of allowing over-fed, broken-down sheep to take premier places over sheep that are in the fullest of health and bloom. While they will carefully examine the fleece to find a trace of dark wool, and the skin for undesirable discolora- tions, they will totally ignore the importance of trotting the animals around the ring to see if they are firm on their pas- terns or have been overheated in feeding and thereby ren- dered useless for procreating their species. When an animal is shown let him be shown for what he is actually worth to-day, not for what he has been, or what he may some day be. Entirely too many sheep are shown which are said to have FOR SHOW RING AND MARKET. 11 been injured on the cars, when in reality they are nothing more or less than lame, over-fed, broken-down, useless tubs of blubber dressed in sheep’s clothing. Points. I have always considered that the principal points of a ram to be a thick, heavy scrag, a broad, distended nostril, and a thick shapely twist. In company with these, we almost invariably find a strong, robust constitution; broad, fleshy loin; full, broad chest and brisket, breadth between the ears and eyes; good, broad, level, smooth crops, and a good, strong level back. When working as a slaughterman in the old country, I almost invariably noticed that animals carry- ing the thick scrag and full twist were the best “cutters” all the way through. A ram with a thin scrag, or twist, should be quickly discarded for show or any other purpose. A well sprung rib is usually found in company with a full, shapely twist; on the other hand, however, it does not follow that an animal carrying the most correctly sprung rib in- variably carries a good twist. It appears that nature does more for the welfare and proper development of the fore- quarters of the male animal than it does for his hind-quarters. This is plainly evident in the conformation of the male sex of almost all wild animals of a herbivorous nature. The heavy shoulders appear unbecoming and unsuitable companions for the lank hind-quarters of many of these animals; this same . thing being evident also among our domestic animals where breeding has not been carefully studied. There is always a tendency among dur domestic animals to reversion, and with neglect they will soon be on the road 12 FITTING SHEEP of retrogression. It is very easy ior the novice to make a serious mistake in judging the points of an animal by con- founding a poor twist with a good one; he too often thinks. that because a sheep is ‘“‘well-meated’” down the thighs and not “‘split up” behind that he is perfect in twist. Upon crit- ical examination, however, this does not always prove to be true. Upon taking a rear view of an animal we often find that although “well meated’’ down the leg, even to the gambrel joint, it shows a somewhat contracted or squeezed Se neerance the leg of mutton showing a tendency to flatness instead of roundness. Then, again, the legs are not set-wide enough apart, and that graceful curve and full muscle that goes to form the well-developed twist is not in evidence, neither does the animal stand with that degree of assurance and strength, or is he so active on his feet as the animal that carries the well formed twist. There is as much difference in the shape of a good twist and a poor one as there is in a well- shaped pear before and after being flattened out by pressure. The sheep with a well-formed twist carries mutton on both the inside and outside of the leg; the rotundity of the leg plainly showing it. Sheep strong in the twist are not usually easily broken down while being fitted for the show ring, where the proper and necessary exercise is allowed them. Good twists are more often met with in short-legged animals than in others. Another thing which does not usually receive the neces- sary attention and judgment at the hands of the novice, and indeed many of our experienced judges, is the proper devel- opment of the crops of a sheep. Too many animals that have no crops at all, as it were, too often receive honors that should be given to more deserving animals. No animal with imper- FOR SHOW RING AND MARKET. 13: ee CEU UU EE SEES REESE fectly sprung ribs can be said to be good on the crops. Where the ribs are well sprung the shoulders are well set apart, but where the animal is slab-sided the shoulder-blades usually run together at a point, which at once condemns the animal as one decidedly poor in the crops, and an animal poor in this point cannot be accepted as of a desirable mut- ton form. All rams of both the Downs and the Longwools should be polled or free from horns. No matter how good they may otherwise be, no ram should be awarded a premium that shows the slightest trace of horns or stubs. Even now, after many years of careful breeding our Downs are liable to produce horns once in a while, but of course cases of this kind be- come more rare each year. The Fleece. The fleece of show stock should be minutely examined, and any showing the slightest tendency to dark or black spots should not be countenanced, either as show or breeding stock. There is a tendency in some breeds to “throw dark spots” in fleece more so than in others. I refrain from in- dividualizing or mentioning breeds, for reasons that must be obvious. Sometimes these black spots, if any exist, are to be found in the wool on the thighs or more properly, per- haps, hind legs of the animal. Sometimes the purest blooded sheep are found carrying imper(ections of the fleece, such as dark or gray tufts of wool, on their sides or other parts of their bodies; in many cases they are so small as to be easily overlooked by the judge, while in others they will be as large as a silver dollar. This, 14 FITTING SHEEP of course, being plainly visible at once condemns them as show animals. Some unscrupulous exhibitors have been known to do some pretty sleek “jockeying” to hide these defects. There are instances in which ten cents worth of dye has been known to be the means of a sheep—that was utterly disqualified for show purposes on account of defects of the fleece—winning a premium to which another animal was justly entitled. Sheep having traces of black or discol- ored wool are very apt to transmit them to the offspring, hence the importance of at once turning down a specimen carrying these defects. Down sheep with long coarse fleeces should not be selected as candidates for the show ring, no matter what other good qualities they may have to recom- mend them, neither should sheep with the least trace of “kemp” in its fleece, as it cannot possibly win under a judge that is worthy of the name. Kemp is usually found on sheep carrying a light, open fleece. It is most prominent on the breech of the animal, more so than on any other part of its body, although it is usually found disseminated entirely over it. Some authorities claim this to be a disease. The writer has always considered it more of a freak of nature, as some- times lambs from the best bred flocks, both males and fe- males, will be found to be “kempy.” In no case is it advisable to use an animal that has the least trace of “kemp” in its fleece for breeding purposes. A show sheep of the Down breeds should be covered from the “nose to the toes” with as compact, dense, and fine a fleece as is possible to procure in an animal that has all the other qualities that go in the make-up of a really good show animal. When examining the fleece in selecting candidates for exhibition purposes great attention should be given to the condition of the “breech” FOR SHOW RING AND MARKET. 15 of the animal, as this is where defects in the fleece will be most conspicuous, if existing at all. The finest and most valuable portion of the fleece is found at a point near the center of the shoulder-blade, and extending in a line along the animal's side to a point just above the flank. The student would do well to carefully examine and study the difference in the nature and quality of the various parts or sections of the fleece of the stock he intends to exhibit before wasting eare and feed on animals that on account of the inferiority in these respects cannot possibly win a premium. A close, dense fleece is generally short in staple. This is preferable, however, to the long, coarse, open fleece; that is, where the Down breeds of sheep are considered. The fleece is the cri- terion of the health of a sheep, and where the show animal’s fleece is dry and harsh something surely is wrong, as a well- ied sheep when in health carries a fleece full of life and lustre. The fleece of the Dorset is wonderfully free from defects, as far as discoloration of same is considered. The writer has never as yet seen a Dorset clothed in a black or discolored fleece. This is no doubt accounted for from the fact of their having been bred in purity for so long a time. It is important that the fleece of the Longwools be of great length of staple, strong in fibre, and finely’crimped almost to curliness. The Skin. The skin of show, and, for that matter, of all sheep, should be of a beautiful, rich, brilliant pink, free from foreign color or shade. It is claimed (and no doubt with good reason) by the greatest living authorities, that a pale skin points to 16 FITTING SHEEP a delicate constitution. This is amply proven by the fact that the most beautiful pink skin of the most robust, healthy animal will fade and assume a dull, sickly, pale hue when attacked with disease; therefore, we may assume that a pink skin is a safe criterion of health. What is a pink skin? This question is more easily asked than answered. When we speak ofa pink skin as pertaining to sheep we understand it to be a pure soft pink, pure as the pinkest shade of color to be found in the whole list of our Flora. Some sheep, even those that have undergone the ordeal of fitting, are the possessors of skins that are so dark in color that they cannot with any degree of truth be classed as pink, while on the other hand some are possessors of skins either so pale or so spotted that neither can successfully lay claim as owners of pink skins. Feeding and. general treat- ment will considerably affect the hue or shade of the skin. The color of the skin is sometimes heightened by high feeding, while poor treatment will give it a decidedly paie and “off” appearance. The intending exhibitor should well consider the character of the animal’s skin if his ambition and hopes are to be real- ized in the show-ring. In some breeds of sheep imperfect skins are more common than in others. The writer has al- ways found that Dorsets when in good health carry a pink skin to a greater degree of perfection than any other breed he has yet handled. Feeding. The successful feeding of show animals is an art in which very few, comparatively, can be said to excel. It is not a difficult matter to fatten sheep, usually, but to place an FOR SHOW RING AND MARKET. 17 —— $$ — exhibit in the show-yard in that ripe, happy, and balanced condition known as bloom, is a matter that no haphazard feeder can ever hope to successfully cope with, especially where stale stock is under consideration. (By stale stock, I mean aged stock that has been repeatedly fitted.) Whilst it is advisable, generally, to have new, fresh, young animals to exhibit each season, sometimes it is found profitable to fit an ahimal of outstanding character and .nerit more than one season. The art and aim of the cook is to cook articles of food to a nicety; not over or underdone, but “just so.” The art and aim of the shepherd should be to fit to a nicety. There is a moment in the life of a flower when it is in the height of bloom, when its beauty is at its best, and in its most perfect state; another moment and it is descending the road to decay, its bloom is gone, and therefore its charms. Just so with our show sheep. There is an indescribable charm in the appearance of the fleece, consistency of flesh, and color of skin, aye, even the countenance of an animal in perfect bloom, that never can be found in either the under-fed or over-fed one. Feeding tu be Governed by Temperament. An old adage says: “‘What is one man’s food is another man’s poisen.” What will make bloom on one animal will sometimes make blubber on another; therefore the tempera- ment of the animal under course of fitting must be consulted to bring about good results. If the feeder is a careful ob- server and attentive to his business, he will soon learn what the various members of his flock are capable of, as regards 18 FITTING SHEEP feeding. Ewes, as arule, fatten more readily than either rams or wethers. Aged ewes are apt to take on soft, blubbery, superfluous fat, unless very carefully fed and abundantly ex- ercised. The Feeding of Lambs. The first few days alter parturition is a very critical time among high-bred, blooded stock, and great care should be exercised in the feeding of the dam, as most assuredly any irregularity of her system will be transmitted to the off- spring. Again, I would warn the novice of the ill effects of the over-feeding of grain. Over-rich milk, sometimes the result of grain feeding, means poison to the newly yeaned lamb. Plenty of ordinary fodder is the best food for a ewe that has recently yeaned. Grain can be fed with good results as soon as the ewe and lamb are “up and getting thar.” Scours and constipation are the most common source of trouble to the new-born lamb. If the lamb appears dull, and sleepy, constipation is usually found to be the cause. Give an injection of warm soapy water, and change diet of ewe; this will quickly rectify this trouble. Bran, oats and oil-cake, mixed to suit the temperament, and constitution of the animal, cannot be surpassed as a grain ration for milking ewes. One pound a day will be found ample where clover hay and roots are in abundance. As soon as the lambs commence to eat they get bran anc oats, mixed, and clover hay ad libitum, fed in troughs, anc racks set in a pen partitioned off from where the ewes can get access to it and the lambs can get it, by going through “creeps.” After a while—say three weeks—oilmeal should be added to their grain ration. FOR SHOW RING AND MARKET. 19 Usual Way of Feeding Lambs. As soon as the lambs are weaned, my methods of feeding are as follows: At 6 A. M. a light grain ration, composed of bran, oats and oil meal, with a little specially-prepared “lamb food’ added; after which follows a ration of rape, oats, peas, or a combination of these valuable fodders, fed, of course, in a green state at noon; a mere taste of grain, clover cut early in the morning, and having been allowed to become wilted, thereby minimizing danger of bloat. At 6 P. M. moderate grain ration, and about a two hours’ run in the rape lot, in the cool of the evening, when weather permits. Good bright clover hay must be fed after each meal, care being observed to change it often. In fact, as soon as each animal has got through eating the allowed ration, all troughs and hay racks should be emptied of their contents. The appetite must be cultivated very carefully; stale rations are detrimental to the well being of our stock. Punctuality in Feeding. The feeding of stock intended for exhibition purposes must be attended to with the utmost punctuality and regularity by the watch, and “at the drop of the hat,” as it were. Condi- tion powders should be fed occasionally. Unnecessary to mention, perhaps, salt must be always provided. Importance of Forcing. It may be superfluous to mention that all young animals intended for show purposes should never have known what real hunger is; but, on the contrary, have been pushed 20 FITTING SHEEP along as rapidly as is consistent with safety since their birth. A shiftless, unattentive, unfaithful shepherd can never hope to attain any fame in exhibition circles. Regularity and punctuality in feeding must be his watchword, or he fails to accomplish anything. Whilst grain is an indispensable adjunct to the successful feeding and fitting of show stock, I am herein tempted to say without the least fear of possible successful contradiction, that there are more show animals ruined and more shepherds have failed as fitters of show stock by the over-feeding of grain than from any one other known cause. What does it mean? It means blubber, it means founder, it means rickets, it means overheating and grogginess, it means ruin to the flockmaster, and disgrace to the shepherd. So I say to the young aspirant to show honors, Beware! Rations of a juicy, succulent nature are what bring about that beautiful happy condition, known as “bloom” to the show-follower. Rape, cabbage, kale, rutabagas, beets and mangels—the lat- ter-named not for rams, however—are both food and medi- ‘cine to the growing animal. Grain is a most valuable adjunct in the composition of the show animal’s ration when fed in a rational and moderate manner, but a direct injury and poison when once the bounds of moderation are strained. How much grain should be fed to an animal depends much on its constitution, age, etc. This must be governed by the feeder. What is Bloom. A question more easily asked than answered. Out of a hundred shepherds of which this question may be asked per- haps not five per cent could give an intelligible answer. I FOR SHOW RING AND MARKET. 21 cannot describe what bloom is; I have tried, time and again, but in each attempt have I signally failed. The best answer that I can give to the question is, that ‘Bloom is the extreme height of condition to which an animal can be fed without injury to its constitution—that state or condition that can promise of no higher perfection. As with a flower, there is a day when a sheep may be said to be unripe, while the fol- lowing day it may be in full bloom, again another day, and like the flower it may be over ripe and on the downward road to decay unless the shepherd be skilful enough to hold him there. It is so with ourselves. There is a day when we are at our best. Then why is it that the novice sometimes thinks himself slighted and his sheep unfairly dealt with when, in his esti- mation, his sheep are well fitted and “fat” enough to win anywhere? Simply because his sheep are over-fitted and lack bloom, he does not know where to draw the line between bloom and blubber, but the judge does. The youthful exhib- itor should endeavor to impress upon his own mind the fact that a sheep that is gaining in flesh is to a certain extent in bloom, but not in the sense that applies to show stock. A sheep going up hill is not in bloom, neither is a sheep that is on the downward course, but the one that is on the crest of the hill, as it were, is. It is a comparatively easy matter to get our sheep in bloom, but a very difficult one to keep them in that desirable condition. When we once have them in bloom we must keep watch that they do not get over-fat, soft, and blubbery. An animal that is ‘‘on the shrink” will handle soft, as likewise will an overdone specimen. It is not advisable for an inexperienced feeder to attempt 22 FITTING SHEEP FOR SHOW RING AND MARKET. holding over his fall fair exhibits with the idea of showing them at the winter fat stock shows, it being far preferable to fit animals not so forward, as they almost invariably come under the hand in a much finer and firmer condition. Ewes Damaged by Their Own Urine. In the fitting of his sheep for show the shepherd some- times finds, when the ewes become fat, no little trouble from their hind quarters becoming scalded by their own urine running down over them, and unless attention is given to it right off, the parts become very sore and foul, and the wool liable to come off in a solid mass. As soon as this trouble is noticed the shepherd should thoroughly wash the parts affected, and after wiping dry, thoroughly rub vaseline into. the fleece and skin where saturated with urine. This should be done every three or four days to ensure any beneficial results. Milk=Fed Lambs. It is an open question whether the feeding of milk to show lambs is a benefit or not. That this method forces them both as regard to size'and flesh, there is no question; but, whether it can be said to be a lasting benefit, is questionable, and I believe that purchasers of this kind of stock are usually disappointed in their purchase ere a year has elapsed after the animal coming into their possession. In teaching a lamb to suck milk from a bottle or can, it is well to commence in the early part of its life, the milk must be tried or tested carefully to see what effect it has on the lamb. If the milk is too rich, it will cause either scours, or constipation, and OEE ‘SIMA ‘XOSSNS ‘UOS FW MOLY IY “Oar) jo Ayaadoig “AVA GYOAXO ie fa 4 fi ) ‘ / / i * ‘ i r ’ ’ hn \ bE 4 FITTING SHEEP FOR SHOW RING AND MARKET. bo i should be reduced in strength by adding water: and as the lamb gets older the milk may be fed stronger. I, however, cannot recommend the plan, and have followed it but little. If the lambs come early and both they and their dams are abundantly and regularly furnished with succulent rations, and a reasonable amount of good, sound trough-feed, until weaning time, and after that the lambs are fed a little heavier of some first-class lamb food, the difference of size or con- dition between these and the milk-fed ones is hardly, or, at all, discernable. I have raised some extra good lambs that had been taught to suck a cow; but when weaned from their _ foster mother, disaster has ofttimes followed, and I cannot but condemn the practice. : Early Lambs Best for Show. The early lamb is without doubt the lamb par excellence for show purposes. As before intimated, the combination of size and quality must naturally win over quality minus the desirable size. The would-be-exhibitor, therefore, being aware of this fact. would do well to select some of his best ewes and breed them as early as practical to the best rams his means will admit of, so that the lambs will be of good size by the time the show season opens. Although the best ewes cannot be said to raise the best lambs, at all times, of course it is sound policy to breed from the best at command. Getting Ewes in Season. Where difficulty exists in getting our ewes in desirable con- dition for the acceptance of the rams’ amorous attentions, a change from the ordinary ration or pasture field to a field of 26 FITTING SHEEP rape will usually bring about the desired result, especially if a little grain be added. This will stimulate them. The shepherd, however, must be on the alert, and be at once ready to check the slightest symptoms of either diarrhoea or bloat, that the change of diet may possibly bring about. When the ewes are without doubt safe in lamb, they must receive especial care and attention, and should be kept by themselves, away from the main flock. They must be fed with judgment, care being taken that they be kept “fresh” but not fat. No one should think of raising early lambs unless fully satisfied they are well prepared to cater to the comfort and welfare of the little weaklings. A warm barn is indis- pensable in the raising of early lambs, in most of the states, and a tender-hearted shepherd in all states. Lambs, espe- cially early lambs, take delight in eating or nibbling the earth from off the roots of the turnips, etc., in winter. A call from nature no doubt prompts them to do this as a regulator of the digestive apparatus. It is, I think, well to bear this in mind, and where roots are not provided as a winter ration, earth should be dried and stored on purpose for the lambs. I have done this, and have never found any bad results from the lambs eating quite large quantities of it. A Good Cross for Exhibition Purposes. Where the exhibitor intends making an exhibit at a fat stock show, either in the live or dressed classes, he should not forget that size and weight cuts quite a figure where, of course, quality is also in evidence, more so than when offering fat sheep for sale on the market, as then small handy weights FOR SHOW RING AND MARKET. 27 are preferable to heavy overgrown animals: but where we consider the show side of the question, we must not forget that we are endeavoring to show what our animals can do in making weights and are capable of under pressure of high feeding. If the intending exhibitor is thinking of raising cross-bred sheep for exhibition purposes he will find the Oxford and Hampshire cross a most desirable one. Hampshires are re- markable for their rapid growth during the earlier stages of their existence, while the Oxfords are not far behind them in this respect. The offspring from this cross has no superior as regards early maturity, desirable mutton form, and wealth of flesh. This cross has taken the leading honors at the great English Smithfield Show for a number of years. The weight and quality of flesh of the lambs shown by this cross being in every case most remarkable. Housing. Close housing is detrimental to the welfare of sheep. Of course they—especially show sheep—must be provided with shelter, but close confinement should, as much as possible, be avoided. Sheep that are subject to confinement in the barns are usually found to be soft and blubbery; especially is this the case with aged sheep. Sheep that are intended for exhibition should be allowed the run of a paddock ad- joining the sheep barn fine days and be confined only at night, or during a storm, until within about from six to eight weeks previous to the opening of the show season; and even then, should have the run of a paddock, or yard for an hour or so in the cool of the evening, when the weather 28 FITTING SHEEP permits of same. To keep high-bred sheep confined in close quarters for any length of time, is to court disaster. Exercise. Exercise is one of the most potent factors in the prepara- tion of exhibition sheep. It means health, firm flesh—bloom. In the final course of preparation, all show stock should be allowed ample exercise in the yard, or paddock, not less than once a day; twice being better. Rams should be taught to lead whilst young. A halter can be cheaply made out of medium sized rope, and answers the purpose equally as well as costly leather ones. Needless to say, perhaps, exercise should be gentle and regular. Care of Feet. This is an highly important matter. Each foot should from time to time be carefully examined and if trimming is neces- sary should be carefully attended to without a moment’s delay; ofttimes grave results follow neglect of trivial matters of this kind. Foot-rot is ofttimes directly traceable to the neglect of careful trimming of the hoof. In trimming, pare with a view of giving the foot a firm, level bearing. In case of foot “fouling” (getting sore between the digits of the foot) finely powdered blue-stone (blue vitriol) should be applied; this will arrest progress of trouble, if attended to without delay. If ‘“foul-foot” is neglected, foot-rot ensues; the sheep rapidly loses flesh, and the chances are slim of the animal’s appearing in the ring with any bloom, or even at all during the season. FOR SHOW RING AND MARKET. 29 Shearing. The rules governing the shearing of show sheep stipulate: that no sheep must be shorn earlier than April 1. That very many of the sheep shown have a most phenomenal tendency to wool growing, or their owners have a tendency of creeping around the rules, must be evident to any one who has had the merest experience in the handling of sheep—- especially show stock. That individual sheep, even of one and the same breed, do carry wool varying in large decree in length of staple, cannot be denied, but not to the extent usually noticeable in animals presented for competition in the show ring. Perhaps one cannot be blamed for leaving the newly shorn sheep in a pretty snug little coat of wool, con- sidering that the weather during the month of April is ofttimes cold and bleak. Blankets should be provided in case the weather should prove cold; they should be made of some warm material. Blocking Out. Many experts take the opportunity of blocking out, or giving shape to their show animals at shearing time. Whether much benefit accrues from this method is a matter of opin- ion and taste; the writer fails to see the real benefit. If a judge is what the word indicates and a showman of the high- est order himself, which he should be, he is not usually “fooled” by tricks of the trade. To the author’s mind a short, close, compact fleece is preferable to a long one; the body coming under the hand in a firmer and more pleasing condition. 30 FITTING SHEEP Stubble Shearing. Shepherds are an aliens class, especially in matters pertaining to exhibiting. We sometimes find one whose am- bition overcomes his discretion, and the employment of ques- tionable methods to win a coveted prize is the result. That some shepherds actually do receive premiums galore dis- honestly by creeping around the rules set down by the vari- ous agricultural societies governing the condition in which sheep shall be shorn there is no doubt; but of course they do not belong to our class. While these rules are supposed to be of a very rigid and ironclad nature, in reality they are not. To-day the showyard atmosphere is fairly reeking with violations of these rules. There are many tricks em- ployed by the professional shepherd, which no doubt add much to the beauty and general appearance of his exhibit, and which sadly handicap the novice in his race for show- yard honors. But you say, why does not the novice enter protest against such methods? No one has yet gained much outside of the ill-will of the whole shepherding fraternity by pursuing such a course. Those having the least experience with sheep cannot have failed to notice that many of the sheep shown at our fall fairs must be phenomenal wool- bearers, if they are honestly and fairly shorn not eariier than the first day of April according to the rules laid down in most premium lists. Not long since a prominent Irish exhibitor of sheep exhibited his flock, each member of which had a patch of untrimmed wool left on its body, to show the actual length of original staple. Many prominent breed- ers, both English and Irish, considered this precedent well worthy of imitation, some going so far as to express a wish FOR SHOW RING AND MARKET. on not only to see it universally adopted but to be made a compulsory measure. No doubt this would afford the judges and others an opportunity of estimating the amount of wool which may be expected from any particular breed of sheep, but it is hard to see that it would have any tendency to curtail the now common practice of “stubble shearing.” The rule governing the time in which show sheep shall be shorn is a useless one and an injustice to the novice. The be- ginner, upon reading these rules, will no doubt rigidly adhere to their text, and will then be greatly surprised to find when the fairs come around that the staple of the wool of his. competitor’s sheep is twice as long as that of his own. One thing is certain, just so long as stubble-shorn sheep are al- lowed to win at our fairs, just that long will sheep be stubble- shown. It is no doubt a pretty hard thing to draw the line on such a ticklish question as this, and the sooner the rule is abolished and the exhibitor allowed to put his sheep in the ring in the condition that his judgment dictates to be the best, the sooner the honest and dishonest exhibitor will be placed upon an equal footing. So far as putting sheep in the show ring in their rough, uncouth field attire is con- cerned, it is no doubt wrong from a business or any other point of view. It is impossible to illustrate what any breed is capable of doing when shown in such a condition. If we went to a show or fair our hopes would not be realized if, instead of seeing the usual well-fed and beautifully prepared specimens now to be seen at such places, we saw only sheep such as we could see every day browsing on the pastures of our own farms. Those who would be reckless enough to put an ungroomed and ill-fed, unfitted horse into the show ring would at once be dubbed a fit candidate for the lunatic asy- 32 FITTING SHEEP lum. Then why should not the same apply to the shepherd who would dare take his sheep from the field and put them into the show ring with the hope of beating well-fitted ani- mals How to Stubble Shear. What is stubble shearing? Stubble shearing is, to be frank and truthful, dishonest shearing; nothing more; nothing less. If we take a sheep, and instead of taking off the fleece as close to the skin as possible, we take only half of it off and leave the other half on to be trimmed and moulded into a shape that will make the sheep appear fat, square, and plump, we are guilty of stubble shearing. How is a sheep stubble shorn? First, take your shears and level off the back; next, make the under line or belly as level as possible, after which trim off what you think necessary from the sides. The breast and hind quarters are usually left full and gradually reduced and molded into a pleasing form by frequent trimming. A sheep, directly after being stubble shorn, usually presents a very rough and uncouth appearance, and is anything but a pleasing picture, but after it has been trimmed several times it gradually grows into a pleasing one. Directly after being shorn the sheep should be well washed, and then carefully trimmed while the fleece is yet moist. Show Lambs Not to be Shorn. It is unusual to shear lambs intended for show purposes; trimming, however, must be practiced, and that as soon as the fleece has a good growth. They should by frequent trim- ming be gradually brought into the desired form. The be- FOR SHOW RING AND MARKET. 833 ginner usually finds more difficulty in making lambs assume the desired form and smooth state than from the adult members of the flock. (Trimming is fully treated on in an- other chapter.) Washing. The washing of show sheep, when properly done, is not only a benefit as regards the look of the animal, but is ex- tremely beneficial in freeing the pores of the skin of gummy and other foreign matter. It promotes the flow of the nat- ural lubricant of the wool, and thereby stimulates its growth. As soon after shearing as the weather gets warm and pleas- ant, the washing of our sheep should receive attention. Warm water should be used; or more properly, perhaps, cold water with the chill taken off. Castile or some other first class soap should be used. The dipping vat is a very handy utensil for washing sheep in. It is essential that after the animal has undergone a thorough washing with soap and water that every trace of soap be eradicated from the fleece by a thorough rinsing with clean water. If any trace of soap remains in the fleece it is apt to make it appear harsh, dry and brittle; further it may prove injurious to the skin. It is usual to wash ithe Longwool breeds as soon after shearing as the weather permits, and again some little time previous to the opening of the show season. This allows of the natural oil saturating the fleece and making it assume a glossy, brilliant appearance. I deem it advisable to again im- press on my readers the importance of thorough rinsing with clean water to remove any trace of soap. It is not often found necessary to wash lambs of the Down Rss ee — — 34 FITTING SHEEP breeds where care has been duly exercised in keeping them ‘clean. Dipping. Dipping should be resorted to, even only as a precaution against disease that may be lurking around the cars on which our sheep are transported from show to show. Us- ually ticks do not bother very fat sheep. Dipping should be attended to not later than six weeks previous to the opening of the show season. With all the good that attends ulti- mately the dipping of our animals it must be admitted that dipping does detract from the beauty of the fleece for some little time after the operation has been performed. Coloring. It is asserted by many authorities that the real object of coloring show sheep is hidden in obscurity. In “Culley on Live Stock,” we glean that: “The practice of rubbing into the wool red or yellow ochre in the month of September was intended to qualify the perspiration which would otherwise give an asperity to the wool, and to form a coat inpenetrable to rain or cold. This cannot apply to the use of coloring among our show flocks of today. Just why show sheep are colored great diversity of opinion exists even in the present day. One authority claims that when first adopted in the preparation of show stock it was used with the intention of being a guide to the judge in knowing whose sheep he was passing judgment upon; whilst others claim it was first in- troduced into England by Spanish shepherds, but for what purpose they do not say. Coloring is condemned by many FOR SHOW RING AND MARKET. 35 of our most prominent flock-masters and live stock journals generally. No less an authority than the Prince of Wales sees fit to offer condemnation to the ‘useless habit.” Positively many of the Down breeds of sheep are presented so daubed with grease and coloring ingredients as to make them really filthy to handle, but where reason and judgment are used I consistently believe a little coloring adds rather than detracts from the appearance of the sheep; they appear more uniform. I have found by experiment and practice that coloring about a week previous to showing gives the best and most pleasing effect to the fleece. Most siepherds have a most mysterious formula from which they prepare their coloring, of course it being ‘something my father used to use.” This they guard with the greatest jealousy and secrecy. I have obtained the most pleasing effect from a combina- tion of olive, or palm oil, yellow ochre and burnt umber. The oil being put into a large bottle or tin can, the ochre is added as a ground, and then the umber as the shade; the whole being thoroughly mixed by vigorous shaking before using. The color, being a matter of taste, must be left to the judgment of the operator. Of course it must be borne in mind that the umber is the regulator of shade of color. I always have made it a point to try the coloring on one of the ordinary members of the flock before using on the show flock. The reason of this procedure is obvious. It is important that the shepherd make it a point to obtain the prepared umber which is put up in cans, mixed with oil, ready for use. The dry powdered article may, for what I know, bring about undesirable conditions, or even failure. 36 FITTING SHEEP I thought it important to make mention of this as a safeguard against possible failure. The mixture now being ready for use, pour a small quan- tity into the palm of the hand, then rub over inside of both hands, and then go carefully and easily and gradually rub thoroughly into the fleece. This should be done after the fleece has undergone a careful trimming. After the coloring has been done to the satisfaction of the manipulator, take the keenest pair of shears at command and again go most carefully over the fleece. If these directions’are carefully fol- lowed, and faithfully attended to, the operator must be a very fastidious personage if other than pleased with results. The sheep is now ready for blanketing. I have shown sheep on two occasions that were not col- ored at all, but washed early and kept clean by thin blankets. These were much admired by many exhibitors and drew much attention from the casual on-looker. Trimming. Trimming as an art is not really dificult to acquire. Pa- tience and practice are the real essentials in trimming. The knowledge of what constitutes a good picture or model of a sheep is a material help to the novice in putting up his ex- hibit in a really satisfactory style. If the operator has artistic tastes so much the better are his chances of becoming a first class trimmer. In blocking out—giving your subject the desired form, in a rough manner—care must be observed that the back be made perfectly level, the breast full and rounding, also the thighs and all points and peakedness be eliminated from the FOR SHOW RING AND MARKET. 37 —— model. The underline should be straight and the head as shapely as possible; in fact your work should be a work of graceful curves and perfectly straight lines. The above ap- plies to the Down breeds. The Longwools should not be trimmed close and smooth, as is the case of the Downs, but left in a more rustic and natural condition, and any shaping or trimming should re- ceive attention previous to the final washing. In the case of our Longwool pets it is usual to allow the fore-top to hang gracefully down over the face. This has a very pleasing effect. The pretty Cotswolds should have their fore-tops carefully curled before being presented to the show-goer or judge. I will now enter into details regarding the trimming proper. Here is my method: After my sheep are “blocked out” I take a bucket of water in which a couple of handfuls of yellow ochre has been thrown. A stiff brush, a curry comb and an exceedingly sharp thin-bladed pair of shears com- prise my outfit. With the water into which the yellow ochre has been put, I carefully saturate the fleece of the sheep under treatment, using the brush for the purpose of rubbing the decoction well in; when well saturated—not sopping—I take the curry comb and give the fleece a vigorous currying, after which I go over the fleece most carefully, being very careful to keep as good a shape in mind as possible, and smoothing the best I know how, “straight lines and graceful curves” being my motto and design. It is well that the fleece be kept moderately moist by frequent application of moisture— of course having recourse to the ochre decoction—the shears also should be kept extremely keen and perfectly level in trimming. The process of trimming must be gone over many en ee 38 FITTING SHEEP times, On various occasions, before the subject under treat- ‘ment will appear in a polished and finished condition for exhibition. Blanketing. The blanketing of show sheep has a two-fold purpose; the one, that of keeping the fleece clean; the other, for making the fleece compact and of a smooth, pleasing appearance. At the shows we learn it answers for many other purposes, such as “keeping the flies off the sheep,’ and again, “for keeping the sheep warm.” When on a tour of the fairs it is usual to keep the blankets on our sheep whilst on the cars, and also at night in the pens in the show yard; in fact they should be kept blanketed until after the premiums have been awarded, when, of course, it may be supposed the public is entitled to see them at their best advantage. By keeping them blanketed, prior to being ‘‘passed upon,” the visitors to the show yard are prevented from disarranging the care- fully dressed fleece of the animal, thereby preventing no little annoyance to the shepherd. How Blankets are Made. Blankets may be made from a great variety of material. Ducking makes a very neat and serviceable blanket. Burlap makes a very serviceable blanket for home use, but a neater material is usually preferred for use at the shows. For use in the preparation of our exhibition animals at home a cheap easily made blanket may be made out of ordinary bran bags. The accompanying diagram, representing an ordinary bran sack, will give my readers, I think, a fair idea of how it should FOR SHOW RING AND MARKET. 33 be made. The dotted line A shows corner of sack that must be cut entirely off. This allows of the head coming through. The solid line B B shows where and how the seam-side of the sack must be cut. At C a slit must be made; through this the animal’s hind legs go through; this keeps the blanket in position. At points I, 2, 3, respectively, and at each end of slit C, the blanket will be materially strengthened by tacking or sewing. This prevents tearing. Whi ee The above pattern cannot be well improved upon. In the case of blankets intended for use on the “circuit,” however, which of course is made of some good material, I would suggest the fastening of the blanket at the breast of the sheep by buttons, just as we fasten or button our coats; and at C in the place of a slit in the blanket a strap is buttoned, and after being passed underneath or inside of the leg, is secured by another button, at the rear or just above the gambrel joint. 40 FITTING SHEEP The Fitting of Wethers. In the selection of wethers for exhibition purposes it is im- portant that only those of the mest perfect mutton type or form be selected. Where it is intended that pens are to be shown they should be well matched as regard size, type, etc. In emasculating lambs that are intended to do battle in the wether class it is well that the operator should remove no more of the scrotum than is absolutely necessary to success- fully perform the operation, as this, when well filled with fat, is not only a guide as to the internal condition of the animal from a butcher’s point of view, but adds much to the sym- metry of a show wether. Show wethers are fitted upon the exact same principles as other show sheep. I have, how- ever, noticed that they will not readily assume that blubbery, over-fitted condition, even when fed upon very heavy grain rations, as ‘entire’ sheep are prone to do. Making Entries for Show. The intending exhibitor should make early application for catalogs, entry blanks, etc., so that he may have ample time to determine what shows he will attend. He should be very careful to make his entries correctly or confusion may result when the time for judging comes along. Starting for the Shows. This chapter is intended primarily for the perusal of the young shepherd who is about to make his debut in show circles. From experience I find it very difficult to obtain really "yoy ‘AID ssedg ‘suog w jyeysavyy uyof Aq poume WVu YALSAOAIT I " ‘ Sie am wr a "y ‘ . 1 . ¢ FOR SHOW RING AND MARKET. 43 suitable rations for my show flock at many, and I may say most, of our exhibitions. Good clover hay is sometimes difficult to obtain, and foods of a succulent nature, such as turnips, cabbage, etc., are held at such high prices as to pre- vent an exhibitor of modest means investing to the extent that he should to do justice to the appetites of the stock under his care; therefore, the advisability of providing a good stock of rations preparatory to starting on the show cir- cuit is evident. Turnips should be sacked; rape should be tied in neat bundles; hay should be baled, and grain should be mixed before starting out. Cabbage should not be forgotten. If your flock is small it will not pay to hire a car; it can be transported at less cost by the hundredweight. If you cannot get “billed” on the same car as the sheep there remains two other chances of your going. One to pay your fare as a passenger, the other to hide among the sheep and keep out of sight as much as possible whenever the train stops. Of course here is a risk of being “kicked off the car.’ Every shepherd should carry in his trunk a trocar for use in case of bloat among his own or brother showman’s stock; being careful when using it to drive it in the direction that will avoid its striking the kidneys of the animal. Blue vitriol, to arrest fouling of the feet, linseed or castor oil for various de- trangements of the stomach and intestines, shears, a good sup- ply of blankets for the sheep, bedding for his own use, must go in the make-up of his equipment or “kit.” The fact that salt is necessary to the well-being of the flock must not be overlooked, even at show time. It is well to remember also that the various members of the flock must have daily exer- 44 FITTING SHEEP cise or the neglect of this most important matter may result in sickness and loss. What Constitutes the Various Classes of Show Sheep. An aged ram is a ram too old for the yearling class, or, in other words, a ram over two years of age. A yearling, or shearling ram, is a ram that has not as yet got more than his first pair of incisors, or permanent front teeth, or a ram that is over one year old, but under two. A ram lamb is a male lamb under a year old, or one that has, not as yet, got any of its permanent incisors. The ages of the female classes are governed by the exact same conditions as are the ram classes. A pen, unless otherwise stated, consists of three indi- viduals, either males or females. A pair, is, of course, two of one sex. A flock usually consists of an aged ram, yearling ram,. lamb ram, aged ewe, yearling ewe, and ewe lamb. A Special means a special premium offered outside of the ordinary list of premiums, such as Special for best flock,. or Special for best ram, etc. Sweepstakes means champion or best animal where all breeds are competing. Champion means the best animal of a given breed, either male or female, as the case may be. Overheating of Show Stock. A common trouble in the show flock—an entirely too com-- mon a one! When a show sheep becomes overheated it ap- pears very much distressed, is very weak in its hind quarters, FOR SHOW RING AND MARKET. 45 and consequently cannot stand upon its feet but a few minutes at a time before having to lay down. An overheated sheep is nothing more or less than a foundered sheep. As soon as a sheep shows the least symptoms of being overheated, it should be shorn without a moment's delay, given a big dose of Epsom salts and kept very quiet in a pen by itself. Don’t fret and worry because the shearing of your sheep means its not ap- pearing in the show-ring again that season, as you may depend upon it that this is about the only way or means of saving its life. All grain rations must be cut off and nothing but good clover hay and succulent rations fed. Although this is a sud- den change to its system and against the ordinary rules of good feeding, this is a case of the exception being better than the rule. It almost passes credence what a large number of very valuable sheep are “murdered” yearly by being over- heated, and their not receiving the proper attention when in that state. I have seen many a good ram find an early grave, that should have lived a long life of usefulness had he re- ceived the necessary and proper care that an animal in such a state or condition should have had. The Importance of Exercising Show Sheep While on the Circuit. Shepherds should pay particular attention that their exhi- bition flocks get ample exercise even when on the show cir- cuit; it is disastrous to their health to allow them to remain prisoners in the pens of the show-yard without getting a due amount of exercise. They should be exercised regularly twice a day—morning and evening. No bother or trouble is ex- perienced with the well-trained and educated ram, as he will « f | A6 FITTING SHEEP readily follow the shepherd anywhere and everywhere he may wish to lead him. It is usual to exercise the head of the flock first, then the aged ewes, and so on down the class to the lambs. To avoid trouble, stable companions only should be allowed out in ‘the same lot at the same time. Of course where there are two or more attendants in charge of the flock the work of exercising is but a small matter, but nevertheless a very important one. Where, as often is the case, a sheep is noticed to be ‘‘groggy’’ we may be sure that imperfect exer- cise has had something to do with bringing about this unde- sirable condition. It is a matter of impossibility and against the rules of scientific feeding to feed an animal very highly and successfully without giving it abundant exercise. No animal can endure this treatment long without seriously suf- fering in consequence. Sheep Getting Tired. After a long journey on the cars, sheep are sometimes liable to become so tired as to get “‘off their feed.”” The young shepherd need have no worry over this. They need rest, and must get it before they will eat much. It is better to leave them undisturbed as long as they prefer to lie down, and not attempt to entice them to eat. It will not be long before they will be up and as hearty as ever. In very hot weather it is better to arrange to haul your sheep from the station to the fair grounds, that is, if it be of any distance from the station. Of course where sheep have been receiving abundant exercise during the fitting process they may be quietly walked a considerable distance in the cool of the evening, but they must not be hurried, or they ‘may become injured. a FOR SHOW RING AND MARKET. 47 Judging Day. This is a day of excitement to the exhibitor, and most, if not all, are greatly relieved when this day is past and over. As I have before intimated, the way in which the various members of our show flock behave themselves has no little to do with their chance of winning. A sheep that will stand “all of a heap’—as untrained ones almost invariably will— surely cannot be said to be very taking to the judge’s eye— or even to that of the casual observer. Hence, the import- ance of thorough training. Most of our show yards are provided with show rings, the floors of which are perfectly level, so that all exhibitors are on the same footing as far as choice of position or lay of ground goes. Where show rings are not in evidence the ex- hibitor should aim for his sheep to stand on either perfectly level ground, or, if the ground does not permit of this, he should arrange that his sheep shall stand with its head up- hill. On no account let its position be reversed, as no sheep, not even the most perfectly trained, can be expected to “stand out” properly with its head “downhill.” One of the greatest of England’s living shepherds lays claim that much of his success as an exhibitor of sheep is due to the way in which he prepares and trains them, so that they not only attract but keep the notice and attention of the judge. Ex- hibitors should do ail in their power to assist the judge in his duties and should refrain from “demonstration” should he not place the awards just to their liking. Showing Out. Nothing is more annoying to the shepherd than that of handling show stock that has been imperfectly trained or 48 FITTING SHEEP educated. An animal standing “‘all ina heap” is anything but a pleasing picture, even to the most casual observer. Sheep, I must admit, are somewhat “dumb,” but they are capable of being taught far more’than many are willing to give them credit for. Constant handling makes them tame and man- ageable. Sheep that have been used to being led with the hal- ter will soon learn what is required of them, and will readily follow their shepherd through a dense crowd of people un- haltered. To make a sheep “stand out’ at word of command, square upon its feet and in a natural, graceful manner, put your left hand underneath its lower jaw, or chin, and the other-hand on his loin, gently pressing same. Violence or force must not be confounded with care, and gentleness or harm may re- sult. The pupil will soon understand what is required of him and upon having recourse to the above method described will soon assume the desired “poise.” How to Reduce Show Stock. Very many valuable sheep are no doubt ruined by injudi- cious and improper treatment after their mission in the show yard has terminated. The proper management in the reduction of show stock to normal breeding condition is, to the writer’s way of thinking, imperfectly understood. Whilst visiting the English “Royal” many years ago I was struck by a reply of one of the greatest shepherds of that day made to an inquisitive visitor who questioned him in regard to the reduction of his show stock to normal breeding condition. ‘‘Do you keep these sheep as fat as they now are always or do you reduce their flesh when =. -. oe FOR SHOW RING AND MARKET. 49 the show season is over?” “I reduce their fat, sir, but not their flesh, but I don’t let them know it.’’ What a deal is inculcated in this remarkable answer! In reducing an animal to breeding condition, the idea held in view should be to reduce slowly, and with the least pos- sible danger to the constitution of the animal. To reduce an animal in a careless slip-shod manner will soon show its effects by the coat assuming a lifeless, dull appearance, and ofttimes by the fleece falling out or leaving the skin almost entirely. That soft, glossy, compact and brilliant appearance that denotes good health of the animal must be preserved as much as possible. It is difficult to entirely preserve this. The reduction of fat must be accomplished more by exercise than the decrease of grain, etc., at the first start. The animal should have the run of a good pasture, and then the grain ration may be gradually reduced until he receives only suffi- cient to keep him vigorous and active; care being observed not to allow of his being reduced to ‘‘a run-down” condition, or irreparable point. Ewes should be reduced as rapidly but carefully as possible, so as to allow of their being bred as early as pessible. Of course I am here alluding to ewes whose days of usefulness for show purposes are over. Some little difficulty is usually experienced in getting ewes that have been repeatedly fitted for show to breed satis- factorily. Many of the most prominent English shepherds ‘use a ram lamb on their show ewes, claiming that good re- sults almost invariably follow such a course; whilst others allow two or more rams to serve the same ewe when in sea- son. It is, however, sometimes a very difficult matter to induce a show ewe to breed satisfactorily, and it is found more profitable in the end to sell her direct to the butcher. 30 FITTING SHEEP FOR SHOW RING AND MARKET. Spring Crops. Up-to-date shepherds and flockmasters are alive to the value of succulent rations for their show animals and aim to get same as early in the spring as possible. Nothing in this country, by the author’s way of thinking, furnishes anything like so early and desirable a succulent food, in early spring, as the sand vetch and rye sown together, the latter part of August, or beginning of September. The sand vetch is a winter vetch, which furnishes a most abundant and, valuable spring fodder crop, which comes early to cutting or pastur- ing, is a rapid grower, and much relished by all kinds of stock. Both ewes and lambs make rapid gains when fed daily rations of it. It is advisable to cut this—as, in fact, it is all spring fodder crops of a very succulent nature—some little time before it is intended to be fed so as to allow of its becoming wilted. Danger from bloat is then reduced to a minimum. The crops that should succeed the above mentioned are: Oats and spring vetches (sown together broadcast, prefer- ably); oats and peas; then rape, cabbage, etc., in the order named. Thousand-headed kale is a wonderful cropper, and very nutritious, and is greatly relished by sheep. Clover hay and grain should be fed in conjunction with the above- named valuable crops; it will keep the bowels in a healthy state. I have also found specially prepared lamb foods fed in conjunction with the other rations, of immense help in forc- ing along the lambs. iapyy ‘youaed “H [ Aq pauad ‘SNIOODNIT FO dnOAoD Se —_ FITTING SHEEP FOR SHOW RING AND MARKET. 8s The Preparation of Sheep For Sale by Auction. The English custom of holding annual, or periodical sales by auction of pedigreed sheep, although not much counte- nanced, as yet, in this country, has, where tried, proved an unqualified success. The writer can vouch for this much in one case, however. The degree of success attending sales conducted by auc- tion, whether it be an annual affair or merely a dispersion sale, depends—as does any other undertaking—‘‘on the men behind the guns.” Needless to say,’ anyone contemplating holding a sale of this character should make full and untiring preparation for the event. One of the principal factors dependent upon the success of an auction sale is a really first-class live stock auctioneer; one who has a reputation for this kind of work; in fact a specialist in his line of business. There is very much in a name when it pertains to matters relating to the pedigree live stock business; and I can assure my readers that it makes a vast difference in the attendance at an auction sale as to the name of the auctioneer found in conjunction with the catalogue, or appended to the announcement of the sale in the leading stock journals. Breeders of repute employ only first-class auctioneers, with reputations of undoubted standing. All auction sales of sheep of any magnitude should be largely advertised in the journals devoted exclusively to the sheep industry, as well as the leading agricultural papers. The exhibition of stock at the various shows and fairs helps much in advertising good stock. In the preparation of a flock for public auction much work 54 FITTING SHEEP is entailed. Every animal should be catalogued, giving full pedigree, etc. All ewes should be bred. All should have careful preparation by being carefully fed, and just before the sale day arrives should be carefully trimmed and num- bered on the side or back with stencil or stamps and mark- ing ink. Pens must be provided into which it is usual, in the case of both ewes and lambs (other than show lambs), to put three sheep—this making a pen. The pens should be made of a temporary, or rather, a portable character, so as to facilitate speed in allowing the sheep to run into the sale ring. The ring should have two gates, the one for ingress the other for egress. Show and other rams are usually sold. singly. Show ewes and ewe lambs either singly or in pairs, as the case may be. It is well when making the pens to plan them so that they may be easily converted into shipping crates; the shipping of all sheep to purchasers at a distance devolving upon the vendor of course. Preparing Rams For Sale. One of the greatest mistakes our shepherds are making to- day is the pampering of rams intended for service on the range. Fancy a ram receiving access to rich domestic pas- tures and grain almost ad libitum being turned out with a large flock of ewes on the ranch where he has, as it were, to rustle for an existence. The writer cannot but think this to be wrong. In the case of stud rams it is entirely different. A ram intended for use among stud flocks should receive the most liberal care and feeding. The up-to-date, modern mut- ton sheep is none other than the production of the highest art and skill of the flock-master in both mating, feeding and FOR SHOW RING AND MARKET. 55 breeding, and any deviation from this path most assuredly means retrogression and ruin to the breed. In the prepara- tion of stud rams for sale it is not usual, or even advisable, to force them to such a degree as ts general with show stock. They should, of course, be kept growing from day of birth, as a stunted animal of any kind is poor property. Where ram lambs or yearlings have the run of both a clover and rape field, with a daily grain ration composed of bran, oats and oil meal—about three-fourths pound a day—they make rapid growth. Inthe case of the Down breeds they should be trimmed occasionally, and kept in as clean and nice shape as possible, and where it is intended they be offered for sale around at the various fairs, or at public auction, they should be carefully colored and trimmed. ”» N Yt AISET Owned by A, A, Wood & Son, Saline, Mich, YON HOMEYER RAMBOUILLET RAM “K HAMPSHIRES. ned by John Milton, Marshall, Mich Ow FITTING SHEEP FOR SHOW RING AND MARKET, 59 Pre E TT: The Evolution of the Modern Mutton Sheep. HE modern mutton breeds of sheep are divided G into two classes, viz.: The Long-wools and the Middle-wools. In the first-named class we find enumerated the Lincoln, the Devon-Long- wool, the Wensleydale, the Cotswold, the Leicester, the Border-Leicester, the Romney-Marsh or Kentish sheep, etc. Among the Middle-wools we find the Southdown, the Shropshire, the Oxford, the Hampshire, the Suffolk and the Dorset. With the exception of the Dorset, all of the above named breeds have undergone a most wonderful and agree- able transformation during the past few years, and espe- cially is this true of the Shropshire, Hampshire and Oxford among the down breeds, and the Lincoln, Romney-Marsh and Deyon-Long-wool among those of the Long-wooled breeds. Comparatively speaking, it is not so very long since the ancestors of the present beautiful breeds of sheep were roaming the Downs and marshes of England in a nomadic sort of way. But now this is all changed. Fences have been built; bogs have been drained; marshes have been reclaimed from the sea and in the place of the slab-sided, narrow-chested, poor-fleeced, long-legged, thin-fleshed ani-, 60 FITTING SHEEP mal that was ‘‘monarch of all he surveyed” in those days, we have an animal of the most beautiful conformation—in fact “‘a thing of beauty and a joy,” to the shepherd, at pres- ent if not “forever.” With the introduction of forage crops. into England rapid strides and advancements were made in the science and art of feeding and breeding as applied to sheep raising. By careful selection, and careful mating very many most beautiful, and very symmetrically con- formed animals and breeds have been evolved and estab- lished. By generous feeding the average size and weight of the respective breeds have been substantially increased, as. has also the weight and quality of the fleece. Then in most. cases the objectionable horns have been eliminated, and in various other ways has improvement been brought about in the animal that was once “Fed as God Almighty fed the fowls of the air and the fish of the sea, upon what they could pick up themselves of Nature’s bounty, without the labor or assistance of man.” Another most valuable quality that care in selection, mat- ing, feeding and breeding has brought about is that of early maturity. It is not so very long since wethers were kept until they had reached the age of two years, or even more, before being marketed. Heavier sheep of superior quality are now marketed under one year old. Since care has been the watchword of those to whom we are indebted for the many beautiful breeds of sheep we today have, it is clear it must be ours also if we wish to avoid the deterioration and retrogression of our flocks. FOR SHOW RING AND MARKET. 61 i The Relation of Shepherd and Flockmaster. Shepherds, like poets, are born, not made. A shepherd in the truest sense of the word is considerably more than a man that herds sheep. A shepherd is one endowed with instinct and skill that is remarkable when it pertains to the manage- ment of a flock. The inherent love for the work debars him from giving up his humble calling for one of a more elevating and remunerative nature. The fold is the paradise of the shepherd. The sheep are his children. His one topic of conversation is sheep! sheep! sheep! A good shepherd is a busy man, and a business man. Shepherds’ abilities vary to a very considerable extent. In the general management of a flock many are adepts at their business, but lack ability in the preparation of specimens for the show ring, where good flocks are to be found. There also should be found mutual friendship existing, between flockmaster and shepherd, famil- iar chats and an exchange of ideas between flockmaster and shepherd bring about untold good. It is usually more satis- factory for a shepherd to take care of a flock whose owner is an expert shepherd himself—one who knows the ins and outs of the busines, and knows when his shepherd is or is not, doing the right thing with his flock. A flockmaster not him- self an expert in the management of the flock, could not do~ better than leave the practical management of same to the discretion and riper judgment of his shepherd, after having made clear to him his wishes, as to the result desired to be attained. If a shepherd has not the ability to run a flock to the owner’s satisfaction, the owner has his remedy. For a flockmaster who is not well posted, who is incompetent, to interfere in the management of a flock that an expert shep- herd has been hired to take charge of, is fatal to his own 62 FITTING SHEEP interest. As soon as a shepherd finds he is interfered with in the management of the flock he quickly imagines his abilities are not appreciated, he becomes discouraged, dis- appointed and despondent; in fact, useless and incapable. A shepherd can no more run a stud flock without the neces- sary appliances than a mechanic can work without tools. Yet there are flockmasters who sadly handicap a shepherd by making no provision for even the crudest of appliances, and then wonder why his sheep are not in bloom. Shepherds should receive a fixed salary with an added bonus resultant on the size and quality of the lamb crop. A greater piece of folly could not be thought of than that of an owner of a flock, who, being himself a novice in the business, hiring an expert shepherd to care for his flock and then dictating to him how to run it. The shepherd, if he has a particle of manhood about him, could and would not tol- erate such an outrage on his rights for one moment. Ofttimes the shepherd is better qualified to make sales of sheep than is his employer, he being conversant with their individual qualities, pedigrees, etc., which he has at his fingers’ ends, ready for use when occasion offers. It is the duty of the flockmaster to provide abundant shelter, food, appliances, etc., for the use of the shepherd in the management of his flock. He should be prepared to furnish separate enclosures for the sole use of the sheep, and should be ready to do any and everything that the shepherd suggests that would tend to the welfare of the flock. A neglected or ill-managed stud flock is an eye-sore and, indeed, a very poor property. When flockmaster, shepherd and sheep disagree, They will do much better divided in three. FOR SHOW RING AND MARKET. 63 On Purchasing the Flock. When purchasing a flock the young beginner should ex- ercise the greatest care and be very, very cautious, or he may purchase disease with it. He should be on the lookout for scab, foot-rot and liver-rot. Although the last men- tioned complaint is not common in this country a case is sometimes met with. Where a sheep suffers from a dis- eased liver the membrane of the eye assumes a yellowish tinge and the animal swells up under the jaws. The flesh or fat rather, of some sheep is naturally yellow—yellow as butter. I have met many such cases as these when work- ing as a slaughterman. Yellow mutton of course is an extremely hard thing for the butcher to dispose of at any- thing like a profitable figure. The greatest security the novice has against purchasing sheep that are diseased is to buy from breeders of repute, breeders who have made them- selves famous by their skill as breeders and feeders, and their honesty and integrity. The novice should not buy culls at any price; they are not cheap at any figure. Good eld matronly ewes should not be classed as culls, unless they are toothless. These are usually found to be good milkers and mothers, and of course profitable lamb raisers. It should be remembered that good shepherds do not usually keep ewes until old uniess they have some special qualities to recommend them. It is often better for the novice to start with such as these than to start with younger ewes. Good old ewes will take care of their lambs themselves, while young ewes sometimes cause no end of trouble, even to the experienced shepherd, by refusing to acknowledge their lambs. Of course where the intending purchaser 64 FITTING SHEEP is an experienced practical shepherd young ewes are to be preferred for various reasons. In purchasing a pedigreed ram or in fact any class of sheep, individual merit should be studied first and pedigree after. It should be understood that while pedigree is of the utmost value, all pedigreed sheep are not animals of a high order of merit. It is not advisable that the inexperienced start out with a large flock. A small flock of sheep will, in a great degree, take care of themselves, but where large flocks are considered, unlimited skill and care must be be- stowed on them or deterioration and perhaps disease will soon be in evidence. A small flock of from twenty to thirty head will give the novice no end of pleasure and as his flock increases in size so will he gain in experience and knowledge along the line of shepherding. In selecting breeding ewes it is important that their udders or bags be perfect. Although a ewe with a broken bag shows un- mistakable evidence of being an extraordinary milker she has had her day, for through the carelessness of the shep- herd, either at lambing time or the weaning period she has been ruined and ‘should now be cast aside as a breeder, as should also a ewe with one-half of the udder hard and fleshy. A ewe extra thick and masctiline in neck usually proves a poor breeder and an inferior milker. Don’t select the thick fat ewes out of a flock for breeders; they have either failed to breed, or to have raised a lamb. A heavy milking ewe is rarely fat when suckling a lamb. Don’t allow the idea of purchasing show ewes for breeding purpose to enter your head, or the chances are you will meet with disap- pointment. Don’t be advised to purchase show sheep of =~ FOR SHOW RING AND MARKET. 65 any kind unless you have some idea of what it is to man- age such stock. Of course there is nothing to bar you from ultimately handling even the most valuable and costly flocks with every success when you have made the business a study. There is nothing so far as the writer is aware to hinder any one from being an accomplished shepherd if he is willing to devote his time faithfully to the study of both the theoretical and practical part of sheep husbandry. The Fleece of Breeding Stock. The quality of the fleece of the mutton breeds of sheep, although of a secondary consideration as compared with the case of the fine wool breeds, must not be entirely lost sight of, for no matter how perfect and symmetrical the general conformation of the body may be the absence of a tolerably fine quality of fleece, and covering, relegates the animal to a second class place. Although among the Down breeds, the animal carrying a somewhat coarse fleece usually carries a tleece of longer staple than the one carrying the fine fleece, and is often the heaviest shearer, a fine com- pact fleece is usually preferred, and the sheep carrying the same is usually considered the most valuable property. As in the case of show sheep, the fleeces of stock sheep, both rams and ewes, should be carefully and critically ex- amined and any showing serious defects, such as_ black spots, kemp, or coarse wool along the breech should be immediately discarded as breeders, as bad points and de- fects will most assuredly be transmitted to the offspring with far more readiness than will the good ones; therefore too 66 FITTING SHEEP FOR SHOW RING AND MARKET. much care cannot be exercised in this regard when se- lecting suitable specimens for the breeding flock. If we err in the selection of our foundation flock we can- not expect other than mistakes to crop out right along the line of our career as shepherds. Mating. To mate a ram extra strong in points to ewes that are deficient in these particular points, as recommended by some writers, appears to me as queer reasoning. Two wrongs can never make one right. A ram that is extra strong in any one point must be weak in many others, or in other words, is not a smooth, symmetrical animal. I have al- ways considered that a ram should be as smooth and sym- metrical as possible, and that by breeding from this type for a few years his type and conformation will ultimately and most’ assuredly be impressed on the whole flock, whereas if one year we select a ram strong in one particular point and another year select one strong in another par- ticular point, we will be ever changing our type, to say nothing of being obliged to keep a large flock of rams on hand to meet the different requirements and defects of the numerous individuals of the ewe flock. By sticking to a smooth, symmetrical type of ram we are bound to accom- plish_ something of a desirable nature, but by using rams extra strong in any one particular point, it is hard to clearly see what good can be gained. The shepherd’s motto should be: “Use only symmetrical rams.” In-Breeding. Some one has said that “in-breeding is playing with AMERICAN MERINOS, GROUP OF a a Wes at ae 4 + git ~ ; 7 cm Mita 7 : 4) : FITTING SHEEP FOR SHOW RING AND MARKET. 69 sharp-edged tools.” Unquestionably it is, and those not being well-versed in their use are certainly very liable to | ‘ S : | 1 t rl = I | I ! I > = I 1 I 1 rn y ' : Wooy eHyy| |, | aS on} | j ! 1 I ona] | | | | | \ | ; ! | \ ‘ | OWYY ar " % 1v000 awa 900 14000-5700 1_1¥00a F 7 NI 7m a Y S 8 : : : 2 : 14-7 BE | (4-% 99 Ww a ELLE ECE) ELL) owe V Lt-0¢x0e YH7T7ID LOOY FITTING SHEEP FOR SHOW RING AND MARKET. Te any little article of nourishment that the sick ewe or her offspring may be in need of at any time during the lambing season. There should be, also, a medicine chest in this room in which should be kept the following articles: Two syfinges, one for syringing out wounds, etc., the other to be used in giving injections. Shears must not be forgot- ten; then knives, a probang, trocar, needles, splints;—made from bamboo,—and cardboard to be used in some cases in the placeof splints made of bamboo. Silk thread, cotton-wool and bandages must also be provided. Adrenching bottle must be included in this list. Then drugs must not be forgotten. Neither can we afford to forget flaxseed, wherewith to make that nourishing and soothing article, flaxseed tea. Al- though there are a large number of drugs that may be used by the skilled veterinarian with beneficial results in the flock, I shall include none but what the average shepherd is familiar with and which I know from actual experience’ are to be recommended: Carbolic Acid.—A solution of carbolic acid in proportion of 60 to I is very valuable used as an injection for a ewe that has been recently relieved of a dead lamb. This solu- tion is also very useful as a disinfectant, and for washing the hands after handling animals that may be suffering from a disease of a contagious nature. Alum.—On account of its astringent properties is very useful in diarrhea; applied externally is very useful in pre- venting excessive bleeding from cuts or wounds. Butter of Antimony.—A caustic when mixed with other agents is of great service in treating footrot. Bluestone.—A caustic used in the preparation of footrot remedies, and useful in the treatment of navel ill in lambs. %8 FITTING SHEEP Borax.—Very useful as an antiseptic and very beneficial in washing lambs’ mouths that may be suffering from aptha. Castor Oil.—Very useful in cases of constipation and diarrhea. Carbonate of Ammonia.—A valuable stimulant of great service in cases where ewes have a “hard time” in lambing. Ginger.—Ginger has many very valuable medicinal prop- erties, being a stimulant, stomachic, and carminative. If given in connection with purgatives the griping pains usu- ally caused by these will be lessened. Laudanum.—This is a great alleviator of pain in stomach troubles, and in cases of painful or difficult parturition it is of the greatest service. Tar.—Useful as an antiseptic, diuretic, stimulant, para- siticide and expectorant. When rubbed on the noses of sheep suffering from “‘snots” its beneficial effects are at once apparent. It is also useful in preventing the gad fly from gaining admission to the sheep’s nostrils. Hyposulphite of Soda.—Very useful in cases of bloat. Rosin.—This is a very useful astringent; when lambs are found to be scouring badly after being put on rape, about half an ounce of this per head per day for three successive days will usually bring about the most pleasing results. Where a ram is not able to urinate freely rosin will be found to help him considerably. Sweet Spirits of Nitre-—Given in 4-dram doses is a very valuable diuretic. It is advisable that the animal be kept moderately warm after receiving a dose of this drug. Nitric Acid.—Nitric acid is a caustic used in the treat- ment of footrot, ete. FOR SHOW RING AND MARKET. 79 Male Shield Fern.—One of the greatest remedies known for the removal of tapeworm from sheep. The dose is one dram of the liquid extract for an adult sheep. Linseed Oil.—Is a safe and useful laxative. Ten ounces is a dose for an adult sheep. Epsom Salts.—A valuable purgative. Dose for an adult sheep, four ounces. Charcoal.—Useful in checking fermentation and bloat. Chalk.—Will correct acidity of the stomach. Whisky.—Whisky is very useful as a stimulant to both dam and ewe, and some say for the shepherd, too. Ventilation. The ventilation of the sheep barn is a very important matter, and one that should receive the most serious and careful consideration by the shepherd. It is absolutely nec-_ essary that he fully understands and appreciates the differ- ence between necessary ventilation and ruinous draughts. While the former means health, vigor, and prosperity, the latter most assuredly mean sickness, loss, and disaster. No animal enjoys the cold, bracing, and invigorating elements of our North American winters, and reveals the true evi- dence of its health-giving influence more than our modern mutton sheep, and no animal suffers more from the deadly draughts than they do. Draughts are especially injurious to young lambs and are quite often the direct cause of rheumatism, joint-ill, and many other ills which would scarcely ever be in evidence did the shepherd but under- stand the true cause of these troubles; therefore the im- portance of fixing the doors, windows, and ventilators in. 80 FITTING SHEEP such a way as to make it easy for the shepherd to “temper the winds for the benefit of his lambs.” How Often Should the Sheep Barn be Cleaned. This is a question often asked but rarely satisfactorily answered. However often it may be cleaned it is advisa- ble and important that this work be attended to just pre- vious to the commencement of the lambing season, and more than this, it is advisable to rush the work through at as lively a rate as possible when once begun as the ewes must necessarily suffer more or less from the unpleasant odors arising from the manure while such work is in opera- tion. After the manure has been removed it is a good plan to scatter some air-slaked lime over the floor. This makes a good disinfectant, and a good deodorizer. Many flock- masters do not remove the manure from their. sheep barns oftener than once a year. While this method may work satisfactorily in the case of very small flocks, no one set- ting any value on a really good stud flock would be liable to follow this plan. Just as soon as the flock goes to pas- ture the barn should be thoroughly cleaned out, or the manure will depreciate in value from the escape of am- monia from it. The Importance of Abundant Bedding. Where sheep are allowed to wallow around in the mud the shepherd must expect trouble from foot-scald, espe- cially where an excessive quantity of the animals’ own ex- crement is mixed with the mud. Foot-scald is usually the CHEVIOT RAM. Owned by F. B. Hartman, Finca Ind stle, FITTING SHEEP FOR SHOW RING AND MARKET 83 forerunner of footrot. It is safe to say that many a good flock has been ruined through the neglect of the shepherd to provide the necessary bedding for it. Footrot is a wonderfully easy disease to contract, but a terribly hard one to get free from when once it has secured a foothold on the farm. Perhaps it would not be out of place to mention here the necessity of removing the placenta, or cleaning, of the ewes, especially those from ewes that have aborted. Of course if any be allowed to remain in the barn ob- noxious odors are bound sooner or later to be the result, which, to say the least, is decidedly wrong from a sanitary point of view, not to make mention of its liability of caus- ‘ing serious trouble, such as abortion, etc., in the flock.’ That foul odors, from whatever cause arising, are injurious. and detrimental to the general health of sheep no reason- able person will dispute; hence the importance of cleanly- kept and well-bedded barns and yards. The Value of a Straw Stack. A straw stack in the sheep yards adjoining the sheep barn is a very desirable thing to have, notwithstanding some lit- tle disadvantages it may have. The one most serious ob- jection to having it placed in the sheep yards is that the wool on the neck of the sheep is liable to become filled with dust and chaff while they are searching for the best elements of which it consists. But the advantages gained by the saving of hay, etc., offsets all injury done to the fleece by this. Sheep enjoy picking the dust and finer por- tions of straw from the stack, especially if it be an oat straw stack. Ewes and lambs delight in lying alongside B4 FITTING SHEEP of it, and they will be found there more often than in the barn, excepting it be when the weather is very cold and severe. 5 The Imporftnce of Keeping Sheep of Different Ages Separated. Sheep of different ages and different classes should be kept separated. Neither yearlings nor lambs should be kept together, as each require entirely different treatment. Breeding ewes should be kept entirely by themselves, es- pecially when heavy with lamb. To allow a lot of rams to run with the breeding flock at any time is, to say the least, violating the rules of good shepherding. Again, the ra- tions of the breeding ewe are not of the nature that is desirable for the proper development of the growing stud vam, neither are the rations that the yearlings should be receiving the ideal ones for the lambs; therefore the im- portance of keeping sheep of various ages and classes sep- arated must be readily apparent. If our shepherds would only feed their young stock, especially the ram lambs and yearling rams, a little heavier and their breeding ewes a little lighter, the constitution and value of their stock would be greatly enhanced. Shepherd’s Marking Ink. Many shepherds having charge of thoroughbred, or more properly, pure-blooded sheep, mark their sheep as a means of identification with the initials of the owner of the flock. Anyone handy with carpentering tools or even a common jackknife can easily cut letters out of a block of wood that — FOR SHOW RING AND MARKET. 85 will fully answer the purpose of the shepherd in marking his sheep. Tar is sometimes used in marking sheep, but it is not the thing to use, proper marking ink being far prefer- able, as it does not in any way injure the wool. In mark- ing a sheep place the mark on its back or rump so that it can be easily seen, no matter in what position the animal is standing. Hurdles. A few dollars invested in a hundred or so of hurdles is one of the most profitable investments a flockmaster can HurDLeE. No. 1, make, especially where intensive farming is considered. By the use of these the flock is more easily and profitably man- aged. The waste in the feeding off of soiling and forage crops is reduced to a minimum and each grade of sheep can be kept apart and thereby given a better opportunity to thrive, especially the younger members of the flock, than 86 FITTING SHEEP is the case where sheep of all ages, sorts, and conditions are allowed to roam together. During the shearing and dipping season the value of hur- dies will be fully appreciated. They can be used in winter for building yards around the sheep barn and for many other purposes. I herewith give illustrations of two different styles of hur- dles: No. I is one which is easily set, but is somewhat cumbersome to handle. In length it should be made from eight to twelve feet long, of some light, durable material. No. 2 is also easily and quickly made by anyone having a fair knowledge of the use of carpenters’ tools. Z ol y ; > ss es ? 5 . : PAP 3 J : ‘ 7 ed | | en nt ee < De ae, = 7 beet Bits oat are es SE - St a < —— es eae es S had = S LAMB DRESSED WITH LONG BACKSETS FITTING SHEEP FOR SHOW RING AND MARKET. 205 Vege Ra a Slaughtering and Dressing Sheep and Lambs for Market. HAT appears under this heading is the outgrowth of several years’ practical experience by the writer in the slaughtering and dressing of sheep and lambs intended for display before the aristo- aimee cratic patron and the aristocratic butcher of (eis) 9) kas both this and the old country. se In England, where the writer spent many of his youthful days as a ‘knight of the cleaver,” butchering, as a trade, is carried on, on lines bordering perfection. I have never yet had the privilege of seeing displayed in any coun- try the carcasses of animals so beautifully dressed as those prepared by the butchers in England, the elegant, flowery, finished style of dressing approaching a real work of art. The reason of this is clearly apparent when it is understood that one has to serve a two or three years’ apprenticeship to the business in addition to the payment of a premium of from $250 to $500 before he becomes the possessor of the countersign that passes him on to the lucrative employment with an up-to-date purveyor of meat. The writer looks back with fond remembrance and pride to the time when at the age of 20 he held the position of first in slaughterhouse to one of the old country’s most prominent butchers. 206 FITTING SHEEP Whilst it is, comparatively, an easy matter for me to tell the reader how to respectably dress a sheep or lamb for the market, I could not promise to make a proficient butcher out of him without his studiously devoting himself to the prac- tical work. “Practice makes perfect,” and it is by continual practice only that a butcher can ever hope to become an expert in his business. The shorthand writer, and the tele- graph operator can best understand what practice means in regard to speed and cleanliness of work. Speed means cleanliness and neatness in slaughtering. No one will, I think, question my contention that the shepherd or flockmaster who can dress his fat stock neatly, and put same directly in the consumers’ hands, or nearly so, thereby monopolizing the middleman’s profits, is an econo- mist, and is making the best of circumstances. It should be borne in mind, however, that sheep and lambs must be dressed in a neat, business-like manner when intended for the market, or the probabilities are that the price received from the consignment will not be just what the vendor ex- pected. There is money in really good, fat spring lambs when properly marketed. I have sent good fat Dorset spring lambs to restaurants in Philadelphia which, in the month of February, realized as high as $10 per head at a dressed weight of twenty-two pounds, whereas a lamb weighing from five to ten pounds more would not perhaps in June fetch more than one-half that amount. The one most vital point that proves fatal to overlook, is, whether catering to the wholesale, retail or private trade— that nothing should be offered but prime ripe, fat animals, dressed in a neat, clean and business-like manner. FOR SHOW RING AND MARKET. 207 Among English butchers it is a common saying that “a fat animal dresses itself.” Nothing to the author’s mind offers such a deplorable spectacle from a butcher’s point of view as a half-fattened, ill-fed carcass of lamb. The meat from such appears dirty and unwholesome in contrast with the well-fattened one, whose caul and kidney shows up as clean and bright as the new minted dollar. Selection of Fat Lambs. A lamb having a fat tail has almost invariably a thick, beau- tiful caul and kidneys—a great desideratum. It does not follow, however, that a lamb with a thick caul and kidneys is in reality a good lamb in the truest sense’ of the word. The Merino, for instance, as is also the case with the Channel Island breeds of cattle, almost invariably, when in good condition, carry most magnificent cauls and internal fat, but. having been bred along lines other than for mutton and beef production, respectively, are decidedly indifferent for these purposes. Individuals vary considerably in quality, even among one and the same breed, and fed under the exact same conditions, but it must be borne in mind that the best markets demand a good article, therefore, when mutton and lamb are considered, none but prime thick- . fleshed animals should be selected for slaughter, or for ship- ment at least. To ship a half-fat, ill-dressed sheep or lamb to a commis- sion house and expect “returns” equal to those received from the prime article is, to say the least, placing the sales- man in a queer predicament, for he cannot possibly get such results; therefore it is imperative that the shipper be very 208 FITTING SHEEP careful in selecting the lambs which he intends for slaughter. It is not the weight or age of the lamb that commands the price, but rather the condition and quality. For degree of thickness of the flesh, the loins, twist and scrag are the principal points to be examined, when these ‘points are found to be thick and full, and in their com- pany we find a fat tail we may feel satisfied we have a good subject for slaughter. When inspecting and selecting fat stock for suitable sub- jects for dressing it should be handled freely and not deli- cately, as if handling a delicate fabric. Fasting. All animals should be fasted not less than twelve hours be- fore being killed. The meat undoubtedly settles and cools better, to say nothing of the danger of the bursting of the intestines being minimized in the process of dressing. Appliances for Slaughtering. The appliances necessary for the home slaughtering of sheep and lambs are few in number, and of but moderate cost. A sticking knife, a skinning knife, a small pulley and rope for the purpose of hoisting the animal after being “legged,” a few back-sets and a bundle of skewers make a fairly respectable outfit for the “home-made” butcher. Sticking. Nothing chills the blood of a professional butcher more perhaps than the perusal of some articles in which ama- teurs or novices pretend to give instructions how to kill FOR SHOW RING AND MARKET. 209 LAMB DRESSED WITH SHORT BACKSETS BACK VIEW. 210 FITTING SHEEP and dress sheep and lambs for the market; many of which advocate killing by decapitation with the broad-ax. That decapitation with the broad-ax will quickly terminate a sheep or lamb’s existence there is not the slightest doubt, but it is an uncouth, dirty, impracticable method to pursue. I have had practical experience in quite a number of up-to- date slaughter houses, and opportunities for observation in many more, but I have never seen an animal decapitated with this instrument in either yet. ‘ The sticking knife is what its name implies and is the tool par excellence for dispatching animals intended for conversion into human food. Again, the novice tells us that the carcass should be washed both inside and out. What for? pray! Unless dirt and filth has accumulated on the carcass? Why wash what Nature has seen fit to keep scrupulously clean? An unclean, unskill- ful manipulator of the knife has undoubtedly great cause for washing both the inside and outside of the carcass he has been working on, but a skillful one has no further use for water other than what he uses in rinsing his “wiping cloth.” Further, the novice will tell you that the wool that comes in contact with the flesh gives the mutton a woolly flavor. The way a professional slaughterman opens the skin of or dresses his sheep entirely prevents the wool coming in con- tact with the flesh, so I can hardly allow this theory to pass unchallenged. Here is my theory, which, IT am satisfied, is well grounded, from what I have observed after a long and careful study of the subject: When an animal has laid for any considerable time after being killed, gas accumulates or generates in the stomach. This gas has the exact same odor as is carried FOR SHOW RING AND MARKET. 213 by mutton known as “woolly” mutton. Where, as in some ~ cases, two or more slaughtermen are working in company it is usual that quite a number of sheep are “stuck down” at one sticking, and it is then noticeable, usually, that by the time the last one of these is dressed, the stomach has become distended with gas. Upon smelling the inside of this car- cas the “woolly” odor is plainly smelt; therefore, my conten- tion is that a slow dresser is the manufacturer of woolly mutton. Scarcely is the life out of the animal before the gas commences to accumulate. The swelling of the stomach proves this. This is the commencement of decay. It is a well-known fact that a “gutted” carcass does not decompose nearly so rapidly as one remaining intact, or not “gutted.” It appears somewhat unreasonable to the writer to sup- pose that wool in coming in contact with the flesh for so short a period and in so slight a degree as is usual in the course of dressing a sheep or a lamb, can possibly be the cause of woolly mutton, because the skinning of a sheep should not, at the outside, take more than ten minutes, when done by one laying any claim at all to being a butcher. The record time for dressing sheep is, I believe, un- der three minutes. Now when we consider the case of newly shorn sheep it appears almost impossible that the woolly flavor of mutton can be traced to the wool through coming in contact with the flesh, but the truth is the woolly flavor is no less in evidence in newly shorn sheep than in those clothed in their longest or heaviest coats—where the animal has been allowed to lay for any considerable time after being dead before being “gutted.” Further, it appears. very unreasonable to suppose that through the wool com- ing in contact with the flesh on the outside of the carcass that 212 FITTING SHEEP this should impregnate the inside of samme with that woolly flavor of which it invariably smells the strongest In sticking both sheep and lambs where modern appli- ances are not at command, the intended subject for slaugh- ter should be placed on its j2ft side with its head over the gutter that should run through the slaughter house, the operator then taking its head or nose and underjaw together in his left hand, plunges the sticking knife clear through its neck at a point just back of its ear and as close to the jaw bone as possible, and then, with a quick motion of the knife cuts toward the vertebrae. This severs the jugular vein, and the animal’s life blood rapidly flows away. In sticking a sheep it is not necessary or even advisable to sever either the windpipe or the tube through which the food goes on its journey to the stomach. Pithing. The butcher will perform a very humane act by “pithing” the subject he is working on. This is done in the following manner: Put the left hand under the animal’s lower jaw and the other on top of its head, or poll then by pushing or bearing down on the head with the right hand and pulling up with the left hand the vertebrae of the neck disjoints and allows of the finger passing to the spinal cord. This is easily severed by the fore-finger. This being done there is no possible chance of the animal bleating, or ever regaining its feet again. The first lamb dead furnishes the means of hold- ing or pinning the next intended victim in place for stick- ing. Put it on its left side, then push its under legs under- neath the body of the dead lamb and it is helpless after an- other one has been placed in like position with its legs FOR SHOW RING AND MARKET. Piles placed underneath it. Put all you intend “sticking down” in this “fix,” then “stick” the whole of them, being careful, however, not to stick more than you or your company can dress in a reasonable time. In winter fewer should be “stuck down” at a time than in summer, as they will soon become cold and stiff and will not dress nearly so nice as when not allowed to become cold and stiff. Legging. By “legging” is meant the opening and loosening the skin of the legs preparatory to the animal being hung up for the removal of the skin from the body. In legging an animal a proper skinning knife should be used, or one not so extremely pointed as is the sticking knife. As soon as life is extinct lay the animal on its back, then take its left front foot, or leg, between your knees and take the skin on the fore part of the shank between the forefinger and thumb of the left hand and with a steady, vigorous pull, pull it away from the shank-bone, then with an upward cut with your sharp knife, the whole of the skin on the fore part of the shank mav be loosened at one sweep. The skin must now be opened from the knee down the side of the breast to a point in ‘the center of the under jaw. In opening the skin keep your knife a little to one side; this prevents of its “dipping” into the flesh. As soon as the skin is opened the edges on either side of the opening must be loosened a very little by skinning in the ordinary way with the blade of the knife. Now the remaining part of the neck, leg, etc., is easily and rapidly skinned by a vigorous pounding with the handle of the knife, between the skin and the flesh. The dess that the skin is removed from the animal before being 214 FITTING SHEEP hung up, in reality, the better, as the carcass is better pre- served from dirt, etc., and the less the blade of the knife is used in skinning the better, if you want to make time. The other front leg may now be treated in precisely the same manner, only that it is not necessary to open the skin further than at point of breast. I have found it best, in the case of mature sheep, to loosen the skin from off the breast whilst the animal lays on its back on the ground. This is accomplished by placing the skin already removed from the animal’s neck in its ordi- nary position, and on this place your foot, then grasping the loose skin at the point of the breast you pull the skin backward toward the stern of the animal. If it appears that the breast fat is coming off the breast in company with the skin, the knife must be used to free it. As soon as the thick skin of the breast is loosened the skin around the underside of ribs and belly can be loosened almost in a moment by holding the skin firmly in the left hand and pushing the other hand vigorously between the skin. and the flesh. Wizzling. 99 “Wizzling,” in slaughter house vernacular, means the loosening of the gullet or tube that conveys the food to the stomach from the neck, so as to allow of its being with- drawn with the stomach and intestines of the animal. This tube, it must be mentioned, after being loosened from the neck, is cut off about equidistant from the breast and jaw, and securely tied to prevent escape of contents of stomach. The operation of “wizzling” is performed in the following manner: Ina straight line from point of the breast to under- FOR SHOW RING AND MARKET. 215 jaw open with your knife; the first thing you will notice will be the windpipe; care should be used not to cut this, although it is not really important to do so. Underneath the windpipe will be found the gullet or, rather, the “meat gut,” snugly hidden away. This must be loosened from the neck, tied and cut off, and then with a gentle pull should be loosened from the chest, but not detached from the stom- ach. If the outside brown casing be carefully cut you will notice underneath a white, tough, muscular tube. This is the meat gut, proper; the brown-looking outer tube being the casing or protection to the gullet, proper. Ifa circle be described around the white tube by cutting the brown cas- ing clear around and the tube then tied in a knot at this point, there will be no danger of the knot slipping or unty- ing. Care must be observed not to cut through the white tube, or a disagreeable leakage will result. The hind legs must now receive attention. Take the left hind leg between your knees, then open the skin at about three inches below the hoof on the back part of the leg where the tendons are situated; in doing this it is well to ‘leave a little of the skin on around the leg next the hoof. (See illustration.) Continue opening of skin to point of tail. As soon as you find the skin tolerably free on the edges from skinning with blade of knife, pound the skin free with the handle of your knife. The skin is easily divided from the flesh by thus proceeding. The remaining leg being treated in like manner, the subject is now ready for hang- ing up, the pulley now coming into play for this purpose. Should the operator not happen to have at hand the little iron hooks or gambrils usually used for the purpose of sus- pending the carcass, he may insert his knife between the 216 FITTING SHEEP cords and shank bones of the legs—hind legs, of course—and after inserting a small piece of rope or strong twine several times doubled through the holes made by doing this and tying same securely, hang up the carcass by this. The animal now being hung up the operator should allow of the escape of all drainings of the veins by sticking his knife into the breast of the carcass much in the manner that is usually followed in the sticking of a pig or steer. The blood readily escapes and makes the matter of dressing more cleanly. Having proceeded thus far, we now pull the skin from off the hind legs by a downward vigorous pull. By the putting of one’s wrist against the ‘‘vell’’ or inside skin, or film, when pulling the skin will prevent this being torn which is of much importance in the skillful dressing of sheep and lambs. Now loosen the thin skin on the inside of the hind legs; this is best accomplished by ordinary skinning with the blade of the knife.- In skinning this part be particular to keep the skin strained tight; this greatly facilitates the oper- ation of skinning. The main opening of the skin is now made by cutting straight down through the skin of the belly at a point from the udder or scrotum, as the case may be, to the point of the breast. The skin is now easily freed from the belly and sides by vigorous punches between the skin and the flesh with the fist or the handle of the knife. In removing the skin from the shoulders and the partially skinned shanks of forelegs, the first should be fist driven directly through between the skin and flesh, with a down- ward thrust, beginning at the point of the shoulder blade; then with pressure of the arm and elbow the “whole busi- ness” is removed from side and shank in a “‘jiffy.” This done, take the shank of left front leg in your right +1 FOR SHOW RING AND MARKET. 2 hand and with the left, strip the skin back toward the backbone. This is easily done. Treat the remaining side in the same manner, only reversing position of hands. Now if the skin be loosened from the rump-fat, the skin can be easily pulled from off the back and detached with the knife at base of the skull. In dressing wethers care should be taken that the scrotum fat be left intact—i. e., it should not be cut off. Washing. The carcass of an animal should never be washed; that is, considered in the true sense of the word; but, rather, be wiped with a cloth that has been thoroughly rinsed and wrung as dry as possible immediately before using. As soon as the blood-stains, etc., have been removed by the wiping- cloth, the operator should empty the veins of the back of blood; this is accomplished by a kind of scraping of the veins with the knife, commencing on either side of the backbone and scraping toward the belly. Gutting. Gutting is the act of removing the entrails of an animal. First, the breast bone must be divided. This is readily accomplished in the case of lambs and young sheep with the knife, but in the case of aged animals an old knife and ham- mer, or a meat saw, must necessarily be used to divide the somewhat harder bones. By inserting the knife at the open- ing at the breast or throat of a lamb and by an upward drawing cut, the knife quickly opens the tender bones of its breast. Care must be used when nearing the diaphragm or 218 FITTING SHEEP the knife may slip through the soft, grisly bones of the breast and cut the stomach. This would be fatal as regards cleanliness in dressing an animal. Perhaps it would be ad- visable for the amateur to remove the stomach and intestines before attempting to split up the breast; if this plan is fol- lowed the udder or scrotum, as the case may be, should be opened by the hands after the membrane of the flesh has been divided. These will divide in sections in the exact GRADE YEARLING WETHER, same way as will an orange—only there is but one division— and will look much better than when wholly divided with the knife. When dressing sheep or lambs it is not neces- sary or even advisable to open them between the legs, as is usually done in dressing cattle, etc., as the flesh is not only more exposed to, or liable to become covered with, dust, etc., but assumes a dark, dry and unpleasing appearance and lacks that freshness that is so much in evidence where they are left intact until ready to be cut up and offered for sale. FOR SHOW RING AND MARKET. 219 The belly may be opened either by cutting through di- rectly below the division made by dividing the udder or scrotum, or by opening in line with the breast that has been recently split or opened. However, the first mentioned would be the better plan for the novice to pursue until he is more familiar with the anatomy of the animal. It is an easy matter now for the beginner to either ‘split down” the breast with an old knife and a hammer, or anything handy, or to saw with meat saw without danger of the subject under treatment becoming saturated with any undesirable matter. The “pluck,” “hinge” or “haslet” (heart, lungs, liver, etc.) can be easily removed after cutting or loosening the diaphragm. Now wipe inside clean with damp wiping-cloth and we are ready for setting up in artistic style the carcass. The style being determined upon we commence business. Skewering up the Shanks, etc. In cold weather the legs of lambs should be skewered up, as no doubt this adds much to the beauty and finish of the carcass, but in hot weather they should be left in their natural position. When the legs are skewered up the surface of the flesh between the shoulder and breast does not dry and consequently the flesh, in warm weather, quickly turns green at that point. By referring to the various illustrations ac- companying this article the reader will readily understand how the legs or shanks of a lamb are skewered up. Where skewers are not at hand, the shanks can be held in their proper position by wrapping one of the cords—found inside of the muscle of the legs—around the shank where the foot is taken off. In opening the muscle for the purpose of 220 FITTING SHEFP finding these cords it should not be cut crossways, as by doing so the cords will be severed, but should be cut length- ways. When taking off the fore feet of a lamb the operator should be careful to take them off at the proper “lamb: joint,” or he will be at once branded an amateur. The “lamb joint” is not really a joint, but the connection of two bones which appear as if cemented together. This connection is. found situated in the shank just above the principal joint of the foot. By drawing his knife across the inside of the fore- leg at the point above mentioned and severing the cords. the operator can easily disconnect these bones. Fixing up a Lamb. Markets differ somewhat in requirements as regard style and finish in which sheep and lambs should be dressed. Mature, heavy weights are usually dressed in plain style, i. e., without backsets of any kind. (See illustration.) The sides and back, however, may be made to assume an artistic and pleasing appearance with the knife in the hand of a skillful butcher. In lamb dressing, the New York market asks for a lamb dressed with double backsets (see illustration), whilst the Boston market calls for only one backset. As soon as the entrails and haslet have been removed and all trace of drainings and smearing of blood eliminated with the damp wiping cloth, the backsets should be used in spreading out the carcass to the best advantage. Backsets can be made out of almost anything that goes in the makeup of a store box. Split a piece of board, leaving it about two inches wide and from one foot to eighteen inches long, ac- FOR SHOW RING AND MARKET. 22T cording to size of lamb being dressed; sharpen at both ends and you have a cheap and quickly made, but nevertheless serviceable backset. These should be provided previous to slaughtering, or where the butcher is not a fast dresser the lamb is liable to become cool and lose the desirable gloss that is pleasingly conspicuous in quickly dressed ones whilst he is preparing these. The novice quite often makes the mistake of having the backsets too long, which, instead of answering the one most important purpose of contracting or thickening the loin or flank they, on the contrary, spread them too much. Before inserting the backsets in their proper positions the lamb’s back should be broken. Breaking a lamb’s back in the process of dressing not only makes it considerably easier for the operator to properly fix the backsets in their proper positions, but helps materially in setting it off to advantage. When the back is broken just behind or back of the kidneys, these organs, clothed as they are in snowy white fat, assume a fuller and more beautiful appearance, especially when they are neatly and properly finished by be- ing fixed up with skewers. Skewering up the kidneys so as to make them appear artistic and pleasing to the eye is no mean accomplishment, and one that is not so easily acquired as might be at first expected. Unless great care is used there is always a great danger of breaking or bursting them— the kidneys, or, more proper, the kidney fat; then, added to this, there is always considerable difficulty experienced by the novice in getting them to assume the right poise or posi- tion to make a harmonious and pleasing picture. The easiest and best way to break a lamb’s back is for the operator to place one hand on the back directly behind the kidneys and ° 222 FITTING SHEEP the other under the breast, and then pushing hard against the back with one hand and lifting up the breast with the other, the work is easily accomplished. In warm weather the fewer skewers that are used in the dressing of a lamb the better, as without doubt skewering does not tend to enhance the keeping qualities of the meat, but, on the other hand, injures it, as meat will invariably turn green where the skewers are inserted, quicker than any in other parts of the carcass. The illustration accompanying this chapter will explain how the backsets are inserted better than can the descriptive powers of the writer in a volume of words. The backsets in place, the subject is now ready for the caul, which should have been neatly and carefully removed from the belly, etc., and placed inside the warm skin of the animal, which should have been folded and preserved after being taken off. This keeps the caul warm, which is absolutely necessary to dress a lamb neatly. Don’t do as many amateurs recommend, viz., put the caul into hot water; this is entirely unnecessary and a direct injury, as it de- stroys the gloss of the caul and makes it look rough and brittle, as against the smooth, glossy and tough appearance of that kept warm by the natural animal heat of the skin. Care must be observed in putting on the caul. As soon as you have it spread out handily wrap it around the hind legs and allow it to hang from them; cut two small holes for the kidneys to come through; then skewer up kidneys as seen in the accompanying illustration. A careful study of the illustration will, I think, give the reader a very clear idea of how the caul, etc., is fixed. The finishing stroke in the dressing of a lamb is to elim- 2 FOR SHOW RING AND MARKET : 223: inate all blood, moisture and undesirable matter from its. throat by thoroughly wiping it with the wiping cloth after same has been thoroughly rinsed and wrung as dry as pos- sible. How to Fix a Poor Lamb so as to [lake It Appear Fat. “There are tricks in all trades but ours.” All kinds of trickery, by all classes of people, in all classes of business are sometimes resorted to “to turn an honest dollar.” Slaugh- termen that are “sleek’”’ at their business can fix up a poor, thin-fleshed lamb in such a way as to deceive those not well- versed in the business. By what is known as “blowing” the legs and kidneys of a lamb, it can be made to assume a the hind lez of a lamb the operator should make a nitch in the skin ’ thick, full and rotund appearance. In “blowing’ on the inside of the shank and insert his steel between the skin and flesh for the purpose of separating one from the other; then place the mouth close to the nitch and inflate the leg. Slaughtermen in the old country use a machine for this purpose. The kidneys are also inflated to give them a full and plump appearance. Another method employed by some butchers to give the kidneys a rotund, full appearance is that known as “padding.” By “padding” is meant stuffing something behind the kidneys, such as paper, wiping cloths or rolls of caul, while yet warm. A poor-looking lamb may be materially improved by covering it in the course of dress- ing with the caul of a good, fat wether sheep. The above- named methods and many others of a like nature are em- ployed in the dressing of lambs in the slaughter house, but of course only by dishonest slaughtermen. Dor FITTING SHEEP Packing and Shipping. Where lambs are hog-dressed—i. e., merely gutted and left with skins intact—no packing is necessary, but where they are fully dressed with backsets, etc., they should be neatly sewed in cheese-cloth or some light, clean-looking material. It is usual in the case of spring lamb even where backsets are used, to leave the skin on the animal’s back, and also to leave the haslet intact and the head on. I have found it a good plan in shipping to make a light frame or crate of a size that will accommodate two lambs. These should be firmly tied to the crates to prevent the breaking of the caul and otherwise damaging the appearance of the consignment. Cleanliness. “Cleanliness is next to Godliness.” In no other business is this adage more applicable than to that of butchering. Speed and cleanliness should be the watchword of the butch- er. All tools should be kept scrupulously clean. The butcher should keep both himself and surroundings scrupulously clean; all carcasses and the cloths in which they are en- veloped and expressed should bear the impress of care and cleanliness, so that the article will command notice in the most desirable markets. How to Cut up a Mutton Carcass. In addition to slaughtering, every shepherd or flockmaster should have a pretty clear idea of how to cut up a carcass of mutton in a business-like way and manner, for then he is enabled to dispose of his surplus or cull stock to advantage FOR SHOW RING AND MARKET. 225 among his neighbors. No one will question but that a carcass cut up in a clean, business-like manner is more at- tractive and salable than when cut up in a rough, uncouth manner. When cutting up a carcass the operator should make it a point to cut clear through the flesh to the bone with his knife, and not leave part of it for the saw to go eeler: 4, Breast. 2. Loin. 5. Neck or Scrag. 3. Rib. 6. Shoulder. 7. Shank. through, as by doing so the meat is jagged, which makes it appear very unpleasing to the sight. As soon, however, as the knife reaches the bone he should desist and use the saw, as cutting the bone with the knife of course dulls its edge. In the accompanying illustration the dotted lines show where the different joints, or sections, of mutton are located, as defined by the Chicago butchers. Of course in different localities different styles of cutting are in vogue, but I 226 FITTING SHEEP think the one ireated of here will answer all intents and purposes of the average flockmaster or shepherd. In cutting up a carcass of mutton the operator first cuts it in halves at about where the dotted line appears in the center of the body, and the halves are then split into quar- ters. In cutting a saddle of mutton the two loins should be left intact or undivided, as shown in the accompanying illustration. If the tail is split up a couple of inches it adds to the appearance of the saddle. SADDLE AND LEGS FROM GRADE YEARLING WETHER. : FOR SHOW RING AND MARKET. Zak On Judging [Mutton Sheep. OOD judges of mutton sheep are those who, after examining the various points of a sheep can, to use an old country phrase, tell how it will “kill.” It is, comparatively, an easy matter for a breeder to tell us whether or not a certain yeseyeseye = sheep of the breed he champions is, or is not, ge truly conformed, true to type, and symmetrical, but for him to determine whether it will “kill well” and under ordinary circumstances prove profitable to the butcher is quite another matter. A sheep may appear thick and squarely built but may nevertheless make anything but a profitable carcass from the butcher standpoint, for the reason that its thickness is not made up of desirable flesh but rather of superfluous blubber. Sometimes we find sheep dressing not more than 60 lbs. giving more actual weight of flesh than others dressing over 100 Ibs.; while the fleshof the loin of the former would perhaps be as broad over as a dollar, that of the latter would not be larger than that of a fifty cent piece. Then again we find in some too lb. carcasses of mutton 20 per cent more flesh than are found in others of the same weight. From this we can easily see the advantage a butcher has in profit making when he is a really good judge of what he is buying. If the joints of mutton from the sheep he selects for trade are not sold in their normal shape and condition, but on the other hand have to be reduced say 10 per cent in weight by trimming off a large quantity of su- perfluous fat to make them saleable and satisfactory to his patrons, it is easy to see that his profits cannot be large from carcasses such as these. Furthermore, what makes it difficult 228 FITTING SHEEP to the inexperienced to distinguish a thick-fleshed sheep from one excessively thick in “spine” fat, is that the fat is sometimes so solid and firm that it requires the most delicate “touch” and acute judgment.to discriminate be- tween the two conditions. You may ask how I manage to determine the difference myself? My answer is, although I do pretend to know, I cannot find words to properly explain just how I do dis- tinguish between the two conditions. Where two sheep may be selected of the same weight, from the same flock, and fed in the same manner, one of which may be of the un- profitable, thin-fleshed class, and the other one of the de- sirable thick-fleshed class, there is a difference in the “touch” of the animal which is readily recognized by the practiced butcher. As before mentioned, to be able to distinguish this difference one must have a very sensitive “touch” and much practical experience in handling sheep. Discord or harmony of touch tells whether we are handling a tub of tallow or a wealth of flesh. How very liable judges the world over are to err in making their awards in fat stock classes is often and amply proved by the results of the block test. I wish it to be understood in the above paragraph that I do not wish to go on record as saying that animals to be profitable to the butcher must not be fat, for I well know that an animal to produce really good, sweet, tender and luscious meat must be fat or “ripe.” But what I wish to convey is that fat animals are desirable only when carrying a wealth of flesh in proportion to and in harmony with their degree of fatness. No one will, I think, question my conten- tion that the flesh from fat animals is far and away superior 229 FOR SHOW RING AND MARKET. DRESSED, YEARLING WETHER WHEN 230 FITTING SHEEP to that from the poorly finished ones; the flesh of the latter being too often tough, stringy, and almost tasteless. It is not my wish or intention to criticise, but I do think, and the block test has proved it to be so time and again, that the judges sometimes selected to pass on the exhibits at the fat stock shows are sometimes working out of their latitude, their decision being given too often from a purely breeder’s or fancier’s standpoint. Some years ago while looking over the winning pens of yearling wethers at a lead- ing fat stock show I was asked my opinion of a pen that had been awarded champion honors. I expressed myself that so far as the weight of the animals was considered no doubt the judges were right, but if they considered those the kind of animals that would make the butcher money they had without a possible shadow of doubt sadly erred in their judgment. They handled, to my mind, exceedingly blubbery and the “tokens” plainly convinced me that they were so sadly lacking in flesh as to be of very little use to the butcher. My surmises were amply verified by the block test. They proved to be enveloped in a thick mantle of useless “‘spine”’ fat that along the loins was not much less than one and a half inches in thickness, while the flesh of the loin was exceedingly poor, that streak of flesh which is in evidence in the loin of mutton from sheep cf really good quality being almost entirely absent. How can a butcher possibly make a profit out of such animals? Where is our judgment when we award premiums to animals so poor in flesh and carrying such a superfluity of fat, over those carrying wealth of flesh and teeming with other de- sirable qualities? I cannot, perhaps, better illustrate the idea I wish to con- our FOR SHOW RING AND MARKET. LAMB DRESSED WITH SHORT BACKSETS FRONT VIEW. 231 232 FITTING SHEEP vey of how easy it is for the inexperienced to err in their judgment than by giving a brief history of the yearling Shropshire grade wether herewith illustrated as he appeared both alive and when dressed. Although I call him a yearling he was when slaughtered but 351 days old. His dam was a half-blood Merino; his sire an imported Royal winning Shropshire. From birth to death he was crowded along on the best rations I had at command, among them being rape, lupins, thousand-headed kale and kohlrabi. He dressed 104 lbs. net. I do not know what per cent he dressed as I did not weigh him when alive, but I think I can safely say he dressed over 60 per cent of his live weight. Before killing him I sought the opinion of many flockmasters on his merits as a mutton sheep. Without exception he was conceded to be un animal of true mutton conformation and an ideal mutton sheep. Every one seemed surprised when I expressed my opinion that he was not an ideal mutton sheep. I did not take this stand because he was not a heavy, squarely-built animal, or because he was not fat enough, but because he did not handle as if he was as thick in flesh as. he should be, or in other words he did not come under the hand in the condition that he should. I considered him enveloped in a tnass of fat that the butcher would have to trim off from the various joints, with the exception of the legs, to make him saleable. I wish to say here it is rarely that a leg of mutton is too fat. Although having a pretty fair leg of mutton I considered him poor in twist—of course I did not expect him to carry such a big muscle as he would have if he had been left uncastrated. Reference to the illus- ' trations will prove to the reader how far I was correct in my judgment. It will be readily seen from the cut of the FOR SHOW KING AND MARKET. 233 saddle and legs of mutton that they are sadly deficient in flesh. Not in so great a degree as is sometimes the case. however. Although, no dcubt the flockmaster is the one to judge and select animals from a breeder’s or fancier’s standpoint I have always considered the butcher to be the best judge of what the animal should be from the block standpoint. Where one is almost daily handling sheep of all breeds, grades, crosses and ages, and is depending on his judgment to a great extent for his profits, and has the opportunity of com- paring the condition of the carcass to that of the living animal, he must naturally become an expert judge and should be able to form a pretty correct opinion of how a sheep should “die” or “kill.” row) « mla\-ieleleiselcielelolele'sieisicts 21 (bhi hihes Yio) TIENhAWIEN Dg Ko onodadogo SHE aoa cad cnedoeuedoaudsbooo0oOD asp cal WAGES STC Pave:cichowte cisassiseceroistere osete ois ejeus tretaielerere: ose eis eters svar syeveione ete leieiaeeretete 20: BTW Der wetecresisieriteerets cooo0r afal:atosaie eioicvetets stan: Atesciav's svsferchudey te era avait slo} claves ete eae 20: Bluestone ..... wie réibia lwlate ele veieloteiesk (oo atria Ste ere wiasetes tre ierstoca) aiciatoisieetave che ers /ovsieve athe eters 77 Bowel trouble and: ich smile vcreccrete tote cueeteveetoremecciava a sererateheieretatets rate rerere 107 IBGHERS GS onocoosoOdaGeD ataalsisletatelsinre einen meres RS ereeiate win elite nie meee oC: ER YPAUTM ape ersvetove ere kerk bievclerois tala) ereia/Oisvehe aicis teres atkelevetele,srahmnsrevoulerolc eiekeietacslsvam TAT toternintate 19. and) oats) a) desirable, Tatvon. occ cictets sates cerey-teeiersneetteretereteleitetererere 90 BTCCO Se IMOSt HOLCCOCLOUS sejesercieieeveleleverelaete ete leretereurlayeretcleie ats onogenooonenoooNneDanounS PES se 2.0 89 With” DTOKEM DALE ss ccc ies tieteleieeiete iclelsetereteefelcle: ay fetebaies a ofan e chat eee 64 wool to be clipped from flanks at lambing time.................. 106 young one preferred for various reaSOMS..............--.++--+--+ 64 Hxercises important Onl eth e) CurC Uber rie en crte ister > nkesaterelefereretalent brett 45 MGCESSAM Ys cM pM U GIN Syn staseteieiel Moveislahcterarerelstal stcotekaietefeteeneiaie) sis) ecetet sete ter serene 28 should be senile - amd! Mee lars cre ce ite conic olettalete «tele a avoletatnteleta terre 28 Exhibitors, honest and dishonest on same footing.................... 3l EVess aniammation™ Of, Greatre;te ere ae telelaies stele oi- slere etelelererete rie etenetan 178 F AS ULIT OG 6.) od sis visyesshastaiavasara, ate srevege os slope) ons ol ctelotclomiere)e etl sclals[olelerslals)s alee ete 208 Reed; effect on dams. or CLM BOO Era err Dee aO 78 MGR EU TEN atria hee Nee et Tao hc tio c, oi 6 mele faves ct o/shaso Stal Scm bus dealer ete Rteaw aim valease greta 20 (o{PWaT ETN TeVANCON-TORC (TE Vet ee AGS ORIN P=. Seon © ior AGC ae rseasmcte ok 20 CWTITUC He COMLE RE erate cls ax oie. cinters oro) ueparerareraeLaers ote sists nies oie spadaaies safeie ae 91 MeCN MPLS Sc /ath ctu cil cie sitet oisiala/e & sic cil eats) cinerelalslestaeo/eierm ici chale Sele Scala air eens 20 Reset CUTS Crates el Sane ae stte ¢ eto oii cias sie eterote Ppa ce DAAC Cosa ODC OT AS LO CaSO St 46 Soe MIUCLEe) NOAG Gereiew nina cles cits cient sidisleelswielsisisivce.s Scala aaleveis sind Reni wiats 188 240 INDEX H Hampshines; for eaniylambss acme aeciseuiieciones ccc eae ee EEE eee 141 Hampshirewand (Oxford Crossiccaststese ctertetinsrcieioeicte tienes eine ene 27 SEV cary Gad 2 cre era's ats siaiejatoiclerescisve alereisicls winieraiotesateleisvecsisteve e/ctatnaleei ee Cin cate eee 21 Days ISA VARIN oo ice ce nracercie ace: «\5 101 Sxscelere ae wleisyae app Toleie waka voleig aveletale een tei eee 83 Heat, period when Commences) in EWES) sccrsceicicc aise) dnc )eiee ince eee 127 Horns have’ been ‘eliminated’. J). s/c. reves;.0% sels dein seen idee ete eee eee 60 Downs) and lonzwoolsyhornlessesjacseceoceee eee eee eee eee 13 HUOS pitas ithe. cit ak crave ciavetetsece re’ eieielelstetargye: oie sveleve lata di sinva cain slevelarercienete eee name 163 Housing,, ‘close not recommended: comes ceieciecieciic cide tis erence einen 27 Hurdles, how. tQtMakercch co, sects wsctetee a scree ele neler wiehsinielere nee ete 85, 87 Ey posulphbite Of; (SOMA ..< cies cretd.c witeieteieia clela article 110 CPE OPILLLTIIINICOisi« o nice’ cictesa savant cie slopescre aigisrse'e a nec arnvalelointe tie cig a syenreeze 32; eC CIOS Ee LIONEL Wie wcrc oe chara miatcvace alvin sietuoie’ «(a cussed aie atavevevaie eisteseitialata 19 RH OWATOEMUO) DE USUOLI eis ccvceis cies.sielsieiciersied sa ereieiel cep siesl als bieina isla bine afe 32 TOMO MTELO LE UML alala ya nora tetdeisatecry weet eel veld ci clave sin'e arelaisiaieiae cit etelsicl sates 206. BUGUG ELC AE CHIORLE | Ok civolere einine atateynintets s elsiel ois aloisie nic = alee wit v niesistrieiniseetsl= 109 PU LLE VEN ods K AU yofatctartretcterai(a/o ocrcierevelsiateiela.n'e eve /e) /ehoreiavere (o/s ;als’@/ajaiayolei ns /aayate\aserarerate 102 BS TIURENL CS CU Ratetctetetatetete ict ois vecs.c" sis eis sipieiaisiats ein. Wiss a)e.sie alas e'creratalavel a(avavalela SJaystolsicle/eve 110 BymIptOMs Of. WOOL DHalls—treatMent...0. 0.22.0 esenee sccecccr-swssce 170: EAC NUM EM UOU SUG Be tstaln sais cteserelere ss cia Cnrctate’s sielace slaiaie) sieya aisiate teks mceysio\etnisielelec 22. SPECSUS Set ELIT ave tal et cies fol erarereia)isiajw's (ci sielsisia(s 1s) stevala’s, ile fale Abels, c\eie(ela(ejaratuie, ge]elarsiaysiovls 126. TORS) Qufenie Ge ale bhi = Shpnacis dence cn OLdUT ae OCU SD ODUCEDCOAnnOBUaOae 19 VOUNE dO. nOb LOVELLOAG StOMAGCH). © ..\c)oe cris cls uitisieie s(s\s\vlerclsie sr siniveleiele 102 eDkihy Gaiise. cecadeasnoeenone i eM Bt 2 ok Be One Oa eae ae 105. UPL T INE Va eA MOUN Ce CODE), o cleecwissctaysisin eerie eielaltie/dielelsinva/sielolsleis sie.e fae ee ai 95. Lambing, normal conditions......... nih eas Mave tual aM ejocatsdattere staleiae aleve 98 NEAL BES OGTR SLC Hocreserarce araierersteiaieic: «ra use) erayeiote alaveisiale icicisieis slersselelslole'olsjsiaistointielets 90- WERT TPT ELLE IN Gs wot re roictactetey ovata oit:cie/<'s)a svsiereransie ei ave wlalate: siete Maisinyqatetstero wa EMT icicteslare 7 SLIRE oc SEB BRRGBBE CEOS cCCOCROS OLE OS OBER RESID O CCE CCA CO CH EID CCDBOCOT AG 12 IDIKUE. 6 OOtaRES BOGE BOOS DOO0 SO BGA TEAR COOrIoe DoSti OL CCC EAan Hamann te Daoo 4 185. 242 INDEX wuime and sulphur, fom ‘scab icondemmed|s. 12. .5.4c.naeseee eee 175 and isulphurvandepilatory. scrnue scene. ra 8 ieee ee eee 186 Linseed oil for constipation........... Ti s{a'G (Greil 1 Sra, Svaraye "ave oSisseieye fa alee Shee eet 168 TIN SES OU sy iere als lcint rok ew eteratoes. ole ete: ssaye eee ale cielo, teeate oie el tayo eTe oe erate eee 79 iver! diseased. cca cheer Soude SUMO SHADED ee poon Sopabdndes JadI5 236005 3 ALTHO arose cree Yeraiee Sy eres cies ore Gia ska esas ara a ie erste thar ee toed at ee See a 169 onewools, freewirom) Wornsssoscmaneea nacre ce ane MIR sacs ciss 5 13 NOt Closely jtrimmed | cos ssc siee cise Odiaw aide Aone ele aCe ae eee 37 M Maggots, symptoms—treatment................. sacha o:sleveistalerei ee aieeye nee 118-120 Male shield fern....... wiayaratere eis lovesstetolsivls tole \ells > susicvelste les/s\e soles eaaetars Sena eee it Mangels as a feed for breeding ewes...............cccecccccvsrececs 91 IVETE) os eiay'nie e'niaveielesessi0)s]eis'einvosdre ocsyareretois lave forere, aye\ ore e,eislavovonsereleae rate eee eee 155 Marking imi: shepherd sess «sve svetsesetets vnrsrojeraisisjere:s fare sceele slave 2 ole erate eee 84 where to mark........ Raralare riers cial Ne Mele Line roleite bre Liioie ele RIS 85 TATA DS! Say: wiaieloretelsteneinrelaisicaere onle steosiaiere tetas hele arsrPumtceiele sneer cick ee eae 108 Maturity; “about. earliyi sche os ec toasters ection aleaine ana tome 6 sae 125 Milk; be” Careful :Of; icc. jetecarnistes > cen cites encle cease tenet nator Reeieeee 3 rich ‘and. bowel troublerse. ose cerssi-temcee asieleelocrioaeeete eee 107 overrich, effect. onwdamibss..csi.acsuce cures os nach ee noe eee 18 COW'S, tO: De “TedwGed ac sss perce Aub te erapeies ho byopsray rey mele) erates hl ener ES 107 Mistakes: easy for tasnovice:.... ne. commence me otebids heehee toes eens Mustard, white...... ole co ecaceis ovaxsiaage tere ate & ajcieue, avails a ale Pojaneisus thao oo lelaia ares eee 153 ‘wild, notsamel ase white: stisces,. 2 oeee nilucle see ne ee Rae ee oe eee 153 stimulate jsenitalorgeanss < so sc ecnaceccinicteriesemie sicieteicne oeiee tetera 153 White, not. ‘Same as wil divs sci clelesera eine oh core yew + EONS be ore SS 155 DUSVeMt CONSEpPatlom IN laMDB jac cas 5 cialis oclein as « nan e/a wsisa ceva ele a 168 BHOMARDeSKEDt Drom Wneatin gon. <. 2 costecne sae weiter eciate o& a5 scene 92 IORI Gagtibede Cente otocc Oo Oa en OC CIS SOCISE TAA GE cee Seo riceinaae aa marae 78 PE SIEM TTA LLTT Spam ratetayevek ater 21a eietsse cio sh ce aoa verano ovaiera lero face Susie bwin oad be Seirictahelins <5< ao viate 193 Pevicmaite ap eu Zila oer At LOLs atentsarats chen are Gaia en oisre sere cee aera ia cise stare 157 MRAM OTST IEC Loves crane cteteray s/ala herein ata latalsrayahs’ a, sioratatel Xie oraics esa/nim 'o Sonne prs eeoteelh as 157 ea T AS LC teec etnies rans aecaie; oie enetcreRe mec tae eierehe toys aie opm on Bene ens Wa ete att teleleeiee 50 Ss iSaLuitoin, on poor soil—asi a Sheep’ food ....:.2...0....< .oddeeenenescecure 160 mV eE MILE COMBAT Viale scscteratal cic Riots ro aiate fale ava lote'p ureyarelein.n U's GUM erare aie dtekalei ue teeroee 19 HEED . cae c0bn6e COLODNO RODE OOUCE THOU RO DOL ORO RDBAANAN a2 AaAInS Aenea Cc OCBL 175-177 PEP UMECAUSE! | Olcteinee aohsiekesechysie dee ew ais toca class hale cite cralauracda niceteer 80 Sar oR STEMS MMRUVILIEL Oh erst tvalavel | ovateiata: aie: avarmrar atace lasore Sci o(e, sieve or pistoivtereivie viciafeiala sic theta: ateiaiehe 168 WcOUrsewhite,, Cause and treatment... 26.0.5... ck: occ emppys oc cece a dene 168 SSA MOO We COMIOULG LREOK)s<:cieiictaeh sieicibie a ciara oo calc o aclce'e «niet Ws Neveicetneiee 32 MINS ALIS eNO Ws COW SHUDDIC! SHEA juts sce adceiie isle vicla's clara v ottieles cewie Coe 32 PAULI PL RCL ESC LLG oy are occ) cyaialovnin ancl nvale elotere( atte evo alee cia.c o.clovbicVelatens toe Nate Gtk 32 PSU IMRT CC HCSEY cece feleSaraitla'a) svura oia¥e ro eaalataleo%ayatere al atesehecelelelelovercieictaidwlcletatevisie ase a atee 135 BSELL RS LO state erate ckstarn te cletaleiateraicte sictelnte later crate aicheke evans avatanere, a claveysriavayorarareuieinietarere 30 MHCeH ANG NOLUN) AMEPIGAT WINTEIS: 2. <6 2 mcm « cinlscieae ae Osco ces ev eres 79 Canis teaneeie ara Cd Se TATIVOS Sessa a ae cele ain clark wtvrsr al aratares olavevctate tee 48 ROMMTCORVE OUR: (OLUD DET Y asia icrera ais nie terage tie els cua ale «id's asatelaviererarne olsiele opetrnne 27 Gili OO oem OWN CLA NSES( ob. iciircn sic cusesseiealoe we cocicic.u,cle wieibia nists ole mouieeaiena 59 different aAeesssnould ibe Separated. jo. ccicai. occ acleco oe eeeeiee. oer 84 RESULT Pe CONTE cf COC a ain cs streets aici shortens’ sraceveres wie, eidiatd ota arauelelers Risieneche 46 eet Om Gree OUN Six. cia. vomislartearte. Aoteaale cctaein el cisecteors tenia ao stoceae 46 PETC Waa GO CTC DN 1 ctavcvarsis ccsscew ste raseietsigraleteue jal sieyes era Hav oieiatainlews wrorelera te etsLeere e sispee cline 106 MATA RUC Cg OMG CALS recta sihsola ic Sais h keehaline wiaietuse cla mine le aia cotati teeta Yoaiee aa cers 10 SORT ONOUM INOS TE DMG MOUSE = va aa rcisle ccinicie' dalepeteis eoyera arelanetcyelele stershaimrelc ote etercsarer 31 ETUDE VAIL DL OS +TUTTLO Gis. cejere-asaia a's cvs -s ais(etateselsleretesists Wasa’ sie/aevera/a sisiese/eelsre 48 THOS hha One Oy WiC at: Tena pRB BE OOeA TER CROOL 6 2cdUs Joe Oo BT SCO ACOEd oe 16 ILO ARLE Os COMSAT CATES orcs arnt cian, ave ullots'bsis a pie orsyotarore AraaTotastys e/o\nle(e S seia/ate states 29 OW MCLE Gae Wats EINE Poms O Lays's-<,c scrccversiais ecksteuhete oretaracraetors ais creas, etm siersvayers sine 33 SSO wy eT e eel LCi me SN GA LTN Gs cance o's ccsare a aicove: Se calasetateereislcva o e:ceore sioner 29 PHYO Te AWG OUT Pe COLOTN 2. cvciclct alerela 2) «:cishclelaleisiersiaiote orctele(a(staiclolelarecreiatee ete 36 SETTLED WRC CLE, sraseenyetetere ian ictate Stmraie sieve, ofa eavaicte ato Palelorecmioiniels ciereiblolereinre’aveleyharts 155 where. they ‘showld be marked’ so. .cc. cto a cree ces cine cd efelepaaterecare's 85 MANTA E eR ITT CO cyuscrarssctretstsice ian, reise miele eis naake o rtlamic team cleie aici aiciaieara 4 sisteatetateteue 47 246 J INDEX ' Shepherd’ a) (business) MAM sso ss eine oe ce tenis lotsa oe aia s Pelee oles Ghee eee 61 His High Callin cacioe Gos ohana lae elaceten wees peroets ore Sele eee aoa ee 61 WUS* OOM cee rreieicis resets e cicaye res ig overs emesis aaeiste mice ens Sear ales sient ote Cron Rm 75 relation ito,ube tlockmasters \emacecsemicn sees he hea ee aoe ee 61 SEV EATY:, Fevers o otelisve eletayels'e ere reree lavelajefossterele ayer eteve lens i nicteielaie ies 6 nite tNnIn eit tere 62 shouldimot be interfered) swith. joss. ete scien octoeraaiele te eastern 62 Shearing, styles...... pfahaie las oie)als iors inleteleiniersie/zie trae eiaTove Wieheein ete Meeks Meee 186 Size, swhenmit wilds wither fotaidc cine a etemens spon aa siete Cs orale nett eee ree ee 25 if100)) S(O DCI) 01 Ree GAAA SHOE OOOH OMBOSD On DEME BORON SCOGHONO MA GENONBCOO Cac O. 4 a WETE MIE GCOUWMES TS sos sore wie) iclev sre sisie lng eeote ae abravan oie lets Se ever ays eat eee 26 Skin) “what (is) a pam ke? aes seek dciois siseiesscctsvw ans Salers ober eis ra iete ratte = atte ne 16 MESMINE? ALE CTS COMO ES Net a yeu ee wselewe alec cucte Neve tiers hyp atoeretana a ene 16 A T'SS) Mp ALES UM'S 52,5 lies tates ecm cto re inpocare to wel sisheleve ale stoi aceverehaie sn Cee De ee aie teeTeCRS 15 SLVU SGOT See erserstete te oeleley steve mtalosete eaves apereustatevetoney searete ate Ue ee eae eee 205-206 and’ ‘dressing —alls abowtelttews.. sc 5e9 sen os fears ste eee cleo eee eens Somersets) for early Wam se ists)-eiere crete cre iorn ss Wie) ils l ee Aehcrome ete lapsteleke < eeiateeaane 142 Show Stock: “Classes soley sretevcicie lcicein cre tere aie ate satan hele eat ee eee 44 SHGWT Se 5 cS aiclers cit lace oe are ciara ovarnlavera store sig miareisiee cuareicne Doterz e-cleyatstete set ae 47 Shows, some of the Gifficulties:: soc mcs lieesodacteaeesdante cee eS MAKING \ENEPIUCS Ait cre ele cs Poveleteleeis eee exis agers cecletaars pelo thalayer a ater eee 40 SUPRA O) OR ow ayer ko) oak: ll tok, ONC Amr DAO OOM OOS SDI GC OOU CAC SAGE IB OG A paUS 100 Stimulants: themvalte obits cereals sete acters oie erate rae leith cat tetera 98 Stock young, to ber forced seine cosy «vise oere yet eiey ete tele as) tort clanaensteya teeta 84 So IN ee Wal ehen'de WRK WO) Eton s.c Ocean ica coon oomma bemoan Googie tito: 83 SETSEGH EST Coe soa wud erelerareelaiacatl aveveraracy fine oie mers: Vevemern nse Sek Shale a ear rene aoe reer nee 173 SOT areca prorale) aratey erohotarststwever ee ep ae Clee tiers Siardats SPMD tala Antec savera Malet a Ce ean 11 Std flockstsh@arine cscs hawsrcwisis ciceys e's le ds olasrelcmicha tite eelerensltelte nee panera 1385 Success! sthie: Keynote non oek: soins aces atespaterstole ets euayete as tater ee 1G Sulphur andilimle card epiweatoryicicmccctterectsun cr cteclsetersietecetehel-leretnts ferstener agen 186. and! lime for scab) condemmned'yac eer: seen denceinse ee $. jhe cae 175 Sweety Spiniis® Of Mites. can seh ecient eerie reine qb siane isle cnetere Oe ee 78: Sweepstakes ......... ST eIS Ste SNS ato 1c ats UOTE AOE ooo et oe ee 44 T Marcin see WHE! vali vM OW c.crelacleyeea tae iveteeeieteiar sisters sspears 128-129 CTT OUR CO ROC DOSER DC o IES DAD A AOR E RAC OAR CSO GST O SHARC SOA SINS GOOG gCOS 110: Map WOTIMS—T SVCULES: ssesers.sicte: bode le fe eters etade e ietevciese lene ur cotoetokeve (ocer=peele lel teat seta aaa 1i7 UH hopbakewnion? INO a arsoaEconopooooT Sonos og copcudebepdnoocHoomodoCUUnoSus 191 Li Dts); RO RAG tt en eR Aaa aetna. oot ASEHOMMaOEaabe Kamo O Odo Os aoe 78 should not epesused) for makin ieee cee alee etetal ta tatereierer eee 85. MEASEY (a SWETNCTIGAS | Blerc/o/opcierctetedote = raictorela tele eistettate arercrone oS ne star oleet een 70° UBS CARCY OLE ric. «Jes sssete siete clavele:oteieleis xlerebele a iecekesniels ala.elpotsteys iste ke kets lees 70 Teats, sore—cause—treatment........ 2.2... 00s. ess 20s ences roneesvcns 194 INDEX 247 SRO GAI Cala OLIMUS om rice rates plarcteic aia) cite hale nlc ae aioe, vyeraseiel’s loicia's Gearldia alatelarg aMBBtercvere 10 PRAGUE DUCA TSINCO DNAS vctisjorina tisclsereuiada ots ere,c%/siekiss at & trace ioe Syanie 128 BAN La emret ettsestared tone reper tite taf ois teint haya savor sta Sestetotcs has Sr ale eraravera bk o oaus hare tecal aroterays ete 186 UTILS EL OWN SLO De eter esas pe. Nsleovfataini a ounya¥e cls/cuctoj ops s shejelwsaveia a’ s.eiaisie eesjelehealerw atavaye 34 SPAS ee LIN POLLAN CE MOL. cetaets erect svesie sie /sapeie'sts ose). cerecsbeleleiere A: ahs 47 irieks;. do not, deceive: Judes... 3... .ccsc cee ces oes SOE TGC SORT ARS 29 SAR AUENIANL OMA sete ois oer soci. eee arora susie eters tte s ctate «victors acres ale aie eae si OOM ae ELOUMCRATCULL . CON CONT Ceperenre cn teveyters ctats rote aya iors G/afa Severe esnjamsts Siac Slate 36 iwrocar shepherd should always, Carly. sc 0s. cece c cs cance ade aecoceseace 191 BULIMIA SE WiAtOL) LI EILGCDATML ois clita siacieiscte clslije.vidie stele arnisicvalasiacisrsle ote p'ejarels 71 SINT DELCULOST Se SHU UOT S cea) « a: ateialt cietsroie eis elc-areis ole sjeitielers sora creteieiele Siarure «clei 182 BUATTITTO TE Sam rte tet sie ae\ » cictotaie ans ol ster stold otis bia hs ce ier atal stale estan s aid oe ahdatd tata mda wale ste 182 TP REREINET Os6 Gao qh OES DES Doon tEAM Ca aE OOe rE TE OEe rer nnn cores cee nears 154 RE eEROU LOT DPCCOIMR OW ORI tere aarp tie ers elssat cia diets: eve’ sleratara tioteveletareini ects: pra 91 RSPR UY LES UMMM Peis at Ys fey Nag; cv ajayal areca te etey orate: of\ sas aces fatale, a7oxe dras, «alesse te s,o'y atthe (avattetibal ch ateaniererel ateys 11 Giterence between’ Poods.and POOrs..... 0.50. ccc cn cv ceeelenes os cuicde 12 ENUM TOCESS SUSIE Glare arcieanicla ae. am » ate) araie, 9, s¥mPuEIre’ a slanss ala etetvie“esafererecoreapete 12 TSUTOMU cietetcheye seer sister aravstaNe alelare anise) o1aW vj clio alate 2) vere etnies aval aiohow ie ae ee strobe 12 US CMM CSET ATMOS eT ret Bech auex a eiein stoetays creraave wiser asielc sjaen ey arwistets wae’ avid seietelthhet 9 FEIOVULAMM CRLOOIGEG! (LOT sc%e cccvafere) isis = 4,0 dare clave ojeieia ints; #\cia ojuinha’ afaiacrataid ste’ itlalers 69 SU PURALESSS creat claveyava alcove axus sicteyo) sun'e'e{eie/e.e e's sine ojala alate Wi a.c Gibieimyb agi cioietaean 8 dialdle se ene 10 U HELO ED IO CL cred che pivietava(alaleveleraiee bial artin¥o aS stavelle'a 'e horace erate aye, oerarerasevse lai) eietereieie 182 TUNG > Sop as eHSriccee DOU Gne DABOC TESST CODER EOCE TACHI TEM arm mn Semen. T 35 MIM Camel UAT CIT ae Ge CO) LOWES sia7z vinie booveliatel vor eves) a)o.51 0.410 idlelabe/eraterel cca aisnaaiel ptolea 22 Urinary tioubles, rams cause—symptoms, treatment................ 192 Vv MOF eNPIMUL cash CO TEV arate Oo: o/ces sire ole'aietoTavatereVain pirc’@ini tre) s ave) ave’eteyere st time jae wetwtak ak catsettis sista uielon ahs wae eee Oe Seek ee ah ee eee 113: Wethers,; - thes fittiney (oftschag.ccnhnt eh st kee be eeke hee Oe 40) do’ not,.set, blubberyis.52 422255 62 sdcas cess eae ee coe seine eee 40 WiDIS CY: rosersoreie adi visto etapeis totes iolelotele ele eine eare nde SIE ERED Ee eee 79 Wihitewashin'e; simp ontamce soi ar-1ateiste/-/aleeleciseestelalttetversisteiree te etn erent Tite Withers) ewes ‘casting :their.,..- can sce. ce cee ae eeaae oon eee ee eee 174 Woooltballs*in lambs? istomachss-.-cmeee-ce sees epee eee ee eee eee 170 Gark;, ‘traces: Off 65.54.00. 2 555.08 cade, sence eee nee cae Oe sce eee 10 Worms) and!oil cake..022.5 554.465 428 sen ataae sores ot eee aatt cree 164 the: stomach, show tortTeaitii 0.2 tyotsteclsislsy tects etetotelcsetotelometcte tol otetate ae nT 163: Wound, to prevent flies from bothering. .........0.....2.....+--ceene 118 Y Yeaning, \trowble - Of 265 screens ciclo nflsisietelee eis de niatere lc ee Re eee oT the: first; symptoms! e224 «c.ccmincnc ease nee econ nee 96: and: «StretGHes. 21. s% tienes sisi eicie cree Seve saws sienelelate ecient e e oe cere 173 ” | if ie Daal ill my Mi Si a alec Mi, ti ‘Trl i" tiie “leading Dip of the Americas” Ct he Original and NICOTINE | DIP approved and used by the United States Government, It is convenient,cheap and an unfailing cure for alla» sheep parasites. Made by SKABCURA DIP CO., CHICAGO.ILL. ST.LOUIS, MO. r ee he hy, Ge ee TVA aul ZENOLEUM the best known and most uniform and reliable sheep dip on the market, is not only the best thing in | which to dip your show sheep, but also your lambs and the general flock. Most of the shepherds of the country know these things to be. true from experience. We make the statement here for fear that these facts may have escaped your attention. ; To those who have never tried it we would say # that a single gallon of ZENOLEUM in a fair trial, will prove most convincing, It is endorsed by the most eminent veterinar-— ians of the country, and practically all of the Experiment Stations where trials and tests have been conducted. Being an Absolutely Non-Poisonous preparation it will not nauseate or in any way debilitate the sheep or other live stock, and may be given internally with impunity. It rids all animals of stomach and intestinal worms. Asa dip it excels for SCAB, TICKS, RED LICH, | MANGE, ECZEMA, CATTLE TICKS, HOG LICK, POULTRY LICK, ete. Asa disinfectant, dressing and healing lotion it excels for SHEAR, m CUTS, WIRE CUTS, CASTRATION, DOCKING, | GRUBS, SCREW WORM, GALLS, SCRATCHES, THRUSH, CRACKED HEEL, CHAPPED FERT, etc. Send for a copy of our “VETERINARY ADVISER” which we mail free. Ask for price on a TRIAL GALLON OF ZENOLEUM. Address Ghe ZENNER DISINFECTANT CO. 110 Bates St., Detroit, Mich. DIPPING SHEEP AS now become as much a necessity as the shearing of them. No man who has the best interests of his flock at heart now neglects this important work. It not only improves the physi- cal condi- tion and health of the sheep, but it insures a better and more uniform growth of wool and a practically per- fect fleece. Particularly should the show sheep be dipped as they will come in contact with all kinds of conditions and diseases when being exhibited amongst the sheep of less careful shepherds. Our “Goshen’’ Galvanized Steel Sheep Dipping Tank is at once the best and most convenient means of dipping sheep. Made of best galvanized steel, strongly reinforced at top, bottom and corners with heavy iron. Seams stripped with bar iron on both sides of plates and riveted through. Cleated run-way at one and metal roller at opposite end. Is economical of dip, and saves time, labor and money. “Goshen” Steel Tanks > will be found the best of their kind. Na TiN We make them in all sizes, all | wal ih} ii : hi if || shapes and for all purposes. Our spots TANKS . . 7 qh" line includes Tank Heaters, Feed a Cookers and Low Wagon Wheels. Everything of “Goshen’’ quality which means always the best procur- able. Our complete catalogue will be mailed free upon application. KELLY FOUNDRY & MACHINE CO. No. 65 Purl Street GOSHEN, INDIANA THE FAIRFIELD STUD Lincoln | Sheep EK have always for sale 4QQO or more rams \\) suitable for stud or range purposes, also two carloads or more of yearling ewes and ewe lambs. We have fifty-four breeding ewes in our flocks which were the best that could be imported from England, also eighteen imported rams. Some of these being unbeaten in three countries, viz: Eng- land, Canada and the United States. In 1899 at the leading fairs in Canada and the Michigan State Fair we competed for, in the regular breeding class, twenty first prizes and were awarded fifteen out of that number. At the same fairs we competed for seven sweepstakes winning six of them. In 1900 at Toronto, London and Chicago, in the regular breeding classes, we competed for twenty-two first premiums and were awarded sixteen out of that number. We also won five sweepstakes out of seven. Our sales for the year 1900 amounted to over sixteen hundred head. Parties wishing to see or buy good Lincolns are always wel- come at our home, which is situated one mile east of Ilderton and ten miles north of London. J. H. PATRICK Postoffice, Tel h Office . stand Railway Station liderton, Ontario, Canada mcOOD SHEEP MARKING INK. One of the greatest annoyances that sheep breeders have had to contend with has been the marking of sheep. Ranchmen have tried many preparations for this purpose, but have found all more or less lacking in the most essential points. The requirements of a sheep-marking ink are: that it shall be permanent; that it may be easily taken from the fleece when the wool goes to market; that it may be easily applied; shall be ready for use; that it shall not settle, evaporate or fade out before it is taken from the package, and, that it shall make a distinct and lasting mark, without in any manner hurting the wool or diminishing its price. Such an ink is hard to. find, but Heath & Milligan Mfg. Co., paint and color makers, of Chicago, claims to have such an ink and has advertised it extensively during the past year, backing up its claim to have the only perfect material of this kind on the market with numerous testimonials from prominent sheep raisers who havc used the ink for some years. As this Company is one of the oldest and most feliable in its line, it is fair to presume. it will make its claims good. PQOBDHD RAY QD Au’ BORL PROB DM RAD Established 1862. MALLORY COMMISSION COMPANY % e Live Stock 2 es Commission Merchants % Money to Loan to Responsible Parties. Write for Market Letters. Largest Receivers of Range and Native Sheep. Two Sheep Salesmen at Chicago. Special Sheep Salesmen at each market. Feeding Sheep and Lambs bought on Orders. % Consign your Sheep and other Live Stock to Mallory Commission Comp’y Chicago, Hansas City, South St. Joseph, South Omaha, Sioux City, South St. Paul. QQAB2D RRAD ERAD BBA > BDQOBDE A DBMAD> BLD BD LOR BO GALES BIOL ABS PP 2 PE PW Oe EEL CL SD SP PTs Shepherd| above all others is the man who should feed ground feed. It should be fresh too—ground every few days. If he has a mill of his own he is complete master of the situation. The Peerless Grinder as shown in cut will fill the bill exactly. Crushes and grinds ear corn, cob and all, perfectly. Also all kinds of grains either singly or when mixed. Crushes oil cake, etc. Has large reserve capacity, is strong, durable and requires the minimum of power for such machines. Write for circulars, prices, etc. See address below ADAM--“‘The Fence Man’’ makes the very best fence for keeping in sheep and keeping out dogs, wolves, etc. Different styles and varieties, different weights, gy, heights and different sized : meshes. Full of lateral wires and cabled at top and bottom. It is strong, dur- able and lasting. Injures makes no scars and pulls no wool. You | SST nS can sleep soundly in the TN We S255 i : . : a security of Adam Fence.” Equally good for hogs, cat- tle and other live stock. Write for circulars, prices, etc Address W. J. ADAM, Box A-55, Joliet, Il. a " ie 1 AQ My) : 2 DARE yharedsii ae =i 266 AIAN The Acknowledged American Authority on all Matters Pertaining to Sheep and Wool. For years it has been recognized as the leading exponent and advocate of the American shep- herd’s interest. Iis corps of writers include the leading breeders and experimenters with sheep, aud its special correspondents keep its readers in close touch with the sheep and wool situation in ail parts of this country andall overthe world. There is no paper upon which the sheep man can rely for information with greater confidence. Semi-=llonthly, 50ca Year. Sample Copies Free. 1 MAR KEIS. was & RUELD ? a OS fe EE eS =a b AAS Te Si eS, qe Ds, \ Ree ee ee Special Offer. Por $1 we will send Wool Markets @Sueep 1 year and our Premium ( om- bination Riveter, Rivet Magazine anu Buckle Punch, the handiest con trivance you ever saw. lt menus harness, belt- ing, ecc., instantly, driv- inginthe rivet, clinching 16 and ‘counter sinking both heads. Holds fitty rive's, weighs 20 ounces. Every tarmer needs this appliance. Can be car- ried in the pocket. OE a a 7 a es = SF WEIGHT ONLY 20 OUNCES a Na Paar ap ere ASST a ee YS ee ee We make liberal inducements to agents. Draper Publishing & Supply Co., CHICAGO, ILLINOIS. SE), GG is A SE ST — Sj SNES SS En SS = — Ae 4 ; See. ; ly, rs 4 A Cay Le ‘ me Ad iA PM WE. Oe SN | “SWIMBATH” Sheep Dip Powder A perfect combination of NICOTINE and SULPHUR. Contains NO LIME. Cures scab and mange. Kills ticks and lice. Cheapest and best. Liberal dis- counts on large orders. Write for par- ticulars. The Tobacco Warehousing and Trading Co. LOUISVILLE, KY. % “OSGOOD” Is the simplest high grade, low priced Scale on the market. You cannot afford to be without one. Write for our SPECIAL PRICE and liberal terms. Double or combination beams; large or small platiorms and any capacity Werefer with permission to Editor Wool Markets and Sheep, Chicago, regarding our responsibility. OSGOOD SCALE Co. Box 186. BINGHAMTON, N. Y. THISTLE BRAND Sects x Sheep Dips OOO NSC Se Laidlaw’s Patent X L All Nicotine Carbolic Compound Laidlaw’s Extract of Pure Tobacco Double Strong Kndorsed by United States Government Laidlaw’s Concentrated 3 be 3 3 | Tobacco Powder Contains Correct Proportion of Sulphur All Mixed and Ready for Bath A Dip as Cheap as Lime and Sulphur and Does Not Injure the Fibre of the Wool LAIDLAWS are the oldest Nicotine (Tobacco) Dip Manufacturers in the world. Their Dips have a world-wide reputation for sure cure. For Pam- phlets and Prices write LAIDLAW, MACKILL & C0., Ltd. RICHMOND, VA. GOOD OOS OSS FOSS OOSSHOHGSOOS8OOOOOOOOOO Allen Sheep-Shearing Machine Go. (| re Pioneer American Sheep- Shearing Machine [' is becoming a well known and } established fact that the Ailen Sheep-Shearing Machine is not f only the most economical machine to maintain, but also the average sheep shearer can do more work with the above machine in ten hours than with any other. WHY? Because of its extreme dura- J bility, reliability and simplicity. Noth- ing but the finest material and the best of workmanship used in the construct- ion of the ALLEN. Many of the old f objections sustained by wool growers have been done away with by the intro- duction of this machine on the market. The ALLEN COMPANY will be pleased to give all particulars to intending pur- chasers and furnish them with blue prints of shearing sheds, catalogues and circulars. References. J.T. Murphy, Helena, Mont.: B. G. Shorey, Merrill, Mont.; J. B. Long &Co., Great Falls, Mont.; J. N. Williamson, Prine- ville, Ore.: A. H. Allen, Baggs, Wyo.: Robt. Taylor, Casper, Wyo.; Minn. Transfer Ry. Co., St. Paul, Minn.; A. Largilliere, Soda Springs, POSITIVELY Idaho; 8. We Le pe Wancus: Minn. ; Fre. THE MOST Smee o., Fremont, Neb.; and hun- DURABLE ALLEN SHEEP-SHEARING MACHINE CO. 11 Exchange Ave. es U. S. Yards Chicago, Iil. RAMBOUILLETS American Merinos Delaines ; re $ UR Rambouillets are the largest > x flock of pure bred von Homeyers ; in the country. $ Our American Merinos have been $ winners both in the show ring and as $ | sellers, having sold more stock rams to $ American and foreign breeders than $| any other flock. >4 Our Delaines are of the best quality. $ We are the largest ‘breeders and ~| dealers in range rams and choice rams Stor stud purposes. Wecan furnish you ¢| anything you want in the way of a ¢| Merino sheep. Experience of a life $| time at your disposal. Over 1200 head $ sold to range and stud flock breeders +| in 1900. Send stamp for our booklet, eH iciates duds , $| “Merino Sheep. If you want the > best, address : A. A. WOOD & SON se a Daa DAADADADAAAADAAADAADAAAAAAADDAAAAAAAADADDADDS Hickory Grove Saline, Mic. : AAA AAAAAAAAAAAAD AAA DDD Dba Dit \ ae aa Oe) eas) Yy g FT) NN UNO LSD) Here is a Clincher! PAT. a __4<— RIVET MAGAZINE The handiest little contrivance for the farmer you ever saw. ‘The PREMIUM Combined Riveter, Rivet Magazine and Buckle Punch. It will mend harness, belting or anything else that a well clinched rivet will hold. It is strong but can be carried in the pocket. It drives in the rivet, clinches it and counter-sinks both heads with one movement. It willsave more than its cost in a few weeks time. Holds fifty rivets and is always ready for use. Price $1. post paid. ; To introduce this handy appliance we Special Offer. will send either of the following pa- pers for one year and the Riveter, to any address for only $1.00. Dairy and Creamery, Commercial Poultry, Wool Markets and Sheep. Three great semi-monthlies--the leaders in their class. All three papers and the riveter $1.5). Don’t run the risk of having your harness break when you are away from home. Carry the Premium Riveter with you. DRAPER PUBLISHING & SUPPLY €0., Chicago, Illinois. We make liberal inducements to agents. Sample copies free. CII RAIS 00 FSD A DQ®WW YD | y, a Z N ! | wn WE AVN’ THE BEST INCUBATO fs the One that Does the Most Satisfactory Work. The poultry raiser wants the incubator which will give him the best results: with the least trouble—the one which hatches the largest per- centage of eggs and produces chicks in the best condition, and at the f same time makes the fewest demands upon his time and attention. We have such an incubator in THE RELIABLE and we have an equally satisfactory appliance in the famous Reliable Brooders. They are used all over the world and have a record of successful hatching and brood- ing, unsurpassed by any machines made. They will do for you what they have done for others. Our 20th Century Poulfry Book (second edition) describes every phase of the poultry question, containing chapters on Poultry Raising on the Farm, Feeding for Eggs, Raising Broilers, Capons for Profit. Pekin Ducks, ete. It will be sent free for 10 cents postage. Our Poultry Yards. We give our personal attention to breeding extra fine fowls of all the Standard varieties. Eggs in season. Fully described in our 20th Century Poultry Book. RELIABLE INCUBATOR AND BROODER C@., Box 815, Quincy, Illinois. Maple Grove Herd x CHEVIOT SHEEP ~x Champions of 1900 One hundred and four pre- miums won in seven shows, including all sweepstakes except one. Own and_ bred the Sweep- stakes Ram at the International Live Stock Exposition. Sheep of both sexes for sale. For further information address FF. B. HARTMAN Fincastle, Indiana The Taso has y wind enormous ne ides in the ae decade, because of this intelligent knowledge brought to it. Ww Dairy and T Creamery sa semi-monthly paper, which discusses milk and butter <6. making from a practical, every day standpoint. It takes 1@4 up the dairy and creamery question in all its phases, the breeding of dairy cows, the care of calves, feeding for milk, ele . care of milk, ripening of cream, making of butter, and is in WY et: touch with what practical men are doing. It doesn’t preach nor scold—it just talksplain, common sens9. Ww 50 CENTS A YEAR, offe) i (24 numbers.) ope Send for free sample copy. é RIVET For $Lwe will MAGAZINE Special offer. send Dairy and law HOLDS | Creamery one year aud our Premium 50 Combined Riveter, Rivet Magazine and ? RIVETS! Buckle Punc h, the *handiest contrivance eis / youeversaw. Itmendsharness, belting, e fa «4 G “PUNCH ete. insté antly, driving in the rivit, ! A clinching it and counter-sinking both iy heads. Holds fifty rivets, weighs 20 ae ounces. Every farmer needs this ap- WEIGHT ONLY 20 OUNCES pliance. Can be carried in the pocket Denver Publishing and Supply Co., Chicago, fe We make liberal inducements to Agents. PEEP EFEF HFEF FGFF FH F9 4444444 444444444444644 Chapelle Flock OF \e has always been our aim to have one of the leading flocks of Delaine sheep in the United States, and we can now honestly claim that honor. Our flock has always taken the lion’s share of premiums at the leading Fairs and Expositions, and our breeding animals have gone into and done good service in most of the great flocks of the country. The ram Sensation, now at the head of our flock, is one of the best yearling , rams in America today. Weight 172 pounds. He will shear by April 1 close to 30 pounds of wool. Ewes and rams of the highest quality always on hand, A. T. GAMBER WAKEMAN, HURON COUNTY, OHIO On L. S. & M. S. R. B., 60 Miles East of Toledo se bbb ADA AMAA DADA AAA DDD DADA AAA AAAL AM AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAADADDDDDODDADDDADAAL 1 FHF F444 4444444944444 444494 44444 KILL THE TICKS ON SHEEP The most effective vermin exterminator, the one easiest to use and surest in results is ¢e-» Death to Lice. It kills ticks on sheep, lice on horses, cattle, hogsand poultry, and exterminates fleas and all other vermin. No other in- secticide is so largely used nor gives such satisfaction. Posi- + BR, Se Se Oe Se tively non-injurious. as <7 100 Ounces, - ~ = $1.00 5 Ounce Sample Package, = “ 10c Valuable Booklet Free. D. J. LAMBERT, Mit., Box 461, Apponausg, R. I. (Death to Lice will keep plants free from vermin.) 2 4 4 e e MOT [19UGND ATANV IE ff V *poiqg soy [[R ‘SOMOo OAY puB WRI JO dnois o[dures SMOYS UOTIRAIISNITL INO ‘SNOOY palojsisal jsoq oy} prey OF} 9TqQRIINs ‘sSuURY SUNOA Mol B OABTT ‘OTBS OJ} somm BSunod pur survey Surpavwan Asipoy GUILIOG P1ePpULIS UI [Te ‘QOG 1eAO Ss1OquINYY 490] 7 ‘soyRISdIVOMG OULIO] OY} [[R YOO] [ ‘OIGO PUB UISUODSTAA ‘STOUT[T] Woy UOTed UO YIIM ‘GEST “IPR 8IBIS TY “UOTITY -od mood Fu014s puodasS PUR ISI imal -jNUW 1OJ ASOT[OH [VAN Y[NOL. ye WOTPRIOOSSV -pooig, daoqS BMOT JO 4sequod SULIBOYS 1v 99201 97QDNIDA SOUL toy; wnitwoetd 4s. yooy ‘yop Aw J[eq jo oatspuris 10 ALIS ,,‘SUqUINTOD., UBL yoo ys PLO “UOTIVUTGULOL) uoy -INJX PUB TOOM 9 ‘TOOM O}IUM SUOT Jo sad00y AABOY ITM poalaaod [TAM ‘UWIOy HILLSIDE STOCK FARM Short Horn Cattle ana Liecester Sheep Our Flock of Liecesters took First Prize at Michigan State Fair in 1898, 1899 and 1900; also Diploma for Ram and four of his get in 1899 and 1900. Our Liecesters: are “of the’ best type’ and quality. Write for prices. John Marshall @ Sons Cass City Michigan edb a sh Pee ee ahalrrde Wve ste Se ethe ye detrle whe " bas hob OP areata if NPS Fer be ew ot Ae rm «are lphoteye fe SEM Ae HPD STH ho bay ater Varey 14% ge pepet ela We bole evintehddme rer nt ty uh edhe ty bev heh tei eich Wen VEEN NIE Bir ele Urban AM ‘ Poh OB hepog 0 ak ols (a * SN4 106 | SRPPEN oa 8 tne Sr eh ei ohar elem be cite ban te * PHP e eh pede: hate bnie a) ar bebhacbaks PALI) oes erepehapegege 1°? Witar cbt yh Ale * ne He CHO far ere 4 NO ORL Hm be a Near ope aLepite {pter phot hee be lahaioiebeceinte fee ry NAP Spates Oh the) we Vii © hep OC ohana elehed bpbibpind ss he Oe Ne tat wheyey ey : Poa tia VOOR elm pte bshebot phoma Poe o Syehiertteele * DHS HP Mor eh peamg ag! he Veta je dota! ' yey Hiepalen ie f HY Nidal Mihhyvah ir toby % th Mets ; f SEPM PT Photebess , zi Pe ea PEEP Ade gy 4 heMuife *Potjae a Wah a eieh Sande

wha ennp aay PON AH AN Meds Maa eal a tem, Selby bY Aele Veta ose eT ya pda wie ey 9.4 Avner We 22 ROS an die yA. % RY 2 BRLnts a: Mipeteretetn delslaieienin 4 f, he a_i ae i * O45} vente i apeVey YS CATO ene p we Abts he see ae shel, + ne Wa alae . Sekt abd " wr rie heveviirde) nb, ge say wee. e Ws ep tebe boned Siete tates |e ae abel * { Deveguecersyepe te Os (REV be ede L404 of. “4 i VES 8 # UP Veb souiott debe’ bho! qb id tginne 29 (PAGOIM OVEN PEIG > Vag vv, MO af, lariplateniintet ey berenoyats ay arena oh} in ~& Colaisyrtane pabaln Phone bert fi aaiet a fae 4 74 hobs shelwebttrtebaas Helin povaya)ie te ge by Pb bOneyek: , oie, eaieiag bye fifee Asdowtenendee ae vie Waele abe wedieGeted Srdusener te eee ny) Sw Veliod ana bs depedyt ye o “t eas. . arrestee Fhe got thaee oy ey abe oe lete ile Petey £1 Viele Uy doe ddd Lng ni nfeiienibe seme gm ote i me FOF AP HE ae lobes.. chat Whe oH og by hart led HPCE Rare sony 6 4, pry ae verelte be biegy 8 Eadie kisi ee ‘ Sea wie tee de ler in fe yebt feyryats Brie lohsbuecetaiote oles PAOLA TEED Neen pee "y sep BIA DS teh prrnprre eh ‘ oe ee ie de cans seer be Wet Ai tole aie , Jot ho hGeys ie wie ania WS weave / ieribhinhl tithe Tbe ce bofie lie cok epee Lede je) NOt EO EE Oy be © hE Me Reh ade | ngie tene) baburthivted beable lm! AL wire ied SORE OHA L avinty bake ere ch ates jee AM eh bubiateibien uhetrdan til oman} ddsah Pahoa hdlad beck iathdnainh eich bs} sacl tal dabei tek Le rem what e Ohne PEPE OY Pm ey Hs ay SHE Sop ehe leh dae Nwfete a dus "sy er | ” er Out bal 24a RD Sep he eke Pteheiehe wort Pets [Dobe legeg NAA +0 Rho pe, HEC U bad Bhat yh Heer GE Wes HO) OOD I Note foiay Wehiede) Stem ay Pimey Mish nk WN rheln cies rete ents Fis te beatae he +9 DED Le em page! HANGibimbohtiai a Wig Ti ier iseete brome i Pr eek hives boehane el y ts HPV bat ebel rie fone intauaiay bh Fy hy | Piktiede ks} Sete y HO8.0) opin. gg 44 Kgvee te UO Ade lay riyt pede glob de tur th phere vy Sh nn LAA wtulra meee o AND TO MMAP TO selec aim ieee 6 peed 4 DD Lt neem whale pou priate ‘ } bh bn | Oy tarp ore ier HOV ldepe band ee Ll oo) | ee ee wee be NOE lie PROg le tobe on War torent bore Aid \afepyye! marian sete Voeaie letra home heer: chet Ni v Re be dete i ete Pe deh oo. wn ge pat Mee nd ms; 14 ee one the bee biereme age beg vhe tet on haa Bit AO See ad a ECT feed, Shay be Fol rh whe $a-b Set Vow shetde hace i hairy PAO heed be vob Ae lad th bobiicbne ree (bee ie WH WHC ED) AG Wf elorge bos 86, hs oh PP TREE Bearer b UNie wpe! TOES Re pete bis Aa butuheh beedel a bipkch ieee hae niCl maby henna NOM CW He ay ds ee Ape IVR teak Cols We ade) etaet htt NODE HEED PON Te ire rede ange 2 EN Bye Cue Ye LOE pe 'efe Nea PLE Sone drt be Wek Sinded Re wus Cows eee d-e & > ‘ ree swag! © hoe ery TENE SR eau! te Arye. 2 (elven emi bane aheleds GiLeadale | t Noe EPS ee hele or we yebid MPRA LIS busy i aim ie basnie fe thie te piper QP REEBY EME briN ere tarpene sohegl Hetee be Hop Wy i esgs anfade 64 AYR eee be bk ted Ss lind Saale fe geiurtela (ep | SHIN Ur aerdthirere: Lee Bre Veal he be Pitt eis be Feed oye (tye Pod dey the, byeieip tes mrletede «hha bane db hid a bee} 1 }ohry 0 lehte ee Vee lede - be Robey ros k ew We hele | ai iad eg Lela winbrws he eich my 7 Aa *! hain . , PERM etel whe qurpe omy, Wert ot eis wm PAO GAA Aled adi nl feber-lerr rbe!t, taba ly PVCS Deen Vw te yite Lebel edur: Hap gre Wh nah myelin . many he Jeon PE MED LOR devel poh ni dre Wash Fleimirs rie inte alt i ate + on elp Ue gh) peat “ heeds mah * ™ bere Lie ae “brie belo hh Obert atte sberyig baighy | SIO spa tibven S dhe leds ere att : PHP E Ee mi opeirhy ey aah eo Meiudtactia tri hs aut ayy MEN Hymn edeidien je iade ofa, encne ” sty iol tedelohedaie wanntorans WhubGrvelecaniohes eMrteins bib pulbar eo nak ae we “ Netle Wal om} yan csdte bib | tal bee 0 CATE hat tri OOMa ert panes Wf Bitdeo, ta ded ate kit tn Cota ce Liebe Labticd sh ate Chat a eee “Chapels pea ee ab Medes vem we Witty rape Peapepnca MET tere nies Me Ae ALL ATAAN Abbie ee Soler Sitar tet vas jst nig rciteret etary Pree FeepaneVeceg bp seelet He bes (inf ei, is { rhea whe d r u i \ Ab ah death th pants isin \whewaget rhein fe, ot B86 ew in SUED biret oes N thee i bhvye * ‘ pdb ipa hee . pha tehedede ‘ coe ae AevHetnar Gbldrin dain shainet etd eh ty sents +h fa Tehag sohee areca mnfeiar hore ima parcaoert Let WGC ECG, epelele Desa heel deni yering a aati Lk) ee preepadniy yey ete mA Aisin ot MAb hive ralan | he ETM LOL beled: Poy! Si vde te ieee i Cr rer) yb i AC Sig wh Yat Rye bof VinWehtidehinbacubae itt Shh AAW DHE AROS Vf oI bch by ua ey Vaal eed obnehe “ahs b FAB popaie ty ik PEARLY I Velahe bape i etn heey cs eH PHM FA) we) pede he (iat Of HO mde. sae avs hee WP * ee Ma | a ae Cae y 2 siege | 4 Ce nei bate. oa ” | ES Oak We fad ewe siege HeNnAsiieia az Te AU Sy oie LA HA bh ad VE Sh-4 torent theta cele Mee eb rage EFM bay, hitb aLba bh Lay 2p yhot let ng Fye EN Ode kg epoted ret he we edep Wulilmniite Toit ahem kh bibs bithabe Libteed Get Gaeta eo eee rs Wiehe hod givram dag. § r a ka Le es Yeowmeb eho Veg ai -pereh atoyet Wet = MOLE He heh Rie Heung a geld Oh ) ee ee