REEF

POINT

GARDENS

LIBRARY

The Gift of Beatrix Farrand

to the General Library
University of California, Berkeley

THE
FLORA OF THE ALPS

VOLUME THE FIRST

XV — DIANTHUS GLACIALIS.

THE

FLORA OF THE ALPS

BEING A DESCRIPTION OF ALL THE SPECIES OF FLOWERING

PLANTS INDIGENOUS TO SWITZERLAND ; AND OF THE

ALPINE SPECIES OF THE ADJACENT MOUNTAIN

DISTRICTS OF FRANCE, ITALY, &> AUSTRIA

INCLUDING THE PYRENEES

BY

ALFRED W. ^BENNETT

M.A., B.Sc., F.L.S.

LECTURER ON BOTANY AT ST. THOMAS'
HOSPITAL

WITH ONE HUNDRED AND TWENTY
COLOURED PLATES

IN TWO VOLUMES

VOLUME THE FIRST

LONDON
JOHN C. NIMMO

14 KING WILLIAM STREET, STRAND
MDCCCXCVI

Printed by BALLAKTYNE, HANSON & Co.
At the Ballantyne Press

Add to Lib.

LANDSCAPE

ARCH'r -TURS

Far rand rti-P-fl

Bf

v.f

INTRODUCTION

THE Flora, of the Alps is a subject of never-failing in-
terest even to the casual visitor to the " playground of
Europe." Probably nowhere on the face of the globe is
to be found, especially in the spring and early summer,
a greater wealth of brightly coloured flowers, often
growing in enormous masses, festooning the rocks, and
making of the alpine pastures a veritable floral carpet;
and the interest is greatly increased by the ease with
which many of them can be cultivated in our flower-beds
or on our rockeries.

The scope of the present work does not fall in exactly
with that of any other in the English language. Its
object is to provide the tourist with a handbook by which
he can recognise the plants which are likely to attract his
attention in his Alpine wanderings. There are excellent
Floras of Switzerland, of which the best is Gremli's,
translated by Paitson (Nutt) ; but the area of that book
is strictly confined to the Republic of Switzerland. There
are also Alpine Floras the range of which extends to the
adjacent mountain regions, especially Tirol, such as Dalla-
Torre's "Tourist's Guide to the Flora of the Alps," trans-
lated and edited by the present writer (Sonnenschein) ;
but in this little book " alpine " plants only are enume-
rated; many lowland species which are altogether un-

vi INTRODUCTION

familiar to the English tourist being passed over. The
range of this latter book does not extend to the Pyre-
nees ; and in neither of those already mentioned are
there any illustrations. The illustrated work most familiar
to the English botanist is probably Seboth's " Alpine Plants
Painted from Nature," also translated by the present writer
(Sonnenschein), in which 400 of the most beautiful and
interesting plants are admirably delineated in coloured
plates. Correvon's pretty little Flore coloriee de Poche
des Montagues (Paris, Klincksieck) has a wider range,
including also the Pyrenees, and is illustrated by beauti-
fully executed coloured drawings of 1 80 species ; but the
total number described is comparatively limited.

In the present work every species of flowering plant
which is reported by competent authorities as growing
wild in Switzerland is at least named, and a short
description given of all except the commonest English
plants, which are familiar to every one interested in our
wild flowers. But with regard to the other more south-
ern countries named on the title-page, the lowland plants
(not found in Switzerland) are not referred to, since they
belong to a totally different flora, the Mediterranean ; but
only those which, from the altitude at which they grow,
have a claim to be regarded as alpine.

In choosing the illustrations for the present volumes,
an attempt has been made to represent every leading
type of alpine flowering plant. At least one plate is
given to every natural order which includes any consider-
able number of alpine species ; and in the case of those
genera which especially attract the attention of tourists,
such as the Pinks, the Saxifrages, the Gentians, and the
Primulas, drawings are given of several species. As the

INTRODUCTION vii

Flora is not limited to Switzerland, a considerable pro-
portion of the illustrations are of natives of other alpine
regions, especially of the Pyrenees.

As the traveller with botanical tastes approaches Swit-
zerland by any of the ordinary routes through Northern
and Eastern France, he notes but little difference in the
vegetation from that with which he is familiar in our
southern counties. A few strangers soon make their
appearance ; the spiny heads of Eryngium campestre
are seen by the road-sides, and the damp meadows are
coloured by the yellow thistle (Cirsium oleraceuwi). In
the vineyards he would also find some unfamiliar weeds,
such as various species of Delphinium. But until he
reaches Macon or Pontarlier the general aspects of the
vegetation are the same : it is the flora of North- Western
Europe. In the mountain woods of the French Jura or
of the northern cantons of Switzerland he will come
across much more to attract his attention; such plants
as Veronica urticczfolia, Prenanthes purpurea, and As-
trantia minor meet him everywhere ; Prunella grandi-
flora is common by the road-sides ; species of Dianthus
and Gentiana become gradually more predominant; while
among the bushes by the road-sides or in damp meadows
he will notice the red-berried elder, Sambucus racemosa,
and the feathery Spircsa Aruncus. The sylvan flora of
the calcareous Jura chain is especially interesting; here
are found in abundance the alpine honeysuckle, Lonicera
alpigena, with its twin red berries, the mezereon, the weird
herb- Paris, Paris quadrifolza, the pretty little Maianthe-
mum bifolium, the red-berried crowberry, more than one
species of Phyteuma, and many another which the inex-
perienced botanist will transfer with delight to his vascu-

viii INTRODUCTION

lum. But none of these are truly alpine plants ; and it is
not till he ascends much nearer to the eternal snows that
the full glories of the alpine flora burst upon him ; — the
Rhododendrons, the azure of the innumerable Gentians,
the starlike Saxifrages, white and yellow and purple,
the many-hued Anemones, the feathery heads and sil-
very leaves of Dryas octopetalay the Primulas, the
Sempervivums, with their webbed leaves and singular
blossoms, and multitudes of others. Even to those who
do not claim to be botanists, it is a day to remember
when the Edelweiss or the auricula is first gathered in
its native haunt, or the tasselled bell of the Soldanella
or Snowbell is first seen appearing through the edge of
the snow.

" What is an alpine plant ? " is a question which does
not admit of a very easy answer. It is not uncommon to
find, in sheltered situations, even at very high altitudes,
plants which are but outliers, carrying on a precarious
existence, of species whose home is at a much lower
level ; while, on the other hand, truly alpine species will
often descend, brought down by the glaciers, far below
any line that could be drawn to separate the alpine from
the sub-alpine zone. We regard as an alpine species one
whose proper home, where it thrives best, is near the
eternal snow, or not below the level to which the larger
glaciers descend. The altitude of such a zone will, of
course, vary with the latitude. The adaptability of plants
to endure a climate which is not altogether congenial to
them gives rise to some singular results. We have said
that north of the Alps the flora is essentially that of
North- Western Europe. South of the Alps it is essen-
tially that of the Mediterranean ; this great range of

INTRODUCTION ix

snow -clad peaks preventing any great migration of
southern plants northwards, or of northern plants south-
wards, such as has occurred, for example, in North
America, where there is no such chain of mountains
running east and west between the warmer and colder
parts of the Continent. But a mixture of southern and
of alpine floras does, nevertheless, take place to a certain
extent, especially in the valley of that great south-flow-
ing river, the Rhone. Here, as, for example, at Visp or
Brieg, you may find growing side by side plants which
have ascended the river-basin from the Mediterranean,
and plants which have descended the mountain-sides
from the Alps.

To the student of geographical botany the absence of
certain plants from a given area is not less interesting
than the presence of others; and a comparison of the
floras of the British Islands and of Switzerland introduces
one to many very interesting facts. Of course there is
one large element in our flora that is absent from the
Swiss — the maritime; with the exception of one or two
species, like the thrift, which are found here and there
on the summits of the loftiest mountains, and one or two
others, as the yellow horned poppy, which finds a con-
genial home on the sandy shores of Lake Neuchatel.
There are also a few Arctic species, such as Primula
scotica and Saxifraga nivalis, which occur in our moun-
tain districts, but do not get so far south as Central
Europe. But the chief element in our flora which would
be strange to a Swiss botanist is a Lusitanian one.
Owing to the moisture of our climate and the mildness
of our winters, many species characteristic of the south-
west of Europe extend their range much farther north on

x INTRODUCTION

our shores than they are found elsewhere, especially into
Cornwall and Devonshire, South Wales, and the south and
west of Ireland ; and this is the case with some of our
most familiar plants. So accustomed are we to the glories
of our gorse-commons and of our hills clad with purple
heather, that we can scarcely believe how limited is the
range of these plants ; and it is only gradually that the
English botanist visiting Switzerland begins to realise
that in her woods there are no bluebells ; on her banks
no purple foxgloves; that the gorse and the broom are
hardly ever seen; that in her cornfields are no corn-
marigolds; and that from her mountain-sides our bell-
heathers are entirely absent. To the same category
belong also a number of other plants, not so abundant,
but yet familiar enough to the botanist, especially in our
western counties, which he will fail to find in Switzer-
land, or, if at all, only very rarely. Among these may be
mentioned the Cornish and the Connemara heaths, the
ill-scented Iris fcetidissima, the Pennywort, Cotyledon
Umbilicus, with its singular peltate leaves, and quite a
number of bog-plants, such as the fragrant bog-myrtle,
the ivy-leaved bellflower, the yellow butterwort, Pingui-
cula lusitanica, the delicate bog-pimpernel, and the bog
St. John's wort, Hypericum elodes. There are also one
or two arctic aquatic and bog plants abundant with us,
such as Lobelia Dortmanna and the bright yellow bog-
asphodel, Narthecium ossifragum, which do not reach so
far south as the Alps.

The origin of the alpine flora has been a subject of
much controversy among the authorities in geographical
botany. The natural orders which are especially charac-
teristic of all mountain regions are the Rosaceae, Ranun-

INTRODUCTION xi

culaceae, Saxifragaceae, Primulacese, Campanulaceae, and
Gentianacese ; in the flora of the Alps the Composite,
Leguminosae, Cruciferae, and Caryophylleae are also
very strongly represented. In a paper read before the
Linnean Society in 1895, but not yet published, the
highest authority on the flora of the Alps, the late Mr.
John Ball, for some years President of the Alpine Club,
gives the geographical distribution of every Swiss plant,
in tables which are the result of an enormous amount of
careful work. He enumerates 20 10 species of flowering
plants, in addition to 335 sub-species. Of these, 1117
species, or a little over one-half, belong to the upper zone
of the Alps. The chain on the southern side of the Rhone
Valley is far richer than the Alps of Central and Eastern
Switzerland or of Savoy. In an introduction to this
paper, Mr. Thiselton-Dyer gives an admirable resuint of
the views on the origin of the alpine flora advocated
by the two highest authorities, M. Alphonse De Candolle
and Mr. John Ball. Both these experts agree in a recog-
nition of the fact that " there is an element of great anti-
quity in the alpine flora, which cannot be simply accounted
for by a migration from the north during the glacial
epoch." De Candolle points out that some of the most
ancient fragments of the alpine flora, species of Primula,
Pedicularis, and Oxytropis, are now to be found only on
the southern slopes of the Alps, existing neither in the
interior of Switzerland nor in the North of Europe.
Furthermore, the alpine species of Campanula peculiar
to Mont Cenis, the Simplon, and the neighbouring valleys,
are not related to arctic species, but to those of moun-
tain chains to the eastward. Mr. Ball further states
that of the species included in the alpine flora, 17 per

xii INTRODUCTION

cent, only are common to the Arctic region, while 25
per cent, are common to the Altai range of Northern
Asia. The subject is, as Mr. Thiselton-Dyer says, a
complex one; but it can hardly be doubted that "the
alpine flora is a very ancient one, and probably a decay-
ing survivor of one of which the extension was at some
former time far more considerable."

The closer resemblance of the flora of the European
Alps to that of the Asiatic Alps than to that of Scan-
dinavia may be partly accounted for by the fact of the
climatic conditions being more nearly alike. In the
Arctic Zone the plants which blossom in their brief
summer are exposed to almost uninterrupted daylight for
many weeks, during which there are no nocturnal dews.
In the mountain chains of the Temperate Zone, on the
other hand, bright hot days are succeeded by nights of
nearly equal duration, during which the temperature is
often very low and the dews very heavy. It is obvious,
therefore, that the external characters of alpine and of
arctic plants may differ considerably, and that a large
amount of adaptation may be necessary before an arctic
form could become established in the Alps, while no such
adaptation need accompany the migration of a species
from Central Asia to Central Europe.

Some of the special characteristics of the alpine flora
are familiar to every visitor to the Alps. Either from
the large size or the bright colour of the flowers, or from
their being grouped together in great masses, they are
far more conspicuous, especially in the spring and early
summer, than is the case in the lowlands. Although
these brilliant masses of flowers often belong to genera
which are especially alpine, like the Gentians and the

INTRODUCTION xiii

Primulas, yet in other cases it is evidently the result of
adaptation to local conditions; whether brought about
solely by the operation of natural selection, or partly
also by the direct action of external influences, it is not
necessary to inquire. A large number of instances could
be named in which species belonging to the same genus,
and therefore nearly related to one another, differ from
one another in having more or less conspicuous flower
according as they grow at a higher or a lower elevation.
It will be necessary only to remind the botanical reader
of such genera as Anemone, Ranunculus, Dianthus, Pru-
nella, Salvia, and Scutellaria. On the other hand, the
number of fragrant plants is probably smaller at high
than at low altitudes; the reason being no doubt that,
whatever may be the purpose served by the odour of
flowers, it would be neutralised by the strong winds
which so constantly prevail among the mountains. The
explanation usually offered of the bright colour and
large size of alpine flowers is that it is necessary for the
attraction of the comparatively small number of winged
insects which inhabit the regions of the Alps, and which
are required for the pollination of the flowers and the
fertilisation of the ovules. That the number of insects
which could assist in cross-pollination is small in the
Alps is undoubted ; though Dr. Joly states that numbers
are attracted to the glaciers and snowfields in the dusk
by the reflected light, and perish there in large numbers.
But a doubt is raised as to whether this is the true expla-
nation of the beauty of the alpine flora, from the fact
that a comparatively small number of alpine plants are
dependent on the ripening of the seeds for their pro-
pagation.

xiv INTRODUCTION

But there are other points of structure besides the
colour and brightness of the flowers in which alpine
species show characteristic differences from their lowland
cousins. The summer, the period of the ripening of the
seeds, is short ; consequently but few species are annual,
and therefore entirely dependent on seeds for their pro-
pagation. The root-system is, as a rule, strongly deve-
loped ; both in order to afford sufficient protection against
the prevalent strong winds, and for the purpose of draw-
ing as large an amount of nutriment as possible from the
scanty soil. On the other hand, in the parts above the
surface of the soil the development of woody tissue is
often but small. The leaves are protected in various
ways against excessive transpiration or evaporation of
moisture from the hot summer sun. They are often
very crowded (csespitose), or are covered with a dense
felt of hairs ; or they are thick and fleshy, their tissue
being permeated by canals and chambers containing
water. The very early period of flowering of many of
the most beautiful species is due to their almost invariably
perennial character. The plant has not to spring up from
seed and then to produce its buds and flowers ; the flowers
are already there, formed during the preceding summer,
and gradually developing beneath the friendly covering of
snow, ready to expand as soon as the April zephyrs call
them forth from their hiding-place. Further evidence
that the alpine flora is the result of adaptation to climatic
conditions is afforded by the fact that, within the bounds
of what must unquestionably be regarded as a single
species, individuals change in character as we ascend to
higher altitudes, the leaves becoming more hairy or more
fleshy, and the flowers brighter or larger. Professor G.

INTRODUCTION xv

Bonnier, who has bestowed on this subject an enormous
amount of research, has published, in the Annales des
Sciences Naturelles for 1 894, the results of a very large
series of experiments on the cultivation, at different alti-
tudes, of individuals obtained by the division of a single
parent stock, which fully confirm these statements. Pro-
fessor Chodat also, of Geneva, has established in the Jura
an alpine botanic garden for the observation of similar
phenomena.

It is hoped that, with the present work in his hand,
the tourist who is already acquainted with the most
familiar English plants will be able to recognise, in the
great majority of cases, the plants which he meets with
in his alpine wanderings. But he must not expect to
be able to do so in all cases. The experienced botanist
is often at a loss in distinguishing between two nearly
allied species, even with much fuller descriptions before
him. The acceptance of the theory of evolution, now
all but universal, implies that there may be no hard and
fast lines between species, any more than there are
between varieties ; that a species is not a sharply defined
assemblage of individuals which has existed as such
from time immemorial; that varieties, species, genera,
tribes, orders, may all pass into one another by insen-
sible gradations. There are some genera — among these
may be especially mentioned the large families of Brambles,
Roses, Hawkweeds, and Willows — in which different autho-
rities differ most widely in their interpretation of what
constitutes specific difference; Continental botanists, as a
rule, describing a much larger number of species than their
English confreres. In these cases special manuals must

be consulted. And in other instances, as, for example, in
VOL. I. b

xvi INTRODUCTION

the orders Umbelliferae and Compositae, and in the genera
Saxi/raga, Achillea, Euphrasia, and Car ex, a full de-
scription of the minute differences between the species
would have extended the work to an unwieldy size.
The common practice of systematists of giving a clavis
of the genera in each order and of the species in each
genus has been discarded, because this frequently results
necessarily in naming only a single character by which
species may be distinguished, to the omission of others
much more useful to the unpractised botanist. In all
the larger genera the species are first of all classified into
a number of groups, some conspicuous character being
used, such as the colour of the flower, or the arrange-
ment of the flowers or leaves, which does not necessarily
imply genetic affinity, and which therefore often separates
species which would be placed near to one another in a
more scientific flora. We may give as an example of
this Anemone sulphurea, which is undoubtedly nearly
allied to A. alpina, the former being found on the grani-
tic, the latter on the calcareous Alps; and yet they are
placed in different sections owing to the difference in the
colour of their flowers.

With regard to the cultivation of alpine plants in
our gardens and rockeries, it must always be borne in
mind that their chief enemy in our climate is not cold,
but excessive moisture in the winter, from which they
are protected in their native country by the friendly
covering of snow. As to practical details, we cannot
do better than quote the substance of the instructions
given by Graf in his Introduction to Seboth's " Alpine
Plants":—

"The great object of the cultivation of alpine plants

INTRODUCTION xvii

should be to reproduce, as nearly as possible, the condi-
tions under which they grow in their native habitat. For
this purpose, it should be observed, in the first place,
whether they are natives of the calcareous or of the
granitic Alps. If they belong to the latter category, it is
quite possible that even a small amount of lime in the
soil would be fatal to their vigorous growth. A suitable
soil having been prepared, they should then be placed in
a position where their roots are not constantly saturated
with moisture. This is best effected by planting them
in a rockery, not too much exposed to the sun, and,
at all events at first, sprinkling them with moisture
several times a day. If planted in pots — which is
generally desirable on first transplantation from their
native mountains — care should also be taken that
the soil, though not suffered to get dry, should be thor-
oughly well drained by broken pottery or other similar
material.

" Many alpine plants will remain for several years in
the same spot, and thrive better when not disturbed.
This is the case with all shrubby species, and with those
whose roots penetrate very deep into the soil, as, for
example, the species of Astragalus, Oxytropis, Astrantia,
&c. ; others, on the contrary, must be transplanted
every year. In some species, the older portions of
the rhizome die off in consequence of their continued
growth, as may be seen in Wulfenia carinthiaca,
Armeria alpina, and many species of Valeriana and
Primula?

It has already been remarked that the majority of
alpine plants are not dependent upon the production of
seeds for their natural propagation. Many will, how-

xviii INTRODUCTION

ever, ripen their seeds in our climate. But the greater
number will have to be multiplied by division, or, in
the case of the more shrubby species, by slips or
cuttings.

With a little experience, and probably after a few
failures, the tourist will find that he is able, in his own
garden, to perpetuate the recollection of many of his
most cherished finds. Species of Saxifraga and Sem-
pervivutn are among those which will best repay his
attention.

The following are the works which have been chiefly
consulted in the preparation of the accompanying
Flora : —

GREMLI. " The Flora of Switzerland? Translated by

Paitson.

CHRIST. " Das Pflanzenleben der Schweiz?
CORREVON. " Les Plantes des Alpes?
CORREVON. "Flore coloriee de Poche de la Suisse, &c?
DALLA-TORRE. " Tourist's Guide to the Flora of the Alps"

Translated by Bennett.
SEBOTH. " Alpine Plants Painted from Nature." Edited by

Bennett.

WEBER. " Die Alpenpflanzen Deutschlands und der Schweiz?
NYMAN. " Conspectus Flora Europace?
ARDOINO. " Flore du Departement des Alpes Maritimes?
GRENIER & GODRON. " Flore de France?
PHILIPPI. " Flore des Pyrenees."

HOOKER. " The Studenfs Flora of the British Islands?
THURMANN. " Essai de Phytostatique appliqut a la Chaine du

Jura?

WOODS. " The Tourisfs Flora?
LENTICCHIA. " Contribuzioni alia Flora della Svizzera italiana?

(Ticino.) In Nuovo Giorn. Bot. Ital. for 1896.

INTRODUCTION xix

I have also to thank the Council of the Linnean Society
for their courtesy in allowing me to see proof-sheets of
the unpublished essay by the late Mr. John Ball, to which
reference has already been made.

ALFRED W. BENNETT.

6 PARK VILLAGE EAST, REGENT'S PARK,
April 1896.

LIST OF COLOURED PLATES

VOLUME THE FIRST

PLATE

1. Atragene alpina To face page 2

2. Anemone alpina ,, 4

3. Ranunculus parnassifolius ,, 6

4. Aquilegia pyrenaica ,, 10

5. Papaver alpinum „ 14

6. Cardamine trifolia ,, 18

7. Draba aizoides ,,24

8. Iberis Bernardiana ,, 30

9. Helianthemum roseum ,,34

10. Viola biflora ,, 36

11. Polygala Chamgebuxus . . . . . „ 38

12. ,, calcarea ,, 38

13. Dianthus Carthusianorum ,,40

14. ,, Seguieri ,,42

15. ,, glacialis (page 43) Frontispiece

1 6. „ gallicus To face page 44

17. Saponaria ocymoides ,,44

1 8. Silene acaulis ,,46

19. Lychnis viscaria ,,46

20. Lychnis alpina ,,48

21. Alsine verna ,, 52

22. Linum alpinum „ 56

23. Geranium cinereum ,, 60

24. Erodium petraeum ,,62

25. Hypericum Richeri ,,64

26. nummularium ..... ,,66

27. Astragalus monspessulamus . . . . ,, 78

28. Oxytropis pyrenaica ,, 80

XXI

xxii LIST OF COLOURED PLATES

PLATE

29. Coronilla minima To face page 82

30. Hedysarum obscurum ,,84

31. Dryas octopetala ,, 9°

32. Potentilla nitida ,,94

33. Rosa alpina ,,98

34. Saxifraga oppositifolia ,, 100

35. „ mutata ,,102

36. ,, ambigua ,, 102

37. ,, aizoides ,, l°4

38. ,, Aizoon ,,104

39. Parnassia palustris ,, IQ8

40. Sedum turgidum ,, IIQ

41. Sedum sexangulare ,, U2

42. „ reflexum ,, II2

43. Sempervivum arachnoideum . . . . ,, 114

44. ,, montanum ,, 114

45. Epilobium alpinum ,» I2°

46. Astrantia major ,, I24

47. Bupleurum stellatum ,, 128

48. Meum athamanticum ,, J3^

49. Linnaea borealis » 148

50. Lonicera alpigena ,, 15°

51. Valeriana supina >» !54

52. Campanula alpina , , 1 5^

53. ,, longifolia ,, 15%

54. „ linifolia ,, 160

55. ,, pulla l6°

56. ,, carpathica ,,162

57. Phyteuma pauciflorum ,, 164

58. ,, humile >» l64

THE

FLORA OF THE ALPS

SUB-KINGDOM L— ANGIOSPERMS.

Seeds contained in a closed ovary.

DIVISION I. — DICOTYLEDONS OR EXOGENS.

Stem, when woody and perennial, with distinct pith,
bark, and annual rings of wood; leaves usually net-
veined ; sepals, petals, and stamens usually in fours or
fives ; embryo with two opposite cotyledons.

CLASS I.—THALAMIFLOR^E.

Flowers usually with both calyx and corolla; petals
(when present) distinct ; stamens springing from beneath
the ovary. (Orders I.-XXIV.)

Order I.— RANUNCULACE^E.

Flowers regular or irregular; stamens indefinite in
number; sepals usually 5 or more, deciduous, often
coloured ; petals usually 5 or more, often minute or o ;

carpels usually numerous and distinct, maturing into

A

2 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS

achenes or follicles. Abundant throughout the temperate
and colder parts of the globe.

Tribe CLEMATIDE.E. — Sepals valvate, coloured. Shrubs
with opposite leaves. Genera I, 2.

i. CLEMATIS, L.

Corolla o ; sepals green or white, (in European species),
usually 4.

The Swiss species are C. Vitalba, L., the Traveller's
Joy or Old Man's Beard of our hedges, and C. recta, L.,
an erect shrub, with white sepals, hairy at the edge only?
growing in thickets. C. Flammula, L., a climbing species
with white scented flowers, occurs also in the Mediterranean
Alps, and in Styria.

2. ATRAGENE, L.

Petals numerous, minute ; sepals large, lilac.

A. alpinay L. (PL i), the only species, a beautiful
climbing shrub, with large lilac flowers, rarely white,
occurs in bushy places in the Alps, Carpathians, and
Eastern Pyrenees.

Tribe ANEMONES. — Sepals imbricate ; fruit com-
posed of achenes, each with i pendulous seed. Herbs.
Genera 3-6.

3. THALICTRUM, L.

Sepals imbricate; petals o; fruit a small head of achenes.

The following species are alpine or sub-alpine : —
T. aquilegifolium, L. ; a beautiful plant with stalked
carpels, conspicuous violet or lilac stamens, and thrice-
ternate leaves ; frequent in bushy places ; T. alpinum, L. ;
a small high-alpine plant, with the flowers in a simple

LPJN A

RANUNCULACE^: 3

terminal raceme, and flower-stalk reflexed after flowering.
The remaining alpine or sub-alpine species, often difficult
to distinguish, are as follows : —

T. minus, L. ; leaves ternate, stem geniculate, flowers
in branched panicles. T. ma/us, Jacq. ; very much resem-
bling the last, but larger. T. fcetidum, L. ; the whole
plant covered with numerous glandular hairs ; local. T.
simplex, L. (Pyrenees) ; a dwarf plant, with the flowers
almost buried in the leaves. T. saxatile, DC. (Valais),
(T. alpestre, Gaud.) ; a small species with leaves crowded
towards the middle of the stem. T. alpicolum, Jord.
(Bauhinij Crntz.); (very local), with numerous flowers
in dense panicles. T. augustifolium, L. (Jura, Southern
Tirol, Dauphiny) ; flowers in a pyramidal panicle, stamens
pendant.

T. flavum, L., our English Meadow Rue, is common
in wet places ; and the nearly allied T. exaltatum, Gaud.,
is found on the shores of Lake Lugano. T. macrocarpum,
Gren., with swollen carpels, and T. tuberosum, L., with
yellowish flowers and large persistent sepals, occur also
in the Pyrenees.

4. ANEMONE, L.

Sepals 4-20, imbricate, petaloid; petals o; leaves all
radical ; stem with three or more leaf-like bracts.

Besides our own A. nemorosa, L., Wood Anemone or
Windflower, and A. Pulsatilla, L., Pasque-flower, with
purple flowers, neither of which is alpine, the following
species occur in Switzerland : —

A. Flowers in umbels of 2-10, surrounded by an
involucre : — A. narcissiflora, L. ; flowers 3-6, white ;
Alps, Jura, Pyrenees.

4 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS

B. Flowers solitary ; sepals white, or pink on the out-
side ; involucral bracts usually resembling the leaves : —
A. baldensis, L. ; style of fruit short, not feathery, sepals
hairy beneath, usually 9; Alps, Pyrenees, Dauphiny. A.
sylvestris, L. ; calyx hairy, leaves 5 -partite, carpels very
woolly, style not feathery; Dauphiny, Pyrenees. A.
trifolia, L. ; sepals glabrous beneath, usually 6, style
not feathery; Tirol, Carinthia. A. alpina, L. (PL 2);
style of fruit long, feathery, sepals 6-9, lanceolate;
common. A. Burseriana, Scop. ; resembling the last,
but sepals broadly ovate, usually 7 ; frequent.

C. Sepals purple or violet : — A. H alter i, All. ; flower
solitary, lilac, whole plant covered with long silky hairs ;
local; Nicolaithal, Dauphiny. A. vernalis, L. ; flowers
light violet or nearly white, solitary, involucral leaves
sessile, united into a sheath. A. montana, Hoppe ;
flowers solitary, dark violet, drooping, leaves glabrous,
with linear lobes; local. A. hortensis, L. ; the origin of
our garden Anemone; flowers variable in colour, erect,
sepals glabrous outside, carpels woolly ; Pyrenees.

D. Flowers yellow: — A. sulphurea, L. ; flowers soli-
tary, sulphur-yellow, style of fruit long, feathery; high
Alps. A. ranunculoides, L. ; flowers 1-3, small, yellow,
sepals 5-8, pubescent, plant glabrous; Jura, Dauphiny,
Vosges, Pyrenees.

E. Flowers small, blue, leaves 3-lobed : — A . Hepatica,
L., the Hepatica ; Alps, Jura, Pyrenees.

5. ADONIS, L.

Petals 5-16, conspicuous ; leaves divided into very
narrow segments. Not alpine.

M.PiNA

RANUNCULACE^: 5

The Pheasant's-eyes are not alpine plants. A. autum-
nalis, L., with purple-red petals (often with a black spot) ;
A. czstivalis, L., with light red (rarely yellow) petals
and glabrous sepals; A. flammea, Jacq., with light red
petals and hairy sepals; A. vernalis, L., with pale
yellow petals and pubescent sepals; and A. pyrenaica,
DC, with yellow petals and glabrous sepals, occur as
weeds in cultivated land in the Pyrenees and extreme
south of Switzerland.

6. MYOSURUS, L.

Petals small, tubular; sepals 5, spurred; fruit a long
spike of densely packed achenes. Not alpine.

M. minimus, L., Mouse-tail, the British and only
European species, an inconspicuous plant in cornfields
and sandy places.

Tribe RANUNCULE^:. — Sepals imbricate; fruit com-
posed of achenes, each with one erect seed. Genus 7.

7. RANUNCULUS, L.

Petals usually 5, white or yellow.

A. Flowers yellow ; petals 8-12 : — R. Ficaria, L. ; our
common Pilewort or Lesser Celandine; leaves nearly
round, cordate ; everywhere.

All our common meadow or cornfield species of Butter-
cup or Crowfoot grow also in Switzerland, viz. : — R. acris,
L. ; repenSj L. ; bulbosus, L. ; hirsutus. Curt. ; arvensis, L. ;
and auricomus, L.; also the marsh species, R. sceleratus,
L. ; the very handsome Great Spearwort, R. Lingua, L. ;
and the Lesser Spearwort, R. Flammula, L., both with

6 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS

narrow, undivided leaves. The following are alpine or
sub-alpine : —

B. Flowers yellow ; petals 5 ; leaves narrow, undivided :
— R. gramineus, L. ; flowers 1-7, all the leaves linear-
lanceolate ; Southern Switzerland, Pyrenees, rare. R.
ophioglossifolius, Willd. ; flowers numerous, lower leaves
cordate, upper elliptical ; Pyrenees.

C. Flowers yellow ; petals 5 ; leaves peltate or reni-
form : — R. Phthora, Crntz. ; leaves reniform, radical
leaves on long stalks, root-fibres tuberous ; local. R.
TJiora, L. ; leaves reniform, radical leaves o, root-fibres
tuberous ; Alps, Jura, Pyrenees, local. R. Schottii,
Dalla Torre, Styria, scarcely differs.

D. Flowers yellow ; petals 5 ; all the leaves more or
less divided : — R. lanuginosus, L. ; leaves palmately 3-5-
partite, the whole plant covered with yellowish hairs ;
mountain forests; Switzerland, Jura, Pyrenees, rare.
R. pygm&us, Whlb. ; stem with one leaf and one very
small flower (J in. diam.) ; high ; Tirol, Salzburg, Car-
inthia, rare. R. nemorosus, DC. (aureus, Schleich.; sylva-
ticus, Gren.); flowers large (J to I in.), golden yellow,
fruit-stalk furrowed, beak of fruit strongly recurved ;
woods. R. polyanthemos, L. ; resembling the last, but
flower smaller, beak shorter; woods, rare; Chur. R.

Villarsn, DC. (aduncus, G. and G.); stem 6-18 in.,
beak of fruit hooked; Southern Switzerland, Carinthia,
Pyrenees. R. Gouani, Willd. ; stem 4-15 in., stem-leaves
amplexicaul, beak of fruit long, curved; Pyrenees. R.
Breynianus, Crntz.; stem iJ-6 in., radical leaves with
sharply toothed segments ; Switzerland. R. minutus,
Leyb. ; stem I -flowered, sepals narrow, as long as the
petals, leaves J in. diam. ; Carinthia, rare. R. mon-

III.— RANUNCULUS PARNASSIFOLIUS.

RANUNCULACE.^ 7

tauus, Willd. ; stem i-flowered, 2-6 in., sepals pubes-
cent, leaves hairy; pastures; Alps, Jura, Pyrenees. R.
carinthiacus, Hoppe; stem I -flowered, delicate; sepals
shorter than petals ; Eastern Alps.

E. Flowers pink; petals 5: — R. roseus, Heg. ; calyx
covered with rough hairs ; glaciers ; Switzerland, rare.

F. Petals more than 5, white with yellow base : — R.
rutafolius, L. (Callianthemum ruttzfolinm, Mey.); petals
6-12, obovate, radical leaves doubly pinnate; high ; Swit-
zerland, Dauphiny, Pyrenees. R. anemonoides, Zahl. ;
petals 9-20, linear-cuneate, radical leaves biternate ; high ;
Southern Tirol, Styria, rare.

G. Petals 5, white or slightly pink ; leaves entire : — R.
pyrenczus, L. ; radical leaves linear-lanceolate, stem-leaves
not amplexicaul ; Alps, Pyrenees. R. parnassifolius, L.
(PL 3); radical leaves cordate-ovate, stem-leaves am-
plexicaul ; high ; Southern Switzerland, Dauphiny,
Pyrenees, rare. R. amplexicaulis, L. ; radical leaves
ovate-lanceolate, stem-leaves amplexicaul; Pyrenees.

H. Petals 5, white or slightly pink; leaves more or
less divided : — R. glacialis^ L. ; calyx woolly with rough
hairs, radical leaves ternate ; very high ; Switzerland,
Dauphiny, Pyrenees. R. aconitifolius, L. ; stem 1-3 ft.,
flexuous ; flowers J-f in. ; petals with a nectariferous
scale at the base, leaves divided to the base ; high, damp ;
Alps, Jura, Vosges, Pyrenees. R. Pacheri, Dalla Torre ;
flowers smaller, plant more hairy ; Carinthia. R. platani-
folius, L. ; smaller than aconitifolius , lower leaves divided
f, upper nearly entire ; Alps, Jura, Pyrenees. R. Seguieri,
Vill. ; plant 2-4 in., villous, i-3-leaved, leaves deeply
palmate ; Dauphiny, Jura, Carinthia, local. R. alpestris,
L. ; stem 2-4 in., radical leaves 3~5-cleft, beak of fruit

8 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS

hooked; Alps, Jura, Dauphiny, Pyrenees, Carpathians. 7?.
Traunfellneri, Hoppe ; resembling the last, but beak of
fruit only curved, leaves more deeply cleft ; Tirol, Car-
niola, rare. R. crenatus, W.K. ; radical leaves entire,
serrate, petals roundish-ovate, beak of fruit curved ;
Styria. R. bilobus, Bert. ; radical leaves entire, crenate,
petals cuneate-ovate, beak hooked ; Southern Tirol, rare.
7. Petals 5, white ; aquatic plants (Batrachium) : — Most
of the British species of Water Crowfoot, viz., R. aquatilis^
L., with its numerous sub-species ; fluitans, Lamk. ; cir-
cinatus, Sm., are found also in Switzerland.

Tribe HELLEBORES. — Sepals imbricate; fruit composed
of a few many-seeded follicles. Genera 8-17.

8. CALTHA, L.

Flowers regular ; sepals petaloid ; petals o. Not alpine.
Our English Marsh Marigold, C.palustris, L., is common
throughout Switzerland and the Pyrenees.

9. TROLLIUS, L.

Flowers regular; sepals 5-15, yellow; petals small,
entire.

The beautiful Globe-flower, T. europczus, L., a native
of our northern counties, is abundant in sub-alpine
pastures.

10. ERANTHIS, L.

Flowers regular; sepals petaloid, deciduous; petals
small, 2-lipped.

The Winter Aconite, E. hy emails, Salisb., with yellow
sepals and petals, occurs rarely in bushy places in Jura
and Vosges.

RANUNCULACE^: 9

ii. HELLEBORUS, L.

Flowers regular; sepals green or white, persistent;
petals small, 2-lipped.

H. viridis, L., Bear's-foot, with annual leafy stems
and green sepals, is found in pastures in Switzerland
and Pyrenees. H. fcetidus, L., Stinking Hellebore, with
perennial leafy stems and green sepals, is very abundant
in stony pastures in Western Switzerland (Jura) and
Pyrenees. H. niger, L., Christmas Rose, with white
sepals and leafless stem, occurs locally on calcareous
soil in Switzerland, especially in Ticino.

12. NlGELLA, L.

Flowers regular; sepals blue; petals 2-lipped, necta-
riferous; follicle terminated by a long curved style;
leaves divided into linear segments. Not alpine.

Three species of Love-in- a-puzzle, N. arvensis, L.,
sativa,) L., and damascena, L., are weeds in cultivated
land in Pyrenees ; and N. arvensis, distinguished by the
absence of an involucre, also in Southern Switzerland.

13. ISOPYRUM, L.

Sepals 5, petaloid, deciduous ; petals 5, minute, cornu-
copia-shaped ; fruit of 1-3 follicles.

/. thalictroides, L., with panicles of small white flowers
and delicate twice-ternate leaves ; in mountain copses in
Savoy, Dauphiny, and Pyrenees.

14. AQUILEGIA, L.

Flowers regular ; sepals coloured; petals large, spurred;
follicles 5.

io THE FLORA OF THE ALPS

A. Spur of the petals rolled up at the apex: — Our
English Columbine, A. vulgaris, L., is common through-
out Switzerland and Pyrenees. A variety, A. atrata,
Koch, with dark violet flowers, is found in bushy places
in the Alps. A. Hcenkeana, Koch, with very large violet
flowers, is a native of Carinthia, Carniola, and Tirol.

B. Spur of petals straight or slightly curved: — A.
alpina, L., resembling A. vulgaris, but with larger
flowers, is rare in bushy places in Switzerland, Dauphiny,
and Pyrenees. A. pyrenaica, DC. (PI. 4), with a slender
spur and smaller leaves, is a native of Pyrenees and
Southern Switzerland. A. Einseleana, F. Schultz, with
viscid stem and hairy spur; and A. thalictrifolia, Sch.
and K., with glabrous spur and linear-lanceolate leaf-
segments, are rare plants in Tirol, and the former also in
Carinthia.

15. DELPHINIUM, L.

Flowers irregular; sepals and petals coloured and
spurred.

D. datum, L., with azure-blue sepals, rough grey
petals with a long narrow spur, and 3-4 carpels, is
found locally in dry sub-alpine meadows in Switzerland
and Pyrenees; and D. tirolense, Kern., with dark blue
sepals and petals and narrower leaf-segments, in Northern
Tirol. Our English Larkspur, D. Consolida, L., with one
carpel, is a cornfield weed in Switzerland ; and several
other species in Pyrenees.

1 6. ACONITUM, L.

Flowers irregular ; sepals and petals coloured ; dorsal
sepal large, hooded ; petals small, clawed.

IV.— AQUILEGIA. PYRENAICA.

RANUNCULACE^: n

Several species of Monkshood are common sub-alpine
plants.

A. Sepals blue, violet, or white; spur hooked or
slightly curved : — A. Napellus, L., a glabrous plant, with
bright blue (occasionally white) flowers, is abundant in
alpine pastures in Switzerland and Pyrenees. A. pani-
culatum, Lam., with a looser raceme, hairy stem, and
dark bluish-violet flowers, occurs in damp bushy places
in Switzerland, Dauphiny, and Pyrenees; and A. varie-
gatum, L., with spotted sepals and erect petals, in
Switzerland. A. Storkeanum, Rchb., is probably a
hybrid.

B. Sepals yellow or yellowish-white ; spur coiled : — A.
Lycoctonum, with pale yellow flowers, palmate leaves,
and glabrous follicles, is common at low elevations ; and
A. Anthora, L., with more erect darker flowers and
hairy follicles, at higher elevations, in the Alps and
Pyrenees. A. ranunculifolium, L., with palmate leaves
and hood nearly three times as high as broad ; and A.
commutatum, Dall. Torn, resembling the last, but with
shorter leaflets, inhabit the calcareous Alps. A. pyrenai-
cum, L., with velvety golden-yellow flowers and very
fleshy leaves, is found in Pyrenees.

17. P^EONIA, L.

Flowers solitary, regular; sepals 5, green, persistent;
petals numerous, very large.

Three species of Peony are occasionally met with in
bushy places in Styria, Tirol, Carinthia, and Southern
Switzerland, viz. : — P. corallina, Retz., with 4-5 carpels
horizontal in fruit ; peregrina, Mill., with 2-3 erect carpels

12 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS

(Monte Generoso) ; and pubens, Sm., resembling the last,
but with narrower leaflets.

Tribe ACTALEAL. — Flowers nearly regular ; fruit a berry.

1 8. ACT,£A, L.

Flowers small; sepals 3-5, petaloid; petals small or o.

A. spicata, L., Bane-berry, with black many-seeded
berries, small white flowers in a simple raceme, and ter-
nately compound leaves, is met with in copses in Switzer-
land and Pyrenees.

Order II.— BERBERIDE^E.

Flowers regular, trimerous ; stamens definite, opposite
the petals ; anthers opening by recurved valves ; carpel I ;
fruit a i-2-seeded berry or drupe. A small order of
shrubs or small trees, belonging mostly to the temperate
regions.

i. BERBERIS, L.

Sepals 8-9, petaloid ; petals 6 ; stamens 6 ; fruit a
i-2-seeded berry. Not alpine.

B. vulgartSj L., our Barberry, grows in thickets
throughout the district, and is especially abundant in
Eastern Switzerland (Grisons).

2. EPIMEDIUM, L.

Sepals, petals, and stamens 4 each ; flowers in a very
loose raceme.

E. alpinum, L. ; flowers reddish-brown, leaves bi-
ternate, leaflets cordate ; Tirol, Carniola ; not wild
elsewhere.

13

Order III.— NYMPHLEACEjE.

Flowers regular ; stamens numerous ; stigma sessile
on the many-celled ovary. A small order of aquatic
plants, usually with large handsome flowers and floating
leaves.

1. NYMPH^A, L.

Sepals 4 ; petals numerous, gradually passing into the
stamens.

N. alba, L., the White Waterlily; in lakes and ponds.

2. NUPHAR, Sm.

Sepals 5-6, yellow ; petals and stamens numerous.

N. luteum, Sm., our Yellow Waterlily; in lakes and
ponds. N. pumilum, Sm., with much smaller flowers,
unguiculate petals, and oblong leaves ; rare ; in moun-
tain lakes in Switzerland, Vosges, Tirol, and Carinthia.

Order IV.— PAPAVERACE^.

Flowers regular ; sepals 2, deciduous ; petals 4 ; sta-
mens indefinite. Herbs with a milky or coloured juice
(latex). A small order, belonging chiefly to the temperate
zone.

i. PAPAVER, L.

Ovary I -celled, with internal projections to which the
very numerous ovules are attached, opening by small
pores beneath the sessile persistent stigma.

Our three species of Poppy, P. Rhceas, L., dubium, L.
(including Lecoquii} Lam., and collinum} Bog.), and Arge-
mone, L., are cornfield weeds ; also P. hybridum, L., with

14 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS

a short ovoid capsule covered with stiff very spreading
hairs, in Southern Switzerland and Pyrenees. P. alpinum,
L., the Alpine Poppy (PI. 5), one of the most beautiful
plants of the Alps, with white or less often yellow
flowers, is not uncommon on calcareous or slaty moun-
tain-sides in Switzerland, Dauphiny, and Pyrenees (P.
pyrenaicum, Willd.; rhaticum, Ler.).

2. MECONOPSIS, Vig.

Style distinct ; stigmas 4 ; ovary not septated ; ovules
parietal.

M. cambrica, Vig., the Welsh Poppy, with pale yellow
flowers ; mountain woods in Pyrenees.

3. CHELIDONIUM, L.

Ovary i-celled ; capsule elongated. Not alpine.
C. majus, L., Celandine ; hedges and waste places ;
common.

4. GLAUCIUM, Scop.

Ovary 2-celled; capsule greatly elongated; leaves
thick, fleshy. Not alpine.

G. luteum, Scop, (flavum, Crntz.), the Yellow Horned
Poppy; shores of Lake Neuchatel; G. corniculatum^ Curt.
(phceniceum, Crntz.); petals scarlet, with a black spot at
the base ; fields ; Southern Switzerland, Pyrenees.

5. HYPECOUM, L.

Stamens 4; styles 2; capsule greatly elongated, jointed.
H. procumbent, L. ; with yellow flowers ; Pyrenees.

V.-PAPAVER ALPINUM.

FUMARIACE^E 15

Order V.— FUMARIACE^E.

Flowers irregular; sepals 2, deciduous; petals 4, one
or two of them gibbous or spurred ; stamens 6, in two
bundles of 3 each; ovary i-celled. A small order; chiefly
of western distribution. Not alpine.

I. FUMARIA, L.

Flowers small, usually pink; one only of the outer
petals spurred; fruit globose, i-seeded.

Our English species of Fumitory ; F. officinalis, L.,
parviflora. Lam., and Vaillantii, Lois, are weeds in cul-
tivated and waste land; and F. capreolata, L., locally
in the neighbourhood of Geneva, Lausanne, and Eastern
Pyrenees.

2. CORYDALIS, DC.

Flowers usually larger, and white, yellow, or violet ;
one petal only spurred ; fruit a 2-valved capsule, many-
seeded.

A . Root tuberous ; flowers violet, purple, or white : —
C. cava, Schw., with thick curved spur; C. fabacea,
Pers., with straight spur and nearly sessile flowers ; and
C. solida, Sm., with straight spur and flowers on longer
stalks ; in hilly woods in Jura, Southern Switzerland,
Vosges, Dauphiny, and Pyrenees.

B. Root fibrous : — C. lutea, DC., with large yellow
flowers ; Ticino, very local. C. daviculata, DC. ; a very
pretty climbing plant, with small nearly white or very
pale yellow flowers ; Pyrenees. C. ochroleuca, Koch,
flowers yellowish-white with dark tips, is reported from
Monte Generoso.

1 6 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS

Order VI.— CRUCIFER^.

Flowers regular, mostly white or yellow, in bractless
racemes; sepals 4; petals 4; stamens 6, of which 2 have
shorter filaments than the other 4 (rarely only 4) ; fruit
a siliqua or silicule. A very large order of herbaceous
plants, most abundant in the Temperate and Arctic regions
of Europe and Asia.

Tribe ARABIDE^E. — Seed-vessel elongated, much longer
than broad (a siliqua) ; seeds in one or two rows ; radicle
accumbent. Genera 1-7.

i. MATTHIOLA, Br.

Stigma erect or decurrent on the style; flowers
large, lilac.

M. valesiaca, Boiss., a woolly plant with flowers a
dirty violet, is recorded from Southern Switzerland and
Tirol ; but no species of Stock are alpine plants.

2. CHEIRANTHUS, L.

Stigma terminal ; flowers large, yellow or variegated ;
lateral sepals saccate at the base. Not alpine.

C. Cheirij L., Wall-flower; on walls and rocks in
Southern Switzerland, often introduced.

3. NASTURTIUM, Br.

Stigma terminal ; flowers yellow or white ; sepals
equal at the base; seed-vessel turgid; seeds in two
rows.

N. pyrenaicum, R.Br., the only sub -alpine species,

CRUCIFER.E i7

with yellow flowers, and auricled pinnatifid leaves with
linear segments, grows on dry mountain-sides in Switzer-
land. The other Swiss species are also English, and
are aquatic or moisture-loving plants of the lowlands,
viz. : N. officinale, Br., Watercress, with white flowers ;
and N. sylvestre, Br. ; palustre, DC. ; and amphibiuni,
Br. ; all with small yellow flowers.

4. BARBAREA, Br.

Stigma terminal ; flowers yellow ; sepals equal ; petals
clawed ; seed-vessel 4-angled ; seeds in one row. Not
alpine.

B. vulgaris, R.Br., Winter Cress, with its sub-species,
is a very common hedgerow plant.

5. ARABIS, L.

Stigma terminal ; flowers usually white ; seed-vessel
linear, compressed ; seeds in one row.

A. Flowers blue: — A. coerulea, Haenke; a very
pretty plant of the High Alps and Dauphiny, with pale
blue flowers and long erect seed-vessels.

B. Flowers pale yellow ; stem-leaves amplexicaul,
auricled: — A. perfoliata. Link (Turritis glabra, L.) ;
plant nearly glabrous, stem-leaves sagittate, seeds not
winged; stony places. A. Turrita, L. ; plant pubescent,
seeds winged ; stony places.

C. Flowers cream-coloured : — A. stricta, Huds. ; leaves
thick, shining, stem-leaves not amplexicaul; Saleve,
Dauphiny, Pyrenees.

D. Flowers pink or lilac: — A. arenosa, Scop.; calyx
VOL. I. B

1 3 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS

gibbous, radical leaves pinnatifid; damp sandy places.
A. ovirensis, Wulf. ; radical leaves simple, on long
stalks; Carinthia.

E. Flowers white ; stem-leaves cordate or sagittate,
amplexicaul : — ^ . alptna, L. ; stem with barren shoots,
two of the sepals saccate at the base; rocky places,
common. A. saxatilis, All. ; stem without barren shoots,
petals £-J in. long; local. A. brassicceformis, Wallr. ;
leaves thick, fleshy, stem - leaves amplexicaul ; stony
places; Alps, Vosges, Jura, Dauphiny, Pyrenees, rare.
A. auriculatci) Lam. ; stem-leaves amplexicaul, raceme
flexuose; Jura, Dauphiny, Pyrenees, rare. A. hirsuta,
Scop.; stem and leaves hispid; and A. sagittata, DC.,
stem-leaves cordate-sagittate with pointed auricles ; road-
sides in the lowlands.

F. Flowers white; stem-leaves narrowed or rounded
at the base, not amplexicaul : — A . serpyllifolia, Vill. ;
stem flexuose, all the leaves entire; Switzerland, Jura,
Dauphiny, Pyrenees. A. bellidifolia, Jacq. ; radical leaves
dentate, stem-leaves entire, semi-amplexicaul ; moist;
Alps, Pyrenees, Carpathians. A . pumila, Jacq. ; radical
leaves dentate, stem-leaves entire, sessile, not amplexi-
caul; Alps, Dauphiny, Carpathians. A. petrcea, Lam.;
very dwarf, radical leaves dentate, stem-leaves entire,
stalked; Styria. A. Halleri, L. ; radical leaves lyrate-
pinnatifid, stem-leaves dentate; Engadine, Simplon, rare.
A. vochinensis, Spreng. ; stem stoloniferous ; Tirol, Car-
inthia. A. alpestris, Schleich. (ciliata, Koch); stem
straight, fruit-stalk erect, leaves dentate, hairy or ciliate ;
Alps, Jura, Dauphiny, Pyrenees. A. muralis, Bert.;
stem-leaves rounded at the base, plant very hairy ; walls
and rocks in the lowlands.

VI.— CARDAMINE TRIFOLIA.

CRUCIFER^: 19

6. CARDAMINE, L.

Stigma terminal; flowers pink or white; seed-vessel
flat, with elastic valves ; sepals equal at the base.

A. Flowers large, usually lilac; not alpine: — C.
pratensis, L., Cuckoo-flower, Lady's Smock; very com-
mon in damp meadows.

B. Flowers white ; not alpine : — C. hirsuta^ L., and
sylvatica} L., with very small flowers and pinnate radical
leaves, the former usually with only 4 stamens ; in shady
places. C. amara, L., Bitter Cress; with large creamy-
white flowers and pinnate leaves ; river-sides, scarce ;
and C. impatiens, L. ; leaves with stipule-like fringed
auricles ; shady places, local.

C. Flowers white ; alpine plants : — C, alpina, Willd. ;
stem 1-2 in. high, leaves ovate, entire; frequent. C.
trifolia, L. (PL 6) ; radical leaves tripartite, on long
stalks, stem-leaves o ; Jura, Tirol, Styria, Carinthia. C.
Plumierii, Vill. ; lower leaves reniform, cordate, upper
leaves with 3 or 5 segments ; Dauphiny. C. resedifoliay
L. ; radical leaves oblong, entire, on long stalks, stem-
leaves pinnatifid ; moist rocks ; Alps and Pyrenees, rare.
C. asarifolia} L. ; stem 6-12 in., flowers in a corymbose
panicle, leaves reniform, toothed ; Southern Switzerland,
rare.

7. DENTARIA, L.

Stigma terminal ; flowers large, white, purple, or
yellow; seed-vessel flat, with elastic valves; funicle of
seed dilated ; stem-leaves often opposite or in whorls.

All the species of Toothwort are sub-alpine plants,
growing in moist or shady places : — D. enneaphyllos, L. ;

20 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS

flowers yellowish-white, stem-leaves in whorls of three ;
Tirol. D. digitata, Lam. ; flowers pink or lilac, leaves
alternate, lower with 3, upper with 5 segments ; Switzer-
land, Tirol, Pyrenees. D. alternifolia, Hausm. ; flowers
yellowish-white, leaves alternate, with 3 segments ; Tirol,
Styria. D. intermedia, Sond. ; flowers lilac or white,
leaves with 5 segments ; Southern Tirol, rare. D. bulbi-
fera, L., Coralwort; flowers lilac or white, lower leaves
pinnatifid, upper undivided, with axillary bulbs ; Switzer-
land, Dauphiny. D. polyphylla, W. & K. ; flowers
yellowish-white, 7-14, all the leaves pinnatifid; rare;
Switzerland, Carinthia. D. pinnata, Lam. ; flowers white
or lilac, 3-7, all the leaves pinnatifid; Switzerland,
Pyrenees.

Tribe SlSYMBRIE^E. — Seed-vessel elongated, seeds
usually in one row ; radicle incumbent, straight, plano-
convex; flowers white, yellow, or lilac. Genera 8-12.

8. SlSYMBRIUM, L.

Plant glabrous or with simple spreading hairs ; leaves
usually toothed or pinnatifid; flowers in loose racemes,
usually yellow. Not alpine.

The following British species occur in corresponding
situations in Switzerland : — »S. Thaliana, Koch, with
very small white, and 5. Alliaria, Scop., Jack-by-the-
hedge, Sauce-alone, with larger white flowers ; S. offi-
cinale, Scop., Hedge Mustard, with very small yellow,
and 5. Irio, L., and 5. Sophia, L., with larger yellow
flowers. Also the following in Southern Switzerland : —
Flowers yellow : — 5. austriacum, Jacq., leaves runcinate ;

CRUCIFER^E 21

5. strictissimum, L., leaves entire or glandular-dentate ;
»S. Columns, Jacq. (orientate, L.), river- sides, Lugano;
and *£. altissimum, L., with pale yellow flowers and very
spreading sepals. Also 5. supinum, L. (Braya supina,
Koch), with very small white flowers solitary in the
axils of the leaves ; and 6". pinnatifidum, DC. (Braya
pinnattfida, Koch), with spotted sepals ; in rocky places ;
Pyrenees, Dauphiny, and Southern Switzerland. 6". Sina-
pistrum, Crntz. (pannonicum, Jacq.), closely resembles
officinale, with longer pods.

u

9. BRAYA, Sternb.

Seed - vessel nodose, cylindrical ; leaves undivided ;
flowers small, white ; seeds in two rows.

B. alpina, Sternb.; stem 1-3 in. high; raceme very short
and crowded ; Alps, Carinthia, rare. B. pinnata, Sternb. ;
leaves linear-lanceolate, entire or with a very few teeth,
flowers crowded, corymbose, violet when dry ; very rare ;
Tirol, Carinthia (Gross-Glockner).

IO. HUGUENINIA, Rchb.

Seed-vessel cylindrical, 2-edged; leaves pinnatifid;
flowers yellow.

H. tanacetifolia, Rchb. (Sisymbrium tanacetifolium^
L.) ; segments of leaves lanceolate, toothed ; rare ; St.
Bernard, Arollathal, Dauphiny, Pyrenees.

ii. ERYSIMUM, L.

Plant hoary with adpressed forked hairs ; sepals erect ;
leaves narrow, entire; flowers yellow or white, often
fragrant.

22 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS

The species of Treacle Mustard are mostly lowland
plants, growing on walls, waste ground, &c. Several
species with yellow flowers occur in Southern and West-
ern Switzerland, Pyrenees, &c., and are difficult to dis-
tinguish from one another, viz. : E. cheiranthoides, L.,
with small flowers on long stalks ; E. virgatum. Roth.,
with larger flowers and leaves almost entire ; E. strictum,
Wett, with darker flowers and sinuate-dentate leaves ; E.
ockroleucum, DC., with linear-lanceolate slightly toothed
leaves; Jura; also E. perfoliatum, Crntz. (Coringia
orient alis} Rchb.), with white flowers and amplexicaul
stem-leaves. E. pumilum, Gaud. (Jielveticum, Koch), is
an alpine plant with small fragrant yellow flowers, and
sepals very saccate at the base, found at high elevations
in the Alps and Pyrenees.

12. HESPERIS, L.

Plant pubescent with spreading hairs ; leaves entire ;
sepals saccate at the base ; flowers large. Not alpine.

H. matronalis, L., Dame's Violet, with white or lilac
flowers, fragrant in the evening; in hedges, woods, &c.,
throughout the South.

Tribe BRASSICE^E. — Seed-vessel elongated; seeds in
1-2 rows ; radicle incumbent, longitudinally folded or
concave. Genera 13-16.

13. BRASSICA, L.

Seeds in one row ; sepals erect ; flowers yellow. Not
alpine.

B. campestris, L., the Wild Turnip, is the only un-
doubtedly wild species in Switzerland.

CRUCIFER^: 23

14. SlNAPIS, L.

Seeds in one row; sepals spreading; flowers yellow.
Not alpine.

S. nigra, L., Black Mustard ; S. alba, L., White Mus-
tard ; S. arvensis, L., Charlock ; and S. Cheiranthus,
M.K., with very deeply divided leaves; are all common
weeds in cultivated ground.

15. DlPLOTAXIS, DC.

Seeds in two rows ; sepals spreading ; flowers yellow ;
leaves pinnatifid. Not alpine.

D. muralzs, DC., with hispid leafy stem ; D. tenui-
folia, L., with much larger flowers ; in waste places.

1 6. ERUCASTRUM, Pr.

Seeds in one row; otherwise like Diplotaxis. Not
alpine.

E. obtusangulum, Rchb., with amplexicaul leaves; E.
Pollichii, Schp., with smaller pale yellow flowers and
leaves not amplexicaul ; and E. incanum, Koch (Hirsch-

feldia adpressa, Mcench.), with small yellow flowers and
short cylindrical seed-vessel, the upper leaves lanceolate,
undivided ; are Southern lowland plants.

17. ERUCA, DC.

Seeds in two rows; sepals equal at the base; seed-
vessel cylindrical ; stigma bilobed. Not alpine.

E. sativa, Lam. ; flowers dirty-white veined with
violet, leaves pinnatifid ; slopes ; Rhone valley.

24 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS

Tribe ALYSSINE^E. — Seed-vessel short (silicule), not
compressed or jointed ; seeds in two rows ; radicle
accumbent ; flowers white or yellow. Genera 18-25.

1 8. ALYSSUM, L.

Stem leafy; leaves entire; flowers small, white or
yellow; sepals equal, entire or bifid; filaments toothed
or winged ; seed-vessel cylindrical, few-seeded.

A . alpestre, L. ; with small pale yellow petals, scarcely
longer than the sepals, and woody stem; Nicolaithal,
Pyrenees, Dauphiny, rare. A. Wulfenianum, Bernh. ;
with golden - yellow flowers and sharp teeth on the
filaments ; Switzerland, Tirol, Styria, Carinthia, rare.
A. Rochelii, Andrz. ; with golden-yellow flowers and blunt
filament-teeth; Carinthia, also in rocky places in the
Pyrenees. A. montanum, L., a shrubby plant with
larger yellow flowers; and A. perusianum. Gay, A.
spinosum, L., and A. pyrenaicum, L., with white flowers,
the last two spiny; Pyrenees. A. calycinum, L., flowers
yellow, is a weed in cultivated land. A. incanum, L.
(Berteroa incana, DC.); flowers white, plant grey with
stellate hairs ; road-sides ; Southern Switzerland, rare.

19. COCHLEARIA, L.

Sepals short, equal, spreading; flowers small, white;
seed-vessel globose, many-seeded ; filaments not toothed.

Three species of Scurvy Grass are alpine, viz. : C.
saxatilis, Lam. (Kernera saxatilis, Rchb.); stem 6-8
in. high, diffusely branched, radical leaves obovate,
dentate, or lyrate, common ; C. alpina, Tausch. ; stem

VII.— DRABA AIZOIDES.

CRUCIFER^E 25

dwarf, 1-2 inches, radical leaves spathulate, usually
entire ; Tirol, rare ; and C. officinalis, L. (pyrenaica,
DC.) ; with cordate more fleshy radical leaves and
fleshy stem; abundant on wet mountain-sides. C.
Armoracza, L. (Armoracia rusticana, Wett.), Horse-
radish, grows in ditches in the lowlands.

20. PETROCALLIS, Br.

Petals entire, lilac or pink ; seed - vessel oval, few-
seeded ; leaves in a dense rosette, 3-cleft at the apex.

P. pyrenaica, R.Br. ; a pretty dwarf alpine plant with
pink flowers and wedge-shaped leaves in dense tufts ;
common in the Alps, Dauphiny, and Pyrenees.

21. EROPHILA, DC.

Petals bifid, white ; flowers small, on a leafless scape.
Not alpine.

E. vulgariS) DC. (Draba verna, L.), Whitlow Grass ;
a very small plant, abundant on walls, &c., in the very
early spring.

22. DRABA, L.

Petals entire, yellow or white ; flowers usually crowded ;
filaments not toothed; radical leaves entire; seed-vessel
many-seeded.

A. Flowers yellow : — D. aizoides, L. (PI. 7) ; a beauti-
ful alpine plant, with rosettes of rigid linear ciliated leaves
and a leafless scape, 1-4 in. high, bearing a short corym-
bose raceme of bright yellow flowers; abundant in the
Alps, Jura, Pyrenees, and Dauphiny. D. affinis, Host. ;
alpine chain, local ; differs in having the petals four times

26 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS

as long as the sepals (instead of twice). D. Hoppeana,
Rchb. (Zahlbruckneri, Host.) ; Switzerland, Styria, rare ;
has a much shorter style and a few leaves on the stem.
D. Sauteri, Hoppe, and D. Spitzelii} Hoppe ; Styria,
Tirol, Salzburg ; are dwarf forms, about I in. high, with
short lanceolate ciliate leaves, the latter covered with
spreading hairs. D. cuspidata, Bieb. ; Pyrenees ; scarcely
differs from D. aizoides except in its broader seed-vessel.
D. nemorosa, L. ; flowers large, stem-leaves few, with
rounded base ; rocky places ; Pyrenees.

The differences between some of the species in the
following sections are but slight, and hybridisation is
probably not uncommon.

B. Flowers white ; radical leaves forming a single
rosette : — D. incana, L. ; stem very leafy, petals twice as
long as sepals ; rocky, local. D. Thomasii, Koch ; stem-
leaves few, petals not much longer than sepals ; Switzer-
land, Tirol, Carinthia, local.

C. Flowers white ; radical leaves in numerous rosettes ;
very caespitose : — D.pumila, Miel. ; stem leafless, scarcely
higher than the rosette of leaves ; Salzburg. D. tomen-
tosa, Whlb. ; flowers large, petals emarginate, stem-leaves
and leaf-stalk tormentose, leaves cordate, coarsely dentate,
silicule ciliate ; dry, local. D. frigida, Saut. (dubza, Sut.) ;
stem few-leaved, leaves grey-green on both sides, hairy,
silicule glabrous ; dry, local. D. Pacheri, Stur. ; leaves
yellowish-green above, entire or coarsely dentate, densely
hairy beneath ; Southern Tirol, Carinthia, rare. D. stel-
lata, Jacq. ; stem glabrous, stem-leaves dentate, petals
with short claw, emarginate, style of silicule long ; Alps.
D. nivea} Saut. ; stem glabrous, petals snow-white, with
long claw, style of silicule very short; Tirol, Carinthia,

CRUCIFER^ 27

rare. D. Wahlenbergii, Hartm. (lapponica, DC.); stem
and leaves nearly glabrous, silicule spreading, style very
short; dry, frequent. D. Johannis, Host, (carinthiaca,
Hoppe) ; leaves and stem with scattered stellate hairs,
stem glabrous ; dry, frequent. D. muralis ; stem-leaves
cordate, half amplexicaul, dentate; stony places in the
lowlands.

D. Flowers white ; leaves ciliate : — D. ciliata, Whlb. ;
leaves rather thick, shining, glabrous, petals three times
as long as sepals, silicule linear ; Tirol, Carinthia. D.
lactea, Adans. ; leaves ciliate at the base, stem stellate-
hairy below, silicule elliptic-lanceolate; Tirol, Carinthia,
rare.

23. LUNARIA, L.

Seed-vessel broadly elliptical, on a long stalk ; two of
the sepals gibbous at the base ; petals large, violet.

L. rediviva, L., Moonflower ; with large cordate-lanceo-
late, dentate leaves, and large fragrant flowers ; in bushy
places in the Alps, Dauphiny, Pyrenees.

24. CLYPEOLA, L.

Sepals equal at the base ; filaments winged and toothed ;
silicule orbicular, winged, containing only a single seed.
Not alpine.

C. Gaudini, Trachs. ; flowers yellow, fruit-stalk arched ;
slopes ; Southern Switzerland, rare.

25. VESICARIA, Poir.

Seed-vessel nearly globular, sessile, not winged.
V. utriculata, Poir., with lanceolate leaves and pale yel-
low flowers ; clefts of rocks ; Valais, Dauphiny.

28 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS

Tribe CAMELINE^E. — Silicule short, dehiscent, pyriform
or turbinate ; seeds in 2 rows.

26. CAMELINA, Crntz.

Flowers yellow ; leaves auricled. Not alpine.

C. sativa, Fr., Gold of Pleasure ; C. fcetida, Fr. ; and
C.sylvestris,¥r. ; are weeds, chiefly among flax, in Southern
Switzerland and Pyrenees.

Tribe LEPIDINE^E. — Seed-vessel short (silicule), dehis-
cent, and compressed at right angles to the septum ; radicle
incumbent ; flowers white. Genera 27-29.

27. CAPSELLA, Mcench.

Valves of silicule boat-shaped, keeled ; seeds numerous ;
flowers small.

C. bursa-pastoris, Mcench., Shepherd's Purse ; every-
where. C. pauciflora, Koch; lower leaves 3-cleft, upper
lanceolate, undivided, raceme 3-6 flowered ; Switzerland,
Tirol, rare. C. rubella, Reut. ; petals not longer than
the sepals, which are streaked with red ; Western Switz-
erland, rare. C» procumbens, Fr. ; racemes elongated,
leaves pinnatifid ; Fribourg.

28. SENEBIERA, DC.

Silicule didymous, 2-seeded ; flowers very small. Not
alpine.

5. Coronopus, Poir. ; silicule deeply wrinkled ; a com-
mon weed. »S. didyma ; silicules didymous ; occasional.

29. LEPIDIUM, L.

Sepals very small; petals very small or o; silicule
oblong, 2-4-seeded. Not alpine.

CRUCIFER^; 29

Several species of Cress are weeds in cultivated land,
viz., the English species, L. ruder ale , L., campestre,
Br., and Draba, L. ; also L. graminifolium, L., with
linear-lanceolate stem-leaves; in Southern Switzerland
and Pyrenees.

Tribe THLASPIDIE^L. — Silicule short, dehiscent, com-
pressed at right angles to the septum, horizontal; radicle
accumbent; flowers white or lilac. Genera 30-35.

30. THLASPI, L.

Silicule entire or notched; petals equal; sepals erect,
equal ; filaments without scales.

A. Flowers lilac, violet, or pink, rarely white; alpine
plants : — T. rotundifolium, L. ; silicule rounded at the
apex, radical leaves roundish, stalked, stem-leaves am-
plexicaul ; frequent ; Switzerland, Dauphiny. T. corym-
bosum, Gay ; a more compact plant with lanceolate radical
leaves ; Zermatt. T. cepecefolium, Koch ; silicule notched
at the apex, radical leaves dentate ; Carinthia, Carniola,
Tirol.

B. Flowers white ; the following are alpine plants : —
T. alpestre} L. ; with the raceme elongated in fruit, the
silicule broadly winged and notched, and leaves nearly
entire; Switzerland, Dauphiny, Pyrenees. T. Salisiiy
Briigg. ; resembling the last, but with a more branched
stem and dentate leaves ; Switzerland, Tirol. T. alpinum,
Crntz. ; growing in loose tufts, the silicule narrowly
winged and scarcely notched, stem - leaves cordate ;
pastures ; generally distributed. T. Mureti, Gremli ; re-
sembling the last, but with longer stamens. T. mon-
tanum, L. ; with larger flowers and obcordate broadly

30 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS

winged silicule; Pyrenees, Dauphiny, Jura; and T.
pracox, Wulf. (probably only a variety of the last);
Tirol, Styria, Carniola. T, perfoliatum, L., with obcor-
date silicule and cordate amplexicaul stem-leaves, is
found in lowland calcareous districts; and T. arvense,
L., Penny Cress, with broadly winged silicule and
sagittate stem-leaves, is a weed in cultivated land.

31. IBERIS, L.

Sepals equal ; petals very unequal, the two outer ones
larger ; flowers white or pink ; silicule 2-seeded.

7. amara} L., Candytuft ; flowers usually white ;
cultivated land. Also the following in rocky places in
the Pyrenees : — 7. spathulata ; leaves nearly orbicular,
flowers lilac. 7. Bernardiana, G. and G. (PI. 8), (7.
nana. Lap.); sepals and petals violet, leaves linear-
oblong. 7. ciliata, All. ; flowers white or slightly purple,
leaves linear, ciliated. 7. Garrexiana, All., Perennial
Candytuft; flowers white, leaves thick, linear-obovate,
flower-stalk thickened in fruit. 7. saxatilis ; leaves fleshy,
mucronate, flowers white, sepals coloured at the edge;
also in Jura, Dauphiny. 7. pinnata, L., with pinnate,
and 7. pandurceformis, Pourr., with deeply toothed stem-
leaves, occur occasionally in cultivated ground.

32. TEESDALIA, Br.

Flowers small, white ; petals usually unequal ; fila-
ments with a scale at the base. Not alpine.

T. nudicaulis, Br. ; stem 4-6 in. high, leafless; two
outer petals twice as long as inner ones; sandy and
gravelly places.

. u-t

VIII. — IBERIS BERNARDIANA.

CRUCIFER/E 31

33. HUTCHINSIA, Br.

Flowers small, white; petals equal; filaments without
scales; silicule 2-i6-seeded; leaves pinnatifid.

H. alpina, Br. ; stem leafless, 1-3 in. high, silicule
4-seeded; Jura, Dauphiny, Pyrenees. H. brericaulzs,
Br. ; a smaller plant, with shorter fruit -raceme, silicule
2-seeded ; moist alpine rocks. H. procumbens, Desv. ;
stem leafy, prostrate, silicule 1 2-16- seeded ; Pyrenees,
Southern Switzerland. H. petrcza, Br. ; stem ascending,
leafy, petals not longer than sepals, silicule 4-seeded ;
limestone rocks.

34. jETHIONEMA, Br.

Sepals unequal, two gibbous at the base ; longer fila-
ments toothed ; silicule winged ; valves boat-shaped.

A. saxatile, Br. ; leaves thick, glabrous, flowers very
small, pink or white ; rocky ; Pyrenees, Southern Switz-
erland, Dauphiny.

35. BlSCUTELLA, L.

Sepals usually equal; flowers yellow; stem leafy;
silicule separating into two distinct I -seeded valves.

B. Iczvigata, L. ; stem erect, much branched, leaves
shining, upper ones amplexicaul, flowers fragrant;
rocky ; Alps, Pyrenees, Dauphiny. B. cichoriifoliay Lois. ;
two of the sepals gibbous ; Pyrenees, Carniola.

Tribe IsATiDE^:. — Silicule indehiscent, unilocular,
i -seeded. Genera 36-38.

32 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS

36. ISATIS, L.

Petals equal; flowers yellow; silicule compressed,
flat.

/. tinctoria, L., Dyer's Woad; stem erect, branched,
stem-leaves arrow-shaped ; cultivated land in the South.
7. alpina, All. ; a smaller more leafy plant, flowers larger,
bright yellow ; pastures ; Pyrenees, Dauphiny.

37. NESLIA, Desv.

Petals equal ; flowers yellow ; silicule globular.

N. paniculata, Desv. ; stem slender, branched, leaves
entire or slightly toothed, silicule wrinkled, flowers
small, pale yellow; pastures; Jura, Pyrenees.

38. CALEPINA, Adans.

Petals unequal ; silicule globular, beaked.

C. Corvini, Desv. ; flowers small, white, the two outer
petals larger than the two inner ones, radical leaves
runcinate, stem-leaves auricled, arrow-shaped; grassy
places ; Southern Switzerland, Pyrenees.

Tribe BUNIADE^E. — Silicule indehiscent, with 2-4
i -seeded loculi.

39. BUNIAS, Br.

Petals equal, entire or emarginate; silicule 4-angled.
Not alpine.

B. Erucago, L. ; flowers small, yellow, radical leaves
runcinate, stem-leaves lanceolate, sessile; fields; Western
and Southern Switzerland.

CRUCIFER^: 33

Tribe RAPHANE^E. — Silicule indehiscent, jointed.

40. RAPHANUS, L.

Silicule elongated, separating into several I -seeded
joints ; flowers white or pale pink. Not alpine.

R. Raphanistrum} L., Wild Radish ; cultivated land.

41. RAPISTRUM, Boerh.

Silicule separating into two I -seeded joints; flowers
yellow. Not alpine.

R. rugosuw, Bergt; lower leaves lyrate, upper oblong,
sessile ; road-sides ; Western Switzerland, Pyrenees. R.
perenne, All. ; all the leaves pinnatifid, acute ; Southern
Switzerland.

Order VII.— RESEDACEJE.

Flowers in racemes, irregular ; sepals unequal ; petals
unequal, deeply divided, springing from a broad necta-
riferous disk; stamens 10-40, pendant.

i. RESEDA, L.

Petals 4-7 ; seed-vessel a capsule, opening at the apex
before the seeds are ripe. A very small order, chiefly
Mediterranean.

The two British species, R. lutea, L., Wild Mignonette,
and R. Luteola, L., Weld, are frequent ; also R. Phyteuma,
L. ; sepals and petals 6, stem-leaves trifid at the apex,
capsule large, subtended by the very large calyx ; Pyre-
nees, Jura, Carniola ; and R. giauca, L. ; sepals and
petals 5, leaves linear, entire, whole plant glaucous;

sub-alpine valleys in the Pyrenees.

VOL. I. C

34 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS

2. ASTROCARPUS, Neck.

Carpels 4-6, distinct, i -seeded, each opening by the
ventral suture.

A . sesamoides, Gay ; flowers white, stamens 7-9,
carpels 5, leaves linear-lanceolate, the radical ones form-
ing a rosette; alpine and sub-alpine localities in the
Pyrenees.

Order VIII.— C I STAGED.

Flowers conspicuous, fugacious ; sepals usually 3 ;
petals usually 5 ; stamens numerous ; ovary usually
I -celled with three parietal placentae; style i; stigmas
3. A small order, chiefly Mediterranean.

I. ClSTUS, Tourn.

Sepals 3-5 ; petals large, brightly coloured. Balsamic
shrubs, with large handsome very fugacious flowers.

C. salvifolius, L. ; flowers solitary, axillary, I J-2 in.,
white with yellow base ; Southern Switzerland, Locarno,
Ascona, Pyrenees. Several other species are natives of
the departments of the Pyrenees, but belong to the
Mediterranean flora.

2. HELIANTHEMUM, Tourn.

Sepals 5, 2 of them usually smaller; leaves opposite.

A . Leaves stipulate : — H. salicifolium, Pers. ; flowers
opposite to the leaves, sepals ovate-lanceolate, not acumi-
nate ; Southern Switzerland (rare), Pyrenees. H. vulgare,
Gaertn., our English Rock Rose; very abundant on dry

IX.— HELIANTIIEMUM RO3EUM.

CISTACE^E 35

hill-sides ; flowers yellow, occasionally rose-coloured (var.
roseum, PI. 9), especially in the Pyrenees, or white. H.
polifoliunt) Pers. ; flowers white, sepals tomentose, leaves
hoary on both sides ; Ticino, Jura, rare.

B. Leaves without stipules : — H. alpestre, Rchb.
(celandicum, DC.) ; flowers yellow, leaves slightly hairy ;
high elevations ; Alps, Ticino, and Pyrenees. H. canum,
Dun. (vineale, Pers.) ; flowers small, yellow, calyx hairy,
leaves hoary beneath ; at lower elevations ; Jura,
Dauphiny, Pyrenees. H. Fumana, Mill. (Fumana pro-
cumbens, G. and G.); capsule partially 3-celled, stamens
20-40, the outer ones sterile; Jura, Ticino, Dauphiny,
Pyrenees. Several other species occur in the Pyrenean
valleys.

Order IX.— VIOLACE^E.

Leaves stipulate, axillary and solitary, or in small
cymes, with two small bracts ; calyx and corolla usually
irregular; seed-vessel a I -celled 3-valved capsule, with
three parietal placentae. A rather large order, distri-
buted through the temperate and tropical regions of the
globe.

i. VIOLA, L.

Flowers solitary or in pairs; sepals unequal; petals
unequal, the lower ones larger and spurred at the base ;
anthers sessile, the two lower ones often with appendages
projecting into the spur of the corolla.

A. Stipules not leafy; upper petals directed forwards;
stigma beaked. The species of this section commonly
produce closed apetalous flowers in the autumn, which are
fertile. It includes the following familiar English species :

36 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS

— V. odorata, L., Sweet Violet ; V. canina, L., Dog Violet,
with its numerous sub-species ; V. sylvatica, Fr., Wood
Violet, with its sub-species ; V. palustris, L., with small
pale blue flowers and reniform leaves, in marshes ; and
V. hirta, L., resembling odorata, but smaller and scent-
less, on open hill-sides. V. Beraudii, Bor., Rhone valley,
is probably a variety of odorata, with blue flowers
and a white throat ; V. multicaulis, also of odorata, with
dusky violet flowers ; perplexa, Grml, a hybrid ; V.
stagnina, Kit. (lactea, Rchb.), and elatior, Fr., both occa-
sional in swampy meadows, varieties of canina.

The following species are mostly alpine or sub-
alpine : —

a. Stigma terminating in an oblique disk; seed-vessel
pendant : — V. pinnata, L.; leaves all radical, palmate with
pinnatifid segments, stem-leaves o, flowers light violet,
fragrant ; very high ; Switzerland, Tirol, Dauphiny,
Carinthia, blossoming very early.

b. Style pointed, curved; fruit-stalk horizontal on the
ground ; seed-vessel globular : — V. alba, Bess. ; flowers
white, fragrant, sepals obtuse, leaves ovate-acuminate,
stipules very narrow, seed-vessel hairy ; Switzerland,
very rare ; Jura, Zug. V. sciaphila, Koch ; flowers
small, violet, fragrant, sepals oval, petals bearded, seed-
vessel glabrous ; Switzerland, Tirol, Dauphiny, Carin-
thia, rare. V. ambigua, Koch (Thomasiana, P. and S.);
leaves lanceolate-ovate, flowers large, violet-red, fra-
grant, seed-vessel hairy ; Ticino, Pusterthal. V. collina,
Bess.; flowers blue, fragrant, leaves cordate-ovate, seed-
vessel globular, pubescent, stipules fimbriate, pubescent;
Switzerland, lowlands.

c. Style pointed, curved ; fruit-stalk erect ; seed-vessel

X.— -VIOLA BIFLORA.

VIOLACE^E 37

trigonous: — V. arenaria, DC; flowers pale blue, stipules
fimbriate, whole plant covered with a soft down ; Switzer-
land, Dauphiny, rare. V. mirabilis, L.; flowers pale blue,
fragrant, stipules ovate-lanceolate, ciliate, sepals ovate-
lanceolate, acute ; Switzerland, rare. V. pratensis, Koch
(pumila, VilL); flowers blue, leaves decurrent on the
petiole, stipules inciso-dentate ; damp places ; Jura, South-
ern Switzerland, rare. V. uliginosa, Bess. ; stem very short,
spur short, leaves obovate, sub-cordate, stipules entire;
moist places ; Carniola, Carinthia.

B. Stipules not leafy ; style thickened ; stigma bifid ;
the two upper and two lateral petals directed upwards :
— V. biflora, L. (PL 10); flowers yellow streaked with
brown, two in each leaf-axil, leaves kidney-shaped,
crenate ; Alps, Jura, Pyrenees, frequent.

C. Style pointed, curved; stipules leafy: — V. montana,
L. (stricta, Horn.) ; flowers large, violet-blue, sepals acute,
spur obtuse, green, stipules dentate; Southern Switzer-
land, Tirol. V. Schultzii, Bill. ; flowers pale yellow then
white, spur green then yellow, leaves cordate, stipules
dentate; Jura, Carniola, Tirol.

D. Stipules leafy ; the two upper and two lateral petals
directed upwards ; stigma globular, hollow, bearded : —

V. tricolor, L., Heartsease, Pansy, with its sub-species,
in cultivated land; also the following alpine and sub-
alpine species : — V. alpina, L. ; flowers large, blue, rarely
white, radical leaves rounded-ovate, crenate, stipules
adnate to the leaf-stalk, stem-leaves o ; Eastern Swit-
zerland, Tirol, Carpathians, frequent. V. cenisia, L.,
flowers violet, leaves entire, hispid, spur of corolla as
long as calyx, stipules entire ; Switzerland, Tirol,
Dauphiny, Pyrenees. V. Comollia, Mass. ; resembling

38 THE FLORA OF THE 'ALPS

the last, but spur shorter than calyx, sepals fringed;
Southern Tirol. V. calcarata, L. ; flowers large, violet
or yellow, fragrant, spur slender, as long as the corolla,
leaves ovate-lanceolate, crenate, stipules spathulate,
nearly entire ; Jura, Tirol, Carinthia. V. lutea, Huds. ;
flowers yellow or variegated with blue, lower leaves
cordate-ovate, crenate, upper lanceolate, stipules very
deeply divided; marshy ground, frequent. V. hetero-
phylla, Bert. ; resembling the last, but with a longer
spur, flowers blue ; dry, calcareous ; Southern Tirol.
V. cornuta, L. ; flowers blue, sepals with very long
appendages, spur of corolla elongated, leaves ovate,
crenate, stipules dentate; Pyrenees. V. nummulari-
folia, All.; flowers small, violet, spur short, leaves
rounded, entire ; Dauphiny.

Order X.— POLYGALACE.E.

Flowers irregular ; 2 inner sepals large, petaloid (wing-
sepals) ; stamens 8 ; ovary 2-celled, 2-seeded. A rather
large order, chiefly tropical and sub-tropical, represented
in Europe by a single genus.

I. POLYGALA, L.

Petals combined below with the split sheath composed
of the eight filaments; corolla usually crested; anthers
opening by oblique pores ; stigma spathulate.

A. Corolla not crested; filaments distinct nearly to
the base : — P. Chamcebuxus, L. (PI. 1 1) ; suffruticose,
flowers large, corolla usually yellow, wing-sepals
purple or white, leaves ovate, coriaceous, evergreen ;

XI.-POLYGALA CMAMAEBUXUS.

XII.— POLYGALA CALCAREA.

POLYGALACE^E 39

a beautiful plant, frequent in bushy places in the Alps,
Dauphiny, and Pyrenees.

B. Corolla with a fimbriate crest; filaments united
half-way ; flowers much smaller : — P. vulgaris, L., Milk-
wort; flowers blue, pink, or white, very common on
dry banks. P. depressa, Wend. ( P. serpyllacea, Weihe) ;
stem more procumbent, flexuous; P. calcarea, Schultz
(PL 12); a much more compact plant, with spreading
leafy branches; P. austriaca, Crntz. (uliginosa, Rchb.);
with small flowers and very narrow wing-sepals; P.
amara, L. (P. alpestris, Rchb.) ; a smaller plant with
small flowers, nearly simple stem, thick spathulate
leaves, and narrow inner sepals ; all with blue flowers ;
in similar localities. P. comosa, L. ; resembling P. vul-
garis, but a larger erect plant, with the bracts greatly
exceeding the unopened flowers ; hillsides ; Southern
Switzerland, Tirol, Pyrenees. P. rosea, Desf. (nic&ensis,
Riss.); flowers large, pink, in terminal spikes, wing-
sepals very large, \-\ in., nearly round, capsule with a
broad border; Ticino, Simplon, Pyrenees.

Order XL— DROSERACE-E.

Sepals 4-8 ; petals 4-8; stamens 4-20; ovary free, I-
5-celled; styles 1-5. A small order of aquatic or marsh
plants with insectivorous habit.

i. DROSERA, L.

Flowers small, white, in scorpioid cymes, on leafless
scapes; radical leaves fringed with capitate tentacles,
which exude a mucilaginous excretion. The pretty little

40 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS

Sundews are remarkable for their insectivorous habit,
insects being detained by the viscid excretion from the
stalked glands which cover the margin and upper surface
of the leaf, and then digested in a chamber formed by the
infolding of the leaf.

The three British species, D. rotundifolia, L. ; inter-
media^ Hay. ; and the larger and less common, D. anglica,
Huds. (longifolia, L.) ; are found in similar situations
throughout the region, in Sphagnum bogs and by moun-
tain streams.

2. ALDROVANDA, L.

Flowers solitary, axillary ; petals 5 ; sepals 5 ; leaves
in whorls. Aquatic.

A. vesiculosa, L. ; the whorls of 6-9 very thin sub-
merged leaves bear bladders, in which small aquatic
animals are captured and digested ; a Southern plant ;
Lake of Constance, Tirol, Pyrenees.

Order XII.— CARYOPHYLLE^E.

Flowers regular ; inflorescence always cymose ; sepals
and petals usually 5 each; stamens usually 10, in two
rows; ovary I -celled with central placentation, or par-
tially 2-5 -celled with axile placentation; leaves always
opposite and entire, springing from swollen joints. A
large order, almost confined to the arctic and temperate
zones of the Old World.

Tribe SlLENE^E. — Sepals 4-5, more or less united at
the base; styles 2-5, free; disk elongated, bearing the
petals and stamens. Genera 1-8.

XIIL— DIANTHUS CARTHUSIANORUM,

CARYOPHYLLE^: 41

i. GYPSOPHILA, L.

Calyx campanulate, 5 -angled, without scales at the
base ; petals not clawed, gradually narrowed to the base,
without a corona ; styles 2.

G. muralis, L. ; an annual plant, with somewhat pu-
bescent stem, flowers inclined, petals white, veined with
red ; on walls in the lowlands. G. repens, L. ; a perennial
very glabrous plant, inflorescence many-flowered, flowers
erect, petals usually white, sometimes pink ; in all alpine
situations.

2. TUNICA, L.

Calyx campanulate, 5-angled, with 2 or more scales at
the base ; otherwise like Gypsophila.

T. saxifraga, L. ; dry places in all alpine regions,
common.

3. DiANTHUS, L.

Calyx tubular - campanulate, with two or more im-
bricating scales at the base, 5-toothed; petals 5, clawed,
usually cut or fringed, pink or red; ovary i -celled;
styles 2.

Many species of Pink are alpine plants, growing at a
great elevation ; others belong to the Mediterranean
flora.

A. Flowers in crowded terminal cymes enclosed in
a common involucre : — D. barbatus, L. (Sweet William) ;
leaves broadly lanceolate, shortly stalked, sheathing,
calyx - scales green, petals irregularly dentate ; Swit-
zerland (rare), Pyrenees, Carniola, Carinthia, Styria.

42 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS

D. Armeria, L., Deptford Pink, flowers small (J in. diam.),
in loose cymes, petals narrow, distant, toothed, red
with dark spots, bracts green, downy; dry banks in the
lowlands. D. prolifer, L. ; leaves short with scabrous
margins, petals contiguous, notched, purplish red; dry
pastures, common. D. Carthusianorum, L. (PI. 13);
leaves linear-lanceolate, acute, calyx ciliate, petals con-
tiguous, irregularly dentate, uniformly red, involucral
bracts brown, coriaceous; dry meadows, common. D.
atrorubenSy All. (vaginatus, Vill.) ; similar, but with smaller
darker flowers, petals not contiguous, and slender stem ;
Southern Switzerland, Tirol, Dauphiny, Pyrenees.

B. Flowers solitary or in loose cymes ; petals toothed :
— D. Seguieri, Chx. (PI. 14) ; flowers large, usually 2-4,
petals deeply toothed, pink with a row of red spots at
the base, bearded, contiguous, calyx cylindrical, calyx-
scales ciliate; alpine; Southern Switzerland, Dauphiny,
Pyrenees. D. attenuatus, Sm. ; flowers smaller, usually
2-4, uniformly pink, calyx conical, petals not contiguous,
crenulate or dentate, leaves subulate ; rocks ; Eastern
Pyrenees. D. pungens, L. ; flowers 1-3, pink, not con-
tiguous, nearly entire, leaves subulate, glaucous, tufted ;
rocks; Eastern Pyrenees. D. subacaulis, Vill.; flowers
solitary, very small, pink, petals not contiguous, nearly
entire, calyx cylindrical, leaves stiff; a very dwarf plant,
forming a glaucous turf; Dauphiny. D. neglectus, Lois. ;
flowers usually solitary, purple, petals not contiguous,
deeply toothed, outer sepals with a short stiff awn, leaves
3-nerved; Mont Cenis, Dauphiny, Pyrenees. D. del-
toides, L., Maiden Pink; flowers solitary, f in. diam.,
pink spotted with white, petals not contiguous, leaves
soft, downy, 3-nerved; mountain pastures, common.

XIV.— DIANTHUS SEGUIERI.

CARYOPHYLLE^E 43

D. ccesius, Sm., Cheddar Pink; flowers usually solitary,
pink, i in. diam., fragrant, petals contiguous, bearded,
calyx cylindrical; Switzerland, Tirol. D. sylvestris, Wulf.;
flowers solitary, peach-coloured, petals contiguous, not
bearded, nodes of stem purple, leaves soft, flat (stem
often wanting, plant densely caespitose, D. frigidus,
Koch) ; high elevations. D. alpinus, L. ; flowers soli-
tary, large, fragrant, petals crimson spotted with white,
greenish on the under side, jagged, stem 2-3 in. high,
leaves linear-lanceolate, I -nerved, outer sepals with a
membranous awn ; high alpine pastures ; Switzerland,
Tirol, Carpathians. D. glacialis, Hanke (PI. 1 5) ; re-
sembling the last, but petals not spotted, leaves linear;
very high ; Switzerland, Tirol, Styria, Carinthia.

C. Flowers solitary or in loose cymes; petals fringed
or slit : — D. superbus, L. (speciosusy Rchb.) ; flowers large,
solitary, very deeply fringed, pink, very fragrant, leaves
linear-lanceolate ; moist pastures ; Jura, Southern Tirol,
Dauphiny, Pyrenees. D. monspessulanus, L. (alpestris,
S. and H.); resembling the last, flowers lighter, petals
not so deeply divided, leaves linear, acuminate; Ticino,
Jura, Dauphiny, Pyrenees, Carniola, Carinthia, Styria.
D.gallicus, Pers. (PI. 16); flowers solitary, pale pink or
white, very fragrant, petals slit to one-third of their
length, calyx cylindrical, whole plant pale green, glau-
cous ; sandy ; Western Pyrenees. D. plumarius, L. ;
flowers solitary, large, I in. diam., pink, deeply cut,
fragrant, leaves grooved above, I -nerved; Styria, Car-
niola, Carinthia : said to be the origin of the garden
Pinks. D. Caryophyllus, L., Carnation, Clove Pink, is
not wild in Switzerland.

44 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS

4. SAPONARIA, L.

Flowers in compound cymes; calyx tubular; petals 5,
clawed ; seed-vessel bursting by 4 valves ; styles 2 ; disk
small.

vS. officinalis, L., Soapwort; fields and wet places. 5.
Vaccaria, L. ; stem ascending, 15-20 in., flowers pink,
leaves lanceolate, acute, the upper ones somewhat am-
plexicaul ; cultivated land. The following are alpine : —
vS. ocymoides, L. (PL 17); stem decumbent, petals pink
or lilac, leaves broadly lanceolate; Switzerland, Tirol,
Carinthia, Pyrenees. v$\ lutea, L. ; flowers crowded,
petals yellow, violet at the base, stem erect, simple,
leaves linear; very rare; Monte Rosa, Dauphiny. .S.
cczspitosa, DC. ; plant caespitose, flowers pink, leaves
linear, coriaceous, keeled ; higher Pyrenees.

5. SlLENE, L.

Calyx inflated, 5 -toothed ; petals 5, clawed, with 2
scales at the base of the blade, forming a corona ; disk
columnar ; ovary partially 3-celled ; styles 3 ; seed-
vessel bursting into 6 valves.

The following lowland species are English, all with
white flowers: — vS. inflata, Sm. (S. Cucubalus} Wib.),
Catchfly, Bladder Campion, common ; 5. nutans, L.,
Nottingham Catchfly, frequent; S. Otites, L., Switzer-
land ; 5. conica, L., Dauphiny, Pyrenees ; S. gallica, L.,
Dauphiny, Pyrenees, Jura ; 5. noctiflora, L. (Melandrium
noctiflorum, Fr.), flowers fragrant at night, frequent.
Also in the southern districts: — S\ Armeria, L., with
small pink flowers, rarely white, and broad ovate leaves ;

,n

:> ' <^

XVI.— DIANTHUS GALLICUS.

XVII — SAPOXARIA OCYMOIDES.

CARYOPHYLLE^E 45

5. italica, Pers., with small fragrant white or light pink
flowers, hairy stem, and narrow ciliated leaves; and S.
linicola, Grml., a weed among flax.
The following are alpine species : —

A. Flowers white or slightly coloured: — ,S. alpina,
Thorn, (inflata, var. maritima, With.), caespitose, flowers
large, calyx swollen ; closely resembling 5. inflata,
but with darker anthers and more fleshy leaves; com-
mon at high altitudes. 5. alpestris, Jacq. ; stem some-
what viscid, branched, petals 4-toothed, calyx glan-
dular-hairy, leaves lanceolate, coriaceous; Switzerland,
Tirol, Carniola, frequent. 6". quadrifida, L. ; petals
4-toothed, stem viscid above, leaves linear; Switzer-
land, Pyrenees, frequent. 5. rupestris, L. ; petals
notched, milk-white, sometimes reddish, twice as long
as calyx, leaves broadly lanceolate ; frequent. vS. saxi-
fraga, L. ; stem 4-6 in. high ; petals deeply bifid, green-
ish or reddish beneath, calyx glabrous ; Switzerland,
Dauphiny, Pyrenees, rare. vS. paradoxa, L. ; inflores-
cence pyramidal, flowers nocturnal and fragrant, petals
bipartite, stem viscid above ; Dauphiny.

B. Flowers pink or red, rarely white : — 5. Pumilio,
Wulf. ; flowers large, solitary, petals undivided, calyx
elongate-campanulate, reddish, hairy; Eastern Switzer-
land, at high altitudes. 6". Elisabethce, Jan.; flowers
few, large, stem simple, downy, erect, petals obcordate,
deeply bilobed, lobes sharply toothed, leaves broadly
lanceolate ; Tirol, rare. >S. pudibunda, Hoff. ; petals
4-toothed, overlapping, leaves broadly linear; Switzer-
land, rare. »S. valesia, L. ; flowers solitary or very
few, large, petals bifid, calyx very elongated, pubes-
cent ; rare ; Monte Rosa, Great St. Bernard, Dauphiny.

46 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS

5. acaulisy L., Moss Campion (PL 18); densely caespi-
tose, flowers small, solitary, calyx campanulate, seed-
vessel oblong, longer than calyx ; one of the prettiest of
the common alpine plants. ,S. exscapa, All. ; resembling
the last, but petals light pink, seed-vessel oval, scarcely
longer than corolla ; Switzerland, local. 6*. ciliata, Pourr. ;
flowers solitary or in a unilateral cyme, petals bifid,
leaves soft, hairy, ciliate ; Pyrenees.

6. CUCUBALUS, Gaert.

Petals 5, with scales at the throat forming a corona;
stamens 10; styles 3 ; fruit a berry. Not alpine.

C. bacciferus, L. ; flowers pale green, petals deeply
bifid, berry black when ripe, subtended by the cup- like
calyx ; damp places in the lowlands.

7. LYCHNIS, L.

Flowers often dioecious; petals 5, divided, with one
or two scales at the base of the lamina, red or white;
styles 5.

L. diurna, Sibth. (Melandrium diurnum, Crep.), Red
Campion ; vesper tina, Sibth. ; and Flos-cuculi, Ragged
Robin, are common English plants. L. Viscaria^ L.
(Viscaria vulgaris, Roehl), (PL 19); stem viscid at the
nodes, flowers crowded, calyx swollen, petals pink,
notched, lower leaves lanceolate, upper narrower; dry
hill-sides ; sub-alpine. L. Flos-Jovis, Lam. (Agrostemma
Flos-Jovis, L.) ; flowers crowded, petals deeply divided,
pink, leaves thick, lanceolate-acuminate, stem and leaves
covered with a white down ; exposed sub-alpine pastures ;

XVIII — SILENE ACAULIS.

w^%

'/ Mv ^>-

XIX.— LYCHNIS VISCARIA.

CARYOPHYLLE^: 47

Southern Switzerland, Savoy, Dauphiny. L. coronaria,
Lam. (Agrostemma coronaria, L.) ; flowers large, in a
loose cyme, petals pink, entire, leaves thick, lanceolate,
stem and leaves tomentose ; stony places ; Southern
Switzerland, Pyrenees, rare. L. alpina, L. (PI. 20) ;
flowers in compact cymes, petals pink, bifid; lower
leaves lanceolate, upper narrower, stem 3-6 in. high; a
caespitose glabrous plant; high altitudes; Switzerland,
Dauphiny, Pyrenees. L. nummularia, Lap. (Petrocoptis
pyrenaica, Br.) ; caespitose, flowers white, in loose cymes,
calyx campanulate, petals entire or emarginate, wedge-
shaped, styles 5-6 ; rocks ; Western Pyrenees.

8. GlTHAGO, Desf.

Calyx coriaceous, with leafy teeth ; petals entire, desti-
tute of a corona, clawed; styles 5. Not alpine.

G. segetum, Desf. (Agrostemma Gitkago, L.), Corn
Cockle; woolly, flowers large, solitary, petals light
purple; cultivated land.

Tribe ALSINE^:. — Sepals distinct; petals clawed, not
furnished with a corona, usually white and small; disk
small; styles free. Genera 9-21.

9. HOLOSTEUM, L.

Petals jagged ; styles 3 ; capsule cylindrical, 6-valved ;
stem viscid. Not alpine.

H. umbellatum, L. ; stamens often only 3, radical
leaves narrowly elliptic, stem nearly leafless ; walls and
dry places ; not common.

48 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS

10. CERASTIUM, L.

Flowers white, usually small ; petals notched or bifid ;
styles 3 or 5 ; capsule cylindrical, curved, 6- or 10-
toothed, when ripe usually greatly exceeding the calyx.
Herbs with pubescent stem and leaves, mostly prostrate.

The following English lowland species of Mouse-ear
Chick weed are found also in Switzerland : — C. glomera-
tum, Fr. ; semidecandrmn, L. ; triviale, Lk. ; arvense, L. ;
vulgatum, L. ; viscosum, L. C. brachycarpum, Schm.f
and suffruticosum, L., are probably mountain forms of
arvense ; and C. macrocarpum, Schm., of vulgatum. C.
brachypetalum, Pers., is very nearly allied to glomera-
tum. C.glutinosum, L., covered with a glutinous down,
is a Southern lowland species.

The following are more or less alpine, but the specific
characters are often very difficult to determine : — C.
grandiflorum, W. and K. ; plant covered with a thick
grey tomentum, leaves linear, fleshy, teeth of capsule
revolute ; very rare ; Upper Styria. C. lanatum, Koch ;
resembling the last, but with broader leaves, teeth of
capsule straight ; very high ; Southern Switzerland, rare.
£7. alpinum, L. ; usually more or less glandular-hairy,
stem i -5 -flowered, with rosettes of leaves, flower-stalk
oblique after flowering, sepals obtuse, with a membranous
margin ; high altitudes ; frequent. C. latifolium, L. ;
leaves ovate-elliptical, stiff, brittle, flowers large, few,
petals more than twice as long as sepals, deeply bifid,
capsule nearly globose ; high ; Switzerland, Dauphiny.
C. uniftorum, Mur. ; resembling the last, -but leaves soft,
very hairy, capsule narrower; Switzerland. C. pyre-
naicttm, Gay; similar, but petals and stamens ciliate,

XX.— LYCHNIS ALPINA.

CARYOPHYLLE^E 49

flowers smaller; Eastern Pyrenees. C.filiforme, Schleich.;
corolla bell-shaped, plant very slender, with long flower-
stalks; high glaciers in the Alps. C. ovatum, Hoppe;
stem caespitose, 6-9 flowered, sepals with a broad white
margin, bracts with a broad membranous margin; dry
rocks, frequent. C. alpicolumy Briigg. ; stem densely caes-
pitose, 1-3 in. high, 5-io-flowered, stem and leaves
glandular-hairy ; rocks at a high elevation. C. trigynum,
Vill. (Stellaria cerastoides, L.); nearly glabrous, petals
deeply bifid, styles 3, leaves glabrous, often recurved;
moist alpine situations, frequent.

ii. MGENCHIA, Ehrh.

Flowers small, white; petals entire, shorter than the
calyx ; stamens 4-10. Small glabrous herbs ; not alpine.

M. erecta, Ehrh. (Cerastium quaternellum, Fnzl., C.
glaucum, Gren.) ; sepals, petals, styles, and stamens 4 or
8 (pctandrum, Gay), flowers on long stalks, branches
slender, stiff, whole plant glaucous; sandy places in
the lowlands. M. mantica, Bartl. ; sepals, petals, and
styles 5, stamens 10; Southern Switzerland, Carniola,
rare.

12. STELLARIA, L.

Flowers white, in dichotomous cymes; petals 5, bifid,
without a corona, clawed; stamens 10; styles 3; capsule
splitting into 6 valves. Not alpine.

The following British species occur : — >S. media, Vill.,
Chickweed ; everywhere. »S. Holostea, L., Larger Stitch-
wort ; and graminea, L., Smaller Stitch wort ; hedges

and grassy places. S. nemorum, L. ; woods. S.palustris,
VOL. I. D

50 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS

Ehrh. (glauca, With.) ; and uliginosa, Murr. ; wet places,
the latter ascending to high elevations. 5. Friesiana,
Ser. (Engadine), resembles uliginosa, with longer petals
and narrower leaves. 5. pallida, Pire, is an apetalous
variety of media.

13. MALACHIUM, Fr.

Resembling Stellaria, but styles 5 ; capsule splitting
into 5 bifid valves. Not alpine.

M. aquaticum, Fr. (Stellaria aquatica. Scop.); wet
places.

14. MCEHRINGIA, L.

Petals 5, rarely 4, expanded; stamens 10, rarely 8;
styles usually 3 ; capsule 3-6-valved ; seeds with a
mantle-like appendage at the base. Caespitose, mostly
alpine plants, with small white flowers.

A. Sepals and petals 4; stamens 8; styles 2: — M.
muscosa, L. ; petals longer than sepals, leaves linear,
plant very fragile ; high moist places, common.

B. Sepals and petals 5; stamens 10; styles 3: — M.
sphagnoides, Rchb. ; stem densely caespitose, flowers on
very short stalks, leaves imbricate, trigonous ; Tirol,
rare. M. stenopetala, Hausm. ; petals not longer than
sepals, very narrow; Tirol, very rare (Gross Glockner).
M. diversifolia, Doll. ; petals as broad as sepals, but not
longer, lowermost leaves ovate, on long stalks, upper-
most linear; wet rocks; Styria, Carniola, Carinthia, rare.
M. glaucovirens, Bert, (glauca, Leyb.) ; leaves all linear,
semi-cylindrical, glabrous, flowers on long stalks, petals
not longer than sepals; Tirol, rare. M. villosa, Fnzl. ;

CARYOPHYLLE^E 51

petals longer than sepals, lanceolate, acute, nerveless,
lowermost leaves elliptical ; Carniola, rare. M. polygo-
noideSy M.K. (ciliata. Scop.); petals broadly lanceolate,
obtuse, 3-nerved, sepals obtuse, leaves linear, crowded ;
frequent on wet rocks. M. bavarica, L. (Ponce, Fnzl.,
dasypkylla, Brun.); very fragile, glaucous, petals longer
than sepals, leaves distant, apiculate, fleshy, stem 2-6 in.
long ; wet rocks ; Tirol, Styria, Pyrenees. M. trinervia,
Clairv. ; petals shorter than sepals, leaves 3-5 -nerved,
ciliate ; a common lowland plant.

15. ARENARIA, L.

Petals 4-5 ; stamens 8-10; styles usually 3; capsule
6-lobed; seeds without an appendage. Most species of
Sandwort are alpine plants with small white flowers.

A. Petals twice as long as sepals ; leaves lanceolate-
subulate : — A. grandiflora, L. ; leaves with a thickened
margin, I -nerved beneath; Jura, Tirol, Pyrenees.

B. Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate; petals rather
longer than sepals: — A. biflora, L. ; leaves nearly orbi-
cular, blunt, petals elliptical; moist rocks, high, local.
A. Huteri, Kern.; leaves ovate-lanceolate, acute, hairy,
petals ovate; Southern Tirol. A. ciliata, L. ; leaves
ovate, ciliate; dry, rocky; Switzerland, Dauphiny,
Pyrenees. A. multicaulis, L., is a more procumbent
variety.

C. Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate; petals shorter
than sepals: — A. alpina. Gaud. (Marschlinsii, Koch);
petals ovate, sepals broadly lanceolate, acuminate, with a
scarious margin ; very high ; Switzerland, Tirol, Carin-
thia. A. Moritzii, Briigg. ; resembling the last, but petals

52 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS

elliptical, often tinged with red ; rare ; Engadine. A .
serpyllifolia, L., is a very common plant in the lowlands ;
and A. leptoclados, Guss., a more delicate plant, with
smaller flowers and narrower sepals, in the South.

D. Petals longer than sepals, usually tinged with red ;
capsule cylindrical: — A. purpurascens, Ram.; leaves
ovate-lanceolate, glabrous or ciliate ; Pyrenees, abundant.

1 6. ALSINE, Wahl.

Petals 5, rarely 4, entire or slightly notched; stamens
5, 8, or 10; styles usually 3; capsule 3-valved. Csespi-
tose or procumbent plants, usually with linear or linear-
lanceolate leaves ; mostly alpine.

A. Leaves roundish, ovate, ovate-lanceolate, or lanceo-
late:— A. aretioides, M.K. (cherlerioides, Schrad., herni-
arioides, Riou) ; plant forming a dense tuft, sepals and
petals 4 , stamens 8 ; very high ; Switzerland. A. lanceo-
lata,) M.K. (Facchinia lanceolata, Rchb., Stellaria rupestris,
Scop.), densely caespitose, sepals and petals 5, stamens
10; high; Switzerland, Tirol, Dauphiny, Carinthia. A.
cerastifolia, Fnzl. ; flower-stalk 2-flowered, corolla often
light pink ; Pyrenees.

B. Leaves linear or subulate ; petals about one-third as
long as sepals : — A . Jacquini, Koch ; flowers in fascicles ;
hill-sides ; Switzerland, Jura, Tirol.

C. Leaves linear or subulate ; petals about as long as
sepals : — A. mucronata, L. (rostrata, Koch) ; caespitose,
flowers in a terminal corymb, sepals white ; high ; South-
ern Switzerland, Tirol. A. stricta, Whlb. (uliginosa,
Schleich.) ; plant glabrous, flowers 3-5, flower-stalk very
elongated ; peat-swamps ; Jura, rare. A. recurva, Whlb. ;

XXI.— ALSJNE VERNA.

CARYOPHYLLE^: 53

plant glandular-hairy, flowers 1-3, flower-stalk short,
leaves linear, thick, reflexed ; high, frequent. A. verna,
Bartl. (PL 21), (Gerardi. Whlb., nivalis, Fnzl.) ; caespitose,
plant glandular-hairy, flowers more numerous, leaves flat ;
Jura, Pyrenees.

D. Leaves linear or subulate; petals ij to twice as
long as sepals: — A. laricifolia, Crntz. (striata, Gren.);
flowers large (J-J in.), sepals linear, oblong, obtuse,
calyx not glandular, capsule as long as calyx ; Alps, Jura,
Dauphiny, Pyrenees. A. liniflora, Heg. ; flowers large,
sepals linear-oblong, obtuse, calyx glandular, capsule
longer than sepals; Jura. A. biflora, Whlb.; sepals
linear-lanceolate, acute, flower-stalk i-2-flowered, flower
about \ in. ; Southern Switzerland, Tirol, very rare.
A. austriaca, M.K. ; sepals linear-lanceolate, acute,
flower- stalk very long, 2-flowered; Tirol, Styria, Car-
niola, Carinthia. A. Viltarsti,M.K.; sepals linear-lanceo-
late, acute, flower-stalk very long, 3~7-flowered ; Southern
Switzerland, Carinthia, Dauphiny, Pyrenees, rare.

Alsine tenuifolia, Crntz., a very slender plant, with
petals half as long as sepals, is generally distributed
through the lowlands; and A. viscosa, Schreb., covered
with a glandular pubescence, is occasional in sandy
places.

17. CHERLERIA, L.

Petals 5, very narrow or o; stamens 10; sepals united
at the base.

C. sedoides, L. (Alsine Cherleri^ Fnzl.) ; densely caespi-
tose, leaves linear, trigonous, flowers small, sessile,
petals green or often wanting ; very high ; Alps, Pyrenees,
Carpathians, frequent.

54 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS

1 8. BUFFONIA, L.

Sepals 4, membranous ; petals 4 ; stamens 4 ; styles 2 ;
capsule opening with two valves. Plants of a rush-like
habit ; not alpine.

B. macrosperma, Gay (faniculata, Del); inflorescence
compound, crowded, leaves setaceous ; gravelly places ;
Southern Switzerland, Dauphiny.

19. SAGINA, L.

Flowers usually small, solitary, on long stalks ; sepals
4-5; petals 4-5, often wanting; stamens 4-10; styles
4-5 ; capsule opening by 4-5 valves ; leaves subulate,
connate at the base. Small caespitose inconspicuous
plants.

A. Sepals and petals usually 4 : — The English species of
Pearlwort, S. procumbens, L., with very small petals, and
apetala, L., usually apetalous, are universally diffused.
»S. bryoides, Rchb., with ciliate leaves, is probably a
mountain variety of procumbens (Tirol, Carinthia), and
•S. ciliata, Fr. (Southern Switzerland, rare), also with
ciliate leaves, a variety of apetala,

B. Sepals and petals usually 5 : — 5. repens, Burn.
(glabra, Koch) ; glandular-hairy, petals I J-2 times as
long as sepals ; local ; St. Bernard, Southern Tirol,
Dauphiny. 5. Linncei, Presl. (Spergula saginoides, L.) ;
petals shorter than sepals, capsule as long as sepals;
pastures. £. macrocarpa, Maly; petals about as long as
sepals, capsule twice as long as sepals ; pastures, local.
The English species, 5. subulata, Presl, with the leaves
narrowed into a long awn ; and 6". nodosa, Fnzl., with

CARYOPHYLLE^E 55

much larger flowers and very swollen stem-nodes, occur
also, the former in dry, the latter in moist pastures.

20. SPERGULA, L.

Petals 5 ; sepals 5 ; stamens 5-10 ; styles 5 ; capsule
opening by 5 entire valves ; leaves very narrow, with
small scabrous stipules. Small herbs ; not alpine.

5. arvensis, L., Spurrey; very common in cultivated
land.

21. SPERGULARIA, L.

Sepals 5 ; petals 5 ; stamens 2-10 ; styles 3 ; capsule
opening with 3 valves; leaves linear, with scarious sti-
pules. Prostrate herbs ; not alpine.

•S. rubra, Presl (Arenaria rubra, L.), with pink flowers
and flat leaves ; and ,S. media, Pers. (inarina, Leb.), with
pale pink flowers and fleshy leaves, both with decumbent
habit; sandy places. vS. segetalis, Fnzl., with white
flowers ; fields ; Switzerland, occasional.

Order XIIL— PORTULACACE^E.

Petals 4 or more ; sepals 2 ; stamens 3 or more ; style
simple or trifid. A small order, chiefly American ; not
alpine.

I. MONTIA, L.

Flowers minute, white; petals 5, united at the base;
stamens 3 ; seed-vessel a globose capsule with 1-3 tuber-
culated seeds.

M . fontana, L. ; marshy places ; the form M. minor,

56 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS

Gmel., with yellowish-green leaves and opaque seeds,
common; rivularis, Gmel., with dark green leaves and
shining seeds, in Aargau, Vosges, and Black Forest.

Order XIV.— ELATINACKE.

Flowers small, in the axils of the leaves; sepals and
petals 2-5; stamens 2-10; styles 2-5; seed-vessel a
septicidal many-seeded capsule. A very small order;
not alpine.

i. ELATINE, L.

Flowers minute; sepals and petals 2-4. Very incon-
spicuous creeping plants, growing in very wet places or
under water.

E. Alsinastrum, L.; leaves in whorls; Western Switzer-
land. E. Hydropiper, L. ; leaves opposite, flowers sessile,
sepals and petals 4 each ; Western Switzerland. E. hex-
andra, DC. ; leaves opposite, flowers stalked, sepals and
petals 3 each, stamens 6 ; Lake of Geneva. E. triandra,
Schk. ; resembling the last, but stamens 3 ; Jura.

Order XV.— LINAGES.

Inflorescence cymose, flowers regular; sepals 4-5,
sometimes united at the base; petals 4—5, distinct;
stamens 4-10; seed-vessel a septicidal capsule; leaves
always simple and entire. A small order, widely diffused.

I. LlNUM, L.

Flowers in dichotomous cymes, very fugacious ; sepals,
petals, and stamens 5 each ; capsule splitting into 5

XXII.— LIN CM ALPIXUM.

LINAGES 57

valves containing 10 oily seeds. The species of Flax are
mostly lowland plants.

A. Flowers small, white ; leaves opposite: — L. cathar-
ticum, L. ; dry banks, very common.

B. Flowers large, bright blue: — L. viscosum, L. ;
stigmas club-shaped, sepals glandular-ciliate, leaves pu-
bescent ; Tirol, Carinthia, Eastern Pyrenees. L. narbo-
nense, L. ; stigmas filiform, sepals lanceolate-acuminate,
flowers very large (i in. diam.); Tirol, Styria, Carniola,
Pyrenees. L. alpinum, L. (PI. 22); stigmas capitate;
outer sepals lanceolate-acuminate, inner ovate, obtuse,
stems several, wiry, prostrate or ascending; alpine pas-
tures, local ; Jura, Dauphiny, Pyrenees. L. austriacum,
resembling the last, but with deflexed flower-stalks;
Eastern Pyrenees. L. perenne, L. ; sepals ovate, with
membranous border, stems 1-2 ; Carniola, Pyrenees.

C. Flowers lilac or pale pink: — L. tenuifolium, L. ;
flowers pale lilac, stigmas capitate, sepals glandular-
ciliate, sepals elliptical, subulate ; local ; Switzerland,
Pyrenees. L. suffruticosum, L. ; flowers pale pink,
stigmas capitate, stem tortuous, woody, pubescent;
Pyrenees.

D. Flowers yellow : — L. flavum, L. ; Eastern Pyre-
nees, Lombardy.

2. RADIOLA, Gml.

Flowers very small, in corymbose cymes; sepals,
petals, and stamens 4 each ; ovary 4-celled ; styles 4 ;
leaves opposite. Not alpine.

R. linoides, Gmel. (Millegrana, Sin.), a very incon-
spicuous plant with minute white flowers; wet sandy
places, occasional.

58 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS

Order XVI.— MALVACEAE.

Flowers regular ; calyx 5-lobed, often with an epicalyx ;
petals 5, twisted in the bud ; stamens numerous, the
filaments united into a tube surrounding the numerous
styles ; seed-vessel composed of many carpels ; leaves
stipulate. A large order, chiefly tropical and subtropical ;
no alpine species.

i. MALVA, L.

Flowers axillary, conspicuous, fugacious, subtended by
an epicalyx of 3 bracts ; seed-vessel a flat whorl of nume-
rous I -seeded indehiscent carpels.

The two common English Mallows, M. sylvestris, L.,
and rotundifolia, L., are widely distributed ; and M. mos-
chata, L., Musk Mallow, with lighter coloured flowers and
more divided leaves, occurs occasionally. Also M. Alcea,
L. ; bracts of epicalyx ovate, acute, leaves deeply divided,
plant hairy; road-sides, frequent.

2. ALTHAEA, L.

Flowers axillary or in racemes, large ; epicalyx of 6-9
bracts.

A. hirsuta, L. ; flowers I in. diam., pink, on long
stalks, leaves kidney-shaped, on long stalks, plant hispid ;
cultivated land, occasional. A. officinalis, L., Marsh
Mallow; flowers 1-2 in. diam., pink, in axillary cymes,
leaves on short stalks, a pubescent shrub; marshes, but
usually introduced.

Other species of Althcea, also of Lavatera, L., some of

MALVACEAE 59

them shrubby, are found in the Departments of the Pyre-
nees, but are Mediterranean plants.

Order XVIL— TILIACE^.

Trees with alternate stipulate leaves ; flowers in cymes,
nectariferous; sepals and petals usually 5, stamens nume-
rous; ovary free, 2-10 celled. A moderately large order,
chiefly tropical ; not alpine.

I. TlLlA, L.

Flowers in axillary or terminal cymes ; peduncle with
a leafy decurrent bract; leaves oblique, cordate; seed-
vessel globose, indehiscent, 1-2 seeded.

The two English wild species of Lime or Linden, T.
platyphyllos. Scop., with larger leaves, pubescent beneath ;
and parvifolia, Sm. (ulmifolia, Scop.), with smaller gla-
brous leaves, occur throughout Central Europe ; also T.
vulgaris, Hayne, our cultivated species, with leaves gene-
rally glabrous, but pubescent in the axils of the veins
beneath.

Order XVIIL— ACERACE^.

Trees with opposite exstipulate leaves ; flowers in ra-
cemes or corymbs, often imperfect; calyx 5 -fid; petals
5 or o ; stamens 8 or more ; fruit of two or more spread-
ing samaras. A small order, widely distributed ; not alpine.

i. ACER, L.

Leaves simple, entire or lobed.

A. campestre, L., Maple, occurs generally in woods and

60 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS

hedges; and A. pseudo-platanus, L., Sycamore, in woods.
Also the following : — A. opulifolium. Vill. ; corymbs at
last drooping, wings of samara nearly parallel, leaves 5-
lobed ; mountain woods ; Jura, Vosges, Dauphiny, Pyre-
nees. A.platanoideSj'L.} inflorescence corymbose, leaves
very thin, with acuminate lobes ; mountain woods ; Jura,
Vosges, Dauphiny, Pyrenees. A. monspessulanum, L. ;
leaves thick, 3-lobed, lobes nearly entire, flowers appear-
ing before the leaves ; Pyrenees, Geneva.

Order XIX.— GERANIACE^.

Flowers regular ; sepals 5; petals 5; stamens 5 or 10;
seed-vessel a beaked capsule, composed of I -seeded car-
pels which separate by their base from the beak. A large
order, generally distributed, with but few alpine species.

i. GERANIUM, L.

Flowers on axillary flower-stalks ; stamens 10 ; leaves
stipulate.

The following British species of Crane's Bill occur in
similar situations in Central Europe : — The two large
meadow species, G. pratense, L., with purple, and sylva-
ticum, L. (sub-alpine), with reddish-purple flowers; G.
sanguineum, L., with large crimson flowers and nearly
orbicular 5-/-partite leaves ; open pastures, especially
calcareous, local. G. Robertianum, L., Herb-Robert, with
foetid smell ; everywhere. G. pyrenaicum, L. (ferenne,
Huds.), with smaller violet-red flowers and kidney-shaped
leaves ; frequent. G. rotundifolium, L., a hairy plant, with
soft nearly orbicular 7~9-lobed leaves; stony places,

XXIII.— GERANIUM CINEREUM.

GERANIACE^: 61

local. G. columbinum, L., with smooth leaves, and flowers
in pairs on very long and slender flower-stalks. G. dissec-
tum, L., with deeply-divided smooth leaves, and flowers
on much shorter flower-stalks. G. lucidmn, L., leaves
orbicular, 5-lobed, glabrous, very shining, tinged with red,
flowers small, bright red ; rocky places, rare. G. molle,
L., and pusillum, L., small very pubescent plants, with
small flowers, the former bright pink, the latter paler ;
common in cultivated and waste land.

The following are nearly all not British, and are mostly
alpine : —

A. Flowers white with red veins : — G. rivulare, Vill.
(aconitifolium, L'Her.) ; leaves mostly opposite, with
narrow rhomboidal segments and membranous acuminate
stipules ; rare ; Orisons, Valais, Tirol, Dauphiny.

B. Flowers red, pink, or purple; leaves polygonal in
their general outline, with rhomboidal lobes : — G. bohe-
micum, L. ; petals violet-blue, broadly wedge-shaped,
emarginate, ciliate, plant covered with long spreading
glandular hairs ; very local ; Valais, Tirol, Pyrenees. G.
nodosum, L. ; petals light pink, wedge-shaped, deeply
emarginate, ciliate, sepals with a long awn, plant finely
pubescent; Southern Switzerland, Dauphiny, Pyrenees,
rare. G. phceum, L. ; petals dark violet, nearly entire,
ciliate on the claw, plant covered with soft hairs ; moun-
tain woods; Western Switzerland, Dauphiny, Pyrenees,
rare. G. palustre, L. ; petals large, purple, entire, ciliate
on the claw, fruit-stalk reflexed, plant covered with
non-glandular hairs ; wet places ; Switzerland, Pyrenees.
G. purpureum, Vill. ; flowers small, petals glabrous, re-
sembling Robertianum, but with smaller flowers and
not fcetid ; hedge -banks; Switzerland, Dauphiny.

62 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS

C. Flowers red, pink, or purple; leaves nearly orbi-
cular in their general outline, 5-7-lobed : — G. cinereum
Cav. (PI. 23) ; flowers large, pale pink veined with purple,
plant 2-6 in. high, almost stemless, leaves very deeply
divided, grey-green ; Central Pyrenees, rare. G. argen-
teum, L.; flowers large, pale pink veined with purple,
petals slightly emarginate, plant grey-green, covered with
silky hairs; high; Tirol, Carniola, Dauphiny, Pyrenees,
rare. G. divaricatum, L. ; flowers small, pink, leaves
pale green, unequilateral, with one of the lateral lobes
larger than the other, plant iJ-2 in. high, pubescent,
viscous; road-sides; Southern Switzerland, Pyrenees.
G. macrorhizon, L. ; flowers reddish-purple, petals nar-
rowed at the base, stem 1-2 ft, springing from an oblique
or horizontal root-stock ; Tirol, Styria, Carinthia, Car-
niola, local.

2. ERODIUM, L'He"r.

Resembling Geranium; but stamens 5; flowers usually
in umbels.

Two English species of Stork's Bill, E. cicutarium, L.,
with deeply cut hairy leaves, and moschatum, L., with soft
pinnate leaves, the whole plant pubescent and smelling of
musk, occur in sandy places, the latter local.

The following sub-alpine species are found in the
Pyrenees : —

E. Manescavi, Boub. ; flowers large, f-i in. diam.,
bright crimson, forming an umbel with a large bract
at the base, petals emarginate, sepals acuminate, leaves
all radical, pinnate, with large linear-lanceolate stipules,
flowering stems springing from the root, 12 to 15 in.
high, whole plant hairy. E. petrceum, Willd. (PL 24) ;

XXIV.— ERODIUM PETR/1-1UM.

GERANIACE^E 63

flowers large, pink, in small umbels with two small
bracts at the base, flowering stems springing from the
root, leaves all radical, bipinnate, a hairy plant with a
goaty smell. E. macradenum^ L'Her., resembling the
last, but smaller, less hairy, with a very penetrating
odour.

Order XX.— OXALIDE^.

Flowers regular; seed-vessel a capsule, not beaked,
splitting by elastic valves; otherwise like Geraniacese.
A very small order ; not alpine.

I. OXALIS, L.

Flower-stalks axillary, one- or several-flowered ; leaves
trifoliolate ; whole plant acid.

Our English Wood Sorrel, O. Acetosella, L., is found
everywhere in woods. O. stricta, L., with yellow flowers
in small umbels, exstipulate leaves, and underground
stolons; and O. corniculata} L., with yellow flowers in
small umbels, leaves with small stipules, and no stolons,
are weeds in cultivated land.

Order XXL— BALSAMINE^E.

Flowers irregular ; sepals coloured, the outer one
spurred ; seed-vessel a capsule. A very small order,
chiefly Indian ; not alpine.

I. IMPATIENS, L.

Sepals 3 or 5, two of them very small; petals 3;
anthers coherent ; capsule splitting elastically, and throw-
ing out the seeds to a distance, the valves then twisting.

64 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS

The beautiful Touch-me-not, /. noli tangere, L., is
frequent in damp rocky woods. In addition to the
handsome pitcher- shaped pale yellow flowers dotted
with red, it bears very small inconspicuous apetalous
flowers, with a cap-like calyx, which are self-fertilised,
and which produce fertile capsules in the autumn.

Order XXI L— HYPERICACE^E.

Flowers regular, usually in terminal cymes; sepals
and petals 5 each; stamens very numerous, the fila-
ments united in their lower part into 3 or 5 bundles;
ovary of 3 or 5 carpels, with the same number of
styles; seed-vessel usually a capsule; leaves opposite,
often dotted. A moderate-sized order, belonging chiefly
to the temperate zone ; very few alpine species.

i. HYPERICUM, L.

Petals usually oblique, always yellow ; leaves sessile,
often dotted with glands.

A. Stamens in three bundles; leaves in whorls of
3 or 4 : — H. Coris, L. ; petals glandular-ciliate, leaves
linear ; rocky slopes, rare ; Glarus, Tirol.

B. Stamens in three bundles ; leaves opposite. To this
section belong nearly all the British species of St. John's
Wort, most of which are also found in Switzerland,
viz. : — H. perforatum, L., with 2-ridged stem and very
glandular leaves ; very common. H. quadrangulum, L.,
with square stem and bright yellow petals spotted with
black. H. tetrapterum, Fr., with square stem and pale
yellow petals, not spotted. H.pulchrum, L. (Northern

XXV.— HYPERICUM RICIIERI.

HYPERICACE^E 65

Switzerland) ; glabrous, the buds orange-crimson. H.
hirsutum, L. ; pubescent, flowers small, pale yellow.
H. montanum, L. ; nearly glabrous, flowers pale yellow,
the upper pairs of leaves very distant. H. humi-
fusum, L. ; stem slender, prostrate ; very local. H.
elodes, Huds. (E lodes palustris, Sp.); leaves orbicular,
woolly, flowers pale yellow, campanulate, half-closed ;
bogs, very rare. The following are not British : — H.
Richeri, Vill. (Burseri, Sp.), (PL 25); leaves ovate-
lanceolate, not dotted, flowers few, large, petals spotted,
sepals with a broad fringe of glands, terminating in a
club, stem 2-ridged ; rare ; Jura, Dauphiny, Pyrenees.
H. nummularium, L. (PL 26) ; flowers solitary or very
few, leaves coriaceous, glabrous, orbicular, not dotted,
stem glabrous, 4-12 in., whole plant tinged with red;
high ; Dauphiny, Pyrenees.

C. Stamens in five bundles ; leaves opposite : — H.
Androscemum, L. (Androsczmum officinale, AIL);
shrubby, flowers large, fruit a black berry ; woods ;
Southern Switzerland, Pyrenees.

Order XXIIL— RUTACE^.

Flowers usually regular; sepals and petals usually 4
each; stamens usually 10; leaves with translucent dots;
seed-vessel generally composed of a number of follicles.
A large order, chiefly of tropical and sub- tropical shrubs
and trees ; not alpine.

j. RUTA, L.

Flowers regular ; leaves deeply divided ; shrubs with a
strong odour.

VOL. I. E

66 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS

R. graveolens, L. (including divaricata, Ten.), Rue;
flowers yellow, leaves somewhat fleshy, glaucous, divided
into obtuse oval lobes ; a shrub 2-3 ft. high ; rocky places ;
Neuchatel, Styria, Carniola, Pyrenees. R. montanay L. ;
leaves divided into linear lobes ; a small shrub with
smaller yellow flowers ; Pyrenees.

2. DlCTAMNUS, L.

Flowers irregular ; sepals and petals 5 each ; stamens
10, inclined towards the base.

D. albus,\ L. ; flowers pink, leaves unequally pinnate ;
stony hills ; Southern Switzerland, Dauphiny, Pyrenees.

Order XXIV.— ILICINKE.

Flowers small, in axillary cymes; sepals 3-6; petals
and stamens 4-5 ; ovary 3- or more-celled ; fruit a drupe
with 3 or more I -seeded stones. A small order of
usually evergreen trees and shrubs, widely distributed ;
not alpine.

i. ILEX, L.

Calyx 4-5-parted, persistent; stamens 4; drupe 4-
seeded.

/. Aquifolium, L., Holly; common.

CLASS II.—CAL YCIFLOR&.

Flowers usually with both calyx and corolla; petals
(when present) distinct; stamens springing from the
calyx or upper part of the ovary (Orders XXV. -XL.).

XXVI.— HYPER1 CUM NUMMULARIUM.

CELASTRACE^E 67

Order XXV.— CELASTRACE^E.

Flowers small, in cymes ; calyx 4-5-lobed ; petals and
stamens 4-6; ovary 3-5-celled; seeds usually with an
aril. A small order of trees or shrubs of temperate and
tropical climates ; not alpine.

I. EUONYMUS, L.

Leaves opposite, simple, persistent, with fugacious
stipules ; seeds with a conspicuous red aril.

E. europceus, L., Spindle-tree, with square branches
and usually 4 petals ; woods and hedges, common.
E. latifolius. Scop., with cylindrical branches, usually
5 petals, and larger leaves; at a somewhat higher
elevation.

Staphylea pinnata, L., Bladder-nut, is hardly wild in
Switzerland.

Order XXVI.— RHAMNACE^E.

Flowers small, green or yellow; calyx- teeth 4-5, valvate
in bud ; petals 4—5 or o ; stamens 4—5 ; leaves simple,
stipulate. A rather large order of trees and shrubs be-
longing to warm and temperate regions ; very few alpine
species.

i. RHAMNUS, L.

Flowers in small axillary cymes, often imperfect ; fruit
a drupe enclosed in the calyx-tube.

A. Some or all of the leaves opposite ; branches ending
in a spine : — R. ' catharticus, L., Buckthorn ; leaves ovate,

68 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS

serrate, leaf-stalk 2-3 times as long as the deciduous
stipules ; stony woods, frequent. R. saxatilis, L. ; leaves
with short stalks, elliptical, crenulate ; stony hills, rare ;
Zurich, Dauphiny.

B. Leaves all alternate ; branches not spiny : — R.
Frangula, L. (Frangula Alnus, Mill.), Alder Buckthorn ;
leaves elliptic, entire, branches spotted with white ;
thickets ; grown for the manufacture of gunpowder. R.
alpinuSj L. ; calyx-teeth triangular, leaves ovate, acumi-
nate, crenulate ; a small erect shrub ; rocky alpine situa-
tions. R. carniolicus, Kern. ; resembling the last, but
leaves narrowly lanceolate ; Styria, Carinthia. R. pumi-
lusy Turr. (rupestris, Scop.) ; calyx - teeth lanceolate,
acuminate, leaves lanceolate, nearly entire; a prostrate
shrub ; rocky alpine situations, local.

Order XXVII.— TEREBINTHACE^E.

Flowers regular ; calyx-teeth 3—5, imbricate in bud ;
petals and stamens 3-5 ; fruit a drupe or berry. A small
order of chiefly tropical trees and shrubs, with a resinous
balsamic juice ; not alpine.

i. RHUS, L.

Calyx-teeth, petals, and stamens 5 each ; styles 3 ;
fruit a drupe containing a single seed.

R. Cotinus, L., Sumach; flowers in a loose terminal
panicle, petals yellowish, drupe brown when ripe, leaves
alternate, simple, entire; hills; Southern Switzerland,
Dauphiny, Pyrenees.

LEGUMINOS^: 69

Order XXVIIL— LEGUMINOS<E.

Sepals 5, connate; seed-vessel a legume. All the
European genera (with two exceptions) belong to the
sub-order PAPILIONACE^E. Flowers irregular, pea-like
(standard, keel, and two wings) ; stamens 10, all united
into a sheath, or the uppermost distinct ; leaves alternate,
stipulate (stipules sometimes deciduous), nearly always
compound. One of the largest natural orders, distri-
buted over every part of the globe, in all climates and
at all altitudes.

Tribe GENISTE^E. — Leaves simple or of three leaflets,
without tendrils, sometimes o; all the 10 filaments united
(monadelphous) ; mostly shrubs. Genera 1-5.

i. ULEX, L.

Young leaves of 3 leaflets, later ones transformed into
spines; flowers yellow, axillary; calyx membranous, bi-
partite. Spiny shrubs ; not alpine.

U. europceus, L., Gorse, Furze; Geneva, Ticino; very
rare.

2. SPARTIUM, L.

Calyx resembling a spathe, ending in 5 small teeth ;
standard orbicular. Not alpine.

S. junceum, L. ; flowers large, yellow, appearing before
the leaves, leaves few, scattered, with oblong or linear
leaflets ; a shrub 3-5 ft., with slender branches, not spiny ;
Pyrenees.

70 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS

3. SAROTHAMNUS, Wimm.

Calyx 2 -lipped, 5 -toothed, lips divergent; standard
orbicular ; stigma capitate. Not alpine.

.S. scoparius, Koch (yulgaris, Wimm., Cytisus scoparius,
Lk.), Broom ; flowers solitary or in pairs, large, yellow,
lower leaves of 3 leaflets, upper simple; a shrub with
slender branches ; Southern Switzerland, Dauphiny,
Pyrenees ; not common.

4. GENISTA, L.

Calyx 2 - lipped, 5 - toothed, lips connivent ; flowers
yellow, in bracteate racemes ; leaves simple ; stipules
minute or o. Small shrubs.

A. Stem spiny: — G. germanica, L. ; leaves ciliate,
standard pubescent, upper lip of calyx divided almost
to its base ; wood-sides in the lowlands. G. Scorpiusy
DC.; stem angular, few -leaved, leaves with two small
spiny stipules, standard glabrous ; Pyrenees.

B. Not spiny ; stem leafless, winged : — G. sagittalis, L. ;
stem prostrate, 2-edged, leaves ovate-lanceolate, flowers
in ovate terminal racemes ; stony hill-sides, frequent.

C. Stem not spiny, leafy : — G. pilosa, L. ; stem pros-
trate, tortuous, leaves silky beneath, standard and keel
silky, pod pubescent; heathy places; Jura, Carinthia,
Styria, Pyrenees. G. decumbens, L.; prostrate, upper
calyx-lip with 2 short teeth, flower-stalk about three
times as long as calyx; Jura. G. tinctoria, L.; stem
erect, 1—2 ft., rigid, leaves ad pressed, ciliate, flowers
large, \ in, pod glabrous; meadows, widely distributed.
G. mantica, Poll. ; resembling the last, but with hairy

LEGUMINOS^E 71

pods; Ticino. G. Delarbrei, L. and L.; similar, but a
larger plant, with larger flowers and pods; Jura. G.
ovata, W.K. ; similar, but stem and leaves hairy, leaves
broader, and racemes shorter; Styria. G. cinerea, DC;
stem 1^-3 ft. high, leaves silky, the whole plant grey-
green, calyx and standard silky; high; Pyrenees,
Dauphiny. G. triangularis, Willd.; glabrous, branches
triquetrous, ascending, leaves lanceolate, mucronate,
flowers axillary; Styria.

5. CYTISUS, L.

Leaves usually of three leaflets, with minute stipules ;
flower usually yellow; calyx-teeth very small; wing-
petals deflexed after flowering ; style incurved. Shrubs
or trees ; not generally alpine.

A. Leaves opposite : — C. radiatus, Koch ; stem 2-3 ft.
high, leaflets linear, deciduous; Valais, Southern Tirol,
Carinthia, rare.

B. Leaves alternate ; raceme drooping ; calyx campanu-
late; trees: — C. Laburnum, L., the Laburnum; ovary and
pod silky, leaves with adpressed hairs ; mountain woods ;
Jura, Ticino, Pyrenees. C. alpinus, Mill.; flowers dark
golden yellow, ovary and pod glabrous, leaflets hairy at
the margin; mountain woods; Jura, Southern Switzer-
land, Carniola, Dauphiny.

C. Leaves alternate ; raceme not drooping ; calyx cam-
panulate; shrubs: — C. decumbens, Walp.; stem decum-
bent, branched, raceme unilateral, calyx hairy, pod
black when ripe ; Jura.

D. Leaves alternate; raceme not drooping; calyx
tubular; shrubs: — C. hirsutus, L.; flowers 2-4 in.,

72 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS

in lateral fascicles, calyx hairy, standard glabrous,
branches leafy, covered with spreading hairs; Southern
Switzerland, Dauphiny. C. capitatus, Jacq.; flowers in
a dense terminal corymb, stem erect, covered with
spreading hairs, calyx hairy; Jura, Pyrenees. C. supi-
nusj L.; resembling the last, but stem prostrate, flowers
only 2-4, smaller ; Dauphiny, Pyrenees. C. glabrescens,
Sart.; glabrous, flowers in lateral fascicles, with long
flower-stalks; rare; Ticino, Como. C. nigricans, L.;
racemes erect, leafless, stem 3-4 ft. ; stony slopes ;
Switzerland. C. austriacus, L.; racemes terminal, stem
erect, pubescent, leaves lanceolate, calyx and legume
slightly hairy ; Carniola.

E. Flowers purple: — C. purpureus. Scop.; flowers
solitary, axillary, on short stalks, stem ascending, nearly
simple, calyx, leaves, and legume glabrous ; Tirol, Styria,
Carniola, Carinthia.

Tribe TRIFOLIE^:. — Leaves trifoliolate, with usually
adnate stipules, without tendrils ; uppermost filament
usually distinct (diadelphous). Mostly herbaceous.
Genera 6-n.

6. ONONIS, L.

Flowers solitary or few; filaments monadelphous.
Mostly prostrate hairy herbs or small shrubs.

A. Flowers yellow; sub-alpine: — O. Natrix, L. ;
flowers large, in terminal leafy racemes, standard orbi-
cular, streaked with red, stem-leaves sometimes with
5-7 leaflets, leaflets oblong, finely dentate, stalked, plant
glandular-viscid and foetid ; Southern Switzerland, Car-
niola, Styria, Pyrenees. O. Columnce, All. ; flowers
solitary in the axils of the leaves, small, pale yellow,

LEGUMINOS^E 73

corolla not longer than the calyx, stem woody, glandular-
pubescent ; hills ; Southern Switzerland, Pyrenees. O.
minutissima, L. ; flowers smaller, crowded, corolla bright
yellow, but the spring flowers often apetalous, autumn
flowers in loose spikes ; Dauphiny, Pyrenees.

B. Flowers red or purple : — Our two common English
species of Rest-harrow, O. spinosa, L. (campestris, Koch),
and arvensis, L. (repens, Koch, procurrens. Wall.), are
common in sandy places. The following are sub-alpine :
— O. rotundifolia} L. ; flowers 2-3 in the axils of the
leaves, stalked, leaflets all stalked, nearly round, dentate,
plant glandular-pubescent; high; Jura, Southern Swit-
zerland, Dauphiny, Pyrenees. O. fruticosa, L. ; flowers
large, purple, in fascicles of 2 or 3, leaves glabrous,
leaflets oblong, sessile, strongly toothed ; a glabrous shrub
1-2 ft.; high ; Dauphiny, Pyrenees. O. cenisia, L.; flowers
solitary in the axils of the upper leaves, leaflets small,
coriaceous, sessile, glabrous, stem slender, prostrate;
high; Dauphiny, Pyrenees.

7. TRIGONELLA, L.

Filaments monadelphous ; calyx tubular ; legume longer
than the calyx, curved. Not alpine.

T. monspeliaca, L. ; flowers yellow, in few-flowered
nearly sessile umbel-like racemes; dry hills; Southern
Switzerland, Dauphiny.

8. MEDICACO, L.

Flowers small, yellow or violet, in very short racemes ;
filaments diadelphous; legume coiled or curved spirally,
often spiny. Not alpine.

74 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS

The two commonest English species of Melick — M.
Lupulina, L., and minima, Desr. — are common in grassy
situations. Others have been introduced, including M.
sativa, L., Lucerne, with larger violet flowers. M.
falcata, L., a partially erect plant with violet-yellow
flowers and sickle-shaped legume, grows by road-sides
or in meadows. M. suffruticosa, Ram., a pubescent
plant, 2-8 in. high, with rather large yellow flowers,
round or obovate leaflets, and half-arrow-shaped stipules,
is found in rocky sub-alpine situations in Pyrenees.

9. MELILOTUS, Tourn.

Flowers small, yellow or white, in long axillary
racemes; filaments diadelphous; legume short, straight,
few-seeded. Not alpine.

M. alba, Desr. (vulgaris, Willd.), with white flowers,
is a very common plant by road-sides. M. officinalis,
Desr. (arvensis, Wallr.), Melilot, and altissima, Thuill.,
with yellow flowers, are also widely distributed.

10. TRIFOLIUM, L.

Flowers usually in round umbel-like spikes or racemes,
containing honey ; petals united into a long tube ; legume
small, straight, few-seeded.

Most of the English species of Trefoil are Swiss ; there
are also some alpine species.

A. Flowers purple or nearly white, changing to
pink.

The following are English : — T. pratense, L., Red
Clover; T. medium, L., with larger green stipules; T.

LEGUMINOS^: 75

fragiferum, L., Strawberry Trefoil, with very light pink
flowers, and calyx greatly swollen in fruit; T. arvense}
L., Hare's-foot Trefoil, very hairy, with small pink
flowers ; T. striatum, L., hairy, procumbent, with minute
flowers; T. rubens, L., with glabrous stem and leaves,
and oblong-cylindrical flower-heads; T. kybridum, L.,
with flowers at first white, changing to pink, and erect
hollow stem, in damp meadows ; and T. elegans, Sav.,
with smaller heads than the last, and flowers pink from
the first, are lowland species.

The following are alpine or sub-alpine: — T. alpinum,
L. ; stemless, flowers large, up to I in. in length, light
red, in 3-8-flowered spikes, lower tooth of calyx longer
than the others, leaflets linear, serrate; alpine pastures,
frequent. T. alpestre, L. ; stem short, flowers smaller,
spike many-flowered, calyx-tube hairy, leaflets denticu-
late ; alpine pastures ; Switzerland, Pyrenees. T. Thalii,
Vill. ; stemless, flowers first white then pink, in many-
flowered spikes, calyx-teeth nearly equal ; pastures, espe-
cially Southern, local. T. montanum, L. ; flowers very
pale pink, flower-stalk deflexed after flowering, calyx-
teeth equal, leaflets hairy beneath ; alpine pastures.

B. Flowers white or yellowish white: — T. repens, L.,
White or Dutch Clover; and scabrum, L., a small prostrate
plant, with minute white flowers; are English and lowland.
The remainder are alpine or sub-alpine: — T. pallescens,
Schreb. ; stem prostrate, flowers yellowish-white, keel
finally pink, flower-stalk reflexed after flowering; pas-
tures; Switzerland, Carniola, Tirol, Pyrenees. T. gla-
reosum, Schleich. ; flowers white, pendant, in axillary
long-stalked spikes, leaf-stalk short; pastures, local. T.
ochroleucum, L. ; flowers yellowish-white, calyx-teeth Ian-

76 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS

ceolate-subulate, unequal, the lower one finally bent back ;
pastures ; Switzerland, Pyrenees, local. T. saxatile, All. ;
flowers white, in dense globular spikes, surrounded by an
involucre of bracts, calyx very hairy, stipules dotted with
black ; very high, near the glaciers, rare ; Simplon, Nico-
laithal, Saas, Tirol. T. nivale, Sieb. ; flowers white, calyx,
stem, and leaves nearly glabrous, stipules prolonged into a
sharp awn ; Switzerland, very high, local. T. noricum,
Wulf. ; flowers white, stem and leaves woolly, stipules
acuminate; Southern Tirol, Styria, Carniola, Carinthia.
T. pannonicum, Jacq. ; flowers yellowish-white, upper
leaves opposite, plant very hairy ; Piedmont, Carniola.

C. Flowers yellow : — T. procumbens, L. (campestre}
Schreb.), Hop Trefoil, with dense heads of pale yellow
flowers ; and T. minus, Sm. (dubium, Sibth.), with much
smaller heads of smaller flowers ; both prostrate plants ;
are common lowland English species. To the same sec-
tion belong T. patens } Schreb.; heads composed of 5—I5
stalked flowers, standard streaked, stipules auriculate ;
Ticino, Pyrenees, Dauphiny ; T. agrarium, L. ; heads com-
posed of 20-50 nearly sessile flowers, standard strongly
streaked, stipules rounded at the base; Pyrenees; and
T. aureum, Poll., similar, but stipules not rounded at the
base; Jura, Dauphiny, Pyrenees.

The following are sub-alpine : — T. spadiceum, L.; upper
leaves opposite, heads finally elongated, cylindrical, flowers
turning deep chestnut brown; high pastures; Switzer-
land, Dauphiny, Pyrenees. T. badium, Schreb. ; similar,
but heads finally nearly globular, flowers turning light
brown; Jura, Carpathians, Dauphiny, Pyrenees.

LEGUMINOS^E 77

II. DORYCNIUM, Tourn.

Leaves sessile ; stipules free, resembling the leaflets ;
pod swollen, 2-6 seeded.

D. suffruticosum, Vill. ; stem shrubby, leaves linear-
wedge-shaped, flowers small, white, keel dark blue at
the tip ; rare ; Chur, Southern Tirol, Pyrenees. D.
herbaceum, Vill. ; stem herbaceous, leaves oblong,
wedge-shaped, keel blue throughout ; Ticino, Dauphiny.

Tribe LOTE^E. — Leaves of 5 or more leaflets, one
terminal ; stipules small or o ; alternate filaments dilated ;
legume without a longitudinal septum. Genera 12-14.

12. ANTHYLLIS, L.

Flowers in capitate cymes, sometimes with an in-
volucre ; calyx inflated ; petals with long claws, standard
auricled at the base ; legume included in the calyx.

A. Vulneraria, L., Kidney Vetch, Lady's Fingers;
flowers yellow or orange, pairs of leaflets 1-5, terminal
leaflet much the largest, whole plant very silky ; pastures,
common. A . montana, L. ; flowers red, pairs of leaflets
10-20, all nearly equal in size, plant covered with silky
wool ; rocky places ; Jura, Tirol, Styria, Pyrenees.

13. LOTUS, L.

Leaflets usually 5 ; calyx not inflated ; flowers yellow,
uppermost filament distinct ; legume septate between the
seeds. Not alpine.

L. corniculatus, L. ; leaflets obliquely obovate, very

78 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS

common. L. tenuis, L. ; leaflets oblong-linear, flowers
few; damp places; L. uliginosus, Schk. (major, Sm.); a
larger plant, with the racemes on very long stalks ; bushy
places ; are all English and lowland.

14. TETRAGONOLOBUS, Scop.

Leaves of 3 leaflets ; stipules free, leaf-like ; legume
with 4 membranous wings, coiling up like a corkscrew
after bursting.

T. siliquosuSy Roth ; flowers large, solitary, sulphur-
yellow, on long stalks ; damp meadows ; Southern
Switzerland, Pyrenees.

Tribe GALEGE^E. — Leaflets 5 or more, uppermost
filament distinct ; legume 2-valved, with a longitudinal
septum. Genera 15-18.

15. ASTRAGALUS, L.

Leaves pinnate with a terminal leaflet, leaflets entire;
flowers in axillary often globular spikes or racemes ;
bracts small ; calyx tubular, teeth small, nearly equal ;
petals usually narrow, with long claw, keel obtuse ;
style beardless. An alpine genus.

A. Flowers purple, blue, red, or violet: — A. mon-
spessulanus, L. (PI. 27) ; flgwers red, in spikes of 1 5-20,
with peduncles at least as long as the leaves, standard
very long and narrow, leaves of 1 5-20 pairs of leaflets,
stipules acuminate, united to the petiole by half their
length, stem very short, plant 4-8 in. ; gravelly places ;
Southern Switzerland, Dauphiny, Pyrenees. A. leontinus,

XXVII.-ASTRAGALUS MONSPESSULANUS.

LEGUMINOS^E 79

Wulf. ; flowers light blue or lilac, standard longer than
the wings, pairs of leaflets 6-IO, stipules coherent, but
free from the leaf-stalk, calyx covered with black hairs,
plant pubescent, 2-4 in. ; Switzerland, Carniola, Tirol,
Pyrenees. A. Onobrychis, L. ; pairs of leaflets 8-12,
flowers large, in dense racemes, standard 2-3 times as
long as wings, linear, stipules as in the last ; high ;
Southern Switzerland, Dauphiny, Tirol, Carniola. A.
purpureus. Lam. ; flowers blue-purple, in a globular
spike, stalk longer than the leaves, calyx campanulate,
with spreading hairs, pairs of leaflets 10-12, stipules as
in the last ; a hairy plant, 4-6 in. ; stony ; Southern Tirol,
Carniola, Pyrenees. A . hypoglottis (danicus, Retz) ;
flowers purple-blue, calyx with black hairs, leaflets
oblong or linear-oblong, stipules connate, stalk of spike
very long, plant hairy; a lowland species. A. vesicarius,
L. ; flowers large, violet, spike globular, calyx hairy,
pod almost entirely enclosed in the calyx, leaflets small,
in 4-7 pairs, plant silver- white ; Dauphiny. A. austri-
acus, L. ; flowers very small, pale blue spotted with
violet, spike loose, oblong, stipules free, plant glabrous;
Dauphiny, Carniola. A. incanus, L. ; flowers light
purple, spike globular, stipules linear, partially coherent
to the leaf-stalk, plant prostrate, covered with silky
hairs; Dauphiny. A. oroboides, Horn.; flowers violet,
keel shorter than the standard, legume hairy ; Styria,
Tirol, rare.

B. Flowers white, or white and violet: — A. australis}
Lam. (Phaca australis, L.), wing-petals deeply bifid,
leaflets in 4-8 pairs; high pastures. A. alpinus, L.
(Phaca astragalina, DC.), pairs of leaflets 7-11, stipules
free, flowers horizontal or pendant, very pale, fragrant,

8o THE FLORA OF THE ALPS

keel about as long as standard, decumbent; high pas-
tures. A. hamosuSj L. ; flowers few, very small, nearly
white, in a globular spike, stipules connate, plant pubes-
cent; Dauphiny, Pyrenees.

C. Flowers yellow : — A . glycyphyllos, L. ; flowers pale
yellow, in an elongated raceme, stalk much shorter than
the leaves, pairs of leaflets 5-6, stipules very large,
stem scrambling, 2-3 ft. ; a lowland species. A. exscapus,
L. ; stemless, flowers large, crowded, yellow, stipules
adnate to the leaf-stalk; Southern Switzerland, Tirol,
local. A. depressusy L. ; stemless, flowers yellowish-
white with violet spots, stipules free, very broad,
oval-acuminate; Southern Switzerland, Southern Tirol,
Dauphiny, Pyrenees. A. Cicer, L. ; flowers pale yellow,
pairs of leaflets 8-12, legume inflated, nearly globular,
plant decumbent, nearly glabrous ; lowlands, sandy places ;
Switzerland, Dauphiny, Pyrenees. A. aristatus, L'Her. ;
flowers pale yellow, terminal leaflet replaced by a
spine, plant prostrate, very leafy ; Southern Switzerland,
Dauphiny, Pyrenees.

1 6. PHACA, L.

Leaves pinnate with a terminal leaflet; flowers in
axillary racemes; style not bearded; legume somewhat
inflated, undivided, with more than 2 valves. Alpine.

P. alpina, Jacq. ; flowers yellow, pairs of leaflets 9-12,
stipules linear-lanceolate, stem hairy, branched, 12-15
in. ; high pastures. P. frigida, L. ; flowers yellowish-
white, pairs of leaflets 4-5, stipules ovate, stem hairy,
simple, 8-1 o in. ; very high ; Switzerland.

XXVIII.— OXYTROPIS PVRENAICA.

LEGUMINOS^E 81

17. OXYTROPIS, DC.

Leaves pinnate, with a terminal leaflet ; flowers in axil-
lary clusters or racemes; petals with a long claw, keel
very acute, erect; style beardless; legume more or less
divided longitudinally, many-seeded. Alpine.

A. Flowers yellow: — O. pilosa, DC.; legume com-
pletely 2-celled, stem 8-15 in., erect, very leafy, pubes-
cent; stipules free; stony, rare; St. Gallen, Dauphiny.
O. campestris, DC. ; legume partially 2-celled, leaflets in
about 12 pairs, plant pubescent but not glandular,
flowers varying in colour, sometimes a dirty violet (sordida,
DC.) ; high, stony, frequent. O. foetida, DC. ; leaflets
small, usually in about 20 pairs, plant covered with viscid
fcetid glands ; rare ; Valais, Dauphiny.

B. Flowers violet, blue, or pink : — O. uralensis, DC.
(Halleri, Bunge); stemless, legume completely 2-celled,
flowers violet, plant downy with silky hairs or woolly
(velutina, Sieb.) ; rocky, rare ; Southern Switzerland,
Tirol, Carinthia, Styria, Dauphiny, Pyrenees. O.pyrenaica,
G. and G. (PL 28); resembling the last, but legume only
partially 2-celled (as in the following species); Pyrenees.
O. montana, Bge. ; young fruit pendant, ripe fruit erect,
stalk as long as calyx-tube, pod swollen, plant grey with
silky hairs (or nearly glabrous, Jacquini^ Bge.) ; rare ;
Jura, Southern Switzerland, Monte Generoso, Dauphiny.
0. carinthiaca, Tisch. ; resembling the last, but young
fruit erect, ripe fruit pendant ; Carinthia. O. neglecta,
Gay (cyanea, Gaud.); flowers blue, head 6- 1 2 -flowered,
calyx-teeth longer, plant silky; rare; Nicolaithal, Tirol,
Carinthia, Pyrenees. 0. lapponica, Gay ; resembling the

last, but with pendant pods ; rare ; Saas, Simplon, St.
VOL. I. F

82 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS

Bernard, Faulhorn. O. triflora, Hoppe ; flowers pink,
head 2-4-flowered, standard emarginate ; Carniola, Carin-
thia, Salzburg.

1 8. COLUTEA, L.

Calyx campanulate ; keel truncate; legume stalked,
bladdery.

C. arborescens, L., Bladder Senna; a shrub with large
yellow flowers and very swollen pod; Neuchatel, Uri,
Dauphiny.

Tribe HEDYSARE^E. — Leaves pinnate, with a termi-
nal leaflet; upper filament distinct; legume indehiscent,
jointed. Genera 19-23.

19. CORONILLA, L.

Flowers in umbels; calyx campanulate, upper teeth
nearly united; petals clawed; keel acuminate; legume
cylindrical or quadrangular.

A. Flowers variegated, red and white; leaflets in 6-12
pairs; plant 12-24 in- high: — C. varia, L. ; woods;
Switzerland, Dauphiny, Pyrenees.

B. Flowers yellow ; a large shrub ; leaflets in 2-4 pairs ;
claw of petals very long and narrow : — C. emerus^ L. ;
hill-sides, frequent.

C. Flowers yellow ; herbaceous or suffruticose : — C.
montana, Scop, (coronata, L.); umbels 15 -30 -flowered,
stipules coherent, membranous, deciduous, plant 16-24
in. ; Jura, Orisons, Pyrenees. C. vaginalis, Lam. ; leaf-
lets in 5-7 pairs, with white edges, stipules large, de-
ciduous, claw of petals as long as calyx, plant 8-18 in.,
glabrous ; rocky places ; Switzerland, Jura, Dauphiny.

XXIX.— CORONILLA MINIMA.

LEGUMINOS.^ 83

C. minima, L. (PI. 29); leaflets in 3-4 pairs, stipules
very small, persistent, plant prostrate, glabrous, 4-8 in.
high ; rare ; Southern Switzerland, Jura, P}^renees.

20. ORNITHOPUS, L.

Flowers very small, in long -stalked umbels; leaves
pinnate, with a terminal leaflet ; legume slender, curved,
many-jointed ; small prostrate herbs. Not alpine.

0. perpusillus, L., Bird's-foot Trefoil ; flowers white,
bracts pinnate ; sandy fields ; very rare in Switzerland.

21. HlPPOCREPIS, L.

Flowers in long-stalked umbels, drooping ; petals with
a long claw; stipules small or o; legume curved, with
3-6 horseshoe-shaped i -seeded joints. Not alpine.

H. comosa, L., Horseshoe Vetch ; flowers yellow,
leaflets in 4-8 pairs; dry banks, common, especially
calcareous.

22. ONOBRYCHIS, L.

Flowers in axillary spikes or racemes; wings short;
keel obliquely truncate; leaves pinnate, with a terminal
leaflet ; legume compressed, not jointed, often spiny.

O. sativa, Lam. (vicicefolia, Scop.), Sainfoin; flowers
pink, striped with red, raceme long-stalked, leaves in
6-12 pairs, stem prostrate; sandy hills. O. montana,
DC. ; flowers smaller, pink or purple, leaflets shorter and
broader; alpine pastures; Alps, Jura, Dauphiny, Pyre-
nees. O. supina, DC. (arenaria, DC.) ; flowers small,
white streaked with red, legume pubescent, spiny, stem
prostrate ; sandy hills ; Western Switzerland, Pyrenees.

84 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS

23. HEDYSARUM, L.

Flowers in axillary racemes ; keel oblong, truncate,
longer than the wing-petals ; leaflets numerous ; legume
compressed, breaking up into many I -seeded joints.

H. obscurum, L. (PL 30) ; flowers large, purple, pods
drooping, stipules connate, stem erect, 8-25 in.; pastures ;
Switzerland, Dauphiny, Carpathians, Pyrenees.

Tribe VlCIE^E. — Leaves pinnate, ending in a tendril
or point ; leaflets sometimes o ; upper filament distinct ;
herbs, sometimes climbing. Genera 24-25.

24. ViciA, L.

Leaves usually ending in a tendril, with numerous
leaflets and half-arrow-shaped stipules; legume com-
pressed, undivided, many-seeded. Prostrate or climbing
herbs, mostly lowland.

A. Flowers few and very small; leaflets few; calyx
not gibbous (Ervum, L.) ; weeds in cultivated ground : —
V. tetrasperma, Mcench. ; glabrous, legume shortly stalked,
about 4-seeded. V. hirsuta, Koch, Tare ; hairy, legume
sessile, 2-seeded.

B. Flowers few, sessile or on very short stalks ;
legume sessile; calyx not gibbous at the base; mostly
annual herbs : — V. sativa, L., Field Vetch ; flowers
large, blue or violet. V. angustifolia, Roth ; flowers
smaller, legume narrower, glabrous, leaflets linear ;
Western and Southern Switzerland, Pyrenees. V.
lathyroides, L. ; flower solitary, very small, violet, ten-
dril often wanting, stipules entire; sandy places; very

XXX.— HEDYSARUM OBSCURUM.

LEGUMINOS^E 85

rare in Switzerland. V. pyrenaica, Pourr. ; flowers large,
solitary, pink, tendril short or o, leaflets mucronate,
stipules half-arrow-shaped, dentate ; Dauphiny, Pyrenees.

C. Flowers few, sessile or on very short stalks;
legume stalked ; calyx gibbous : — V. peregrina, L. ;
flower solitary, purple, leaf terminating in a branched
tendril, leaflets linear, mucronate ; near Montreux, Styria,
Pyrenees. V. lutea, L. ; flowers solitary or in pairs,
sulphur-yellow, standard glabrous, legume hairy ; rare ;
Southern Switzerland, Jura, Pyrenees. V. hybrida, L. ;
resembling the last, but with hairy standard and truncate
or mucronate leaflets ; rare, Southern Switzerland. V.
grandiflora, Scop. ; flowers solitary or in pairs, standard
obovate, mucronate, leaflets 10-12, obcordate, mucronate,
stipules ovate, legume dusky ; Styria.

D. Flowers in stalked racemes; legume sessile: — V.
narbonensis, L.; flowers 1-5, dirty purple, stem simple,
lower leaves without tendrils, pod black when ripe ; Bale,
Pyrenees.

E. Flowers in stalked racemes ; legume stalked : — V.
sepium, L. ; flowers dull purple, 2-5, standard glabrous,
leaflets in 4-7 pairs, plant nearly glabrous ; very common.

V. pannonica, Jacq. ; resembling the last, but flowers
bright purple, standard hairy, plant more hairy; Styria.

V. onobrychioides, L. ; flowers 6-12, large, violet, standard
glabrous, stipules half-hastate, stem climbing, glabrous ;
hill-slopes ; Southern Switzerland, Pyrenees. V. dume-
torum, L. ; flowers violet-red then yellowish, leaflets oval,
apiculate, stipules crescent-shaped, strongly toothed ;
mountain woods ; Switzerland, Vosges, Dauphiny, Pyre-
nees. V. pisiformis, L. ; flowers large, greenish-yellow,
10-15 in long-stalked racemes, leaflets in 4-5 pairs, large,

86 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS

oval, stem 3-5 ft., climbing ; bushy places, rare ; Switzer-
land, Pyrenees. V. oroboides, Wulf. ; flowers large, light
yellow, 2-6 in sessile racemes, leaves without tendrils,
leaflets in 1-3 pairs, mucronate; bushy places, rare;
Southern Tirol, Styria, Carniola, Carinthia. V. sylvaticay
L., Wood Vetch ; flowers large, white with blue veins,
6-1 8 in a long-stalked raceme, stipules crescent-shaped,
toothed, stem 2-4 ft., scrambling, glabrous; thickets in
the lowlands, common. V. Orobus, DC. (Orobus sylva-
ticuSj L.) ; flowers white spotted with violet, stipules half-
hastate, slightly toothed, leaves without tendrils, stem
erect, 1-2 ft. ; woods ; Pyrenees. V. cassubica, L. ; re-
sembling the last, but with a smaller raceme, and with
smaller violet flowers; woods; Pyrenees. V. villosa,
Roth ; plant villous, flowers very small, 2-3, stem 4-
angled, leaflets linear-oblong, mucronate, in 8-10 pairs,
stipules half-arrow-shaped, legume 2-seeded ; Southern
Switzerland, Tirol.

F. Flowers in stalked racemes ; calyx usually gibbous
at the base ; legume prolonged into a beak : — V. Gracca,
L. ; flowers blue, 1 5-20 in dense racemes, leaves long and
narrow; hedges in the lowlands, common. V. Gerardi,
G. and G. ; resembling the last, but with a somewhat
denser raceme and erect hairy stem ; thickets ; Southern
Switzerland, Tirol, Pyrenees. V. tenuifolia^ Roth ;
flowers light blue, elongated, in very long lax racemes,
calyx not gibbous; thickets; Switzerland, Pyrenees.
V. varia, Host. ; flowers violet, elongated, horizontal,
stipules of two kinds, entire and laciniated, stem ascend-
ing, 1-2 ft. ; cultivated land.

LEGUMINOS^: 87

25. LATHYRUS, L.

Resembling Vicia, but with broader petals, the leaves
usually with fewer leaflets, generally with tendrils. Not
alpine.

A. Leaves reduced to a tendril, stipules leaf-like: —
L. Apkaca, L. ; flower solitary, pale yellow; cornfields;
Switzerland (rare), Styria, Dauphiny, Pyrenees.

B. Leaf-stalk broad, leaf-like, without leaflets ; no ten-
drils : — L. Nissolia, L. ; flower solitary, crimson ; among
grass ; Switzerland (rare), Styria, Pyrenees.

C. Leaves pinnate, with tendrils ; style twisted, chan-
nelled below : — L. kirsutusy L. ; flowers violet-blue, stalk
of raceme much longer than the leaves, legume rough,
seeds pitted; cultivated land; Switzerland, Pyrenees,
L. Cicera, L. ; flowers small, pink, pod channelled on the
back, seeds smooth, stipules as long as the leaves ; culti-
vated land ; Southern Switzerland, Pyrenees, rare.

D. Leaves pinnate, with tendrils; style twisted, tubu-
lar:— L.sylvestrisy L.; flowers large, greenish streaked with
pink, leaflets 2, linear-lanceolate, stem climbing, broadly
winged ; woods, frequent. L. heterophyllus, L. ; resem-
bling the last, but flowers pink, leaf-stalk broadly winged,
stipules larger ; mountain woods ; Switzerland, Tirol,
Dauphiny, Pyrenees. L. latifolus, L., Everlasting Pea ;
flowers large, bright red, stem climbing, stem and leaf-
stalk broadly winged ; Pyrenees. L. czrr/iosus, Ser. ;
flowers purple, leaflets in 2-3 pairs, leaf-stalk not winged,
stem climbing, winged, seeds tubercled ; Pyrenees, rare.
L. tuberosus, L. ; flowers purple, fragrant, leaflets 2, leaf-
stalk not winged, stem angular, not winged, seeds smooth,
root with tubers ; fields, frequent.

88 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS

E. Leaves pinnate, usually without tendrils ; style
straight, channelled below; flowers in small racemes
(OrobuSj L.): — L. vernus, Wim. ; flowers 5-7, large,
blue, leaflets acuminate, stem erect, 8-26 in., angular, not
winged, pod glabrous ; woods, frequent. L. luteus, Gren. ;
flowers 4-6, large, yellow, leaves bluish- green beneath ;
woods; Alps, Jura, Dauphiny, Pyrenees. L. montanus,
G. and G. ; flowers large, yellow, numerous, leaflets
elliptic or lanceolate, glaucous beneath, stem angular;
mountain woods. L. macrorhizus, Wimm. (Orobus tube-
rosus, L.); flowers 2-4, reddish, stem narrowly winged,
root tubercled ; woods, common. L. palustris, L. ;
flowers 2-3, purple, leaf-stalk not winged, stem climbing,
winged ; marshes ; Switzerland, rare. L. niger, Wimm. ;
flowers 4-8, purple, leaf-stalk not winged, leaflets apicu-
late, stem angular, not winged, plant turning black on
drying; woods; Switzerland, Pyrenees, rare. L. pra-
tensis, L. ; flowers 3-12, yellow, leaflets 2, leaf ending in
a tendril; very common. L. asphodeloides, G. and G. ;
flowers 4—8, pale yellow, leaf-stalk winged, stem 8— 16 in.,
erect, angular, not winged ; mountain pastures ; Dau-
phiny. L. canescens, G. and G. (ensifolius} Gay) ; flowers
4-10, large, white and blue, leaflets 4-6, linear-lanceo-
late, leaf-stalk very short ; mountain pastures ; Neu-
chatel, Jura, Dauphiny, Pyrenees.

F. Resembling the last, but flowers solitary, leaves
ending in a tendril : — L. angulatus, L. ; flowers purple,
veined, flower-stalk 5-6 times as long as leaf-stalk, leaf-
lets 2, linear, seeds cubical, tuberculated, stem angular,
not winged ; cultivated land ; Southern Switzerland, Pyr-
enees. L. sphcericus, Retz; flowers small, pink, leaflets
2, linear-lanceolate, seeds spherical, stem ascending,

LEGUMINOS^: 89

angular, 4-8 in. ; grassy places ; Southern Switzerland,
Pyrenees.

Order XXIX.— ROSACES.

Flowers regular ; calyx inferior or superior, 5-lobed ;
petals usually 5, rarely o, distinct; stamens numerous,
rarely few, inserted on the calyx-tube ; carpels I or more,
distinct or more or less united, free or adnate to the
calyx-tube ; ovules I or 2 in each carpel. Herbs, shrubs,
or trees, with alternate simple or compound stipulate
leaves. A very large order, found in all parts of the
globe, but most abundant in the cooler.

Tribe PRUNED. — Calyx inferior, deciduous ; carpel I ;
fruit a drupe (stone-fruit); trees or shrubs with simple
leaves ; stipules small, deciduous.

i. PRUNUS, L.

Characters of the Tribe.

P. spinosa, L. (communis, Huds.), Sloe, Blackthorn ;
branches all spiny, flowers small, appearing before the
leaves ; P. insititia, L., Bullace ; with broader leaves and
larger fruit, and the branches not all spiny ; P. Cerasus,
Wild Cherry; flowers large, in umbels of 2-5, leaves
crenate, glabrous ; P. avium} L. ; flowers large, in umbels
of 2-5, leaves sessile, pubescent beneath ; P. Padus, L.,
Bird-Cherry; flowers smaller, in axillary or terminal
racemes; all in hedges and thickets, the last three often
planted. Also P. Mahaleb, L.; flowers in short erect
3-i2-flowered racemes, leaves roundish-ovate, slightly
cordate ; mountain woods ; Southern Switzerland, Tirol,

90 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS

Pyrenees; rare. P. brigantiaca, Vill., flowers in um-
bels of 2-5, leaves doubly dentate, ciliate, branches not
spiny, fruit yellow ; mountain woods ; Dauphiny.

Tribe SPIR^E^E. — Calyx inferior, persistent ; carpels 5
or more, each ripening into a many-seeded follicle.

2. SPIR^A, L.

Flowers in axillary or terminal cymes, white or red;
stamens 20 or more ; carpels 5 or more, free or connate
below.

vS. Ulmaria, L., Meadow Sweet ; flowers white, in very
large cymes ; common in wet places. 5. Filipendula, L.,
Dropwort; with reddish flowers in smaller cymes, the
leaves much smaller and chiefly radical ; on sunny hill-
sides, chiefly cretaceous. 5. salicifolia, L. (obovata, Raf.) ;
a shrub with pink flowers in dense cylindrical cymes,
stipules o; Styria, Carinthia. S. Aruncus, L. ; a shrub
with white flowers in very large feathery cymes, and large
pinnatifid leaves ; mountain woods ; Switzerland, Jura,
Pyrenees, frequent. 5. ulmifolia, Scop.; a shrub with
white flowers in corymbose cymes, leaves simple, oval;
Carniola, Carinthia, Styria, Neuchatel. 5. decumbens,
Koch ; flowers white, in corymbose cymes, stem de-
cumbent, leaves simple, serrate towards the tip; Car-
niola, Lombardy, rare.

Tribe RUBE^E. — Calyx persistent, inferior; stamens
very numerous ; carpels numerous, each ripening into a
small drupe (drupel).

XXXI.— DRYAS OCTOPETALA.

ROSACES 91

3. RUBUS, L.

Flowers in terminal or axillary corymbose panicles,
rarely solitary, white or pink ; stipules persistent, adnate
to the leaf-stalk; creeping or climbing shrubs, mostly
prickly.

R. saxatilis, L., is the only alpine species; flowers
small, white, few, fruit red, of only 2-3 drupels, leaves
of 3 leaflets, stem erect, 6- 1 8 in.; mountain woods,
common. R. Idceus, L., Raspberry, is also common in
woods; and R. ccesius, Dewberry, occurs frequently in
hedges. Of R. fruticosus, L., Blackberry, Bramble, up-
wards of sixty sub-species are recorded by Gremli as
growing in Switzerland alone; the minute characters
which distinguish them would exceed the limits of this
work.

Tribe POTENTILLE^. — Calyx inferior, persistent, in
two whorls; carpels numerous, each ripening into an
achene. Genera 4-9.

4. DRYAS, L.

Leaves simple, with adnate stipules; flowers large,
solitary ; calyx-lobes 8-9 ; petals 8-9 ; seed-vessel termi-
nated by a feathery style.

D. octopetala, L. (PL 31); flowers i-i| in. diameter,
white, calyx covered with black glandular hairs, leaves
oblong-ovate, crenate, covered with a white wool on the
under side, stem prostrate, fruit very feathery. This
alpine plant, very striking both in flower and in fruit, is
frequent in high pastures in the Alps, Jura, and Pyrenees.

92 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS

5. GEUM, L.

Radical leaves pinnate, upper nearly simple, all with
adnate stipules; flowers yellow; calyx 5-lobed, with 5
outer sepals ; petals 5 ; carpels numerous, each ending, in
fruit, in a persistent stiff style, often hooked at the tip.

G. urbanum, L., Wood-Avens, with small yellow flowers,
is very common in woods and hedges. G. rivale, L.,
with larger flowers, and calyx large, red-brown, is fre-
quent in wet places. The following are alpine: — G.
pyrenaicum, L. ; petals considerably longer than calyx,
carpels small, terminal lobe of leaf orbicular-reniform ;
Pyrenees. G. montanum, L. (Sieversia montana, Spr.) ;
stem without runners, flower solitary, leaf -segments
unequally crenate, terminal segment very large; high
pastures ; Alps, Jura, Pyrenees. G. reptans, L. (Siever-
sia rep tans, Spr.); flower large, solitary, stem with long
runners, leaf-segments sharply dentate, terminal segment
3-5 -cleft; high; Alps, Dauphiny, Pyrenees. G. inter-
medium, Ehrb., and inclinatum, Schleich., are probably
hybrids.

6. COMARUM, L.

Resembling Geum, but fruit not awned ; flowers
purplish-brown. Not alpine.

C. palustre, L. ; petals dark purple, smaller than the
purplish sepals ; wet places ; Switzerland, Pyrenees,
local.

7. SlBBALDIA, L.

Flowers in terminal cymes, small, yellow; sepals,
outer sepals, and petals 5-7; stamens 4-10; leaves of
3 leaflets.

ROSACES 93

S. procumbens, L. ; stem procumbent, leaflets wedge-
shaped, 3 - toothed at the tip ; high pastures ; Alps,
Vosges, Pyrenees.

8. FRAGARIA, L.

Leaves usually of 3 leaflets, with adnate stipules ;
flowers usually white; calyx-lobes 5, with 5 outer sepals ;
carpels very numerous, ultimately separated on the surface
of the very fleshy receptacle.

F. vesca, L., Wild Strawberry ; calyx spreading hori-
zontally or reflexed in fruit ; common. F. elatior, Ehrh.,
Hautboy Strawberry; flowers larger, calyx spreading
horizontally in fruit. F. collina, Ehrh., Alpine Straw-
berry ; calyx erect in fruit, flowers often greenish ; hills
and woods.

9. POTENTILLA, L.

Leaves compound, with adnate stipules ; flowers usually
white or yellow, solitary or in corymbose cymes ; calyx-
lobes, outer sepals, and petals usually 5 ; carpels nume-
rous, on a dry receptacle.

A. Shrubby ; flowers yellow : — P. fruticosa, L.; flowers
large, in few-flowered cymes, leaves pinnate, very silky ;
Pyrenees, local.

B. Herbaceous (as the remaining sections); flowers
yellow, sepals and petals usually 4 each : — P. Tormentilla,
Scop. (Tormentilla erecta, L.); flowers small, stem pros-
trate; very common. P. procumbens, Sibth. ; larger, leaf-
lets 3 or 5 ; Pyrenees.

C. Flowers white, sepals and petals 5 each : — P. Fraga-
riastrum, Ehrh., Barren Strawberry; flowers very small,
leaves of 3 leaflets, very silky beneath ; hedge-banks, very

94 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS

common. P. micrantha, Ram., resembling the last, but
flowers sometimes pinkish, stem-leaves simple, no stolons ;
hedge-banks. P. splendens, Ram. ; flowers large, solitary, on
long stalks, leaves covered beneath with silky hairs ; Pyr-
enees. The following are alpine or sub-alpine : — P. caules-
censy L. ; flowers large, stem many -flowered, leaflets 5-7,
nearly sessile, silky, ciliate, filaments villous ; rocky ; Alps,
Jura, Dauphiny, Pyrenees. P. petiolulata. Gaud. ; resem-
bling the last, but less silky, leaflets stalked ; rare ; Saleve.
P. Clusiana, Jacq. ; stem usually 3-flowered, leaves woolly
beneath, filaments glabrous ; rare ; Tirol, Carinthia, Styria.
P. rupestris, L. ; radical leaves pinnate, upper of 3 leaflets,
flowers numerous, in corymbose cymes, stem 12— 1 8 in. ;
Switzerland, Jura, Pyrenees. P. grammopetala, Mor. ;
leaves all of 3 leaflets, petals narrow, plant viscous- villous ;
very rare ; Grisons. P. alba, L. ; radical leaves pinnate,
stem-leaves few, of 3 leaflets or simple, flowers large, in
I -5 -flowered cymes ; Switzerland (rare), Jura, Dauphiny,
Pyrenees. P. nivalis, Lap. ; flowers numerous, large,
dirty white, all the leaves pinnate or digitate, plant very
hairy ; high ; Pyrenees, Dauphiny, P. alchemilloides,
Lap. ;< resembling the last, but still more silky, stipules
acuminate, amplexicaul; Pyrenees.

D. Flowers pink : — P. nitida, L. (PL 32) ; plant caespi-
tose, stem usually I -flowered, few-leaved, radical leaves
of 3 leaflets, covered with silky hairs ; high ; Jura, Car-
niola, Carinthia, Tirol, Dauphiny, Pyrenees.

E. Flowers yellow ; sepals and petals 5 each ; leaves all
of 3 leaflets ; alpine plants : — P. nivea, L. ; leaves tomen-
tose, snow-white beneath from a coat of silky hairs ; very
high; Southern Switzerland, Tirol, Dauphiny, rare. P.
grandiflora, L. ; flowers large, stem erect, 4-8 in., leaflets

XXXn -POTENT1LLA NITIDA

ROSACES 95

silky beneath; Switzerland, Styria, Tirol, Dauphiny,
Pyrenees, rare. P. minima, Hall. ; flowers very small,
stem 1-2 in., 1-2 -flowered, leaves bright green, glab-
rous above ; high ; Alps, frequent. P. frigida, Vill. ;
flowers small, stem 1—2 in. high, i-2-flowered, leaves
dull green, villous on both sides with viscid hairs ; high ;
Alps, frequent. P. norvegica, L. ; stem 8-10 in., flowers
large, in crowded terminal cymes, hirsute ; Salzburg.

F. Flowers yellow ; sepals and petals 5 each ; leaves all
digitate or pinnate : — P. anserina, L. ; Silver Weed, with
interruptedly pinnate very silky leaves, is a very common
wayside weed. P. cinerea, Chaix., with very silky digi-
tate leaves; P. opaca, L., with more deeply-toothed
leaflets, and plant tinted red; P. verna, L. (including
Gaudini, Grml., aurulenta, Grml., and prostrata, Grml.),
leaflets obovate or cuneiform, toothed only in their upper
part ; grassy places, common ; are lowland plants. The
following are alpine or sub-alpine : — P. multifida, L. ;
stem 6-12 in., much branched, segments of leaflets
linear, leaves tomentose beneath ; Zermatt, Dauphiny,
rare. P. aurea, L. ; flowers orange-yellow, stem single,
3-12 in., 3-5 -flowered, leaflets with a fringe of silky hairs ;
alpine pastures. P. alpina, Willk. ; resembling the last,
but stems caespitose, I -flowered; alpine pastures. P.
alpestns, Hall (villosa, Crntz., salisburgensis , Haenk.,
sabauda, DC.); resembling P. verna, but flowers larger,
of a brighter yellow, leaflets more deeply incised, and with
auriculate stipules; alpine pastures, common. P. hep-
taphylla, Mill. ; flowers large, stem erect, many-flowered,
leaflets 7-9, dentate nearly throughout; pastures, local.
P. pyrenaica, Ram. ; resembling P. alpestris, but a larger
stouter plant, with more leafy stem, and flowers on shorter

96 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS

stalks ; Pyrenees. P. intermedia, L. ; flowers on long
stalks, upper leaves opposite ; Pyrenees, Dauphiny. P.
delphinensis, G. and G. ; stem suffruticose, stipules lan-
ceolate-acuminate ; Dauphiny.

G. Flowers yellow, sepals and petals 5 each, leaves
digitate, with usually 5 leaflets; not alpine. P. reptans,
L. (including ascendens, Grml.), is a very common road-
side plant.

H. Flowers yellow, sepals and petals 5 each, floral
stem terminal ; not alpine. P. argentea, L. ; leaflets
usually 5, incised, very white beneath ; walls and dry
places in the lowlands. P. collina, Koch (Giintheri,
Pohl); resembling the last, but leaflets grey-tomentose
beneath ; rare. P. cinerea, auct. (incana, Fl. Wett.) ;
similar, but leaves grey-tomentose on both sides; rare.
P. canescens, Bess, (inclinata, VilL); stem erect, leaflets
oblong-lanceolate ; occasional. P. recta, L. ; stem erect,
very leafy, 12-18 in., flowers sulphur-coloured; dry
banks, local. P. supina, L. ; petals shorter than the
calyx, stem decumbent, flowers small, pale yellow ; Bale.

Tribe POTERIE.E. — Petals 4, 5, or o; carpels 1-3,
developing into achenes enclosed within the calyx-tube.
Genera 10-13.

10. AGRIMONIA, L.

Calyx 5-lobed ; petals 5 ; flowers yellow, in terminal
spike-like racemes; stamens 12-20; carpels 2; leaves
pinnate. Not alpine.

A. Eupatoria, L., Agrimony; calyx-tube obconical ;
very common in hedge-banks and thickets. A. odorata,

ROSACES 97

Mill. ; a scented plant, with larger flowers and campanu-
late calyx-tube ; rare ; Bale, Tirol, Carniola.

11. AREMONIA, Neck.

Calyx 5-toothed ; petals 5 ; stamens 5-10 ; teeth of
calyx ultimately forming a spiny ring.

A. agrimonioides, DC. ; flowers yellow, stem 3-5 in.,
stem-leaves of 3 leaflets, leaflets roundish-ovate; Tirol,
Styria, Carniola.

12. ALCHEMILLA, L.

Calyx 4~5-lobed, with 4-5 outer sepals; petals o;
flowers small, green; stamens few; carpels 1-5. Pros-
trate herbs.

A. vulgaris, L., Lady's Mantle, with large, nearly
orbicular or reniform dentate soft leaves ; very common
in damp meadows; and A. arvensis, L., with fan-shaped
leaves and very minute flowers ; in cultivated land. The
remainder are sub-alpine : —

A. Radical leaves roundish-reniform, /-9-lobed : — A.
montana, Willd. ; radical leaves pubescent, divided to
about J, serrate, all the leaves silky ; alpine pastures ;
Switzerland, frequent. A . pubescens, Bieb. ; resembling
the last, but the lobes almost truncate, serrate only near
the tip; local. A.fissa, Schum. (pyrenaica, Duf.); radical
leaves nearly glabrous, more deeply divided, lobes obo-
vate, stem glabrous ; damp alpine rocks, local ; Jura,
Pyrenees, Carpathians.

B. Radical leaves divided nearly to the base into 5-7

segments : — A. subsericea, Reut. ; leaves densely hairy
VOL. I. G

98 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS

beneath, greyish-white. A. alpina, L. (including Hop-
peana, Rchb.) ; leaf-segments narrow, leaves shining
with silky hairs ; a pretty and very common alpine plant.
A. pentaphyllea, L. (including cuneata, Gaud.); leaves
only slightly hairy, the three middle segments deeply in-
cised ; very high ; Switzerland, Tirol, Pyrenees.

13. POTERIUM, L.

Calyx 4-lobed, coloured ; petals o ; stamens numerous ;
carpels 1-3. Not alpine.

P. Sanguisorba, L. (dictyocarpum, Spach), Smaller
Burnet ; P. muricatum, Spach ; and P. officinale, Hook.
(SanguisorbaofficinaliS) L.), Greater Burnet; distinguished
from one another by very minute character^ ; are abun-
dant in damp lowland meadows.

Tribe R.OSE/E. — Calyx 5-lobed ; petals 5 ; stamens
numerous; carpels numerous, developing into achenes
enclosed within the fleshy calyx-tube.

14. ROSA, L.

Flowers large, handsome; stem often prickly; leaves
pinnate, with stipules adnate to the leaf-stalk; calyx-
tube ultimately coriaceous or very fleshy, brightly col-
oured, and enclosing the achenes.

But few species of Rose are alpine. The most readily
distinguished of these are : — R. dnnamomea, L., in which
the branches are reddish-brown, and the stipules of the
barren branches have erect edges, almost conniving in
a tube, the prickles in pairs beneath the stipules; wet
places ; Engadine, Valais, Winterthur, &c. R. alpina, L.

XXXItl. ROSA ALPJNTA

ROSACE^E 99

(PI. 33), with numerous sub-species; a small erect shrub,
corolla bright red, the flowering branches usually without
spines, leaflets 7-11, with scattered glands, fruit red,
usually ovoid-oblong ; alpine, frequent. R. rubella, Sin. ;
resembling the last, but with pale pink or white petals,
fruit red; Jura. R. spinosissima, L., Scotch Rose; a
small erect shrub, with globular nearly black fruit, the
stem densely covered with small thorns ; Jura. R. pomi-
fera, Herrm. ; sepals and flower-stalks very glandular,
sepals pinnatifid, fruit large, usually globular; Alps,
Jura, Styria, rare. R. mollis, Sm. ; resembling the last,
but the glands weaker ; sub-alpine woods. R. ferruginea}
Vill. ; sepals usually entire, petals bright red, fruit small,
globular, stem almost without prickles ; Alps, Jura. R.
montana, Chaix; leaflets small, nearly round, obtuse,
calyx-tube and flower-stalk covered with glandular thorns ;
mountain woods, rare.

The number of Swiss species of Rosa given by Gremli
is about fifty, many of them very difficult to distinguish,
and possibly hybrids. They may be arranged under the
following groups (after Hooker) : — R. spinosissima, L. ;
small erect shrubs, with crowded prickles and small
nearly globular fruit. R. villosa, L. ; with long prickly
branches, leaflets very hairy beneath, densely glandu-
lar sepals, and prickly globose or turbinate fruit. R.
rubiginosa, L., Sweet Briar ; flower-stalks covered with a
glandular pubescence, leaflets densely glandular; fragrant.
R. canina, L., Dog- Rose; with long prickly branches,
sepals glabrous, pinnate, reflexed, leaflets nearly gla-
brous, fruit not prickly. R. arvensis, Huds.; flowers few,
pale, sepals deciduous, styles united into an exserted
column.

ioo THE FLORA OF THE ALPS

Tribe POME^E. — Calyx 5-toothed ; petals 5 ; stamens
numerous; carpels 2-5, each with two ovules; fruit a
pome (pseudocarp) or drupe. Trees or shrubs, usually
with simple leaves and deciduous stipules. Genera
15-20.

15. PYRUS, L.

Leaves simple ; fruit (pseudocarp) a pome. Not alpine.
P. communis, L., Wild Pear ; and P. Matus, L., Crab-
Apple ; woods and hedges.

1 6. SORBUS, L.

Flowers in compound corymbose cymes ; fruit a small
2-5-celled pome ; leaves simple or compound.

6". Aucuparia, L., Rowan, Mountain Ash; leaves pin-
nate, fruit small, globular, scarlet; very common. 5.
domestica, L. ; leaves pinnate, fruit yellowish-red, pear-
shaped; woods, not common. 5. Aria, Crntz. ; flowers
white, leaves simple or lobed, very white underneath;
rocky woods. 6". torminalis, L., Service-Tree ; flowers
white, leaves 6-io-lobed, serrate, not white beneath
when full-grown, fruit pear-shaped, greenish - brown ;
woods. 6". scandica, Fr. ; flowers white, leaves inciso-
pinnatifid, slightly tomentose beneath; Jura, Pyrenees.
5. cham&mespiluS) Crntz. ; flowers pink, in dense
corymbs, leaves simple, elliptical, serrate, green beneath ;
rocky places ; Alps, Jura, Vosges, Pyrenees. S. Hostii,
Jacq. ; resembling the last, but leaves tomentose beneath ;
Alps, Jura, rare.

17. MESPILUS, L.

Flowers large, solitary ; fruit with a bony endocarp.
M. germawca, L., Medlar; thickets, rare.

XXXIV.— SAXIFRAGA OPPOSITIFOLIA.

ROSACES 10 1

1 8. CRAT^GUS, L.

Flowers small; leaves simple, lobed or pinnatifid;
fruit a i-5-celled drupe ; branches ending in a spine.

C. oxyacantha, L., Hawthorn, Whitethorn ; carpels 2-3 ;
common. C. monogyna, Jacq. ; carpel I ; not so common.

19. COTONEASTER, L.

Flowers small ; leaves coriaceous, simple ; fruit a small
pome with 2-5 I -seeded stones.

C. vulgarisy Lindl. ; flowers 1-5, calyx nearly glabrous ;
rocky mountain slopes, not uncommon. C. tomentosa,
Lindl. ; flowers 3-8, calyx downy ; rocky places, local.

20. ARONIA, Pers.

Flowers in erect racemes, white ; fruit a 5 -celled 3-5-
seeded pome.

A. rotundifolia, Pers. (Amelanchier vulgaris, Moench.),
Snowy Medlar; leaves ovate, obtuse, downy beneath,
ultimately glabrous, fruit blue-black; rocky mountain
slopes, local ; Alps, Jura, Pyrenees.

Order XXX.— SAXIFRAGACE.E.

Flowers regular; calyx 5 -lobed; petals 5 ; stamens
usually 10; ovary usually half-inferior and 2-celled ;
fruit a 2-4-celled capsule. A large order, almost en-
tirely confined to the Arctic and Northern Temperate
Zones.

102 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS

i. SAXIFRAGA, L.

Flowers in cymes, rarely solitary; calyx-tube free or
partially adnate to the ovary; ovary 2-lobed, 2-celled ;
styles 2 ; capsule 2-valved, 2-beaked.

Only a very few species of Saxifrage grow in the low-
lands, viz. : — 5. tridactyliUS) L. ; a small annual plant
2-4 in. high, with small white flowers in many-flowered
cymes, and cuneate 3 -5 -fid leaves ; walls and dry places.
6*. granulata, L. ; stem 6-1 8 in., with bulbs in the axils
of the lower leaves, flowers \ in. diam., white, drooping,
leaves palmately lobed ; meadows. 5. bulbifera, L. ; all
the stem-leaves bulbiferous; Western Switzerland. All
the remaining species are alpine.

A. Flowers pink or violet : — .S. oppositifolia, L. (PI. 34) ;
flowers sessile, solitary, \ in., violet, stem prostrate,
leaves small, ciliate, very crowded, opposite, with a pore
at the tip ; one of the most beautiful alpine plants ; wet
rocks, not uncommon ; Alps, Jura, Pyrenees. 6\ bzflora,
All. ; flowers 2 or more, petals lanceolate, leaves op-
posite, not so crowded, ciliate; very high; Alps, Dau-
phiny. 5. retusa, Gou. ; flowers small, stalked, light purple,
calyx-teeth not ciliate, stem-leaves opposite, with 3—5
pits at the tip ; very rare ; Monte Rosa, Simplon, Styria,
Pyrenees. 5. Rudolphiana, Hornsch. ; flowers solitary,
terminal, pink, calyx-teeth and leaves glandular-ciliate,
plant caespitose; high; Switzerland, Carniola, local. 6".
macropetala, Kern. (Kochii, Horn.) ; flowers large, 2 or
more, lilac, petals lanceolate ; Switzerland, Tirol, Car-
niola, local. S. media, Gou. ; flowers 3-7 in a simple
cyme, petals pink, shorter than the very dark purple
calyx, leaves oblong-spathulate, glaucous, with mem-

XXXV.— SAXIFRAGA MUTATA.

XXXVL— SAXIFFAGA AMBIGUA.

SAXIFRAGACE^: 103

branous margin and a row of calcareous pits ; Pyrenees.
S. atropurpurea, Sternb. ; stem caespitose, many-flowered,
leaves of barren shoots on long stalks, 3-5-cleft, petals
obovate-elliptical, dark purple ; very high, local.

B. Flowers yellow: — 5. mutata, L. (PI. 35); radical
leaves in a dense rosette, fleshy, ligulate, with a marginal
row of calcareous pits, stem 2—4 in., branched, petals
linear, orange-yellow ; Southern Switzerland, Jura, Pyre-
nees. vS. aretioideSy Lap. ; petals oblong, denticulate,
leaves linear, with a few pits ; Pyrenees. 6*. ambigua,
DC. (PI. 36) ; Pyrenees ; a very remarkable plant, is
possibly a hybrid between 5. media and aretioides. S.
Hirculus, L. ; petals golden yellow, dotted with red and
tubercled at the base, sepals free, reflexed, ciliate, leaves
linear, not pitted ; Jura, rare. S. muscoides, Wulf. ;
stem densely caespitose, flowers citron or pink, leaves
linear, narrowed into the leaf-stalk ; high ; Northern
Switzerland, Jura, Pyrenees. S. moschata, Wulf.; re-
sembling the last, but plant covered with viscid hairs.
vS. Allioniij Gaud. ; similar, but petals greenish-yellow or
white, obovate; rare. 5. crocea, Gaud.; similar, but
petals saffron-yellow. »S. Facchinii, Koch ; stem 1—3-
flowered, petals as broad as and longer than the calyx-
teeth ; rare. vS. sedoides, L. ; plant loosely caespitose,
fertile stem leafless, petals lanceolate, acute, shorter and
narrower than the calyx-teeth ; Alps, Pyrenees. 6".
Hohemvartii) Sternb. ; fertile stem leafy, petals as broad
as calyx-teeth, lemon-yellow with dark purple apex ;
Tirol, Carinthia, Styria, Carniola. vS. stenopetala, Gaud. ;
stem i -flowered, petals lemon-yellow, linear, lower leaves
pinnatifid ; Eastern Switzerland. 5. aizoides, L. (PI. 37) ;
calyx half-inferior, leaves linear, ciliate ; moist ; very

104 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS

common. 5. arachnoides, Sternb. ; stem prostrate, plant
covered with long white arachnoid hairs, leaves all
radical ; Tirol, rare.

C. Flowers yellowish-white or greenish-white : — 5.
hieraciifolia, W.K. ; flowers in a dense spike, light green
with purple edge, bracts leaf -like, leaves all radical,
ovate-lanceolate, entire ; Styria, rare. 5. bryoides, L. ;
stem 1-2 in. high, i-2-flowered, leaves linear-lanceolate,
with foliaceous buds in their axils ; high ; Alps. 6".
aspera, L. ; a larger plant, with more numerous flowers,
and the foliaceous buds larger ; high ; Alps, Pyrenees.
5. Seguieri, Spreng. ; csespitose, leaves spathulate, stem
usually i -flowered, downy, petals oblong-linear, as long
as calyx-teeth; glaciers, rare; Switzerland, Tirol. 5.
pygmcea, Haw. ; densely caespitose, leaves fleshy, entire,
those of the barren shoots linear, petals oval ; high ;
local. S. Aizoon, L. (PL 38); stem branched, 4-6 in.,
glandular-hairy, petals green or white, radical leaves in
rosettes, thick, glabrous, ligulate, bordered with a row of
pits ; rocky places ; Alps, Jura, Vosges.

D. Flowers white, with red or yellow spots, or other-
wise variegated : — 5. umbrosa, L., London Pride ; stem
6-12 in., branched, leafless, radical leaves nearly orbicular,
narrowed into the leaf-stalk, crenate, flowers small, petals
with red and yellow spots ; Pyrenees. 5. hirsuta, L.
(including Geum, L.); more hairy, leaves more sharply
toothed ; Pyrenees. 5. rotundi/oUa, L. ; radical leaves
cordate-reniform, stem-leaves not cordate, shortly stalked,
stem 8-12 in., much branched, petals narrow, spotted;
woods, common. 3\ cuneifolia, L. (including subintegra,
Ser.) ; leaves glabrous, cuneate, crowded, thick, flowering
stem branched, leafless, petals usually with one yellow

XXXVII.— SAXI FRAG A AIZOIDES.

i

XXXVIII.— SAXIFKAGA AIZOON.

SAXIFRAGACE^E 105

spot ; high, moist ; Switzerland, Jura, Pyrenees, rare.
5. Cotyledon, L. ; stem 1-2 ft., much branched, leafy, radi-
cal and stem leaves oblong - obovate, glabrous, cartila-
ginous, with very thick margin, serrate, and furnished with
a row of calcareous pits, petals wedge-shaped, red at the
base or spotted ; high, moist ; Switzerland, Styria, Carin-
thia, Pyrenees, rare. S. stellaris, L. ; stem 1-2 in.,
leafless, flowers small, radical leaves obovate-cuneate,
3-lobed at the apex, petals unequal; very common. 5.
glabrata, Sternb. ; similar, but very glabrous, leaves
smaller; high, local. .S. Hostii, Tausch. (including
rhcetica, Kern.); stem-leaves with a marginal row of
calcareous pits, leaves of rosettes ligulate with cartila-
ginous margin, crenate ; Tirol, Carinthia, Carniola, local.
S.purpurata, Gaud. ; similar, but stem and branches purple,
petals with red veins; Switzerland, rare (Spliigen,
Devil's Bridge). 6". maculata, Rchb. ; densely caespitose,
leaves cuneate, petals white with long purple spots ;
Switzerland, rare (St. Gothard, Rhone glacier).

E. Flowers usually pure white ; leaves with calcareous
pits ; stem-leaves alternate : — 5. crustata, Vost. ; rosette-
leaves furrowed, entire, linear, covered with a strong
incrustation; Tirol, Carniola, Carpathians. vS. altissima,
Kern. ; stem 3-6 in., glandular-hairy, radical leaves ligu-
late, serrate, flowers in a corymbose panicle, sometimes
spotted, flower-stalk glandular; Styria. S. diapensoides,
Bell. ; stem densely viscid-glandular, 2-3 -flowered, petals
obovate-cuneate, milk-white, leaves linear-oblong; Swit-
zerland, Tirol, Dauphiny, local. 5. ccesia, L. ; rosette-
leaves densely crowded, recurved from the base, petals
obovate, obtuse ; high, frequent. S. valdensis, DC. ; a
smaller plant, with smaller flowers, stem glandular;

106 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS

Savoy, Mont Cenis, rare. 6\ squarrosa, L. ; stem 1-3
in., few-flowered, glandular-hairy, rosette -leaves erect,
blunt, flowers sometimes yellowish ; Tirol, Carniola,
frequent. 6\ Burseriana, L. ; very caespitose, stem
usually I -flowered, glandular-hairy, flowers large, white,
sometimes with red veins, petals crenulate, calyx half-
superior, reddish, leaves subulate, ending in a sharp
spine ; dry places ; Alps. 5. Vandellii, Sternb. ; very
caespitose, stem 2-9-flowered, densely glandular-hairy,
flowers large, milk-white, petals obovate-cuneate, much
jonger than the calyx, leaves linear-oblong, mucron-
ate ; Switzerland, Tirol, rare. 6". tombeanensis, Boiss. ;
densely caespitose, stem i-3-flowered, glandular-hairy,
flowers very large, petals obovate-cuneate, 3-4 times as
long as calyx-teeth, leaves ovate-lanceolate, ending in a
soft spine; Tirol, rare (Monte Baldo). 5. longifolia,
Lap. ; a very remarkable and distinct plant, with the
flowers in a very large pyramidal panicle, 6-18 in. high,
radical leaves very numerous, linear, coriaceous ; Pyre-
nees. S. lingulata, Bell. ; resembling the last, but a more
glabrous plant, with narrow petals and fewer flowers;
Pyrenees. S. Lantoscuna, Boiss. ; also an allied species,
but with shorter and broader leaves and fewer flowers ;
Maritime Alps.

F. Flowers usually white; leaves without calcareous
pits : — 6*. controversa, Sternb. {petr<za} Gaud. ; Bellardii,
AIL); a small annual plant resembling tridactylites} but
more robust, and with somewhat larger flowers; Alps,
Dauphiny, Pyrenees. S. cernua, L. ; flowers usually
solitary, drooping, stem leafy, leaves all palmately 5-7-
lobed, the upper ones bearing bulbs in their axils. 6".
geranioides, L. ; flowers large, pure white, numerous,

SAXIFRAGACE^E 107

tubular, calyx half-superior, radical leaves cordate, nearly
orbicular in outline, with lanceolate lobes ; Eastern
Pyrenees, rare. »S. petrcea, L. ; stem decumbent, leafy,
hairy, flowers large, leaves palmately 3 - cleft, lobes
inciso-dentate, petals obovate, twice as long as calyx ;
Southern Tirol, Carpathians, rare. 6". pedemontana,
All. ; flowers large, 2-12, radical leaves pinnatifid, petals
narrowed to a distinct claw, calyx-teeth linear ; very rare ;
Monte Rosa. 6\ pentadactylis, Lap. ; flowers 5-9, leaves
flabelliform-pinnatifid ; Eastern Pyrenees. 6\ nervosa^
Lap. ; flowers 4-12, plant covered with glutinous hairs,
and with a balsamic odour ; Pyrenees. S. ascendens, L. ;
stem 1—2 ft., only slightly branched, very leafy, leaves
5-/-lobed, fleshy, covered with viscid hairs ; Pyrenees.
5. ajugcefolia, L. ; flowers on long axillary 1-3 -flowered
flower-stalks, leaves 2-5-lobed, nearly glabrous; Pyre-
nees. S.pubescens, Pourr. ; flowers 1-5, milk-white, stem
about I ft., viscid, radical leaves with linear segments,
stem-leaves linear ; Pyrenees. >S. groenlandica, L. ;
flowers 5-9, petals broad, stem 4-6 in., glutinous-pubes-
cent; resembling muscoides, but with larger flowers ; Pyre-
nees. 5. exarata, Vill. ; flowers 3-9, leaves cuneate,
narrowed at the base, 3-cleft with projecting lobes, petals
twice as long as calyx-teeth, sometimes pale yellow or
spotted; Alps, Tirol, Carniola, Carinthia, Dauphiny.
S. intricata, Lap. ; resembling the last, but with a slen-
derer stem and smaller milk-white flowers ; Pyrenees.
S. androsacea, L. ; caespitose, pubescent, petals obovate,
emarginate, twice as long and broad as the calyx-teeth,
stem 1—2 in., I— 3-flowered, radical and stem-leaves lan-
ceolate, the former often 3 -toothed at the apex; high,
moist, frequent. 5. tenella, Wulf. ; stem 2-4 in., branched,

io8 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS

calyx-teeth cuspidate, leaves linear-subulate, cuspidate,
stem-leaves with axillary buds ; Styria ; rare. 5. plani-
folia, Lap. ; densely caespitose, flowers 1—5, petals obo-
vate, eraarginate, twice as long as calyx-teeth, leaves
linear-oblong, quite entire ; glaciers ; Alps, Pyrenees,
rare. .S. sponhemica, Gmel. ; flowers 3—9, calyx-teeth
acuminate, leaves linear, acuminate, aristate, plant slightly
hairy ; Jura. .S. hypnoides, L. ; flowers 5-9, calyx-teeth
mucronate, leaves linear, acuminate, mucronate, plant
caespitose, hairy; frequent.

Several other species are described in Floras of Swit-
zerland and Pyrenees ; but they are either slight varieties,
or sometimes probably hybrids.

2. PARNASSIA, L.

Leaves entire, mostly radical ; flowers large, solitary ;
stamens alternating with 5 large fan-shaped glandular
scales ; styles 3—4 ; capsule 3— 4-valved.

P. palustris, L., Grass of Parnassus (PL 39) ; flower
white, stem with one ovate-cordate leaf; damp places,
common. P. alpina, Briigg., is only a small mountain
variety.

3. ZAHLBRUCKNERA, Rchb.

Flowers small, solitary, green ; ovary 2-lobed ; capsule
2-celled.

Z. paradoxa, Rchb. ; stem decumbent, lower leaves
cordate-reniform, 5-/-lobed, on long stalks, flowers on
long stalks, petals small, green, shorter than the calyx-
teeth ; moist rocks ; Styria, Carinthia, Southern Tirol,
Lombardy, very rare.

XXXIX.— PARNASSIA PALUSTRIS.

SAXIFRAGACE^E 109

4. CHRYSOSPLENIUM, L.

Flowers very small, green or yellow, in axillary or
terminal cymes; petals o; stamens 8-10; ovary inferior,
i-celled ; capsule 2-lobed. Not alpine.

The two species of Golden Saxifrage, C. alternifolium,
L., with alternate, and oppositifolium} L., with opposite
leaves, are found in wet places, by springs, &c., blossom-
ing very early in the spring ; the former much the most
common.

,

Order XXXL— GROSSULARIE^E.

Flowers regular; calyx usually 5-lobed, persistent;
petals 5 ; ovary I -celled, entirely inferior, with parietal
placentation ; fruit an indehiscent berry. A small order,
chiefly European.

i. RlBES, L.

Flowers small, solitary or in racemes; styles 2.
Shrubs.

R. Grossidaria, L., Gooseberry (usually the form R.
uva-crispa,y L., with small smooth berries) ; R. nigrumy L.,
Black Currant; R. rubrum, L., Red and White Currant;
are widely distributed, though not very common. R.
alpinum, L. ; flowers unisexual, in erect racemes, yellow-
ish-green ; bushy places ; Alps, Pyrenees, local. R.
petrceum, Wulf. ; flowers bisexual, reddish, in racemes
which are ultimately pendant ; bushy places ; Switzerland,
Jura, Styria, Vosges, local.

no THE FLORA OF THE ALPS

Order XXXII.— CRASSULACE^.

Flowers regular, in terminal or axillary cymes ; sepals
and petals usually 5 ; stamens usually 10; carpels usually
5, distinct, maturing into many-seeded follicles. Herbs
or small shrubs with succulent leaves. A rather large
order, distributed chiefly through the colder and tem-
perate regions.

i. RHODIOLA, L.

Flowers unisexual ; sepals 4 ; petals 4 or o ; stamens 8.

R. rosea, L. (Sedum Rhodiolay DC.), Rose-root ; stem
erect, leafy, flowers small, reddish-yellow, leaves fleshy,
ovate-lanceolate, serrate towards the tip ; moist rocks ;
Switzerland, Jura, Vosges, Pyrenees.

2. SEDUM, L.

Flowers bisexual, in unilateral cymes, star-like ; sepals
and petals usually 5 ; stamens usually 10 ; carpels usually
5, distinct or slightly connate at the base. Very succu-
lent, and (except Sections A., B.) all wall or rock plants.

A . Leaves flat, succulent ; stem erect or decumbent ;
flowers very numerous ; stamens 10: — 5. Anacampseros,
L. ; flowers light purple or pink, stems numerous, decum-
bent, leaves obovate, entire; Western and Southern
Switzerland, Tirol, Dauphiny, Pyrenees. 6\ maximum,
Sut. ; flowers yellowish, petals somewhat hooded, stems
numerous, erect, leaves cordate-oblong, dentate, the upper
ones often opposite or in whorls of three ; stony thickets ;
Switzerland, Jura, Dauphiny. 5. Telephiumy L. (pur-
purascens, Koch), Orpine; flowers pink or purple, stem

XL.— SEDUM TURG1DUM.

CRASSULACE^E in

ascending, leaves alternate, obscurely toothed ; banks ;
Switzerland, Jura, Pyrenees. 5. Fabaria, Koch ; very
similar to the last, more slender, the leaves more wedge-
shaped; Jura, Vosges, Dauphiny, Pyrenees, local. 6".
Cepcea, L. ; flowers pink, stalked, forming a branched
panicle, petals acuminate, stem simple, slender, decum-
bent then ascending, leaves spathulate, entire, the lower
ones often in whorls ; stony places ; Southern Switzer-
land, Jura, Tirol, Pyrenees. 5. stellatum, L. ; flowers
pink, sessile, in compound scorpioid spikes, stem simple
or branched, leaves dentate, sometimes opposite or in
whorls; Pyrenees.

B. Leaves cylindrical ; stamens 5 : — 5. rubens, L. ;
flowers light pink, sessile, in glandular-pubescent uni-
lateral spikes, stem tinged with red ; vineyards ; Switzer-
land (rare), Jura, Tirol, Vosges, Pyrenees.

C. Leaves cylindrical ; petals 6 ; stamens 1 2 : — 6*. his-
panicum, L. ; flowers nearly white, leaves bluish-green,
capsule pubescent ; rocks ; Central and Southern Switzer-
land, rare.

D. Leaves cylindrical; petals 5; stamens 10; plant
without barren shoots : — 5. villosum, L. ; petals pink
with a dark central line, plant covered with a glandular
pubescence ; moist ; Switzerland, Jura, Vosges, Dauphiny,
Pyrenees. S. atratum, L. ; petals white or greenish-
yellow, calyx reddish-brown, flowers in compact cymes,
leaves thickened upwards, plant glabrous, tinged with
reddish-brown ; high ; Switzerland, Jura, Pyrenees. 6*.
annuutn^ L. ; flowers yellow, in elongated spike - like
cymes, nearly sessile, leaves not thickened upwards, plant
glabrous ; Switzerland, Vosges, Pyrenees.

E. Leaves cylindrical; petals 5; stamens 10; plant

ii2 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS

with caespitose barren shoots ; flowers white or pink : —
,S. album, L., White Stonecrop; flowers white, inflores-
cence much branched, leaves alternate, linear; rocks and
walls, common. ,S. dasyphyllum, L. ; flowers white, leaves
short and thick, often opposite and spotted with red ; rocks
and walls, frequent. 5. hirsutum, All. ; petals pink with
a darker central line, or white, acuminate, leaves distant,
hairy, plant glandular-pubescent ; Pyrenees. S. turgi-
dum, Ram. (micrantum, G. and G.), (PI. 40) ; flowers light
pink or white, leaves numerous on the fertile branches,
oval - cylindrical ; Dauphiny, Pyrenees. 5. anglicum,
Huds. ; flowers white or light pink, petals lanceolate,
acuminate, keeled, leaves gibbous at the base ; Pyrenees.
vS. brevifolium, DC. ; flowers white or light pink, stalked,
leaves distant, nearly spherical, plant glabrous ; Pyrenees.
F. Leaves cylindrical; petals 5 ; stamens 10 ; plant
with caespitose barren shoots ; flowers yellow : — 6\ al-
pestre, Vill. ; flowers few, pale yellow, petals erect, obtuse,
leaves obtuse, stem slender; alpine rocks, frequent. 6".
acre, L., Yellow Stonecrop, Wall Pepper; flowers bright
yellow, calyx-teeth gibbous at the base, petals acuminate,
leaves very crowded, ovoid-oblong ; walls and rocks, com-
mon. ,S. sexangulare, L. (PI. 41); flowers less numerous
and somewhat smaller, sepals not gibbous at the base,
petals acute, leaves densely crowded, spreading; walls
and rocks; Switzerland, Pyrenees, local. ,S. reflexum,
L. (rupestre, L.), (PL 4 2) ; flowers bright yellow, usually
in large bifurcate cymes, petals lanceolate, spreading,
sepals ovate, leaves subulate, acute ; stony places ; Swit-
zerland, Pyrenees. 5. anopetalum, DC. (ochroleucum,
Chaix); petals erect, pale yellow, lanceolate, acuminate,
sepals acuminate, leaves mucronate; Southern Switzer-

XLI.-SEDUM SEXANGULARE.

XLIL— SEDUM REFLEXUM.

CRASSULACE^ 113

land, Jura, Pyrenees. S. altissimum, Poirr. ; flowers very
pale yellow, stem somewhat shrubby, branched, leaves
oval, concave above ; Pyrenees, Dauphiny.

3. SEMPERVIVUM, L.

Flowers large, bisexual, in corymbose or panicled cymes ;
calyx-teeth and petals 6 or more ; stamens usually twice
as many as petals; carpels as many as petals; leaves
fleshy, often covered with arachnoid hairs. All the
species are alpine, and the genus is especially character-
istic of the mountains of Switzerland and Tirol. The
species are often difficult to distinguish, and appear to
hybridise readily.

A. Calyx -teeth, petals, and carpels more than 6 ;
rosette-leaves ciliate at the margin, otherwise glabrous :
— 5. Wulfeni, Hoppe; petals yellow or whitish, leaves
glaucous, stem and calyx covered with rough glandular
hairs ; rare ; Engadine, Tirol, Styria, Carniola. >S. al-
pinum, G. and S. (Boutignianum, G. and G.) ; petals
linear-lanceolate, three times as long as calyx-teeth,
ciliate, red with a darker central streak, marginal hairs
of rosette-leaves not glandular ; rare ; Engadine, Ticino,
Tirol, Pyrenees. 5*. tectorutn, L., House-Leek; petals
lanceolate, twice as long as calyx-teeth, pink, rosettes
large, rosette-leaves suddenly contracted into a point,
which is usually red, stem-leaves acuminate; rocks;
Switzerland, Tirol, Pyrenees; also in the lowlands cul-
tivated on roofs, &c. vS. acuminatum, Schott; similar
to the last, but rosette-leaves gradually acuminate, leaves
bluish-grey ; Tirol, rare (Botzen). S. arvenense, L. and

L. ; flowers pink, half the size of the last, petals I \
VOL. I. H

ii4 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS

times as long as calyx-teeth, stem-leaves keeled, nearly
triangular, stem glandular-pubescent; Puy-de-D6me.
K$\ Mettenianum, S. and L. ; flowers small, pink, petals
linear, rosettes small, flat, rosette-leaves gradually acu-
minate, narrowed at the base ; Switzerland, Southern
Tirol, rare. 5. dolomiticum, Facch. ; flowers large, dark
red, petals lanceolate, rosettes small, globular, leaf-tips
and stem often tinged with red; Southern Tirol, rare
(Pusterthal, Fassathal). 5. fimbriatum} S. and L. ; flowers
large, light red, petals linear, twice as long as calyx-teeth,
rosette-leaves broadly lanceolate, acute, all the leaves
ciliate with glandular hairs; Southern Tirol, Carinthia,
rare. vS. angustifolium, Kern. ; resembling the last, but
rosette-leaves narrower, petals broader and longer, pink
with a darker central line, filaments glandular - hairy ;
Tirol, rare (Oetzthal).

B. Calyx-teeth, petals, and carpels more than 6; rosette-
leaves with simple and glandular hairs, covering it like
a spider's web : — 5. aracknoideum, L. (PL 43) ; rosette-
leaves and stem-leaves completely covered by a weft of
arachnoid hairs, flowers pink, petals elliptic-lanceolate,
three times as long as calyx-teeth, stem 4-6 in. high;
alpine rocks, frequent. ,S. heterotrickum, Schott ; rosette-
leaves with arachnoid hairs only at the tip, petals pink
with a darker central line, calyx-teeth with a tuft of hairs
at the tip, stem 3-5 in.; Salzburg. 5. Dollianum, Lehm.;
rosette - leaves and stem -leaves with arachnoid hairs,
which finally disappear, stem 4-6 in., petals twice as long
as calyx- teeth, broadly lanceolate ; Switzerland, Carinthia,
rare. 5. Fauconneti, Reut.; petals longer and broader
than in arachnoideum, rosette-leaves warty-glandular
above, with white flexible hairs at the edge ; Jura.

XLIII.-SEMPERVIVUM AKACHNOIDEUM.

IV ._ SEMPERVIVUM MONTAfrUM

CRASSULACE^E 115

alyx-teeth, petals, and carpels more than 6; rosette-
leaves with simple and glandular hairs, but not arachnoid :
— S. Funckii, Br.; petals lanceolate, acuminate, pink with
a darker central line, rosettes small, globular, cilia of
leaves very long ; Eastern Switzerland, Tirol, Carinthia,
Carpathians, Salzburg. vS. montanum, L. (PI. 44) ; petals
lilac with a violet central line, lanceolate, acuminate, four
times as long as calyx- teeth, rosettes open, cilia of leaves
short ; alpine rocks, frequent. S. debile, Schott ; resem-
bling the last, but stem prostrate, leaves more crowded,
petals brownish-red; Western Tirol. 6". rupicolum, Kern.;
petals pale greenish-yellow streaked with red, flowers in
trifurcate cymes, rosette-leaves glandular-hairy on the
under side only; Tirol (Oetzthal). vS. Gaudini, Christ
(globuliferum, Gaud.) ; flowers very large, in trifurcate
cymes, petals linear, yellowish-white, not streaked, three
times as long as calyx-teeth, rosette-leaves glandular-
hairy on both sides, stem-leaves glandular-ciliate ; Valais,
Tirol, rare. 5. Pittonii, S. and K.; flowers small, petals
linear-lanceolate, yellowish-white, not streaked, rosettes
small, all the leaves glandular-hairy on both sides, tipped
with red ; Styria, rare. 6*. Brauniiy Funck.; petals linear,
yellowish-white, twice as long as calyx-teeth, rosettes
small, leaves convex on both sides, obtusely angular;
rare; Orisons, Carinthia, Gross-Glockner. vS. Widderi,
S. and L. ; petals yellowish-white, broadly lanceolate,
rosette-leaves flat on the upper, convex on the under side,
acutely angled ; Tirol, rare.

D. Calyx-teeth, petals, and carpels usually 6 ; stamens
12; flowers bell-shaped : — 5. hirtum, L.; petals yellowish
white, linear-lanceolate, twice as long as calyx-teeth,
fringed, leaves ciliate, rosette-leaves ovate-acute; Tirol,

n6 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS

Carpathians, Erzgebirge. 5. arenarium, S. and K.; flowers
large, petals nearly white, three times as long as calyx-
teeth, fringed, rosette-leaves lanceolate; Tirol, Carinthia,
Salzburg. 5. Neilreichi, S. and K.; petals with narrow
winged serrated keel, fringed, leaves narrowly lanceolate;
Lower Austria. 5. Hildebrandtii, Schott ; keel of petals
torn into shreds, leaves lanceolate ; Styria.

4. UMBILICUS, DC.

Calyx 5 -cleft; corolla gamopetalous, 5 -cleft; stamens
10, attached to the corolla.

U. sedoides, DC.; flowers pink, corolla twice as long as
calyx, plant tinged with red ; rocks ; Pyrenees.

Order XXXIIL— HALORAGE^.

Flowers minute and often unisexual; petals often o;
stamens I— 8 ; ovary inferior; fruit various. A small
order of mostly aquatic plants, generally distributed.

I. HlPPURIS, L.

Flowers minute, solitary, axillary; petals o; stamen
I ; leaves linear, in whorls. Water-plants.

H. vulgaris, Mare's-tail ; marshes and streams ; not
common.

2. MYRIOPHYLLUM, L.

Flowers minute, axillary, solitary or in spikes, uni-
sexual ; petals 2-4 ; stamens 2-8 ; styles 4 ; leaves very
narrow. Water-plants.

HALORAGE^: 117

Vo species of Water- Milfoil — M. verticillatum} L.,
with the floral leaves all pinnatifid or pectinate, longer
than the flowers ; and spicatum, L., with the upper leaves
entire, shorter than the flowers, occur in Switzerland ;
and the third British species, M. alterniflorum, DC, also
in the Vosges and Pyrenees.

3. CALLITRICHE, L.

Flowers minute, solitary, axillary, unisexual; perianth
o ; stamen I ; styles 2 ; leaves opposite, entire. Water-
plants.

C. verna, L., Water -Starwort, with numerous sub-
species ; common in ponds and streams.

Order XXXIV.— LYTH RACEME.

Petals 3-6 or o ; calyx tubular, enclosing the ovary ;
stamens inserted on the calyx-tube; ovary 2-6-celled;
leaves always entire, opposite or in whorls. A mode-
rately large order, chiefly tropical ; not alpine.

i. LYTHRUM, L.

Flowers axillary, usually bisexual ; petals 4-6, red or
pink; stamens 8-12; seed-vessel a i-2-celled capsule.

L. Salicariat L., Purple Loosestrife; flowers large,
purple, in axillary whorls ; stamens and styles of three
different lengths ; leaves often in whorls of 3 ; wet places,
common. L. Hyssopifolia, L. ; flowers solitary, small,
pink, leaves usually alternate ; wet places, rare.

n8 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS

2. PEPLIS, L.

Flowers minute, axillary ; petals minute, purplish, or o.
P. Portula, L., Water- Purslane ; stem prostrate, leaves
obovate, obtuse ; wet places or under water, local.

Order XXXV.— TAMARISCINE.E.

Shrubs or small trees, with small flowers in dense
solitary or panicled spikes ; sepals and petals usually 5 ;
stamens usually 10; ovary free, I -celled ; styles 2-5;
seed-vessel a 2-5 -celled capsule. A very small order;
not alpine.

i. MYRICARIA, Desv.

Calyx 5-lobed ; stamens 10, springing from beneath the
ovar}'.

M. germanica, Desv. ; flowers pink, in simple racemes,
leaves small, linear, glaucous ; sandy shores and beds of
streams ; Switzerland, Dauphiny, Pyrenees, not common.

Order XXXVI.— ONAGRACE^E.

Flowers usually regular ; calyx 2-4-lobed ; petals 2-4 ;
stamens 2-8 ; ovary usually 4-celled, with axile placenta-
tion, inferior ; seed-vessel usually a 4-celled capsule. A
large order, chiefly of the temperate regions.

i. EPILOBIUM, L.

Flowers solitary, axillary, or in terminal spikes, pink ;
calyx-limb 4-lobed ; petals 4 ; stamens 8 ; ovary elon-

ONAGRACE^: 119

gated, 4-celled, completely inferior ; stigma 4-lobed ;
seeds tipped with a crest of long hairs. Many of the
species of Willow-Herb are difficult to distinguish, and
appear to hybridise freely.

A. Flowers irregular; petals undivided or emarginate ;
stamens and styles at length bent downwards : — E.
angustifolium, L. (spicatum, Lam.), Great Willow- Herb,
Rose-Bay ; flowers numerous, very large (i in. diame-
ter), in a terminal spike, stem 2-4 ft., simple, leaves
lanceolate, blue-green and veined on the under side ;
bushy places, common. 5. rosmarinifolium, Haenke
(Dodoncei, Koch); style hairy at the base, about as
long as the stamens, leaves the same colour on both
sides, and conspicuously veined ; dry places ; Switzer-
land, Jura, Dauphiny. E. Fleischeri, Hochst. ; flowers
large, few, calyx reddish-brown, stem 6-8 in., style
pubescent, about naif as long as stamens, leaves linear,
the same colour on both sides ; very high, local ; Switzer-
land, Tirol, Dauphiny, Pyrenees.

B. Flowers regular ; petals deeply bifid ; stamens and
styles erect ; stigmas free, spreading : — E. hirsutum, L.,
Codlins-and-Cream ; flowers rather large (f-f in.), stem
3-4 ft., branched, very hairy, leaves opposite, half-
amplexicaul, serrate, hairy; moist places, common. E.
parviflorum, Schreb. ; flowers numerous, small (J-J- in.),
stem nearly simple, leaves not amplexicaul, alternate,
whole plant usually pubescent; moist places, common.
E. montanum, L., Common Willow-Herb; stem nearly
simple, leaves opposite, stalked, ovate-lanceolate, usually
glabrous ; very common. E. collinum, Gmel. ; resembling
the last, but a smaller plant, with more branched stem
and more numerous leaves ; walls and rocks. E. lanceo-

120 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS

latum, S. and M. ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, on long
stalks, mostly alternate, whole plant pubescent ; Vosges,
Puy-de-D6me. E. Duriczi, Gay ; stem prostrate and
rooting at the base, leaves opposite, lanceolate, shortly
stalked, with rounded base, dentate ; Jura, Vosges, Puy-
de-D6me, Pyrenees.

C. Flowers regular ; petals deeply bifid ; stamens and
styles erect ; stigmas united into a club ; no stolons : —
E. tetragonum, L. (adnatum, Griseb.) ; stem with 2 or 4
raised lines, lanceolate, slightly decurrent, strongly denti-
colate, flowers small, purple; wet places. E. Lamyi,
Schultz ; closely resembling the last, but flowers rather
larger, pink, plant bluish-green ; wet places, local. E.
roseum, Schreb. ; flowers pink, stem with 2 or 4 raised
lines, leaves thin, glabrous, narrowed at both ends, all
distinctly stalked, buds inclined, acuminate ; thickets. E.
alpestre, Jacq. (trigonum, Schr.) ; leaves in whorls of 3 or
4, sessile, lanceolate, acuminate, flowers light pink, rather
large, stem nearly simple ; rocky ; alpine.

D. Flowers regular; petals deeply bifid; styles and
stamens erect, stigmas united into a club ; stoloniferous :
— E. palustre, L. ; stem without raised lines, leaves nar-
rowly lanceolate, usually opposite, nearly entire, sessile;
wet places, common. E. virgatum, Fr. (obscurum, Rchb.) ;
leaves lanceolate with rounded base, sessile, dentate,
stem with 2 or 4 prominent lines ; occasional. E. alsini-
folium, Vill. (priganifolium, Lam.) ; flowers few, rather
large, bright pink, leaves ovate, shining, with distant
teeth, stolons underground, scaly; mountain streams,
frequent. E. an agallidi folium. Lam. ; leaves elliptic-
lanceolate, obtuse, entire, stalked, stolons above ground,
leafy; moist, frequent. E. alpinum, L. (nutans, Schm.)

XI .V - EP1LG B 1 L M ALPIN UM

ONAGRACE.E i2i

(PI. 45) ; flowers small, few, leaves nearly sessile, lanceo-
late, obtuse, with a few teeth ; damp ; alpine, frequent.

2. CiRCLEA, L.

Flowers small, white ; calyx bidentate, reflexed ; petals
and stamens 2 each ; stigma 2-lobed ; leaves opposite.

The three British species of Enchanter's Nightshade —
C. Lutetiana, L., with ovate nearly entire leaves ; C.
alpina, L., a smaller, more glabrous plant, the leaves
more cordate at the base and distinctly toothed ; and C.
intermedia, Ehrh., intermediate between these — are met
with, the first generally distributed, the two latter in
more alpine situations ; all sylvan plants.

3. ISNARDIA, L.

Flowers solitary, axillary; calyx-teeth, petals, and
stamens 4 each ; seed-vessel an obovate 4-valved capsule ;
seeds not crested. Not alpine.

7. palustris, L. (Ludwigia palustris. Ell.) ; a small gla-
brous marsh-plant, petals minute, red, or o, leaves op-
posite, ovate, acute, entire, plant often tinged with red ;
local.

4. TRAPA, L.

Flowers solitary, axillary; calyx-teeth, petals, and
stamens 4 each ; calyx with 4 persistent lobes ; fruit a
woody nearly globular spiny nut. Not alpine.

T. natansy L., Water-Nut ; a submerged water-plant ;
floating leaves rhomboidal, unequally dentate, submerged
leaves pinnatifid with capillary segments, flowers small,
white, fruit a woody nut with 2 or 4 prominent conical

122 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS

spines ; lakes in the southern district ; rare. The re-
markable fruit of the Water-Nut is used for making
rosaries, and is not unfrequently found among the debris
of the ancient lake-dwellings of Switzerland.

Order XXXVIL— CUCURBITACE^E.

Prostrate or climbing herbs with simple or branched
tendrils ; flowers unisexual ; calyx 5 - lobed ; petals 5;
usually very large ; stamens 3, often with connate
anthers; ovary entirely inferior, 3-celled; fruit a I -celled
many-seeded berry or " pepo," often very large and suc-
culent. A rather large order, chiefly tropical and sub-
tropical ; not alpine.

i. BRYONIA, L.

Flowers small, greenish-white; leaves 3-5-lobed or
angled ; climbing by simple tendrils ; berry small, globular.

B. dioica, L., White Bryony; dioecious, with red berries ;
frequent in hedges. B. alba, L. ; monoecious, with black
berries ; Western and Southern Switzerland ; rare.

Order XXXVIII.— UMBELLIFER^.

Flowers always small, usually regular, sometimes uni-
sexual, generally combined in simple or compound umbels,
with or without a whorl of bracts at the base of the com-
pound umbel (general involucre) or of each of its divisions
(partial involucre) ; calyx-lobes 5 or calyx-limb o ; petals
5, sometimes unequal, usually white; stamens 5, epigy-
nous ; fruit (cremocarp) consisting of two separable, dry

UMBELLIFER^: 123

indehiscent carpels (mericarps) separated by a commis-
sure, and each containing a single seed ; the pericarp often
deeply furrowed and furnished with vittae or oil-glands ;
leaves almost always deeply and compoundly divided, and
with dilated leaf-stalk enclosing the stem. A very large
order, belonging chiefly to the cooler parts of the Northern
and Western Hemisphere; but there are comparatively few
alpine species. Owing to the many characters which are
common to the whole order, the distinctions between the
genera and species often depend on minute points.

Tribe HYDROCOTYLE^:.— Umbels simple or flowers
very few ; fruit compressed laterally ; commissure narrow ;
vittae o or obscure.

i. HYDROCOTYLE, L.

Flowers small, very few; leaves entire or only lobed.
Not alpine.

H. vulgaris, L., Pennywort; with orbicular peltate
leaves and minute pinkish-green flowers; marshes and
bogs.

Tribe SANICULE^:. — Umbels simple or very irregularly
compound ; fruit subterete or compressed dorsally ; com-
missure broad ; vittae o or obscure. Genera 2-5.

2. SANICULA, L.

Umbels small, crowded, nearly globular, with both
general and partial involucre; calyx -teeth as long as
petals ; petals minute, deeply notched, with long inflexed

i24 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS

point; fruit ovoid, covered with hooked bristles. Not
alpine.

5. europaa, L. ; stem simple, nearly leafless, flowers
often pink ; woods, common.

3. HACQUETIA, DC.

Stem simple, leafless, bearing a single simple umbel
with large involucre ; flowers small, yellowish-green.

H. Epipactis, DC; radical leaves 3-5-lobed, umbel
capitate, surrounded by an involucre of yellowish bracts
three times larger; bushy places; Carniola, Carinthia,
Styria.

4. ASTRANTIA, L.

Umbels simple or compound; general involucre large,
membranous, coloured ; calyx - teeth longer than the
petals; petals notched, with a long inflexed point; one
vitta in each furrow.

A. major, L. (PL 46) ; radical leaves palmately divided,
with elliptic ovate serrate segments, stem 1-2 ft., invo-
lucral bracts white, red, or green, about as long as
umbel, calyx-teeth lanceolate; bushy places, common.
A. carinthiaca, Hoppe; resembling the last, but stem
more branched, involucral bracts nearly twice as long as
umbel, usually bidentate at the tip; Carniola, Carinthia,
local. A. carniolica, Wulf. (gracilis, Bartl.) ; involucral
bracts shorter than umbel ; calyx - teeth ovate, blunt ;
Carniola, Carinthia, Styria. A. minor, L. ; radical leaves
digitate, leaflets deeply cut, with narrow lanceolate seg-
ments, involucre and petals white, stem slender, 8-12
in. ; alpine meadows, frequent. A. alpina, Schultz ;
radical leaves 3 -partite to the base, unequally serrate,

XLVI.- ASTRANTIA MAJOR

UMBELLIFER^E 125

involucral bracts white, as long as umbel, stem slender,
8-12 in.; bushy places; Tirol, Carniola.

5. ERYNGIUM, L.

Leaves fleshy, lobed or cut, with spiny teeth ; flowers
sessile, in very dense heads ; involucral bracts hard, rigid ;
calyx-teeth longer than petals ; petals narrow, with a long
inflexed point.

E. alpinum, L. ; radical leaves cordate, simple,
stem-leaves 3-lobed, lobes deeply divided, involucral
bracts digitate, with stiff teeth, blue or white; alpine
pastures ; Western and Southern Switzerland, Jura,
Dauphiny, Carniola, Carinthia. E. spina-alba, Vill. ;
flowers white, leaves very thick and spiny, involucral
bracts linear-lanceolate, pinnatifid, spiny, white ; high ;
Dauphiny. E. Bourgati, Gou. ; flowers blue, involucral
bracts bluish-green, linear or linear-lanceolate, ending
in a spine, and with 1-3 spiny teeth on each side ; pas-
tures ; Pyrenees. E. campestre, L. ; flowers white, in-
volucral bracts nearly white, ending in a spine and
toothed on each side, stem -leaves winged, decurrent,
with auricled base; roadsides, occasional.

Tribe SMYRNIE^:. — Umbels compound; fruit short,
ovoid or didymous, compressed laterally, ridges not
winged ; vittae obvious ; commissure narrow ; seeds
grooved ventrally. Genera 6-9.

6. PHYSOSPERMUM, Cuss.

Flowers white ; umbels compound ; calyx-teeth small
or o ; petals with a long inflexed point ; fruit didymous,

126 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS

bladdery ; vittae solitary in the furrows, leaves ternately
compound.

P. aquilegi(zfoliumy Koch ; flowers white, stem 1^-3 ft.,
glabrous, involucre small, bracts linear ; alps of Dauphiny.

7. MOLOSPERMUM, Koch.

Leaves ter-pinnate ; general involucre of few bracts or
o, partial of many bracts; petals with a long incurved point.

M. cicutarium, DC. {Ligusticum peloponesiacum, L.) ;
foetid, stem hollow, glabrous, 3-6 ft, leaflets ovate, acumi-
nate, deeply pinnatifid, flowers white; Western and
Southern Switzerland, Tirol, Carinthia, Dauphiny,
Eastern Pyrenees.

8. PLEUROSPERMUM, Hoffm.

Leaves bi- or ter-pinnate ; general and partial involucre
of many bracts ; petals without a recurved point ; fruit
inflated.

P. austriacum, Hoffm. ; stem 2-4 ft., glabrous, striated,
hollow, flowers rather large, white, leaves ter-pinnate,
with elliptic dentate segments; pastures; Southern and
Eastern Switzerland, Dauphiny.

9. CONIUM, L.

Leaves pinnately compound; general and partial in-
volucre of many small bracts; calyx-teeth o; petals
obcordate ; fruit crenulate, with many vittae. Not alpine.

C. maculatum, L., Hemlock; stem 3-6 ft., striated,
hollow, with purple spots in the lower part ; wood-sides
and stony places ; local ; very poisonous.

UMBELLIFER^E 127

Tribe AMMINE^E. — Resembling the last, but the seeds
flattened ventrally. Genera 10-20.

10. SIUM, L.

Leaves pinnate, with toothed leaflets ; bracts of general
and partial involucre many ; flowers white ; calyx-teeth
acute ; petals with an inflexed point ; vittae many in each
furrow. Glabrous marsh plants ; not alpine.

5. latifolium, L. ; umbels terminal, lower leaves very
large ; and angustifolium, L. (Berula angustifolia, Koch) ;
umbels opposite the leaves, leaves not so large; wet
places, the latter very common.

ii. HELOSCIADIUM, Koch.

Bracts of general involucre few or o, of partial involucre
many ; flowers white ; calyx-teeth o ; petals without an
inflexed point ; vittae solitary in the furrows. Glabrous
marsh plants ; not alpine.

H. repens, Koch ; stem prostrate, umbels stalked, leaf-
segments oval ; and nodiflorum, Koch ; umbels nearly
sessile, leaf-segments oval-lanceolate; wet places and
ditches, both rather local.

12. SlSON, L.

Bracts of general and partial involucre few; flowers
small, white ; calyx-teeth o ; petals with an inflexed point ;
vittae one in each furrow, very obscure. Not alpine.

^. AmommHy L. ; foetid, stem 2-3 ft., very slender,
solid, flowers very small and few, stem-leaves very small,
3-lobed or entire ; road-sides, rare ; Geneva, Carniola.

128 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS

13. ClCUTA, L.

Bracts of general involucre few or o, of partial involucre
many, small ; flowers white ; calyx -teeth acute ; petals
with an inflexed point; vittae one in each furrow, long.
Not alpine.

C. virosa, L., Water-Hemlock; umbels opposite the
leaves, root-stock hollow, chambered, leaves ter-pinnate,
with lanceolate doubly serrate leaflets; ditches, occa-
sional ; very poisonous.

14. TRINIA, Hoffm.

Bracts of each involucre I, 2, or o ; flowers white ;
calyx-teeth small or o; petals entire or with a short
incurved point ; vittae 1-2 in each furrow. Not alpine.

T. vulgaris, DC. ; glabrous, bracts I or o, leaves bi-
or ter-pinnate, with linear segments ; open hill-sides.

15. PTYCHOTIS, Koch.

Involucre variable ; calyx-teeth 5 ; petals obcordate,
with a short incurved point; vittae one in each furrow.
Not alpine.

P. heterophylla, Koch ; flowers white, radical leaves
pinnate, with nearly round incised segments, stem-leaves
multifid, with linear segments; dry places; Geneva,
Tirol, Pyrenees.

1 6. FALCARIA, Riv.

Bracts of each involucre many, linear; calyx-teeth 5
in hermaphrodite, o in male flowers; petals with an

XLVTT -BUPLEURUM STELLATU3V1

UMBELLIFER^E 129

inflexed lobe; vittse one in each furrow, elongated.
Not alpine.

F. Rivini, Host, (vulgaris, Bernh.); flowers small,
white, leaves rather thick, radical ones stalked, entire or
ternate, stem-leaves pinnatifid, with linear lobes ; fields ;
Switzerland (rare), Pyrenees.

17. BUPLEURUM, L.

Flowers yellow; bracts of partial involucre usually
coloured and resembling a corolla ; calyx-teeth o ; petals
hooded, with an inflexed point ; vittae o, or 1-2 in each
furrow ; leaves simple, entire. Mostly alpine.

A. General involucre o: — B. rotundifolium, L., Hare's
Ear ; partial involucre of 3-5 bracts, connate at the
base, upper stem-leaves nearly round, perfoliate; fields,
occasional.

B. General involucre present; bracts of partial in-
volucre connate at the base : — B. stellatum, L. (PL 47) ;
bracts of partial involucre 5-10, bright yellow, stem-
leaves very few, linear-ovate, radical leaves linear-lanceo-
late; alpine pastures; Switzerland, Tirol, Carinthia,
Dauphiny.

C. General involucre present; bracts of partial in-
volucre free ; leaves with one principal nerve : — B. longi-
folium, L. ; bracts of partial involucre 5-7, ovate-acumi-
nate, yellowish-green or brown, upper leaves cordate-
amplexicaul ; thickets ; Switzerland (rare), Jura, Vosges,
Dauphiny. B. angulosum, L. {pyrenceum, Gou.) ; bracts
of partial involucre yellowish-green, nearly round, not
mucronate, stem leafy, lower leaves linear-acuminate,
upper cordate-amplexicaul, plant glaucous ; Pyrenees.

VOL. I. I

130 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS

D. General involucre present ; bracts of partial in-
volucre free ; leaves with several nerves : — B. falcatum,
L. ; flowers very small, bracts of partial involucre narrow,
awned, leaves all linear-lanceolate, often sickle-shaped ;
hill-sides; Western Switzerland, Styria, Pyrenees. B.
petrceuin, L. (gramintfolium, Vahl.); umbel solitary,
nodding, stem simple, leafless or with one leaf, radical
leaves linear, curved ; very high ; Southern Tirol, Carin-
thia, Dauphiny. B. ranunculoides, L. ; bracts of partial
involucre broad, elliptic, umbel few -flowered, radical
leaves ovate or cordate, upper very narrow, stem 4-18
in., branched ; dry alpine pastures. B. caricifolium^
Willd. ; petals ovate, ochre-yellow, radical leaves linear,
fruit ribbed; Switzerland, local. B. canalense, Wulf.
(caridfolium, Rchb.) ; petals very small, pale yellow, fruit
not ribbed ; Ticino, Carinthia, Pyrenees. B. gramineuin,
Vill. ; bracts of partial involucre linear-lanceolate, acumi-
nate, umbel nodding, lower leaves linear-lanceolate, stem
leafy; Dauphiny, Pyrenees.

Several other species occur in the Pyrenean valleys.

1 8. CARUM, L.

Bracts of general and partial involucre few or o ; calyx-
teeth minute or o ; petals with a long inflexed tip ; vittae
I in each furrow, elongated. Not alpine.

C. Carui, L., Caraway; general and partial involucre
o or of very few bracts, flowers white, outer larger and
irregular, leaves bi-pinnate, stem slender, branched, hollow ;
waste places. C. Bulbocastanum, Koch (Bunium Bulbo-
castanum, L.), Pig-Nut; general and partial involucre
of 5-7 linear bracts, flowers white, outer rather larger,

UMBELLIFER^E 131

leaves ter-pinnate, root a solitary tuber; Western and
Southern Switzerland, Carniola, Pyrenees.

19. ^EGOPODIUM, L.

Bracts of general and partial involucre few or o ; calyx-
teeth o ; petals broad, unequal, with an inflexed point ;
leaves bi-ternate, leaflets broad ; vittae o. Not alpine.

AL. Podagraria, L., Gout- Weed ; leaves very large,
deltoid ; waste places, common.

20. PlMPINELLA, L.

General involucre o, partial involucre of a few bracts,
or o; flowers white, pink, or yellow; calyx-teeth o;
petals with a long inflexed point ; vittae numerous.

P. Saxifraga, L., Burnet Saxifrage ; stem 1—3 ft.,
slender, terete, radical leaves pinnate, stem-leaves bi-
pinnate ; P. magna, L. ; stem 3-4 feet, angular, leaves all
pinnate; both in meadows and on hill-sides, common.
P. alpestris, Spreng., is a mountain variety of Saxifraga,
and P. dissecta, Retz., of magna ; P. rubra, Hoppe, is a
form with pink flowers. P. Tragium, VilL; stem shrubby
below, flowers white, umbel nodding, uppermost leaves
reduced to one, sheath surrounding the leaf-stalk ; rocky
places; Dauphiny, Pyrenees.

Tribe SCANDICINE^E. — Fruit elongated, compressed
laterally, commissure narrow; seed grooved ventrally.
Genera 21-25.

21. MYRRHIS, L.

Flowers white; bracts of general involucre few or o,
of partial many, membranous ; calyx-teeth minute or o ;

1 32 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS

petals with a very short inflexed point; leaves decom-
pound ; vittse I in each furrow or o ; fruit almost winged.
M. odorata, L., Cicely ; aromatic, leaves densely pubes-
cent, fruit large, shining; mountain pastures, common.

22. CONOPODIUM, Koch.

Flowers white; general and partial involucre o or of
very few bracts; calyx-teeth o; petals of outer flowers
often irregular ; vittae several in each furrow. Not alpine.

C. denudatum, Koch (Bunium flexuosum, With.), Earth-
Nut; bracts o, leaves 3-ternate; dry banks; Dauphiny,
Pyrenees.

23. SCANDIX, L.

Flowers white; leaves bi- or ter-pinnate, with linear
segments ; umbels simple ; bracts of general involucre I
or o, of partial involucre membranous ; calyx-teeth small
or o ; fruit very elongated. Not alpine.

6\ Pecten Veneris, L., Shepherd's Needle, Venus's
Comb ; a cornfield weed.

24. CH^EROPHYLLUM, L.

Leaves decompound ; bracts of general involucre few
or o, of partial involucre many; fruit oblong or linear,
ribbed, not beaked ; vittae I in each furrow.

A. Petals not ciliate: — C. temulum, L.; leaves bi-pin-
nate, pubescent ; hedge-rows, very common. C. aureum,
L.; leaves ter-pinnate, leaflets pinnatifid, stem thickened
at the joints, often spotted, glabrous ; mountain woods.

B. Petals more or less ciliate: — C. elegans. Gaud.;
petals ciliate only at the tip, bracts of partial involucre
linear, membranous ; rare ; St. Bernard, Vorarlberg. C.

UMBELLIFER^E 133

hirsutum, L. ( Villarsii, Koch) ; petals completely ciliate,
stem very hairy; Alps, Jura, Vosges, Dauphiny. C.
Cicutaria, Vill.; flowers white or pink, petals ciliate all
round, stem glabrous ; damp meadows ; Switzerland,
local.

25. ANTHRISCUS, L.

Leaves decompound ; bracts of general involucre few or
O, of partial involucre many ; calyx-teeth minute or o ; fruit
with a short beak, scarcely ribbed ; vittae solitary or o.

A. Umbels with 8-15 rays: — A. sylvestris, Hoffm.;
umbels on long stalks, leaves hairy, fruit glabrous;
hedge-rows, very common. A. alpina, Jord.; leaves
doubly pinnatifid, leaflets with linear segments; rocky,
very rare ; Bern. A. nitida, Gark.; leaves twice ternately
pinnatifid, middle flowers of umbels barren ; rare ; Jura,
Sateve.

B. Umbels with 2-5 rays: — A. vulgaris, Pers.; leaves
ter-pinnate, stem glabrous, flowers minute, fruit with
hooked bristles ; road-sides, Western and Southern Swit-
zerland, rare. A. Cerefolium, Hoffm., Chervil; umbels
sessile, stem hairy, fruit glabrous; rubbish-heaps. A.

fumarioides, Spreng.; stem, leaves, and leaf-stalks ashen-
grey, covered with silky hairs, ultimate segments of leaves
very narrow ; Carinthia, very rare.

Tribe SESELINE^:. — Fruit globose or ovoid, not com-
pressed laterally; commissure broad, lateral ridges
usually distinct. Genera 26-44.
«.

26. SESELI, L.

Bracts of general involucre various, of partial many,
entire ; flowers white ; petals with a long inflexed point,

i34 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS

notched ; calyx-teeth small ; fruit subterete, ridges not
thickened or corky.

6*. Libanotis} Koch (Libanotis montana} Crntz.), (includ-
ing daucifolium and gracile) ; general involucre of many
bracts, leaves bi-pinnate, bluish-green beneath, fruit
rough with short hairs ; mountain slopes. 6". montanum,
L. ; general involucre o, bracts of partial involucre with
narrow membranous edge, branches of umbel 6-10;
calcareous hills. vS. annuum, L. (coloratum, Ehrh.) ;
branches of umbel 1 5-20, bracts of partial involucre with
broad membranous edge ; hill-sides, local. 6*. tortuosum,
L. ; resembling the last, but with tortuous stem, much
branched from the base, branches of umbel 3-10; Tirol,
Pyrenees. vS. caruifolium, Vill. ; stem slightly branched,
solitary, bracts of partial involucre with broad mem-
branous border, fruit glabrous ; pastures ; Dauphiny.

27. LIBANOTIS, All.

General and partial involucre of many bracts; calyx-
teeth subulate; petals with a longinflexed point; vittae I,
rarely 2, in each furrow.

L. athamantoides, DC. ; lower leaves bi- or ter-pinnate,
with ovate leaflets and mucronate segments, fruit gla-
brous; pastures; Carniola.

28. ATHAMANTA, Koch.

General involucre of few, partial of many bracts ; petals
hairy on the outside ; fruit flask-shaped, hairy.

A. cretensisy L. (including rupestris, Scop.) ; leaves ter-
pinnate, hairy or nearly glabrous, with linear segments,
fruit ovate, covered with short distant hairs; pastures,

UMBELLIFER^E 135

frequent. A. Matthioli, Wulf. ; leaves glabrous, fruit
velvety ; Tirol, Carniola.

29. TROCHISCANTHES, Koch.

Bracts of general involucre o or I ; leaves several times
ternate; flowers greenish -white, the greater number
barren ; fruit slightly winged ; vittae 3-4 in each furrow.

T. nodiflorus, Koch; leaf- segments ovate-lanceolate,
toothed, stem glabrous, striated, hollow, much branched ;
woods ; Rhone Valley, Tirol, Dauphiny.

30. LlGUSTICUM, L.

General involucre various, partial of many bracts •
flowers white or pink ; calyx-teeth small or o ; petals with
a long inflexed point; fruit densely compressed; vittae
numerous ; stem leafy.

L. ferulaceum, All., Lovage ; stem 1-2 ft., bracts of
general involucre numerous, pinnatifid; Jura, Saleve,
Dauphiny, rare. L. Seguieri, Koch ; stem 2-4 ft., bracts
of general involucre o or very few, entire ; rare ; Monte
Generoso, Monte Baldo, Carniola.

31. PACHYPLEURUM, Led.

General involucre of many bifid or trifid bracts ; flowers
white or pink ; petals with a long inflexed point ; calyx-
teeth o ; leaves bi- or ter-pinnate ; fruit much compressed ;
stem leafless.

P. simplex > Rchb. (Gay a simplex. Gaud.) ; leaf-segments
linear, bracts of general involucre 7-10, flowers often
dark pink, in crowded umbels ; very high ; Switzerland,
Dauphiny, Pyrenees.

136 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS

32. MALABAILA, Hacq.

General involucre of many bracts; calyx 5 -toothed ;
leaves greatly divided, shining; fruit compressed; vittae
solitary.

M. Golaka, Hacq. ; partial involucre of many bracts,
stem branched, leaves ternately decompound, with doubly
pinnatifid leaflets and pinnatifid segments; rare; Southern
Tirol, Carniola.

33. MEUM, Jacq.

Bracts of general involucre few or o, linear, of partial
4-8 ; flowers white or pink ; calyx-teeth o ; petals with a
short inflexed point; fruit compressed dorsally; vittae
numerous; fragrant.

M. athamanticum, Jacq. ; Bald-Money (PL 48) ; leaf-
segments capillary, almost verticillate, stem 6-12 in.,
flowers white; high pastures; Eastern Switzerland,
Jura, Vosges, Dauphiny, Pyrenees. M. Mutellina,
Gaert. ; stem 12-18 in., leaf-segments linear-lanceolate,
mucronate, flowers often reddish; high pastures. M.
pyrenaicum. Gay (Endressia pyrenaica. Gay); umbels
very small, nearly globular, lower leaves on long stalks ;
Eastern Pyrenees.

34. SELINUM, L.

Bracts of general involucre few or o, of partial many,
small ; flowers white or yellow ; calyx-teeth o ; fruit com-
pressed dorsally ; vittae solitary. Not alpine.

5. caruifolium, L., Milk Parsley; stem angular, almost
winged, leaf-segments mucronate, umbels corymbose ;
marshes, rare.

X LV1 1 1 . M K U M AT H AM AN T L G UM .

UMBELLIFER^E 137

35. FGENICULUM, Adans.

General and partial involucre o ; calyx-teeth o ; flowers
yellow ; petals with a short obtuse point, entire ; fruit ovoid
or oblong ; vittae solitary. Not alpine.

F. officinale, All., Fennel ; very glabrous, leaf-segments
linear; stony places, occasional.

36. CNIDIUM, Cuss.

Involucre variable ; calyx-teeth o ; petals obovate, emar-
ginate, with an inflexed point ; fruit ovoid or oblong ; vittae
solitary.

C. apioides, Spreng. ; bracts of general and partial in-
volucre, when present, linear, leaves ter-pinnate with
ovate segments, leaf-sheaths loose, standing out from the
stem ; rare ; Monte Generoso, Dauphiny.

37. DETHAWIA, Endl.

General involucre of 1-3, partial of many linear bracts ;
calyx-teeth 5, acute; petals elliptic, acute; fruit ovoid;
vittae solitary.

P. tenuifolia, Endl. (Wallrothia tenuifolia, DC);
leaves shining, ter-pinnate, with linear segments, stem
flexuous, 4-15 in., glabrous, nearly leafless, slightly
branched ; rocky places ; Central Pyrenees.

38. XATARDIA, Meissn.

General involucre o or of two bracts, partial of 4-12
linear bracts; calyx-teeth o; petals lanceolate, entire;
vittae solitary.

X. scabra, Meissn. ; stem 6-8 in., very thick, glabrous,

138 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS

hollow, nearly simple, flowers greenish-yellow, leaf-sheaths
often very broad and tinged with violet ; Eastern Pyre-
nees (rare), Valle'e d'Eynes.

39. (ENANTHE, L.

Bracts of general and partial involucre very few or o ;
calyx-teeth acute ; petals with a long inflexed point ; stem
hollow. Glabrous, mostly aquatic or marsh plants ; not
alpine.

(E. fistulosa, L., Water-Dropwort ; umbels with 2-4
branches, on hollow stalks, leaves on long stalks, with few
narrow segments ; ditches,rare. (E. Phellandrium, Lam. ;
umbels with 7-10 branches, stem very thick, leaves often
submerged, with capillary segments ; ditches, rare. (E.
Lachenalii, Gmel. ; leaves bi-pinnate, umbel with 8-15
branches, root-fibres tuberous; marshy meadows, rare.
(E. peucedanifolia. Poll. ; resembling the last, but ulti-
mate leaf-segments narrower, root-fibres not tuberous;
ditches ; Southern Switzerland, Jura, rare.

40. ^ETHUSA, L.

Bracts of general involucre I or o, of partial about 3,
always deflexed and on one side only ; vittae solitary. Not
alpine.

JE.. Cynapiuin} L., Fool's Parsley; cultivated land,
common.

41. SlLAUS, Bess.

Bracts of general involucre few or o, of partial many,
small ; flowers yellowish ; calyx-teeth o ; petals with an
incurved tip ; fruit ovoid, oblong ; vittae obscure. Not
alpine.

UMBELLIFER^: 139

5. pratenstSy L. ; leaves ter-pinnate, with linear-lanceo-
late segments ; damp meadows, common.

42. ANGELICA, L.

Bracts of general involucre few or o, of partial usually
many ; flowers white or pink ; petals with a short inflexed
point ; leaves ternately bi-pinnate ; fruit ovoid, compressed
dorsally, with broad membranous wings ; vittae 1-2 in each
furrow.

A. sylvestris, L. ; leaf-segments oval or oval-lanceolate,
toothed, with large sheaths; damp copses, common. A.
montana, Schleich. ; leaflets elliptic, sharply serrate, leaf-
sheaths very large, inflated ; bushy; alpine. A.Raxuliiy
Gou. ; flowers pink then white, stem 1^-3 ft., hollow,
leafy, leaf-segments narrowly lanceolate, decurrent at the
base; pastures; Pyrenees. A. pyrenaica, Spr. ; stem
4-12 in., simple, furrowed, nearly leafless, leaf-segments
linear, cuspidate ; pastures ; Pyrenees, Vosges.

43. ARCHANGELICA, Hoffm.

%,

Bracts of partial involucre many ; flowers greenish ;
petals entire; leaves ternately bi-pinnate; fruit broadly
winged.

A. officinalis, Hoffm. (Angelica Archangelica, L.), Arch-
angel; leaflets cordate-ovate, unequally serrate, leaf-
sheaths connate, inflated ; bushy ; Styria, Carniola.

44. LEVISTICUM, Koch.

Bracts of general and partial involucre numerous;
flowers yellow ; calyx-teeth o ; petals orbicular, with an

HO THE FLORA OF THE ALPS

inflexed point ; fruit winged ; vittae solitary. Not
alpine.

L. officinale, Koch; stem thick, hollow, 4-6 ft., leaves
large, glabrous, bi- or ter-pinnate with rhomboidal seg-
ments; Tirol, Dauphiny, Pyrenees.

Tribe PEUCEDANE^E. — Fruit much compressed dor-
sally, lateral ridges broadly winged; style short, stout.
Genera 45-52.

45. PEUCEDANUM, L.

Involucre various ; flowers white, yellow, or pink ;
calyx-teeth small; petals with an inflexed often bifid
point ; vittae 1-3 in each furrow.

A. General involucre o, or of not more than 3 bracts :
— P. verticillare, Koch (Tommasinia verticillaris, Bert.);
stem 3-5 ft., much branched, upper branches in whorls,
flowers greenish-yellow, fruit nearly globose ; mountain
slopes, local. P. Ostruthium?}Loc\i (Imperatoria Ostru-
thium, L.) ; calyx-teeth o, flowers white, leaves thick,
leaflets ovate, dentate; bushy places, frequent. P.
angustifolium, Rchb. ; leaves thin, bi-ternate, leaflets con-
nate, acuminate, incised, pinnatifid at the base ; Ticino,
rare. P. caruifolium, Vill. (Chabrcei, Rchb.); leaves
simply pinnate, segments pinnatifid with linear lobes,
flowers greenish or yellowish ; Jura, Pyrenees. P. offici-
nale, L. ; flowers yellow, stem 1^-3 ft., glabrous, leaf-
segments linear-acuminate ; marshes.

B. General involucre of 4 or more bracts; edges of
carpels winged : — P. austriacum, Koch ; stem furrowed,
leaflets ter-pinnate, segments linear-lanceolate, flowers

UMBELLIFER^E 141

white ; stony hills ; Western and Southern Switzerland,
Styria, Carinthia. P. raiblense, Koch ; resembling the
last, but leaf-segments narrowly linear ; rare ; Ticino,
Southern Tirol, Carinthia, Carniola.

C. General involucre of four or more bracts ; edges of
carpels narrow ; leaf-stalk triangular, channelled above : —
P. venetum, Koch; flowers white, involucre spreading,
umbels small, stem furrowed, leaf-segments linear-lanceo-
late ; stony hills ; Southern Switzerland, Tirol. P. Oreo-
selinuin, Monch. ; flowers white, involucre reflexed, fruit
orbicular, leaves green on both sides, segments deeply
incised; dry hill-sides. P. Cervaria, Cuss.; flowers
white or pink, involucre reflexed, fruit ovoid, leaves glau-
cous beneath, segments with mucronate teeth ; dry hills.
P. alsaticum} L.; flowers yellow, involucre spreading,
fruit ovoid, leaves green on both sides ; Jura, Pyrenees.

D. General involucre of four or more bracts, leaf-stalk
cylindrical : — P. palustre, L. ; flowers small, white, um-
bels large, fruit ovoid, on a long stalk, leaflets lanceolate,
plant very glabrous ; marshes.

It

46. PASTINACA, L.

General and partial involucre o ; flowers small, white ;
calyx-teeth o ; fruit with rather narrow wings ; leaves
simply pinnate. Not alpine.

P. sativa, L. (Peucedanum sativum, Benth.), Wild
Parsnip; stem pubescent, leaflets in 2-5 pairs, broad,
pubescent; waste places, common. P. opaca, Bernh.;
resembling the last, but taller, the umbels smaller, pubes-
cence denser; Switzerland.

142 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS

47. HERACLEUM, L.

Involucre various ; flowers white, pink, or yellowish ;
calyx-teeth small or o ; petals generally unequal, with an
inflexed point ; fruit orbicular, with narrow wings ; vittae
solitary, club-shaped, or o.

A . Outer flowers of umbel rayed ; flowers white or
pink ; petals bifid ; leaves pinnate, pinnatifid, or ternate : —
H. Sphondyliuni) L., Cow- Parsnip; leaves very large,
coarse, pinnate, lobes of larger petals oval, spreading;
meadows, very common (H. elegans, Jacq., is a mountain
variety). H. montanum, Schleich. (Panaces, Rchb.) ;
leaves glabrous or tomentose beneath, segments acumi-
nate, lobes of larger petals linear, spreading ; mountain
pastures, rare; Zermatt, Ticino, Jura, Styria, Dauphiny,
Pyrenees. H. austriacum, L. ; leaves bi-pinnate, leaf-
sheaths narrow, flowers white, fruit glabrous; Tirol,
Styria, Carniola, Carinthia. H. siifolium, Rchb.; re-
sembling the last, but flowers pink, fruit hairy ; Carniola.

B. Leaves palmate; leaflets cordate at the base; flowers
white; larger petals bifid : — H.palmatum,Ra.\img.} leaves
7~9-lobed, leaflets broad, acuminate, serrate, fruit warty ;
Tirol. H. alpinum, L. ; leaves very large, 3-5 lobed,
leaflets roundish ; Jura, Valais. H. pyrenaicum, Lam. ;
lobes of larger petals oval, lower leaves orbicular in out-
line, leaves downy beneath ; Pyrenees, Monte Baldo.

C. Flowers greenish-yellow ; petals nearly alike : —
H. sibiricum, Koch (including longifolium, Jacq., and

flavescensy Bess.); leaves pinnate, leaflets in about five
pairs, serrate ; alpine pastures.

D. Outer flowers of umbel rayed ; vittae o : — H.

UMBELLIFER^E 143

minimum^ Lam.; stem 4-12 in., procumbent, flowers
white, leaves small, bi-pinnate ; Dauphiny.

48. TORDYLIUM, L.

Bracts of general and partial involucre linear, small, or
o; petals with an incurved point, often unequal; fruit
compressed dorsally; vittae 1-3 in each furrow. No
alpine.

T. maximum, L. ; leaves simply pinnate, rough ; flowers
small, white or pink ; plant hispid ; Switzerland, rare
(Canton de Vaud), Pyrenees.

49. DAUCUS, L.

Bracts, when present, pinnatifid; calyx-teeth narrow
or o ; petals often unequal ; umbel the shape of a bird's
nest ; fruit spiny ; vittae solitary, beneath the secondary
ridges. Not alpine.

D. Carota, L., Wild Carrot ; very common.

50. CAUCALIS, L.

Bracts of general involucre o or very few; flowers
white or purplish ; petals often unequal ; leaves pinnate,
hispid; ridges of fruit with 1-3 rows of spines; vittae
solitary beneath the ridges. Not alpine.

C. daucoides, L. ; leaves bi- or ter-pinnate, spines of
fruit hooked ; fields, frequent. C. latifolia, L. (Turgenia
latifolia, Hoffm.); very hispid, leaves simply pinnate,
flowers pink, spines of fruit spreading, not hooked;
fields, occasional.

144 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS

51. TORILIS, Hoffm.

Resembling Caucalis, but fruit covered with bristles
between the primary ridges. Not alpine.

T. Anthriscus, Gmel. ; bracts of involucre usually 7-9,
spines of fruit not hooked ; hedge-banks, very common.
T. infesta, Hoffm. (arvensis, Huds., helvetica, Jacq.) ;
bracts of general involucre o or I, spines of fruit hooked ;
hedge-banks, occasional.

52. ORLAYA, Hoffm.

Resembling Daucus, but bracts entire ; secondary ridges
of fruit keeled, bearing 2—3 rows of subulate spines.

O. grandiflora, Hoffm. ; outer petals very large, ten
times as long as the inner ones, leaves bi or ter-pinnate,
with linear segments; cornfields, especially at a high
elevation.

Tribe THAPSIE^:. — Fruit compressed dorsally; primary
ridges filiform; some or all of the secondary ridges
broadly winged.

53. LASERPITIUM, L.

Bracts of general and partial involucre usually many ;
calyx 5 -toothed; petals obovate, emarginate, with an in-
flexed point ; fruit with 4 or 5 broad wings ; aromatic.

A. Leaves bi-pinnate only: — L. prutenicum, L.; flowers
white, leaf-segments pinnatifid, with lanceolate lobes, stem
deeply furrowed ; damp meadows, local. L. peucedanoides ',
L. ; flowers white, leaf-segments undivided, linear, fruit
ovoid ; Tirol, Carniola, rare. L. Gaudini, Mor. ; general

UMBELLIFER^E 145

involucre o, or of 1-3 leaves, petals yellow with a red
border, stem round ; rare ; Switzerland (St. Gallen), Tirol.
B. Leaves ter-pinnate or decompound; flowers white: —
L. Siler, L. ; leaves ter-pinnate, with lanceolate entire
segments, glabrous, fruit linear; Switzerland, Jura,
Dauphiny, Pyrenees. L. latifolium, L. ; leaf-segments
large, ovate, cordate at the base, glabrous or rough
beneath, stem terete; stony hills. L. hirsutum, L. (L.
Panax} Gou.); resembling the last, but leaflets small,
ovate, with linear segments; dry, high; Switzerland,
Carniola, Dauphiny. L. Chironiiim, Scop. ; bracts of
general involucre with white margin, stem angular,
furrowed, leaf -sheaths inflated; Carniola, rare. L.
Nestlerij Soy. (aquilegicefolium, DC.) ; general involucre
of 1-3 setaceous bracts, leaf-sheaths swollen ; Pyrenees.
L. gallicum, Bauh. ; bracts of general involucre many,
reflexed, linear-lanceolate, ciliate, bifid or trifid, leaves
decompound, stem striated ; Dauphiny, Pyrenees.

Order XXXIX.— ARALIACE^.

Flowers usually in umbels; calyx-teeth, petals, and
stamens 5 each ; ovary entirely inferior ; fruit a drupe
or berry, with one or more I -seeded cells. A rather
large order of erect or climbing shrubs or trees, chiefly
tropical, with only one Central European representative.

i. HEDERA, L.

Climbing shrubs with simple leaves ; flowers in
umbels; fruit a black berry.

H. Helix, L., Ivy; rocks and walls.

VOL. I. K

146 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS

Order XL.— CORNACE^.

Flowers small, regular; calyx-teeth 4-5, small, or o;
petals and stamens 4-5 ; ovary i-4-celled, inferior; fruit
a i-4-stoned drupe. A very small order belonging to
the North Temperate Zone.

I. CORNUS, L.

Flowers in dichotomous cymes or involucrate umbels ;
calyx-teeth, petals, and stamens 4 each ; ovary 2-celled ;
fruit a drupe with a 2-celled stone.

C. sanguinea, L., Dogwood, Cornel ; a shrub with op-
posite ovate leaves, white flowers in terminal cymes,
and small black drupe; hedges and thickets. C. mas,
L. ; flowers yellow, appearing before the leaves, in simple
umbels, surrounded by an involucre of four bracts, drupe
red ; mountain woods, frequent.

CLASS IIL—COROLLIFLOR^E.

Corolla composed of petals more or less united at the
base, rarely o ; stamens hypogynous or epipetalous.
Orders XLL— LXVIII.

Order XLL— CAPRIFOLIACE^E.

Flowers regular or irregular, collected into cymes ;
calyx-teeth 3-5 ; corolla sometimes 2-lipped ; stamens
4-10; ovary entirely inferior; leaves opposite, simple or
pinnate ; fruit a berry or drupe. A small order, chiefly
of the Northern Hemisphere, mostly shrubs.

CAPRIFOLIACE^E 147

1. SAMBUCUS, L.

Flowers small, in corymbose cymes ; corolla regular,
rotate or campanulate, 3-5-lobed ; stamens 5 ; leaves
pinnate ; fruit a berry.

6*. nigra, L., Elder; a small tree, stipules very small
or o, corolla white, berry black ; woods. ,S. Ebulus, L.,
Banewort; stem herbaceous, corolla white tipped with
pink, stipules large, leafy, berry black; road-sides, local.
5. racemosa, L. ; stem woody, corolla greenish-yellow,
flowers in ovoid panicles, stipules minute or o, berry red ;
mountain woods.

2. VIBURNUM, L.

Flowers small, in corymbose or globular cymes ; corolla
regular, rotate or tubular ; calyx-teeth, corolla-lobes, and
stamens 5 each ; leaves simple ; fruit a dry or fleshy
drupe. Shrubs ; not alpine.

V. Lantana, L., Wayfaring-Tree ; leaves ovate-cordate,
serrate, very pubescent beneath, without stipules, flowers
small, white, drupe black ; woods and hedges. V. Opu-
lus, L., Guelder- Rose ; leaves 3-lobed, nearly glabrous,
stipulate, inflorescence nearly globular, outer flowers
large, barren, with neither pistil nor stamens, drupe red ;
woods and thickets.

3. ADOXA, L.

Flowers small, green, 4-5 in a dense umbel ; leaves
tern ate.

A. Moschatellina, Moschatel ; a small glabrous herb,
2-4 in. high, with a musky odour, flowering in the
very early spring, lower leaves bi-ternate, upper ternate ;

i48 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS

woods and hedge-banks; Western Switzerland, Jura,
Vosges, Dauphiny, Pyrenees, not common.

4. LlNN^EA, L.

Flowers two on each stem, large, nodding, campanulate ;
stamens 4 ; stem trailing ; leaves simple.

L. borealis, L. (PL 49) ; corolla white with red streaks,
leaves thick, glabrous, evergreen, nearly orbicular, on
short stalks. This very beautiful plant is found chiefly
in fir- woods in Eastern and Southern Switzerland (Gri-
sons, Valais), Tirol, Carinthia, and Salzburg.

5. LONICERA, L.

Shrubs with entire leaves, often climbing; flowers in
pairs or in small cymes; calyx-teeth 5, often unequal;
corolla tubular or campanulate, often 2-lipped ; stamens
5 ; ovary 2-3 -celled ; fruit a 2-3 -celled berry.

A . Stem climbing ; flowers 2-lipped, with a very long
tube, fragrant, in terminal heads or axillary cymes : —
L. periclymenum, Woodbine, Honeysuckle ; cymes united
into stalked terminal heads, flowers cream-coloured or
red ; woods ; Switzerland (not common), Jura, Pyrenees.
L. Caprifolium^ L. ; flower-heads sessile, flowers purple
or yellowish-white, upper leaves connate at the base;
Southern Switzerland (rare), Pyrenees. L. etrusca, Saut.;
flower-heads on long stalks, flowers purple or orange,
leaves not connate; Southern Switzerland, Tirol, Car-
niola, Pyrenees, rare.

B. Stem not climbing; flowers few, axillary, with a
short tube, or campanulate: — L. Xylosteum, L., Fly-Honey-
suckle; flowers two in each leaf-axil, yellowish-white,

XLIX.— LINN.EA BOREALIS.

CAPRIFOLIACE^R 149

ovaries connate at the base, tube of corolla short, gib-
bous, leaves pubescent, stalked, berries red ; hedges.
L. nigra, L. ; flowers pink, tube of corolla short, gibbous,
ovaries connate at the base, flower-stalk very long, leaves
nearly glabrous, berries black ; mountain woods. L.
alpigena, L. (PI. 50); flowers pale pink, tube of corolla
short, gibbous, flower-stalk very long, ovaries almost
completely connate, leaves acuminate, berries red ; alpine
woods ; in the Jura the red berries are very common in
the woods in autumn. L. pyrenaica, L.; flowers very
light pink, fragrant, tube campanulate, scarcely gibbous,
limb nearly regular, ovaries connate at the base, leaves
very shortly stalked, berries red ; Pyrenees. L. ccerulea,
L.; flowers yellowish, corolla campanulate, nearly regu-
lar, flower-stalk short, leaves blunt, ovaries nearly com-
pletely coherent, berries blue-black ; thickets ; Alps, Jura,
Pyrenees.

Order XLIL— RUBIACKE.

Ovary 2-celled, inferior; fruit 2-lobed, 2-seeded. All
the European genera belong to the tribe STELLATVE : —
Flowers small, in axillary or terminal cymes; calyx 4-5-
toothed, or teeth o ; corolla 4~5-lobed ; stamens 4 ; leaves
always forming a whorl, with or without the foliaceous
stipules. A very large tropical order, of which the
STELLATE are the only representatives in the Northern
Temperate Zone.

I. RUBIA, L.

Calyx-limb o; flowers yellowish ; corolla 5-lobed ; fruit
a berry. Not alpine.

R. peregrina^ L., Madder ; leaves lanceolate, 4-6 in a

150 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS

whorl, with reflexed bristles ; hedges ; Southern Switzer-
land (rare), Pyrenees.

2. GALJUM, L.

Flowers very small, white, red, or yellow, in axillary
or terminal cymes; calyx-limb annular; corolla usually
4-lobed; leaves (and stipules) in whorls of 4-1 2. Prostrate
or scrambling herbs with weak stem ; mostly lowland.

A. Flowers yellow : — G. Crudatat Scop.; leaves 4 in a
whorl, elliptic, hairy ; and verum, L. ; Lady's Bedstraw,
leaves 8-12 in a whorl, linear; are common lowland
plants ; also G. vernum, Scop. ; flowers few, leaves 4 in
a whorl, oval or lanceolate, ciliate ; stony places ; Ticino,
Pyrenees. G. ochroleucum, Wolf., is probably a hybrid.

B. Flowers red or purple : — G.purpureunt^ L. ; flowers
small, blood-red, in a branched panicle, flower-stalk de-
flexed, leaves 8-IO in a whorl, linear, mucronate; Southern
Switzerland, Carniola, Carinthia. G. rubrum, L.; flowers
large, wine-red, petals acuminate, leaves 8 in a whorl,
linear ; Switzerland, Tirol, Lombardy, rare.

C. Flowers white, usually few ; stem and leaves more
or less hispid ; not alpine : — G. palustre, L. (including
elongatum, PresL); and uliginosum, L., are common
English marsh species. G. Aparine, L., Goose-Grass,
Cleavers, with very hispid stem, leaves, and fruit, is
very common in hedges. G. tricorne, L., with larger
fruit, and the fruit -stalks arched and reflexed, occurs
occasionally in hedges. G. spurium, L. ( Vaillantii, DC.),
with very small greenish flowers and narrower leaves,
is found on cultivated land, especially among flax. G.
parisiense, L. (anglicum, Huds.) ; flowers greenish, leaves

151

mucronate, finally reflexed ; Western and Southern
Switzerland, Jura, Pyrenees. G. saccharatum, L.; flowers
often unisexual, fruit large, tubercular ; occasional.

D. Flowers white ; stem and leaves not hispid ; leaves
broader than linear: — G. Mollugo, L. (including datum,
Thuill., and erectum, Huds.) ; and saxatile, L. ; are very
common English plants. G. boreale, L. ; leaves 4 in a
whorl, lanceolate, fruit hispid ; damp meadows and rocks.
G. rotundifolium, L. ; leaves 4 in a whorl, broadly ovate,
fruit rough ; mountain woods. G. pedemontanum, All. ;
leaves 4 in a whorl, elliptic, cymes axillary, stem prickly ;
sandy places ; Southern Switzerland, Piedmont. G. tri-
florum, Mich. ; leaves 6 in a whorl, oblong - lanceolate,
fruit small, prickly, plant fragrant ; woods ; Switzerland,
very rare. G. sylvaticum, L. ; leaves oblong-lanceolate ;
flower-stalk very slender, drooping, stem ridged ; woods.
G. aristatum, L. (Iczvigatum, L.); leaves narrower, corolla-
lobes acuminate - mucronate ; Pfeffers, Geneva, Ticino,
Dauphiny, Pyrenees. G. helveticum, Weig. ; leaves 7-8
in a whorl, oblong-lanceolate, mucronate, fleshy, flowers
almost concealed among the leaves, fruit large, fruit-
stalk deflexed ; Switzerland, Tirol, Styria, Dauphiny,
Pyrenees. G. sylvestre} Poll, (including austriacum,
Jacq. ; commutatum, Jord. ; montanum, Vill. ; Lapeyrou-
sianum, Jord.; anisopkyllon, Vill.; and tenue, Vill.) ; leaves
variable, 7-8 in a whorl, usually oblinear - lanceolate,
mucronate, fruit-stalk not deflexed ; meadows. G. myri-
anthunij Jord. (including obliquum, Vill. ; luteolum, Jord. ;
and leucoph&um, G. and G.); leaves variable, 9-12 in
a whorl, usually lanceolate - oblong, mucronate, softly
pubescent beneath, flowers more numerous; Southern
Switzerland, Jura, Dauphiny. G. megalospermum, Vill.

152 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS

( Villarsii, DC.) ; flowers in short terminal cymes, leaves
6 in a whorl, very fleshy, fruit large; high; Dauphiny,
Pyrenees.

E. Flowers white ; stem and leaves not hispid'; leaves
very narrow : — G. rigidum, Vill. (cinereum, Gaud. );
resembling Mollugo, but the leaves linear-subulate ;
Switzerland, very rare. G. alpicola, Jord. ; cyme narrow,
pyramidal, leaves 8-9 in a whorl, linear, mucronate, re-
flexed, stem somewhat hispid towards the summit ; high ;
Dauphiny. 5". intertextum, Jord. ; cyme broad, spread-
ing, leaves 7-9 in a whorl, linear, mucronate, reflexed,
somewhat warty ; Dauphiny. G. argenteum, Vill. ; leaves
6-8 in a whorl, linear, covered with silvery glands, stem
flexuose ; high ; Dauphiny. G. pusillum, L. (pumilum,
Lam. ; hypnoides, Vill.) ; cyme short, leaves linear, with
a long awn, sometimes hispid, plant caespitose ; Pyrenees,
Styria. G. ccespitosum. Ram. ; very caespitose ; flowers in
small cymes, almost hidden among the leaves, leaves 6-8
in a whorl, linear, awned; Pyrenees. G. pyrenaicum,
Gou. ; caespitose, flower-stalks shorter than the leaves,
I -flowered, leaves 6 in a whorl, linear, with long awns;
Pyrenees. G. margaritaceuin, Kern. ; Southern Tirol ;
and baldense, Spreng., Switzerland, rare ; probably belong
to this section, but are insufficiently described.

F. Flowers white, with a distinct tube : — G. glaucum,
L. ; leaves 6-8 in a whorl, linear, flowers in long-stalked
cymes ; stony places ; Dauphiny, Pyrenees.

3. ASPERULA, L.

Flowers very small, white, blue, or pink, in axillary
or terminal cymes ; calyx-limb 4-toothed ; corolla funnel-
or bell-shaped, 4-lobed ; stamens 4. Not alpine.

153

A. Flowers white: — A. odorata, L., Woodruff; leaves
6-8 in a whorl, lanceolate, ciliate, fruit hispid, plant
fragrant; woods, common. A. 'taurina, L. ; flowers
crowded, fragrant, subtended by ciliate bracts, leaves 4
in a whorl, lanceolate, ciliate, fruit glabrous; woods;
Southern Switzerland, Jura, Dauphiny. A. glauca, Bess.
(galioides, M.B.) ; leaves 8 in a whorl, linear, stiff,
glaucous; Switzerland, Jura, Styria, rare.

B. Flowers light pink, occasionally white : — A. cynan-
chica, L. ; flowers few, small, funnel-shaped, stem pros-
trate, leaves 4 in a whorl, linear, fruit tubercular; hill-
sides, especially calcareous, common. A. flaccida, Ten.
(longiflora, W.K.); stem 1-2 ft., corolla-tube longer than in
the last, about twice as long as limb ; Ticino. A. montana,
Willd. ; corolla-tube three times as long as limb, leaves
shorter; Ticino. A. tinctoria, L. ; corolla often 3-lobed,
stem usually solitary, erect ; Western and Northern Swit-
zerland, Jura, Vosges, Carniola, Pyrenees, rare. A.
kirta, Ram. ; corolla-tube somewhat longer than limb,
leaves 6 in a whorl, linear, ciliate, plant hairy ; Pyre-
nees.

C. Flowers blue : — A . arvensis, L. ; corolla-tube about
as long as limb, bracts ciliate, leaves 6-8 in a whorl,
linear ; cultivated land ; Western Switzerland, Pyrenees.

4. SHERARDIA, L.

Flowers small, blue or pink, in terminal heads sur-
rounded by bracts ; corolla funnel-shaped ; fruit didymous,
crowned by the enlarged calyx-limb. Not alpine.

6*. arvensis, L. ; flowers pink, leaves 4-6 in a whorl,
lanceolate, awned ; cultivated land, common.

154 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS

Order XLIIL— VALERIANACE^E.

Flowers in compound cymes, often unisexual, usually
irregular; calyx-limb often developing into a feathery
pappus ; calyx-lobes, corolla-lobes, and stamens 1-5 each ;
ovary inferior, 3 -celled ; leaves opposite. A small order,
belonging chiefly to the Northern Temperate Zone.

i. CENTRANTHUS, L.

Calyx-limb developing into a feathery pappus ; corolla
5-lobed, irregular, spurred at the base; stamen I.

C. angustifolius} DC. ; flowers pink or white, spur of
corolla about as long as ovary ; leaves linear or linear-
lanceolate; rocky places; Jura, Pyrenees. C. ruber,
DC., Red Valerian ; spur slender, upper leaves trian-
gular, ovate, plant very glabrous ; Ticino, Lombardy.

2. VALERIANA, L.

Calyx-limb developing into a feathery pappus ; corolla
5-lobed, nearly regular or gibbous at the base; stamens 3.

The two English species of Valerian, V. officinalis, L.,
with bisexual, and dioica, L., with unisexual flowers, are
common in damp places. The following also occur : —

V. sambucifolia, Mik. ; flowers pale pink, all the leaves
pinnate; wet places, frequent. V. supina, L. (PL 51);
flowers pink, in a dense terminal capitate cyme, stem
1-3 in., leafless except beneath the flowers, leaves spathu-
late, ciliate, entire or slightly toothed ; wet rocks ; Swit-
zerland, rare (Miinsterthal, Val Muschem), Tirol, Styria,

LI -VALERIAN A SUPINA

VALERIANACE.E i55

Carinthia, Salzburg. V. saliunca, AIL; flowers light
pink, fragrant, in a dense terminal capitate cyme, stem
2-6 in., leafy, leaves lanceolate, entire, glabrous ; high ;
Western Switzerland, Jura, Tirol, Piedmont, Dauphiny,
rare. V. celtica, L. ; flowers yellowish, in small axillary
cymes, forming an interrupted spike, stem 2-8 in., leaves
linear-lanceolate, entire, whole plant fragrant; high
rocks ; local. V. saxatilis, L. ; flowers white, in loose
panicles, stem 4-12 in., leafless, radical leaves lan-
ceolate, entire, on long stalks ; high ; Eastern Switzer-
land, Lombardy. V. elongata, L. ; flowers yellow, in a
loose panicle, radical leaves on long stalks, stem-leaves
in about two pairs, ovate, sessile, coarsely toothed, stem
about i ft., slender; high; Southern Tirol, Carniola,
Carinthia, Styria. V. tripteris, L. ; flowers white or
pink, fragrant, crowded in a terminal cyme, stem 1-2 ft.,
leafy, leaves of the barren shoots cordate, of the flower-
ing shoots pinnate with 3-5 leaflets ; bushy ; alpine. F.
montana, L. ; flowers pink or white, in a crowded corym-
bose cyme, stem 1-2 ft., leaves of the barren shoots
rounded at the base, of the flowering shoots entire, rarely
3-cleft ; high, moist. V. pyrenaica, L. ; flowers pink, in
corymbose cymes, stem 2-4 ft., hollow, radical leaves
very large, cordate, coarsely and unequally toothed, stem-
leaves of 3 leaflets ; Pyrenees. V. tuberosa} L. ; flowers
pink, unisexual, lower leaves elliptical, stalked, upper
pinnate, with 3-4 pairs of linear segments, stem 4-8 in.,
root tuberous ; Carinthia, Pyrenees. V. globularicefolia,
Ram. ; resembling the last, but root not tuberous, bracts
linear-lanceolate, ciliate ; Pyrenees.

156 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS

3. VALERIANELLA, Tourn. (Fedia, Rchb.).

Flowers very small, solitary or in axillary cymes;
corolla regular, funnel-shaped, 5-lobed ; stamens 3. Small
annual weeds in cultivated land ; not alpine.

The English species of Lamb's-Lettuce or Corn-Salad,
V. olitorid) Mcench., carinata} Lois., Auricula, DC.,
and dentata, Poll. (Morisonii, DC.), occur in similar
situations in Central Europe, and are difficult to dis-
tinguish.

Order XLIV.— DIPSACACE^E.

Flowers small, collected into a dense spike or capitule,
subtended by an involucre of bracts ; calyx-limb cup-
shaped, entire or 5-lobed, surrounded by an involucel;
corolla funnel-shaped, 4~5-lobed ; stamens 4, free; ovary
I -celled with one pendulous ovule; fruit indehiscent;
leaves opposite or whorled. A small order, chiefly Asiatic.

i. CEPHALARIA, Schrad.

Capitule hemispherical; involucre composed of many
soft green undivided bracts; involucel cup-shaped, with
eight bristly teeth ; receptacle covered with soft scales.

C. alpina, Schrad.; flowers pale yellow, stem 3-4 ft.,
leaves pinnate, leaflets 9-15 ; Southern Switzerland, Jura,
Dauphiny, Pyrenees. C. pilosa, G. & G. ; flowers white,
involucel many-toothed, leaves pinnatifid at the base
only, stem spiny in the upper part ; Jura, Pyrenees. C.
leucantha, Schrad. ; flowers white, radical leaves simple,
stem -leaves pinnatifid, capitule globular, plant almost
shrubby; Pyrenees.

DIPSACACE^E 157

2. DlPSACUS, Tourn.

Capitule oblong or cylindrical ; involucre composed of
many very rigid, often spiny, bracts ; leaves often connate
at the base. Not alpine.

D. sylvestris, L., Wild Teasel ; flowers purplish, leaves
simple, obovate-lanceolate, sessile, prickly; road-sides. D.
pilosus, L. ; flowers nearly white, leaves stalked, with two
small segments at the base ; damp hedges. D. laciniatus,
L. ; flowers nearly white, stem-leaves pinnatifid, bristly ;
Western Switzerland (rare), Jura, Dauphiny, Pyrenees.

3. SCABIOSA, L.

Capitule hemispherical or flat ; involucral bracts green,
soft, undivided ; outer flowers often larger and irregular,
inner flowers tubular ; calyx-limb awned ; corolla curved.

.S. lucida, Vill. ; flowers violet or pink, outer ones
rayed, leaves shining, lower simple, lanceolate, crenate,
upper deeply pinnatifid, leaflets serrate ; alpine rocks and
pastures, frequent. ,S. graminifolia, L. ; flowers light
violet, outer ones rayed, leaves linear, entire, silky ; stony
pastures ; Ticino (rare), Carinthia, Dauphiny. ^. suaveo-
lens, Desf. ; flowers light violet, outer ones rayed, leaves
of barren shoots entire, of flowering shoots pinnate with
linear entire segments, awns of calyx very long ; Bale,
Schaff hausen, Carniola, Vosges. S. Columbaria, L. ;
flowers lilac, outer ones strongly rayed, lower leaves
inciso-lyrate, upper pinnate with pinnatifid lobes, all
finely pubescent, stalk of capitule very slender ; dry hills,
common. 5. ochroleuca, L. ; resembling the last, but

158 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS

with yellow flowers ; Switzerland. 5. affinis, G. and G. ;
resembling Columbaria, but capitule nearly globular ;
Dauphiny. 6*. gramontia, L. (agrestis, W.K. ; pyrenaica,
All.) ; leaves more finely divided, awns of calyx shorter ;
Southern Switzerland, Tirol, Styria, Pyrenees. 5. succisa,
L. (Succisa arvensis, Mcench.), Devil's Bit ; flowers blue,
outer ones not rayed, capitule nearly globular, leaves
simple, root premorse ; marshes, common.

4. KNAUTIA, Coult.

Resembling Scabiosa, but awns of calyx deciduous.

K. arvensisj Koch, Field-Scabious ; flowers violet-blue,
upper leaves pinnatifid ; very common. K. sylvatica,
Duby ; flowers reddish-blue, leaves nearly entire ; woods.
K. transalpina, Christ ; flowers pink or purple, outer
flowers not much larger, stem about 6 in., white with
rough hairs ; Switzerland, rare. K. longifolia, Koch ;
flowers lilac, outer ones much larger, stem 1-2 ft., glan-
dular-viscid, leaves oblong-lanceolate ; Jura, Tirol, Styria,
Pyrenees. K. mollis, Jord. ; flowers purple, leaves pubes-
cent, almost silky, flower-stalk covered with glandular
hairs; Dauphiny, Pyrenees.

Order XLV.— CAMPANULACE.E.

Calyx 5 -cleft; corolla regular, 5 -cleft ; stamens 5;
anthers connivent round the style; ovary inferior, 2-3-
celled ; style I ; stigmas 2-8 ; fruit a two- or more-celled
berry or capsule. A large order, chiefly of Temperate
climates.

LII.— CAMPANULA ALPINA.

LIII.— CAMPANULA LONGIFOLIA.

CAMPANULACE^: 159

i. CAMPANULA, L.

Flowers in spikes or racemes, not surrounded by an
involucre, usually blue ; calyx sometimes with five reflexed
basal lobes ; corolla campanulate, often nearly entire ;
filaments with broad dilated base; fruit a 3-5 -celled
capsule, dehiscing below the calyx-limb by pores or
valves.

A. Corolla bearded within, light blue : — C. barbata, L.;
flowers drooping, calyx with a reflexed appendage between
the lobes, stem 6-8 in., i-io flowered, leaves lanceolate,
entire, plant woolly ; alpine pastures, frequent ; Switzer-
land, Jura, Carpathians, Erzgebirge, Dauphiny. C.
Zoysii, Wulf. ; flowers erect, corolla inflated below, tur-
binate, with five triangular teeth, stem 2-4 in., nearly pros-
trate, 1-5 flowered, leaves broadly elliptical, entire; clefts
of rocks, rare ; Eastern Alps, Styria, Carinthia, Carniola.

B. Corolla not bearded, bright blue ; calyx with five
appendages : — C. alpina, L. (PL 52); flowers large, azure-
blue, stem 1-6 in., lower leaves linear-spathulate, slightly
crenate, upper linear -lanceolate, entire, plant woolly;
rare; Eastern Alps, Tirol, Styria, Carinthia. C. longi-

folia, Lap. (spedosa, Pourr.) (PL 53); flowers large, calyx-
teeth linear-lanceolate, ciliate, with short appendages,
stem 4-12 in., leaves linear-lanceolate, entire, ciliate;
Pyrenees. C. Allionii, Vill. ; flowers large, solitary, erect,
violet, corolla-lobes spreading, calyx-teeth lanceolate,
leaves linear-lanceolate, not ciliate ; Dauphiny, Piedmont.

C. Calyx not appendiculate ; corolla not bearded ;
flowers large, sessile, in dense spikes, blue or yellow : —
C. spicata, L. ; flowers violet, in an interrupted spike,
narrowed above, leaves oblong-lanceolate, plant hispid;

160 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS

Valais, Ticino, Tirol, Dauphiny, Carinthia, Carniola. C.
thyrsoidea, L. ; flowers dull yellow, in a dense conti-
nuous spike, corolla hairy without, leaves lanceolate,
entire, hairy like the stem, which is glandular-viscid
below ; alpine pastures ; Switzerland, Jura, Carpathians.
C. petrcea, L. ; flowers light yellow, stem 4-12 in., leaves
broadly lanceolate, serrate, tomentose beneath, bracts
elongated ; rare ; Tirol, Dauphiny, Lombardy. C. Cer-
vicaria, L. ; flowers blue, calyx-lobes short, obtuse, leaves
narrowed into a leaf-stalk, whole plant hispid ; thickets ;
Switzerland, Jura, Lombardy, Vosges, rare. C. glome-
rata, L. ; flowers small, blue or white, in dense clusters,
stem 4-12 in., lower leaves cordate or rounded, calyx-
teeth lanceolate ; open hill-sides.

D. Calyx and corolla as the last ; flowers blue, stalked,
in racemes or panicles, or solitary; capsule inclined or
pendant. C. latifolia, L., Giant Bell-Flower ; flowers
very large, erect, solitary in the axils of the leaves,
corolla-teeth lanceolate, stem 3-4 ft., leaves ovate-lanceo-
late, acuminate, serrate ; mountain woods. C. Trachelium,
L., Bell-Flower ; flowers 2 or 3 in the axils of the leaves,
erect, smaller than the last, stem 1-3 ft., stem-leaves
nearly triangular, coarsely dentate, plant hispid ; woods,
frequent. C. rapunculoides, L.; flowers pendant, in long
slender unilateral racemes, funnel-shaped, corolla-lobes
recurved, calyx-lobes reflexed after flowering, stem-leaves
ovate-lanceolate, toothed; road-sides; Switzerland, Dau-
phiny. C. bononiensis, L.; flowers smaller (f in.), nearly
sessile, leaves lanceolate, finely toothed, tomentose be-
neath, stem 1 2- 1 8 in., tomentose; thickets; Southern
Switzerland, Dauphiny, rare. C. rhomboidalis } L.; stem
simple, 1 2-1 8 in., radical leaves usually o, stem-leaves

UV. —CAMPANULA LINIFOLIA.

LV.— CAMPANULA PULLA.

CAMPANULACE^: 161

sessile, ovate, with sharp teeth, calyx-teeth linear, two-
thirds as long as corolla ; Switzerland, Jura, Dauphiny,
Pyrenees, rare. C. lanceolata, Lap.; resembling the last,
but calyx-teeth only one-third as long as corolla, leaves
crowded, finely ciliate ; pastures ; Pyrenees. C. rotundi-
folia, L., Harebell; root-leaves cordate or reniform,
crenate, stem - leaves linear - lanceolate ; common. C.
carnica, Sch. (Carniola, Carinthia), is probably only a
mountain form of rotundifolia. C. linifolia, Lam. (PL
54) ; resembling rotundifolia, but calyx-teeth hardly half
as long as corolla, stem-leaves linear, stem and leaves
glandular-hairy; Dauphiny, Pyrenees. C. Scheuchzeri,
Vill.; similar, but a larger plant with larger flowers,
radical leaves elliptic or lanceolate ; pastures, frequent.
C. pus ilia, Haenk.; csespitose, flowers light blue, nodding,
nearly hemispherical, stem I- or very few-flowered, 2-4
in., lower leaves spathulate, upper linear-elliptical, plant
nearly glabrous ; rocks, frequent. C. ccespitosa. Scop.;
very similar, corolla longer, dark blue, plant more hairy ;
local. C. tenella, Jord. (Dauphiny), and Mathoneti,
Jord. (Dauphiny), are scarcely distinguishable from the
preceding. C. pulla, L. (PI. 55); flowers dark blue,
solitary, nodding, stem 2-6 in., leaves all lanceolate or
ovate, crenate, lower ones stalked ; high ; Styria, Carin-
thia, Carniola. C. excisa, Schleich.; corolla-lobes incised
at the base and separated by a rounded sinus, calyx-teeth
reflexed ; very high ; Southern Switzerland, rare (Sim-
plon, Furka). C. carpathica, Jacq. (PL 56); flowers
large, blue or white, funnel-shaped, on long stalks, stig-
mas sometimes 4, stem 6-12 in., radical leaves lanceolate
with rounded leaves, crinkled ; Carpathians.

E. As the last, but capsule erect : — C. Rapunculus, L.,
VOL. I. L

162 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS

Rampions; flowers in an erect pyramidal panicle, blue,
calyx-teeth .very long, subulate, corolla deeply divided,
leaves mostly ovate, on long stalks ; road-sides, frequent.
C. patula, L. ; flowers violet, funnel-shaped, with spread-
ing lobes, on long slender stalks, calyx-teeth linear, leaves
mostly lanceolate, glabrous; hedge-rows; frequent. C.
persicifolia, L. ; flowers few, large, in a loose raceme,
calyx-teeth lanceolate, corolla not deeply divided, with
rounded lobes ; woods and meadows, not uncommon.
C. cenisia, L. ; flowers small, about ^ in., corolla funnel-
shaped, divided half-way down, dark blue, solitary, calyx
hairy, stem 2-3 in., leaves small, obovate, entire, ciliate ;
very high ; Switzerland, Tirol, Dauphiny. C. Morettiana,
Rchb. ; flowers violet, solitary, f— I in., campanulate,
corolla divided half-way down, leaves small, ovate, stalked,
serrate ; clefts of rocks ; Tirol, rare. C. Raineri, Perp. ;
flowers large, blue, f-i in., solitary or very few, cam-
panulate, corolla divided half-way down, leaves spathulate,
crenate, stalked ; rocks ; Southern Switzerland, Tirol,
rare (Monte Generoso).

2. ADENOPHORA, Bess.

Resembling Campanula, but with a tubular hypogy-
nous disk at the base of the style.

A.liliifolia, Bess. ; styles much exceeding corolla ; rare ;
Ticino, Tirol, Lombardy, Carniola.

3. SPECULARIA, Heist.

Resembling Campanula, but ovary very long and slen-
der ; corolla rotate. Not alpine.

5. Speculum, DC. ; flower large (J-f in.), violet-purple,

LVL— CAMPANULA CARPATHICA.

CAMPANULACE^: 163

calyx -lobes linear; cultivated land; Switzerland. 5.
hybrida, DC. ; flowers smaller (J in.), lilac, calyx-lobes
lanceolate, longer than corolla ; cultivated land ; Bale,
Schaffhausen.

4. JASIONE, L.

Flowers small, blue, in terminal heads surrounded by
an involucre; corolla regular, 5 -cleft to the base; anthers
partially connate. Not alpine.

J. montana, L. ; flowers lilac-blue, bracts of involucre
entire, leaves obovate-oblong, plant pubescent ; wood-
sides, common. J. perennis^ Lam. ; flowers blue, bracts
of involucre serrate, leaves oblong-lanceolate ; Pyrenees,
Jura, Vosges.

5. EDRAIANTHUS, DC.

Flowers blue, in terminal heads, surrounded by an in-
volucre; corolla campanulate, 5-lobed.

E. croaticus, Kern. ; stems 3—4 in., caespitose, corolla
| in. long, leaves linear ; pastures ; Carniola, rare (Schnee-
berg).

6. PHYTEUMA, L.

Flowers usually blue, in dense heads or spikes, sur-
rounded by an involucre of bracts ; corolla curved in bud,
5 -cleft, with linear segments, anthers free; stigmas 2-3.
An almost exclusively alpine genus, especially charac-
teristic of Switzerland and Tirol.

A. Flowers stalked : — P. comosum, L. ; corolla inflated
below, large, lilac with dark violet tip, stem 2-6 in.,
leaves lanceolate, coarsely toothed ; clefts of rocks ; South-
ern Tirol, Carinthia, Carniola, Lombardy, Carpathians.

164 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS

B. Flowers sessile, in nearly hemispherical heads : —
P. Scheuchzeri, All. (Charmelii, Vill.) ; flowers lilac, bracts
of involucre linear, much longer than the inflorescence,
stigmas 2, stem slender, 12-18 in., radical leaves linear,
crenate or serrate, on long stalks, sometimes cordate,
stem-leaves linear ; alpine, rocky. C. pauciflorum, L. (PI
57) ; flowers blue, 5-7 in each capitule, stem 2-3 in., invo-
lucral bracts oval, blunt, leaves obovate-lanceolate, slightly
crenate; alpine pastures, frequent. P. kumile, Schleich.
(PI. 58) ; flowers violet, ten or more in an inflorescence,
bracts nearly as long as flowers, ovate-lanceolate, usually
dentate, stem 2-4 in., leaves linear, ciliate, calyx often
coloured ; very high ; Southern Switzerland, Tirol, Pied-
mont, Carinthia, Salzburg, rare. P. hemisphcericum, L. ;
flowers blue, elongated, inflorescence about lo-flowered,
bracts acuminate, about half as long as flowers, stem
2-4 in., leaves linear, glabrous ; very high, local. P. lati-

folium, HeufF. (confusum, Kern.); resembling the last, but
bracts acute or obtuse, not acuminate, leaves spathulate,
slightly crenate ; very high ; Carinthia, Styria. P. Sieberi,
Spreng. ; flowers violet, inflorescence rather longer, bracts
ovate, apiculate, serrate, stem 2-6 in., leaves ovate-lanceo-
late, crenate ; very high ; Tirol, Styria, Carniola, Carinthia.
P. orbicular e, L. ; flowers blue, stigmas 3, exserted,
bracts lanceolate, serrate, stem 6-12 in., often hollow,
leaves very variable in width, crenate-serrate ; pastures,
common.

C. Flowers sessile, numerous, in elliptical or cylindri-
cal spikes : — P. spicatum, L. ; flowers yellowish-white or
rarely blue, stigmas 2, exserted, stem 1-2 ft., leaves
cordate -ovate, often spotted with brown; woods and
thickets, frequent. P. Halleri, All; flowers dark blue

LVil.-PHYTEUMA PAUCJ FLORUM

LVIll.-PHYTEUMA. HUMILTi; .

CAMPANULACE^E 165

or violet, filaments woolly, stem 2-3 ft., hollow, lower
leaves cordate-ovate, upper lanceolate, plant glabrous;
alpine pastures, frequent. P. scorzonczrcefolium, Vill.
(Michelii, All.) ; flowers blue, stigmas generally 2, stem
1-2 ft., glabrous, leaves glabrous or ciliate, linear-lanceo-
late; pastures; Southern Switzerland (Spliigen), Tirol,
Dauphiny, local. P. betonic&folium, Vill. ; flowers blue,
stigmas generally 3, stem 8-18 in., leaves usually hairy,
lower lanceolate or cordate-lanceolate, on long stalks ;
pastures; Switzerland, Piedmont, Dauphiny, Pyrenees,
frequent. P. nigruin, Schmidt ; flowers dark blue, other-
wise like spicatum ; Jura (Val de Joux), Pyrenees, rare.

Order XLVL— AMBROSIACE^E.

Flowers unisexual ; male flowers in globular capitules,
corolla regular, 5-lobed ; female flowers solitary or in
pairs, enclosed in an involucre, corolla o. A small
order, not alpine.

i. XANTHIUM, Tourn.

Female flowers in pairs ; seed-vessel a spiny achene.

X. strumarium, L. ; flowers green, seed-vessel covered
with hooked prickles, leaves cordate, stalked, not spiny;
rubbish heaps.

END OF VOL. I.

Printed by BALLANTYNE, HANSON & Co.
Edinburgh and London