NORTH CAROLINASTATE UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES S02046215 K This book is due on the date indicated below and is subject to an overdue f ine as posted at the circulation desk. EXCEPTION: Date due will be earlier if this item is RECALLED. 200M/06-99-991212 FLORA AUSTRALIENSIS. V FLOEA AUSTKALIENSIS: A DESCRIPTIOJSr PLAINTS OF THE AUSTRALIAN TERRITORY. BT GEORGE BENTHAM, F.R.S., ASSISTED BY BARON FERDINAND VON MUELLER, C.M.G., F.R.S., GOTEBNilBNT BOTANIST, MELBOUKKE, YielOHIA. VOL. VII. ROXBURQHIACEM TO FILICES. PUBLlSnED UXDEE THE ATJTnORITT OF THE SETEBAL QOVEENMEIfTS OF THE AUSTBALIAN COLONIES. ^ LONDON L. REEVB & CO.,5, HENRIETTA SrKEET^COVENT GARDEN. 1878. ^.^^- I o ^ ^ ::> 0 PRINTED BY TATLOR AND CO., LITTLE dUEEN STREET, LINCOLN's INN FIELDS. CONCLUDING PREFACE. In briuging the present work to a close it had been my intention, as announced in the Preface to the first volume, to have supplemented it with an account o£ the species added to the Australian Flora during its progress, and a detailed examiuation of the relations as well oi: the whole flora to that of other countries, as of its component parts to each other. I now, however, find that this would entail more labour than at my age it would be prudent to undertake. The additional species have, moreover, been described by Baron von Mueller in his Fragmenta ; and it is to be hoped that, in order to render these descriptions readily accessible to those who have to make use of my Flora, he will consolidate them into a methodical synopsis ia con- formity with the system I have adopted. This would give him the opportunity of re-arrangiug my genera with reformed characters in those cases where his views have proved to be at variance with niire. With regard to Geographical Distribution, I can only repeat that recent discoveries and the additioual data collected have generally confirmed the priuciples laid down by J. D. Hooker in the adinirable Essay prefixed to his ' Flora Tasmaniae,' and that it is only in minor details that corrections or additions have now to be made to it. These I am compelled to leave in other hands ; but it may be useful on the prcsent occasion to recapitulate shortly the general characteristics of the chief component parts of the present Flora of Australia (including Tasmania). 1. The predominant portion appears to be strictly indigenous. Not- withstanding an evident though very remote ordinal tribual or vi COJfCLUDING PEEFACi;. generic coiiuectiou witii Atrica, the great mass ol" purely Australian species and endemic genera, must have originated or been dif- fereutiated in Australia, aud never liave spread far out of it. The ouly exceptious observed are a few Australian types (e.y., Euca- lypti, Epacrideae, Phyllodineous Acacias, etc.) appearing in the Malayan Archipelago, especially Timor, New Guiuea and Borneo, where they have established distiuct though generally nearly representative species, sometimes however preserving absolute identity, aud a very few, chiefly anniial or herbaceous plauts of various Australian genera, found as far as South Chiua, mostly in ideutical or very closely representative species. 2. The principal Flora showiug an ancient conuection between Australia aud other countries is the Indo-Australian. A number of genera, whose main station is in tropical Asia, extend more or less iuto tropical and eastern sub-tropical Australia, sometimes in identical, sometimes in more or less differentiated species. Those of East Queensland have generally an East Asiatic character. A few Ceylonese aud Peninsular types are more specially represented iu Arnhem's Land. Scarcely any ludian forms are fouud to the westward of that Penin- sula. 3. No less, if not more ancieut, must be the couuection of the mountain Flora of Victoria and Tasmania with thegeneral southern ex- tratropical aud mountain regioji, extending throughNew ZeaL^udto thc southern end of the American Contiuent, and thence up the Andes. Many of the Australian species of this type are identical with or closely representative of New Zealand oues, aud some have a mucli wider range. It is probably through this connection that a few species belonging to the temperate or cooler floras of the northern hemisphere liave evidently, in very remote times, become represented in Austrah'a. 4. Maritime plants, rauging at least from the Mascarene Islands to those of the Pacific, are also to be found on the Australian coasts, mostly in identical species,j,with tlie addition of a few representative ones. 5. Au exchange has evidently taken place in pbnts not strictly maritime betweeu North-east Australia and New Caledouia and other CONOLUDINU PllEFACE. Vll islands of the iSouth Pacific, but uot to auy great extent. More Australian types appear to be represented in New Caledouia than New Calcdonian ones in Australia. G. Introductiou, as it were accidental, from various countries, very sparingly from natural causes from time immemorial, more rapidly througli human agency direct or indirect since European colouisation has set in. Many European weeds and escapes from cul- tivation are becoming common iu the Eastern colonies, a few plants commonly cultivated by Malays have established themselves in North- east Australia. South African weeds find a more genial home in the south-western districts. Very few American species have been Im- ported excepting through Europe or South Africa. 7. A few plants, very difierent from any genuine Australian types, but identical or closely connected with species at home in far distant countries (North or Western America, East Mediterraneanregion, etc.) were met with by the first explorers of inland districts, under conditions whicb precluded any idea of recent introduction. These have been chiefly either annuals or herbaceous or even shrubby or arborescent species known to propagate readily by seeds, produced in abundance aud apparently retaining for a long time their germinating power. The ajipearauce of these plants in Australia is, however, in some instances not readily explained. The principal features of the inland distribution of the indigenous flora, the remarkable isolatiou and highly diff^erentiated cliaracter of that of the south-west coruer, its continuity and tbe gradual connec- tion and change of species, systematic as well as geographical, down the eastern side from Queensland down to Tasmania, and the wide spread of many desert species from Dampier's Archipelago to Spencer's Gulf and from the Murchison to the Maranoa, have long since been pointed out, and have since beeu confirmed by all recent observa- tions. A few other geueral characteristics of the flora may be adverted to, such as the absence of any Bambusefe or Equisetacese, the paucity of Filices in the western moiety whether tropical or extratropical, and the very small number of endemic Filices in the whole regiou. viii CONCLTJDING PEEFACE. It is novv my pleasing duty gratefully to acknowledge the handsome manner in which Baron von Mueller has fulfilled his promise of afFord- iug me every assistance in the prosecution of the arduous task I had undertaken. He has regularly transmitted to me, arranged for each volume, the vast stores of Australian specimens collected by his own exertions, as well as by the able coUectors he has employed and the numerous residents and other correspondents whom he had inspired with a love for the science. 1 liave been able also to take full ad- vantage of the results of his own previous study of the specimens, as published in his Fragmenta, the sheets of which he has regularly for- warded to me as printed ofF. The specimens, after having been worked up, have been successively returned, and the numerous consignmenta have reached Melbourne without a single loss, the last of the Graminese and the ferns alone being still on their way home. To the various other sources enumerated in the Preface to the first volume, as having supplied me with materials for this work, the most important additions I have to record are the valuable collections made by M. Schultz, at Port Darwin, and by some of the recent explorers of Central Australia, of which Dr. Schomburgk, the active Director of the Botauicai Gardens of Adelaide, haa transmitted to me alraost complete sets, and a uumber of interesting specimens, chiefly from the northern districts of New South Wales and from Lord Howe's Island, sent to me by Dr. Moore, Director of the Sydney Botanic Garden. December, 1877. CONTENTS. Page COXCI.UDING PrEFACK V CONSPECTUS OF THE OrDEHS XJ Order CXXVI. Roxbiirghiacese 1 CXXVII. Liliacete 2 CXXVIII. PontederaceEe 72 CXXIX. Pliilydracefe 73 CXXX. Xyridefe 75 CXXXI. Commelynacese 81 CXXXII. Juncacese 92 CXXXIII. Palmre 132 CXXXIV. Pandaneffi 147 CXXXV. AroidcEe 151 CXXXVI. Typhacete 15S CXXXVII. LemnaccEe 161 CXXXVIII. Naiadere 164 CXXXIX. Alisniacete 183 CXL. EriocauleEe 1&9 CXLI. Centrolepideffi 198 CXLII. Restiacete 208 CXLIII. Cyperacea; 246 CXLIV, Graminea; 449 CRyPTOGAM-E 670 CXLV. Lycopodiacese 670 CXLVl. Marsileaceee 682 CXLVII. Filices 685 CONSPECTUS OF THE ORDERS CONTAINED IN THE SEVENTH VOLUME. Class II. MONOCOTYLEDONS. (Continued fiom Vol. VI,) ** Ovary snpirior. Series 1. Coronari.e. — Perianth moreor lcss distiiutli/ '2-seriatc. Ovarij sijncarpous {except a few Palnia). Seeds albuminous, + Perianth-segmetits all petal-like or membranous atid coloured. CXXVI. RoxBURGHiACEJE. Perianth-segments 2 in each series. Stamens 4, CXXVII. LiLiACEji. Perianth-segments or lobes 3 in each series. Stamens 6 or fewer. Terrestrial herbs or climbers or arboresccnt. CXXVIII. PoNTEDERACE^. Aquatic herbs \Nith slightly irregular flowers, other- wise as in Liliacea). tt Inner perianth-segments petal-like, outer oiies cahjx-lil-e or vanting. CXXIX. Philydrace^. Inner perianth of 2 broad petals, ouler deficient. Stamen 1 perfect, 2 staminodia. CXXX. XvRiDE.^i. Outer perianth of 1 deciduous hyiiline or scarious segment ; inner of 3 petal-like segments. Stamens 3 perfect, staminodia 3 or none. CXXXI. CoMMELYNACE^. Outcr pcrianth of 3 thin or herbaceous segments, inner of 3 equal or imequal petal-like segments. Slamens 6 or fe-wer perfect, wheii fewer replaced by staminodia. tt+ Periantlt-segments ull calyx-Uke {rareli/ coloured aiid small) . CXXXII. JuNCACE.ii. Stems rarely arborescent. No spatha. CXXXIII. Palm.i;. Stems usually arborescent, or climbing and woody. Young inflorescence enclosed in a spatha. Series II. Nudh-lor.t-;. — Perianth of small scales or none {except sowe Alismacefe). Ovarij apocarpous or monocuipiUarij [except a few Aroidea» and Pandaneae). CXXXIV. Paxdane.t.. Flowei s closely packed in dcnse spikes or heads with _a bract at the base, dicecious. No perianth. Stamens in the males covering the rhachis Ovaries sessile often connate. Stem arborescent with leaves in a spire, or climbing and leafy. CXXXV. Aroide.i;. Flowersclosely packcd in a dcnse sim])le spike vith aspatha at the basc, unisexual or hermaphroditc. Fruit baccate. Sccds albuminous or in a few genera without albumcn. CXXXVI. Typhace.i;. Flowcrs closely packed in dense simple spikcs or heads, the upper one or more malo, the lowcr one or more ftniale. Fruit-caipcls small dry or drupaccous, Sceds albuminous. Tall semi-aquatic herbs. Xil UOXSPECTUS OF THE ORDERS. CXXXVII. LEMXACE.ii. Sinall floating green scale-like fronds without .stems or leaves. Flowers onJ fruits minute on the edge or upper surfaee of the froiids. Seeds with or without albumcn. CXXXVIII. N.\.iADE.E. Aquatic or rarely marsh plant.s. Flowers solitaryor loosely spicate. Fruit of small carpcls or rarely capsular. No albumen. CXXXIX. ALIS.MACE.S. Aquatic or marsh plants. Flowersspicateor paniculate. Inner perianth of 3 or 2 petals, outer membranous or deficient. Ovaiy apocarpous. No albumen. SeriesIII. Glumales. — Flowers sessile within imbricate brncts or glumes, in heads or spikelets. Perianth iiojie or scarious or (jlmie-lihe and nsuaUu concealed ivithin^ the bracts. Ocani \-ovulateor with\-ovulate Cflls. Seeds alhuininoHs. CXL. Eriocaule.s;. Flowersunisexualin heads usually androgynous. Perianth- segments 6 or fewer, small und scarious or hyaline. (3vary o- or 2-celled ; ovules pendulous. CXLI. Centrolepide^. Flowers hermaphrodite or polvgamous. No perianth. Stamen I. Ovary of 1 or 2 or more cells ; ovule pendulous. Small tufted plants. CXLII. Restiace^. Flowers usually unisexual. Perianth of 6 rarely fewer glume-like sogments usually e.xeeedingly the bracts. Stamens 3. Orary 1- 2- or 3-celled, ovule pendulous. Habit of Juncea3 or CyperacejB. Leaf- sheaths with free margins. CXLIII. Cypehacej:. Flowers hermaphrodite or unisexual. Perianth none or of small scales or bristles concealed within the bracts, very rarely oi 6 glume-like segments. Stamens various. Ovary 1-celled ; ovule erect. Leaf-sheaths with the margins connate. CXLIV. Gramine.j:. Flowers hermaphrodite or unise.xual. Perianth none. Stamens various. Style-branches usually feathery. Ovary 1-celled, ovule erect. Leaf-sheaths with free margins. Class III. CRYPTOGAM^. No real flowers. rructification (in the Orders here included) con- sisting of spore-cases enclosiug spores. CXLV. Lycopodiace^. Spore-cuscs seesile in the axils of radical or cauline leaves or bracts. CXLVI. JIarsileace^. No true leaves. Fronds circinnate in vernation ; barren ones linear or with a leaflike lamina, fertile oncs forming an utricle or closed involucre iacluding the spore-cases. CXLVII. FiLicES. No true leaves. Fronds circinnate in vernation (except in Ophioglossece), the fertile ones bcai-ing the spore-cases on their nnder surface or margins. The remaining Order of Vascular Cryptogams, Equisetacem, is not represented in Australia, and Cellular Cryptogams are not included in the present work. FLORA AFSTRALIENSIS. Order cxxvi. ROXBURGHIACE^. Flowers hermaphrodite, regular. Perianth inferior, of 4 deciduous seg- meuts, all nearly equal and similar, imbricate in 2 rows. Stamens 4, almost hypogj-nous ; filaments very short, free or united in a ring ; anthers erect, with 2 cells opening laterally or inwards in longitudinal sHts. Ovary free, 1-celled ; ovules several, either erect from the base or suspended from the apex of the cavity ; stigma terminal, sessile. Fruit a capsule, opening in 2 valves. Seeds several, the funicle bearing as a strophiole a dense tuft of hairs or long linear papillae ; testa striate. Embryo linear or small, in a fleshy albumen. — Erect herbs or tall twiners. Leaves alternate opposite or verticillate, petiolate, with distant primary veins and transverse veinlets. Flowers 2 or more together on slender pedicels, in axillary clusters or short racemes. Besides the typical genus, the order contains one other one froni Japan. 1. ROXBURGHIA, Jones. Perianth-segments several-nerved, lanceolate, acuminate. Filaments more or less united in a ring ; anthers long-Iinear, the thickened connec- tive produced into a long linear erect appendage. Ovules erect from the base of the ovary. Tall twiners, woody at the base. Flowers large or moderate-sized. The genus comprises very few spocies, extending from Austraha to Japan. 1. B.. javanica, A'»«?/(, /'7»(Ort.v. 288, yar. ? Aiistraliaiut. — A glabrous twiner. Leaves alternate, from ovate to lanceolate, acutely acuminate, rounded truncatc or shortly tapering at the base, mostly o to 4 in. long, on very short petiolcs, 5-nerved or when very narrow 3-nervcd, with very numerous fine parallel transverse veinlets. Flowers 2 together in the axils, on tiliform pedicels of G to 9 lines articulate above the middle, with a small lanceolate bract at their base. Perianth-segments narrow- D. H. HILL LIBRARY 'North Carolina Stafe Collsge 2 cxxrr. poxBUHGiiiACKyT;. \ Ro.rlKrghia. lanceolate, acute, 5-nervecl, about ^,-in. long. Filaments united in a short cup rouncl the ovary. Autbers including tbe appendage ncarly as long as tbe periantb, tbe connectivc tbickened and rugosc botb at tbe back and in front between tbe narrow linear lateral cclls, and produced beyond tbcm into a long smootb linear appendage. Ovary ovoid, con- tracted at tbe end, witb a very obtuse sessile stigma. Ovules not numerous. Fruit not seen. N. Australia. Port Essington, Armstrong. Queensland. Endcavour Eiver, Banks and Solander (if corrcctly clctcrmincd) . Thc l'ort Essington spccimens agree with P. javanica in thcir alternate le;ivcs and small flowcrs with narrow scgments, and thcir segmcnts arc S-nervcd as described by Kunth, whilst in Teijsmann's Java sjjccimcns thcy arc at least 7-ncrvcd, and the flowcrs are only two togethcr instoad of scveral in a cluster. The leavcs are not cordate, whilst Ktmth describes them as dccply cordatc, but in Teijsmann's spccimens thcy arc scarcely so. Banks and Solander's specimcu is in leaf only, and was doubt- fully rcferrcd bj' Brown to Dioscorea as I). liicida, Br. Prod. 295. It shows, howcver, the remarkable vcnation of Roxhurghia, and is probably a form of R.javanica; thc lcavcs (only the lower oncs shown on thc specimen) are broad, somewhat cordatc, and 9-ncrvcd. Order CXXVII. LILIACE^. Flowers bermapbrodite or rarelj' more or les.s dicecious, regular or rarely sligbtl}- oblique. Periantb inferior, witb or witbout a distinct tube, tbe limb or whole perianth of 6 coloured or petal-like lobes or seg- ments, imbricate in 2 series or tbc outer ones rarely valvate ; nll equal and similar, or the 3 inner ones ratber larger or smaller or more united or occasionally broader and thinner tban tbe 3 outer. Stamens usually G, attacbed to tbe base of tbe lobes or segments or almost, rarely quite, bypogynous, or rarely sligbtly perigynous, the 3 opposite tbe outer seg- mcnts often smaller, and in a few genera reduced to staminodia or deficicnt ; filaments free or sbortly uuited at the base ; anthers erect or versatile, with 2 parailel cells opening iuwards or laterally or rarely out- wards, or by terminal pores. Ovary superior, 3-ceIled (imperfectly so in Astelia), witb several often numerous, rarely only 1 or 2, ovules in eacb cell, ampbitropous anatropous or rarely orthotropous, attached to an axile placenta. Style usually single with a small terminal stigma entire or obscurely 3-Iobed, or in a few genera divided to the base or nearly so into 3 oblong or linear diverging or recurved stigmatic brancbes. Fruit eitber an indehiscent berry, or a capsule loculicidally or in a few genera septicidally opening in 3 membranous coriaceous or slightly fleshy valves, or rarely dividing into 3 indehiscent 1-seeded nutlets, in a few species reduced by abortion to 1 cell or nutlet. Seeds various, the testa fre- quently black, crustaceous or thhi and adnate. Embryo small or linear, variously placed within a fiewhy cartilaginous or bard albumen. — Pereu- nial or rarcly annual herbs with a short or tuberous or creeping rhizome, or (in genera not Australian) a bulbous base, or tbe stock growing up into a woody caudcx, or tbe stems elongated brancbing sbrubby or even arborescent or occasionally climbing. Leaves most frequently in radical CXXTII. LTLTACEiE. 3 tufts, or crowdcd at the ends of the caudex or hranchcs, but sometimes spread aloug the branches, their sheathing bases distichous, or varionsly imbricated, or scattered, aud ofteu persistent after the blade has fallen away, the blade or lamina eutire or miuutely scabrous-deuticulate, usually naiTow with parallel veins, flat channelled or terete, rai*ely broad with distant primary veins and transverse veinlets. Scapes or tiowering stems or pediincles terminal or rarely axillary, leafless or with 1 or 2 leaves below the inflorescence smaller than the lower ones, and passing into the bracts under the branches of the infloresccnce or pedicels, which are usually reduced to small scales, aud sometimes entiiely wanting. Inflorescence variously branched or simple, usually centripetal, or reduced to a single terminal flower. Perianth usually glabrous, very variously coloured, often blue, as well as red, white, yellow, or purple. Tlie Order, like the Amaryllidca, is gencrally distributed over the warmcr and temperate regions of the globc ; most abimdant iu dry sunny countries. Of the 40 genera here included, 4 arc large gencra widely distributed ovcr the warmer regions of the Old World, more or less represented also in Ameriea, and 2 of them extcnding into more tcmperate rcgions ; 3, although chicfly Australian, cxtcnd into tropical Asia, and two of thcm also to New Zcaland ; 4 are Australian rcpresenta- tives of South African genera, one of them extending into tropical Asia ; 2, chiefly Australian, are also found in New Zcaland or in the Pacific Islands ; 2 belong to the New Zealand and Tasmanian alpine flora, 1 of thcm widely distributcd over the extreme southem regions of the new as well as the old world ; the rcmaining 24 are, as far as hithcrto known, strictly endemic, a large proportion of them, however, consisting of only onc or two species. In working up this complicated and at first sight heterogeneous Order, I have becn gi'eatly assistcd by Mr. Bakcr, whose views as to its comprehensiveness, as givcn in the scries of monographs he is publishing in the Joumal of the Linnean Society, I have mainly foUowcd. Thc tribcs and subtribes, however, which I have here charac- teriscd, are chiefly with referencc to the Australian gcnera, a large proportion of which are strictly or nearly endemic, and would probably require a somewhat difi^erent arrangcment in a general system of the wholc Ordcr, thc limits of which arc far fi-om bcing definitively settlcd. Many botanists would distribute thesc Austra- lian gcncra into 6 or 7 distinct Orders, whilst on thc other hand the charactcrs which separate tlicm from Jxncccc arc by no means without exception. Generally speaking, they difl"er froni Amaryllidece in their frec ovary, and from Juiiccm by the petal-like consistency of both serics of the i^erianth and with very few exceptions by thc sceds. Series I. Baccatse. — Frxdt mcculent or flcslnj^ indehiscent or rarehj opening tardily in 3 valres. Tkibe I. Smilacese. — Perianth-segments distinct, sprcadinij. Anthers erect. Stijlc deeply divided into 3 stitjmatic branches. Emhryo disfant from thc hilum. Albtmen hard. Branching climhers. Leavcs iritk distaiif primary vcins, and fransvcrsc veinlets. Flowers dicecious, in sessile or pedunculate umbcls .... 1. Smilax. Flowers hermaphrodite, in raccmes either simplc and axUlary or terminal and paniculate 2. Rhipooonum. Tribe II. Flagellariese. — Pcrianth-stamens, style and emhryo q/" Smilaceae. Albu- men mealy. Lcaf veins all parallel and numerous. Flowcrs hermaphrodito. Climbcrs. Lcavcs ending in a t\\nstcd point 3. Flagellaria. Tribe III. Asteliese. — Perianfh-segments distinct, sprcading. Anthers erect. Styles or sfigmas rcry short, distinct. Tufted herbs. Leaf-veins parallel. Flowers direcious, in terminal racemcs or panicles . . . . 4. Astelia. Tribe IV. Drymophilese. — Pcrianth-scgmenfs disfinct, spreading. Anlhers erect, £ 2 4 cxxAii. lijaxcea:. Stylc (Ivcpbj dlvidcd into 3 ■'^tignwtic branches. Embrijo near f.he hiliiin. Perennials ivith lccifij steiHs. Leaf-rciiis - in tci-minal pores. Habit of Anthroiiodiiim (snh-trihe Dianellese) 6. Dianella. Pcrianth deciduous. Filamcnts not thickened. Anthers oponins^- in longitndinal slits. Leafy stcms elongated and hranched (suh-trihe Euasparagese). Cladodcs (or leaves) chistered, suhulate. Flowers axillar}\ Anthers versatile. Oa-uIcs 2 or very few in each cell . . 7. Aspakagvs. Leaves flat, solitary. Anthers erect. Ovules sevcral in each cell. Tall climhers. Flowers axillary, pedicellate. Inner pcrianth-segments fring-(;d 8. EusTREPHrs. Flowers in loose temiinal cymes. Inner pcrianth-seg- mcnts entirc 9. Geitonoplesium. Tkihe VI. Dracaenese. — Feriaiith gamophijllom, at least at the base, deeiduoiis. Anthcrs versutilf. btylc inidivided. Stems woody, sometimes arborvscent. Floiocrs paiiiculate. Ovulcs solitary in each ceU. Fruit pulpy, indehiscent . . .10. Dracjena. Ovules several in each cell. Fruit fleshy, often at length 3-Valvcd 11. COKDYLINE. yEKiEs II. Capsulares.' — Fralt dry, capsnlar or rarcly of \ to Z indchiscent l-scedcd nutlcts. TuiBE ^''II. Hemerocallidese. — Ferlanth yamophyllous, tubnlar or campanulale. Stylc undivided. Stock not bulhous. Ovary stipitate, with numerous ovules in cach cell. Capsule septicidally 3-valvcd. Leaves crowded at the hase of the stem. Flowers large, pendiilous, in a tcmiinal raceme . 12. Blandfordia. TuiBE VIII. Melanthacese. — Ferinnfh-seyments free or shortly united at the ba.se, rarcly to thc middlc. Stylc niore or Icss dividcd iiito 3 sfigmatic hranchcs or short distiuct st.ylcs. Stock not ut all or scarcely bulbous. Anthers frcquently turned oativards. Stamens 3 opcning outwards and equitant leaves of Iridecc (suh-tribe Hewardise) 13. Hewakdia. Stamens 6, perianth-scgments united or imhricate at the base. (snb-trihe Anguillariese). Pcrianth j)crsistcnt, the scgmcuts shortly united at thc base. Flowers paniculate 14. Milligania. Pcrianth persistent, the scgments morc or less united at the base. Flowers solitary or simply spicate 15. Wurmuea. Perianth pcrsistcnt, the segments quite distinct. Flowcrs simply spicate 16. Anguillaria. Perianth-segments soparately dociduous. Flowers few. Inflorescence simple 17. IrHiGENiA. Sli.'meus 6. P(>riiintli-scgmcnts (luitc frce, deciduous, indupli- cate or con\'olutc round the oppositc stiimens in the bud. (sub-tribe Burchardiese). Citpsule loculicidiiUy 3-viilvcd. Leaves ovate or lanceoliitc. Flowers solitiiry oi- fcw in a tcrminal umbel. Perianth- segmcnts without appendagcs 18. Schelhammeka. Flowcrs solitary or fcw in axillary pcdunclcs. Perianth- segments with glandular appcndages at thc basc . . 19. Kkeysigia. Ciipsule septicidally 3-valved. Leavcs few, linear. Flowcrs sevcriil in a tciminal umbcl 20. Bukghardia. Tkibe IX. Anthericeee. — Ferianth-segmcnts free or lery shorlly unltcdat the base. <\xvri. liliack^t:. o Sti/lc K.idirided, irilh a .•>iiiall tcriiiiiial vnlirp or slifildhj '•i-di/nioitis .sfii/inf/. Stock not liiilboiis. Flowtr.s rKcemose panicnlate or mtbellHfc, rarcly solifiiry. lirncts thinly sciirioiia iisnally hyaliiic or noiie, iiot yliniielike. Pcnanth dooiduous, not twistod (suh-tribe Phalan^iese). Fijaiucnts beardcd. Kaceino siniple "21. Bt i,)une. Pcrianth spirally twistcd ovcr thc (jvary aftcr f]o\\'ci'in!>-, at lcnfi:th dcciduons (suh-tribe Csesiese). Capsulc 3-valv(!d. Filaments jrlahrous. Anthers 6, opeuin{>- in terniinal pores. Base of the 2)erianth truncate and porsistent. Eaceme simple or onco hranched 22. Agkostocrinum. Anthers 6 or 3, tho coUs opening longitudinally, hut tho outor valvc produced beyond the innor. Inncr perianth-segTnents fringeil, enclosing the inner stamons in thc bud. Tmbcls usually 2 or more flowered 23. THysANOTus. Anthers 3, eohering in a tubc round tho style, 3 free staminodia. Kacemo simple 24. Hodgsoniola. Anthers 6, froo, opening in slits. Ovules 2ineach coU. Capsule obtuse-angular. Seeds glohular. Umbels or clust(n-sin a sirapleraceme. 2o. C.^esia. Ovules several in each coll. Capsule acutely angled or lobed. Seeds flattened. Flowers corymbose or paniculate 26. Cham.^^scili.a. Nutlets 1-seeded, indehiscont. Anthers 6, opening in slits. Filaments glahrous. Nutlets solitary. Flowers minute, solitary or 2 together along the rigid branchlets 27. Corynotheca. Filaments bearded or ■woolly. Nutlets usually 2 or 3. Umbels tcrminal 28. Tricokyne. Ferianth not twisted, pcrsistent round the fruit, unchanged or withering (sub-tribe Chlorophjrtese) . Flowors loosely racemose cjTnose, or paniculate. Anthers 6, opening in slits. Filaments boarded or with adnate appendages under the anther. Anthers recurved after flowering. Seeds flattened. Flowers in a verj' loose cyme 29. Stypandra. Anthers not recurved. Seeds angular. Flowers loosely racemose 30. Akthropodium. Filaments glabrous. Anthors with basal crests. Seeds ang-ular. Flowers loosely racemose 31. Dichopogon. • Stamons without bo;irds or appendages. Capsule acutoly 3-angled or 3-lobed. Seods flattened. Flowers racemose 32. Chlorophyton. Flowers large, solitary, almost sossile within a tuft of i-adical leavos. Anthcrs 6, opcning in slits . . . .33. Herpolirion. Flowers numorous, in umbels, with numoious scarious imbricate bracts. Anthers 3, di^dded into 2 long erect lobes. Umbels t(^rminal 34. Sowerbya. Anthers 6,small, ovate. Umbcls on axillary peduncles. 3o. Alania. Tribe X. Johnsoniese. — Periaiith-segiiients frce or united in a tiibe at the base. Style Jilitoriii, ivith a teriiiinal entire stiyina. fifock noi bulboits. Flowers in dense heads or short spikvs, .lolitary and sessilc, or nearly .10, irifhin imbricatc bractx. 1'erianth-scgments free or tho inncr onos shoi-tly unitcd. Flower-heads globular. Bracts scarious. Anthors 6. Flowcrs uniform 36. Laxmavnia, (5 CXXYIl. fJLrACEiE. Anthers 3. Flowers dimorphous in the same head . . 37. Stawellia. Spikes ohlong. Braets gluniaceous 38. Johnsonia. Pei-iantli hypoerateriform, with a eylindiical tuhe and etiually spreading- 6-lol3ed limh. iVntlicrs 3, eonnate round the style. Ovules 2 in each cell 39. Arnocrinum. Anthcrs 6, distinct. Ovules sevcral in each cell . . .40. Borya. Series I. BACCATiE. — Fruit succulent or fleshy, indehiscent or rarely openiug tardily in 3 valves. Tribe I. Smilace^. — Perianth-segments distinct, spreading. Anthers erect. Style deepl\ divided into 3 stigmatic branches. Embryo distant from the hilum. Albumen hard. — Branching climbers. Leaves "witli distant primary veins and transverse veinlets. Berry indehiscent. 1. SMILAX, Linu. (Coprosmanthus, Kunth.) Flower dioecious. Perianth deciduous, of 6 distinct spreading segments, all equal, or in species not Australian the 3 outer ones larger or united at the base, or the 3 inner ones 'wanting. Stamens 6, or in a few species not Australian 3, inserted at the base of the segments, filaments filiform or very short ; anthers oblong, the 2 parallel cells separated by a scai'cely prominent dissepiment, and when open apparently 1-ceIIed ; the stameus all rudimentary only in the female flowers. Ovary rudimentary or entirely deficient in the male flowers, sessile in the feinales, 3-ceIled, with 1, or rarely 2, erect ovules in each cell. Style very short, divided to the base or nearly so into 3 oblong usually recurved stigmatic lobes. Fruit a globular berry, usually ripen- ing only 1 or 2 thick seeds without strophioles. Testa thin but hard, smooth and shining, closely appressed to the hard albumen. Embryo either very small or half the length of the albumen, distant from the hilum. — Branching climbers, the stems and main branches hard, often armed with scattered prickles. Leaves ovate orbicular or narrow, usually coiiaceous and shining, with transverse or reticulate veins be- tween the lougitudinal nerves, marked with numerous small transparent dots, intermixcd sometimes with larger oblong ones ; the petioles usually short, bearing on each side a simple tendril, sometimes reduced to a short point, and more or less winged below the tendrils. Flowers small, white or pale green or purple ; pedicellate in sessile or pedunculate umbels, which are either solitary in the axils, or several in axillary or terminal panicles. Bracts in the umbel very small, imbricate, with one pedicel in each axil. A large genus, dispersed over the tropical and temperate regions both of the new and the old world. The Australian species are both endemic, though they are nearly allied to corresponding Asiatic species. Perianth-segTOents hroad, scarcely ahove 1 line long. Fila- ments shortcr than the anthers \. S. rilyajphylla. reiianth-seg-ments narrow, U to 2 lines long. Filaments rather longcr than the anthcrs 2. S. australis. Smilax.^ cxxvir. lwaaceje. 7 1. S. glycyplxylla, Sjn. iii Wliitc, Voij. 280. — Glabrous and quite unarmetl. Leaves hinceolatc or ovate-Ianceolate, 11 to 3 in. long or rarely raore, acute or acuminate, narrowecl or rounded at the base or rarely ahnost cordate, 3-nerved, rigid, often very glaucous or white underncath, but sometimes equally green on both sides ; the petioles twisted, short but slender, bearing slender tendrils, but not at all or scarcely winged bclow them. Peduncles axillary and simple, or a few of the upper ones in a terminal panicle. Pedicels rarelj' 3 lines long. Perianth nearly globular in the bud, the outer segments broadly ovate, scarcely above 1 line long. Anthers almost sessile, very much shorter than the perianth. Female flowers not seen. Berry the size of that of S. aiistralis.—n. Br. Prod. 293 ; Endl. Iconogr. t. 39 ; F. Muell. Fragm. vii. 77. Queensland. Eoc-khampton, Bowinaii ; Rockingham l>ay, Bullachy, N. S. 'XVales. Port Jackson, R. Broivn and others; Now England, C. Stnnrf ; Hastiniis and iMaclcay Rivcrs, Bccldcr ; Clarcncc Eivcr, C. Moore. 2. S. australis, //. llr. Prod. 293. — A glabrous climber, ascending sometimes to a considerable height, the stems and branches usually more or less armed with scattered prickles, of which, however, some specimens show none at all, or here and there only a very minute one. Leaves from ovate-lanceolate or oblong to neai*Iy orbicular, 2 to 4 in. long, or rarely much larger ; usually o-nerved, but the outer nervc on each side often short or irregular, and sometimes scarcely distiuguishable from the reticulate veins, the petioles short and twisted, narrowly or scarcely winged below the tendrils. Umbels many-flowered, on axillary peduncles usually simple and l to ;} in. long, but sometimcs longer slightly branched and bearing 2 or 3 umbels. Pedicels filiform, 2 to 4 lines long. Periantli oblong when in bud, the segments narrow, l^ to nearly 2 in. long. Filaments in the male flowers rather longer than the anthers, which are oblong and at length recurved ; in the female flowers the fila- ments are usually present, but without anthers. Ovary entirely deficient in the males, sessile with 1 ovule in each cell in the females. Berry black, globular, about 4 lines diameter, with 1 globular secd or 2 flat- tened on their inner faces. Embryo often at least half as long as the albumen. — F. Muell. Fragm. vii. 78 ; S. lntifolia and .S. elliptica, R. Br. Prod. 293 ; S. npincncenfi, Miq. in Linntea, xviii. 88. N. Australia. Islands ut thc Gulf of ('arpcntaria, It. Broirn, Goiilbum Tslands, A. CHnninghani ; Port Darwin, Schultz, n. 737 ; Livcrpool Eivcr, Gullivcr. Queensland. ]'>risTjanc Rivcr, Morcton Bay, A. Cuiininghani, F. MueUcr, and othcrs ; linckiTmliaia liay, Dallnchy ; Capo '^'ork, M^GiUicruij. N. S. Wales. Poil "Jackson to thc Bhic Muuntaius, R. Broun and many others : northward to Xcw England, C. Stmrt ; Hastings, Clarencc, Maidcay, and Kichmond Rivcrs. Bcrlclcr, JFilco.r, Hcndcrson, andothcrs; southward to HlawaiTa, A. Citnning- hani ; ;iiid 'l'wofold Bay, F. Mucller ; Lord Howc's Island, C. Moore. Victoria. Snowy Kiver and othcr localitics in castcm Gipps' Land, F. Mueller and others. The species seems nearly allicd in many rcspects to thc East Lndian S. ovalifolia, 8 CX.VVTI. T>TLT.VCE.E [S))l/h(.V. Roxb. wliich, ho^vovrr, has tho loavps usually ninch lingcr, with hroad \ving'S to the petiolea and thf pedimcles more In-anched. parontly uot abundaut, A. Cuuiiii/f/Jifim, F. Mucllcr, and othcrs ; Kcppcl Bay to Northumherland Islands, R. Byotcii, all the long-lcavcd forms. N. S. Wales. Port Jackson to thc Bluc Mountains, R. Broivii, Miss Atkinson, and others ; New England, C. Stiiart, inchiding a slendcr varicty with thc lcavcs not '2 liucs hroad. Victoria. On the Yarra, F. Miieller. Tasmania. Some specimcns from Soiith Esk River, C. Stmrt, in Hcrb. F. Jlucllcr, appear to belong to this species, besides those referred by F. Muelkr to 1). clcrjaiis. S. Australia. Lofty Eange, Wirth ; Barossa Range, F. 3Iueller. Yar. asperii. Leaves usually shoi-t, spreading, rigid, and often, but not always, scabrous on the edgcs and midribs. D. etegans, F. Mucll. Fragm. vi. 122, but scarcely of Kunth, who describes thc anthcrs as brown, whilst they appear to bc always yellow in D. lccvis. D. rara, R. Br. Prod, 280, from .Shoal Bay, R. Browii, appears to mc, from the impcrfcct specimcn in liis hcrbarium, to bc a slender starved state of D. kcvis. 3. D. revoluta, E. Br. Prod. 280. — Leaves distichous and crowded at the base of the stem as in^D. tasmanica, the sheaths with prominent keels, two or three outer ones wdth scarcely any or very short lamin^, the inner ones Avith narrow rigid blades often 2 or 3 ft. long, with the margins closely revolute over the midrib, leaving a deep furrow on the upper side, the edges and midrib scabrous or smooth. Panicle when fuUy out looser and more spreading with larger flowers more deeply coloured than in D. ca-rulca. Perianth, especially in the southern speci- mens, often above 4 lines long, usually smaller in the northern ones. Anthers considerably longer than the filaments, of which the thickened apex is usually very short. Berries small, globular. — Baker in Journ. Linn. Soc. xiv. 578 ; F. Muell. Fragm. vi. 121 ; ' D. divaricata, R. Br. Prod. 280 ; Baker, 1. c. ; D. lomjifolia, Bot. Reg. t. 734, not of R. Br. Queensland. Tpper Buniett Rivcr, F. Mueller ; Rockhampton, 0'Shanesij, Boinii'111. N. S. Wales. Port Jackson to the Bluc Moimtains, R. Brown, Sicber, n. 198 ; Hastings Kiver, BecMer ; XuiTum-Xurrum, Lcichhardt. Victoria. Common in drj' districts, cspccially near the sea-coast, F. Mueller, Rohcrtsoii, and others. S. Australia. Round Spenccrsand St. George's Gulfs, F. MtteUer, Blandowski, and others. "W. Australia. King Georgc's Sound, R. Brown, F. Muellcr, and others; and thcnce eastward to the Grcat Bight, Maxu-cU ; and northward to Swan and Murchison Rivers, Drumrnond, Biciss, ii. 1537, Oldjield. 16 cxxvii. LILIACE.E. [J)ia)ie!la. 4. D. caerulea, Sinifi, Bot. Mwj. i. 505. — Leaves distichous and sheathing at the base, not so closely crowded on the stock as in the preceding species but more or less extendmg over the lower part of the stem, which is ofteu branched at the base ; the sheaths much flattened laterally, promineutly and acutely keeled, aud usually but not always scabrous on the edges ; the lamina long, erect, and narrow, rarely attain- ing ?r in. in breadth aud sometimes uuder 2 lines. Pauicle usually loose as in D. Iw.vis, but often smaller and the cymes sometimes dense and almost sessile along the main rhachis. Perianth-segments 8 to 4 lines long, with 5 or 3 nerves less crowded in the ceutre thau in D. Imns, aud the flowers usually blue. Filaments shorter than the anthers, with the thickened apex not longer than the tiliform base and sometimes very short. Berry small and globular. — R. Br. Prod. 279 ; Baker in Journ. Linn. Soc. xiv. 576 ; F. Muell. Fragm. vi. 123 ; Red. Lil. ii. t. 79 ; D. ravohita, Bot. Reg. t. 1120. N. Australia. Port Darwin, Schdtz, n. 163 and 354 ; the specimens appear to be rcftnihlc lather to a broad-leaved fomi of D. ccrruka than to B. cnsifolia. Queensland. Moist shady valleys and niarshy places, from Sloreton Bay, y/. Cumnii(j]i'im and others, to Rockingham Bay, Ballachy ; Palm Island, Iffiwwe ; Capc York, JiPGilHrrni/, Havtia Expcdition. N. S. Wales. Port Jackson to thc Blue Mountains, E. Broioi, Sieber, >i. 199, and many others ; northward to Ncw England, C. Stuari ; Hastings, Clarence, and Richmond rivers, Bcckkr and others ; Lord Howe's Island, C. Moore. This appcars to be fhc conmionest species from Port Jackson northwards, but I have seen no southem specimens. B. gramitnfolia, Kunth Enimi. v. 46, and B. elcgans, Kimth l.c. v. 49, dubiously referrcd by i3aker to B. cccrulea, may belong to that species, but are not detenninable from the wordy descriptions of single garden specimens, without any differential charactcrs, and omitting some of the most essential ones. B. contjesta, R. Br. Prod. 280, Bakcr in Joum. Linn. Soc. xiv. 576, from Prince of Wales Islands, Torres straits, appears to me to be a form of B. ccerulea, with dense sessUe cymes ; the inflorescencc, however, in the specimen preserved is scarcely fully developed and almost dcstroyed by insects. 5. D. ensifolia, llcd Lil. t. 1. — Very uear the broad-leaved forms of D. ccrrulea, with the stems simihirly leafy in the lower part and thc sheaths aoutely keeled, but the blades usually much broader, varyiug from l^ to 1 iu. in breadth and the sheaths shorter and looser. Pauicle of D. cccrnlca. Periauth-segmcuts fully 4 lines long. Filaments shorter than the authors, the thickened part very short and as broad as the anthers themselves. Fruit nearly globular, larger than in D. cccrulea, but not so large as in D. tasmanica . — Baker in Jouru. Linn. Soc. xiv. 576 ; Bot. Mag. t. 1404 ; D. nemorosu, Jacq. Hort. Schoenbr. t. 94. Queensland. This, the common spccies in tropical Asia and in the Mascarene and Pacific Islands, appears to be represented in Australia by spccimens from Rockingham Bay, Ballachy, precisely similar to somc from China and the Philiiipine Islands ; those from Arnhcm"s Land, rcferrcd to this species by Baker, appear to me to be nearer B. caTuIea, but the distinction between these two verv variablo species is as yet very uncei-tain. CXXVri. LILIACEiE. 17 7. ASPARAGUS, Linn. (Asparagopsis, KioUh.) Flowers hermaphrodite polygamous or unisexual. Perianth do- ciduous, of G distinct nearly equal spreading 1-nerved segments. Stamens G, attached to the base of the segments ; filaments tiliform or flattened ; anthers versatile, usually short, the cells opening in longitudinal slits. Ovary sessilc, short, 3-celled, with 2 or vcry few ovules in each cell ; style simple, with a short 3-lobed stigma. Fruit a globular indehiscent berry. Seed usually reduced to a single one, with a black shining testa ; albumen hard ; embryo transverse. — Stems herbaceous, from a creeping rhizome, or shrubby much-l)ianched and spreading or climbing to a considerable height, often armed with prickles under the branches. Cladodes (formerly called leaves, but now theoretically believed to be abortive brauches) usually clustered, subu- late, angular or laterally flattened, surrounded by small scarious scales representing the real leaves. Flowers small, solitary or 2 together in the axils of the scale-Iike real leaves, or by the reduction of flowering branches without cladodes forming short axillary racemes. A very large genus, widely spread over the warmer and temperate rcgions of tho Old World. The only Australian species extends also over tropical and subtropical Asia and Africa. 1. A. racemosus, Willd. ; Baker in Joiirn. Linn. Soc. xiv. 623. — A slender but rigid much-branched straggling shrub, ofteu climbing to a considerable height, armed with recurved prickles under the branches. Cladodes usually in clusters of 3 to 6, but sometimes solitary, very slender, slightly curved or rarely quite straight, flat or 3-angIed, but always very narrow or subulate, very acute, mostly f to nearly li- in. long. Flowers mostly hermaphrodite, in racemes of 1 to 2 in., the pedicels scattered singly or 2 together along the rhachis, aud usually about 2 lines long. Perianth-segments uearly lA- lines long. Stameus uearly as long as the perianth, the filaments slightly flattened ; anthers small. Style short, with a spreading 3-Iobed stigma. Berries small. — A.fascicuhitns, R. Br. Prod. 281 ; F. Muell.Fragm. vii. 73 ; Asparaijop.^is fioribunda, A. Brownci, and A. Decaisnei, Kunth, Enum. v. 98, 103, and numerous other synonyms quoted by Baker. N. Australia. Islands of the trulf of Carpentaria, B. Brown; niouth of Victoi-ia River, F. 2Iudler; G-oulhum Islands, A. Ctmniiigham ;^ King's 8ound and Collier P.ay, Chapman ; Glenelg District, Martin ; Livcrpool Rivcr, GuUiver ; Port Essing- ton, Armstrot/ff ; Port Darwin, Schidfz, n. 169. Queensland. Cape York, Bacmel ; Cape Sidmouth, C. Moore. ilr. Bakcrwas of opinion that Brown's specimen might be refcrrihlc to an allied Asiatic species, A. accrosiis, RoxT)., hut it appears to me to he prccisely similar to somc of Schultz's ; and although it has thc cladodes slightly firmer and more straight than usual in A. racemosus, yet not nearly so much so as in the truo A. acerosus. 8. EUSTREPHUS, R. Br. Perianth deciduous, of 6 distinct oblong segments, nearly equal in length, the 3 outer rather firmer, valvate in the bud, and shortly hood- 18 cxxvii. LILIACE.E. [Biist/rphus. shaped at the apex ; tbe 3 iuner flat, obtuse, witb tbin more or less fringed margins. Stamens G, bypogynous, not exceeding the perianth ; fila- ments flat, erect, and often cobering in a tube ; anthers obloug, erect, the cells opening in longitudinal slits. Ovary sessile, sbort, 3-celled, witb several ovules in each cell ; style filiform, witb a terminal un- divided ^stigma. Fruit nearly globular, 3-celled, witb little or no pulp, the pcricarp succulent, but at lengtb dry, and often opening loculicidally in 3 valves. Seeds irregularly sbaped, witb a black tbicklj' mem- branous testa, hard albumen, and small embryo. — A glabrous, much- branched leafy climber. Flowers small, few together, pedicellate in the upper axils. The genus is limited to a single species exclusively Australian. 1. E. latifolius. B. Br. Prod. 281. — Stems much brancbed, often climb- ing to a great height, weak and flexuose, but not twining. Leaves sessile or nearly so, varying from broadly ovate-Ianceolate to narrow-Iinear, usually tapering to a point, of a firm texture, witb numerous fine but prominent nerves, mostly 2 to 4 in. long, those under tbe branches often reduced to small scales. Pedicels 2 to 6 together in tbe upper cells, filiform but rigid, 4 to 9 lines long, articulate close under the flower and persistent. Periantb-segments usually about 3 lines long. Stamens varying mucb in tbe respective proportions of the filaments and antbers, but both togetber usually almost as long as the perianth. Fruit usually above ^ in. diameter, of an orange colour, witb about 8 to 12 seeds, but sometimes much smaller witb very few seeds. — Baker in Journ, Linn. Soc. xiv. 572 ; Bot. Mag. t. 1245 ; Endl. Iconogr. t. 4 ; £". Watsonianns, Miq. in Linnaea., xviii. 84 ; E. Bronnei,F. Muell. Fragm. vii. 73; Luzn- riar/a latifolia, Poir. Dict. Suppl. iii. 535. Queensland. Rockingham Bay, BaUachy. N. S. ^Vales. Port Jackson to the Bhie Mountains, R. Brown and many others ; northward to ]\Iacleay River, Bcckhr ; southward to IUawarra, Shcphvrd, Mahton ; Twofold Bay, F. Mueller. Victoria. Snowy Eiver, F. Mtteller. Var. anf/ustifolia. Leaves mostly linear or narrow-lanceolate, hut occasionally with a few hroad ones. — £. anf/iistifoiius, R. Br. L c. ; Luzuriaga anguntifolia, Poir. L c. 536. Queensland. TMuch more common in tropical and suhtropical latitudes than the broad-ltavcd form. Shoalwater Bay to Northumherland Islands, B. Brown ; from Moreton Bay, A. Cunnitigham and others, to Pockhampton, Port Denison, Rocking- ham Bay, &c., Botvman, Fitzalau, iJaUachy, and many others. N. S. ^Vales. Poi-t Jackson, U. S. Exploriny Expedition ; Ridmiond River, Fawcett, but the h^aves all narrow in few spocimens only. 9. GEITONOPLESIUM, A. Cunn. Perianth deciduous, of 6 distinct oblong segments, equal in lengtb, the 3 outer ratber firmer, valvate in tbe bud and shortly hood-shaped at the apex ; tbe 3 inner flat, obtuse, witb tbin entire margins, sligbtly imbricate. Stamens 6, hypogynous, not exceeding the perianth ; fila- Geitonoplesium.~\ cxxvrr. liliace.t:. 19 ments filiform, free or very slightly connected in a ring at the base ; anthers oblong-linear, erect, the cells opening in longitudinal slits. Ovary sessile, short, 3-celled, with scveral ovules in each cell ; style filiform, the stigmatic apex undivided. Fruit nearly globular, 3-celled, without pulp, the pericarp somewhat succulent, at lcngth dry and often opening locuHcidally in 3 valves. Heeds irregularly shaped, with a black, rather thickly membranous testa, hard albumen and small embryo. — A glabrous, much-branched leafy climber. Flowers small, in loose terminal cymes. The genus is limited to the singlc Australian specics which extends to the Soiith Pacific Islands. It closely resenibles Emtrephm both in habit and charactcr, dilFer- ing only in inflorescence and in the entire not-fringed inner perianth-segmcnts. 1. G. cyiuosum, A. Cunn. in Bot. Mwj. t. 3131. — Stems much branched, twining and climbing to a considerable height, with small broad scales under each branch. Leaves from linear to lanceolate- oblong or ahnost ovate, contracted into a short petiole, obtuse acute or tapering into a fine point, usually 2 to 3 in. long, rather rigid, with fine nerves, the midrib more prominent. Flowers droopiug, in loose terminal cj-mes, sometimes short simple and few-flowered, sometimes several in an oblong panicle of 3 to 4 in. Perianth purplish-green, 3 to 4 lines long, the pedicels usually shorter, articulate close under the flower, with a minute bract. Berry-Iike fruit of a dark blue, 4 to 6 lines diameter. Seeds few. — Baker in Journ. Linn. Soc. xiv. 572; F. Muell. Fragm, vii. 74 ; Luzuriaga cijmosa and L. montana, R. Br. Prod. 282 ; Medeola amjiistifolia, Red. Lil. t. 393 ; Geitonoplesium montaniun and G. asperum, A. Cunn. I. c. ; G. anr/ustifolium, C, Koch in Walp. Ann. vi. 143. Queensland. Froni Moreton Bay, A. CunniiKjham, Leichhardf, to Eockhampton, Rockingham Bay, and Percy Islands, Ballachy, A. Cunningham, and others. N. S. Wales. Port Jackson to the Blue;Mountains, R. Brotrn and others ; north- ward to New England, C. Stnart ; Kichmond, Clarence and Hastings Rivcrs, BeckUr, Hendcrson, C. Moorc, and others ; southward to Kiama, Harvctj ; Illawarra, A. Ctiiudngham, Shephcrd; and Twofold Bay, F. Mucller. Victoria. Lake King and other localities in eastcm Gipps' Land, F. Mucllcr and others. Teibe 6. Drac.ene.e. Perianth more or less gamophyllous, deciduous. Anthers versatile. Style undivided. Berry indehiscent, or at length dry and 3-vaIved. Stems woody, sometimes arborescent. Flowers paniculate. 10. DRAC^NA, Linn. Perianth deciduous, tubular, straight, with 6 equal narrow lobes, as long as or shorter than the tube. Stamens 6, inserted at the orifice of the tube, and not exceeding the lobes ; filaments filiform or flattened ; anthers oblong, versatile, the cells opeiiing in longitudinal slits. Ovary sessile, short, 3-ceIled, with 1 erect ovule in each cell ; style filiform, c 2 20 cxxvii. LiLiACE^. [^Dracana. with a capitate obscurely 3-lobed stigma. Fruit a succulent indehiscent berry, with 3 cells and seeds, or frequently 1 or 2 only by abortion. Seeds thick and large, with a thin smooth testa closely adhering to the hard albumen ; embryo usually small. — Shrubs or trees, the trunk and branches marked by the annular scars of fallen leaves. Lcaves at the ends of the branches long and narrow, sessile or contracted into a petiole, dilated and stem-clasping but scarcely sheathing at the base. Flowers in panicles or heads, articulate on the top of the pedicels. Bracts usually small, scarious, with a pair of smaller bracteoles when the flower is solitary within the bract, several when the flowers aro clustcred. A considcrablo gonus, inhabiting the wanner regions of the Old World and including the celehrated Dragon trees of TeneriflFe. The only species found in Australia is shrubhy and widely spread over the Indo-Australian region. 1. D. angustifolia, Roxb. ; Baker in Joitrn. Linii. Soc. xiv. 526. — Stems not much branched and slender but woody, attaining 6 to 12 ft. in height. Leaves rather crowded under the terminal panicle, 8 in. to nearly 1 ft. long, ^ to 1 in. broad, ending in a fine point, shortly con- tracted at the base but not distiuctly petiolate nor sheathing. Panicle ^ to 1 ft. long, with few branches, the pedicels 2 to 3 lines long, very slender, usually clustered 2 or 3 together along the branches. Bracts and bracteoles small. Perianth narrow, white or greenish, about f in. long, the lobes linear, rather longer than the tube. Stamens attached about the middle of the tube, the anthers much shorter than the filiform filaments. Fruit ^in. diameter or rather more, pulpy inside, with 1, 2 or 3 large seeds. — CordyUne lUimpliii, F. Muell. Fragm. v. 194, but not the plant figured under that name in Bot. Mag. t. 4279 ; 'DraccFna rejicxn, F. Muell. Fragm. vi. 120, but not the Mauritius plant towhich Lamarck gave that name. N. Australia. Port Essington, Arnistrowj ; Port Darwin, Schultz, n. 857 ; Castle- rcagh Rivt r, (JuUivcr. Queensland. Port Slacquarrie and all along the east coast northwards, A. Ciuminghani ; Barnard and Fitzroy Islands, APGillivray ; Cape York, Daemel. 11. CORDYLmE, Comm. Perianth deciduous, tubular, straight, with 6 narrow lobes, usually longer than the tube, all equal or the 3 outer ones rather shorter. Stamcns 0, inserted at the base of the lobes and shorter than them or scarcely longer ; filaments filiform or flattened ; anthers narrow-oblong, the cells opening in longitudinal slits. Ovary sessile, short, 3-ceIled, with several (4 to 10) ovules in each cell, superposed in 2 rows ; style filiform, with a capitate or shortly 3-lobed stignia. Fruit nearly globular, 8-ceIled, without pulp, but the pericarp more or less succulent, often becoming quite dry when fully ripe, indehiscent or more or less opening loculicidally in 3 valves. Seeds several in each cell, or solitary by abor- tion, variously shaped but usually curved, the testa crustaceous, black Cordyline.'^ cxxvii. liliace^. 21 and shining ; albumen waxy ; embryo curved and sometimes nearly as long as the albumcn. — Shrubs or trees, the branchcs marked by the aunular scars of the fallen lcavcs. Leaves crowded under the panicle or more or less spread aloug the branches, long and narrow or short and broad, petiolate or uearly sessile, with short imbricatc sheaths. Pauicles terminal or sometimes axiilary, the flowers usually smaller than in Drannia, solitary or chistered along the branches, sessilc or pedicellate, each within a small bract with 2 small bracteoles at their base. The geuus is widely spread over the warmcr regions of the Old World, with one Amcricau species. Of tlie three Australian species, one is coniinon over a great part of the Indo-Austrahan region, the two others are endomic. Perianth-segments of eqnal length. Leaves 1 to l^ ft. long, I to 3 in. broad, with a short petiole ". l. C. terminalis. Leaves 3 to 6 in. long, l^ to 2^ in. broad, with a rather long petiole ...'..."' 2. C. Hamjeana. Inner perianth-segments longer than the outer. Leaves 1 to 2 ft. long, i to 1 in. broad or even narrower . . . 3. C. stricta. 1 . C. terminalis, Kunth ; Bnker in Journ . Linn. Soc. xiv. 539. — Stems attaining 3 to 6 ft. Leaves crowded under the panicle, from 1 to li^ ft. long or the upper ones half that length, varying from 1 to 3 in. broad, acuminate at the end and tapering at the base iuto a sheathing petiole. Panicle often 1 ft. long, with spreading solitary or clustered brauches of 3 to 8 in. Flowers scattered along the branches either singly or in clusters of 2 or 3, varying from almost sessile to borne on pedicels attain- ing sometimes 4 or 5 lines. Perianth usually about 4 lines but some- timcs attaining 5 lines in leugth, white reddish or almost purple, divided to about the middle into 6 equal segments. Stamens attached near the base of the segment ; anthers not much shorter than the filaments and not exceeding the perianth. Ovules 4 to 10 in each cell of the ovary. Fruit nearly globular, 3 to 4 lines diameter in the dried specimens, more or less succulcnt before it is ripe, but usually becoming dry or nearly so when the seeds are fully ripe. — Draactia tenninalis, Jacq. Ic. Rar. t. 448 ; Red. Lil. t. 91 ; Bot. Reg. t. 1749 ; Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 1224 ; D. ferrea, Linn. ; Bot. Mag. t. 2053 ; Cordyline canua;foHa, R. Br. Prod. 280; F. Muell. Fragm. v. 196. ; C. sepiaria, Seem. FI. Vit. 311, t. 94. Queensland. Shoalwater Bay, R. Broivn ; Ipswich, Nernst , Pine River, Fitzalan ; Rockingham J3ay, Ballachy. N. S. Wales. Clarence Eiver, Bechler ; Richmond River, Henderson, Fawcett. The species is generally spread over tropical Asia and Polynesia. In the ordinary AustraUan form, which is also the common one elsewhere, the pedicels are rarely above 1 line long, and frequently the flowers are all but sessile, the leaves are usually from 6 to 10 times as long as broad. From this thc var. hvdychioides or C. hcdi/chioides, F. Muell. Fragm. v. 196, from Cape York, appears to me only to differ "in the leaves broader in proportion to their length. The frmt in our speci- mens may be a tritle larger, but if taken at the same degree of matmity does not appear to be drier than in the common form. Var. Manners-Suttouite or C. Manners-Suttonicc, F. Muell. Fragm. v. 19.5, from Mount EUiott, Fitzalan, and Rockhampton, Dallachy, Bowman, is reiuurkable for tlie 22 cxxvii. liliacea;. \^Cordyl{ne. rathcr largc white flowcrs on pediccls in thc typical spccimens 4 to 5 lines long, but, as shown ])y Bakcr, it is closcly conncctcd Avith thc conimon fonu Ly scvcral cxtra- A.ustralian varictics, amongst othcrs by that gathercd by Sieber in thc IMauritius. 2. C. Haageana, t'. Koch, Wochenschr. fiir Gcertn. 1867,195. — A emall leafy species, the stems often uot above 2 ft. high. Leaves mueh shorter thau in the other species, usually 8 to 6 in. loug aud l^ to 2|- in. broad, abruptly coutracted iuto a rather long petiole, aud covering uearly the whole of the flowering branch. Panicles sometimes not longer than the leaves, sometimes twice as long, with few branches. Flowers the same as iu C.tcrminaJis. Fruit also similar but smaller. — Baker in Journ. Linn. Soc. xiv. 541 ; C. Murchisonia-, F. Muell. Fragm. v. 195. Queensland. A. CiDuiiiigham ; Eockhampton, 0'/iS/^ff»?esy ; Rockingham Bay and Mount EUiott, BaUachy ; Port Denison, Fifzalan. 3. C. stricta, EmU. in Ann. Wien. Mus. i. 162. — Habit aud stature of C. trnninnlis, but the leaves very much uarrower, rarely 1 iu. and often uot above i iu. broad when 1 to 2 ft. long. Periauth aud inflores- ceuce of C. ternunalis, except that the three outer segments of the perianth are distiuctly shorter than the iuuer ones wheu the flower is fully out, aud sometimes uot above J of their length. The pedicels are also usually very short or the flowers quite sessile. — F. Muell. Fragm. v. 195 ; Baker in Journ. Linn. Soc. xiv. 544 ; DraccBua stricta, Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 2575 ; Bot. Reg. t. 956 ; Charlwoodia conrjesta, Sweet, FI. Austral. t. 18 ; Cordyline anyustifolia and C. conyesta, Kunth, Euum. v. 32 ; C. riyidlfolia, C. Koch aud Bouche iu Berl. Gartenzeit. quoted by Baker. Queensland. Moreton Bay, Fraser. N. S. Wales. Port Macquarric, rose?-; Hastings 'RiYev, BecMer ; Eichmond Eivcr, Jlendcrson and others ; Clarencc Eivcr, Wilcox. Series 2. Gapsulares. Fruit dry, capsular or rarely of 1 to 3 inde- hisceut 1-seeded uutlets. Tkibe 7. Hemerocallide^. Perianth gamophyllous, tubular or cam- panulate. Style undivided. Stock not bulbous. 12. BLANDFORDIA, Sm. Perianth persistent, tubular but much widened upwards and sometimes /(most campanulate, with 6 cqual short and broad lobes. Stamens 6, attachcd at or rather above thc middlc of the corolla-tube aud shorter or scarcely louger thau its lobes ; filameuts filiform ; authers obloug, versa- tile, tho cells opening in lougitudiual slits. Ovary coutracted into a loug stipes, 3-cclIcd, with numerous ovules in a double row in each cell, tapering iuto a short style, with a terminal 8-grooved stigma. Capsule ou a loug stipes, long and narrow, promiueutly 3-angled, opeumg septi- cidally in 3 valves. Seeds numerous, horizontal, obloug, the testa rather thick and densely covered with very prominent almost hair-like papillae ; albumen copious — Herbs with thickly fibrous roots and tall rigid scapes or stems. Leaves crowdcd at the base of the stem, with Blandfordia.'] cxxvii. liliace-e. 23 distichously imbricated sheaths, the lamina long and narrow with promi- neut uervcs ; a iew upper leaves distant, short anderect. Flowers large, peudulous, iu a short simple termiual raceme, each one in the axil of a narrow bract, with two smallcr very uarrow bracteoles at the base of the pedicel. Capsulo crect, more or less surrouuded by the withered periauth. Tho gcnus is limitcd to Australia. Flowers rather numorous and crowdcd, tho pedicels when in flower rarely excceding the bracts. Perianth (about U in.) narrow and gradually tapering to the base. Lobes about \ in. Staniens attached far abovo thc middle 1. ^. marginata. Perianth (about 2 in.) narrow in the lower part, very broad upwards. Lobes about ~ in. Stamens attached below the middle . . . ' 2. B. grandijlora. Flowers few, in a loose raceme, the pedicels much longer than the bracts. Perianth (1 to l^ in.) narrow in the lower part, abruptly dilated at about the middlc, not broader at the throat . 3. B. nobilis, Perianth (l^ in. or more) broad almost from the basc and much dilated upwards, almost campanulate .... 4. B.flammeu. 1. B. marginata, Herh. in Bot. Refj. 1842, Misc. 84, 1845, t. 18.— Stems rather stout, attaiuing 2 to 3 ft. Lower or radical leaves often above 1 ft. long and 3 or 4 lines broad, the upper ones few, short and erect. Racemes usually short and crowded, but sometimes lengtheuing to 6 or 8 inches. Flowers numerous, of a rich brown red, the pedicels at first very short, but lengtheuiug to 1 or eveu to 2 iuches. Bracts narrow, often longer than the flowering pedicel but shorter than the fruiting one. Perianth 1:^ to l^ iu. long, narrower and more gradually tapering to the base thau in the other species, the lobes broad, about 3 liues long. Filaments adnate to far above the middle of the corolla tube. Capsule 1 to 1\ in. long, taperiug into a stipes often 1 iu. loug. — F. Muell. Fragm. vii. 71 ; Aletris punicea, Labill. Pi. Nov. HoII. i. 85, t. 111 ; B. (jrandijiora, Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 49 ; Baker iu Jouru. Linn. Soc. xi. 365, not of R. Br. ; B. Backlwusii, Lindl. Bot. Reg. 1845 under t. 18 ; B. intermedia, Herb. in Bot. Reg. 1845, Misc. 64. Tasmania. Not imcommon in various parts of the island, ascending to 4000 ft. /. D. Huoker and niany others. 2. B. grandiflora, R. Br. Frod. 296. — A tall handsome species, with the many-flowered crowded racemes of B. mar^/inata, aud the bracts ofteu nearly as long though broader. Lower leaves long as in that species but narrower, the short upper sheathiug leaves endiug in erect almost subulate points. Periauth fully 2 in. loug, red at the base but the yellow apex usually extending to ^ of its length, the lower part uarrow to nearly ^ its leugth, then much expauded, the lobes broadly ovate and fuUy .\ iu. long. Stamens attached below the middle of tho perianth. — Paxt. Mag. vii. 219 with a plate ; B. Cunninjluunii, Lindl. Bot. Reg. 1845 under t. 18; Bot. Mag. t. 5734; Baker in Jouru. Linn. Soc. xi. 365. 24 cxxvir. LILIACE^. \_Bhndfordia. N. S. Wales. Elevatcd peaty bogs in the Blue Moimtains, A. Cwihingham, C. Moorr ; Hunter'8 Rivcr, R. Broivn. Var. elongutu. Stems tall, the lower leaves probably very long but wanting in oui- specimcns, uppcr sheaths ending in subulate points of 6 to 8 in. Pedunclcs much exceeding the bracts. Pcrianth 2 to 2^ in. long, with the long narrow base, broad apex, and deep lobes of the tn^ical form. Anthers rather long and almost oxcecding thc corolla. Blue Mountains, C. iloore. 3. B. nobilis, Sm. Exot. Bot. i. 5, t. 4. Stems attaining sometimes 2 or 3 ft. but not so slout as in the preceding species. Leaves long and narrow, in the wild specimens not much above 2 lines broad, bvit often broader wheu cultivated. Flowers often only 4 or 5 in the raceme, although occasionally twice as many, the pedicels 2 or 3 times as long as the bracts even at the time of flowering. Perianth 1 to l:^in. long, of a brownish-red, the upper part yellow, and at first with a green tip, narrow at the base, somewhat abruptly dilated at about the middle, but scarcely broader or sometimes slightly contracted at the throat, the lobes shorter than broad and usually very obtuse. Stamens adnate to about the middle of the perianth or sometimes free rather lower down. — R. Br. Prod. 296 ; Baker in Journ. Linn. Soc. xi. 865 ; F. Muell. Fragm. vii. 70 ; Bot. Reg. t. 286 ; Bot. Mag. t. 2003 ; Endl. Iconogr. t. 27. N. S. Wales. Port Jackson to the Blue Moimtains, JS. Brown, 8ieber, n. 195 and many othcrs. B. grandifora, Bot. Rcg. t. 924, but not of E. Br., appears to me to be a varicty of B. nobilis, with the flowers rathcr broader than usual, but neither tapering to the base as in B. marginata, nor with the very wide tkroat of B. grandiflora and B. flammea;.^ The scabrous or minutely serratcd margins of the leavcs by which somc of the species of Blandfordia have been distinguished are not constant in any one of them. 4. B. flammea, llooli. Bot. Mag. t. 4819. — A tall species, with the narrow loliage and usually few flowers and short bracts of B. nohilis, but the floweis much larger and dilYereutly shaped. Perianth usually above U in. long, much dilated almost from the base and very broad upwards, so as to be almost campanulate, the lobes short broad and obtuse, the colour usually a rich brown-red in the lower part, the broad upper portiou from yellow to orauge, but sometimes yellow or orange almost or quite from the base.— Baker in Journ. Linn. Soc. xi. 366 ; Lindl. in Paxt. Mag. Bot. xvi. 353, with a plate ; Fl. des Serres, t. 585 ; B. Cunninghmnii, FI. des Serres, t. 1829, but not of Lindl. N. S. Wales. Port Macquarric, BacJchonse ; Tweed River, G. J/oorc ; Hastings River, Becldcr ; Richmond River, Henderson, Mrs. Hodgkinson ; New England, G. Stuart. B. aurea, Hook. Bot. IMag. t. .5809, Baker in Jom-n. Linn. Soc. xi. 366, appears to me to be a variety of B.flammea, with the perianth yellow from the base. Of thc var. prmccps figurcd Bot.Mag. t. 6209, we havc no spccimen ; the perianth is repre- scnted as large as that of B. grandiflora, but .shaped as in B. flnmmea, of which it has aleo the loose raccme and short bracts. CXXYII. LTLIACEiE. 25 Tribe 8. Melanthace.e. Perianth-segments free or shortly nnited at thc base, rarely to the raiddlc. Style more or lcss dividcd into 3 sti,£fmatic branchcs or short distiuct styles. Stock not at all or scarcely bulbous. Anthers frequently turned outwards. 13. HEWARDIA, Hook. Perianth divided nearly to thc basc into 6 petal-like deciduous spreading segments, all nearly equal and similar, the very short persistent base adnate to the base of tho ovary. Stamens 3, attachcd to the base of the inncr segmeuts aud much shorter than them ; filaments short, dilatcd below the middle ; anthers erect, sagittate, the cells opening outwards iu longitudiual slits. Ovary sessiie, 3-celled, with numcrous ovules superposed in 2 rows in each cell ; style short, with 3 recurved stigmatic lobes. Capsule oblong, coriaceous, opening locuUcidally in 3 valves, leaving a persistent central placentiferous columella. Seeds unknown. — Perenuial with the equitant leaves distichous and crowded at the base of the stem as in Iriden. Stem simple, with a single rather large termiual flower. ITie genus is limited to the single Tasmanian species. It has all the characters of Iridem, except that the ovary is superior, adnate only by the very short base, and it ought perhaps to be referred to that order as an exceptional genus. 1. H. tasmanica, Hook. Ic. Pl. t. 858. — Stock densely tufted. Leaves chiefly radical, the sheaths distichous, imbricated and acutely keeled, the blade vertically flattened, rigid, erect, acute, mostly about 3 in. long and 2 Hnes wide, but iu some luxuriant specimens 8 or 9 in. long and 3 Hnes wide. Stem 6 in. to 1 ft. high, with 2 or 3 distant sheathing short leaves, more membrapous than the radical oues, and the 2 upper- most usually close together, 1 to l^ iu. loug, formiug a double shcath euclosing the pedicel. Flower solitary, terminal, ou a pedicel shorter thau the perianth but often leugthening after flowering. Perianth purple, the segments lanceolate, acuminate, 1 to 1+ in. long. Stamens less than half as loug. Style deciduous. Capsule only seen half-grown with a single old one about h in. long, open with the seeds all falleu away.— Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 47 ; F. Muell. Fragm. vii. 72. Tasmania. Heathy plains and mountain ranges near Macquarrio Harbour, MiJigaK, Gumi ; summit of Mount Lapcyrouse, Oldfield, C. Stuart ; alpine rcgions of Mount Field East, F. 3Iudler ; Arthur's Kange and Lake Pedder, Johnstone. 14. MILLIGANIA, Hook. f. Perianth persistent, divided nearly to the base into 6 membranous irregularly 3-nerved lobes, all equal and similar. Stamens 6, attached to the base of the lobes and shortcr than them ; filaments slightly flattened ; anthers ovate, erect or scarcely versatile, the cells opeuing laterally in longitudinal slits. Ovary sessile, 3-celled, with rather numerous ovules iu each cell superposod iu 2 roAVS ; style more or less deeply divided into 3 lobes atigmatic at the end. Capsuic mem- 26 cxxvii. LiLiACB^. \_MilUgania. brjinous with 3 laterally prominent lobes or angles, opening loculi- cidally at tlic apex in 3 valves. Seeds several, narrow, often somewhat curved, with a hooked terminal appendage ; testa black, crustaceous, shiuing ; albumeu lleshy ; embryo linear, central or nearly so. — Densely tufted rather tall or dwarf plants, the stem inflorcscence aud sometimes the leaves more or less clothed or sprinkled with loose almost woolly hairs. Leaves chiefly radical, long and very prominently nerved. Stems erect, shortly leafy at the base. Flowers numerous in a terminal panicle, shortly pedicellate along its branches, or rarely few in a short corymb each within a single bract, and usually hermaphrodite. The genus is limited to Tasmania. With something of the habit of Astelia, the characters are more nearly those of Anguillaria. Pcrianth enclosing the fruit. Stamens very short. Style very short, conical, deeply 3-lobed. Paniele dense. Flowers almost sessile \. M. densiflora. Panicle loose. Flowers distinctly pedicellate 1. M. longifolia. Pcrianth enclosing the fruit. Style and stamens of M. stijlosu. Dwarf plant, with a corymb of less than 6 flowers Z. M. JoJinstom. Perianth reflexed under the small fruit. Stamens more than half as long as the perianth. Style filiform, longer than the ovary, shortly 3-lobed at the apex. Panicle many flowcred 4. J/. stylosa. 1. mi. densiflora, Hook.f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 62. — Very near M. longifoUa, but the leaves are shorter, broader, more rigid, the panicle narrow and compact, 6 to 8 in. long. Flower crowded on the short branches and very nearly sessile, the perianth larger than in j\I. loiitjifolia, the lobes 5 or even 6 lines long. Stamens very short. Tasmania. Mount Sorrel, Macquarrie Harbom-, Milligan ; IMount LapejTOuse, Oldfield. 2. M. longifolia, Hook. f. in Hook. Kexv Journ. v. 296, t. 9, Fl. Tasin. ii. 61. — Radical leaves 1 to 2 ft. long, with long broad sheathing bases, thc blade often ^ in. broad, tapering at the end into a loug point. Stems 1 to 2 ft. high, with 2 or 3 leaves in the lower part shorter than the radical ones, the greater part occupied by an ample panicle, the rhachis more or less woolly hairy. Bracts rather large and leafy under the priucipal branches, membranous and usually longer than the pedicel under each flower. Flowers pedicellate along the branches, forming loose racemes. Perianth about 3 to 3^ lines long, the lobes oblong, obtuse, about 3 times as long as the undivided base. Style short and thick, often persistent but splitting iuto 3 2-Iobed styles terminating the 3 valvcs. Capsule about 2 lines long and not quite so broad. Seeds ascending or the lower ones pendulous, narrow-oblong, with a very prominent hookcd point, the hilum end also shortly incurved, Tasmania. Franklin Eiver, Giinn ; Macquarrie Ilarbour, MiUigan. 3. M. Johnstoni, F. Mnell. Herh. — A dwarf plant, the stems 1 to 3 in. long, covered with the broad leaf-sheaths, some of the older ones split into tiiaments. Blade of the leaves lanceolate, acute, not above Milligama.'] cxxvii. liliace^. 27 1 in. long. Flowers 3 to 6, in a little corymb about as long as the loaves, the pedicels short, each one in the axil of a leafy bract not longer than the perianth. Perianth about -4 lines long, dividod to about the middle into narrow-obloug lobos, the tube broad, veryshortly adnate at the base. Stamcns shortly exsorted from the tube ; anthcrs ovate- obloug. Style slendcr, about as long as the ovary, very shortly 3-Iobcd at tbe apex. Capsulo shorter tban the tube, the angles scarcely pro- minent but opening readily in 3 slits, although not quite ripc in the specimens seen. Tasmania. Alpine coimtry on the Huon Kivcr, R. Johnston. 4. M. stylosa, F. Muell. Herh. — Radical leaves 6 in. to above 1 ft. long and ^ to 1 iu. broad in the broadest part, but rapidly tapering to a long point. Stems stout, 1 to li ft. bigh, the loose wool of the inflorescence much shorter than in M. loniiifolin. Panicle rather dense, with uumerous flowers, and a few broad leafy bracts of 1 in. or more under the principal branches, the bracts uuder the pedicels rarely exceeding the porianths. Flowers racemose along the branches, on pedicels of 2 to 4 liues long. Perianth-segments narrow, about 2 lines long, reflexed under the fruit. Stamens rather shorter than the perianth, with small ovate anthers. Ovary depressed-globular, the ovules rather numerous ; style subulate, at least as long as the ovary, shortly but distinctly 3-lobed at the apex. Capsule not 2 Hnes diameter, with 3 obtuse pro- miuent angles, the pericarp rather thick but opening readily at the angles although not quite ripe in our specimens. Seeds few, black, angular, but variously shaped. — Astelia stylosa, F. Muell. in Hook. f. FI. Tasm. ii. 61. Tasmania. Sunimit of Mount Lapeyrouse, where it fomis dense masscs, Oldfield, C. Stuart. The hermaphrodite flowers and capsular fruit place tiiis plant un- doubtcdly in MiUi'jaHia and not in Astelia, 15. WURMBEA, Thunb. Perianth persistent, divided to the middle or more deeply into 6, rarely 8, spreadmg lobes or segments all equal and similar. Stamens 6, rarely 8, attached to the base of the lobes or segments and shorter thau them ; filaments filiform, usually dilated at the base ; anthers ovate, erect or almost versatile, the cells opening laterally or almost outwards in longi- tudinal slits. Ovaiy sessile, 3-ceIIed, with several ovules in each coll ; styles 3, filiform, recurved, stigmatic along the inuer edge from the base or towards the end. Capsule prominently 3-angIed, truncate at tho top, opening loculicidally in 3 valves. Seeds globular, the testa thin brown and appressod, albumen fleshy, rather hard. Embryo small, near the hilum. — Small herbs, the base of the stem and persistent brown leaf- sheaths thickened into a narrow tunicated bulb. Leaves few, ovate lancoolate or linear. Flowers either solitary and terminal or in a terminal spike, sessile along the rhachis, hermaphrodite or sometimes polygamous. Bracts noue. 28 cxxYii. LiLiACE^. IWurmbea. Besides the four Australian species which arc ondemic in thc south-westcm districts, there arc several from South Africa. Leaves ovate or lanceolate. Spikes dense. Perianth 6-lobed. Perianth-segments united to the middle, 7 to 9 lines long 1. W. tubulosa. Pcinanth-segmcnts unitcd to ;^, 3 to 4 lines long . . . 2. W. Brimmondii. Leaves hnear or linear-lanceolato. Spikes few-flowored. Perianth-scgments 6, united to -^- 3. W. pygmma. Leaves almost filiform. Flowers solitary. Perianth- segments 8, very shortly united 4. 7F. tenella. 1. W. tubulosa, Benth. — Bulb and lower leaves unknown ; upper lcaf broadly lanceolate, contracted at the base and tapering into a long point. Spike dense, of above 10 flowers. Perianth 7 to 9 lines long, the segments united to near the middle into a narrow tube ; lobes acute, without transverse glands. Stamens attached to the base of the lobes, much shorter than them, with small anthers. Ovary in the flower examined narrow, probably imperfect, with 3 long filiform styles. "W. Australia. Champion Bay, Herh. F. 3IiieUer, where there are only two spikes, but the peculiar flowers do not admit of referring them to any other species ; the perianth-tubc is iudeed longor than in any African one oxcept W. longiflora. 2. W. Drummondii, Denth. — A dwarf plant, none of our specimens exceeding 4 in. Bulb tunicated, shining. Leaves 2 or 3, ovate or lanceolate, acute but not acuminate, 1 to 1:|^ in. long in our specimens and 3 to 6 lines broad at the base. Flowers in a rather dense spike, polygamous and usually small, but the perianth varying from under 3 to above 4 lines in length, the segments united to about \ of their length. Stamens attached to the base of the lobes and shorter than them ; anthers small, shortly ovate. Styles scarcely longer than the ovary. W. Australia. Swan River, Brnmmond, \st coll. 3. W. pygmjea, Benth. — Nearly allied to W. Brumnwndii and stature as small, but the leaves much narrower, linear or linear-lanceo- late, contracted at tbe base, flowers smaller, fewer in the spike, often only 1 or 2, perianth-segmeuts 6 (or very rarely a 7th) scarcely united to above ,5 of their length, of a rather thick consistence, and glandular- dotted outside. — Ancjuilhirin pyfjmaa, Endl. in PI. Preiss. ii. 45. W. Australia. Swan River, Drimmond, Ist coll., Preiss, n. 1599. 4. W. tenella, Benth. — A small slender plant, resembling at first sight the slender 1-flowered specimens of AnguiUaria dioica, the stem almost filiform, with usually 1 long filiform leaf and 1 or 2 shorter ones scarcely dilated at the base. Flowers solitary and terminal in all the specimens seen. Perianth-segments almost always 8, very spreading, uarrow, about 3 lines long, with an orbicular gland about the middle, all shortly united at the base. Stamens shorter than the perianth, the filamcnts much dilated and united in a ring at the base ; authers small. TFnr^nhea.'] cxxvii. liliace.i;. 29 Styles scarcely longer than the ovai^. — AiuiniUarui tenella, Endl. in Pl. Preiss. ii. 45. ■^V. Australia. Swan Rivor, Dnnnmond, \st colL, Prem, n. 1-598 ; Grecaough Flats, C. Urai/. 16. ANGUILLABIA, Br. Perianth persistent, of 6 distinct spreading segments, all equal and similar. Stamens G, attached to the basc of the segments or almost hypogynous, shorter than the pcrianth ; filaments fiHform, dilated to- wards the base ; authers ovate-oblong, versatile, the cells opcning later- ally in longitudinal slits. Ovary sessile, 3-ceIIed, with rather numerous ovules in each cell ; styles 3, distinct or united at the base, shortly filiform, recurved, stigmatic along the inner edge at least towards the end. Capsule promincntly 3-angIed, opening loculicidally in 3 valves. Seeds small, globular, the testa thin brown and appressed ; albumen fleshy, rather hard. Embryo small, near the hilum. — Small herbs, the base of the stem and persistent brown leaf-sheaths thickened into a narrow tunicated bulb. Leaves few, linear, the uppermost reduced to a broad loose sheath and short lamina or point. Flowers often more or less dioecious, either solitary and terminal or sessile along the rhachis of a simple spike. Bracts none. The genus is limited to the two species endemic in Australia. It only differs from Wurmbea in the perianth-segments distinct from the base. Perianth-segments without any transverse gland. Styles shortly united at the base \. A. densijiora. Perianth-seg-ments with a transverse single or double gland below the middle. Styles distinct from the base . . . 1. A. dioica. 1. A. densiflora, Benth. — Bulb copiously tunicated. Stems about G in. high and leaves as in A. dioica, but the upper one less dilated at the base. Flowers 3 to 6, in a close terminal flexuose spike, hermaphro- dite in the specimens seen. Perianth-segments 4 to 5 lines long, less spreading from the base than in A. dioica, scarcely imbricate, with- out any transverse gland. Stamens nearly as long as the perianth, the filaments slightly dilated at the base, anthers narrow-oblong. Styles filiform, considerably longer than the ovary, very shortly united at the base. W. Australia. Murchison River, Oldjield ; Greenough Fhits, C. Gray. 2. A. dioica, R. Br. Prod. 273. — Bulb tunicated. Stem varying from 2 or B in. to nearly 1 ft. high. Leaves few, the lowest reduced to brown elongated shcaths, perfect ones usually 3 or 4, linear, varying from 1 to 3 or even 4 in. long, the lowest sometimes narrow from the base, the others more or less dilated at the base into a broad loose sheath, the uppermost often reduced to the broad base with a short point or only acutc, and therefore sometimes called a spatha. Flowers either solitary and terminal or 1, 2 or more sessile along the simple rhachis which is often flexuose, polygamous, the strictly female ones 30 cxxTii. LiLiACEiE. \^AnguiUaria~ without staminodia generally on a separate plant, the males and herma- phrodites usually in one spike. Perianth-segments oblong or linear, 3 to 6 lines long, bearing below the middle on the upper surface a transverse gland sometimcs broken up into 2. Styles shortly filiform, distinct from the base. Capsule ovate or obloug, truncate at the top, 4 to 6 lines long.— Endl. in PI. Preiss. ii. 44 ; Hook. f. FI. Tasm. ii. 46 ; Endl. Iconogr. t, 3 ; A. hi/ilavdidosa and A. nnijiora, R. Br. Prod. 273 ; A. monantha, Endl. in Pl. Preiss. ii. 45 ; A. australis, F. Muell. Fragm. vii. 74 ; Pleea Siehcri, Reichb. in Sieb. Pl. Exs. ; Melanthimn Broumii, Schlecht. Linnfca, i. 86. Queensland. Morcton Bay, Leichhardt ; "Warwick, BecJcler ; Darling Downs, Woolls ; Arraidalc, Perrott ; Rockhampton, 0'Shancs>/. N. S. Wales. Port Jackson to the Bhie Mountains, B. Brown, Sieher, n. 156, and many othors ; northward to New England, C. Stuart ; Clarence River, Wileox ; Kichmond Kiver, Henderson. Victoria. Wendu Vale, Robertson; ahout Melhourne, Adamson, F. Mueller, and others. Tasmania. Port Dalrpnple, iJ. Broivn ; ahundant thi-oughout the island, /. B. Ilookcr. S. Australia. St. Vincenfs Gulf,i?'. Mueller ; Mount Gamhier, Mrs. Wehl ; Yorkc Peninsula, Foivler ; in thc interior from Lake Eyre to the River Finke, Giles. ■W. Australia. From King George's Soimd to Swan River, Drummond, \st coll., >?. 784, 785, 786, Preiss, n. 1598, 1600, 1602, 1603, and many othcrs ; Murchison River, Oldjield. An cxcccdingly variahle specics, of which I have found it impossihle to distrihute the nTunerous specimens heforc me, from very varied localities, into distinct races, either hy general sizo or hy that of the perianth, hy the more or less spathifonn upper leaves, hy the number of flowers, 1, 2 or more in the spike, hy the colour of the seginents described as yellow, with or without a purple margin, or almost wholly purple, or by the union or distinctness of the glands on their surface. 17. IPHIGENIA, Kunth. Perianth deciduous, of 6 distinct spreading segments, all equal and similar. Stamens 6, hypogynous, very much shorter than the perianth ; anthers ovate-oblong, versatile, the cells opening laterally in longitudinal slits. Ovary sessUe, 3-celled, with rather numerous ovules in each cell ; styles 3, very shortly united at the base, recurved, stigmatic along the inner edge. Capsule less angular than in AnijulUaria, opening loculicid- ally in 3 valves. Seeds small, globular, the testa thin brown and appressed ; albumen fleshy. Embryo small, near the hilum. — Herbs forming a small tunicated bulb, the stem simple, mth few narrow leaves. Flowers few, on long pedicels, or sessile in a species not Australian. Besides the Aiistralian species, which is widely distributed over East India, there are ono or two others from East India, and one in New Zcaland. The genus is closely allied to Anguillaria, and was included in it by R. Brown, differing from it chiefly in thc separatoly dcciduous perianth-segments and stamcns. Kunth placcs it in a diff"crent Order, as having the anthers introrse, not extrorsc. I have failcd to detcct this diff"erencc : in both cases the cells appcar to me in the bud to bc strictly lateral, placed back to back, the filament attached in the emarginatc base of the Iplugenia.'] cxxvii. liliacejE. 31 anthor, and whon tho ilower is oxpandod tho anther bocomes versatilo, with tho attiuhmout, if not basal, rathor dorsal than towards tho innor faco. 1. I. indica, Kunth, Enniii. iv. 213. — Stems simple, about 1 ft, high in the Austvalian specimens, slender, with a few rather long linear or linear-Ianccolate leaves, sheathing at the base. Flowers few, at the enil of the stem, on rather long slender pedicels, subtended, at least the lower ones, by leafy bracts. Perianth purple or rcd, the segments narrow-linear, about 3 lincs long in the Australian specimens, longer in some Indian ones. Capsule ovoid or oblong, 4 to 5 lines long. — F. Muell. Fragm. vii. 74 ; AnijuiUana indica, R. Br. Prod. 273 ; Wall. Pl. As. Rar. iii. t. 259. N. Australia. Amhem N. hay and islands of the coast, i?. Brown ; Sca Range, F. MiaUcr. Queensland. Eockhampton and adjoining districts, Boivman, O^Slmiesy ; Eockingham Bay, DaUavhy. 18. SCHELHAMMEEA, Br. Perianth of G distinct deciduous segments, all nearlyequal and similar, induplicate or convolute round the corresponding stamens in the bud, spreading and flat when in flower. Stamens 6, attached to the base of the segments and shorter than them ; filaments thick or flattened, tapering under the anther ; anthers oblong, erect, the cells opening laterally in longitudinal slits, turned outwards when fully out. Ovary sessile, prominently 3-angIed, 3-ceIIed, with several ovules super- posed in 2 rows in each cell ; style more or less deeply divided into 3 recurved lobes stigmatic along the inner edge. Capsule nearly globular, with an almost fleshy pericarp, opening loculicidally in 3 valves. Seeds irregularly ovoid-globular, the funicle expanded into a broad irregular strophiole ; testa very thin, light brown, closely appressed ; albumen rather hard. Embryo very small, near the hilum. — Perennials, with fibrous roots and simple or branched stems. Leaves sessile, ovate or lanceolate. Flowers terminal, pedicellate, solitary or several together in an umbel sessile within the last leaves. The genus is limited to Australia. Leaves with minutely undulate margins. Flowors solitar)' or raroly 2 together 1. S. ini(Ii(laia. Loaves quito ontux'. Flowers usually ahove 10 inthe umbel . 2. S. mnUifora. 1. S. undulata, E. Br. Prod. 274. — Fibrous roots often swoUen into small tubers. Stems slender, difiuse and branching at the base, ascending or erect, rarely much above 6 in. high. Leaves ovate-Ianceo- late, varpng however in breadth, 1 to nearly 2 in. long, membranous, with slightly prominent nerves, the margins minutely undulate. Flowers pale lilac, solitary or rarely 2 together at the ends of the branches, on pedicels of ^ to 1 in. without bracts. Perianth-segments usually about 4 lines long, oblong, almost acute, either wholly flat when fully out or 32 cxxvii. LiLiACEiE. [SchcUianimera. remaining concave at the base. Ovules 4 to 6 in each cell. — F. Muell. Fragm. vii. 71 ; Bot. Mag. t. 2712. N. S. \irales. Port Jackson to tJio Blue Moimtains, E. Broivn and many others ; Ncwcastle, Lekhhardt ; Illawarra, A. Cunningham ; Cape Howe Eanges, Walter. 2. S. multiflora, R. Br. rrocL214. — Stems from a knotted rhizome, rather more rigid than in S. unJulata, simple or branched, mostly 6 in. to nearly 1 ft. high. Leaves of the size of those of .S'. undulata but rather firmer, not so broad at the base and almost shining with the margins quite entire, several of the upper ones close together forming an involucre round the umbel. Flowers pure white, several (usually above 10) together in a terminal umbel sessile within the last leaves, with sometimes a few minute bracts at the base of the pedicels besides the involucral leaves. Pedicels filiform, f to 1 in. long. Perianth-segments about 4 lines long as in S. unchilata, but rather more rigid. Ovules usually 4 in. each cell ; seeds only 1 or 2. — F. Muell. Fragm. vii. 72. Queensland. Endeavom- Eiver, Banhs aiid Solander ; Rockingham Bay, Ballachij ; Cape York Peninsula, E.aniCs Expedition, n. 367 ; Cape York, Laemel. 19. KREYSIGIA, Reicbb. (Tripladenia, Bon.) Perianth of 6 distinct deciduous segments, all nearly equal and similar, induplicate or convolute round the corresponding stamens in the bud, spreading and flat when in flower as in SchcJhammera, but bordered on each side near the base by a glandular appendage. Stamens 6, attached to the base of the segments and shorter than them ; filaments tapering under the anther ; anthers oblong, erect, the cells opening laterally in longitudinal slits, turned outwards when fully out. Ovary sessile, 3- angled, 3-celIed, with 3 or 4 ovules in each cell ; style deeply divided into 3 recurved lobes stigmatic along their inner edge. Capsule nearly globular, opening loculicidally in 3 valves. Seeds, according to Don, strophiolate, the embryo not completely enclosed in the albumen, but only covered by the strophiole. Perennial with a knotty rhizome and the simple stems and ovate or lanceolate leaves of Schelhammera, but the flowers axillary on a slender peduncle. The genus is limited to the single species endeniic in Australia ; the structure of the seed requires further examination. It has only bcen described by Don, and those of our specimens are all fallen away from the capsules. 1. E. multiflora, Reichb. Iconofjr. E.rot. iii. 11, ^ 229. — Stems from a knotty rhizome, ascending or erect, simple, flexuose, f to 1| ft. high. Leaves ovate or ovate-Ianceolate, clasping the stem by their cordate baso, acute, 2 to 3 in. long, with numerous prominent nerves connected by transverse veinlets. Peduncles axillary, bearing.at their apex 1, 2 or rarely 3 flowers on filiform pedicels, with 3 or 4 linear bracts at the base of the pedicels and shorter than them, the whole inflorescence usually shorter than the leaves. Perianth-segments ovate or oblong, Kreyitigia.'^ cxxvii. liliace-i:. 33 about 4 lines long, but varying in size, the lateral appendages at their base either dilated or 2- or 3- or even 4-lobed at their glandular apex. Capsulc 3 or 4 lines diameter. — Bot. Mag. t. 3905 ; F. Mucll. Fragm. vii. 71 ; Schelhawmern multijiora, Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 1511, not of Br. ; Tripladenia Cunniiujhamii, Don in Proc. Linn. Soc. 1839. 46, Ann. Nat. Hist. ser. 1. iv. 282. Queensland. Pinc Rivcr and Morcton Bay, F. Mueller. N. S. ^Vales. Hastings Eiver, Fraser, A. Cunninfjhnm, Bcckhr ; Eichmond Kiver, C. Moore, Henderson, and others ; Macleay Eiver, Guilfoyle ; Tweed Eiver, Fitzgerald ; Clarence Eiver, Wilcox. 20. BURCHARDIA, R. Br. Perianth of 6 distinct deciduous segments, all nearly equal and similar, induplicate or convolute round the corresponding stamens in the bud, spreading and flat when in flower. Stamens 6, attached to the base of the perianth-segments and shorter than"them ; filaments flattened towards the base ; anthers linear-oblong, attached near the base, the cells open- ing outwards iu longitudinal slits. Ovary sessile but tapering at the base, promiuently 3-angIed, 3-ceIIed, with numerous ovules superposed in 2 rows in each cell ; • style short, with 3 recurved stigmatic lobes. Capsule oblong or ovoid, deeply 3-furrowed and obtusely 3-angIed. opening septicidally in 3 valves, with marginal placentae. Seeds angular. with a brown thin adnate testa. Embryo small, in a fleshy albumen, not far from the hilum. — Herb with a fibrous root, and simple or slightly branched stem, with few narrow leaves not distichous. Flowers in a terminal umbel, a few outer bracts forming a small involucre. The genus is limited to the single Australian species. 1. B. timbellata, Pi. Br. Prod. 273. — Stem enclosed at the base in a few brown sheaths of old leaves but not bulbous, 1 to 2 ft. high, usually simple but occasionally with 1 or 2 erect branches. Leaves 1 to 3 at the base of the stem, narrow-Iinear, concave, 3 to 6 in. long, with a sheathing base, the upper leaves few, much shorter or reduced to sheathing bracts. Flowers several often numerous in the umbel, irregularly sometimes partially centrifugally developed, varyiug however in number as well as size, each one in the axil of a small bract, 2 or 3 of the outer bracts often larger forming an involucre but always much shorter than the pedicels, which vary in length from a few lines to 2 in. Perianth-segments white, oblong or elliptical, usually about 4 lines, but varying from 3 to 6 lines long. Capsule when fuU grown attaining about i in. — Hook. f. FI. Tasm. ii. 46 ; Endl. in. PI. Preiss. ii. 44 ; B. inultijiora and B. conrjesta, Lindl. Swan Riv. App. 58 : Endl. i.c. N. S. Wales. Port Jackson, Ji. Brown, Sieber, w. 153, 154, and others ; noi-thward to Hastings liWcT, Beck/er ; Eichmond Eiver, HendersuH ; southward to lUawarra, A. Cnnningham. Victoria. AVendu Valc, Robertsm ; Poii Phillip, Gxini : about Mclljoume. Adamson, F. Mueller. D 34 cxxvii. LiLiACE-s;. [^Burchardia, Tasmania. Northem parts of the island, Gv.nn and others. S. Australia. Very abundant from St. Yincenfs Gulf to thc Slurray, Behr, F. Mueller, and others ; Port Lincoln, Wilhelmi. W. Australia. From King CTCorg;c's Sound to Swan and Murchison Eivers, Dnonmond, Ut coll. and n. 783 ; Freiss, n. 1604, 1607, 1608, and others. Tho variations in the size of the flowers are nearly equally observable in all the colonies ; somc of thc Swan Eiver specimens are in every respect the most luxuriant, but others again are as starved and small-flowered as any eastem ones. Tribe 9. Antherice^. Perianth segments free or very shortly united at thc base. Style undivided, with a small terminal entire or slightly 3-dymous stigma. Stock not bulbous. Flowers racemose, pani- culate or umbellate, rarely solitary. Bracts thinly scarious usually hyaline or none, not glume-like. 21. BULBINE, Linn. Perianth deciduous, of 6 equal segments, free or shghtly connected at the base. Stamens 6, attached to the base of the perianth, and shorter than its segments ; filaments filiform or shortly dilated at the base, bearded above the middle by a dense tuft of filiform or clavate hairs ; anthers oblong-Iinear, usually recurved or twisted after shedding the pollen, the cells opening inwards in longitudinal slits. Ovary sessile, 3-ceIIed, with several ovules in each cell superposed in 2 rows ; style filiform, with a terminal stigma. Capsule nearly globular, 3-valved. Seeds few, angular, black, the testa opaque, smooth or tubercular- granulate. — Perennials, mth fibrous roots proceeding sometimes from a thick tuber under the stock. Leaves radical or crowded at the base of the stem, with short sheaths. Scape simple, leafless, ending in a simple raceme of yellow flowers, the pedicels solitary witbin a scarious bract, and articulate immediately under the flower. Besides the two species endemic iu Australia, there are a considerable numbcr nativcs of South Africa. Perianth usually about \ in. long or more. All the filaments bearded. Koot often tuberous \. B. bulbosa, Perianth about \ in. Only the 3 inner filanicnts bearded. No tuber to the root 2. B. seniibarbata. 1. B. bulbosa, Han\ Rev. Pl. Siicc. 33. — Root in old plants forming a bulb-shapcd tuber immediately under the stock, but not really bulbous. Leaves all radical, linear-subulate, rather thick, grooved in front, from under 6 in. to above 1 ft. long, with very short sheathing bases. Scapes 1 to 2 ft. high, the raceme when fuUy out often above 6 in. long. Scarious bracts varying from very short to half as long as the pedicels. Pedicols erect, rarely longer than the flower when first out, but lengthening more or less after flowering. Perianth-segments oblong, usually 5 to 6 lines long, but sometimes at least 8 lines, yellow, with a narrow dark obscurely 3-nerved ccntre. Filaments all equal or the inner ones longer, the tuft of hairs sometimes very short immediately under the anther or Bulhme.'^ cxxvii. liliace^. 35 rather below it, sometimes occupying the upper half of tbe filament witb tbe antber almost buricd in it ; but I bave always seen tbe antbcr itself quite glabrous, usually sborter tban tbe filament. Capsule crect, about 3 Hnes diameter, ripening 1 or 2 seeds in each cell. — Baker in Journ. Linn. Soc. xv. 3i5 ; Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 51 ; F. Muell. Fragm. vii. 70; Anthericnm bnlho.vnn, R. Br. Prod. 275; Bot. Mag. t. 3017; A. seinibarbatum, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3129, not of R. Br. ; Bulbine australis, Spreng. Syst. ii. 86 ; B. suaris, Lindl. in Bot. Reg. 1838, Misc. 45 ; B. Fraseri and B. Hookeri, Kuntb, Enum. iv. 565, 566. Queensland. Moreton Bay, F. Muellcr ; Condamine Rivcr, Leichhardt ; Darling Downs:, ]\'ooUs ; Curri^villighie, Z^«//o?^ .• Bumet River, ^a/)/. N. S. Wales. Port Jackson to the Blue Mountains, R. Broivn, Woollt, and others; northward to Ncw England, C. Stiiart ; Clarence Eivcr, Beckler ; in the interior from thc Dailing to the wcstem fronticr, Dallachij, Mitchell, and othcrs. Victoria. From thc Glcnclg and lower Yarra, Robcrtson, Adamsoii, F. Mucllcr, iind othcrs, to "Wimnacra, Dallachi/. Tasmania. Abundant in rocky places throughout the island, /. D. Hooker. S. Australia. St. Vincenfs Gulf, F. Mueller ; Yorke Peninsula, Miss Salmon. Some si^ecimens from the islands of Bass^s Straits, Wilhclini, and Mount BuUer, F. Miicllcr, show a vcry large variety, with long, thick succulent lcaves. Somc of the northem ones are small and slender, with narrow leaves, and thc beard of the filaments smaller than usual ; the hairs of the bcards arc, however, very variable in length, number, and density, and in the greater or less admixtui-e of clavate hairs. The figure in Bot. Mag. t. 3017, representing the anthers as well as thc filaments hairy in theii" whole length, must have been a mistake, as they are not so in the typical specimen preserved. The description was probably dra^vn up in that rcspect from the plate. Some specimens scnt by Gunn, as gathered in a shrubbery ncar Georgetown, with a note that thcy possibly have been introduced, appcar to bc the B. lonffiscapa, "Willd., a South Afi-ican species long cultivated in European gardcns. 2. B. semibarbata, Hau-. Eer. Pl. Succ. 33. — Roots fibrous, witb- out any tubers under tbe stock. Leaves usually narrow-Iinear, but varying in lengtb almost as much as in B. bulbosa. Scapes from a few in. to about 1 ft. bigb, tbe racemes looser and tbe flowers fewer and smaller tban in B. bulbosa. Periantb rarely above 3 lincs long, and tbe pedicels usually longer. Stamens 3 opposite tbe outer segments almost bypogynous, tbe filaments sbort witbout beards, 3 attacbed to tbe base of the inner segments with mucb longcr filaments bearded above tbe middle or immediately under tbe anthcr, as in B. bulbosa. Capsule rarely above 2 lincs diameter, ripening 3 or 4 black angular seeds, ofteu coarsely reticulate or tuberculate on tbe angles. — Baker in Journ. Linn. Soc. XV. 349 ; Hook. f. FI. Tasm. ii. 52 ; F. Muell. Fragm. vii. 70 ; Anthericum seniibarbatum, R. Br. Prod. 275 ; Bulbine Jlnribunda, Scbrad. in various Botanical Gardens ; Trirjlochin racemosuin, Endl. in PI. Preiss. ii. 54. Queensland. Moreton Bay, C. Stuart ; Ballandool River, Lockir. N. S. Wales. In the interior at Nangas, M^Arthur ; Darling Rivcr, Mrs. Forde ; Uppcr Bogan and Lachlan Rivers, L. Morton ; Stokes Range to Cooper'8 Creek, Whcclcr. Victoria. Gonerallv distributcd ovcr the colonv, F. Mucllcr and othcrs. D 2 36 CXXTIT. LILTAOEJE. [Bulhine. Tasmania. Port DalrjTnple, 7?. Jiron-n ; common in moist and marshy places in varioiis parts of th(! island, /. I). Ilooker. S. Australia. Mcmory Covc, R. Brown ; round St. Vinccnfs Gulf, F. Muellcr and othcrs ; Yorke Peninsula, Fowler ; Kangaroo Island, R. Hrnirt/, F. Mueller. W. Australia. Kinf>; George's Soimd and adjoining districts, R. Brown, F. Mueller, and many others ; Blackwood River, OldJivUl ; Lake Muir, .!/«/>• ; Rottenest Island, Freiss, n. 2407. 22. AGROSTOCRINUM, F. Muell. Perianth with a campanulate persistent base, articulate above the ovary, with 6 oblong spreading 5-nerved segments, spirally twisted after flowering, and at length deciduous. Stamens 6, hypogynous, slightly declinate, shorter than the perianth ; filaments short, glabrous, scarcely flattened ; anthers linear, longer than the filaments, opening in terminal pores. Ovary sessile, 3-celIed, with 2 collateral erect ovules in each cell ; style filiform, with a small terminal stigma. Capsule nearly globular, surrounded by the truncate persistent base of the perianth, 3-vaIved. Seeds 1 or 2 in each cell ; obovoid or nearly globular, with a small fugacious strophiole ; testa crustaceous, black, smooth and shining. — Stems erect, with narrow leaves not crowded. Flowers blue in a loose terminal raceme, with a minute bract under each pedicel. The genus is limited to the single species endemic in West Australia. 1. A. stypandroides, F. MiwU. Fragm. ii. 95, vii. 65. — Stems erect, simple, often 2 to 3 ft. high, glabrous below, but more or less scabrous- hirsute under the inflorescence. Leaves narrow-Iinear, with rather long sheaths, quite closed round the stem, and flattened with an acute keel. Flowers blue and showy, the raceme simple or once branched. Pedicels filiform, rather distant, often above 1 in. long, usually scabrous-hirsute as well as the rhachis. Perianth 6 to 8 lines long, the campanulate persistent base about 1 line long when in flower, 2 lines long round the fruit, the segments all 5-nerved, and equal in length, the outer ones more opaque, with narrow margins, the inner ones with broad nerveless margins. Capsule about 2 lines diameter. — Stypandra scahra, R. Br. Prod. 279 ; Endl. in PI. Preiss. ii. 35 ; C(csia hirsuta, Lindl. Swan Riv. App. 57 ; Ca;sia scabra, Baker in Journ. Linn. Soc. xv. 359 ; Arthro- 2)odiuin scahruni, Spreng. Syst. ii. 87. TV. Australia. Lucky Bay, R. Broivn ; King Gcorge's Sound to Swan River, A. Cunninrjham, Drummond, \st Coll. and No. 775, 776, Preiss, n. 1538, Oldfald and others ; castward to Capc Arid and Cape Paisley, Maxwcll. Sent hy F. Barlee, with a long lcafy form of Stijpandra (jlauca, as thc phmt called blind grass, hecause it is supposed to cause hlindness in cattlc and sheep that eat of it. 23. THYSANOTUS, R. Br. (Chlamyspermum, Salisb.) Perianth spirally twisted over the ovary after flowering, but some- times at length deciduous, of 6 distinct segments, all nearly equal in Thysanotm.'] cxxtit. liltaceje. 37 length, with an opaque 8-nerved centre, the 3 outer usually narrow, acute with narrow thin entire margins, the 3 inner with broad coloured margius, roUed inwards over the iuner stamens in the bud, and elegantly friuged on the edges. Stamens 3 opposite the outer segments hypogy- nous or sometimes wanting, 3 attached to the base of the inner seg- ments, all more or less declinate in the expanded flower, shorter than the perianth ; filaments short or i'arely nearly as loug as the anthers ; authers Unear, the parallel cells confluent at the apex and opening longi- tudinally, the inuer valve shorter and narrower than thc outer one, those of the inner stamens usually longer than the others, and oftcn termi- nating in a long narrow beak. Ovary sessile or contractcd iuto a short thick etipes, 3-ceIIed, with 2 superposed ovules in each ccll ; style fili- form, undivided. Capsule usually globular, 3-valved. Seeds 1 or 2 in each cell, not flattened, the upper one erect, the lower pendulous, the funicle expanded into a white or yellowish strophiole ; testa black, thickly membranous or almost crustaceous. — Perennials with a tufted or thick ofteu horizontal stock and fibrous roots thickened iuto tubers in some species. Leaves radical, grass-Iike. Scapes leafless or nearly so, simple or variously brauched. Flowers in terminal or rarely lateral umbels rarely reduced to a single flower. Bracts short scarious imbri- cate. Pedicels articulate below the middle. The species are all Australian, Lut ono of them extends to the Philippine Islands and South China. They are often very difficult to disciiminate, especially from dried specimcns in which the roots and radical leaves suppljang some of the most constant characters are often dcficient. The differencc in proportion between the inner and outer stamens and the absence of the latter in some species may not be always so constant as woiild appear at first sight. Seeies 1. Triandrse. StameiisZ. Stock denscli/ tufted, tvith iiumcronsradicalleaves shorter than the scapc. Spcciis all Wcstcrn. Scape simple, with a single many-flowered terminal um- bel, or very rarcly a second sessile one lower down. Plant quite glabrous \. T. multiflorus. Leavcs hirsute or ciliate 'l. T. triandrtts. Scape and leaves slender. Umbels few-flowercd, several, often numerous in a dense terminal panicle. Roots fibrous, without tubeis S. T. ylaucus. Roots tuberous 4. T. Drummondii. Scape slender, low, with a singlc few-flowered iimbel . . o. T. paiiciflorus. Series 2. HexandrEe. Staincns 6, 3 usually but not always longer than the others, Stock densely tufted, with numerous radical leaves. No tubers. Umbels single. Eigid and hirsute. Flowers 9 to 10 lines long, on short pedicels. AVcstern species Q. T. asper. Slender and glabrous. Flowers 3 to 4 lines long, on long pedicels. Tropical spocies 1. T. chri/santherus. Stock usually tufted, \vith several radical leaves often rather long. lioots oftcn tuberous. Scape panicu- late at the end, with sevcial few-flowered umbels. Eadical leaves nimiorous and narrow. Scapcs short. Panicles compact, umbels often very few. Westem species. Stamcns all nearly equal S. T. isanthcrus. Stamens 3 distinctly longer than the others . . . 9. 7". tenellus. 38 cxxTii, LiLiACE^. [Tlnjmnofus. Eadical leaves not very numerous, often long. Umbels usually nunierous. Leaves rather thick. Panicle short, rigid, much- branchcd. Bracts 2 to 3 lines long. Westem species 10. T. scabcr. Leaves verj^ narrow. Panicle loose. Bracts 1 to 2 lincs long. Spocics chicfly Eastem or Southem. Stamens 3 distinctly longer than the others . . . 1 1 . T. tuberosus. Stamens all ncarly cqual 12. T. exasperatus. Leaves very narrow. Panicle thjTsoid, miich- branched and compact but slender. Westem species \i. T. thyrsoidens. Stock and leaves unknown. Umbels few-flowered, several sessile along thc uppcr part of a simple or slightly- branchcd scape, with broad white bracts. Southem spccics 14. T. Baueri. lloots tuberous. Leaves few. Stem twining, often much branched and intricate 15. T. Patersoni. Stock thick, usually horizontal. No tubers. Leaves few, small, and withering early. Umbels mostly termi- nal, 1- to 3-flowered. Stems with slender elongated terete branches. Eastem specirs 16. T.juneeus. Stems rigid, terete, the branches sometimes elongated andrush-like,morefrequentlyflexuose or intricately dichotomous. Western species \7. T. dichotomus. Flowering stems as in T. dichotomus, but others flower- less from the same stock, with a compact panicle of numerous short dichotomous branchlets. Westem species 18. f. arbuscula, Stems rigid, flattened, with the margins acute or winged. Westem species 19. T. anceps. Sekies 1. Triakdbj!;. Stamens 3 only. Stock in all the species tufted, with numerous radical leaves shorter than the stock. 1. T. multiflorus, R. Br. Prod. 285.— Stock densely tufted, with fibrous roots, without tubers. Leaves all radical, numerous, densely tufted, erect, rigid, nearly 1 line broad, and much shorter than the scape in the typical form, very narrow and short in some specimens, long flaccid and sometimes exceeding the scape in luxuriant speeimens of the var. prnlifer, Scapes simple, 0 in. to 1 ft. or rarely 1\ ft. high, bearing a single terminal umbel of numerous flowers, or rarely a second one lower down. Pedicels usually longer than the perianth. Perianth- segments about 6 Hnes long, the outer ones very acute, the inner rather shorter. Stamens 3 only, opposite the inner segments, with short flat filaments ; anthers equal, about half as long as the perianth. — Baker in Journ. Linn. Soc. xv. 340 ; F. Muell. Fragm. vii. 69. W.. Australia. King Gcorge's Sound, Ji. Brou-n, Baxter, F. Mueller ; and thence to Swan Kiver, Drumnwnd, \st coll., Pretss, Oldficld, and others. Var. proUfcr. A luxui-iant fomi, with long narrow leaves and a largc many- flowered terminal unibcl, ^vith frequentlv a second one rather lower down. — T. pro- lifcrus, Lindl. Bot. Reg. 1838, t. 8 ; Endl. in Pl. Preiss. ii. 38, Maund, Botanist, t. 187. — Swan Rivcr, Drummond, Preiss, n. 1572. T. brevipes, Eudl. in Pl. Prciss. ii. 38 from King George's Soimd, Preiss, n. 1573, is founded on what appears to be small starved specimens of T. midtifiorm, with fewer flowers. T/it/sanofuft.'] cxxvii. liliace^. 39 2. T. triandrns, H. Br. Pmtl. 284. — Closely resembles the medium or smaller specimens of T. iimltijlorus, and varies equally in stature and in the length and breadth of tho leaves, but the leaves and often the base of the scape are more or less hirsute with short rigid pellucid hairs. — Baker in Journ. Liun. Soc. xv. 340 ; Endl. in Pl. Preiss. ii. 38 ; F. Muell. Fragm. vii. 69 ; Ornithoiiahim triandrum, Labill. Pl. Nov. Holl. i. 84, t. 110; Thysanotus hispidulus, R. Br. Prod. 285 ; Baker in Journ. Linn. Soc. XV. 841 ; T. iiaiius, Endl. in Pl. Preiss. ii. 38. AV. Australia. Iving Georgc's Sound and adjoimng districts, Labillardiere, E. Browii, PiriKS, ii. 1571, 1574, OUfjield, and others; thenco to Swan Eiver, Druinmond, \st coll., and castward to Capo Legrand and Espcrance Bay, Mfi.nvcll. 3. T. glaucus, Endi. in PI. Preiss. ii. 88. — Stock densely tufted, with fibrous roots not tuberous. Leaves numerous, densely tufted, lincar- subulate, nearly terete, much shorter thau the scape. Scapes 6 in. to nearly 1 ft. high, erect, slender but rigid, leafless, simple below the inflorescence. Flowers in umbels of 2 or 3, terminating the branches of a terminal dichotomous somewhat corymbose panicle. Pedicels short. Perianth about ^ in, long, the outer segments linear-lanceolate, acute, the inner with a prominent dorsal ridge or vnng. Stamens 3, with short flat tilaments. — Baker in Journ. Linn. Soc. xv. 341. W. Australia. Swan Eiver, Drnmmond, Prciss, n. 1575. 4. T. Drumiuoiidii, Baker in Journ. Linn. Soc. xv. 341. — Stock densely tufted, with fibrous roots, many of them swollen into tubers. Leaves numerous, densely tufted, linear-filiform, 6 to 8 in. long, quite glabrous. Scape very slender, as long as or sometimes exceeding the leaves. Flowers in umbels of 2 to 8, terminating the branches of a close terminal panicle. Pedicels i to i^ in. long. Perianth under ^ in. long. Stamens 3 ouly. W. Australia. SwanEivcr, Dnimmoi/d, several spccimens in Herb. DC, which I have not seen. The species, according to Mr. Baker, is very near T. glaucus, biit with fcwer lcaves, not so rigid, and the roots tuberous. 5. T. pauciflorus, A'. Br. Prod. 285. — A small plant with the aspect of some specimens of T. isantherus, aud quite glabrous. Leaves tufted, narrow, slender, the longest at least as long as the scape. Scapes 2 to 4 in. high, bearing a single terminal umbel of 1 to 3 flowers, the outer bracts acuminate and one sometimes almost leafy apparently con- tinuing the stem. Perianth 4 to 5 lines long. Anthers 8 only, declinate, about half as long as the perianth. — Baker in Journ. Linn. Soc. xv. 341. W. Australia. King George's Sound, li. Broun. Seeies 2. Hexande^. Stamens 6, 3 of them usually but not always longer than the others, and often produced into a narrow beak. G. T. asper, Lindl. Swan Pdv. App. 58.— Stock densely tufted, with 40 cxxvii. LiLiACE^. [Thi/sanotus. the fibrous roots not tuberous, and general habit of T. tnandrus. Leaves much shorter than the scape, numerous, rather narrow, rigid, erect, hirsute. Scapo 1 ft. high or more, erect, rigid, hirsute, bearing a single terminal umbel of 3 to 6 flowers the largest in the genus. Perianth-segments 8 or 9- lines long, the outer ones with very narrow margins. Stamens 6, very unequal, the 3 longer ones ending in long narrow beaks. — Baker in Journ. Linn. Soc. xv. 338. ^V. Australia. Swan Rivcr, Britmmoiid, Ist coll. 7. T. chrysantherus, V. Muell. Fragm. v. 202. — Stock tufted, with fibrous roots not tuberous. Radical leaves rather numerous, very narrow, shorter than the scape. Scape slender, simple, 6 in. to above 1 ft. long, bearing a single umbel of 3 to 6 flowers. Pedicels filiform, much longer than and sometimes 3 times as long as the perianth. Perianth usually about 4 lines long. Stamens 6, 3 of them longer but not very much longer than the 3 others. Seeds with a white strophiole. — Baker iu Journ. Linn. Soc. xv. 337, under T, chinensis. N. Australia. Foot of M'Adam Range, F. Mueller ; Port Essington, Armxtroui/. T. chineiinix, Benth. Fl. Ilongk. 372, from South China and the PhilippLne Islands, which I had erroneously (as noted by Hance in Ann. iSc. Nat. ser. 5, v. '245) described from a dried specimen as having no fringe to the inner perianth-segments, does not appear to bc specifically distinct from T. ehrijsantheriDi. 8. T. isantherus, Pi. Br. Prod. 283. — A small glabrous tufted species, with fibrous roots swollen into tubers distant from the stock. Leaves very fine, rather numerous, often as long as the scape. Scape under 6 in. high, slender, ending in a small almost corymbose panicle. Umbels few, all pedunculate, flowers usually 2 or 3 in the umbcl, on pedicels rather shorter than the perianth. Perianth-segments 4 to 5 lines long. Stamens 6, all equal or nearly so, the anthers not at all beaked. W, Australia. King George's Sound, E. Brown ; Mount Melville and Upper Kalgan River, F. Mueller ; Perongerup, Mrs. Kniejht. The numerous specimens I have now seen of this plant show that it is quite dis- tinct from the tropical T. chrysantherus, to which Baker doubtfuUy refers it. 9. T. tenellus, Endl. in Pl. Preiss. ii. 37.— Stock tufted, the fibrous roots swolleii into tubers usually distant from the stock. Leaves more numei'ous and finer than in niost of the tuberous-rootod species, rather shorter than the scape, with short scarious sheaths. Scape 6 to 9 in. high, simple below the inflorescence, which forms a short rather dense somewhat corymbose panicle. Umbels all pedunculate, usually 3- or 4- flowered, the scarious bracts often numerous. Pedicels rather longer than the perianth when fuUy out. Perianth-segments 4 to 5 lines long. Stamens 6, 3 of them longer than the 3 others. W. Australia. Swan River, Driunmond, \st coll. and n. 802, Freiss, n. 1577. ThysanoUis.'] cxxvii. LiLiACEiE 41 Bakcr, in .Tourn. Linn. Soc. xv. 337, rofcrs this to thc T. tcnuis, Lindl. Bot. Reg. 1838, t. .')0, and it niay hc roally only a variety, but thc drawins,- rcprosents lon<:fcr and stiffer leaves, a vcry much looscr dichotomous inflorcsccnee as long' as the undivided l)art of the steni, aiid thc pcdiccls all mueh shortcr than theperianth. IJnfortunately it docs not appcar that any spccinicn was prcserved, and tho short dcscription was ovidcntly madc from thc (hawins>-. Thc identity or distinctness of the two forms cannot thcrcforc bc dctermlned until fresh spccimcns are seen. 10. T, scaber, Endl. in Pl. Preiss. ii. 37. — Roots fibrous without tubers in most of the specimens, although in one specimen several of thcm bear tubers. Leavcs not very numerous, usually rather shorter than the scape, thick and rathcr rigid, broadcr than in T. tuberosiis, and expanding at the base to 2 Hnes in brcadth. Scape stout, flattened in the upper part, 1 to l.V ft. high. Panicle short and rigid, the branches usually clustered threc together, the ultimate ones bearing each an umbel of several flowers. Bracts 2 to 8 lines long, with a broad base, the inner scarious bracteoles more or less unitcd. Perianth 5 to 6 lines long, on pedicels of 3 to 6 lines, the outer segmcnts with rather broad imbricatc margins. Stamens 0, all contracted into a tcrminal beak, 8 longer than the 3 others, the filaments at least half as long as the anthers. — Baker in Journ. Linn. Soc. xv. 336. W. Australia. Swan River, Brummond, Preiss, n. 1578. Somo imperfect spcci- mens from Esperance Bay and Cape Legrand, Mnxivcll, seem almost to connect this species •«dth T. tubcrosiis, although Drummond's specimens appear very difFerent. 11. T. tuberosus, U. Br. Prod. 282. — Fibrous roots swollen into tubers more or less distant from the stock. Leaves radical, not nume- rous, narrow-Hnear, varying from quite short to at least as long as the scape, rarely above 1 line broad and somctimes very fine. Seape erect, rigid, terete, 6 in. to above 1 ft. high, branching into a loose irregularly dichotomous panicle, varying from narrow-pyramidal to almost corym- bose, each brauch terminating iu an umbcl of 1 to 3 or 4 flowers, with sometimes a second umbel sessile on the branch rather lower down. Bracts under the brauches and pedicels lanceolate, acute, 1-ncrved, with scarious margins, and usually 2 short broad scarious bracteolcs (often united into one) at the base of cach pedicel. Perianths when full- grown G to 7 lincs long in the largcr varieties, scarcely above 4 lines in a few specimens, on pedicels varying from 3 or 4. lines to twice that length. Stamens 6, the 3 opposite the inner segments ncarly as long as the perianth, ending in a narrow beak ; the 3 others shortcr, often much shorter, but the proportions very variable, and sometimes 1 or 2 of the longer ones fully twice the short ones. — Baker in Journ. Linn. Soc. XV. 335 ; F. Mucll. Fragm. vii. 69 ; Charslcy, Wild PI. Mclb. t. 6, f. 1 ; T. isantherus, Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 655, not of R. Br. N. Australia. Islands off the north coast (.\mhem's Land), Ji. Broun ; Amhem's Land, M'Ki>!t//i/ ,• Port Essington, Armstronf/. Queensland. Broad Sound, H. Broun ; from IMorcton Bay, F. Mueller, and many others, to Eockhampton, Boivman, 0'Shanesy, andothers; and Rockingham Bay, Dallachy; Port Qxxxiia, M^GiUlvray. 42 cxxvii. LiLiACEiE. [ThjsauotiDi. N. S. Wales. roit Jackson to the Bluo Mountains, E. Brotvn, Suhcr, n. 499, and many others ; north^vard to Liverpool Plains, C. Moorv ; New England, C. Htuart; Hastings, Clarence, and Maclcay Rivers, Beckler and others ; southward to IUawaiTa, Shephi-rd. Victoria. Dandenong Rangcs and the Grampians to Genoa River, F. Miwlkr and manv others. S. Australia. Flinders Range, F. Mucller ; Central Australia, Gosse. W. Australia ? Some specimens from Tone and Kalgan Rivers, Oldfield, are not distinguishahle from some eastern forms of T. tuberostis, and possibly T. scaber may be oniy an extreme variety. T. elatior, R. Br. Prod. 283, as generally understood and as probably mcant by Brown whcn indicating Port Jackson as the station, is a tall strong many-flowered form, not uncommon in N. S. Wales and Queensland, but the specimens marked T. elatiur in Herb. R. Br. are a tall slender form with few umbels from the islands ofF the N. coast. T. panicidatm, R. Br. Prod. 283, Baker in Journ. Linn. Soc. xv. 337, and T. Banksii, R. Br. Prod. 283, belong to a rather slender form frequent in Queensland, with a rathcr loose pyi-amidal panicle. YaT.parviJiora, from New England and Moreton Bay, only differs in the perianths, scarcely above 4 lines long. 12. T. exasperatus, F. MncJl. Fragm. i. 21. — Closely alliecl in every respect to the long-leaved forms of T. tuherosxis, from which it cannot be distinguished except by the stamens, which are all equal in length, or very nearly so, as in T. ismitherus. How far this character may be constant remains to be proved.— Baker in Journ. Linn. Soc. xv. 335 adduces it as a synonym to T. tuherosus. S. Australia. Flindcrs Rangc, F. Mueller. 13. T. thyrsoideus, Baker in Journ. Linn. Soc. xv. 336. — Root- fibres swollen into oblong tubers at a distance from the stock. Leaves usually very few, narrow, flaccid, often as long as the scape. Scape erect, 6 in. to 1 ft. high, terminating in a compact but slender much- branched pyramidal panicle of 3 to 6 in., the branches terminating in umbels of 1 to 3 flowers. Perianths 4 to 5 lines long, on fiUform pedicels, the segments narrow. Stamens 6, 3 longer than the others. \V . Australia. Swan River, Drummond, \st coll. ; Champion Bay, Oldfield ; Perongcrup, E. KnUjlit. Though very difforont in aspect from T. tuberosus, this species is not easily distinguished by positive characters. 14. T. Baueri, Pi. Br. Proil. 283. — Root-fibres swollen into ovoid or oblong tubers, generally distant from the stock. Leaves not numerous, narrow, usually much shorter than the scape, with rather broad scarious sheaths, but all withering very early, most specimens being quite leafless. Scape from under 6 in. to near 1 ft. high, simple including the inflores- cence or slightly branched in the upper part. Umbels mostly 2- or 8- flowered, and usually several sessile along the upper part of the scapc and its branches, besides the terminal one, the scarious bracts often rather large. Pedicels rather shorter than the perianth. Perianth-segments varying in si/e as in other species, but rarely under 4 or above 5 lines long, the opaque centres very dark in the dried gpecimens. Stamens G, Thymnotus.l cxivit. ltltace^. 43 unequal, but the 3 longerones sometimes notmuch exceeding theothers. — F. Muell. Fragm. vii. 09 ; Baker in Journ. Linn. Soc. xv. 83G, but not the northern T. Banksii given as a synonym. N. S. Wales. Between tho Darling and Laehlan Rivers, Burkitt. Victoria. iMiirray Eivor and Winimcra, F. MHvller. S. Australia. Around St. Vincenfs Gulf, F. Mueller. T. Jntmirm, F. Muell. Fragm. i. 22, appears to mc to be tho samc species. It is desoribed as having thc stamens all cqual, but in thc flowers I exaniined three \vcre dccidedly longor. In some spccimens the lateral umbels Avcrc wanting, but in othcrs thcre ■werc three or four, as in the normal fonn. No spccimcn of thc spccies is to be found in Brown's hcrbarium, but his charactcr leavcs no doubt as to its identity. 15. T. Patersoni, B. Br. Pmd. 284. — Roots tuberous, oblong, clustered and close to the stock. Radical leavos few and mostly redueed to a sheathing scarious scale with a short linear subulate blade and withering early, the specimens usually leafless except the small linear scales under the branches. Stems slender, wiry, twining, but generally low, intricately branched in theflowering part. Flowers solitary or very rarely 2 together on the ultimate branches or terminal peduncles, with a pair of small bracts at the articulation 1 to 2 lines below the perianth. Perianth-segments varyingfrom 3 to 5 lines long. Stamens 6, 3 of them longer than the others, but in variable proportions. Capsule globular, 2 to 3 liues diameter. — Baker in Journ. Linn. Soc. xv. 340 ; Hook. f. FI. Tasm. ii. 54 ; F. Muell. Fragm. vii. 69 ; T. Mmziesil, R. Br. Prod. 284 ; T. ^[aHglesiimus, Kunth, Enum. iv. 616 ; Endl. in Pl. Preiss. ii. 37. N. S. Wales. Nangas, M'Arthur ; Lake George, Woolls ; Paterson Eiver, Yic(ir)j. Victoria. Wendu Valc, Piobertsoii ; Portland, Allitt ; Port Phillip, Gunn ; Mel- boume and L^^pper Yarra, F. Muvlkr and others. S. Australia. Yorke Peninsula, Fouivr ; St. Vinccnfs Gulf, F. Mueller and others ; Rivoli Bay, F. MueUer. Tasmania. Creeping amongst grass, not uncommon in many parts of the island, but easily ovcrlooked, /. D. Hooker. W. Australia. King George's Sound, Menzies ; apparently common from thence to Swan and Slurchison Rivers, Bruinmond, \st colL, Preiss, n. 1568, Oldjield, and many others. Thc wcstern specimcns havc usually but not always larger flowers than the eastern ones, but do not otherwise difi"cr. The twining stems are peculiar to this spccies, except a slight tendency to it in some exceptional forms of T. dichoto- mus, which, however, has ncver tubcrous roots. 16. T. junceus, /<. Br. Prod. 283. — Rhizome thick, horizontal when old, with tibrous roots without tubers. Radical leaves few, narrow- linear, short and soon withering away. Stems slendcr, loosely branched, erect or flexuose, 1 to 2ft. high, bearing sometimes a short leaf near the base, and linear scarious scales under the branches. Umbels of 1 to 3 flowers, terminal and sometimes 1 or 2 sessile along the branches lower down. Pedicels 3 to 6 lines long, or even longer when in fruit, the arti- culation often close to the base. Perianth-segments 5 to 6 lines loug. 44 cxxvii. LiLiACE^. \_Thysanotm. Stamens 6, 3 of them loiiger than the others. — Baker in Journ. Linn. Soc. XV. 388 ; F. Muell. Fragm. vii. G9 ; Bot. Mag. t. 2351 ; Bot. Reg. t. G5G ; Clihninjspontni Juiicifoliiim, Salisb. Parad. Lond. t. 103. N. S. Wales. Port Jackson to the Blue Moxmiams, I{. BroioiJFoolk, and othors; Hastings l\iver, Bnkhr ; Newcastle, Lvivhhurdt. 17. T. dichotomus, R. Br. Prod. 284. — Rhizome thick, horizontal when old, with fibrous roots without tubers. Radical leaves few, short, withcring early. Stems excecdingly variable in habit, sometimes erect, loosely branched, aiid 1 to 2 ft. high, as in T. junceus ; but usually more rigid, sometimes with long and spreading solitary or clustered branches, or very flexuose and repeatedly forked so as to be as intricate as in T. Patersoui, rarely almost twining, when much branched the lower branches without flowers, and all leafless except the very small scarious scales or bracts, terete and more or less striate or angular. Umbels all terminal, reduced to 1 or 2 or rarely 3 flowers, the bracts very small, the pedicels shorter than the perianth. Perianth-segments 5 to 6 Hncs long, often very deeply colouretl in the dry state. Stamens 6, the anthers of the 3 longer ones usually ending in long beaks. — Baker in Journ. Linn. Soc. xv. 339 ; F. Muell. Fragm. vii. 69; Ornithofjalum dichotomum, Labill. PI. Nov. HoII. i. 83, t. 109 ; Thijsauotus divaricatus, R. Br. Prod. 284 ; T. sparteus, R. Br. I. c. 283 ; Endl. in PI. Preiss. ii. 37 ; Baker in Journ. Linn. Soc. xv. 338 ; T. intricatus, Endl. in Pl. Preiss. ii. 37 ; Bot. Reg. 1840, t. 4 ; T. anceps, Endl. l.c. not of Lindl. ; T. Lind- Jeyanns, Endl. I.c. 36. Victoria. Glenelg Eiver, Rohertso)), F. MncUcr. S. Australia. St. Vincenfs Gulf and Kangaroo l&l^md., F. Muclkr ; Port Lin- coln, WUhvlmi. AV. Australia. King George's Sound, Lttbillardierc, R. Broivn, and many others, and thence to Swan and Murchison Rivers, Driimmond, n. 191, 312, Oldfield, Prciss, n. 1563, 1564, 1565, 1569, and others ; eastward to CapeLegrand and Esperance Bay, Maxu-ell. This species is so variablc in habit that, sccing only the extremes, it is difficult to believc that they ought to be considered as varieties only, but with the large herbaria of Kew and of F. Mueller bef ore me, I find so gradual a passage from the erect virgate little-branched habit ahnost of T. Jio/ccMf, to the very intricate and flexuose dichoto- mous spocimens with thc aspect almost of some forms of T. Patersoni, that I am unable to draw any definite lines of separation of marked varieties. Labillardiere's typical form is not much branched, and the leaves are represented as linear and hispid as well as the base of the stem, but I have seen only a very few specimens quite answering to that character. In most specimens the leaves have qiiite dis- appeared, and the whole plant is glabrous. T. dvformis, R. Br. Prod. 284, has the branches not niimerous, very flcxuose and almost scandent, with but few umbels. T. ficxuosus, R. Br. 1. c. 284, is a dwarf and very intiicately-branched form. T. eloiiffdtus and T. gracilis, R. Br. 1. c. 283, appcar to me both to be very slendcr and elongated states of the species, although Baker retains them as distinct under the latter name. Of T. tcniiis, Lindl. Bot. Reg. 1838, t. 50, we have no specimen ; from the figure it may possibly be a rcduced form of T. divhotomus, of which it has the short pcdicels and other characters, but the anthers appear to be diflf^ercnt. Baker in Joiu-n. Linn. Soc. xv. 537 regards it as the same as T. tenellus, Endl. abdve, p.40. Thi/sanotus.'] cxxvii. LiLiACEiE. 45 18. T. arbuscula, Bnker iii Jonrn. Linn. Sne. xv. 330. — Rhizome thick, horizontal, almost flcshy, with fibrous roots without tubers. Leaves few, short, and dying oft' early. Stems rather slender but rigid, erect, about 1 ft. high, simple aud flexuose in the lower half, dichoto- mously paniculate in thc upper part ; some of the stems quite barrcn with the branchlets very numerous and short, thc flowcring stems tallcr with the brauchlets longer and less numerous. Umbels and flowers of T. dichotoinnfi, to which species this one also might be referrible, although the contrast of the barren and flowering stems give it a peculiar aspect. W. Australia. Swan Kiver, Brummoiid, \st coll. 19. T. anceps, LiiuU. Swan Pdv. App. 58, not of Endl. — Root and leaves unknown. Stems erect, leafless, rigid, branching, 1 to 1.V ft. high, the branches flattened and bordered on each side by an acute edge or narrow wing, giving the wholc branch a width of 1 to 2 Hnes. Umbels 2- or 3-flowered, usually solitary at the ends of the branches. Pedicels short. Perianth about .V iu. long, the outer segments very narrow. — Baker in Journ. Linn. Soc. xv. 339. VT. Australia. Swan River, Brummond, \st coll. 24. HODGSONIOLA, F. Muell. (Hodgsonia, F. Muell., not of Hook. f.) Perianth twisted over the ovary after flowering, but at length decidu- ous, of 6 segments very shortly connected at the base, all equal or the inner ones rather smaller. Stamens 6, attached to the base of thc perianth, 3 opposite the outer segments with very short filaments, and a small lanccolate anther with little or no pollen, 3 opposite the inner segments perfect, with rather longer filaments ; anthers linear, entire, as long as the perianth, cohering round thc style, the connectives produced beyond the naiTOw cells into a single tube. Ovai'y short, 3-celIed, with 2 ovules (or sometimes only 1 ?) in each cell ; stylc filiform, with a small capitate terminal stigma. Capsulc broad, 3-furrowed, the pericarp rather thick, opening loculicidally in 3 valves. Seeds usually 1 in each cell, not flattened, with a black shining crustaceous testa. Albumen copious, embryo. . . . — Root fibrous. Leaves few, radical, linear-tcrete. Stem rush-like, simple, ending in a simple raceme. Pedicels filiform, each within a short linear or lanceolate scarious bract. The genus is limited to the single Australian species. 1. H. junciformis, F. Muell. Fraijm. ii. 176. — Leaves few, radical, slender, and rnsh-Iikc, 3 to G in. long, shortly dilated and sheathing at the base, a few of the outer sheaths without any blade. Stems slendcr, 1 to 2 ft. high, entirely leafless or with a single scarious scale below the Lnflorescence. Raceme at first very short, but lengthening out to several inches, with rather numerous flowers. Pcdicels scarcely as long as the perianth. Perianth-segments narrow, about 4 lines long. Capsule very 46 cxxvii. LiLiACEJE. \^I[odgsoniola. obtuse, rather more than 2 lincs broad. — Baker in Journ. Linn. Soc. xv. 289 ; Ilodgsoniajuucijormis, F. Muell. Fragm. ii. 96. TV. Australia. Vasse River, Oldjield, Preiss, and probably from the same neigh- bourhood, Brummond, n. 205. 25. C^SIA, R. Br. Perianth spirally twisted over the ovary after flowering, but at length deciduous, of 6 3-nerved scgments, shortly united at the base, all equal in length, but the inner ones with broader thin margins. Stamens 6, attachcd to the base of the perianth, and (in the Australian species) shorter than the segments ; filaments filiform ; anthers oblong, shorter than tbe tilaments, recurved, the cells opening inwards in longitudinal slits. Ovary sessile, 3-celIed, with 2 superposed ovules in each cell ; style slightly thickened upwards, undivided. Capsule depressed, obtusely 3- anglcd or 3-Iobed, opening at Icngth in 3 valves. Seeds usually solitary in each cell, globular, the short funiculus expanded into a small broad strophiole ; testa black, crustaceous, tubercular-granulate. — Tufted herbs with fibrous roots more or less thickened into oblong tubers. Leaves grass-Iike, crowded at the base of the stem. Stems simple or branched. Flowers blue or rarely white, in clusters or sessile umbels along the upper portion of the stem or branches, forming terminal racemes. Bracts very short and scarious. Besidcs the Australian siDScies, which are all endemic and possibly varieties of a single one, there are several African ones. Peiianth-segments 3 to 4 lincs long. Leaves often rather broad, not siuTounded by filamcnts 1. C.vittata. Perianth-segments under 3 lines long. Leaves rather broad or narrow, not suiTounded by filaments. Lcaves flaccid with fine nerves 2. C. inirvijlora. Leaves rigid, with 3 to 5 very prominent nerves on cach side 3. C. rigidifoUa. Perianth-segments under 3 lincs long. Lcaves very narrow, surroundcd at the base by long filaments, the rcmains of old shcaths 4. C sctifera. 1. C. vittata, Pi. Br. Prod. 277. — Fibres more or less thickened into long tubers. Leaves crowded at the base of the stem, with more or less scarious sheaths and grass-Iike blades, very variable in length and breadth, but mostly shorter than the stem, a few much smaller at the basc of the branches. Stem erect, simple, or with a few long branches, usually about 1 ft. high, but sometimes not half that length, and some- times much longer, the inflorescence occupying more than the upper half. Umbels or clusters of 2 to 4 or rarely more flowers, sessile along the rhachis, surrounded by very short scarious bracts, the filiform pedicels within the umbcl varying from 2 to 4 lines. Perianth-segments usually blue, 3 to 4 lines long. Capsule about 2 lines broad, depressed at the top, and more prominently lobed than in Authericuui ; but when ripe openiug at the top in 3 valves, as in that genus. — Baker in Journ. Cmia.'\ cxxvii. liliace/e. 47 Linn. Soc. xv. 358 ; Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 53 ; F. Muell. Fragm. vii. 68. Queensland. Herbcrt Crock, Boiniuni ; AVarwick, Bcckler. N. S. TVales. Port Jackson to th(> Bluc Mountains, R. Broic», A. Ciuinuighnm, Woiilla, aud othcrs ; northward to Ncw England, G. Stmrt ; Ilastings Rivcr, Bcckkr ; Kichmond Kivor, Faiccctt ; southward to Illawarra, A. Ciuiiiuifiham. Victoria. AVcndu A^alc, Robcrtsoii ; from Port Phillip and thc Yarra to AVimmcra, 1\ Mxclhr and othcrs. Tasmania. l'ort DalrjTnplc, I{. Broiryi ; common in grassy placcs, cspecially in thc northci-n parts of thc island, Gitmi and othcrs. S. Australia. St. Vincenfs Gulf, F Muellcr and othcrs; Encountcr Bay, Whit' takcr ; Yorkc Pcninsula, Foicler. Var. chlorantha. Perianth-seginents white with a greenish centre. C. chloraiitha, F. ^MucU. Fragm. i. 63 ; Bakcr in Joum. Linn. Soc. xv. 359. N. Australia. Sturfs Creek, F. 3Iucllcr. Queensland. Peak Do\vns, F. Muclkr. 2. C. parviflora, /?. Br. Prod. 277. — Closely allied in every respect to C. vittatit, and scarcely more slender or with narrower leaves, but both the flowers and fruits much smaller, the perianth-segments under 3 lines long. — Baker in Jouru. Linn. Soc. xv. 358 ; Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 53 ; F. Muell. Fragm. vii. 67 ; C. occiileiitalis, R. Br. Prod. 277 ; Endl. in. Pl. Preiss. ii. 33 ; Baker in Journ. Linn. Soc. xv. 358 ; C. micrantha, Lindl. Swan Riv. App. 57 ; Endl. I. c. 34. Queensland. Moreton Bay, Rcrb. F. MmUer : Bumet Eiver, Balij ; Eock- hampton '; Bouiiian. N. S. 'Wales. Port Jackson to the Blue Mountains, R. Broivn,Woolls, and others; northward to Ncw England, C. Stuart ; Clarence River, Wikox ; Richmond Eiver, Forcctt. Victoria. Yarra and Port Phillip, F. Mueller. Tasmania. Port Dalrj-mplc, R. Broicii ; northern coasts of the colony at George- town, Launceston, etc, Guiin and others. W. Australia. King Gcorge's Sound, R. Browii andmany others ; and thenceto VassG and Swan Rivcrs, Druiiiiuond, u. 335, Oldfichl, Prciss, n. 1546, 1547, 1548, and othcrs. Apparcntly common and not dastingiiishablc from thc small-flowcred castem plant, and perhaps the only species in West Australia, although one specimen from Champion Bay, Miss Gucrin, has the flowers almost as large as in the common C. vittata. 3. C. rigidifolia, F. Mucll. Frarjm. x. 48. — Very nearly allied to C. parrijiora, but at once known by the lower leaves 9 in. to 1 ft. long, very rigid, 1 to li lines broad, tapering to a sharp point, with 3 to 5 very prominent obtuse longitudinal nerves or ribs on each side. Panicle and flowers apparently the same as in C. parrijiora, but the flowers in bud only, and in that state scarcely 2 lines long. S. Australia. Victoria Springs, Ccntral Australia, Yoitng, a singlc spccimcn in Hcrh. F. ilucllcr. F. MucUcr dcscrihes thc pcrianth-scgmcnts as spirally twistcd after flowering, and not articulatc on thc pediccl, which howcvcr is not shown on the spccimcn, which is only in young hud. 4. C. setifera, Balicr in Journ. Linn. Soc. xv. 359. — Fibres thickened 48 CXXVII. LTMACEJ!!. [CfBsia. into spindle-shaped tubers. Tufts of leaves surrounded by long filamonts, the reinains of old leaf-sheaths. Leaves very narrow and shorter than in C. imrviflora. Stems simple or branched, slender, attaining 1 ft. or more. Flowers aud all other characters precisely those of C. paroijiom. N. Australia. Port Darwin, ScJudtz, n. 638. 26. CHAMJESCILLA, F. Muell. Perianth spirally twisted over the ovary after flowering but at length deciduous, of 6 oblong spreading 3-nerved nearly equal segments. Stamens 6, hypogynous, shorter than the segments ; filaments filiform ; anthers small, the cells opening inwards in longitudiual slits. Ovary sessile, 3-ceIIed, with several (rather numerous) ovules in eaeh cell ; style filiform, with a terminal capitate stigma. Capsule laterally 3-Iobed, the lobes laterally compressed, with an acute dorsal edge. Seeds few in each cell, flattened with acute margins, laterally attached ; testa black, crustaceous, smooth and shining. Glabrous perennials, with fibrous roots often thickened into tubers. Leaves radical, grass-Iike. Scapes leafless, bearing a dichotomous corymb or thyrsoid panicle of blue flowers. Pedicels solitary within scarious bracts. The genus is limitedto Australia, showing the perianth of Ccesia, with the fruit and seeds of Chlorophytou. Inflorescence loosely corymbose. Perianth about 4 lines long 1. C. cor>/ni/wsfi. Inflorescence compact, almost thjTsoid. Perianth ahout 5 lines long 2. C. splralis, 1. C. corymbosa, F. Muell. Frai. 1605 ; sands of Vasse Kiver, Oldfield ; Lake Muir, Muir. 29. STYPANDRA, R. Br. Perianth withering after flowering but not twisted, and at length deciduous, of 6 spreading segments usually 5-nerved, all equal and entire or the inncr ones broader. Stamens 6, hypogynous, much shorter than the perianth ; filaments either filiform and flexuose at the base with a dense woolly tuft under the anther, or shortly tomentose-woolly from the base ; anthers oblong, very much rolled back after shedding the pollen. Ovary sessile, 8-celled, with several ovules in each cell ; style filiform, uudivided. Capsule ovoid or oblong, 3-vaIved. Seeds several (3 to 6) in each cell, ovate, more or less flattened, with a black smooth crustaceous testa, opaque or shining. — Perennials with fibrpus roots. Stems erect or ascending, simple below the inflorescence or branched and sometimes woody at the base. Leaves either all radical or distichously spreading on the stem. Flowers blue, in a very loose terminal dichotomous cyme. Pedicels filiform, often 2 or 3 together and terminal or solitary along the branches. Bracts minute or noue, or the lower ones leaf-like in the leafy species. The genus is limitcd to Australia. Stems leafy to the infloresccncc, often branched at the base and sometimcs woody 1. S. glauca. Stcms leafless except at the base. Leaves linear, in dense radical tufts. Leaves vcry rigid, 1| to 3 lines broad. Flowcrs blue or yellowish, very rarely whitc 2. S. ctespitosa. Leaves slender, 1 to H lincs, or rarely broader. Flowers usually white 3. /S. loiibellata. 1. S. glauca, /i*. Br. Prod. 279. — A leafy perennial with stems on a creeping rhizome sometimes low and tufted, or weak and ascending, under 1 ft. high, sometimes 2 or 8 ft. high, woody and branched at the base. Leaves distichous, the shcaths usually concealing the stem, some- what flattened with an acute keel, or almost terete, the blade erect or 54 cxxvii. LiLiACEiE. [Stj/pandra. spreading, linear or lanceolate, usually 3 to 4 in. long, but sometimes twice that length and varying from 2 to 4 Hnes in breadth. Flowers in a loose terminal dichotoraous cyme usually leafy at the base, the branches very spreading, the fihform pedicels recurved, varying from | to 1 in. long, mostly solitary but sometimcs 2 together at the ends of the branches, without subtcndiug bracts except sometimes a leafy one under the lowest. Perianth blue, often turning red in drying, the segments very acute, .5-nerved, about 6 lines long. Stamens very much shorter ; fila- ments filiform and twisted in the lower half, with a dense oblong tow-like tuft of hairs under the anther ; anther shorter than the filament, much recurved. almost spiral after shedding the pollen. Capsule oblong, 3 to 4 lines long. Seeds several in each cell, rather less flattened than in S. ctcspitosn, smooth but not shining. — Baker in Journ. Linn. Soc. xv. 350 ; F. Muell. Fragm. vii. 64 ; S. prupivqua, A. Cunn. in Bot. Mag. t. 3417; S. J'ri(tescens, Knowl. and Westc.Fl. Cab. ii. 61, 69, t. 63; S. vin/ata, Endl. in Pl. Preiss. ii. 35. Queensland. Darling Downs, Lmr. N. S. Wales. Port Jackson to tho Bluc Mountains, S. Broivn, Sieber, n. 202, and otlurs ; in tlic interior to Lachlan Ivivcr, A. Cunmnghdm ; Livcrpool Plains, C. Moorc : Ncw England, C. Stuart. Victoria. From the Grampians, Wilhelmi, F. Miieller, and others ; to Eastern Gipps' Land, Walter. TV. Australia. King George's Sound, li. Broun and others; to Swan and Mur- chison Rivers, Brummond, OMJield, Prciss, n. 1549, and others. S. (jrandifora, LindL Swan Eiv. App. -57, from Swan Eiver, Brinnmond, \st coll. and n. 781, is a luxuriant variety, with the perianth 8 or 9 lines long. S. sroparia, Endl. in PL Preiss. ii. 3-5, from W. Australia, Preiss, n. 1550, found also on Mount Sturgeon in Yietoria, Mol/crtson, is a variety or perhaps only an old state with vcry numerous short lateral branches and densely tufted narrow leaves. S. imbricata, R. Br. Prod. 279, from King George's Sound and Lucky Bay, R. Broirn and others ; and castward to Cape Legrand, Maxu-ell, is a variety with narrow crowded leaves, which however passes gradually into the common form. 2. S. caespitosa, E. Br. Prod. 279. — Stems from a thick horizontal rhizome erect, 1 to 2 feet high, simple below the inflorescence. Leaves mostly radical, with very short distichous sheaths, erect, rigid, 6 in. to 1 ft. long and H to 3 lines broad. Scapes leafless or occasionally with 1 or 2 short leavcs with long sheaths. Inflorescence loosely dichotomous and occupying at least half the total height of the plant. Pedicels erect, filiform but rigid, 1 to 2 in. long, usually 3 or 4 together in an umbel at tho end of each branch. Bracts linear-lanceolate and almost leafy under the principal branches, very small under the smaller branches and pedicels. Perianth erect, blue or yellowish inside or very rarely white, the segments 5 to 6 lines long, narrower and less acute than in S. (/latica. Stamens abouthalf as long as the segments, tho filaments densely covered with very short cottony hairs almost from the base. Capsule oblong, about 3 lines long. Seeds several in each cell, rather ilat, smooth and shining.— Baker in Journ. Linn. Soc. xv. 355 ; Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 55 ; F. Muell. Fragm. vii. 65. Sti/pa)idr(i.] cxxvii. LiLiACEiE. 65 N. S. Wales. Poil .linkson to tho Bluo Mountains, H. Broicu, Sieber, w. 201, A. C'it/utitiiDical A. paniculatum in the shorter pedicels. 2. A. minus, 7*'. Br. Prod. 276. — Roots a fascicle of oblong tubers close to the stock. Stems slender, from under 6 in. to 1 ft. or rather Artlirvixiiliiiiii.] CXXVII. LILIACEiE. 57 more, simple or rarely with one branch. Leaves radical, much shortor than the stem, varying from 1 to 3 lines broad. Flowers solitary within each bract or very rarely 2 together, usually smaller than in A. puni- ciihitiim, the perianth-segments 2^ to 3 liues long. Filaments longer than the anther. tho woolly hairs extending over the greater part of thcir length. — Bakcr in Journ. Linn, Soc. xv. 353 ; Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 5L N. S. TVales. Port Jackson, li. Broioi and others ; Ncw England, C. Stuart ; Xangas, M^^irthnr. Victoria. From thc Glenelg and Port Phillip to the Grampians, Rohertsoii, F. M/ic/ter, and many othors ; Wimmera, Baltachij. Tasmania, Rich pasture Umd in the northem parts of the island, Gui/n. 3. A. capillipes, Kndl. in Pl. Prciss. ii. 34. — Roots apparently all fibrous and not thickened into tubers. Radical leaves narrow but mostly withered away from the flowering specimens, Stems 1 to 2 ft. high, divaricately branched, with occasionally a filiform leaf under the lowest branches. Pedicels solitary within each bract, filiform, divaricate, 1 in. long or more, Perianth-segments 3 to 4 Hnes long, Filaments with tufts of dense papill^e or very short hairs extending some way down from the anther and ending in 2 short lobes, thus connecting this species with the genus Dichopoijon . ^IT. Australia. Swan River, Preiss, n. 1555, and apparently also an imperfect specimen, Brummond ; Port Gregory, Otdjictd ; south coast, Maxwetl, Miss ^eicell. Baker in Joum. Linn. Soc. xv. 353, refers this to the eastern A. panic/datum, from which it appears to mc to differ in the roots, inflorescence, and stamens. 4. A. Preissii, Endl. in Pl. Preiss. ii. 35. — Roots apparently fibrous without tubers. Radical leaves densely tufted, grass-Hke, mostlj' Ih to 2 lines broad, surrounded by numerous filaments the residue of old leaf- sheaths. Stems 1 to 2 ft. high, with a few long branches or sometimes quite simple. Pedicels solitary or 2 or 3 together within each bract, h to 1 in. long, usually reflexed, the bracts very small. Perianth-segments narrow, about 5 lines long. Filaments thickened and papillose in the upper half but scarcely hairy ; anthers linear, as long as or longer than the filameut. Capsule recurved. — Baker in Journ. Linn. Soc. xv. 353. TV. Australia. Swan River, Preiss, n. 1567, Brummond, i/. 806 ; Port Gregory, Otdjicld ; Blackwood River, Forrest ; Salt River, Maxwetl. 5. A. dianellaceum, F. Muell. Fnupn. x. 65. — Fibrous roots more or less thickened into tubers. Radical leaves few, subulate or when flat not above \ line broad, very shortly dilated into sheaths and not split into filaments. Stems very slender, 1 to Ih feet high, with few filiform branches. Pedicels solitary, recurved, filiform, + to f in, long, Bracts very small, Perianth-segments narrow, about 5 lines long, Filaments short, papillose-hairy in the upper half ; anthers linear, at least twice as long as the filament, Queensland. Brishane River, Baite/j. 58 cxxYii. liliacej:. 31. DICHOPOGON, Kimth. Perianth persistent but not twisted, of 6 spreading segments, nearly equal in length, but the inner ones much broader and sometimes slightly crisped or fringed on the edges. Stamens 6, attached to the base of the perianth or almost hypogynous, shorter than the segments ; filaments short, flattened at the base, not bearded ; anthers longer, erect, linear, with 2 small crest-hke appendages at the base reflexed on the filament (and sometimes shortly adnate to it ?) ; the cells optning inwards in longitudinal slits. Ovary sessile, 3-celled, with several ovules in each cell superposed in 2 rows ; style filiform, with a terminal stigma. Capsule globular, 3-valved. Seeds several, angular, black, the testa smooth or grauular, not shining. — Tufted perennials, with the fibrous roots often thickeued into tubers. Leaves radical, grass-like, with scarious sheathing bases. Stems simple or with a few long branches, leafless or with a short leaf under the lowest branch. Flowers pui-ple lilac or rarely bkie, in a long simple raceme at the end of each branch, solitary or 2 or 3 together within distant scarious bracts, the pedicels articulate at or above the middle. The genus is liniited to Australia. It -was fonnerly included in Arthrojjodium, and may perhaps still be considered as a section only, distinguished by Kunth as having the appendagos to the stamens attached to the anthers and not to the iilament. Capsules erect. Anther-appendages very short l. D. strictKS. Capsules reflexed. Anther-appendages rather long . . . . 2. I). Sieberianus. 1. D. strictus, Bakcriii Jotini. Linn. Soc. xv. 319, e.vcL si/n. — Radical leaves narrow-hnear, varying in length from 3 or 4 in. to twice as much, always shorter thau the stems, the older tufts often surrounded by numerous long filaments, the remains of old leaf-sheaths. Stems fi'om under 1 ft. to above 2 ft. high, the scarious bracts under the branches and pedicels sometimes very narrow and small, sometimes broadly scarious, 3 lines long, besides a more or less lengthened terminal point. Flowers solitary or in clusters of 2 or 3 within each bract, and when more than one accompanied by small bracteoles within the bract, the clusters distant along tLie rhachis. Pedieels erect spreading or recurved, shorter or longer than the flowers. Perianth-segments usually 5 to 6 lines long, 3-nerved in the centre. Appendages to the base of the anthers usually short and crest-Iike. Fruiting pedicels erect or spreading, the capsule always erect. — ArtJuopodiiim strictinn, R. Br. Prod. 276 ; F. Muell. Fragm. vii. 66 ; A. hi.vnni, Hook f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 51, t. 131, not of Sieb. ; Dichopoijon humilis, Kunth, Enum. iv. 623, and probably also D. setosiis, Kunth, 1, c. 624; D. iindiihitum, Reg. Gartenfl. ii. I, t. 37. Queensland. Moreton Baj', Fitzalan ; Darling Downs, Leichhardt ; Kock- hanipton r Binrman. N. S. 'Wales. Paramatta, Woolls ; Bathurst Plains, A. Cunningham ; Nangas, 3tArfhur : Goyinga Mountains, Vivtorian Expeditioii. Victoria. From the Glenelg Kiver and Port Phillip to the Murray, Robei-tson, F. Mwlhr, and many others. DirhopO(jO)i.'} CXXVII. LILIACE.15. ^9 Tasmania. Port Dalymple, i?. Brotv» ; abundant in good soil throughout tho island. J. D. Hooker. S. Australia. Roimd St. Vincenfs Gulf, F. MmUcr ; Yorke Peninsula, Fuirlcr. This spccies varics vcrv much in staturc, in the size and shape of the scarious hracts, in the flowcrs all solitary or all in chistcrs of 2 or 3, crect or pendulous, in the sizo of the pcrianth and lcngth of the pedicels, hut I have been unahle to sort into distinct varieties the very numerous specimens I have had before me. 2. D. Sieberianus, Knntli, Enum. iv. 623. — Habit of the slender narrow-lcaved speciiiiens of D. strictus. Stems mostly about 1 ft. high, simple or shghtly branched. Leaves very narrow. Flowers in clusters of 2 or 3 hke those of D. strictus, but the pedicels reflexed from near the base. Appendages to the base of the anthers rather long and almost adnate to the filament. Capsules always reflexed. — Artliropodium laxum, Sieb. in Roem. et Schult. Syst. vii. 441. N. S. ^ITales. Port Jackson or Bhie Mountains, Sieber, n. 194, Vieary ; New England, C. Hlnart ; Head of the Gwydir, Leichhardt ; Richmond, Backhoxm. Victoria. Wendu Vale, Robcrtson. S. Australia. >St. Vincenfs Gulf and MuiTay Desert, F. Mucllcr. The Arthropodinm fimbriatum, E. Br. Prod. 276, of which no specimen is pre- served in his herbarium, is probably this species, aud possibly also the plant raised by Salisbury, for which he proposes (Gcn. Pl. 67) the generic name Siona. Baker, in Jouim. Linn. Soc. xv. 319, distinguished tho two species as D. humilis and D. strictus, chiefly by the pedicels usually solitary and ascending in the former, deflected and two or three together in the lattcr ; but the very numerous and varied specimens since seen show that neither of these characters are at all constant, and the plant R. Brown had in view appears to me to be referable to the common form, and not to the closely allied species gathered by Sieber. 32. CHLOROPHYTON, Ker. Perianth persistent, not twisted, of 6 distinet oblong or narrow 3-, 5-, or 7-nerved segments, the inner ones usually rather broader. Stamens 6, all hj^pogynous or those opposite the inner segments attached to their base, shorter than the perianth ; fiLaments filiform or sHghtly compressed, ghibrous ; anthers oblong or linear. shorter than the filaments, the cells opening inwards in longitudinal slits. Ovary sessile, 3-celled, with severai (4 to 20) ovules in each cell superposed in 2 rows or very rarely reduced to 2 collateral ones ; style filiform, with a torminal stigma. Capsule iaterally 3-lobed, the lobes usually latcrally comprcssed with an acute dorsal edgc, 3-valved. Seeds few, sometimes only 1 in cach cell, flattened with acute margius, laterally attached, the hilum more or less intruded ; testa black, usually shining. — Perennials with fibrous roots often thickened into tubers. Leaves grass-Iike, radical or crowdcd at the base of the stem. Scapes simple or slightly branched. Flowers solitary or 2 or 3 together within scarious bracts, the clusters sessile along the scape in a terminal raceme. 60 cxxYir. LTLTACEv^E. [CMorophi/ton. There aro a considorahle nnmber of spccies spread over the ■warmer regions of Asia and Africa. Of the two Australian ones, one has a wide range in tropical Asia, the other is endemic and oxtratropical. Oviiles usnally more than 2 in each cell. Frniting pedicel longor than the capsule. Tropical species 1. C. laxim. Ovules 2 in each coU. Fruiting pedicel shorter than the cap- sule. Tasmanian species 2. C. alpinum. 1. C. laxum, li. Br. Frod. 211. — Root fibres more or less thickened into tubers. Leaves varying from a foot long or even more and scarcely above 1 line broad, to only a fevir inches long and 2 to 3 lines broad, erect or spreading, usually long and narrow in the Austra- lian species. Scape shorter than the leaves, simple or once branched near the base, with few distant clusters of 2 or 3 flowers each, or some- times only 1 flower within the scarious bract, often accompanied by 2 or more smaller scarious bracts or bracteoles within the outer one. Pedicels rather rigid, about 1 line long at the time of flowering but often 3 lines or more when in fruit. Perianth-segments narrow, scarcely 1| lines long in the Australian and common Asiatic form, larger in some African specimens. Capsule nearly 3 lines broad but not so long, trun- cate at the top, with 2 to 6 seeds in each lobe or cell. — Baker in Journ. Linn. Soc, xv. 328, with the numerous synonyms there adduced ; C. xero- tiuHvi, F. Muell. Fragm. i. 63 ; Phalanfjium. parvijlorum, Wight, Ic. t. 2039 ; rhalangiuin Jaxuvi, F. Muell. Fragm. vii. 11. N. Australia. Arnhem S. Bay, R. Hrown ; 8ea Kange, F. Mucller. Widely spread over tropical Asia and Africa. 2. C. alpinum, Bakcr in Journ. Linn. Soc. xv. 329.— Roots fibrous without tubers in the specimens seen, the plant otherwise closely resembling the small specimens of C. laxian. Scapes simple, 1 to 2 in. high. Leaves narrow, the longest 2 or 3 times as long as the scape. Flowers few together in the clusters, on very short pedicels, the perianth- segments 2 to 2\ lines long. Capsule as large as in ('. Jaxnni, but not seen quite ripe. Ovules only 2 in each cell in the flowei's examined. Seods flat, disk-shaped. — Ca;sia (?) alpina, Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 373. Tasmania. Westorn Mountains, Archer. 33, HERPOLIRION, Hook. f. Perianth (persistent ?) of 6 linear equal segments, erect at the base, spreading from below the middle upwards. Htamens 6, attached to the base of the perianth and shorter than the segments ; filaments filiform, anthers linear, erect, the cells opening inwards in longitudiual slits. Ovary sessile short, 3-ceIIed, with several ovules in each cell ; style filiform, with a terminal stigma. Fruit apparently capsular. — A dwarf stemless plant with solitary flowers almost sessile within the tufts of leaves. Tho genus is limitc'd to the single Australian species, which is also in New Zealand. In habit and intloresconce it differs widely from all other Australian Liliacece, but might perhaps be compared to Baxtera. Herpolinon.] cxxvii. LiLiiCEJJ. 61 1. H. Novae-Zelandiae, Hn»k. /". Fl. Xnr. Zel. i. 258. — Khizome creeping. sending up numcrous tufts of linear leaves, 1 to 2 in. long, their shcathing bases distichous and imbricated. Flowers solitary within the tuft, on an exceedingly short scape or peduucle, on which one or two of thc upper or inner leaves are reduced to sheathing bracts shorter than thc perianth. Perianth white or bluish, the segments 5-nervcd, about :! in. long, spreading from a little below the middle. Anthers shorter than the filaments, shortly sagittate at thc base. Fruit unknown, but from the slightly enlarged ovary probably capsular. — Baker in Journ. Linn. Soc. xv. 287 ; //. Ta.wianhe, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 258 and FI. Tasm. ii. 54, t. 132. Victoria. Bctw(>cn thc Murray and Snowy Rivcrs and on thc Baw Baw Moun- tains, asfcnding to 4.5O0 ft., F. 3Iiielh-r. Tasmaiiia. .Summits of thc Westem Mountains, Lakc St. Clair, covcring largo patchcs of ground, Oiatn ; Hanipshirc Hills, MiUujan. 34. SOWERB^A, Sm. Perianth persistent without twisting, of 6 oblong or ovate segments, all free or the inner ones shortly connate at the base. Stamens 3 perfect, opposite the inner segments at their base, with very short filaments, anthers erect divided to below the middle into 2 linear lobes opening laterally iu longitudinal slits, the 3 opposite the outer lobes reduced to short filaments without anthers or entirely wantiug. Ovary short, 8-celIed, with 2 to 6 ovules in each cell. Style filiform, with a terminal stigma. Capsule 3-ceIIed, enclosed in the persistent periauth, opening loculicidally in 3 valves. Seeds few, more or less angular, with a thick but scarcely crustaceous black testa miuutely grauulated. Embryo small, linear, in the centre of the albumen. — Tufted perennials with tibrous roots. Leaves at the base of the stem linear-filiform. Stems or scapes leafless, simple or rarely branched at the base, with a single terminal globular umbel of pink flowers, and small scarious imbricate bracts at the base of the pedicels. The genus is limited to Australia. Perianth-segmonts about 3 lines long, all free. Staminodia withuut anthers altcmating with the perfcct stamens. l'crianth-segTncnts oval-oblong. Anthers about half their length. Eastcra species 1. S.juncea. Perianth-segments narrow-oblong. Anthers reaching to much above their middle. Wcstcm species 2. S. laxiflora. Pcrianth-scgmcnte about 2 lines, the inner ones shortly united at thc ])asc. No staminodia. Northem species . . . . 3. iS'. alUacea. 1. S. juncea, Sm, in Trans. Linn. Soc. v. IGO, t. 6. — Stems simple, slender, 1 to 2 feet high. Leaves at the base of the stem somewhat distichous, linear-tiliform, terete, all short or some nearly as long as the stem, bordered at the base and sometimes up to nearly 2 in. with scarious transparent sheathiug margins. Umbcl mauy-flowercd, the imbricate bracts either all very short and scarious or 2 or 3 of the outer 62 CXXVII. LILIACEJ!. [Soirerbda. ones of a firmer consistence, rather larger and acnte. Pedicels at first scarcely exceeding the bracts, lengthening as the flower expands, but rarely longer than the perianth. Perianth pink, the segments oval- oblong ; 8 lines long or rather more, all afiixed at about tbe same level. Anther-boaring filamcnts very short and flattened, alternat^ng vnth as many nearly similar but without anthers ; anthers usually attaining to about half the perianth, divided almost to their cordate base. Seeds usually about 3 in the capsule. — R. Br. Prod. 285 ; Andr. Bot. Rep. t. 81 ; Bot. Mag. i. 1104; Red. Lil. t. 341. Queensland. Moreton Island, M^GiUivycy, F. Mueller. N. S. ^Vales. Port Jackson to the Bhic Mountains, R. Broun, Sieher, v. 193, and Fl. Mixt. >/. .521, A. Cimningham, and othei-s ; northward to Hastings E-iver, Beekler ; Eichmond Kivcr, Hend4;rson. Victoria. Gipps' Land, Latrobe Eiver, F. Mueller ; Cape Howe, Walter. '2. S. laxiflora, Lindl. Bot. Beg. 1841, t. 10. — Very rear S. jitncen, with the same habit inflorescence and narrow grass-like leaves. Stems varyjng from very slender and under 1 ft. to rather stout and l^ or 2 ft., and sometimes slightly branched at the base. Leaves crowded at the base of the stem but sometimes extending some way up, the sheaths less prominent than in S. juncea and sometimes not at all scarious. Umbels loose, the filiform pedicels often at length much longer than the perianth. Perianth pink, the segments about 3 lines long, much narrower than in S. juncea. Anthers reaching to considerably above the middle of the perianth, alternating with staminodia as in .S. juncca. — F. Muell. Fragm. vii. 87. ■W. Anstralia. King George's Sound to Swan River, BrummoHd, \st eoU. and n. 782, Freisn, n. 1552, F. MueUer, and many others ; Murchison River, Oldfield. 3. S. alliacea, F. Muell. Frafjvt. vi. 180. — Habit and foHage of the slenderer specimens of S. juncea, but with the stem sometimes slightly branchcd at the base. Inflorescence the same but the flowers much smaller. Perianth only 2 lines long, the segments rather broad, the 3 inner ones united at the base rather hlgher up the receptacle than the outer ones. Stamens about half the length of the perianth, the three short broad filaments closely contiguous, without any intervening stami- uodia. N. Anstralia. Liverpool Kiver, Arnhcm'8 Land, GuUiver. 85. ALANIA, Endl. Perianth persistent, of 6 equal narrow segments. Stamens 6, hypo- g}'nous, nearly as long as the perianth, filaments filiform ; anthers small, ovate, the cells opening inwards by longitudinal slits. Ovary sessile, ovoid, 3-ceIled, with few ovules in each eell ; style short, recurved, the stigma almost capitate. Capsule globular, opening loculicidally in 3 valves. Seeds few or only one in each cell, oblong, without any strophiole ; testa crustaceous black smooth and shining. — Perennial with difluse Alrtfna.'] cxxtti. liliaceje. 63 stems, covered by the crowded linear leaves. Flowers in globular umbels on axillary peduncles. The geniis is limitcd to thc singic spccics cndeniic in Australia. 1. A. Endlicheri, Kiiiith, Emuii. iv. 644. — Stems elongated in somc specimens to above 1 ft., diffuse. Leaves crowded, linear-filiform, acute, 2 to 4 in. long, dilated at the base into brown scarious imbricate shcaths cntirely concealing the stem. Peduncles axillary, filiform, shorter or rather longer than the leaves. Spikes forming at tirst globular heads of 3 to 4 lines diameter with very nuuierous closely imbricate brown scarious acute or acuminate bracts, 1 or 2 of the lowest often produccd into leafy subulate points. As the flowering advances the filiform pedicels, one within each bract, lengthen to 2 or 3 lines, transforming the head into an umbel, the pedicels not articulate. Perianth-segments scarcely abovc 1 line long, and the capsule not larger. N. S. VJTales. Fissui-es of rocks, Bhie Mountains, A. and R. Cunniiigham, Miss Alki)i>iOii. Tribe X. JoHNSONiEiE. — Perianth-segments free or united in a tube at the base. Style filiform with a terminal entire stigma. Stock not bulbous. Flowers in dense heads or short spikes, solitary and sessile or nearly so within imbricate bracts. 3G. LAXMANNIA, R. Br. Perianth withering and persistent but not twisted, of 6 segments, the 3 outer ones distinct from the base, the 3 inner very shortly united at the base or almost free. Stamens 6, shorter than the perianth, 3 opposite the outer segments hypogynous or nearly so, 3 adnate to the middle of the inner segments ; filaments filiform ; anthers short, 2-Iobed at the base, fixed on the back at the base of the lobes, the cells opening inwards in longitudinal slits. Ovary contracted at the base or almost stipitate, 3-ceIIed, with 2 to 4 ovules in each cell ; style shortly filiform, with a somewhat dilated entire stigma. Capsule enclosed in thc perianth, 3-vaIved. Seeds few, black, not flattened, smooth but uot shiuing, with- out any strophiole. — Perennials with fibrous roots not tuberous. Stems either short and densely tufted or elongated branched and diftuse. Leaves narrow-Iinear or subulate, in radical or terminal tufts, dilated at the base into scarious sheathing appendages, which are often produced at the top into simple or woolly-ciliate bristles. Flowers white or pink, in terminal pedunculate or scssile heads, with imbricate scarious bracts, the outer bracts empty usually entire and forming an involucre usually shorter then the perianths, the inner ones si;bteiiding each flower short very thin and transparent, jagged or fringed on the edge or more fre- quently divided to near the base into woollj' hair-Iike scgments, some- times described as hairs of the receptacle. Thc genus islimitcd to Australiii. F. Muellcr, Fraf^. vii. 88, proposcs to rcstorc thenameof Loxmaynilu to thc Comjjositc genus Fitrohiuin, and to give to thc prcscnt one the name of Bartiuigia, but thia disturbance of a long-adopted nomenclature 64 crxvii. LiLiACEiB. [Laxmamda. would appear to me to be productive of much confusion, wdthout any corresponding advantage. Stems usually short and tufted. Peduncles very much longer than the leaves. Outer pcrianth about 3 lines, inner less than half as long and broadlv ovate 1- ^- (jrandiflora. Outcr perianth about 2 lines, inner oblong, more than half as long. Outer bracts few, obtuse, inner very short, frrnged \vith long hairs 2. L. squarrosa. Outcr bracts more numerous, often acute, inner short and shortly jagged 3. i. mmor. Stems slender, elongated, branched and leafy. Pedvmcles slender, longer than the leaves. Inner perianth-segments longer than the outer. Eastern species 4. L. gracilis. Inner perianth-segments shorter than the outer. "Wes- tem species o. L. ramosa. Heads scssile or on pedimcles shorter than the leaves. Stems slender, branched. Leaves usually elongated. Inner perianth-segments rather shoi-ter or at length rather longer than the outer 6. Z. scssiliflora. Stems very short and densely tufted. Leaves mostly under | in long. Leaves crowded along the short stems. Flower-heads rather broad, exceeding the leaves, the outer bracts numcrous and obtuse 1. L. brachyphylla. Leaves in terminal tufts longer than the heads. Outer bracts not numerous and mostly acute .... 8. Z. scssills. 1. L. grandiflora, Limll. Su-an Biv. App. 56. — Stems tufted ■when old, densely aiid shortly branched as in L. sqiiarrosa. Leaves crowded as in that species bnt usually more erect, 1 to 2 in. long, the scarious sheaths terminating in long Iringed bristles. Peduncles 6 to 10 in. long. Outer empty bracts of the head from 10 to 20, ovate, obtuse, scarious with brown centres, the outermost not 2 lines, the innermost above 3 Hnes long, the flowering ones about 4 lines and broadly oblong. Flowcrs 1, 2 or 3 within each bract on pedicels of ^ to 1 line, surrounded by long wooUy hairs which fringe the base of the inner empty bracts or into which the subtending bracts are divided. Outer segments of the perianth oval-oblong, about 4 Unes long, often very white, the inner ones broadly obovate, quite closed, about l^ lines long. Stamens not exceed- ing thc inner segments. Ovary stipitate. — F. Muell. Fragm. vii. 88. ViT. Australia. Swan River, Brummoxd, \st coll. aml n. 792. Var. palcacca. This is a dwarf vari(^ty with short leaves which almost connects the species w4th L. minor, but it has the numerous obtuse empty bracts and the short broad inner perianth-segments of L. yraiidifora. — L. sqaarrnsa, Endl. in Pl. Preiss. ii. 42, not of Lindl. ; L. palcacca, F. Mucll. Fragm. i. 159. — Phillip's River, Ma.nrcll; York District, Preiss, n. 1588 ; between Esperancc Bay and Fraser's llango, Dcmpstcr, with very numerous outer empty bracts resembling the iavolucre of Gompositcc. 2. L. squarrosa, Liiidl. Simu Riv. App. 56. — Stems tufted when oid, dcnsely and shortly branched. Leaves crowded, almost subulatu, Zaxmanma.^ cxxvii. liliace^. 65 tbe larnina ^ to 1 in. long and straight or rccurvecl, the sheathing imbri- cato bases "with scarious margins produced at the top into bristles fringed with long hairs. Peduneles slender, more than twice the length of the leaves. Flower-heads when fully out 3 to 4 lines diameter or rarely more, ovoid when young, at length nearly hemispherical ; outer empty bracts rather numerous, more acuto than in L. grandijlora, the inner ones nearly as long as the flowers and often fringed at the base, those subtending the flowers very shortly entire at the base but fringed with numerous long hair-like scgments. Perianth sessile or nearly so, the outer segments about 2 lines long, the inner ublong and more than half that length. — L. (jrandijiora, L. acitta, L. paucijlora, and L. sijlvestris, Endl. in Pl. Preiss. ii. 42. W. Australia. Swan Eivor, Briimmond, Ut coll. and n. 36, 793, and 794 ; Preiss, )i. 1586, 1589, 1591, 1592. Thc Z. paiicifora, Endl. (Preiss, n. lo89), is, however, included here on the authority of ^lx. Baker, who has seen the typical specimen. I have myseK examined the others. 3. L. minor, B. Br. Prod. 286. — Very nearly allied to L. squnrrosa. Stem short aud tufted. Leaf-sheaths more ciliate than in L. squarrosa, and often rather densely covered with intricate woolly hairs, the blade o to I in. long. Flower-heads on slender peduncles of 2 to 4 in. Outer bracts very few and much shorter than the perianths, the inner flowering ones very short and shortly fringed. Perianth often very white, as in L. iirandiflora, about 2 to 2^ lines long, the inner segments more than half as long as the outer. — L. Boei, Endl. in PI. Preiss. ii.;42 ; F. Muell. Fragm. vii. 88. W. Australia. King George's Sound and adjoining districts, R. Brown, Preiss, n. 1585, Oldjield, F. Mueller, and others. In Brown's specimens the perianth is not white, but they are evidently starved and faded. 4. L. gracilis, B. Br. Prod. 286. — Stems slender, brauched, forming loose tufts of 1 ft. or more. Leaves crowded at the base and ends of the branches, leaving leafless intervals of i to 1 in., the short broad shcathing scarious bases imbricate with a few ^voolly hairs on their margins, the blades filiform, erect or spreading, ■!■ to 1 in. long or in starved specimens shorter. Flowcr-heads small, on slender peduncles of several inches. Outer empty bracts few, very thiu and transparent, ovate, quite entire and glabrous, 1 to 2 hnes long ; inner flowering ones short, more or less fringed with narrow teeth or ciliate with long woolly haii-s at the base. Flowers pink, very shortly pedicellate or almost sessile, the segments about 2 lines or at length nearly 3 long, the outer ones rather shorter than the inner. Ovary contracted into a short stipes. — F. Muell. Fragm. vii. 88. Queensland. Dawson Rivcr, F. Mucller; Rockhampton, ffShanesy. N. S. Wales. Port Jackson to tho Bluo Mountains, R. Broivn, Sicher, n. 169, and FL Mixt. n. blt, and many others ; northward to Now England, C. Stuart, Lcich- hardt ; Claronco Rivor, Becklcr, Wdeox ; Livorpool Plains, ^. Cunningham ; south- ward to Illawarra, A. Cunninrjham. Victoria. Mount Lizar and M'Alister River, F. Mueller. VOL. VII. B" 66 cxxTii. LTLiACE^. [Laxmamia. Var. illecebrosa (?). Scarious shcathmg bascs of the leaves largcr and more woolly hairj-. — L. illccebrosa, Reichb. f. Beitr. Syst. Pfianzenk. 72 ('r) — Herbert Eivcr, Queensland, uirmit. I have not seen Frau i)ietrich's spccimens described by Reich- enbach, but I do not see any charactcr given to distinguish thcm specifically from the L. graciUs, which varies much in the degree of development of tho branches, foliage, and inflorescence. 5. L. ramosa, TJndl. Sivan Eiv. App. 56. — Closely resembles L. yracilis in its long much-branched slender almost filiform stems with tufts of leaves separated by bare intervals, the filiform peduncles not quite so long. Flower-heads bracts and perianths the same as in that spccies, except that the inner segments of the perianth are rather shorter than the outer, even in the fuU-grown flower. — Endl. in Pl. Preiss. ii. 43 ; F. Muell. Fragm. vii. 88. W. Australia. Swan Eiver, Brummond, \st coll., Preiss, n. 1587. 6. L. sessiliflora, Dcne. Herb. Tim. Bescr. 35, t. 16. — Stems much- branched, sometimes elongated and filiform ; sometimes contracted into small dense leafy tufts. Leaves in tufts at the base of the branches and under the flower-heads and occasionally one or two small ones in the intervals, the sheaths very short with the scarious margins entire or jagged, the blade very narrow and rarely \ in. long. Flower-heads sessile within the leafy tufts, the outer scarious bracts very few, entire, shorter than the perianth, the inner ones under the flower shorter, mostly fringed with narrow teeth or woolly hairs. Flowers few in the head and sometimes solitary. Perianth scarcely 2 lines long, the seg- ments narrow, the outer ones almost acute, at first rather longer but sometimes at length usually rather shorter than the inner obtuse ones. — L. minor, Hook. f. FI. Tasm. ii. 60 ; F. Muell. Fragm. vii. 89, not of R. Br. Victoria. Glenelg Eiver, Rohcrtson ; Grampians, F. Mucller, Sullivan ; \Yilson's Promontory, F. Muellcr. Tasmania. Heathy places ; abundant in some of the northem parts of the island, /. B. Bookcr. S. Australia. Encounter Bay, Whitakcr ; Lofty Eanges, F. Mueller. W. Australia. Swan Eivcr, Drnmmond, \st coll. and n. 795 ; Port Gregory and Murchison Eiver, Oldfwld ; Phillips and Kalgan Eivers, Maxwell. Decaisne figures the inner segments of the perianth as decidedly longer than the outer, and I have occasionally found them so, especially in Murchison Eiver speci- mcn.s, but they arc most frequently as decidedly shorter, although perhaps growing out as the flowering advances. "rhe spccimens described by Decaisne were most probably from Shark'8 Bay. 7. L. bracliypliylla, F. Mnell. Herh. — A dwarf plant, rarely above 1 in. high, allied to L. sessilis and perhaps a variety, but much less branched. Leaves shorter and not so fine, occupying the greater part of the branches, the sheaths terminating in fringed appendages rather than in bristles. Flower-heads much broader with more numerous flowers and borne on peduncles of 1 to 2 lines. Outer bracts numerous and obtuse as in L. fjrcmdijiora ; inner bracts divided nearly to the Laxmannia.'^ cxxtii. liliaceje. 67 basc iuto woolly hairs as iu L. sessilis, aud periauths entirely as iu that species. W. Australia. King George's Sound or to thc eastward, Baxter, and probaLly the same rcprion, Brummond, >i. 445; East Mount Barren, Maxwell ; Upper Kalgan River and Perongerup, F. Muelkr ; bctween Esperance Bay and Fraser's Range, Dcmpster. 8. L. sessilis, Lindl. Sn-an Riv. App. 50. — Stems brauched and densely tufted, the whole plant rarely above 1 iu. high, the lower part of the branches covered with scarious lcaf-sheaths. Leaves formiug short termiual tufts, very uarrow-linear, recurved, 3 to 8 lines long, the bristles of the sheaths few aud loug, simple or slightly divided. Flower- heads ovoid or oblong, sessile or uearly so, shorter thau the leaves. Outer bracts not very uumerous, mostly acute ; iuner oucs divided uearly to the base iuto woolly hairs. Periauth sessile or uearly so, the outer segments about 2^ lines long, the inner ones ovate-oblong about f lines loug. — Endl. in PI. Preiss. ii. 42. W. Australia. Swan Eiver, Drummoiid, Ist coll. ; Hay District, Freiss, n. 1590 ; north of Stirling Eange, F. Mueller (the latter specimens not fully out and somewhat doubtful). 37. STAWELLIA, F. MueU. Perianth of 6 equal 3-uerved segmeuts, shortly united at the base. Stamens 3, inserted at the base of the inuer segmeuts aud shorter than them ; filameuts tiliform or flatteued ; anthers linear or linear-lauceolate, erect, the cells openiug iuwards in longitudinal slits. Ovary 3-ceIIed, with 2 ovules in each cell ; style filiform entire. Capsule opeuing locu- licidally iu 3 valves. Seeds 1 or 2 in each cell, with a black shining crustaceous testa. — A tufted pereuuial, with linear filiform radical leaves, aud simple scapes. Flowers in a dense terminal head, with imbricate bracts, the outer ones produced into filiform leaves. The genus is limited to the single species endemic in "West Australia. 1. S. dimorphantha, F. Muell. Frafjm. vii. 85. — A sleuder glabrous perennial, forming dense tufts of 4 to 5 in. Leaves all radical except those of the flower-heads, linear-filiform, shorter than the scapes, with scarious imbricated dilated bases. Stems simple, rigidly filiform. Flower- heads 3 or 4 lines diametcr, surrounded by rigidly filiform leaves or summits of the outer bracts ofteu 1 in. long. Rhachis of the head or spike often branched though close and compact. Bracts scarious, imbri- cate. Flowers solitary and sessile withiu them, a few of the outcr peri- anths iu each head very narrow linear and 3 lines long, the others much shorter and hroadcr. Filameuts of the outer flowers fihform, of the inner ones short and flat. Capsule very small, enclosed in the perianth. ■W. Australia. Drwntnond. Thc rcmarkablc differencc in shape of the outer and inncr flowers may bc partly but not entircly causcd by a difference in the dcgrec of devclopmcnt. I havc not succeeded in finding ripe capsulcs or seeds in any of the specimcns, and have described them after F. Mueller. F 2 68 CXXVII. LILIACB^. 38. JOHNSONIA, R. Br. Perianth withering after flowering but at length deciduous, of 6 equal 3- or 5-nerved segments. Stamens 3, attached to the base of the inner segmcnts and shorter than the perianth ; filaments shortly dilated and connate at the base, tapering upwards ; anthers Hnear, erect, con- tinuous with the filament, the cells opening inwards in longitudinal slits. Ovary 3-celIed, with two ovules in each cell, one erect the other pen- dulous ; style filiform, with a terminal small stigma. Capsule nearly globular, opening loculicidally in 3 valves. Seeds 1 or 2 in each cell, oblong or ovoid, the funicle thickened into a black strophiole ; testa crus- taceous, black, smooth, and shining. Embryo linear, straight. — Tufted herbs, with radical leaves and a simple leafless stem. Flowers in oblong terminal spikes, entirely concealed within large imbricate dry glume-Iike bracts, of which one or two of the lowest are usually empty, and the lowest of all occasionally produced into a subulate leaf, erect and apparently continuous with the stem. The genus is confined to West Australia. Glabrous, 1 ft. high or more. Leaf-sheaths distichous. Spikes U to 2 in., the hracts not ciliate 1. /. iHpulma. Puhescent or hii-sute, under 1 ft. Leaf-shoaths scarcely dis- tichous. Spikes | to \\ in., the hracts ciliate 2. /. pubesccns. Usually puhescent. Spikes sessile within the leaves or on a stem shorter than themselves 3. /. acaulis. 1. J. lupulina, R. Br. Prod. 287.— Stems flattened, 1 to l^ ft. high. Leaves fcAv at the base of the stem, with distichous sheaths, "the blade erect, the longest usually shorter than the stem and laterally flattened as in Iridea), varying in breadth from under 1 line to nearly 2 lines. Spikes 1^_ to 2 in. long, Bracts imbricate all round, rigid and glume- like, varying from a pale straw-colour to a rich brown when dry, mostly 6 to 9 lines long, broadly lanceolate and concave, each with a single sessile flower in the axil, tbe perianth about half as long as the bract, the lower bracts of the spike gradually smaller and empty, the lowest of all often but not always and sometimes the lowest two with the midrib produced into an erect terete leaf of i to 1 in., all the bracts quite glabrous without cilia on their margin.— Bauer, Illustr. t. 1 ; Endl. in PI. Preiss. ii. 40 ; F. Muell. Fragm. vii. 86. W. Australia. King Gcorge's Sound and neighhouring districts, E. Broivu, A. CuHnhujham, Drummond, ii. 211 and 350, Freiss, n. 1579, and many others. Var. teretifoUa. Leaves very narrow, tercte or flat, not apparently so regularly distichous as m the typic;il form, hut the specimens none of them very perfect. J. terctifolia, Endl. in Pl. Preiss. ii. 40. ^y^- Australia. Stirling Eange, F. 3Iuclkr ; Cape Eiche, Freiss, n. 1582 ; Swan Kivcr, Eclmich. 2. J. pubescens, LhuU. Swan Biv. App. 57.— Much smaller in all its parts than J. htpuHna, and more or less pubescent or hirsute. Leaves not distichous, very narrow, flat or terete, 6 in. to 1 ft. long or more. Johmonia.'] cxxvtt. LiLiACEiE. 69 Stems slender, usually 4 to G in. long and ^lways shorter than thc leaves. Spikes f to 1 in. long, the bracts very pointed, rarely abovc! ■J- in. long, some or all of them more or less ciliate on thc edges, the small lower empty ones usually not above 2 or 3, and the lowest less frequently produced into a leaf than in J. lupiiJbia. — J. Jiirta, Liudl. Swau Riv. App. 57, t. 7 ; F. Muell. Fragm. vii. 87. -/. Inniiifolia, Endl. in PI. Preiss. li. 40. "W. Australia. Swan Kivor, Drianmond, \st coll. andn. 210, 351, and 797, Preis.i, n. 1584; Cape Naturaliste and Canning Kivor, Oldjield. Var. fUfoUa, F. Muell. Leaves almost filifoiTn. — /. mucronata, Endl. in Pl. Preiss, ii. 40 ; Swan River, Dricmmond, Freiss, n. 1580. 3. J. acaulis, Endl. in PI. Preiss. ii. 41. — A dwarf plant usually pubescent but sometimes nearly glabrous. Leaves scarcely distichous, rigid and flat but rarely above 1 line broad and 3 to 6 in. long, Spikes sessile within the leaves or borne on stems shorter than themselves, the bracts or glumes of a rich brown, very pointed aud ciliate on the edges as in J. pubesceiis, but more loosely imbricate. — A variety only of J.jmhesceiis in the opinion of F. Muell. Fragm. vii. 87, W. Australia. Foot of Stirling Range, F. MueUer, Preiss, n. 1581, and probably in tbe same region, Drummond, n. 202, 203, 352 and 353. 39. ARNOCRINUM, Eudl. and Lehm. Perianth hypocrateriform, the tube cylindrical, the limb spreading, of 6 equal broad 1-nerved segments. Stamens 3, attached to the mouth of the tnbe, alternating sometimes with small filiform staminodia ; filameiits short, filiform ; anthers 3, connate in a cylinder round the style, dorsally attached a little above the base, opening inwardly in longitudinal slits, Ovary sessile, obovoid, with 2 ovules in each cell, one erect the other pendulous ; style filiform, the stigmatic end slightly thickened. Capsule 3-vaIved, cnclosed within the bracts. Seeds ovoid or globular, without any strophiole ; testa criistaceous, black, smooth and shining. — Stems from a tufted densely woolly base long branching and rush-Iike, leafless except a small scale uuder each branch, rarely produced into a short leaf. Leaves radical or from the stock, linear, grass-Iike but short. Flowers in dense terminal ovoid heads or short spikes, sessile within the imbricate bracts. Tbo genus is limited to West Australia. Tho flowers havc becn dcscribcd as hcxandrous, but I havo never found more than three stamons in sevoral flowcrs I have examined of both species, and this accords with 01dficld's notes takcn from the li\dng plant. Bracts more or less scarious, quite glabrous or rarely bor- dered by a few woolly hairs 1- ^i- Drummondii. Bracts dry and brown, densely covercd with long woolly hairs 2. A. Freissii. 1, A. Drtimmondii, Endl. in PI. Preiss. ii. 41. — Stock or base of the stem enveloncd in a deuse white wool, the whole plant otherwise 70 cxxvii. LiLiAOEiB. \_Arnocrinum. glabrous or with a few woolly bairs near the base. Eadical leaves narrow-linear, 2 to 3 iu. long. Stems slender, simple or branched, 1 to 2 ft. high, with sometimes a little wool at the base of the branches. Flower-heads or spikes ovoid, about i in. long or rather more without the perianths, quite glabrous except a fewwooUy hairs bordering some of the bracts. Bracts imbricate, 3 to 4 lines long, either wholly scarious or the broad centres of some of the outer ones green rigid and striate. Perianth-tube narrow, cylindrical, about 3 lines long, the limb longer, blue, with 6 broad lobes, all 1-nerved according to 01dfield's notes, but of so delicate a texture as to be very imperfectly preserved in the dry specimeus. W. Australia. Swan Eiver, Brummond, Ist coll. n. 777, Freiss, n. 2640 ; Mur- chison Kiver, Oldfidd. 2. A. Preissii, Lehm.,PL Preiss. ii. 42. — Very near A. Druiiimondn, but rather stouter, more rigid and more branched, sometimes producing tufts of short leaves at the bifurcations. Flower-heads of the same size, but the bracts all dry and brown, and densely covered with long woolly hairs. Perianth apparently smaller, but imperfect in the dried specimens. W. Australia. iSwan River, Brummond, \st coll. n. 778, Preiss, ti. 2226 ; Mur- chison Rivor, OJdfield. 40. BORYA, Labill. Perianth withering but persistent, hypocrateriform, the tube slender, cylindrical, the limb of 6 spreading nearly equal linear lobes. Stamens 6, inserted at the base of the lobes and as long as them or nearly so ; filaments filiform ; anthers short, erect, ovate-sagittate, the cells opening inwards in longitudinal slits. Ovary sessile, ovoid, 3-ceIled, with several (about 20) ovules in each cell, superposed in two rows ; style filiform, with a small capitate stigma. Capsule enclosed amongst the persistent bracts, 3-valved. Seeds few, witb a black crustaceous testa, without any strophiole. — Perennials with the stems either very short and tufted or elongated and branched, always densely covered with the closely imbricated persistentbases of the leaves. Leaves narrow-Iinear subulate or almost filiform, much crowded on the stock or on the upper part of the stems when elongated. Flowers in globular or ovoid heads on long peduncles. P>racts densely imbricated, afew of tbe outer ones empty, subulate, forming an erect or spreading involucie, theinner ones broad, usually obtuse, brown or black, each with a single flower sessile in its axil, the tube enclosed in a bracteole similar to the bract but broader, with inflected scarious margins. The genus is limited to Australia. Leaves various. Poduncle rarely above 3 in. Outer bracts usually longer than the flower head. Westem spccies l. B. nitida. Leaves all ercct suhulate. Peduncle 6 to 10 in. Outer bra('ts rarely exceeding the head. North-eastern species 2. B. septentrionalis. Borya.'] cxxvii. LiLiACEiK. 71 1. B. nitida, Lahill. Pl. Nov. Holl. i. 81, t. 107.— A densely tufted pereniiial or low shrub, very variable in aspcct according to age and situation, sometimes forming short tufts with the leaves almost radical aud scape-like peduncles, but thc stems often growing out to G in. or more, difluse creeping or rarely erect, simple or branched, the lower portion covercd with the persistent imbricate bases of the leavcs and occasionally rooting. Leaves crowded in the uppcr portion, erect spreading or recurved, from under 1 in. to above 2. in. long, always ending in rigid pungent poiuts. Scapes or peduncles erect, simple, rarely above 3 in. long. Flower-hcads from ovoid to depressed-globular, 4 to 6 lines diameter. From 3 to 7 of the outer bracts empty, lance- olate-subulate or linear, very rigid and pointed, and some or all of them longer than the head ; inner flowering bracts brown or black, 2 to 4 lines long, all very obtuse or a few of the outer ones almost acute. or empty aud passing into the involucral bracts. Bracteoles enclosing the flowers as long as the bracts. Perianth-tube as long as the bract, tbt lobes Imear and uearly the same length. — R. Br. Prod. 286 ; F. Muell. Fragm. vii. 87; B. Incciis, Poir. Dict. viii. 615 (probably a clerical error for B. nitida, though taken up by Kunth. Enum. iv. 645, as distinct) ; Baumgartenia nitida, Spreng. Syst. ii. 91. W. Australia. Apparently abundant froniKing George's Sound, Brown, Labil- lardiire, and many others, to Swan and Murchison Eivers, JDrummond, Oldficld, and many others, and eastward to Cape Arid, Maxicell. The aspect of the specimens varies so much that the inspection of a few only has induecd the cstablishnient of several species, but they are connccted by so many intermediates that it becomes difficult to define distinct varieties. In tho comraonest form the leaves are slender, rarely above l^ in. long, sprcading or recurved, especially in the short tufted state, straighter and more rigid in the more elongatcd and branched forms or states. The former state includes B. scirpoidca, Lindl. Swan Eiv. App. 57, t. 9; Drummond's specimens, ii. 341 ; Preiss's n. 1597, ete. The latter is LabiUardiere's original foi-m and that to which Brown gave Labillardiere's name, as well as Drummond's n. 796 {\st colL), Preiss's «. 1593, etc. B. fjracilis and B. cataracta:, Endl. Pl. Preiss. ii. 43, Preiss, n. 1596 and 1594 are small states of tlie common form. B. spharuccphala, R. Br. Prod. 286 {B. hicens, Endl. in Pl. Preiss. ii. 43, Preiss, n. 1595; Buuiiuiartenia Hphceroccphala, Sprcng. Syst. ii. 91), is a large varietywith rigid leaves sometimes nearly 1 line broad and ncarly 2 in. long, but connccted with the common fine-leaved fumi by nimiorous intormediates. B. suhlanosa, F. MucU. Herb., Drummcnd, n. 98, is a dwarf variety with the younger leaves more or less sprinkled with long loose woolly hairs. MaxweU's specimens froni Cape Arid show a remarkably rigid variety. 2. B. septentrionalis, F. MneU. Fraijin. v. 41. — Stems short, erect. Leaves in dense tufts, very erectand rigid though fine, l^ to 2 in. long. Peduncles 6 to 10 in. long. Flower-heads ^ to f in. diameter, ^yith very numerous flowers, the flowering bracts longer than in B. nitida, and the outer involucral bracts usually shorter than the head. The structure of the flowers and other characters prccisely tbe same as in B. nitida, from which this species is most distinctly separatcd by geo- graphical position. Queensland. Fissures of rocks, Kockingham Bay, BaUachy. 72 CXXVIII. PONTEDKEACE^. Order CXXVITI. PONTEDERACEiE. Flowcrs usually slightly irregular, hermaphrodite. Perianth inferior, with or without a distinct tube, the limb or whole perianth of 6 coloured pctal-like lobes or segments, imbricate in 2 series, all ncarly equal and similar, Stamens 6 or 3, attached to the base of the lobes or segments, often dissimilar ; anthers 2-celled, opening laterally or inwards by longi- tudinal slits or tcrminal pores. Ovary superior, 3-celled or with 8 parietal placentas, Avith 1 or more ovulcs to each cell or placenta ; style single with a terminal 3-Iobed or 6-toothed stigma. Fruit a capsule, opening loculicidally in 3 valves, but sometimes euclosed in the pcrsistent tube of the perianth. Secds albuminous, with a slender embryo, the radicle next to the hilum. — Aquatic herbs. Leaves usually petiolate, with numerous parallel veins. Flowers blue or white, in spikes or racemes proceeding from the sheath of the last or only leaf of the scape, usually with 1 or 2 sheathing bracts at the base of the peduncle. A small order dispersed over the tropical and sub-tropical regions of 'both the New and the Old World, extending in North America to more tenipcrate districts. The only Australian species belongs to a genus confined to the Old AVoild, whilst the other gencra arc cxclusively American. The order only differs from Liliaceae in the aquatic hahit and the slight irregularity of the flower. 1. MONOCHORIA, Presl. (Limnostachys, F. Mitell.) Perianth nearly regular, dividcd to thc base into 6 segments. Stamens 6, 1 usually larger or otherwise diflferent from the othcrs. Ovary 3-celIed, with numerous ovules in each ccll. — Leaves radical on long petioles. Scapes with a single apparently petiolate Icaf, the short raceme in its axil appearing to procced from a swclling in the middlc of the pctiole. The gcnus contains very few spccies limitcd to the Old World ; the only Australian one is, as far as known, endemic. 1. M. cyanea, F. Muell. Fraf/m. viii. 44. — Stems or rhizomes creep- ing in mud or shortly ascending in water, covercd with long thin mcmbranous shcathing scales, one or two of the lower ones produced into a leaf or a long petiole, the lamina ovate, acuminate, roundcd or cordate at the base, U to 3 in. long. Scapes from the axils of thc upper sheaths with their tcrminal leaves at first rescmbling the lower leaves with a similar lamina, but with a swelling in the middlc of the pctiole which proves to be the sheathing base of the single leaf, from whence issucs a shortly pedunculate looKespike or raccme of 3to 10 flowers, the base of the peduncle enclosed in a membranous sheath. Flowers sessile or very shortly pedicellate, without bracts. Perianth blue, the segments 5 or G lines long or at length rather more, shortly unitcd at the base. Filaments dilated, all nearly equal, without any tooth, one anther often a littlelonger or smallcr than the othcrs but sometimes scarcely ditierent, all openmg at first in torminal pores which are aiterwards slit down to the Monochoria.'] cxxviii. PONTEDEEACEiE. 73 base. Seeds ovoid, with 10 to 12 prominent ribs. — Ldmnostachys cyanea, F. Muell. Fragm. i. 24. N. Australia. Uppor Victoria Rivor, F. 3[i'cUer ; GilTicrt "River, Gnllivcr. Queensland. Port Donisoii, Fifzalnn ; Burdckin River, Rockhampton and iieij^liT^ourhoud, Botcma)i, Thozct, 0'i)/ia)wsi/, and others. The spccies is very near to the common East Indian 3f. vagmalls, Prcsl, biit thc flow(^rs arc more sessile, and the stamens are ncarly equal without the tooth on tho filament of thc odd stamen characteristic of both the Indian species. Order cxxix. PHILYDRACE^. Flowers hermaphrodite, irregvdar. Perianth inferior, persistent, divided to the base into 2 broad petal-like segments, anterior and posterior. One perfect stamen, attached to the base of the anterior segment or almost hypogynous ; filament flattened ; anther variously shaped, attached at the base or adnate, ■\vith 2 parallel cells, straight or twisted, open- ing in longitudinal shts ; staminodia 2, hypogynous, alternating with the perianth-segments, flat and somewhat petal-like but small, free or more or less connate at the base with the anther-bearing filament. Ovary superior, 3-celled or with 3 parietal placeutae, projecting far into the cavity ; style terminal, simple,with a smallorbroad terminal stigma; ovules numerous in each cell or placenta, anatropous. Fruit a capsule, opening locuHcidally in 3 valves. Seeds numerous, small ; testa mem- branous. Embryo small, at the base of a fleshy albumen. — Erect herbs. Leaves linear or flag-Iike. Flowers sessile and solitary within more or less sheathing bracts along the rhachis of a simple spike, or along the simple branches of a terminal panicle. The order is limited to the three AustraKan gencra, and is almost endemic. One species only extends into east tropical Asia, and one of imcertain origin may be a native of the Pacific Islands. Anther terminal, vcry miich twistcd. Ovary imperfectly 3-celled. Leaves flag-like. Spike long, simple ... 1. Philydrum. Anther not twisted but reflexed outw-ards. Ovary perfectly 3-ceUed. Leaves few, narrow. .Spike short, simple . . 2. Pkitzelia. Anther erect, on a very short filament. Ovary perfectly 3-celled. Leaves flag-like. Spikes in a terminal branched panicle 3. Helmholtzia. 1. PHILYDRUM, Banks. Perianth-segments many-nerved, the margins slightly involute in the bud. Stamen attached to the base of the anterior sogment and not exceeding it ; filameut flattened, tapcring upwards ; anther terminal, ti'ansverse, the cells excessivcly twisted ; staminodia hypogynous, but often slightly connate at the base with the anther-bearing filament. Ovary 1-ccIled, with 3 parietal placentfe projecting far into thc cavity but not meeting iu the centre, each with 2 divaricate broad lobes covercd on the inner or under surface with very numerous ovuk's ; style colamnar, with a terminal broad 3-angled stigma. Capsule oblong, opening locu- 74 cxxrx. PHiLTDEACE^. \_Phihjdrum. licidally in 3 valves. Seeds very numerous and small, narrow-oblong, brown with black tips, minutely tuberculate, "with a short pale funicle. — Tall pereunial, with flag-like leaves. Flowers sessile within sheathing bracts along the rhachis of a long terminal spike. The gcnus i.s limited to the single Australian and East Asiatic specics, the P. glaberrimum of the ' Botanical Magazine ' heing a species of Helmholtzia. 1. P. lanxiginosnin, Banks in Gfcrtn. Frnct. i. 62. — Roots fibrous. Stem erect, simple or scarcely branched, about 2 ft. high, with more or less of white wool especially on the inflorescence, wearing away with age. Leaves from under 1 ft. to l^ ft. long, distichous sheathing and equitant at the base of the stem, the upper ones shorter and passing into short lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate sheathing bracts, all however longer than the perianth, the inflorescence forming a long terminal interrupted spike, more woolly than the rest of the plant. Flowers closely sessile, solitary or rarely two together within each bract. Perianth-segments yellow, hairy, about ^ in. long and nearly as broad. Capsule about ^ in. long, the pericarp thin, opening tardily in 3 valves. — R. Br. Prod. 265 ; Kunth, Enum. iii. 380 ; Guillem. Ic. PI. Austral. t. 5 ; Bot. Mag. t. 783. Wr. Australia. Port Darwin, Schultz, n. 444. Queensland. Sandy Cape, Keppel Bay, Broad Sound, It. Broicn ; Eockhampton and neighhourhood, i^o(r»(rt?;, 0' Sha/icsy, anci. others ; Kockingham 'Bny, DaUachi/ ; Port Curtis, Jl^Gittivra!/ ; Cape York, I)aemel. N. S. Wales. Port Jackson and Shoalwater Bay, R. Brown ; New England, C. Btuart ; llastings ^\yQ,x,Beclder ; Clarence JiiveT,Wilcoz ; Mount Elliott, Fitzatan. Victoria. Upper part of the Wimmera, Wilhelmi. The same species ranges over the Malayan Peninsula and Archipelago and South China. 2. PBITZELIA, F. Muell. (Iletieria, Endl.) Perianth-segments many-nerved. Stamen almost hypogynous, at the base of the anterior segment ; filament broad and flat, connate to about the middle with the 2 lateral petal-like staminodia ; anther oblong, abruptly reflexed outward from the apex of the filament, the cells parallel, not twistcd, opeuing in longitudinal slits. Ovary perfectly 3-celIed ; style columnar, with a slightly dilated terminal btigma. Capsule oblong, membranous, opening loculicidally in 3 valves, leaving a persistent central placentiforous column. Beeds numerous, small, oblong, brown, minutely tuberculate. — A small plant with a simple erect stem, few narrow leaves. Flowers sessile within concave bracts in a short terminal spike. The genus is limited to the single West Australian species. 1. P. pygmaea, F. MncU. Descr. Pap. Pl. i. 13. — Stock apparently perennial, almost thickened into a small bulb more or less woolly, the rest of the plant glabrous. Stem simple, slender, erect, 3 to 6 in. high. Leaves 1,2, or 3, narrow-Iinear, shorter than the stem, with a narrow sheathing basc, thc uppermost one with a broader sheath and short lamina. Flowering-bracts sheathing, 3 to 6 Unes long without any or PrituUa.'] CXXIX. PHILYDllACEiB. 75 only a very short point, distichous and imbricate when youug, forming an interrupted terminal spike when in flower. Purianth-segments very broadly ovate, not at all or scarcely exccediug the bract. Stamen con- siderably shorter. — J^hili/dnmi pi/uniccum, R. Br. Prod. 2G5 ; lletccna pi/fjDiaa, Endl. iu Pl. Preiss. ii. 45. TV. Australia. King (Tcorgo's Sound, Ji. Browii, Preiss, n. 2223, F. Mtuller ; Swau Kiver, JJrummond, Isf. coU. aud n. 739, 740; Lake Muir, Muir. 3. HELMHOLTZIA, F. Muell. Perianth-segments faintly several-nerved, ovate-lanceolate, mem- branous, almost petal-like, the posterior one with 2 prominent nerves near the margin. Stamen almost hypogynous at the base of the anterior segment ; filament very short and flat ; anther erect, ovate-oblong, much louger than the filament, the cells parallel, not twisted, opening inwardly in longitudinal slits ; staminodia petal-Uke, short and broad, very shortly counate with the anther-bearing filament. Ovary perfectly 3-celled ; style subulate with a minute terminal stigma. Capsule nearly globular, 3-furrowed, the pericarp rather thick but probably at length 3-valved. Seeds numerous, small, dark-brown, smooth. — Tall erect perennial, with long almost radical flag-like leaves and numerous small flowers in a ter- minal pyramidal panicle. Besides the Australian species, which is endemic, the genus includes the Philijdrum glaberrinium, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 6058, of uncertain origin, but believed to have been from the Pacific Islands. 1. H. acorifolia, F. Muell. Fragm. v. 203. — Stems erect, simple except the inflorescence, 2 to 3 ft. high, quite glabrous or with a slight wool about the inflorescence. Leaves nearly radical, flag-like, erect, 2 to 3 ft. long aud \ to near 1 iu. broad, their short sheathing bases distichous and imbricated. Flowers in a dense terminal pyramidal pauicle of 6 in. to 1 ft., sessile along its branches, within lanceolate acuminate bracts, spreading uuder the flower and scarcely exceediug it. Perianth-segments white, with inflexed margins, 3 or scarcely 4 liues long. Capsules 2 to 3 lines diameter, woolly-villous, not seen open although the seeds appear ripe with a perfect embryo. Seeds oblong, m.auy of them truncate or almost hooktid at the apex, and sometimes narrowly winged. Queensland. Eockingham Bay, Dallachy. N. S. Wales. Kichmond River, Wihox. Oeder CXXX. XYRIDE^. Character and geographical range of the order the same as that of the typical genus Xi/rfx, in so far as connected with Australia ; how far this character should be extended so as to comprise thc Amcrican genera ofteu associated with it, is as yet far from being settled. The afiinities 76 CXXX. XTEIDE^. of the genus or order are also very uncertain. Either the habit or the seeds or thc inflorcscence have suggested to various botanists its approximation to llestiacca}, Commelynaccfe, or Liliacete {Johnsonieoi), but there are important characters which separate it from each of these. 1. XYRIS, Linn. Flowers hermaphrodite, sessile within 2 opposite persistent navicular bractcoles by some considered as outer perianth-segments. True peri- anth with a short tube, the limb divided into 4 segments, 1 outer anterior one thin and almost petal-like or somewhat scarious, very broad, com- pletely enveloping the inner segments, but becoming detached at the base and cast off as tbe flower expands, 3 inner broad yellow petal-like spreading segmcnts, withering after flowering. Perfect stamens 3, oppo- site the inner segments, attached to their base and shorter than them ; anthers erect, sagittate, with 2 cells openiug laterally in longitudinal slits somewhat turned outwards ; staminodia usually 3, alternating with the inner segmeuts, short and filiform, with a terminal tuft of jointed hairs or an imperfect anther, or in some species wholly deficient. Ovary sessile, imperfectly 3-celled ; ovules numerous on 3 placentas, either basal and conflucnt or elongatcd parietal and quite distinct, or sometimes separating from the sides of the ovary exccpt at the base and apex. Style single, divided at the end into 3 spreading branches, each termi- nating in a capitate or dilated stigma. Capsule globular or ovoid, often 3-furrowcd, opening locuUcidally in 3 valves or sometimes circumsciss, the hardcned apex falling off cntire. Seeds small and immerous, linear or oblong, usually striate ; embryo lenticular, applicd to the extremity of the albumen furthest from the hilum. — Tufted perennials or rarely annuals. Leaves radical or surrounding the base of the scape or stem, linear and grass-like or rigid and subulate or rush-Iike. Flowers solitaryand sessile within imbricate rigid glume-like scales, formiug a terminal head or short spike on a simple leafless scape, the outer bracts of the hcad usually empty and in some varieties of various species somcwhat enlarged into a small involucre. The genus is widely spread over the wanner regions both of the New and the Old World. Of the Australian species, one is identical with a conmion Asiatic one, the others are, as far as hitherto ascertained, all cndemic. I have describcd the 2 outer navicular scarious or giume-like organs outside the perianth as hracteoles from their position at the base of the perianth as well as from their consistence and persistence, whilst the broad segment enveloping the inner ones is evidently the real outer perianth, being placed like the inner segments at the apex of the tube. Placentas of tho ovary parietal, free from each other and extending to the apex of the cavity. Bracts entire or minutely ciliate. Anther-cells dorsally affixcd to a small conncctive. Staminodia penicillate. Eastem or tropical species. Leaf-tufts on a perennial stock, with rigid sheathing bascs. Staminodia dcnsely penicillate .... 1. X. complanata. Leaf-tutts annual. Loavcs g-rass-like. Staminodia very slender, with few hairs or scarcely any . . 2. X pauciflora. Xyris.'] cxxx. XYBiDEiE. V7 Bracts with black jagged margins. Anthcr-cclls adnato the grcatcr part of thcir length. No staminodia. Wcstcm species. Flowcr-heads globular. Bracts very broad . . . . 2. X. laeera. ' Flower-hcads ovoid or oblong. Bracts ovate .... 4. X Jlcxijolia. Placcntas vcry short and conflucut at the base of the ovary. Other characters of X. opcrculata, but bracteoles not winged 5. X. (jracilin. Placcntas connato at the baso of the ovary, extending also up the sidcs. Capsulc usually hardoned at tho apex. Staminodia densely penicillato. Bracteoles with a pro- minent or winged usually ciliatc keel. Bracts broad, glabrous, appressed, entii'e or the inner oncs jaggcd. Eastcrn species Q. X. operculata. Bracts ovate-oblong, hirsute or plxmiose at tho end. Westem species 7. X lanata. Bracts ovate-oblong, loosely imbricato or spreading, glabrous. Western species 8. X. laxijlora. Staminodia small, transversely dilatod at the ond, ■svdthout haii-s. Bracts broad, entii'o. Western species . . 9. X. (jracillima. X. altissima, Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 1900, by a horticultm-al eiTor supposed to bo Australian, is evidently Bohartia spathacea, Sweet, from South Africa. 1, X. coniplanata, R. Br. Prod. 256. — Stoek perennial, Leaves tufted, generally surrounded by a few old brown sheatbs, grass-like, flat, often very narrow, varying from 1 or 2 to above 3 in. long. Scape more or less flattened, from under 1 ft. to about l^ ft. bigb. Flower- bead at first sbort and ovoid, but sometimes lengtbening into a cylindrical spike of + to 1 in., tbe scales broad, ligbt-brown, entire or tbe inner ones sligbtly ciliate, tbe lower empty ones very few. Bracteoles pro- minently keeled or witb a narrow dorsal sboi'tIy ciliate wing. Inner periantb-segments broad but small. Antber-cells quite distinct, dorsally attacbed to a small connective ; staminodia deuselj' penicillate. Style divided nearly to tbe base. Placentas of tbe ovary free from eacb otber and extending to the apex of tbe cavity. Seeds very numerous and small. — X. hcvis and X. scabra, R. Br. Prod. 256 ; X. elongata, Rudge in Trans. Linn. Soc. x. 289, t. 15 ; F. Muell. Fragm. viii. 205. N. Australia. Islands of the Gulf of Carpentaria, R. Broivn ; Bathurst Island, A. Cnnxingliam ; Sea Range and Victoria Eiver, F. Muellcr ; Port Darwin, Hchultz, n. 128. Queensland. Facing Island {X. lcevis), R. Brown ; Moreton Bay, F. Mucller and others ; 'RocMh&ra^yion, 0' SJia ncsy ; 'Endca.vour TiivcT, A. CuiiHinffham ; Kockingham Bay, I)allttch)j ; Port Denison, Fitzalan. N. S. TVales. Port Jackson {X. scabra), Ji. Broicn, Woolls, and othcrs; Hastings River and Mount ilitchell, Beckler. The spccics is also in East India if X WalJccri, Wight in Kunth, Enum. iv. 19, be really identical, as it appcars to be. Var. hracteata. Outer scales of the flower-head cnlarged into sprcading bracts of 3 to 4 Hnes. — Moreton Bay, Leichhardt. Var. ? leptocaulis. Scapes very narrow, scarcely compressed or angular-terete. Flowor-heads small and short. Flowers not examined. — Cape York, M'Gillivrai/ ; Upper Brisbane River and Provadcnce Hill, F. Mueller. 2. X. pauciflora, WilhL Pln/tnr/r. i. 2, t. 1. — Apparently annual. Leaves in radical tufts, grass-like, narrow, rarely above 6 iu. long. 78 cxxx. XTniDE^. [Xyr/s. Scapes sometimes only 2 or 3 iu. liigh, but varying from that to 1 ft. or rather more, terete or slightly flattened. Flower-head ovoid-globose, attaining 4 to 5 lines diameter when fuU-growu but ofteu very much smaller, the scales very broad, entire, brown with very thin almost hyahue margins. Bracteoles thin and light-coloured, quite glabrous, without prominent keels. Perianth small for the genus. Anthers almost sessile, the cells quite distinct dorsally attached to a small connective ; staminodia very slender, with very few termiual hairs and often very difficult to find. Capsule obovoid, the placentas adnate to the apex of the valves. — Kunth, Enum. iv. 17 ; X. paucijiorn, X. paludosa, X. den- ticulata, aud X. p)usiUa, R, Br. Prod. 256 ; X. oHgantha, Steud. Syn. Glum. ii. 288. N. Australia. M'Adam Eange and Victoria Eiver, F. Mucller ; Port Essington, ^rmstrontj. Queensland. Endoavour River, Banks and Solandcr, A. Cunningltam ; between Norman and GUbert Eivers, Gullivcr. The species is also widely spread over tropical Asia. Brown's four species "were all described from Banks and Solander's Endeavour Eiver specimens, and appear to me to difFer only in size and luxuriance : the two smallest slender forms, 2 to 3 in. higb -wath very small heads {X. pahidosa and piisiHa), gathored in the same locahty by Cunningham, represent well "\Villdenow's figure ; the larger forms are, however, more frequent in Indian as well as in Australian collections. 3. X. lacera, E. Br, Prod. 257. — Stems rather stout, terete, varying from under 1 ft. to above 2 ft. high, surrounded at the base by a few long, broad, loose, brown leaf-sheaths, of which 1, 2, or 3 are produced iuto blades of 2 or 3 in. Flower-heads ovoid or globular, under \ in. diameter. Scales very broad, theu* black margius much jagged, the centre usually paler coloured. Bracteoles with an obtuse keel slightly prominent and miuutely scabrous. Inner perianth-segments ovate. Anthers oblong, rather large. Staminodia none in any of the flowers examined. Placentaj of the ovary free from each other and adnate to the apex of the cavity. Style long, with very short branches dilated into fan-shaped stigmas. Capsule hardened and scarcely dehiscent at the apex, opening laterally. Seeds pale-coloured, striate. W. Australia. Iving George's Sound and adjoining districts, H. Broicn, Drum- m.ond, n. 200, 354, Oldjicld, F. Mucller. X. teretifolia, E. Br. 1. c. from Lucky Bay, appears to be the samc species with rather smallcr heads. 4. X. flexifolia, R. Br. Prod. 256. — Stems very slender, twisted, usually 1 ft. high or rather more, with a single long brown sheath at the base and sometimes a second sheath produced into a slender terete twisted leaf resembling the stem. Flower-head oblong or narrow-ovoid, 3 to 4 liues long. Scales ovate, glabrous, the black margins jagged, the centre of the flowering ones pale-coloured. Bracteoles narrow, obtuse, and obtusely keeled. Outer perianth-segment more petal-like thau in most species ; inner segments ovate-oblong, much narrower than usual. Anthers linear-oblong, the cells almost entirely adnate ; no staminodia in JTyr/s.] cxxx. xtride.^e. 79 the flowers examincd. Ovary narrow, tlie placentas freo from each other aud aduate to the apex of the cavity. Style rather long, with short branches and entire fan-shaped stigmas. Ovules few and uarrow. Caj)sule not seen ripe. — A'. icmida, Endl. in Pl. Preiss. ii. 55. 'W. Anstralia. King George's Sound and adjoining districts, B. Browi/, Druiu- iiiO)i(f, >i. 2oi, partli/, Frciss, n. 2221. 5. S. gracilis, R. Br. Prod. 256. — Very similar to the narrow- headed specimens of X. operculata, aud not always easy to distinguish from them. Leaves usually shorter, flatter, and more twisted, some- times nearly 1 line broad, but iu some varieties as narrow as in that species. Flower-heads ovoid-oblong, the scales black and entire. Brac- teoles smooth and shining, entire, without dorsal wings. Inner periauth- segments very broad, but rather smaller thau in A'. opcrcidata. Ovary partially 3-ceIIed, the placentas confluent at the base, with linear erect ovules', and not extending much up the sides of the cavity. — Hook. f. FI. Tasm. ii. 69; X.jnncea, R. Br. Prod. 256. Qneensland. Brisbane River, Bailei/. N. S. Wales. Port Jackson to the Blue ]Mountains (X. jiuicca), R. Brown, Woolls, and othcrs ; Xew England, C. Stunrt, C. Moorc ; Hastings River, Bcckler. Victoria. Port Phillip, R. Brown {X. fjracUis) ; Glenclg River, Robertson ; IJandenong Ranges, F. Mucllcr ; Curdie's Inlet, Walker. Tasmania. Conunon in various places in similar localities to X. operculata, Gunn and others. Var. hractcata. Flower-heads broader, the outer scales enlarged into spreading hracts, bracteoles broader than ia the common form, with slightly prominent and minutely ciliate dorsal keels, but the ovary rather of X. (jracilis than of X. opcrculata. — South Port, Tasmania, C. Stuart ; between Circular Head and Aiihur River, F. Mueller. 6. X. operculata, LabUl. Pl. Nov. HoU. i. 14, t. 10. — Stock peren- nial, with persistent tufts of distichous shining brown leaf-sheaths, some of them produced into very narrow almost subulate leaves, mostly under 6 iu. long. Scapes sleuder, 1 to li ft. high, enclosed at the base in a rather long sheath without any lamina in the ceutre of the tuft of leaves. Flower-head from ovoid to globular, attainiug sometimes 4 to 6 lines diameter, but often much smaller, the scales black, broad and rounded, entire or the inner ones denticulate or friuged at the end. Bracteoles opaque with scarious margins, the promiuent keel usually ciliate or fringed at the end. Inner perianth-segments very broadly obovate, 4 to 6 lines diameter. Anthers deeply lobed at the base aud shortly so at the upper end. Staminodia filiform, with a dense tuft of jointed hairs. Style rather long, the terminal stigmas variously dilated. Placentas of the ovary more or less cohering in the axis, and continued to the apex of the cavity, though sometimes at length dotached from the sides. Capsule obovoid, the hardened apcx usually falling ofi" entire, the lower part only splitting into valves. — R. Br. Prod. 257 ; Hook. f. FI. Tasm. ii. 69 ; Bot. Mag. t. 1158 ; Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 205. N. S. Wales. Port Jackson to thc Blue Mountains, R. Brown, A. and R. Cun- ningham, and many others : Hastings River, Beckler ; Ncw England, C. Stuart. 80 cxxx. XTRiDE^. [Xyris. Victoria. Mount Eversley, Robertson ; Mount Abrupt, Wilhelmi ; Curdie's River, F. MmUvr. Tasmania. Poi-t DalrjTnple, R. Brown ; common in wet heatlis and peat soUs, /. I). Hookn: S. Australia. Encounter Bay, C. Stiiart. The specics varies mucli m. stature, in the size of the heads, and in the scales of the flowcr-hcads, eithcr distiuctly superposed in iive rows or more or less irrcgularly imbricate, the outer empty ones few or numerous, and thc floweiing ones almost all quite entire or more or lcss jagged or fringed. Var. macroccphala. Stems above 2 ft. high. Flower-heads \ in. diameter, the scalcs ahnost all fringed. — Blue Mountains, A. ancl E. Cimningham, Woolls. Var. bracteata. A few of the outer empty scalcs of the flower-head enlarged and sjjrcading. — X. bracteata, E,. Br. Prod. 256. — Port Jackson, R. Broivn. 7. X. lanata, 7i. Br. Prod. 257. — Stock perennial. Leaves few in the tufts, almost distichons, 1 or 2 of them from 6 in. to 1 ft. long, above 1 line broad near the base, but tapering to a long fine point. Scapes often 2 or even 3 ft. long, not flattened. Flower-head ovoid, about ^ in. long, thc scales oblong-spathulate, usually superposed in 5 distinct rows. hirsute outside or almost plumose at the end, the outer ones often woolly-villous to the base. Bracteoles with winged keels, ciUate at the end, and the outer perianth-segment often tubercular-hirsute at the end. Stamiuodia filiform, with a dense tuft of jointed hairs. Stigmas much dilated. Capsule with a hardened apex as in X. operculata. Placentas slightly connate at the base, extending up the sides of the cavity but not into the hardened apex. Ovules and seeds ascending from the lower part of the cavity almost as in X. gracilis. — Endl. in Pl. Preiss. ii. 55. W. Australia. King Gcorge's Sound and adjoining districts, R. Brotcii, Frascr, A. Cunnincjham, Drummond, n. 201, 354, Preiss, n. 2222, and others. 8. X. laxiflora, F. Muell. Fragm. viii. 203. — Apparently annual. Leaves tufted, flat, narrow, the inner ones 4 to 6 in. long, the outer shorter. Scapes rather slender, 1 to 2 ft. high. Flower-head ovoid, about -j in. long, the scales broad, quite eutire, dark or black with a pale centre, less closely imbricate than in the other species, and the outer one often spreading. Bracteoles with a prominent almost wiuged keel, shortly ciliate or denticulate. Inner perianth-segments broad but not large. Anthers short ; staminodia with a dense tuft of hairs. Ovary pubescent and shortly 3-Iobed at the apex ; placeutas united at the base and adnate upwards, but not extending to the apex ; stigmas slightly dUated and minutely fringed. Ovules few, erect. Capsule hardened at the apex but not seeu ripe. W. Australia. Drummond, n. 202. 9. X. gracillima, F. Muell. Fragm. viii. 203. — Stems or scapes as in X.jle.vifolia slcnder, almost filiform, with brown sheaths at their base rarely produced into leaves, but more tufted than in that species, and mostly above 1 ft. high. Flower-head ovoid or obovoid, 3. to 4 lines long, quite glabrous, the scales broad, with black margins quite entire Xyns.'] CXXX. XYEIDEiE. gX and paler ceiitres. Bracteoles obtuse aiul obtusely keeled, quite glabrous. luaer pcrianth-segments ovate. Anther linear, oblong, scarcely lobed at the base, ' with very short fihaments ; ^itaminodm eudiug in a transv.erse diJatation wit!iout any hair.s. Ovary iiarrow, hirsuto and 3-lobed at the top ; placentas conuate at the base with few long ovulos. St} le slender, with 3 liliform branches and very sinall capitate stigmas. W. Australia, Drinnmoiul, )i. 199. , Order CXXXI. COMMELYNACE^. riowers hermaplirodite or rarely polygamons, usually slightly ir- regular. Perianth of 6 segments, free or rarely united at the base, more distinctly representing a calyx and corolla than in any other ayncarpous Mouocotvledons, 3 outer ones thin and membranous or herbaceous, much imbricate, the ontermost often smaller, 3 inner very delicate and petal-like, spreading, one often rather difFerent in shape or size from the others. Stamens G or fewer by abortion, attached to the base of the segments or almost hypogynous ; anthers when perfect 2-celled, the cells opening laterally or inwards in longitudinal slits or rarely iu terminal pores ; staminodia when substituted for stamens all on one side of tlie flower, not alternating with the perfeet staniens. Ovary 3-ceIIed or rareiy 2-ceIled, with 1, 2 or more orthotropous ovulea in each cell, laterally attached to the inner angle and when several superposed in 1 or 2 rows. Style simple, with a terminal entire or 3-Iobed stigma. i^ruit a capsule or rarely indehiscent thougii dry. Seeds thick, peltate or angular, the testa often wrinkled or reti- cuhite. Embryo small, partly suuk in the side of the ilesiiy albumen remote from the hilum, and usually covered by a small deciduous operculum. — Herbs erect or more frequently weak and creeping at the base, rarely in species not Australian twiners, or tall and abnost shrubby. Lcaves parallel-veined, with sheathing bases. Flowera usually blue, purple, or white, in panicles, umbels, or clusters, eitiier terminal or issuiug from tlie leaf-sheaths on the side of the stem opposed to the leaf. The order is chiefly tropical or subtropical, and is common to the New and tho Old World. Of the six Aiistralian genura, tliree are spread over hoth hemispheres, one is limited to thc Old World, one to the Indo-Australian region, and one unly ia endemic in Australia. Flowers enclosed in a folded; cordate-turbinate or falcate spatha or lea(y bract, or within short loose leaf-sheaths. Perianth-segments unitedin '2series. Stamensall perfoct. 1. Cyaxotis. Perianth-segments free. Half the stamens reduced to staminodia 2. Commelyxa. No spatha. P>racts small. Flowers paniculate. Ilalf tho stamens reduced to staminodia. Ovary and capsule 3-ceIled 3. Axeilema. YOL. Tll. O 82 CXXXI. COMMELINACE^. Stamens all perfoct. Ovary and capsules 2.celled ... 4. Floscopa. Stamcns all perfcct or half reduced to staminodia. Fruit globular, indehiscent, usually blue 5. Pollia. No spatha. Flowers spicate. Outer segments herbaceous. Stamons all pcrfect. Ovary 3-celled 6. Cautonema. 1. CYANOTIS, Don. (Zygomenes, Salisb., name only). Plowers regular. Outer perianth-segraents raore or less uuited iu a 3-]obed ealyx, iuuer segments niore or less uuited iu a tube at tlie base witla 3 spreadiug lobes. Stamens 6, iuserted ou the iuuer segmeuts ; filaments bearded towards the top ; anthers all perfect, the cells opeuiug iuwards iu longitudiual slits. Ovary 3-celled, with 2 superposed ovules iu each cell. Capsule 3-valved. Seeds laterally attached, oue at the lower angle, the other at the upper augle. — Creepiug or asceudiug herbs. Flowers iu short deuse spikes or clusters, iu a complicate fal- cate leafy bract or spatha, or within loose leaf-sheaths. The genus is dispersed over the tropical regions of Asia and Africa, tho only Australian species is a common Indian one fi'om Ceylon and the Peninsula to the Malayan Archipelago and South China. 1. C. axillaris, Boem. and Schult.; Kunth, Enum. iv. 105. — A glabrous annual, with loug creeping or shortly asceudiug brauches. Leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, 2 to 4 in. loug. Flowers 2 or 3 together withiu the short loose leaf-sheaths. Outer perianth-segmeuts nearly 3 liues long, shortly uuited at the base ; iuuer perianth deep blue, the tube slender, cylindrical, louger thau the outer segmeuts. Filameuts thickeued above a deuse tuft of joiuted hairs. — Tradescantia axillaris, Roxb. Corom. Pl. t. 107 ; Tiycjomenes axillaris, Salisb. iu Traus. Hort. Soc. i. 271 ; F. MuelL Fragm. viii. C2 ; Gyanotis axillaris, Clarke, Comra. et Cyrt. Beng. t. 35 (eopied from Roxburgh). N. Australia. Sturts' Creek, F. Mueller. Queensland. Elliott and Burdekin Eivers, Botvman. The species is a common Indian one. SaUsbury, in giving to it the name of Zygomoies, gavo no indication of the cxtent or character he proposed to assign to it as a genus ; it cannot therefore be taken as such a publication as necessarily to superscde the universally adopted name Cyanotis. 2. COMMELYNA, Liuu. Periauth-segmeuta all free, 2 of the outer ones larger than the third outermost, aud one of the iuuer frequeutly diiFereutly shaped or more sessile thau the two othera. Perfect stamens usually 3, the ceu- tral oue with a Lirger auther tlian the two others ; staminodia 3 or rarely 2, with deformed authers. Ovary 3-celled or rarely 2-cellcd ; ovules in eaeh of 2 cells 2 superposed, 1 only in the third sraallercell, or ovulcs 1 iu eaeh of 3 cells, or the 3rd ccll cutiroly wautiug. Style filiform, Gommelyna.'] cxxxr. commeltnaoe^. 83 with a small stigma. Capsule usually :3-celled, tlie 2 biovulatc cells opening loculicidally, the 3rd uuiovulate cell remaining long closod at the back of onc of the valves, but sometimes all 3 cells open loculici- dally or the 3rd cell is deficicnt. Seeds smooth or pitted, rugose or reticulate. — Weak herbs, often creeping at the base. Flowers in a complicate oblique leafy bract or spatha, usually 2 or raore on a peduncle included in tlie spatha, with a second peduncle iu the same spatha articulate halfway up and bearing a single usually raale liower, or reduced to a short barren bristle. rruiting pedicels recurved so as to ripen the capsule within the spatha. The gonus is widely sproad ovor tho warmer regions of both hemiajjheres, siipply- ing several common weeds of ciiltivation. The three Australian species may be all cndemic, thej" are very noar corresiionding Asiatic species to which thcy have been sometimcs roferred, but I havo boen unable tomatch them prccisely. Spatha not cordate, closcd at thc base, forming an oblique turbinate inverted cone open at thetoponly .... 1. C. ensifolia. Spatha coi-dato at the base, with rounded auricles dosely appressed but not connate. Leaves ovate-lanceolate or rarely narrow, contracted above the sheath. Spatha acute, rarely acuminate. Seeds pitted 2. C. cyanea. Leaves vcry narrow, not contracted above the sheath. Spatha with a long point. Seeds smooth or slightly nigoso 3, C. lai/ceolafa. 1. C. ensifolia, R. Br. Prod. 2G9. — Glabrous or with a slight pubescence on tlie leaf-sheaths and a few cilia at tiie base of the leavea, or rarely a niore copious pubescence chiefly on the leaves and spathas. Stems weak, froni a procumbent or creeping base asceuding to 1 ft. or rather niore. Leaves lanceolate, acuminate, mostly 3 to 4 in. long, very narrow or almost linear or rarely more than \ iu. broad, shortly contracted at the base above the membranous often scarious sheath. Spathas usually solitary, sessile or shortly pcdunculate, opposite the last leaves, cucuUate, very broadly falcate but scarcely acuminate, i to 1 iii. long, the closed base 4 to 6 lines lo ng. Each spatha, besides a small rudimentary pedicel, contains a single peduucle shorter thau the spatha, bearing 1 to 5 or rarely 6 flowers on pedieels whieh bear them beyond the spatha, bat are recufved withiu it immediately after flowering. Outer perianth-segments unequal, the largest 3 lines long ; inner ones about twice as long, blue, one rather snialler than thc other. Stamcns 3 perfect, 1 anther larger thau the 2 others. Ovary 2- or 3-celled with 1 ovule in each cell. Capsule witli 2 dehiscent cells, the 3rd sometimcs small, barren, or deficient, sometimes ripening the seed and thcn dchiscent. Seeds smooth.— F. Muell. Fragm. viii. 60 ; G. undulata, K. Br. Prod. 270. N. Australia. Islands of the gulf of Carpentaria, R. Broivii, Henne, and others ; Port Essington, Armstrong ; Port Darwin, Scltnltz, ii. 70, 161 ; Uppor Victoria River, F. Mucllcr, Camdcn Harbour, WaUcr ; Ceatral Australia, M'Dougal StnarVs and Gosses Expeditions, o 2 84 cxxxi. COMMLEYNACE^. [^Commelyna. Queensland. From the Maranoa, AlitcheU, and Peak Downs, F. Muellcr, over the whule tropical part of the colony to Cape York, iiumerous eolhctors. N. S. 'Wales. Between the Darling and Cooper's Creek, Xeilson. Some of the Queenshmd specimens have broader leaves and 2 spathas at the ends of the stems, but opposed to distinct leaves, and not chistered as thcy usually are in C. obliqita, Don, which is the only Indian species which this one otherwise resembles. 2. C. cyanea, B. Br. Prod. 269. — Glabrous. Stems weak, creeping aud rooting at the base, ascending to 1 or 2 ft. Leavcs ovate- lanceolate tc narrow-lunceolate, acuminate, mostly l^ to 3 in. long, very shortly coutracted at the base above the sheath. Spathas on short peduucles opposed to the upper leaves, broad, shortly acumiuate, deeply cordate at the base with rounded auricles not couuate, mostly •f to 1 in. long. Peduncles 2, shorter than the spathe below the articulation, but the pedicels protruding beyond it, one peduucle with a siugle male flower or without any, the others with 2 or rarely 3 flowers on short pedicels. Outer periantli-segmeuts uuder 3 lines, the inner twice that diameter, those of each series nearly equal. Three perfect anthers, the larger one sagittate, 2 or 3 staminodia. Ovary with 2 ovules in each of 2 cells, 1 ouly in the third. Capsule with the 2-seeded cells dehiscent, the third usually indehiscent. Seeds without the raised reticulations of G.communis, but more or less marked with small scat- tered pits. — C. commiinis, F. Muell. Fragm. viii. 59, but not exactly the common Asiatic aud African C. communis, Liun. N. Australia. Victoria Eiver, F. MiieUer. Queensland. Brisbane Eiver, Moreton Bay, F. Mueller ; Warwick, BccMer ; Springsure, Widh. ; llockhampton, Ballachi/, 0 Shanesy, and others ; Kockingham Bay, Ballachy, Capo York, Veitch. N. S. Wales. Hunter's River, R. Broicn, Oldfield ; Clarenco, Hastings, and Macleay Rivers, Beckler. 8. C. lanceolata, R. Br. Prod. 269.— Eesembles the slender nar- rowdeaved forms of C. cyanca, but the leaves appear to be always uarrow-linear or linear-lanceolate, aud the upper ones at least gradually enlarged at the base into a verj short sheath without any coutraction above it. Spathas narrow and usually produced into a long point, cordate at the base with free rounded auricles. Flowers like those of C. cyanea, but oue of the outer segmeuts decidedly smaller and nar- rower than _ the others, the inner oues nearly equal. Larger auther sagittate, with shorter divergiug auricles. Capsules ripening 1 or 2 seeds iu each of 2 cells, the 3rd cell remaining small and empty. Seeds smooth or coarsely wrinkled, without the raised reticulations of C. communis, or the pitted surface of C. cyanea.—C. agrostophylla, F. MueU. Fragm. viii. 59. N. Australia. Sturfs Creek, Albert and Roper Rivers, F. Mneller. Queensland. Bustard Bay, Baitks and Solander, Port Curtis and Fitzroy Island, M'GiUivray. The seeds of these Queenshind specimens are ratlier morc rugose than the north-w estern ou.'s, though otherwise vory much Uke. The character, however, Commelyna.'] cxxxr. cOMMELTiTACEiE. 85: in all tho species of Commelyna as derived from thc markings of tho sccd muwt be taken with great caution, as thoy can bo observed in vcry fcw spccimcna only.aud may not be so constant aa they have becu supposcd to bo. 3. ANEILEMA^ E. Br. (Aphylax, Salisb., namc only.) Periautli-segmeuts all free, 3 outer ones membrauous, concave, slightiy imbricate, 3 inuer ])etal-like, obovate, uearly equal. Perfcct stamens 3 or sometimes ouly 2, on oue side of tlie fiower ; autbers ovate or obloug, the cells opeuing iu longitudiual slits ; staiuiuodia 3 or 4 or only 2, vvith variously shaped imperfect authers. Ovary 3-celled or rarely 2-celled, with 1 to 5 ovules iu each cell superposed iu 1 or 2 rovvs ; style subulate, with a small stigma. Capsule oblong ovoid or nearly globular, opeuing in 3 or rarely 2 valves. Seeds 1 or more in each cell, superpoijcd iu a siugle row, almost cubical, usually rugose. — Weak herbs, with ascending or erect stems. Flowers small, in a loose termiual panicle, singly pedicellate along the branches withiu a small concave bract, or 2 together within the termiual bract. Thc genus is widely spread over the tropical regions of both hemispheres, but more abundant in the Old World than in the New. Of the six Australian species one is widely spread ovor tropical Asia and eastern Africa, thc others as far as hitherto known are enderaic. \ Filaments all glabrous. Ovary with only 2 perfect cells. Stems weak,' ascending. Leaves ovate-lanceolate. Ovules 3 or 4 in each cell. Panicle slender, thyrsoid, usually pedunculate. Cap- sule oblong \. A, acuiniiiatum. Inflorescence sessile, of 2 short 2-flowered branches. Ovary with a third imperfect cell 2. A. bijlortim. Leaves lanceolate. Ovules 2 in each cell. Capsule as broad as long &. A. sclerucaypum. Leaves linear ornarrow-lanceolate. Ovules 1 in each cell. Panicle long and slender. Flowers small .... 4. A. siliculosuni. Filaments all or some of them bearded. Ovary S-celled. Stems erect. Radical leaves linear, tufted. Filaments all bearded. Panicle irregular, the pedicels distant along the branches 5. A.gramiiietim. Filaments of the perfect stamens bearded, of the stami- nodia glabrous. Pedicels close together along the branches, leaving a thickened denticulate rhachis . Q. A. giganteum. 1. A. acuminatum^ B. JBr. Prod. 270. — Stems from a creeping base asceudiiig to 1 ft. or rather more, iucluding the pauicle, the whole plant glabrous except miuute raised dots, giving a roughness to the leaves and rhachis of the pauicle. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, acute, \\ to 3 in. long, mostly shortly petiolate above the sheath, the upper oues either crowded together or all distant. Panicle slender, thyrsoid, otten 3 to G iu. loug or eveu more, usually peduuculate above the last leaves, or rarely with smaller leaves closc uuder it ; brauches simple, filiform, singly or rarely in pairs along the rhachis, the bracts under the branches very small aud lanceolate. Pedicels fililorm, 2 to 4 lines loug, 86 cxxxi. coMMELTNACE-i;. [Ancilema. singly scattored along the brancbes witbin broad cucullate bracts under | liue loug, or 2 together within the uppermost bracts. Outer periauth-segmcuta ohloug, li lines long, inner oues twice as loug, almost orbicular. Filameuts all glabrous, 2 or rarely 3 with perfect authers, 1, 2 or rarely 3 with abortive anthers. Ovary 2-celled, with 3 or 4 (somctimes 5 ?) ovules iu each ceil. Capsule oblong, very ob- tuse, much flatteued, louger thau the periauth. Seeds irregularly tuberculate-rugose. — A. laxzim, E,. Br. Prod. 270 ; A. siliculosum, F. Mucll. Fragm. viii. 61, uot of E. Br. Queensland. Endeavour Eiver and Bustard Bay, Banks and Solaiider ; Moreton Bay, F. i\[i(cllcr, Backhouse and others ; Rockhampton, 0'Sha/icsi/, Jiowma/i, and othcrs ; llockingham Bay, Dallachy. N. S. Wales. Grose River, B. Broivn ; Macleay and Hastings Rivers, Bccklcr ; Tweod Eiver, C. Moorc; New England, C. Stuart. 2. A. biflorum, R. Br. Prod. 270. — Stems very slender, creeping and loosely brauched at the base, the flowering branchcs ascendiug to 6 or 8 iu. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, acute, distinctly petiolate above the sheath, mostly 1 to 1\ iu. loug. luflorescence sessile within the last leaf and rarely exceeding it, consistiug usually of 2 short brauches, each bearing 2 flowers within a small cucullate bract, without auy bracts below it. Flowers rather smaller thau iu A. acuininatum. Periauth of thatspecies. Filameuts all ghabrous, 3 with rather large authers, 3 much shorter with small imperfect anthcrs. Ovary with 2 perfect cella containuig usually 3 superposed ovules iu each aud a third smaller cell without perfect ovules. Capsule only seen unripe, not so flat as in A. acuminatum. Queensland. Brisbane IliTer, Bailey. N. S. Wales, R. Bi-ow/i ; Now England, C. Stuart. 8. A. sclerocarpum, F. Muell. Fragm. viii. Gl. — Stems weak, branchiug, asccnding to about 1 ft., with the minute scabrous dotting of A. acuminatum, Leaves lanceohite, acute, tapering iuto a short petiole above the sheath, mostly l^ to 2 iu. loug. Pauicle short, but loose aud slender, sessile above the last leaf, with few rather loug flliform branches, each bearing several flowers on filiform pedicels of 2 to 4 lines, solitary and distant along the branches but always 2 together within the last bract. Bracts very small aud scarious except sometimes uuder the lowest 1 or 2 bi'auches. Outer periauth-seg- meuts ovate, obtuse, about 1\ lines loug, inuer ones longer. Pilaments all glabrous, 3 with perfect anthers, 3 with abortive oues. Ovary 2-ceIIed with 2 superposed ovules iu each cell and uo rudimeut of the third cell. Capsule as broad as loug aud rather shorter than the periauth, the pericarp rather more rigid and darker coloured than in A. acuminatum. Seeds tuberculate-rugose. Queensland. llcrherfs Creek, Botvman. 4. A. siliculosum, R. Prod. 270.— Quite smooth and glabrous Aneilema.] cx\xi. coMMELTNACEiE. 87. except a sliglit pubescence on the rbachis of the inflorescence. St em Aveak, brauched and leafy, probably tall or long but tlie lower part uukuowu. Leaves broadly lincar or ahnost lauccolate, broad and stcni- clasping at the base but scarcely forming a distiuct sheath, cxcept perhaps the lower ones, tapering to a poiut, the hirgest in our spcci- meus G to 7 in. long aud 4 to G liues broad below the middle. Panicle slender, thyrsoid aud at length G iu. loug or even more as iu A. acumi- vatum, but the flowers much smaller, the branches filiform with 2 or 3 flowers iu each ou filiform pedicels. Bracts very smaH. Outer periauth-segmeuts 1 to l^ liues long, the inuer scarcely 2 lines. Fila- meuts all glabrous, 3 with perfect anthers, 3 with small abortive ones. Ovary 2-celIed, with 1 ovule in each cell. Capsule very obtuse, rather longer than the perianth. Seeds 1 in each cell, oblong, transversely rugose. N. Australia. Islands of tlie Gulf of Carpentaria, B. Brown. Queensland. Cape York, M^Gillivray. The above description was taken from M'Gillivray's very good speclmens, in R. Brown's the branches of the panicle are longer -with a few empty bracts below thosc subtending the pcdicels. I could not verify the internal striicture of the ovary, but to all appearance it was as ia M'Gillivray'8. The species is cvidently quite distinct from A. acnminatum. 5. A. gramineum, B. Br. Brod. 270. — Rarely quite glabrous, usually with a scabrous pubescence at least on the leaf-sheaths aud some long liairs or cilia on the margins of the sheaths aud base of the leaves. tibrous roots often much thickened, almost tuberous. Eadical leaves tufted, grass-like, with short broad sheaths, mostly 3 or 4 in. long, but in very luxuriant specimeua at least twice that length, vary- iug frora 3 or 4 liues broad aud tapering to a long poiut to very nar- row almost subulate. Stems erect, G in. to nearly 2 ft. high, with ^qw long Icaves dilated into short sheaths. Pauicle very irregularly and loosely brauched, rarely much longer thau broad, often forked at the base but the branches otherwise simple, loug or short, ou a flexuose rhachis, tlie pedicels rather distant along tlie branches with a scarious bract under each. Outer periauth-segments varyiug from uuder 3 lines to nearly 4 liues, the inner oues longer, usually pale blue aud much veiued, but iu some specimeus appeariug of a difl"eront colour without couspicuous veins. Filaments all bearded, 3 with perfect ' authers, 3 with small abortive ones. Ovary 3-celled, with 4 or 5 ovules in each cell. Capsule obloug or ovoid, rather longer thau the perianth. Seeds pitted-rugose. — F. Muell. Fragm. viii. 62. N. Australia. Xorth coast and islands of thc Gulf of Carpentaria, B. Brou-u ; Victoria Ixivcr and Sea Kange, F. Muelkr ; Port Darwin, Schultz, n. 88. Queensland. Broad Soimd, B. Brou-u ; Brisbane River, Moreton Bay, A. Cun- fituf//ia»i, F. Muclhr, and others ; Pcak Downs and Mackonzio Rivcr, F. MucUcr ; Rockhampton, Bou-mau, 0' S/taue.s>/, and others ; Port Curtis, jT/'6'iV/iiTffy ; Keppcl Bav, T/iozef ; Rockingham Bay, Dalac/ii/. N. S. 'Wales. Huntcr'3 River. 7?. Brotvn ; Clorence River, Bcc/ckr ; Richmond Eivcr, Woolh ; New England, C. Siuart, C. Moore. 88 ' cxixi. coMMELYNACEj:. [^Aneilema. Most of tlie N. S. Walos specimens and a few of the Queensland ones have broader leaves and larger flowers Ihan Brown's typical ones from Hunter's River and Broad Sound. Brown's A. aj/iite (Prod. 271) from the north coast is a variety with nan-ow leaves, slcnder panicles, and the capsule 4 to 5 lines long. A. aiitJiericoides^ Br. 1. c. 27 1, from the islands of the Gulf of Carpentaria, is intermediate hetween that and the typical form. G. A. giganteum, B. Br.Frod. 271. — Quite glabrous. Fibrousroots rnuch thickened, almost tuberous. Eadical leaves tufted, liuear or linear-Linceolate, with sliort broad sheaths, 6 in. to 1 ft. long or even niore, tapcring to a fine point. Stetns ereet from aniongst or by the side of the leaf-tufts, 1 to 2 ft. high or morein some Indian specimens, ■with lew shorter ieaves dilated iuto rather long sheaths, the uppcrmost under the first branch of the inflorescence reduced to a sheathing bract. Panicle simple or forked at the base, each branch bearing 2 to 6 unilateral racemes scorpioid wheu young, the lowest on a long pe- duncle the uppermost almost sessile on the common rhachis. Pedicels close above one auother, the bracts reduced to a small tooth, leaving in the old racemes a thickened closely denticulate rhachis. Outer perianth-segments thin and somewhat coloured, 3 lines long or rather more, inner ones larger, of a deep blue . Perfect stamens 3 with bearded filaments and rather large anthers ; staminodes 3 with shorter glabrous fiiaments. Ovary 3-celled, with 2 ovuies in each cell. Cap- sule aeute or acumiuate, rarely almost obtuse, about as loug as the perianth. Seeds fiuely aud not deej^ly sculptured. — Conunclyna (/igantea, Vald, Enum. ii. 177 ; Aneilema longifolia, Hook. Exot. Fl. t. 204; A. ensifohum aud A. secundum, Wight, Ic. t. 2074,2075 ; A. nudi- florum, E. Muell. Eragm. viii. 62, not of E-. Br. rr. Australia. Islands off the N. coast, E. Brown ; Port Darwin, Behultz, n. G42. ' Queensland. Cape York, Veitch ; Cape York Peninsula, Hann^s Eayedition. Var. gracilis, very slender, with smaller and fewer flowers. Queensland. Eockingham Bay, common in long grass, Dallachij. The spccies appears to be widely spread in East India from Ceylon and the Peniu- sula to the Malayan Archipelago and in E. tropical Africa. It is easily recognised hy the closcly denticulate rhachis of the racemes, well indicated by Yahl but omitted by Kimth in his transcription of VahFs diagnosis. A. nudiflorum, R. Br., has a nearly similar rhachis fiut much smaller flowers with some other difterences. The flower8in.4. giyanttum are variable, largest in a few Indian specimens, rather smaUer in the Airican and Australian ones, especially in the ;ibove-mentioned var. gruciUfi. In Wighfs figure of A. ensifoliiim, the staminodia are represented with bearded filaments as well as the perfect stamens, but that is evidently an error of the artist, who has also in all the Aneilcmas figured the staminodia as alternating with the pcrfect stamcns instead of each being coUected on one side. 4. FLOSCOPA, Lour. (Dithyrocarpus, Kunth.) Perianth-segments all fi-ee, 3 outer oues membranous, eoncave, im- bricate, 3 inncr large, petal-like, oue rather narrower than tlie othera, Stamens 6, all perfect ; auther-cells opening iu lougitudinal slits. FloSCOpa.'] CXXXI. COMMELTNACE-S. 8& Ovary contracted at the base or shortly stipitate, 2-celled with 1 ovule iu cach cell ; stylc suhulatc, with a sniall termiual stigma. Capsule sliortly stipitate, coiiiprcsscd, didymous, opeuiug iu 2 valves. Secds sohtary iu cach eell, laterally attachcd. — Erect or asceudiug herbs, usually ci'eepiug at the base. Flowers small, pcdiccllate and racemose along the brauches of a deuse terminal pauicle. Tho jronus is cxtcnsively ilispersod over the tropical regions of the New as well as thc Old World, and consists of hut very few species, the majority of thoso ]iuh- lished being reducihle to the single Australian one which extends over tho whole area of the genus. i. F. paniculataj Hassk. FI. Jungli. 151. — Stems ascending to 1 or 2 ft., usually ghabrous, Leaves lauceolate or ovpte-lauccolatc, acuiiiiuate, 2 to 4 iu, long, scabrous ou the upper side, the sheath friuged with loug liair^, at least at the top. Flowers small, iu a deuse teruiiual ovate or broad hirsute panicle, 1\ to 2 iu. long, soinetimes leafy at the base, the brauches simple or the lower ones forked. Outer pei*iauth-segmeuts very hairy, 1 line long or rather more, inner oues but Httle louger, bright blue. Stamens exserted. — Tmdescantia ^mniculata, lioxb. Corom. Pl. t. 109 ; also the several Ditlii/rocnrpi hgured by AVight, Ic. t. 2079 aud 2080, or described by Kuutii, Enum. iv. 78 aud 79, and other synonyms, quoted in Benth. Fl.Hougk. 377. Queensland. Eockingham Bay, common, 2)(7 //«<•// y ; Daintree Kiver, Fitzalan. ^Vidcly dillused over tropical Asiu, Africa, and Bi'azil. 5. POLLIA, Thuub. (Aclisia, .£', Mcy. Lamprocarpus, Jilume.) Perianth-segments all free, 3 outer oues membranous, thin, very broad and much imbricate, 3 iuner petal-hke, obovate, uearly equal. Stamens 6, somewhat dechiiate, ali perfect or the 3 upper oues re- duced to stamiuodia with small empty authers ; perfect authcrs ovate, emarginate at the base, the cells openiug iu longitudiual slits. Ovary 3-cclled, with several ovules in each cell superposed iu 2 rows ; style subulate, with a small stigma. Frnit ovoid or globular, usually blue aud shiuiug, iudehisccnt but dry with a brittle pericarp. Seeds augu- lar, with a brown testa. — Tall pereuuials, usually weak aud creeping at the base. Leaves large. Flowers in tcrmiual thyrsoid pauicles, the primary branches ofteu forming clusters almost whorled. Bracts all shorter than the ilowers. Thc genus cxtcnds over tropical and eastcm suhtropical Asia. Of thc two Australian species one is cndemic, thc othcr reaches the Salomon Islands. Margin of theleaf-sheaths andleaves quite entire. Branches of the ohlong panicle in distinct clustcr.s or whorls . . 1. P. macfopfii/lla. llargin of the leaf-sheaths and hase of the petiolc unduhite- crisped. Branches of the short sessilc panicle dcnscly crowded 2. I\ cn.-^paU. 90 CXXXI. COMMELYNACEiE. [VoUia. 1. P. macrophylla, Benih. — Quite glabrous. Stems creeping aud rootiug at the lower joints, asceuding or erect to the height of several feet. Leaves broadly lauceolate, acuniinate, mostly 6 to 8 in. long, tapering iuto a short petiole above the sheath, the margiu not at all waved, the slieath loosely cylindrical, | to 1 iu. long, the orifice oblique aud quite eutiro, the uppermost leaf usually sessile and stem-clasping ahuost wifchout auy sheath. Pauicle shortly peduueulate abovo the last leaf, obloug, 3 to 4 in. long, the branches coUected iu distiuct clusters ahnost verticillate, each branch rarely above \ in. long, bear- ing several flowei'3 on shorfc slender pedicels. Bracts lanceolate aud leafy uuder the lowest clusters of branches, small, very broad, obtuse aud thiu under the pedicels. Outer periauth-segmeuts scarcely 2 liues long, inner oues rather longer, recorded generally as blue, but in oue instauce said to be white. Perfect stameus 3, the 3 others reduced to staminodia. Pruit ovoid, rather uarrow, usually about 3 hues loug. — Jneilema macrophyllum, R. Br. Prod. 270. Queensland. Northumberland Islands, R. Brown ; Brisbane River, F. Mueller ; E.ockingliam Bay, Ballachy ; Fitzroy Eiver, 0' Shanesy-; Port Denison, Fittalan. The species is also in tke Salomon Islands. F. MucU. Fragm. v. 40, unites this and thc foUowing species under thc name of P. cyanococca. This specific name is quite as applicable to the whole genus as Brown's original one macrophylla. 2. P. crispata, Benth. — A weak asceuding perennial, rooting at thc base. Leaves lanceolate, acuminate, 4 to 6 in. long, tapering at the base, the very short petiole aud orifice of the sheaths uudulate- crisped, almost denticulate, the sheath loosely cylindrical, | to 1 in. long ; tho uppermost leaves crowded and smaller. Panicle closely sessile withiu the last leaves, rarely 2 in. long, the crowded branchea attaiuing at leugth 1 to 2 in. Plowers rather numerous, rather harger than in P. macrophylla. Stameus as iu that species. Fruit ovoid, about 3 lines long. — Aneilema crispata, H.Br. Prod. 270 ; Bauer, Illustr. FL Nov. HolL t. 6. Queensland. IMoreton Bay, F. Mt(cUcr, Eaves. N. S. Wales. Williams River, R. Broun ; Hastings Eiver, A. Cunningham, Jicckkr ; Glarenco liiver, Wilcoz ; Richmond River, Jloidcrson ; Now England, C. Stuart ; and southward to IUawarra, A. Cmmingham. 6. CARTONEMA, E. Br. Perianth-segmeuts all free, 3 o\iter ones herbaceous, lanceolate, 3 inner very broad, petal-like, sessile, withering after flovveriug but per- sistent. Stamens 6, nearly equal; anthcrs oblong or rarely short, opening iu terminal pores at length contiuued into lateral slits. Ovary 3-celled, with 2 superposed ovules in eacli celL Style filiform, with a small terminal pedicellate stigma. Capsule 3-valved. — Herbs with leafy Btems, simple or brauched at the base. Leaves narrow. Plowers in Cartonema.'] cxxxi. commelynace^. 91 simple terminal spikes or racemes, solitary witliiu small or narrow bracts. The genus is limited to Australia, the four species regarded by some Lotaiiists as varieties of a singlo one. Spikcs dense. Outer porianth segmcnts 8 to 9 lines long. Filaments broad and thin. Anthcrs narrow, oblong 1. C. phihjdroidcs. Spikcs dense. Outer perianth-segmcnts 6 to 7 lines long. Filamcnts narrow. Anthors narrow, oblong . 2. C. spicatum. Spikes elongated thc flowers all distant. Outer perianth-segnients 3 to 4 lines long. Filaments sliorter than the anthers 3. C parvijlorum, Spikcs dense. Outer perianth-segments 3 to 4 lines long. Anthers ovate, much shorter than the iila- ments 4. C. hrachyantherum. 1. C. philydroides, F.Muell. Fragm. i. 62. — A tall species, much resembiiug Bauer's figure of G. spicatum in general habit. Stems very leafy, from 6 in. to above 1 ft. high, pubescent as well as the leaves which are otherwise those of C. spicatum. Spikes deusc, 3 to 4 in. long. Outer perianth-segments lanceoiate, subulate-acuminate, 8 to 9 lines long, inner segments about as long, not at all spotted. Filaments very broad, thin, and hyaline ; anthers narrow-obloug, the cells opening in lateral slits to the base. Capsule rather obtuse, spriukled with a few hairs. — C. spicatum, EndL in PL Preiss. ii. 55. W. Australia. King George'8 Sound to Swan Eiver, apparently abundant, DruDHiiond, rrciss, n. 2228. 2. C. spicatum, R. Br. Prod. 271, partly. — Stems branching at the base, usually hairy, rarely 6 in. liigh below the spike. Leaves linear, tapering from a base of 1\ to 3 lines broad just above the sheath to a long point, the longer oues usually exceediug the spike. Spikes 1 to 3, sometimes very compact aud only 2 in. long, rarely elongated to 6 in., and rather loose. Bracts linear-subuLate, shorter than the perianth. Outer perianth-segments subulate-acuminate, 5 to 6 liues long, very hairy ; inner segments obovate, nearly as long, often but not always spotted. Pilaments sligbtly flattened, at first shorter but at length rather longer than the oblong-linear anthers, which open in terminal pores rarely splitting down the sides of the cells. Ovary and capsule glabroua. — Kunth, Enum. iv. 115 ; Bauer, Illustr. FL *Nov. Holl. t. 7. N. Australia. Amhem S. Bay, E. Browu ; North Goulburn Island, A. Cimning- ham ; Escape Clilis, Hulsc ; Port Darwin, Sckultz, n. 25. 3. C. parviflorum, Ilassk. in Fhra, 18G9, 3G5. — Less hairy tban C. spicatum, aud taller, chiefly from the length of the spike, thc leaves very long and narrow. Spike loose from the first with the flowers all distant and often lengthening to 1 ft. or even more. Outer perianth- segments 3 to 4 lines long, inner ones usually more or less dotted. 92 cxxxi. coMMELYNACK^. {Co.rtoneina. Filamenta very short, anthers oblong, the cells opening in some speci- mens in torminal pores only, in others the s]it extcnding to the baae. Capsule small, glabrous. N. Australia. Islands of the north coast, R. Broivn ; Victoria River, F. Mucller ; north-west coast, Bijnoe ; Grlenelg district, Martin ; Port Darwin, «S'c/»w/<2, h. 280 ; Liverpool Itivur, Gtdliver. This was included by Brown in his C. spicatum, botli forms bear in his herharium the specific name of villotia, which was, however, never published. 4. C. brachyantherum, Benth. — A dwarf phant, the stems not above 1 to 2 in. high below tbe spike, the leaves mostly exceeding the spikes. Spikes about 1| in. long, dense and hairy as in G. spicatum, but tbe flowers very much smaller, Jike thoseot! C, jycirvijiorum, and the anthers difterent from tliose of all other species, being shorter than bi'oad, the cells opening laterally to the base. Capsule glabrous. Queensland. Port Denison, Fitzalan. Order CXXXII. JUNCACE.ffi. Mowers hermaphrodite or dioecious. Perianth inferior, persistent, with or without a dishinct tube, the limb or perianth of 6 lobes or seg- ments imbricate iu 2 series or the outer oues rarely valvate, all or at least the outer ones, or in difficious species, at least the females glume- like or rigid, or scarious thin and ahuost hyaline, the inner ones rarely somewhat petal-like. Stamens usually 6, attached to the base of the lobes or segments or almost hypogynous, the 3 opposite the inner seg- ments deficient in a few species ; filaments free ; anthers erect or versa- tile, with 2 parallel cells opening laterally or inwards in longitudinal slits. Ovary superior, 3-celled or if 1-celled with 3 parietal or basal placentse, witli 1 or several ovules to each cell or placeuta, anatropous or auiphitropous. Style either single with a small terminal stigma, or short and more or less deeply divided into 3 obloug or subulate re- curved stigmatic branches. truit a capsule, opening loculicidally in 3 valves, or rarely owing to the splitting of the valves 6-valved. Seeds erect or laterally attached, ovoid globuUir augular or rarely flattened, the testa appressed, rarely bhick aud not shining. Embryo small and basai. rarely liuear and transverse, iu a hard or fleshy rarely almost mealy albumen. — Perennial or rarely anuual rigid herbs, with a short or tuberous or creeping rhizome, or the stock growiug up iuto a woody caudex rarely almost arborescent. Flowering stems or scapes leafless or nearly so except at the base, or branchiug and leaty aud theu usually slender and covered by the leaf-sheaths, Leaves mostly radical narrow grass like or rigid with fine parallel veins. Flowers siiiall (except in Calectasiea;), gruen brown or whitisli, very rarely blue^ oftcu densely clustered with small imbi-icate scarious bracts, tlie single flowers or clustera solitary and terminal or in termiaal panicles. CXXXII. JlJNCACEiE. 93 The two typieal gcncra, of this soiucwhathctcrogcneous ordcr aro amongst thc most generally sprcud, csptTiiilly in cxtiutropical uud suLtropicul regions, thu nyiuiniug gcntra hcro enumeratcd, Ibrming tho first thrce anomulous trihcs, arc liuiitcd to Aus- traliu with the cxception of a siugle spccies found also in New Calcdoniu. Tho ordcr compi-ist^s also a vcry few anomulous genera from othcr parts of tho worhl not found in Australia. As a wholc it is very nearly allicd to Liliacac, to which some of thc gcncra hcrc includcd have hccn occasioually rcfcrrcd, according as the grcatcst wcight has heen attached to the distinctivc charactcrs dcrived from tlic pcrianth thc sced or thc habit. Each of thi^ following tribcs has been rcgardcd by soiuc botunists as a distinct order, or thc iirst thrcc huve beon uiiitcd with a fcw extra-Australian gcncra as un iutcrmcdiatc Ordcr bctwcen Liliaceae and /M«cacf«//flcAy ; Burdekin Rivor, F. Mnf-lhr. N. S. Wales. Port Jackson to the Blue Mountains, R. Broivn and many others ; very abundaut in the northem di.stricts, Fraser, C. Sinart, Btckkr, andmany others ; in the intcrior to the Darling and Barcoo Rivers, Frasvr, Nei/soti. Victoria. Emu Creek. Rohertmn, common about Melbourne and alongthe Yarra, Adamsi»!, F. Miieller and others, ascending on Mount Barklay to .5000 ft., F. Miwller, Tasmania. R. Browii ; abundant on dry and moist ground throughout the colony, /. 1). Hooler. South Australia. Rivoli Bay, F. MiteUer. This species varies like others in the length and breadth of the leaves, biit much more conspicuously in the size and ramitication of the paniele, in the colour of the perianth when dry from brown and shining to colourless and ahnost hyaline, and according to collectors when fresh from a golden yellow to black or yellowish white, and especially in the number and length of the prominent subulate bracts. When the specimens known were but few, they seemed to present several distinct forms ■which are now found to pass so gradually into each other that we are compelled to unite the following species propo.-ed by Brown (Prod. 262) : X. hnijifiAia, R. Br. from Port Jackson and Tasmania, X. jiiiriatilis, R. Br. from Grose River, and JY. arenaria. Br. from Broad Sound and Thirsty Sound, all merge into the common paniculate forms of the species ; X. nmitana, R. Br. from Grose river, which we have also from near Sydney, ■/. B. Hooker, and from IMount Tomah, A. and R. Canninriham, is a variety with the infiorescence almost reduced to a single spike of 1 to 2 in. with the subukite bracts mostly scareely exceeding the perianths, a few of the lower ones only in some speciiiifms considerably longer. X. hi/stri.r, R. Br., from Hunter"8, Pater- son's, and Williams' Rivers, is a variety svith much branched panicles, 2 to .5 outer bracts to each chister, very divaricate, subulate, and ^ to 1 in. long, whilst thc flowers aresmall. AVe have it also from several coUectors in tbe northem districts of N. S. Wales. Another paniculate variety, with the subulate bracts few and very small, was gathered by F. MiieUer on Gillebrand's River and some other localities, but the specimens are old and the longer bracts probably worn away. 4. X. rigida, R. Br. Frod. 261. — Leafy stem shortly developed, rather thiek, termiuating a creeping rhizome. Leaves thick and rigid, under 1 ft. long, 2 to 2| in. wide, spreading, obtuse truncate or un- equally 2-toothe(l at the apex, the short broad imbricate sheaths covering the base of the stem, with broad scarious margins more or less red in the dried specimens. Male seapes from sorae of the lower axils thit and broad, 3 to 4 in. long including the inflorescence which occupies half the length and is shortly branched at the base. Flowers sessile iu sessile clusters, the scarious hyaline bracts shorter thau the periauth or the outer ones produced into a sliort poiut. Periantli- segmcnts all i'(|ual aiul similar, uarrow, about H lines long. IStan.ena jLCrotcs.] CXXKII. JUNCACEiE. 09 attaclied to tlio base of the sef];monts, those opposite the outer segmonts with niueh shorter fihimonts tliati tlie others. No rii(liinoiitiiry oviiry. Feinale flowers aud fruits unkuown. — Lomandra rh/ida, Labill. Pl. Nov. IIoU. i. 03, t. 120. W. Australia, Labillardure. Lucky Bay, R. Browite ; Capo Ax'u\, Mn.rvrU. 5. X. Drummondii, i?'. Mtiell. Herh. — Leafy base of the stein very short. Leaves 1 to 2 ft. loncr, rather rigid, flat, 2 to 3 or rarely 4 linos bmad, niostly rounded at the apex, the imbricate sheathin". Mndlrr, Oldfcld and others ; Port Gregory, Old- Jield. The Swan River specimens have usually smalier tlowers than those from King George's Sound, but do not otherwise differ. 11 ? X. sericea, Endi. in iV. Preiss. ii. 51. — Closely allied to X. Endlicheri, of wliich F. JMueller (Fragm. viii. 206) thinks Oldfield'» specimeus may be a variety, with the lower part of the leaf spriukled ou the back and uiargins witb long loose soft hairs not observed in any other species. Leafy base of the stem very sh.ort or slightly elougated. Leaves 1 to 2 teet long. flat or concave. Scape short, with a uiore brauching and compact panicle tlian iu X. EndHchcri, the pedicels very short. Flowers small but otherwise the same as iu X. Endlicheri. Filaments very short, with ovate authers. Females uot seen. W. Australia. Grantham, Pnisit, n. 1.542 ; Harvey River, Ohlfield ; Hampden, Clark. I have not seen Preiss's t>-pical specimens, but the single ones from the two other stations agree with Endlicher's imperfect character. The species requirea further investigation. 12. X. purpurea, Endl. in Pl. Freiss. ii. 19.— Leafy base of the Btem very short aiid tufted, when old ofteu surrouiided by uumerous split remaius of okUhcaths. Leaves very rigid, undcr 1 ft. long, 1 to 3 Imes broad, tliick, strougly striate, witb promiiicnt thick margins. Scapes longer than the leaves aiid sometimes attainiiig 2 feet, usually pimple, with several globular sessile heads or umbels of numerous dark purple flowers, but sometimcs reduced to a single tcrmiiial head, and occasioually 2 or 3 smaller peduuciilate clustcrs proccediiig from tbe lowest primary cluster. Bracts small, scarious, thc outer oncs ovate, 102 cxxxn. JiNCACEiE. \^Xeroles. aeuminate, the iimer ones and bracteoles much sborter broad and obtiise. Perinnth rotate, spreadin<^ to about 2 linea diameter, the Kegnients all equal or the inuer rather broader and almost petal-like. Anthers amall, the bright yellow contrasting with the deep purple of tlie segments. Eudimentary ovary very small, conical, obtiisely 3- angled. Female flowers unknowu. ■W. Australia. Swan Eiver, Brimmoiul, \sf oll. Prem, n. 1534: VasseEiver, 0/^/-(««;Ho«rf, ls< cci//. andn. 809; iVc.v.s, n. 1-531. Yar. sor;>ria, F. Muell. Leaves above 1 ft. long, flat, at least 2 lines broad. Panicle spreading, 6 to 10 in. long. — Mount WcUington, Gipps' Land, F. MiieUer. Perhaps a distinct species. 16. X. filiformis, R. Br. Proi. 261.— Stemstufted, on a short hard rhizome, sometimes forming a very short brjinching cuudex. Leaves radical, narrow-linear, souietiines aluiost terete aud flliform, frequently canaliculate or flat and 1 to 2 liues broad or very rarely even broader; iii luxuriaut speeimeus 1| to 2 ft. long. iu dwart s|)ecimens or varieties uuder 0 in., varying as in other species sniooth or siightly scabrous. Scape very short under the inflorescence, terete or flat. Panicle narrow-pyramidal, sometimes almost reduced to a siuiple raceuie ot 2 or 3 in., almost sessile iu the leaf-tufts, and var\ ing froin that to a leugth of 6 iij. ou a scape of 2 or 3 in., but always much shorter thau the leaves, tlie branches sliort, the lowest otteu clustered. Flowers small, globuhir or ovoid, scattered alongtlie branches on short recurved pedicels, each subteuded by a nari ow acute scarious bract shorter thau the pedicel. Periautli-segmeuts 1 to J^ lines long, generaliy larger iu the leuiales than iu the males, the iiiuer ones ovate or orbicular rather tliick aud petal-like, the outer thiuuer shorter aiid greeuish. Fila- ments very short, 3 attaclied to the ceutre of the iiiner segments, 3 alternale with thein at their base. No rudimentary ovary iu the iiiales nor staminodia iii tlie femalcs. Capsule ovoid-globular, aboLit 3 liiies diumetei', oileu obhque by tiie aborliou of 1 or 2 of tlie ceils, the peri- 101 cxxxii. JUNCACEJJ. [Xerofes. carp smootl), hard or almoat flesliy, tardily opeiiiDGf. — Draccena Jili- formis, Thuub. Diss. Drac. 4, fig. \;Xerotes Tliunhergii, F. Muell. Fragm. viii. 208. Queensland. IMoreton Bay, F. 3tueUer and others ; Darling Downs, Law ; Coopcr^s Crt-ek, 7?oK'?«rt'« ; Rockhampton, ^'(SV/rtWM?/ ; Rockingham Bay, Lallachy. N. S. Wales. Port Jackson, R. Broicn, Sieber, u. 496 and others ; llastings, Clarcnco, Mack'ay, and Richmond Rivers, Beckhr, JFi/cox, Faiccett. Victoria. Wendu Vale, Rohertson, common about Rort Phillip and on the Yarra, GiDiti, F. Muillcr and others ; Grampians, F. Muelkr ; East Gipps' Land, Walter. S. Australia. tJt. Vincenfs Gulf, F. Muellcr. I shouldinclude as scarcely distinct vaii;ties oi X. filiformi", four others proposed hy Brown, Prod. 261, as species, all from Port Jackson : X. Idxa, arather hroad long- leaved form, X. ffracilia a long slender-leaved form, X. toiuifoiia (marked by mistake in the Prodromus M.), finer leaved specimens than the typical X.filiformis, and X. denticiilata, very slender, with shoii leaves. 17. X. csespitosa, BenfJi. — Leafy base of the stem very short, but denscly tufted on the rhizome. Leaves very narrow, subulate or fili- forni, 6 iii. to nearly 1 ft. h)ng, with scarious or brown sheathing bases. Scapes 2 to 3 in. long including the spike, which is usually simple and coutinuous or slightly interrupted. Male flowers sessile, scattered, solitary within the bracts, but sometimes 2 or 3 close together. Perianth-segments nearly 1| liues long, the outer ones free very broad and hyaline ; the inner ratlier longer and narrower more erect and soniewhat petal-like. Stameus 3 attached to the inuer segments, 3 at their base alternate witli them ; anther-cells distinct, attached to a small counective. Ovary a small rudiment. Temale spikes (if pro- perly matclied) longer thau the malcs, the flowers all reflexed on short pedicels. Periautli-segmeuts about 2 lines loug, all rigid, rather nar- row, tiie inuer rather louger thau the outer. W. Australia. King George's Sound and Swan River, Oldfirld, Drunimotid, Ixt cnll. and n. 810«;/«; 817; Albany, F. Mucllcr. There are two varieties, one with longer rather broador leaves, dense male spikes, pale coloured perianth-segments the inner ones hroadly ovate, the other with filiform leaves, more slender and interrupted male spikes, dark coloured perianth-segments the inner ones almost orbicular. 18. X. pauciflora M. Br. Prod, 2G1. — Leafy stems slender, branching at the base, sometimes formiug deuse tufts about 6 in. higli, sometimes elongated to 1 or even l^ ft. Leaves filiform, 1 to 6 in. loug, their sheathing bases narrow and striate, not scarious. Eacemes terminal, filiform, simple or scarcely branched, shorterthan the leaves. Plowers few, nodding, aolitary within subulate scattered bracts mostly shorter than the pedicel, or the lowest bracts rather longer and the u|)|ieri)iost minute or wauting, the pedicels varying from 1 to 2 lines. Male pcrianth nearly globular, scarcely above 1 liue diameter, outer segments thin and ovate, iuner nearly twice as hmg, orbieukr, concave, thick with inflexed scarious margins. Anthers 3 almost sessile iu the centre of tlie inner scgments, 3 ou short fihiments alteruating with them. Ovary a small rudiment. Female periauth narrow-turbinate, about 2^ liuea loug, the iuuer scgmeuts obovoid-obloug, thick aud Xerotea.'] cxxxii. juncacej;. 105 concave but less so tlian in tlie males, the outer shorter as in the niah'8, but not so thin. Capsules nbout 3 lines diameter, smootli and sliiniii^f. — X, graminea, Eudl. in Pl. Preiss. ii. -18 ; X. asparagoides, Endl. 1. c. 49. W. Australia. King George's Sound, B. Brown, Fraser, A. Ctmmngham and many othurs ; thence to Swan River, rreiss, n. 1556, 1557, OldjHeld and othcrs. Tholetters J. and JI. attaehed in Brown's Prodromus severally to X. paucifi ra and X. toiuifolia havo by some clerical or tyjiographical error been transposed, and thence the present plant has been named in the Banksian hcrbarium by Solander as X. ftiiuiffilia. But Brown's herbarium as well as his diagnoses clearly show that ho aj^plied the name of X. pnunfiora to the King George's Sound phint with elongated leafy stems, andthat of X. fennifolia to the Port Jackson stemless plant which I havo considered as a variety of X.filiformis. Sectton II. CEPHALOGrNE. — Male flowers scssile in sessile or rarely peduMculate clusters or heads, usually several on a comnion simple or branched rhachis ; periantb divided to the middle only into 6 equal lobes. Female flowers sessile in solitary sessile or very shortly pedun- culate heads ; perianth divided to the base into 6 equal segments. Leafy stems often elongated, especially the females, the scapes pe- duncles or sessile heads terminal or in the upper axils. 19. X. flexifoliaj i?. 5r. Pro^?. 2G0.— Stamens slender,branching, leafy throughout, dift^use or asceudiug, rarely above 1 ft. long. Leavcs liuear, spreading, much twisted when dry, mostly 1 to \\ in. long, their closely aopressed sheatbs covering the branches. Male flowers in dense globular clusters of about 3 lines diameter, sessile along the branches of a narrowpauicle of 1 to 3 in., sessile or sbortly pedunculate in the upper axils. Bracts small, scarious, obtuse. Perianth scarcely 1 liue long, nearly globular, shortly divided into 6 nearly equal obtuse lobes. Stamens all inserted on the lobes below the middle. No rudimentary ovary. Female heads larger, solitary and closely sessile amongst tbe leaves. Perianth of G distinct Lanceohite or OAate-acumi- nate segments, 1\ lines long or when iu fruit 2 lines. No staminodia. Ovary very prominently 3-angled. Capsule not exceeding the periauth. — Draccena oMiqua, Thuub. Diss. Drac. G, f. 2. N. S. Wales. Port Jackson to the Blue Moimtains, R. Broivn, Sieher, n. 432 or 482 and many others. 20. X. gla-aca, S. Br, Prod, 2G0. — A low tufted species, the lcafy base usually very short but sometimes especially in tlic females lengthcning out to 5 or G in., and densely covercd by the leaf-sheaths. Leaves narrow-linear, spreadin%ustralia. Swan River, Brummoiid, \st cill. aiid ii. 819; riciss, n. 1.539; Stirling Kange, F. Mwllcr. 2. C. fimbriata, Bentli. — Leavesdistichously sheatlutig on the very short base of the sfeui, erect, often curved, rigid, terete or slightly flattened, 1 to 1\ in. hmg, the younger ones bordered by a narrow pcarious lacerated margin which disappears from theolder ones. IScapes from witliin the tutts very sliort, bearing a loose branching pyramidal panicle of 2 to -4 in., the branches divaricate and ahnost filiforin. Flowers ])t'dice]late in small clu>to distinguish them by the dried specimens. The leaves are oftcn as quadrangul.ir iu the typical X. rrei.isii ns in lJriimmoi>dii\ and tho ditierence hctwccn tlie chmnatfd andthe short stem is accompunied by no other character that I can d(!tect, and may possibly depend upon agc. 5. DASYPOGON, 11. Br. Periantli persistent, 6-merou3, dry or glumaceous, tlie 3 outer seg- ments uuited iu a tube, with 3 ovate lobes, the 3 iuncr free uurrow, and uot exceediug the outer. Stamens G, hypogynous or scarcely ad- heriiig to the basc of the pcriauth aiid louger tliau tlic segiuents ; filameuts rather thick ; anthcrs obloug, cntire at both ends, dorsally attached iu the middle, thc ccUs opening longitudmally. Ovary sessile 118 cxxxii. JUNCACEiE. [Dasi/poffon. S-aiigled, 1-celled or imperfectly divided into 3 cells, witb 3 ovules erect from uear the ceutre of tlie cell, tvvo of them ofteu miuute aud abortive from the time of flowering ; style subulate, with a small ter- minal stigma. Fruit 1-seeded globular aud indehiscent, entirely enclosed iu aud almost aduate to the thickeued and hardened tube of the outer periauth. Seed globular, erect; testa raembranous ; embryo linear, erect or nearly so, near the base of the fleshy but not hard albumen. — Long-lived pereunials with a simple or slightly brauched caudex, covered when old with the persistent sheath of old leaves. Leaves crowded at the apex of the caudex or base of the floweriug stems, rarely extendiug higher up the stems, narrow-liuear spreadiug aud rigid. Flowers iu globular heads on long termiual peduucles, each one sessile withiu a persisteut bract without bracteoles. The genus is limited to West Australia. Caudex sliort and slender. Leafy stems includ ng the peduncle 1 to 2 ft. Perianth with long slender very deciduous hristles 1.2). IromdUefoliitS: Caudex with the persistent sheaths 2 in. diameter and 2 to 6 ft. long. Perianth-tuhe hispid with short per- sistent bristles 2. D. Hookeri. 1. D. bromelisefolius, R. Br. Prod. 263, andin Flind. Voy. ii. G08, t. 8. — Stems from a hard rhizome several, erect or ascending, densely leafy at the base or for a length of from 6 iu. to 1 ft. or more rarely wheu old leaviug a sleuder caudex at the base not above \ in. thick including the persisteut leaf-sheaths. Leaves spreading, 6 iu. to above 1 ft. loug, 2 lines broad or more belovv the middle, tapering upwards to a fine point, rigid with the margius scabrous-denticulate, often twisted so as to be very oblique, expauded at the base into broad striate long- persistent sheaths ; iu some old specimeus with the stems leafy for a cousiderable length the leaves are only 2 to 3 iu. loug. Peduucle ter- minal, 6 in. to 1 ft. long, veryhispid with spreading or slightly reflexed bristles or rigid hnirs, leafless or with a few distaut small leaves. Flower- head dense, about 1 iu. diameter, very hispid withthe longbristles of the perianth, vvhich hovvever are usually very deciduous, leaving the fruit- iiig head almost or quite glabrous. Bracts closely appressed, with broad bases shorter thau the perianth, but the outer ones aud some- times some of the inner ones produced into long subulate points far exceeding the flowers. Periauths 3 to 3| lines long, the outer seg- meuts united to nearly f of their length ; not much lengthened wheu in fruit, but thickened hardened smooth aud shining ; iuner segments linear or liuear-spathulate ; slightly scarious ou the edges. — F. Muell. Pragm. ii. 112 ; D. glaher, Laharpe in Mem. Soc. Hist. JSTat. Par. iii. 101. W. Australia. King Greorgo's Sound, R. Brown, Drummond, n. 205, eastward to Phillips Ivivcr and Mount Barren, Maxwell ; Swan River, Prei.s.s, n. 1871, 1872. B. obliqi ifolius, Lehm. in Pl. Prciss, ii. 52, is foimded on old specimens of B. bromeU(efolius, with shorter leaves extending higher up the stem than in the ordinarj'- state. Dasyiwgon.'] cxxxii. JUNOACEiE. 119 2. D. Hookeri, Dmmm. MS. ; F. Muell. Frafjm. ii. 112. — Stein or caudcx siuiple, erecl, attaiuing mauy feet iu old specimeus, about 1 iu. dianieter, eucased iu the persisteut alieaths of old leaves wluch thickeu it to 2 iu. diameter. Leaves very uumerous at the eud of the caudcx, uiostly above 1 ft. long, with broad imbricate sheathiug bases. IScapes or peduiicles as loug as or louger thauthe leaves, deusely scabrous with closely-rellexed short alinost scale-lilie hau-s. i'lovver-head globuhir and bracts similar to those of D. hvomeluefolius, but the tube of tlie outcr periauth deusely covered with short rigid erect or spreadiug almost paleaceous bristies, the lobes ovate aud quite glabrous, without auy of the loug deciduous bristles of that species, luuer periauth stamens and ovary of D. bromelictfoLim. W. Australia. Swan (or Vassc) River, Drionmoitd, Oldjidd ; Vasse Kiver, and Busseiton, Frics. Tribe III. — Calectasie.e. — Perianth-ssgments all rigid, sometimes coloured. Authers erect. btyle subuiate, wilh a sniali termmal stigma. Flowers rather large. G. KINGIA, li. Br. Perianth persistent, of 6 distiuct, erect, glumaceous segments, all similar aud sillty, haii'y outside. IStauiens 5, hypogynous or 3 slightly adhering to t.he base of the inuer segments and ali louger thau the perianth ; filameiits liliform; authers erect, liuear, shortly 2-lobed at the base, theceils opeiuug luwards iu lougitudinal slits. Uvary sessile, 3-ceiied, with 1 erect ovule in each cell ; styie subulate vvith a miuute termiual 3-toothed stigma. Fruit couceaied amongst the persistent bracts and perianths, 3-augled, uidehisceut. Seeds erect, ofteu reduced to 1 by aUortiou, obovate; testa membranous ; embryo ouly half iucluded in the base of the fleshy albumen. — Long-lived piaut uith au erect woodeu caudex, Leaves crowded at tlie summit of the stem, loug aud very narrow. Peduncles or scapes several, covered vvith loosely imbricute sheathing bracts. Flowers iu a globular termiual liead, eacli oue sessile witliiu a persisteut bract. The genus is limited to the singlu Australian species. 1. R. australis, H. Br. in Kinf/. Foy. ii. 535, t. c. — Caudcx thick attainiug sometimes mauy feet iu height. Leaves 2 to 3 ft. loug aud ouly 1 to 2 lines broad in the greater part of their length, spreading or recurved, flat or more or less triquetrous, their edges usually serrulate, becoming glabrous vvhen old, but dilated at the base iuto a loose sheatli which remaius densely silky-vilious outside. Periuucles several from the tuft of leaves, 6 in. to 1 ft. loug, covered with loosely imbricate broad sheathiug bracts nearly 1 in. long besides their subulate poiuts, tlie upper oues crowded aud passing iuto the ciosely imbricate Howeriug bracts. Flower-head about 2 in. diameter, tiie bracts and periautbs recurved at tlie eud. Periauth-segmeute lauceolate, about i iu. loug 120 cxxxir. JUNCACEiE. \_Kingia. wheu first out, but lengthciiins; to 1 in. Antliers almost entirely ex- serted, scarcely broader tluiu the filauients. Ovary and youug iVuit very deusely villous, the rij)e fruit ouly known Ironi Browu's descrip- tion. — Kuuth, Enum. iii. 376 ; K. audralis and K. argentea, 1'reiss, Eudl. in Pl. Preiss. ii. 52. ■W. Australia. King Greorge'8 Sound, R. Brotvn, and thence to Swan Rivcr, Diummoiid, 2'icisi, ii. 1.526, 1527, Oldfidd, Harvcy. 7. BAXTERIA, Br. Perianth persisteut, of 6 equal erect long and narrow distinct seg- ments. Stauiens 0, attached to the base of tlie segments and sliorter than them ; filameuts rigid, slightly flattened ; anthers long and linear, erect, very shortly 2-lobod at the base, the cells opening iuwards iu longitudinal slits. Ovary sessile, 3-celled, with 1 erect ovule iu each cell ; style subuUite, rigid, with a smail termiual stigma. Capsule obovoid, flat-topped, opening elastically iu 6 valves, leaving the dissepi- nieuts attached to the axis, the rigid eudocarp of each valve detached from the base upwards but remaining attached at the apex, horizou- tally closiug the cells after the seed is ejected. Seeds globular (uouc remaining in the specimens I have seen.) — Elowers large, sessile and solitary m the centre of the dense tufts of long narrow leaves. The gemis is limited to the single species endemic in TVest Australia. 1. B. australis, Ilooh. Lond. Journ. ii. 492, t. 13 to 15. — Stock very short, ^\oody, crowued by numerous tufts, of which some cou- sist of leavesonly which are erect, linear, 1 to 1\ ft. loug, 2 to 3 iincs broad in the middlc, dilated at the base into broad striate sheaths, the flowering tufts have only 1 or 2 k)ng leaves, passing into sheathing acuminate bracts the leugth of the perianth. Flowers sessile aniougst tlie bracts, soHtary in each tuft, the periantli segments fuily 2| iu. long, uot 2 lines broad iu the greater part of their length, but dilated iiito broad imbricated bases. Anthers about 1 iu. long aud the rather louger tihirueuts closely appressed to the insideof the segments. Cap- sule iueluded in the somewhat enhirged broad bases of the segments ; about \ ui. diameter vvhen opeu. — Endl. in Pl. Preiss. ii. 52. ■W. Australia. King George's Sound and to the eastward, liaitcr, Dnimmmid •n. 3U3 aiid 464', Freiss, n. 1525. 8. CALECTASIA, E. Br. Periauth persistcnt, hypocrateriforni, the tube cy]iu(h'ical or sliglitly dilated upwards, the Hmb of 0 spreading uearly equal Lauceolate rigid butcoloured lobes. Stameus 6, iiiserted at the base of the lobes aud sliorter thau them ; fliauients sliortly fihforin ; authers linear, erect, shortly lobed at thc base, the cells openingin termiual porcs sometimes Calectasici.] ' cxxxir. JUNCACEis. 121 continued in longitiulinal slits. Ovary contracted into a vcry sbort stipes, narrow, 1-celled, witli 3 ovulea erect from tlie centrc of the cell ; stylefiliform, witli a small terininal stigma. Fruit 1-seeded, oblong or fut^ilbrm, indehiscent, enclosed in the slightly hardened tube of the perianth. Pcricarp menibranous, several-nerved except the smootli apex. Seed obhmg with a membranous testa ; embryo small, near the base of the llesliy albumen. — Stems woody but slender, branched, co- vered witii leaf-slicaths. Lcaves small, linear-subulate. Flowers singly sessile at the ends of the sliort branches, surrounded by leafy bracts. The genus is HmiteLl to the singlu Australian gpecies. 1. C. cyanea, E. Br. Prod. 2G1, and m Flind. Voy. v. 009, t. 9.— Stems usu.dly clustered, erect or ascending, flexuose with short often numerous branches, mostly about 1 ft. high, covered with the sheaths of old leaves, the whole plant more or less pubescent or almost gla- brous. Leaves crowded on the short branches, linear-subulate, very acute or pungent-pointed, 4 to 8 lines long, almost 3-quetrous towards the end, flatter below the middle, the persistent sheaths closely em- bracing the stem, the upper ones passing into the floral bracts. Flowers terminal solitnry and sessile. Perianth-tube ckisely encased in sheathing bracts, shorter than the lobes, almost always pubescent at tlie base and sonietimes all over ; lobes blue, often turning reddish- brown in drving, varying from under 4 lines to above 6 lincs in length, lanceolate i*igid and horizuntally spreading both during and after flowering, wheu old losing their colour or turning brown especially nlong the centre. Perianth-tube slightly thicitened when in fruit, but the flower uot otherwise enlarged.: — Endl. Iconogr. t. 3S (not quite correct as to the srameus) ; Walp. Anu. vi. 156 ; C. grandiflora, Preiss in Pl. Preiss. ii. 53 ; C. intermedia, Sond. in Liunsea, xxviii. 222. Victoria. Grampians, F. Mncllcr, Snl/iva» ; Wimmera, Ballachy ; Tattiara country, JJ'oods ; heath west of Glenelg River, Robertson. S. Australia. Robe town, Merb. F. Muclhr. W. Australia. Apparently very ahundant from King George's Sound to Yasse, Hwan, and Murchison Kivers, 7t'. £roir//, A. Cuiniiiighani, Bruiinnoiid, 'ist. coU. a.id )i. -HG, 779, aiul 7S0, Freiss, n. 1974 a.id 1975, and many others ; castward to Cape Paisley, Maxzvell. The species varies very much, in the leaves very short and apprcssed or much longor and spreading, in tho pubescence sometimes confined to the base of the perianth-tube or a little on the back of its lo>>es, generally rathermore cojjious about the llower, and in some specimens soft anddonse overthe wholo plant, and especially in thc size of thc flowers. In some northern specimens the lobos are scarcely above 3 lines long and almost obtuse, in the generality of southern and eastern ones, the lobes are 5, 6 or cven 7 lines long and very acute, biit in a large series of specimens it is imposaible to mark out three distinct varieties or species as proposed by Sonder. Tribe IV. Enjuncej;. — Pcrianlli small, the segments all free and glume-like. Anthers erect. Style with 3 linear stigraatic branches. Leaves grass-like or terete, mostly radica!, or none. 122 cxxxii. JUKCACEJ;. 9. LUZULA, DC. Perianth of 6 equal glume-like segments, Stamens 6, 3 attaelied to tVie base of the inner segnieuts, 3 alternate with them, all shorter than the perianth ; filaments liliform ; anthers obloug or linear, erect, emar- giuate at tlie base. Ovary sessile, 1-celled, with 3 ovules erect from a very short central placenta ; style single, with 3 usually long and slender stigmatic lobes. Capsulc 3-valved. Seeds 3 or fewer by abortion, erect, the very ahort central placenta usually counected with a sliglitly raised line in the centre of each valve, globular or ovoid, the testa minutely reticulate-striate with a very thin exteriial hyaline membrane ccnnected with the somewhat dilated fuuicle and sometimes shortly produced beyond tlie seed. Embryo small, nearthe hilum, in auindeuture of the alrnost farinaceous albumeu. — Pereunial herbs, usually tufted. Leaves grass-lilfe, chietly radical, often friuged with long iine white hairs. Flowers clustered or distinct, the clusters in irregular unequally branched compound umbels or panicles sometimes coutracted into heads, each flower subtended by a scarious bract and enclosed at the base in 1 or 2 broad short scarious bracteoles. The genus, nearly allied to Juncus, is similarly spread over the greater part of the globe, chiefiy abundant in temperate regions and more common in woods and pas- turcs than in marshes. Of the three Australian species or varieties, one is cos- mopolitan, the two others are endemic, at least in the precise Australian form. Perianth-segments verj' acute, 1 to 1| lines long. Leaves 2 to 4 lincs broad, with prominent nerve-like margins. Flower-clusters iu a dense head above i in. diameter 1. i. Oldfivldii. Leaves rarely above 2 lines broad, the nerve-like margins not vcry prominent. Flower-clusters pedunculate or if all sessile the head scarcely \ in. diameter . . 2. Z. campestris, Perianth-segments subulate-acuminate, 2 to 2i hnes long . 3. L.Ungijlora. 1. L. Oldfieldii, Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 68.— Considered by F. Mueller as a variety of L. campestris, but can scareely be joined with it unless that species be made to include the northern L. spicata as well as the South Ameriean L. peruviana and others generally adiiiitted as distinct. Habitof the compact forms oi L. campestris, but the tufts more dense and the lcaves themselves much broader, varying from 2 to 4 liues, with the nerve-like margin vcry prominent. Inflorescence very compact, more or less compouad, formiiig au ovoid or almost globular slightly lobed head of | to f in. diameter. Perianth-segments very acute, the size of those of i. campestris or rather louger. Sceds rather ovoid than globular. Tasmania. Summit of Mount Wellington, Oldfidd ; a New Zealand plant almost identical with it is referred to the same species hy J. D. Hooker. L. aust.rnlasien, Steud. Syn. Ghim. ii. 294, from Australia, Bnrville, is un- known to me ; from the diagnosis given it mny be the compact fiowering form of L. campestris, or, from his compariug it to L. chileusia, more probably the same as L. Oldfeldii. Luzula.l CKXXll. JUNCACE.^. 123 2. L. campestris, DC; Kunth, Enum. iii.307.— Stock usuallj tufted and otleii knotted with tlie sliort liardened bases of the leaves. " Stems from a few inchea to above 1 ft. liigh, with a tuft of radioal grass-like leaves 2 to -1 in. loug, rarely above 2 lines broad, usually bordered by long fiue whitehairs, and often one leaf higher up, besides a long leafy braet under tlie inflorescence terminatiug tlie stcm. Flowers in dense clusters, of which usually 1 or 2 sessile or ahuost sessile, surrounded by several others on peduneles varyiug from \ to 1 in., but sometimes all the clusters collected into a sessile pyramidal liead. Bracts shorter thau the flowers, usually shining white and cotitrasting with the brown perianth. Periauth-segments very acute, 1 to 1 ^- lines loug, dark or light browu and ofteu with scarious margins. C.ipsule verv obtuse, not ex- (eeding the perianth. — E. Br. Prod. Addend. ; Hook. f. ¥\. Tasm. ii. 08 ; E. Mey. iu Pl. Preiss. ii. 48. Queensland. Axmidale, Tarrott. N. S. Wales. Port Jackson to the Blue Mountains, T. Brotoi, Woolh and othors ; New England, C. Moore ; Clarence Iviver, -Otc/t/w; in the interior, J/«7t7(e7/, M^Artltur. Victoria. From Wendu Vale, Eobertson, Portland, Allitt, Melbourne, Adamson, T. Mutlkr and others, to Genoa Hiver and the Australian Alps generally, T. MuelUr ; Wimmera, DallacJdj. Tasmania. Derwent River, Tt. Broicn ; abundant in pastures throughout the island ascending to 3000 ft., /. T). Uooker. S. Australia. Encounter Bay and ranges around St. Vincenfs Gulf T. Mwlhr. W. Australia. From near King George's Sound to Swan and Murchison Eivers, Drummond, n. 66 and 337, Preiss, n. 1805, Oldjield and others. This exceedingly variable species, especially in the compactness or looseness of the inflorescence, extends over the temperate or mountain regions of a great part of the globe. 3. L. longiflora, Benili. — Habit of the luxurious leafy forms of L. campestris. — Leaves grass-like, G in. to 1 ft. long, the marginal nerve scarcely prominent. Inflorescence as iu L. campestris compound, the clusters or heads usually ratlier numerous, more or less pedunculate, or all collected into a compound head of more than 1 in. diameter, sur- rounded usually by several long leafy bracts. Bracts under the flowers scarious and eutire. Periantli-segments subulate-acurainate, 2 to 2\ liues long and 2 or 3 times as long as the capsule. N. S. Wales. Lord Howe's Island ; summit of Mount Lingbird, C. Moore ; suinniit ot M(Mint Gower, Tultfnjar. The species is allied to the New Zpaland L. criiiita, but the pcrianth is much longer than in that or any other si)fcies of the genus. 10. JUNCUS, Linn. Perianth nf 6 equal glume-likc segments. Stamens either 6, 3 attached to the base of the inner segments and 3 alternate with them, or fewer 1, 2 or all 3 of the inner ones deflcient, filaments filiform ; anthers oblong or linear, erect, emarginate at the base or almost entire. l'24 cxxxii. JUXCACE^. [Junciis. Ovary sessile, with 3 pai-ict.il placentse sometiines scarcely prominent, more frequeutly protruding aud sometimes meetiiig or even counate in the ccjitre, dividiug the ovary more or less perfectly into 3 cells ; ovules several usually numerous to each cell ; style divided usually to the middle iuto 3 liiiear or iiliform stigmatic lobes often spirally twisted. Capsule 3-valved, tlie valves usually bearing the placentae in their centre, or rarely tlie linear plncentffi becoming detacbed and reniaiiiiug distinct or cohcriug in a central column. Seeds very small, usually ovoid, tlie testa niinutely striate-reticulate, with avery thin transparent outer menibraue, ofteu scarcely distinct froni the lesta, but sometiines produced at the end of the seed into a terminal loose appendage ofteu called a tail. Embryo small, near the hilum. — Perennial or rarely annual herbs, the stems usualiy tufted or crowded on a creepiug rhizome. Leaves mostly or all radical, grass-like or terete or sometimes all reduced to sheathing scales. Flowers small in little dense clusters or forked cymes, the clusters or cymes usually several or many, either sessile or nearly so in a dense head, or unequally pedunculate in a simple or branched irregukir panicle, really terininating a simple leafless scape with 1, 2 or 3 leafy bracts at the'' base, but sometimes the inflorescence appcars lateral, the bract beiugterete, but little dilated at the base aud strictly erect, formiug an apparent continuatiou of the stem. The gcnus is very generally spread over almost all known parts of the world, most abundant in temperate or cool regions, in marshes, maritime sands or wet mountains, but found also in similar situations withiu the tropies. It is very diificult to decide upon the limits to be assigned to sume of the common cosmopolitan species, but taking those limits to be such as here adopted, of the 14 Australian ones, 3 are undoubtedly cosmopolitan, 2 extend to New Zeahmd and 1 of these also to extra- tropical South America, a 6th cannot be distinguished from a Californiaii species, a 7th appears to be the same as one from the Mediterranean region, the 7 remaining ones have not as yet been identiMed with extra-Australian ones, but they may not all prove to be really endemic. Leaves grass-like and flat or rarely almostterete. Inflores- cence terminal with spreading bracts. Flowers brown, few or many in close clusters. Stems filiform, leafy for several inches. Flower-heads very small, paniculato. Ovulesand seeds few . . \. J. gracili/i. Leaves all radicah Ovules and sceds numerous. Flower-clusters paniculate (habit of Lnzula). Leaves mostly 1 to 3 lines broad. 8tamens 3 . . 2. /. planiftdinx, Leavcs rarely above 1 line broad. Stamens 6 . . 3. J. ctcxpititmx. Flower-clusters coUected in a dense terminal hoad. Stamens 6 . . _ 4. J.falcatus. Flowers pale-colourcd, in loose cj-mes or in chisters of 2, 3 or rarely more. Stemsunder 1 ft. high. Annual. Flowers mostly distinct, in a much-branched leafy panicle 5. /. lufoiiius. Tufted perennial. Flowers clustered (2 to 6), in a slightly branched leafy panicle 6. /. homalocaulis. Perennial with a ereeping rhizome. Flowers distinct in an irregularly dichotomous cyme 7. J. rcvoluius. Leaves terete or nearly so or reduced to sheathing scalcs. Panicles apparcntly hiteral below the eud of rigid leaf- Juncus.] cxxxii. JUXCACEj;. 125 lcss stems (thc suljteuJiiijj loaty bract eroct aud con- tinuin;^ tho stcni). Leaves aud terminal bractnotjointod. Filaments filiform. h^eeds not tailod . Stamens 3. Scales at the baso of the stem usually short. Flowers distinct in the panicle 8. J. ammniiia. Flowcrs all eollectod into distinct clusters . . 9. /. vaijviatns. Stamens 6. Scales at the baso of tho stein short or hmgcr than in J. coinmHnis. Flowers small, dis- tinct in the panicle 10. /. paucijlitrm. Stcms very stout and tall with long looso scakss at the basc. Flowors rather largo, distinct in the panicle. Stamens varying 3 to G 11. J. jtallidus. Filaments short and flat. Seeds tailed. Stems very rigid. Stamens 6 . , 12. /. maritimm. Leaves and terminal bructs appearing jointed from inter- nal cross partitions of pith. Stoms more or less flattened usually 1-2 ft. Perianth- segments l^- lines with long subulate points. Stamens usually 4 Vi. J. prisniatocarpHS. Stems 2-7 in. Flowcr-clusters small and few. Pe- rianth-segments 1 line long, lanceolate, rather acute 14. /. capillaceas. J. dioicHs, Steud. Syn. Glum. ii. 309, from King George's Sound, is insufiiciontly described for identification, and may not he a Juncas atall. 1. J. gracilis, 7?. B)-. Frod. 259. — Stems filiform, above 1 ft. liigii, densely tufted at the base although each tuft is never above 2 lines diameter, leafj for several inches, the lower withered leaves having persistent sheatiis. Leaves flat and grass-like but very narrovv almost filiform, much shorter than the stem. Flowers small, browu, few togetlier (5 to 10 or sometimes only 2 or 3), in little globular clustera sessile at the base of the raraificatioiis of a termiual irreguhir cyme or at the ends of the filiform very unequal branches, witli 1 subulate leafy bract under the inflorescence, the bracts under the clusters and flowers niinute. Periauth-segments uiider 1 liae long, the outer lauceolate, the inner ovate. Stamens varying from 3 to 6 ; filaments filiform ; authers rather long. Ovary completely 3-celled, the placeutse meetiug in the ceutre and apparently coheriug, with several but not numerous ovules in cach cell. Capsule obtuse, as long as or rather longer thaii tlie periauth, the valves beaving the placentse without leaving a ceutral column. Seeds usually ouly 1 or 2 in eachcell, nearly globular, striate, the fuuicle rather long. W. Australia. King George^s Sound, R. Brotvn, and probably the same dis- trict, JJrununond, n. 103. Var. humilis. Stems under 6 in. high, the inflorescence rcduced to very few or Bometimes to asinglc cUxstt-r. — Karri Dale, IValcot. 2. J. planifolius, B. Br. Prod. 259. — Stock tufted. Leaves radical, usnaily luimerous, flat and grass-like, shortcr thau the stem, 1 to 3 lines or rarcly nearly 4; broad, with long iuibricating sheatlis almoat 126 cxxxii. JUNCACE.5;. [Juncus. dlstichous, the whole habit nearly that of some varieties of LuzuJa campestris. Stems leafless, usually 1 to l^ ft. high, but sometimes much lower, with a termiaal coiiipouud unequally brauched cyme, the lovver branches often clustered. Bracts all suiall and scarious, or rarely 1 or 2 leafy ones at the base of the inflorescence. Flowers brown, iu globular clustcrs at the base of the ramifications aud ends of the branches. Perianth-segments but little more than 1 line long, very acute. Stamens 3. Ovary with 3 parietal placentae only very shortly counected at the base and numerous ovules, Capsule mucronate or scarcely acuminate, about as long as the perianth. Seeds ovoid, very small, the niinute reticulations visible only uuder a \ in. lens. — Hook. f. FI. Tasm. ii. Gl. N. S. "Wales. Port Jacbson, R. Brown, Siebcr, Woolls and others ; New Enirlanil, '"'. StH'irf. ; Manleay River, C. Moore. Victoria. Port Phillip, i^. MmlUr ; Wimmera, BaUachy. Tasiuauia. Table Mountain (Mount Wellington), R. Broivn ; ahvindant throunhout thc island, /. I). Sookcr. S. Australia. Lofty ranges and others round St. Vincenfs Gulf, F. Mueller. W. Australia. King George's Sound and neighhouring districts, Maxwell, F. Muelkr, Drummond, n. 208, 366, and others. Var. tenella. Stems mostly under 6 in., very slender, with very narrow leaves. Flower-heads small with few flowers, but not so small as in /. (fracilis. Flowers triandrous and capsules shortly mucronate as in the tyj>ical J. plaidfoUus. — Mount M'Ivor, F. Mueller. 3. J. caespititius, JS. Mey. in Pl. Preiss. ii. 47 and in Linncea xxvi. 2ii. — The larger specimeus sometimes much resemble /. 7>/««/- folius, but the leaves are always much narrower and the stamens appear to be constautly 6. Leaves usually densely tufted, the broadest but little more thau 1 line or in very luxuriant specimens a few of them nearly 2 lines broad just above the skeath, all more erect than in J. planifolius, usually couvolute towards the end and often almost subu- late. Stemn rarely much above 1 ft. high. Inflorescence wheu much developed the saiue as in J. planifoUus, but the flowers rather larger, the iuner segments entirely excluding the outer before expansion and enclosing the 6 staniens. Placentas parietal with numerous ovules, and seeds tailless and smooth unless under a high power as in /. planifolius. Capsule rather shorter than the periauth aud almost ob- tuse.— Hook. £. Fl. Tasra. ii. 64. Victoria. Wendu Vale, Robertsiit ; Snowy Rivcr, F. Mueller. Tasmania. In the northern parts of the island, /. B. Hooker. S. Australia. St. Vincenfs Giilf, /•'. Miuiler. W. Australia. Swan lliver, Brummond, \st coll. and n. 336, 937 ; Prciss, n. 1733 Murchison River, Oldjield. 4. J. falcatus, E. Mey. Si/n. Lnzul. 34, and in Linncea, xxvi. 21-5. — Rhizome stoloniferous Leaves at the base of the stem flat, grass-like, shorterthari the stem, mostly 1 line broad or rathcr more. Stems G in. to 1 ft. high, bearing usually 1 leaf at or above the middle and a singlo Juncus.'] cxxxii. JuxcACEiE. 127 terrainal head of ^owcrs surrouiuled by scarious bracts, or rarely a sccond hcad lower dowu iu thc axil ot a leafy bract. Elowcr-heiid (composed ot coudeuscd cynics) usually 3 to ■!• liues dianieter wlieu iu Hovver, twice that wheu iu fruit, thc scarious bracts all shortcr than the flowers or rarely the outeruiost one produced iuto a leafy point. Perianth-segments brown, about 2 liues long, tlie outer oues very acute, the iuner less so. Stameus G. Placentas parietal, with many ovulcs. Capsule obtuse, about as long as the perianth, darii aud sliining. Seeds obovoid or oblong, brown, obtuse or rarely with a very small white apiculus, marked with numerous iiue longitudinal reticuKitions. — llook. f. n. Tasm. ii. 04 ; Engelm. in Traiis. Acad. Sc. St. Louis, ii. 452, 495 ; /. agrostophyllus, F. Muell. in liinnjca, xxvi. 245. Victoria, Snowy Eiver, Mitta-Mitta, Cobberas and othcr rangcs of the Austra- lian Alps, F. Miiiiler. Tasmania. On all the mountainous parts in wet places, Gtinn, Archer and others. E. Iileyer originally dcseribed the specics from Californian specimens with -whieh he afterwards identitied the Australian ones. Engelmann had in the first instance distinguished the latter under the name of J. tasmanicus, chietiy from some slight difference in the reticulation of the seeds which he subsequently recognised as not of specific importance. In the speciracns I have examined I find the seeds generally narrower and the transverse lines connecting the longitudinal ones fewer and less prominent in the Californian than in the Australian ones, but sometimes there is more difference in the seeds of 2 capsules from the same country than in others from 2 capsules of the 2 countries. 5. J. bufonius^ Limi. ; Kunth., Enum. iii. 353. — A pale-coloured tufted aunual, rarely exceeding G-S in. and often scarcely half that size, the stems erect, slender aud brauehing, with a linear leaf or leafy bract under each brauch. Leaves linear, from almost filirorna to nearly 1 line broad, the margins iuvolute at least inthe dried state, the lower ones sometimes exceeding the stem, all dilated at the base into a rather long sheath. Flowers uearly sessile, sohtary or iu clusters of 2 or 3, termiual or sessile in the foiks of a loose dichotomous leafy cyme. Bracts broadly ovate, tliinly scarious, subteudiug each flower with 2 similar bracteoles immediately under the periauth. Perianth- segments pale coloured, narrow', acumiuate aud very acute, mostly nbout 3 lines loug, but variable in size, the iuuer ones rather smaller than the outer. Stamens 6 or rarely only 3. Capsule oblong, shorter tliau the periauth, the placentas usually at leugth detached from the valves and either coheriug in a ceutral column or ultimately separating. Seeds miuute and numerous, without tails. — E. Mey. iu PL Preiss. ii. 47 ; Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 64 ; /. plebeius, E, Br. Prod. 259. N. S. Wales. Port Jackson, C. Mom-e, TFoolls, and others. Victoria. AVendu Yale, liobertson ; about Melbourne, Adamson, F. Mtuilcr and otiicrs ; Wimmera, Dallachij. Tasmania. Abundant in moist placcs throughout the colony, /. D. lln<,ktr. S. Australia. St. Vinccnfs Gulf to Eivoli Bay, and thc Murray, F. Mucller, Behr. 128 cxxxri. .TrxcA,CEJE. [Juncus. VV. Australia. King Georpfe'8 Sound to Svvun aud Murchison Kivors, iJiuin- iiMiid, Okljicld, Freixs, n. 1734, and othcrs. Tho species is a common wced in most tcmperate regions of thc globo. G. J. homalocaulis, F. Muell. in. Ilerh. Kooh. — A small tufted pale-coloured species apparently pereuuial, but without the creeping rhizome oi J . revolutus. Stems rarely exceediug 6 in., slender, the iufloresceuce but little branched. Leaves from the base of the stem very narrow aud almost terete and shorter than the stem. Flowers 2 to 6 together in clusters or heads sessile or pedunculate towards the end of the stem, with a subulate leafy bract under the lowe.st cluster, the llowers sessile in the clusters and generally divaricate, at least after llowering aud the clusters few to each stem. Perianth-segments rigid, acutely acuminate, about 8 liues loug, the iuuer ones rather shorter. Stamens G. Style divided nearly to the base. rhacentas pari- etal, not very prominent. Capsule rather siiorter thau the perianth. Seeds ovoid, without tails. — ■/. plebeius, Steud. Syn. Glum. ii. 307 aud some others, but not of R. Br. N. S. Wales. Port Jackson, C. Moore, Woolls ; New England, C. Stuart. Victoria. Glenelg River, Robertson ; Black Forest, F. Mucller ; Wimmera, DaUaclDj. This was supposcd to have heen the /. plcheius of Brown and is united hj F. JMuoller with the /. rcvolntus under the name of J. Brownci. It appears to me how- ever to he quite distinct in habit as well as in infiorescence from that species, and to approach nearer to /. bufonius, to which J.plebdus proves to be reforrible. 7. J. revolutus, R. Br. Prod. 259. — Stems from a creeping rhizome erect, simple below the inflorescence, from 2 or 3 iu. to nearly 1 ft. high. Leaves mostly shorter than the stem, all from its base or a single oue higher up, all very narrow, the midrib prominent uuder- neath and the tiiickeued margins ofteu recurved especially towards the end. Flowers singly sessile along the branches or in the forks of an irregularly brauched termiual dichotomous cyme, with 1 or 2 leafy bracts at tlie base of the cyme, smail glumaceous ones uuder the forks, aud short broad almost scarious ones uuder each flower. Periantl)- segments narrow, pale-colourecl, acute, thick and rigid, with scarious margins, 2^ to ncarly 3 lines loug. Stamens 6. Phxcentas parietal, prouiincnt but uot uuiting with each other except at the very base. Capsuie obtuse, shining, as loug as the perianth or rather shorter. Seeds ovoid, without tails. — Hook. f. FL T.ism. ii. G5 ; /. Brownei, F. MuelL in Linua^a, xxvi. 245, Fragm. ix. 78, partly. Victoria. Yarra and Snowy Rivers, F. Mueller. Tasmania. Port JDalrymple, R. Brown ; near the sea, Georgetown, Gunn ; on the Tamar, 6'. Stuart. 8. J. communis, E. Mei/. Syn. Junc. 12. — Stems densely tuftcd ou a horizontal or sDortly creeping malted rliizome, usually 2 to 3 ft. liigh, or eveu more, erect, terete, leafless except a iew browu or pale- Juncus.^ crxxii. juncace^. 12y ooluuredleafy sheathing scales at tlie base. Pauicle appareutly lateral and sessile at from 2 or 3 to 6 or 8 in. below the top, the leafy bract at the base of the inflorescence being erect, terete, continuous with the stem, and scarcely hollowed into a sheath at the base. Flowers nume- rous, densely crowded into a compact globular head of \ in. diameter or forming a looser very unequally branched panicle of 1 to 2 in. diame- ter tknvering from the base, the central short branches having only 2 or 3 flowers, the others a considei*able number, usually singly scattered aloiig the branches of irreguhir cymes. Bracts withiu the panicle small and scarious. Perianth nearly or quite sessile, the segments all very acute, usually pale-colourcd, above 1 line and under 1| lines long. Stameus in ali tlie flowers examined 3 only, alternating with the inner segments. Capsuie narrow-ovoid or elliptical, obtuse, as long as or rather longer than the perianth. Placentas very prominent and often meeting in the centre but not united except at the base. Seeds very numerous, minute, without tails. — Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 67 ; J. effusus, Linn. ; E. Br. Prod. 258. Australia. Apparently abundant wherever there are marshes or habitually wet places, especially without the tropics, the special localities recorded froin each colony are far too numerous to be worth enumerating, the species extending also to most temperate and sub-tropical regions of tho globe. In Australia as elsewhere there are two principal varieties, the /. congloimratus, Linn., with the flowers closely packed in a dense head and usually more or loss brown, and /. ejfusnn, Linn., with the panicles loostr and paler coloured, but every gradation may be observed between the two. The former is not so common in Australia as the looser flowered one, but I have seen specimens from all the colonies in the herbaria of F. Mueller or of Kew. /. australis, Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 66, t. 134, and J. paUidus, Hook. f. 1. c. and probably Kimth, Emun. iii. 321, but not[of K. Br., appear to me to be entirely re- ferrible to forms of J. communis. 9. J. vaginatus, R. Br. Prod. 258. — This has the stems with sheath- ing scales at the base and the continuous terete terminal leafy bract of J. communis, but the panicle is iooser with rather long branches, and the flowers in little dense distmct cymes almost contracted into clusters at the base of the ramifications and ends of the branches, almost as in J. prismafocarpus. Periantlis smali and stamens 6 as in J. pauciflorus. N. S. TVales. Port Jackson, R. Broivn. I have seen it in no other collection. The southem and western large species usually taken for Brown's J. vaginatm is his J. pallidns . 10. J. pauciflorus, R. Br. Prod. 259. — Stems in the typical form crowded on a horizontal or shortly creeping rhizome and uuder 1 ft. high, but attaining in other specimens 2 or 3 ft., leafless except a few sheathing scales at tlie base, of which the innermost is often several inches long and soiuetimes produced into a leafy point of 1 or 2 in. Infloresceuce lateral as in J. communis, the leafy bract at its base terete and continuous, erect and terminating the stem. Panicle irrcgularly compound resembling that of the loose-flowered varieties of J. communis, TOL. TII. K 130 cxxxii. JDXCACE^. [^Juncus. but usually more sieuder, tlie flowers few or numerous rather smaller than m that species, and six stamens in all the flowers exam- ined. Ovaiy, capsule, and seeds of J. communis. — Hook. f. Y\. Tasm. ii. G7. Queensland. Moreton Bay, F. Mtielkr, and others ; Rockhampton, Thozet. N. S. ^Vales. Port Jackson, R. Broiv», Woolls and others ; Macleay River, Becklcr, C. Moore ; Richmond River, Mrs. Sodgkinson ; New England, C. ^tuart, Victoria. From Portland, Green, and Mount William, SuUivan, to the Baw-Baw and Cape Otway ranges and Snowj' River, F. Muelkr. Tasmania, R. Broun ; abundant throughout the colony, /. D. Mooker. S. Australia. Ranges bordering St. Vincenfs Gulf and Torrens River, F. Muelkr and others. /. Gimnii, Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 67, appears to me to be a slight variety of J. pauciflorus. of small size, with dark brown bracts and perianths, which are usually but not always very pale in the typical forms. 11. J. pallidus, R. Br. Prod. 258. — A tall stout species, verynearly allied to the loose-flowering varieties of J. communis. Stems several feet high, the sheathing scales euclosing their thick base long and loose, the innermost often 6 to 10 iu. long and tapering into a long poiut. luflorescence lateral hke that of /. communis, but more rigid and the flowers usually rather longer. Stamens usually 3, but occasionally varying to 4 or 5 and perhaps sometimes 6. — J. vaginatus, E. Mey. in Pl. Preiss. ii. 46 ; Hook. f. Fl. Tasra. ii. 68, not of R. Br. ; /. correctus, Steud. Syn. Glum. ii. 296. Qneensland. Plains of the Condamine, Leichhardt. N. S. Wales. A few specimens from various collections as well as the above- mentioned plant of Leichhardfs appear to be referrible to this species, but are some- what doubtful. Victoria. French Island, Beveridge ; Ararat, Green, and a few other stations. Tasmania. Common in many parts of the island, both north and south, J. D. Hookcr. S. Australia. In numerous localities about St. Vincenfs Gulf, F. MueUer and others. "W. Australia. King George's Soimd, R. Brown, and thence to Swan River, abundantly, Drummond, n. 319 and 367, Freiss,n. 1864, and many others. The four preceding species might be regarded as varieties of one, which how- ever in that case should include many forms from other countries generally adopted as distinct species. 12. J. maritimus, Lam. ; Kunth, Enum. iii. 322. — Stems densely tufted on a horizontal or shortly creeping rhizome, very rigid, 2 to 3 feet high, with sheathing scales at the base, of which 1 or 2 inner ones terminate iu a rigid terete pungent stem-like leaf shorter than the real stems. Panicle or cyme appearing lateral, the long outer leaf-like bract erect and continuing the stem but more dis- tinct than in J. communis, owing to its broad sheathing base. Plowers in little clusters usually very numerous in an irregularly JlDICUS.] CXXXII. JUNCACEiE. 131 compound panicle sometimes very dense, sometimes looser with 1 or 2 of its branches elongated to several iuches. Perianth-segments about li lines long, the outer ones very acute, the inner with broad scarious margins. Stamens 6, the filaments short and broad. Capsule not exceeding the perianth, almost completely 3-celled. Seeds ob- long, variable in size and uumber, the outer membraue almost always produced at botl\ ends into short tails. — K. Br. Prod. 258 ; E. Mey. in Pl. Preiss. ii. 46; Hook. f. FI. Tasm. ii. 66. Queensland. Rockhampton, 0'Shatwsij and others. N. S. TVales. Paramatta, Woolls ; Hastings River, Beckler. Victoria. Melboume, Adamsou ; Gipps' Land, F. Mueller. Tasmania. Common in salt and brackish marshes, sometimes on moist sand hills, /. B. Sool-cr. W. Australia. King George's Sound and Lucky Bay, R. Broivn, thence to Swan River, Drummond, n. 194, 339 ; Preiss, n. 1865, Oldjield. The species is common in maritime marshes and moist sands in most temperate regions. The flowers in tbe Australian specimens are usually rather smaller and darker coloured and the inflorescence more dense than in the northern ones. Drum- mond's n. 338 is a remarkably large stout form, with the stem and leaves nearly 2 lines diameter and the base of the stem with its sheaths 4 to 5 lines diameter, but the flowers and fruits those of the tj^pical J. maritimus. In Herb. F. Mueller are two imperfect specimens of the northem /. acutiis, labelled as from Sieber's Australian collectibn, but probably by some error. They have not Sieber's printed labels, and no other specimens from the southem hemisphere are known. 13. J. prismatocarpus, B. Br. Prod. 259. — Stems tufted or sto- loniferous and shortly creeping ac the base, 1 to 2 ft. high, more or less compressed. Leaves few, erect from long sheaths, compressed or nearly terete, hollow inside but divided by cross partitions of pitli giving them a jointed appearance. Panicle terminal, erect, compact or divaricate with long branches, with 1 or 2 erect leafy bracts at its base, jointed like the leaves. Flowers numerous in globular clusters termi- nating the brancbes or sessile at their base. Perianth-segments very iiarrow, with subulate points, about 1\ lines long, the inner ones rather broader. Stamens usually 3, but sometimes 4 to 6, the filaments slender. Capsule narrow, with very prominent acute angles, from a little shorter to considerably longer than the perianth, the parietal placentae scarcely prominent inside. Seeds minute, without tails. — J. holoschcenus, R. Br. I. c. ; Hook. f . FI. Tasm. ii. 65 ; J. commutatus, Steud. Syn. Glum. ii. 301. Queensland. Moreton Bay, Eaves ; Armidale, Perrot ; Broad Sound Gullivcr. N. S. Wales. PortJackson to the Bhie Mountains, E. Broxvn, Sieber, n. 431 and man>- othcrs ; New England, C. Stuart ; JMacleay River, C. Moore ; Clarence River, Bcckler, JFilcoz. Victoria. "Wendu Vale and Glenelg River, Eobertson ; Melboume, F. Jfueller. Tasmania. Abimdant in marshy placcs throughout the island, /. D. Mooker. S. Australia. St. Vincenfs Giilf, Behr, F. MKcller and others. W. Australia. King George's Souud to Swan and Murchison Rivers, Drum- mond'n. 54, 114, 233, 323, Oldjield a.nd. others. K 2 132 cxxxii. JUNCACE^. [Juncus. J. striatus, Schousb. from the Mediterranean regions is scarcely distinguishable {romJ. prismatoca?-pHs except by the rather smaller flowers, and /. oxycarpus, E. Mey. from South Africa appears to be quite identical. 14. J. capillaceus, HooJc.f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 65, t. 134. — Stems from a tufted or shortly creepiug branching base erect, leafy, only 2 to 3 in. high. Leaves very narrow or subulate, nearly terete, more or less distinctly divided inside by cross partitions of pith as in J. inismato- carpus, sometimes shorter than but often twice as long as the stem. riowers in little clusters of 3 to 10, rarely reduced to single flowers, and often not above 3 or 4 clusters to the small panicle, the lowest bract usually elongated and leafy, the other bracts small. Perianth- segments about 1 line long, lanceolate witb scarious margins, rather acute but without tbe subulate points of J. prismatocarpus. Stamens 6. Capsnle as long as or shortly exceeding the perianth, obtusely angular and shortly beaked. Placentas scarcely prominent. Seeds without tails. N. S. "Wales. Timbarra, New England, C. Stuart. Victoria. Eivulets of the Black Moimtains and Cobra Range, ascendingto 5 or 6000 ft. F. Mueller. Tasmania. Arthur's Lake, Gunn ; Cuniing's Head, Archer ; Coal River Tier, Ohlfield. The species is also in New Zealand. ^ Order CXXXIII. PALMiE. Flowers unisexual or rarely hermaphrodite. Perianth inferior and persistent in the females, of 6 usually dry or rigid segments in 2 series, the outer ones usually imbricate or united in a 3-toothed or 3-lobed cup, the inner usually longer, valvate in the males, valvate or imbricate in the females. Stamens in the males 3, 6, or indefinite, attached to the receptacle and olten surrounding a rudimentary or imperfect ovary ; filaments usually short ; anthers erect attached at the base or shortly above the base and somewhat versatile, with 2 parallel cells opening inwards in longitudinal slits. Staminodia in the females when present and stamens in the hermaphrodite flowers usually 6, attached to the base of the perianth. Ovary in the females superior, either 3-celled or divided into 3 distinct carpels, or in some genera 1-celled from the first and inmany genera only 1 cell fertile. Style usually very short or com- pletely divided into 3 short thick stigmas or lobes stigmatic inside, at first erect afterwards spreading, rarely columnar with 3 small terminal stigmas. Ovules solitary or rarely 2 in each cell or carpel, erect and anatropous or rarely laterally attached or pendulous and amphitropous or orthotropous. Fruit an indehiscent drupe or berry, the exocarp often thick succulent fleshy or spongy and fibrous, sometimes thin and hard, the endocarp membranous crustaceous or hard and bony. Seed sohtary or sometimes 2 or 3 ; testa thin or crustaceous, adnate to the albumen or sometimes more or less to the endocarp ; hilum orbicular oblong or shortly linear, basal and oblique or rarely lateral or termiual, CXXXIII. PALM^. 133 the raphe sometimes variously ramified. Albumen hard cartilaginous or white and brittle, entire ruminate or excavated on one side. Embryo small in a sniall cavity either basal and near the hilum or dorsal and more or less distant from it. — Woody plants either with long weak or climbing stems and alternato leaves, or with an erect stem or caudex often very tall with a terminal crown of large leaves which in decaying leave the stem covered with scales or fibres, or marked with annular scars. Leaves large, either pinnately or palmately divided into long lobes or segments, rarely bipinnate. Fiowers usually numerous and small for the plant, in simple spikes or branched panicles called spadices, usually pendulous aud arising from amougst the leaves or from the trunk below them, and at first entirely eiiclosed in a large braet called a spatha, opening laterally and finally deciduous with frequently 1 or more smaller sheathing bracts below the spatha, and rareiy none but sheathing bracts below or on the rhachis of the spadix. Flowers usually sessile along the rhachis or branches of the spadix, often especially the males 2 together from the same node or notch, subteuded by 1 or 3 small bracts not unfrequently reduced toaslightly raised margin of the node. This splendid order, tlie pride of all tropical regions, is restricted in Australia to few species and almost confined to Arnhem's Land and Queensland, only four species extending into New South Wales, one of them penetrating as far south as Gipps' Land, besides three species endemic in Lord Howe's Island. None of the Australian genera hut the majority of the species are endemic, most of them congeners and nearly allied to the Pahns of the Malayan Archipelago or of New Caledonia. Climbing palms, with alternate prickly pinnate leaves. Flowers dioecious. Perianth-segments all valvate. P^ruit covered with imbricate scales. Embryo basal . L Calamus. Erect pakns, with a terminal crown of simply pinnate leaves. Flowers monoecious. Outer perianth-segments imbricate. Inner perianth-segments valvate in the males, imbricate in the females. Embryo basal. Ovary 1-celled. Ovule erect. Albumen entire. Fruit usually ovoid. Kemains of the atyle terminal . 2. Kentia. Fruit obliquely globular. Kemains of the style excentrical or lateral 3. Ciinostigma. Ovary 1-celled. Ovule pendulous. Albumen ruminate 4. Ptychosperma. Ovary 1-celled. Ovule erect. Albumen ruminate . . o. Areca. Ovarj' 3-celled. Ovule erect. Fruit large. Albumen entire 6. Cocos. Lmer perianth-segments valvate in both sexes. Ovary 3-ceUed. Albumen entire. Embryo dorsal. . 7. Arenga. Erect palms, with bipinnate leaves. Inner perianth-seg- ments valvate in both sexes. Ovary 3-celled. Albumen ruminate. Embryodorsal 8. Caryota. Erect palms, with a terminal crown of fan-shaped leaves. Flowers hermaphrodite. Perianth-lobes or segments all valvate. Stamens 6. Embryo dorsal. Filaments united at the base in a cup or ring. Leaf- lobes truncate and toothed at the end 9. Licuala. Filaments very broad at the base and contiguous but free. Leaf-lobes acuminate 10. Livistonia. 134 cxxxiii. PALir^. 1. CALAMUS, Linn. Flowers dioecious, distichous and. sessile alongthe spike-like branches of tbe panicle. Outer periantb 3-lobed, inner of 3 segments, tbe lobes or segments all valvate in both sexes. Stameus in the males 6, round a rudimentary ovary. Staminodia in the females 6. Ovary 3-celled, with 1 erect ovule in each cell. Stigmas 3, sessile or ou a very sbort style. Fruit globular, closely covered with reflexed imbricated shining scales. Seed usually 1 only, nearly globular, obHquely attached towards tbe base, testa thin. Albumen hard, entire. Embryo basal or nearly so. — Prickly palms, with weak stems often climbing to a great height. Leaves simply pinnate, the rhachis and sheaths usually armed with hooked or straight prickles, and in some species not Australian ending in a simple armed tendril. Flowers small, the spikes in partial panicles, few or numerous, in a loose general panicle j)roceeding from a narrow prickly sheath or spatha, and often from the base of the panicle or £rom a leaf-sheath beiow it proceeds a long prickly simple fchong or lorum, probably an abortive branch of the inflorescence. The genus is chiefly abundant in tropical Asia, extending also into tropical Africa. The Australian species are as far as known endemic, but require further comparison with some little known ones from the Malayan Ai"chipelago. Leaf-segments acuminate and entire with smooth edges . . 1. C. australis. Leaf-segments more or less scahrous on the edges -nith minute distant prickles, and often sprinkled underneath with straight prickles or bristles. Leaf-segments acuminate and entire, under 1 in. broad . 2. C, Muelleri. Leaf-segments hooked or jagged at the end, 1 to 2 in. broad 3. C caryotoidis. 1. C. australis, 3Iart. Rist. Nat. Palm. iii. 342. — A slender reclining palm {A. Cunningham), climbing to a great heigbt {F. Mueller). Leaves often above 2 ft. long, the rhachis armed underneath with short conical recurved prickles, scattered in the lower part, dis- tant in a single row tovvards the upper end, the upper side of the petiole and lower part of the rhachis armed with straigbt prickles or bristles mostly turned upwards ; segments 10 to 20, the lower oues often 1 ft. long and 1\ in. broad, the upper ones smaller, all shortly acuminate aud entire, the edges smooth and the surface without prickles. Panicles long and loose, the main rhachis armed with recurved prickles and long lora armed with recurved prickles, the partial panicles almost or quite recurved. Male spikes 1 to l^ in long, the flowers closely dis- tichous withia broadly ovate acute bracts of about 1 line. Outer perianth thick, obtusely lobed, about l^ lines long, inner longer, on a short stipes, Ihe segments narrovv and thinner. Female spikes 3 to 4 in. long, the flowers more distant. Fruit globular, 4 to 5 lines diameter. — "Wendl. and Drude in Linnaea, xxxix. 197 ; C. ohstruens, F. Muell. Fragm. v. 48. Queensland. Shaded woods, Fitzroy Island, A. Cunningham, M'Gillivrai/ ; Rockingham Bay, Dallachi/. Calamus.'} cxxxiii. PALMiE. 135 This specios was compriscd by Martius amongst those which were insufficiently known ennmeratcd aftir his 4th and last division of the genus, but incauliously placed by Wendland and Drude u/tder that division, characterised by the prescnce of both lora and tendrils terminating the leaves ; the C. australis has lora but no leaf tendrils. 2. C. Muelleri, TFendl. and Drude in Linncea, xxxix. 193. — Stem covered with closely appressed or adnate leaf-sheaths very densely armed with straight sleuder prickles or bristles. Leaves in our specimens from under 1 ft. to l^ ft. long, with 10 to 16 segments, the longest 8 in. long and f in. broad, all shortly acurainate, the margins scabrous with a fcw minute hooked prickles, and the under surface occasionally sprinkled with a few slender straight prickles or bristles, the rhachis armed with scattered hooked or reflexed prickles, Main rhachis of the inflorescence often very long slender and armed with recurved prickles, bearing a few distant simple panicles of 2 or 3 ia. each with 3 or 4 to 10 or 12 branches or spikes and almost or quite unarmed. Lora slender, 1 to 2 ft. long, with numerous hooked prickles. Outer perianth-segments in the males 1 line, inner segments 2 lines long. Stamens inserted on a thick disk. Staminodia in the females of the shape of theperfectstamens, the filaments shortly united in a ring. the anthers without pollen. Fruit globular, 5 to 6 lines diameter. Queensland. Brisbane River, F. HueUer, N. S. Wales. ■ Clarence River, Btckler ; Richmond River, Henderson. C. radicalis, Wendl. and Drude in Linnaea, xxxix. 195, is described only from a single leaf or rather a portion of a leaf and a lorum, closely resembling those of C. Mmlleri, except that the leaf is at least 2^ ft. long and has 42 segraents. There is nothing to show whether it be the leaf of a barren luxuriant stem of G. Muelleri or that of a distinct species. — North of Port Mackay, Nernst. 3. C. caryotoides, Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. iii. 338. — Branches and adiiate sheaths armed with straight prickles and bristles like those of C. Muelleri but much shorter. Leaves the same length and similarly armed, but the segments mostly broader some as much as 2 in. broad, truncate and toothed or jagged at the end, the edges scabrous with minute prickles as in G. Muelleri. Inflorescence long and loose, but the partial panicles not distant as in that species. — Fruits much smaller, not above 3 lines diameter in our specimens, but perhaps not full grown. Queensland. Endeavour River and Bloomiield Rivulet between that and Cape Grafton, " Ground Palm," A. Cunningham. 2. KENTIA, Blume. (Linospadix, Grisebachia, Hydriastele, and Hedyscepe, Wendl, and Brude ; Ken- tiopsis, A. Brongn.) Flowers mouoecious in the same spadix, sessile in the notches of a simple- or branched rhachis, usually 2 males in each notch, and a female one later developed in the same notch, the upper males sometimes solitary, Male flowers : Outer perianth of 3 imbricate broad or narrow segments, inner longer of 3 valvate 136 cxxxiii. PALMiB. [Kentia. segments. Stamens 6 to about 20, inserted ou a thick disk or receptacle, without auy or with a small rudimentary ovary in the centre ; anthers oblong or linear, longer or rarely shorter than the filaments. Female flowers : Perianth-segraents of both series broad aud imbricate, the inner not much longer or rarely shorter than the outer. Staminodia none or small. Ovary 1-celled, with 1 ovule erect from the base but exceutrically attached. Stigmas 3, at first orect and connivent, at length spreading. Drupe ovoid or ellipsoid ; exocarp fleshy and suc- culent or wheii dry hard and fibrous ; endocarp usually thin. Seed erect, the hilum oblique or more or less lateral ; testa thin ofteu adhering more or less to the endocarp, leaving the albumen marked with the ramifications of the raphe but quite entire, not ruininate. — Small or tall erect palms, the caudex marked with annular scars. Leaves in a terminal crown, long and pinnately divided, the segments acuminate and entire or jagged or toothed at the end. Inflorescence at the base of the leaves long and simple or branched, at first enclosed in a rather thin spatha. Besides the Australian species which are all endemic there are a few from the [ndian Archipelago and New Caledonia. The genus has however been variously (ixtended or restricted by different phoenicologists. I have foUowed in its delimita- tion the views of F. Blueller, which appear most in conformity with those of Bhime, although in the original species the male flowers aro hexandrous. In the Australian species the number of stamens varies considerably but always more than 6, they would therefore be referrible to A. Brongniarfs genus Kentioims (Comptes Rendus, 1873) which appears to me to bc too artifically separated fom Kentia. Spadix a long and simple spike within the spatha. Rhachis slender, slightly notched. Flowers rather distant, the males 3 to 4 lines long. Stamensabout 10. Fruit ovoid-globular ^ in. long 1. K. monostaclnja. Flowers approximate, the males l^ lines long. Stamens about 12. Fruit (unripe) cylindrical 8 lines long 2. K. minor. Rhachis thick, deeply notched. Stamens about 20. Fruit ovoid-oblong above 1 in. long Z. K. Belmoreana. Spadix branched. Rhachis slightly notched. Spikes or branches long slender and pendulous. Fruit ovoid-globular 4-5 lines long A. K. Wendlandiana. Spikes or branches spreading. Stamens 10 to 12. Fruit ovoid-oblong above 1 in. long 5. K. Canterbtiryana. InsuflQciently known species Q. K. acuminata. 1. K. monostachya, F. Muell. Fragm. vii. 82.— Stem 6 to 12 ft. high {A. Gimninfjham). Leaves \\ to 4 ft. long, the sheathing base broad, coriaceous, about 6 in. long, produced into 2 stipule-like lobes, segments very irreguhar, acuminate, very variable in breadth and dis- tance, adnate to the rhachis or tapering at the base, the longest about 1 ft. long. Inflorescence a pendulous undivided slender spike of great length, the peduncle below the spatha 1\ to 2 ft. long, enclosed at the base to nearly half its length in a sheath, the spike itself 1 to near 2 ft. long, enclosed in a membranous ^spatha at length open along one side, the rhachis slender; notches scarcely indented, the margins or bracts very slightly prominent, and not very close together. Male Kentia.'] cxxxiii. PALMiE. 187 perianth when f ully out 3 to 4 lines long, the outer broad segment» about 1 line diameter. Stamens about 10, with very short filaments. Feraale perianth : outer segments as in the male, inner as broad but larger. Ovary 1-celled, with 1 erect ovule. Fruit ovoid or nearly globuLar, about \ in. long, the succulent pericarp not very thick. Tcsta of the seed adhering to the thin endocarp. — Areca monostachyay IMart. Hist. Nat. Pahn. iii. 178 ; Linospadix monostachyos, WendL and Drude iu Linnjea, xxxix. 198. Queensland. CapeYork Peninsula, if«««'s Expedition ; Wide Bay, Leichlutrdt ; Maroochic, Ihf>i or liiig iiiul vcrj shortly free ; anthers sagitatc. Ovary laterally 3- lobed, thc carpels readily separatiiig, with 1 erect ovule in each ; style coluuinar, with 3 small stigmas. Fruit globular, rcduced by abortion to 1 carpel, the pericarp flesliy but at length hard, scarcely fibrous. 8eed erect, the hilum somewliat lateral. Albumen horny with a deep irregularly branched excavution on the inner side, filled with a brown spongy tissue. Embryo dorsal. — Palms usually slender or low. Leaves large, fan-shaped but usually closed all round so as to appear peltate, the plicate lobes more or less truncate aud toothed at the end. Pauicles from amoug the leaves, often long, the partial pauicles between the sheathiug bracts usually dividedinto few spreading spikes. Flowers small. The genus is widely spread over tropical Asia, the only Australlan species too littlo known to determine how far it may be endemic or distinct, 1. Ii. Muelleri, Wendl. and Drude in Linncea, xxxix. 223. — Toung trees described as 30 ft. high. Leaves closed all round so as to appear peltate, plicate, and divided to more than half the length into truucate lobes obtusely toothed aud jagged and 2 to 3in.broad at the end,thewhoie leaf forming a flat stifF shield-like disk 6^ ft, across. Flowers uu- kuowu. Fruits " crimsou in large straggliug panicles," ovoid- globular, 4 to 5 lines diameter. Albumeu peuetrated by a deep irregu- larly braucbed excavation. Embryo dorsal. — Livistona Ramsayi, F. IMuell. Fragm. viii. 221. Queensland. Dahymple Gap, Eockingham Bay, BaUnchy. Although the flowers are unknown it is probable that Wendland and Drude are correct in trans- ferring this pakn from Livistona to Licuala, but its precise afEnities must remain for the present undetermined. 10. LIVISTONA, E. Br. Flowers hermaphrodite, in a loose panicle, with sheathing bracts on the main rhachis and peduncle. Outer perianth thin, 3-lobed or 3- toothed, inuer longer, of 3 valvate segments. Stamens 6, distinct but contiguous ; filaments broad and thick very shortly filiform at the top ; anthers small, ovate. Ovary laterally 3-lobed, the carpels readily sepa- rating,withlerect ovuleineach. Styleshortlycolumnar, with a3-toothed stigma. Fruit ovoid or globular, reduced by abortion to a single carpcl, the pericarp not thick, hard when dry. Seed erect, the hilum some- what lateral. Albumen with a deep broad excavation on the inner side, filled with a brown spongy tissue. Embryo dorsal. — Low or tall erect palms. Leaves fan-shaped, plicate, the lobes or segments acuminate and entire or 2-cIeft, and frequently a sniall bristle or filament between the lobes. Panicles usually large and decompouud from among the leaves. Flowers very small, solitary or clustered along the sleuder rhachis ol the ultimate branches. Besides the Australian species which are endemic, there are a very few from the Malayan Archipelago or South China. VOL. VII. L 146 cxxxiii. PALMJE. [Livistona. Friiit obovoid-oblong. Perianth scarcely 1 line long. Petiole more or less aculeate on the edges. Outer perianth- lobes rather obtuse l. L. hmnilis. Petiole entirely unarmed. Outer perianth-lobes acute . . 2. L. inermis. Fruit globular. Perianth IJ lines long. Outer perianth-lobes acute 3. Z/. australis. 1. L. humilis, B. Br. Prod. 268.— Stems 4 to 6 ft. high (Martius) 10 ft. {Schultz) 15 ft. or tall {Qulliver). Leaves orbicular-cordate in circumference wlien fully out, with a radiua of about l^ ft., deeply divided into narrow plicate segments tapering to a fiue point, the thread-like bristles between tlie lobes varying from nearly 1 in. to very minute or altogetber wanting ; petiole much flattened, the acute edges more or less bordered by small prickles in our specimens, but said to be often intermixed with larger ones even as much as |- in. long. General pauicle very large and loose, the partial ones between the sheathing bracts pyramidal and 8 in. to 1 ft. long, twice or three times branched, the ultimate branches or slender spikes ^ to 1 in. iong in flower, often twice that in fruit. Flowera numerous, in little sessile clusters along the spikes. Inner perianth-segments scarcely 1 line long, the outer perianth about ^ as long with short broad rather obtuse lobes. Berry ovoid-oblong, obtuse, 7 to 8 lines long, more or less contracted at the base. Seed oblong, somewhat flattened. — Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. iii. 239, t. 109, 110, 111; AVendl. and Drude in Linnsea, xxxix. 231 ; L. Leichhardtii, F. Muell. Fragm. viii. 221. N. Australia. Arnhem's Land, E. Brown (no specimens seen) ; Albert River, M'Adam Range, F. Miieller ; Port Darwin, Schultz, n. 372 ; Port Essington, Arm- strong ; Liverpool River, and Wood Island, Gulliver. F. Mueller refers to this species a pahn found by Giles in the so-called Glen of Palms, Macdonnel Range, in the interior, but the only leaf I have seen looks rather like that of L. australis. It cannot however be determined without flower or fniit. 2. L. inermis, B. Br. Prod. 268. — A moderate sized or tall palm (14 to 30 ft.), with the ovoid-oblong fruits of L. huiniUs, but said to difler in the petioles entirely without prickles and thc lobes of the outer perianth more acute.^ — ^Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. iii. 239, t. 145, 146. N. Australia. Islands of the Gulf of Carpentaria, iJ. ^^o^';/. I have seen no specimen of this palm and Martius appears only to have known it from Bauer's drawings which he copied, the general habit beiag also represented in Flinder's Voyage in the view of Sir E. Bellew's Island, vol. ii. p. 172. It may prove tobe a variety only of Z. humilis. 3. L. australis, Mm-t. Hist. Nat. Palm. iii. 241. — Stems attaining 40 to 80 ft. Leaves in a dense crown, orbicular in circumscription when fully out, 3 to 4 f t. diameter, divided to the middle or lovver down into narrow pUcate acuminate lobes either entire or 2-cleft at the apex. Panicle large, very much branched, quite glabrous, the primary branches thick, often angular, and usually much curved and flexuose, Livistona.] cxxxiiT. palm^. 147 tlie ultimate branches or spikes 1 to 3 in. long. Spatha at the base of the pauiele sheathirig witli a lanceolate point, G to 10 in. long. Elowers not so closely sessile as in L. humilis and uot so small. Inuer perianth about li lines long, tlie outer fully \ aa loug with very acute lobes, Fruit globular, 6 to 1) lines diameter, .the pericarp hard and crustaceous when dry. Seed globular. — Wendl. and Drude iu Linn;ea, xxxix. 232 ; Bot. Mag. t. 627't ; Corypha australis, R. Br. Prod. 267 ; L. inermis, Weudl. aud Drude, 1. c 229. Queensland. Woods, W. Hill ; Rockhampton (Moore's Creek Range), Thozet. N. S. Wales. Tllawarra, Ralston. Victoria. 8nowy Range, F. MiiMer. I refer this here on the authority of F. Muellei-, Fragm. v. 49. There is only a single sraall leaf preserved in his her- barium which looks somowhat difFerent. The specimen figured in the Botanical Magazine was raised at Kew from seeda coUected by Cunningham probably at Illawarra. Wendland and Drude can surely not have had access to Martius' work for the}' refer to a plate of Z. amtralis which I cannot find there, besides the mistake they have fallen into as to the L. inermis. Oeder CXXXIV. PANDANE^. (Typical Tribe.) Flowers dioecious, closely packed in dense spikes or lieads, of which several in a termiual spike or raceme or rarely solitary with a leafy or coloured bract uuder each. Perianth none. Males cousistiug of uutnerous stamens coveriug the rhachis, the filameuts all distinct or more or less collected or uuited iu clusters. Authers oblong or liuear, 2-celled, the cells opeuing in lougitudiual slits. Females : ovaries numerous, sessile, covering the rhaehis and often coheriug or con7iate in clusters or syucarps or all together at least at the base, each ovary 1-celled, with 1 ovule erect from the base, or with numerous ovules superposed in 2 rows ou 2 or 3 parietal placeutge. Stigma sessile on the apex of the ovary or of a thick conical style. Fruits drupaceous, densely crowded or more or less counate iu globular ovoid or cylindrical heads. Seeds solitary or numerous, with a small embryo at tlie lower end of a fleshy or horuy albumen. — Trees bushes or tall climbers. Leaves undivided, in spires at the top of the stem, or disposed along the brauches. The above character applies only to the typical tribe limited to the Old World and ranging over the tropical regions of Asia, Africa, and islands of the Mascarene group, Malayan Archipelago and South Pacific, the two Australian genera having the most extensive range within that area. To these must be added one or two genera which appear to be really distinct chiefly from New Caledonia, most of those added by Gaudichaud being again reduced \,oTandanm. Besides these the Order is usually made to include the American tribe Ciiclanthece which have often divided leaves, monoecious flowers, and small or rudimentarj- perianths. The clusters into which the drupes in some species are united have been sometimes described as many-celled drupes. It seems however more conformable to received terminology to restrict the term drupes to the single pyrenes resulting from the single ovarics, and if necessury to use the term ayncarp for the clusters of drupes when perfectly connate. L 2 148 CXXXIV. PANDANEiE. Stems arborescent or shrubby, the branches terminating in a triple spii-e of long leaves. Ovules solitary . . . 1. Pandanus. Stems climbing, the branches leafy. Ovules numerous superposed in 2 rows on 2 or 3 parietal placentas . . 2. Freycinetia. 1. PANDANUS, Liuu. Male flowers in dense spikes, sessile or peduuculate iu tlie axils of leafy or coloured bracts, formiug a termiual compouud spike. Stamens either separate or more or less uuited iu clusters. Female flowers : Ovaries deuselj packed iu a globular or obloug head or spike, with 1 ascending ovule in each. Drupes crowded or connate iu a globular or cone-like head, often separable iuto clusters. — Stem woody, usually arborescent and brauching. Leaves, loug, coriaceous, spreadiug, prickly on the edges aud ofteu on the midrib, geuerally closely iuserted towards the ends of the branches iu 3 spiral series. The genus is widely spread over the tropical regions of the Old World, chiefly near the sea. Of the four or five Australian species one is common in a great part of the range of the genus, the others appear to be all endemic. Sect. I. Keura. Filaments connate in clusters. Stigmas peltate or reniform, sessile on theflat convex or hroadhj conical apex of the ovaries. Drupes connate in clusters or ytrreli/ separate. Filaments united in a column longer than the free part. Drupes connate in clusters, nearly flat on the apex. Male spikes sessile ... - 1. F. odoratissimns. Drupes all free. Other characters of P. oflfo;'«^Jssi/w«.v . 2. P. aqHaticus. Drupes connate in clusters, each with a conical apex. Male spikes pedunculate 3. P. pedimculatus. Filaments very shortly imited at the base. Drupes con- nate in chisters, each with a very convex apex . . 4. P. Forsteri. Sect. II. Acrostigma. Filaments free. Stigmas raised on the acute or acuminate apexofthe ovary or ntijle. Brupes frcc or equally connate at thebase. Single Australian species 5. P. monticola. Section I. Keuea, Kurz. — Filameuts conuate iu clusters. Stigmas peltate or renifox"m, sessile on the flat couvex or broadly couical apex ot the ovaries. Drupes couuate in clusters or rarely separate, the clusters collected in a large head. 1. P. odoratissimus, Linn.f. Suppl. 424. — Stems " from a creeping base arboresceut, brauched, 15 to 20 ft. high." Leaves 3 to 5 ft. loug or on young luxuriant iudividuuls twice as loug, 2 to 3 in. broad, acumiuate, bordered by small prickles turned upwards. Male iuflorescence ter- miual, recurved, often above 1 ft. loug, consistiug of about 6 to 20 dense spikes o£ l^ to 3 in., each one sessile in the axil of a leafy bract, the lowest of which are often 1 ft. loug aud nearly resemble the smaller upper leaves, taperiug into a long narrow poiut, the upper oues gradually smaller with shorter poiuts aud whiter, but all much louger than the spikes, the margins serrulate, scabrous but scarcely prickly. Stamens exceedingly numerous, deusely covering the rhachis, but the filameuts uuited 10 to 20 together iu a columu ofteu \ in. long, shortly free ouly at the ends, with linear authers of 1| to 2 liues. Drupes Pandanm.'] cxxxiv. pandanbjE. 149 cuneate, hard aud woody, 2 to 3 in. long, very obtuse, counate in clusters of S to 20 aml these coUected in a globular head 6 to 8 iu. duimeter, the clusters flat and areohxte at tlie top, the apex of each drupe soarcely prominent, .lud the remains of the stigmas quite flat, the pericarp whcn old splitting into fibres at the base. — Koxb. Corom. Pl. t. 9-1 to 9(3 ; P. spiralis, R. Br. Prod! 341, aud the numerous syuonyins quoted by S. Kurz in Seem. Journ. Bot 1867, 125, and ia Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, xxxviii. 149, under P. verus, a Rumphian designation used previous to the establishment of the Linnaean nomenchxture. N. Australia. H. Brown (no label in his herbarium) ; Amliein's Land and Islands of the Gulf of Carpentaria, F. Mueller ; Port Darwin, Schultz, ». 613 ; Escape Clifls, Htilse ; King's Sound, Hiighan. The species is widely spread over tropical Asia and the Malayan Archipelago. The single drupes in F. Mueller's specimcns as weU as the clusters of drupes are much larger than in the usual Indian specimens as observed by Dr. J. B. Balfour, but they show no character to distingtiish them specifically. 2. P. aquaticus, F. Muell. Fragm. v. 40 and viii. 220. — Differs from P. oJoratissimus, according to F. Mueller's notes, in the stem emitting no adventitious descending roots, and in the drupes in the head not cohering in clusters. Our specimen consists of leaves only and a male iuflorescence, in no respects distinguishable from those of P. odoratissimus, and the want of adventitious roots may occur in many species. N. Australia. Upper Victoria River, F. Mudler. 3. P. pedunculatus, R. Br. Prod. 341. — Stems " emitting stolons at the base, arborescent " (i2. Brotvji). Leaves broader than in F. odoratissimiis, tapering into a long narrow point, the edges prickly. Of the male inflorescence I have only seen loose spikes of 3 or 4 in. on peduncles nearly twice as long, otherwise resembling those of P. odoratissimus, the filaments sirailarly united in columns of about |- in., the free part shorter than the anthers. Ehachis of the female spike or head very thick, obtusely triangular, 2 to 4^ in. long, on a thick peduncle of 5 in. with the remains of a few leaves or bracts under the head all split into shreds. Drupes in narrow clusters of 7 to 18, about 2 in. long, very hard and smooth outside, apparently not splitting into fibres, the conical apexes of the drupes very prominent at the top, each with the remains of a reniform stigma. Queensland Port Denison, Henm ; Rockhampton, Ballachy (leaves only, 1 to li in. broad, referred here by F. Mueller). "N. S. V^ales. Durval, Leichhardt (leaves only, 4 in. broad, referred here by F. Mucller) ; Kichmond River, Hendcrson ; Hiistings River, Beckler. I fovmd no specimen in Brown's Ilerbarium, it is given as tropical in the Prodromus. 4. P. Forsteri, Moore and Muell. ; F. Muell. Fragm. viii. 220. — Closely resembles P. odoratissimus in habit as far as can be judged from 150 cxxiiT. PANDANEiE. [Pandanus. Fitzgerald's sketch in F. Muell. Fragm. vii., as well as in foliage and male iuflorescence iu as far as shown by the specimens. Stamens more numerous in each cluster iu the dense spike, and the filaments only shortly united at the base, some of the outer ones of each cluster free, and ail much longer than the anthers which vary from 1 to l^ lines long. Urupes about 2 in. long, united iu elusters of 4 to 7 and librous at the base when old as in P. odoratissimus, but the convex apex of each drupe more prominent, and the stigma slightly raised above the summit. The whole fruit or head said to be uearly 1 ft. long. Seed as in P. odoratissimus laterally attached near the base, the testa thiii and brittle. Embryo small, obloug, at the base of the albumen. W. S. 'Wales. Lord Howe's Island, 0. 3Ioore, Fullar/ar. Seotion II. AcROSTiGMA, Kurz (genus Fisquetia, Gaudich.) — Fila- meuts free. Stigmas raised on a conical or oblong acute or acuminate style or apex of the ovary. Drupes free or equally connate at the base. 6. P. monticola, F. Muell. Fragm. v. 40, vii. 63, and viii. 220. — Stem veak, half climbing, attaining 2 in. diameter. Leaves placed as in otber species but very long, hangiug, bordered by small prickles or serratures. Male infloresceuce narrow, the spikes sessile aloug the rhachis, rather distaut, 2 to 3 in. long. Bracts at their base membranous but imperfect in the specimens seeu. Stamens crowded, irregularly collected in clusters, bub the filaments free or scarcely united at the base. Anthers narrow, fuUy 3 lines long, finely mucronate. Fruit (only one seen) nearly globular, 2\ m. diameter including the styles. Receptacle ovoid, hollow. Drupes exceedingly uumerous, closely packed and slightly cohering, about 5 lines long, the pericarp thick and produced into thick linear-conical or obloiig shortly acuminate styles above \ in. long, with small terminal stigmas. Seeds normaL Queensland. llockingham Bay, Lallachy. 2. PREYCINETIA, Gaudich. Flowers dioecious in dense spikes, pedunculate or sessile in the axils of deciduous leafy or small bracts and usually 2 or 3 spikes together at the euus of the branches. Male flowers. Stamens crowded on the rhachis, the filaments all free ; authers small, ovate, adnate, with revolute valves, resembling little globular heads. Female flowers : Ovaries often surrounded by 2 or 3 short staminodia, densely packed on the rhachis, cohering by their membranous almost gelatinous bases, imperfectly divided by 2 or 3 projecting parietal placenta); stigmas or stigmatic lobes 2 or 3, sessile. Ovules numerous, superposed in 2 series on each placenta. Fruits small aud uumerous, iu ovoid obloug or cylin- drical heads, succulent at the top, counate at the base and bursting irregularly. Seeds numerous, obloug, beariug on one or both sides a longitudinal loosely cellular appendage or strophiole. — Straggling or climbing perennials or shrubs with leafy branches. Leaves with nume- M-eycinetia.l cxxxiv. pandane^. 151 rous parallel veins, their sheathing bases closely embracing the branches and often torii up into shreds or filainents, the floral leaves usually smaller and coloured. The genus comprises but few species, spread over the islands of the Makyan Archipelago and the Pacific and New Zealand. The common Australian specics is also in the Malayan Archipelago, whether the second he the same as any of the extra-Australian ones or not we have at present no means of determining. Leaves about 6 in. long, shortly acuminate l. F. Qaitdichaudii. Leaves 8 in. to 1 ft. long, tapering into a long subulate point 2. F. excelia. 1. F. Gaudicliaudii^ Br. and Benn. Pl. Jav. Bar. 31, t. 9. — Stenis straggling or climbiug and rooting, more or less covered with the short sheathing bases of the leaves, the merabranous margins of the sheaths often torn up into shreds or filaments. Leaves mostly about 6 in. long aud ^ to 1 in. wide, shortly acuminate, with numerous parallel veins, the midrib more prominent, often minutely aculeate as well as the edges. Spikes in our Australian specimens female, ovoid-oblong or sometimes short and almost globular, the longer ones 1 to \\ in. long when in fruit, on peduncles of ^ to 1 in., about 3 together at the ends of the branches. Ovaries very numerous, closely pressed and cohering by their membranous bases, free iu the upper half, with a small terminal area divided more or less distinctly into 2 or 3 stigmas. Fruits bursting irregularly. Seeds uumerous, oblong, about \ line long, the rich brown smooth testa contrasting with the white oblong cellular longitudinal appendnges or strophioles, the inner one as large as the rest of tbe seed the outer one much narrower. Queensland. East coast within the tropics, A. Cnnniiigham ; Cape York Penin- sula, HanHs Expedition ; Rockingham Bay, Ballachij ; Rockhampton, 0'Shaiiesi/, Thozet ; Port Mackay, Nernst. Also in the Malayan Archipelago. 2. F. excelsa, F. Mnell. Fragm. v. 39. — Leaves 8 in. to 1 ft. long, mostly 3-4 lines broad but dilated at the base into short broad imbricate sheaths, tapering into long subulate points, tbe edges serrulate-spinulose towards the base as well as the margins of the sheaths. Spikes only seen young and slender, above 1 in. long, and too imperfect for examination. Queensland. Rockingham Bay, BaUachij ; Glasshouse Mountains, Moreton Bay, W. Hill ; Maroochie, Herb. F. MiieUer. This is evidently distinct from any species I am acquainted with, but imfortu- nately the only specimen in fructification is not in a state to admit of examining the structure of the spike. Order CXXXY. AROIDE^. riowers uniseiual or sometimes hermaphrodite, closely packed in a densesimple spike or 5^ai/.r,withaconvolute orrarely flatcoloured or leaf- 152 CXXXT. AEOIDE^. like bract or spatha at its base. Stamens aiid ovaries either in different parts of tbe spadix w ithout periautb or bracts, or stamens 6 or fewer rouud eacb ovary, witb or witbout a small scale-like periautb-segment under eacb stameu ; autbers usually 2-celled, sessile or on a tbick filameut, tbe cells opeuing iu terminal pores or outwards in longitudiual slits. Ovaries sessile, 1- to 3-celled, with 1 or more ovules in eacb cell variously attached ; stigma sessile or on a sbort simple style. Fruit a berry. Seeds 1 or few, surrouuded by pulp, witb an appressed testa ; albuuien usually copious witb an axile embryo, or in a few geuera albumeu uoue with a tliick embryo aud promiuent pbimula iu a terminal groove as iu Nuiadece. — Herbs witb a pereunial tuberous or creeping rbizonie and radical leaves aud scapes, or with loug creeping or climbing or rarely erect steras. Leaves entire or variously divided, sometimes very large, the veins usually pinnate or reticulate, or rarely grass- like leaves witb parallel veins. The order is chiefly tropical, in both the New and the Old World, but is also repre- sented in more temperate regions, especially in the northern hemisphere. Of the six Australian genera five are Asiatic, three of them extending also into Africa, one only is endemic. Aroidece have been most carefully worked up in several splendid works bj^ the hite H. G. Schottof Vienna, but with an inordinate multipUcation both of genera and of species. The genera here included are perfectly distinct from each other, but it is very uncertain how many of Schotfs Asiatic and Afi-ican and even American genera should be included in some of them. No perianth. — Fowers imisexual, the females at the base of the spadix. the males below a terminal appendage. Leaves and scapes radical. Seeds albiuninous. A number of neutral filiform organs immediately above the female flowers and a bare interval se- parating them from the males. Ovary with 1 erectovule. Leaves entire or 3-lobed .... 1. Typhonium. Male flowers immediately above the females. Ovary 2-celled, -«ath 1 erect ovule in each cell. Leaves compound 2. Bkachyspatha. Male flowers separate from the females by ovoid neu- tral organs without any bare interval. Ovary 1-celled, with several oftcn nmnerous ovules. Leaves large, cordate or peltate 3. Colocasia. No perianth. Flowers hermaphrodite or the lower ones without stamens, occupj-ing the whole spadix. Ovary \sath a small cell and several ovules imder a thick mass fiUed with rhaphides. Stems creeping or climbing. Leaves entire or pinnatifid .... 4. Ehaphidophora. Perianth of 4 or 6 scales in 2 rows ; with a stamen opposite each scale. Flowers hermaphrodite, occu- pying the whole spadix. Flowers 4-merous. Ovary 1-celled with 1 pendulous ovule. Seed albuminous. Leaves radical grass- ^l^^C 5, GY.MN0STACnYS. Flowers 6-merous. Ovary 3-celled with 1 erect ovide in each cell. Embryo large without albumen. Stem climbing. Leaves distichous, the laminse articulate on a phyUodineous petiole .... 6. Pothos. CXXXV. A.ROIDEiE. loo 1. TYPHONIUM, Schott. Spatha contracted above the convolute base, the laraina broad, spreading of recurved. Flowers unisexual, the females at the base ot" the spadix, with subuhite neutx-al organs immediately above them, the males separated by a bare iuterval, the spadix tei"minating in a h)ng thick fleshy appeudage. Perianth none. Authers 2-celled, sessilc in pairs (appearing like 4 1-celled anthers), the cells opening in tor- minal pores (or in species not Australian in slits continued tothe baso). Ovary sessile or nearly so, 1-celled, with a single erect ovule ; stign^a peltate, sessile or shortly stipitate. Berry 1-seeded. Albumen copious. — Herbs with a hard tuberous rhizome. Leaves entire or 3- lobed, radical as well as the scape. The genus is generally spread over the warmer regions of the Old World. It ditfers irom the Em-opean group now considered as the typical Arim, chiefly in tho solitary ovides. The Australian species are, as far as known, endemic. Leaves entire. Leaves linear, 1 ft. long or more 1. T. liUifoUum. Leaves ovatc or lanceolale, 3 or 4 in. long 2. T. aUsmifoUum. Leaves 3-lobed. Lohes lanceolate cr ovate-acuminate Z. T. Brownii. Lobeslinear 4. T. aitgustilobnm. 1. T. liliifolium, F. Muell. ; Sclwtt, Prod. Syst. Aroid. 107.— Leaves liuear throughout, 1 to 1\ ft. long, including the petiole, which is sheathing at the base and gradually passes into a lamina, scarccly broader and tapering to a point. Scape about 6in. high. Spatha with a nearly globular convolute base, the lamina ovate-hmceolate, nearly G iii. long, taperingto a point. Femalespike at the baseof the spadix ovoid, about \ in. long. Neutral organs filiform, recurved, rather numerous. Male spike after a bare interval of about 1 iu. cylindrical, about h in. long. Appendage considerably thicker, obliquely truncate at the base, narrow conical, acuminate, about \ in. long. Berry ovoid-globuLar. — F. Muell. Fragm. viii. 187. N. Australia. Victoria Eiver, F. 2IueUcr. The reference given by Schott and copied by F. Mueller to Hook. Kew. Miscell. 1856, 321, is not quite correct. This plant was only named in manuscript labels by F. Mueller, but is mentioned without a specific name in Hook. Kew. Joum. viii. 329, in a paper of F. Muellers commencing atp. 321. 2. T. alismifolium, F.Muell. Fragm. y\\\. 186. — A smaller plant than the other Australian species, the tuber apparently smaller and not so hard. Leaves undivided, ovate-lanceoLate or lanceolate, acumiBate, jounded or scarcely cordate at the base, 3 to 4 in. long. Spatha dark purple or almost black inside, 4 to 5 in. long, tapering to a long point aud not l^ in. broad in the broadcst part. Flowers in the same relative position n-i in the other Australian species, the terminal appendat^e rathor long. Berry ovoid-globular, about 2 lines diameter. Qneensland. Rockingham Bay, BaUachy. 154 cxxxv. AEOiDEiE. [Typhonium. 3. T. Brownii, Schott, Arold. 11, t. 15. — Leaf-petiole 6 in. to 1 ft. iong, the lamiiia divided uearly or soraetimes quite to the base into 3 uarrow or broad lanceolate lobes or segmeuts, the lateral ones hori- zontally divaricate, 4 to 6 in. long, either nearly equal on both sides or more or less dilated at the base ou the lower side, the middle lobe usually rather louger and narrower. Scape shorter thau the petiole. Spatha with the couvolute base ovoid, the lamina 4 to 5 in. long, very broad, ofa deep purple inside. Female spike at the base of the spadix ovoid, about | iu. long. Neutral organs filiform, recurved. Male spike after a bare interval of about 1 in. cylindrical, about | in. long ; termi- nai appendage very oblique at the base, rather thick and about 1 in . long in the typical forui. — F. Muell. Fragra. viii. 187 ; Bot. Mag. t. 6180 ; Arum orixense, R. Br. Prod. 336, but uot of Eoxb. Queensland. Biirnett River ; F. Mueller ; Rockhampton and neighbourhood, Thozei, Uowiikii/ ; Rockingham Bay, Ballachy. N. S. MTales. Port Jackson, R. Brown ; Hastings River, Beckler ; New England, C. Stuart. Var. eliosurum, F. Muell. Leaf-lohes narrow, terminal appendage of the spadix 2 to 3 in. long. — Manly Beach, Wilhelmi. 4. T. angustilobum, F. Muell. Fragm. x. 66. — Leaf-lobes 3, nar- row-linear, 5 to 7 in. long and 1 to 1| lines broad. All the other cha- racters given apply entixely to the T. Brownii var. eliosurmn. Queensland. Gilbert River, Armitage. A single specimen, of which I have been ;mable to examine the spike. 2. BRACHYSPATHA, Schott. Spatha broadly convolute at the base, the lamiua open, shorter than the spadix. Flowers unisexual, the females at the base of the spadix, the males immediately above them, without the intervention of any ueutral organs or bare interval, the sterile end. of the spadix long and narrow, continuous with tlie rhachis. Perianth none. Anthers 2- celled, sessile in pairs (or 4 1-celled), the cells opening in terminal pores. Ovary sessile or nearly so, 2-celled, with 1 erect ovule in each ceU. Stigma peltate-capitate, on a very short style. Berry usually 1- seeded. Seed albumiuous. — Herbs with a broad depressed tuberous rhizome. Leaves radical, compound. Scapes radical, with 2 or 3 sheathing scales at their base. The genus as limited by Schott comprises very few species from Ceylon and the Archipelago, of which the Australian species is one. 1. B. variabilis, Schott, Syn. Aroid. 35. — Leaf-petiole often above 1 ft. long, the common rhachis divided into 3 branches, each branch once or twice bifid, the whoie lamina expanding to 1 ft. diameter or more, bearing both above and below the forks a fevv very unequal seg- ments, mostly acuminate, some obloug-elliptical aud 3 to 4 m. long, others ovate aud 1 in. or shorter, all membranous, penniveined with rather numerous fine veina, tapering at the base and shortly petiolulate Brachyspatha.l cxxxv. AEOiDEiE. 155 or sessile and decurrent. Scape above 1 ft. Spatlia acuminate, spreading, 4 to 5 iu. long. Flowering portion of the spadix about 2 in., tlie niale part much longer than tlie temale, the terminal appeiidage narrow, slightly fusiform, often 8 to 10 in. long or even more. — Amor- phophaUus variabilis, Blume, Rumphia, i. 14G, t. 35. N. Australia. North coast, Ji. Brown ; Port Darwin, Schultz, u. 562. Thc species is also in the Malayan Archipelago. E. Brown, Prod. 337, reforred the leaves of this plant, which ho had gatherod on the North Coast, to Bracojitium politphiillunt,, to which he gave the floral characters derived from other sources. There is indeed a striking resemblance between the leaves of the two plants, requiring a close comparison of the venation to distinguish them. The genus Brmontium however, with very diflferent flowers, is hitherto only known from tropical America and west tropical Africa. 3. COLOCASIA, Schott. Spatha with a convolute persistent base, the lamina long lanceolate deciduous. Flowers unisexual, the feraales at the base of the spadix separated from the males by short ovoid neutral organs without any bare interval, the barren terminal appendage above tlie males usually very short and sometimes obsolete. Perianth none. Anthers usually 4 or 2, 2-celled (or 8 or 4, 1-celled) the cells opening in terminal pores. Ovary 1-celled, with several, often numerous ovules, on a parietal phicenta ; stigma peltate, on a very short thick style, or almost sessile. Berries small, enclosed iu the persistent base of the spatha, with several often numerous seeds. Albumen copious. — Scapes and leaves radical, the lamina often very large, cordate or peltate, undivided. The genus as limited by Schott consists of very few species from the warmer regions of the Old World. The two Australian species are also widely dispersed in tropical Asia and oneof them is very extensively cultivated. Leaves peltate. Ovules numerous 1. C. antiquorum. Leaves broadly hastate-cordate. Ovules rather few . . . 2. C. macrorrhiza. 1. C. antiquorum, Schott, Meletem. 18 ; Prod. Syst. Aroid. 138. — Leaves ovate, moi-e or less peltate and cordate, often above 1 ft. long aud broad, tbe primary veins piunate and pedate at the base of the leaf, the transverse veinlets arcuate and confluent in the centre of each interval. Persistent convolute base of the spatha ovoid-obhmg, usually about \\ iu. long, the lamina 6 in. long or more. Spadix much shortcr, the female base f to 1 in. long, the neutral part shorter, the male portion rather longer, the terminal appendage much shorter and some- times obsolete. Stigmas almost sessile.^ — F. Muell. Fragm. viii. 187 ; Wight, Ic. t. 7S6 ; Caladium acre, K. Br. Prod. 336. Queensland. Endeavovir River, J)atik.s and Solander ; Rockingham Bay, Lallachi/. The species is much cultivated in tropical Asia and Africa, and often gathered as wild, but its real native couatry is not well ascertained. 2. C. macrorrhiza, Snhott, Melete}?i. IS. — Leaves often 2 ft. long 156 cxxxv. AROiDEiE. [Golocasia. or more, very broadly hastate-cordate, with the venatiou of C. anti- quormi, but not at all or ouly very slightly peltute. Spatha and spadix very similar to those of that species as far as can be ascertained from imperfectly dried specimens, the laminse of the spatha rather broader and the terminai appendage of the spadix longer. Anthers usually 2, 2-celled (or4, 1-celled) to eaeh iiower or cluster. Ovary 1-celled, with fewer ovules thau in G. antiquorum, and all attached at or near the base of the cavity. Stigma nearly sessile, broad, peltate or slightly lobed. Berries ovoid, 2 or 3 liaes long, usually ripening 3 or 4 seeds. — F. Muell. Fragm. viii. 187 ; Galadium macrorrhizon, R. Br. Prod. 336, Alocasia inacrorrhiza, Schott, Prod. Syst. Aroid. 146. Queensland. Ipswich, Ncrnst. ; Rockhampton, Thozet ; Rockingham Bay, Dalldchi/ ; Port Denison, Fitzalan. VS, S. Wales, Hastings River, Beckler ; Richmond River, Mrs. Hodffkinsoit. I nave not found any spocimen in Brown's herbarium. The species is widely spread over tropical Asia and the Pacific Islands. 4. RHAPHIDOPHORA, Hassk. Spatha open to the base, usually very deciduous. Flowers hermapliro- dite or the lower ones without stamens, in acylindrical spike coveiing the whole of the spadix. Perianth none. Stamens 4 to 6, adnate to the sides of the ovary, or the anther-cells free, opening outwards in longi- tudinal slits. Ovary with a thick angular fleshy truncate apex tilled with raphides iuside, and a small basal cavity, 1-ceIIed or imjjerfectly 2-celIed, with few ovules ; stigma adnate to the centre ofthe truucate apex. Seeds albuminous. — Stems climbing on trees and rooting iu the lower part. Leaves large and deeply pinnatifid or in species uot Aus- tralian smaller and entire. The genus as limited by Schott comprises a few species from East India or the Malayan Archipelago, one of which is also the Australian one. I. R. pinnata, Schoit in Bonplandia, v. 45 ; Prod. Syst. Aroid. 384.^ — ^Stems climbing on trees to a great height. Leaves ofteu 3 ft. long and 1 ft. broad, deeply pinnatifid or almost pinuate, the segments lauceolate falcate with more or less incurved points, sometimes con- nected to about \ iu. from tlie centre, sometimes distiuct almost to the rhachis, the terminal oues often united in a large broad lobe, all except the lowest penniveined with a prominent ceutral uerve and fine oblique veins startmg from it , and also uumerous fine veins starting from the general midrib or rhachis of the leaf, the lower lobes sometimes with only tlie fiue veins, the base of the leaf cordate truncate or almost acute. Spatha very deciduous ; leaviug a cylindrical spike of 3 or 4 in., but very iraperfect in the Australian specimens seen. — IR. vitiensis aud B. Gunninghamii, Sohott, in Bonplaudia, ix. 367. Queensland. A. Ciinningham ; Rockingham B-dj, Dallachi/ ; Fitzroy Island, Walter ; Port Denison, Fitzalan. The species is also in the Malayan Archipelago and the South Pacifio Islanda. EhapliidopJiora.'] cxxxv. ABOTDKyi:. 157 Schott distinguishes the three species cited abovo by the venation, the dcpth of the iobin^-, and thc cordatc or nou-cordate base of thc lcaf, dittcronces which may be secn in dilicrent lcavos ol' thc same gathering. Tho . ustralian spcciuiens, although rather nunierous, are very unsatisfactory as to the tlowcrs, with two only of thcm are detached portions of thc spike, in onc, probably not yct in full Hower, the anthers are oblong with paraUcl ccUs on the side of the thick apex of the ovary, in the other there rcmain only a few anthers with short divaricate anthors shortly protruding above the ovary. The stigma is oblong, adnate to the ccntre of the truncate apcx. 5. GYMNOSTACHYS, li. Br. Flowers herniaphroclite, loosely packed iu slender spikes \,vitl]out any or witli a very minute spatha. Perianth of 4 seale-like segments iu 2 series. Stameus 4, opposite the segmeuts ; lilameuts short, thick, somewhat compressed ; anthers 2-celled, termiual, the cells opening outwards. Ovary oblong, 1-celled, with 1 ovule suspended from the apex ; stigma sessile. Berry ovoid or globular. Seed with an ap- pressed rather thin testa. JEmbryo short, iu the axis of a rather hard albumeu ; radicle superior. — Herb with tuberous roots aud very loug grass-like radical leaves. Spikes clustered iu the axils of leafy bracts aloug a tall otherwise ieafless scape. The genus is limited to the single species endemic in Australia. 1. G. anceps, R. Br. Prod. 337. — Eoots swollen into fusiform tubers. Radical leaves erect, rather rigid, strongly nerved, 1 to 3 ft. loug, aud usually 3 to 4 hnes broad. Scapes nearly as tall, much flattened, with acute smooth or serrulate-scabrous edges. Clusters of spikes usually 3 or 4, distant from each other iu the upper part of the spike, the leafy bract subtending the eluster rigid erect and shorter th:in the spikes. Spikes usually 2 or 3 rarely more in each cluster, ou short peduncles with 2 or 3 sheathing scales at the base of each peduncle, the slender spikes very unequal, the longest ofteu 2 to 3 iu. Flowers small, sessile but not closely packed. Perianth-segments or scales obovate, truucate, not exceediug the ovary. Eerries 3 or 4 lines long. — Schott, Gen. Aroid. t. 97 ; F. Muell. Fragm. viii. 187. Qneensland. Moreton Bay, Backhotise, F. Mueller and others ; Condamine River, Hcrtmaini ; Eockhampton, Bowmaii, Thozet. N. S. Wales. Hunter and Paterson Eivcrs, R. Brown ; New England, C. Stuart ; Hastings liiver, Fraser, Beckler ; Clarence River, Wilcox ; Kichmond Eiver, Heiidemon ; southward to Hlawarra, ^i. Cwuiingham ; IsAama, Ilarvei/. 6. POTHOS, Liun. Spatha ovate or lauceolate, concave or flat, at length reflexed or deoiduous. Flowers hermaphrodite, covering the whole spadix. Perianth of 0 obovate or cuneate coucave segments or scales, in 2 series. Stameus G or fewer, oppositethe segments ; filaments flattened ; authers terminal, 2-celled, the ccUs opening outwards. Ovary ovoid or obovoid, 3-celled, witli 1 erect ovule in each ccll ; stigma scssile. Berry ofteu 1-seeded by abortion. Seed without albumen, the testa 158 CXXXT. AROIBE^E. [PothoS. membranous but rather tliick. Embryo thick and hard, witb a cavity iu the upper end enclosing a prominent plumula and a small cotyle- douous end curved over it. — Tall cliinbers. Leaves usually distichous with the lamina artieulato on a phyllodineous petiole. Spikes (or spadices) cylindrical or globular, terminal, or if axillary the peduncle enclosed at the base in two or more sheathing bracts. The genus as now limited extends over tropical Asia to South China and west- ward to Madagascar, the onlv Australian one proving to he the same as one from the Philippine Ishinds and South China. 1. P. Loureiri, Hook. atid Arn. Bot. Beech. Voy. 220. — A glabrous climber, clinging to tlie stems of trees and sometimes covering the tallest ofthem. Leaves exceedingly variable in the Australian speci- mens, the phyllodiueous petiole sometimes linear-lanceolate 5 or 6 in. long, not 3 lines wide and rouuded at the end, without any or only a very small lamina, and passing gradually from tbat to oblanceolate, \\ to 4 in, long, 3 to 9 lines broad at the upper end, where it is rounded or truncate or broadly or deeply obcordate, the lamina from ovate- acuminate to lanceolate, almost always shorter than the petiole but sometimes longer by 2 in., uarrower or rarely broader tbau the petiole. rounded or narrowed at the base. Spikes shortly pedunculate, cylin- drical, 1 to 2 in. long when in flower, sometimes nearly 3 in. when in fruit. Spatha lanceolate, varying from shorter to rather longer than the spadix. Berry red, oblong or ovoid, 5 to 6 lines long. — Schott, Aroid. 23, t. 49 ; P. longipes, Schott, Aroid. 23, t. 47 (there phiced in the wrong section from not liaving seen the fructification, but correctly transferred in Prod. Syst. Aroid. 568) ; P. cylindricus, Presl, Schott, Aroid. 23, t. 48 ; P. australasicus, F. Muell. Fragm. i. 62. Queensland. Moreton Bay, F. Mueller ; Pine River, W. Hill ; Port Mackay, Ni-rnst ; Rockingham Bay, Dallaclnj ; Mount Dryander, Fitzalan. N , S, Vl^ales, Hastings, Clarence, Macleay, and Richmond Kivers, Bechler and others ; Bellinger River, C. Moore ; Tweed River, Guilfoyle. The species is also in the Philippines and South China. The characters hy which Schott sought to distinguish the Chinese P. Lotireiri and the Philippine Island P. ci/liiidricus from the Australian plant, are all to be met with in one or another of the Australian specimens. The species has sometimes the foliage of the common P. scaiidens, hut is readily distinguished hy the spike, elongated and cylindrical, not glohular or ovoid. Oeder CXXXVI, TYPHACE^. Flowers unisexual, very closely packed in separate heads or spikes along a common rhachis, the unper ones males, the lower females, inter- mixed in the spikes with linear or spathulate scales or long hairs, often forming more or less definite perianths around the stamens or ovaries. Stamens 3 or fewer to each flower ; anthers ereet, narrow, the cells placed back to back aud opening in longitudiual slits, Ovary of a CXXXVI. TTPHACE^. 159 single carpel, containing a single pendulous ovule, and tapering into a simple f^tyle, with au adnate uailateral stigma. Fruit a small 1-seeded nut, witli a membranous or drupaceous pericarp. Seed peudulous, with a membranous testa, aud mealy albumen. Embryo axile, linear, straight, with a superior radicle. — Reed-like marsh or aquatic herbs, with loug linear parallel-veined leaves, sheathing at the base. The Order is limitcd to the two genera represented in Australia and both of them widely distributed over the giobe, especially in temperate regions. Flowers in cylindrical spikes, the females enveloped in a soft dense copious down formed of numerous long capillary bristles 1. Typha. Flowers in globular heads, the ovaries surrounded by about 6 linear scales or perianth-segments 2. Sparganium. 1. TYPHA, Linn. Spikes cyliudrical, the upper male portion contiguous with the lower female portion, or separated from it by a bare interval. Stamens in the male portion intermixed with filiform or slightly spathulate scales. Ovaries iu the female portion surrounded by tufts of long hairs, affixed to tbe stipes, falling off with the fruit and assuming the aspect of a pappus at its base. The genus consists of very few species widely spread over the temperate regions of the globe, especially in the northem hemisphere, and found also within the tropics both in the new and the old world ; the single Australian one, which is also in New Ztaland, although specifically distinguished by some botanists, appears to be really idtntical with one of the common northem and tropical ones. 1. T. angustifolia, lAnn.; Kunth, Enum. iii. 9 Stems erect, 2 to -1 ft. high iu some localities, attainingS to 12 ft. in West Australia according to Oldfield. Leaves often as long as or longer than the stems, raostly about 3 lines but sometimes above 4 lines broad, the dihited margins of the lower ones forming a sheath of 6 in. to 1 ft. Female spike a soft dense brown cylindrieal cushion, 3 to 5 or rarely 6 in. long, 3 or 4 lines diameter at the time the male is in flower, thick- ening out to f or nearly 1 in. diameter as the fruit ripeus. Male spike usually at an interval of | to 1 in. from the female, very rarely close above it. Male flowers consisting of 2 or 3 linear anthers sessile ou a short common stipes, the cells crownedby the hemispherical end of the coiinective, the flowers surrounded by filiform or slightly spathuJate scales shorter than the anthers. Ovaries in the female spike fusiform, coucealed as well as the fruits among the long hairs irregularly iu- serted on the short stipes, and tapering into a style rarely as long as those hairs. Fruits small, cbovoid or fusiform, coutracted into a stipes, the thin membranous pericarp free from the seed. — R. Br. Prod. 338 ; Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 39. IGO CXXXTI. TYPHACE-ffi. \Typ7ia. N. Australia. Port Essington, Arimtrong ; in the interior, M^Doiigal Stuart's Queensland. Moreton Ireland, 2f'Gillivrai/ ; Kockhampton, Thozet and others. N. S. Wales. Port Jackson, E. Brown ; Richmond River, Mrs. Hodg- kinsdii. Victoria. Mitta Mitta, F. Mueller ; Wimmera. C. Green. Tasmania. R. Broivn ; common in marshes or banks of rivers, etc, J. B. HooLrr. W. Australia. Swan River, Preiss, n. 1874 ; Murchison River, Oldfeld. The species is generally distributed over the area of the genus. I have found no specimens in Browns hcrbariumand I give his stations from the Prodromus. Lehmann, in Pl. Preiss. ii. 3, refers Preiss's specimen, which has the male and female spikes exceptionally contiguous, to the European T. Shuttleicorthii, Sond., with which Rohrbach asserts that it has no connection. Rohi-bach, on the other hand distinguishes under the name of T. Mudleri (Rohrb. in Verhandl. Bot. Verein Brandenb. 1869,95) the majority of the Australian specrmens, chiefly from the texture of the testa of the seed, in which he finds the cells of the external layer much broader than long, instead of being equally long and broad, a histological character of no practical use. I cannot confirm the other distinction given in the shape of the stigma, which varies in being rather more or less decurrent on the style in tho European as in the Australian plant. 2. SPARGANIUM, Linn. Flowers in globular heads distant from each other along the rhachis, one or more upper ones uiale and sessile, the lower ones female and sessile or the lowest pedunculate. Stamens in the inales though very closely packed yet more or less distinetly in threes, surrouuded bv ahout 6 linear or spathulate scales ; authers small, oblong or linear, on filameuts longer than the scales. Ovaries in the females nearly sessile, each surrounded by about 6 linear seales, tapering iuto a style project- ing beyond the scales. Fruits obovoid or fusiform, coutracted at the base and usually falling off with the surrounding scales. Pericarp drupaceous, with a thin epicarp and liard indehiscent endocarp. The genus, like Typha, consists of a small number of species widely spread over the northern hemisphere, but the Australian species which is also in New Zealand, though nearly allied to one of the northern ones, appears to be distinguishable by characters that may be regarded as specific. 1. S. angustifolium, B. Br. Prod.iiSS, not of MicJix. — Stems from a shortly creepiug rhizome erect, not very stout, 1 to 2 ft. high or i'areiy more. Lower and radical leaves very loug, mostly 1 to 2 lines broad, the midrib acutely promiuent underneath, the lower portion ex- panding into long mauy-nerved rather narrow sheaths. Inflorescence simple or with one short braucli iu the axil of the uppermost leaf, with leafy bracts under several of the lower heads. Heads few or numerous, all sessile or the lowest oue peduuculate. Filameuts of the males about twice as long asthe scales. Ovaries in the females taperiug into a thick style, with the stigma decurreut about halfway dowu. Fruits Sparganium.'] cxxxvi. TTPHACEiE. IGl sessile or nearly so, broadly obovoid, very obtuse, mucronate with thc persistent remaius of tho style. Queensland. Brisbano Rivor, Mornton Bay, F. MiieUer and othera. N. S. Wales. Port Jackson, Jl. Bnncn (no labol in his hcrljarium) ; Richmond, Ifoiilh ; New Enjyland, C. Stuart ; Hastings River, Beckler. Victoria. Yarra, Lakc Omeo, Mount Emu Croek, and Ovens Rivcr, F, Muelhr. This plant has thc simplc infloresccnce foliage and habit of the erect varictics of thc northern S. shnple.r, but has not the narrow acuminato fusiform fruit of that species. Thc fruit is more like that of S. ramosum but smaller. Yar. ? latifiiliuin. Leaves about -J- in. broad and the inflorescence sometimes slightly branchcd, thc specimens not yet in fruit.— N. S. Wales, Leichhardt, TFooll.t, Oldjteld. These specimens seem to show some approach to the common northern S. ramosum. Can they have been introduced ? Order CXXXVII. LEMNACE^. Floating plants, without distinct stems or real leaves, but consisting of small sometimes miuute leaflike frouds, eitlier separate or coheriug 2 or 3 together by their cdges, emittiug iu most species one or more fibres from their uuder surfacc iuto the water, and multiplying by simi- lar fronds growiug out of their edges. Flowers very rare, appeariug from a fissure iu the edge or upou the upper surface of the froud, and cocsisting of a miuute membrauous bract or spatha, euclosiug 1 or 2 stamens and a siugle ovary. Periauth uone. Filaments usually shortly exserted, autlier 1- or 2- celled. Ovary 1-celled, witli 1 or more ovules. Style short, with a slightly thickened stigma. Fruit a miuute utricle. Seeds 1 or iiiore, with or without albumeu. The Order, usually limited to the two genera represented in Australia, is widely sprcad ovcr the globe in ponds or standing waters. The Australian specios, if cor- rectly identified, have all a wide range, at least in the Old World. Thore is how- ever considerable difliculty in determining many of the specimens preserved in herbaria, as they are not in fructification. The Lemnacea) have indeed been recently worked up with great care by Professor F. Hegelmaier, of Tiibingen, in an elaborate treatise illustrated by 16 plates (Die Lemnacecn, Leipzig, 1868, 4to), but the characters given to distinguish the species independcntly of the fructification cannot well be practically ascertained without a patient study with tho aid of a powerful microscopc. I have thcreforo hcre confincd myself to the more obvious distinctions of tho principal species without ontering into the minute particulars by which eome of the xVustralian forms might be separated, rcferring for iurther details to Ilegclmaicrs work, which must be consultcd byall those who would niake a spccial study of these curious organisms. Fronds minute, omitting no fibres, flowcring in a cavity on tho upper surface 1. Wolffia. Fronds cmitting from their imdor surface onc or more fibres, and flowering in a fissure of tho margin 2. Lemna. TOL. TII. M 162 CXXXVII. LEMKACEJJ. 1. WOLFFIA, Horkel. Fronds minute, emittingBO fibres. Flowers bursting from a cavity on the upper surface of the frond, without auy spatha or bract. Anther 1, globular, nearly sessile, opening in 2 valves. Ovary globular -with a single erect ovule; style sliort with a broad stigma. 1. W. arrhiza^ Wimm. ; Hegelm. Le^nn., 124, t. 2, 3, var. austra- liana. — Fronds mostly about J- line diameter, as broad as long, very thin except tlie thickened side whence the new frond arises, whilst in the typical JV. arrhiza tbey are scarcely above \ line diameter and thick all over. Fructification of the Australian form unknown. — Lemna arrhiza, Linn. ; Wolffia Michelii, Schleid. ; F. Muell. Fragm. viii. 187. Victoria. Mount Emu Creek, wliere it is not mixed •witli other Lemnaceaa, Lake Towang and swamps near Mount Gilibrand, mixed with Lenina vmior, F. Mmller. F. Mueller, Fragm. viii. 188 informs us that Hegelmaier, to whom ho appears to have communicated specimens of the plant, could not in the harren state of the fronds safely distinguish it from W. arr/n-a, although it looks very diflFercnt from all our spccimcns of that species whether from Europe or East India. I do not find however any singlc frond attaining 1 to l^ lines as described by F. Mueller, nor any one twice as long as broad, though here and there two fronds are closely joined together so as almost to look like one. 2. LEMNA, Linn. Fronds emitting one or more root fibres trom their under sur- face. Plowers issuing from a fissure in the margin of the frond. Anthers with 2 distinct cells, each opening in two valves, at the end of a distinct filament. Style short or more or less leugthened. Geographical distribution that of the Order. Root-fibres one to cach ir-ond. Fronds very thin, oblong or narrowed at one end, the young ones often projecting on each side at both ends. Ovule 1 l. L. trimlca. Fronds broadly ovate, rather thin, slightly convex imder- neath, the young ones soon detached from onc side. Ovulo 1 2. Z. minor. Fronds of L. miiior but rather thickcr. Ovulcs 2 or more 3. Z. gihba. Eoot-fibres several in a cluster imder each frond. Fronds thin, oval or oblong, rarely above 2 lines long . . 4. L. oligorrhiza. Fronds herbaceous, usually orbicular and nearly 3 lines diameter 5. L. poJyrrhiza. 1. L. trisulca i/«n, ; Hegelm. Lemn. 134, t. 5, 6. — Froiids oblong or lanceolate, often \ iu. long and about half that brcadth, thiii, narrow and minutely toothed at one end aud endiiig iu a little stnlk at tlic othci', witli 2 young oncs usually growing from opposite sides and remaining long adherent, and emittiug a single root Lemna.] cxxxvii. lemnace^. 163 frora underneath. Stamens usually 2. Ovary witli 1 ovule and a very short style.— E. Br. Prod. 345 ; Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 38 ; F. Muell. Fragm.viii. 188. N. S. Wales. Port Jackson, E. Brotvn; sources ofthe Gwydir, Lfichhardt. Victoria. Murray River, F. MitcUer. Tasmania, E. Broicn ; in still waters, but less frequent than L. mi/ior, J. B. Hooker. Comnion in tho northern hcmispherc. Brown's stations for this and the following species are taken from his Prodromus, I havo not scen liis specimens. 2. L. minor, Li^m. ; Hegelm. Lemn. 142, t. 9, 10. — Fronds usually broadly ovate, about 2 lines long, rather thin, emitting a singie root from the uuder surface, the young froud growing from one side, be- comiug soon detached. Stameus usually 2. Ovary with a single ovule.— K. Br. Prod. 345 ; Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 38 ; F. Muell. Fragm. viii. 188. Queensland. Eockhampton, 0" Shanesy, Boicman ; Brishane, Baileij. N. S. Wales. Port Jackson, R. Broirn. Victoria. In the Yarra, F. MtieUcr. Tasmania, R. Brown ; ahundant, /. B. Hooker. W. Australia, Brummond ? The commonest species in most parts of the area of the genus. 3. Ii. gibba, Limi. ; Hegelm. Lemn. 145, t. 11, 12. — Fronds of the size and shape of those of L. minor and similarly emittiug a single root from the underside, but much thicker, couvex uuderneath, aud the ovary has 2 or more ovules. W. Australia, OldfiM, Bnimmond, n. 178 ? Widely spread over the area of the genus, hut not so common as L. minor. 01dfield's specimens have a few flowers and Hegelmaier appears to have examined them and ascertainedthem to helong to L. (jihha. Drummond's specimens aro pre- ciscly similar, with the same thick fronds hut arc not in fructification. Hegelmaier hasnamed one patch of them in herh. Hooker L. ijamicostatu (Hegolm. Lemn. 139. t. 8),. which he distinguishes from L. minor chiefly upon histological characters which I have heen unahle fully to appreciate, and the majority of the specimens (chiefly East Indian) named hy him L. paiicicostata, certainly appcar to me to he referrihle to the common thin-fronded L. minor. 4. L. oligorrhiza, Kurz ; Hegelm. Lemn. 147, t. 16. — Fronds thin, oval or oblong, resembling tliose of i. minor, but usually rather larger though rarely much above 2 liues loug, 3- or 5-nerved, aud emitting from the underside a cluster of several roots or fibres, usually 2 to 5 but sometimes more. Fructification uuknown. — L. phiorrJnza and L. melanorrhiza, F. Muell. ; Kurz in Seem. Journ. 1867, 115. Queensland, Botcman N. S. Wales. Paramatta, Woolls. Victoria. Entrance of the ilurray River, F. Muell. The species appears to hc spread over East India and the ]Malayan Archipclago JI 2 164 OXXXVII. LEMNACEJE. [imWff. 5. L. polyrrhiza^ Lin^i. — Fronds very broadly ovate or most frequcutly orbicular, mostly nearly 3 lines diaineter, rather thin but more herbaceous than most speeies and otten darker coloured, emitting from the underside a cluster of several often many fibres. Fructifica- tion only very imperfectly known, the ovary said to have 2 erect ovules. — Spirodela polyrrhiza, Hegelm. Lemn. 151. t. 14, 15. N. S. Wales, Leichhardt. Victoria. Lagoona of the Towang, F. Mueller. Cronorally sprcad over tho aroa of tho genus, though not so common as L. mii/nr. Appears to be rather froquent in East India. Oeder CXXXVni. NAIADE^. Flowers hermaphrodite or unisexual, regular or very imperfect. Peri auth of G, 4 or 3 small scale-like segments or rudimentary or none. Stamens 6 or fewer ; authers erect, sessile or nearly so at the base of the segmeuts or ou the receptacle, usually 2-celled, opening outwards in longitudiual slits. Ovary of 6 or fewer carpels, distiuct or rarely more or less connate or solitary, tapering into distinct entire or branched styles or with sessile stigmas ; ovules 1 or rarely several iu each cell, Laterally attached at or above or rarely below the middle. Fruit of 6 or fewer or siugle iudehiscent nutlets, or rarely follicuhnr carpels opeuing inwards in a longitudinal slit. Seed attached at or below the summit, straight curved or more or less coiled, with a tliin testa aud uo albumen. Embryo the shape of the seed or more coiled or hooked at the upper cotyledonous end, the plumula frequeutly pro- mineut from a dorsal cavity. — Aquatic floatiug or subraerged plants or rarely erect marsh herbs with radical leaves. Flowers small, usually green, in spikes heads or solitary, on axiUary peduncles or radical scapes, or eutirely enclosed iu the sheathing bases of floral leaves or bracts. The Order, like Alismaeea;, is represented in the marshes, ponds, and shallow waters of most parts of the world, and includcs some exclusively marine gcnora as widely dispersed. Of the nine Australian gcnera six have a vcry wide range over the watcrs of both heraispheres, two are limitcd to the shores of the Old World, and one only, Lepilceua, is endemic. The deficiency or very reduced statc of tho perianth iiiid sessile anthers opcning outwards rcjidily distinguish the order from AUsmacccc, which are otherwise its nearest allies. TiiinE I. Potamese. Floivers hcrmaphrodite. Anthers short and broad, sessilc at the bnseof thc scale-like perianth-segments. Carpcls 3 to 6, \-seeded. Flowers usually 3-merous or 0-morous. Carpels frcquently cohering till ripe. Marsh or aquatic plants, with erect scapes and erect grasslike or rarcly floating loaves . . 1. Tiiioi.ochin. Flowcrs usually 4-merous. Carpcls free. Aquatic plants with submerged or floating stcms and leavcs and axillary peduncles 2. Potamogeton. TitiiiE II. Zosterese. Flowers hermaphrodite or unistxual. Fcrianth none or rudimentari/ or in onr sc.r only. Carpels 1 to Zor rarely niore, l-seeded or rarehj several- secded. Aquatic submerycd planis, mostly marine or subnaline. CXXXVIII. NAIADEiE. 105 Flowers hcrmaphrodito, spicatc. Lcavcs altci-nate. Spikcs encloscd whon J"oung in the shcathing basos of floral leaves. Stamcns 2. Carpels 2 at first scssile, but when in friiit on long stalks 3. RurpiA. Spikes several on a long scapc, cach with 2 shcathing bracts at the base in thc axils of a floral-lcaf. Sta- mens 3. Carpel 1, scssilc. Marine plant .... 4. Posidonia. Flowers unisexual, spicatc. Leaves altemate. Spikes androgynous encloscd in tho basc of flori^l leaves. Stamcns and carpels solitary 5. Zostera. Flowers iinisexual, solitary within the sheathing bracts. Lcavcs altemate. Anthcrs 2 or :i, dorsally connatc. Anthers 2. Carpels 2. Marine plants 6. Cymodocea. Anthcrs and carpels usually 3. Subsaline aquatic plants 7. Lepil.s;na, Flowers uniscxual, solitary. Leavcs opposite. Carpcls solitary. Anther 1. Garpel 1-seeded 8. Naias. Anthera 3. Carpel several-seeded 9. Halophila. Tribe I. PoTAME^Ti;. — Flowers hermaphrodite. Anthers short aud broad, sessile at the base of the scale-like periauth-segments. Carpels 3 to 6, 1-seeded. 1. TRIGLOCHIN, Linn. (Cycnogcton, E)idl. Maundia, F. Muoll.) Flowers hermaphrodite or rarely polygamous. Perianth-segments scale-lilve, 3, G or fewer. Stameus as mauy or fewer, iuserted at the base of the segmeuts aud falling ofF with them ; anthers sessile, broad, the cells opening outwards in longitudinal slits. Carpels normally 6, but 3 alternate ones sometimes reduced to empty laminse, all more or less united in the axis at the time of floweriug or distinct from the first, the short terminal styles or stiginas always distiuct. Ovules soli- tary in each carpel, laterally attached below the middle. Pruit of 6 or 3 iudehiscent deciduous 1-seeded nutlets, the 3 cmpty carpels of some species remaiuing attached to a central axis and assamiug the appear- ance of dissepiments of a capsule. Seed erect, cylindrical or ovoid, the testa membranous ; embryo straight, the shape of the seed. — Marsh or aquatic herbs. Leaves all in radical tufts, liuear or filiform. Scapes erect, simple aud leafless, bearing a terminal spike of small flowers sessile or shortly pedicellate, without bracts. The genus is sprcad over a great part of the globc, but mostly in extratropical or subtropical regions. Of the 5 Australian spccics, onc is generally spread o\cx northem as well as southcrn tempcrato and subtropical Amci-ica, South Africa, and Xcw Zealand, the others appcar to be all endcmic. Triylochbi, with its nearest ally Scheuclizeria, fonning the tribe of JuncaguiecB is usually placed imder or ncvt to, Alismacem, but it appears to mo to be much more ncarly connccted with Fotamogeto)i. in the peculiar structure of the flowers, differing chicfly in habit, and even in that respect, thc half-floating lcavcs of T. procera sliow a ncar approach to that gcnus. The "■eneric namc has bccn gcncrally, aftcr thc cxauiplc of Linnams and others, treated as neuter, but modern purists have called attention to the feminine gender of the Greek word from which it is derived. Sect. I. Eutriglochin. — Fruits with 3 perfect deciduous uutleta, leaving a ccittral IGO cxxiviii. NAiADEiE. [Triglochin. axisivith 3 thvi barrcn carptls rcscmbliiig disscpimcnts. Stamens usualli/ 'i%wjcct orin the terminaljloiver 6. Stock stoloniferous. Scapo usually 3 in. to nearly 1 ft. high. Fruit noarly orbicular \. T. striata. Dwarf plants without stolonea. Scape usually under 3 in. high. Fruit naiTow, the perfect carpels with an angle or short spur at the base 2. T. centrocarpa. Fruit broadly obovate or angular-turbinate, truncate at the top with the outer angles mucronate . . . . Z. T. mucrunata. Sect. II. Cycnogeton. — Fridts with 3 to Q perfect nutlets, ivithoutany barren ones or persistent axis. Stamens usuaUy 6, rarely 4 or 5. Scapes 1 to 3 ft. high. Leaves long. Carpels 6, rarely 3, more or less united, at least when in liower or rarely free from the first 4. T. proeera. ScapestaU, with a sheath at the base. (Leaves none?). Carpels 2 or 3, united to the apex, at leaat when in flower. Nutlets almost drupaceous 5. T. Maundii. Sect. I. EuTRTGLOCHiN. — Frults with 3 perfect deciduous nutlets, leaving a central axis with 3 thin barren carpels resembliug dissepi- meuts. Stamens usually 3 perfect or in the terminal flower 6. 1. T. striata, Ruiz et Fav. Fl. Per. et Ohil. iii. 72. — Eootstock small, stoloniferous. Leaves from narrow-linear and about 1 line broad to almost filiform, very variable in length but almost always shorter than the scape. Scape from 2 or 3 in. to nearly 1 ft. high, flowering from below the middle. Flowers shortly pediceHate, often very numerous. Outer periauth-segmeuts broadly ovate, about | line long, the inner ones smaller and narrower or sometimes wanting. Perfect anthers 3 at the base of the outer segments, those at the base of the inner segments fleshy and without pollen or deficient and some flowers occasionally without any anthers. Fruits orbicular or nearly so, 1 to li lines loug, with 6 prominent angles or ribs, 3 larger ones being perfect carpels, laterally compressed with 1 or 3 dorsal ribs, and falling ofi' at maturity, leaving 3 thin empty carpels united to the central axis and having thcu the appearance of the dissepiments of a 3-celled capsule.^ — F. Muell. Fragm. vi. 83; T. decipiens, E. Br. Prod. 343; T.Jllifolium, Sieh. in. Spreng. Syst. Cur. Post. 142, also of Hook. Ic. Pl. t. 579 ; T. fnandrum, Mich. Fl. Bor. Amer. i. 208, Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 40 ; T. montevidense, Spieng. Syst. ii. 145, Seub. in Mart. Fl. Bras. iii. part i. 1. 12. Queensland. Moreton Island, M'GiUivray ; Brisbane Eiver, F. MucUer. N. S. Wales. Port Jackson, R. Broivn. Sieber, n. 174 ; Eichmond Eiver, Mrs. Ilvdylcinso}) ; Clarenco Eiver, Wilcux. Victoria. Mouth of the Glenelg, AUilt ; Melbournc, Adamscn, F. MueUcr ; IMount AVilliam, SuUivan ; Curdie's Eiver ; F. Mudler ; Little Eiver, FuUayar. Tasmania. Salt Marshcs, abundant, /. D. llookcr and others. S. Australia. St. Vincenfs Gulf, F. MneUer. W. Australia. King George's Sound, li. Brown ; thcnce to Swan Eiver, Drum- mond, Frtiiis, ii. 2404. The larger specimens with 3 prominent staminodia havo usually broader leaves than the others. Triglochin.'] oxxxviii. naiadejb. 167 Tho species is widely spread over cxtratropical South Amorioa and is also in North America and in Now Zealand. Thc ]\I;igcllan plant however rcfcrred to by Grisebach appcars to mc to be quite distinct both in the rootstock and in tho fonn of the fruit and is probably the true T. maritima. 2. T. centrocarpa^ HooJc. Ic. Fl. t. 728. — A dwarf slender plant usually densely tulted. Eadical ieaves subulate, often all under ^ in. rarely ratlier above 1 in. long. Scapes usually 1 to 2 in. long, or in luxuriaut specimens twice as much, very slender, bearing fruits froin below the middle. Flowers minute, in a short dense inconspicuous spike, wliich soou elongates so as to occupy half the scape. Perianth- segments from broadiy ovate-acute to lanceolate and acuminate, i to ^ line long, from^scarcely exceedingto twice as long as theanthers, the lower flowers often with only 1 anther-bearing segraent and 2 lateral empty ones, the others with 3 or rarely 6 segments, all anther-bearing, but the uiajority of the numerous specimens seen are in fruit with the perianth aud stamens fallen away. Fruit linear, usually about 2 lines, but varying from 1 to 3 lines long, with 3 perfect cells, truncate at the top and obtuse or more or less 3-toothed with the three stigmas, each perfect carpel 3-ribbed on the back, the lateral ribs with either a prominent angle or a tooth or spur at the base, the 3 barren carpels sometimes as thin as in T. striata, sometimes as thick as the perfect ones but solid iuside, and in some small specimens only oue seed ripens iu the whole fruit. — Hook. f. PI. Tasm. ii. 40; Endl. in Pl. Preiss. ii. 54 ; T.nanum, F. Muell. in Traus. Vict. Inst. 1855, 135, and in Hook. Kew. Journ. viii. 332, Fragm. vi. 82. Victoria. Wendu Vale, Hobertson, near Mel\>owm.e, Harvei/ ; Brighton, Hopkins Iviver, Station Peak, etc., F. Mucllcr ; Murray River, Ballaehy. Tasmania. Abundant in sandy moist places, J. B. Hookcr. S. Australia. Barossa Range and Holdfast Bay, F. Mmller. W. Australia. King George's Sound to Swan River, F. Mueller, Drummond, l.sC. coU. n. 682 and n. 313, Frciss, n. 2409 and ^lll ; Murchison and Vasse Rivers, Oldjicld. The fruits in this species are exccedingly variable in size and position. In the rare form figured as above thcy are strictly erect, almost sessile and 2 lineslong, in some Tasmanian specimens sessile or distinctly pedicellate on diffcrent scapes of the same tuft ; in some luxuriant specimens from W. Australia fully 3 lines long, on short or long pedicels ; in a large number of specimens from all localities scarcely more than 1 line long, erect or spreading, on pedicels varying from ^ to 3 lines ; in another series fi-om W. Australia, Tasmania,'and Victoria, distinguished by F. Mueller, Fragm. vi. 82underthe name of T. miiiutissima, the fruits are also scarcely above 1 line long, but almost sessile and very spreading, This however is connected with the commoner form with longer more erect fruits hy numerous intermediates. T. trichophora, Nees ; Endl. inPl. Preiss. ii. 54, from Rottenest Island, is a smallslender form, with almost sessilc spreading fruits, the terminal one distant from the others, which however Micheli is of opinion cannot be specifically separated from T. ccntro- carpa. I cannot find in any of the specimens any traces of the pendulous hairs inside the carpels mentioned by Endlicher, for which he may perhaps have mistaken tho inner membrane of the pericarp, which when old splits readily almost into hairs. Var. calcitrapa. Fruits fully 3 lines long, the basal spnrs 1 to l^ lines or in one fruit 2 lines long. — T. calcitrapa, Hook. Ic. Pl. t. 731. — iivia.r). \i\\Qr, Drummond,\st eoU. The figure quoted gives rather an exaggerated idea of the spur even of the single specimen drawn. 1G8 cxxxviir. natade^. [Triglochin. 3. T. mucronata, JR. Br. Prod. 343. — A dwarf tufted plant, usually 1 to 3 in. hit,'h, but in some luxuriant specimens tlie scape twice as long. Leaves linear-filiform, shorter tlian the scape. Flowers niinute, with 1 to 3 or rarely 6 perianth-segments and anthers as in T. centro- carpa. Fruits sessile or very sliortly pedicellate, sometimes only 2 or 3 on the scape, sometimes rather numerous towards tlie end, and in a few specimens a single fruit terminates the scape, all broadly obovoid or angular-turbinate, truncate at the top, with the upper outer augles often but not always mucronate by the persistent styles, those of the 3 perfect deciduous carpels horizontal, those of the three dissepiment- like barren persistent ones erect. — Endl. in Pl. Preiss. ii. 54 ; F. Muell. Fragm. vi. 81 ; T. Neesii, Endl. 1. c. Victoria. Hopkins River, Point Lonsdale, Mount Abrupt, F. Mueller. S. Australia. Kivoli Baj', Port Lincoln, Kangaroo Island, F. Muelhr. "W. Australia. lung George's Sound, M. Broicn ; ;ind thence to Swan Kiver. F. Mueller ; Brummond, n. 177, Preiss, n. 2402. Section II. Ctcnogeton. — Fruits with 3 to 6 perfect nutlets, without any barren ones or persistent axis. Stamens usually 6, rarely 4 or 5. 4. T. procera, B. Br. Prod. 343. — Eoot-fibres swollen into ovoid or oblong tubers. Leaves from a terete base liuear, flat, \ to above \ in. broad, often several feet loug when growing in deep water, the upper portion floating on the surface. Scapes 1 to several feet high, the ter- minal spike from 2 or 3 in. to above 1 foot long. Flowers very numerous, nearly sessile. Perianth-segraents 6 or rarely fewer, orbicular and 1|- to 2 lines diameter, or narrower and not longer than the anthers. Carpels 6 or rarely fewer, united to above the middle or sometimes at the base only, tapering into erect or recurved stigmas. Fruits ex- ceedingly variable, from almost orbicular to narrow-oblong, 2 to 3 lines long, straight or spirally twisted, the carpels themselves straight or falcate.— Hook. f. Fl.Tasm.ii. 40; F. MuelL Fragm. vi. 83 ; T. Unearis, Endl. in Pl. Preiss. ii. 54 ; Cycnogeton Huegelii, Endl. iu Ann. Wien. Mus. ii. 211, Iconogr. t. 73, and in Pl. Preiss. ii. 55; C. Unearis, Sond. in Linnsea, xxviii. 225. N. Anstralia. Islands of the Gulf of Carpentaria, E. Brotvn. Queensland. Ilockhampton and neighbourhood, 0'Shanesii, Boivman ; Brisbane l\iver, liai/ei/. N. S. Wales. Port Jackson to tho Blue Mountains, E. Broivn, J. B. Hooker, Woolh ; New England, C. Stuart ; Macleay River, C. Moore ; Clarence Hiver , Wilcor. Victoria. Eivers and Creeke from the S. Australian frontier eastward, Robert- ion, F. Mueller ;ind many others. Tasmania. Abundant in fresh and brackish waters, /. i). Flooher. 5. Australia. Torrens River, F. Mueller ; Encounter Bay, Whittaher. W. Australia. Swan River, Brummond, Freiss, n. 2-106 ; Lake Muir, Mnir. Yar. eleutherocarpa. Fruiting carpels frec from the base and very much curved, TriglocTiin.'] cxxxyiii. naiade^. IGO but usually 6. — W. Australia, Druinmond, n. 314, P^rws, «. 2405 ; Blackwood and Tweed Rivers and Port Gregory, Oldfield. Var. duhia. Carpels 3, rarely 4 or 5, curved as in the var. eleutherocnrpn and apparently free froni the first, ofton stipitatc when in fi-uit. — T. dubium, R. Br. Prod. 343. — irAdam Range and Kohinson River, F. 3[iufler ; Cape Rivcr, Bowman ; Kockingham Bay, Dallachi/. I find no specimen in Brown's herbarium but refer this to his species from his diagnosis. Tho genus Cijnogeton was founded by Endlicher chiefly on tho prcsence of a sccond abortive ovule in each carpel. Tliis second ovule is not mentioned by any othcr observer. and Hooker could not find it. I searched in vain for it in a number of carpels taken from different varieties and it is only in one that I found a minute stipitate appendage to tho short funicle which might possibly be an abortivc ovule, though quite shapeless. 5. T. Maundii, F. Muell. Fragm. vi. 83. — Eoots apparently thick, with uumerous small fibres. Stems erect, tercte, leafless, 2 ft. high or more. No leaves seeu except a long loose mfinbranous sheath at the base of one of the stems. Spikes not dense, attaining 2 to 4 in. M-hen in fruit, the flowers and fruits all sessile. Stamens 4 to 6, the autlier- cells very distinct but adnate to a common connective as in the rcst of the geuus, the subtending perianth-segments sometimes thiu, some- times very broad and thickened at the apex. Carpels usually 2 or 3, sometimes 4, connate to the truncate apex, the stigmas broad and very spreadiug,^ Fruit about 3 lines long, cylindrical, but with 2 furrows on the back of each carpel, the carpels ahnost drupaceous, each with a thinly cartilagiuous eudocarp with an acute dorsal rib, the exocarp loose, rather thick, the 2 dorsal obtuse ribs often leaving cell-like cavi- ties between thein and the endocarp. Seed. slender, cylindrical, erect. — Maundia triglochinoides, F. MuelL Fragm. i. 23. Queensland. Brisbane River, Moreton Bay, F. Mueller, W. Hill, Bailey. N. S. Wales. Tweed River, Guilfoyle. It is probably from a clerical error that F. Mueller described the seed as pendu- lous. I also flnd 4 to 6 2-cclled anthers, not 8 to 12 1-celled ones, the cells being always united in pairs by the connective. 2. POTAMOGETON, Linn. Plowers hermaphrodite. Perianth-segments 4, scale-liko, sniall, broad, coutractcd at the base or almost stipitate. Stamens 4, inserted atthe base of the segments and failing off"with them ; anthers sessile, broad, the cells opening outwards in longitudiual slits. Carpels 4, distinct ; styles short, terminal or the oblique stigmas sessile ; ovules solitary in * each carpel, laterally attached at or above the middle. Fruit of 4 nutlets or fewer by abortion, somewhat drupaceous, the exocarp membranous or slightly fleshy, the endocarp rather hard, crus- taceous. Seed much incurved or horseshoc-shaped, round a clavate or obovoid i)r(ijection of the cndocarp ; testa membranous. Einbryo the shape of the seed. — Aquatic herbs with a percnnial rootstock ; stems submerged and floating usually forked and oi'ten rooting at thc lower nodcs. Leaves alternate or rarely opposite, wholly subraerged or with 170 cxxxviii. NAiADEiE. [^Potamogeton. a lamina floating on the surface, dilated at the base into niembranous sheatliing margins or more frequently the margins more or less de- tached trom and united withiu the petioie into sheathing stipules often very deciduous. Fiowers small, sessile in dense spikes or heads on axillary peduncles. The genus is dispersed in the fresh or subsaline waters of the greater part of the globe. Of the nine Australian species seven are common in most temperate regions especially in the Old World, another extends over East India and the Malayan Archipelago, and one only is endemic but more nearly allied to American than to Old World species. Kunth considers the ilowers as unisexual, describing the stamens as distinct male llowers and the carpels of the ovary as separate female liowers, a view in which it seems very difficult to concui-. Section I. — Leaves all alternate and petiolatc with Jloating lamina^ or thc lower ones submerged. Stipules connate tvithin the petiole. Fruit-spikes cylindrical. Seed not forming a complete coil. Floating leaves usually 2 to 4 in. or longer. Nutlets ovoid, scarcely beaked 1. -P. natans. Floating leaves f to J in. long. Nutlets distinctly beaked 2. F. tenuicauUs Fruit-heads globular. Nutlets small, not beaked. Seed forming a complete coil 3. P. Briimmondii. Section II. — Leaves all submcrged, sessile or nearlg so, those under the peduncles and branches opposite, the othcrs alternate. Stipules connate ivithin the petiole, oftcn verij deciduous. Leaves stem-clasping, ovate or almost orbicular, many- nerved 4. F. perfoliatus. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, many-nerved 5. P. prmlongus ? Leaves narrow-oblong or rarely linear, usually 3-nerved, very obtuse, the margins often undulato-crisped . . 6. P. crispus. Leaves narrow-linear, obtuse or scarcely acute, 1-nerved. Spikes \ in. long or more 1. F. ohtusifolius. Leaves narrow-linear, very acute, 1- or 3-nerved. Spikes short and few-flowered. Seed forming almost a com- plcte coil 8. P. acutifolius. Section III. — Leavcs all submergcd, sessile or nearlij so with sheathing margins but no distinct stipules. Leaves narrow-linear, 1-nerved. Stems repeatedly dicho- tomous 9. P. jjcctinatus. 1. P. natans, Linn. ; Kimth, Enum. iii. 127. — TJpperleaves or often the whole of them on long petioles, floating on the surface of the water, of a tliicli opaque texture, ovate or oblong, 2 to 4 in. long by 1 to l^ in. broad, or rarely iu small varieties about half that size, usually rounded at thc base, but sometimes cordate or tapering, marked by several (5 to 9 or rarely 11) iongitudinal nerves with a few cross veins often brauched or sliglitly netted ; lower submerged leaves usually iew or often wanting, rarely all submerged tliin aud narrow but always taper- iug at the base iuto a stalk and several-nerved. Stipules closely sheathing, conuate, free from the petiole except at the very base. Spike PotamogetonJ] cxnviii. NAiADEiE. 17l deuse and cylindrical, ofteu 1 in. long or more, on a stout peduncle. Nuts ovoid, abovc 1 line long, sliglitly compressed, uearly straight, with 1 or 3 dorsal ribs, obtuse or acute, quite entire or more or less denticu- late or muricate. — E. Br. Prod. 3-13 ; Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 41 ; V. Muell. Fragm. viii. 217; Eeichb. Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 50 ; F. heterophyllus, Hook. f. Pl. Taam. ii. 41, and of some authors, but not the true plant of Schreber. Queensland. Rockhampton, 0'Shanesi/, Bownian. N. S. Wales. Poi't Jackson, R. Brown ; common in rivers and creeks, Woolls and many othurs. Victoria. liivers and creeks in various parts of the colony, F. Muellcr and many othcrs. Tasmania. Ponds and still rivers, abundant, but usually a small-leaved variety, /. I). Houkir tmd others. S. Australia. IMurray and Tamimda Rivcrs, F. Mueller. TV. Australia, Brummond ; Murchison River, Oldjield. The species is one of the most common over the greater part of the area of thc genus. The few specimens in which the floating leaves are wanting are somotimes confounded with varietics of P. obtiisifulius, hut are readily distinguished by tho lcaves more or less petiolate and several-nerved. 2. P. tenuicaulis, F. Muell. Fragm. i. 90, 244, viii. 217. — Perhaps a variety of P. natmis, with which it is closely connected through the small Tasmanian variety of that species. Stems almost fiiiform. .Floatiug leaves oblong-elliptical or lanceolate, f to 1\ in. long, acute at the base, few-nerved. Stipules very thin. Subraerged leaves few, linear. Spikes dense, 4 to 6 lines long. Nutlets smaller than in F. natans, more distinctly rostrate and tbe ribs often but not ahvays deuticulate. N. Australia. Gulf of Carpentaria, F. Mueller. Queensland. Brisbane River, Bailey ; Moreton Bay, Leichhardt ; Rockhamp- ton, Bowman, 0'Shane^i/ ; Rockingham Bay, Dallachy ; Mount Elliot, Fitzalan. This is evidently the same as the Bengal plant which Indian botanists have re- fcrrcd to the North American P. htjbridus, lilich. which it closely resembles in habit, foliage, and inflorcscence, but the fruit is vcry different and the seed is not spirally coiled. It maybe, assuggested by F. Mueller, the same as P. javanicus, Hassk. from Java, and if so, should bcar that name, but tho character givcn is insufiicient for veri- fication and we have no specimens for comparison. 3. P. Drummondii, Benth. — Floating leaves on long slender petioles, elHptical-oblong, 1 to 1\ in. long, thin and many-nerved; submerged leaves rather uumerous, exceedingly thin, linear or linear- lanceokte, many in. long, usually 5-uerved, coutracted into a petiole. Peduncles slender. Fruitiug-spikes or lieads ovoid or globular, about 3 lines diameter, with uumerous small closely paeked mitlets, each one scarcely 1 line long, the dorsal rib and lateral anglcs very promincnt, the style scarcely so. Seed much curved formiug usually a complete coil. W. Australia, Brummond. This differs from most old-world specics and comes nearcst to the N. Amcrican P. Iiybridus in its small nutlet.s and coiled sccds, but diffcrs from that species in tho submcrged leaves rcmarkably largc and ulva-likc, the floating leaves much thinner and ratherlonger and the seed not quite so spiral. 172 cxxxviii. NAiADEiE. [Potamogeton* 4. P. perfoliatus, Linn. ; Kunth, Enum. iii. 133. — Leaves ail submerged, alternate except under tlie peduncles and braucliea where they are opposite, all sessile, ovate or alinost orbicular, claspiug the steru with broad rounded auricles which are sometimes united on the opposite side, thin and many-nerved, f to l^ iu. long and ofteu quite as broad. Stipules ouly on very young shoots. Pcduncles longer than the leaves. Spike cyHndrical, rarely above G to 8 lines long. Nutlets scarcely beaked. — E. Br. Prod. 313 ; F. MuelL Fragm. viii. 219 ; Eeichb. Ic. Pl. Germ. t. 29. N. S. Wales. Hunter's Patersonsand Williams Eivers, B. Broivn. Victoria. Tambo and Lake Wellington, F. Mueller. Tasmania. South Esk Kiver, C. Stuart. Gommon in the northem hemisphere. 5. P. praelongus, F. Muell. Fmgm. viii. 217, hut perhaps not of Wulf. — Leaves all submerged, alternate except under the peduucles and branches where they are opposite, mostly stera-clasping, oblong- lanceolate, obtuse, more or less coutracted at the base, 2 to 4 in. long, the uiargins slightly crisped, many-nerved but the midrib broad and very prominent uuderneath towards the base, the lateral nerves fiue and often faint. Stipules short and thin, very soon disappearing. Peduucles mostly shorter than the leaves, the flowering spike dense, 3 to 5 lines long. Fruit not seeu. Victoria. Tambo River, F. Mueller. Tasmania ? Specimens from South Esk Eiver, C. Stuart, without flowers may possibly bc the same species. I cannot match these specimens with any of the numerous ones we have of F. pr/. 11/i, 181; Canning River, Prelss, i/. 1879; north of Stirling Range, F. M/ieller. 8. NAIAS, Linu. (Caulinia, Willd.) Flowers unisexual, solitary iu the axils ot floral leaves, sessile or shortiy pedicelhite. Male flower : auther single, 1- or 4-celled, enclosed in a thin membranous bract or perianth, irregularly lobed at the top and often eplitting aud rolling back so as to disclose the apex of the anther; pollen globuhir. Pemalc flowers sessile. Periauth none besides the bract. Carpel 1, tnpering into a style divided into 2, 3 or sometimea 4 stigmatic branches ; ovule 1, erect. Fruit a small indehiscent obloug or cylindrical nutlet, Sced erect, vvith a hard testa ; embryo straight, with a prominent ])luniula. — JSubmerged fresh- Naias.] oxxxviri. NAiADEiE. 181 water or subsaline herbs, with slender branching stems. Leaves linear, in pairs or clusters so aa to aj)pear opposite or verticillate, borilered by minute or promincut acute or pung, l-nerved, bordered by rather numerous very minute teeth often only visible undcra strong lens, the sheathing base very short but pro- duced on each side iuto a rather long broadly lanceolate ciliate-tootlied stipuhir lobe. Male flower stipitate, obloug, about -^ liue long. Feiuale carpel about 1 line long, oblong-cylindrical, produced into a filiform deej)lv 2-branched style as long as the carpel. — F. Muell. Fragm, viii. 219. Queensland, R. Jirown ? Brisbane River, F. Muciler. N. S. Wales. Port Jackson, R. Bruwn ; Hunters liiver, Leichhardt ; Nepcan Ptivcr. Woolls. Victoria. Murray Rivcr, F. Mueller. I hnvo not scen Brown's spccimcns and givc his stations from his Prodromus. 182 cxxxviii. KAiABE^. [N^aios. The species is reduced by A. Braun in Seera. Journ. Bot. 1864, 278, to a variety of N. graminca, Del. (from N. Africa, E. India, and the Malayan Arcliipelago), relying chiefly on the form of the stipular lobes of the leaf-sheaths. If the two species are really identical it is Brown's name that should Le adopted as being by far the older one. Magnus, however, Nuov. Giorn. Bot. Ital. ii. 189, describes the anther of N. //(•"w/^^yj as 4-locular, and according to Brown that of N. teunifoVui is 1-locular. I have only been ablc to find a single male flower in the Anstralian specimens before me, and that was too much pressed for examination ; it remains to be ascertained whother the difference is real, or is only a difl"erent mode of describing the same anther. 9. HALOPHILA, Thou. Flovvers uuisexual, solitary •within a pair of lierbaceous bracts. Male flower : Periaiitli ot'3 segmeutsi. Anthers 3, sessile, alteruating with tlie segmeuts, erect, 2-celled, the cells openiug outwards ; polleu cou- fervoid. Female flowers : Perianth none. Ovary single, tapering iuto a filiform style with a short stigraa either entire or divided iuto 3 to 5 filiform segments, Ovules several, erect, attached to the sides of the cavity. Pruit membranous, opening irregularly. Seeds uearly globular, with a thin testa, rather loose. Embryo erect with a thick radicular base nearly the shape of the seed, with a distiuct plumula and an iu- volute or spiral cotyledonous end both nearly immersed in a terminnl groove. — Submerged marine herbs. Leaves iu pairs appareutly oppo- site, sessile or petiolate, the petioles frequently enclosed at the base iu 2 broad scarious white or hyaline scales. Ploral bracts axillary, sessile or the males pedicelLate. The genus is confined to the Indian and West Pacific Oceans and Mediterannean sea. Of the two Australian species one is widely dispersed over the shores of the Indian and Pacific Oceans, the other, as far as is known, is endemic. Leaves on long petioles with an ovato or oblong entire lamina 1. S. ovalis. Leaves sessile or nearly so, broadly linear, roimded and ciliate-toothed at the end 2. H. spiindom. 1. H. ovalis, Hoolc.f. Fl. Tasm. ii, 45. — Stems creeping androoting under water, emitting at each node 2 broad thin colourless hyahne scales 2 or 3 lines diameter aud within them a pair of leaves with long slender petioles and a herbaceous lamina varyiug from oval aud under \ in. long to oblong-elliptical aud 2 to 2^ iu. long, very thin, penni- veiued with a broad central nerve and very fiue oblique lateral veins, the margiu quite entire. Involucres or doubk^ spathas enclosing the flowers ovate, sessile v\ithin the scales. Male flowers on pedicels emerging from the involucre, females sessile within it. — Aschers. in Nuov. Griorn. Bot. Ital. iii. 301 ; CauUnia ovalis, E,. Br. Prod. 339 ; Ilalopkila ovafa, Gaudich. in Frevc Voy. Bot. t. 40, f. 1 ; F. iMuell. Fragm. viii. 219; Diplauthera, Griff. Ic. Pl. Asiat. t. 161, C. f. 2, and other synonyms quoted by Aschers. in Linnsea, xxxv. 173. Queensland, Brisbane River, Moreton Bay, F. Mueller ; Port Denison, Fitz- aln ■ ; Capc York, M.s^^hy. N. S. Wales. Paramatta River, TFoolh ; Lord Howe's Island, Lvid and Fultagar. Halopliila.'] cxxxviii. jrAiADEiE. 183 Victoria. Port Phillip and Queenacliflfe, F. Mueller. Tasmania. Bass's Straits, Ghidi. S. Australia. M'Donnell's Baj-, Mrs. Wehl; St. Vincenfs Gulf, F. Miceller. Thc species is coramon on the shores of the Indian and Pacific Oceans, often above low-water mark at the mouths of large rivers, or brought up from depths «f seven fathoms or more. All the Australian specimens I have seen are without fructification. 2. H. spinulosa, Benth. — Stems slender, submerged, witli simple branches of 3 to G in. in the specimens seen. Leaves opposite, dis- tichous sessile, broadly linear or almost spathulate, rouuded at the end and bordered by small acute teeth or cilia, -} to | iu. loni; and about 2 to 2| lines broad, 3-nerved, without anj scales or sheathing stipulea at the base, but the margin on the lower side dilated into a semi-oval appendage folded over the lamina. Male flowers unknown. Females within a pair of small herbaceous bracts sessile in the axils, in fruit in the only speeimen seen, the capsules solitary, ovate, about 2 or 2^ lines long, apparently burstiug irregularly. Seeds several, rather more than \ line diameter, closely resembling those figured by Gaudichaud of H. ovalis. Embryo almost globular, the plumula and the uarrow cotyle- donous end curved over it, both enclosed in a eavity atthe top of the embryo. — Caulinia spinulosa, E. Br. Prod. 339. Queensland. Port Denison, Kihier ; coral reefs, Albany Island, F. Mueller ; tropical Australia, jR. Browii ; Cape York, Moseley. The specimens in Browns herbarium have no label indicating their station. They have no fructification, but Kilner's specimen in F. Mueller's herbarium in fruit isin other respects precisely similar. The species is certainly very difFerent frora H. stijtidacia to which Ascherson (Linnaea, xxxv. 172) thought it might belong from Brown's short diagnosis. F. Slueller, Fragm. viii. 219, proposes it as a new genus \inder the name of Asc/iersoiiia, but that name i,s preoccupied in Fimgi, and the fruit and seeds of our plant agree so well with those of Halophila, that it does not seem worth while to separate it generically on account of the foliage which is far from uniform in what are admitted as true species of Halophila. Order CXXXIX. ALISMACEiE. Flowers hermaphrodite or unisexual, regular. Perianth when per- fect of 6 segments, imbricate in 2 series, the 3 outer ones membranous or herbaceous, ttie 3 inner larger and petal-like, oftcn very fugacious, and in some genera only 2 segmeuts present, 1 on each side. Stamens 6, 9 or iudednite, hypogynous or sligiitly connected with tlie base of the segments, but when isomerous with them not usually opposite their centres ; filaiuents filiform or flattened ; anthers erect, witli 2 parallel cells opening hiteraliy in longitudinal slits. Ovary of 3, G or many carpels, quite distinct or shortly connate, each tapering into a short style or with a sessile terminal stigma ; ovules 1, 2 or few, erect from the base of the cavity, or the funicle of the inner one shortly ad- nate to the inner angle, or numerous and parietal. lu fruit the carpels ripen int< of the size and structure of those of E. depressum, the outer obtuse rather 198 cxL. EBiocAULEJE. \_Erioeaulon. rigid bracts rather morc numerous, but all floriferous as in that species, and the iuner female flowers similarly without outer perianth. Queensland. Endeavour Eiver, Ba»lcs ancl Solander. This is the species to which I3anks aud Solander originally gave the MS. name of E. depresmim, which Brown transfcrred to the preceding species. Ordeb cxli. CENTROLEPIDE^. Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous, sessile and solitary or several together within more or less herbaceous bracts, with or without 1, 2 or rarely 3 hyaline scales to each flower. Perianth none. Stamens 1, filament filiform, anther oblong or linear, 1-celled, versatile, openiug in a longitudinal slit. Ovary 1, with 1, 2 or 3 collateral cells or 2 or more cells or carpels superposed iu 2 rows, with 1 pendulous ovule in each cell or carpel ; styles as many as cells or carpels, free or more or less united, terminating in linear stigmas. Fruits of the shape of the ovary, the pericarp membranous, the cells or carpels opening externally in lougitudinal slits. Seeds 1 in each cell or carpel or fewer by abortion, pendulous and ofta, xxviii. 226; Alepyrum Muelleri, Hook. f. El. Tasm. ii. 78. Victoria. Moiint Emu Creek, Edwards River, F. Miieller ; Richardson River, .¥(■«■ rnaL Tasraania. Bottom of a lagoon on Macquarie River, Gimn. "W. Australia, Drummond, ». 929. 6. C. muscoides, Hieron. Gentrol. 95. — A minute sleuder glabrous anuual, growiug in dense moss-like tufts of about \ in. Leaves scareely exceeding the spike, subulate, dilated at the base into imbricate sheaths, the iunermost without lamiua3. Floral bracts close together, erect, hinceolate, nearly 2 lines loug. witli short awns rather louger ou the outer than the inuer oue. Flowers in the spikes examined 4, not separable into 2 clusters, 2 of them without stamens or liyaline scales, the 2 others with a narrow scale under the stamen. Carpels of the ovary usually 6 to 8 but sometimes ouly 4 or as many as 10. — Alepyrum muscoides, Hook. f Fl. Tasm. ii. 77. Tasmania. Marshy ground in subalpine situations about Marlborough, Gxnn. 7. C. monogyna, Benth. A densely tufted nioss-like plant under J in. high, closely resembling C. muscoides in foliage and habit. Leaves rather shining, with short scarious sheathiug bases. Scape including the spike shorter than the leaves. Floral bracts glabrous, narrow, erect. a little distant from each other, scarcely acuminate, about 1 line long, each containing 1 hyaline scale not much shorter than the bract, 1 stamen and 1 ovary with a single carpel. — Alepyrmn monoqynum, Hook. f. FL Tasm. ii. 77, t. 138 ; Aphelia monogyna, Hieron. Ceutrol. 94. Tasmania. Lake St. Clair and near itarlborough, Qioin. This has entirely the habit and inflorescence of the smaller species of Centrolepin, and not at all those of Apluiia, in which it is placed by Hieronj-mus on account of the artificial character of the solitary carpel. It has moreover no male flower in the lower bract, and ovaries with a single carpel occur also occasionally in C. aleptjroidis. 8. C. ptdviiiata, Desv. in Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 1, xiii. 42, t. 2. — A densely tufted little plant, with filiform leaves and scapes of i to f in. Floral bracts a little distant from each other, ovate-lanceohate, spread- ing, very shortly pointed, scarcely above 1 liue long, glabrous or the lower oue sliglitly hairy. Flowers 1 or 2 in the upper bract, 2 or 3 iu the lower one ; hyaline scales rather long, 2 or sometinies 3 to each flower. Car|)els of the ovary 3 to G or rarely 7. — Hieron. Centrol. 100 ; Desvauxia puJvinata, R. Br. Prod. 252 ; Guiliem. Ic. Pl. Austral. t. 17. Tasmania. Kenfs Group, Bass's Straits, R. Broxvn. Said also by HieronjTnus to bf in South West Australia, but I have seen no specimens from thence. 9. C. pusilla, Boim. et Schult. Syst. i. 44. — A small tufted plant with scapes and leaves of about | iu. like C. muscoides. Floral bracts 206 CXLI. CENTEOLEPIDE^. [Oentrolepis. close together and glabrous as iu tliat species but somewhat spreading, obtuse or scarcely pointed, but little more than 1 line long. Plowers about 4 in the whole spike, with 1 or 2 Iiyaline scale.s to each flower rather promineut. Carpels of the ovary 6 to 7 according to R. Brown, 7 to 13 according to Hieron^^mus ; styles free. — Hierou. Ceutrol. 97 ; Desvauxia pusilla, E. Br. Prod. 253. Queensland. Point Lookout, Banhs and Solander. 10. C. aristata, Hcem. et Schult. Si/st. i. 44. — l.eaves linear, some- times very short and fine but often a few of them nearly i line broad aud above 1 in. long. Scapes 1 to 2 in. high, or in luxuriant Western specimens twice that height, flattened uuder the spike. Floral bracts close together, glabrous, ovate, erect, 2 to near 3 lines long, with long leafy points, that of the lower bract often i in. and sometimes 1 in. long, the other one shorter. Flowers in eacb bract from 6 to aboufc 20, intermixed with hyaline scales, some very narrow and entire, otliers broader and jagged at the end, always 1 under each staraen and 1 under or by the side of each ovary, with a few appareutly additional ones. Carpels of the ovary few, varying from 3 or 4 to 6 or 7. — Hook. f. F\. Tasm. ii. 76, t. 138 ; Hieron. Centrol. 99 ; Desvauxia aristata, R. Br. Prod. 253. Victoria, Eobertson, Havvey ; near Mount William, SuUivan. Tasmania. Abundant in wet sandy soil near Georgetown and Launceston, Gioiii ; South Eflk liiver, C. Stuart, S. Australia. Bethanie, Bugle Range, etc. F. Mueller. W. Australia. King Greorge's Sound, R. Broivn, F. Miwller and otliers ; and thence to Swan River, Drummond, Oldfield. Var ? pygmma, F. Muell. A little fine-leaved tufted plant of 4 to 1 in. with fow flowers or none at all in the lower bract and 2 or 3 in the upper bract, but intermixed with hyaliae scales as in the typical C. arisfata, connecting this species with C. alepyroides to which perhaps the present variety is more aptly refei-rible.— South- port, Tasmania, Story. 11. C. Drummondii, Hieron. Centrol. 98. — Leaves very fine, mostly about \ m. Scapes capilhiry, 1 to 2 in. high. Spike oWong, glabrous. Floral bracts erect, about 2 lines long, shortly acuminate, one afiixed from ^ to | line below the other. Flowers 4 to G in each bract, with 1 or 2 hyaline scales to each, the oue uuder the stamen the largest and often toothed or jagged at the end. Carpels of the ovary 4 to 8. — Desvauxia DrummonJii, Nees iu Pl. Preiss. ii. 70 ; Centrohpis pulchra, Hieron. Centrol. 99 ; Desvauxia Urvillei, Steud. Syn. Pl. Grlum. ii. 267 ; Centrolepis Urvillei, Hieron. Centrol. 100. W. Australia. King George's Sound to Swan Eiver, Brummond, \st coU. and n. 930 ; Pniss, n. 1809, B' UrviUe, F. MueUer, OldfieH, Muir and others. Besvauxia brerifolla, Nees in Pl. Preiss. ii. 70 (Centrolepis brevifoUa, Hieron. Centrol. 98), fi-om King George's Sound, Prciss, n. 1749, which I have not seen, is from Nee8's description as corrected by Hieronymus, not difFerent from C. Brum- mondii. Gentrolepis.l cxlt. centbolepidejE. 207 12. C. Banksii, Bcem. et SeJiiiU. Si/st. i. 44,— Yery similar to C. e.Tserfa, but quite glabrous in all its parts. Leaves filiform m^^stly about l in. long, and scapes from that to 1 in. or rather more. Spike broad, the floral bracts very spreading, about 1| lines loug, ovate, acute or tapering into a shorc point. Flowers numerous in both bracts, the hyaline scales usually 2 to cacli flower and often as long as the outer bract. Carpels of the ovary from 10 to 20. — llierou. Centrol. 99 ; Desvauxia Banksii, E. Br. Prod. 2f53. N. Australia. Victoria Kiver, F. Mueller. Queensland. Endeavour River, Banks and Solander. 13. C. fascicularis, Lahill. Fl. Nov. Holl. i. 7, t. 1.— Leaves | to l^ in. long, usually ciliate below the middle with a few long hairs. Scapes slender, 1 to 3 in. high, gLabrous or rarely sprinkled with a few short hairs. Ploral bracts at a short distance from each other, ovate, hispid with loug rigid hairs, 1| to 2 lines long, with glabrous awns about the length of the bract or that of the lower bract longer. Flowers 4 to 8 in each bract, a hyaline scale uuder each stamen often as long as the bract and toothed at the end, and usually but not always a smaller scale uuder or by tlie side of each ovary. Carpels of the ovary 2 to 4 ; usually 3 ; styles nearly free. — Desv. in Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 1. xiii. t. 2; Endl Iconogr. t. 49; Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 77; Hieron. CentroL 102 ; C. cuspidigera, Rudge in Trans. Linn. Soc. x. 283, t. 12 ; Besvauxia Billardieri, E. Br. Prod. 252 ; D. loncjifolia, Gaudich in Freyc. Voy. Bot. 418. N. S. Wales. Port Jackson to the Blue Mountains, i2. Brou-n, Woolls and others ; New England, C. Stitart. Victoria. Fitzroy Eiver, Rubcrtson ; Grampians, F. Mueller. Tasmania. Port' Dalrymple, R. Broivn ; abundant in wet heathy places, /. D. Hoiiker. S. Australia. Mount Lofty Ranges, F. Mueller. 14. C. pilosa, Rieron. Centrol. 102. — Very closely allied to C. fascicularis, with the same stature, foliage, hairs, and bracts, but the ovarv appears coustantly to have 6 or more carpels, and the styles are conuate to a considerable height. W. Australia, Brummond. 15. C. strigosa, Roein. et ScJiult. Si/st. i. 43. — Habit nearly that of C. fascicularis. Leaves often 1 in. long, hispid with rather rigid but not numerous hairs. Scapes usually rather longer than the leaves. Floral bracts placed near together, ovate, spreading, more or less hispid with long hairs, about 1| lines long, with a spreading glabrous poiut usually shorter thau the" bract. Flowers usually 6 to 8 rarely more in each bract, each flower witii 3 unequal hyaline scales, the larger one, under the stamen, aa long as the outer bract, the othera smaller or one sometimes deficient. Carpels about G to each ovary ; styles shortly connate or almost fVce. — Hieron. Centrol. 101 ; Desvauxia siriffosa, E. Br. Prod. 252; Guillem. lc. Pl. Austral. i. 17. 208 cxLi. CENTEOLEPLDE^. {^Centrolepis. N. S. Wales. Port Jackson, R. Brown, R. Cunnimjlwm and others. W. Australia. King George's Sound, R. Broini, Fniser, Drnmmond; Middle Island, Maxwcil. There does not appear to be any difference hotween the Eastern and Western specimens. Var. Patersoni. Upper floral hract glahrous or nearly so, in other respects precisely the typical form. — Desvauxia Patersoni, R. Br. Prod. 252; Centrolepix wmula, Rudge in Trans.Linn. Soc. x. 284, from the synonym, hut the figui-e t. 12 f. 2 is that of the typical C. strigosa with hoth the hracts hispid ; C. Patersoni, Rcem. et Sch. Syst. 1. 43 ; Hieron. Centrol. 100. — Port Jackson, R. Broivn. Var. tcnnior. Usually smaller than the t}'pical form, the floral hracts with very short or scarcely any points, and the third hyaline scale to eaeh flower very small or deficient. — Desvau.xia tenuior, R. Br. Prod. 252 ; Centrolepis tenuior, Rcem. et Schult. Syst. i. 43 ; Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 76 ; Hieron. Centrol. 101. N. S Wales. Port Jackson, Woolls. Victoria. Yarra, Snowy River, etc. F. Mueller. Tasmania. King's Island, R. Brown ; various localities, Gunn, Areher, Stonj and others. S. Australia. Buglo Range, F. Mueller. 16. C. exserta, Roem. et Schult. Syst. i. 44. — Leaves shortly hairy, under 1 in. long. Scapes slender, pubescent or glabrous, 1 to 3 in. higb. Floral bracts placed near together, very spreading, ovate- lanceolate, shortly awned or raucronate, hispid, about 2 lines long. Flowers numerous in each bract ; hyaline scales usually 2 to each flower, nearly as long as the outer bract, ofteu jagged at the end, and sometimes a third siuall one. Carpels of the ovary 6 to 10 ; styles very shortly connate. — Hieron. Centrol. 101 ; Desvauxia exserta, E. Br. Prod. 253 ; Guillem. le. Pl. Austral. t. 17. N. Australia. Providence Hill and M'Adam Range, F. Mueller. Queensland. Endeavour River, Banks and Solander ; the same coast hut par- ticular station forgotten, R. Broivn ; North Queensland, Armit. C. cambodiana, Hance, from South China differs from this species chiefly in the larger size of all its parts. Ordee cxlii. RESTIACE^. Flowera unisexual, or very rarely and exceptionally hermaphrodite, mostly dioecious, either in spikelets, vvith imbricate dry rigid bracts or glumes, 1 uuder ecich flower and usually a few outer oiies empt}^, or in 2 genera in narrow or spikelike panicles, the glumes not imbricate. Perianth of 6, rarely 5, 4 or 3 glumeliiTiou8. 3. ANARTHRIA, K. Br. Flowers dicecious or rarely moiuBcious, in uarrow or apike-like i)anicles, tho glumes not closoly imbricate and ahorter thau the p 2 212 cxLii. EESTiACE^. [Anarthrta. perianths. Perianth-segments 6, glume-like. Male flowers : Staraens 3 ; filaments free ; antllers of 2 distiiict cells, dorsally attacbed in tlie centre only. Peraale flowers : No staminodia. Ovary 3-celled ; styles 3, elongated, distinct, stigmatic almost or quite from tlie base. Capsule S-angled or 3-lobed, opening at the angles. — Stems simple or branched, often flattened. Leaves long, radical or sbeathing at the base of the stem. Long leafy bracts under tbe branches or iuflorescence. Two bracteoles within the glume under each flower. The genus is limited to West Australia. Stems simple, more or less flattencd. Panicle narrow, many- flowered, with a long deciduous leaf-like bract at the base. Stem and leaves very flat, 3 to 4 lines broad 1. A. scabra. Stem and leaves flat, 2 to 3 lines broad 2. A. lcevis. Stem and leaves slightly flattened, under 1 line broad . . 3. A. gracilis. Stems much branched. Panicles numerous, 3- to 6-flowered. Stems flattened, the numerous branches loosely curved or flexuose i. A. 2)roUfera. Stems scarcely flattened, the branches erect and bushy, leafy throughout b. A. pohjphylla. 1. A. scabra, B. Br. Prod. 249. — Stems erect, rigid, very flat, 1 to 2 ft. high and 3 to 4 lines broad. Leaves all radical, as loug and broad as the stems or rather longer, sheathing distichous and equitant at the base, the margins both of stems and leaves often scabrous- serrulate but sometimes quite smooth. No sheathing scales aloug the stem, but long leaf-iike erect bracts under the iuflorescence and oue or two of its principal branches, all very deciduous leaving a prominent transverse line. Male flowers in a narrow deuse thyrsoid panicle 4 to 6 in. long with numerous erect branches. Flowers nearly sessile on tlie branches at a little distance from each other, each one within a short lanceolate acuminate brovvn but thiu bract or glume, with a pair of smaller bracteoles at the base of the very short pedicel. Perianth- segmeuts narrow, acuminate, of a rich brown, 2 to 2| lines long. Fila- ments shorter than the anthers, in the ceutre of a flat receptacle. Eemale flowers sessile or on very short curved rigid pedicels in the notches of a thick flat and flexuose simple or shortly branched rhachis, with a very narrow acuminate bract or glume aud 1 or 2 bracteoles under each flower. Perianth-segments lanceolate, acuininate, 3 outer 6 to 6 hnes long, 3 inner rather smaller. Capsule hard, laterally 3- lobed, about 3 lines broad, crowned by 3 short points, the bases of the styles.— Nees in Pl. Preiss. ii. 61 ; F. Muell. Fragm. viii. 80. Vtr. Australia. King George's Sound and adjoining disti-icts, R. Brown, A. Cimningham, Lrummond, n. 249 and 271 ; Preiss, n. 1730 ; F. Mueller and others. 2. A. laevis, R. Br. Prod. 249.— Stems 1 to l^ ft. liigh, flat and rigid, with Jeaves as long as in A. scahra and similarly sheathiug and cquitaut at the base, but both leaves and stem narrower, usually about 2 lines and always under 3 lines broad with smooth margius, the iuflor- Anarthria.'] cxlti. RESTiACEiB. 213 escence much inore compact and the flowers smaller. Male thyrsus dense, under 3 in. long, the outer leafy bracts or spatlias very deciduous. Flowers nearly sessile within broad tliin jagged br.icts or glumes much shorter tlian the pcrianth, and 1 or 2 small lanceolate bracteolcs. Perianth-scgmcuts brown, thin, lanceolate, about 2 lines long. Female infloresceuce very dense, 1 to near 2 in. long. Glumes under the flowers very broad and often jagged. Perianth-segments about 1 line U:)nu;, very broad. Ovary tapcring into 3 long stigmatic styles. — Nees iu PI. Preiss. ii. 61 ; F. Muell. Fragm. viii. 81. W. Australia. King George's Sound and Lucky Bcay, R. Brotvi/, Baxter ; and probablv from thc sarae neighbourliood, Brummond, n. 343, 370, 866 ; Preiss, n. 1813, 1814, 1817 ; Forest Hill, Mnir. 3. A. gracilis, R. Br. Frod. 2-19. — Stems usually about 1 ft. high, slightly flattened but like the leaves under 1 line broad, with obtuse smootli margins, and the leaves tapering into fine rigid points or some- times nearly the vvhole lamina subulate. Inflorescence narrow and spike- like, l^ to 2 in. long, with short erect brauches. Leaf-like spathaceous bracts under the principal branches very acute, mostly longer than the spike and rather more persistent than in the preceding species. Flowers sessile withiu hyaline or scarcely coloured glumes shorter than the perianth. Male flowers : Periauth-segments lanceolate, acute, light browu, about 3 lines long or in small specimens rather shorter ; filaments rather short. Female flowers : Outer perianth-segments lanceolate, acute, about 2 lines loug, the inner ones shorter, more obtuse and almost hyaline. Three staminodia in some specimens, none in others. — F. Muell. Fragm. viii. 81 ; A. Iiumilis and A. grandijlora, JSees in Ann. Nat. Hist. ser. 1. vi. 50, and in Pl. Preiss. ii. 63 ; A. ischoemoides and A. canaliculata, Nees in Pl. Preiss. ii. 62. W. Australia. King George's Sound, R. Brown, F. Mueller and others, and thence to Swan River, Brummond \st coll. n. 904, also n. 73, 203, 344 ; Preiss, n. 1815. Amongst F. Mueller's specimens there is one with the upper flowers female, whilst those at the base of the inflorescence are males. 4. A. prolifera, R. Br. Prod. 249, — Stems flattened, 1 to l^ lines broad with acute edges, divided from near the base into flexuose or curved branches, usually clustered withiu the sheaths and tlie whole specimcns extending to 1 to 2 ft. Radical leaves not numerous, as broad as the stem, 3 to 6 in. long, those under the branches gradually reduced to slieathing bracts open from the base ; the lowest often 4 to 6 in. long, the upper ones much shorter, and within thcm are often 2 short brown sheathing bracts round the principal brauch. Inflor- escences terminating the ilexuose branches or peduiicles, usually reduced to 2 or 4 flowers. Perianth-segments m both sexes lanceolnte, acute, about 4 lines long, or rather shorter in the females. — F. iMuell. Fragm. viii. 82 ; A. lcevis, var. Nees in Pl. Preiss. ii. 62. 214 cxLii. EESTiACE^. [Aiiarthria. W. Australia. KiDg George'B Sound. 7?. Bnnm, Collie, Freiss, «. 1727, F. Muelhr and others ; common in the sands, Oldjitld ; Swan Kiver, Miss Lukin. A- jmwiflma, R. Br. Prod. 249, is foimded on a single fragment from King George's Sound, which appears to me to be a branch from a slender specimen of A. prolifera. 5. A. polyphylla, Nees in Pl. Preiss. ii. 63. — Stenis erect, slender, terete or slightly flattened, branchiug and almost bushy and leafy throughout, 6 to 8 in. high. Leaves subulate, mostly 2 to 3 in. loufr, with fine points, dilated into sheathing bases covering the stem but I do not find theni distichous as described by Nees. Male inflorescence teruiinal, shortly pedunculate, simple or scarcely branched, shorter than the leaves and cousisting usually of 3 to 6 flovi^ers, the spathaceous bract at the base of the iiifloresceiice lanceoLite, acuminate, not ex- ceeding the flowers, the glumes or bracts under each flower still shorter. Outer pcrianth-segments narrow-lanceoh-^te, acute, nearly 3 lines long, the inner ones rather shorter and more obtuse. Filaments nearly as long as the segments and anthers about as long. — F. Muell. Fragm. viii. 83. TV. Australia, Brummoiid ; near Gordon River, Freiss, n. 1691. Some female specimcns gathered by F. Mueller and referred hj' him to J . prolifera, appear to me rather to belong to the present species. They are more elongated than the males, attaining nearly 1 ft., but have the same narrow scarcely flattened stems and long-pointed leaves. The perianth-segments are however nearly 4 lines long and very acute. 4. LEPYRODIA, E. Br. Flowers dioecious, monoecious, or rarely hermaphrodite, in narrow or spike-like panicles, the glumes not closely imbricate and shorter than the perianths. Perianth-segments 6, glume-like or thin and almost hyaline. Male flowers : Staniens 3, filaments free ; anthers 1-celled. Female flowers : Staminodia usually 3, filiform clavate or with an abortive anther. Ovary 3-angled, 3-celled ; styles 3, either distinct or more or less connate at the base, linear, stigmatic trom the middlc or almost trom the base. Capsule 3-lohed or 3-::ngied, opeiiing ;it the angles. — Steins simple or branched, leafless exce|)t the sheatliing scales. Male and feuiale inflorescences n;)t very difietent. Bracteoles under each flower within tlie gluuie usually 2, deficient however in two species. The genus is limited to extratropical Australia. Eastcrn species. Outer perianth-segments as long as or longer than the inner. Tall plant. Sheathing scalcs looso. Floral bracts with long points \. L. scariosa. Tall plant. Sheathing scales appressed. Floral bracts obtuse or shortly acuniinrite 2. i. Mnilleri. Stems very slcnder, apparently without sheathing scales. Spike-like panicle short and nearly simple ". 3. Z. niiarihria. Lepi/rodla.] cxlii. eestiace.b. 215 Eastem species. Outer perianth-segments at least in the males shorter than the inner. Sheathing scalea closely appressed. Stems slender, crect, scarcely branched, with a singlo spike-liko panicle 4. L. gracilis. Stems much-branchod, crect or long and loose. Spikes narrow, usually uumorous and paniculato . . , o. L. iasmmnca Stems loosely branched. Flowers in ahnost sessile distant clusters aloni<- tho branches 6. L. iuterriqyta. "Western species. Inflorescence normal, with bracteoles to cach flower within the ghime. Stems branched at the base, about 4 in. high. Sheathing scales very deciduous. Flowers hermaphrodite 1. L hermaphrodita. Stems much-branched, near 1 ft. Sheathing scales persistent. Flowcrs monoecious 8. i. monoica. Stems nearly simple, erect. Sheathing scales per- sistent. Outer perianth-segments shorter than the inner. Glumes and bracteoles acute not aristate .... 9. Z. Muirii. Glumes and bracteoles aristate with fine points . . 10. L. stricfa. Stems nearly simple. Sheathing scales very deciduous leaving annular scars. Stems densely tufted. Male perianths a little above 1 line long 11. L.macra. Stems from a thick creeping rhizome. Male perianths about 2^ lines long \2. L. Brummondiana. Western species. Flowers clustered in the panicles without bracteoles. Sheathing scales loose. Sheathing scales erect. Perianth-segments acute or awned 13. L. glauca. Sheathing scales spreading. Perianth-segments obtuse 14. Z. aneectocolea. 1. L. scariosa, B. Br. Prod. 248. — Ehizome creeping. Stems erect, terete, gl:ibrous, 1 to 2 ft. high. Sheathing scales brown, loose, of ten above 1 in. long and in soine luxuriant specimens 2 in., the upper ones with short points. Inflorescence a narrow pale brown thyrsoid panicle, with short unequal erectbranches, the lower ones often distaut, the others more crowded. Bracts under the lower branehes rigid with long points, under the upper branchHs smaller, broader and more scarious. Flowers sessile or shortly pediceliate within searious glumes shorter than the perianth and 2 hyaline bracteoles at the base of the pedicel, sometimes very short, sometimes almost as long as the glume. Perianth-segments in both sexes about 2 lihes long, lanceolate, acute, pale browD. Male flowers with a small rudiment of the ovary, femalea with slender staminndia. — F. Muell. Fragm. viii. 72 ; L. hennaphrodita, Nees in Sieb. Pl. Exs. n. 51, not of R. Br. N, S. Wales. Port Jackson to the Blue Mountains, E. Broun, Woolls, and othcrs ; New England, C. Stuart.-^ 2. L. Muelleri, Bnitli.—Wi\\zome creeping. Stems erect, often 2 ft. hi"h or more. Sheathini;' scales apprest^ed, | to i in. long, some witli railier long leafy points, the bracts under the inflorescence broad and loose, mostly without points. Flowers in compoun^i spikes or 216 cxLii. EESTiA.CE^. [Lept/roMa. short dense often androgynous thyrsoid pauicles, a terminal one of f to 1 in. and several smaller distant ones sessile or pedunculate withiu the sheathing bracts. Bracts within the inflorescence and glumes more scarious, obtuse or acuminate, broad or narrow. Perianth-segments in both sexes 1 to 1| lines long, acute, the iuner ones of the same length as or ratlier shorter than the outer. — L. tasmanica, F. MuelL Fragm. viii. 75, not of Hook. f. ; L. stricta, F. Muell. Herb., not of R. Br. Victoria. From Port Phillip to Gipps' Land, F. MueHer. Tasmania. South Esk Eiver, C. 8tnart. S. Australia. Near Mount Grambier, F. 3Iueller. 3. L. anarthria, F. Muell. Iragm. viii. 73. — Stems very slender, uudivided, the longest in our specimeus 16 in. long, without auy sheathing scale or node, except at the base where there are a few short leaves with sheatliing bases. Panicle narrow, dense and spike-like resembling that of L. grucilis, 1 to l^ in. long. Flowers in the speci- mens all female, the outer perianth-segments acutely acuminate, about Ij lines long, the inner narrower and rather shorter. Bracts scarious as iri L. scariosus, but soon withering away. Capsule small, 3-celled, quite normal. — Anarthria gracilis, Nees m Sieb. Pl. Exs. n. 50 ; Kunth, Enum. iii. 478, but not of E. Br. N. S. "Wales. Port Jackson, or Blue Mountains, Sieher. Possiblj-avariety of i. gracUis, but the half dozen specimens I have seen in different herbaria are all without sheathing scales as in Anarthria, and the inner perianth-segments are certainly not longer than the outer. 4. Ii. gracilis, E. Br. Prod. 247. — Rhizome creeping, giabrous. Stems slender with a few long erect slender terete branches, 1 to li ft. high. Sheathing scales nppressed, or the upper ones rather loo.se. Plowors small, ahnost all shortly pedicellate in narrow almost spike- like panicles, a termiual one of 1 to H or rarely 2 in. arid ofteu one or two smaller ones lower down, the bracts and glumes all small. Peri- anth-segments narrow, acutely acumiuate, the inner ones scarcely 1 line long, the outer considei-ably shorter especially in the males, the females similar or the segments rather lessuuequal. — F. Muell. Fragm. viii. 73 ; L. stricta, Nees in Sieb. Pl. Exs. n. 32, not of Br. N. S. Wales. Port Jackson, R. Brotvit, Sieber, w. 32 aiicl 46, F. iIfM(7/id, iVr/.s.v, n. 1710, F. Mucller and others. As far as our specimens go this and the preccding spocies appear to be dioecious, although the two sexes are very similar in their inflorescence and perianths. 11. L. macra, Nees in Pl. Preiss. ii. 60. — Stems densely tufted but wilhout tiie creeping rhizomc of i. Driunmondiona or the branch- ing base of i. hermaphrodita, erect, slender, 6 in. tu above 1 ft. high. Sheathing Bcales, except the few inibric:ite onesat thc base ofthe stem. Lepijrodia.l cxlii. uestiace^. 219 all vpry deciduous lcavino; nmiulnr scars ; floral bracts thiu, lanceolate, 3 to -i lines loug, also very deciduous. Spikes simple or slightly com- pouud,about 1 iu. loug as iii L. hermaphrodita aiid flowers very uearly of that species with very acute periauth-segments a iittle above 1 line long, but appareutly monoecious, not hermaphrodite, our specimens however are ail iu fruit except occnsionally some of tlie upper ones have a rudimentary ovary with 3 long tilaments having lost their anthers, ^V. Australia. Swan Kiver, Ditinimoiid, \st coll. aiid n. 902. F. Mueller, Fragm. viii. 75, refcrs this to L. hermaphrodita, but besidcs the habit and statiu-c the liowers in our specimena are certainly uniscxual. Those described by Nees wcre small and starved, but the Kew and other collections contain others more than twice their size with a much more luxuriant infloresccnce. 12. Ij. Drummondiana, Steud. Syn. Glum. ii. 24S. — Ehizome creep- ing. ytems erect or ilexuose, simple, rather sleiider, mostly about 1 ft. high. Slieathing scales appressed but very deciduous leaviug aunular scars, tlie few imbricate short broad obtuse ones at the base of the stem ahme persisting, some of the lowest sometimes bearing leafy appen- dages ; flowering bracts also very deciduous, lanceolate and thin. Short spikes or clusters simple or compound, sessile within ench bract, forming an interrupted tenninal spike.iike pauicle, similar in the males and femnles. Glumes thin, lanceolate, the lower oues as loug as the flowers ; bracteoles shorter, thin, acutely acuminate. Male flowers : Outer perianth-segmeiits rigid, acutely acuminate, 2\ liues long, the inner ones rather shorter. Female flowers simiLar but smaller, the whole perianth scarcely 2 lines hmg. Staminodia small. Capsule norraal but uot so broad for its length as in most species. — F. Muell. fragm. viii. 75. "W. Australia, Brtimmond, n. 395 J , and 347 ? . 13. L.glauca, F. Miiell. Fragm. viii. 77. — Ehizomethick aml creeping. Steins stout, rigid, erect, 2 or .3 ft. high, siinple or with a few longerect brauches. Sheathing scales loose but erect, often 1 to 2 in. long. Panicle narrow, interrupted, 3 or4 in. long with sometimes a spike much lower down. Sheathing bracts under the main branches ovate-lanceo- late, the lowest \lo^ in. long, but passing graduahy iuto the short ovate almost scarious bracta under ihe sinaller branches, aud these agaiu into the still smaller ovate scarious gluines^ the last bracts enclosing a head of 3 to 7 almost sessile flowers, each withiu a small scarious glume without bracteoles, except the central flower in the females, which has usually 1 or 2 bracteoles within the glume. Periauth iu both sexes about 1 line long, the outer segments with a fine point or short awu, the inner ones rather longer and acute, without any awn. No rudi- nientary ovary in the males and staminodia rare iu the lemales Cap- sule about 1 line diameter, rather broader than long. Style variable, in some flowers with very small perhaps imperfect ovules the style is at least twice as loug as the ovary and divided to tlie middle only, in others with more perfect ovuies, the whole style is scarcely longer than 220 oxLii. EESTiACE^. [Lepp'odia. the ovary and divided almost tothe base. — Leptocarpus glaucm, Nees in Pl. Preiss. ii. 64. W. Australia. Swan River, Bnimmond, \st colL, Freiss, n. 1693 ; Blackwood and Gordon Rivers, Oldfield; Busselton, Pries. 14. L. anaectocolea, -F. Muell. Fragm. viii. 78. — Ehizorae hard and creeping ; stems erect ; about 2 ft. high, rather slender, with erect branches, terete below the branches, but the branches seuii-terete with the flat sharp-angled sides facing each other. Sheathing scales loose, 1 in. lono- or more, spreading from below the middle. Male panicle long and narrow, iuterrupted, the lower bracts like the sheathing scales ofthe stem, the upper ones and those on the smaller branches very small, passing into the small thinly scarious hyaline glumes which are shorter than the perianths. Flowers as in L glauca, almost clustered and sessile within the glumes without bracteoles. Perianth-segments very thin, pale brown, almost hyaline, all obtuse, the outer ones ovnte, about f line loug, the inner oblong, Ij lines Umg. Stamens exserted, without any rudimentary ovary. Females unknown. W. Australia, Brummond. 5. RESTIO, Linn. (Megalotheca, F. MhcU.) Flowers dicecious, both sexes several together or the feniales solitary, in spikelets with imbricate glumes aud no bracteoles. Perianth- se"ments 4, 5 or 6, glume-like or the inner ones alraost hyaline, not exceeding the glumes. Male flowers : Stamens 3, tilaments filiforra, free ; anthers 1-celled. Rudiraentary ovary small or none. Female flowers : Staminodia 3 or none. Ovary 2- or 3-celled ; styles 2 or 3, free from the base or very shortly connate, stigraatic ahnost from the base. Qapsule flat and 2-celled or 3-angled aud 3-celled, the cells opening at the angles or very rarely irregularly breaking up on the gides. — Stems simple or branched, leafless except the sheathing scales which are usually persistent. Maleand female inflorescences similaror very different, the male spikelets either pedicelhite and panicuLate or sessile ahmg the branches, the femaies often more sessile, solitary, elustered or spicate, but sometimes pauicuhite like the males. The young plants of the first year in several species have two or three of the sheaths at the base of the stem produced into short liuear leaves. The genus is very largely represented in South Africa, without however a single species identical with the Auslralian ones which are all endemic. Among those here descnbed thcre are still several in which either the sexes may have been mis- matched or one sex as yet unknown and are therefore somewhat uncertain. Sect. I. Choristogynia. — Male spikelets several finwered ; females \-floivered. Stems much brnnchid. Male spikelets sessile along the braiiches ; females terminal or pedunculate. Restio.'] CXLII. RESTIACEiE. 221 Male floworing branches numcrous, erect, slender. Spikelets linear. Capsule vcry small .... \. li.fasfujiatus. Male flowcring Lranchcs clongated. Spikelets ovate distant almost from the base 6. A'. dimorphus. Male spikelets oblong or almost ovoid. Capsulc 2 lines diametcr 2. iJ. mcgalotheca. Sect. II. Stachygynia. — Both malc and fcmalc spikekts scveral Jiotvered {iu soiut. species hoivcvcr tlie ftntaks unknoivn). Spikelcts (in both sexes ?) small and numerous in a deuse terminal panicle. Spikelets ovoid, very shining, with fine-pointed glumes. Tropical spccies Z. R. tropicus. Spikelcts ncarly globular, duU brown, obtuse. Wcstern species 4. ii. applanatus. Spikelets (in both sexes ?) terminating branches or rigid peduncles or sessile along the branches. Shcathing scalcs loose and spreading, obtuse. Eastem species. Stems rigid and glabrous. Spikelets solitary or few b. R. monovcphalus. Stems slcnder, glabrous. Spikelets numerous . 6. R. dimorphus. Sheathing scales aciuninate, loose or erect. Western specics. Stems tomentose-villous. Sheathing scales looae. Spikelets numerous 1. R. confertospicatus. Stems glabrous, rigid, under 1 ft. often flexuose. Spikclets solitary or few, ovoid, about 3 lines long 8. ^. sphacclatus. Spikelets several, ovoid, about 4 lines long. Ghimes with fine points 9. i2. dcformis. Spikelets several, ovate, 2 lines long, the females longer and narrow \Q. R. crispatns. Spikelets numerous, small, globular . . . . \\. R. nitcns. Stems glabrous, slender, abuve 1 ft. erect. Spike- lets small. Rhizome glabrous. Male spikelets narrow- ovoid, about 3 lines long 1 2. i2. gracilior. Rhizome white-woolly. Scales rather loosc. Spikelets narrow, the males about 2 lines, the females 3 to 4 lines long 13. ^. chaunocokus. Spikelets in both sexes nearly similar, mostly erect and shortlj^ pedicellate, on a simple rhachis or in a narrow interrupted panicle. Sheathing scales obtuse and erect. Eastem species. Stcms simple, terete. Spikelets few, at least 4 lines long. Upper sheathing scales loose 14. R. australis. Spikelets numerous, 2 to 3^ hnes long. Sheath- ing scales all closely appressed . . . . \b. R. (iracilis. Stems very flat 1 G. ij. complanatus. Stems terete, tall, with dense clustcrs of fine bar- ren branches. Spikelets numerous . . . 17. if. tcfrapht/llus. Sheathing scales spreading, obtuse. Westem species 18. R. laxus. Male spikelets suspended on filiform pedicels. Pe- males scssile. Westem specics. Sheathing scales loose, dilated and spreadiiig up- wards. Quite glabrous \%. R. laxus. 222 cxLii. uESTiACEiE. {^ltestio. Stems cottony-villous, Sheathing acales ciliate with white hairs 19. -R. oritatas. Sheathing scaUis erect, appressed. Stoms slender, terete. Sheathing scales acumi- nate or aristate . . . 20. i2. leptocarpoides. Stems terete. Sheathing scales obtuse . . . . 2\. R. umblt/colcus. Stems flat. Spikelets almost globular .... 22. 7?. trcmulus. R. abortivus, Nees in Pl. Preiss. ii. 60, described from a male specimen of Preis8's from Cape Riche, is unknown to me and the genus must remain uncertain. R. curvulns, Nees in Ann. Nat. Hist. ser. i. vi. 50, described from a Swan Eiver male specimen of Druramond's first collection, is without doubt one of the species of Rcstio or Leptocarims here included, but the character given is insufficient for identification. Sectiox I. Choristogtnta. — Stems inuch branclied. Male spike- li'ts several-flowered, sessile along the brauches. Female spikelets 1- flowered, terminating the brauches or peduucles, or few sessile along the branches. 1, R. fastigiatus, R. Br. Prod. 246. — Rliizome creeping, wooUy- liairy. Stems erect, slender, froni 1 to above 2 ft. higli, divided iu tlie upper part iuto uumerous erect sleuder flowering branches. Sheathiug scales closely appressed ; lower floweriug bracts nearly as loug as the spikelets. Spikelets numerous, terininal or sessile along the branches or sometimes all pedunculato in the females, very uarrow, about 2 liuea long. Grlumes obtuse or shortly mucrouate, often ciliate, especially the outer empty oues. Male flowers several in the spikelet. Periauth- segments 6, naiTow, neaidy equal. Stamens 3. Female spikelet re- sembling the male except that the glumes are more mucrouate and empty, with a single terminal flower. Perianth-segmeuts as in the males all liuear aud rigid, but the 3 iimer oues broader, more closely imbricate, envelopiug each other aud the ovary. No stamiuodia. Ovary 2-celled, the style elongated with rather short stigmatic brauches. — F. IMuell. Fragm. viii. (37 ; R. laterijlorus, Nees iu Sieb. Pl. Exs. n. 42, uot of R. Br. and erroueously referred by Spreng. Syst. Cur. Post. 26 to R. tropicus ; Calorophus Sieherianus, Steud. Syn. Grlum. ii. 265. N. S. TVales. Port Jackson, R. Broivn, and many others. The female specimens are very rare in collections, some gathered by G. Moore have the habit and inflorescence of the males, in others gathered by Ai-mstrong the spikelets are all solitary and terminal or on long peduncles. In all the females I have examined the spikelets are 1-flowered, although the glumes are nearly as numerous as in the raales. 2. R. megalotheca, F. Mnell. Fragm. viii. 99. — Stems erect, brauching, 1 to 2 ft. high, terete or nearly so, usnally slightly oanescent aud s.triate. Siieathiug scules closely appressed, obtuse or with a short fiue poiut. Malc spikelets terminal or sessile aloug the small branches of a loose pauiele, several-flowered, narrow-ovate and about 1\ lines Loug in some spccimens, broader and 2 lines loug iu others. Q-luraes dark browu, the oiiter empty ones short broad with rather long points, the floweriug ones gradually narrower with shorter points. Perianth- segments 6, liucur, the 2 outeroues complicate, the others flat. Female Restio.] CXLII. EKSTIACli-jE. 223 spikelets teriiiinal, with rarely a sessile one lower down, about -4 liues long. Grlumes uot uumerous, broad, 2 or 3 outer oues mucli shorter aud obtuse, the uext acuuiinate. Flower solitary and terminal- Pe- rianth-segmeuts -1 to G? broad aud thiu, the outer not much shorter thau the glume, tlie iuner graduully mucli shorter and soinetimes very small. Ovary 2-celled ; style as in B.fastigiata elongated, rather thick, with 2 siiguiatic brauches ratlier shorter than the entire part. Capsule broad, thiek aud hard, fully 2 lines diameter, opening at the angles. — Megalotheca striata, F. iMuell. 1. c. W. Australia. Drummond. \st coll. and n. 950 ; also suppl. n. 103 and w. 186. — Miisters only found 4 perianth-segments in the female flower of the specimen he examined ; in the one I examined there appear^d to be 2 outer and 3 iimer ones, but the specimens are in fruit and the remains of the perianth much broken. Section II. Stachtqtnia. Stems various. Female spikelets, where known, containiug several flowers as well as the males. 3. R? tropicus, R. Br. Prod. 246. — Rhizome not seen. Stems stout, uudividfd, above 2 ft. high. Sheatliing scales closely appressed, acute. Male spikelets very numerous in a much branched thyrsoid or pyratuidal pauicle of -i to 6 iu., iiearly sessile aloug the almost filiform branches. all of a rather light shiuiug brown, about 2 lines long. Glumes almost scarious, broadly lanceolate, tapering to a fine point, 1 or 2 outer ones shorter and erapty. Perianth segments 5, 2 outer ones uarrow, acuraiuate, complicate, 3 iuner oues shorter broader hyaliue aud aluiost obtuse. Pemale plant uukuown. N. Australia. Gidf of Carpentaria, R. Brown. The female plant being unknown the genus of this species must remain imcertain, it may verj' possibly be a Leptocarpus, the male inflorescence is however very diflerent from that of any other species of either genus. 4. R. applanatus, Sprcng. Syst. i. 185. — Ebizome very densely tufted, shortly horizoutal in the specimens seeu. Stems simple, rigid, slender, slightly compressed, 2 ft. high or more. Sheathing scales closely appressed, mostly obtuse ; the floral bracts suiall and short. Male spikelets numerous in a short terminal panicle, the short but very unequ-.ti brauches clustered within the bracts aud more or less divided, Periauth-segments 5 or 6, narrow. Female panicle more crowded than the male, the spikelets nearly globular, dark brown, about 1| lines diameter. Glumes ovate, obtuse. Flowers not very nuuierous, the lower oues often reduced to erapty periauths and the lowest glumes quite empty. Perianth glabrous or slightly ciliate. Ovary usually 3- celled. Styles free almost from the base, long and involute. Staniinodia 3. Capsule uormal. — F. INIuell. Fragm. viii. 09 ; R. com- pressus, R. Br. Prod. 245, not of Eottb. W. Australia. King George's Souad, i?. Brown, also in Brummond^s collection> the number illegiblc but morc like 104 than 707. Sprengers name, sclected without having seen the plant, is very inappropriate» for the stem though compressed is not flat. 224 cxLii. BESTiACEiE. [Bestio. 5. R. monocephalixs, B. Br. Prod. 245. — Ehizome creeping, wooUy-hairv Steins in the typical forra siraple or with a few floweriug branches in the upper part, about G in. high, eacli stem or branch terminating in a single or rarely 2 apikelets, but a few specimens show a variety or luxuriant state attaiuing 1 ft. with several even as many as 25 spikelets in a narmw panicle. Sheathing scales short, loosely obovate or oblong, obtuse, spreading upwards. Spikelets dark-coloured, from broadly ovate to almost oblong, about 3 liues loug, the males usually narrower thau the females. Glumes oblong, obtuse, often loosely hairy outside as well as the perinnths. Perianth-segments iu both sexes usually 6, narrow, rather obtuse. Stameus exserted. Staminodia iu the females very unequal and variable. Ovary 2-celled ; styles at first conuate at the base at length free or nearly so. Capsule opeuing at the edges. — Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 70, t. 135 ; R. oligocephalus, P. Muell. Pragm. viii. 68. Tasmania. Derwent Eiver, R. Brown ; not uncommon in various parts of thc Colony, /. B. Hooker, and others. A specimen of Labillardiere's in herb. DC. is also probably from Tasmania. G. R. dimorphus, B. Br. Prod. 246. — Rhizome creepiug, but the woolly hairs not abundant. Stems sleuder, 1 to 2 ft. long, divided into weak branches all floriferous, often from near the base. Sheathing scales rather broad, loose and open almost from tbe base, spreading upwards, obtuse and glabrous ; floral- bracts shorter than the spikelets. Male spikelets numerous, ovate, sessile or nearly so within the bract, distaut along the brauches or terniiual, about 2 liues loug. Grlumes obovate or oblong, acumiuate witli a rather short poiut, not at all or scarcely ciliate, several outer ones empty. Periantli-segments 6. Filaments shortly callous at the base but no rudiment of the ovary. Pemale plant : Spikelets fewer and more distaut, all sessile and 1- flowered iu the specimens exaniiued but with several empty glumes. inuer glumes acumiuate, 1| liues loug, with rather long puiuts, Periauth-segments 5 (or 6 ?), oblong, obtuse, uearly equal. Ovary iu the specimcns examined 2-celled, or according to Browu 3-celled. Styles united at the base. Capsule hard, broad, opening at the sides and frequently 1-celled by abortion and theu very oblique. — F. Muelh Fragm. viii. 68. N. S. Wales. Port Jackson, B. Broivn, Siehcr, n. 40 ff«ft?44, C. J!f(/or( and others. Queensland ? The specimens from Moreton Island referred by F. Mueller to this species have similar slender stems and open sheaths, but the branches terminate in single male spikelets much longer than in the ordinary i?. dimorpJms. They are however iu a very imperfect state. • 7. R? confertospicatus, Steud. Si/n. Glum. ii. 256. — Khizome densely turted, scarcely creeping. Stems erect, simple or with short flowering branches clustered in the bracts, from under 1 ft. to about 1\ It. high, tomentose and shortly villous or at lengtli glabrous. Sheathiug scaU^s loose aud open from the base, spreading upwards, obtuse witli or without a sinall point, usually cottony-ciliate ou the margin. Eloral bracts broad, all except the lowest shorter thau the Jtfisfio.] CXLir. EESTIACE^. 225 spikelets. Male inflorescence commencing from below the middle of the steni. Spikelets sessile iu dense tufts or heads of 3 to 8 or 10 or rarely solitary, the heads either all sessile and distant, or here aud there a peduucuLate head issuinfT from the» same bract, or in other spfcimens several peduncles or branches clustered with the sessile head, each bcaring 1 to 4 heads or solitary spikelets, each spikelet narrow- ovate, 2^ to 3 liues long. Grlunies uarrow-ovate, ciliate at the eud, with a rigid point or short awu, 3 or -i lovver glumes empty. Periauth- segtnents 5 or 6, all narrow, the inner ones very thiu. No rudimentary ovary. Females uukuown. W. Australia, Bnonmotid, «. 341 ; sand plains, Upper Kalgan River, F. Miieller. The species appears in many respects allied to R. dimorphus. 8. R. ? sphacelatus, R. Br. Prod. 2i6. — Stems erect with flexuose bvi:iches, terete or very slightly compressed, rigid, glabrous, 6 to 8 in. liigh. Sheathing scales appressed, slightly ciliate, rouuded at the eud, with a small poiut. Male spikelets all terminal, ovate, dark-coloured, scarcely 3 Unes long. Grluraes ovate, obtuse or with very short poiuts, 2 or 3 outer ones empty. Periauth very flat, seginents 5 iu the flowers examiued, 6 according to R. Brown, 2 outer ones linear complicate, 3 inner lauceolate and flat. Filaments rather loug. Rudimentary ovary minute. Females uuknown. W. Australia. Lucky Bay, R. Brown. Apparently allied to R. deformis. 9. R. deformis, B. Br. Prod. 245. — Rhizome creeping, the white wooUy hairs copious, but sometimes wearing off". Stems uuder 1 ft. high, terete, erect aud simple or with few flexuose brauches, quite glabrous. Sheathing scales appressed, dark browu, tapering to a short fine poiut. Floral bracts broad and acuiniuate but closely embraciug the base of the spikelet or short peduucle. Male spikelets ovoid, dark-coloured, about 4 liues loug, terminating the brauches and usually 1, 2 or more sessile or shortly peduucuhate lower dowu. Grlumes rather broad, acumiuate with rigid poiuts very short on the inner glumes rather loug on the outer oues, the k)west empty glumes short. Perianth-seginents 5, slightly ciliite, 2 outer ones narrow, complicate, 3 iuner flat aud uarrow-lauceolate. Kudiment of the ovary minute. Female inflorescence simihir, but the spikelets rather smaller, with several flowers. Perianth-segments uot ciliate. Ovary 2-celled. Style 2-cleft. Capsule 2-celled aud reguhar, or 1-celled by abortion and oblique. W. Australia. Lucky Bay, R. Brown ; also Drummond, n. 96. 10. R. crispatus, P. Br. Prod. 246.— Very near B. deformis, but taller and more slender, the short flexuose flowering branches numerous, giviug it almost the a.^pect of a Caustis, the rhizome glabrou.s or uearly so, with several barreu flexuoie brancliing stems. Sheathing bracts and iuflorescence of B. deformis. Male spikelets ovate, about 2 liues VOL. VII. Q 226 cxLii. RESTiA.CEiE. [EesHo. long. Perianth-segmer.ts narrow. G-lumes with short rigid points. Female spikelets about 3 lines long, narrow. Grlumes aeuminate. Flowers 2 in the spikelet examined. Perianth-segments 6. Capsule of the lower flower 1-celled by abortion, very oblique, the style bipartite, in the upper flower 2-celled and regular. W. Australia. Lucky Bay, E. Brown. 11. R.? nitens, Nees in Pl. Preiss. ii. 59. — Rhizome creeping, with very little wool, the imbrieate seales ou the rhizome and base of the stem very rigid and shining brown. Stems under 1 ft. high, panicuLite and flexuose abnost from the base, quite glabrous. Sheathing scales rather loose, obtuse or shortly pointed or one below the branches closely appressed. Spikelets in our specimens numerous, sessile or on short rigid erect pc:lu!.clc:-, globular and scarcely 2 lines diameter, apparently female, but all diseased except a few young buds in which I iound 6 perianth-segments rather short and broad, 2 outer concave, the others flat, no stamiuodia, and a 2-celled ovary terminating in 2 short poiuts ; in all the other heads both in Drummond's and in Preiss'a specimens the ovaries are converted into ovoid acute utricles fiUed with black granules {Tlredo Restionis, Nees). W. Australia. Swan River, Brimmond, \st coU., Preiis, u. 1696, perhaps all the specimens frora the same gathering, as Preiss and Druramond were for some time together. 12. R.? gracilior, F. Muell. Rerh. — Rhizome creeping, with very little wool. Stems slender, 1 to 2 ft. high, erect with several erect branches, quite glabrous, sulcate-striate. Sheathiug scales narrow, closely appressed, obtuse. Male spikelets 7-ather numerous, termiiial and sessile along the slender branches of a loose panicle, all erect, shining brown, ovate or ojjlong, about 3 lines loug. G-lumes lauceolate, acutely acuminate. Perianth-segments 0, all narrow, 2 outer ones concave, the third aud the 3 iuner ones flat. Anthers shortly exserted. Pemales uuknowu. W. Australia, Brmmnund, w. 68 and 71. The habit is nearly that of the eastern R. gracilis. 13. R. chaunocolens, F. Muell. Fragm. viii. G4. — Rhizome thick, shortly creeping, densely covered with a vvhitish wool not concealeH by scales. Stems erect, simple, slencier but rigid, terete, glabrous, often above 2 ft. high. Sheathing scales narrow but loose above the middle, acute and often produced into a fiiie point. Male spikelets uumerous, in a terminal interrupted spike, either simj^le or with short erect branches, all sessile aud erect or with a pedunculate one in the same bract, each spikelet about 2 lines long, containing but few flowers. Glumes ovate-lanceolate with a tine point very sliort on the inner oues, 2 or 3 outer glumes empty. Perianth-segmeiits 5 or 6, 2 or 3 outer ones very narrow-linear, rigid, concave or complicate, 3 inuer liuear- lanceolatc flut and very thin. Fomale spikelets much few^er, narrow, ResflO.] CXLII. KESTIACEiE. 227 4 to 5 lines long, containing usually only 2 or 3 flowers, with several empty ^lumes. Perianth often 2 lines long, the 2 outer segments complicate with the dorsal lceel dilated upwards into a scarious jagged or ciliate wing as iii Leptocarpus tenax^ 3 inner segraents lanceolate flat and thiii. Stainir odia 3. Ovary broad flat. retuse, 2-celled ; styles united at the base, stigmatic in the upper half only. Capsule flat, thick, emarginate, about \\ lines long and broad, openiiig at the edges. W. Australia, Brummond \st coll. and n. 948 ( u Tasmania. Derwent River, Ji. Broicii ; waste places throughout the island, abundant, /. I). Mooker and others. TV. Australia. King George's Sound, R. Broioi, and adjoining districts, Preiss. >/. 1709, Drummoiid, ». lOV, 391, Oldjield, F. Jl/m- ^to- and others ; Blackwood River, Forrest ; Swan River, Miss Lukin. Some of these westem spccimens are precisely Hke the eastern ones, the females with few spikelets about \ in. long, others have the female spikelets only 3 or 4 lines long, and rather numerous in a dense nar- row panicle of about 3 in., with many intermediate states. Brown described the plant from female specimens only from his three stations and failed to recognise the male plant. Labillardiere mistook for the malo that of Lijgiiiia barbata. 3. L. Brownii, Kooh.f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 73, t. 136. — Ehizome creeping. Stems erect or flexuose, simple, rather slender, from under 1 tt. to above 2 ft. high. Sheathing scales closely appressed, short and trun- cate. Male spikelets on short filiform pedicels, not numerous, of a rich brown, attaining about 6 liiies in leugth but often much shorter. Glumes loosely imbricate, acutely acuminate, nearly 2 lines long. Perianth-segments 6, 2 outer ones linear, concave, acute, 1 or 2 inner ones rather broad and flat very thin and denticulate, the others inter- mcdiate. Filaments short. Female inflorescence very compound aud compact, crowded into a short spike-like panicle, sometimes 1| in. long and interrupted at the base, sometimes reduced to a terminal head. Spikelets of 3 to 6 flowers (or 3 to 6 1-flowered spikelets) on a short coramon axis, but each flower within 1 or 2 bracteoles besides the sub- tending glume and tlie perianth ; the floral bracts, glumes, bracteoles and perianrh-segmenta all ovate, acutely acuminate and closely enveloping 234 cxLii. EESTiACE^. \_Leptocarpus. eachothftr.passinggraduallyfromtlie verypointedfloralbractsand lower • glumes of 2 Hnes to the broad scarcely pointed inner perianth-segments of under 1 liue. Stvle-brauches 3. — F. Muell. Fragm. viii. 91 ; L. simplex, R. Br. Prod. 250 (excl. syn. Forst. and Willd.) ; Nees in Pl. Preiss. ii. 63 ; Schoeiiodum simplex, Kunth, Enum. iii. 4i6 as to syn. 1?. Br., butnot the N. Zealand plant described. Victoria. From Port Phillip to Snowy Eiver, Gipps' Land, F, Mueller ; Wim- meru, J>;. 81 aiid 943 ; Albany and Stirling Range, F. Mueller, Maxwell, Muir ; Gordon and Vasse Kivers, Oldjidd. Tt is possible that this may prove to be a variety of L. anstatus, but the two appear to me to have been rightly distiiiguished by F. Mueller. Section II. HoMCEAKTHESis. Spikelets iu both sexes very small, clustered aloug the brauehes of a loug panicle. 8. I<. ramosus, H. Br. Prod. 250. — Rhizome unkuown. Stems terete, erect, divided into a few long erect branches, above 2 ft. high, and sometimes the flowering branches again mucli divided. Sheathing scales closely appressed, shortly acute, iu some speciraeus perhaps diseased, imbricate at the ends of the braaches. Spike-like pauicles deuse and uumerous iu a long uarrow interrupted panicle. Male spikelets very uumerous, small aud sessile iu clusters aloug the short brauches. Glumes less thau a line long, acutelj acumiuate, almost aristate, the upper ones scarcely exceediug the lower. Perianth- segments acumiuate, glabrous, the iuuer oues rather broader aud less acumiuate than the outer. The flowers examiued had ouly 4 segments and 2 stameus iu Dallachy's as well as iu Fitzalau^s specimens but they may very probably be sometimes 3-merous. Female iuflorescence the same as the male, but the spikelets still smaller and more deusely clustered. Glumes and 3 outer periauth-segments scarcely \ liue long, with fine points and glabrous or slightly ciliate, 3 iuner segments shorter, obtuse, deusely covered with a white woolly tomentum and closed over the glabrous ovary. Style filiform, divided to the middle into 3 or sometimes 2 stigmatic brauches. — F. Muell. Fragm. viii. 92. Queenslaud Endeavour Eiver, Banks aiid Solander, Rockingham Bay, Ballachy ; Daintree River, Fitzalan. 9. L. elatior, It. Br. Prod. 250. — Ehizome unkuowu. Stems above 2 tt. high, rather stout aud undivided iu the specimens seeu, Sheathiug scales closely appressed, acumiuate. Male specimens uot seeu. Female spikelets very small and numerous, of a rich dark brown, very deusely crowded ou the short branches of a long pauicle, the bracts uuder the sessile clusters and spikelets acuminate with long fine points usually exceediug the spikelcts. Spikelets about 1 liue long aud broad, the glumes acutely acuminate. Periauth-segments 6, under \ liue loug, all nearly equal aud quite glabrous or minutely ciliate. Ovary glabrous. Styles 2 or 3, free from the base or nearly so. Fruit about I line long, the pericarp readily splitting iuto 2 or 3. N. Australia. Gulf of Carpentaria and North Coast (Arnhem'8 Land ?) R. Browii. As observed in several other Restiace;e some diseased inflorescences have larger ilowers lillcd with the black granules of a fungus. Queensland. Daintree River, Fitzalan. 10. L. spathaceus, R. Br. Prod. 250. — Eliizome unknown. Stems erect, 2 ft. high or more, divided into few rigid and erect or more numerous sleuder somewhat flexuose brauclies. Sheathing scales closely appressed, acute or shortly acuminate. Spike-like panicles Leptocarpus.] cxlij. KESTiACEiE. 237 narrow and not much brauched, the small spikelets numerous and clustered along the branclies. Males in the specimens seen too im- perfect for examiiiation. Feraale spikelets ovoid, about 1 line long. G-lumes acutelj^ acumiiiate, rather spreading. Perianth-segmeiits 0, uarrow-lanceolate, acutely acumiuate, all glabrous. Style-branches 2 or 3. Pericarp thin. — L. desertus, F. Muell. Fragm. viii. 93. N. Australia. Giilf of Carpentaria, R. Browu ; sonrces of the Roper River, F. Miuller. The majority of specimens in both instances diseased with the fungus. 11 ? L. Schultzii, Benth. — E/hizome shortly creepiug, densely woolly, emitting numcrous slender almost filiform much branched barren stems under 1 ft. high, and rigid erect simple or slightly branched flowering stems attaining 2 ft. or more, deusely aud softly cottouy-villous as well as the rhachis of the pnnicle. Male spike-like panicle slender, narrow, not much branched, but only commencing flowering in our speciineus, the young spikelets narrow, 1| to 2 lines loug. Glumes acuminate with scarious margins. Perianth-segmeuts 5 or 6, the outer ones narrow and acuminate, the iuner broader thinuer and almost obtuse. Stameus 3. Females uuknown. N. Australia. Port Darwin, Schultz, n. 309. 7. HYPOL./ENA, E. Br. (Calorophus, Labill. Calostrophus, F. Muell.) Flowers dioecious, the males several together or rarely solitary, the females solitary, in spikelets with imbricate glumes and no bracteoles. j\Jale flowers : Periauth-segmeuts 6, uarrow, glumelike or tliin. Stamens 3, filaments filitbrm ; authers 1-celled. Female flowers: Perianth-segments (except in H. longissima) 6 or 4, short broad and very thin, almost hyaline. Staminodia 3 or ncne Ovary 1-celled, with 1 pendulous ovule ; styles or style brauches 2 or 3, filiforin, stig- matic from below the middle, Fruit a small ovoid or obovoid inde- hiscent uut. — Stems usually much-brauched aud ofteu flexuose, lenfless except the sheathiug scales which are persistent. Male spikelets either solitary or 2 together withiu distaut bracts along the branches, or several iu a terminal pauicie. Females solitary or 2 or 3 together at the end of the branches. Besides the Australian species of which one is also in New Zealand, there are several from South Africa. Sect. 1. Calorophus. Malespikelettsolitary or2together,l sessile,theother shortly pedicellate, u-ithiii dislant floral bracts. Male spikelets 1-flowered l. IT. longissima. Male spikelets several-flowered. Female spikelets terminal or sessile, 2 to 3 lines long. Eastern species 2. H. lateriflora. Female spikelets pedicellate, 1 line long. Westem species 3. ff. gracillima. 238 cxLii. SESTiACB^. [Ri/polcem. Sect. XI. EuhypolEena. Male spikelets all pedieellate in a small panicle. Female spikilets terihiiial so/itari/ or in clusters of 2 or 3. Style-branclies longer tlian the entire part. Eastem species. 4. H. fastigiata. Style-branches shortor than the entire part. Westem species. 5. H. exsulca. Srction I. Calobophus. Male spikelets solitary and sessile or 2 together, oue sessile the other pedicellate, within distant floral bracts, as in Besiio deformis and its allies. Female spikelets solitai'y or few. 1. H. longissima, Benth. Stems slender, much-branched, flexuose or twining, " often climbing to the height o£ several yards,'' the whole plant quite glabrous. Sheathing scales appressed, often dark-coloured, the lower ones about \ m. long and obtuse or with deciduous points, the upper ones and floral bracts gradually smaller, with short fine re- flexed points or subulate laminse. Male spikelets usually 2 together within the distant bracts. Glumes 2, shorter than the solitary flower. Perianth-segments lanceolate, with a small usually inflexed point, the 3 inner ones nbout l^ lines long, the 3 outer shorter. Stamens 3 round a rudimentary ovary. [Female spikelets solitary and terminal or on long peduncles, 1-flovvered like the males. Glumes few, acuminate. Perianth of 6 or sometimes 4 nearly equal lauceolate acuminate segments nearly 2 lines long. Receptacle thick. Staminodia 3 or sometimes 2, rigid and persistent. Style branches 3 or 2. Nut hard, ovoid, about 1 line long — Calorophus elongatus, Labill. Pl. Nov. Holl. ii. 78 partly ; Calostrophus elongatus, F. Muell. Fragm. viii. 86. Tasmania, (LabillardiereJ ; foot of Mount Lapeyrouse, G. Stuart. LabiUardiere'a description is evidently taken partly from this, although chiefly from the following species which he figures. 2. H. lateriflora, Benth.— ^&ievcvs. slender, very much branched and flexuose, sometimes nearly erect and under 1 ft., sometimes climbing to tlie height of 4 or 5 ft. Sheathing scales closely appressed, the upper ones as well as the floral bracts or sometiraes nearly all with short subulate reflexed tips or filiform hxminaj. Male spikelets usually 2 togethcr within the distant floral bracts aloug the branches, one sessile the other shortly pedicellate, few flowered with 1 or rarely 2 empty glumes. Glunies thin, acute or acuminate, often slightly woolly- ciliate. Perianth-segments 6, narrow, nenrly equal, the outer ones more acute than the inner. No rudiment of the ovary. Female spike- lets 2 to 3 lines long, solitary within the 1, 2 or rarely 3 uppermost bracts. Glumes few, lanceolate, acutely acuininate, rigid, about l^ lines long. Perianth of G or 4 broadly ovate very thin and hyaline segments, the inner ones scarcely longer than the ovary, the outer gradunlly rather hirger. Styles 3 or 2, di>tinct from the base. Nut ovoid-globular, sessile on a thick receptacle. — Bestio lateriflorus, R. Br. Prod. 247; Calostrophus lateriflnrus, F. Muell. Fragm. viii. 87; Calorophus elonrjatus, LabilL PL Nov. HolL ii. 78. t. 228, partly ; Hook. f. FL Tasni. ii. 75 ; Lepyrodia elongata, Spreng. Syst. Cur. Post. 36; Leptocarpus squarrosus and Restio crispatus, Nees in Sieb. Agrost. n. 38, 39. IJi/polcenn.'] cxLii. RESTiA.CE^. 239 Qneensland. Moreton IsLmd, F. MnelUr ; Moreton Bay, Lekhhardt ; Brisbane River, Jlui/e//. N. S. \Vales. Port Jackson, R. Browii ; barren spots in the interior, A. Cun- twigham ; New England, C. Stiiart. Victoria. From Brighton to Gipps' Land and ascending the Australian Alps to 6000 ft. F. Mueller ; Mount William, SuHira». Tasmania. Table JMountain (Mount Wellington), R. Brown ; abundant throughout the island /. I). Mooker. Also in New Zealand. After F. Mueller I have preferred Brown's specific name to Labillardifere's, as the latter appears from his description to have contounded the preceding and the present species undcr one name. 3. H. gracillima, Benth. — Stems mucli-branclied, more slerder and intricate than in H. laterijlora, and attaining according to Oldfield 5 or G yards, though usually much sinaller. Lower slieathing scales appressed, the upper ones and floral bracts loose, with a short fine re- flexed point or lamina. IMale spikelets usually 2 together within the distant floral bracts as in H. laterlflara, one sessile the other pedicellate, several-flowered, narrow-ovate, 2 to 3 lines long, Outer empty glumes 1 or 2, rather rigid, with a rigid dorsal point ; floweriug ones very thinly scarious but with a prominent dorsal point, the margins slightly 2-lobed at the top. Perianth-segments nairow, scarious, obtuse, the outer ones l^ lines long, the inner ratlier shorter. Female plant still more slender. Spikelets scarcely above 1 liiie long, on recurved pedicels projecting 1 or 2 lines beyond the floral bract. Glumes about 3. Perianth-segments 6, very thin and hyaline, broad and rather longer than the ovary. Styles 3 or sometimes 2, distinct, recurved. — Calo- strophus gi-acUJimus, F. Muell. Fi*agm. viii. 88; Calorophus eJongalus, Nees in Pl. Preiss. ii. 68 as to the western plant only, not of Labill. TV. Australia. King George's iSound and neighbouring districts, Preiss, «. 1711, 1714, Drummond, Oldjield, F\ Mneller and others, and perhaps the same species, Murchison River, Oldfield. The male plant is not unlike the slender specimens of that of H. hiteriflora, but the female (if correctly matched which I believe it to be) is very difi"erent, most re- markable for its minute pedicellate spikelets. Section II. Edhtpoltena. Male spikelets all pedicelLite in a small panicle as in Eestiu leptocarpoides and several species of Leptocarpus. Female spikelets terminal, solitary or in clusters of 2 or 3. 4. H. fastigiata, R. Br. Prod. 251. — Stems much-branched, rather slender, erect or ascending and flexuose, from under 1 ft. to near 2 ft. high, glabrous or with a short loose wliite tomentum especially in the inflorescence. Sheatiiing scales dark-coloured, appressed, mostly with a short erect point. Male spikelets all pedicellate in a terminal panicle, oblong-linear or at length narrow-ovate, ahout 3 lines long or rather more when fully out. Grlunies of a rich brown, rather broad with a short point, a few lower ones empty. Perianth-segnients Q, 2 outer nnes complicate and acutely keeled, the third lanceolate flat and 240 cxLir. EESTrACE^. [Hypolcem- rather acute, the 3 inner rather shorter and more obtuse. Anthers almost sessile, dorsally attached very near the base to the very short fila- ment. Female spikclets solitary and terminal or rarely 2 or 3 clustered together, 2 to 3 lines long. Grlumes much more acuminate than in the males. Perianth-segments 6, thinly scarious, very broad aud only about as long as the ovary. Styles shortly connate at the base. Nut hard, sessile on a thickeued receptacle. — Hook. f. Fl. Tasra. ii. 74, t. 137 ; F. Muell. Fragm. viii. 8i ; Bestio clavafiis, R. Br. Prod. 246. N. S. Wales, Port Jackson, R. Broivn and many others. Victoria. Glenelg River, Sobertson, Port Phillip and neighboiirhood, F. Mueller and niany others ; Grampians, Sidllvan. Tasmania, R. Brown ; abundant in sandy places where wet in winter, J. I). Hookcr and others. S. Australia. Guichen Bay and Encounter Bay, F. Mueller. 5. H. exsulca, R. Br. Prod. 251. — Male plant closely resembling H. fasti(jiata, tlio stems usually less branched and the much-branched barren ones rare, the white cotton of the infloreseence very scanty or none, the spikelets rather broader, the periauth and stamens the same. Female plant more rigid with flexuose brauches. Spikelets either solitary and terminal or more frequently 2 or sometimes 3 together near the ends of the branches, each 4 to 6 lines long. Glumes lanceolate with long points, at first of a bright brown, but when fully out more rigid and as the fruit ripens the outer ones becoming white, Perianth- segments broad and thiu scarcely exceeding the ovary aud shorter than the fruit. Style elongated, the 3 branches shorter than the entire part. Nut ovoid, hard, on a thick receptacle as in other species. — Nees in Pl. Preiss. ii. 69 (?) ; K. fastifjiata, Nees, 1 c. (also ^) ; R. Eseji- heckii, F. Muell. Fragm. viii. 86; Restio clavatus, Nees, l.c. 58 (3), not of li. Br. ; II. grandiuscula, F. Maell. Fragm. viii. 85 (spikelets browu but young) ; Restio vacillans, Steud. Syn. Grlum. ii. 255. TV. Australia. Kiiig Gporge's Sound, R. Broivn, A. Gminingham, F. Mueller and others and thence to Swan River, Briimniond \st coll. and :>. 337 ((?) and 338 ( 2 ) Preiss,n. 1703, 1783 and others. In Brown's Prodromus the letters J. M. D. are, probably by some clerical error, affixed both to H.fasti(;iata and H. exsulca, which he soems at one time to have re- garded as one species, but his herbarium as well as his diagnosis clearly show that lie mcant to apply the former name to the eastern, the latter to the western plant. In all the flowers I have examined the diiference in the style independently of other characters has appeared constant. 8. LOXOCARYA, E. Br. Flowers dicioeous or monoecious, the males several togetlier the females solitary, in spikelets with imbricate glnmes and no bracteoles. Male flowers : Perianth-segments 6, glume-like or thin aud abnost hyaline, fiiaments filiform or fiattened, anthers i-celled. No riidiment of the ovary or rarely a small one in the terminal flower. Female Loxocari/a.] CXLII. eestiace^. 241 flowers : No staminodia. Perianth o£ 3, 4 or G short broad very thin segmeuts or none. Ovary 1-celled with 1 pendulous ovule. Style simple, filitbrm, stigmatic from bclow the middle. Fruit a small ovoid cr obovoid usually hard nut, indehiscent except in L. cinerea. — Stcms usually much bratiched and often flexuose, the branches often deusely clustered, the shealhiug scales pcrsistent. Male spikelets either ter- minal or 2 or 3 distant along tiie branches and sessile ; females, solitary and terminal. The genus is limited to West Australia. Female perianth-segments 3 or 4 (where known). Flowering branches long and slender. Glabrous \. L. densa. Softly villous 2. L. vestita. riowering branches short and cluatered. Stems above 1 ft. Male spikelets 1 or 2 sessile on the branch besides the terminal one. Females on the same specimen 3. Z. virgata, Stems under 1 ft. Male spikelets solitary on the fili- form branches appearing lateral fi-om the bract continuing the branch, or few in very irregulai" dicho- tomous cymes 4. Z. pubescem. Female flowers without any perianth within the enclosing glumes. Spikelets solitary on peduncles densely clustered with leaf- like barren branches 5. L.fascieulata. Flowering branches elongated, flexuose, with distant sessile spikelets. Stems glabrous or with very few scattered hairs . . . Q. L.flexmsa. Stems more or less scabrous-pubescent. Nut dehiscent . 7. L. ciuerea. 1. L. densa^ Benth. — Stems quite glabrous, considerably above 1 ft. high, with numerous long slender flexuose branches tuberculate- scabrous. Sheathing scales rigid, appressed, i to f in. long. Male spikelets usually several, sessile and distant at the ends ofthe branches, verynarrow anderect, about 3 liues long, Grlumes brown, 1 or2outer ones empty with long points, the flowering one.s few, with short points. Perianth-segments broadly linear, with dark centres and scarious mar- gins, 2 outer ones concave, the 3rd and 3 iuner ones flat. Filaments flattened. Female spikelets 1 or 2 ouly at the ends of the branches, very nari'ow, about 4 lines long. Glumes usually about 4, the outer ones with long the inner with short points. Perianth-segments 4, 2 outer ones about 2 lines loug, broad aud very obtuse, very thLn but slightly coloured, 2 inner oues much shorter and broader and quite hyaline. Style undivided, with a long thick stigmatic por- tion. — Galorophus densus, jN^ees. in Pl. Preiss. ii. 67. W. Australia. Swan River, i);7. 1723, F. Mueller, Oldfield. Drummond's specimens, n. 356, referred here, may possibly be diseased females. The stems are taller, the clustered simple branches short, the nuraeroussessilespike- lets only 1 to If lines long, giumes very obtuse, completely enveloping the small ovary, containing a deformed ovule and mucronate by a short rudiment of a style. 6. L. flexuosa, Bentli. — Stems glabrous or loosely sprinkled with a few hairs, mostly under 1 ft. high, with numerous flexuose rather long branches. Sheathing scales appressed in the lower part of the stem, broader and looser or worn away under the branches. Male spikelets several, sessile and distant along the branches, scarcely 2 lines long at first, narrow-ovate when fully out, many-flowered. Perianth-segments 6, narrovv. Female spikeletsl or 2 to each branch, very narrow, rather above 2 lines long when fully out. Glumes 2 outer ones shorter than the others with ratherlong points, about 4 inner ones acute or obtuse, broad but each one closely roUed round the uext and the innermost round the ovary. No periautti or staminodia. Style undivided with a long stigmatic portiou. Nut with a hardened apex. — Bestioflexuosus, E. Jir. Prod. 247 ; Calorophus flexuosus, Nees in Pl Preiss. ii. 68 ; G. crispatus, Nees, 1. c. 07 ? excl. syn. E. Br. W. Australia. King George's Sound, R. Browu {$), A. Cuiiningham and others ; and thcnce to Swan and Murchison rivers, Bnanmoiid, Isf cnll. and n. 840, ulso n. 96, Freiss, n. 1717, 1718, 0/f^>^(/ and others ; Dirk IIartog'8 Island, Milner. The northem specimens are generally more rigid with thicker stems and branches than the southem. and the males sometimes assume the aspect of some species of Re^tio allied to li. dimirphuf, the southern more slender ones come nearer in habit to some states of L. piibvsceiis, but as fiir as I have ascertained the absence of the female perianth seeraa consta nt. 7. L. cinerea, B. Br. Prod. 249.— Stems uuder 1 ft. high with numerous flexuose rather long branches, all scabrous, dotted and often B 2 244) cxLii. EESTiACEiE. [Loxocari/a. loosely pubescent. Sheathing scales broad and loose, short or worn away under tbe panicle. Male spikelets usually several, sessile and diatant along tlie brancbes, ovate, about 1| lines loug, many-flowered. Glumes ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or very shortly aristate, 1 or rarely 2 lower ones empty. Perianth-segments 6, narrow-linear, hyaline, all equal or 1 or 2 ratlier longer than the others. Fe- male spikelets terminatiug short branches or peduncles, very narrow, about 2 lines long. Glumes few (about 5) broad and closely rolled round each other enclosing the ovary as in L.flexiiosa, the outerinost one shorter and aristate, the innermost one also short but obtuse. No perianth or staminodia. Style long, undivided, stigmatic from below the middle. Fruit at iengtli dehiscent on one side. — Oaloroplius asper, Nees in Pl. Preiss, ii. 67 ; Hypolcena pubescens, Nees 1. c. 69, partly. W. Australia. King George's Sound and adjoining districts, li. Brotvn, Old- field, F. Mnelkr and others, and thence to Swan River, Lrummond, n. 340, Prviss, n. 1694, 1716, 1721, and others, eastward to Mount Barren, Phillips and Garner Eivers, Maxwell. 9. LEPIDOBOLUS, Nees. Flowers dicecious, both males and females several together, iu spike- lets with imbricate glumes and no bracteoles. Perianth of 5 or 6 narrow glume-like or scarious segments. Male flowers : Staniens 3 ; filaments filiform ; anthers 1-celled. Female flowers : No staminodia. Ovary 1-celled, 1-ovulate ; styJe simple, filiform, stigmatic from below the middle. Fruit a small indehiscent ovoid or obovoid nut. — Stems simple, erect or flexuose, the sheathing scales very deciduous leaving distant annukr scars. Spikelets solitary and terminal, or in the males with 1 or few others lower down. The genus is limited to extratropical Australia. Rhizome creeping. Stems slender. Spikelets 1 or 2. Male spikelets nearly giobular, about 3 lines diameter. Glumes scarcelj' ciliate, with very short joints . . \. L. drapetocolcm, Male spikelets ovoid, ^ to f in. long. Glumes ciliate, rounded or acute, with fine points 2. Z. Freissianus, Stems rathor stout, dcnsely tufted. Male spikelets 3 or 4, globular, ^ in. diametor. Glumes ciliate, rounded or truncate, with very fine points 3. Z. chcetocephalus. 1. L. drapetocoleus^ F. Ifuell. Fragm. viii. Si. — Ehizome creep- ing, woolly-hairy. Stems in our specimens all simple, slender, flexuose, 1 ft. long or more, glabrous, witb a few short brown sheathing scales persistent at the very base, the others all very deciduous leaving brown annular scars. Male spikelets solitary and terminal or with a second pedicellate one lower dowu iu the axil of a deciduousfloral bract, all broadly ovate, about 3 lines long. Glumes oblong, acuminate, Avith a short point, the outer ones broader, but very few empty. Perianth- segments scarious, about l^ lines long, all iiarrow but 2 outer ones Lepidololus.'] cxlii. niESTiACEiE. 245 ratlier broader upwards concave and ciliate, the others flat. Anthers exserted. Some specimeus probably female but diseased have broader spikelets enclosiug au utricle filled with the black granules of a fungus. Victoria. Glenclg River, MobcrtsoH ; Grampians, F. Muelhr. S. Australia. Onkaparinga River, i". Mueller. 2. L. Preissianus, Nees in Pl. Preiss. ii. 66. — Ehizome creepiug, woolly-hairy. Stems about 1 ft. high, rather sleuder, simple, erect or flexuose, glabrous, with a few short persisteut scales at the base, the rest very deciduous leaving distaut scars. Male spikelets solitary aud terininal or a secoud sessile oue lower dowu, at first ovoid and \ in. loug but at length oblong aud | iu. Grlumes very uumerous, rigidJy scarious, the outer oues broad, the iuner gradually uarrower, almost acute and termiuatiug in tiue poiuts. Periauth-segmeuts 6, liuear, the inuer ones rather louger thau the outer. Female spikelets longer and narrower. Glumes loosely imbricate especialiy the outer empty ones, 1 or 2 of the lowest broad, almost without points, the upper empty, eudiug as well as the floweriug oues in loug rigid poiuts. Periautli- segmeuts usually 5, 2 outer ones complicate aud keeled, the 3 iuuer shorter aud broader aud flat. Style long, stigmatic from below the middle. — F. Muell. Fragm. viii. 83. W. Australia. Swan River, Brimmond, Ist colL, Frciss, n. 1755 ; Murchison River, Oldfield. 3. L. chsetocephalus, F. Muell. Fragm. viii. 84.— More rigid than L. Preissianus, the rhizome not elougated, the bases of the stems deusely tufted. Male spilielets or heads 2 to 4, 1 termiual tlie others sessile, alinost globular, \ in. diameter when fully out. Glumes oblong or the outer ones broader, all rounded or truucate and ciliate at the end, with very fiue points. Periauth-segmeuts usually 5, narrow, scarious, nearly equal. Female spikelets much shorter thau iu L. Preissianus, with very few empty bracts. Upper flowering glumes ouly seen iu fruit, broadly ovate, ciliate, with fine points. Nut included in the perianth, the style already falleu away. W. Anstralia. Swan River, Drummond, Ist coll. aiid n.QS^i; Murchison River, Oldjeld. 10. CHiETANTHUS, E. Br. (Prionosepalus, Steud.) Flowers dioccious, the males uuknown. Female flowers several together in short spil\elets with imbricate gluraes. Perianth of 8 outer linear hvaliue segmeuts, with 3 iuner hair-like. No staminodia. Ovary 1-celled, 1-ovulate ; style simplc, stigmatic from below the middle. — Stems simple, with persistent closely appressed sheathing scales. Spikelets small, crowded in a termiiial cluster. The genua is limited to a single species, endemic in "Wcst Australia. 246 cxLii. EESTiACKffi. [Chatanthus. 1. C. leptocarpoides, R. Br. Prod. 251. — Male plant unknown. Female plaut : stems densely tufted, slender, undivided, about 1 ft. high. Sheathing scales narrow, closely appressed, mostly with short fine erect points. Spikelets about l^ hnes loug, glabrous, of a dark brown, rather numerous but collected in a terminal ovoid brauching but conipaet cluster 3 or 4 lines diameter aud sometimes rather long. Flowers 6 to 8 or even more in the spikelet, a few outer empty glumes and the outer flowering ones dark browu and acute, the iuner glumes betv\ een tlie pedicels very thin hyaliue and narrow. Periauths on very short cylindrical pedicels on a flat receptacle, 3 outer linear segments about 1 liue long, the 3 inner hair-like segments about half as loug. Style scarcely exceediug the perianth. Fruit apparently an indehiscent nut, but not seen ripe, — F. Muell. Fragm. viii. 97 ; Frionosepalum Gilberti, Steud. Syn. Grlum. ii. 26G (the style described as an ananthe- rous stamen). XV. Australia, King George's Sound, R. Browti, and probably in the same neighbourhood, Lrummond, n. 392 ; Busselton, Pries. 11. ONYCHOSEPALUM, Steud. Flow-ers dicecious, both sexes several together in solitary terminal spikelets, with imbricate glumes. Periauth-segments in both sexes 3, very thin and hyaline, contracted into chxws. Stamens 3 ; anthers 1- celled. Ovary stipitate, 1-ovulate, with a simple slender style, stigmatic in the ujDper portion. Hipe fruit unknown. — Stems simple, without sheathing scales except at the base. The genus is limited to the single Australiaa species. 1. O. laxiflorum, Steud. Syn. Glum. ii. 249. — Stems from a densely branched aud tufted base erect, slender, 6 to 10 in. high, undivided and wathout auy sheathing scales except a few short imbricate ones at the base. Male spikelet many-flowered, ovate, 3 to 4 lines long, of a rather pale brown. Gluraes about 1^^ liues loug, rather broad with a fine poiut, often deciduous, leaving the flower exposed. Perianth- segments Hnear-oblong, shorter than the glumes, coutracted into distinct claws. Anthers exserted. No rudiment of the ovary. Female spike- let about the size of the raale, but with rather uunierous outer empty gluiuei^. broad brown and very rigid nearly 2 lines long besides a rigid point; flowering glumes also rather numerous. Perianth-segraeuts ]ike those of the maies or narrower, with a louger more capillary claw. — F. Muell. Fragm. ix. 51. TV. Aiistralia, Drummond, n. 325 (or 326) ancl Z21 . This plant has the aspect of some Cijperacea', but the single ovule is certainlj'' pendulous and the stj'le imdivided. Order cxliii. CYPERACE^. Flowers hcrmaphrodite or unisexunl, in little green or brown spikes called spikelets, consisting of several scale-like bracts called glumes, CXLITT. CTPEBACE^. 247 either distichous as iu Graminefe or imbrieated all round the rhachis, with one sessile flowcr in the axil of each, or the lower ones and sotne- times a few at the end empty. No normal perianth (except in Oreo- holus), but replaced in some genera by 6 or fewer, rarely more, bristles or small scales. Stamens 3 or fewer or rarely 4 to 6 or indefinite ; fila- ments free, filiform or slightly flattened ; anthers usually exserted from the spikelet, attaclied by their base, oblong or linear, with 2 parallel cells opening longitudinally, the connective usually more or less pro- duced beyond the cells into a small point or appendage. Ovary eutire, 1-celled, with 1 erect ovule ; style terminal, filiform or variously thickened at the base, more or less deeply divided into 2 or 3 rarely more filiform spreadiug or recurved branches stiginatic and papillose or rarely shortly plumose from the base, and therefore ofteu terined stigraas. Fruit a small seed-like nut, flattened when the style is 2- cleft, more or less distinctly 3-angled when it is 3-cleft. Seed erect, albuminous, with a small leus-shaped globular or ovoid embryo in its base. — Herbs often resemblitig in aspect the Restiacese or still more frequently the Grraminese, but usually stiffer thau the latter with soHd or very rarely slightly hollow stems. When perennial the rhizomea often emit short stoloiis covered with short sheathing scales, but rarely present in dried specimens taken at the tiiue of flowering. Leaves chiefly at the base of the stem, the outer or radical ones dilated at tlie base into open sheaths or reduced to sheathing scales in continuation of those of the rhizome, the inner oues as weli as tlie steni-leaves when present embracing the stem with closed tubular sheaths, the lamina usually narrow and grass-like, and soraetimes the steras quite leafless except a few sheathiug scales at the base. Spikelets either solitary or clustered and terminal or apparently lateral from the subtending erect bract apparently continuing the stem, or variously collected in simple or compound spikes umbels or pauicles ; when umbellate irregularly so, one spikelet cluster or partial umbel being always sessile, whilst the others are supported on peduncles or rays of unequal length. The whole inflorescence its brauches and the individual spikelets almost always subtended by bracts, the lower ones often long and resembling the stem leaves, the others gradually smaller, the inner ones and some- times all small and glume-like. A large Order, abundantly distributed all over the globe, but more especially in moist situations or on the edges of waters. Of the 33 Australian genera 18, many of them nimierous in species, are common to the New and the Old World either tropical extra-tropical or both, 7, of which only one {Gahnia) has more than 10 species are limited to the Old World, but represented in Asia or in both Asia and Africa, 6 are endemic, all monotypic or of very few species, bcsides Lepidospevma, a large genus almost endemic, being represented elsewhere only by a single South Chinese species. The delimitation of the larger hermaphrodite genera of Cyperaceae and the distri- bution of their numerous species as well asof the genera themselves into well-defined groups is attended with peculiar difficulty. Although the charactors separating the great typical genera €>iperus Hcirpm aiid Schrr»uf are constaut as to tho great ma- jority of species yet there are a few inturincdiate ones which have been equally well referred to the one or to the other. Some of the characters relied upon by the great 248 CXLIII. CTPEEACEiB. cjTierographers, Brown and Kunth, such as the presence or absence of hypogynous bristles, have in many instances broken down in consequence of the enormous encrease of known species since their time. Nees v. Esonbeck created some confusion by splitting up the genera upon minor characters which have proved still less con- stant, and that confusion has been very much encreased by Seuders most unsatisfac- tory compihition. Boeckeler, in the last volumes of the Linn///m(eus, whilst in Scirp/is t\>/peroide.s the glumes are often verj^ nearly distichous. From Schu;»ns it is generally distinguished by the habit and inflorescence. the flowers more numerous in the spikelets, the flowering ghimcs moro regularly distichous and the straighter rhachis of the spikelet, but none of these characters aro absolutoly constant. A few excep- tional intermediates occur among the spocies of both genera. 254 cxLiii. CTPEBACE^. [Cyperus. Sect. I. Pycreua. Spikelets flat ivith navicular keeled ghtmes. Style usnalhj 2-cleft. Nut morc or lessjlattened, with one edge next the rhachis. Nut ovate or obovate, not exceeding half the length of the glume. Dwarf tufted annual. Spikelets in loose clusters in an umbel of 3 to 6 rays. Keel of the glumes pro- duced into a straight or recurved point, the sides nerveless 1. C.puniihis. Perennial mostly under 1 ft. Spikelets 1 to 1|^ lines broad, in a single loose cluster or rarely 1 or 2 ' short umbel-rays. Glumes broad, obtuse, the sides dark or with a dark patch 2. C. eragrostis. Annual or perennial much under 1 ft. Spikelets 1 to \\ lines broad, few in the clusters in an umbel of few rays or all in one cluster. Glumes broad, obtuse, very pale or yellowish green 3. C.flavescem. Perennial, mostly under 1 ft. Spikelets narrow, in heads or clusters all sessile or in an umbel of few rays. Glumes rather narrow, almost acute, the sides of a pale brown 4. C. globosus. Perennial, 1 to 2 ft. Spikelets 2 lines broad, the clusters in an umbel of few rays. Glumes broad, rather acute, shining green or yellowish .... 5. C. tinioloides. Nut oblong, not exceeding half the length of the glume. Spikelets narrow, very numerous, in a dense sessile compound cluster, rarely with 2 or 3 elongated umbel-rays .... 6. C. pohjstaehijus, Nut broad, almost as long as the glume. Tall perennial. Spikelets loosely spicate and distichous along the rays of a large compound umbel 7. G.flavicomus. Sect. II. Juncellus. Spikelets flattened but usualhj thiek. Style 2-cleft or rarely Z-eleft. Kut ovate or broad, ivith a flat or concave face next the axis, the back eonvcx or with a raised central angle. Spikelets very numerous and closely packed in a smaU compound head with an involucre of long leafy bracts. Dwarf annual. Involucre of several bracts. Pericarp not thickened 8. C.pygmceus. Perennial, often 1 ft. high. Involucre of 2 very long bracts. Pericarp thickened at the base into a white prominent 2- or 3-lobed mass 9. C. cephahtcs. Spikelets few, in a single cluster, apparently lateral, the involucral bract continuing the stem 10. C. lcevigatus. Spikelets in chisters in a dense umbel of several short rays. Style hairy 11. C. platystyUs. Spikelcts small numerous, in dense spikes along the rays of a large compound umbel. Stems 3 to 4 ft. . . 12. C. alopecuroides. Sect. III. Eucyperus. Spikelets flat, the rhachis not winged or rarehj loith an ex- ceedinghj narrow border. Style Z-cleft. Nut equalhj triquetrous. Spikelots numerous, in a single small dense globular head, with an involucre of long slendcr bracts 13. C. pulcheUus. Spikelets spreading, pale-coloured, in a single sessile chis- ter or solitary. Glumes obtuse or very shortly pointed. Nuts short. (Graciles). Annual not exceeding 2 in. Spikelets 1 or 2 apparently lateral, one involucral bract continuing the stem . 14. C. tenelhis. Gi/perus.^ CXLIII. CTPEEACE-ffi. 255 Slender perennials. Spikelcts or clusters teiminal. Glumes "vrith 3 or 4 promincnt nerves on each side and scarcely any norveless margins 15. C, graeilis. Glumes with 1 or 2 nerves on each side near the keel and hroad nervelcss margins. Leaves almost filiform. Spikelets clustered. Nuts more thanhalf the glume 16. C. enervis. Spikelcts solitary or 2 together. Nuts scarcely half the glume 17. C. debilis. Glumes -with 1 norve on the middle of each side. Leaves linear, often 1 line hroad 18. C. lcevis. Spikelets numerous, chistered or capitate, the clusters or heads solitary or in an umbel of few rays. Glumes with a prominent straight or recurved point. Small annuals (Squarrosi). Keel of the ghimes ending in a short slightly recurved point, with a nerve on each side. Nuts narrow . 19. C. castaneus. Keel of the glumes ending in a long recurved point, the sides nearly nerveless. Nuts rather hroad . 20. G. cmpidatus. Glumes 3- or 5-nerved, tapering into a long recurved point, without nerveless margins. Nuts broad . 21. C. sqiiarrosus. Spikelets dark-coloured, clustered or capitate in an umbel of few rays or the chxsters rarely solitary. Nuts broad, as long as the glume (Nigricantes) . Spikelets small and numerous in dense globular heads. Glumes orbicular not \ line long 22. C. difformis. Spikelets spreading, in clusters of 3 to 6. Glumes above 1 line long 23. C. tetyaphi/llus. Spikelets pale or brown, clustered capitate or solitary on the rays of an umbel. Nuts broad, not above \ the glume (except C.Jilipes) (Compressi). Involucral bracts few, unequal, 1 or 2 longer than the infiorescence or all short. Umbel-rays few. Stems weak. Spikelets oblong. Glumes acutelykeeled, with 1 nerve in the middle of each side 24. C. tntiervis. Umbel-rays numerous. Stems erect, very angular or tiat. Spikelets small, linear, acute 25. C. Haspaii, Stems erect, leafy at the base. Spikelets very flat, ovate or oblong. Ghimes brown with white edges 26. C concinniis. Involucral bracts 6 or more long leafy and unequal. Umbel rays long numerous and slender. Spikelets solitary on each ray 27. C. Jilipes. Spikelets in cbisters of 3 or 4 on each ray . . . .28. C. pedunculosus. Involucral bracts about 6, nearly equal, rigid, erect or spreading. Umbcl many-rayed or reduced to a dense cluster. Stem leafless 29. C. vaginatus. Spikelets palo or dark brown, clustered on the rays of an tunbel. Nut narrow, nearly or quite as long as the glume (Fulvi). Spikelets small and few-flowered, in little globular clusters in a compound umbel 30. C. holoschcenus. Spikelets very flat, long and narrow linear, clustercd in a compound umbel. Glumes mostly obtuse . . 31. C. dactijlotes. Spikelets very flat, linear, clustered in a simple umbel or compound cluster. Gliunes tipped with fine points 32. C. Gilesii. 256 oxLiii. CTPEEACE^. [Gyperm. Spikelets rather thick, oblong or lanceolate. Glumes ohtuse or scarcely acute. Stems obtusely tri- quotrous. Spikelets 8 to 12-flowered. Glumes imbricate though rather loose 33. C fulvus. Spikelets 10 to 30-flowered. Glumes spreading scarcely imbricate 34. C. carinatus. Spikelets of 0. carinahiK. Stems stout, acutely 3- angled. Invohicral bracts 1 or 2 very long and scabrous 35. C. alternijlorus. Spikelets usually numerous, inloose spikes alongthe rays of a simple or compound umbel (Ornati). Spikelets flat, usually pale, the rhafchis of the spike minutely hairy 36. C. pilosus. Spikelets flat, of a rich brown. Glumes bordered by a scarious hyaline membrane 37. C. ornatus. Spikelets flat, pale brown or yellowish green, very ir- regularly spicate. Glumes very obtuse, loosely imbricate 38. C Iria. Spikelets flat, pale, densely spicate. Glumes loosely imbricate, the keel produced into a short point . . 39. C. eleusvwides. Spikelets very narrow-linear, loosely spicate and spreading, the glumes very narrow and distant . 40. C. distans. Sect. IV. Papyrus. — Spihelets flat or terete, the rhachis hordered hy scarious wingis, either persistent or at length more or lcss detached as small scales. Glmnes imbricate. Style Z-cleft. JSfut er/ually triquetrous. Spikelets shortly spicate or clustered on the rays of a simple or compound umbel. Nut not exceeding half the length of the glume (Corymbosi). Stems leafless or the sheaths bearing a very short lamina. Glumes concave, not at all or scarcely keeled. Nut more or less dorsally flattened 41. C. tegetiformis. Glumes keeled. Nut equally triquetrous. Stems transversely septate 42. C articulatiis. Stems continuous 43. C diphyllu.s. Stems leafy at the base. Spikelets rather flat, usually acute, shortly and rather looscly spicate or chistered 44. C rotundus. Spikelets linear, very flat, densely clustered or shortly spicate 45. C. stenostachyus. Spikelets slightly flattened, in very dense short spikes or clusters. Stems acutely 3-angled. Leaves rather broad with long points . . . . 46. C. cmgestus. Spikelets very narrow, scarcely flattened, in dense clusters. Stems obtusely triquetrous. Leaves very narrow 47. C. suhulatus. Spikelets clustered or shortly spicate on the raj's ofa simple or campound umbel. Nut usually nearly as long as the glume (Iiucidi). Spikelets small, 5 to 8-flowered, in little globular clusters. Stems obtusely triquetrous 48. C. sporobolus. Spikelets linear, scarcely flattened, 10- to 20-flowered, in closo chisters or heads. Steras obtusely trlquetrous. Spikelets usually few in the heads 49. C angustatus. Cyperus.'] cXLiii, CTPEEACEiB. 257 Stems stout, acutely 3-angled. Spikelets numeroiis in the heads 50. C. Nova Hollandia. Spikelets flat, ofa richbrown. Spikelets in globular chisters or heads, usually 8- to 12-flowered , .... 51. C Gunnii. Spikelets distinctly spicate, mostly 5- to 8-flowered . 52. C. lucidus. Spikelets in lengthenod spikes along the rays of a com- pound or rarely simple umbel. Spikelets flat. Glumes loosely imbricate. Nut more than half the length of the glume. Spikelets pale-coloured,10-to 16-flowered, therhachis scarcely winged 39. 0. eleusinoides. Spikelets of a rich brown, 3 to 8-flowered,the rhachis distinctly winged 52. C. lucidus. Spikelets flat. Glumes closely imbricate. Nut less than half the length of the glume (ESxaltati). Spikelets thick, H to 21ines broad, pale-coloured, 4- to 8-flowered 53. C. pennattis. Spikelets very flat, under 1 line broad, usually rich brown, 10- to 20-flowered 54. C. exaltatus. Spikelets narrow, linear-terete, 10- to 20-flowered. Nut less than half the length of the glume. Spikelets densely crowded, \ in. long or more. Glumes prominently 7- or 9-nerved .... 55. C. hcematodes. Spikelets loosely spicate, mostly under \ in. Glumes obscurely 3-nerved 56. C. auricomm. Sect. V. Diclidinm. — Spikelets narrow, tereteornearli/ so, open flexuose, sometimes 1-flouered, the rhachis bordered by hyaline icings embracing the nuts. Flowering glumes distant, narrow, elosely appressed to the rhachis. Sty'e 3-cleft. Nuts triquetrous. Spikelets rather rigid, with 6 or more flowers, in elon- gated spikes in a large compound umbel .... 57. C. ferax. Spikelets almost subulate, with 6 or more flowers, in short close spikes in an umbel of few rays 58. C. Bowmanii. Spikelets filiform, 3- or 4-flowered, in loose spikes in a large compound umbel 59. C. trichostachys. Spikelets mostly 2- or 3-flowered, in ovoid globular spikes in a simple umbel of few rays. Stems smooth . , 60. C. leiocaulua, Spikelets 1- or 2-flowered, in ovoid or cylindrical spikes in a compound umbel of manj' rays. Stems scabrous 61. C. scaber. Sect. VI. Mariscus. — Spikelets small, numerous, terete or scarcely flattened, \- or 1-flowered, the short enclosed rhachis bordered by hyaline ivings. Flowering glumes im- bricate ichen more than one. Style Z-cleft. Nut triquetrous. Spikelet usually with 2 perfect flowers, in small globular clusters in a compound umbel of many rays . . . 62. C. deeompositus. Spikelets with 1 or rarelj' 2 perfect flowers, in loose cylin- drical spikes in a compound umbel 63. C. Armstrongii. Spikelets usually with 1 perfect flower, in dense cylindri- cal spikes either sessile or pedimculate in a simple umbel 64. C. umbellatus. Spikelets usually with 1 perfect flower, in dense ovoid or 3-lobcd heads in a simpleumbel 65. C. conicus. The foUowing species have been supposed to be Australian by Kimth and Boeckeler, on the authority of specimens of Siebers Agrostotheca, which however all prove to be West Indian. Mariscus parviflorus, Nces in Sieb. Agrostoth., n. \()\=Cyperus luzulce, Rottb. Cyperus microcephalus, Nees in Sieb. n. 103 (C. Sitberin ns, Spreng. Syst. Cur. Post. 29). =C. turinamensis, liottb. TOL. TII. S 258 cxLiii. CTPEEACB^. {Gyperus. Carex Sieberi, "NeeBm Sieb. n. 104 {Mariscus rigidus, Spreng. S}'st. Cur. Post. 29) ^CyperusJlavus^^RcBckel.^Mariiicusfariis.Y^ahY). Cyperus ligularis, Linn. ; Sieb. Agrostoth. n. 106. C. spectabilis, Schreb. ; Kunth, Enum. ii. 73, was published as an Australian plant on the authority of one received at the garden of Erlangen from the Jardin des Plantes at Paris under the name of G. Paramatta, Mart. No such name occurs in the Catalogues of the Jardin, and Bceckeler in Linniica, xxxv. 605, identifies the plant with a Mexican species. Section 1. Pycreus, JSTees.— Spikelets several-flowered, flat with navicular keeled glumes, the rhachis iiot winged or with a narrow border. Style usually 2-cleft. Nut more or less flattened, with one edge next the rhachis. The section is a somewhat artificial one, the first five species having the habit of some of the Compressi, the C. polystachyus often resembling the C. rotundatus, and the C.favicoMtis hasthe habit of C procerus. 1. C, pumilus, Linn. ; Kunth, Enum. ii. 4. — A dwarf tufted annual, the stem seldom above 3 or 4 in. high, the leaves mostly shorter and narrow. Umbel simple or slightly compound, of 3 to 6 slender rays, the longest 1 to 2 in. long, besides the sessile clusters. Spikelets 6 to 12 together, in loose clustera or short spikes. luvolucral bracts generally 3, of which 1 or 2 longer than the infloresceuce. Spikelets resembliug those of C. cuspidatus, linear-lanceolate, very flat, rather acute, brovvn, 3 to 4 lines loug and under 1 liue broad, 16- to 20- flowered, the rhachis not winged. Glumes spreading, loosely iinbricate or rather distant, the green keel with a promineut nerve on each side, produced into.a short spreadiug or longer and recurved poiut, the brown scarious nerveless sides euding obtusely below the point. Stamens 2 or sometimes 1 only. Style 2-clett. Nut obovate, biconvex, with one edge next the rhachis, less than half the length of the glume. — G. nitens, Vahl ; BoeckeL in Linngea, xxxv. 483 ; G. breviciilimis, F. Muell. Fragm. viii. 267, not of E. Br. Queensland. Port Denison, Fitzalan; Eockhampton, ffShanesy. The spccies ia widely spread over tropical Asia and Africa. Boeckeler is evidently right in uniting as one species the first five of Kunth's Gyperi, described iiiider the names of G. hyalimis, C. nitens and C. membraiiaeeus, Vahl, C. ^^unctatiis, Roxb. and C. pumilus, Linn. The Australian specimcns belong to the var. patens, Bfjockcl. (C. patens, Vahl, not seen by Kunth), with looser spikes and rather narrower spike- lets than in the commoner East Indian fonns. 2. C» eragrostis, Vahl ; Kunth, Knum. ii. 7. — A perennial, flowering perhaps sometimes the first year, but formiug short slender creeping or ascending rhizomes, and sometimes with the short tufted aspect of G. Jlavescens, difFering from that species chiefly in the colour of the glumes. Stems mostly 6 in. to about 1 ft. high. but sometimes shorter or longer. Leaves shorter than the stem, all radical or extending nearly half way up. Spikelets either very few iu a sessile cluster, or more numerous iti a compound cluster or with 1 or 2 slightly elougated unibel rays each beariug a cluster. Involucre of 2 to 4 narrow bracts, I or 2 much longer than the iuflorescence. Spikelets flat, dark brown Cyperus.'] oxliii. ctperacejb. 259 or alraost black, oblong or broadly linear, 3 to 6 lines long and about 1 line broad with about 12 to 2-1 flowers, the rbachis not winged. Glumea loosely imbricate, rather spreading, broad, obtuse, with a more or less marked greenish keel, tlie sides nerveless, either a rich brown with narrow hyaline margins, or hyaline with a dark brown patch. Stamens usually 2. Style 2-cleft. Nut obovate, but varying much in breadth, bicouvex or nearly flat, one edge next to the rhachis, less than half the leugth of the ghiine. — Boeckel. in Linnrea, xxxv. 443 jE. Muell. Fragm. viii! 260 ; C. areolatus, U. Br. Prod. 216. Queensland. Brisbane River, 5a i/cy ; Boyne River, Sa!r<»j«M«. N. S. Wales. Port Jackson to the Blue Mountains, R. Brown, Woolls, Mrs Calirrf ; New England, C. Stuart ; Richmond River, C. Moore, Mr.i. Hodgkinson. Victoria. Mount Abcrdeen and Buffalo Range, F. Mueller ; and a dwarf form 1 to 2 in. high, Mitta-Mitta and Upper Humo Rivers, F. Mueller. S. Australia. Torrens River, F. Mueller, The species is widely distributed over East India, extending on the one hand to west tropical Africa, and on the other, more sparingly, to the Malayan Archipelago. Among the Indian forms Boeckeler distinguishes the larger ones with the elongated leafy stems rooting at the base under the name of C. atratus, Boeckel. in Linnaea, XXXV. 446, but the two forms are too much connected in Australia as in India by intermediates to be specifically separated. The South African C. Mundtii, Kunth, has been sometimes, but erroneously referred to this species. C. nitidus, Lam. II- lustr. i. 14.5, founded on an East Indian plant described and figured by Rottboell, Ic. et Descr. Pl. 29, t. 9, f. 4, is however evidently the larger form of C. eragrostis, and not the African C. lauceus, to which Boeckeler, Linnsea, xxxv. 462, refers it on the authority of a specimen in Vahrs herbarium said to come from Lamarck, but which cannot be considered as authentic. In this uncertainty it could only produce confu- sion to adopt Lamarck's older name for either species. 3. C. flavescens, Linn. ; Kuntli, Enum, ii. 5. — In the typical ]\Iediterranean form usually asmall tufted annual, but even there said by some to be pereunial and, in the Australian specimens referred to it with some doubt, perhaps perennial and above 6 in. high. Leaves nar- row, much shorter. Spikelets few together or rarely more numerous, in clusters in a simple umbel of 3 or 4 rays, or the whole reduced to a sessile cluster. Involucral bracts 2 or 3, of which 1 or 2 much longer than the inflorescence and narrow. Spikelets oblong or broadly linear, obtuse, flat, 3 to 4 lines long when fully out and 1 line or ratlier more broad, of a shining yellowish green when fresh, pale in the dried specimens, 12- to 20-flowered, the rhachis not winged. Glumes very obtuse and rather broad, with 3 or 5 nerves closely adjoining in a broad dorsal keel, the sides nerveless. Stamens said to be 3, but eer- tainly 2 only in the upper or nearly all the flowers of several specimens. Style 2-cleft. Nut flat, ovate, with one edge next the rhachis, about half the length of the glume.— Sibth. Fl. Gr. t. 47 ; Host. Gram. iii. t. 72 : Eeichb. Ic. Fl. G-erra. t. 278 ; Bceckel. in Linnsea, xxxv. 438. N. S. Wales, Wuolls ; Bowen Downs, Birch. The typical form belongs to thc Mcditerranean region and chiefly to its westem portion, but there are tropical African, Mascarene and a few East Indian spoeimens which, like the Australian ones abovc mcntioned, appcar to be referablc to the true S 2 360 cxLiii. CTPEEA.CEJ1. [Cyperti^. C. flavesceiis rather than to the C. rjlobostis. It is possible however that the Australian ones may prove to he an anomalous form of C. eragrostis without the dark oolour, on the glumes, and Siehers specimens, Agrostotheca, n. lOo, are not Australian. The Brazilian C. Olfersianus, Kunth, is scarcely to be distinguished from the typical C. flavesceHs, and some of the North American annual digjmous species are very near to it. 4. C. globosus, All. ; BoecTcel. in LinncBa, xxxv. 458. — A tufted perennial, the steras frotn under 6 in. to above 1 ft. high. Leaves shorter, very narrow, sometimes almost setaceous, the lower sheaths often broad. Spikelets 3 or 4 together or frequently more numerous, in clusters in aa umbel of 3 to 6 rays, either all short or the outer ones 1 to 2 inches long, or the whole reduced to a single sessile cluster. Involucral bracts 2 or 3, of which 1 or 2 longer than the inflorescence. Spikelets Hnear or linear-lanceolate, flat, rather acute, pale or dark brown, from 4 to 6 lines long and scarcely 1 line broad, 12- to 40-flowered, the rhachis uot winged. Glumes rather narrow, obtuse or almost acute, the keel pale-coloured, faintly 3-nerved, the sides brown, nerveless, sometimes with a light-coloured margin. Stamens usually 2. Style 2-cleft. Nut obovate or almost orbicular, biconvex, one edge next the rhachis, much less than half the length of the glume. — Reichb. Ic. n. Germ. f. 279 ; O. vulgaris, Sieb. in Kunth, Enum. ii. 4 ; F. Muell. Pragm. viii. 260 ; G. flavescens, Thw. Enuu). Ceyl. Pl. 342, and other Indian authors. Queensland. Lockyer and Brisbane Rivers, Hartmaim. Victoria. Upper Hume River, F. Mueller. The species is widely distributed over tropical and temperate Asia, extending to the Mediterranean region, and is also in east tropical Africa and the Mascarene Islands. It has been united by Thwaites with the C.flaresccns, and certainly a iew Indian specimens appear to connect the two, but generally speaking it seems very distinct in its taller more perennial stature, narrower more acute darker-coloured spikelets, and especially in the narrow glumes with brown sides. The Victorian specimens with dark-coloured spikelets come very near to the ludian C. Junriliuhnii Miq., reducedby Boeckel. in Linnaja, xxxv. 458, to C. nilagiricus, Hochst,, but the latter appears to be a variety only of C. globosus. 5. C. uuioloides, B. Br. Prod. 216.— A perennial, tufted or with a short creeping rhizome. Stems 1 to 2 ft. high, triquetrous. Leaves flat but narrow, rather rigid, mostly shorter than the stem, wit.i loug brown sheathiug bases. Umbel compound, of 3 to 6 rays, the longest 1 to 3 in. long, the spikelets 4 to 12 together in clusters or short loose spikes. Involucral bracts 2 to 4, 1 usually much longer than the inflorescence. Spikelets oblong-lanceolate or almost ovate, flat but rather thick, 4 to 8 lines long aud about 2 lines broad, of a shiuing yellowish green or pale browu, 12- to 20-flowered, the rhachis not wiuged. Glumes broad, rather acute, with a prominent greenish keel, the sides smooth and nerveless. Stainens usually 3. Style 2- cleft. Nut broadly obovoid or orbicular, biconvex with one edge next the rhachis, much less than half the length of the glume.— C. bromo- ides, Willd. MS. ; Kunth,Enum. ii. 8 ; C. angulatus, Nees ; Bceckel. in Linuaea, xxxv. 465 ; G. lanceus, F. Muell. Fragm. viii. 259, not of Cyperus.'] cxLiii. CYPERACEiE. ' 261 Thunb. ; C. luteolus, Eoeckel. in Elora, 1875, 82 (from the cliaracter given), Queensland, Shoalwater Bay, E. Brown ; Brisbane River, F. Mucller. Victoria. Upper Hume Kiver at an elevation of 3000 to 4000 ft., F. MuelUr. The species extends over Nopaul and the eastern provinces of India, it is also in Brazil and in South Africa, whero howcver tho true C. la/ioeus, Thunb., with more acute deep brown spikclets, is much moro abundant. 6. C. polystachyus, Eottb. Descr. et Ic. Fl. 39, t. 11. f. 1,— A tufted pei'cnuial. 8tems from under 1 ft. to above 2 ft. high, trique- trous but not very stout. Leaves narrow, much shorter than the stem, with short broad sheaths. Inflorescence usually crowded iuto a deuse sessile head or cluster with numerous spikelets, but aometimes forming a loose irregular umbel approaching that of some varieties of C. rotiindus. luvolucral bracts 2 to 4, of which 1 or 2 longer thau the inflorescence. Spikelets narrow-Iinear, flat, rather acute, 4 to 6 lines long and under 1 line broad, usually pale-brown, 20- to 30-flowered, the rhacliis angular and ofteu slightly winged. Glumes closely distichous, rather uarrow, obtuseor with the keel produced iuto a shortpoint, tbe sides indistinctly nerved. Stamens usually 2. Style 2-cleft or very rarely here and there 3-cleft. Nut narrow, bicouvex, not half so long as the glume. — K. Br. Prod. 214 ; Kunth, Enum. ii. 13 ; Boeckel. in Linnsea, xxxv. 477 ; F. Muell. Eragm. viii. 265. Queensland. Northumberland Islands, R. Broivn ; Sir C. Hardy Island, Henne ; Cni)e York, Daeinel ; Rockingham Bay, i>«^/ffc% ; Port Curtis, M'GilHvra// ; Bris- bane River, Moreton Bay, F. Mnelkr ; Rockhampton and various localities in S. Queensland, Bowman, and many others. N. S. 'Wales. Port Jaukson, li. Drown, WooUs, and others ; New England, C, Sluart ; Clarence River, Beckler ; Richmond River, C. Moore. Var. ? laxiflora. Spikelets loosely clustered, often stipitate and ahnost racemose or corymbose in an umbel of 6 to 10 slender rays, the longest often 2 to 3 in. long. Nut rather broader. — C. aiiuatihs, F. MueU. Fragm. viii. 270, not of R. Br. N. Australia. Arnhem's Land, F. Mueller. Queensland. Daintree River, Fitzalan ; Rockingham Bay, Ballachy. Thia variety has much resemblance with some of the looser flowered forms of C. rotundus, with small pale spikelets, but is readily distinguished by the style and nut. It may be a distinct species but is connected with the tjT^ical form by several Indian specimens. The species is cominon in the warmer regions of both the Ncw and the Old World, extending northward to the Mediterranean and S. China in the Old WorJd and to the Southem United States in America. 7. C. flavicomus, Mich. ; Kunth, Enum. ii. 15, — A tall elegant perennial, Stems prominently 3-angled, 2 to 3 ft. high. Leavesmuch shorter, rather narrow. Umbel large aud loose, often compound, the longer rays often 4 to 6 inches long, with numerous spikelets distich- ously spicate aloug the partial rays, Involucral bracts 3 or more, of which 1 or 2 much longer tlian thc infloresence, and the loweet some- times 4 or 5 lines broad. Spikelets spreading, lauceolate, flat, | to 1 262 • cxLiii. CYPEBACE^. [Gypevus. in. long, and at lengtli 2 lines broad, 12- to 20-flowered, the angles of the rhachis bordered by a narrow hyaline wing. Glumes spreading aud quite distiuct, giving the spikelet a pinuate appearance, broad, obtuse, the keel green, the sides smooth or pale and always bordered by a" white hyaline margiu. Stamens 3. Style 2-clett. JSlut broad, flat with one edge next the rhachis, nearly as long as the glume. — Eoeckel. in Linuaea, xxxv. 470 ; C. tremulus, Poir. ; Kunth, Euum. ii. 16 ; G. Hochstetteri, Nees ; Boeckel. 1. c. 471 ; G. patuUJlorus, Boeckel. 1. c. 473 ; G. ornatissimus, F. Muell. Fragm. viii. 265, ix. 54. N. Australia. Head of Sturt's Creek, F. Mmller ; Amliein's Land, 31'Einlay. The species is also in the Indian Peninsula, in tropical Africa and the Mas- carene Islands, and in Mexico and the southem United States of North America and is nearly allied to the more common Indian C. 2>uHcticnlaU(s, in which the glumes are more closely imbricate aud have not the white border. The N. American speci- mens have usually smaller spikelets and glumes than the Indian and Australian, but some Mexican ones and others from tropical Africa (correctly referred to C.ftavico- mnshy J. Gay), are quite as large as ia some of the Australian specimens. Section II. JuNCELLUS, Griseb. — Spikelets flattened but usually thick, with concave glumes, the rhachis not winged. Style 2-cleft or occasionally 3-cleft. Nut ovate or broad, with a flat or concave face next the rhachis, the back convex or with a raised central angle. This section is fairly marked in character, but not werj natural, the globose capi- tate infiorescence of the first two species is repeated in C. pulcheUu.s and in C. dubius and some other Indian ones, the lateral inflorescence of C. lcevigatus is excep- tional in the genus, C. alopecuroides has the habit nearly of C. exaltatus. 8: C. pygmseus, Botth. Bescr. et Ic. Pl. 20, t. 14, /. 4, 5.— A densely tufted low annual, the stem usually under 6 in. high. Leaves niostly shorter and very uarrow. Spikelets' small and exceedingly numerous, densely erowded into a globular compound head not exceed- ing \ in. diameter. Involucral bracts 2 or 3, embracing the head by abroad base, with leafy points of 1 to 3 in., and often a few of the inner bracts leafy and protruding more or lessfrom the head. Spikelets flat, ovate or oblong, about 2 lines or in luxuriant specimens nearly 3 lines long and 1 to 1| lines broad, 12- to 20- or even more-flowered without any empty glumes at the base, but subtended by a glume-like bract, the rhachis not winged. Ghimes pale greeu, shortly acuminate, prominently keeled, the sides more or less hyaliue. Stamens usually 1 only. Style 2-cleft or rarely 3-cleft. Nut ovate, shorter than the glume, the broad flat inner face next the rhachis, the back convex or, when the style is 3-cleft, with a dorsal raised augle. — Kunth, Enum. ii. 18; Boeckel. iu Linna^a, xxxv. 493; F. Muell. Eragm. viii. 268. N. Australia. Upper Victoria Kiver and Flinders Eiver, F. Mudlcr ; Charlotte Waters in Central Australia, Giles ; also in Mitchell district. Queensland, MitchcU. "Victoria. Ovens Biver, F. Mucller. Gyperv^.'] cxliii. ctpeeace^. 2G3 The spocies is abundant in tropical and subtropical Asia and in the Meditcrranean region, extendLng here and there into more temperate regions both in Europe and Asia, and reappearing in Mexico and Cuba. In Australia it retains the typicalform >vith flat spikelcts rcgularly distichous or the arrangement only here and thero slightly disturbed. _In the form the niost frequent in the Mediterranean region, the spikelet assumes an irregidar twist or the glumes are more or less arranged in 3 to 5 ranks, on which account it was rcferred by Linna3us to Sclrpus imder the name of S. Michelianus (Jsolepis 3Iicheliaita, Kunth, Enum. ii. 203) ; but Boeckeler is probably right in regarding it as a variety only of C. pugmmus. Several Indian specimens appear to be quite intermediate. F. Muell. Fragm. ix. 7, includes under Isokpis MicheHana this species and the Scirjms humillimtts, Benth, 9. C. cephalotes, Vald; Eunth, Eiimn. ii. 48. — Stems from about 6 in. to above 1 ft. high. Spikelets small and numerous, densely crowded into a sessile globular or conical compound head about \ in. diameter. Involucral bracts witli a lanceolate base, 2 or 3 very long often above 1 ft. Spikelets imbricate or at length spreadiug, pale coloured or varied with brown, flat, 2 to 3 liues long and 1 to 1\ lines broad, 10- to 20-flowered, the short rhachis not winged. Glumes rather spreading, concave or navicular, obscurely several-nerved, the acutely prominent keel sometimes minutely ciliate. Stamens usually 2. Style uudivided or unequally 2-cleft, rarely 3-cleft. Nut ovate, flattened, rather shoi'ter thaii the glume, tbe broad inner face next the rhachis, the back convex, the lower part of the pericarp thickened into a white cellular mass projecting in 2 or 3 lobes up the angles of the upper thin seed-bearing part, and falsely described as an adnate peri- gynium. — Anosporitm monocephalum, Nees ; Boeckel. in Linusea, xxxvi. 411 ; F. MuelL Fragm. viii. 272 ; Cyperm Hookerianus, Thw. Enum. Ceyl. Pl. 342. Rockingham Bay, Ballachy. Rather widely spread ovcr E. India. The thickening of the base of the pericarp is a curious anomaly, occurring in a few species belonging to difFerent groups of Ci/perus and in one species of Scirpus, and being unaccompanied by any other character, cannot be of importance enough to retain the very artificial genus as proposed by Bceckeler. 10. C. Isevigatus, Linn.; BoecTcel.in Linncea, xxxv. 486. — Rhizome usually creeping. Stems 6 in. to 1| ft. high, enclosed at the base in 2 or 3 brown sheaths, one of which is ofteu produced into a short erect rigid leaf. Spikelets 6 to 12 together or sometimes only 2 or 3, in a sessile cluster apparently lateral, the longest of the 2 involucral bracts being erect and continuous with the stem. Spikelets in tlie uormal aud ouly Australiau form of a pale greeu or ahnost white, lanceolate, or broadly linear, flat but rather thick, with a longitudinal groove ou each face, 4 to 5 rarely 6 lines long, about 2 Hnes broad, with often above 30 flowers, the rhachis not winged. Grlumes very closely imbri- cate, obtuse, broad and concave, the keel scarcely prominent and the nerves very faint. Style 2-cleft. Nuts broadly obovate or orbicular, flattened, the broad inncr face next the rluichis, mostly about half the length of the glume.— Rottb. Descr. et. Ic. PL t. 16, f. 1 ; F. MuelL Fragm. viii. 266 ; G. mucronatm, Eottb. L c. 10, t. 8, f. 4 ; Kunth, Euum. ii. 17 ; Pycreus lcevigatus, Nees in PL Preiss. ii. 72. 264 ' cXLiii. cYPEEACEJi. [Cypcrus. W. Australia. Swan 'River, Drummond, «,325, PmM, n. 1808. Widely Bpread over the warmer regions both of the New and the Old World, chieiiy in mari- time districts. The Australian specimens have all the typical pale-coloured spikelets. In the Mediterranean region the C. juHcifonnin, Cav., now generally recognised as a variety of lcBvigatws, with dark brown glumes more prominently keeled, is more common than the typical form, but is not in Australia. 11. C. platystylis,^. Br. Prod. 241 — Stems tufted, rather stout, not above 1 ft. high. Leaves rather broad, shorter and mostly much shorter than the siem, with flattened acutely keeled sheaths, Umbel very compact, of about 6 rays, the lougest under 1 in. Spikelets 6 to 12 in the clusters. Involucral bracts 1 or 2 longer than the inflorescence and one or two short. Spikelets brown, flat but rather thick, 4 to 6 lines loug, \\ lines broad, acute, the rhachis not winged. Glumesvery regularly distichous and imbricate, broadly concave, the lower ones obtuse, the upper ones acute, the keel slightly prominent sometimes produced into a short point, the nerves very faint. Style 2- or 3-cleft, flattened or triquetrous in the upper part, the angles ciliate. Nut oblong or oval-oblong, as long as the glume, the flat face next the rhachis, the back convex. N. S. Wales. Hawkesbury, R. Brotvn. The style is quite that of i^?mJrwj and others. N. S. MTales. Northem interior near Mount Aiton, A. Cunningham ; Liver- pool Plaiiis, C. Moore ; New England, C Stuart. Victoria. Mount Hope, Snowy River and Creswick Creek, F. Mueller. 27. C. filipes, BentJi. — Stems triquetrous, rigid, Ito 3 ft, high, leaf- less in tlie specimens seen except a single sheath at the base with a flat erect obtuse lamina of about 2 in. Spikelets single on tlie filiibrm rays of a compound umbel, the primary rays numerous mostly 4 to 8 in, long, oue or two spikelets sessile or nearly so in the centre of the umbel. Involucral bracts abuut 8, mostly about as long as thc rays and 2 or 3 lines broad, 1 or 2 short and narrow. Spikelets linear, flat, 272 cxLiii. CYPEEACE^. [Cyperus, 3 to 5 lines loug aiid scarcely 1 line broad, brown, 20- to 30-flowered, the rhachis prominently notched but not winged. Glumes rather broad, obtuse or shortly aud obtusely acuminatei the keel not very prominent, the sides 3- or 4-nerved without nerveless margins, 4 or more of the lower ones usually smaller and empty. Stamens 3, on sbort filaments. Style 3-cleft. Nut ovoid-oblong, obtusely 3-angled or dorsally flattened, as long as or longer thau the glume. N. S. 'Wales. New England and Macleay River, 0. Moore ; Clarence River, Wilcox. Notwithstanding the long nut this species appears to be most nearly allied to the following. 28. C. pedunculosus, F. Muell. Fragm. viii. 266. — Steras ratlier stout, triquetrous, from about 6 in. to l^ ft. high. Leaves few, longer than the stem, flat, 3 to 4 lines broad. Spikelets iu clusters of about 3 or 4, in a simple or slightly compound umbel of 6 to 12 rays, the longest 3 to 8 in. long. luvolucral bracts 5 or 6 or sometimes niore, as broad as or broader than the stem-leaves, and 1 to 3 of them much longer than the inflorescence. Spikelets linear-lanceolate, flat, green or lightbrown, 4 to 9 lines long, l^ lines broad, with about 20 to 30 flowers, the rhachis prominently notched but not w.inged. Glumes lanceolate, incurved, loosely but regularly imbricate, not spreading, the keel prominent, the sides nerveless or very faintly several-nerved. Stamens 3, with short filaments. Style 3-cleft. Nut broad, prominently 3-angled, much less than half the length of the glume. Queensland. Rockingham Bay, Ballachy. This and the preceding species have much the habit of the South American C. simplex, H. B. et K., but are both abundantly distinct in several respects. 29. C. vaginatus,^. Br. Prod. 213. — Stems fromahorizontal or creep- ing rhizome, rigid, terete or slightly striate, 1 to 3 ft. high, leafless except a few brown sheaths at the base, the innermost of which sometimes 3 to 4 in. long with a short erect lamina. Spikelets numerous in dense globular heads of about | in. diameter when fully out, in a simple umbel o£ several often many rays of i to 1\ in. or the inflorescence contracted into a sessile compouud cluster. Invohicral bracts usually 5 or 6, more nearly equal than in any other species, erect or spreading, usually rigid, 1 to 3 in. long. Spikelets very flat, of a rich brown, oblong lanceolate or linear, about 1 line broad, varying from 2 to 3 lines long with 12 to 20 flowers to 4 to 6 lines with 40 to 50 flowers, the rhachis not winged. Grlumes closely imbricate but spreading, acute, the keel prominent and pale coloured, the sides brown and nerveless. Stamens 2 to 3. Style 3-cleft. Nut very prominently 3-augled, rather broad, acute, less than half the length of the gUime. — Boeckel. in Linnsea, XXXV. 572. N. Australia. Nichol Bay, Herb. F. Mucller ; lagoons, Flinders River, F. Mueller. Qu^ensland. Plains of the Condamine, Leichhardt ; various localities in South Queensland, 0'ShaHesi/, and others. Cyperus.] CXLiii. CTPEEACEiE. 273 N. S. Wales. Pater8on's Eiver, R. Browu ; Lachlan and Macqiiarrie Eivers, A, Cumnnijham ; New England, C Mnore, C. Stiiart. S. Australia, Bchr. ; Spencer's Gulf, R. Brown ; Torrens River, F. Miailtr ; Central Australia, Gosses Expedition. W. Australia. Murchison River, Oldfield. Var. detisiflorus, Stema not so stout and more evidently striate. Involucral bracts much shorter. Heads of spikelets small and crowded into a dense compoimd sessile cluster. — C. gi/mnocaidos, Steud. Sjti. Ghmi. ii. 12 (erronoously described as digy- nous) ; C. cnieiformis, Boeckel. in Linn.x\'i, xx.w. 572 Victoria. Lalbert Lake and Murray River, F. Mueller ; Wimmera, Ballachy. S. Australia. Port Lincoln, Bowen ; Alice Springs, Central Australia, Giles. W. Australia. Brummond, n. 63, 334, 942; Champion Bay, Grei/. F. Mueller, Fragra. viii. 261, refers this species to the South Afi-ican C. textilis, Thxmb., that species however has a much looser and more comijound inflorescence, the involucral bracts lon*or and morc numerous, and the glumos of a pale colour ■with hyaline margins. C. raginatus is perhaps nearer to the C. marginatus, Thunb., but I think distinct from both. Li a few of Leichhardfs specimens and in one of Gosse's the spikelets are very long with numerous thin pale-coloured glumes scarcely keeled, but the flowers are all abortive and the spikelets therefore in an abnormal state. 30. C. holoschoenus^ R. JSr, Prod. 215. — Stems from a thick horizontal or creepiug rliizome, 1 to 2 ft. high, obtusely 3-angled. Leaves rather uarrow, sometimes iiearly as long as the stem. Spikelets smal], iu dense globular clusters or heads 2 to 3 lines diameter, in an irregularly compound umbel of 4 to 8 or even more rays, the longest 2 to 3 in. long. Involucral bracts 3 or 4, narrow, 1 to 2 of them longer than the inilorescence, the heads or clusters subtended by glume-like bracts. Spikelets flat, pale brown, shortly lanceolate or oblong, 1 to 1| lines long, and fully 1 line broad, with 5 to 8 or rarely more flowers, the rhachis not wiuged or with an exceedingly narrow- border. Glumes loosely imbricate, obtuse or almost acute, of a thin pale texture, striate with 2 or 3 fiue nerves on each side. Stamens 3. Style 3-cleft, Nut obtusely 3-angled, nearly or quite as long as the glume. — F. Muell. Fragm. viii. 2G2. N. Australia. Islands of the Gulf of Carpentaria, iJ. Broun ; Arnhem Land and XJpper Victoria River, F. Mueller ; between the Norman and Gilbert Rivers, Gulliver. Queensland. Barcoo Downs, Birch. 31. C. dactyloteSj Benth. — Stems usually rathcr stout and 2 to 3 ft. high, but sometimes more slender and scarcely above 1 ft., terete or obtusely 3-angled. Leaves rather long, but only sent with very few specimens. Spikelets numerous in dense clusters or hcads, in a usually compound but very variable umbel, the longest rays often 6 in. long, the partial umbels very dense, Involucral bracts several, of which 2 to 4 longer thaii the inflorescence and 2 to 4 lines broad at the base. Spikelets linear, flat, very regular, usually 6 to 9 lines but sometimes at least 1 in. long, scarcely 1 line broad, of a light brown sometimes almost golden colour. witli 30 to 50 or even morc flowers, the rhachis not winged. G-lumes loosely iuibricate, not very broad, obtuse oi- the keel produced iuto a minute point, the sides more or less distinctly 2- VOL. VII. T 274 cxLiii. CYPEBACEiB. [O^perus. or 3-nerved, without scarious niargins. Stamens 3. Style 3-cleft. Nut narrow, 3-angled, nearly as long as the glume. N. Australia. Attack Creek, M^Duugall Stuart. Queensland. Maranoa, Woolls ; Barcoo Downs. Schmidt, Birch ; Armadillo, Barton. 32. C. Gilesii, Benth. — Stems 6 in. to 1 ft. high, slender, slightly triquetrous. Leaves niucli sliorter. Spikelets in deuse clusters in a simple umbel of about 6 rays, the longer ones about 1 in. long, or tlie whole inflorescence condensed into a compound sessile cluster. Involu- cral bracts few, of which 1 or2 longerthan the infloresceuce. Spikelets linear or linear-lauceolate, very flat, elegantly pinnate, of a pale brown, ^ to nearly 1 in. long, above 1 line broad, 20- to 40-flowered, the rhachis slender, not winged. Grlumes loosely butregularly distielious, uarrow, obtuse, but the pale-coloured or almost hyalinekeel produced into a fine straight or 1'ecurved point, the sides very promiueutly 2- or 3-nerved, the lower glumes very deciduous, giviug the older spikelets a pedicellate appearauce, the 2 small ovate eiupty glumes remaining persistent at the base of the rhachis. Stamens 3. Style 3-cleft. Nut linear-obloug, more than half the length of tbe glume. Central Australia. Charlotte Waters, Gile.s ; Mitchell District, Eerb. F. Mueller, collector not named, 33. C. fulvus, B. Br. Prod. 215. — Stems from under 1 ft. to above 2 ft. high, obtusely 3-angled. Leaves narrow, sometimes as long as the stem. Spikelets 6 to 12 together in denseheads or clusters in a simple or compound umbel of 5 to 10 rays, tbe longest rarely 2 in. long. In- volucral bracts 2 usually longer than the infloresceuce and sometimes very long, witli 1 or 2 short oues. Spikelets very spreading, liuear- lanceolate, rather acute, flat but rather thick, of a golden brown or pale coloured, 2 to 3 or rarely 4 lines loug, about 1 line broad, 8- to 12- flowered, the rhachis not wiuged. Grlumes loosely imbrieate or at length rather spreading, narrow, obtuse or almost acute, with 2 or 3 prominent nerves on each side of the keel. Style 3-cleft. Nut oblong, 3-angled, more than half the length of the glume. — F. Muell. Fragm. viii. 268 ; G. Sieheri, Kunth, Enum. ii. 96. Queensland. East Coast, R. Brown ; Port Denison, Fitzalan ; Rockhamjjton and various localities in S. Queensland, Boirman, 0't>hane.si/, Ztichhardt and others. N. S. Wales, Leichhardt, Sieber, n. 630; Shoalhaven Gullies, C. 3Ioore ; Camden and Richmond River, IVoolh ; Gojinga Mountains, Victorian Fxpeditioti. Ceutral Australia. Charlotte Wators, Giles. 34. C. carinatus, B. Br. Prod. 216.— Stems 6 in. to \\ ft. high, obtusely triquetrous. Leaves much shorter, crowded in the tutts, rather broad, tapering to a fiue poiut. Spikelets in dense clusters or heads in an umbel of few rays, the longest 1 to 2 iu. loug. Involucral bracts 3 or 4, of which 1 or 2 louger than the inflorescence and 1 ofteii very long. Spikelets spreading, linear or linear-hiuceolate, flat but rather thick, with a loose piunate aspect, 4 to 6 liues loug or when old Cyperus.'] cxLiii. crPERA.CE.E. 275 rather longer, nearly 2 lines broad, 10- to 30-flowered, the rhachis not winged or scarcely perceptibly bordered. Glinnes not closely itn- bricated, short and rather broad, spreadiug, obtuse, the keel proiuinent and often produced iuto a short straight or recurved point, the sides 3- or 4-nerved. Stamens 3. Style 3-cleft. Nut obovate-oblong, 3-angled, more thau half the length of the glume. N. Australia. North Coast, R. Brown ; M'Adam Range, Jf^. Mueller ; between Norman and Clilbert Rivors, GuUiver. Queensland. Springsure, Wuth. N. S. Wales. Liverpool range, Leichhardt ; New England, C. Stuart ; Mudgee, Taylor. The species is very near C. fulrus with which it is united by F. Mueller, hut the glumes are much shorter and broader as well aa looser in the spikelets, giving the inliorescence a very different aspect approaching that of C. alterniftorus. 85. C. alterniflorus, R. Br. Prod. 216. — Stems rather stout, aeutely 3-augled, 2 to 3 ft. high. Leaves often longer than the stem, 2 to 4 lines broad at the base, with very scabrous edges. Spikelets deusely clustered as in the precediug species, but the common rhaehis often slightly elongated, the clusters becoming short dense spikes, in a compound umbel of 6 to 10 rays, the longest 3 to 4 in. long, or all short and dense. Tnvolucral bracts 1 or 2 very long, sometimes near 2 ft. and very scabrous like the leaves, with 1 or 2 short ones. Spikelets spreading, of a rich or a pale brown, linear, iiat, 4 to 10 lines long, nearly 1| lines broad, 10- to 30-ilowered, the rhachis not winged. Glumes narrow, spreadiug and very loosely irabricate, rather acute, the keel prominent, with 3 or 4 nerves on each side. Stamens 2 or 3. Style usually 3-cleft. ]Sut narrow, 3-angled, more than half the length of the glume. — C. picfus, Steud. Syn. Gium. ii. 43. Queensland. Shoalwater Ba.y, S.Brown ; Gracemere, 0'Shanesi/ ; King'sCreek, Bowman (with spikelets above 1 in. long and 50- to 60-flowered). S. Australia. Wulpena in the interior, F. Mueller. ■W. Australia. I)riimmond, n. 75 and 335. The species is allied to C. carinatus but readily knownby the stature, acute-angled stem and long scabrous leaves and involucral bracts. The C. pictus was foundld upon the wcstem specimens, but upon a careful comparison I am unable to dis- tinguish them from the eastem ones. 36. C. pilosus^ Vahl; Kunth, Enum. ii. 80.— Stems from a thick rhizonie 1 to 2 ft. high or ratlier more, stout and acutely 3-angled. Lcaves sometimes as long as the stem aud rather broad. Spikelets loosely spicate aloug the upper part of the rays oT a rather compact umbel of 7 to 10 or more rays, the longest 2 to 3 in. long, the rhachis of the s[)ikt's angular aud miuutely hairy, tlie ouly instauce of pubescenco observed in the geuus. Involucral bracts 4 or 5, of which one often vei-y long and the 2 outer oiies broad. Spikelets very spreadiug, of a pale brown, flat, liuear-lanceolate, about 4 lines long, 10- to 16-flowered, the rliacliis not winged or tlie auglos with au exceediugly narrow border. Giumes pinnately spreading, rather acute, with a green keel and uaually T 2 276 cxLiir. CTPEEACEiE. [Cyperus. 2 nerves on eacli side. Style 3-cleft. Nut broad, acutely 3-angled,less than lialf the length of the glume. — BoBckel. in Linnsea, xxxv. 598 ; F. Muell. Fragm. viii. 2G0. Queensland. Brisbane River, F. Mtteller. "Widely spread over tropical Asia. 37. C. ornatus, B. Br. Frod. 217. — Stems rather stout, 1 to 3 ft. high, obtusely triquetrous. Leaves long, but usually shorter thau the stem. Spikelets loosely spicate or almost racemose, occupyiug nearly the vphole of the secondary rays and some of the primary ones of a slightly compound umbel, the longest rays 3 to 4 iu. long. Involucral bracts usually 2 or 3 much longer than the inflorescenee, besides 1 or 2 short ones. Spikelets spreading, sessile or stipitate, of a rich brow^n, linear-lauceolate, 5 to 6 lines long, or in some Indian specimens twice that length, 1| lines brnad, 12- to 20-flowered in Brown's specimen, 30- to 40-flowered in some Indian ones, the rhachis angled and notchedbut not winged. Glumes navicular but obscurely keeled, at first imbricate at length slightly spreadiug, obtuse or scarcely acute, of a uniform shining brown, but bordered by a white hyaline margin sometimes very uarrow, eometimes broad at tlie apex. Style 3-cleft. Nut obovoid, triquetrous, about half the length of the glume. — C. procerus, Vahl according to Kunth, Enum. ii. 72, but not of Jiottboell; C. Heynei, Boeckel. in Linnsea, xxxv. 600. N. S. Vi^ales. Hawkesbury, R. Browii, Found also in the Indian Peninsula and in Ceylon. The species closely resembles a digynous species of the sections Piicreus generally referred to G. ptmcticulatus Vahl, and agreeing with his description, he does not howevcr mention the number of style-branches nor the shape of the nut. Rottboeirs C. pi-ocerus is probably a mere variety of C, rotuiidus. 38. C. Iria, Linn. ; Kunth, Enum. ii. 38. — Stems tufted, 6 in. to 1| ft. high or rarely more, triquetrous. Leaves flaccid, shorter than the stem or rarely one longer. Spikelets loosely and irregularly spicate aloug the rays of a simple or compound umbel, either occupying uearly the whole ray or almost crowded into a terminal cluster, the longer rays from 1 to 3 in. Involucral bracts 3 or 4, of which 1 or 2 sometimes longer than the mflorescence. Spikelets linear-oblong, obtuse, flat, 2 to 5 lines long, 1 to \\ lines broad and 6- to 12-flowered in the common form, tlie rhachis not winged. Grlumes loosely imbricate or at length distant, very obtuse, of a pale brown or yellowish green, the keel prominently 3- or 5-nerved, the sides broad and nerveless. Stamens 2 or 3, the filaments often united in a proiiiinent hypogynous ring at the base. Style 3-cleft. Nut obovoid, prominently 3-angIed, about as long as the glume. — Boeckel. in Linnsca, xxxv. 595 ; F. Muell. Fragm. viii. 266. N. Australia. Sturfs Creek, F. Muvlhr. Queensland. Port Denison, Fitzalan; Bowcn Down, Birch. Yax.fiavescciis. Spikelets fewer in the spike but longer, with 12 to 16 fiowerB, assuming nearly the aspect of C.fiareseeiis, although in some specimens 1 or 2 of the umbel-rays brcak out into the ordinary longer spike wilh few-flowered spikolets. Ct/perus.] cxLin. ctpeeace^. 277 Central Australia, Oossc ; Charlotte Waters, Giles ; near Mount Murcliison, Soiuiei/. The species is abundant in tropical Asia, extending northwards to China and Japan, and westward to East tropical Africa. 39. C. eleusinoides, Kunth, Enum. ii. 39. — Stems from a hard rhizome 2 ft. \\vj\\ or morc, acutely 3-augled. Leaves with long sheaths coveriug the lower part ot the stem, the lamina soraetimes short nari-ow and rigid, sometimes broad and as long as the stein. Spikelets in dense close spikes occupyiug the whole or nearly the whole of the partial rays of a compound umbel which is usually narrow and irregular, the longer priuiary rays often 6 to 8 in. loug and very erect. Involucral bracts few, 1 or 2 much longer than the iufloresceuce. Spikeletslinear, flat, regularly piunate, pale coloured, 4 to 5 or rarely 6 lines loug, rather above 1 line broad, with 10 to 16 or rarely more flowers, the rhaehis not winged or with a very narrow border. Grlumes spreading, loosely im- bricate or rather distant, somewhat scarious aud ofteu notched at the top, the promineut keel produced into a short point, and 2, 3 or rarely 4 nerves on each side. Style 3-cleft. Nut obovoid or obloug, promi- nently 3-angled, more than half the length of the glume. — Boeckel. in Linnaea xxxv. 596 ; C. xanthopus, Steud. in Flora, 1842, 595 ; F. Muell. Fragm. viii. 264 (partly). N. Australia. Nobo, GulUver. Queensland. Port Denison, Fitzalan ; Rockhampton and neighbourhood, Dallaeki/, 0' Shanesy ; Springsure, Wuth ; 'Lockjer'B\\e.T, Rartmann. The species is widely spread over East India and tropical Africa. 40. C. distans, Linn.f. ; Kunth, Enum. ii. 93. — Stems 1 to 2 ft. high, sleuder or rather stout, triquetrous. Spikelets at first iu uarrow dense spikes, expanding into loose simple or branched racemes, in a simple or compouud umbel. the rays few or raauy, sleuder or sometimea filiform. Involucre of few uarrow bracts, 1 or 2 louger than the iu- florescence. Spikelets very narrow, linear, ^ to 1 in. loug, loosely spreadiug wheu fully out, 10- to 20-flowered, the rhachis fili- form, not winged. Glumes distaut, appressed to the rhachis or rarely spreadiug, uarrow, obtuse, Ihe keel promiueut with 1 or 2 nerves on each side, the broad or narrow margins pale aud nerveless. Style 3-cleft. Nut oblong, 3-angled, nearly or quite as long as the glume. — Jacq. Ic. Ear. t. 299; Beauv. Fl. Ow. et Ben. t. 20; Boeckel. in Linnaja, xxiv. 612 ; F. Muell. Fragm. viii. 266 ; C. elatus, Rottb. Descr. et Ic. Pl. t. 10, not of Liun. Queensland. Herbert'8 River, Ballachy, Bowmnn ; Rockingham Bay, Dallaehy ; Rockhampton, 0' Shanesy. This species has something of the habit of a Diclidium, but the rhachis of the spikelets is not at all wingcd. It is ver\' widcly spread over the warmer regions of the New and the Old World. C. suhuIatuK, Siub. Agrostoth. n. 145 is referrcd herc by Kunth, but the synonymy is doubtful. All the specimens I have seen ave in a very imperfcct state, it certainly however is not C. fmbulatm Br., and is very probably "West Indian. 278 cxLiii. CTPEEACE^. \_Cyperus. Section IV. Papyeus, Nees. — Spikelets flat or terete, with navieular or coucave glumes, the angles of the rhachis bordered by scarious hyahne wings, decurrent from the margins of the giuine immediately above, and frequently (but not always in the sarae species) becoming more or less detached from the rhachis as the flowering advances, then assuming the appearance of small scales one on each side of the ovary and sometimes described as such, Style 3-cleft. Xut equally 3-sided or rarely (in G. tegetiformis) dorsally compressed. 41. C. tegetiformis, Roxh. ; Kimth,, Enum. ii. 56. — Ehizome creep- ing. Stems stout, 3 to 5 ft. high, triquetrous, the angles often acute in the upper part, leafless except the long loose sheathing scales at the base, the uppermost sometimes produced iuto a short lamiua. Spike- lets numerous and shortly spicate, iu a compouud umbel usually compact, thelonger rays scarcely 2 in. long, but sometimes iarger and looser. lu- volucral bracts few, 2 usually longer than the inflorescence aud rather broad. Spikelets linear, not much flattened, 5 to 8 lines long, about 1 line broad, 16- to 24-flowered, the rhachis bordered by wings becoming frequently detached. Glumes ovate-obloug, obtuse, concave, scarcely keeled, the nerves very obscure, brown witli pale but not hyaliue margius. Style 3-cleft. Nut oblong, about half as long as the glume, more or less flattened, the iuuer face next the rhachis, the back convex but scarcely angled. — C. Pmigorei, Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. Praef. 47, as to the Australian plant not of Eottb. ; C. enodis, Boeckel. in Linnaea, xxxvi. 271 ; C. spanio- phyllus, r. MueU. Fragm. viii. 260, not of Steud. N. Australia. Lower Victoria Eiver, F. Mueller. The species is also in East India. It has some of the characters of the section Juncellus but is too closely allied to the foUowing two species to be separated from them. The C. spaniop/n/llus Steud. is the C. malaccensis Lam., which has similar glumes but a leafy stem, the rhachis of the spikelets not winged and oqually 3-angled nuts. 42. C. articulatus, Litm. ; Kunth, Enum. ii. 53. — Rhizome often stoloniferous. Stems 1 to 2 ft. high, terete, marked with transverse septa which give it an articulate appearance, either leafless or the longest of the sheaths at the base produced into a short lamina. Spike- lets 16 to 20 or more iu loose clusters or short spikes iu a simple or compound umbel of several very unequal rays, the longest 2 to 3 in. long. Involucral bracts 1 to 3, very short, linear-lanceolate or lauceo- late. Spikelets linear, acute, slightly flattened, usually pale brown, varying from under \ in. to above 1 in. long, rarely 1 line broad, with from 18 or 20 to twice that number of flowers, the rhachis bordered by hyaline wings often at length deciduous. Glumes rather narrow, obtuse or rather acute, obscurely 3- or 5-nerved, the keel not very prominent. Style 3-cleft. Nut less than half the length of the glume, rather broad, triquetrous. — Boeckel. iu Linusea, xxxvi. 274. N. Australia. Port Essington, Armstrong. Widely spread over tropical Asia, Africa and America, extending to the southern States of the N. American Union. Cyperus.'] CXLlii. CYPJiEACEiE. 279 43. C. diphyllus, Retz, according to Bcecheler, in Linncea^ xxxvi. 273. Very closoly allied to G. artmdatus, and perhaps a variety, difFering chiefly in the stem which is usually taller and stouter and shows no traces of the transverse septa or so-called articulations. The other characters are the same as in C. articulatus, the inflorescence as loosc or sometimes close and compact, the spikelets, gluiiies, flowers and nuts the same, and the involucral bracts equally short. — C. Kosnigii, Vahl ; Kunth, Enum. ii. 54 ; C. corymhosus, Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. Prsef. 47 as to the Austrah'an plaut, not of Eottb. N. Australia. Port Essington, Armstrong. Central Australia, Gosse. Var. elatior, a stouter plant with a prominently S-angled stem and 1 or 2 of tho involucral bracts rather longer than the inflorescence. Queensland. Rockhampton, 0'Shanes>j. The species extends over a great part of East India. The var. elatior approaches the C. corymbosus, Rottb., also East Indian, but that species has much more developed involucral bracts as well as some other minor differences. 44. C. rotundus, Linn.j Kunth, Unum. ii. 58. — Hhizome creeping or stoloniferous, swelling here and there iuto tunicated tubers, the scales when worn away leaving annular scars or zones. Stems rather slender, usually 1 to H ft. high, but sometimes short, triquetrous towards the top. Leaves ratlier uarrow, much shorter thau the stem, the sheaths often long and loose. Spikelets usually 6 to 10 together in clusters or short spikes in an umbel of few rays, the outer ones sometimes slender and 2 or 3 in. long but more frequeutly the umbel rather dense and sometimes almost contracted into a compound cluster. Involucral bracts few, 1 or 2 longer than the inflorescence. Spikelets usually of a rich brown, linear, acute, compressed but not very flat, usually about 5 or 6 lines long and rather above 1 line broad, with 12 to 20 flowers, but varying to a much greater length, tlie rhaehis slightly flexuose and bordered by rather broad hyaline wings either persistent or at length deciduous. Glumes imbricate, not very broad, obtuse or rather acute, more or less distinctly several-nerved, with a prominent keel usually green. Stamens 3. Style 3-cleft. Nut obovoid, 3-angled, less than half the length of the glume. — R. Br. Prod. 216 ; Sieb. Agrostoth. n. 112; F. Muell. Fragm. viii. 269; Boeckel. in Linnjea, xxxvi. 283; C. hexastachyus, Rottb. Descr. et Ic. Pl. 28, t. 14, f . 2 ; C. littoralis, R. Br. Prod. 216 ; Sieb. Agrostoth. n. 109. N. Australia. Islands of the north coast, R. Broivn ; Amhem Land, F. Mueller. Queensland. Brisbane River, Moreton Bay, Rockhampton and numerous other localities in South Queensland, F. Mueller, ffShamsij, Mitchell and many others. ig_ s. Wales, Port Jackson to the Blue Mountams, R. Broivn, Woolls and others • New Eno-land, G. Stnart ; m the interior tu the north west, A. CHHningham and others ; and° to the Murray and Darling Rivers, F. Mueller, Dallachy, and otherg. 280 cXLiii. CYPEBACEJ). [Gyperus. Victoria. Murray River, F. Mueller. Central Australia, Charlotte Waters and Alice Springs, Giles. W. Australia. Murchison River, Oldfield. In some liixuriant specimens from Queensland as in some Indian ones, the stem is 2 ft. hi"-h. the umbel long and compound, the outer rays 3 to 6 in. long, the spike- lets atlen^th nearly 1 in. long with 20 to 30 flowers ; in other smaller specimena from Dampier's Archipelago, Walcut, and from Central Australia the spikelets are fullv 1 in. lono- ; in others again fi'om various localities the spikelets are rather small and the infloresence very irregular as in C. lonyus, but the shape of the spikelets and of the ghimes are those of G. rotiuidiis. The following varieties are at first sight more distinct, hut pass gradually into the more typical forms :— Var. carinalis. Spikelets rather long, the keel of the glumes green, broad and very prominent, sometimes winged, — Rockingham Bay, Ballachy. Var. paUidus. Spikelets short in loose spikes, very pale-coloured, the glumes almost hyaline.— Cygnet Bay, A. Cunniiicjham, Tambo lq Queensland, Wuth. This variety passes into, if it be not identical with, the European C. esculenius, Linn. ; Kunth, Enum. ii. 61, To it belongs also C. scariosus, R. Br. Prod. 216, as to one sheet of his specimens labelled N. coast, another sheet from the east coast is more like the common C. rotundus, though with smaller spikelets. The third sheet, from the Gulf of Carpentaria, belongs perhaps to the C. carinatus, the rhachis of the spikelets is nofc winged, The species is abundantly spread over the tropical and temperate regions of the New and the Old World, varying in many places almost as much as in Australia and sometimes difiicult to distinguish from C. esculentus, or from C. loiigus, but I do not think that the true C. longus has yet been detected in Australia. G. Luerssenii, Bceckel. in Flora, 1875, 86, from Port Denison, Amalia Bietrich, must be very near some of the slender drawn-up specimens of C. rotundus. Bwckeler places it next to C. dilutus, Vahl, but describes a very difl"erent inflorescence and structure, Stem slender, 1 to l^ ft. high. Leaves few, short, the lower ones re- duced to sheaths. Umbel simple of 4 or 5 filiform rays, 2 to 3 in. long. Spikelets alternate at the end of the rays, 13 to 16 lines long and ^ line broad, with 16 to 24 flowers, Glumes green and several-nerved on the back, purplish on the sides. Nut scarcely half thcir length. 45. C. stenostachyus, Bentli. — Rhizome thick and horizontal or creeping. Stems 2 to 3 ft. high. Leaves shorter, with rather long loose sheaths. Spikelets in clusters or short spikes in a rather compact umbel of several unequal rays, the longer ones 2 to 3 iu. long and often bearing a secondary but dense urabel. luvolucral bracts few, all shorter or one longer than the iuflorescence. Spikelets linear, very flat, of a rich brown, 4 to 8 liues long, under 1 line broad, with 16 to 30 tiowers, the rhachis bordered by scarious wings. Grlumes not broad, obtuse orthe keel produced into avery short point, with 1 or 2 prominent nerves on each side, the brown nerveless margin uaually rather broad. Stamens 3, Style 3-cleft, Nut obovoid, obtuse, trique- trous, not quite half the length of the glume. W. Australia. Brumniond, n. 935. The inflorescence and many characters are thosc of C. rotundus, but it is a much taller "plant, and the scarcely acute crowded spikelets are narrower and yet much flatter than ever observed in that species. 46. C. congestus, Vahl ; Kunth, Enum. ii. 87. — Stems rather Ci/perus.'] cxLiii. cypeeace^. 281 stout, 1 to 2 ft. liigh, acutely 3-angled in the upper part. Leaves sliorter than the atem, with rather loug sheaths, the lauiina often 2 lines broad, vvith long poiuts. Spikeleta numcrous, in very dense short spikes V to i in. dianieter, in an umbel of 3 to 6 or rarely niore rays, the longest 3 to 4 in. long, or the whole inflorescence redueed to a dense ses.-^ile compouiul cluster. Involueral bracts several, of which 2 or 3 longerthan Ihe infloreseence and the outer one sometimes 2 to 3 lines broad ; the bracts subtending the spikelets hyaline and persisteut. ISpikelets liuear, spreading, brown, slightly flattened, G lines iong or rather more, aud about 1 line broad wlieu fully out, with 10 to 10 or rarely more flowers, the rhachis bordered by scarious wings often partially deciduous. Glumes loosely imbricate but scarcely spreading, obtuse or abnostacute, keeled, with 3 or 4 nerves on each side. Stameus 3. Style 3-eleft. Nut broadly obloug, triquetrous, not quite half the length of the glume. — F. Muell. Fragm. viii. 269 ; O. carinatus, Nees in Pl. Preiss. ii. 72, not of E, Br. N. S. Wales. Paramatta and Camden County, WooUs. S. Australia. King George's Sound, and neighbouring districts, Oldfeld, Maxtvell &MdiOih.eTa; Swan River, Drummond, Freiss, «.1812. The species is chiefly South African, it is very near C. rotwidus, hut appears con- stantly distinct. The West Australian specimens quite agree with the African ones, the eastern ones, of which I have seen but very few, may require further com- parison. 47. C. subulatus, B. Br. Prod. 217. — Stems from a creeping rhizome rather slender, under 1 ft. high in the specimens seen. Leaves very uarrow, often aa long as the stem. Spikelets in dense clusters or short spikes in an umbel of few rays. Involucral bracts very narrow, almost flliform, 1 or 2 of them longer than the inflorescence. Spikelets brown, linear, acute, not very flat, 6 to 8 lines long and scarcely 1 line broad, 12- to 20-flowered, the rhachis bordered by hyaline wings. Glumes rather narrow, erect but not very closely imbricate, acute or scarcely obtuse, the keel green, 3-nerved, or sometimes 5-nerved, the sides brown and nerveJess. Style 3-cleft. Nut rather broad, trique- trous, more than half the leugth of the glume. N. S. Wales. Port Jackson, R. Brown. The spikelets are nearly those of C. rotuitdns, but narrower and indenser clusters, and the species differs in foliagc both fromthatand from C. coiigestus. Var. confcrtus. Umbel rays few and short. S. Australia. Lake Eyre, • Andrews ; Alice Springs, Ccntral Australia, Oiles. 48. C. sporobolus, R. Br. Prod. 215. — Stems usually rigid but not very stout, obtnsely triquetrous, from under 1 ft. to 1\ ft. high. Leaves much shorter. Spikelets in little globular heads or clusters in a compound umbel of 5 to lOvery unequal rays, the longer ones 1 to 3 in. long, the clusters or heads at flrst 2 to 3 liues diameter but expand- ing to 4 or 5 lines. Involucral bracts few, of which 2 or 3 much 282 CXLiii. CTPEEACE^. [Ci/perus. longer than the inflorescence and soraetimes very long. Spikelets spreading, flat, rarely above 2 lines long, with 5 to 8 flowers, the rhachis very short, but niore or less distinctly bordered by hyaline wings. Gliimes rather narrow, spreading, strougly several-nerved, the keel sometimes produced into a minute point. Style 3-cleft. Nut oblong, triquetrous, more than half as long as the glume. N. Australia. Islands of the Gulf of Carpentaria, R. Broivii ; N. W. coast, Hiu/Ikoi ; Upper Victoria E.iver, F. MtKlkr ; Port Uarwin, Schultz, n. 791; Sweers Island, Menne ; the latter specimens with rather larger spikelets and very spreading glumes. C. fsexflorus z.n^ C. microeeplialus, R. Br. 1. c. both from the same localities inthe Gulf of Carpentaria, appear to me to be slight varieties of C. sporobolus, with smaller heads of spikelets and fewer flowers in each spikelet. 49. C. angustatus, R. Br. Prod. 214. — Stems rather slender, ob- tusely triquetrous, 1 to 3 ft. high. Leaves narrow, raostly shorter than the stem. Spikelets 4 to 10 together in close clusters in a cora- pound spreading umbel of 6 to 10 or even more slender rays, the loiigest often 3 or 4 in. long. Involucral bracts narrow, 1 or 2 longer than the inflorescence and sometimes very long. Spikelets very spread- ing, liuear, scarcely flattened, rather acute, brown or pale coloured, 4 to 8 lines long when fully out and scarcely above \ line broad, with 10 to 20 flowers, the rhachis bordered by uarrow hyaliue wiugs. Grlumes appressed or rarely slightly spreadiug, rather narrovv, the keel produced into a small point, the sides striate with 2 or 3 prominent nerves. Style 3-cleft,. Nut narrow-oblong, sometimes slightly clavate, trique- trous, nearly as long as the giume. — Boeckel. in LinuEea, xxxviii. 366. N. Australia. North coast, H. Brou-n ; Port Darwin, Schultz, n. 2.59. Queensland. Kiug's Creek, Bou-maii ; Gracemere, ffShai/esi/ ; Bowen Downs, Bbch. 50. C. Novse-HoUandise, Boechel. in LinnoBa, xxxvi. 344. — lihizome thick and hard. Stems stout, acutely 3-angled in the upper part, 3 to 4 ft. high. Leaves often louger than the stem, the sheath long, the lamina keeled below flat upwards and 2 to 3 lines broad. Spikelets numerous, iu deuse clusters or heads in a rather large com- pouud umbel of 10 to 12 or more rigid rays the longest 3 or 4 in. long, the partial umbels dense. Involucral bracts few, 1 or 2 ofteu 1 to 2 ft. long, aud 2 to 3 liues broad, with very scabrous edges, the bracts uuder the partial umbels small and scarious. Spikelets spreading, usually light browu, linear, not very flat, rather acute, 4 to 6 lines long, scarcely | lines broad, 10- to 20-flowered, the rhachis bordered by nar- row hyaline wings. Glumes loosely imbricate but not spreadiug, rather narrow, obtuse or the keel produced into a very short poiut, the sides faintly nerved, brovvu with a pale margin. Style 3-cleft. Nut very narrow, triquetrous, as longas the glume or nearly so. Queensland. Rockingham Bay, Dallachy ; Rockhampton, Thozet. Cyperus.'] cxLiii. ctpebacejb. 283 C.inoriintui, BoBckel. in Flora, 1875, 86, from Port Mackay, Aimlia Bietiich, is placed by IJocckeler immediately beforc C. Nnvcc-IIollnndiai. In the long; diai^no.si8 including many characters common to the wholo genus, I see nothing to distinguish it from that specics. 51. C. Gunnii, ^ooA;./ ¥1. Tasm. ii. 80, t. 140.— Stems usually rigid but not very stout, obtusely triquetrous, from uuder 1 tt. to 2 or sometimes 3 ft. high. Leaves few, sometimes as long as the stem, mucb narrower than in C. lucidus. Spikelets from 8 or 10 to twice that numbor, in dense globular clusters or heads in a simple or compound umbel of G to 10 rays, the longest 1 to 2 or rarely 3 in. long. Involu- cral bracts few and narrow, 1 or 2 from 6 in. to above 1 ft. long. Spikelets lanceolate, acute, flat, of a rich brown, 2 to 4 lines long and above 1 line sometimes nearly 2 lines broad at the base, 8- to 12- flowered, the rhachis bordered by narrow hyaline wings. Glumes loosely imbricate or at length spreading, ratlier acute, keeled, with 2 or 3 prominent nerves on each side. Style 3-cleft. Nut narrow, prominently 3-angled, not much shorter than the glume. — C. compo- sifus, Boeckel. in Linnsea, xxxvi. 333, not of R. Br. ; C. nodulosm, F. Muell. in herb. plur. N. Australia. Dampier"s Archipelago, A. Cunniugham, Walcot. N. S. 'Wales. In the interior, A. Ciinningham ; New England, C. Stiiart ; Armidale, Farrott ; Liverpool Plains, C. Moore. Victoria. Goulburn and Purdie's Rivers, F. Mueller ; Wendu Vale, Robertson ; Wimmera, DalUichy. Tasmania. Near Launceston, Guini. S. Australia, Mount Barker, F. Mueller. F. Mueller unites this species with the C. lucidus to which it is nearly allied, hut appears to me to be constantly different in inflorescence as weU as in general habit. A specimen from Port Jackson in herb. R. Brown, there named C. scabtr, but evidently not described in the Prodromus, appears to be the C. Guiinii. C. Sieberi, Kunth, Enum. ii.96, founded on Sieber's specimens of his C. microcepha- hts, Fl. Nov. Holl. n. 630, which I had at first, from Kunth's and Bceckeler's descrip- tiors, referred to C. Gunnii, woidd appear, from a specimen I have since seen, to be rather a form of C.fulvus. C. Dietrichice, BoDckel. in Flora, 1875, 87, from Port Mackay, Amalia Dietrich, must also be verj- near if not identical with C. Guiniii. The infiorescence, the spike- lets collected in dense globose heads, the winged rhachis, the long narrow nuts, answer perfectly well, except that the rays are described as more slender than I havc seen them, and I do not understand the expression ' spiculis setaceo- tenerrimis." 52. C. lucidus, B. Br. Prod. 218. — Stems stout, from 1 to 3 or even 4 ft. high, prominently 3-angled. Leaves often longer than the stem and i to | in. broad. Spikelets in spikes occupying the whole or the upper part of the secondary rays of a large and compound umbel of many rays, the longer ones sometimes 8 or 9 in. long, the spikes scmetimes rather loose and 1| to 2 in. long, sometimea shorter and dense, the rays of the infloresence botli general and partial often not closely umbelLatc, the common rhachis more or less produced. Involu- cral bractd 3, 4 or more, the outcr ones often very broad and above 1 ft. 284 cxLiii. CTPEEACEJ3. \_Cyperus. long. Spikelets very spreading, of a rieh brown, linear, flattened, acute, 4 to 6 or at leugth 7 or eveu 8 lines long, with 3 to 8 or rarely more flowers ; the rhachis bordered by uarrow hyaliue wings. Grlutnes erect but not elosely imbricate and sometimes at length distant, rather nar- row, obtuse, the keei usually but not always pale coloured, the sides 2- or 3-uerved. Style 3-cleft. Nut oblong, prominently 3-angled, acu- miuate, rather shorter than tlie glurae. — Boeckel. in Linnsea, xxxvi. 355 ; F. Muell. Fragm. viii. 270, partly ; G. sanguineofuscu?,, Nees in Aun. Nat. Hist. ser. 1, vi. 46, as to the Tasniauian plant; Hook. f. n. Tasra. ii. 80, t. 139. Queensland. Moreton Bay, F. Muellcr, Lcichhardt and others ; Boyne River, HarhnanN. N. S. 'Wales. Port Jackson, R. Brown,' Woolls ; Clarence River, Wilcox ; Hastings River, Leichhnrdt, C. Moore. Victoria. Yarra River. F. Mneller ; Wendu Vale, Rohertson. Tasmania. Common on river banks and in marshy places throughout the Island, J. 1). Rooker. The species appears to be limited to Australia, the Brazilian plant referred to itby Nees isevidently thesameas C. densiflorus, Mey. or C. Schraderiauus, Mart. re- ferred by Nees to C. mundulus, Kunth, but incorrectly so according to Bcpckeler. This Brazilian species is closely alliedto the W. Indian C. purpurtiscens, Vahl, diifering from C. lucidus in the shorter rather flatter spikelets, moi-e numerous flowcrs, and shorter less acuminate nuts. Grisebach in his Flora of the British West Indies has unfortunately confounded this C. piirptirasceiis with the very different C. brunneus, Sw. C. acutus, R. Br. Prod. 217, appearsto be only a rathersmall state of C. lucidus, with fewer rather longer spikelets. 53. C. pennatns^ Lam. ; Kunth, Enum. ii. 80, hut not of BoecJceler. — Stems 1\ to 2| ft. high, obscurely triquetrous or almost terete. Leaves complicate at the base with ratber long sheaths, ending inlong slender points often exceeding the stem. Spikelets in dense spikes of ■| to 1 in. in a compound umbel of raany rays, the outer ones often 3 to 6 in. long. Involucral bracts 3 to 6, rather rigid, very scabrous on the edges, the outer ones often 1| ft. long. Spikelets very spreading, oblong-lauceolate, thick butmore orless flatteued, 3 to 5 lines long, H to 2 lines broad, pale coloured, 4- to 8-flowered, the rhachis bordered by broad hyaline wings. Glumes closely imbricate, broad, rather acute, concave, slightly keeled only above the middle, very obscurely nerved. Style 3-cleft. Nut obovoid, proininently 3-angled, nearly balf the lengtb of the glume. — F. Muell. Fragm. viii. 263 ; C. canescens, Vahl ; Boeckel. in Liuusea, xxxvi. 340 ; G. ventricosus, R. Br. Prod. 217. W. Australia. Fitzmaurice and Upper Victoria Rivers, F. Mueller ; Port Dar- win, SchuUz, >i. 159. Queensland, Broad Sound, JR. Broion ; Port MoUe, M'Qillivray ; CapeYork, Baemel ; Rockhampton, Thozet, 0'Shanesi/ (with rather longer spikelets) ; Broad- water, Eaves. Spread over East India, the Malayan Archipelago and the Pacific Islands. It has been identified as Lamarck's C. peunatits by Kunth, Decasine and others, and agrees perfectly with Poirefs original description, Dict. vii. 240. Ba'ckelerby some mis- take refers Brown's C. ventricosus to the American and West African C. ligularis, Linn. Cl/perilS.'] CXLITT. CYPEEACEJi. 285 C. ochroleucus, Boeckel. in Flora, 1875, 85, from Lake Elphinstone, Amalia Divtrich, isplacedby BcEckeler next to C.pennafus [C. caneseem) and the descriptionhe gives, taken froma specimen in bud, shows no character by which I can distinguish itfrom that species. 54. C. exaltatus, Retz. ; Kunth, Enum. ii. 70. — Stems stout, 1 to 3 ft. bigh. Leaves often longer, rather broad, but tapering into a loug narrow poiut. Spikelets numerous, in loose spikes of 1 to 2 in. in a hirge usually coinpound uuibel of many rays, tbe longer ones often 3 or 4 in. long. luvolucre of few bracts, 1 or 2 much longer thau tlie intlorescence. Spikelets linear, Hat, of a shining brown or rarely pale and greenish, usually 2 to 4 lines long and scarcely 1 line broad, with 10 to 20 flowers, the rhiichis bordered by hyaline wings often deci- duous, the spikelets sometiraes lengthening to \ iu. with about 30 flowers and then wheu okl appearing stipitate, the nuts with the gluuies and wings of the rliachis having fallen avvay. Glumes closely im- bricate, broad, the keel promineut aad produced into a very short point with 2 or 3 obscure nerves on each side, the nerveless margina broad and rounded. Style 3-cleft. JNut prominently 3-angled, less than half the length of the glume. — Boeckel. in Linnsea, xxxvi. 319 ; P. Muell. Fragm. viii. 263 ; C. venustus, E. Br. Prod. 217. N. Australia. North coast, Ji. Brown (with very narrow spikelets ) ; Albert River, Henne ; Flinders River, F. Mueller. Queensland. Keppel Bay, R.Broivn ; Port Denison, Fitzalan (with long nar- row spikelets) ; Rockingham Bay, Dallachi/ ; Rockhampton and numerous localities in south Queensland, Botcen, 0'lShanesy, Tliozet, Mitchell andothers. N. S. Wales. Xew England, C. St/iart ; Richmond River, Woolls ; Clarence River, BecHer, Wilcox ; Darling River, Victorian Expedition. Victoria. Broken and Murray Rivers, F. Mmller. The species extends over East India and the Malayan Archipelago. 55. C haematodes, Endl. Procl. Fl. Norf. 22. — Stems stout, acutely 3-augled, attainiug 4 or 5 ft. Leaves long and broad, the hargetididium, with the second and third flowering glumes always distant, not overlapped hy the lower one as in the section Mariscus. Section6. Mariscus. — Spikelets small, terete or scarcely flattened, contaiuing 1 or 2 perfect flowers, the very short rhachis bordered by hyaline wings and usually articulate near the base, the spikelet oii falling off" usually leaving a disk-Iike scar. Grlumes imbricate, the lowest empty glume often remaining persistent, the second often falling off" with the spikelet, the third or flowering glume wholly enclosing the continuation of the rhachis, or partially embracing the second flowering glume. Style 3-cIeft. Nut triquetrous. Although this section in some measure connects Cyperus with Kyllinga, it appears sufficiently distinct from the latter in habit, in the production of tho winged rhachis above the single flower or betweon the two flowers of the spikclet and in the trimerous styles and fruit, and although the style is dimerous in tho first two scetions of Ci/perus, it is then accompanied by other characters quite at variance with thoso of Eyllinga. Like the section Diclidium, it is a near approach in technical character to Schoanus though very difFerent in liabit. 62. C- decompositus, F. Muell. Fragm. viii. 267.— Stems promi- nently 3-angIed, several ft. high. Leaves very long, 3 to 4 liues broad. Spikelets in very numerous small globular clusters in a verv compound innbel of numerous rays, the longest 4 to 6 in. long. Bracts of the general involucre like the leaves, oftcn 2 ft. long or more and 3 to 4 lines broad with scabrous edges, those of the secondary and ter- C//perUS.'\ OXLIIT CTPEI?ACEiE. 289 tiary umbels small and setaceous. Spikelets not above 1| liuc long, uaiTOw-ovoid, usually with 2 perfeet flowers, the short rhachis bordered hy broad lij^aline wings. Glumcs usually 5, imbricate, broad and striate, i he two lower aud tho terminal one empty. Style 3-cleft. Nut ovoid, triquctrous, more th:iii half the length oftlie glume. — Mariscus fhcompositus, E. Br. Prod. 21S. N. Australia. Gulf of Carpentaria, R. Broivn. Queensland. Endeavom' Rivers, Banka and Solnnder, A. CioDiii/gkam ; Rock- ingham Bay, Bnllachi/. 63. C. Armstrongii, Benth. — Stems from a thick tufted base varying from under 1 ft. to near 2 ft. high, stout and triquetrous. Leaves rather broad and sometimes very long. Spikelets iu cylindrical spikes in a more or less compound nmbel of numerous but not long rays. Involucral bracts long, rather rigid, sometimes 2 to 3 lines broad. Spikelets very numerous but not closely packed, spreading, narrow obloug, scarcely more than 1 line long, mostly with 1 perfect flower. Grluuies imbricate, 4 or 5, the lowest small empty and per- sistent, the second empty but half as loug as the flowering one and falling off with it, the third or flowering glume rather acute, finely striate, enclosing the short winged rhachis, the fourtli glurae shortiy protruding, usually enclosing a maie flower aud sometimes a second male flower and glume above it. Style 3-cleft. Nut ovoid-oblong, triquetrous, nearly as long as the gluine. N. Australia. Port Essington, Arnistrong ; Part Darwin, iScJi.ultz, n. 731. Queensland. Pcrcy Islands, A. Cunningham; Rockingham Bay, Ballachy. Very nearly allied to C. Seeman/iianus, Boeckel. from the Fiji Islands, but more rigid, the inflorescence much more compound and the spikelets smaller. 64. C. ambellatus, Benth. Fl. Honf/k. 386. — Stems from under 1 ft. to nearly 2 ft. high, triquetrous, sinooth. Leaves variable, narrow or rather broad, shoiter or longer than the stem. Spikelets very numerous, in elose cylindrical spikes of |- to 1 in. all sessile ormostly peduncuhate in a siuiple umbel or very rarely 1 or 2 of them branched at the ba!>e. Involucral bracts usually several, much longer than the inflorescence, the outer ones sometimes 2 or 3 lines broad. Spikelets spreading, linear-terete, 1\ to 2 lines long, ahnost always l-flowered. Two outer glumes short and empty, botb usunlly attached below the articulation ; flowering glume occupying the whole spikelet, enclosing the flower and a continuation of the rhachis which with its wings assuiues the appearance of an empty scarious glume. Style 3-cleft. NutnaiTow, triquetrous, nearly as long as the glume and euclosed in it. — F. Muell. rraiiui. viii. 267 ; Mdriscus umhellatus, Vahl ; Kuuth, Enum. ii. 118 ; KylJinga umheUata, Eottb. Descr. et Ic. Pl. 15, t. 4, f. 2 ; Beauv. Fl. Ow. et Ben. t. 55 ; Kyllinga panicea, Rottb. 1. c. t, 4, f. 1. Queensland. Condamine River, Leichhardt, and various localities in South Qucen^land, Boicman, and othors ; Brisbane Rivcr, F. Mueller, Bailey. Var. laxijlora. Spikea longcr and not so dense, 1 or 2 of the outer ones with a short branch at thc base. — liorbert Creek, Bouman. VOL. VII. U 290 cxLiii. CTPEEACE^. [Oi/perus. The species is widely distributed over tropical Asia and Africa, and may bo the same as one of the South African ones. Bceckeler, Linnaja, xxxvi. 377, refers the Mariscus umbellatiis of Vahl to the N. American C. ovularis, Torr., which appears to me to be quite diflferent. Vahrs M. paniceus and M. umbellatus were founded on Rottboeirs Indian Kyllinga panicea and K. umbellata, the latter proving to be a larger variety of the former. 65. C. conicus, Boeekel. in Linncea, xxxviii. 371. — Stems 1 to 1\ ft. high, rather rigid, often much thickened at tlie base. Leaves often as long, rather rigid, ending in loug subulate points, the margins scabrous and sometimes almost spinulose-denticulate. Spikelets very numerous, usually in dense sessile ovoid or conical heads, often 3-lobea at the base, 4 to 6 lines long and often as broad, in a simple umbel of 6 to 10 rays, the longest l^ to 2 in. long. Involucral bracts 3 to 5, long and tapering into long subulate points. Spikelets narrow-oblong, nearly l^ lines long, with 1 perfect flower. Glumes imbricate, the lowest empty glume small, very broad and cupshaped, scarious, remain- ing usually with the subtending small glume-like bract persistent after the spikelet has fallen off, the second empty glume ovate obtuse striate more than half the length of the spikelet ; flowering glume almost acute, striate, closely enveloping the broadly winged rhachis and the base of a fourth glume whicb is empty or contains a male flower. Style 3- cleft. Nut ovoid, triquetrous, nearly as long as the glume. — F. Muell. Fragm. viii. 268 ; Mariscus conicus, R. Br. Prod. 218. N. Australia. Gulf of Carpentaria, R. Brown ; Port Darwin, Sehultz, n. 603, 709. Queensland. Port Curtis, M^Oillivray ; Bokhara Creek, Leichhardt ; Bowen Downs, Birch. W. Australia. Murchison River, Oldfield. Var. ramosus. Heads of spikelets branching into dense pjTamidal panicles. Leaves numerous, broad at the base, — Sweers Island, Henne ; Port Denison, Fitzalan. C. glaucimis, Boeckel. in Flora, 1875, 89, from Port Mackay, Amalia Dietrich, from the charactcr given does not appear to differ from C. conicus. C. tctracarpus, Boeckel. 1. c. 88, also from Port Mackay, Amalia Bietrich, must be very near the same species in many respects, but the spikelots are said to contain 4 or 5 flowers, which would remove it from the scction Mariscns, whcre it is ])lat'cd by Boeckeler next to C. glaucinus. 3. HELEOCHARIS (Eleocharis), R. Br. (Scirpidium and Heleogenus (Eleogenus) Nees.) Spikelet solitary, terminal, with many hermaphrodite flowers. Glumes imbricate all round tbe rhachis, the lowest 1 or 2 empty. Hypogynous bristles about 3 to 8, usually scabrous or ciliate with reflexed hairs, rarely deficient. Stamens 3, 2 or 1. Style dilated at the base, divided to above or below the middle into 2 or 3 filiform stigmatic branches. Nut obovoid or nearly globular and 3-ribbed, or more or less flattened and biconvex with 2 marginal ribs, always crowned by the conical or depresscd persistent base of the style, the remainder of the style falling away. — Stems simple, tufted, without perfect leaves, the barren stems ofteu takenfor leaves, the real leaves reduced to sheathing scales. Heleocharis.'] CXLIII. OTPEBACEJi;. 291 of wbicb the lowest are short brovvn and loose, the iiinermost (some- times tbe only one) formiug a long slieath elosely appressed ncarly or quite to its orifice. No involucre except the outer empty glume, which takes the place of a bract subteuding tbe spikelet and is some- times larger tban the other glumes, very rarely produced into a short point. Gencrally distributed over the tropical and temperate regions of the New as well as the Old World, two species extending to within the Arctic circlc. Of thc thirteen Australian ones three only are endemic, and one of theso is scarcely more than a variety of a common one, threo others arc also iu Ncw Zealand and in some temperatc regions in thc northern or southern hemisphere, one has hitherto been only identified out of Australia in East India, the remaining six are common tropical or temperate species in the Old World and all, or all but one, are also in America. Sect. I. Iiimnocharis. Spikelets cylindrical. Glumes obtuse, not at all or very obscurelt/ keehil, rathcr riyid, tvith a hyaline border. Fersistent iase of the style forming a conical usuallyjlat beak to the nut. Stems terete, appearing articulate from the transverse septa dividing the internal pith 1. R. sphacelata. Stems continuous, obtusely triquetrous or terete. Glumes almost white, scarcely striate, the hyaline border very narrow and soon disappearing, the spiral arrangement very prominent 2. H. spiralis. Glumes pale or dark, distinctly striate, the spiral ar- rangement not jjrominent . Z. H. variegata. Stems continuous, acutely 3- or 4-angled 4. H.Jistulosa. Sect. II. Scirpidium. Spikelet cylindrical or taperiiig tiptcards, usually smaller than in Limnochloa. Gluines with a distinct green centre or prominent keel. Persistent basc of the style shortly conical. Stem slender, acutely 4-angled h. H. tetraqmtra. Stem obtusely angled, or terete and striate. Inner leaf-sheath trimcate at the orifice with a small erect point. Nut biconvex. Spikelet pale-coloured, obtuse ^. E. cylindrostachys. Spikelet usually dark coloured and rather acute . . 1. H. acuta. Inner leaf-sheath oblique at the orifice without the dorsal point. Spikelet 6 to 8 lines long. No hypogynous bristles. Nut biconvex ?>. H. atricha. Spikelets 3 to 5 lincs long. Hypogynous bristles usuaUy longer than the nut. Nut 3-ribbed . . 9. H. multicaulis. Sect. in. Heleogenus. Spikelet ovoid-conical or small and fetv-forvered. Glumes keeled. Persistent base of the style short and depressed. Leaf-shvath oblique at the orifce, often scarious. Nut biconvex, very smooth. Glumes deciduous, usually numerous. Spike dense, many-flowered, pale coloured. Stems mostly above 6 in. high. Glumes broad, with a green centre 10. if. capitata. Spike loose, dark-coloured, the glumes not very numerous, prominentlykeeled. Stems under 3 in. 11. H. atropurpurea. Nut 3-ribbed and usually striate. Glumes not numerous. Stems short, filiform. Ijoaf-shcath appressed to the orifice, usually brown. Spikelet narrow \2. H. aciculari.i. V 2 292 cxLiii. CTPEiiACE^. [^Heleocliaris. Leaf-sheath loose and scarious at the orifice. Spikelets rather hroad 13. 7/. pmilla. H. {E.) choitaria, Rcjem. et Sch. ; Kunth, Enum. ii. 140, an East Indian plant, is given hy Bcockel. Ln Linniea, xxxvi. 429, as also Australian on the authority of Sieber'8 specimens, Agrostotheca, n. 24, whichNees had named E. recurvata, givenby Kunth as a synonym of H. [E.) depauperata, a West Indian and South American closely aUied if not identical species. The only specimens I have seen have the spikelets too iniperfect to determine to what species they belong, and their origin ■whether AustraUan or West Indian is very iincertain. If AustraUan they may prove to be the same as H.pusilla, Br. with which they agree as to the leaf-sheath. Section I. LiMNOCHAEis, Nees. — Spikelet cylindrical, often large. Grlumes obtuse, uot at all or very obscurely keeled, rather rigid, with a hyaliue border, Persistent base of the style forming a conical usually flattened beak to the nut. 1. H. (E.) sphacelata, E. Br. Prod. 224. — Ehizorae creeping or stoloniferous Stems from under 2 ft. to 4 or 5 ft. high, 2 to 5 lines diameter, terete but appearing articulate from internal transverse septa, the principal nodes | to 1 in. distant, but several miuor ones often appearing between them. Spikelet cylindrical, 1 to 2\ in. long ; 2 to 4 lines diameter. Gluraes closely imbricate, broadly obovate, very obtiise, scarcely striate but sometimes faintly 1-nerved, bordered by a narrow scarious margin and immediately under it by a brown zone or dark line. Hypogynous bristles 6 to 9, usually longer than the nut. Style- Lranchcs 2 or 3. A^ut rather broad, miuuteiy pitted or granular but not distinctly striate, the flattened beak rather narrow, with a narrow ring round its base. — Kunth, Enum. ii. 154 ; Boeckel, in Linnaja, xxxvi. 475; Hook. f. Fl. Tasra. ii. 85; F. Muell. Fragm. viii. 239; Scirpus sphacelatus, Spreug. Syst. i. 204 ; Heleocharis plantaginea, F. Muell. Fragra. viii. 288, not of E. Br. N. Australia. Gulf of Carpentaria, R. Brown ; Arnhem Land, F. Mueller. Queensland. Rockhampton (the tubers of the rhizome alimentary) 0' Shanesy ; Brisbane River, Bailei/. N. S. 'Wales. New England, C. Stuart ; Clarence River, Beckler, Wilcox ; Camden county, Miss Athinson. Victoria. Wendu Vale, Robertson ; Emu Crcek, Whan ; Mittagong, Travers. Tasmania. Derwent River, R. Brota» ; abundant in lagoons near Formosa ahd other localities, Gutm and others. S. Australia, Barossa Range and Lake Torrens, F. MueUer. The species is also in New Zealand and apparently in the Fiji Islands. It is very closely allied to the true H. (E.) plantayiuea, Br., which ranges over the warmer regions of the New and the Old World, but has not the dark mark at the end of the ghimes, and, in the specimens examinod at least, the beak of its nut is much shorter. The H. (E.j biseptata, Steud. Sjti. Glum. ii. 82 is probably the same as H. sphacelata. 2. H. (E.) spiralis, R. Br. ; Kunth, Fnum. ii. 155. — Stems almost tercte or uiore or less triquetrous, coutiuuous iuside, \\ to 3 ft. high. Spikelets cylindrical, | to 1 iu. long, about 2 linea diameter, pale- coloured or almost white. Glumes broadly ovate ia the Australian specimens, ahnost orbicular in the Indiau ones, closely imbricate, with a spiral arrangement more evident than in any other species, very Heleocharis.'] cxLiii. crPEEACB^. 293 faintly striate, very obtuse, with a narrovv scarious margiu which at leugtli disappears. ilypogyuous bristles about G, glabrous or scaree-ly appeariug scabrous uuder a { in. leus. Style-branches 2 or 3. Nut obovate, compressed, bicouve.x, the bcak or persisteut base ot' tlie style shortlv couical. — Ba^ckeL iu Liuu;ea, xxxvi. 473 ; Scirpus spiralis, Eottb. Descr. et. Ic. Pl. 45, t. 15, f. 1. Victoria? Tarampa Creck, Herb. F. Mucllcr. The species is disperscd over thc tropical regions of both thc New and the Old World, but chiefly in tropical America. 3. H. (E.) variegata, Kunth, Eiium. ii. 153. — Stems obtusely triquetrous or uearly terete, coutiuuous iuside, from uuder 1 ft. to uearly 2 ft. high, usually 1 to 2 liues but wheu luxuriaut 3 liues diaraeter. Sheathing scale oblique aud appressed at the orifice. Spike- lets cylindrical, from ^ in. loug when iu flower to uearly 1 iu. wheu iu fruit, li to 2^ lines diameter. Grhimes from very broadly ovate to obovate-obloug, very obtuse, uot keeled, many-uerved, with a uarrow scarious border, either wholly pale coloured or with a dark line withiu the border. Hypogyuous bristles usually about 6, very uuequal iu leugth. Style-brauclies 2 or 3. Nut (not seeu ripe iu the Australiau specimeus) biconvex, broad, striate aud slightly transversely rugose, the beak or persisteut base of the style narrow-conical, flattened, with a broad auuular base. — Boeckel. iu Liuna^a, xxxvi. 470 ; Scirpus variegutus, Poir. Dict. vi. 749 ; U. {E.) Sieheri, Kunth, lc. TL {E.) compacta. R. Br. Prod. 224 ; F. MuelL Fragm. viii. 239 ; Scirpus compactus, Spreug. Syst. i. 2U2. N. Australia. Arnhcm N. Bay, R. Broivu ; Lower Victoria River, F. Mmiler. Queensland. Rockingham Bay, Dallachy ; Narrau River, MitchcU. The species is widely spread in tropical and subtropical regions in the Old World and is also in tropical America. The characteristic dark zone ou the glumcs is very conspicuous in Brown's specimens, less so in the others. Mitchell's specimens may be doubtful, thcy are in flower only, the glumes are pale with a scarious border and the dorsal vein more conspicuous than is usual in the species, 4. H. (E.) fistulosa, Schult. ; Kunth, Knum. ii. 155. — Stems con- tinuous iuside, acutely and equally 3-angled or unequally 4-angled, 1 to 2 ft. high, 1\ to 2 hues diameter. Spikelets cyHudrical, ofteu fully 1 inch long, l^ to 2 iiues diameter. Grlumes imbricate but not very dense, ovate, obtuse but often uarrower than in H. variegata, obseurely keeled, striatc, bordered by a narrow scarious margiu sometimes almost obsolete. H}pogynous bristles about (3. Style-brauches 2 or 3. Nut broad, biconvex, striate and pitted between the stria?, the beak or base of the style flat-couical, short, with a raised auuular base. — Boeckeh in Linna^a, xxxvi. 472 ; F. Muell. Fragm. viii. 239. Queensland. Rockhampton, Bowman, 0'Shancsy. Widely spread over the tropical rcgions both of the New and the Old World, and the N. American R. {E). quadratigiduta, Br. is but very slightly different. The few Australian specimens havc certainly four angles to the stem, but two of them appoar (in the dried state) close together, passing into the ordinary 3-angled form. 294 cxLiii. CTPEHACEiP. [Heleochciris. Section II. SciEPiDiUM. Spikelei cylindrical and obtuse or taper- ing upwards and acute, usually smaller than in Limnochloa. Gluraes with a distinct green centre or prorainent keel. Persistent base of the style forming a short conical often laterally flatteued beak. 5. H. (E.) tetraquetra, Nees .- Knnth, Enum. ii. 150. — Stems slender, acutely 4-angled, usually about 1 ft. high. Inner sheathing scale appressed and truncate at the orifice with a minute erect point on one side as in H. aciita. Spikelet oblong-lanceolate, 3 to 4 lines long, 1 to l^ lines diameter. Grlumes rather more obtuse than in H. acuta, with a green centre, brown sides, and narrow scarious margins. Hypo- gynous bristles about 6, as long as the nut. Style-branclies 3. Nut obovoid, 3-ribbed, smooth, the conical beak or base of the style some- what flattened. — IBoeckel. in Linnaea, xxxvi. 447 ; F, Muell. Fragm. viii. 239. W. S. Wales. Kichmond lliver, Miss Atkinson, the specimens in young flower, the characters therefore chiefly taken from East Indian ones. The species has there a wide range. It is very near H. acuta hiit constantly known hy thc acutely angular stem. G. H. cylindrostachys, Boeckel. in Flora, 1875, 108 (from thechar. given). — Stems terete, rather stout, mostly above 1 ft. Iiigh when fu)! grown. Inner sheathing scale closely appressed, truncate at the orifice with an erect point of \ to l^ liues as iu H. acuta. Spikelet oblong- cylindrical, obtuse, 6 to 9 lines long when fully out, scarcely 2 lines diameter, very pale coloured. Glumes very numerous and closely imbricate, ovate-oblong, very obtuse, scarious with thiu hyaline margins, the greeu central nerve more or less distiuct, otherwise nerveless, scarcely coloured or faintly tinged with brown, very deciduous as in H. capitata. Hypogynous bristles 6 to 8, mostly longer thau the nut. Style branches 3 or rarely 2. Nut broadly obovate, usually much flat- tened, the beak or base of the style broadly conical and flat. Queensland. Wide and Moreton Bays, Leichhardt ; Rockhampton, Thozct ; Boyne River, llartmann ; Castle Creek, Bunee. W. S. Wales. Camden and Kichmond, Woolls ; New England, C. Stuart ; Clarence River, Wilcox. These specimens are roferred by F. Mueller, Fragm. viii. 240, to II. {E.) ohtusa, Schult. which Boeckeler is probahly right in reducing to tho common II. ovata, Br. Our species however appears to he constantly distinct in the long narrow pale spike- let with very deciduous glumes, which I do not find in any of our European Asiatic or American specimens of H. ovata or obttisa. 7. H. (E.) acuta, B. Br. Prod. 224<. — Ehizome creeping. Stems rather slender, terete, from 6 or 8 in. to l^ ft. high or rather more. Sheatliing scale appressed and horizontally truncate at the orifice, tlie edge often dark coloured, with a sraall erect point or rudimentary lamina 7} to 1 line long, inserted usually on one side, iraraediately below the margin. Spikelet linear-oblong or lanceolate, rather acute, from under ^ in. to nearly 1 iu. long. Glumes obtuse or almost acute, the Heleocharis.'] cxltti. ctpehace^. 205 dorsal nerve or keel more or less promiDent, thc sides brown witli jjale more or less scarious margins. Hypogynous bristlcs 3 to 7, usually 5 or G, longer or shorter than thc nut. Style-branches usually 8. Nut obovoid or almost orbicular, very convcx on botli sitles, but without the third angle of H. vudticmdis. — H, (E.) mucronulata, Nees in Ann. Nat. Hist. ser. i. vi. 42. F. dmudata. Style slender, ncarly giabrous. Nut minute, smooth. Stem leafless. Spikelets lanccolate or oblong, 4 to 6 lines long 2>Z. F. clata. Leaves filiform, often numerous. Spikelcts ovate, 2 to 3 lines long 34. F. ccexpitosa, Sect. IV. Trichelostylis. — SpiJcelets several, usually nunierous (^rarely solitary in F. spiralis rt^^f/F. leptoclada). Glumes imbricate all round. Style-branchcs 3 {exccjjt rarely in some Glomerataj). Nut various. Series I. Oligostachyse. — Spikelets few, not clustered, occasionallij solitary, above 2 lines long. Small annuals. Leaves numerous. Leaves setaceous. Spikelets narrow. Nuts tuberculate 35. F. spiralis. Leaves linear. Spikclets ovate, aristate. Nuts granular 36. F. subaristata, Stems long, leafless. Spikelets narrow. Nuts tuberculate, Spikelcts 1 or 2, erect Z7. F. leptoclada. Spikelets few on spreading umbel-rays Zd>. F. debilis. Series II. Polystachyse. SpiJcelets usualhj numerous in more or less compound umbels, not clustered on the rays. Spikelets ovate, about 3 lines long or more. Nuts obovoid-clavate, smooth. Lcaves and involucral bracts long 39. jP. coryitacarga. Nuts tuberculate. Leaves few. Involucral bracts short. Style glabrous or nearly so. Nut narrow .... 40. F. solidifulia. Stylc ciliate. Nut broad 4L i^. obtusangula. Spikelets rarely 2 lines long, globular ovate or lanceolate. Spikelets globular, | to l\ lines diameter. Stamcn usually I 4:2. F. miliacea. Spikelets globular, IJ to 2 liues diameter. Stamens usually 3 43. i?". rara. Spikelcts ovato or lanceolate, very numerous, undcr 2 lines. Stamens 1 rarely 2 or 3 Spikelets narrow-lanceolate 44. i^. microcarya. Spikelets ovate or oblong 45. i^. quinquangularia. Spikelets narrow, acute, 2- to 4-flowered (flowers more than 6 in all the prcceding species) 4Q. F. cyperoidcs, Sekies III. Glomeratse. — Spikelets more or less clmtcred on the rags of the umbel, and alivags a ceutral clustvr of 2 or more in lieu of the single ccntral sessile spikelet. Leaves usually numerous. Spikelets not above 2 lines long in clusters of 2 or 3, in- terspersed usuaUy with a few solitary ones. Leavcs green, flaccid, flat. Spikelets rich brown, ovoid, about 2 lincs long 47. F. fnrva. Leaves subulate, rigid, shining. Spikelets brown, 1 to Hlineslong 48. jF. cymosa. Spikelcts in clusters of 3 to 1 0. Leaves long, rather glaucous. Spikelets 1 to 1 J linos long 49. i^; multifolia. Leaves and inflorescence silky-hairy. Spikelets 2 lines long 60. jP. sericea. Spikelets few but clustered, 3 to 4 lines long. Style- branches 2 51. ^. macrostachya. Fimhrishjlis.'] cxltii. ctpeeacejE, 301 Spikelcta clustered, mnbellate, 4 to 5 lines long. Style branches 3 > .... 52. 2^^. Neilsoni. Series IV. Capitatse. — Spikelcls collected in a single tcrminal head. Glumes obtusc, mcmbranous. Involucral bracts concealed undor the hoad or rarely 1 promincnt. Nut tuber- culate bZ. F. capitata. Glumes mucronate. Involucral bracts spreading, 1 to 3 longer than the head. Nut smooth or nearly so . . 54. F. Schultzii. Sect. V. Oncostylis. — Style bulbs persistent after thestyle hasfallen but articulate on the nut and often at length deciduous, Spikelets 6 to 10 in a terminal cluster. Leaf-sheaths ciHate at the orifice 55. F. barbata. Spikelets in a slightly compound or simple umbel. Leaf- sheaths not ciliate 56. F. capillaris. Section 1. Heleochaeoides. — Spikelet solitary, terminal. Glumes imbricate all round the rhachis, the lowest empty glume or subtending bract like the others or rarely produced into a point or lamina as long as the spikelet. Style-bulb normal, 1. F. acicularis, B. Br. Prod. 226.— Stems tufted, filiform, 3 to 6 in. hii^h, leailess except the sheatlaing scales, but occasionally inter- mixed with tufts of 2 or 3 filiform leaves. Spikelets solitary, white, erect, slightly compressed, 3 lineslong orrather more, \\ line broad. Glumes imbricate all round but not numerous, oblong, almost acufce, cartila- ginous, nerveless except the 1- or 3-nerved keel, the lowest 1 or 2 glumes eiiipty and broader. Stamen 1. Style glabrous ; branches 2. Nut white, slightly compressed,marked with transverse raised wrinkles. — F. aiistralica, Boeckel. in Linnaea, xxxvui. 384. N. Australia. Arnhem Land, F, Mueller ; PortDarwin, Schult:,n. 79. Queensland. Endeavour River, Banks and Sokouhr ; Dunklsland, M^GiUivray. F. decumbens, Boeckel. in Flora, 1875, 710, from Lake Elphinstone, ^w«;e« I^if^recA, isprobably the same spocies. 2. F. acuminata, Vahl ; Kunth, Enum. ii- 221, var. setucea. — Stems slender, densely tufted, 3 to 6 in. high, leafless except the slieathing scales at the base but frequently ijitermixed with tults of 2 or 3 filiforui leaves. Spikelet solitary, erect, narrow-oblong, 3 or sometimes 4 lines long, scarcely above 1 line broad in this variety. Glumes closely imbricate all round, lanceolate, acute, cartilaginous, the keel scarcely promineut but ofteu 3-nerved, especially on the lower ghimes, the lowest 1 or 2 glumes empty. Stamcns 3. Style slightly flattened and ciliate ; branches 2. Nut obovate, biconvex, marked with transverse raised wrinkles. — F. acuminata, B. minor, Boeckel. in Linnsea, xxxvii. 4 ; F. setacea, Benth. in Hook. Lond. Jouru. ii. 239. Queensland. Moreton Bay, F. Mueller, Bailey ; Fitzroy River, (fShancsy; Rockingham Bay, Dallachij. The typical F. avuntinala has largor broader spikolots, the glumes moro pronii- neutly keoled. It is sprcad over East India, Ceylon, and the Malayan Archipelago, the Australian variety is at least in the Archipelago. 302 cxLiii. CYPBIUCE^. [Fimbrisii/Us. F. nuda, Bceckel. in Flora, 1875, 110, frora Port Denison, Amalia Dietrieh, with obtusc spikelets would secm to be ncarer the typical form of F. acuminata. 3. F, punctata, 11. Br. Prod. 226. — Apparently aunual, tufted, the steras 6 to 9 in. high. Leaves mucli shorter, numerous, narrow-linear, almost setaceous with short open slieathing bases or the inner ones with short scarious sheaths. Spikelet solitary, erect, oblong, 4 to 5 lines long, 1\ to 2 lines diameter, pale coloured. Glumes closely imbricate all round, rather rigid, above 2 lines long, obtuse but the broad prominent keel produced into a short erect very obtuse point, the sides smooth and veinless, 1 or 2 outer ones empty with rather longer points. Stamens 2 or 3. Style flattened, ciliate in the upper part ; braiiches 3, short. Nut broadly obovate, biconvex, whitish with a few raised trausverse ridges or wrinkles and minutely pitted all over. Queensland. East coast, R. Broivn. In the specimens examined there certainly were 3 style-branches as describcd by Brown, although the nut showed no trace of a third angle or rib. 4. F. rhyticaryaj F. Muell. Fragm. i. 215. — Stems from 8 or 9 in. to above 1 ft. higb, leafless except short rather loose sheathing scales at the base. Spikelet solitary, erect, oblong-lanceolate or almost ovate-lanceolate, not at all or scarcely flattened, 4 to 6 lines long and 2 to 2\ lines diameter at the base, pale-coloured or whitish. Glumes closely imbricate all round, cartilaginous, broad, obtuse or scarcely acute, often marked in the centre with 3 or 5 uerves but scarcely keeled and otherwise veinless, about 4 outer ones shorter and empty. Stamens 3. Style flattened, ciliate ; branches 2. Nut obovate, but little compressed, marked with several raised transverse wrinkles. — F. acuminata, F. Muell. Fragm. viii. 274, not of Vahl. \V. Australia. Victoria Kiver and near Providence Hill, F. Mueller. Queensland. Burdekin River, F. Mueller ; Rockingham Bay, Dallachy. It is most probably this species that was referred to as F. schoenoides, Vahl, in Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. Prfof. 48. 5. F. leucostachya, Boeckel. in Linna;a, xxxviii. 385. — Stems tufted, slender, filiform, often 1 £t. high, with 1 or 2 short filiform leaves and sometimes the lower leaf long, and a few barren stems of 4 to 6 in., leafy throughout. Spikelet broadly ovoid in some specimens about 3 to 4 lines long and 2 lines diameter, narrow oblong-lanceolate, 6 to 8 lines long and l^ diameter in others. Glumes numerous, closely imbricate all round but very deciduous, white or tipped with brown, nerveless or showing a short central nerve at the tip, very broad and obtuse in the typical form, oblong and almost acute in the narrow form, about 4 outer ones shorter and empty. Stamens 3. Styleflat, ciliate; branches 2. Nut slightly compressed, white, marked with transverse raised wrinkles and minutely pitted. g. Australia. P( rt Darwin, Schultz, n. 320, the two forms sent together. In the typical ono the spikelets assume almost the shape of those of I\ pterygosperma : Fimhristylis.'] cxLiii. ctpeeace^. 303 in the narrow-spiked form they resemblc those of F. pwictata, but havo not the re- markably obtuse points to the ghimes, and the style-branches appear to be always two only. 6. F, nntans, Fahl ; Kunth, Emm. ii. 221. — Stems tufted, slender, mostly above 1 ft. high, leafless except short appressed sheathing scales at the base. Spikelet solitary, terminal without any prominent sub- tending bract, but always more or less nodding, ovoid or ovoid-lanceo- late, brown, 3 to 4 lines long, 1| to 2 lines broad. Glumes numerous, imbricate all round, thinly membranous almost hyaline, very broad aud obtuse or the slightly prominent keel produced into a minute point, about 4! of the outer ones empty, the lowest often with a rather long point. Stamens 3. Style much dilated, ciliate ; branches 2, one of them often bifid. Nut obovate, biconvex or nearly flat on the inner face, marked with transverse raised wrinkles and tubercles when fully ripe, or perhaps sometimes nearly smooth. — Boeckel. in Linnsea, xxxvii. 5 ; R. Br. Prod. 226 ; F. Muell. Fragm. viii. 274. N. Australia. Islands of the Gulf of Carpentaria, R. Broivn. Queensland. Sandy Cape, £. Broivn ; Brisbane River, F. Mueller ; Bailey ; Dawson River, F. Mueller. N. S. Wales. NewEngland, C. Stuart. Extends over East India and the Malayan Archipelago to South China. 7. F. pauciflora, B. Br. Prod. 225. — Stems densely tufted, filiform, 3 to 6 in. high or rarely more. Leaves few and filiform, or all reduced to sheathing scales with scarcely any lamina. Spikelets solitary, erect, very narrow-oblong, nearly white, about 2 lines long and l^ line broad. Glumes few but imbricate all round and very deciduous, cartilaginous, acute, keeled, the sides veinless, the 2 outer ones empty and more acuminate with the keel more or less distinctly 8-nerved. Stamen usually 1. Style not at all or scarcely ciliate ; branches 3, rarely 2. Nut obovoid-globular, 3-ribbed, tuberculate or almost muricate. — F. filiformis, Kuntli, Enum. ii. 221 ; Boeckel. in Linnsea, xxxvii. 23 ; F. pumila, Benth. in Hook. Lond. Journ. ii. 239. N. Australia. Islands of the Gulf of Carpentaria, R. Brown ; near M'Adam Range, F. Mudkr ; Regenfs and Hunter's Rivers, A. Cunningham. Queensland. Rockingham Bay, DaUach)j. Also in the Malayan Archipelago and peninsula. The plant closely resembles the var. setacea of F. acmninata, but the spikelets are narrower and the style and nuts quite different. Brown describes the style as 2-branched, Kunth says it is 3-fid or rarely 2-fid ; in the specimens I have examined I have found it 3-branched, but I believe all to belong to the same species. 8. F. cardiocarpa, F. Muell. Fragm. i. 194. — Stems tufted and slender but rigid, 1 ft. high or more. Leaves much shorter, subuhite, 304 cxLiii. crPEEACE^. [Fimbrisfi/lis, with acarious sheaths. Spikelet solitary, erect, oblong or ovate-lanceo- late, 4 to 5 liiies long, l^ to 2 lines diameter. Grluines numerous, imbricate all round, thin, almost hyaline, minutely dotted with brown, 2 ouler oncs euipty almost ovate, tlie keel produced into a long point, the flowering ones narrow, 2 to 3 lines long, obtiise or the keel very slightly produced, the sides nerveless. Styie slender, ghabrous below the branches ; brauches 2, ciliate. Nut small, obovoid ahnost turbinate, truncate, with 3 promiuent ribs and minutely tubercu- late. N. Australia. Upper Victoria River, F. Mueller. 9. F. leucocolea, Benth. — Stems densely tufted, slender, 3 to 6 in, high, hirsute at the base. Leaves mostly shorter, numerous, filiform, the persistent sheathing bases white and hyaline. Spikelet solitary, erect, oblong-lanceolate, 3 to 4 hues long, 1 line or scarcely more in diameter, pale brown. Grlumes imbrieate all rouud, lanceolate, at least 2 lines long, thinly membranous, the keel promiuent and iu the lower glumes produced iuto a rigid point, that of the outermost empty glurae or subtending bract often as long as or longer than the spikelet. Stamens 3. Style scarcely flattened, glabrous ; branches 3. Nut oblong, triquetrous, not seen ripe. N. Australia. Upper Victoria River, F. Mueller. This species resembles in many respects the single-spikelet specimens of F. leptoclada, but appears to me sufficiently distinct in its foliage as well as in the glumes. 10. F. polytrichoides, B. Br. Prod. 22G.-— Stems densely tufted, slender, usually glabrous and only 2 or 3 in. high, but sometimes above 6 in. Leaves rauch shorter, numerous, filiform. Spikelets solitary, erect (or rarely a second Lateral erect pedunculate one?), oblong, 2to 3 lines hong and scarcely above l line diameter, pale brown. Glumes numerous, imbricate all round, deciduous, oblong or ovate-oblong, obtuse, membranous ahnost hyaline, the midrib scarcely prominent except on the lower glumes where it is sometimes produced into a short point, 1 or rarely 2 outer empty glumes with longer points one sometimes as long as the spikidet. Stamens 1 or 2. Style scaroely flattencd but hairy ; branches 2. Nut obovate, biconvex, dark-coloured, tuberculate. — Kunth, Enum. ii. 221 ; F. juncea, Boeckeh in Linna?a, xxxvii, 4, partly, but probably i\ot Scirpus junceus, Forst. N. Australia. Islands of the Gulf of Carpentaria, B. Brown. Queensland. Moreton Bay, F. Mueller. Also in East India and the Malayan Archipelago. The Australian plant agrees very well M'ith the Indian one, idontified with it hy Kunth and others, but not witii Korsters specios with which BiTokeler unites it, if I am right in refcrring to this true F. jimcea a plant gathered by Hinds in the Marquesas Islands. U. F. androgTTma, R. Br. Prod. 226. — Stems denaely tufted, slender, 0 to 10 in. tugli, leafless except the sheathing scales. Spikelet Fimhristylis.'] cxLiii. ctperaceje. 305 solitary, erect, narrow-lanceolate, pale coloured, about 4 lines long and ratlier above 1 line diameter at the base. Glumes numerous, imbricate a!l round, oval-oblon£^, obtuse or nearly so, thinly mem- branous, the keel slender but prominent, the sides almost hyaline towards tlie margin, 2 or 3 of the lower ones empty. Stamens in all the lowor flowers 2 or 3, in the upper ones deficient or here and there a short filament. Style slender, slightly ciliate ; branches 2, very long in the upper temale flowers. Nut obovate, biconvex, white, tuberculate. N. Australia. North coast, probably Amhem Land, R. Broivn. 12. F. subbulbosa, Benth. — Stems from a thick horizontal rhizome numerous, thickened and bulb-like at the base, slender, often l^ ft. long. Leaves few narrow and short or almost reduccd to sheathing scales. Spikelet solitary, erect, ovoid or oblong, about 4 lines long and 2 lines broad when full grown, light brown. Grlumes numerous, im- bricate all round, broadly ovate, obtuse or the keel slightly prominent, thin almost membranous, 3 or 4 outer ones empty shorter and some- times more pointed. Stameus 3. Style flat, ciliate ; branches 2. Nut obovate or oblong, biconvex, smooth in the specimens seen but notyet fully ripe. Queensland, Armitage; Rockingham Bay, Da^/ac/iy. 13. F. tetragona, B. Br. Prod. 22G.— Stems 9 in. to above 1 ft. high, slender, often thickened into a bulb at the base, leafless except short loose sheathing scales at the base. Spikelets solitary, erect, ovoid, obtuse, 3 to 4 lines long and 2 lines diameter, the rhachis at leugtb sometimes longer but denuded at the base, the lower glumes having fallen away. Glumes numerous, closely inibricate all round, oblong or rather broad, very obtuse, very finely striate but otherwise nerveless, thinly cartilaginous, 4 to 6 of the lower ones empty, Stamens 3. Style flattened, ciliate ; branches 2 or rarely 3. Nut narrow-oblong, scarcely flattened, longitudinally striate and transversely cancellate. — P. Muell. Fragm. i. 194, viii. 274 ; F. cylindrocarpa, Kunth, Enum. ii. 222 ; Boeckel. in Linnsea, xxxvii. 7 ; Trichelostylis xyroides, Arn. ; Hook. f. FI. Tasm. Pr^f. 48. N. Australia. Islands of the Gulf of Carpentaria, F. Broicn ; Providence Hill and Depot Creek, Upper Victoria lliver, F. MuelUr. Spreads over East India, Ceylon, and the Malayan Archipelago. 14. F. trigastrocarya, F. Muell. Fragm. i. 194. — Densely tufted, apparently annual. Stems filiform, 4 to 8 iu. high, minutely pubescent. Leaves much shorter, filiform, with short open sheaths. Spikelet solitary, erect, ovoid or at length oblong-lanceolate, pale-brown, 3 to 4 lines long, nearly 1| lines diameter. Glumes numerous, imbricate all round, membranous almost hyaline and spotted with brown, ovate or oblong, obtuse, nerveless except the midrib or keel, often produced VOL. VII. X 306 cxLiii. CTPEEACEiE. [FimbristvUs . in the lower ones into a short point, the loweat 1 or 2 glumes or involucral bracts subulate, but shorter thanthe spikelet, and sometimes with scarious margins at the base, the lower part of the rhacliis often denuded,the glumes and nuts being very deciduous. Stamens 3. Style scarcely flattened, glabrous ; brauches 3. Nut marked with 3 deep furrows so as to be almost 3-lobed, tuberculate, tapering at the base into a smooth stipes. N. Australia. Depot Creek, Upper Victoria Eiver, F. Miieller. 15. F. monandra, F. Muell. Fragm. i. 195. — Densely tufted and apparently annual. Stems filiform, 4 to 8 in. high, glabrous or here and there minutely pubesceot. Leaves much shorter, numerous, filiform. Spikelet solitary, erect, ovoid or oblong, brown, 3 to 4 lines long, about 2 lines diameter. Grlumes numerous, imbricate all round, very deciduous, ovate-oblong, obtuse, membranous almost hyaline, tbe midrib or keel slightly prominent, 2 lower empty ones narrow with a short subulate point but deciduous like the others. Stamen 1. Style slender, glabrous ; branches 3 or in some flowers abnormally 4. Nut obovoid, prominently 3-ribbed, tuberculate, tapering into a short stipes. N. Australia. Depot Creek, Upper Victoria Eiver, F. Mueller. 16. F. pterygosperma, R.Br. Prod. 226. — Stems tufted, slender but rigid, 6 in. to 1 ft. high. Leaves much shorter, with short broad open sheaths or the inner one with a longer closed sheath. Spikelet solitary, erect, almost globular or at length conical, 2 to 3 lines diameter. Glumes numerous, closely imbricate all round, cartilaginous, nerveless, white or the iuner ones tipped with brown, all very obtuse and broad, especially the outer oues, of which 4 to 6 are empty and rather larger than the flowering ones. Stamens 2 or 3. Style much flatteued but glabrous ; branches 3, short. Nut broadly obovate, truncate, stipitate, more or less flattened, with 3 prominent ribs, the two lateral ones often but not in all specimens fringed with a broad hyaline wing, marked with radiating strise, the dorsal rib never fringed. — Bceckeh in Linnaea, xxxviii. 388. N. Australia. Islands of the Gulf of Carpentaria, R. Brown ,• South Goulbum Island, A. Cwiningham ; Sturfs Creek, Upper Victoria Eiver, F. MuMer ; Arnhem Land, north coasi, M^Kiiday ; Port Daxvfm, Schultz, n. 790, 812. 17. F. sphserocephala, Benth. — Stems densely tufted, filiform, 3 to 6 in. high. Leaves much shorter, numerous, filiform, glabrous or minutely pubescent, with short open sheaths. Spikelet solitary, erect, globular and 1 to l^ lines diameter, or at length ovoid aud 2 lines long, brown. Glumes numerous, closely imbricate all round, broadly obovate or orbicular, obtuse, membranous almost hyaline, shortly ciliate, the midrib or keel slightly prominent and in the 1 or 2 outer erapty glumes produced into a short point. Stamen 1. Style hairy Fimhristylis.'] cxLiii. crPEEACEJS. 307 but scarcely flattened ; branches 3. Nut not seen ripe but showing 3 promiueut ribs as iu F. monandra. N. Australia. Victoria River F. Muciler ; CaxaiieTiU.axhovLX, Martin. Queensland. Sunday Island, near Cape York, A. Cunningham. 18. F. xyridis, R. Br. Prod. 226.— Stems slender but rigid, 1 to li ft.high, pubescent at thebase with short spreading hairs. Leavesrather numerousat the base of the stera and some halfas long, flat and grass- like, shortly ciliate, the outer ones with short open sheatbs, the inner- most with a loug close sheath. Spikelets solitary, nodding but terniinal, ovoid or shortly cyliudrical, very obtuse, 4 to 5 lines long, nearly 3 lines diameter, of a rich brown. Glumes very numerous and closely imbricate all rouud, obovate or orbieular, very obtuse, thinly membranous almost hyaline, the central nerve not promiueut iu the typical form aud otherwise nerveless, the margins sometimes rainutely pubescent, the 1 or 2 outer ones empty but uearly similar. Stameus 3 (or sometimes 2 ?). Sryle flattened but glabrous ; brauches 3. Nut obloug, triquetrous, smooth but not seen quite ripe. — BoeckeL in Linnaea, xxxviii. 389 ; F. MuelL Fragm. viii. 274. N. Australia. Tslands and mainland of the Gulf of Carpentaria, R. Broioi ; Amhem Land, N. coast, JiPKhilai/ ; Port Darwin, Schdtz, n. 16, 177, 813 ; between Norman and Gilbert Rivers, Gulliver. Var. rigidula. Ghimes with a prominent rigid midrib and the spikelet apparently larger, bnt not fiilly out in the only specimen seen. — Fitzroy Island, Walter. Section IL Abildgaardia. — Spikelets erect, sohtary or few, flat with distichous glumes or uarrow and spiral with 2 or 3 rows of glumes. Style-buib normal ; brauclies usually 3. 19. F. oxystachya^ F. Muell. Fragm. i. 195. — Stems densely tufted, slender, sinootli, 4 in. to near 1 ft. high. Leaves much shorter, few aud filiform, the sheathing scales at the base of the stem often scarious. Spikelet solitary, erect, obloug or narrow-Liuceolate, slightly flattened, 5 to G liues iong, 1 to l^ lines broad. Grlumes irregularly spiral or almost distichous, rigid but much thinner than iu F. monostachya and almodt scarious, lanceolate, acumiuate or acute, the keel prominent aud green, the sidespale brown or whitish aud nerveless, the floweringones nearly 3 lines loug, 3 or 4 outer empty ones gradually sborter and broader, the lowest very small. Stamens 2 or 3. Style very shortly pubescent ; branches 3. Nut obovoid, stipitate, 3-ribbed, promiuently tuberculate. N. Australia. Upper Victoria River, F. Mueller. 20. F. macrantha, Boeckel. in Linncea, xxxviii. 388. — Stems tufted, 1 to 1| ft. higl), .sleuder but rigid aud scabrous. Leaves yery much shorter, narrow-linear or subulate. Spikelet solitary, erect, oblong- X 2 808 cxLiii. cyPEEA.CEiE. [Fimbristylis. linear, scarcely flattened, about \ in. long and \\ lines broad. Grlumes not very numeroua, imbricate all round or irregularly spiral, scarcely distiobous, cai-tilaginous, the keel prominent and produced into a minute erect point, the sides scarcely striate, the flowering ones scarcely 3 lines long, about 1 empty and gradually shorter and broader. Stamene 2 or 3. Style dilated, ciliate ; branches 3. Nut obovoid, stipitate, 3- ribbed but somewhat compressed, tuberculate-punctate. N. Australia. Victoria Eiver. F. Mueller; Port Darwin, Schnltz, n, 789, 814. 21. F. squarrulosa, F. Ahiell. Fragm. i. 216. — Stems tufted, 1 to l^ ft. high, sleuder but rigid, leafless except the short erect subulate points of the sheathmg scales, but intermixed with a few long narrow radical leaves. Spikelet solitary, erect, narrow-oblong, scarcely flattened, 6 to 9 lines long, scarcely 2 lines broad. Glumes not numerous, abnost distichous or irregularly spiral, cartilaginous, the keel prominent and tapering into a spreading point, the sides nerveless or minutely striate, the longer flowering ones about 4 lines long, about 4 outer empty ones gradually shorter and broader. Stamens 3. Style scarcely dilated, minutely ciiiate ; branches 3. Nut stipitate, ovoid, obtuse, slightly 3- ribbed, prominently tuberculate when quite ripe. — Abildgaardia schce- noides, K. Br. Prod. 229. N. Australia. Gulf of Carpentaria, R. Bfoioi ; Victoria River, F. Mueller. 22. F. monostachya, Hassk. PI. Jav. Bar. 61. — Ehizome short, hori- zontal. Stems often thickened at the base, otherwise slender, from under 1 ft. to l^ ft. high. Leaves shorter, very narrow; Spikelet soHtary, erect, or rarely accompanied by a second or even a third pedicellate one, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, more or less flattened, pale or nearly white, 4 to 71ineslong, 2 to 3 lines broad. Glumes distichousor at length more or less spiral, cartilaginous, ovate, mostly 2 lines long, the keel pro- rainent and produced into a short point, 1 or 2 lower erapty ones nar- row and more pointed. Stamens 3. Style slightly dilated, ciliate ; branches 3 or 2. Nut rather large, obovoid or globular, obtuselv 3- angled, tuberculate or almost muricate. — Abildgaardia monostacliya, Vahl ; Kunth, Enum. ii. 247 ; Boeckel. in Linnasa, xxxvii. 53 ; E. Br. Prod. 229 ; F. Muell. Fragm. viii. 272. Queensland. East Coast, R. Byoioi ; Port Curtis, M'GiUivray ; Bumet River, F. Mueller ; Rockhampton, 0' Shaiies;/, Thozet ; Herbert Creek, Boicman ; Brisbane River, Moreton Baj-, F. Maeller. Leichhardt, C. Stiiart. N. S. Wales. Paramatta, Woolls ; Now England, C. Stuart ; Macleay River Beckler. The species extends over the tropical regions of the New and the Old World. F. Mueller, 1. c, unites vnih it the three preceding species which, however, appear to me to be constantly dibtinct in the shape and structure of their spikelets. 23. P, Browpii, BentJi. — Stems leafless except the sheathing scales at the base, slender, 1 ft. high or rather more. Spikelets 2 to 5, the central one sessile the others pedunculate. Involucral bract subulate not always present but sometimes longer than the inflores- Fimhristi/lis.'] ciliii. CTPERACEiE. 309 cence. Spikelets erecfc, ovate-laDceolate, very flat, pale brown, 4 to 5 lines loiif^, l^ to 2 lines broad, 3- to l2-flowere(i. Glumes regularly distiehous, acute with a short fine point, keeled, the aides rigidly mem- branoua, 1 or 2 onter empty ones shortcr with longer points. Style- branches 3. Nut not seeu. — AbilJqaardia vaginata, R. Br. Prod. 229. N. Australia. Islands ofiF the N. coast of Arnhem Land, R. Brown. 24. F. Dallachyi, F. .VueU. Hcrh. — A small tufted plant, appa- rently annual. Stenis slender, 3 to 4 in. high. Leaves much shorter, rather numerous, narrow-linear but flat. TJmbcl simple, of 3 or 4 short tiHform rays besides the sessiie spikelet, the [)eduncles or rays shortly hirsute. Invohicral bracts few and short. Spikelets very flat, Lanceolato, acute, of a rich brown, about 3 lines long, 1 line broad, 8- to 12-flowered. Grlumes very regularly distichous, uavicular, lanceo- late, acute, prominently keeled, the sides nerveless. Stamens 2 or 3. Style slender, shortly bulbous at the base, glabrous ; branches 3. Nut obovoid. 3-ribbed, whitish, tuberculate. — Abilclfjaardia fimhristyloides, F. Muell. Fragm. viii. 273. Queensland. Rockingham Bay, Ballacluj. Very near the Indian Abildyaardia fusca, Nees {A. fuh-cscei/s, Thw.), of which it may be a variety, differing in its small size, flatter and more regularly distichous spikelets ; the specimens are very few and not satisfactory. Section III. DiCHELOSTTLis. — Spikclets several, usually nume- rous, but not clustered. Glumes imbricate all round the rliachis. Style-bulb normal ; branches 2. Nut biconvex, smooth or rugose, not tuberculate. 25. F. velata, B. Br. Prod. 227.— Small deusely tufted and apparently annuah Stems 3 to G in. high. Leaves much shorter, linear or setaceous, usually pubescent at least on the sheaths, rarely entirely glabrous. Umbel usually compound aud rather compact, with slender rays and pedicels. Involucral bracts seiaceous, much shorter than the inflorescence, or rarely 1 to 2 in. long. Spikelets soiitary on the rays or pedicLls, at first ovate-oblong and about 2 liues long, but often lengthening whon old, scarely 1 line broad, pale brown, glabrous or pubesceut. Glumes rather closely imbricate all rouud, the very pro- miuent keel produced into a short erect point. Stamen 1. Style slightly pubescent ; the dilated base fringed with spreading hairs often long and closely reflexed over the ovary aud nut ; brauches 2. Nut obovoid, usuallv brown, biconvex, minutely striate or cancellate. — Hook. f. FL N. Zel. i.' 272; F. dicJwtoma, Hook. f. Handb. N. Zeal. Fl. 303, not o£ Vahl ; F. propinqxia, R. Br. Prod. 227. N. Australia. Amhem Land, F. Miieller, including specimens from South Alligator River, with much shorter hairs at the base of the style. Queensland, Mitchell ; Wide Bay, Biduill. N. S. ^Vales. Nepean and Paterson liivors, R. Broicn ; Sevem River, Leichhardt ; 310 cxLiir. CTPEUACiiiE. [Fimbrisfi/lis. Clarence River, WUcox ; Eichmond River, Mrs. Modr/kinso» ; Hawkesbiiry, JFoolls ; Darling Eiver, Ballachy and others , Barcoo River, Hoivitfs E.rpedition. Victoria. Avon River, F. Mueller. Also in New Zealand and a closely allied plant in S. Africa. F. Mueller, Fragm. ix. 11, unites the Australian plant with the East Indian F. squarrosa, Vahl, which appears to me to bc constantly distinct in the 3-nerved glumes tapering into a long re- curved poiut, giving the spikelet a peculiar squarrose aspect. Boeckeler in Linnaea, -xxxvii. 13, seems to have inadvertently referred Mitcheirs specimens to a variety of F. dichotoma. 20. F. sestivalis, l^ahl ,- Kunth, Enum. ii. 226. — Deusely tufted and probably anuual. Stetns slender, 3 to 6 in. high or when luxuriant 8 or 9 in. Leaves much shorter, rather numerous, filiform, the sheatlis and often the whole leaf pubescent or hirsute. Umbel uearly simple or compound, with filiform rays aud pedicels. Involucral bracts fili- form, slightly dilated at the base, 1 or 2 longer than the inflorescence or al] shorter. Spikelets solitary on the rays or pedicels, of a light brown, at first ovate aud only 1 line long, at length oblong and some- times 2 lines long, under 1 line broad. Grlumes loosely imbricate all round, membranous, the keel promineut often ciliate and produced into a shcrt point, 1 or 2 outer ones empty. Stamen 1 (rarely 2 ?). Style glabrous or blightly ciliate near the eud ; branches 2. Nut ob- ovate, biconvex, smooth or under a strong lens minutely reticulate. — Boeckel. in Linnasa, xxxvii. 11 ; P. Muell. Fragm. ix. 11 ; F. pal- lescens, Nees ; Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. Prsef. 48. N. Australia. Near M'Adam Range, F.M uellcr. Queensland. Cape York, 31'GiUivraf/ ; Eockingham Bay, Dallachi/ ; Rock- hampton and neighboui-hood, Boicmav. 0\Sha)iesj/. N. S. Wales. New England, C. Stuart. Victoria. Ovens and Goulburn Rivers, F. Mueller. Var. '( macrostachya. Spikelets ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 2 to 3 lines long, 1| lines broad. — Rockingham Bay, Ballachy ; Russell River, Kerh. F. Miieller. The species ranges over tropical and subtropical Asia and the same or a very closely allied «ne is in America. 27. F. dichotoma, Vahlj Kunth, Enum. ii. 225. — Densely tufted and apparcntly annual. Stems from a few inches to nearly 1 ft. high. Leaves shorter, rather numerous, very narrow linear but flat, quite glabrous or the sheaths sliglitly ciliate. Umbel nearly simple or com- pound but not usually largo, the longest rays 5- to 1 in. Involucral bracts narrow-linear, 2 or 3 longer than the inflorescence. Spikelets ovate, from 1 to l^ lines long. Glumes imbricate all round but not very numerous, ovate, membranous, with a very prominent keel pro- duced into a short erect point. Stamen 1. Style flattened, ciliate but the base glabrous ; branches 2. Nut broadly obovate, biconvex, with 10 to 12 prominent longitudinal striae and transversely cancellate. — Boeckel. in Linna^a, xxxvii. 12 ; Eeichb. Ic. FJ. Germ. t. 315 ; F. Muell. Fragm. ix. 10 ; F.parviflora, E. Br. Prod. 227. Fimbristi/lis,] ciLiii. ctpera.ce^. 311 N. Australia. Islands of the Gulf of Carpcntaria, R. Broivn. Queensland. Tarampa Creek, F. Mucller ; Rockingham Bay, Dallachy ; Horberfs Creuk, Brnrmati ; Sluroton Baj% C. Sttiart. N. S. Wales. Eichmond River, C. Moore ; Glendon, LciehJiardt. Extends over the warmer rcgions of both the New and the Old World. 28. F. depauperata, R. JBr. Prod. 227.— A small slender annual. Stems 4 to 0 iii. liigh. Leaves uumerous, very uarrow but flat, the outer ones short aud setaceous, tlie sheaths with rather long hairs. Uiiibel simple, of 3 or 4 sleuder rays i to ^ in. long or reduced to a siugle spikelet. Involucral bract long, slender and erect with some- times a second shorter one. Spikelets pale brown, ovate or ovate-lan- ceolate, 2 lines loug or rather more. Grlumes imbricate all round but uot very numerous, broadly ovate, acute, raembranous, the keel slightly prominent, tlie sides nerveless. Stamen 1. Style ciliate except at the base ; branches 2. Nut broadly obovate, biconvex, marked with raised stria; and transversely cancellate. N. Australia. Ai-nhem Land, north coast, E. Brown. 29. F. spirostachya, F. Muell. Rerh. — Tufted aud apparently per- ennial. Stems 1 to l^ ft. high, rather slender, striate. Leaves much shorter, narrow but flat, the long sheaths usually hairy. Umbel com- pound, the rays nuraerous and slender, but the longest only 1 to 1| in. long. Involucral bracts very narrow, 1 or 2 longer than the in- florescence. Spikelets ovate or ovate-lanceolate, pale brown, 3 to 6 liues long, about 2 lines broad. Grlumes numerous, imbricate all round but the spiral arrangement usuaily very conspicuous, broad, thin but ratlier rigid and opaque, obtuse or very shortly mucronate, some- tiraes minutely powdery-pubescent, the keel prominent towards the top, the sides smooth or minutely striate. Stamens 3. Style flat, ciliate ; branches 2. Nut obovate, biconvex, with rather thickened margins, longitudinally striate and transversely cancellate. N. Australia. Upper Victoria River, F. Mucller. Allied to the East Indian F. schoenoides, Vahl, -which, however, has only 1 to 3 spikelets to each stem. 30. F. diphylla, Vahl, Enum. ii. 289. — Stems from a perennial rhizome tufted, rather slender, often compressed, f to l^ ft. high, usually scabrous under the inflorescence. Leaves narrow-liuear, from almost subulate to 1\ lines broad, rarely as long as the stem, mostly radicai with short open sheaths. Umbel more or less compound or almost simple, loose with the longer rays 1 to 3 in., or crowded. In- volucral bracts leafy, 1 or 2 often exceediug the inflorescence. Spike- lets few ur uumeruus, ovuid or oblong, usually browu and about 3 liues long aud l^ Jines broad. Glumes closely imbricate all round, broad, rather rigid, shortly mucronate, the keel 1- or 3-nerved, the sides smooth. Stanien iu the typical form 1, in some varieties 3. Style flattened, ciliate; branches 2. Nut obovate, much compressed but bicouvex, whitish, distinctly striate and caucellate. — F. variabilis, B. Br. 312 cxLTii. CYPEEACE^. [Fimbrisfi/Us. Prod. 228; F. communis, Kuutli, Enum. ii. 234; F. Muell. Pragm. ix. 10; F. polyinorphn, Boeckel. in Linnaea, xxxvii. 14 ; F. elongata aud F. stricta, R. Br. Prod. 228 ; F. gracilis, F. tristachi/a and F. ohtnsifolia. Nees in Sieb. Agrostoth. n. 2, 114, 117 (the two latter numbers West Indian). N. Australia. Amhem Land and Gulf of Carpentaria, It. Bnnvn ; Port Darwin, SchKltz, II. 34, 178 ; Upper Victoria River, F. Mwllcr. Queeusland. Port Curtis and Percy Island, ISrGlUlvraij ; Rockingham Bay, Dallachij ; Rockhampton and neighbourhood, Thozct, Boivman and others ; Moreton Bay, F. Muellcr, Leichhardt and others. N. S. Wales. Port Jackson to the Blue Mountains, R. Brown, Woolls and others ; New England, V. Stmrt. Var. gracllis. Leaves very narrow, glumes more membranous and paler coloured than in the ordinary form. Stamens usually 3. — F. grncilis, R. Br. Prod. 227 ; F. Roije.iiana, Nees (partly), Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. Prsef. 48. — Keppel Bay, R. Broum ; Darling River, Z>ff^^«c/;y ; Central Australia, Giles. Some specimens from the western interior of N. S. Wales appear intermediate between this and the typical form. The species is common in the warmer regions both of the New and the Old World, extending into North America. The South European F. annua, Roem. et Schult., united with it by Boeckeler, may however be specifically distinct. 31. F. ferruginea, Vahl ; Kunth^Fnum.xx.l^Q. — Perennial, glabrous aud smooth. Stems rigid, striate, often slightly compressed, 1 to 2 ft. high. Leaves few, the narrow-linear laraina often erect and shorter than the brown membrauous sheath. Umbel simple or slightly com- pound. luvolucral bracts few, either all very short or 1 or 2 siightly exceeding the iiiilorescence. Spikelets few, rarely reduced to 1 or 2 or increased to about 12, dark or light brown, always rather large but yaryiug iu size from 4 lincs long and H liues broad to above \ in. long and fully 2 lines broad. Glumes numerous, closely imbricate all round, broadly ovate or almost orbicular, membranous with a rather fine but prominent keel ofteu produced iuto a short point, the ssides nerveless or faintly striate, often minutely hoary-pubescent. Stamens 3. Style ciliate ; branches 2. Nut obovate, much compressed but biconvex, usually witli a thickened margin, quite smooth or under a strong lens very minutely striate and cancellate. — Boeckel. in Linnjea, xxxvii. 16 ; F. Muell. Fragm. ix. 10 ; F. hrevifolia, K. Br. Prod. 228. N. Australia. Near Providence Hill, F. Mtieller, Queensland. Rockingham Bay, Ballachy ; Rockhampton, Thozet and others ; Brisbanc River, Moreton Bay, F. Mucller, Leichhardt. N. S. V^ales. Botany Bay, Banks and Solander ; Richmond River, Mrs. Hodgkinson ; near Mount Murchison, Bonneg. M^. Australia. Murchison River, Oldjicld. Yax.foliata. Leaves long though few and often only one, the sheaths often pubescent. Spikelets large. — F. arvensis, Vahl ; Kunth, Enura. ii. 237 ; F. tristachija, R. Br. Prod. 226 ; F. paucispicata, F. Muell. Fragm. i. 197. Gulf of Carpentaria, R. Brown ; Upper Victoria River, F. Mueller ; Bowen Downs, Birch ; Springsure, Wuth. The specios is dispersed over the warmer regions of the New and the Old World. Fimbrisfi/lis.] cxltii. CTPEHACEjii; 313 32. F. denudata, R. Br. Prod. 227. — Percnnial and glabroua. Stems densely tutted, slender but rigid, G in. to nearly 1 £t. higli, leaf- !ess except short c?]ieatliing scales or very rarely iutermixed with a vcry few long setaceous leaves. Umbels simple, of 8 to 6 spikelets or one of thc lateral rays bearing 2 spikelets distant from each other, the branches or rays as well as thc spikelets erect. Involucral bracts short and glumelike or rarely produced into a short point. Spikelets brown, at first ovate-oblong and about 2 lines long, at length nearly cylindrical and 3 to 5 lines, scarcely 1 line diameter. Glumes numerous, imbricate all round, ovate or oblong, obtuse or shortly mucro- nate, the keel very prominent, the sides membranous. Stamens 2 or 3. Style flattened, ciliate ; branches 2. Nut miuute, obovate, biconvex, smootli or under a strong lens slightly rugose. — F. Muell. Fragm. ix. 9. N. Australia. Arnhem Land, N. coast, R. Brown ; Victoria Eiver, F. Mueller ; between Norman and Gilbert Rivers, Gidliver. 33. F. elata, R. Br. Prod. 227. — Perennial, glabrous. Stems slender, 1 to \\ ft. high, leafless except sheathiug scales. Umbels slightly compound, the rays not numerous, spreading, almost filiform, the longest 1 to 2 in. long. Involucral bracts small and glume-like. Spikelets ovate-lanceolate or at length oblong, 3 to 4 or even 5 liues long, pale brown. Glumes imbricate all round, ovate, obtuse, membranous, the keel not very prominent but often 3-nerved. Stamens3. Style slender, shortly ciliate ; branches 2, Nut minute, obovoid-globular, smooth, dark-coloured. N. Australia. Amhem Land, North Coast, E. Broiin. 34. F. caespitosa, R. Br. Prod. 228.— Perennial. Stems 6 to 10 in. high, slender. Leaves very much shorter, rather numerous, setaceous. Umbel simple or slightly compound, the rays slender, \ to f in. long. Invohicral bracts very short and glume-like. Spikelels ovate or at length ovate-oblong, 2 to 3 Hnes long, nearly 1| linesbroad. Glumes numerous, closely imbricate all round, membranous, ovate, obtuse or scarcely mucronate, the keel vcry slightly prominent, with a lateral nerve on each side in the lower glumes. Stameus 2 or 3. Style sleuder, scarcely ciliate ; branches 2. Nut minute, biconvex, pale or dark colourcd, smooth or under a strong lens minutely striate and cancellate. — F. brachylcena, F. Muell. Pragm. i. 199. N. Australia. Amhem Land and Gulf of Carpentaria, R. Brotcn ; Upper Victoria River, F. Miwller ; Sweers Island, Henne. Queensland. Herbert River, Armitaye. F. Mueller, Fragm. ix. 9, unites this with F. denndata -which it resemblcs in many respects, but the rather numerous setaccous leaves, the more numerous and differently shaped spikelets, and some other characters appear sufficiently to distinguish it. Section IV. Tkichelostylis — Spikelcts few or many in a simple or compound umbel cluster or head rarelj (iu F. spiralis and F. lepto- 314 cxLiii. CTPERACE^. [Ftmbristi/Us . cladd) reduced to a single spikelet. Glumes imbricate all round the rhacliis. Style-bulb normal ; branches 3 (except rarely in the Glomeratw). Nut various. Semes I. Oligostacht^. — Spikelets few, occasionally solitary. 35. F. spiralis, R. Br. Prod. 226. — Apparently annual. Steras filiform, 2 to 3 in. high. Leaves as long, numerous, setaceous. Spike- lets either solitary and erect or 2 together, the second on a short re- flexed pedicel. Involucral bract short. Spikelets pale brown, lanceolate, acute, 4 to 5 lines long, nearly 1\ lines diameter. Glumes numerous, closely imbricate all round but the spiral arrangement often very distinct, obtuse, concave, thin, faintly striate or smooth, scarcely keeled. Stamens 2 or 3. Style glabrous or minutely ciliate ; branches 3. Nut ovoid-oblong, tuberculate, finely 3-ribbed. N. Australia. Amhem Bay, R. Brown. 36. F. subaristata, Benth. — Apparently anuual, glabrous. Stems slender, tufted, 3 to 4 in. high. Leaves much shorter, numerous, narrow-liuear, spreading. Umbel simple, of few spreading rays on pedicels not exceeding \ in. Involucral bracts linear-subulate, 1 often as long as the rays. Spikelets pale-coloured, ovate-lanceolate, 2 to 3 lines long. Glumes loosely imbricate all round, ovate or ovate- lanceolate, the keel very prominent and produced into a spreading point, often rather long and awn-like in the lower ones, shorter on the uppermost ones, the sides membranous, brown and sometimes with white scarious margins. Stamens 2 or 3. Style slender, glabrous ; branches 3. Nut broadly obovoid, almost obcordate, very prominently 3-ribbed, granular-tuberculate, the granules usually in regular vertical rows. N. Australia. Sturfs Creek, F. Mnelley. 37. P. leptoclada, Bentli. — Perennial and glabrous. Stemsdensely tufted, filiform, 6 in. to 1 ft. long, leafless except the sheathing scales which are mostly scarious especially in the upper part. Spikelets either solitary or with 1 rarely 2 additional pedicellate ones, lanceolate, pale brown, 4 to 6 liues loug, \\ to 2 lines diameter. Glumes imbricate all round, lauceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate-acute, about 2 lines long, very thinly membrauous almost acarious and hyaline on the sides, the keel prominent and sometimes a faint nerve on eat-h side, about 2 lower ones shorter and empty and often the uppermost empty or with imperfect flowers. Stamens 3. Style slender, nearly glabrous, more ciliate at the base ; branches 3. Nut obovoid, 3-ribbed, white, tuber- culate. Queensland. Rockmgham Bay, Ballachy ; Rockhampton, 0'Shanesij. The spikelets are something like those of F. audrogyna., hut usually 2 or '6, the glumes acuminate and the style branches 3. FiTnbrisfi/lis.] cxLiii. ctperaoe^e 315 38. F. debilis, F. MuelJ. Frar/m. i. 198. — Stems denaely tufted, weak, alinost tiliforiu, 1 ft. long or more, leafless except rather loose sheathiug scales sometimes produced into short erect laminse. Umbel simple or slitjiitly compound, of few rays, all siiort or tlie longest 1 in. loug. Involucral bracts very short. Spilcelets liuear-lanceolate, pale brown, 3 to 5 lines k)ug, about 1 line broad. Grlume.s uot numerous, loosely imbricate all round, lauceoLite, acuminate, with ratlier long fine erect or slightly spreading points, the keel prominent and often minutely ciliate, the sides scarious. Stamens usualiy 2. Style nearly glabrous ; brauches 3. Nut uearly globuLar, obscurely 3-angle(J, dark-coloured, coa)'sely tuberculate. N. Australia. Depot Creek, Upper Victoria River, F. Miieller. Seeies II. PoLYSTACHrjE. — Spikelets usually numerous, in more or less compound umbels, not clustered on the rays. 39. T. corynoc9,rya.f F. Miiell. Fmffm. i. 197. — Apparently perennial, glabrous. Stems augular or flattened, about 2 ft. high. Leaves almost distichous, very narrow, 2 or 3 as long as the stem or longer. Umbel compound, the longest rays 2 to 3 in. long. Involucral bracts very narrow, dilated at the base, 2 or 3 of them longer than the inflorescence and those of the partial umbels often rather long. Spikelets broadly ovate, pale brown, about 3 lines long and 2 lines broad. Gt-lumes numerous, but rather loosely imbricate all round, broad, rather acute, rigid and obscurely 3-nerved in the centre, the broad sides thinly scarious and ciliate. Stamens 3. Style slender, minutely ciliate ; branches 3. Nut obovoid-clavate, contracted into a loug stipes, very promiuenlly 3-ribbed, perfectly smooth. N. Australia. Depot Creek, Upper Victoria Eiver, F. MiieUer, a single specimen in his herb. 40. P. solidifolia, F. Muell. Fragm. i. 198. — Glabrous and perhaps annual though 1 to 1\ ft. high. Leaves few, narrow, erect, flat ornearly terete, the longest sometimes as long as the stem. Umbels slightly conipound, of few rays, the lougest 1 to 1\ in. long. Involucral bracts narrow, shorter than the rays or 1 as long. Spikelets 1 to 3 on each ray, pale brown, broadly ovate and about 3 lines long, but the rhachis lengtheuing as the lower glumes fall away. Grlumes nume- rous, imbricate all round but very concave and distinct, obtuse, the keel prominent but not thick, with usually a nerve on each side. Stamens 3. Style nearly glabrous ; branches 3. JVut narrow- obovoid, clavate, 3-ribbed, prominently tuberculate almost muri- cate. N. Australia. yturfs Creek, F. Muellcr. 41. F. obtusangula, F. Muell. Fragm. i. 198. — Very closely allied to F. solidifolia and perhaps a variety ouly. Stature the same. Leaves more numcrous and shorter. Involucral bracts very short, the 318 cxLiir. CYPBEACEiB. [Fimbristylis. branches 3. Nut obovoid-oblong, faintly 3-ribbed, whitish, rugose. — F. cinnamometorum, Kunth, Enum. ii. 229 ; (Boeckel. in Linnaea, xxxvii. 35 ;) Abildgaardia cinnamometorim, Thw. Enum. Pl. Zeyl. 317 ; Abildijaardia jusca, E. Muell. Fragm. viii. 273, not of Nees ; Fimbri- stylis bijloru, Boeckel. in Liunsea, xxxviii. 393. N. Australia. Islands of the Giilf of Carpentaria, R. Brotvn ; Providence Hill, F. Mueller ; Port Darwin, Schultz, n. 658. Queensland. Wide Bay, Biduill ; Rockingham Bay, Lallachy. N. S. Wales. Kew England, C. Stiiart ; Clarence River, Beckler. Also in the East Indian Peninsula and in Ceylon. It was by some mistake, pro- bably from misnamed specimens, as are frequent among our Indian CjT^eraceEe, that Thwaites referred the Abildgaardia fusca, Nees, to A. cinnamometorum, instead of to i\ie A.fulvesceHs, Thw. The F. cyjyeroides is anomalous in the genus in its few flowers and the proportional number of empty glumes nearer that of Rhynchospora, but the style and other characters are quite those of Fimbristylis. Seeies IIL GrLOMEEATiE. — Spikelets more or less clustered ou the rays of the umbel and always a central sessile cluster of 2 or rnore in lieu of the ordinary single sessile central spikelet. Leaves usually numerous. Style-branches usually 3, but sometimes 2. 47. F. farva, B. Br. Prod. 228. — Probably perennial, glabrous and not glaucous. Stems tufted, 4 to 8 in. high, slightly flattened. Leaves shorter, numerous, more or less spreading, linear, flat, obtuse, flaccid, 1 to 1\ lines broad. Umbel small and dense but compound, with few short rays, the spikelets mostly in clusters of 2 or 3 but some solitary. Involucral bracts small and glume-like or 1 or 2 produced into short points. Spikelets brown, ovoid or ovoid-oblong, about 2 lines long. Glumes imbricate all round, broad, the keel prominent and produced into a point very short in the inuer glumes, longer in the lower oues with frequently a nerve on each side, the broad sides mera- branous and smooth. Stamens 2 or 3. Style slender, ciliate in the upper part ; branches 3. Nut not seen f uU growu. Queensland. Booby Island, Banks and Solandcr ; Rockingham Bay, Dallachy. Closely allied to the widely-spread tropical F. gloinerata, Nees, with which Bceckeler correctly unites J*^. Wigktiana, Nees, but our plant has not the rigid chan- neUed leaves which give a peculiar aspect both to the Asiatic and the African speci- mens of that species, and the style appears to be constantly 3-branched. 48. F. cymosa, i?. Br. Prod. 228. — Perennial and glabrous. Stems slender but rigid, f to l^ ft. high. Leaves much shorter, nume- rous at the base, narrow, erect, rigid and shining. Umbel compound, the rays and pedicels spreading. Involucral bracts lanceolate, with fine points or lamiuae much shorter than the rays. Spikelets numerous, in clusters of 2 or 3 with solitary ones intermixed, ovoid, 1 to l^ lines long, pale brown. Glumes not numerous, loosely imbricate all round, membranous, keeled, the lowerones acute or acuminate, the upperones obtuse. Stamens nsually 3. Style slender, not ciliate ; branches 3. Nut very small, acutely 3-angled, smooth or minutely granular. Fimhristylis.'] cxLiii. cyperace^. 319 N. Australia. Islands of the Gulf of Carpentaria and Prince of Wales' Islands, R. Brotcii; Escape Cliffs, EuUe. Some of Hulse's specimens, apparently of the same^species, have the rhachis of the old spikelets much lcngthcncd, but all the lower glumes fallen away. 49. F. multifolia, Boeckel. m Linncea, xxxviii. 397. — E-hizome or stock thick, covered with the remains of old leaf-sheaths. Stems slender but rigid, triquetrous or flattened, 1 to l^ ft. high. Leaves erowded at the base of the stem and shorter, glaucous but glabrous, narrow, subulate-acuminato, with short open sheaths. Umbel irregu- larly compound, the longest rajs \\ to 2 in., the spikelets in little clusters or heads of 3 to 10. Involucral bracts subulate-acuminate, dilated at the base, the longest much shorter than the rays. Spikelets ovoid, 1 to 1\ lines long, 8- to 10-flowered. Grlumes loosely imbricate, membranous, obtuse, prominently keeled, the sides pale-brown, without scarious margins. Staraens 3 ? Style scarcely pubescent, very slightly bulbous at the base ; branches 3 (or 2 ?), short. JS"ut ovoid-globular, obtusely 3-angled, whitish, minutely granular. N. Australia. Cvgnet Bay, N. W. coast, A. Cumingham ; Port Darwin, Schultz, n. 147, 799. Very closely allied to the common In^dio. F. juncifolia, Kunth, {Trichelostyles, Nees), in which BcEckeler correctly includes F. chmtorhiza, Nees, our plant differing slightly in its longer leaves, smaller spikelets, shorter glumes, etc. 50. F. sericea, B. Br. Prod. 228. — Ehizome or stock thick and covered with the remains of old leaf-sheaths. Stems 6 in. to 1 ft. high, rigid, angular, striate, silky-pubescent or at length glabrous. Leaves much shorter, crowded at the base of the stem, linear, tliick, 1 to 2 lines broad, obtuse, silky-pubescent on the underside and sheaths. Umbel irregularly compound, the longer rays about l^ in., the spike- lets in little clusters of 3 to 10. Involucral bracts lanceolate, acumi- nate, silky-hairy, much shorter than the rays. Spikelets about 2 liues long, with 2 or 3 perfect flowers. Glumes lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acute, navicular, prominently keeled, the sides nerveless, 2 outer ones shorter and empty and 1 or 2 upper ones also empty. Stamens 3. Style very shortly hairy ; branches 3 (or 2). Nut not seen. — BcEckel. in Linnaea, xxxvii. 22. N. Australia. Gulf of Carpentaria, R. Brown ; Upper Victoria River, F. Mueiler ; Port Darwir, Schultz,n. 602. Boeckeler refers to this species the F. decora, Nees, Kunth, Enum. ii. 240, from S. China and Java, in which he is probably right. The Australian plunt has gene- rally but not always 3 style-branches as described by Brown, whilst in the Chinese ones I have found only 2 inthe spikelets examincd, as described by Nees, Kunth, and Boeckeler. 51. F. macrostachya, BcecTcel. in Linncea, xxxviii. 386. — Perennial, glabrous but glaucous. Stems slightly angular or flattened, rigid, about 1 ft. high. Leaves shorter or nearly as loug, narrow, rigid, flat or concave, with broad scarious sheaths truncate at the orifice. Spike- 316 cxLiii. CTPERA.CE^:. [Fitnbrisf^Us . lets large, in a dense cluster of 2 to 5, with 1 or 2 short lateral raj-s or pedicels bearing each 1 or 2. Involucral hracta short aud rigid, the longest erect but shorter than the inflorescence. Spikelets oblong or ellipsoid, obtuse, 3 to 4 lines long, l^ to 2 lines diameter, pale brown. Glumes numerous, closely imbricate all round, broadly ovate, mu- cronate-acute or almost ohtuse, rigid, the keel promineut, the sides striate, about 4 lower ones shorter and empty. Stamens 2 or 3. Style much flattened, ciliate ; branches 2. Ovary contracted at the base, the fuU-grown nut unkuown. N. Australia. Port Darwin, Schultz, n. 664. 52. F. Neilsoni, F. Muell. Fragm. ix. 79. — Grlabrous. Stems 1 ft. high or more. Leaves shorter, narrow, with broad scarious sheaths obtuse at the orifice. Spikelets large, in a dense cluster of 3 to 5, with 2 or 3 short lateral rays or pedicels, bearing each 3 or 4, forming a simple umbel. Involucral bracts rarely longer than the inflorescence. Spikelets ovate, 4 to 5 lines long. Glumes rather loosely imbricate, ovate, obtuse, membrauous, hyaline towards the margin, the lower ones 2 liues loug. Stamens 3. Style slender, glabrous ; branches 3. Nut clavate-pyriform, 3-angled, pale-coloured, tuberculate. Xg_ S. V^ales. Inthe interior, between theDarling and Barcoo Rivers, Xeilson, between Rome andthe Barcoo, Birch. Very closely resembles i?'. macrostachiia ; but differs in the thinner glumes, with broad hyaline margins, and in the slender glabrous and 3-branched styles. Series IV. Capitat^. — Spikelets coUected in a single terminal head. 53. F. capitata, B. Br. Prod. 228. — Stems tufted, rather slender, often 1 ft. high. Leaves much shorter, few, linear, with short open sheaths, or reduced to sheathing ecales. Head of spikelets dense and globuhir, 4 to 6 lines diameter, either terminal concealing the very short bract, or appearing lateral owing to the involucral bract continu- int^ the stem and sometimes twice as long as the head, or the inflores- cence proliferous emitting a short branch with a second head. Spikelets brown, ovate or oblong, 2 to 3 lines or when old 4 lines loug, 1\ to 2 lines broad. G-lumes loosely imbricate in few rows, mem- brauous, prominently keeled, obtuse or minutely pointed, the sides nerveless, 1 or sometimes 2 smaller outer ones empty. Stamens 3. Style trlabrous or nearly so, the basal dihitation very small ; branches 3. Nut obovoid-globular, the angles not prominent, tuberculate. — F. cephalophora, F. Muell. Fragm. i. 196. N. Australia. Upper Victoria and Fitzmaurice Rivers, F. Mueller. Queensland Endeavour River, Bauks a/id Solmder. 54. F. Schultzii, BoeckeL in Linncea, xxxviii. 391. — Stems tufted, slender 4 lo 6 in. high. Leaves much shorter, rather numerous, narrow-linear but f!at, with short open sheaths. Head of spikelets terminal, globular or at first hemisphserical, 3 to 5 lines diameter. In- Fimlristylis.'] CXLiii. ctpeeace^. 321 •volucral bracts 4 or more, liuear, spreading or reflexed, 1, 2 or soine- times 3 longer than the head. Spikelets numerous, sesaile, ovate, more or less flattened, l^ to 3 lines long, about l^- lines broad. Glumes not numerous, loosely imbricate, the prominent keel produced iuto a short or loug more or less recurved poiut, the sides nerveless, thia with scarious hyaline margins. Stamens 2 or 8. Style glabrous ; branches 3. Nut obovoid, 3-ribbed, minutely granular or almost smooth. — F. pJatystachys, Boeckel. in Linnaea, xxxviii. 390. N. Australia. Stuit's Creek, F. Mtteller ; Port Darwin, Schultz, n. 96, 792. The two nurabers gathered by Schultz are distmguished as species by Bneokeler, and the separation is apparently justified by the specimens in the Berlin herbarium, but those of the Kew herbarium differ muchless from each other, and F. Muellers specimens are quite intermediate in most respects. The length of the involucral bracts and the points of the glumes upon which the distinctions are chiefly founded are so variable, that I am unable to give tangible characters even for two distinct varieties. Section IV. Oncosttlis. — Spikelets capitate, umbellate, or in species not Australian solitary. Grlumes imbricate all round the rhachis. Style-bulb articulate oii the nut, but ofteu persisting a long time after tlie fall of the style. I have followed Asa Gray in transferring this section from Scirpus [Isolepis) to Fimbristylis, of which it has entirely the habit, as the style-bulb, though persistent at first, very f requently falls away at the maturity of the nut. 55. F. barbata, Benth. — Apparently annual. Stems tufted, fili- form, 3 to 8 in. high. Leaves much shorter, filiform, the sheaths loose at the apex and ciliate or bearded with long hairs. Spikelets G to 10 together ina single terminal sessile chister or head. Involucral bracts few, filiform, 1 rather longer than the head. Spikelets brown, erect, narrow, 2 to 3 lines long. Grhimes not numerous, erect, loosely imbricate, the very prominent usually 3-nerved and pale-coloured. keel produced into a slightly recurved point, the sides membranous, almost scarious, nerveless. Stamen usually 1. Style glabrous ; branches 3. Nut obovoid, slightly granular, the minute bulbous base o£ the style long persistent, but articulate on the nut and sometimes falliug away at maturity. — Scii-pus barbattts, Eottb. ; Boeckel. iu Linnaea, xxxvi. 751 ; Isolepis harhata, E. Br. Prod. 222 ; Kunth, Enum. ii. 208; F. Muell. Fragm. ix. 7. N. Australia. Gulf of Carpentaria, R. Brown ; Dampier'8 Axchipelago, Walcott ; Depot Creek, Upper Victoria River, i?'. Mueller ; Voit 'Dai-mu, Schultz, n. 170, 211. Queensland. Bustard Bay, Ban^s and Solander ; Bockingham B&j, Dallachi/ ; Dawson Eiver, F. Mueller ; Dry Beef Creek, Leichhardt ; Grainsford, Bouman ; Bowen Downs, Birch. N. S. Wales. Clarence River, Wilcox. Central Australia. Between Alice Springs and Charlotte Waters, Giles. Widely spread over the tropical regions of the Old World. VOL. VII. T 332 cxLiii. CTPEEACE^. [Fimoristylis. 56. F. capillaris, A. Gray, Man. Bot. N. U. S. ed. 5, 567.— Annual. iStems tufted, filiform, 3 to 9 in. high. Leaves much shorter, numerous, filiform. Umbel simple or slightly compound, of few short filiform rays. Involucral bracts small and glume-like, or 1 cr 2 produced into a filiform point shorter than the inflorescence. Spikelets ovoid-oblong, about 2 lines long, not clustered. Glumes uot numerous, loosely imbricate, the keel very prominent, pale- coloured, produced into a minute slightly spreading point, the sides brown and nerveless. Stamens 2 or 3. Style slender, glabrous ; branches 3. Nut small, obovoid, promiuently 3-angled, very obtuse, ■the minute bulbose base of the styie articulate but long persistent, usually however falling oflf at maturity. — Scirpm capillaris, Linn. ; Boeckel. in Linnsea, xxxvi. 759 ; Isolepis capillaris, Roem. et Schult. ; Kunth, Enum. ii. 211 ; F. Muell. Fragm. ix. 7. Queensland. Eockingham Bay, i)aM«c% ,• Sandy Creek, Eerb. F. Mtieller. TV. Australia, Druminond, n. 916. Widely spread over the tropical and subtropical regions of the New and the Old World, extending into the more t^^mperate districts of North America. 5. SCmPUS, Liun. (Isolepis, Si: ; Malacochaete, Mes.) Spikelets clustered, irregularly umbellate or rarely solitary, with several usually many hermaphrodite flowers. Grlumes imbricate all round the rhachis, all flowering or the lowest 1 rarely 2 empty. Hypogynous bristles none or 3 to 8, ciliate with minute reflexed hairs or flattened into plumose scales. Stamens 3, 2 or 1. Style deciduous, more or less divided into 2 or 3 filiform stigmatic branches, the base scarcely thickeued, continuous with the nut and remainiug as a small point ortubercle. Nut obovoid globular triquetrous or flat. — Small tufted annuals, or if perennials sometimes tall and stout, the rhizomes often creepiug or sometimes slender long and floating. Leaves few at the base of the steins or in tufts on the rhizome ; sometimes reduced to an appressed sheath with or without a short lamina, sometimes very long. Inflorescence sometimes terminal with 2 or more unequal long involucral bracts as in Cyperus, more frequently more or less lateral with one erect involucral bract continuing the stem, in a few species the bract subtending the solitary terminal spikelet is short and gluine-like. The genus is truly cosmopolitan, thriving alike ■within the tropics, and in Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine regions, mostly in marshes, sometimes actually in water, rare in dry localities. Of the twenty-three Australian species eight only are endemic, four more are also found in New Zealand or South Africa or both, and one of theso also in extratropical South America, the remaining eleven helong generally to the tropical temperate or cold regions of the Old World, at least seven of them being also found in America. Scirpus.] CXLIII. CTPEEACEiB. 323 I have followed Asa Gray and Boecbeler in reuniting IsoUpis with Scirpus, for the sole character by which they are distinguished, the absenee of the bristles in the formcr, is variable in two or three spucies, and in other instanccs separate spccies so closely allied that Bocckeler has iinited themas varietics. In the great majority of species however the character is so constant and so frequently attendod by a differ- ence in inttorescence, that there is a convenience in retaining the two groups at least as artiiicial sections. On tho othcr hand, Nees' section or genus Onco.sti/lls, retaim^d by Boeckeler in Hcirpus, apppars to mo to be much more naturally referred by Asa Gray to Fimbristj/lis, of which it has the inflorescence, and the bulbous base of the style, although often long persistent on the nut, is articulate with it, and often falls ofl" from the perfectly ripe fruit. Sect. I. Isolepis. — Xo Jiypogijnous bristles {except very rarely in S. supinus). Small or slendcr plants {exceptthe lastfew species). Spikelets smalJ, in nimierous dense heads, almost radical in a tuft of grass-like filiform involucral bracts . . \. S. huviilliims. Spikelets solitary. Style-branches 2. Nut biconvex. Stamens usually 3. Spikelet narrow, few-flowered, 1 to 2 lines long. Stem or filiform rhizome often elongated and floating 2. S. Jluitans. Spikelet ovate, dark-brown, under 2 lines long. 10-16 flowered. Glumes broad many-nerved . . Z. S. arenarius. Spikelet ovate, pale-brown, under 2 lines long, 3- to o-flowered 4. aS. lenticularis. Spikelet ovate, 2 to 4 lines long, many-flowered. Nut orbicular, biconvex in the centre only, the edge thickened 5. S. crassiuscttlut. Spikelets solitary or clustered. Style-branches 2. Nut very flat. Stamens 2. Spikelet compressed. Spikelet solitary ovate and tenninal 6. S. brizoides. Spikelets clustered or rarely solitary, narrow-oblong usually lateral 7. S. cyperoides. Spikelets solitary or clustered, small, (1 to 2 lines) ovoid or ovoid-oblong, terminal or nearly so. Style- branches 3 rarely 2. Stamens 3 rarelj' 2. Glumes prominently keeled. Nut very small, obovoid globular or 3-ribbed ; marked with longitudinal furrows. Spikelets 1 to 3 8. S. setaeeus. Nut verj'^ small, obtusely triquetrous, smooth. Spike- lets 1 to 3 9. S, riparius. Nut acutely triquetrous. Spikelets solitary or clustered . , 10. /S'. cartilagineus. Stamens 1 or 2. Spikelets clustered. Glumesnarrow with long recurved points. Nut very narrow . .11. S. squarrosus. Stamen 1. Spikelets usually clustered, sometimes pro- liferous. Glumes broad. Nut acutely triquetrous . \2. S. imindatus. Spikelets clustered, above 2 lines long, oblong or narrow. Style-branches 3. Spikelets in a terminal frequently proliferous cluster . . \Z. S. prolifer. Spikelets in a lateral cluster. Stems continuous, not thick. Spikelets fcw in the cluster. Nuts transversely wrinkled . . . . 14. «,9. supinut. Stems pithy with transverse septa inside. Spikelets in dense clusters. Nuts emooth \b. S. artieulatus. ^ t2 324< oxLiii. CTPEBACE^. IScirptts. Spikelets small and very numerous in a dense globular lateral cluster 16. /. 360. Var ? setiformis. Stems filiform, densely tufted, leaf-sheaths with a slender point of 2 to 4 lines. — Mount Barker, W. Aastralia, Oldjkld. Perhaps a distinct spocies. 4. S. lenticularis, Spreng. Syst. i. 208. — Stems tiliform, 1 to 3 in. high. Leaves shorter, 1 on each stem but numerous in the tuft. Spikelet solitary, lateral but erect, the involucral bract ereet, linear, 2 to 3 lines long and rather broad, the spikelet oblong or ovate, 1 to 1\ lines long, with only 3 to 5 flowers, Grlumes ovate acuminate or ovate- lanceolate, loosely imbricate, keeled, finely striate. No hypogynous bristles. Stamens 2 or 3. Style-branches 2. Nut oval, nearly as long as the glume, biconvex, smooth, pale-coloured. — Isolepis lenticu- laris, R. Br. Prod. 222. N. S. Wales. Port Jackson, R. BvQivn. 5. S. crassiusculus, HooJc. f. — Rhizome stemlike, creeping and rootiug at tbe nodes or elongated under water, not so slender as in S. fluitans, and apparently not floating. Leaves long and linear or some- times filiform, but louger and usually stouter than in S. fluitans. Stem 3 to 5 in. long. Spikelet solitary, termiual, pale brown or green- ish, ovate, 3 to 4 lines long, usually with twice as many flowers as in S. fl,uitans. Grluraes ovate-oblong, obtuse, distinctly striate, obtusely keeled, the margins often scarious. No hypogynous bristles. Stamens 3. Style-branches 2. Nut very flat, nearly orbicular, sliglitly biconvex in the centre, thinner towards the margin and there thickened into an obtuse edge, the terminal point rather long. — Isolepis crassius- cula, Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 86. t. 143. Victoria. Haidinger Range and Munyong Mountains, F. Mueller. Tasmania. Arthur Lakes and Mount Wellington, Gunn ; sources of the Der- went, Lake St. Clair, Gulliver. 6. S. brizoides, Bentli. — Stems tufted, 2 to 4 in. high, with a single short narrow leaf. Spikelet solitary, terminal, ovate, usually brown, 2 to 3 liiies long, 1\ to 2 liues broad, considerably flattened, the subtending bract very short. Q-lumes irabricate all round or ahnost in 3 rows, broader than in S. cyperoides, the keel scarcely prominent. No hypogynous bristles. Stamens 2. Style-branches 2. Nut nearly orbicular, flat or slightly biconvex. W. Australia. Swanriver? Dnmmond,n. ^\Q ; Ya,sae UWer, Oldjield. Very near S. ci/jieroiden, but as far as the specimens show appears distinct in inflorescence as well as in the shape of the spikelet. 7. S. cyperoides, Spreng. Syst. i. 208. — Stems tufted, usually 3 to 6 in. high, with a single narrow lcaf much shorter tlian the stem. Spikelets in a clusterof 3to 6, at first terminal but usually thrown to one side by the longer erect involucral bract sometimes |^ to 1 in. long, ScirpU3.'] CXLIII. CYPERACE^. 327 the second bract mucli sliorter, rarely tbe spikelet solitary aud lateral, shorter thau the iuvolucral bract. iSpikelets t)bloug-lauceohite, 3 to 4: lincs )oug, ratlier more than 1 liue broad, more or less Hatteued. Glumes imbricate all round or almost iu 3 rows, erect, the keel promi- neut greeu aud usually produced iuto a short erect point, the sides striate, otten brown. No hypogyuous bristles. Stamens 2. Style- brauches 2. Nutbrown, flat or bicouvex. — Isolepis cyperoides, K. Br. Prod. 222. W. Australia. King George'8 Sound and ncighboiuing districts, R. Brown, Drummoiid, ii. 43 and 920, Oldfield, F. Mueller. 8. S. setaceus^ Linii. ; BoecTcel. in Linncea, xxxvi. 500 partly. — Stems tufted, filiform or subulate, mostly 1 to 3 iu. but sometimes 6 to 8 in. loug, Leaves few, short aud filiform. Spikelets solitary or 2 or 3 together, teriuiual or more frequeutly thrown to oue side, the priucipal or only iuvolucral bract erect and contiuuiug the stem, some- times very short sometimes \ in. loug. Spikelets ovate or LanceoLate, Ih or rarely 2 lines loug. Grlumes few, the keel promiuent aud often produced into a very short point, the sides nerveless or faintly nerved, brown or more frequeutly pale coloured. No hypogynous bristles. Stamens 3, rarely 2. Style-brauches 3. Nut small, globidar or obo- void, more or less distinctly 3-ribbed and marked by longitudiual stria? or furrows. — Reichb. Ic. ri. Germ. t. 301; Isolepis setacea, K. Br. Prod. 222; Kunth, Enum. ii. 193 ; Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 88; I. multicaulis, Schlecht. Linnaea, xx. 562. N. S. Wales. Macleay River, Beckler ; Clarence River, Wilcox ; New England, Perrott. Victoria. Snowy River, F. Miieller, near mount William, Sullivan. Tasmama. Near Penquite, Gunn ; Southport, C. Stuart. S. Australia. Barossa Range, B-hr. I have not seen these specimens, but Schlechtendahl expressly describes the nuts of the typical S. setaceics. W. Australia. Stirling Range, F. Muelkr. The typical form, often confounded with S. ripariiis, has been satisfactorily identi- fied in Tarious parts of the Old World, chiefly in extratropical regions in the southern as well as in the northem hemisphere. 9. S. riparius^ Spreng. Si/st. i. 208. — Very closely allied to S. setaceus aud referred to itas a variety by BceckeJer, differing only in the nut, which is smooth or minutely granular, without the promineni strise and furrows of S. setaceus. It varies much iu form, sometimes globular or obovoid as in ^S'. setaceus, sometimes obtusely but equally tri- quetrous or more frequently in Australian specimens with a broad inner face, the back very convex or obtusely angled but these forms pass so gradually one into another as to make it very difficult to sort the speci- mens into distiuct varieties. The nut is always shorter and never so promiueutly 3-augled as iu iS. cartilarjineus. — Isolepis riparia, R. Br. Prod. 222 ;* Nees inPl. Preiss. ii. 74 ; Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 89, t. 145, c. ; I. Saviana, Schult. ; Kuuth, Enum. ii. 193 ; Hook. f. 1. c. ii. 88 ; 328 cxLiii. cYPEEACEiE. \_Scirpus. Scirpus setaceiis, var. Boeckel. in Linneea, xxxvi. 502 ; S. Savii, Spreng. S^st. i. 207 ; Eeichb. Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 301 ; Isolepis congma, Nees ia Pl. Preiss. ii. 75 (according to Boeckeler). N. S. V^ales. Port Jackson, E. Broivn, and probably from thenco also, Siebir (Agrostoth. n. 20). Victoria. Wendu Vale, Rubcrtson ; Wimmera, DallacJ/i/ ; Murray Eiver, F. MufU(^r, aud numerous scattered localities, F. Mueller and others. Tasmania. Kenfs Group, tJass's Straits, R. Brown ; abundant in wet places, /. D. Hudker and others. S. Australia. Mount Lofty, Bethanie, etc, F. Mueller. W. Australia, Brnmmotid, v. 361 ; Preiss, n. 1729 (with filiform stems 10 in. long) ; Blackwood River, Oldjield. The species is dispersed over the New as well as the Old World, chiefly however without the tropics. 10. S. cartilagineus, Spreng. Syst. i. 208. — Stems slender, almost filiform, densely tutted, usually 1 to. 3 in. but sometimes at least twice as higb. Leaves mucli shorter, few and filiform or all reduced to sheathingscales with a short erect point. Spikelets 3 to 6 together in a terminal cluster, or in some specimens all reduced to a single one, sometimes thrown a little to one side. Involucral bracts 2, subulate, one ofien ^ iu. long erect or spreading, the other very short. Spikelets ovoid-oblong, 1 to 2 or rarely 2| lines long. Grlumes not numerous, often in 3 rows, obtuse or the prominent keel produced into a very short erect point, the sides rather broad, smooth or striate with very fine uerves, pale coloured, but frequently marked by a dark spot. No hypogynous bristles. Stamens usually 3. Style-branches 3. Nut ovoid, half as long as the glume or louger, prominently 3-angled, the terminal point minute or obsolete. — Isolepis cartilaginea, R. Br. Prod. 222;Neesin Pl. Preiss. ii. 73; Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 88. t. 145; /. Bergiana, Schult. ; Kunth, Enum. ii. 194 ; Scirpus Bergianus, Spreng. ; Bceckel. in Liuusea, xxxvi. 693 ; Isolepis notata, Nees in Pl. Preiss. ii. 74. Victoria. Yarra River, J?^. Mueller ; Adamson; Cobberas Mountains, F. Mueller ; Wimmera and Murray Rivers, Balluchy. Tasmania. Kenfs group, Bass's Straits, R Brotvn ; abundant in sandy and moist places, J. B. Hooker. S. Australia. Bugle and Lofty Ranges, Gawlertown, Mount Torrens, F. Mueller. W. Australia. King George's Sound to Swan River and Rottenest Island, R. Browu; Drummond, n. 917, 91S, Breiss, n. 1738, 1741, 1742, 1743, 1751, 1752, Old- Jield and others. Var. alpina. Stems and leaves rather stouter. Glumes rather larger, pale- coloured. — Isolepis alpina, Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 86, t. 143, B., Scirpus Gunnii, Bcpckel. in Linnma, xxxvi. 493. — Alpine Bogs, Lake St. Clair, Arthurs Lakes, etc. in Tasmania, Gunn and others ; also the same variety but not quite so marked, Snowy Mountains, Victoria, F. Mueller. Var. propinqua. Spikelets frequently solitary. Glumes more obtuse, the keel less prominent. Nut rather shorter and broader. — Isolepis propinqua, Nees in Ann. Nat. Hist. ser. i. vi. 46, not of R. Br. To this belong Preiss'B n. 1744, 1746 and several 8cirpUS.'\ CXLITI. CTPEHACEiE. 329 other West AiistraUan specimens, and apparcntly also Sieber's specimens, Agroa- totheca n. 20, which however may not be Australian. Nees describes hi.s /. notata as monandrous, but, in Preiss's 8pecimen's both 1751 and 1752, I have found 3 stamens or in ono fiower only 2. Some specimens from Victoria, F. Mitelki; in Herb. Kew., without the precise station, have usually more than 6 spikelets in the cluster and thc poiiits of the glumes longer and slightly recui-ved, but they appear to belong to this species. The S. BergianHs, correctly identified with the S. cartilagineus, is also in South Africa and in New Zealand. 11. S. squarrosus, Linn. ; Boeckel. in Linncea, xxxvi. 734, var. LietrichicE. — Stems slender, tufted, 3 to 6 in. higli or rarely more. Leaves shorter, setaceous. Spikelets 3 to 6 together in a terminal cluster. Involucral bracts usually 3, spreading, lincar-subulate, one usually 1 to 2 in. long, the others much shorter. Spikelets ovoid- couical, l^ to 2 lines loug or at length rather elongated with the lower glumes very deciduous so as to appear pedicellate. Grlumes very numerous, linear or somewliat cuneate, 3-nerved, tapering into a long recurved point. No hypogynous bristles. Stamens 1 or 2. Style short ; branches 2 or 3. Nut in the Australiau variety very narrow, almost linear, slightly compressed. — Scirpus Lietrichicc, Boeckel. in Flora, 1875, 109 (trom the char. given). N. Australia. In the interior, lat 17° 50', M'I)oiigal Stuarfs Expedilion. Queensland. Rockhampton, Amalia Bietrich, if correctly identified. Thc species (Isokpis squarrosa, Ecem. et Schult. ; Kunth, Enum. ii. 202), extends over tropical Asia and Africa, but the nut is there usually broader and shorter than in our Australian specimens. 12. S. inundatus, Spreng. Syst. i. 207. — A very variable plant, sometimes with the dwarf slender habit of S. cartilarjinea, sometimes elongated with the proliferous inflorescence of S. prolifer. Stems slender, often filiform, and when thicker much less so than 'mS.prolifer, from scarcely above 1 in. to near 1 ft. long, with usually a single short leaf, sometimes reduced to the sheath with a small point. Spikelets 3 to 6 or more together in a terminal cluster, the involucral bracts shorter or one more frequently subulate and longer than the cluster, rarely attaining \ in. Spikelets ovate-oblong, rather acute, rarely above 2 lines long, usually brown. Grlumes concave, ovate, obtuse or the scarcely prominent keel produced iuto a short poiut, the sides striat^> with dark streaks or slightly prominent nerves or quitesmooth, rarely palc coloured throughout, and then often dotted. No hypogy- nous bristles. Stamens always 1 only and very frequently the filameut persisteut at the back of the nut. Style-branches 3 ; rarely 2. Nut rather broad, equally and promiueutly 3-angled or more or less flattened, smooth, the teruiinal poiut minute. — Isolepis inundata and I. propinqita, R. Br. Prod. 222 ; /. prolifera, Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 87, t. 144, uot of E. Br. ; /. conspersa, Nees in Endl. Prod. Pl. Norf. 23 ; 330, oxLiii. CTPEEACE^. [Scirpus. I. GaudichaiuUana, Kuath, Eaum. ii. 201 ; /. Urvillei aud /. Gunnii, Steutl. Sya. Glum. ii. 94 ; Sjirpus conspersus (partly), S. Urvillei, S. costatus, (partly) aud S. Gaudichaudii, Boeckel. in Linujea, xxxvi. 505, 510, 511. Queenslaud. Brisbane River, Moreton Bay, F. Mueller. N. S. Wales. Port Jackson to the Blue Mountains, C. Moore, Woolls and many others ; New England, C. Stuart, G. Moore ; Kichmond Eiver, Fawcett ; Hastings River, C. Moore. Victoria. Yarra River, F. Mueller ; Dandenong Ranges, Lachmann ; Red Jacket Creek, Garyurevlch. Tasmania. Abundant in wet places, sometimes also under water or in dry placos. /. D. Rooker. S. Australia. Bethanie and Lofty Eanges, F. Mueller. Y&r.Jloribundus. Stems densely tufted, scarcely exceeding 2 in. Spikelets 10 to 16 or even more, in dense heads of 3 to 3| lines diameter, one bract sometimes 1 in. long and rigid. — Upper Loddon River, F. Mueller. Tho species is also in New Zealand and in Norfolk Island. The various forms it assumes have been well alluded to by Hooker, 1. c, but in the large number of speci- mens now beforo me I am unable to sort them into distinct varieties, as most of the diversities in form are individual rather than genetic. Brown's /. propinqua, represents the prevailing state ; his I. inundata is exactly like it, except that the style is exceptionally 2-merous. /. co^npcrsa, Nees, is a not uncommon state rather larger than usual, but the Tristan d'Acunha plant included in it by Boeckelcr is the /. sulcata, Carmich. with 3-androus flowers besides a more rigid habit. looser leaf- sheaths, etc. /. conspersa, Nees is said by him to be 3-androus probably through inadvertence. I find only one stamen in Bauer's specimens, as in all those I have examined of the numerous forms of S. inundatus. 13. S. prolifer, Botth. Descr. et Ic. Pl. 55, t. 17, /. 2.— Stems tufted or sliortly creeping at the base, from a few inches to above 1 ft. loug, weak but much thicker than in S. inundatus, leaflesa except a sheathing scale oblique at the orifice. Spikelets several, often many, in a terminal cluster or head which is often proliferous emitting 1 or more short branches of ^ to 2 in. termiuating in a small cluster of spikelets. luvolucral bracts sbort and glume-like, concealed uuder the cluster. Spikelets obloug, 2 to 4 lines long, pale coloured. Grlumes ovate, obtuse, scarcely striate, but marked with longitudinal brown lines. No hypogynous bristles. Stamens usually if not always 3. Style-branches 3. Nut short, prominently 3-augled, smooth or miuutely granular, the termiual poiut very small. — ^Boeckel. in Liunsea, xxxvi. 692 ; Isolepis prolifera, E,. Br. Prod. 223 ; Kuuth, Enum. ii. 201. N. S. Wales. Port Jackson, R. Brown, Sieber, Ayrostoth. n. 21, /. B. Rooker C. Moore, JFoolls ; New England, C. Stuart. A South African species which R. Brown thinks may have been introduced into N. S. Wales. 14. S. supinus, Linn. ; Bcechel. in Linncea, xxxvi. 699, excl. var ^ and y. — Stems tufted, decumbent or erect, striate, from 2 or 3 in. to above 1 ft. long, leafless except a rather loug sheathing scale often produced into a short narrow huuina. Spikelets 2 to 6 together in a laterai cluater, the outer iuvolucral bract erect and continuous with the Scirpus.] cXLiii. CTPEEACEJ;. 331 stern often 2 in. long and only slightly dilated at the base. Spikelets obloug, 2 to 4 lines long. Glumes promineutly keelcd, acute or the kcel produced into a conspicuous poiut, loosely imbricated aud geno- rally very deciduous. Hypogynous bristles none or very short aud few. Stameus 2 or 3. Style-braaches 3. Nut broad, promineutly 3-augled, or rarely bicouvex, promineutly marked with transverse wrhikles. — Eeichb. Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 302: Isolepis supi/ia, R. Br. Trod. 221; Kunth, Enum. ii. 196 ; E. Muell. Pragm. ix. 6. Queensland. Keppel Bay, R. Broicii, Brisbane Eiver, Bailcy. N. S. Wales. Ncpean Eiver, R. Broivn. Victorxa. Lake Lalbert, F. Mueller. Widely spread over the tropical and temperate regions of the Old World, more rare in the southern states of North America. 15. S. articulatus, Linii. ; BoecTcel. in Linncsa, xxxvi. 702. — Stems terete, hollow, more or less distinctly septate inside so as to appear articulate, 2 or 3 in. to 2 ft. high. Spikelets numerous in a dense lateral cluster, the involucral bract erect and continuous with thestem, precisely like it and often as long as or longer thau the true stem. Spikelets ovoid or obloug, 3 to 6 liues long, 2 lines diameter at the base or rather more, pale brown. Glumes broad, rather acute ormucrouate, slightly striate, the keel scarcely prominent. Hypogyuous bristles uoue or rarely few and minute. Stamens 3. Style-branches 3. Nut prominently and acutely 3-angled. — Isolepis articulata, Nees ; Kunth, Enum. ii. 198; L. prcelongata, Nees; Kunth, 1. c. 199; F. Muell. Fragm. ix. 6. N. Australia. Mouth of Victoria River, F. Mudler. Queensland. Kear Eockhampton, TJiozet. Common in tropical Asia and Africa. 16. S. nodosus, Rotth. Descr. et le. Pl. 52, t. 8, /. 3.— Ehizome creeping. Stems rigid, rush-like, terete or slightly flattened, 1 to 3 ft. high, leafless except the sheathing scales at the base. Spikelets small aud numerous, in a dense globular lateral head varying from 3 to 9 liues diameter, the rigid erect involucral bract continuiug the stem \ to l^ in. long. Spikelets ovoid, 2 to 3 lines loug in the ordiuary form, about 2 lines diameter, of a dark brown. Glumes broadly ovate, obtuse or scarcely mucrouate, their base rather rigid almost scarious, nerveless or finely uerved, the keel scarcely promiuent. No hypogyuous bris- tles, butthetorus slightly produced within the stamens into a minutely 3-toothed disk approaching that of Ficinia. Style-branches 3. Nut short, broad, smooth and shiuing, the inner face flat, the back more or less distinctly angled. — BoeckeL iu Linnsea, xxxvi. 718 ; Isolepis nodosa, E. Br. Prod. 221 ; Kuuth, Enum. ii. 199 ; Nees in Pl. Preiss. ii. 73 ; Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 87 ; Eich, Fl. Nov. Zel. t. 18 ; F. Muell. Fragm. ix. 6. 332 cxLiir. OTPEBACEJi. [Scirpus. N. S. VSTales. Port Jackson, R. Brown, Sirhrr, Agrostntheea, n. 29, and others; Richmond Kiver, Mrs. Hndgkinson ; Clarence River, Wilcox ; Tweed River, Giiilfoyle; Lord Howe's Island, Fallagar. Victoria. Port Philip, (?«««, Adamson ; Portland and Emu Creek, Robertson. Tasmania. li. Broivn ; common on the sand hills of the northem shore, /. D. Hookvr. S. Australia. Port Lincoln, R. Brown ; Encounter Bay, Wilhelmi ; St. Vin- cenfs Gulf, F. Mtieller. W. Australia. King George^sSound, iJ. Brown, F. Miieller ; Swan River, Drum- mond, \st coll. also n. 384, Preiss, n. 1870 ; Gordon and Murchison Rivers, Oldjield. Var. macrostachya. Spikelets at length 4 or 5 linos long. Glumes acute or mucronate. — Murchison River, Oldjield ; Buffalo, Pries. The species is also in New Zealand, South Africa, and cxtratropical South America. Section II. EusciEPUS. — Hypogynous bristles 8 to 8, very rarely deficient in sonie individuals. The first three species have nearly the habit of the last two or three of the section Isolepis, the others are all tall and stout. The 5. acieidaris, with the habit of the small slender species of Heleocharis or Fimdristgiis, but with the characters of Euscirptts, so common in the temperate regions of the northem hemisphere, has not yet been found in Australia. 17. S. debilis, Pursh ; KuntJi, Enum. ii. 159. — Very nearly allied to S. supinus, and referred to it as a variety by Boeckeler, but diilers in the glumes and nuts as well as in the bristles. Stems often 1 foot high or more, erect, less rigid than in the following species but more so than in S. supinus. Spikelets lateral, in close clusters of 2 or 3 or solitary, the erect invohicral brnct continuing the stem. Spikelets ovoid or ovoid-oblong, 8 to 5 lines long, 2 to 3 lines diaraeter, Glumes numerous, closely imbricate, not at all or scarcely deciduous, broad almost orbicular, concave, lceeled only at the summit, obtuse or minutely pointed. Hypogynous bristles 4 to 6, longer or shorter thau the nut, rarely wanting in an American variety. Stamens 2. Style- branches 2. Nut much fiattened, minutely rugose or dotted in Tndian and American specimena, alraost muricate in the Australian ones exarained. — S. juncoides, Eoxb. ; Kunth, Enum. ii. IGO ; S. supinus, var. (3. and y. Boeckel. in Linnaea, xxxvi. 700, 701. N. Australia. Upper Victoria River and Sturfs Creek, F. Mmller. Queensland. Gainsford, Bowman. Also in East India and North America. 18. S. mucronatus, Linn.; Kimth, Enim. ii. 161. — Stems tufted, stout, very acutely 3-angled, 1 to 3 ft. higli, leafless except the sheath- ing scales at the base, the innermost ones sometiines produced iuto a short point. Spikelets rather numerous, in a dense lateral sessile clus- ter ; the erect involucral bract perfectly continuous with the stem and 1 to 2 in. long. Spikelets ovoid-oblong, 4 to 6 lines long, 2 to 8 lines diameter, pale brown. Gluuiea ovate, coiicave, obtuse or almost acute, membranous, mi)re or less striate, the keel prominent and often Scirpus.] cxLiiT. cypEHACBJE. 333 green in the upper part. Hypogynous bristles 6 or fewer, usually longer than tlie nut. Style-branches 3. Nut rather small, generally dark coloured, the broad inner face flat, the back couvex or angled. — R. Br. Prod. 223 ; Eeichb. Ic. Fl. Germ. 303 ; Ba?ckel. in Linna)a, xxxvi. 703 ; F. Muell. Fragm. ix. 8. Queensland. Brisbane Kiver, Moreton Bay, F. Mueller, C. Stuart, Bailey ; Daintree River, Fitzalaii ; Burnott lliver, F. Mneller ; Rockingham Bay, Ballachy. N. S. TVales. Patorson River, R. Brown ; Clarence River, Beckler, Wilcox; Tweed River, Rublnaoii ; Richmond River, Woolls, Also in tropical and temperate Asia and in Europe. 19. S. pungens, Vald ; Kunth, Enum. ii. 162. — Rhizome creep- ing. Stems usually stout, 1 to 3 It. high, acutely 3-angled. Leaves few and sometitnes only 1 with a very long slieath, the lamina shorter or rarely longer than the stem. Spikelets in a lateral cluster o£ 3 to 6 or rarely more or reduced to a single one, the angular or flattened erect involucral bract continuing the stem and 1 to 3 in. long. Spike- lets ovoid or oblong, dark brown, 3 to 4 lines or rarely \ in. long, 2 to 3 liues diameter. Gluraes membranous, broad, entire emarginate or 2-lobed, the keel usually prominent in the upper part only and pro- duced into a very short or rather long poiut, the sides nerveless. Hypo- gyuous bristles 6 or fewer, usually shorter than the nut and sometimes wanting. Style-branches 3. Nut rather broad, pale coloured, the in- ner face flat, the back convex or with a prominent angle. — Boeckel. in Linnaea, xxxvi. 708 ; Eeichb. Ic. Pl. Germ. x. 304 ; F. Muell. Fragm. ix. 8 ; S. triqueter, E. Br. Prod. 223 ; Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 89, not of Linn. Victoria. Near Moimt Emu, Lake Colac, Hopkins River, etc. ; F. Mueller ; mouth of the Glenelg, AlUtt. Tasmania. Derwent River, R. Brown ; near Hobarton, Gimn ; Macquarrie Harbour, MilUgau. S. Australia. Torrens River and Crystal Brook, F. Mueller ; Port Lincoln, S. Ji. Browiie. W. Australia. Drummond, ith coll. n. 359. Var. naims. Stems 2 to 3 in. high. Leaves almost radical. Spikelets small and solitary. — Lake Colac, F. MueUer. Perhaps rather a starved state than a variety. ^'ar. ? loiigisetis. Bristles much longer than the nut. — Lake Eyre, South Australia, Aiidreirs. The spikelets appear to be several imbricate in a compound cylindi-ical spike of J in., but the single specimen insuiiicient for accurate determination. The species is also in New Zealand, in extra-tropical North and South America, and of the westem Mediterranean region. 20. S. lacustris, Linn. ; Kunth, Enum. ii. 164. — Stems stout, 2 to 5 £t. high, terete or obtusely triquetrous at the apex, leafless except a long loose sheathing scale sometimes continued into a short erect lamina. Spikelets uumerous in an irregularly compound umbel appear- iug lateral, but tbe ercct involucral bract conlinuiug the stem usually much shorter than the infloresceuce, nearly terete, channelled on the 334 cxLiii. CTPEEACE^. [Scirpus. inner side and dilated at tlie base. Spikelets ovoid and about 4 lines long or at length oblong-cylindricai and ^ in. long, brown coloured. Glumes numerous, scarious, usually very broad, scarcely keeled except at the end, very obtuse and often emarginate, with or without a short point in tlie notch. Hypogynous bristles 6 or fewer, minutely ciliate with reversed hairs as in the majority of the section, mostly shorter than the nut. Stamens 3. Style-brancbes 2. Nut broad, much flattened, tipped with a small point or tubercle. — Boeckel. in Linna^a, xxxvi. 712 ; E. Br. Prod. 223; Eeichb. Ic. Fl. G-erm. x. 306; F. Muell. Fragm. ix. 7 ; S. Meyenii, Nees in Pl. Preiss. ii. 75. Queensland. Port Denison, Fitzalan ; Barcoo Downs, Birch ; Rockhampton, Thozet. N. S. Wales. Port Jackson and Hmiter's Kiver, R. Broivn ; New England, C. Stuart ; Richmond River, Woolls. Victoria. "Wannen River, Robertson ; Port Phillip, Gunn ; Yarra, F. Mtteller ; Skipton, TF/ian. Tasmania. Derwent River, F. Mueller. S. Australia. Port Adelaide, F. Mueller. W. Australia. Swan River, Freiss, n. 1872 ; Murchison River, Oldjield. Extends over both the New and the Old World, chiefly in extra-tropical regions. 21. S. littoralis, Schrad.; Kunth, Emm. ii. 166. — A tall stout species, with the habit and inflorescence of S. lacustris. Stems terete or 3-angled towards the apex, 2 to 5 ft. high, leafless except the sheath- ing scales at the base often ending in short erect laminae. Umbel looser and less compound than in S. lacustris, with fewer spikelets, the erect involucral bract continuing the stem short or as long as the in- florescence, channelled along the inner side or more distinctly trique- trous. Spikelets oblong or cylindrical, often above \ in. long when full grown and about 2 lines diameter. Grlumes broad, scarious, often pale coloured, entire or siightly emarginate. Hypc%ynous bristles or scales 4 or rarely 5 or 6, much flattened, plumose with soft rather long hairs directed upwards. Stamens usually 3. Style-branches 2. Nut broad, much flattened, tipped by a small point or tubercle. — Reichb. Ic. Fl. Germ, 309; F. Muell. Fragm. ix. 7; S. plmnosus, R. Br.Prod. 223 ; S. triqueter, Grren. et Godr. FI. Fr. iii- 373 ; Bceckel. in Linnaea, xxxvi. 716, not of Linn. ; Malacochcete littoralis, Nees. N. Australia. Gulf of Carpentaria, R. Brown, F. Mueller ; Victoria River, F'. Mueller ; Roper River, Gulliver. Queensland. Broad Sound, R. Broivn ; Brisbane River, Moreton Bay, C. Stuart, Heiiiie. N. S. Vf^ales. Paramatta, Woolls. Also in the Mediterranean region, at least I am unable to detect any difference in the specimens from the two distant areas. Grenier and Godron, misled by their interpretatiou of the Linnean character, referred this to his S. triqueter, which, how- ever, as well by the specimen in his herbarium as by the figure of Plukenefs to which ho rcfers, proves to have been correctly idontified by Kunth and others with the plant described by Grenier and Godron under the name of S. Pollichii, the ossen- tial character distinguiahing the two species derived from the hypogynoua bristlea or scales was overlooked both by Linnseus and by Schrader. Scirpus.'] CXLIII. CTPEBA.OEiB. 335 22. S, maritimus, Linn. ; Kunth, EHum. ii. 167. — Eluzonie creep- ing, oiteii thickened iiito hard tubers. Stems 1 to 3 ft. high, trique- trous, sraootli or slightly scabrous. Leaves often longer. Spikelets solitary or 3 together on each peduncle, forming sometimes a terminal irregular uinbel of few unequal rays, sometimes contracted into a sessile cluster. Involucral bracts few, the lowest long leafy and crect, ap- parently contiuuing the stem, the others short or 1 or 2 of them long and leailike. Spikelets in the Australian varieties ovoid or ovoid- oblong, 6 to 9 lines long, 3 to 4 lines diameter. Glumes broad, brown and scarious, the midrib or keel 1- or 3-nerved and produced into an erect or recurved point or awn, the broad scarious nerveless sides jagged at the end or forming 2 lobes shorter than the awn. Hypogy- nous bristles 6 or fewer, mostly shorter than tlie nut. Stamens2 or'3. Style-branches 3 or rarely 2. Nut in tbe typical form broad, usually black when ripe, the inner face flat or nearly so, the back convex or obtusely angled. — Boeckel. in Linnsea, xxxvi. 722 ; R. Br. Prod. 224 ; Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 89; F. Muell. Fragm. ix. 8; Eeichb. Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 310, 311. Queensland. East coast, R. Broicn ; Port MoUe, ^'■Gillivraij; King'8 Creek, Boicman ; Condamine River, Leichhardt ; Brisbane Eiver, Moreton Bay, C. Stuart. N. S. Wales. Port Jackson, R. Broivn • Paramatta and Richmond, Woolls ; Clarence Eiver, Wilcox. Victoria. Yarra Eiver, Adamson, F. MuelJer, Lake Colac, F. Mueller. Tasmania. Abundant in salt and brackish marshes, /. B. Hooker. S. Australia. Bethanie, F. Mueller. V/. Australia. Swan Eiver, Brummond, n. 936 ; Murchison Eiver, OUlfield ; Busselton, Fries. Var. Jluviatilis. Stem 3 to 5 ft. high, acutely 3-angled. Involucre and inflorescence more developed than in the typical form. Nut equally triquetrous. — S.Jliiviatilis, A. Graj' ; F. Muell. Fragm. ix. 8. To this variety belong most of the Queensland and N. S. Wales specimens, amongst others Brown's, from Port Jackson, which he distinguishes as var. j8 from his typical Queensland specimens. Some from the lower Yarra are remarkable for the very tall stout acute-angled stems and the nimiber of thelong leafy involucral bracts. These specimens have all triquetrous narrow but rather small nuts ; the N. American have the nuts very much larger and white. Some of Eobertson'8 Victoria specimens are said to be o ft. high, but the stems less stout and the nuts variable, usually as it were intermediate between the two common forms. The species extends over the tropical and temperate regions both of the New and the Old World. 23. S. polystachyus, F.Muell. inTrans. Phil. Soc. Vict. i. 108, cwi in Hooh. Keio Journ. viii. 333; Fragm. ix. 9. — Stems 2 to 4 ft. high, more or less triquetrous. Leaves several along the stem with long sheaths, the lamina ofteu 3 or 4 lines broad at the base, the uppermost as long as or longer than the stem. Umbel large loose and compound, of numerous rather slender rays, the longest 3 or 4 in. long. Spikelets clustered on the partial rays or distinctly but shortly pedicellate, ovate- oblong, 3 to 4 lines long, and 1| to near 2 lines diameter. Glumes oblong or ovate, obtuse, the keel and sometimes 1 nerve on each side prominent. Hypogynous bristles about 6, very slender and flexuose, 2 or 3 times as long as the nut. Style-branches 3. Nut broad, the inner face flat, the back convex or obtusely angled. !386 cxLiii. CTPEEACE^; [Scirpus. N. S. Wales. Clarence Eiver, Wilcox ; Mount Mitchell, Beckler. Victoria. Lake Omeo, Hume, Mitta Mitta and Snowy Rivers, F. MtielUr. This species has the peculiar hypog^-nous bristles and something of the habit of the European S. radicans, Schkuhr, but appears to be quite distinct in the larger more cluatered spikelets and some other characters. 6. LIPOCABPHA, R. Br. Spikelets in a termiaal cluster or head, with numerous hermaphro- dite flowers. Glumes imbricate all round the rhachis, the lowest 1 or rarely 2 empty. Hypogynous scales 2, parallel to the glume, as long as or longer thau the nut and enclosiug it, Stameus 1 or2(rarely 3 ?). Style deciduous, slender, with 2 or 3 stigmatic branches. Nut oblong, somewhat compressed, obtuse or crowned by a very small per- sisteut base of the style. — Auuuals or pereunials, the stems leafy at the base only. Spikelets few, small, sessile. Involucral bracts leaflike narrow unequal, spreading. A small genus spread over the tropical regions of the New and the Old World. Both the Australian species are also in the Malayan Archipelago, and one of them has a very wide tropical range. In the Flora Hongkongensis, misled by the approximation of the genus by some botanists to Kyllinga and by others to Hijjjolytriim, I described the flowers as 1- flowered spikelets, enclosed in heads resembling spikelets, but a closer examination convinces me that it is really very close to Scirpus {Isolepis), and connects that genus with Fuirena. The two hypogynous scales are never lateral and carinate like the outer scales or bracteoles of Hypolytrum, but appear to correspond in every respect with the scales of Fuirena, Hemicarpha, and of Scirpns littoralis, difi"ering in number, usually 1 in Hemicarpha, 2 in Lipocarpha, SmFuirena, und 4 in Sciipus littoralis. TJsually perennial, often above 1 ft., with linear leaves. Glumes spathulate or broadly cuneate, scarcely pointed. 1. L. argentea, Annual, under 6 in., with filiform leaves. Glumes narrow, with spreading points 2. Z. microcephala. 1. Ii. argentea, R. Br. App. TucJc. Congo, 40. — Stems from a perennial rhizome attaining 1 to 1| ft. Leaves rauch shorter, flat, 1 to 1-| lines broad, with short open sheaths, or the inner one witli a long closed sheath and short lamina. Spikelets 3 to 5, iu a dense terminal head. Involucral bracts 3 or 4, spreading, the longest often 3 or 4 in. long, the others much shorter. Spikelets at first nearly globular, at leugth ovoid or ovoid-conical, nearly white, 3 or rarely 4 linet! loug. Glumes very numerous, closely imbricate, spathulate or obovate-cuneate, thin and almost hyaline, rounded at the end but the broad central nerve often produced into a short point. Hypogynous hyaliue scales obloug. Stamen 1. Style-branches 3. Nut oblang, much flutteued, obtuse, smooth. — Kunth, Enum. ii. 266 ; Boeckel. in Linnsea, xxsvii. 114 ; Si/pcelyptum argenteum, Vahl ; Y. Muell. Fragm. viii. 238. Queensland. Brisbane River, Bailey. Widely spread over the tropical regions of tho Old World, and perh'ips in Americaalso, although the Columbian specimens I have seen do not quite agree with the Asiatic ones. As it is only known in Aus- Lipocarpha.'] cxltii. ctperaoej:. 337 tralia from this one gathering it may bc doubtful whether it may not have been introduced. Vahrs namo, IIt/pml>jptnm, was a mistako for Kinwhjtrum, as pointod out by Brown, 1. c., Vahl having intended to include this species in Richard'8 genus of that 2. L. microcephala, Kuntli, Enim. ii. 268. — A tufted annual, the very slender stcms usually from 1 or 2 to 6 in., but sometimes nearly 1 ft. high. Leaves shorter, very narrow, vrith rather broad striate sheaths. Spikelets usually 3, but varyiug from 1 to 5 or very rarely more. Involucral bracts very narrow, the lougest 1 to 2 in. loug. Spikelets ovoid-conical, 1|- to 2 lines long. G-luines very numerous, narrow, slightly cuneate, acumiuate, the green keel produced into a short usually spreading point. Hypogynous hyaline scales narrow. Stamens 1 or 2. Style-branches 2. Nut oblong-liuear, compressed, rather acute or ahnost obtuse, rather shorter than the hypogynous scales. — Boeckel. in Linnsea, xxxvii. 118; Hi/pcsli/pUm microcephalum, E. Br. Prod. 220 ; F. Muell. Fragm. viii. 238 ;' Scirpus Uptocarpus. r. Muell. in Trans. Phil. Soc. Vict. i. 109, and in Hook. Kew Journ. viii. 33i. N. Australia, Arnhem S. Bay, R. Brown ; between Norman and Grilbert Eivers, Gi(Uivcr ; Port Darwin, Sc/iidtz, n. 78. Queensland. Rockingham Bay, Dallaehij ; Herbert Creek, i?oef;Hff« ; Dry-beef Creek, Leichhardt ; Eockhampton, CfShane^oj. Victoria. Murray, Ovens, and King's Eivers, F. Mueller. 7. FUIRENA, Linn. Spikelets clustered, with several usually many hermaphrodite flowers. Glumes imbricate all rouud the rhachis, the lowest 1 or rarely 2 empty, Hy])ogynous scales 3, broad, usually 3-nerved, ofteu alternating with small bristles. Stamens 3 ; anthera small. Style deciduous, with 3 stigmatic branches. Nut 3-angled. — Perennials or aniiuals with leafy stems. Leaf-sheaths crowned with an annular membrane. Clusters of spikelets termiual and in the upper axils, usually forming an irregular narrow terminal panicle or the clusters few aud distant. Spikelets usually pubescent or hirsute. The genus consists of but few species dispersed over the warmer regions of the New as well as the Old Wnrld, the Australian ones having both a general distribu- tion over nearly the whole area. Leaves glabrous. Glumes shortly pointed. Hypogynous scales contracted at the base but sessile or nearly so, with- out bristles \. F. umbellata. Leaves pubescent or at least ciliate. Glume-points long, often recurvod. Hypogynous scales cordate at the base, stipi- tate, usually altemating with bristles 2. F. glomerata, 1. F. umbellata, Roith. Descr. et. Ic. Fl. 70, t. 19,/ 3.— Perennial. Stems 1| to 3 ft. long, 4- or 5-angled, glabrous. Leaves glabrous, the larger onea 4 to G in. long, 4 to 5 lines broad, the lowest with long VOL. VII. Z 338 cxLiii. CYPEEACE^. [Fuirena. sheatbs and short laminse, the upper ones passing into small floral leaves or sheathing bracts. Spikelets brown-green, usually 3 to 4 lines loug, sparingly hirsute, in very dense clusters, of which 1 or 2 terminal, the others 1 or 2 together pedunculate in the upper axils. Glumes ovate, very prominently 3-nerved, produced into an erect or slightly recurved point, much shorter thau in F.glomerata. Hypogynous scales brown, obovate, nearly \ line long, truucate aud mucrouate at the top, contracted at the base but nearly sessile without any intervening bristles. Nut rather broad, acutely triquetrous, mucronate with the slightly thickened persistent base of the style. — Kunth, Enum. ii. 185 ; Boeckel. in Linnrea, xxxvii. 110 ; K. Br. Prod. 220; F. Muell. Fragm. viii. 238. N. Australia. Providence Hill and soiircea of the Limmen-Bight River, F. MHelkr. Queensland. Endeavour River, ^aw^.s ««r? Solander ; Vori Ciivtis, M^Gillivrai/ ; Rockingham Bay, Dallachi/ ; Eockhampton, Boivman, 2. F. glomerata, Lam. ; Kunth,Fnum. ii. 184. — Apparently annual. Stem weak, rarely above 1 ft. high. Leaves more or less pubescent or at least cihate on the edges. Spikelets rather larger than in F. umbellata, either in a single terminal cluster with a leafy bract at the base, or uiore f requently with the addition of 1 or 2 ahnost sessile clusters in the upper axils. Glumes obovate, 3-nerved, produced into a rather long usually spreading or i^ecurved point. Hypogynous scales very variable, but always distinctly stipitate and more or less cordate^ usually truncate at the top and sometimes with a long terminal seta, white and thickened towards the apex or brown and membranous throughout, alternating with bristles sometimes as long as themselves, sometimes very short. Style-brauches occasionally 2 only but usually 3. Nut obovoid, acutely 3-angled.— Boeckel. in Linna3a, xxxvii. 107 ; R. Br. Prod. 220 ; F. Muell. Fragm. viii. 238 ; Scirpus ciliaris, Liun. ; Eottb. Descr. et Ic. Pl. 1. 17. 11; F. arenosa, E. Br. Prod. 220. N. Australia. Upper Victoria River and Providence Hill, F. Mucller ; Port Darwin, Schultz, ». 256 and 282 (the latter a long very slender starved state) ; between Norman and Gilbert Eivers, GuUiver. Queensland. Endeavour River, Banks and Solaiider, A. Cunningham ; Keppel ^ay, M. Brouii ; Cape York, Daemel ; Rockingham Eay, Ballachy ; Rockhampton and neighbourhood, Thozet, Boicman and others ; Brisbane River, Moreton Bay, F. Mueller, Baileij ; Dry-beef Creek, Leichhardt. Brown's F. ureiiosa was founded upon old weak specimens from Point Lookout, Banlcs and Solander, from which the flowers and glumes have mostly fallen away. Teibe II. Hypolttee^. — Spikelets solitary clustered or paniculate, with several usunlly numerous flowers ; ail hermaphrodite or some male only. Grlumes imbricate all rouud, several of the lowest empty. Flowers within the glumes flat, with 2 complicate keeled hypogynous scales (or bracteoles ?), and often flat liuear scales within them. 8. HYPOLYTRUM, Rich. Spikelets numerous, in a corymbose panicle rarely contracted into a Hypolytrum.'] cxLiii. cypebacej;. 339 dense cluster, with several often numerous hermaphrodite flowers. Glumes imbricate all rouud the rhachis, several of the lower oues smaller and empty. Flowcrs flat. Hypogynous scales (bracteolcs ?) 2, placed right and left, complicate, the keel acute usually ciliate, no iuner flat ones. Stamens 3 or fewer. Style sleuder, deciduous ; stig- matic branches 2 or 3, tiliform. Nut hard, obtusely 3-augled or com- pressed, smooth or irreguhirly wrinkled. — Usually coarse perennial pLants with leafy stems. Panicles compound, with long leafy involucral bracts. Spikelets small. The genus compriscs but fow species disporsed over the tropical and subtropical regions of the New and tho Old World, tho Australian species having a very wide general range. 1. H. latifolium, Rich. ; Kiinth, JEnum. ii. 271. — Stems acutely 3-angled, 2 to 4 ft. high. Leaves usually longer, ^ to 1 iu, broad, with 3 promiuent nerves and more or less scabrous on the margins and midrib. Panicle deusely corymbose, 3 to 4 in. diameter, with 2 to 4 loug leafy involucral bracts. Spikelets very nuraerous, oblong-cylindrical at first, ovoid when in fruit, 2 to 3 lines long. Ghimes numerous, broadly ovate, obtuse or scarcely mucronate, the midrib slightly promineut, otherw ise nerveless, 3 or 4 o£ the lower ones empty and more acute. Hypogynous scales or bracteoles prominently keeled when ia flovver. opened out and nearly flat under the fruit, shorter than the glume. Stamens 2. Style-branches 2 (or 3 ?). Nut when fully ripe nearly globuhir, shghtly compressed, rather longer thanthe glume, very obtuse and sinooth, in some specimens narrower conical at the top and some- what rugose but perhaps uot ripe. — F. Muell. Fragm. viii. 238 ; H. giganteum, WalL ; Bot. Mag, t. G2S2 ; BoeckeL in Linnaea, xxxvii. 131, Queensland. Rockingham Bay, Ballachy ; Daintree River, Fitzalan. Common in tropical Asia and Africa, and closely allied to if not identical with an American species. 9. EXOCAEYA, Benth. Spikelets small, umbellate-paniculate, with 1 or 2 herraaphrodite flowers and 2 or 3 male ones below them. Glumes imbricate all round, several lower ones empty. Flowers flattened. Hypogynous scales 4, 2 outer ones (bracteoles ?) placed right and left, complicate, keeled, 2 inner flat or concave, parallel with the gluine. Stamens 3. Style dilated at the base into a hard bulb, with 2 linear stigmatic brauches. Nut exserted, crowued by the persisteut bulb of the style, — Stem leafy. Umbel compound, the geueral and partial rays sleuder with a ceutral sessile spikelet as in Fimbristylis. The genus is limited to tho single species, endemic in Australia, 1. E. scleroides, Bcnth. in Ilooh. Ic. Pl. t. 1206. — Stems from a creeping rhizome 2 ft. high or morc but slcnder and weak, 3-angled, z 2 340 cxLiii. CTPEEACE^. \_Exocarya. leafy throughout. Leaves grass-like, loug aud flat, 1 to 2 lines broad, tapering into long subulate points, the sheaths close. Umbel large and slender, very compound, the longest rays 4 to 6 in. long, filiform aswell as the pedicels. Involucral bracts several, like the leaves, but the longest scarcely so long as the iiiiloreseence. Spikelets 1 to 1| linea long, narrow-oblong, dark brown. About 6 em[)ty glumes all obtuse, the outer oues very short, the inner gradually passing into the longer flowering ones. Male flowers usually about 3, and 1 rarely 2 herma- plirodite flowers in the spikeletsexamincd. Hypogynous scales as long as the glume, the 2 outer complicate ones with shortly ciliate keels, the 2 inner oues parallel to the glume and flat or concave. Stamens 3. Styln-bulb bhick, larger than the ovary at the time of flowering but not enlarged afterwards. Nut quite exserted, erect, ovoid-oblong, very obtuse, about 2 lines long and 1\ lines diameter, smooth but iiot shiuing, the remains of the spikelet forming a small tuft at its base. — Gladimn scleroides, F. MuelL Fragm. ix. 12. Queensland. Araucaria Forests on the Dawson and Burnett Eivers, Lekhhardt. N. S. 'Wales. Richmond and Clarence RiverS, Wxlcox ; Richmond Eiver and Liverpool Plains, 0. Moore. In technical characters this elegant plant approaches very nearly to 3Iapaiiia, and is as it were intormediate between that genus and Hi/^mhjfrum, but the inflorescence, the minute spikelets and the exserted nuts largor than the whole spikelet give it a very different aspect from any species of either genus. 10. MAPANIA, Aubl. (Pandanophyllum, Hasslc. Thoracostachyum, Eurz.) Spikelets solitary clustered or paniculate, with numerous herma- phrodite flowers. Glumes imbricate all round the rliachia, a fewof the lowest empty. Flowers flatteued. Hypogynous scales 6 (or in species not Australian more?), 2 outer ones (bracteoles ?) placednght and left, complicate, the keel acute, usually ciliate ; 4 iuner ones flat or concave, narrow, thin, often several-nerved but without any prominent midrib, one next the glume, the 3 others alternuting with the stamens. Stamens usually 3 ; 2 lateral and 1 next the glume. Style slender, ghabrous, deciduous ; stigmatic-branches 3, filiform. Nut sessile, triquetrous or flattened. — Stout perennial plants usually with long broad leaves. Steins leafless or leafy at the base only, sometimes suape-like with a single large spikelet or head of spikelets aud small involucral bracts, sometimes with a terminal head corymb or paniele of few or numerous spikelets and long or large leafy involucral bracts. Spikelets usually large. The gcnus is now known to contain a considcrable number of species from the tropical regions of America, Africa and Asia, extending to the South Pacific Islands. The only Australian one is endemic, approaching one from the Malayan Archipelago, but wilh the infloresconce much more devoloped than in any exti'a-Australian spocies. Tho spikelot is gcnerally described as a spikc, the flowers as androg}Tious spikclets with 3 male flowors with single glumes and stamens, 3 cmpty glumes and a central femalo flower without any glume, The view however above given appears to be Mapania."] cxliti. ctpebaceje. 341 more in harmony with the known structure of the C^TJeraccre such as Scirpus and Hijpoli/trum. Tho spikelet us a wholc is very much like that of the larger siiecies of Scirpiis, the two outer navicular scales within the glumcs are evidently homologous to those of Si/poliitrum, and the four inner ones to the scale-like liristles of Scirpus littoroHs. In some extra-Australian specics thcre a])pcars to be an increase in the numher of scales and pcrhaps of stamens, but so also is there an increase in the number of bristles in some species of Scirpiis. Many of the larger species of Mtrpai/ia rcquire much farthcr examination and it is vcry rarely that herbarium specimens are available for the purpose. 1. M. h^rpolytroides, F. Miiell. — Steras stout, S-anglcd. Leaves * 4 ft. long,' 1 to 2 in. broad, witli scabrous edges, Panicle dense, very compound, 6 to 10 in. diameter. One or two of tlie lower involucral bracts 1 to 2 ft. long and | to 1 in. broad, tapering into long points. Spikelets very numerous, shortly pedicellate, sald to be white when fresh, light brown when dry, ovoid, 3 to 4 lines long, about 2 lines diameter. Grlumes closely imbricate, ovate or oblong, obtuse, thin, with only a very slender central nerve especially on the outer ones, 3 or 4 of the lowest smaller and empty. Hypogynous scales all narrow, thin and rather shorter than the glume, the two outer ones (or bracteolea) with ciliate keels, the four iuner ones glabrous. Style-branches 3. Toung nut triquetrous, but not seen full grown. — Hypolytrmn pandano- •phyllum^ F. Muell. Fragm. ix. 16. Queensland. Eockingham Bay, Ballach)/. The nearest approach to this species isthe M. sumatrana {T/ioracostac/ti/inn, Kui'z in Joum. Asiat. Soc. Bong. xxxviii. 75; Zcpiroiiia sumatrana, Aliq. 111. Fl. Archip. Ind. 62. t. 24), which however has a much more slender stem, naiTow leaves, a small corymbose panicle, and glumes of a diiferent texture. 11. SCIRPODENDIION, Kurz. Spikelets in dense clusters, with numerous hermaphrodite flowers. Glumes imbricate all round tlie axis, a few of the lower ones empty. Flowers flattened. Hypogynous scales several, 2 outer oues (bracteoles ?) placed right and left, complicate, tlie keel acute, usually ciliate, the inner ones flat or coneave without any prominent midrib. Stamens 0 (or raore ?). Style slender, glabrous, with 3 or 2 short filiform branches. Nut large, woody, with very prominent lougitudinal ribs. — Stout plant with long broad leaves. Stems leafless or leafy at the base only. Clusters of spikelets in a dense thyrsoid panicle, with long leafy involucral bracts. The genus is limitod to a single species dispersed over the Malayan Archipelago and apparently aiso in Ceylon and the Samoa Islands. It is closely allicd to Mapania and Lcpironia, differing from both in the nut, the largest known in the order. 1. S. costatum, Kurz in Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. xxxviii. 85. — Stems from a thick woody rhizome stout, 3-angled, 1 to 2 ft. high. Leaves 6 to 9 ft. long, 1 in. broad or more, 3-nerved, with scabrous margins. Clusters of spikelets sessile or uearly so, in a dense oblong- thyrsoid pauicle, the lower leafy involucral bracts 1 to 2 ft. long. 342 cxLiii. CTPEBACE^. [Scirpodendron. Spikelets ovoid, 4 to 5 lines long, 2 to 3 lines diameter. G-lumes closely imbricate, very broad and thin, many-nerved and readily splitting into as many shreds. Scales as long, apparently more than 6 besides the 2 outer complicate ones or bracteoles, but splitting so readily that I have been unable to ascertain their number. Stamens 6 or in one flower examined 7 ; anthers very long. Nut ovoid couical or nearly globular, 4 to 6 lines diameter, with 6 to 10 very prorainent thick longitudinal ribs, the apex truncate or convex in the Australian speci- meu frequently conical in others. — S. sulcatum, Kurz (by a clerical mistake ?) Miq. 111. Fl. Archip. Ind. 65, t. 28 ; Hypolytrum costatum, Thw. Enum. Pl. Zeyl. 346, according to Kurz. Queensland. Damtree Eiver, Fitzalan. The single specimeii seen in herb. F. Mueller consists only of an inflorescence with ripe nuts, but it agrees very well with some of the Archipelago ones from which I have taken the above description. But even in these, owing to the half-rotten state of the few flowering spikelets remaining, I have been unable to ascertain precisely the real number of the hj-pogynous scales, which as in Mupania and Zepironia, are probably like the bristles of Scirpus more numerous than the stamens. 12. LEPIRONIA, Eich. (Chondrachne, B. Br.) Spikelet solitary, lateral, with numerous hermaphrodite flowers. Glumes closely imbricate all round the rhachis, concealiug the floral scales, a few of the lowest empty. Flowers flat. Hypogynous scales numerous, 2 outer ones (bracteoles ?) placed right and left, complicate, the keel ciliate, the others narrow, flat or nearly so, closely packed in several rows. Stamens 8 or more, alternating with the inner or opposite the outer scales. Style central, with 2 filiform stigmatic branches. Nut flat, not ribbed. — Stems from a creeping rhizome rush- like, transversely septate inside, leafless except sheathing scales. Spikelet oblique at the base of a terete involucral bract continuing the stem. The genus is limited to the single Australian species, which extends over the Malayan Archipelago, parts of East India and Madagascar. The other species re- ferred to the genus by Miquel belong to Mdpaiiia {Pa)idhnophyUt« ; summits of all the mountains at an elevation of 3000 to oOOO ft., /. I). Iluoker. This genus is always characterised after Brown as having two sjlumes with or without a single inner scale. lu all tho specimens I have examined from Tasmania, Victoria, New Zealand and South America, I have invariably found three glumes, all longer than the ovary and nut, the second exactly intermediate in sizo aud aspect betwccn the first and the third. The Andine species diflFers slightly fiom the Aus- tralian one iu the lcaves nover distichous, with thicker broader shoathing bases, but in some of the specimens from Tasmania, as well aa in some Victorian ones gathered Oreoholus.] cxliii. ctpehace^. 347 by F. Miiellcr on the Bogang range the leavcs are certainly not distichous, and those come very near to thc American O. obtmangula, Gaudich. The hypogynous scales assumo more the aspoct of pcrianth-scgments in this genus than in any other, and indeed closely resemble the pcrianths of Juncus or of Ite.stiacea. 15. REMIREA, Aubl. Spikelets small, denscly capitate, with a single terminal hermapliro- dite flower. Grlumes 4, the 2 outer ones imbricate, the third larger, raembranous, enveloping the fourth whieh is thick aud fleshy, enclosing the flower. No hypogynoua scales or bristles. Stamens 3. Style coutinuous with the ovary, uot thickened at the base, deciduous ; stig- matic branches usually 3, filiform. Nut closely enveloped in the inner 2 glumes, ovoid-triquetrous, often slightly compressed. — Low branching perennial. Leaves linear, with short imbricate sheathing bases. Spike- lets very numerous, in ovoid sessile spikes solitary or cluatered and surrounded by leafy involucral bracts. The genus is limited to the single Australian species, which is dispersed along the sandy sea-coasts of most tropical countries. 1. R. maritima, Auhl. Fl. Gui. i. 45, t. 16, var. pedunculata. — Stems from a creeping and rooting base ascending or erect, mucb branched, a few inches high, completely covered with the imbricate bases of the leaves in the typical form, produced into a peduncle in the Australian variety. Leaves rigid, 1 to 3 in. long, 1-| to 3 lines broad at the base, tapering into a point often pungent, dilated at the base into a short opeu sheath. Spikea ovoid, 4 to 6 lines long, solitary or more frequently several togetber sessile in a terminal head or cluster sur- rouuded by 3 to 6 involucral bracts, the longest 1 to 2 in. long. Spike- lets very numerous, terete, usually about 2 lines long, subteuded by a glume-like bract. Lower glume short, the second longer, both broad and appressed but open longitudinally, the third 2 lines long, mem- branous, very broad but closely wrapped round the fourth or floweriug glume, which is shorter and much thickened, becoming harder round the ripe nut. — Boeckel. in Linnsea, xxxv. 435 ; R. pedunculata, E. Br. Prod. 236, Kunth, Enum. ii. 139 ; F. Muell. Fragm. ix. 20. Queenslaud. Ahundant on the sandy sea-shores of the eastern coast, R. Brotvn, A. Cutiniiigham, Dallachy. Inthe typical American specimens, as in the majority of the African and somo of the East Indian ones, the hranches are leafy almost or quite up to the involucral bracts. In the Australian variety, which is common in the Malayan Archipclago and less developed in India, thc pedimcle is produced above the leaves to a length of from ^ to 2 or even near 3 in., but there is no difference in the structure of the spikelets, and the Indian specimens distinguished by Nees under the name of R. Wightiana, "Wall. aro quitc intermediate, the peduncle varying from a linc or two to an inch in length. The genus, oftcn placed next to Ki/Ulnga, which it rcsembles in inflorescence, has been more appropriately removed by Bceckelerto the neighbour- hood of Rhynchospnra to which it is more nearly aUied in the structure of the Bpikelets. 348 CXLIII, CTPEEA.CE^. 16. RHYNCHOSPORA, Vahl. (Cephaloschojnus and Morisia, Nees.) Spikelets capitate or paniculate, with 1 or 2 hermaphrodite flowers and often 1 or 2 males, oblong, more or less acuminate. Grlumes imbricate all round the rhachis ; 3, 4 or more outer ones shorter and empty, and 1 or 2 above the flowering ones euclosing male flowers or empty. Hypogynous bristles 6, rarely fewer, sometimes more. Stamens 3 or fewer. Style slender, conically dilated at the base ; stigmatic branches 2. Nut globular or more or less flattened, crowned by the persistent conical or elongated base of the style, which is sessile and con- tinuous or separated by a constriction but not distinctly articulate. — Stems simple under the inflorescence, usually leafy. Spikelets usually of a rich brown, more or less clustered, in terminal or axillary heads or corymbs sometimes forming large terminal panicles. The genus is widely spread over the tropical and temperate regions of the New and the Old World. Of the five Australian species three have a very extended tropical range, two at least if not the third being common in America as well as in the Old World. The two others have not yet been identified with extra-Australian species. Spikelets clustered in a compound panicle, the partial panicles corymbose or cymose. Spikelets 3 to 4 lines long, very numerous, the terminal corj^^mb 3 to 4 in. diameter. Beak of the nut long and thick, usually furrowed 1. ^. aurca. Spikelets 2 to 3 lines long, in loose corjnnbs of ^ to 1 in. diameter. Beak of the nut not longer than the nut and closely sessile 2. £. glauca. Spikelets in a single dense terminal head. Hypogynous bristles shorter than the nut. Nut smooth, broadly obovoid, with a very short beak. Stem usually above 1 ft Z. R. WalUckiana. Three at least of the bristles much longer than the nut. Nut oblong. Stem usually undcr 1 ft. Spikelets 4 to 5 lines long. Nut tuberculate or hispid, the beak closely sessile and often as long as the nut. Leaves shorter than the stem 4. i?. loiif/isetis. Spjkelets about 3 lines. Nut smooth or nearly so, the beak short and constricted at the base. Leaves often as long as the stem 5. ^. teiiuifoUa. li. teiierrima, Nees in Spreng. Syst. Cur. Post. 26, correctly referred to the H. setacea, Boeckel. {Schanus setaceus, Rottb. Dichromtna, Kunth), was supposed to bo Australian on the authority of Sieber's specimens, Agrostoth. n. 116, which are how- ever evidently West Indian. 1. R. aurea, Vald ; Kunth, Enum. ii. 293.— Stems 2 to 3 ft. high, 3-angled, leafy throughout. Leaf-sheaths terminating in a short broad membranous ligula, the blade long, pointed, with scabrous edges. Spikelets very numerous, clustored in more or less corymbose panicles almost sliortened into compound umbels, usually one large terminal one 3 to 4 in. diameter aud 1 to 3 smaller axillary oues lower down tlie stem. Floral leaves or bracts usually longer than the mflnresceuce. Spikelets 3 to 4 Imes long, with 1 perfect flower and 1 or 2 males. Rhynchospora.'] cxliii. CTPEEACEiE. 349 Hypogyuous bristles G, usually louger than the uut but scarcely so long as the beak. Nut obovate, oftea seabrous, especially iu the ceutre ot" eacb side, the beak sessile, as long as tl>e beak or longer aud as broad at the base, usually but perhaps not always furrowed on each side.— Boeckel. in Linnnea, xxxvii. 62G : E. Br. Prod. 230 ; F. Muell. Fragm. ix. 17. Queensland. Endeavour River, Banks and Solander ; Rockingham Bay, Dallacluj ; Brisbano River, Bailey. _ Widely spread ovor tho tropical regions of tho New and the Old World, and divided by Bcpckeler and others into several species, the characters of which I have failed to appreciate. 2. R. glauca, Vahl ,- Kunth, Enum. ii. 297. — Stems angular aud 1 to 2 ft. high or even more but slender. Leaves few narrow anddistant, the radical oues sometimes as long as the stem. Spikeiets not very numerous, clustered in small loose irregular corymbs \ to uearly 1 iu. diaiueter, the termiual oue more compound, with several small distant ones shortly pedunculate in the upper axils. Spikelets 2 to 3 lines loug, with 1 or 2 hermaphiodite aud 1 or2 male flowers. Outer empty glumes 3 or 4, short. Hypogynous bristles 6 or 7, mostly rather louger tlian the nut. Nut obovate, marked with minute transverse wrinkles, the beak conical shorter than or nearly as loug as the nut, sessile, not furrowed. — Boeckel. in Linnsea, xxxvii. 585 ; E. Muell. Fragm. ix. 17 ; R. laxa, R. Br. Prod. 230 ; Kunth, 1. c. 298 ; R. Bromnii, Eoem. et Schult. Syst. ii. 86; Boeckel. 1. c. 581. Queensland, Endeavour River, Banks and Solander ; Brisbane River, Moreton Bay, F. Mueller. N. S. Wales. Port Jackson, R. Brown ; Hastings River, Beckler, New Eng- land, C. Stuart. Extends over the tropical and subtropical regions of the New and the Old World. Kunth distinguished R. (jlauea and B,. la.ra chiefly as bein ;• the one American the other of the Old World. Bceckeler admits the two species as in both hemispheres, distinguishing them upon characters which are not very clear to me. 3. R. Wallichiana, Eunth, Enum. ii. 289. — Stems 1 to 2 ft. liigh, leafy at the base ouly. Leaves narrow, nearly as long as the stem or much shorter, the outer ones with open sheaths uot ciliate, the iniier one with a long close sheath. Spikelets uumerous in a deuse globalar head. Involucral bracts spreadiug, the longest 2 to 3 in. long. Spike- lets brown, 2^ to 3 lines loug, with 1 hermaphrodite aud often 2 male flowers, aud 3 or 4 outer empty glumes. Hypogyuous bristles not so long as the nut and sometimes very short. Nut obovate-orbicular, smooth, the beak scarcely onethird of its length. — Boeckel. in Linna^a, xxxvii. 542 ; F. Muell. Fragm. ix. 17 : Morisia Wallichii, Nees ; Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. Prsef. 48. N. Australia. Port Essington, Armstronff. Queensland. Rockingham Bay, Dallachy ; WideBay, Bidwill; Brisbane Kver, BatU>j. Extends ovcr tropical Asia and Africa, and the same or a closely allied species is also in America. 350 cxLiii. CYPEEACE^. [Rhynchospora. 4. R. longisetis, B. Br. Prod. 230.— Stems 6 in. to 1 ft. high. Leaves shorter, mostly at the hase of the atem, narrow, with loose open ciliate sheaths, the inuer one or two with close sheaths reaching some- times halfway up the stem. Spikelets uumerous, in a dense terminal globular head. Involucral braets spreading or reflexed, the longest 2 to •! in. long, linear, subulate-acuminate, dihited and ciliate at the base. Spikelets 4 to 5 liues long, acumiuate, of a pale shiuing browu, 3 or 4 of the outer glumes shorter and empty. Hypogynous bristles 3 much longer than the nut and often as long as the glume, 3 or 2 much shorter, Nut oblong, biconvex, more or less tuberculate, the beak as long as or rather shorter than the nut and closely sessile upon it by its broad base. — Kunth, Enum. ii. 289 ; Boeckel. iu Liunaea, xxxvii. 541 ; R. pterocJiata, Y. Muell. Fragm. ix. 17. N. Australia. Giilf of Carpentaria, mainland and Groote Island, R. Broum ; Upper Victoria River, F. Mueller ; between Norman and Gilbert Rivers, Gulliver. Queensland. Eockingham Bay, Dallachij. 5. R. tenuifolia, Benth. — Very near R. longisetis, but with smaller spikelets and a different fruit. Stems slender, 6 to 8 iu. high. Leaves numerous, very narrow and often longer than the stem, the outer ones with open sheaths scarcely ciliate, the iuner sheaths longer and more closed. Infloresceuce aud involucral biTtcts as in B. longisetis, but the spikelets scarcely above 3 lines long when fully out. Hypogyuous bristles 3 nearly as long as the glume, 3 scarcely longer than the nut. Nut oblong, slightly biconvex, bordered by a nerve-like margin, smooth or scarcely tuberculate, the beak not half so long and abruptly contracted at the base so as to appear stipitate. — B. longisetis, P. Muell. Fragm. ix. 17, not of E. Br. N. Australia. Victoria Eiver, Elsey. Queensland. Eockingbam Bay, Dallachy. 17. CYATHOCHJETE, Nees. (Tetralepis, Steud.) Spikelets in a long uarrow little-divided panicle, with 1 hermaphrodite ferfcile flower aud a second male or sterile one below it. Grlumes usually 4, imbricate all rouud the rhachis, the 2 outer oues empty, the 2 inner longer, broad, and closely euveloping the flowers. Hypogynous bristles usually 4, long rigid and acute. Stnmens usually 2. Style long, thickened towards the base, long persistent ; stigmatic branches ustally 2, filiform. Nut where kuown oblong, resting on a thick gynophore, not ribbed, crovmed at first by the thickeued base of the styie, which may be at length deciduous. — Stems froin a perennial rhi- zome usually tall, leafy chiefly at the base, the few stem-Ieaves passing into the leafy bracts. Spikelets narrow. Flowers here and there but rar^ly 3-merous. Styles and stamens sometimes very long. Cyathochcete.'] cxliii, CTPEBACEiE. 351 The gonus is endemic in Australia and though technically allied to Carpha and Mesomelceiia it is ■wndoly difFeront in habit. Nees in charactcrising tho genus in Pl. Preiss. ii. 86, refer.s to it as publishcd in tho Linna^a, ix. 300, n. 71 ; but that is a mistake, as he thcre only establishes the S. African genus Ci/uthocoma, which he subsequently referred to as alliod to Cyathoclmta. Stems 6 to 8 ft. Spikelots noarly 2 in. long, 1 or 2 in cach shoath. Westorn species 1. C clandestina. Stems about 2 ft. Spikelets \ to 1 in. long, few in each sheath. Westem specics .... 2. C avenacea. Stems about 2 ft. Spikelots about ^ in. long, several in each sheath. Eastern species. ........ 3. C. diandra. 1. C. clandestina, Bentli. — Stems terete, attaining 7 or 8 ft. Leaves crowded at the base, ofteu above 1 ft. long, with distichous sheaths of 2 to 3 in., crowned at the orifice by a brown hicerated membrane, the lamina erect and rigid, 1 line broad in the upper part ; a few leaves on the stems with long sheaths and short laminse. Floral sheatliiug bracts long aud loose with short laminse along the upper part of the stem, the upperniost gradually shorter with short points. Spikelets usually 2 within each sheath and scarcely protruding from it or 1 on a longer peduncle, each one nearly 2 in. long, narrow and scarcely flattened. Glumes about 4, not distichous, the 2 outer empty ones sliorter. Hypogynous bristles 4, rigid, shorter than the glumes, eiliate almost plumose below the middle. Stamens 2, the filaments 1 in. louger tban the glumes and tlie anthers another inch long. Style as long, witli 2 stigmatic brauches. Nut oblong, crowned by the hardened base of the style, but not seeu fully forraed. — Carpha clandestina, E. Br. Prod. 231 ; Rhynchospora clandestina, Spreng. Syst. i. 194 ; Chcetospora clandestina, F, Muell. Fragm. ix. 40. W. Australia. King George's Sound, B. Brown ; Wilson's Inlet, Old- Jield. 2. C. avenacea, Benth. — Stems rigid, attaining 2ft. ormore, terete below the infloresence, Leaves at the base of the stem shorter, erect, very narrow, with incurved or involute margins ending in long linear poiuts, the sheaths open without any membrane. Panicle long and very narrow, the branches or peduncles few, long and erect, generally 2 or 3 together in each bract. Lower floral bracts wath long sheaths open some way down, the lamiua flatter tban in the radical leaves but very narrow, the upper ones gradually shorter. Spikelets few on each peduncle and often solitary, f to 1 in. long, pale coloured, very narrow and aeuminate. Grlumes 4, not distichous, acuminate or the lower one aristate.. the 2 outer empty ones shorter. Hypogynous bristles in the hermapiirodite flower not very long, ciliate at the base aud none in the lower barrea flower iu the 2 spikelets examined. Stameus 2, and style 2-branched, all very much longer thau the glume ; anthers not seen. Nut long and uarrow, grooved along one side and crow^ned by the hardeued base of the style but not seen ripe. — Carpha avenaeea, E. Br. Prod. 230; jRhynchospora avenacea, Spreng. Syst. i. 197 ; Cyathochceta diandra, Nees iu Pl, Preiss, ii. 86, as to Preiss^s plant but not the 352 cxLiii. CTPERACE^. {OyatliochcBie. synonym; Tetralepis australis, Steud. Syti. Glum. ii. 159 ; GhcBtospora avenacea, F. Muell. Fragm. ix. 40. W. Australia. Kinf?'George's Soitnd and neighbouring districts, R. Browv, Oldjield, Dnimmovd, n. 367, Muir ; Swan River, Miss Lukin, (the flowers very young but apparently the same), Preiss, n. 1836. I have not seen these specimens of Preiss's, but Nees' description applies clearly to the Western C. avenacea, and not to the Port Jackson C. diandra. 3. C. diandra, Nees in Pl. Preiss. ii. 86 (aa to Brown's synonym but uot the plant described). — Steins sleuder, terete or nearly so,above 2 ft. long. Lower leaves not seen ; upper ones with long half-opeu sheaths andloug very narrow concave or angular larainse ending in long points. Panicle often 1 ft. long, looser than in C. avenacea, with slender erect compound branches, the lower bracts leaflike, the upper ones small. Spikelets rather numerous on the branches, very narrow, acute, of a rich browu, about \ in. long. Glumes flowers and young nuts as in 0. avenacea, except that there appears to be occasioually though very rarely a third stamen and a fifth or even a sixth hypogynous bristle. — Carpha diandra, E. Br. 'Prod. 331 ; Rhynchospora diandra, Spreng. Syst. i. 197 ; GhcBtospora diandra, F. Muell. Fragm. ix. 39. N. S. Wales. Port Jackson to the Blue Mountains, R. Brown, , Woolls, Mrs. Calvert. 18. SCHCENUS, Linn. (Chsetospora E. Br. Isoschoenus and Helothrix, Nees. Gymnochseta, Steud.) Spikelets variously capitate paniculate or solitary, with 2 or more (rarely 6) flowers, all hermaphrodite aud fertile or the uppermost sterile. Glumes distichous, several outer ones or soraetimes only 2 or 1 erapty, the rhachis very short aud straight betweeu the empty glumes, more or less elongated aud curved between the floweriug glumes aud flexuose, the flowers seated in the alternate notches, and the rhachis shortly produced above the last flower bearing a small empty glume. Hypogyuous bristles or sometimes scales 6, or few and unequal, or none, often ciliate at or near the base, rarely much louger than the nut. Stameus 3 or very rarely 4 to 6 or only 1. Style slender or rarely slightly thickened towards the base, deciduous ; stigmatic branches 3, filiform, sometimes almost plumose. JS^ut obovoid ovoid or rarely oblong or globular, more or less distinctly 3-angled or 3-ribbed, smooth reticulate foveolate or tuberculate. — TJsually perenuials, the stems often rigid and leafless below the infloresceuce. Leaves either radical or at the base of the stem, narrow or subulate or reduced to the browu sbeaths, or in a few species the stem leafy, eithertall and rigid or short and weak or filiform aud floating. Spikelets when capitate iu sessile clusters withiu the head, the clusters aud spikelets subtended by glume-like bracts, aud the outerbracts of the head form- ing an iuvolucre with or without It^aflike lamiuEe ; when paniculate the peduncles spikelcts or branches of the pauicle clustered within Schoenus.j cxltit. ctpeeace^. 353 sheathing bracts, with or without leaflike larainje, the lower ones usually distant. Glumes f requently dark-coloured or black. The senus is almost limitod to tho Old World and is chiofly Australian, but repre- scntod by a fow spocios in tho tomporato regions of tho northorn hnmia])horo, in oxtra-tropical South Amorica, in South Africa and New Zoaland, and ono in tho IMalayan Archipolafi^o. Of tho fifty-five Australian spocics threo are also in Now Zealand and ono of thom in South America ; the remainder are as far as known all endemic. I have found it impossiblo to maintain the distinction between Schoomis and CJuctospora founded on the absonce or presonce of the hypogynous bristles, for still more than in Scirpus, there are several species where they aro quite inconstant, and in many cases two vory closely allied species would have to be placed in diS"erent genera. The flexuose rhachis, always produced beyond the fertilo flower or flowers which are seated in the notchos thus formed, appears to me to be a more constant charactor. In this respect and in the frequent decurrence of the upper floworing ghxmes forming a wing on each sido of the rhachis, SchcBnus approaches the sections Diclidium and Mariscus of Ci/perus, difi"ering chiefly in tho infloroscence, the brown or black moro membranous glumes, the more numerous distichous empty onos and the few flowering ones less distinctly distichous, the frequent presonce of bristles, etc, no one of these characters being constant although one or the othor of them preva- lent, so that difficult as it is to assign special distinctive characters the two genera appear never to have been confounded. Numerous as are the Australian species of Schosmis, I have been unable to divide them into distinct sections founded on anyessential charactor. Tho varia- tions in the number of glumes, in the hypogynous bristles, in the number of stamens, in the nuts, otc, are specific only, and I have felt obliged to arrange the species into scries only, derived chiefly from inflorescence. Series I. Macrocephalse. — Spikekts varrow, 5 to 6 lines long, sessile in a single ohlnng or ovoid terminal head with erect involucral bracts. Mypogynous bristles present, Leaves ttifted at the base of the stem. Western species. Outer bract broad and black at the base. Glumes glabrous, 2 outer empty ones. Hypogynous bristles slender . . \. S. cruentus. Outer bract brown and rather narrow at the base. Ghimes glabrous, 1 outer empty one. Hypogynous bristles short, ciliate 2. S. comjmssus. Outer bract narrow. Glumes wooUy on the edge, about 4 outer empty ones. Hypogynous bristles longer than the nut, plumose 3. /S. lanatus. Series II. Sphserocephalse. — Spikelets 1 ^o 3 lines long, very numeroiis and sessilc in a yhhular or hroadli/ turhinate head, with spreading subnlate involucral bracts. Hypogynous bristles rarely defcicnt. Leavesticftedat the base ofthestem. Heads globular. "Western species. Spikelets about 3 lines. Glumes acute or aristate, 5 or moro outer empty ones. Leaves not above 2 or 3 in. Spikelets black. Hypogynous bristles as long as the nut, ciliate 4. *S'. curvifolius. Spikelcts brown. Hj-pogj-nous bristles scarcoly any, or very smaU and fino 5. S. suhbulbosus. Spikelets about 2 lines. Ghimes acuto, only 1 or no outer empty one. Hypogynous bristles none or vory minute. Leaves long and capillary 6. aS. setifolius. VOL. TII. 2 A 354 cxLiJi. CYPEBACE^. ISchcenus. Spikelets about 1 line. Glumes obtuse, 2 outer empty ones. Leaves few, erect, rigid. HypogjTious bristles as long as the nut or smaU 7. -S. Drummondii. Heads broadly turbiaate. Spikelets about 3 lines. Glumes acute, 3 or 4 outer empty ones. Hypogynoua bristles as long as the nut. Leaves capillary. Eastem species 8. 6", turhinatus. Series III. Isosclioenese. — Spikekts in n shigle terminal head but either fexv in the head somethnes onhi 2 or 3, or if numerovs spreading or the head loose. Hypogynous hristles tione except in S. brevisetis, and then rrry short. Spikelets above 3 lines long. Westem species. Involucral bracts 2 or 3, subulate curved and longer than the head. Bract-sheaths densely bearded. Spikelets 2 to 4 in the head 9. '*?. hnrhatus. Bract-sheaths glabrous or nearly so. Spikelets 6 or more in the head 10. S.fiavus. Involucral bracts short or only 1 exceeding the head and rigid. Leaf-sheaths bearded. Spikelets 5 or 6 lines, 2 to 4 in the head. HypogjTious bristles present but very short and ciliate H . iS. hrevisetis. liCaf-sheaths crowned by a membrane, not bearded. Spikelets scarcely 4 lines, several in the head. No hypog}Tious bristles 12. 6'. armeria. Spikelets 3 lines or shorter. Involucral bracts short or only 1 exceeding the head. Eastem species. Leaf-sheaths not bearded, the points very short. Spike- lets 2 lines. Stamens 4 to 6 13. jS'. aphyllus. Leaf-sheaths not bearded, the points or laminae subulate. Spikelets 3 lines. Stamens 3 14. S. imherbis. Leaf-sheaths bearded, the subulate points short. Spike- lets 3 lines. Stamens 3 \5. S. ericetorum. Seiiies IV. Iiaterales. — Spikelets not ahove 2 Unes long, in a single lateral head or cluster or rarely solitary, the ereet involucral hract contvtuing the stem. Hypo- gynous hristles ciliate. Leaf-sheaths not bearded. Spikelets brown. Glumes ob- tuse. Bristles longer than the nut 16, /. 899, Freis.s, n. 1773, 1777 and others. 5. S. subbulbosus, Benth. — Very much resembles S. curvifolius, but the stems are thickened and bulb-bke at the base, the ligulse of the old sheaths usually split up into long shreds or fiLimeuts, aud the setaceous laminse very short. Plower-heads globular, about \ in. diameter. Involucral bracts few, subulate, incurved or flexuose, shorter than in S. curvifolius and much less dilated at the base. Spikelets very numerous, brown, about 3 lines long, wnth usually 3 flowers. Empty glumes 6 or 6 or even more, the outer ones setaceous almost from the base. Hypogynous bristles exceedingly short or here and there 1 or 2 longer than the nut and sometimes entirely deficient. Stamens 3. Nut obovoid, prominently 3-ribbed, tubercuiate-hispid. — Chcetospora hrevisetis, F. Muell. Fragm. ix. 37, notof E. Br. ; Ehj7ia7ithus capitatus, Nees in Ann. Nat. Hist. ser. 1. vi. 48 ? from the character given. W. Australia. Kalgan River, F. MueUvr ; Forest Hill, Miiir ; Swan River, Brummotid, Ist coU. ; Busselton, Fries. Var. junceus. Stem above 1 ft. and often flattened. Leaves more rigid, without Schoenus.] cxliii. CTPEUACEiB. 359 any or scarccly any scarious marj^in, but thc old sheaths ofton split into shreds. Glumcs minutcly ciliate, tho oiiter ones soaietimes pubescent, the inncr moro obtuso than in the typical form.— W. Australia, Brmimmid, Ut coll. 6. S. setifolius, Benth. — Stems filiform, striate, above 1 ft. long, Leaves uumerous at the base of the stem aud almost as long, capillary, shortly dihited into browu closely imbricate sheaths. i'lower-head globular, 4 to 5 lines diameter. Involucral bracts 2 or 3, subuiate, spreading, sligbtly dilated and striate at the base, the bracts within the head glume-like but rigid and striate. Spikelets very nuraerous, sessile, narrow, about 2 lines long, with 2 or 3 flowers. Glumes acute or mucronate, keeled, striate, dark brown, only one empty outer one or even all flowering. No hypogynous bristles. Stamens 3. Nut ovoid, prominently 3-angled, smooth, W. Australia. Iving George'8 Sound, Menzies {Eetb. Hook.) 7. S. Drummondii, Benth. — Stems slender, 1 to 1\ ft. hiii-h. Leavea few, at the base of the stem, very much shorter, subulate, the sheaths glabrous. Tlower-head globular, 3 to 4 liues diameter, and in one specimeu a second head below the terminal one. Involucral bracts 2 or 3, subulate, spreading, sometimes very short, sometimes 1 to 3 in. long, slightly dilated at the base. Spikelets numerous, ovate, slightly compressed, a little more than 1 line long, with 2 flowers, but usually only 1 fertile. Glumes obtuse, 2 outer ones empty and shorter. Hypogyuous bristles 6 or fewer, longer than the nut and ciliate with a few long hairs, or sometimes all very small. Stamens 3. Nut ovoid, prominently 3-angled, smooth and shining, at length very dark coloured or almost black. — Chcetospora nitens, var. ? R. Br. Herb. ; C. microstachya, Nees in Pi. Preiss. ii. 84 ; Boeckel. in Linna;a, xxxviii. 295 ; F. Muell. Fragm. ix. 37 (a name preoceupied in Schoenus) ; Gymnochcete Drummondi, Steud. Syu. Glum. ii. 156. >V. Australia. King George's Soundandadjoining districts, R.Brotvn, Brum- mond, n. 114, 333, F. Mueller. The spikelets are nearly those of S. nitens, but much smaller, very much more numerous, in a terminal head with several bracts, not thi-own to one sido by the single bract. 8. S. turbinatus, Benth. — Stems slender, angular or compresaed, rarely above 1 ft. high. Leaves at the base of the stem much shorter, subulate, the sheaths either scarious on the margin or at length split into filaments. Flower-head ovoid or turbiuate, usually about \ in. long. Involucral bracts 3 or more, lanceolate at the base, with a subulate point or lamina, the longest often attaiuing 2 or 3 in. Spike- lets numerous, sessile, linear-lauceolate, flattened, about 3 liues long, witli 1 perfect flower. Glumes lanceolate, acutely acumiuate, usually ciliate, 3 or 4 outer empty ones gradually shorter and more aristate, the empty glume above the flower atipitate. Hypogynous bristles 6, rii,Md, rather longer thaii the nut, ciliate especialiy below the middle. Stamens 3. Nut obovoid, prouiineutly 3-ribbed, minutely granular. 360 cxLiii. CYPEEACE^. [Schoenus. rugose. — GhcEtospora turhinata, R. Br. Prod. 232, Boeckel, iu Linusea, xxxviii. 293, F. Muell. Fragra. ix. 38 ; Sieb. Agrostotli. n. 31. N. S. Wales. Port Jackson, R. Broicn, U. S. Exploring Expedition, F. Muiihr, and many others. Seeies III. IsoscHOENE.5;. — Spikelets iu a single terminal head, but eitlier few in tlie bead, sometimes only 2 or 3, or if numerous spreading, or the head loose. Hypogynous bristles none or very short. — Isoschcenus, Nees. 9. S. barbatus, BoecTcel. in Linncea, xxxviii. 277. — Yery closely allied to 8. flavus, aud probably a variety only, the stems more slender, 2 to 6 in. high. Leaves subukte, densely bearded at the orifice oi: the sheath. Flower-heads narrower than in 8. flavus, consisting usually of 2 to 4 spikelets, the broad base of the involucral bract densely bearded on the margin, the glumes slightly so. — F. Muell. Fragm. ix. 30; Isoschosims barbatus, Nees in Pl. Preiss. ii. 80. W. Australia. Princess Eoyal Harbour, Preiss, n. 1732 ; Stirling Eange, F. Mueller. 10. S. flavus, Boeckel. in Linncsa, xxxviii. 278. — Densely tufted. Stems rigid, under 6 in. high, minutely pubescent or rarely quite glabrous. Leaves at the base of the stem and often as long, very narrow or almost subulate, acute, rigid, flexuose, the sheaths bordered at the orifice by a hyaline membrane ofteu slightly ciliate. Flower- head oblong or broad, with few or many spikelets. Involucral bracts 2 or 3 longer than the head, the short broad base bordered by a hyaline membrane, the leaflike lamina rigid but curved ; inner bracts glum- ]ike but mostly with a green keeh Spikelets lanceolate, brown, 4 to 5 lines long, more or less flattened, with about 3 flowers. Grlumes thinly membranous, acute, 2 or 3 outer empty ones shorter. No hypogynous bristles. Stamens 3. Nut ovoid, 3-ribbed, tubercukate- rugose. — F. MuelL Fragm. ix. 30 ; Isoschoenus flavus, Nees in Ann. Nat. Hist. ser. 1. vi. 49, and in Pl. Preiss. ii. 80 ; Isoschoenus Drummondii, Steud. Syn. Glum. ii. 167. W. Australia. Swan Eiver, Brimmond Ist coll. andn. 332, 898 ; Preiss, n. 1774. 11. S. brevisetis, Benth. — Stems 6 in. to near 1 ft. high. Leaves at the base of the stem 3 to 4 in. long, subulate, rigid, the black sheaths densely bearded at the orifice. Flower-head or cluster obloug, with 2 to 4 spikelets. Outer involucral bract erect, rigid, subulate, 1 to 2 in. loug, the second short, the sheaths or diUated base bearded. Spikelets sessile, lanceolate, 5 to 6 lines long, with 2 flowers. Grlumes rather obtuse or the outer ones acute or acuminate, wooUy-ciliafce on the margin, 5 or 6 outer empty ones gradually shorter. Hypogynous bristles much shorter than the uut and sometimes very minute, flat aud ciUate at the base. Stamens 3. Nut obovoid, slightly 3-ribbed, smooth or nearly so. — Ghaetospora brevisetis, E. Br. Prod. 232. W. Australia. King George'8 Sound, Ji. Brown ; Point Henry, Oldfield; Perongerup, F. Mueller. Schoenus.] cxltii. CTPEBACEiB. 861 Var. subimberbis. Glumes vcry slightly fringed or quite glabrous. — Schcenus Jlaviculmis (partly), Nccs in Pl. Preiss. "ii. 81; F. Mucll. Fragm. ix. 30; S. cynneus, Nees, 1. c, but not tho Cluetospora cygnea, Nees, in Ann. Nat. Hist. 8er. 1. vi. 49. — Swan liiver, Freiss, u, 1795 : Drummoiid, u. 910, Miss Lukiii. Though sometimes this has almost tho aspect of S. pedicellatus, it is readily distin- guished by the spikelets closely sessile. In this and some othor spccies tho uppcr- most flowering glume and summit of the rhachis are often swoUen into a globular denscly villous mass, but perhapa through disease, as the enclosed nut is generally deformed. 12. S. armeria, Boechel. in Linncea, xxxviii. 279. — Stems densely tufted, sleuder, mostly 9 in. to 1 ft. high, leafless except 1 or 2 sheath- ing scales at the base with a short subulate lamina, the orifice of the sheath crowned by a brown or hyaliue membrane. Elower-head or cluster about \ in. diameter, the bracts all short, or 1 or 2 outer ones produced into a point rather louger than the head. Spikelets rather numerous, sessile, narrow-lanceolate, slightly compressed, dark brown, 3 to 4 lines long, with 2 flowers. G-lumes acute or the outer ones mucronate, glabrous cr minutely pubescent, the margins not fringed, 3 or 4 outer empty ones gradually shorter. No hypogynous bristles. Stamens 3. Nut small, obovoid or almost globular, obscurely 3-angled scarcely rugose. — F. Muell. Fragm. ix. 30 : Isoschoenus armeria, Nees in Ann. Nat. Hist. ser. 1. vi. 49 and in Pl. Preiss. ii. 80. W. Australia. Swan River, Brummond, \st coll. and n. 999, Darling Range, Freiss, n. 1755 ; Stirling Range, F. Mudler. 13. S. aphyllus, Bceckel. in Linncea, xxxviii. 280. — Stems tufted, slender, 6 to 10 in. high, leafless except rigid brown sheathing scales at the base, glabrous at the orifice, and tapering into short erect points. Flower-head termiual or rarely slightly lateral. Involucral bracts shorter than the head or rarely 1 rather longer and erect. Spikelets rather numerous, brown, ovate-lanceolate, about 2 lines long, with 2 flowers. Ghimes broad, acute, 3 or 4 outer ones empty and gradually shorter. No hypogynous bristles. Stameus 4 to 6 or very rarely 3. Nut obovoid, obtuse, obscurely 3-angled, smooth.— P. Mueil, Fragm. ix. 28. Victoria. On the Murray River, near the Golgol, F. Mueller. Very closely allicd to «S'. imberbis, but more rigid, the sheathing scale at the base of the stem broader and deeply coloured, the spikelets more numerous in a denser though smaller head and not so black, the stamens ahnost always more than three. 14. S. imberbis, B. Br. Prod. 231.— Stems slender, densely tufted, 6 in. to above 1 ft. high, leafless except brown sheathing scales at the base, oblique at the orifice, glabrous or minutely ciliate and usually with a Hnear or subulate Limina of a few lines. Flower-head or cluster solitary, terminal or rarely slightly lateral, sometimes rather loose and about i in. diameter. Involucral bracts shorter than the head or rarely one rather longer and erect. Spikelets 6 to 20 in the head, narrow-lanceolate, black, straight or slightly falcate, about 3 lines long, 362 cxi/iii. CTPERACEJE. [Schoenus. with 2 flowers. Glumes obtuse or the outer ones acute, shortly ciliate towards tlie end or quite glabrous, 3 to 5 outer oues empty and gradually shorter. No hypogyaous bristles. Stamens 3. Nut obovoid, very obtuse or retuse, obtusely 3-augled but scarcely ribbed, rugose. — r. Muell. Fragm.ix. 28; Sieb. Agrostoth. n. 30. N. S. Wales. Port Jackson to the Blue Mountains, M. Broiu» ; Leichhardl, TFooll.fiind others; southward to lilawarra, J. CuuHiiKjhnm, and granite rocks on the Wombayne Kiver, F. Mueller. 15. S. ericetorum, B. Br. Prod. 231. — Closely resembles S. imher- his in every respect, except that the brown leaf-sheaths at the base ofthe stem are bearded at the oriiice with short woolly hairs, the heads of spikelets rather looser sometimes forraing a small corymb, with 1 or 2 lateral clusters on peduncles of 2 or 3 lines, but often quite as compact as in aS^. imberhis. Spikelets black, lanceolate, fully 3 lines long, rather more curved and acuminate than in S. imberhis, with 2 flowers as iu that spcL-ies, but the glumes often more numerous, 6 or 7 outer ones empty. jSo hypogynous bristles. Stamens and nut of S. imherhis. — Sieb. Agros- toth. n. 45 ; F. Muell. Fragm. ix. 28 ; Boeckel. in Linnsea, xxxviii. 278. Iff. S. Wales. Port Jackson, R. Brown, F. Mueller, C. Moore and many others ; Newcastle, Leichhardt, W. Australian specimens from Brummond in herb. Hook. very much resemble tho id, Ist coll., Preiss,n. 1781 ; Point Ilonry 368 cxLiTT. CTPEBACE^. [Schoemis. and Murchison River, Oldfield ; Lakes and swamps near Putingup, F. Mueller. The style and the nut, though large, are quite those of Schoenus and not of Elynanthus ; the spikelets are thoso of the CalostachycB, but crowded in tho axils of the floral leafy bracts. Sebies VII. Calostachtj3. — Spikelets large (except in S. acumi- natus), pedicellate in distant sheaths, solitary or very few in eacii sheath. Outer empty glumes usually numerous, regularly distichous. Stamens 3. 32. S. calostachyus, Benth. — Stems 1 to 2 ft. high or more, rigid. Leaves at the base of the stem long, rigid, very narrow, with a pro- minent keel and slightly scabrous margins, the open sheaths bordered by a hyaline membrane slightly ciliate at the top, and sometimes 1 or 2 leaves on the stem with longer closed sheaths and shorter lamina. Floral leaves or bracts similar, but gradually smaller and all very dis- tant. Spikelets solitary or 2 in each sheath, on very unequal pedun- cles, and sometimes a second spikelet on one of the lower ones, the spikelets narrow-lanceolate, flat, dark brown in the typical form, about 1 in. long when fully out, with 3 to 5 flowers. Grlumes acute, rigid, shortly ciliate on the edge, 4 to 6 outer ones empty and gradually shorter, the lowest very short. Hypogynous bristles 4 to 6, much shorter than the nut or 1 or 2 of them longer. Stameus 3. Nut nar- row-ovoid, 3-angled, prominently tuberculate abnost muricate. — Chcetospora calostachya, R. Br. Prod. 233. Queensland. Endeavour JHver, Banks and Solandcr ; Moreton Island, iff' G^i^- N. S. Wales. Hastings River, Beckler. Var. distans. Leaves rather shorter and none on the stem below the floral ones. Spikelets paler coloured, but I can find no other diS^erence. — Chcetospora distans, F. Muell. Fragm. iv. 35. W. Australia. Murchison River, Oldjield ; Busselton, Pries. 33. S. scabripes, Benth. — Stems 2 ft. high or more, somewhat flattened and grooved, leafless except a few long distant brown sheaths shortly woolly at the orifice, with very short erect obtuse points. Flowering sheaths similar but shortcr, all distant. Peduncles 2 or 3 from each sheath, slender but rigid and very scabrous, all erect with a single erect spikelet or one from the lowest bract elougated with 2 or 3 spikelets. Spikelets narrow, acuminate, slightly flattened, | in. long or perhaps rather more when fully out, with 1 or 2 flowers. Flowering glume acuminate but rather obtuse, outer empty ones 5 or 6 gradually shorter, all obtuse with an obtuse glandlike point. No hypogynous bristles. Stamens 3, with very long anthers. Nut not seen. Queensland. Moreton Island, F. Mueller. Evidently very near to iS'. cahstachyus and 6'. efoliatus, but distinct from both. The spikelets are, however, scarcely fully developed in the specimens seen. 34. S. multiglumis, Benth. — Very near 8. efoliatm and included Schoenus.'] cxLiii. CYPEitACEiE. 3G0 in it by F. Mueller, but the stems taller and stouter, attaining 3 to 4 ft. inueh corapressed or grooved ou one side, the sheathing scales at the base and the sheathing bracts with small obtuse poiuts as iu S. scahri- pes. Spikelets gencrally 2 only within the upperraost bract, and 2 in a sheathing bract much lower down, the peduncles unequal, slender, rigid but smooth. Spikelets narrow and acute, scarcely compressed, f to ] in. long though scarcely fully out, with 2 flowers. Grluraes ob- tuse with short obtuse glandlike points as in S. scabripes, but about 10 to 12 outer ones empty and gradually shorter. No hypogynous bris- tles. Stamens 3. Nut not seen. Vtr. Australia. King Georgo's Sound, Oldjield ; Albany, F. Mueller. 35. S. efoliatus, F. Muell. Fragm. ix. 32. — Stems rather slender, rushlike, terete and slightly striate, 1 to 2 ft. Iiigh, leafless except the close-sheathiug scales at the base with very short obtuse erect points, the sheathing floral bracts distant, narrow, with very short or without any points. Peduucles 2 or 3 together in each bract, h)ng filiform and erect, sometimes very long, each with 1 or 2 spikelets. Spikelets all erect, very narrow lanceolate, acute, rather flat, 6 to 8 lines long, with usually 2 flowers. Grlumes rigid, very aeute, 5 or 6 outer empty ones gradually shorter, the lowest 2 very short. No hypogynous bristles. Staraens 3. Nut obovoid, obtusel}^ 3-anglcd, smooth. W. Australia. King George's Sound and Stirling Eango, F. Mueller ; Kalgan Biver, Oldfield. 36. S. acuminatus, It. Br. Frod. 231. — Stems slender, 1 to \\ ft. long, leafless except a few distant close sheaths aloug the stem with narrow-linear erect latiiinge of | to 1 in., the basal sheaths with only very short poiuts ; the floral sheathing bracts sirailar, distant. Spike- lets solitary or 2 together on unequal peduucles within the sheaths, lanceolate, acute, flat, 4 to 5 lines long, with usually 2 flowers, Gkimes acute, with whitish margins, not ciliate, about 5 outer erapty ones gra- dually shorter. No hypogynous bristles. Nut (aloose one in herb. Br.) obovoid-oblong, very obtuse, obtusely 3-angledat the base, quite smooth. W. Australia. King George's Sound, R. Broivn. Series VIII. Paniculat^. — Spikelets under \ in. long, usually dark browu or bLick, often falcate, all pedunculate, either uumerous in a |)auicle usually secund, or few in a terminal cluster. 37. S. pedicellatus, Benth. — Stems 1 to 1| £t. high, rigid but often sieuder, leafless except short browu or black sheaths at the base, bearded at the orifice, and otten bearing a subulate or terete lamina of I to 2 in. Spikelets few iu a terraiual cluster and frequently another cluster a little hiwer down, iu the axils of very short bracts, ali dis- tinctly pcdicellate, liiiear-lanceolate, often falcate, slightly compressed, dark brown, 5 to G lines long, with 3 to G flowers. Grlumes ciliate ou VOL. VII. 2 15 370 cxLiii. CYPEEACE^. [Schoenus. the marginy, about 5 outer empty oiies gradually shorter. Hypogynous bristles 6 or fewer, very unequal, one trequently as long as the nut but mostly shorter, and sometimes aJl very minute. Stameus 3. Nut ovoid, about 1 line or louger, obtusely S-angled, smootli. — Cha^tospora pedicellata, E. Pr. Prod. 232 ; Schcenus fascicuJaris, Nees in Pl. Preiss. li. 82, but not the plant described in Ann. Nat. Hist. ser. 1, vi. 48. W. Australia. King George'8 iSound, li. Broicn ; Swan liiver, F/eisi', u. 1802, also Drunintuud, Uv' coll. uud u. 105, 911, 912. This and the following two species appear to pass almost gradually into the S. mela>iostachyus, but can scarcely Le united with it as varieties. 38. S. fascicularis, Nees in Ann. Nat. Hist. ser. 1, vi. 48, 7iot of Pl. Freiss. — Stems 1| to 2 ft. high, terete or grooved on oiie side, leaf- less except the dark browu rigid shiniug sheatlis at the base, of which the iuner one is ofteu 2 iu. Joug, bearded at the orifice, and beariug an erect subuiate poiut of 1 to 2 or rarely 3 iiues. Panicle termiuai, narrow, dense, turued to oiie side, 1 to 2 in. Jong. Spilielets clustered, but ail or most of tiiem very sliortJy pedicelJate, uarrow, mostJy falcate, slightly compressed, dark browu, 4 to uear 5 liues loug, with 2 or 3 liowers. Glumes scarcely ciiiate, 5 or 6 outer empty oues gradually shorter. Hypogynous bristles uone or rarely 1 short one. iStamens 3. Nut uot seeu. W. Australia. Swan Eiver, Bruninioud, Ist.coll. aud n. 110. 39. S. brevifolius, R. Br. Frod. 231. — Stcms from a crceping rhizome rushlike, 1 to 2 ft. high or more, leafless exeept the browu sheathing scales at the base, the innermost with a rigid erect poiut or L.miua rarely 1 in. long, the orifice not bearded. Pauicle rather loose but very narrow, 3 to 6 in, loug or more, the spikelets almost clustered ou short peduncles, the lower clusters distaut, or tlie pauicle ratlier more compound with the lower brauches elongated. Sheathing bracta tapering into short erect poiuts or lamiufe. SpikeJets liuear-lanceolate, 5 liufs long wheu full-growu, brown, uot so mucli flatteued as in S. melanostachyus, with 3 to 5 flowers. Grlumes obtuse or uearly acute, 2 to 4 outer empty oues shorter and more obtuse. JSo hypogynous bristles. Staineus 3. Nut obovoid, scarcely rugose. — F. Muell. Fragm. X. 29 ; Sieb. Agrostoth. n. 7. Queeusland. Near Brisbane, Bailey. N. S. Wales. Port Jackson to the Bhie Mounlains, R. Browu, Woolls, C. Iliior;; and others ; Hastings Eiver, Beckkr. Victoria. Port Phillip, Luclunanti ; near Brighton, F. Mueller ; French Island, Bevt ridye. S. Australia. S. brac/typ/iytlus, F. Muell., fi-oni Mount Lofty Ranges, nicntioned by F. Muell. Fragm. ix. 29, undcr /. 207, 382. 46. S. bifidus, BoecJcel. in Linncea, xxxviii. 282. — Stems slender, 6 to 9 in. high. Leaves rather numerous at the base of the stem and niuch slioi'ter, subulate, flexuose, dilated at tlie base into narrow open sheaths. Pauicle loose with few spikelets, the pedicels long aud solitary or two together within distant leafy bracts, wath black closed sheaths aud subulate laminse. Spikelets erect, bhack, lauceolate, mucli flattened, 4 to 5 lines Jong, with 2 or 3 flowers. Glumes obtuse, 4 or 5 . outer empty ones gradually shorter. Hypogynous bristles 6 or fewer, very unequal, 2 or 3 longer than the nut, otten dilated and paleaceous, entire or toothed, the others very small. Stamens 3. Nut obovoid-oblong, 1 line long, 3-ribbed, granular-tuberculate. — Elynanthus hifidus, Nees in Ann. Nat. Hist. ser. 1, vi. 48 ; Ghmtospora oligostachya, F. Muell. yragm. ix. 38. W. Australia, Brummond, l.st coll. ohu n. 342 and 900 ; King George's Sound, Mmr. The end of the rhachis of the spikelet and terminal glume are often enlarged and densely villous as in S. brevisetis. Series X. MicROCAEP^. — Spikelets small, in a terminal loose cluster or irregular umbel or clustered in the axils of distant leafy bracts. Nuts, except in S.fluitans, very small and white. Small or slenderand weak plants with flaccid leaves, the sheaths not bearded. 47. S. Brownii, RooTc.f. Hnndh. N. Zeal. Fl. 298.— Steras tufted, slender, often filiform, from 2 or 3 in. to near 1 ft. higli. Leaves narrow-linear or filiform, a few at the base ot the stem with short points or laminffi, 1 to 3 higher up witli closed sheaths and longer laminie. Spikelets few together in clusters or little umbels, the clusters sessile or pedunculate, several from each sheath, the lower ones distant, the whole formiug a narrow panicle or small irreguLar umbel, or reduced to 2 or 3 rather dense clusters. Bracts with brown sheaths and leafy points. Spikelets linear or linear-lanceolate, brown or black, 2 to near 3 lines long, usually with 2 flowers. Glumes acute or the inner ones obtuse, 3 or 4 outer ones empty of which the 2 outermost very much shorter, the keel often minutcly ciliate. Hypogynous bristles G, very slender, froin a little to very much longer than tlie nut. Stamens 3. iNut small, white, 3-ribbed, minutely verticulate under a 374 cxLiii. CYPJiBACE^. [_Scha;nus. leus. — GhcBtospora imberhis, R. Br. Prod. 233 ; Bceckel. in LinnjPii, xxxviii. 299; «ieb. Agrostoth. n. 27, Hook. £. Fl. Tasm. ii. 82, F. Muoll. Fragm. ix. 35 ; Isolepis margarilifera, Nees in Herb. Berol. ; Scirpus mar(jaritiferm, Boeckel. iu Linntca, xxxvi. 697 ; Ghcstospora tenuissima, Steud. Syu. Glum. ii. 162, Irom tlie cbar. given, not of Hook. f. Queensland. East Coast, H. Broum ; Brishane River, F. Mmller, Bailei/. W. S. Wales. Tort Jackson to the Blue Mountains. R. Broicn, and others. Victoria. Very common from Port Phillip and Melbourne to Gipps' Land, Robert- soii, F. Miitller and others. Tasmania. Very abundant throughout the island, J. B. Rooker and others ; often much elongatod with rather broader leaves when growing under water. S. Australia. yt. Vincenfs Gulf to Murray River, F. Mueller and others. The species is also in New Zealand. 48. S. odontocarpus, F. Muell. Fragm. ix. 32. — A small slender tufted plant, perbaps annual, closely allied to S. Brownii. Stems fili- fonii, 1 to 4 in. higli. Leaves at tbe base of tbe steiu, mucb shorter, tiliform, witb narrow brown sheaths. Spikelets few together, in clusters or little umbels, tbe clusters geuerally 2 or 3 together, 1 sessile tbe others pedicellate at tbe summit of the stem or iu tbe axil of a subulate leafy bract lower down. Spikelets narrow, dark browu, 1| to 2 lines long, with 2 or 3 flowers. Fiowering glumes obtuse, not ciliate, 1 or 2 outer empty oues shorter and more acute. No bypogynous bristles. Stamens 3. Nut small, promiuently 3-ribbed, the ribs ofteu forming as mauy promineut angles or suiali teeth, deeply foveolate-reticulate between the ribs. W. Australia, Burges ; Champion Bay and Murchison River, Oldfield ; Stirling Range, F. Mueller. 49. S. hu^iilis, Benth. — A dwarf densely tufted plant, rarely above 4 in. bigh and sometimes not 1 in. Leaves at the base of the stem fevv, narrow, flaccid, with broad brown sheatbs. Floral leaves or bracts several along the stem witb sbort sheatbs and linear laminse, varying from very sbort to louger thau the inflorescence. Spikelets usually 2 to 4 together in sbort spikes in the axils of the lower bracts, solitary or 2 togetber iu tbe upper ones, linear-lanceolate, green or brown, 2 to 3 lines loug, witb 4 or 5 flowers. Glumes membranous, sometimes tbiu aud almost byaline, sometimes browu, the outer ones gradually sborter but all euelosing flowers except the termiual one. Hypogynous bristles 6, usually rather louger tban tbe nut and plumose, Stamens 3. JSut ovoid, prominently 3-augled, reticulate-cancellate between tbe angles aud crowued by the conical contiuuous base of the style. W. Australia. Brummond, n. 363 ; Kalgan, Tone and Vasse Rivers, Oldficld ; north of Stiiling Range, F. Mueller. Included by F. Mueller Fragm. ix. 38 in ('licctospora naiia (/S. natius), but appearsto me to be much nearer to S. sculptiis, differing chieily in the hypogynous bristles. 50. S. sculptuSy Bceckel. in Linncea, xxxviii. 286. — Tufted aud perhaps anuual, tlie stems slender, from a few incbes to uearly 1 ft. long. ScJiceiius.l cxLiii. OTPEEACEyi:. 375 Leaves at the base of the slem few aud very narrow, with brown sheaths. Horal leaves or bracts several aloug the stem with sliort sheaths and liuear himiuse, varjaug trom very short to 1 or 2 iu. Spike- lets several together iu little clusters or short spiites iu the axils of the floral leaves, or the upper ones sometimes solitary, liuear, 3 to 3| lines long, with 3 to 6 iiowers. Glumcs membranous, brown or almost hyaliue, narrow, the outer oues gradually shorter, but ail enclosing flowers except the terminaloue. Hypogyuous bristles noue or rarely 2 or 3 very slender and not plumose. Stamens 3. Nut ovoid, promi- nently 3-ribbed, deeply pitted or cancellate or at length quite smooth. — r. Muell. Fragm. ix. 30 ; Elynanthus sculptus, Nees in PI. Preiss. ii. 79. ^V. Australia. Swan River, Drummond, \sf coll. ». 915 or 916, Prciss, n, 1863, 174-5. The latter has more the habit but not the plumose bristles of S. humilis. 51. S. axillaris, Hook. f. Handh. N. ZeaZ. J^^. 298.— Stems very slender and weak, leafy, diffuse or creeping, 2 to 6 iu. long, often very intricate. Leaves or leafy bracts flat and flaccid but very uarrow or almost filiform, \ to l^ in. long. Spikelets usually 2 or 3 together, sessile or shortly pedicellate in the axils of the leaves or leafy bracts, about 1 line long, somewhat flattened, with 1 perfect flower. Glumes obtuse, glabrous, brown with greeu keels, 2 or rarely 3 outer empty ones shorter. Hypogynous bristles 6 or sometimes fewer, about as long as the nut. Stamens 3. Nut smali, obovoid, white or ash-coloured, 3-ribbed, smooth or minutely reticulate. — Ghcetospora axillaris, E,. Br. Prod. 233 ; Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 82 ; Fl. Nov. Zel. t. 62 ; Bceckel. in Linnsea, xxxviii. 289; F. Muell. Fragm ix. 34; Helothrix pusilla,Neea in Ann. Nat. Hist. ser. 1, vi. 45. N. S. Wales. Nepean River. S. Brown. Victoria. Marshes, Snowj' River, F. Mueller; Cirampians, Sullivan. Tasmania. Marshy places near Penquite, Gunu ; Southport, G. Stuart. S. Australia. Cataracts of Lofty Range, F. Mueller. W. Australia, Drummond. The species is also in New Zealand. 52. S. tenellus, Benth. — A dwarf tufted plant, the filiform stems 1 to 2 in. high in our specimens. Leaves nearly as long, capillary, flaccid, with membraiious glabrous sheaths. Spikelets 1 termiual and 1 or 2 at some distance lower down, in short narrow sheathing bracts, all very narrow-linear, about 2 lines long, with 2 or 3 flowers. Glumes very narrow, membranous, pale-coloured, rather acute, 1 or 2 outer empty ones shorter and more acnminate. No liypogynous bristles. Stamen 1. Style very slender. Nut obovoid-oblong, but not ripe in our specimens. W. Australia. Brummond, n. 927. Evidently allied to S.fuitans, butdifferent in habit, and the stamcn appears to be always solitary. 53. S. natans, Benth. — Stems submerged, capillary, branched and 370 cxLiii. CTPEEACEiE, \_Schoenus. loafy, formiiig floating masses often above 1 ft. long, the leaves as well as the branclies more slender than in S.Jiuitans. Spikelets solitary and terminal or with another lower down the branch or peduncle, liglit brown, very narrow linear, 2 lines long, with 2 flowers. Grlumes narrow, almost obtuse, one outer empty oue rather shorter. Hypogy- nous bristles 6 or fewer, rather louger thau the nut, ciliate ahnost plumose. kStamens 3. Nut small, ovoid, proraiuently 3-ribbed, smooth but sometimes tipped with a miuute pubescent point. — Ghcetospora natans, F. Muell. Fragm. ix. 38. W. Australia, Drumtnond. 54. S. fluitans, HooTc.f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 81. t. 141 B. — Stems usually subraerged, sleuder and weak, branched, leafy, formiug short dense tufts in shallow stagnant water, or iutricate floatiug masses 1 to 2 ft. longin rimning water. Leaves filiform, 1 to 3 iu. loug, the sheaths sometimes with a small membraue at the orifice. Spikelets solitary or rarely 2 or 3 distant ones at the eud of the branches, the upper bract almost glumelike, the lower more leaflike, the spikelet very narrow liuear, 4 to 5 lines long, with 2 to 4 flowers. Grluraes narrow, rather obtuse, only one or sometimes no empty one besides the subtendiug bract. No hypogynous bristles. Stamens 3. Style sometimes long-persislent but aiways falling off" from the ripe nut as in the rest of the genus. Nut ovoid, nearly 1 line long, prominently 3-ribbed, smooth but often tipped by a minute pubescent point. — F. Muell. Fragm. ix. 28. Tasmania. South. Esk Eiver, Ounn. 19. ELYNANTHUS, Nees. Spikelets clustered in a narrow panicle, with usually 2 hermaphro- dite flowers close together on a short not flexuose rhachis, botli fertile or one sterile. Grlumes distichous, 2 to 4 outer ones empty and a small empty one close above the flowers. No hypogynous bristles. Stameus 3 to 8. Style sleuder, with a thickened hard persistent base cou- tinuous with the ovary ; stigmatic branches 3 or 4, filiform. Nut ovoid, crowued by the hard ovoid or oblong persisteut base of the style, sonie- times as big as itself and either continuous with it or slightly con- tracted uuder it. Perennials with the habit of the narrow paniculate Schoeni. Besides the two Australian speeies whicli are endemic, the genus includes several from South Africa, the characters of some of which however require revision. The spikelets are nearly those of Schoenus, but without the elongated flexuose rhachis, and the style and nut are ahnost as in Caustis. Spikelets about 6 lines long, densely clustcred or almost spicatc in the axils of leafy bracts. Stamens 6 to 8 . . 1. -E". ocfandrus. Spikelets H to 2 lines long, few together in the axils of the sheathing bracts. Stamens 3 2. £. capillaceus. E. reroluttis, Nees in Pl. Preiss. ii. 78, from Swan River, Preiss, n. 1769, is un- Elynanthus.'] cxrjii. cypeiia.ce^. 377 known to me but probably not a conp;ener. It is describcd as having lincar-filiforra k-!ivos Nvith rcrolute niargins. Spikclets in a tcrminal irregularly df^compouud clu.ster, with '_' or 3 invohural hracts 3 to 6 in. long. Glumos 7, 3 or 4 outur cmpty on(\s ohlong-hinceohito acuminatc, uppcrraost 1 or 2 also crapty but small and narrow, the intormediato ones tlorifcrous. Stamens 8 or 9. Style bulbous at thc base, 3-cleft. 1. S. octandrus, I^iees in Ann. Nat. Hist. ser. 1, vi. 48, and in Pl. Prciss. ii. 77. — Stcms from a thick bulblike base 1 to 2 ft. high, aiiguhir, leafj. Ijeaves flat but uarrow, rigid, tapering iuto long subulate points, the radical ones with short opeu sheaths, those on the stem few, distant, with long close sheaths, passiug into the floral bracts. Spikelets in dense clusters or oblong heads of \ in. or more, several together shortly pedunculate or sessile iu the lower bracts, the upper (jr.es forraing an interrupted spike, the floral leaves or bracts like the stein-leaves but with gradually shortened subulate laminae or points. ISpikelets very narrow, about 6 lines long. Grlunies dark brown or black with light-coloured margins, lanceolate, very acutely acuminate, 2 or 3 outer empty ones shorter and broader. Flowers both herma- phrodite but only oue fertile. Stamens 6 to 8. Style-branches (always ?) 4. Nut ovoid, 4-ribbed, smooth, crowned as in Gladium mariscus by the thick base of the style, continuous with it but solid and nearly as iong as the endocarp below it.- — Schoinus octandrus, F. Muell. Fragm. ix. 31. "W. Australia. King George's Sound to Swan River, F. Mueller, Muir, I)ru»i' luoiid, Ist colL, Preiss, n. 1770, 1771, Old^eld a,nd others. 2. E. capillaceus, Benth. — Stems filiform, f to l^ ft. long, leafless except a rather loug sheath at the base, either truncate or with a setaceous lamina or point. Panicle small and narrow, the spikelets 3 or 4 together in the axil of the lower sheathing bract, 1 or 2 in the upper ones, the bracts with short subulate points. Spikelets very narrow, li to 2 lines long. Grlumes acute or acumiuate, 3 or 4 outer empty ones rather shorter. Flowers usually only one fertile. Stamens 3. Nut ovoid, crowned by the ovoid persisteut base of the style as long as itself as in Gaustis. — Ghcstospora capillacea, Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 81, t. 141 A ; G. capillaris, F. Muell. Fragm. ix. 34. Victoria. Curdie'8 Inlet, Walter ; base of Mount Abrupt, Sullivan. Tasmania. Hospital Bay, South Huon River, Oldjield ; Southport, C. Stuart ; Bay of Fires, Bissil. W. Australia? Point Henry, Oldjield. Possibly some error in the label. On exaraining more than a dozen spikelets from difFerent specimens I have been unable to detcct any trace of thc 3 hypogynous scales figured in the plate, which must be very exceptional or perhaps somc mistake of the artist. 20. MESOMELJENA, Nees. (Gymnoschoenus, Nees.) Spikelets nuraerous in a den^e head enclosed within the sheaths of the involucral bracts, with 2 flowers, the upper one fertile, the lower 378 cxLiir. crPEEACEiE. ^^Mesomelana. sterile or male, (or 1 ouly, tlie lower oue deficient iu 3£. deusta), tlie rhacliis short. G-lumes disticlioiis or uearly so, 2 to 4 outer onos empty, the flowering oues closely enveloping the flowers, Hypogy- nous bristles or scales 3, often flat. Stameus 3. Style thickened aud rigid in the lower part but at length usually deciduous ; stigmatie braiiches 3. Nut obovoid, crowned when young by the hardeued base ofthe style, iuserted ou a raised torus or a short thick stipes. — Deiisely tufted rigid perennials. Leaves at the base of the stem only, often long, or rarely 1 ou the stem. Flower-head solitary aud terminal, the euclosing bracts broad and rigid often black, oue usually and sometimes 2 or more with linear poiuts or lamiuse. The genus is limited to Australia. It is well cliaracterised by the infloreacence as well as by the hypogynous bristles or scales constantly 3 only and all equal. Flower-heads ovoid or oblong, or turbinate-globose, black. Hypogynous bristles or scales rigid, longer than the nut. Heads under ^ in. Outer glumea aristate with recurved points \. M. stijgia. Heads above ^ in. Leafy points of the bracts erect. , Spikelets 6 to 8 lines long 2. M. deiista, Heads above ^ in. Bracts very broad with long rigid spreading leafy points. Spikelets 4 to 5 lines long 3. M. tetragona. Flower-heads globular, very compound. Spikelets 2 to 3 lines long. Hypogynous bristles short and slender. Outer bra(;ts orbicular or very broad, with short or with- out any points. Eastern species 4. 3I.sphcerncephala. Outer bracts ovate, one or more with long leafy points. Western species 5. M. anceps. l. M. stygia, Nees in Pl. Preiss. ii. 89. — Stems slender, terete, rigid, 6 in. to 1 ft. high. Leaves at the base only, the sheaths rigid, 1 to l^ in. long, the lamina nearly as loug, subuLate, bordered at the base by a hyaliue raembrane. Flower-head ovoid or turbinate-globose, erect or oblique, quite black, 3 to 6 lines diameter. Two outer bracts black with scarious hyaline margins, the outermost one usually with a rigid erect green-poiuted lamiua of 1 in. or more and apparently con- tinuing the stem, the second braet without any or only a very short point. Spikelets nunierous, sessile, 3 to 4 lines loug. Flowers 2, both hermaphrodite and close together, the outermost usually sterile. Glumesscarcely distichous, about 5 empty, the outer ones short but aristate, the fine black points recurved wheu dry, the inner ones acu- miuate with short poiuts, the floweriug oues broader and more mem- branous. Hypogyuous bristles or rather scales 3, flat, paleaceous, very acute aud browu at the eud, sometimes much dilated at the base and sometimes with a tooth on each side of the ceutral poiut. Stameus 3. Style hurd and thicker at the base but deciduous. Nut obovoid, vcry obtuse, smooth, seated on a raised torus or short thick stipes slightly dilated and lobed uuder the nut. — OhcBtospora stygia, R. Br. Prod. 233"; Mesomelcena.'] oxLiir. CTPEHACEiE. 379 F. Muel]. Fragm. ix. 3G ; Mesomelcena Prelssii, Nces, in Pl. l'rciss. ii. 88 ; Lfpidosperma tincinaium, Nees, 1. c ii. 93. W. Australia. King- George's 8c)iind, M. Broun and others, and thcnce to Swan Kiver, DnunmoHdlst. coll. and n. '251, 894, /"rem, n. 1760, 1761, 1777, 1780, 1791 ; JMurchison River, Oldjicld. The northcm specimens are generally taller and stouter than those froni King Goorge's 8ound, the spikelots ofton 4 lines long, the ghunes sometimes with hroad hyaline margins. The laminae of the outer bracts vcry variable. 2. M. deusta, Bcnth. — Stems clcnsely tufteci on a liorizontal rhizome, rigid, G in. to i tt. higli. Leaves much sliorter, all radical witli open sheaths or one embracing the stem with a longer close slieath. Flower- head ovoid or turbinate, ^ to f in. long; outer bracts 2, erect, the sheaths as loug as the spikelets, black and rigid with scarious hyaline margins, aud erect leafy points, |- to 1 in. loug on the outer bract shorter on the second, the bracts withiu the head more glume-like. iSpikelets numerous, sessile, G to S lincs loug, very narrovv, 1-flowered dark-coloured. Glumes not strictly distichous, 4 or 5 empty oues nearly of the same length, the pubesceut keels eudiug in short poiuts, rather longer and more obtuse on the outer ones, the inner ones vi ith membranous sides, the flowering glume thin and hyaline, and above the flower au empty glume more like the outer ones but smaller. Hypoo-y- nous bristles 3, nearly as long as the glumes, ciliate in the lower part. Stamens 3. Style long, rigid at the base. Nut not seen ripe but the enlarged ovary oblong, tapering iuto the continuous style. — Carpha deusta, E,. Br. Prod. 230 ; Boeckel. iu Linnaea, xxsviii. 269; Chcetospora deusta, F. Muell. Fragm. ix. 39 ; Rhynchospora deusta, Spreng. Syst. i. 195 ; Desvauxia aristata, Nees in Sieb. Agrostoth. n. 25. Queensland. Brishane Eiver, Bailey. N. S. Wales. Port Jackson, R. Broicn, A. Cunningham and many others ; New England, C. Stuart, C. Moore ; Beronda Station, Leichhardt. 3. M. tetragona, F. Muell. Fragm. ix. 36. — Stems from a thick rhizome rigid, augular or flatteued, 1| to 2 ft. high. Leaves radical, rather long, erect, rigid, not above 1 line broad, the sheathing base brown aud membranous on the margin, and often one leaf on the stem with a long closed sheath and shorter erect laraiua. Flower-head turbinate-globose, usually nodding, |-to 1 in. broad. Involucral bracts 3 or 4, very broad, coriaceous, black, closely embracing tlie spikelets, aud as lorg as them, the outer 2 or 3 produced into long rigid leafv lamiuse, the lowest sometimes 8 to 10 in. loug, and several of thebracts within the head often protruding short liuear points or lamiu». Spikelets numerous, 4 to 5 lines long, narrow-lanceolate, slightiy flattened, with 2 fluwers close together, the lowest male, the upper one hermaphrodite. Glumes obscurely distichous, 1 or 2 outer empty oues tapering to rigid dark-coiourcd points, the sides broadly membrauous closely enveloping each other, the outer floweriug one brown in the centre with broad almost hyaline margins closely wrapped round the flowers, the inuer glume rouud the fertile flower exceediugly thin. 380 cxLTii. CTPERACE^. [Mesomelcena. Hypogynous bristles 3. Stamens 3 with lonc; anthers. Style hardeued at tlie baso but at length deciduous. Nut ovoid, obtuse, smooth and shiuing, nearly 2 lines long. — Ghcetospora tetragona, E,. Br. Prod. 233 ; Nees in Pl. Preiss. ii. SG ; F. Mueli. Fragm. ix! 36. ^V. Australia. King George'8 Sound, R. Brow», A. Cimnhujham and others, and in many stations thence to Vasse and Swan Rivers, Drummond, Freiss, n. 1807, Oldjield and others. 4. M. sphaerocephala, Benth. — Stems in large tufts 3 to 5 ft. high, slender but rigid, usually compressed or 3-angled under the in- florescence. Leaves at the base of the stem iong, rigid, flat or concave, rarely above 1 line broad, but dilated at the base into open brown .sheaths fringed with long woolly hairs. Flower-head very compound aiid dense, globular, about \ in. diameter. Involucral bracts very broadly ovate or orbicular, as long as or rather longer thau the spike- lets ; oue outer one taperiug to au obtuse point usually very short but sometimes longer and leailike, all the others very broad and obtuse, and several similar bracts jirominent withiu the head. Spikelets very iiumerous, somewhat compressed, 2 to 3 lines long. Flowers 2 close together, the outer one male the upper hermaphrodite. Grlumes ob- scurely distichous, 4 or 5 outer ones very broad and obtuse gradually shorter, flowering glumes nearly twice as loug, broad aud completely enveloping each other, the outer one rigid, the inner more membra- nous. Hypogynous bristles 3, short and slender. Stamens 3. Style- branches 3. Nut obovoid, seated on a raised torus or thick stipes, crowned by the narrow pubescent base of the style (perhaps at length deciduous). — Chcetospora sphcB7'ocephala, R. Br. Prod. 233 ; Boeckel. in Linnfea, xxxviii. 29G ; F. Muell. Fragm. ix. 33 ; Gymnoschcenus sphce- rocephalus, Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 83, t. 142 ; Xyris lcevis, Nees in Sieb. Pl. Nov. Holl. n. 204; Oymnoschoenus adustus, Nees in Ann. Nat. Hist. ser. 1. vi. 47. N. S. TVales. Port Jackson, E. Broivn and others ; northward to New England, C. Sf.iKtrt, Lcicliliardt ; southward to Twofold Bay, F. Muellcr. Victoria. Bunip Creek, Gipps' Land, Wilson's Promontory, Mount Imlay, F. Mueller ; Mount William Creek, SuUivan. Tasmania. Abundant in marshes in niany parts of the island, Gun)i and others. 5. M. anceps, Benth. — Yery closely allied to M. sphcerocephala . Stems more slender than in that species though rigid, 1 to 2 ft. high or perhaps sometimes more, often compressed under the inflorescence. Leaves as long as or longer than the stem, crowded at its base, nearly 1 line broad, obtuse, rigid, dilated at the base into long brown open sheaths fringed with long slender hairs. Flower-head globular, rather smaller than in M. sphcerocephala, the involucral bracts ovate, 2 or more of them produced into linear points or laminjE sometimes very short but often 1 or even 2 in. long, the inner bracts small. Spikelets very similar to those of M. sphcerocephala, with 2 or 3 short outer empty glumes, and 2 flowering ones muchlouger aud completely eavelopiug each other. Flowers 2, appareutly similar to those of M. sphcero- Mesomeloena.'] cxliit. CYPEEACEJi. 381 cephala, but too young for accurate deacription iu our specimens. — Ghatoitpora anceps. R. Br. Prod. 233; Chcetospora elonr/ata^^ieesmV]. Preiss. ii. 275; Schcenus elongatics, Y. Muell. Fragm. ix. 30. V^. Australia. King Gcorgo'8 Sound and neighbouring districts, R. Brown, Diummoiid, >/. 267, Prciss, )i. 1560, F. MueUer and others. A more perfect scries of specimons may prove this to be a variety only of M. sphcBrocephala. 21. CARPHA, R. Br. partly. Spikelets in a loose terminal cluster or corymb, or in a species not Australian, in a long panicle, with 1 flower. Grlumes several, dis- tichous, membranous, pale brown, the outer erapty ones gradually shorter. Hypogynous bristles 6, long, plumose, spreading aud pap- pus-like uuder the fruit. Stamens 3. Style branches 3. Nut oblong, 3-anglecl, tapering into the hardened persistent base of the style. — Perennials, leafy at the base only. Besides the Australian species, which is also in New Zoaland, there is one nearlj' allied to it in Antarctic and Chilian South America, and a third with a different habit but a congener in essential characters in New Caledonia. Brown included five Australian species in the genus, but with doubts as to some of them. Of theso three in which the glume? are not distichous now form the genus Cijathochceta, and the fourth in habit as well as in the bristles and other characters appears to be better placed in Mesonielmia. 1. C. alpina, B. Br. Frod. 230. — Stems under 6 in. high in high alpine situations, attaining 1 ft. when luxuriant. Leaves at tlie base only and much shorter, rather rigid, obtuse, flat or concave, | to l^ lines broad, with broad membranous open sheathing bases. Coryrab terminal, sometimes dense almost forming a head, sometimes the par- tial clusters loose and shortly pedunculate. Involucral bracts usually 2, leaflike and longer than the inflorescence, the inner ones smallcr narrow and more glumelike. Spikelets flat, lanceolate, pale-coloured, varying from 4 lines in the smaller specimens to 6 or 7 lines loiig in luxuriant ones. Glunies usually 4, distichous, acute, very thinly mem- branous or almost hyaiine but rather rigid and chafi"-like, the outer ones much shorter, andabove the flower a small narrow empty glume. Hy- pogynous bristles nearly as long as the glume, phimose the whole length with long hairs, persistent and spreading or recurved under the fallen nut. Nut nearly 2 lines long, terminating in a rigid point formed by the base of the style, v\ hich shows no sign of falling off in any of the specimens seeu. — Kunth, Enum. ii. 322 ; Boeckeh in Linnsea, xxxviii. 269 ; Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 84 ; Hook. Ic. Pl. t. 1216 ; Ehi/ncho.^pora alpina, S]^reng. Syst. i. 195; Oarpha nivicola, F. Muell. in Trans. Phih Soc. Vict. i. 111. aud in Hook. Kew Journ. viii. 335; Chcetospora alpina, F. MuelL Fragm. ix. 39. Victoria. Hardinger Rango and Mount Wellington, F. Mueller. Tasmania. Table Mountain (Mount Wellington) S. Broivii ; not imcommon on tho moimtains at an elevation of 4000 to 5000 ft., J. D. Hooker. Also in New Zealand. 382 CXLIIT. CTPERACE-H:. 22. TRICOSTULARIA, Nees, (Discopodium, Steud.) Spikeleta in a spikelike or loose or mucli-branched panicle, with L to 3 flowers, tho upper one fertile, the lower sterile or male or deiicient, the rhachis very short and straight. Grlumes scarcely disticlious, mombranous, pale brown, 2 to 4 outer empty ones, and a small narrow empty one immediately above the upperflower. Hypogynous bristles 6 or fevvcr, sliort slender and usually unequal. Stamens 3. Style slender, deciduous ; stigmatic branches 3, filiform. Nut obovoid, often contracted at the base but notdistinctly stipitate. — Perennials. Leaves radical, often reduced to sheathing scales rarely 1 or 2 distant on the stem. Spikelets rather small, sessiie or pedunculate, solitary or clus- tered in the axils of sheathing bracts of which the lower ones have sometimes leaflike laminse, or variously paniculate. Besides the Australian species which are enderaic, there is one in Ceylon and another in Borneo. The nut ia nearly that of Schoenns, but the flowers when more than one are close together without the more or less flexuose rhachis characteristic of SchwHtts, and it is the terminal not the lower one which is specially fertile. Panicle very loose, narrow, leafy. Leaves linear or suhulate, chiefly radical. Spikelets 2 to 2^ lines, with 2 rarely 3 flowers l. T. paludosa. Spike of '2 or 3 2-flowfered spikelets. Leaves shortly subulato or reduced to sheathing scales .... 2. T. paucijlora. Panicle short and spikelike. Spikelets 2-flowered. No leaves besides the sheathing scales at the base of the stera. Spikelets ovoid-oblong, scarcely 2 lines. Outer bracts 2 to 4 lines long Z. T. compressa. Spikelets narrow, fuUy 2 lines. Outer bracts erect, 6 to 9 lines long 4. y. Netsii. Paniele compound, rather dense, spreading. Spikelets numerous, clustered, 1-flowered, l^ to 2 lines long. Leaves radical, Hnear b. T. fimhyistyloides. 1. T. paludosa, Benth. — Stems slender, rather weak, 6 in. to 1| it. higli. Leaves at tlie base of the stem much shorter, narrow-linear or almost subuhite, and 1 or 2 on the stem passing into the floral bracts. Paiiicle long narrow and very loose, the spilfelets not nu- merous, all pedicellate, the peduncle or branches 2 or 3 together in tlie axils of leafy bracts, the lower bracts distant with long linear- subulate laminae, the upper ones small. Spikelets 2 to 2| lines long, usually erect, lanceolate, more or less flattened, pale brown. Flow^ers usually 2, rarely 3, the upper one or rarely 2 fertile, the rhachis nnt elongated nor flexuose between them. Glumes distichous. acute or the outer one short and aristate, about 4 outer ones empty and a small empty glume close to the upper flower. Hypogyuous bristles 6, shorter tiian the uiit, shortly serruhite-ciliate. Stamens 3. Style slender, deciduous. Nut ovoid, fiuely 3-ribbed, sinooth or minutely granular. — Clmtospora faludom, R. Er. Prod. 233 ; F. Muell. Fragm. ix. 35. Queensland. Moreton Bay, F. Mucllcr. N. S. Wales. Port Jackson, R. Broioii, F. Mueller, GuUiver. Tricostulnria.'] cxLTii. CTPEBACEiE. 383 2. T. pauciflora, Benth. — Stems filiform, 6 in. to 1 ft. high. Leaves 1 or 2 at the base of the stem much shorter and subulate or all reduced to sheathing scales with short subulate points, and sometimes a similar sheathing scale on the stem higher up. Spike terminal, reduced to 2 or 3 spikek^ts, each in the axil of a narrow membranous bract, the lowest with a short subulate poiiit and sometimes rather distant. Spikelets ovoid, browu, about 2 hnes loug, with 2 flowers, the lowetst baiTen. Ghimes broad, acutely acuminate, 2 outiT ouea empty, the lowest rather shortcr. Hjpogynous bristles 0, very sliort, sotne- tiincs shghtly dilated at the base, but ntither thickencd nor enlarged under thc fruit. jN^ut ovoid, obtuse, prominently 3-ribbed to the top and sometimes slightly pubescent. — Lepidosperma paucijlorum, E. Muell. Fragm. ix. 23. Victoria. Near Mount Abrupt, F. Mueller ; near Mount William, SuUiran. The specimens were inadvertently referred by Hooker, Fl. Tasm. ii. 93, to Lepido- sptrnin friforme, the hypogynous setaj are precisely those of TricostuJaria compressa, and do not enlarge into scales as in Lepidosperma, and the style and nut are entirely those of Tricostularia. 3. T. compressa, Nees in Pl. Preiss. ii. 83. — Stems from a slightly bulbous base, slender but rigid, terete or more or less compressed, G in. to li ft. high, leafless except a close sheath at the base oblique at the orifice and tapering into a short erect point. Spike terminal, almost simple, pale brown, rarely above ^ in. long, Involucral bracts very sliortly sheathing, narrow-lanceolate, several-nerved, acutely acuminate, 2 to 4 lines long, the lowest often not longer thanthe next. Spikelets solitary iu the upper bracts, 2 or 3 together in the lowest, ovoid-oblong, pale brown, about 2 liues long. Glumes obscurely distichous, 3 or 4 outer empty ones broad, menibranous, obtuse or scarcely acute, the lower ones rather shorter, the fioweriug gluines rather longer and au em])ty acute one close above tlie upper flower, the two flowers close together, the lower one sterile or male. Hypogynous bristles exceed- ingly short. JXut obovoid, the 3 ribs scarcely conspicuous, slightly tuberculate, on a thick torus but scarcely stipulate. — Chcetospora spicafa, Boeckel. in Linnaea, xxxviii. 297 ; F. Muell. Fragm. ix. 37. TV. Australia. Brummond, n. 328 (348 in herb. Hook.) ; Konkobcrup Hills, Preiss, «. 1800 ; Stirling Range, F. Mueller. 4. T. Neesii, Lehn. Pl. Preiss. ii. 83. — Stems slender, 1 to 1\ ft. high, leafless except a rather long close sheath at the base oblique at the orifice and tapering into an erect point of 1 to 3 lines. S()ike terminal, almost sim|)le, sometimes oblong and under ^ in. long, some- times elongated to 1 or even 2 in. Involucral bracts erect, acute, striate, the lowest \ to f in. long, the next shorter. Spikelets solitary or few together in the bracts, sessile or shortly pedicellate, brown, narrow, 2 liues long or ralher more. Glumes thinly membrauous, about 3 outer ones empty, scarcely shorter but with a more rigid keel produced into ashort point, theinner and flowering ones broader obtuse and quite membraiious. Flowers close together, both herma[)tirodile. 384 cxLiii. CTPEEACE^. [Tricostularia. but the lower one sterile. Hypogynous bristles very short. Nut obovoid, with 3 ribs very prominent on the top and sometiraes slightly pubescent, coutractod at the base, but not distiuctly stipitate. — Ch(e- tospora Neesii, Boeckel. in Liunjea, xxxviii. 297 ; F. Muell. Fragm. ix. 37. W. Australia, BrHmmoud, n. 329, 356, 394, Freiss, n. 1728 ; Swan River, Miss Lukin ; Blackwood Kiver, Oldjiiid, Mrs. Eard. Var. elatior. Stems stouter, 2 ft. high or more. Spike l^ to 2 in. long. Outer glumc-like bracts striate, \ in. long. — Drummoiid, n. 322. Biscopodium Brummondii, Steud. Syn. Glum. ii. 150, includes this and the pre- ceding species. 5. T, fimbristyloides, Benth. — Stems from a thick rhizome 1 to 2 ft. higli, striate or angular. Leaves at the base only, shorter than the stem, 1 to li lines broad, dilated at the base into a short open sheath bordered by a scarious membraue. Panicle compound, rather dense, 2 to 4 in. long, the brauches clustered in the axils of leafy bracts with short brown sheaths aud linear laminjc, the lowest sometimes as long as the inflorescence, the others much shorter, the secondary ones more glumelike. Spikelets in clusters of 2 to 6, narrow, brown, 1| to 2 lines long, 1-flowered, the rhachis not elougatcd. Grlumes membranous, acute, obscurely distichous, 2 outer empty ones, the iowest shorter and more acuminate, and close above the flower a narrow empty glume. Hypogynous bristles 6 or fewer, very fine, all very short or 1 or 2 as long as the nut. Stamens 3. Style slender, deciduous ; branches 3. Nut ovoid, smooth, neither angled nor ribbed. — Ghwtosporn fimhristy- loides, P. Muell. Fragm. ix. 34. N. Australia. Near Providence Hill, F. Mxeller ; Port Essington, Jrmstroi/f/. This species is very nearly allied to the Cladium undulatum, Thw. Enum. Pl. Zeyl. 353 {Lepidosperma zeylanicim, Boeckel. in Linnaea, xxxviii. 332) from Ceylon, and to an unpuhlished Bornoo species. These three might almost rank as a distinct genus. The inflorescence and nut bring thom near Gladium, in which genus however there are never any traccs of hypogynous bristlos. The gencral inflorescenco is also that of some specics of Rlnjuchospora and Seleria, rather than of Fimhrisfi/lis. The hypo- gynous bristles are usually minute but rigid, they do not however grow into thick scales as in Lepidosjwrma. 23. LEPIDOSPERMA, Labill. Spikelets panicuhite, sessile, scarcely flatteued, with 2 or more flowers, the uppermost alone fertile, or rarely only 1 flower, the rhachis very short. Glumes almost distichous, several or only 1 or 2 outcr empty ones gradually shorter, aud a narrow empty oue close above the flower enclosed in the floweriug glume. Hypogynous scales or bristles 0 or fewer by aboi^tion, usually seta-like or very thin and hyaliue or minute at the time of floweriug, enlarged uuder the fruit, tlnckeued white and ahuost spongy, acuminate or setiferous, closely appressed in two rows to the base of the fruifc aud sonietimes shglitly cohering to each other at the base. Stamens 3, or very rarely iu abnormal flowers 4 or 5. Scyle slender aud deciduous, with 3 or very rarely 4 filiform stigmatic brauches. Ovary crowned by a thick hemispherical or Lepido^perma.] cxliii. cypebaceje. 385 cushion-like hardeued apex (or base of the style ?). Nut ovoid or oblong;, obtusely 3-angled except tbe continuous obtuse apex. — Rhizome peremiial. Stems flat, angular or terete. Leaves few at the base of the stem, equitaut and vertically flattened or angular or terete bke the steni, usually of the same breadth, aud only to be distinguished from it by their eheathing base aud their tapering to a fine point. Spikelets usually numerous, clustered or siugly sessile aloug the branches of a terminal panicle, wliiel] is either large aiid diftuse or long and erect, or short and dense or spikelike. Outer bract subtending the panicle usuaily vvith an erect point orlamina, which varies very much in length in the same species but rarely exceeds the inflorescence, the bracts under the primary branches with short points to the sheathing base, the inner ones more or less glumelike. Besides the Australian species, which are perhaps all endemic, there are two in New Zealand of which one however may he identical with an Australian onc, and one in South China, closely resembling one of the South-westem Australian ones. The genus is one of the most natural among Cyperacea?, although when in flower it is chiefly distinguished b}' the foliage and inflorescence ; the piincipal technical characters, the peciiliar hj-pogynous scales, can often be ascertained only under the ripe or far advanced nut. At the time of flowering the bristles are often those of Schcenus or of Tricostidaria ; as the ovary grows the peculiar apex is constant, so also are the full grown scales. In all these respects as well as in the position of the leaves, the inflorcscence, the position of the flowers, the terminal one hermaphrodite and fertile, the others when present male or barren, the structure of the flowers and of the friiit there is no variation in the genus, and the species can only be distin- guished by vague characters derived fi-om the shape of the stem and leaves, the degree of development of the inflorescence, the number and shape of glumes, etc. The limits of the species are therefore often very vague, and several of those here admitted may on the comparison of living specimens prove untenable. Series I. Floribundse. — Stems usualli/ broad, but thick in the middle with acitte margins, or acutelij ^.-angled. Panicle large, very compound, pyramidal or loose. Stems usually 3 to 6 lines broad, with broad acute edges and a raised centre. Panicle dense, the partial spikes clustered and sessile. Spikelets 3 lines long. Glumes mostly obtuse . 1. i. gladiatum. Panicle loose, usually secund, the partial spikes at least in the lower clusters pcdunculate. Spikelets 3 lines. Glumes acute or mucronate 2. i. effusum. Panicle broad, with slender spreading branches. Spike- lets 2 lines long 3. Z. rupestre. Stems 2 to 3 lines broad, with narrow acute edges and convex sides. Panicle loose, usually secund. Spikelets and nuts small 4. Z. elatius. Stems flat but thick, very acutely 4-angled. Panicle large and erect 5. i. tetraquetrum. Series ir. Iaoii§;itudinales. — Stemsflattened but very convex on both sides. Panicle narrow and dense, spikelike ur uith crect spikelike branches. Spikelets small, slightly spreading. Glumes acumi- nate, with recurved points 6. i. Oldjieldii. Spikelets verj' erect, with erect glumes. Stems usually above 3 lines broad. Panicle 6 in. long or more 7. Z. exaltatum. Stems usuaUy under 3 lines broad. Paniclo imder 6 in. long, often spikelike and verj' dense 8. Z. longitudiiiah. VOL. VII. 2 c 386 cxLiii. CTPEEACE^. \_Lepidosperma. Series III. Densiflorse. — Steimflat or very sUgJitly convex on one or both nides tvith acute edges, 1, 2 or rarelij 3 lives bruad. Panicle conijjoutid, short and dcnse, broad pyramidal ovate or rarehj obloiig, the braiiches or partial spikes sessile or nearly so in the elusters. Gliimes acutely acuminate. Eastern species .... 9. Z. concavum. Outer glumes obtuse or scarcely mucronate. Western species . , 10. Z. angustatum. (The inflorescence of L. concavum sometimes approaches that of the Floribund(p., and that of L. rupestre, nearly that of L. angustatum, but the stems very different.) Series IV. Stenostachyse. — Stems either broad and very Jlat and thin, or when vsry narrow slightly convex on one or hoth sides or angular. Fanicle narrow, loose or elongated. Stems bordered on the edges by a fine brown line often resinous or with resinous exudations. Leaf-sheaths often resinous. Spikelets with 1 barren flower. Glumes acute or acu- minate. Stems 3 to 6 lines broad, very flat, the margins continuous 11. i. Drtmmondii. Stems 1 to li lines broad, the sides offcen slightly convox, the margins continuous 12. L. Brunonianum. Stems H to 3 lines broad, flat, the margins resinous- tuberculate 13. i. tuberculatum. Spikelets with 1 barren flower. Outer glumes obtuse 14. L. resinosum. Spikelets with 2 or 3 barren flowers. Glumes rather acute 1.5. Z. viscidum. Stems notresinous, 1 to 2 or rarely 2^ lines broad. Stems about 1 line broad, convex on both sides but with acute cdges. Westem species 16. Z. costale. Stems very flat H to 2| lines broad with very acute edges. Eastern species ' . . 17. Z. laterale. Stems flat but rather thick, 1 to 2 lines broad, the edge scarcely acute. Eastern species. Panicle spike-Iike or interrupted. Inner bracts aristate. Ghimes acutely acuminate . . . . 18, i. congestum. Panicle spike-like, interrupted. Spikelets in small distinct clusters. Glumes acumiuate . . . . 19. Z. glohosum. Panicle slender. Spikelets few. Leaves the breadth of the stem, oquitant . . .20. L. lineare. Leaves none, replaced by sheathing scales . . . 21. Z. aphyllum. Stems i to I lines broad, flat orangular. Panicle branched, narrow but rather dense, 1 to l-i in. ]ong. Western spccies 22. Z. gracile. Panicle almost reduced to a simple spike with distant spikelets. Eastern species 23. Z. scmiteres. Series V. Tereticaules. — Stems slcnder, teretc or angular-striate or sUghtly aiid irreguliirUj comprvsscd. Panicle very dense, ovoid, undor 1 in. long 24. Z. pubisquameum. Panicle rather dense, compound, 1 to 2| in. long, with erect or spreading branches. Spikelets 3 lines long or rathcr more. Stems smooth. Eastcrn specios 25. Z. canescens. Spikelets about 2 lines long. Westem species. Stems strongly striate and usually scabrous . . . 26. Z. scabrum. Stems Ruiooth, scarcely striate 27. Z tenue. Lepidosperma.] cxLiii. cypeeace^. 387 Paniclc with few rather slender branches, erect or slightly spreading, tho common rhachis straight 28. Z. leptostachyum. Panicle slightly branched, with few spikelets, the com- mon i-hachis very mnch curved and roflexed. Leaves filiform, longer than the stem. Western species 29. L. leptophyllum. Leaves shorter than thc stcm. Eastem species . . .30. L. tortuosum. Panicle or spike simple or slightly branchod, the spikelets narrow and distant, the rhachis filiform. Spike branched, rhachis iiexuose 31. Z. flexuosum. Spiko simple ; rhachis straight or nearly so .... 32. L. filiforme. Panicle spikclike interrupted, the spikelets in dense clus- ters or partial spikes sessile along the simple rhachis. Spikelets about 3 lines long, numez'ous. Barrenflowers 2 or 3. Westem species 33. Z. striatum. Spikelets about 3 lines long, numerous. Barren flower 1. Eastem species 34. i. NeesH. Spikelets few in the clusters, very narrow, 4 to 5 lines long. Eastern species 35. Z. earphoides. Series T. Floribund^. — Stems usually broad but thick in tbe tniddle with acute margins or aeutely 4-angled. Panicle large, very compouud, pyramidal or loose. 1. L. gladiatum^ LaUll. Pl. Nov. Roll. i. 15, t. 12. — Stems rigid, attainiug several feet, mucb flattened, but convex on botb sides along tbeceutre, usually nearly | in. broad, but varyingfromS to7 lines, tbe acute very flat edges smooth or minutely scabrous. Leaves equitant, as broad as or broader tban tbe stem and often as long. Panicle dense and compouud, 3 to 6 in. long, tbe branches or secondary spikes densely clustered aud all sessile, or rarely the panicle longer witb tbe lowest cluster of spikes distant. Involucral bracts witb short broad flat sbeaths, tbe lovvest witb a rigid erect lanceolate or linear lamina rarely above 1 in. long, tbe upper with shorter points, the inner bracts embracing tbe brancbes and spikelets glumelike. Spikelets sessile crowded or clustered along tbe branches, about 3 bnes long, witb usually 1 barren flower below tbe perfect oue. Grlumes broad, obtuse or scarcely raucronate, 4 or 5 outer empty oues gradually shorter. Hypogyuous scales very small byabne and fringed at tbe time of flovvering, thickeued and acuminatc but not setiferous under tbe fruit. — R. Hr. Prod. 234; Kunth, Enum. ii. 316, Boeckel. iuLinnsea, xxxviii. 315 ; Nees in Pl. Preiss. ii. 89 ; Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 90 ; F. Muell. Fragm. ix. 24; L. ensatum, Nees in Ann. Nat. Hist. ser. 1, vi. 47. Victoria. iilaritime sands, Portland, Robertson, C. Stuart and others. Tasmania. Common on sand hills near the north coast, Gunn ; King*8 Island, Gou-an and others. S. Australia. Memorj' Cove, R. Brown ; Port Lincohi, S. F. Browne ;'B.o\iia.a\, Bay, F. Muelkr. W. Australia. King Gcorge'a Sound, R. Broirn, Oldfield, also Drummond, n. 274 ; Swan River, Preiss, n. 1771. 2. L. effusum, Benth. — Stems many feet high, 3 to Glines broad, witb broad acute flat margins and a raised centre as in L. glndiatum and 2 c 2 388 cxLiiT. CTPEEACE^. [Lepidosperma leaves the same. Panicle larger and looser, very compound, 6 in. to above 1 ft. long, the branches or partial pauicles clustered in tbe sheathing bracts, but more or less pedunculate and tbe glumes much more mucronate or acute. "W. Australia. Brummond, n. 273, 275 ; King George's Sound and adjoining coast, Mnir and others ; Blaekwood River, Oldficld ;ind others. Possibly a variety of L. filadiatum but the diiFerences constant in all the specimens from the various collectors. 3. L. rupestre, Benfh. — Stems 2 or 3 ft. high, 3 to 5 lines broad, with broad acute flat margins and a raised centre as iu L. gladiatum and leaves the same. Panicle broad, very corapound, 3 to 4 in. long aud often as broad, the spreading or recurved branches much more sleuder than in L. gladiatwn. Spikelets about 2 liues long, narrow, iucurved, with 1 barren flower besides the perfect one. Glume» all obtuse or the innermost scarcely aeute, 5 or 6 outer empty ones gradu- ally shorter. Bristles or scales miiiute or scarcely conspicuous at the time of floweriug, normal under the 1'ruit. Nut not seen. ■W. Australia. Eocks, Mmxhison River, the stems very sweet-scented, Oldfeld. 4. L. elatius, Lahill. Pl. Nov. Roll. i. 15, t. 11.— Stems 3 to 8 ft. high, 2 to 5 lines broad, much flattened, but both sides convex, the edges very acute and slightly scabrous. Leaves equitant, as broad and nearly as long as the steni. Panicle 8 in. to 1 ft. long, loose and secund or nodding, the brauches loug aud compouud, clustered in the sheathing bracts. Lower bracts distaut with rather long sheaths and the lowest with a lamiua of 1 to 2 in., tbe upper bracts gradually smaller. Spikelets numerous, sessile aloug the branches, loose or rather crowded but not clustered, about 2 liues loug. Barren flowers 1 to 6 besides the perfect oue. Grlumes acute or shortly mucronate, 1 to 4 outer empty oues shorter and sometimes an emptv one above the barreu flowers next to the fertile-flowering glume. Scales thin and hyaliue at the time of floweriug, tliickeued, acuminate but not setife- rous uuder the nut, which is rather small. — K. Br. Prod. 234 ; Kuuth, Euum. ii. 316; Boeckel. in Linnsea, xxxviii. 316 ; Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 90 ; F. Muell. Fragm. ix, 25 ; Ghcetospora concava, Nees in Ann. Nat. Hist. ser. 1, vi. 47. Victoria. On the Yarra, SulUvan ; Dandenong and Disappointment Mountains, F. Muiihr ; Moimt Macedon, Walter. Tasmania. Derwent River, R. Broun ; common in forests and in damp soil througliout the island. /. I). Hookcr. 5. L. tetraquetrum, Nees in Pl. Preiss. ii. 90- — Stems stout, frora 3 or 4 ft. to twice that heiglit, flat but thick, with 4 acute angles. Leaves similarly thick and 4 angled, dilated at the base into a broad sbeath. Panicle loose and very corapound, pyraraidal, 6 in. to 1 ft. Lepidosperma.'] cxLiii. ctperaceJ;. 389 long, the branches erect or flexuose. Outer sheathing bracts without any or only very short laminaj. Spikelets sessile along the branches, sometimes slightly clustered, about 3 lines long, with 1 or 2 or rarely more barren flowers besides the perfect one. Glumes acute or obtu?e and shortly mucrouate, 3 or 4 outer empty ones gradually shorter. Scales under the nut short and acute, 1 or 2 sometimes setiferous. — F. Muell. Fragm. ix. 24. W. Australia, Bnimmond, w. 346; Darling Range, Freiss, n. 1762; King George's Sound, /■'. MncUer ; Karri l)ale, Walcnt ; Blackwood and Canning Rivers, Oldfield. Seeies 2. LoNaiTUDiiTALES. — Stcms flattened but very convex on both sides and soinetiraes hollow. Panicle narrow and dense, spike- iike or with erect spikelike branches. 6. L. Oldfieldii, Hook.f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 91,«. 146, A.— Stems 4 to 6 ft. high, 2 to 3 lines broad, flattened but with very convex sides, the acute edges very narrow. Leaves the same breadth. Panicle long and narrow but interrupted, often exceeding 1 ft., the spikelets densely crowded on the short branches of tlie upper spikelike part of the panicle, the lower branches longer and more distant but erect. Lowest bract with a lamina sometimes 2 or 3 in. long, the upper oiies very short. Spikelets of a rich brown, densely clustered, nearly 3 lines long, with 1 or 2 barren flowers besides the perfect one. Glumes acuteor mucronate, tbe inner ones almost aristate with spreading points, 2 or 3 outererapty ones shorter. Scales under the nut narrow but thick, often tapering into a seta. Nut small as in L. elatius. Tasmania. New Norfolk, Oldfeld; Southport, C. Stuart. 7. L. exaltatum, B. Br. Prod. 234. — Very near L. longitudinah in which it is included by F. Mueller, aud perhaps correctly so. Stems several feet higb, 3 to 4 liues broad, flattened but convex on both sides and often bollow, the edges prominent, acute, slightly scabrous. Leaves the same breadth, Panicle 6 in. to 1 ft. long, erect, compound, the branches and spikelets nuiuerous and erect. Lowest bract witb a himina rarely exceeding 1 in. Spikelets crowded, 2\ to 3 lines long, with 1 rarely 2 barren flowers besides the perfect one. Glunies acute or acuminate, 2 or 3 outer em])ty ones rather shorter. Scales very small when in flower, thickened but not so much eularged. uuder the fruit as in most specics and narrow, not setiferous. — Neesiu Pl.Preiss. ii. 90. Queensland. Brisbane River, Bailey ; Pine River, Eades. N. S. Wales. Port Jackson, I{. Broicn ; Blue Mountains, Woolls ; New Engliind, C. Stuart, also in Leichhardt's coUection. Victoria. (Tlenolg River, Rubertson. W. Australia, Drummond ; Swan River, Preiss, n. 1758, 1764. 8. L. longitudinale, LaUll. Pl. Nov. Roll. i. IG, /. 13.~Stems 3 390 cxLiii. cypEEACEji;. [^Lepidosperma. to 5 ft. liigh, 2 or rarely 3 lines broad, compressed but both sides cou- vcx and often hollow and the edges though acute scarcely prominent. Leaves equitaut, rather flatter aud broader and shorter than the stem. Panicle erect, compound but narrow, 3 to 6 in. long, with dense erect spikelike brauches, the lower branches distant and peduuculate. Spike- lcts crowded or clustered, erect, 2 to 3 lines long, with 1 or 2 barren flowers besides the perfect one. Grlumes obtuse, shortlj mucronate or the inner ones almost acute, 3 or 4 outer ones empty and gradually shorter. Scales under the nut narrow, acuminate. — Hook. f. ri. Tasm. ii. 91. Victoria. Wilson's Promontory and Prince Albert River, Gipps' Land, F. Mtaikr ; French Island, Beveridge ; Queen's Cliff, Green ; Portland, F. Mueller. Tasmania. Common in sandy and wet places near the sea, /. D. Sooker and others. W. Australia. Gordon, Tone, South Hutt, and Tweed Rivers, Oldfield ; Busselton, Fries. Seeies III. DENSiFLOEiE. — Stcms flat or very slightly convex on one or both sides, with acute edges, 1, 2 or rarely 3 lines broad. Panicle compound, short and dense, broadly pyramidal, ovate or rarely oblong, the branches or partial spikes sessile or nearly so in the clusters. 9. L. concavum, B. Br. Prod. 234. — Stems 1 to 2 ft. high, quite flat or very slightly convex on one side, \\ to 2| lines broad, the edges very acute, slightly scabrous. Leaves equitant, shorter than the stem and about as broad. Panicle in the typical form erect, compouud, dense, oblong or thyrsoid 1\ to 3 in. long. Outer involucral bract longer or shorter than the panicle. Spikelets densely crowded and clustered, about 3 lines long, with 1 or 2 barreu flowers besides tlie perfect one. Glumes acute, the inuer ones acutely acuminate, the outer wath shorter points, about 4 outer empty ones gradually shorter. Scales or bristles at the time of floweriug scarcely dilated at the base, uormally thickened under the nut into lanceolate scales with a seta- like poiut often wearing away. — L. squamata, E. Br. Prod. 235 ; F. Muell. Pragm. ix. 26, butnot of Labill. ; L. Sieberi, Kunth, Enum. ii. 320, Boeckel. in Linnsea, xxxviii. 318 ; L. gladiatum, JSees in Sieb. Agrostoth, n. 10, not of Labill. ; L. laterale, Hook. f. ¥\. Tasm. ii. 91, t. 147, A. notofE. Br.. Queensland. Kocks, Moreton Island, F. Mueller ; Rocklaumpton, Tliozet (with narrower ;*tems) . N. S. Wales. Botany Bay, Bauks and Solander ; Port Jackson, R. Brown and othors. "Victoria. Near Melbourne and Q.ueenscliffe, F. Mueller ; French Island, Beveridge ; Gabo Island, Maplestone. Tasmania. Derwent River, R. Brown ; Circular Head and Georgetown, Gtmn ; Southport, C. Stuart. S. Australia. Lake Victoria, F. Mucller. Var. pyramidatum. Panicle looser, often above 6 in. long but very compound, the spikelets 3 lines long or more and the glumes acuminats as in the typical iorm. Lepidosperma.] cxLiii. CYPEUACEiB. 391 — Moreton Bay, F. MiielUr ; ruramatta, Wuolls ; Twofold Bay, F. MuelUr; Yarra, SuUlvan, Ballarat, /''. Mialler ; Swanport, Story ; Onkaparinga, F. Mueller. The Tasmanian rathcr smaller forms, havo probahly on account of thc dcnso in- florcscence heen supposed by R. Brown as well as by F. Mueller to bo the L. squa- matum of Labillardiore, whose specimens do not appcar to have been seen by Bi-own or by any subsequent botanist, and the narrow leaves and obtuse glumes ligured are qiute at variance with our plant. They seem rather to represent the L. aiiffustatum, which howcvcr is exclusively Westcrn. » 10. L. angustatum, E. Br. Prod. 235.— Stems 1 to 2 ft. high, 1 to 2\ rarely 3 liues broad, very flat or at length convex on both sides, the edges acute and slightly scabrous or smooth. Leaves equitant, about the same breadth but usually shorter. Panicle very compact and com- pound, usually bhxck, ovoid or pyramidal, 1| to 2^ in. long and some- times as broad, tlie braucbes as well as the spikelets erect or more or less spreading, more slender than in L. concavum. Spikelets 2 to 3 lines long or rarely rather more, narrow, with 1 barren tiower besides the perfect one. Inner glumes acute or acuminate but the 2 to 4 outer empty ones gradually shorter and. obtuse or very shortiy mucro- nate. Bristles minute under the flower, scales under the nut lanceo- late and. acuminate with short or without auy terminal setse. — L. squa- matum, Nees in Pl. Preiss. ii. 91, and. perhaps of Labiil. Pl. Nov. Holl. i. 17, t. 16 ; BoeckeL in Linnaea, xxxviii. 825. W. Australia. King George's Sound and adjoining districts, R. Brown, F, Mu^llcr and others, and thence to Swan Eiver, Freiss, n. 1785, 1804, Oldjield and others, also Brummond, n. 41, 161, 276, 382, 880. Var. ustidatum. Panicle small, ovoid, very dense, with rather larger pale-coloured spikelets. — L. ustulatum, Steud. Syn. Glum. ii. 157. — Drummoud. n 345. Var. curvispicula. Spikelets mostly curved, very spreading as well as the branches ofthepanicle. — KJing George's Sound and neighbouring districts, F. Mueller, Old- fieU, Muir and others ; Lrummond, n. 37, 38, 53, 277, 874, 884; Busselton, Pries. The specimen I have seen of Z./w4H«iw)w, Nees in Pl. Preiss. ii. 91, Preiss, n. 1793, in very youngflower, appears to be this species, the description however refers rather to L. viscidum. Seeies IV. STENOSTACHYiE. — Stems either broad and very flat and thin, or when very narrow slightly convex on one or both sides or angular. Panicle narrow, loose or elongated. 11. L. Drummondii, Benth.—Stems 2 to 3 ft. high, 3 to 6 lines broad, very flat or very slightly convex on one side, prominently striate, the edges acute, bordered by a brown line entire or slightly resinous-scabrous. Leaves equitant aud as broad, the sheaths usually resinoua. Panicle narrow and loosely compouud, 4< to 8 in. long, the branches slightly spreading and usually secuud, the lower ones long and sometimes the lower clusters distant. Lowest bract with a leaf- like laiuina short or long. Spikelets iu little spikes or clusters, acarcely 392 oxLiii. CTPERACE^. {^L&pidosperma. 2 lines long, with 1 barren flower besides the perfect one. G-lumes aeute or mucronate, 2 or rarely 3 outer ones enipty. Scales uuder the nut lanceolate, acute, with short pointa. W. Australia, Drummond n. 111 ; King George'8 Sound, Maxivell, Oldfield. This and the three followmg species are very closely allied to L. viscidum. 12. L. Brunonianum, JVees in Fl. Preiss. ii. 92. — Stems 1\ to 2 ft. bigh and 1 to 1| lines broad, quite flat or very sligbtly convexon ouo side, fdged with a brown line usually resinous-scabrous or rarely quite smooth. Leaves equitant, of the breadth of the stem, the sheaths scarcely resinous. Panicle narrow and rather loose, 3 to 5 in. long, the branches aud spikelets all erect. Lowest outer bract rarely above 1 in. long. Spikelets in little spikes or clusters along the branches, scarcely 2 lines long, with 1 barren flower besides the perfect one. Glumes acute or very shortly mucronate, 2 or rarely 3 outer ones shorter and empty. Scales minute at the time of flowering, lanceo- late and acute with short points under the nut. — Boeckel. m. Linnsea, xxxviii. 323. V(r. Australia. Swan Kiver, Preiss, u. 1768 ; King George's Sound, Muir, also Drummond, «. 42, 881, 882, 885. 13. Ii. tuberculatum, Mees in Pl. Freiss. ii. 90. — Stems l^ to 2 ft. high or more, 1\ to 3 lines brond, very flat or slightly convex on one side, bordered as well as the leaves by resinous tubercles like those of L. viscidum but more promiuent, the leaf-sheaths not usually so resin- ous as in that species. Panicle narrow and dense or louger and looser, 2 to 6 in. long, the spikelets usually in small spikes rarely in short dense clusters on the spikelike partial panicles or branches, all erect, and the lower branches sometimes long. Lowest bract often leaflike and several inches long, the others usually much smaller. Spikelets 2 to 2| iines long, with 1 barren flower besides the perfect one. Glumes acute or shortly mucronate, rather broad, 2 or rarely 3 outer ones enipty and shorter. Scales under the nut acuminate, with short fiue points. — F. Muell. Fragm. ix. 26. W. Australia. York district, Preiss, n. 1765 ; also Drummond, n. 34, 873 and 875; n. 879 with narrower stems and leaves and short pauicles, and n. 116 with the spikclcts densely clustered on the short branchos of the panicle. 14. L. resinosum, F. Muell. Rerh. — Stems 2 ft. high or more, 2 to 3 iines broad, much flattened but both sides slightly convex, very finely striate, the acute edges bordered by a very fine brown line quite contmuous and smooth. Leaves similar, the brown sheathing bases very resinous. Panicle loose, compound, erect or slightly curved, rather narrow, G in. long or more, the spikelets singly sessile along the rather slender branches, the lowtr primary branches long and distant. Outer bract with a lamina rarely exeeeding 1 in. Spikelets narrow, ofttn cuivetl or spreading, 2| to 3 lines long, with 1 barren flower besides the perfect one. Glumes obtuse or mucronate, or the inner Lepidosperma^ CXLIII. CTPERACEiE. 393 ones almost acute, 2 or 3 outer ones empty and shortcr. Scales minute or scarcely visible at tlie time oftlowering, thickened, ovate, acuminate or shortly setiferous uuder the nut. — Mach(erina resinosa, Nees in Pl. Preiss. ii. 82 ; Boeckel. iu Liunaea, xxxviii. 252 ; Lepidosperma Sieberi, Nees in Pl. Preiss. ii. 90, not of Kuuth. W. Australia. Swan River, Drummond, Ist coll. also n. 34, 110, 803 (or 863), 883 ; York district, PrcUs, ». 1759, 1767 ; Beaufort Eiver, Oldjield. The original specimens described by Nees as a Machcsrina are in flower only, when tlic characteristic scales oi Lepidosperma cannot be recognised. Drimimond'8 n. 883 with half-grown nuts, and 01dfield's in fruit, have all the appearance of belonging to the same species and confirm the transference of the plant to Lepidosperma. 15. Ij. viscidum, R. Br. Prod. 234. — Stems 1 to 2 feet high, very flat or slightly convex on one side, usually about 2 lines broad as well as the leaves, theedges scabrous with minute browu asperities or resi- nous exsudations, the leaf-sheaths more or less viscid. Panicle uarrow, rather dense, 3 to 6 in. long, the spikelets in compouud partial spikelike panicles, the lower ones sonietimes long and distant but erect. Lowest outer bract sometimes long aud leaf-Hke, or allshort. Spikelets about3 lines long, with 2 or 3 barren flowers besides the perfect one. Glumes rather acute or very shortly mucronate, 2 or 3 outer empty ones shorter and often an empty one immediately above the barreu flowers. Scal^s scarcely conspicuous at the time of flowering, thickened under the nut and acute or acuminatebut not setiferous. — Neesin Pl. Preiss. ii. 91 ; L. Muelleri, Bceckel. in Linnsea, xxxviii, 320. N. S. Wales. Mudgee, Tai/lor. S. Australia. Port Lincoln, E. Broivii, J. S. Broicne ; Lofty and Barossa Ranges, F. Miuller. W'. Australia. Mount Clarence, King George's Soimd, Freiss, n. 1766, appa- rently the same species but ■vrith a shorter and more dense panicle and the outer bract very long. Very near L. resiiwmm, and L. tttberculutKm, but the glumes not so acute and' the barren flowers more numerous in the spikelets examined, besides the difi"er- ence in the margins of the stem and leaves. 16. Ij. costale, Nees in Pl. Preiss. ii. 92. — Stems 1 to 1|- ft. high, usually about 1 line broad, compressed but both sides convex, with narrow rather acute edges not resiuous. Pauicle narrow, rather loose, 2 to 4 in. long, the brauches and spikelets all erect. Lowest outer bract rarely above 1 iu. long. Spikelets in little spikes or clusters, scarcely 2 lines long, with 1 barreu flower besides the perfect one. Grlumes acute or very shortly mucronate, about 3 outer empty ones shorter. Scales under the nut not setiferous. — Boeekel. iu Linnsea, xxxviii. 324. V^. Australia, Driimmond, n. 43, 884; York district, Preiss, n. 1798, 1799; Mount Churchman, F. Mtteller. The inflorescence is that of L. Brtmonianum, but the stems are narrower and convex with the margins not all resinous. 17. L. laterale, U. Br. Prod. 234.— Stems often above 2 ft. high, ly to 3 Hnes broad, very flat or slightly convex on one side with very acute cutting edges. Leaves as broad and sometimes as long, but 394 cxLirr. CYPEEACEiE. [Lepidosperma. uiostly shorter. Panicle usually narrow and loose, 4 to 8 in. long, the braiiches not numerous, the lower ones elongated but erect, the spike- lets sessile, distinct or scarcely clustered. Lowest outer bract some- tiuies with au erect leafy lamiua of several iuches but often under 1 in. the upper ones sliort. Spikelets aboiit 2 lines long, with rarely more than 1 barren flower besides the perfect one. Glumes acute and some- times produced into short poiuts but not aristate, 3 or 4 outer empty ones gradually shorter. Hypogynous bristles or scales narrow at the time of flowering aud hyaliue; scales under the nut lanceolate, acuminate, tipped with seta-like points which however often wear away. — L. lineare, Nees iu Sieb. Agrostoth. n. 9, Kunth, Enum. ii. 318, not of li. Br. ; L. concavum, Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 91, t, 146, B, not of E. Br. Queensland. Brisbane River, Moreton Bay, Leichhardt, C. Stuart, Bailey and others. N. S. VJTales. Port Jackson, E. Broicn ; Macleay River, Beckler ; New Eng- land, G. Stuart. Victoria. Murray Eiver, Wilson's Promontory, F. Mueller ; Little Eiver, F/dlar/ar. Tasmania. Launceston, Giiun ; South Port, C. Stuart ; Swan Port, Storij. Var. majus. Stems broad and very flat. Panicle 6 in. to 1 ft. long. Spikelets rather longer and not so close. Stamens occasionally 4, style-brancbes frequently 4. £. tetragynum, R. Br. Prod. 234. — Port Jackson, R. Brown, A. Cmningham and otliers. Var. angustum. Stems 1 to l^ lines broad, often sligbtly convex along the middle at least on one side. — L. longitudinale, R. Br. Prod. 234, not of Labill. ; L. augm- tifolium, Hook. f. Fl. Tasra. ii. 92, t. 147, B.— Suttor Forest, Mrs. Calvert ; Arne River, Bechler ; New England, G. Stuart ; Macalister's River, F. Mueller ; Adven- ture Baj% Kelson in herh. R. Br. ; Laimceston, Gunn. 18. L. congestum, B. Br. Prod. 234. — Stems 4 to 10 in. high, flat or very slightly couvex on one or both sides, 1 to \\ lines broad, the edges uot very aeute. Leaves nearly as long and the same breadth, all rigid, smooth and shiuing. Panicle compact, narrow, 1 to 3 in. long, interrupted at the base, tlie spikelets in sessile clusters or in short dense compound spikes. Bracts rigid, acuminate, with subulate pun- gent erect poiuts longer than the enclosed spikelets, the lowest outer bract sometimes as long as the inflorescence, the inner bracts all aristate. Spikelets about 2 lines long, with 1 barren flower besides the perfect oue. Glumes acute. 4 or 5 outer empty oues gradually shorter with louger poiuts. Hypogynous scales very raiuute or scarcely conspicu- ous at the time of flowering, but the flowers not fully developed in the specimens seen. S. Australia. Memory Cove, R. Brown ; Lake Hamilton, Rerb. F. Mueller. 19. Ii. globosum, Lahill. Pl. Nov. Roll. i. 16, ^. 14.— Stems 1 to l^ ft. high, much flattened but usually convex on one or both sides, with obtuse edges. Leaves often nearly as long and the same breadth. Panicle narrow, 1 to 3 in. long, compact but interrupted, the spikelets in globular clusters or very short spikes, the lower oues distant. Lepidosperma.\ CXLIII. CTPEEACEiE. 395 Lowest outer bract sometinies erect rigid and 1 iu. long, sometimes all sbort, not aristate. Spikelets about 2 lines long, with 1 barreu flower besides the perfect one. Glumes acute, about 3 outer ones graduaily sborter vvitb longer poiuts. Scales uuder tbe nut acumiuaie with liue points but scarcely setiferous. — L. lceve, R. Br. Prod. 235. Victoria. Port Phillip, R. Broivn ; Point Lonsdale and Queenscliff, F. Muelkr ; heathnear Fiztroy River, liobnrtson. Tasmania. Brown"s River, Oldfidd. The species reqiiires further examination from better specimens, most of ours havc the inside of the spikelets destroyed by a black fungus. I have not seen Labil- lardiere's. Brown's have the stems flatter than the others, all may prove to be varieties of L. laterak or of L. Ivieare. 20. L. lineare^ B. Br. Prod. 235. — Stems from under 6 in. to above 1 ft. high, about 1 line broad, compressed but both sides convex, the edges slightly prominent, acute, scabrous or nearly smootli. Leaves as long or sometimes longer and of the same breadth. Panicle narrow, from under 1 in. to l^ in. long, with few short branches, the lower ones often spreading, the spikelets not numerous though sorae- what clustered. Lower outer bract leaflike, often exceeding the in- florescence, the upper ones short. Spikelets narrow, 2 to 2i lines long, with only 1 or sometimes no barren flower below tbe perfect one. Glumes acutely acuminate, about 3outer empty ones gradually shorter. Hvpogynous scales minute at the time of flowering, lanceolate and acuminate under tbe nut. — Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 92 ; F. Muell. Fragm. ix. 26; L. Gu7inii, Boeckel. iu Linnsea, xxxviii. 325. N, S. 'Wales ? Port Jackson, C. Moore ; the specimens in bud only and rather doubtful. ■Victoria. Wendu Vale, Robertso)) ; Haidinger Range up to 5000 ft., F. Mitelkr. Tasmauia. Derwent River, R. Brown ; near Launceston, Guiui; South Esk River, C, Stuart ; Brown River, Oldjkld (dwarf specimens scarcely2in. high). Var. ? depaupe)-atu))i. Stems and leaves more slender. Panicle reduced to 3 or 4 apikelets. — New England, C. Stua)-t. Some specimens of L. lineare closely resemble the Ckidiian schwnoides in outward aspect, but, besides the generic character, they may be distinguished by the leaf- sheaths much less striate. 21. L. ? aphyllum, B. Br. Prod. 235.— Stems above Ift. long and about 1\ lines broad, very flat, without atiy leaves except some short sheathing scales at the base. Old inflorescence narrow, 1 to l^ in. long, almost simple, but the gluraes, flowers, and nuts all fallen aVay from the specimen, leaving only the short rhachis of a few spikelets marked witb the annular scars of the glumes, the genus therefore very uncertain. ^JV, Anstralia. Lucky Bay, R. Broton. 22. L. gracile, B. Br. Prod. 235.— Stems slender, 1 to l\ ft. high, angular or flatteued, with rather acute edges, under 1 line broad. 396 cxLiii. OTPEEACE^. \_Lepidosperma. Leaves shorter and of tbe same breadtli but flatter. Panicle narrow, 1 to 2\ in. ions;, the brauches short or the lower ones elongated, all erect. Spikelets crowded along the branches or rarely siugly scattered, about 2 lines long, with 1 barren flower beside the perfect oue. Grlumes acute or the iower ones obtuse and mucronate, 3 or 4 outer ones empty and shorter. Scales under the uut acuminate but not setiferous. W. Australia. King George's Sound, R Brown, Walcot ; also Bnmmond, n. 870, 873, 876. L. lineare, var. /lumile, Nees in Pl. Preiss. ii. 90, Preiss. n. 1810 {L. humile, Bceckel. in Linniea, xxxviii. 324), appears to me to be a short-stemmed form of L. gracile. 23. L. semiteres, F. Mnell.j Boeckel. in Linncea, xxxnii. 327. — Stems slender, 1 to l^ ft. high, sometimes terete but usually somewhat flattened, with obtuse edges, | to f Hue broad. Leaves shorter and flatter. Panicle spikelike, sometimes reduced to a simple spike as in L.filiforme, but more frequently brauched at the base, 1 to 1| in. long, with rather distant spikelets. Lowest outer bract with a short subu- late lamiua, the others more glumelike but striate. Spikelets linear- acuminate, straight or falcate, erect or spreading, about 4 liues long, with 1 barreu flower besides the perfect one. Flowering ghimes almost acute, about 4 outer empty ones very obtuse aud gradually shorter. Scales under the nut acurainate, uot setiferous. Victoria. Queenscliff and Mount Sturgeon, F. Mueller ; Mount Sturgeon, Ilobertson. S. Australia. Mount Lofty Ranges and Lake Alexandrina, F. Mueller. Perhaps a variety of L. gracile, but with much larger and fewer spikelets. Closely allied also to L. caneseens, but the leaves, though very narrow, usually quite flat. Section V. Teeeticaules. — Stems slender, terete or angular- atriate, or slightly and irregularly compressed. Leaves nearly similar. 24. Ij. pubisquameum, Sfeud. St/n. Glum. ii. 158. — Stems siender but rigid, 1 to l^ ft. tnoh, nearly terete or angular and furrowed on one side. Leaves similar but shorter. Panicle contracted into a dense ovoid or almost globular compouud cluster rarely ^ in. loug, the sub- tendiug bract subulate from a sheathing base, usually erect thi"owiug the iuflorescence to one side. Spikelets densely crowded iu the partial elusters, about 2 hues long in our specimens but uot yet fully out, witli 1 barren flower besides the perfect one. Glumes scarcely acute, 5 or 6 outer empty ones more obtuse and gradually shorter. Scales and nut not yet developed in the specimens. — F. Muell. Fragm. ix. 27. W. Australia, Drmmnond, n. 250 (350 according to Steudel). 25. L. canescens, Bceckel. in Linnoea, xxxviii. 330. — Stems 1 to 2 ft. high, terete or very sliglitly compressed, smooth. Leaves much shorter, terete but usually grooved along the iuuer side. Panicle pyramidal, not very compound, 1 to 2 in. long, the brauches slightly Lepidospenna.'] cxliii. cypeeace^. 397 spreading. Spikelets sessile along the branches, not very distant, erect or spreading, linear, acuiuinate, sometimea slightly falcate, 3 to 3^ lines long, with 1 barren How er bcsidcs tlie perfect oue. Flowering glumes rather acute, about 4 outer emptj oues obtuse or very shortly mucronate, gradually shorter. Scales under the nut acuminate, not sctiterous. — F. Mueii. Fragm. ix. 24. Victoria. Near Portland, between Queenscliff and Geelong, and Genoa River, J^. MucUtr. S. Australia. Gawler River, Behr ; Mount Lofty Ranges and Lake Alexan- drina, F. Muelkr. F. Mueller's specimens comevery near to L. semiteres, but the leaves are not flat- tened. B('hr'sspecimensare generally stouter, with rather larger spikelets, but one of them is quite like F. Muellers. 26. L. scabrum, Nees in Pl. Preiss. ii. 92. — Stems 1 to l^ ft. higb, terete, prominently striate and in the typical form very scabrous. Leaves shorter, otherwise similar but more slender, and frequently somewhat flattened. Panicle dense, 1 to 2 in. long, oblong-ovoid or broad, the brauches and spikelets spreading. Outer involucral bract short. Spikelets crowded along the short branches, about 2 lines long, with 1 barren flower besides the perfect one. Flowering glumes acuminate, ahnost acute, 3 or 4 outer empty ones shorter aud more obtuse. Scales under the nut acuminate, not setiferous. — F. Muell. Fragm. ix. 27. W. Australia. Drummond, n. 105, 114, 871 ; Swan Rivar, Freiss, ii. 1787, 1788. Var. effuxum. Stems not so scabrous and sometimes quite smooth except at the base, but always prominently striate. Panicle not so dense, 2 to 3 in. long, with spreading branches. Spikelets not so crowded and frequently curved. — Swan Eiver, Oldfield, Drummond, n. 270, 869 ; Murchison River, Oldjield. 27. L. tenue, Benth. — Stems 1 to l^ ft. high, exceedingly slender, smooth and terete but slightly furrowed on one side. Leaves filiform, slightly angular or terete, shorter than the stera. Panicle compound, 1 to 3 in. long, broad or rather narrow, with spreading or slightly re- curved branchea. Spikelets clustered or singly sessile along the branches, acuminate, straight or falcate, 2 lines long or rather more, with 1 bar- ren flower besides the perfect one. Grluraes obtuse or the inner ones acute, about 3 outer empty ones gradually shorter. Scales under the nut acuminate, not setiferous. "W. Australia, Drummond, n. 120, 121, 868, 869, 885, 886,895; Murchison River, Oldfield, and, perhaps, the same but in bud only ; Karri Dale, Walcot. Varies verj'' much in the panicle compact with short branches and crowded spike- lets, or loose with slender branches and the spikelets rather distant. 28. L. leptostachyum, Benth. — Stems 1 to l^ £t. high, very slen- der, terete and smooth or slightly angular and furrowed on one side. Leaves few, much shorter than the stem, angular or nearly terete. 398 cxLiii. CYPEHACE^. [Lepidosperma. Panicle 1 to 3 in. long, either redueed to a simple spike, or with 3 or 4 erect or scarcely spreading branches near the base. Outer bracts sheathing, with very short points. Spikelets singly sessile along the brauches or slightly elustered, about 2 lines long or rather more, acu- minate, blaek, mostly erect and straight, with 1 barren flower besides the perfect oue. Grlumes acute, the inuer ones acumiiiate, about 3 outer empty ones gradually shorter. Scales under the nut acuminate, not setiferous. W. Australia, Drummond, n. 352, 892 ; Kalgan River, F. Mmller ; Forest Hill, Muir ; Tone Eiver, OldfieU ; Blackwood River, Miss Eexter. 29. L. leptophyllum, Benih. — Stems filiform, usually about 1 ft. high, terete, prominently striate. Leaves very slender, angular or promiuently ribbed, some much longer thau the stera, others shorter. Panicle interrupted, 1 to l^ in. long with few branches, the lowest usually erect, the rhachis above it very much recurved reflexed or flex- uose. Lowest outer bract subulate, usually longer than the inflores- cence. Spikelets clustered or singly sessile along the branches, about 2 lines long, with 1 barren flower besides the perfect one. Grlumes obtuse or the inner ones scarcely acute, 2 outer empty ones shorter. Scales under the nut acuminate, not setiferous, the nut rather small. W. Australia, Brummond. 30. L. tortuosum, F. Muell. Tragm. ix. 23.— Stem filiforra, under 1 ft. high, nearly terete or slightly angular and furrowed ou oue side. Leaves often nearly as long, filiform, grooved 'like the stem. Spike aimple, short with a very flexuose rigid rhachis. Spikelets usually 3, the lowest erect with a rigid bract often longer than itself, the others re- flexed or spreading, linear, dark brown, 2 to 2| lines long, with 1 barren flower besides the perfect one. Flowering glumes rather acute, about 3 outer empty ones very obtuse and gradually shorter Scales under the nut acuminate, not setiferous. Victoria. Mount Wellington, Gipps' Land, F. Mueller. 31. L. flexuosum, B. Br. Frod. 235. — Stems very slender, terete or nearly so, 2 It. high or more. Leaves few, short aud subulate, with long sheaths. Spike or pauicle 1 to 2 iu. long, branehed at least at the base, the rhachis very flexuose. Sheathing bracts narrow, rigid, ob- tuse or with very short points. Spikelets solitary within the bracts, rather distant along the brauches, at first erect but afterwards spread- ing, linear-terete, 4 to 5 lines long, witli 1 barren flower besides the perfect oue. Glumes narrow, acute oracuminate, about 3 outer empty ones shorter. Scales under the nut not aristate. — Nees in Sieb. Agrostoth. n. 43 ; Bffickel. in Liunaea, xxxviii. 328. N. S. Wales. Port Jackson, R. Broivn, WooUs, and many others. 32. L. filiforme, Lahill. Fl. Nov. Roll. i. 17, t. 15.~Stems terete, Lepidosperma.] cxmi. CYPEBAOEiE. 399 filiform but rigid, 1 to 1| ft. high, Leaves i'ew, much shorter, mostly reducod to rather long sheaths with short ca])illary laminsD. Spike simplo, terminal, rarely above 1 in. long, therhachis straight or scarcely flexuose. Sheathing bracts narrow, distant. Spikelets solitary within eacli bract, uarrow-linear, almost terete, about 4 lines long, with 1 barren flower besid(B the perfect one. Glumes narrow, acute or almost obtuse, 2 or 3 outer empty ones shorter. Scales under the nut acumi- nate, but not setiferous. — Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 93, partly ; Boeckel. in Linuaea, xxxviii. 327 ; F. Muell. Fragm. ix. 27, Victoria. Mount Wellington, Gipps' Land, F. Mueller ; Curdies Inlet, Walter. Tasmania. Arth.ur's Lake, Gunn ; Brown River, Oldfield ; Soutli Esk River, C. Stuart ; Swanport, Story. 33. L. striatum, R. Br. Prod. 235. — Stems rigid, 2 ft. high or more, terete or slightly compressed aud furrowed on one side, quite smooth and but very faintly striate. Leaves shorter, terete or nearly so. Panicle narrow and spikelike but interrupted, usually 3 or 4 in. long, tbe spikelets densely crowded on tbe short branches in secondary ob- long compound spikes, all erect and sossile within the sheathing bracts or one of the lowest shortly pedunculate, Grlume-like bracts dark brown or black, rather broad, tapering to a point, Spikelets about 3 lines long, with usually 2 or 3 barren flowers besides the perfect one. Glumes acute or acuminate, 1 or 2 outer empty ones very little shorter. Scales scarcely perceptible at the time of flowering, narrow acuminate and not very thick under the nut. — L. confine, Nees in Pl. Preiss. ii. 93 ; F. Muell. Fragm. ix. 26. W. Australia. King George'8'Sound, M. Broion ; Forest Hill, Muir ; north of Stirling Range, Maxicell; SwanEiver, Preiss, n. 1794 ; also Drummond, n. 252, 380 ; his specimens n. 257 may be a largestout fonnwiththe panicle looser, its branches more developed, but the flowers are in too young a state to determine. Brown's specimens are in fruit with the lower spikes or branches of the panicle rather long, the stems are quite smooth, slightly grooved on one side but not distinctly striate as in L. scabrum, the selection of the specificname is therefore unfortunate. Boeckcler, Linnsea, xxxviii. 329, unites this species with the L. chinense, Nees, which is certainly nearly allied to it as well as to the L. Neesvi. The Chinese plant has however diiferently shaped bracts, much smaller hypogjTious scales, and a few other distinctive characters, which would be scarcely considered as specific were it not for the geographical disseverance. At any rate Brown's name has the right of priority. 34. L. Neesii, Kuntli, Enum. ii. 319. — Stems slender but rigid, 1 to 2 ft. high, angular or terete and grooved on one side. Leaves shorter, terete or rather flatter and more distinctly grooved. Panicle dense and spikelike, oblong or pyramidal, f to 1| in. long, brown or black, the spikelets in dense sessiie clusters or short spikes within each bract. Bracts striate, acuminate, the lowest sometimes with a subulate lamina or point nearly as long as the inflorescence. Spikelets oblong- linear, 2h to 3 lines long, with 1 barren flower besidcs the perfect one. Glumes uarrow, acute or acuminate, 2 or 3 outcr empty ones rather 400 cxLiii. cYPERACE^. [Lepidospertna. shorter. Scales under the nut ovate, acuminate and sometimes shortly setiferous. — F. Muell. Fragm. ix. 27 ; L. tetragonum, Nees in Sieb. Agrostoth. u. 49, not of Labillardiere. N. S. Wales. Port Jackson, F. Muellcr, Woolls, Leichhardt. Victoria. Streletzki Ranges and Wilson'8 promontory, F. Mueller, F. Mueller, Fragm. ix. 24, refers some of the specimens with shorter denser spikelike panicles to the New Zealand L. australe, Hook. f., hut hesides some minor differences, that species has never (in a numher of spikelets I have examined) the second harren flower, which I have found in all the Australian species of Lepidosperma. 35. L. carphoides, F. Muell. Herh. — Stems slender, terete, usually grooved on oue side, about 1 ft. high. Leaves similar but shorter. Panicle dense aud spikelike, rarely above 1 in. long, the spikelets few in short sessile partial spikes. Sheathing bracts usualiy as long as the euclosed partial spikes, rigid, black, acute or produced into a subulate point or short lamina. Spikelets narrow, black, 4 to 5 lines long, with 1 barren flower besides the perfect one. Grlumes narrow, rigid, acuteiy acurainate or ahnost aristate, usually 2 outer empty ones, the lowest rather shorter. Scales under the nut ovate-hinceolate acuminate. — L. striatum, F. MuelL Fragm. ix. 27,not of R. Br. Victoria. Glenelg Eiver, Robertso)i ; Portland Bay and Grampians, F. Mueller ; Moyston, SuUivan. S. Australia. St. Vincenfs Gulf, F. Mueller, Blandourki ; Boston Point, Wilhelmi, Port Lincoln, S. F. Brotvne. W. Australia. King George's Sound, IfdJWSJes ; Point Henry, Oldfield. 24. CLADIUM, P. Br. (Baumea, Gaiidich. Chapelliera, Nees.) Spikelets variously paniculate, with 1 to 3 hermaphrodite flowers but usuallv the lowest alone fertile. Grhimes few, imbricate all round, 1 to 3 or very rarely 4 outer ones empty, and usually a small one above the perfect flower, either empty or with an imperfeot flower, the floweriug glume not shorter than the outer empty ones. No hypogy- nous bristles. Stamens 3 orrarely fewer. Style deciduous, sometimes dilated at the base but continuous with the ovary ; stigmatic branches 3, rarely 2, filiforni. Nut ovoid or oblong, terete or obtusely trique- trous, smonth but rarely shining, crowned by the adnate base of tlie style often undistinguishalbe except by a slight discoloration ; eudo- carp usually hard, exocarp either thin or more or less thickened and corky especially at the apex. — Perennials, with horizontal or creeping rhizomes. Stems sometimes tall and leafy throughout or at tlie base only, sometimes rushlike with all the leaves reduced to sheathing scales. Leaves, either terete, and continuous or marked with trans- verse septa, or vertically flatteued, very rarely with the involute margins of Gahnia. The genus in its typical form extends over the tropical and temperate regions of both the New and the Old World, but consists of but two or at most three species Cladium.'] cxLiii. ctpeeacb^. 401 araongst which the Aiistralian ono is common over a great part of tho gencric aroa ; but the more nuinerous section Baiiinea is probably limited to the Old World and is chiefly Australasian. Of the 15 Australian species five are also in New Zealand and one or two of these extend to some of the Pacific islands, the other ten appear all to be endemic. Sect. I. Eucladium. — Panicles densely coripnbose. Outer emptii glmnes ahout 4. Flowers 2, 1 or rardy bothfertile, and ustmlli/ no terminal empty glume. Stems tall, leafy throughout. Leaves flat 1. C. martscus. Sect. IT. ^a.vt.va.ea..—Pa)n'chs loo.se or thyrsoid or narrow. Outer empty glmm-i 1 to 3, and usualli/ a small terminal glume either empty or with a rudimentary flower. Leaves chiefly at the ba.se of the stem or none. Spikelets 2- or 3-flowered (flowers all apparently perfect but only one fertile). Leaves 6 ft. (flat ?). Panicle broad, loose, with very numerous spikelets 2. C. insulare. Leaves terete, transversely septate. Panicle very large, somewhat drooping. Spikelets very numerous but not clustered. Glumes not ciliate 3. C articulatum. Leaves terete, septate. Panicle erect, rigid. Spikelets scarcely clustered. Glumes ciliate 4. C. arthrophyllum. Leares terete, continuous or obscurely septate. Panicle erect, rigid. Spikelets densely clustered. Glumes ciliate 5. C glomeratmn. Leaves vertically flattened. Stems much flattened. Glumes not ciliate. Westem species. Stems 3 to 4 ft. Leaves broad. Panicle often 1 ft. long 6. C. Preissii. Stems 1 to 2 ft. Leaves narrow. Panicle 2 to 4 in. . 7. C.laxum. Spikelets 1-flowered. Panicles thyrsoid or loosely branched, erect. Leaves few long and erect. Spikelets numerous. Leaves biconvex, 2 to 3 lines broad. Panicle long and loose 8. C. riparimn. Leaves terete, about 1 line broad. Panicle thjTsoid . 9. C. teretifolium. Leaves angular or flat with a prominent midrib, 1 to 2 lines broad. Panicle thyrsoid 10. C. tetraquetrim. Panicle narrow, almost spikelike orwithfewerectbranches. Spikelets few. Nut smooth and shining. Leaves vertically flattened but narrow. Stem imder 1 ft 11. C. sehcenoides. Stems leafless except short points to the sheaths, usuallj' above 1 ft. high, rarely intermixed with a few radical stemlike leaves. Flowering glume spreading, twice as long as the nut 12. C Gunnii. Flowering glume appressed, about as long as the nut. Stems slender, 1 to 2 ft. high 13. C.junceum. Stems stout, 3 ft. high or more 14. C. vaginale. Leaves erect, terete, acute. Stem J to l^ feet . . . . 15. C. elynanthoides. Spikelets densely crowded in the axils of leafy bracts, forming a long narrow almost spikelike panicle. Leaves and bracts with involute margins and long subu- late points. Nut narrow triquetrous 16. C. fllum. VOL. VII. 2 D 402 cxLiii. CYPEEACE^. {Gladium. Section I. EuOLADiuM. — Panicles densely corymbose. Flowers in the spikelet usually 2, one only or rarely both fertile, without any terminal empty glume or only a very minute one. Stem leafy through- out with flat leaves. 1. C. mariscus, B. Br. ; Kunth, Enum. ii. 303. — Stems 3 to 6 ft. hi<'h, terete, leafy throughout aud often producing tufts of leaves or leafy branches from the upper axils. Leaves nearfy erect, flat, thekeel and edges scabrous, the lower nearfy as long as the stem. Panicles compound and corymbose in the upper axils, the whole forming a leafy panicle often above 1 ft. long. Spikelets exceedingly numerous, in small but numerous clusters, brown, ovoid or oblong, scarcefy 2 lines long in the Australian specimens, longer in some northern ones, very small in others. Glumes broad, obtuse, about 4 outer empty ones gradualfy shorter than the flowering ones. Flowers usualfy 2, both hermaphrodite, or one(the lower or sometimes the upper one) male, and rarefy both fertile, aud I have onfy vcry rarely seen a terminal minute empty glume. Stamens 2 or rarefy 3. Style-branches 3 or rarefy 2. Nut nearfy as long as the glumes, almost drupaceous, the exocarp thick especialfy the upper end and sometnnes corky, the endocarp much shorter and hard. — Boeckel. in Linnaea, xxxviii. 232 ; Eeichb. Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 287 ; F. Muell. Fragm. ix. 14. Queensland. Rockhampton, Thozet ; Bowen Downs, Birch. N. S. Wales. Port Jackson and Blue Mountains, R. Brown, Woolls and others. Victoria. Port Phillip, R. Brown ; Yarra River, Adamson, F. Muelkr ; War- namboul, Sullivan. S. Australia. Tamunda, Behr ; Lofty Range, Torrens River, F. Mmller . Widely dispersed over the tropioal regions of the New and the Old World and over more temperate Asia and Europe, in North America replaced by a nearly allied species. Section IT, Baumea. — Panicles loose or thyrsoid or narrow. riowers in the spikelet solitary, or if 2 or 3 the lovver one onfy fertile, with usualfy a small terminal glume eitiier empty or with a rudimen- tary flower. Leaves chiefly at the base ot the stem, terete or verticalfy flattened, or all reduced to sheathiug scales (except C. insulare?). In respect of general habit, inflorescence, and to a certain degree in the structure of the spikelets, the genus Baimiea, Gaud., or ChapelUera, Nees, might have been retained, but all attempts to characterise the two by the shape and surface of the nut have failed, and I have followed Hooker and F. Mueller in restoring the greater part of Baumea to Cladium as a section. In some species the angles of the nut, very prominent after the nut has attained its full size, become obliterated at perfect maturity, and the external rugosity or smoothness, and the broad or small terminal discoloration caused by the remains of the adnate base of the style can only serve for specific distinctions. The distribution of the species between the two genera adopted by Bceckeler does not appear to me to be justified either by habit or character. Cladium.'] cxLiii. cypebaoe^. 403 2. C,\ns\x\Bxe, Benth. — " Leaves 5 to 6 ft. loag; flower-stem 2ft. higher" {C. Moore). Panicle much-brunclied, erect or rather flexuose, G to 8 in. long and uearly as broad. Primary bracts loosely sheatliing, striate, the lowest with a sheath of about 1 in. produced iuto a flat point or lamina nearly ;is long, the upper ones gradually smaller, more acute or ariatate, passing into the glumelike bracts sub- tending the spikelets. Spikelets very numerous and crowded but not distinctly clustered, of a rich brown, about 2 lines loug. Outerempty glunies 2 or 3, acute or acuminate, scarcely aristate, the lowest the shortest. Flowers 2 or 3, all hermaphrodite but probably ouly one fertile, their glumcs about as iong as the cmpty oues but narrower, and a small termiual glume either empty or with a rudimentary flower. Stamens 3. Style-branches 3. Fruit uot seen. N. S. Wales. Lord Howe's Tsland, side of Mount Lingbird, C. Moore. The specimens seen consist of panicles only, but indicate a species very diflerent from any other known to me, approaching perhaps in some respects the C. articulatum, though the flat points to the bracts indicato flat blades to the leaves. 3. C. articulatum, R. Br. Prod. 237.— Stems 3 to 6ft. high, terete but marked with niore or less distinct transverse septa almost disap- peariug below the panicle. Leaves erect, terete and stemlike, the transverse septa very prominent, the lower ones very long, the upper ones shorter with long continuous closed sheaths. Panicle very com- pound, somewhat nodding, 1 to 1| ft. long, the very numerous brauehes and peduncles clustered within sheathing bracts, of which the lowest often produced into a terete acute septate lamina of 1 to 2 in. Spike- lets exceedingly numerous, brown, about 2 lines long, with 3 to 5 hermaphrodite flouers, but usually only the lower one fertile. Grlumes broad, membrauous, acute, the upper ones gradually narrower and moreobtuse but not shorter, 2 or rarely 3 outer ones empty and some- times almost aristate, and the terminal one usually small empty or with an imperfect flower. Stamens 3. Style-branches 3, short. Nutobo- void, at first triquetrous, the broad obtusely conical or ovoid solid apex often as long as the nucleus or endocarp. — F. Muell. Fragm. ix, 14 ; Bamiea loculata, Boeckel. in Linnsea, xxxviii. 213. Queensland. Rockingham Bay, Ballachy ; Bowen Downs, Birch ; Brisbane River, Jloreton Bay, F. Mueller, Leichhardt and others. N. S. TVales. Port Jackson and Hunter's River, R. Brown ; Paramatta, Wodlls ; Xew England, C. i>tuart. Victoria. On the Yarra, Adamsoii, Robertson, F. Mueller ; Lake Terang, F. Mudhr ; Mount William Creek, SuUivan. S. Australia. Onkaparinga, F. Mmller. W. Australia. King George's Sound, R. Broivn, MaxiveU,a.ndi\henccio H^wan River, Drummond, n. 358 or 858, and Murchison River, Oldfield. Also in New Zealand and in New Caledonia. 4. C. arthrophyllum, F. Muell. Fragm. ix. 14. — Very closely aUied to the subscptate variety of C. glomeratum, and intermediate as it were betweeu that and C. articulatum. Stems terete or slightly 2 D 2 404 cxLiii. CYPEEACE^. [Gladium. compressed, 1| to 2 fb. high. Leaves 2 or 3 at the base of the stem, rather long, erect, terete, irregularly septate or almost continuous, with long broad open sheaths, the upper sheaths produced into short slender acute usually septate points or laminse, and some flowering stems entirely without the long leaves. Panicle much looser than in C. fflomerafim, very compound, the small spikelets very numerous and approximate, scarcely clustered but erect as in C glomeratum or nearly 80. G-lumes ciliate and nuts entirely as in that species. — QhapeMiera arthrophylla, Nees in Pl. Preiss. ii. 77 ; Baumea arthrophylla, Boeckel. in Linna^a, xxxviii. 242. W. Australia. Swan River, Preiss, «. 1781, according to Nees, n. 1778 in the collections seen, Dnimmo^/d, n. 324 or 333. 5. C. glomeratum, E. Br. Prod. 237.— Stems 1 to 3 ft. high, terete, ratlier slender. Lower leaves few, erect, terete, 6 in. to 1 ft. long or more, dilated into short sheaths, a few inner onea with longer sheaths and shorter laminse. Spikelets in ovoid or nearly globular dense clusters 3 to 4 lines in diameter, the lower clusters in a partial narrow pedunculate panicle, the upper one.s on short and long peduncles clustered in the axils of the sheathing bracts, the uppermost sessile in a more compound cluster, the whole forming a narrow irregular panicle. Shealhing bracts mostly open to the base, the upper ones small and glumelike. Spikeiets oblong, brown, 2 to 3 lines long. Glumes membranous, broad, ciliate, acuminate, 2 or 3 outer ones empty. Flowers usually 2, sometimes 3, ail hermaphrodite or the upper one male and usually only the lower one fertile. Stamens 3. Style-branches 3. Nut ovoid-oblong, nearly as long as the glume, when uuripe with 3 raised angles and crowned by the pubescent base of the style, when ripe the angles are nearly obliterated aiid the nut is shining (red in Browu's specimens) the base of the style scarcely distinct except as an opaque apex. — Kunth, Enum. ii. 304 ; Sieb. Agrostoth. n. 4; Hook. f Fl. Tasm. ii. 94; F. Muell. Fragm. ix. 15 ; C. duhium, Nees in Sieb. Agrostoth. n. 5, Spreng. Syst. Cur. Post. 21 ; Baumea ruhiginosa, and B. Brownii, Boeckel. in Linnsea, xxxviii. 241, 242. N. Australia. Newcastle Range and Gilbert Eiver, F. Mueller. Queensland. Moreton Bay and Island, W-QiUivran, F. Mueller, Bailey ; Rock- hampton, yy^oze/"; Bowen Downs, -B/rcA. N. S. TVales. Port Jackson, R. Broivn, Sieber, n. 535 and many others ; New England, C. Stuart ; Archer's Station, Leichhardt ; Liverpool Plains, C. Moore. Victoria. Numerous localities from Portland and Wendu Vale to Gipps' Land, Rdbtrl.son, F. MucUer and many others. Tasmania. Abundant in clayey sandy moist places, /. D. Uooher and others. S. Australia. Rivoli Bay, F. MneUcr. M/'. Australia. King George's Sound, R. Broivn. Var subseptatum. Leaves obscurely or irregularly marked with transverse septa, but the spikelets in dense erect clusters and other characters of C. (/lonieration. To this bolong several of the Victorian and Tasmanian specimens. The specics is also in New Zealand, and the Banmea glomerata, Gaud. in Freyc. Voy. Bot. 416, t. 2'J, from the Moluccas, appears from the plate to diifer but very elightly from it, I have however seen no specimen. CHadium.'] CXLiii. CYPERACEiE. 405 G. C. Preissii, F. Muell. Ilcrb.—Stems 3 to 4 ft. high, much flattened with rather acute edges below the inflorescence, thc floweriug branches becomiug 3-angled when more than one from the same sheath. Eadical leaves few, very long, vertically flat, with acute edges, 2 to 9 lines broad. Upper sheathing scales flat with very acute edges and short erect lamina", the floral ones gradually smaller. Panicle long loose and very compound, the branches and pedicels clustered. Spike- lets very numerous, distinct or scarcely clustered, of a rich brown, smail but young in Preiss's speciraens, ovoid-oblong and 2 to 2| lines long when fuUy out, usually with 2 or 3 hermaphrodite flowers and a terminal male flower or etnpty glume. Glumes rather broad, acute, loosely imbricate, thin, without the cilia of C.glomeratum, 1 or 2 outer ones empty, the flowering ones fuUy as long. Stameua 3. Style- brauches 3. Nut ovoid-obloug, the summit or dilated base of the style glabrous like tlie rest. — Baumea Preissii, Nees in Pl. Preiss, ii. 75 ; Boeckel. in Linuaea, xxxviii. 239 ; G. latissimum, F. Muell. Fragm. ix. 15. W. Australia. Swan River, Brummond, Preiss, n. 1735; Port Gregory and MurcMson Eiver, Oldjield. 7. C, laxum, Benth. — Stems 1 to 2 ft. high, much flattened. Leaves at the base of the stem eqiiitant, vertically flat, sometimes as long as the stem but usually much shorter, straight or falcate, acute, 1 to 3 lines broad. Panicle loose, thyrsoid, 2 to 4 in. long or some- times the low^er branches distant and pedunculate in the iower sheath- ing bracts, which are very flat and produced into short erect acute ianiinfe, the upper bracts gradually smalier and more glume-like. Spike- iets erect, rather numerous but all distinct and fi-equently pediceilate, of a rich brown, about 2 iiues iong or rather more, with 2 orrarelv 3 hermaphrodite flowers, one oniy fertiie and a smali male flower or empty giume above them. Grlumes broadly ianceoiate, acute, 2 outer empty ones shorter tlian the flowering ones. Stamens 3. Styie- branches 3. Nut smaii, obovoid. crowned by the white adnate base of the style. — Ghapelliera laxa, Nees in Pi. Preiss. ii. 76 ; Baumea laxa, Boeckei. in Linnaea, xxxviii. 245. VT. Australia. King George's Sound, Preiss, n. 1763, Maxwell, Oldfidd ; Swan River, Pnnss ; Murehison River, Oldfield. Ev-idently very closely allied to C. Priessli, although placed by Nees in a difFerent genus on account of the adnate base of the style being more distinct, at least in the specimena seen, than in that species. 8. C. riparium, Benth. — Stems 1\ to 2 ft. high or more, much flattened. Leaves few at the base of the stem and as long, 2 to 3 iines broad, much flattened but bicouvex in the iower part, with obtuse edges, eudiug in a flat point, those higher on the stera or sometimes all reduced to ioose sheaths with short erect point.s, passing into the sheathing florai bracts. Panicie narrow, looseiy compouud, 6 to 10 in. iong, the lowerbranches or partiai panicles peduuculate inthe sheathing bracts. Spikeiets in erect ciusters as in G. glomeratum, but rather smaiier ; glumes ciiiate as in that species, but with ouiy one herma- 406 cxLiii. CYPEBACE^. \_Cladium. phrodite flower and a male one or empty glume above it. Nut not yet ripe in tlie specimens seen, 3-fingled, crowned. by the large very pu- besceut base of tlie stylf. — Chapelliera riparia, Nees in Pi. Preiss. ii. 70; Baumea riparia, Boeckel. iu Liunsea, xxxviii. 246, W. Australia. Drimmond, ». 386, and according toNees, P/ms, ?^ 1778, but the specimens I have seen under that number belong to C. arthrophyllum. The C, riparium is however easily recogmsed by Nees's characters. 9. C. teretifolium, S. Br. Prod. 237 — Stems 1 to 3 ft. high, terete or slightly compressed, striate but not augular. Leaves few, rather long, terete, acute, erect, with long loose sheaths, the inuer one with a short lamiua. Panicle oblong or tliyrsoid, dark brown, 2 to 6 in. long, erect and much branched, but usually deuse and narrow. Lowest bract a loose membranous sheath with a short erect point, the others gradually smaller aud more glume-like. Spikelets numerous, sessile, 2 to 2\ lines long, with 1 hermaphrodite flower. Glumes membranous, keeled, acutely acuminate, ciliate, usually 3 empty, the outer one short, and a small glume either empty or enclosing a male flower above the flowering glume and within it. Stamens 3. Nut (only seen in the Moreton Bay specimens) obovoid-globular, 1\ lines long, with many much raised longitudinal ridges, smooth for a very short space at the base, and crowned by the scarcely distinct adnate base of the style. — Boecke]. in Linnsea, xxxviii. 234 ; F. MueU. Pragm. ix. 15 ; Sieb. Agrostoth. n. 6. Queensland. Sandy Cape, R. BroiV7i ; Brisbane River, Moreton Bay, F. Mueller. N. S. Wales. Port Jackson and neighbourhood, R. Brown, Woolls and others. Also in New Zealand. 10. C. tetraquetrum, Hoolc. f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 95, t. 149.— Stems 1 ft. high or more, scarcely compressed, striate and often angular. Leaves few, rather long, rarely above 1 line broad, rigid, somewhat flattened and striate, with a raised midrib on each side, or in larger specimens acutely 4-angled, the inner leaf reduced to a long sheath with a short lamiua. Panicle oblong or thyrsoid, dark brown, 1\ to 4 in. long, dense throughout or interrupted at the base. Outer bract a loose membranous sheath with a short erect point, the others gradually smaller and more glume-like. Spikelets sessile, usually numerous, 2 to 2\ lines long, with 1 hermaphrodite flower. G-lumes membranous, keeled, acutely acuminate, ciliate, usually 3 empty, the outer oue short, and a small gluoie either empty or enclosing a male flower above the flowering ghime and within it. Stamens 3. Nut obovoid, 1\ lines long, niarked with raised ridges or reticuhitions, shortly smooth at the base, crowned by the more ov less distinct adnate base of the style. — Boeckel. in Linnaea, xxxviii. 235 ; Lepidosperma tetragona, Labill. Pl. Nov. Holl. i. 17, 1. 17. N. S. Wales ? New England, 6'. Sluart. Nuts triquetrous and smooth but not quite ripo otherwise appears the same species. Tasmania. Common in moist places throughout the island, /. B. Hooker and others. Oladium.'} cxLiTi. ctpeeace^. 407 S. Australia. Monnt Lofty Rangcs, F. Miiellet: Var. ? ]iliiiiif/. W. Australia. King George's Sound, Mnir ; Swan Eiver, Preiss, n. 1780, Lrummond, u. 901 ; Murchison Eiver, Oldfield. Var. tffitsa. Panicle more branched and looser. — Kojonerup, Maxicell. This species, though so closely allied in structure to G. aspera and 0. melanocarpa, has 80 much the aspect of Cladium filum as to have been mistaken for it by Brown and others, specimens of the two being mixed in his herbarium, and his character derived chiefly if not entirely from the Gahiia. He had indeed failed to recognise Labillardiere's plant, which he rightly refers (from the figure and description) to his genus Lampocarija. After sorting out the numerous specimeus of both in Mueller'8 and other herbaria I have found the 3 stamens and long narrow 3-angled straw- coloured nut of C. flum, and the 4 to 6 stamens an.l short obtuse obovoid dark-coloured nut of G. trifida, quite constant, besides that G. trifida may be generally distin- guished without examination by the clusters of spikelets shorter, broader, more dense and more aristate than in C.fihun. 3. G. melanocarpa, R. Br. Trod. 239.— Stems usually several feet higlu Leaves very long, with involute scabrous margins, ending in long subulate points, the floral ones gradually smaller, all rigid and erect. Panicle uarrow and dense, often above 1 ft. long and interrupted at the base, very compound, witli erect spikelike or thyrsoid branches, the lower ones 2 to 4 in. long, the upper much shorter, very uarrow when in flower. broader and denser when iu fruit. Smaller bracts shortly aristate, those under thc spikelets almost glurae-like. Spikelets very numerous, more or less chustered, scarcely above \\ lines long. Outer empty glumes about 3, acuminate and almost aristate, 1 or 2 414 cxLiii. CYPEEACE^. [Gahnia. inner ones also empty, and the flowering glume thinly merabranous, almost hvaline, obtuse and closely enveloping the single hermaphrodite fiower, •without any second male flower or inner empty g1ume in the specimens examined. Stamens 8 or rarely 4, at length much elongated. Nut small", obovoid or ovoid, black and shining when quite ripe. — Cladium melanocarpum, F. Muell. Fragm. ix. 13. N. S. 'Wales. Port Jackson, R. Broivn ; northward to New England, C. Stuart ; Hastings Eiver, Beckhr. C. Moore ; near Bulli, Joltnson ; southward to Nangatta Range, Twofold Bay, F. Mueller. Sect. II. EuGAHNiA. — Spikelets with a single terminal fertlle hermaphrodite flower and a second male, or if hermaphrodite sterile, below it and often very precocious. Panicle loose, either long and narrow or thyrsoid or very much branched and spreading or uodding, excepting G. Sieberi, which has nearly the inflorescence of Lampocarya. 4. G. Sieberi, Boechel. in Linncda, xxxviii. 343. — Steras terete, 2 ft. high or more. Leaves long, with involute scabrous margiiis, ending in long subulate points, the outer ones with short broad black opeu sheaths, the upper ones with long closed sheaths. Panicle very com- pouud, narrow, thyrsoid, black, often above 1 ft. loug, the branches erect, the lower ones rather long, the upper short, with uumerous obloug or spikelike clusters of spikelets. Lower bracts witli long subulate leafy poiuts or laminse, the upper ones gradually smaller and the secondary oues passing into glume-like bracts subtendiug the spike- lets. Spikelets deusely clustered, 3 to 4 or eveu 5 liues loug. Empty glumes about 5, keeled, mucrouate acumiuate or the lower oues aristate, the flowering glumes shorter, obtuse, aud at first very thiu aud hyaline. Flowers 2, both appareutly hermaphrodite, but the lower precocious one always sterile, the terrainal one developed usualiy much later and aloue fertile. Stameus in all the flowers examined 4. Style-branclies 3, undivided. Nut oblong, smooth, 3-angled. — Lidymonema Jilifolia, Presl, Diss. 1829 and Symb. Bot. 6, t. 3, aud on his iinthovitj Epiandra teretifolia, Presl, iu Isis. 1828 ; GaJinia psittacoram, JSTees in Sieb. Agrostoth. u. 13, not of Labill ; Melachne Sieheri, Schrad., according to Nees in Atui. Nat. Hist. ser. 1, vi. 50 ; Caustis Sieheri, Kuuth, Enum. ii. 307 ; Cladiwn Sieberi, F. Muell. Fragm. ix. 14. N. S. V^ales. Port Jackson to the Blue Mountains, JFooIIs, Sieber. The habit approaches tliat of G. melanocarpa, but the characters are rather those of the follow- ing species. 5. G. microstachya, Benth. — Stems l^ to 2 ft. high, slender, terete. Leaves 'iew at the base of the stem and nearly as long, with scabrous iuvolute margius, ending iu loug subulate terete straight points, the brown sheaths rather long and not bearded. Panicle narrow and slender, nearly 1 ft. long, the long erect slender branclies mostly distant, but 2 or 3 together from the same sheath. Lovver sheathing bracts with very loug subulate laminse, the upper oneasmall. Gahnia.'\ cxltii. ctpeeaceje. 415 the secondary ones almost glume-like, but all aristate. Spikelets the smallest in the genus, all distinct, sessile or pedicellate, scarcely 1 line long. Grlumes about 3 empty, acuminate, the outer 1 or 2 shorter. FloweriDg glumes about aa long as tlie innermost empty one or the upper one shorter. Flowers 2, both of them hermaphrodite, the lower one sterile, the upper one (very suiall when the other is out) fertile. Stamens 3 or in most of the flowers examined 4. Style-branches 3, uiidivided. Nut oblong, obtusely triquetrous, obtuse, rather shining, about as long as the glume. N. S.^Vales. Barren situations north of Bathnrst, A. Cunningham. Victoria. Higher drier parts of the Avon Kanges, F. Mueller. 6. G. polyphylla, Benth. — Stems slender, 1 to \\ ft. long, leafy throughout. Leaves subulate, sniooth aud ending in long recurved or revolute points as in G. ancistrophylla, but much shorter and inserted all along tlie stem, the sheaths oblique at the ori6ce and not bcarded. Panicle narrow and almost spikelike, interrupted, 2 to 3 in. long, the branches short and erect. Lower bracts with subulate points, those under the spikelets glumehke and rarely aristate. Spikelets dark brown, not clustered, under 2 h'nes long. Glumes ovate, the outer ones acute or with short points, the upper ones obtuse. Flowers 2, hermaphrodite, the upper one alone fertile. Stamens 5 or 6. Style- branches 3, undivided. Nut not seen. W. Australia, Brummond, «. 102, 253. 7. G. ancistrophylla, F. Muell. Herb. (as a Cladium). — Stems slender, tufted, from under 1 ft. to 1| ft. high. Leaves chiefly at the base of the stem and sometimes nearly as long, subulate, sraooth, ending in long hooked or recurved points, the brown sheaths bearded at the orifice with woolly hairs. Panicle long and narrow, sometimes occupying more than half the stem, with numerous short erect or slightly spreading branches. Spikelets dark brown, numerous, almost clustered, scarcely 2 lines long, the subtending bracts glume-like and not longer, or a few with awns slightly exceeding the spikelet. Glumes acute, scarcely aristate, 6 to 9 empty, the outer ones shorter, the flower- ing ones obtuse and membranous, the inner one small. Flowers 2, both hermaphrodite, the upper one alone fertile. Stamens 3 or very rarely 4. Style-branches 3, undivided. Nut not seen. V^. Australia, Brvmmoud, n. 349. Upper Kalgan River, F. Mueller. 8. G. lanigera, Benth. — Stems slender, 8 in. to above 1 ft. high. Leaves mostly shorter, quite smooth, subulate, tapering into loug fine erect points, the dark brown rigid sheaths densoly bearded at the orifice with woolly hairs, the upper ones passing into the sheathing bracts. Panicle slender aud narrow, 4 to 6 in. long, the branches or partial panicles all erect, the bracts under the spikelets glume-Iike and. scarcely longer than them. Spikelets 1| to 2 lines loug, not clustered. 416 CXLITI. CTPEKACE^. [^Gahnia. Empty glumes 5 or 6, narrow, acuminate, alraost aristate, the outer ones scarcely shorter. Flowering glumes acute or obtuse, the inner one small and membranous. Flowers 2, both herraaplirodite, the upper one alone fertile. Stamens usually 3, but sometimes 5. Style-brauches 3, undivided. Nut ovoid-obloug, sraooth. — Cladmm Janigerum, K. Br. Prod. 237; F. iMuell. Fragm. ix. 14. S. Australia. Port Lincoln, B. Brou-n, J. S. Brotvju ; St. Vincenfs Grulf, F. Muelhr. TV. Australia. Brumniond ; PoLnt Irwin, Oldjield. The leaves in these speci- mens are rather longer and the stems taller than in the South Australian ones. To them appears referrible Cladium medium, K. Br. 1. c. from King George's Sound, but the flowors on his specimens are still very yoimg. In 01dfield's specimens I find generally 5 stamens but in Drummond's there are 3 only as in the South Australian ones. 9. G. aristata, F. MueU. Herh. (as a Cladium). — Stems terete, 1 to 2 ft. high. Leaves crowded at the base of the stem, long, subulate, terete, and often chanelled but quite smooth, with long straight fine points, the brown sheaths bearded at the orifice with woolly hairs. Panicle long, narrow, almost spikelike but interrupted, the lowest branches distant, generally 2 or 3 of the partial panicles sessile or shortly pedunculate within the sheath aud all erect. Lowest bract with a long brown sheath and erect subuhite lamina often exceeding the inflorescence, the upper bracts shorter, those under the clusters with fine rigid awns much exceeding the spikelets. Spikelets dark brown, densely clustered, 2 to 3 lines long. Empty glumes all acuminate or aristate, the outer ones scarcely shorter, the flowering glumes shorter and obtuse. Flowers 2, both hermaphrodite, but the upper one alone fertile. Stamens 3. Nut not seen. W. Australia. Drummond, h. 889 ; Upper Kalgan River, Oldfield ; Upper Hay River, F. Mueller, Miss Warburton. 10. G. deusta, Benth. — Stems terete, 1 ft. high or ratlier more. Leaves shorter or nearly as long, with scabrous involute margins ending in !ong subulate erect points, the brown or black sheaths bearded at the orifice with woolly hairs. Panicle long, narrow, compound, the partial erect spikelike panicles 1 to 2 in. long, 2 or 3 together from the sheathing bracts, the h)wer ones pedunculate, the upper sessile. Priiiiarv bracts long and subulate with black slieaths, the uppermost and secondary ones gradually smaller and passing into the glume-like acuminate or aristate bracts subtending the spikeiets, all more or less bearded on the margius especially near the base. Spikelets about 3 lines long, narrow-lanceolate. Empty glumes 3 or 4, long and narrow, acutely acuminate, slightly ciHate or bearded on the margins or nearly glabrous, the 2 inner glumes membranous, the innermost small and hyaline. Flowers 2, both herraaphrodite, but the upper one alone fertile. Stamens usually 6. Styie-branches iu the perfect flower 3, undivided. Nut ovoid-oblong, obtusely triquetrous, obtuse, sinooth but not shining. — Cladium deustum, B. Br. Prod. 237 ; F. Muell. Fragm. ix. 14. Gahnia.'] cxLiii. CYPERACEifi. 4,17 S. Australia. Memory Cove, R. Broimi ; Port Lincoln, J. S. Browne ; Lake Alexandrina, F. Mueller. 11. G. radula, Benth. — Stetns 1| to 3 £t. high. Leaves very long, with involute scabrous margins, ending in long subulate points. Panicle compound, tliyrsoid, black, usually 3 to 6 in. long, but sometimes much loiiger, with numerous erect brauches. Oue or two lower bracts with long subulate leafy points or lamina?, the others gradually smaller and more glume-like. Spikelets very numerous, black, not clustered, erect, narrow, 2 to 3 lines long. Ghjmes altogether 6 to 8, 2 or 3 outer ones empty acute or acuminace, theinner einpty ones shorter and obtuse, and the almoet hood-shaped floweriug ones closely enveloping the flowers. Flowers 2, both hermaphrodite, but the upper one alone fertile. Stamens 3. Style-branches 3, undivided. Nut ovoid, obtuse, \\ lines long, 3-ribbed, elegantly but minutely granular or at leugth shining. — Cladium. radula, E. Br. Prod. 237 ; F. MuelL Fragm. ix. 13 ; Gahnia melanocarpa, Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 97, not of R. Br. Victoria, chiefly about Melboume, Robertson, Adamson, F. Mueller and others ; French Island, Bvveridge. Tasmania. Derwent River, R. Brown ; Hobarton, Ounn ; Swanport, Herb. F. Mtieller. There seems to be much diversity in the degree of development of the inner glumes, but I have been unable to ascertain whether this is due to the stage of flowering of the specimens or to distinct varieties. Sieber's specimens, Agrostoth. n. II, erroneously named by Nees Cladnim filum, may belong to G. radula, but the spikelets are still too young for determination and I have seen no specimen of the species from the parts of N. S. Wales where Sieber collected. 12. G. decomposita, Benth. — Stems " iu dense tussacs 6 to 9 ft. high" (Oldfield). Leaves very long, rigid, with involute very scabrous margins, ending in long subuhate points, the floral ones gradually smaller. Panicle hlack or dark brown, very compound, rather loose but above 1 ft. long, the branches very numerous and erect. Lower bracts with very long subulate leaflike points or laminse, the upper gradually smaller, those under the ultiinate spikes or chisters of spike- lets lanceolate, aristate-acuminate, much longer than the clusters, those under each spikelet glume-like. Spikelets very numerous, in little spikes or clusters ahong the branches, each spikelet about 2 lines long. Einpty outer glumes 2 or 3, tapering into poiuts, the keel ciliate or pubescent, the 2 flowering glumes much shorter, broadly obovate- spathuhate, obtuse and very concave, almost hood-shaped. Flowers 2, both hermaphrodite but only the upper one fertile, and the two so close together as to be almost taken for oue. Stamens in each 4 to 6. Nut obovoid, obtuse, closely enveloped iu the flowering glumes till perfect maturity. — Cladium decompositum, R. Br. Prod. 237; Oahnia Preissii, .Nees in Pl. Preiss. ii. 87 ; Cladium Preissii, F. Muell. Fragm. ix. 13. W. Australia. King George'8 Sound, R. Brown, Oldfield, F. Mueller ; Swan Eiver, Freiss, n. 1806, Druvimnnd, n. 76. In these Swan River specimens the bracts VOL. VII. 2 E 418 cxLiii. cYPERACEyE. [Qahnia. are not so broad and the awns finer, and they are therefore not so conspicuous as in the typical ones. F. Mueller refers Drummond's n. 259 to the same species, but the specimens are not in a state to be determined satisfactorily. 13. G. tetragonocarpa, Bcechel. in lAnncea, xxxviii. 347. — Stature and foliage the same as in O. psittacorum, and panicle as large with spreading branches and exceedingly numerous spikelets, but the spike- lets often not so black or brown and broader, at first oblong, ovoid when fully out. Empty glumes 3, 4 or rarely 5, acute or aristate, the outer ones not mueh shorter than the inner. Flowering glumes obtuse, the inner one short, very thin and membranous. Flowers in the spikelets examined 2, the outer one male with 4 stamens, the inner one hermaphrodite with 3 stamens, but the two so close together that they appear like one flow^er with 7 stamens, most of them on one side of the ovary, but the uumber of stamens may not be constant. Style- branches 3. !N ut ovoid, brow» or red, at length smooth and shining. Victoria. Muddy Creek, F. Mueller ; Mount William Creek, Sullivan ; Mount Imlay, Lockhart Morton. 14. G. xanthocarpa, Hooh.f. Handh. N. Zeal. Fl. 306.— Stems 8 to 9 ft. high. Leaves 5 to 6 ft- ]ong, with involute very scabrous margins, ending in long subulate points. Panicle large and loose, often above 1 ft. long, the very numerous branches turued to one side and more or less drooping, the lower ones often 6 in. long or more. Lower bracts with long subuhite leafy points, upper ones raostly with close sheaths and short points but very variable. Spikelets very numerous, sessile but not closely packed, nearly 3 lines long. Empty glumes 6 to 8, aristate ; flowering ones shorter, very thin, with short poiuts. Flowers 2, the outer one male with a minute rudimentaty pistil, the inner one hermaphrodite and fertile. Stamens 4 ; fiLaments very long. Style-branches 3, undivided. Nut ovoid-oblong, light coloured *or black, smooth and shining when quite ripe. — Gladiwn xanthocarpum, E. Muell. Fragm. ix. 13. N. S. Wales. Lord Howe's Island, Milne, M^Gillivray, C. Moore, Fullagar. Also in New Zealand. 15. G. psittacorum, Lahill. Fl. Nov. Holl. i. 89, t. 115. — Stems stout, terete below the inflorescence, 4 to 8 ft. high. Leaves long, with very scabrous involute margins, ending in long subulate points. Pauicle often 1 to 2 ft. long, very black, oblong or thyrsoid, oftea oue- sided, very eompound, the numerous branches spreading drooping or nearly erect. Lower sheathing bracts produced into long subulate scabroup leaflike points or laminje, the upper ones gradually smaller. Spikelets exceedingly numerous, 2 to 3 lines long. Empty glumes in the typical forms 10 to 12, very obtuse or rarely ahnost acute, the outer ones very small but gradually increasing in length ; flowering glumes much smaller, thiuly niembranous and very obtuse, the innermost one otteu minute. Flowers 2, but so close together as to appear within the Gnhnia.'] cxliti. CYPEEACEiC. 419 same glume, outer one male and very precocious, the inner one herma- phrodite and tertile. Stamena in each 4 or rarely 5 or 6 ; filaments moderately or very long after flovvering. Style-branches usually 4 of equal length, but one of them deeply divided so as to appear 5, at least in the ' rather numerous flovvers examined. Nut ovoid, nard, very smooth aud ishining, of a rich brown red when quite ripe or rarely pale stravv-colour, 2 lines lorig in the hirgcr Tasmanian form scarcely above half as long in some varieties. — R. Br. Prod. 238 ; Hook. f. FL Tasm. ii. 97 ; Boeckel. in Linnaea, xxxviii. 345 ; Cladium Jilum and G. radiila, Nees in Sieb. Agrostoth. n. 11 and 12, not of R. Br. ; Gladium psiftacorum, P. Muell. Pragm. ix. 13 ; G. Sieberiana, Kunth, Enum. ii. 332. N. S. TVales. Port Jackson, 5. White,Sieber,n.5ZQ, Bf^oo/^s and cthers ; Cowan's Creek, Fitzgerald : Newcastle, Leichhnrdt ; Hastings River, BecMer ; Richmond River, Mrs. Hod(/kiiison. Victoria. Portland, Allitt. Tasmania. Abiindant throughout the island, J. B. Hooker ; King'3 Island, Neate. - S. Australia. Rivoli Bay, F. Mwller. W. Australia. ? There is a specimen in the Hookerian herbarium marked King George's Sound, Collie, but as there is no other specimen in our herbaria from that well-searched locality it is probable there is some mistake. The species, easily distinguished among all the large black panicled ones, by the number of short closely imbricate outer glumes, is very variable in the apex of these glumes more or less obtuse, in the length to which the filaments protrude after losing their anthers, and especially in the size of the nuts. In the larger typical Tasmanian form, of which I have only seen a very few N. S. Wales specimens, the nut is about 2 lines long. In the majority of the N. S. Wales specimens and a few of the southem ones the spikelets are smaller, the glumes rather less obtuse, the stamens usually but not always less conspicuous and the nuts very much smaller, but there are many intermediate specimens. It is to these small red-fruited forms that belongsthe G. eri/thmcarpa, R. Br.l. c. 239, from Port Jackson. G. leucocarpa, R. Br. 1. c. from Kiug's Island, Bass's Straits, is nearly the same but the fruits are pale- coloured, perhaps not ripe. I should also, from the descriptions, refer to the small- fruited Port Jackson forms, the G. Urvilleana, Kunth, Enum. ii. 332, and G. gonio- carpa, Steud. Syn. Glum. u. 164. Var. ? oxyUpis. Glumes rather fewer and more acuminate, but I can find no other difference. Queensland. Rockingham Bay, Ballachy ; Moreton Bay, F. Mueller. N. S. "Wales. New England, C. Stuart. 26. CAUSTIS, B. Br. (Eurostorrhiza, Steud.) Spikelets with 1 hermaphrodite flower and often 1 raale one below it, narrow, sometinies unisexual by abortion. G-lumes 3 or 4, im- bricate all round the rhachis, acuminate or aristate, 1 or 2 outer empty ones shorter. No hypogynous bristles or scales. Stamens 3 to 6. Style slender, with a thick hard persistent base ; stigmatic branches 3, filifoim. Nut ovoid or oblong, crowned by the hard ovoid or obloug 2 js 2 420 cxLiii. CTPEUACE^. \_Caustis. base of the style, sometiraes as big as itself, and either continuous with it or slightly contracted under it. — Stems from a perennial rhi- zome with thick fibrous roots, usually leafless except sheathing-scales like those of BestiacecB but closed, very rarely produced into linear-subu- late leaves, more or less paniculately branched, the branches either erect and straight or numerous curved flexuose or revolute, the short sterile branchlets and peduncles clustered vvithin each sheath. Spike- lets sometimes unisexual by abortion, the males and females on separate stems though proceeding frora the aarae rhizome. The genus is endemic in Australia. Some specimens assume so much the aspect of some species of Hi/polmna (Restiaceae) as to be occasionally confounded with them in herbaria. Spikelets (constantly ?) hermaphrodite and uniform. Beak or appendage to the nut large and distinct. Flowering branches erect and straight. Spikelets sessile or shortly pedunculate. Stamens usually 5 ( 4 to 6) 1. C. pentandra. Pedicels slender, solitary or few together in clusters of curved ilexuose or involute branchlets. Stamens 3. 2. C. Jlexuos,a, Spikelets unisexual by abortion, the males and females on separate stems. Appendage to the nut small or coni- cal and quite continuous. Sheathing scales not ciliate, tapering to a point. Eastem species. Female pedicels rigid, recurved, in clusters of flexuose or involute branchlets. Stamens 5 or 6 . . . . 3. C. recurvata. Female pedicels short, on slender erect or scarcely flexuose branches. Stamens usually 4 .... 4. C. restiacea. Sheathing scales and bracts truncate and ciliate, with rigid spreading or leaflike points or laminae. Sta- mens 5 or 6 5. C. dioiea. 1. C. pentandra, R. Br. Frod. 240. — Stems 2 ft. high or more, terete below the branches, but the branches vvhen 2 or uiore in a clus- ter flattened or excavate along the inner side with acute angles, the whole cluster terete. Flowering brauches loug and erect ; clusters of barren ones few aud often 3 to 4 in. long, erect or slightly curved. Sheathing scales usually tapering into long points. Spikelets rather numerous, erect, usually a sessile and pedunculate one from the same sheatti, 6 to 8 lines long, all apparently equally fertile. Glumes rigid, minutely pubescent, with long subulate points or awns. Stamens 5 iu the hermaphrodite flower, ofteu 2 or :S only in the male one. Per- sistent style-base oblong, furrowed, pubescent, larger than the nut. — Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 98 ; F. Muell. Fragm. ix. 19 ; EurostorrJiiza Urvillei, Steud. Syn. Glura. ii. 265. N. S. Wales. Port Jackson, R. Brown, Sieber, n. 36, /. 2». Hooker ; in the north-west interior, A. Cuniiingham ; Cowan'? Creek, Fitzgerald. Victoria. Glenelg River, Robertson ; Mount William, Sullivan ; Gipps' Land, F. Mueller. Tasmania. Sandy heaths, northern part of the island, Ounn ; Swanport, Story. W. Australia. Lucky Bay, R. Broxon. Some specimens of Drummond, n. 341, in a bad state, may possibly also belong to this species. CaUStis.] CXLIII. OTPEBACE^. 421 2. C. flexuosa, R. Br. Prod. 239.— Stems 1 to 2 ft. high or even more ; branches numerous, solitary witliin the lower sheaths, clustered in the upper oues and often several times divided, the ultimate clus- tered branches filiform, 1 to 2 in. long or even longer, all very flexuose or incurved. Sheathing scales brown, with short erect points. Spike- lets single, on pedicels mixed with the clustered branches and resem- bliugthem, very narrow linear, 3 to 4 linea loug, all apparently equally fertile. Glumes narrow, acute, the lower empty ones shorter and more aristate. Persisteut style-base brovvn, ofteu as long as the nut and slightly contracted at the base, more or less pubescent at the time of floweriug, usually glabrous on the ripe nut. — Kunth, Enum. ii. 306, partly ; Q-uillera. lc. Pl. Austral. t. 14 ; F. Muell. Fragm. ix. 19 ; Restio crispatus, Nees in Sieb. Agrostoth. n. 37. N. Australia. Port Essington, Annstrong. Queensland. Moreton Bay and Island, F. Muello: N. S. Wales. Port Jackson to the Blue Mountains, H. Broivn, Wnolls and others ; Cowans Creek, Fitzgcrald ; Castle Greek, Leichhardt ; New England, C. Stiiart ; southward to Illawarra, A.Cunningham. Victoria. East Gipps' Land, Walker. 3. C. recurvata, Spreng. Syst. Cur. Post. 26. — Stems knotted and almost bulbous at the base, unisexual but the males and females often proceeding from the same rhizome, the males 1 to 2 ft. high, pauicu- lately branched, the flowering brauches sometimes all erect or slightly flexuose, sometimes intermixed with clusters of short flexuose or curved sterile branchlets, and occasionally a few female spikelets ; the female stems usually distinct, with very uumeroua intricate flexuose branch- lets. Male spikelets solitary or few together in a short spike sessile or on short angular or flattened peduncles within glume-like but sheath- ing broad striate bracts, tbe spikelets themselves sessile or shortly pedicellate, 5 to 6 lines long. Glumes 1 empty and 2 flowering or 2 empty and 1 flowering, the outer ones taperinginto a fine point or awn, the inner one acutely acuminate. Female spikelets much shorter, solitary on short flexuose or involute pedicels. Stamens usually 5 or 6, rarely fewer, without anthers in the feraales. Style-branches 3, the style usually rudimentary in the males. Nut ovoid-oblong, tapering into the narrow conical persisteut base of the style. — F. Muell. Fragm. ix. 19 ; Bestio uncinatus, Nees in Sieb. Agrostoth. n. 35. N. S. Wales. Port Jackson, C. Moore, Fitzgerald ; Richmond River, Mr/:. Hodgkinson. Melachne Sieberi, Schrad. was originally referred hy Nees in Linnasa, ix. 301, to this C. recurvata, a mistake which he corrected in Ann. Nat. Hist. ser. 1. vi. 50, transferring it tothe Gahnia Sieberi. 4. C. restiacea, F. Muell. Herb. — Steras nearly 2 ft. high, knotted at the base and unisexual as in C. recurvata, of which this raay possibly be a variety, but rauch more slender, and the female specimens some- times not more flexuuse than the males, the peduucles and ultimate branches aa slender aa in C.fiexuosa. Male spikeleta larger than in ■422 cxLHi. CYPEEACE^. \_Gaustis. G. -flexuosa, smaller than in G. recurvata. Stamens in the males and filamenta iri the females 4 in all the specimens examined. Nut ovoid, the beak or thickened base of the style much smaller thau the nut itselr'. N. S. 'Wales. Berrima, Miss Calvert, where it is mucli used for carpet brooms. Victoria. Grampians, F. Mueller. 5. C. dioicaj R. Br. Frod. 239.— Stems rigid, knotted and almost bulbous at the base, 6 in. to 1\ ft. high, unisexual, the males with short erect flowering branches and few short subulate barren oues, the female aud barren stems with numerous clusters of flexuose or re- curved but rigid and pungent barren branchlets. Sheathing scales rather loose, obliquely truncate and ciliate at the orifice, the upper and flowering oues with rigid spreading points of a few lines, those at the base of the stem looser, more open, and sometimes tapering into laminae of 2 or 3 in, Male spikelets sessile or shortly pedunculate, within tubular or cupshaped pubescent bracts with rigid spreading points, the spikelets 3 to 4 lines long. Glumes acuminate or shortly aristate, slightly pubescent, the outer ones rather rigid. Stamens 5 or 6. Female spikelets smaller, all on recurved rigid flattened or angular pedicels mixed in with the clustered branchlets, the glumes more membranous than in the males. Barren filaments 5 or 6. Nut large, ovoid, tapering into the conical base of the style. — F. Muell. Fragra. ix. 19 ; C. hexandra, Nees in Pl. Preiss. ii. 88. W. Australia. Lucky Bay, R. Brown ; King George's Sound aud neighbourhood, Lrummoiid, ii. 94, Frciss, n. 1697, F. Mueller ; Swan River, Fretss, n. 1698; Mur- chison River, Oldfield. Some male specimens from Drummond's first Swan Eiver coUection are remark- able for all the leaf-sheaths being produced into linear-subulate erect or spreading laminee of 2 to 5 in. 27. ARTHROSTYLES, R. Br. Spikelets with a single hermaphrodite flower or rarely with a second maleflower. Glumes several,all but the uppermost 1 or2 empty imbricate all rouud the rhachis. Hypogyuous bristles uone. Stameus or stami- nodia 6, filaments 3 short with perfect anthert;, 3 much longer with very deciduous (or without ?) authers. Style hairy, thickened at the base, articulate and falling off" below the thickeniug ; stigmatic brauches 3, recurved, densely cottouy-wooUy. Nut obovoid-globular, obscurely 3-angled, very obtuse. — Perenuial, leafless except the sheathing scales at the base. Spikelets in a small terminal head. The genus as above characteriscd is limited to the single Australian species, for tho three from the Mascarenc Islands, from Ceylon, and from China which have been associated with it have neither the sLs Blaments nor the peculiar style oi Atthrostyles, and the shape of the spikelets gives them a very diflerent aspect. Whether they should form ii distinct genus, or be associated with Fimbristijlis from which they diflFer nearly as Kijllinga does from Cyperus^ or whether the generic character of Arthro- styks should be extended so as to include them, are questions which remain to be Arthrosfi/les.] cxliii. cypeeacb^. 423 (letermined by thoao who will woik up thc Indian flora. In the Chincse species l have not succeeded in finding the hypogynous bristles observed by Hanco. The thrce filamcnts, short at first, become very long by the time the flowering is over and loose their anthers, but can acarcoly have bcen mistaken for bristles. 1. A. aphylla, H. Br. Prod. 229, not of Bceclcel. — Stems from a short thick rhizomc erect, more or less tufted, rigid, more or less flattened, from verv slender to about 1 line broad, 1 to 1\ ft. high, the sheathing scales at the base more or less hairy^thin and scarious at the top, the old ones dark brown and persistent round the base of the flowering stems after their own stems have perished. Terminal head of spikelets depressed-globular or hemispherical, 3 to 4 fines diameter. Outer bracts lanceolate-acuminate or almost subulate, 1 or 2 often nearly as long as the head, the others subtending the spikelets gradually passmg into the gluiiies. S[)ikelets numerous and aessile in the head, 1| to nearly 2 lines long. Glumes about 7, the iunermost flowering one oblong-Ianceolate, acute, membranous, obscurely 3- or 5- nerved, the others gradually shorter and broader, all empty in the spikelets examined, but according to Boeckeler there is sometimes a second male flower. Anthers of the longer stamens when present exserted, those of the shorter ones iucluded. Style-branches recurved. and very conspicuous from their white pubescence. Nut whitish, smooth or under a strong lens minutely reticulate. — FimhristyUs aphylla, F. Muell. Fragm. ix. 9, as to the Australian plant ; F. plani- culmis, Boeckel. in Linnsea, xxxviii. 391. N. Australia. Croker's Island, A. Cminingham ; near Providence HiU, F. Mueller ; Port Essington, Armstrnng, Leichhardt ; Port Darwin, Schidtz, n. 655. Queensland. Endeavour River, Banks and Solander. I have always found the six filaments in Schultz's specimens as in Cunningham's, F. Mueller's, and Armstrong's. R. Brown in his character does not mention the number of stamens. In most cases, by the time the style-brauches are well out, the longer filaments are without anthers, but in the bud I have generally seen one at leafit, and once aU three present. 28. REEDIA, F. Muell. Spikelets numerous, in a long cylindrical spike enclosed in the sheaths of long leafy bracts, with 1 hermaphrodite and 1 or 2 male flowers below it. Gluraes imbricate all round the rhachis, all empty except the 2 or 3 upper ones. No hypogynous scales or bristles. Stamens 6 (rarely 5 ?). Style terete, with 3 short stigmatic branches. Nut . . . . — Stems very tall, from within a dense tuft of long leaves, otherwise leafless. Spikelets small. The single species is endemic in AustraJia. 1. R. spathacea, F. Muell. Fragm. i. 240, t. 10. — Steras from a thick woody base terete, slender but rigid, nearly 6 ft. high. Leaves very numerous and densely crovvded at the base ot' thc stem, often 2 ft. long or more, sj)reading, the outer ones 4 to 5 liues broad, abruptly dilated into brown imbricate based 3 to 4 iu. long and 11- to 2 in. 424 cxL,iii. CYPEEA.CE-I;. \_Beedia. broad, the inner oues uarrower, dilated ut the base into open sheaths, all with scabrous margius. Spike termiual, 3 to 4 iu. long, i in. diameter, quite envelopcd in the long loose sheathing bases ot' 2 or .3 long leafy bracta, the iuner one affixed close under the spike the others lower down. Spikelets ovate-oblong, slightly ilattened, very obtuse, ofa ricl) browu, about 3 lines loug and nearly 2 liues broad, all very regular and distiuct though ciose together. Grlumes closely imbricate, broad, very obtuse, soraetimes split into 2 or 3 short lobes, finely striate but not keeled or uerved, about 8 or 9 empty, the lowest very short the others gradually longer, the flowering oues the longest aud thinuer, the innermost containiug the hermaphrodite flower very thio. Anthers long on short filameuts. Ovary with about 6 promineut longitudinal ribs. Nut not seen, VT. Australia. . Marshy sea-coast, between King George's Sound and themouth ofthe Gordon River, A. Gregory ; near Cape D'Entreca8treaiix, Qovernor Weld. 29. EVANDKA, R. Br. Spikelets paniculate or iQw in a cluster, with 2 flowers both herma- phrodite or the lower one male only. Glumes imbricate ali rouud the rhachis, all but the 2 uppermost empty. ^o hypogynous scales or bristles. Stamens 12 to 20 or even more ; anthers linear, with a rather long appendage. Style slender, deciduous, with 8 filiform stigmatic branches. Nut . . . . — Stems tall, leafy throughout or at the base only. Spikelets rather large. The genus is limited to Australia. Stem leafy throughout. iSpikelets numerous in a long loose unilateral panicle. Glumes aristate \. E. aristata. Stem leafy at the base onfy. Spikelets 2 or 3 in a terminal cluster. Glumes acute 2. E, pauciflora. 1. E. aristata, B. Br. Prod. 239, — Stems from a thick rhizome 2 to 3 ft. high, obtusely triquetrous. Leaves distant, loug and narrow but flat, with scabrous margins, those on the stem with black closed sheaths of about 1 in., the radical ones with long open sheaths. Panicle long, unilateral and very loose ; peduncles filifbrm, clustered in the upper axils, some short with 1 spikelet, others longer with several spikelets, all pedicellate within sheathing bracts ending in subulate points. Spike- lets oblong, G to 9 liues loug. Empty glumes 15 or more, the outer ones very short, the inner gradually longer, very rigid, dark-coloured, with long subulate points or awns, the innermost with scarious niargins ; flowering glumes 2 in the flowers examined, the lower one Iikethe inner empty ones but with broader scarious margins, the other oue smaller, very thin and hyaline without auy subulate point. Stamens 16 to 20 or even more, the short filaments conuate at the base with the thin base of the ovary, Ovary pubescent in the free part, perfect iu the upper flower, olten abortive in the lower oue. — Nees in Pi. Preiss. ii. 89 ; Boeckel. iu Linnaea, xxxviii, 310 ; ¥. Muell. Fragm. ix. 18 ; Hook. Ic. PI. t. 1212. Evandra.'] CXLIII. cyperace^. 425 VT. Australia. King George'8 Sound and adjoining districts, R. Brown, Druiu- motid, >'. 397 ; Preiss, n. 1779, Oldfitld, /•". Miwlkr and many others. 2. E. pauciflora, E. Br. Prod. 239.— Stems 2 to 3 £t. high, very sleuder, leades^ exce()t at the base. Leaves very narrow aud long, graduully expanded at the base into long open striate sheatlis. Spike- lets in our specimeiis 2 or 3, sessile in a terminal cluster with a subu- late bract sheathing at the base either spreading with a second shorter bract, or erect and continuing the stem making the cluster then appear lateral. Spikelet about t5 lines long. Glumes numerous as in E. aristata, but acute not aristate, the empty ones glabrous or the upper onea pubesceut at the end ; flowering glumes 2 or 3, thin, silky pu- bescent, each with 12 or more stamens, but one only vvith a pistil ; appeudage of the anthera not so long as in E. aristata. — Hook. Ic. Pl. t. 1213. W. Aastralia. King George'8 Sound, R. Brown ; also Drummond, n. 362. Teibe IV. ScLEEiE^. — Flowers strictly unisexual in unisexual or androgynous spikelets. No utricle enclosing the f emalea. Ovary aud uut seated on a disk. 30. SCLERIA, Berg. (Diplacrmn, R. Br. SphEeropus, Bceckel.) Flowers unisexual in unisexual or androgynous spikelets, the female flowers always solitary in the spikelet, the males usually several, placed above the female one in the androgynous spikelets. Grlumes imbricate all round, 1 to 3 outer ones empty. No hypogynous bristles or scales. Stamens 1 to 3. Style slender, deciduous, with 3 filiform stigmatic branches. Nut globular or ovoid, usually wliite, raised on a thickened entire or more or less 3-lobed single or double disk. — Perennials or rarely annuals. Stems triquetrous, leafy, the leaf- sheaths often but not always terminating in a prominent liguLi oppo- site the lamina. Spikelets in clusters or small corymbose or oblong panicles, terminal and axillary, or in a large compound terminal panicle. The genus is generally spread over the tropical and subtropical regions of the New and the Old World, extending also into the temperate regions of North America. Of the thirteen Australian species live are widely spread over tropical Asia, two or three of themalso in Africa, two are atleast inthe Malayan Archipelago or in the Pacific Islands, the remaioing six appear to he endemic. No species has heen found in New Zealand. The habit of the genus is very variable, but not more so than that of Schcenus, and although it has been divided by Nees and others into about a dozen genera, chiefly founded on the form of the disk, I have been unable to discover any distinct sectional characters beyond those which separate single species, and the following series are founded chiefly on inflorescence. Series I. Axillares. — SmaUannuals. Spikelets small, strictly unisexual, in little axillary or tertninal sessile clusters, the males with 1 to SJlowers, Two upper glumes of the female spikelets enclosing the nut and 3-toothed l. S. caricina. 426 cXLiii. CYPEEACE^. IScleria. Two upper glumes of the female spikelets enclosing the nut and entire 2. 5. pijginaa. Series II. Iiaxse. Weak plants under 1 ft., probnbly aimual. Spikelets strictbj unisexual, in axillary clusters orfew in loose spikes, the males with sevcralflowers, Spikelets in axillary clusters or small cymes. Outer per- sistent disk broadly cupular, inner adnate, very shortly 3-lobed Z. S. rugosa. Spikelets few, small, in loose spikes. Outer disk scarcely prominent, inner adnate, shortly 3-lobed .... 4. «S. laxa. Series III. Subspicatse. — Fereiinials. Inflorescence scarcely branched. Fertile spikelets more orless androgynous or at least ivith empty glumes above the femaleflower, Nut tuberculate. Disk-lobes broad, membranous, spreading 5. S. Brownii, Nut smooth and shining. Outer persistent disk cupular, entire ; inner obsolete Q. S. lithosperma. Nut tuberculate or reticulate. Disk-lobes adnate, very short broad and thick 1. S. tesselata. Series IV. Folystachyse. — Perennials. Panicles brauched, axillary and terminal. Spikelets unisexual or the fertile ones androgynous. Leaf-sheaths with acute angles scarcely or not at all winged. Panicles scarcely branched. Nut tuberculate or reticu- late. Disk-lobes very short and broad . . . . 7.5. tesselata. Panicles dense, with numerous spikelets. Nut smooth and shining. Disk-lobes broad, obtuse, entire 8. u llir. ^ ° ' W. Australia, Di uniuiuud, \st coll. aud n. 924 ; Karri Dale, Walcot. "Widely spread over the temperate regions of the northern homisphere. In unit- ing the Australian with tho European specics I havc followed V. Mm-ller as I can find no constant character to separate them. Ho al^^o adds to the syrionvms the Ncw Zealand C. For-sferi, Wahlcnh., which has usually much smallcr utriclcs but might well be regarded as a vajiety only. Order CXLIV. GRAMINE^. Flowers hermaphrocHtB or unisexual, in little ijjreen or more or less scarious spikes called spihelets, consisting of several scale-likc distichous bracts called ^/«7«^^, tiie two or sometiines 1 or rarely 3 or more lower ones and sometimes 1 or more upper ones empty, the otlier one or more with oue sessile flower in the axil of cach. No normal perianth, but the flower usually enclosed in a 2-nerved glume-like scale called a palea (supposed to represent the 2 brncteoles of Hypolytreai or the perigynium of Caricea?), and the perianth probably represented by 2 or rarely 3 small usually very thin and hyaline scales called lodiciiles, the palea or the lodicules or both deficient in a fow genera. Stamens usually 3, occasioually reducedto 2 or 1, iu a few genera G or more ; filaments free, filiform ; anthers usually exserted from the spikelet, versatile, ovate obloug or linear, with 2 parallel cells opening lou^itudinally without auy prominent conuective. Ovary eutire, 1-celled, with 1 erect anatropousovule. Stylee 2 or rarely 3, free or united at the baso into a 2- or 8-brauched style, the upper stigmatic portion or stigmas usually lou2, either feathery witli simple or branched stigmatic hairs, or more rarely simple with the stigmatic hairs very short or reducedto scarcely prominent papilla?. Fruita small seedlike nut or utricle, often enclosed in the palea and subtendiug glume, the thin membranous pericarp usually closely aduate to the seed aud iuseparable from it, sometimes aduate also to the enclosing palea, in a few geuera free and looscly surroundiug the seed. Seed erect, albuminous, with a thin adnate testa. Embryo small, usually globular or nearly so, ou one side of the base of the albumen. — Herbs usually tufted or decumbent or creeping and rooting at the base, sometimes tall aud brauching, or iu species not Australian, shrubby or almost arborescent. Stems usually hollow between the nodes. Leaves alternate, eutire, parallel-veined, usually long and narrow, sheathing the stem at their base, but the sheaths split open from the base opposite the blade and often ending within the blade in a scarious or ctliate appendage called a ligula. Inflorescence termiual, rarely also from the sheaths of the upper leaves, VOL. TII 2 (i 450 CXLIY. GRAMINEvE. the spikeleta variously arrauged in spikes, racemcs, panicles or heads. Bracts occasionally but rarely subtcuding the bi'auches of the pauicle or siugle spikelcta. A very large Ordcr, abimdantly diffused over the whole world, in almost every varietv o( station, and supplying raany of the most important articles of food and rainieiil, or ajiplied to a great variety of econoniical purposes. Of the 102 genera licre enumonitcd, twclve are included only as containing introduced species reportod as moi-e or le.ss perfectly naturalised, 90 have specics believed or known to he triily indi,"-enous. Of these, no less than o4 extend ovcr hoth the New and thc Old World, 26 of thcm chiefiy tropical, 28entirely or chicfly extru-tropicul orequally distributed in temperate and warm regions, 18 more extend into Asia, a fcw of thom also into Africa and Ncw Zealand, 3 are common to Australia and New Zcaland, one extends only to vSouth Africa, and fourtccn genera only, most of them small, are endemic in Aus- tralia. The iutroduced specios, of which besides the above mcnlioned 12 introduced genera, there ai-e at least as many belonging to genera with indigenous species, are chiefly of European origin, a very few South African, and one at least Asiatic and another American. Graminea3 have been the ohject of special studies of several of the most eminent botanists, amongst which the labours of Brown, of Kunth, and of Trinius have boen the most important. But the only general enumoration they have loft is that of Kunth, who had not at that timo the materials nor yet the leisure to investigate the synonymy, which had already become exceedingly confused. This confusion has been gradually incroasing by thc large number ol speeies described in partial works, without that general comparison wbich is especially needed in an Order in which a large proportion of the species have a very wide geographical distiibution, and it has become more espocially involved through Steuders more rccent hasty and carcloss compilation (Syno])si8 Plantarum Glumacearum). Nothing therefore is now moro neoded than a careful and judicious synoptical revision of the whole Ordor. Such a one is now in progress for De Candolle's ]\Ionographs by my friend General Munro, who has for a number of years made Gramine;e his special study, aswell onliving plants in tropical and temperate countries, as on dried specimens from the principal herbaria of the day, and in the correctness of whoseviews all those who have studied the partial memoirs he has published, feel fully convinced. Without his kind assistance the preparation of thispart of my Flora would have becn doubly laborious. He has however guided me throughout, and although I am far fi-om huldmg him responsible for the generic and specitic arrangement and characters here given, it is tohim that I am indebted for many ofthem, and the whole have been the subjectof discussion between us. The only point on wliich there may not yet be perfect coincidence between us, is as to tho oxpediency of retaining the terminology I first attemptcd in my Hand- book of tho British Flora, and which, thc moro I have studiod the Ordor, thc more I see reason to persist in, as explaincd in some detail in a paper pinnted in the Journal of the Linnean Society, vol. xv. For those who think that Xunth's torminology is still the niost convenient, though not the most corroct, it may be suflieient to ex]ilain, that my palon is for them the tq^per palea, mj Jluivcring glumeiheiT Imcer ptilin,iir\A. my cmptij glumes thoir glii.mes or ■)teutral fiincers, according as they are th(H>retically supposed to reprosent glumes that have never any flower in their axils, or glumes that occasionally in othor goncra or species cnclosc animperfect or p(utoct flower. I should consider a flower in Gramincaj as perfect (malo, femalo, or herma- phrodite) when it has a palea lodiculos and either stamons or pistil or both, rudimen- tary when i-educed to the paloa, and no flower at all whon even that is absont. This will oxplain an apparent disci-epancy in the same spikelet being describcd as biflorous (2-rtowored) by Kunth, sesquiflorus (li-flowereil) by Trinius, and uniflorous (1- flowerod) by mysolf. Graminea^, the third Order among phajnogamons plants in respcct of numbers of spiiits, and prubably the nwst numerous in individuals, are as unif(U'm in the stiucture of thoir organs of reproductiou as Comptisitje, which stand first as to numbers of spocics (Loguminosa^, the second, being much more variod in their- CXLIV. ORAMINEiE. 451 flowers and fruits). Thc chnractors availablo for thcir distribution into tribes and i^cnora raust bo dorivod thoreforo chiefly from organs genorally rogardcHl as of secondary vahio, bracts and inflore.sccnco. Iloncc tho great dillicnlty in nssigning dcfinito limits to the groups forniod. It has becn admittod by most botanists that two groat serics, tho FauivaiHee and Fuaccte, as indicatod by Brown, aro gcnorally distinct. although not differing in flowcrs or soeds so as to bo raised to the rank of sub-ordcrs. liut thcro has becn soino dittcrenco of opinion as to the i^reciso cha- nicters to be assigncd to thcm. 13rown relied chiofly on tho position uf the fertilo flowors apparontly (though not theorctically) terniinal, and either solitary or with a malo or rudimcntary flower below it in l'anicaeea', wlulst in Poaceso the rliachis is producod beyond tho solitaiy or uppermost fertile flowor, either as a bristle or boaring a male or rudimentarj' flower above it. But this charactcr, if strictly adhered to, would transfcr the Stipace<'i?, many Agrostidetc, and some others from Poaceaj to Panicacea^, and would widely separate spccios which are almost if not strictly congeners, such as Agrnstis from Deyenxxa, Fhlum from Chilochloa, Aira from Bcschampsia, or evcn still more closely allied spccies as in Ci/ividon, Fries has proposed anothcr character, adopted by some modern botanists, for the two groups, vvhich ho tenns Cli^anthcfe and Exnjaittlica', tho former with the spikelets closed in flower, the stigmas protruding from the top of the flowering glume, the latter with the spikelets open in flower, the stigmas protruding at the sides or base of the llowering glume. But not only is this character practically useless as it can only be observed on the living plant, many grasses only opcning for a few hours in the day, and has indeed bcen veritied only on a certain number of species inhabiting temperate regions, but it cannot be constant in tropical grasses, for I have seen dried specimens of PaiiiciDns for instance with short stylcs and thc stigmas protruding laterally below the middle of the glumes, nor doss it prove natui-al in as far as actually carried out, since for instance it removes Sesleria and a few others froin Poaceaj to Panicacea). Munro, while admitting that both the above chciractcrs are general, though not constant, has relied chiefly on a third, which proves to be a much safer practical guide, the articulation of the rliachis of the spikelet below the outer glumes (on tlio pediccl) in Panicaceaj, above them or rarely none in Poaceaj. From this charactcr I have observed no deviation, except perhaps in a very few Phalaridea^, a tribe distinctly separable on other grounds. It settles also the position of a few genera such as Foli/pogoii, jHlliam, Jsach)ie, etc, which might at first sight appear closely to connect the two great series. The arrangemont here adopted of the tribes and subtribes is derived gencrally from the study of Old World especially AustraUan grassos, and may require some modification when a fcw Amcrican genera, which I have not specially examined, are taken into consideration. It may be objected by some that I have adopted too many monotypic or small genera, distinguished by characters of no importance, moro so than I havo dono in other instances. But the characters which separato evcn tlie largor groups of Gramincaj are necessarily such as would in many Orders be regarded as unessential, and I have been unwilling to reunite on that ground genera distinguishcd by experienced Agrostologists, where I was imaV)le to givc to the combined group a more clearly distinctive character than tlio.se which separate the partial ones. I have not thought necessary to rcpcat in cach generic character thc " iStamons 3 or fewer" or the " 2 feathcry stigmas," ^;o vcry gencral in the (Jrdcr, but haveonly referred to thcsc organs when anytliing oxceptional has been observcd. Tho peculiarities of the ramifications of the stigmas can rarely be well ascertained from dxied specimens, especially among thc Poacca; where thcy aro so vcry dchcate and evanosccnt. and if tho imiiortance attached to them Tjy somo rccent botanists be real, that can only bc proved when thnse of tropical and trans-tropical gra.sses shall have been more extensively cxamined onliving plants. I have seldom mentioned the lodicules, as, with the cxception of tho apparently constant prescnce of tho third lodicule in Stipacea', I havc not becn ablc to satisfy myself of the gencric, or in most cases cvcn of the spccific constancy of thc fornis describcd. Lodiculcs appcarto bo tho abortive relics of orguns which huve lost iill physiological functions, and as such are necessarily variablo in size and fonn though con.stant in pnsition. Wlien tliin thev disappcar aiter ilowering, and are oftcn wnrx 2 (. 2 452 CXLIV. OEAMINEiE, minutc, they are thereforc very difficult to ohscrve in the dried state, and havc indeed heen ohserved in comparatively few species and in very few individuals of cach species, and vcry froqucntl}- 1 have hcen unahle to find the precise forms figured hy Kunth and others of whose accuracy therc can he no douht. At any rate they are not yet sufficicntly known to form the hasis of any practical determination of genera or species. A. Panicacese. (rrimary Series rather than Snhorder). Pedicel articulate below the (jlumes, Spikelet with 1 fertile Jlower, thc malc or barrcn flower, if any, below it. Tribe I. Fanicese. Fertile spikclcts with 1 ttrminal hermaphrodite or female Jlower, with or without a male onc bclow it. Gtumes 4 or 3, thc apper Jlowering one of a firmcr texture, the outer one usually smaller, somctimcs wanting. A palca to rach Jloiccr. Stamens 3, rarehj fewer. Grain encloscd in the hardened {rarclij thin but stijfened) uppcr (jlume and palea, Awns rare, and whcn present neither twisted nor bent back. Series I. Spikelets hermaphrodite. Infloresccnce not hracteate. No hristle-like involucre. fruiting glume hardened (except in Panicum mijurus) . Ghimes 3 (the outer one deficient). Spikelets not callous at the base. Flowering glume not awned 1. Paspai.um. Spikelets with a callous annulus or cup at the hase. Flowering glume with a point or short awn . 2. Euiochloa. Glumes 4. Outer glume shorter than the others, often minute, not awned 3. Panicum. Outer ghime with a long awn 4. Oplismexus. Spikelcts surrounded hy or intermixed with ahortive hranches of the panicle, forming a lohed or bristly involucre. Fruiting ghime hardened. Spikelets intermLxed with long persistent hristle-bkc branches, and faUing ofi" from them .... 5. Setauia. InvoUicres crowded or distant along a simple rhachis, each enclosing 1 to 3 spikelets and falling ofT with them. Involucres of 3 or 4 unilatcrally dividcd hranches not completely surrounding the spikelet . . 6. Plagiosetum. Involucres of numerous simple or plumose hristles completely surrounding the spikelet .... 7. Pennisetum. Involucre of several outer hristles and inner flat lobes completely siuTounding 1 to 3 spikclets and at length hardened 8. Cexchrus. Branches of the panicle produced heyond the base of the last spikelet. Fruiting glume stifi' but scarious and rather thin. Spikelets solitary or few along the slender in- articulate hranches of the panicle 9. Cham.eraphis. Spikelets few on the very short branches of a spike- like panicle, the common rhachis hroad and flat, at length articulate 10. Stexotaphkum. Spikes of few spikelets enclosed at the base in sheath- ingbracts H. Xerochi.oa. Series II. Spikclcts unisexual. Sttms prostrate or dicaricate. Spikelets monoecious in a simple spike, the upper ones malo, the lower female 12. Thuarea. CXLIT. OBAMINTliE. 453 Spikclcts (lioecious, in dcnso hcads 13, Spinifex. TuiiiE II. Andropo^onese. Firtile spikckts u-ith 1 terminal hcrmaphrodite or femule Jlutcer, witlt ar icilhuut a iiiale oiie beloiv it. Oluines 4 or rarehj feiver, oiie nf the outer oiie-s the larr/est eiiclo.siiiij the fruit, the third smaller thiii aiid hyalinc sometiincs tcantiiiff, the tipper or JtoiccriiKj oiie vcri/ thiii aiid hi/aline, oftcn hcariiig a twisted and beiit awn. A palca tu eachjiower soinetimes verij small or deficiciU in the fertile Jloivtr. Stameiis 3, rarelij fewer. (The awn when present is terminal or between the notchcs of the flowering glunio in all except Arthraxon.) SoKTKinE I. Zoysiese. Spikclets solitary or rarely iii clusters of 2 or 3, inserlcd all round tlw iiiarticulatc rhaehis of a simple spikc or raceme. Awns iionc vn the Jiowering gluine, none or straight on the outer ones. Spikelets sessile in notches of tho rhachis and closely appressed. Ghimes 2, smooth 14. Zoysia. Spikelets 2, rarcly 3 or 4 together on very short pedi- cels. Glames usiially 3, the larger one echinato, a minute outer one sometimcs wanting and a small hyaline flowering one 15. Lappago. Spikelcts in a dense spike, not awned. Glumes 4, the outer one the largest 16. Neuiiachne. Spikelets in a loose spike or raceme, very narrow. Glumes 3, the 2 outer ones with straight awns . . 17. Perotis. SuBTRiBE II. Rottboelliese. Spikelets awnless, in pairs or rarcli/ solitarij, in alternate notches of the articulate rhachis of a simple spikc, one sessile fertile and more or less embeddcd in a cavitij of the rhachis, the other pedicellate. Spike densely silky-hairy. Outer glume of the sessile spikelet 2-lobed. Pedicellatc spikelet barren . . 18. Elionurus. Spike 1-sided, the rhachis ecarcely articulate. Pedicel- late spikelet barren 19. Hemarthria. Spike 1-sided. Outer glume of thc sessile spikelet hard and globular. Pedicellatc spikelet barrcn ... 20. Manisukis. Spike nearly cylindrical. No pedicellate spikelet . . 21. Ophiukus. Spike nearly cylindrical. Pedicellate spikelet barren or fertile 22. Eottboellia. (See also some species of 25, Isch.i:.mum.) SuBTRiBE III. Mayadeae. Spikelets tmisexual, the male nsuallj paniculate, thc fcmales spicute at thc base of the males or in a separate injtorescence. Female spikelets below the males, the fruiting glumc vcry hard, smooth and shining 23. Chionachxe. (Thc cultivated Maize, Zea Majs, belongs to this subtribe.) SuBTRiBE IV. Euandropo^onese. Spikelets in pairs or threes rarelij solitanj, one sessile and fertile and one or two pcdicellctte and male neuter or rndimentari/, rarclij fertile or dcjicient. Flowering glume of the fertile spikelet usuallij awned or reduced to tJie aion. (Thc awn is deficient in Imperata, in Ischamtnn pectinatum, and sometimcs minute or doficient in some varieties of other species.) Spikclets in pairs along ono sido of a simplc spike or of the spikelike branches of a simijlc panicle. Spikc single. Spikclets unisexual, the awned females turncd to one side, the awnless males imbricate behind them 24. IIeteuopocjon. Spikcs single or digitate. Sessile spikelet with a male ilowcr below the fertile ono 25. Iscu.-iiMUM. 454 CXLIV. ORAMiNEj:. Spikos digitate. Spikolcts 1-flowcrcd, solitary in thc uotches 20. DiMEiiiA. Spikos digitate. Spikclots l-floworcd with a barren pcdiccl in thc samc notch. Awn dorsal ncar thc apcx 27. AllTURAXON'. Spikos digitate. Spikolcts in pairs, both l-flo\vered and usually fcrtile 23. Pollinia. Spikes solitary digitato or several ncarly sessile on a simple rhachis. Sessile spikelet l-flowercd and fcrtilc, pedicellato one male or neuter .... 29. Andkopouo.v. Spikclots in single or few pairs or triplets on the slender Lranches of a more or less compound paniclc. Panicle long and dense, usually cylindrical, the spikelets awnless, concealed under long silky hairs 30. Impekata. Panicle loose. Fcrtile spikelets awncd. Outer glume either membranous or narrow and rigid with 2 promineut oftcn muricate lateral nerves 31. Chkysopogon. Outer glume when in fruit hard, smooth and shin- ing, ovato or lancoolate 32. Sokghum. Spikelets in triplets (1 sessile and fertilc between 2 pedi- cellate and malc ncuter or rudimcntary) within sheathing bracts. Triplots surrounded by an involucro of 4 male or ncuter spikelets at the base of the peduncle . . 33, ANTniSTiRiA. Triplets sessile or pedunculate within the bract without any involucre 34. Apluda. SuiiTRiBE V. Tristegineee. Sjnkclets paniculatc, all nimila)-, thc termi)ial floivcr- i)ig glume more or less stiffoted or tnla)-ged when iii fruit abnost as in Fa^dccic, but ihe (nv)i twisted and boit as i)i Anclropogonem. Glumes 4, 2 empty, the third with a male flower or empty. Paniclc loose 35. Akundinella. Glumes 3, 2 empty. Panicle dense and spikelikc . 36. Polypogon. Trike III. Olyrese. Spikdets \-fl,oivercd, unisexual, the two sexes in the same ■pa))iclc. Gliuncs 3, thcfloivcring one largc, mcmb)-anous or hardcned oiclosing the g)-ain. A palca to thcfluwcr. Stamcus G {or bigmeranot Australian 3). Stgles united at the bascor high up. Stigmns fcathcry, 2 or 3. Fruiting glume membranous, globular, witli a small oriflce. Stamens 6. Stigmas 3 37. Leptaspis. B. Poacese. Tcdicels not articulatc beloiv the ghmes. lihachis of the spikclet articulatc ahove the 2 or 3 lowest gltmes, or wholly continuoui. Spikelets wiih 1 or morc fei-tilefloivers, the malcs or i))ipcrfect ones if ang above or verg rarcly bclow thon. i^ln, afew Tlialaridcm thc lower glumes dcflciod). Tribe IV. PhalaridcBe. Spikclets withl tcrminal hermaph)-oditc floivcr andrarcly 1 male flmvcrs loivcr doton. Glumcs2 to 6 all keclcd or with a centr'il ncrve, 2 bcloto tlte articulation of the rhachis persistent or in sevcral genera dcflcient, 4 or fcwer abovc the ar- lic/ilation, nf whtch 2 otclose the grabi without any disti)ict/y 2-)io%'cdpalca. (In Thalaris itself the uppcr ghimo is apparently 2-ncrvcd, the central nerve represcnted by a line of cilia.) Stamons 6, rarely 3. No ghimcs below thc articula- tion. Spikclcts vcry flat. Glumes 2 without any small ones 38. LeeksiA. Spikclcts vcry flat. Glumes 4,thc 2 outcr very small 31). Okyza. oxLiv. ghxVMTNe.t:. 455 Spikulols iint nattoiu-d. (JIuiikw I, iiKMnbranouH, tlie 2 oiitiT vcry sin.ill 40. 1'otamoPiiila. yianiciis G or i, vcry larely 3 or 2. 2 i)or.sistoiit gluiiics Ijolow tlu; artirulation. ytaiuons (), raroly o. Spikuluts usually paniculato, awiiud or unawned 41. Euuuauta. Stamens 4, raroly 2. Spikulots pauieulate, more or loss awuod . 42. JMiuuol.kna. Stamens 4. Spikeluts not awned 43. Tktuauuena. Stamons 3, rarely 2. Gluuies 3, nonc bolow tho artieu- lation. Floworini»; glume awned. Paniclo denso, cylindrical, spikelikc 44. Alopiocukus. Stamcns 3, raroly 2 ; 2 pcrsistent glumos bclow the articulation, 2 innur onus endosinj^ the grain, 2 inturmudiatu ones smal] or cnclosing luale Ilowurs. l'aniclo spikoliku. Si^ikolots very llat. inteniiodiatc t,'lumus small, unawnod, ompty or ouo dciiuiout . 45. Piialauis. l'aiiiolo spikolikt!. Si)ikuluts uiqtow. Intormudiatc glumos small, cmpty, with a dorsal awn . . . 4G. Antuoxanthum. raniclo loose. Intormediate i^lumcs cnclosing male llowers with 2-nervod paletu 47. IIieuoculoe. TuiuE V. Streptatherse.' — Sjjikdctstoith 1, 2, or rarely several hcrinaphroditcjlowcrs, and rarclij a unile Jtower abovc or beiow. Floiverinij yliime immllij bearing an awn Lwisted iii the lower part, hcitt or divided uhout the middLe. Falea 2-iierved, umaUij tlun or small, in a j'cw Avenacecc as large as in Fcstucacecc. (The awn is very small and straight or dcficient in a fow spccios of Agrostis and I)ci/iu.riii, the twisted portion helow thc branches vory short or obsolote in ono section of Aristida.) Subtuibe I. Stipacese. — Spikclets \-flowcred. Aicn terininal, simple or 'd-branvhed. Lodicules 3. Fruiiiiuj ijlume usualhj narrow, hardencd, enclosing the grain. Awn 3-branched 48. Auistida. Awn simple, at lenijrth articulate on the glume . . . 49. Stii-a. Awn simple, continuous with tho poiiit of the glume . 50. Stueptachne. SuKTuiBE II. Agrostidese. — Spikclcts l-Jlmvered. Awn cithcr terminal hetwc^n the lobes of the glaiiu or dorsal, in a Jew specles verg sinall or deficieid. Lodicules 2. Fruiting glume enclosing the graiii, usuullg thiit. Awnterminal between the lobos of the glumo. Rhachis , of the spikolct not continuud boyond the flowur. Lobcs 2 oii oach sido of tho awn. raniclo branchod 51. Pentapooon. Lobcs 1 on cach sido of tho rollo.^cd awn. Spikelcts in an ovoid-globose head 52. Dii'LoroGON. Awn more or loss dorsal, somotimes minuto or dcficiunt. No bristlo continuing tho rhsichis boyond the rhachis. Awn finc and near the tip of thc glumc. Paloa moro than half as long as the gluinc . . . 33. Diciielacunb. Awn dorsal or nono. Paloa not morc than half the glume or minute or nono 54. AouosTis. Rhachis of the spikclot usually produced into a poiut orbristlo boyond tho flowor orl)oaringan (niq^ty glun)(>. Awn various. Palea more than half as long as the glumo 55. Deyeuxia. SUBTRIBE III. Avenaceee. — Spikclets with 2 or in a few genera more thnii 2 perfecl /lowcrs {only 1 in Aitisojjogoii), Ihe rhuchis pruduccd abovs them (except in Aira). 450 CXLIV. GEAMINEiE. Awn cither dorsal or terminal bettvecn the hbes of the glume. Graiu encloscd in the (jlume and palca and somctimes adnate. Awn dorsal. riower.sbothlicrmaphrodite, the rhachis not at all or scarccly produced. Grain adnate 5G. AiiiA. Lower flower herinaphrodite awnless, upper male shortly awned ; .... 57. Holcus. Lower flower male awned, upper flower hermaphro- • dite awnless. Grain free. Seed not furrowed 58. Arrhexatherum. Two perfect flowers. Flowering glumes keeled. Awns attachcd below the middle. Grain free 59. DEScnAMrsiA. Two or threc perfect flowers. Flowcring glumcs keelcd. Awns attached above the middle. Grain free, glahrous 60. Tkisetum. Two or more perfect flowers. Flowering glumc rounded on the back. Grain pubescent, fre- quently adnate. Seed deeply furrowed . . . 61. Avena. Scveral (5 or morc) perfect flowers. Flowcring glumes roundcd on the back. Grain glabrous. Sced deeply furrowed 62. Amphiiskomus. Awn terminal between the rigid lobes or lateral awns of the glume. Spikelets (large with long awns) 1-flowered . . 63. AxisoroGON. Spikelets sevcral-flowered 64. Danthonia. Tbibe VI. Astreptse. — Spikelets tvith several or in a few genera o>dif 1 or 2 hermaphrodite Jiowers, the rhachis usmllij produeed and often beariug 1 or more cmpti/ giumci abovc them. Flowering glume unatoncd or with 1 or more tcrminal unticistcd awns. Talea promuiently 2-nerved or 2-keelcd, usually as long or nearly as long as ihe glmne. (The rhachis is not produced above the perfcct flowers in Miliece and in a few species of other subtribes). SuBTRiBE I. — Pappophorese. — Spikelets 1- or sevcral-Jlowered, in a dense compound head or in a spnkcllkc vr lousvr 'patticle. Floicering glumes rounded on the back, loith 3 or more nerres lcading to 3 or more terminal lobes or tecth all unawncd or thc central one or all tapering into untwisted aions. (See also 73, Chi.ohis, which has often a small awn or narrow lobc on cach sidc of the awn, and a few Fcstucacete have the hyaline tip 2-lobed in front of or on tho sides of the awn.) Spikelets 1-flowercd, capitate. Rhachis not produced above the flower. Lobes of the flowering glume 3, all with long points or fine awns 65. AMrHiPooox. Ehachis continued in a small bristle. Lobes of the flowering glume 3, the central one alone awoied 66. Echinopogon. Spikelets with 1 perfect flower and 1 or more inales or empty glumes in a short dense or loose panicle. Flowering glumc with 0 or in extra Australian species morc plumose awns 67. PArrorHORUM. Spikelets sevcral-flowcred, sessile in 2 rows on onc sido of 1 or 2 simple spikes. Lobes of the flowering glume 3, the central one alone awned .... 68. Astiiekla. Spikelets sevoral-flowercd, paniculate. Flowering glumc with 3 narrow awncd lobes . . 69. Tuirai'HI8. Flowcring glume with 3 unawned lobos or tceth . 70. Tiuoulv. CXLIV. GRAMINEJE. 457 SuBTHinE IT. Chloridese. — Spihkfs 1- or scvernl-Jloicered, .icsstle in simple sccnnd or toiHidiral spikcs, tvhiclt arv either solitdri/ or digitnte or .scattcred o>/ a commoti rhachis. FluwtritKj (jlnntes ustialli/ kecled, eiitire aiid iinawiied, ur with l, rareltj 3, untwisted atviis, (C8. AsTRKHLA has the infloresccnco but not theglumcs of Chlorideio.) Spikolots l-flowered, awnless, in a simplo slcnder spikc, the rhachis of the spikelet not producod above the flower 71. Microchloa. Spikolcts 1-flowered, awnless, in dij^itate spikes, tho rhachis of the spikelet not at ictaia. Spikelets usually under li lines long, the rhachis and main axis glabrous 2. E. nnnidata. 1. E. punctata, Tlamilt. ; Kunth, Enum. i. 72. — An erect grass attaiuing 2 or 3 ft., glabrous except tlie infloresceMce and sometimes a slight pubescence in the upper part. Leaves rather long, flat or con- volute when dry, Spikes or panicle-branches about 5 to 8, distanl, erect, secuud, the lowest often abcve 2 in. long, the others gradually sliorter, the rhacliis as well as the main axis pubescent or hairy. Spike- lets all pedicellate, but oftcu rather close, the pedicels 1 to 2 lines iong, usually bearing a few loug hairs, the spikelet ovoid, acute or shortly aeuminate, ratlier above H liues long, seated on a thick aunuhir or almost cupular disk articulate ou the pedicel. Empty glumes mem- branous, broad aud usually 5-uerved, or tlie iuuer oue rather uarrower aud sometimes only 3-nerved, both more or less hairy outside and some- times ratber densely covered with loug luiirs. Flowering glume mueli shorter, coriaceous, faintly 3- or 5-uerved, obtuse, but the midrib ])ro- duced into a poiut or awu as long as the outer glumes as m Panicnm hcJopus. — MiJiuin imnctatum, Liun. ; K. Br. Prod. 188 ; l\ispa\um punctatiom., Fliiggc; Triu. Spec. Gram. t. 155. N. Australia. Noar Providence Hill, F. MiuUcr. Queenslaud. Shoalwater Bay, Kcppel Buy, ISroad Souiul, R. Bri^irii ; Brisbanc Kiver, Muriton Bav. F- MucUcr, Prodice ; Springsure, }i'i(llt. N. S. Wales. ' Bf«gan Rivcr, Mitchcll. Erioclilon.'] cxlit. oramineje. 4G3 2. E, annulataj KnntJi, Enum. i. 78. — A Bmallcr and morc slender grass lli:vi\ E. pu)ictata,i\\c leaves usually narrower, fflabrous. Spikes slendcr, 1 to l^ in. lonj^, tho niain axis ot" tlie indorescencc as well aa the rhachis usually glabrous, the pcdicels sonietinies bearinjj; a few short hairs. Spikelcts narrow, tapcring at thc cnd, scarccly l^ lincs long, including the point, wliich is rather longer thau in E.piinctata. Empty glumcs mucb less hairy thau in tliat spccics, 3- or rarcly 5-ncrved. Ploweringglume thc samc. — Paspahm annulat/m, Fliigge ; Triu. Spec. Gram. 1. 133. Queensland. Brisbane Eiver, F. 3Ineller, Preiitice; Rockhampton, Thoztl, Boivmaii ; Durling I)owns, Laic. V.ir. aerotricha. Spikelets rather longcr, with long ]ioints aiul rathor moro hair}', and the hairs of tho pcdieels morc nimierous, -witli a lew somotimcs also on thc rhachis. — Helopus acrutrichus, Stcud. 8yn. Glum. i. 100. N. S. VTales. Camdon County and Castlcreagh, JFoolh ; Mancroa, Mrs. Calvtrl ; also in Ltichhardt' s collection. Thc species is by some regardcd as a varicty of E. puitctata. 3. PANICUM, Linn. (Digitaria, Scop. ; Echinochloa, Bcauv. ; Coridochloa, Nees.) Spikelets witb 1 terminal hermaphroditc flower and occasionally a male or rudimentary flowcr below it, rarely awned, variously arranged along the branches of a simple or compound panicle rarely rcduced to a simple spike, the partial rhachis vcry rarely produced beyond the last spikelet ; barrcn awnlike brauches none, or very rarcly a single one. Grlumes usually -1, the outer one smaller than the others, not awned, often very small, deficit-nt only in P. gibhosum, the 2ud and ord very variable in relative proportions, the 3rd occasionally with a palea with or without 3 stamens in its axil ; 4th or fruiting glume smaller or as long as the 3rd, of a firmer consistence, enclosing a palea and her- maphrodite flower. Styles distinct or very shortly unitcd at the base. Grain enclosed iu the hardeued fruiting glum e aud palea, but free from them. Onc of the largest genera of CTraminea?, abundantly reprcsented in all tropical countries, a fcw spccics extending beyond the tropics in thc Old World, and a some- what larger number in North America. Of tho 53 Australian specics, 3 are common weeds of warm counti-ies, 13 are more or Icss gcnerally sprcad over tropical Asia, most of them extending iuto Africa, and a fow of them found also in Amrrica, 2 have as j-et been identitied only with tropical American spccies, and 35 are as far as known endemic, although 3 or 4 of them are closcly alUed to American species. Threc species ai-ealso recorded as escapcs from cullivatiou. The great differences in inflorescence, a character admitted as generic in most Graminea?, has induccd the di^-ision of Panicuin into sevcral gcnera morc or less adopted by Necs, Kuiith and othors, hut tlierc aro ^o maiiy intenunliato .siiccies connccting the dirtcnnt groups or sericsthat I havc not succccdcd iii giviu"' charac- ters positive cuongh to dcfme them cvcn as scctions. 464 cxLiT. OEAMiNEJE. [Fanicum. Series I. Digitariese. Spikclets mnnthi in pairs aloiiy the nulcr or Inwer side of thc simple sleiidcr byaiiches (if the paiiicle, one of cach pair always pcdicellatc, tlic other sessile or on a shorter pedicel, the upper ones of cach branch nccasionalhj solitary, the lower oms very rarely clustered. Outcr glume umally very smali. Branches of tlie panicle often numerous, thc lower ones long and vcrticillatc, the upper ones scattered. Lowest spikelet of each pair sessile. Spikelets lito21ines long, more or lesssilky hairy 1. P, cmiiicnhim. Spikelets 1 to l^ lines long, more or less silky hairy 2. 1', divaricatissimiim. Spikelets 1 to H lines long, not silky, but tho lateral nerves of the third glume ciliate with rigid hairs seated on tubercles 3. /". macractinium. Both spikeletsof each pair on long capillary pedicels, one pedicel much longer than the other. Spike- letsunder 1 line long, glabrous or silky hairj- . 4. P. papposum. Branches of the panicle few, digitate or clustered at the end of the peduncle. Branches 3 to 8. Spikelets of each pair similar, both fertile, glabrous or softly ciliate 5. F. sanguinale. Branches usually 2. Spikelets of each pair dissimilar, the upper ono fertile, ciliate, with rigid hairs seated on tubercles on the lateral nerves of tho 3rd glume, tbe lower one usually with a male flowcr only and not rigidly ciliate Q. P. ctenanthum. Branchies of the panicle scattered or the upper ones approximate, the lower ones rarely clustered and not vertioillate. Branches usually 2, distant, 1 to \h in. long. Spike- lets narrow, about 1 line long ". P. stenostachyum. Branches nsually 3, distant, 1 to li in. long. Spike- lets ovoid, about ^ line long 8. P. tennissimtim. Branches often numerous, 2 to 6 in, long. Spikelets glabrous, i to J line long, the lower ones often clustered 9. P. parvijlorum. Branches often numerous, 2 to 6 in. Long. Spikelets narrow, nearly 1 line long, silky hairy . . .10. P. Baileyi. (The spikelets are usually in pairs also in P. prostratum, and occasionally in some others). Series II. Trichachnese. Spikelets silky hairy, orfringedtvith hmg hairs, sessile or shorthj pedicellate, clustered or rarehj in pairs aloiig the rhachis nf thc siinplc spike- li/ce panicle or of thc 2 orfciv lovg erect branches. Spike single. Spikelets mostly in pairs, about 1 line long, silky hairy, the outerglume deficient . . . 11. P. gihbosum. Spike-like branches few or spike single. Spikelets mostly clustered, 1 to l^ lines long, the outer glume prescnt biit small and often concealed by the long silky hairs 12. P. leucnphccum. Spike-like branches few. Spikelots 2 to 1\ lines long, fringed with long haii-s connected by a prominent nerve or membrane. Glumes with fine points . 13. P. scmialatum. Series III. Paspaloidese. Spikclets sessile or very shorthj pediccllate, in l or 2 rows, veryrarely iu pairs, along the short simple altcrnate often distant spikes orspike- liJce branches of the panicle, rarely reduced to a single terminal spike. Spikes crect, distant or single. Spikclets usually sessile. Spike single, terminal. Spikelets glabrous, singly distant or thc lowest in pairs. Panicum.'] cxLiv. geamine^. 4Gj Fruiting glumo glabrous, ruj^oso 14. P. rarum. Fruiting gluuio den.^oly and soflly pubescont . . -H. F. maiijiiialnm. Spike.s several, distant. ISpikelets with long silvery- silky liairs. Spik(dots truncate, singly distant 1.5. P. firgculcnm. Spikelets ovoid, oiLeu approximato 10. P. hulimrrivrnm. Spiices several, distant. Spikelets glabrous, in 2 close rows. Spikelets oblique, l to l^ lines long in 2 closc regular rows, 2nd glume broad gibbous, 3r 1 glume flalter, with apalea in itsaxil . . . 11. P. Jlnvidinn. Spikelets nearly straight, 1 to \\ lines long, the rows not always regular and somftiines very few in the sjuke, 2nd and 3rd glu;nes nearly equal, boih empty 18. P. gracile. Spikelets straight, very obtuse, li to 2 lines long, the rows irregular. Outer glume nearly as long as the others. A male flower in the 3rd glume * P. o/jfn-.nm. Spikes usnally approximate, erect or at length spread- ing. Spikelets not so elosely sessile and frequentlj' subtended by hairs or bristles. Spikelets about 1 line long, frcquently in pairs. A palea in the 3rd glurae. Fruiting glume obtuse. rarely tippod with a minute point 19. P. prosirat/im. Spikelets nearly 2 lines long, in 2 rows. A broad palea in the 3rd glume. Fruiting glume obtuse, with an awn-like point 20. P. Jielojjni. Spikelets nearly 2 lines long, in 2 rows. A broad palea in the 3rd glume, which is ciliate with long hairs. Fruiting glume obtuse with a short point 21. P. Gilexu. Spikelets nearly 2 lines long, in 2 rows. 3rd giume empty. Fruiting glume obtuse without any point. Leaves hairy 22. P. jjiligrrum. (See also the first four species of the Pnnicnlala'). Spikes distant, at length spreading or reflexed. Spike- lets altemate along the rhachis but not close and appearing almost uniseriate. Leaves pubescent. Spikelets distant on a slender rhachis 23. P. poli/phylltm. Leaves glabrous. Spikelets near together on a flattened rhachis 24. P. dislachi/um. Leaves glabrous. Spikes reflexed, the rhachis flattened, ending in an awn-like point, and a rigidawn-like bristle under the lowest spikelet . 2.5. P. reversum. Series IV. Echinochlose. Spikelets sessile and croivded iit 3 or 4 rotcs or irrigu- larli/ altng the simnli: alternate ustudlij secuiid spikes or spikelike branches of the paiiicle. Glumcs sometimes awiied. Spikelets about 1 line long, never awncd, densely crowded in 4 rows along the rhachis, without hairs or bristlos 26. P. ciloiium. Spikelets Ij to 2 lines long, acuminatc or a-\vnod, crowded and clustered along the rhuchis, usually intermixed with rigid hairs or bristles . . . . 27. P. crus-galli. Seuies V. Myuroidese. Spikelits not sijkij, crowded and clusUred m a dense continuous orrarehj inlerrupted cylindrieal spikelike panicle. Spikelcts ovoid, obtuae, i to J line long 28. P. ntgosuroidts. VOL. VII. 2 u 4G6 cxLTT. GEAMiNEJE. [Panicum. Spikclofsaciiminafc, curvcd, 1 to l.i linos longorralher inoro 29. i'. iiidicinn. Spikolcts acuminate, 2 to 3 lincs long. Fruiting glume thin 30. /". Dii/Hius. Serier VI. Paniculatae. riiiuch-hrniichvs usnaUij more or lcss dividvd. Sttike- lets ali pcdiceUate {excvpt somvtimvsthc Jirst fuur spvcivs). raniclo-branches scarcely divided. Spikelet.s fcw, rarcly more numcrous, scarccly under 2 liucs lonn^. No malo flovvcrs. Spikelets ncarly or somctimcs qu?te sessile. (Spccies approaching the Paspaluidvte.) Spikelets 2 to 2-1 lines long, mostly di.stant along the branches 31. P. foliosnm. Spikelets rathcr undcr 2 lincs, crowded on the lower ijai-t of the branches in a compact panicle, 2nd and 3rd glumes almost equal . . 32. P. adspcrsum. Spikelots H lines long, rathtir crowded on tlie distant Lranch(,'.s of along and narrow panicle. Outer glume \, 2nd ^- as long as tho 3rd . . 33. P. iiuequale. Spikelcts few, distinctly pediceUate, in a loose sprcad- ing paniele. Spikclots 2^ to 3 lines long, fiprinklcd with hookcd hairs. Fruiting ghime close above the others . 34. P. unciinilatum. Spikclets 3 lines long, ghiljrous. Fruiting glume raised above the othors on a stipes dilated at the top. Panicle pedunculate 35. P. viiiJkscuIiiiii. Spikelets 2 lines long, glabrous. Fruiting glume raised above the others. Panicle scarcely ex- cccding the floral leaves 36. P. paHciJifrum. Panicle narrow or spreading. Spikelets numerous, 1 to noar 2 lines long. A male flowor in the 3rd ghime. Spikelets crowded on the smallcr branches. Grlumes acute or acuminate ; nerves of the 2nd very prominent and rigidly ciliate 37. P. seniiton.ium. Spikelets crowded or clustered on the smaller bianches. Glumes acute or acuminate, not ciliate 38. P. antidotale.. Spikclets often numerous, shortly pedicellate, not clustcred. Glumes acute or acuminate . . .39. P. rcpcus. Spikelets numerous, on rather long pedicels. Glumes !icute 40. P. capUlipcs. ranicle large. Spikelets obtuse, l^ lines long. Fruiting glume rugose . . . . ' * P. maximum. Spikclots ^ to f line long. No male flower. Uifiuse or crecping. I'anicle-branchc8 few, sprcading. Spikclcts few and distant, f line long, on short pedicels 41. P. piigmfrum. Erect. ranicle-branchosnumerous.capinarj'. Spike- lets-^ liue long, oncapillary pcdiccls . . . . 42. P. Iric/widis. Ascending or eroct. ranicle narrow, rather dcnse. Spikelets very numerous, ^ line long. Fruiting glume vcry gibbous 43. /'. /iirmaji/irodituiu. Spikehits usually numerous, 1 to near 2 lincs long, ])edicellate. No male flower. Paniclo narrow, branchos usuall}' few. Fruitiug ghuuo dcnsoly pubescent 44. P. niargiunlim. Fruitiug glume smooth and shining. Panicum.] cxltt. fmAMiNE.i^. 1(57 Paniolo 1 tn 2 in. lona:. Outrr f;;lnmc ovato, aonto. liOavo.s puhi-scout 45. P. lachnophi/HHni. ranicle 1 to 2 in. loncf. Spikoh^ts abont 1 line. Outor c^Iuuk; ovate, acute. Tjoaves trlabrous 46. P. ob.vjit nm. ranicle 3 to 4 in. lonsi;. Sjiikolots noarly 2 linos. Outfir i^luiui^ sliort, hroad, truncato. Lcaves f^labrous 47. 7'. Jliiicii. l'anicle sprcading with nuincrou.s caiiillary branchcs. Panicle-branches scattercd, neither tlustered nor verticillate. Spikclets 1 line lons:, acuto. Outer glume acuto. A palea in the 3rd glume 48. P. biculor. Spikelets 1 line long, rather obtuse. Outer glume acute. No palea in the 3rd glume . 49. F. mdiuiicu/hinn. Lower panicle-branchcs clustcred but scarcely verticillatc. Spikelets about 1 lino. Outor glume acuto, half as long as the spikolot. A palea in the 3d glume. Nodes prominently ciliate. Ligula a ring of long cilia 50. P. rfnsiiin. Spikelets of P. ijiu.suin. Nodcs glabrous. Ligula vory short 51. P. MilchclU. Spikclets about 1 line. Outer glume short, broad, truncate or scarcely acutc, nerveless. A palea in the 3rd glume 52. P. dccompositiim, Spikelets ncarly 2 linos. Outer glume aoute. A palea in the 3rd glume. ranicle large. Leaves hairy * P. miliaccnm. Lower panicle-branches verticillate. Outer glume noarly as long as the others. A palea in tho 3rd gliune. Ligula very short, -with a ring of cilia .... 53. P. trachi/rhachis. Ligula prominent, scarious, without cilia . . .54. F. proliitum. Series I. DiGiTARiEyE. — Spikelets usually smail, mostlj in pair.s alonuj the outer or lower side of tlie simple slender branches of the ])anicle, one of each pair always pedicellate, the other sessile or on a shorter pedicel, the upper oues of each brauch occasionally solitary, thc lower oucs very rarely cJustered. Outer glume usually very sinall. 1. P. coenicolum, F. Muell. in Trans. Vict. Inst. 1855, 45.— Stems from a knotty branchiug base ascending to 1 ft. or more. Leaves flat, usually softly pubescent or villous. Panicle of rather numerous sleuder simple branches, 3 to 4 in. long, at first erect, at lcngth spreading, the lower ones verticiUate, tho upper ones alternate and distant or rarely iu pairs. Spikelets in pairs, 1 sessile, the otlier pedicellate, obl&ng, \\ to 2 lines long. Outer glume uot cxcecding \ line in our specimeus, the 2nd rather shorter thau the spikelet, 5- or 7-nerved, the 3d 7- to ll-nerved, both more or less silk}-hairy aiul emptv. Fruiting gluuie smooth, acute. S. Australia. Cudnaka, F. Mueller ; near Lake Eyrc, Aiidrcws. W. Australia. Frasers Range, Dcmpster. 2. P. divaricatissimum, E. Br. Prod. 192. — Stems froiu a 2 n 2 ^68 cxLiv. OEAMiKEiE. [Fanicum. briiiiching basc sometimes under, sometimes much above 1 ft. bigh. Leaves glabroiis or more or less pubescent or softly viilous, the liguhi not prominent aud uot ciliate. Pauicle of rather numerous rigidly filift)rm simple brauclies 3 to 8 in. long, at first erect, at lengtli spreading, the lower ones in a deuse verticil, the upper ones alternate and distiiut. Spikelets iu pairs or rarely solitary aluug the branches, one sessile the other pedicellate, 1 to 1| lines long, glabrous or covered with long silky hairs spreadiug wbeu in fruit. Outer glame very small, ovate, obtuse, the 2nd aud 3rd nearly equal and botb empty or tlie 3rd rarely with a miuute rudimentary palea, tbe 2nd usually 3- nerved, tbe 3i'd 5-uerved. Fruiting glume ovoid, not gibbous, glabrous, smooth, acute. Tliere appear to be four rathcr marked varieties ; but scarcely definite enough to be regarded as distinct species. 1. glaberrimmn. Stems tall, branches of the panicle sometimcs more than 8 in. long, the whole plant glabrous. Spikelets l^ lines long, glabrous. Queensland. Eockhampton and neighbourhood, Thozet, 0' Shancsy ; Peak Down^, lluiki,tt ; Darling Uuwns, Laic. 2. normale. Foliage glabrous or nearly so. Panicle-branches 4 to 8 in. long. Spikelets l^ lines long, silky-villous, rarely nearly glabrous. Queeusland. Keppel Bay, R. Brown. Itf. S. Wales. Port Jackson, li. Broivn. 3. ammophiltm. Foliage softly villous. Spikelets small, covered with long silky hairs spreading when in fruit. — F. ammophiliim, F. Muell. in Trans. Yict. InstT 1855, 46. W. S. VSTales. Murray and Murrumbidgee Eivers, F. Musller, thence to Mount Goniiigbcri, Viciorian Expedition. S. Australia. Lake Amadeus, Gilcs. 4. radiatttm. Foliage softly villous, Spikelets small, glabrous or nearly so. — P. radiatum, E. Br. Prod. 192. Queensland. Ballandool, Loclyer ; Armadillo, Barton. N. S. Wales. Port Jackson, B. Broun. 3. P. macractiiiiuin, Benth. — Allied to P. divarieatissivum, but taller and quite glabrous. Panicle similar, the sleuder branclies rigid, often 6 to 8 in. loug, the lower ones in a deuse verticil, the upper ones alteruate and distaut. Spikelets distant in pairs, one almost sessile, the otber ou a louger pedicel, both fertile and similar, narrow, acute, about l^ lines long. Outer glume ^ to f liue loug, ovate-oblong, obtuse, the 2ud nearly as long as tbe 3rd, 3- or 5-uerved, the margins ciliate, tbe 3rd rather longer, very promiuently 3-uerved, ciliate with rigid bairs proceediug from a row of promiuent tubercles. Jblowering glume narrow, acute. Queensland. Kockhampton, 0' Shancsy ; Herberfs QvQb\, Bowman ; Warwick, Bicklcr ; also in Leichhardt's collection. 4. P. papposum, B. Jir. Frod. 192. — Stems from a woolly or silky-villous rbizome 2 ft. high or more. Leaves flat, usuaily loug and Fitnicum.] cxLiv. GUAMiNEiE. 4G9 narrow, tlie lowcr ones softly pubescciit, the upperoncs more glabrous ; ligula rather long, iiicinbraiious. Fauiclc-branclies nuuierous, slendcr or tilitbnn, sprcading,'6 to 8 in. long, the lower oncs verticilhite, the upper oiics alternate and distant. Spikelcts in distant pairs, both ou capillary pedicels, oiie pedicel mucli longcr than the othcr but both loug, soinctinies 1 to 2 in. at thc base of the branchcs, thc uppcr pcdicels shorter and sometiines solitary. S|)ikeleta scarcely 1 line long, covered iu the typical tbrm with loug silky hairs sprcadiug whcn in fruit. Outergluine tniuutc or sonietimes wantiug, 2ud and 3rd cqual, 3-nervcd, botii einpty or the 3rd with a rudiinentary palea. J^'ruiting glume rather acutc, smooth aud shiuiug. N. Australia. Arnhem Sonth.Jia.y, li. Broicii. Var. Uinstachyam. Spikelets glabrous, otherwise quite similar. — P. autKmnale, F. Muell. Fragra. viii. 196, but not of Bosc. — Sweers Island, Henne. 5. P. sanguinale, Linn. ; Kunth, Emom. i. 82. — Decumbent and oftcu shortly crecpiug and rooting at the base, asceuding to 1 ft. or rather more. Leaves tlaccid, flat, usually pubescent and spriukled with loug hairs especially on the sheaths, but sometiines nearly glabrous, Spikes or panicle-branches 3 to 8, crowded at the eud of a loug peduncle, all from ncarly the same poiiit or shortly distant, \\ to 3 in. or in some varieties above 4 in. loug, the rhachis sleuder but auguhir, flexuose, scabrous-ciliate. Spikclcts iu pairs, one nearly scssile the other pediccliate, oblong, rather acute, about 1| iiues loug, Outer glume miuute, rarely above \ line loug, 2ud glume lanceolate, 3-nerved, from \ to f tlie length of the spikelet, 3rd glume usually 5- ucrved, glabrous or slightly ciliate in the Australian specimens, empty. Fruiting giume shorter, smooth. — Trin. Spec. Gram. t. 93, 144; Dif/i- taria sanguinalis, Scop. ; Kcichb. Ic. FI. Germ. t. 27. N. Australia. Port Esbington, ArmHtroiig. Queensland. Rockhainpton aiid neighbourhood, f/S/ianesi/, Bouman and othcrs; Bii^banc liivcr, Moreton Bay, F. Miailcr,tDaiUij and othcrs. N. S. Wales. Port Jackson, 7i'. Uroini, Woolt.s and others ; Clarence River, Btckler ; Richmond River, Mrs. Hoclgkliison ; New England, C. Htuart ; Lord Howe'3 Island, C. Jloore. Victoria. Towang, Hume River, Finlay. "W. Australia. Busselton, Fries. A common weed in most warm countries. Most of the Australian specimens have the glumes glabrous or nearly so. Soine, howcvcr, have them morc or h>ss ciliate ■with soft hairs on the lateral nerves or margins, which constitules the P. ciliare, Retz ; Kunth, Enmn. 1. 82. 6. P. ctenanthum, F. MueU. Fragm. viii. 153. — A tufted erect glabrous grass, pcrluips aniiual. Leaves tlat, narrow, the ligula pro- uiinent aud the lamina usually ciliate at thc base with a few loug liairs. Spikes ur panicle-branclies 2 together from llie end of the peduucle, l^ to 2.V in. loug. Spikelcts in rathcr distant pairs, apprcssed to the rhachis, one scssile the other pedicellate, both 2 to uear 3 lines lon»- with a miuute almost raicroscopic outer glume, the 2ud o-luine 470 cxLir. GiiAMiNE^.. [Panicum. lanceolate, ciliate, about f tlic leni, Woollt ; New England, C. Sfitart ; Clarcncc Kivir, Ihck/cr, Wi/cj.r ; llichmond llivcr, Mrs. ILmltjlcin.ion ; also in Lvich- IiartWs collection. Var. pilosa, inoro or h'ss hairy. — I\Ioreton Bay, Bdi/ei/. r. striatum, K. Br. Brod. 192 (1\ australc, Sjireng, Syst. i. 309), from Botany Bay, liaiiks aiid So/antlvr, and l'ort .Tackson, R. liroirn, appears to me to he a form of P.jiarfijlorniiiviilhihe outcr ghimo (luite mici-oscopical or inmany spikehits delicicnt, so as to briug it near some ritspa/a, but the «pikcdets are not llattencd and the other characters are those of /'. pnrvijiorttiii. P. raiiniJarc, Trin. Gram. l'an. Diss. ii. 244, not takcn up by Kunth, appcars fx-om tho charactcr givcn not to differ from P. parvijlontm. 10. P. Baileyi, Benth. — A glabrous ratber slender graas of 1\ to 2 fect, vvith tlie inflorescence of P. fm^vijiorum , but the spikelets rather of P. divaricatissimum. Leaves flat, narrow, the ligula abortly proniinent, searious, not ciliate. Panicle of several simple filiform braucbes ot 3 or 4 in., all distaut or tbe upper ones ratber crowded or the lower ones sometimcs clustered not verticillate. Spikelets uarrow-ovoid, rather acute, nearly 1 liue long, mostly in pairs, one ou a mucb bingcr pedicel tluia tbe other, or in the lower part of tbe branch tbe longer pedicel witb 2 or 3 spikelets. Outer glume vcry femall, ovate, 1-nerved, tlie 2iid aud 3rd glumes nearly equal, fringed witli rather long bairs spreading whcn in fruit, tbe 2nd usually .^-nervcd, the 3rd rather broader aud 7- ucrved. Fruitiug glumcacute, smooth and shiniug. Queensland. Port Curtis, M^-Giilivraij ; Brisbane River, Bai/eij. Seuies II. TEiciiAcnNEiE. — Spikelets silky-bairy or friuged with long bairs, sessile or sbortlj'^ pedicellate, clustered or rarely in pairs aloug tbe rbacbis of tbe simple spikelike pauicle or of tbe 2 or 3 loug erect brauches. 11. P. gibbosum, B. Br. Brotl. 1.03. — Erect, brancbing at tbe base, 1 to l^ ft. bigh. Leaves narrow, erect, glabrous exeept a few bairs at the orifice of tlie sheaths. Panicle simple, spikebke, slender but dense, 2 to 3 in. long, witb a flcxuosc rhacbis, or vcry rarely 2 S])ike!ike erect branches Spikelets in paira along the rhacbis, one sessile the otbcr pedicellate or 3 to G togcther in clusters or on sbort brancbes afthe base of the sjiike, all nnrrow, silky-bairy, about 1 lino loug, with a few loug cilia usually at tbcir base, or onthe pedicel. Outer glume deficient; empty glumes2, covered witb loug silky hairs, tlielowest lanccolate, vcry thiu and ncrvclcss, the other rathcr longer, ovat(!, very tbin but distiuctly 3- or 5-nerved. Pruiting glume hard, smootb, soiue- wbat gibbous at tlie basc, witb a rathcr ])romincut kccl. — Ivuutb, Revis. Gram. t. 105 ; F. Mucl. Fragm. viii. 155 N- Australia. North Coast, R. Browii ; Victoria Kiver, F. Mncller. Queeuslaud. Rockhampton, 0'Slia>iesi/. 472 CXLiT. ORAiiiKEJ:. \_Panicum. A variable plant scarcely to be distinguished from the simple spiked forms of P. /(/icop/ueuw, exccpt by the apparently total at)scnce of the minute outer glume, and in this ro?pectthis sj-^ecies closely connects Fm/icum niih Faspalttm. Its close athnity to 1\ hucophwuia prcvents its removal Irom the former genus. 12. P. leucophoeum, H. B. et K. Nov. Gen. et Sp. i. 97. — Stems froni a bniiichiiig biise 1 to 2 ft. higb. Leaves uarrow, loug or short, usually ghibrous. Pauicle of few loug sleuder aud erect spikelike brauches, very unequal aud sometinies reduced to 2 uearly equal ouea or to a siiigle oue, the longest 3 to 4 in. or iu soiiie very lax Queenslaud speciiueus 5 iu. loug ; secoiidaiT branches short, sleuder, erect, the lower oues with 4 or 5 sessile or pedicellate spikelets, the upper oues with oiily 1 or 2. Spikelets scarcely H liues loug, rather acute, deiisely covered with h)ug silky, silvery or purple haii's, ofteu spreading wlieuiu fruit. Outer gluine scarcely k lii^e long, obtuse, 2ud aud 3rd glumes nearly equal aud enipty, both deusely hairy, the 2ud usually 3-uerved, the 3rd 5-uerved. Fruitiug gluiue shorter, smooth, ralher acute and often slightly gibbous at the base. — P. vilhsum, E. J3r. Prod. 192 ; P. Brownii, Eoem. aud Schult. Syst. ii. 462; F. Muell. Fragm. viii. 155; P. gJarecB, F. Muell. iu Liuuaea, xxv. 445 ; P. lanijlorum, jSees iu Hook. Loud. Joiiru. ii. 410. Queensland. Keppel Bay and Broad Sound, R. Byown ; Ptockhampton, 0\Shuiic.sii ; Kockingham Bay, Ihillac/nj ; alsoin leic/i/ianlf.'s collection. N. S. Wales. Western interior, A. Ciiiniimj/uim ; New England, C. Stuart ; Clarence Kiver, licc/der ; Darling Itiver to the Barrier llange and Coopers Creek, yicti.ruiii uiid ot/ur Hxjnditioiis. Victoria. Snowy River, F. Muclhr. S. Australia. Crystal Brook, F. MtuUer. Var. minostacJn/um. Spike simple as in P. gihhosum, but the outer glume present. — Goyinga Mountains, Victcrian Fuptditiun. Also in tropical Ameriea and Africa. The Australian specimens vary much, cspecially in the dcgree of dcvelopment of tho intlorescence and tlie size of the spikelets. Sonie of Brown's from Shoalwater Bay and Thirsty Sound, originally niarked by him as P. scnccum, have 10 or more brimchcs tothe panicle aud smaller spikelets and may possibly prove to represcnt a distinct species. 13. P. semialatum, B,. Br. Prod. 192.— Stems erect, 2 to 3 ft. liigh, silky-pubesceut about the uodes, otherwise glabrous or uearly so. Leaves uarrow with iuvolute luargins or subulate, usually pubescent, tlie lower ones sonietimes densely clotlied with long silky hairs. Panicle 3 to G iu. long, consisting of 2 to 5 long erect or slightly diveri;ing brauches, clustered at the eud of a loug peduncle. Spikelets 2 to 2^ lines loug, tew together in erect clusters or short brauches along the rhachis. Glumes all endiug iu a short subulate point, the outer one membrauous, 3-neived, about half tlie length uf the spikelet, the 2iid liie largcst, membranous, 5-uerveii, fi inged on each side with long pale or dark-coloured hairs spreadiug in fruit and connected at the base on the iutramargiiuil uerve ; 3rd glume niore rigid tlioiigh thin, with a suiali palea aud sometinies 3 stamens iu ihe axii. Pruitiug glume more Fanicum.'] CXLIT. ORAMINE.E. 473 rigid, witli a ratlier longer point, tlie palea also rirfid, buttbe inflexed ninr- gins tliin witli a (lisiinct lobe at the base ou eacli side. — Y. iMut-ll. Fragni. viii. 15)U ; Urocliloa semialaia, Kuiitb, Euum. i. 74 ; Goridoc/iloa scmiu- lata,^ee^, in various eatalogues and berbaria (tbe genus uot publislied as generally qnoted iu Edinb. Kew Phil. Jouru. 1832, July). N. Australia. Up])cr Victoria Eiver and M'Aclam Eange, J^. MneUcr ; Escape CliHs, ///r/.v .• Swoors Island. Mviiue ; Port Darwin, Hclndtz, u. 146, 192, 002,784, 801 ; Tort Essington, ^lnhtiirtuKj, Queenslaud. Kcppel liay and Broad Sound, R. lirou-u ; Endeavonr Eiver, A. Cioiiiiin/hiiiH ; VtiVKy \ii\nm\^, Widtcr ; Vovi Curtis, M^^Gillivray ; Port Dcnison and Kockingham liay, Itailuchij ; Kotkhanipton, Thozct, 0'Shaiicsj ; Moreton Bay, C, Stnart, I.cichhardt, M^GHlirrai/ ; Warwick, Btckler. N. S. 'Wales. Liveipool Phuns, A. Cuunlugham ; Darling Downs, Woolls. Ext( nds over tropical Asia from Ceylon and the Peninsula to the Malayan Archi- pekigo and South Chiiia. Sertks III. PASPALOiUEiE. — Spikeb^s sessile or very sbortl}'- pedi- cellate iu 1 or 2 rows, very rarely in pairs, along tbe sbort simple ofteu distant spikes or spikelike brauches ol' the panicle, rarely reduced to a single termiual oue-sided spike. 1-4. P. rarum, H. Br. Prod. 180. — Stems sleuder, brancbing and soiiietimes creei)ing at the base, ascending to about 1 ft. Leaves very uarrow, glabrous or tbe lower sbeaths sligbtly hispid. Spike simple, slender, 2 to 4 iu. loug. Spikelets mostly singly sessile aud distaut, but sometimes in pairs at tbe base of the spike, oue sessile tbe other pedicelLate, all ovoid, obtuse, 1 liue loug or ratber more, glabrous. Outer gluMie broad, 3- or 5-rierved, about balf as iong as tbe spikelet, 2nd aud 3rd nearly equal, botb membranous, 5-uerved, empty. Eruiting gluuie acute, transversely rugose, scated ou a semi-annular caitila- ginous disk. — Kunth, Eev. Gram. t. 15. N. Australia. Islands of the North Coast, i2. 2?ro?t'«. 15. P. argenteum, R. Br. Frod. 190.- Stems erect, under 1 ft, bigh. Leaves short, ilat, softly pubesceut. Panicle of few (3 to 5) erect sleuder distaut brnnches, tbe rbachis abuost fibforni. Spikelets few, dislaut, erect, broadly turbinate and as it were truncate, about 1 liiie loug, crowued by loug silvery hairs. Outer glume uot halt the k'UgLh ot tbe spikelet, ovate, silky-bairy ; 2nd aud 3rd glumes both empty aud similar, very broad and ahuust truucate, mem- branous, nerveless and silky-pubesceut iu the lower balf, several-iierved witb silvcry-wbite rather loug hairs at the end. Eruiting glume ovoid-obloug, glabrous, smooth. — Trin. Spec. Gram. t. 170. N. Australia. Tslands of the Gulf of Carpcmtaria, R. Brou-u. The analytical dctaLJs in '1'rinius' iikitc appear to be takcn from the P. ho/o.siriteiture and aspect. Leaves from very uarrow to i^ather broad. Panicle usually long and sleiider, the branches or sessile spilces or clusters erect, distaut, t!ie lower ones 3 to •1 Imes or rarely | to 1 in. loiig, the upper ones smaller, often reduced to short clusters or to sinf,de spikelets towards the end of the panicle, the rhachis of thc branclies often but not always produced beyond tlie last spikelet iuto a point sometimes as long as the spikelet. Spikelets singly sessile or in pairs, one pedicellate tfie other sessile along the rhachis, rarely more or h^ss distinctly in 2 rows almost as in P. Jlavi- dum, ovoid, 1 to l^ lines loiig, nearly straight, the outer glume ovate acute rather less or more thau half as long as the spikelet, the second and third nearly equal, botli empty membranous and about 5-nerved, fruitiug glume as loug or rather louger, minutely transversely rugose. N. Australia. Port Essington, Armstroiig. Queensland. Kcppel Bay, R. Brown, an elon.ffated form with very narrow loavcs, and the spikelets iiTegularly arr,an,<;;ed almost clustcred on the lowcr branches ; Kuckingham Bay, IXillac^iij, aud numerous lucalities in southern Queenslaud, (}' aiiiutexij, Tliozet, Boivman and othcrs, and a var. with very small spikelets ; Herbcrfs Crcck, Boicmaii. N. S. Wales. ^^ew England, C. Stuart ; Shoalhaven, C. Moore ; Clarence Kivor, Wilco.r, a veiy narrow-lcavcd form with only 3 or 4 spikelots even on the lowcr branchcs of the panicle ; in the western interior, A. CuaniiKjham, Mitcliell, Qi/e^ aud othcrs. Victoria. Mount Hope and Murray River, F. Miwlhr. S. Australia. Wulpena and Cudnaka, F. Mialltr. W. Australia. Jjruiiimijnd, ly< colL, also n. 101, the latter a very small plant, with few spikelets. P.juhiforum, Trin. Gram. Panic. Diss. ii. loO, was described from a rcmarkably luxuriant specimen of P. ijracile gathcred by JMitchell, with a panicle nciirh' 1 ft. long and the lower spikelct about 1 in., with rather numerous spikclets in 2 rows ; othtir specimcns of Mitchcirs are not half that size. P. dlstaus, Trin. Spec. Gram. t. 17'2, represents the slendor dcpauperate form as gathorcd by Drummond and othcrs. Puriictceiium Ninte-Jlollundite, Beauv. Agrostogr. 47, t. 10, f. 6, [Paiiicuia paiact(ei,um, Kunth, Enum. i. 134), appcars to me frum the figurc and dcscription, also to rofor to a starved form of the spccies, but not so slender as thc above-men- tiuiicd /'. dista/is. Thc variations of J'. grucile are however sometimcs so great that it is ditHcult to reducc all thc fonus to one species without having sccu the almost inscnsible gradations which unite them. To this first group of Paspaloid Punicn may be roferrcd also the P. culiciiium, F. Muell. Fragm. viii. 1!S9, which is P. obtusum, H. B et K., a Mcxic.an grass raised in the Wanogo district of Qucensland as 'Mosquito grass,' a name unknown in Mexico, but undor which, as wc loarn in a note of J. Gay^s, sccds wcrc originally transinitteJ froiu Washington to Paris, the luimc probably dcrivi.d from soiuc cunfusiun with tho Mczijuiic, thc pod of a Prosopis. The spccics is casily disliuguishcd uiuoug Pasjialoid 476 cxLiT. oiiAMiNEJE>. [Panicum. Panica by the large obtuse spikelets, with the outer glume nearly as long as the othcrs, and with a niale flower in the third glume. 19. P. prostratum, Lam. lUustr. i. 171. — Stems decumbent or creeping aiid rooting at tlie base, ascending to 1 t't. or inore. Leaves laiiceolate, 1 to 2 in. loiig or in luxuriant speciiiiens twice as long, ^flabrous except a few cilia at the base of the lamina and orifice of tlie slieath. or sometimes with the slieath more haiiy. Panicle of 3 to 10 simple braiiches 1 to 1\ in. long, usually crowded at the end of tlie peduncle, but sometimes more distant and spreading. Spikelets rather crowded aloug tiie rhachis, but otten in pairs, 1 sessile the other pediceliate, or rarely the lower pedicela bearing 2 spikelets, ovoid, rather above 1 line long and almost acute, glabrous but «occasionally with a fevv capilUiry bristles ou the rhachis and pedicels. Outer glume very short and broiid, obtuse or almoat acute, the 2iid and 3rd nearly equal, 3- or 5-nerved, the 3rd with a large palea and some- times a male flower in its axil. Fruitiug glume sinooth, very obtuse, but oceasioually tipped by a minute point. — Trin. Spec. Gram. t. 18J<, ISo. N. Australia. Upper Victoria River, P. Mtuiler ; Gulf of Carpentaria, Lans- borongh. Generally distrihuted over tropical Asia, it is also in Africa and the West Indies. 20. P. helopus, Trin. i7i Spreng. Ne^ie Entd. ii. 84. — Stems usunlly rather tall. Leaves lanceohite, often rather broad and cordate at the base with loose sheaths, usually more or less hirsute especially the sheath, but sometimes nearly giabrous. Panicie of iew simpie brancbes, sometimes 3 to 5 almost sessile above the last leaf, some- times 6 or 7 on a rather long peduncle. Spikelets irreguhirly alter- nate iu 2 rows along the rhacliis, or the lower ones clustered and the upper ones more distant, ovoid, acute, nearly 2 lines long, pubes- cent vilious or glabrous. Outer gluine very short and broad, 3-nerved, the 2n(l about 7-nerved, the 3rd about the saiiie length but narrovver, 5-nerved, with a palea iu its axil but uo stamens. Fruit- ing glume rainutely rugose, obtuse, but the central nerve pro- dnced into a short awnlike point not exceeding the empty glumes. — Trin. Spec. Gram. t. 183 ; TJrochloa pnhescens, Beauv. ; Kunth, Enum. i. 74 ; U. panicoides, Beauv. Agrost. 52, t. 11 ; Kunth, 1. c. and Revis. Gram. t. 14. N. S. Wales. Darling River, DaUachij, and thence to Cocpers Creek, NcUson. Var. glabrior. Spikelets more numerous, loosely and irregvdarly arranged along the rhachis. N. Australia. Lower Victoria Eiver, F. Jludlcr. The spocics is common in tropical Asia and Africa. It is readily known bj' the point or short awn of the fruiting ghime resembling that of Jiiinchloa pioictata, of which the plant has also something of the aspect, but the spikelet has the outer ghimc developed and is not seated on the peculiar disk-like base of that genus. Kunth having adduccd as a synonym to U. panicoidcs, F.jacanicitm, Poir., that name Panicum.} cxLiv. oramine^. 477 has lioen adoptcd as the oldost hy Stoudel and others, hut Poirefs descrii-ition docs not apply to oiir phiut, and Munro has seen authentic specimons which aro quite differeut. 21. P. Gilesii, Benth. — Stems 6 to 10 in. high, leafy to tlie top, with a tew long hairs scattered oa the leaf-sheaths, tho himina ihit. Pauicle of 2 or 3 siinplc branches, close together and half euclosed iu the uppermost leaf-sheath iu all the specimens seen, under 1 in. long. Spikelets closely resembliug in size aud shape thosc of P. helopus, ovoid, acute or acuminate, 1\ liues long or rather more, sessile in 2 rows on a glabrous rli:ichis. Outer glume minute, hjaline, concealed hy the long liairs -which cover it ; 2nd glunie prominently 7-nerved, acute or acuminate, shortly liairy ; 8rd about the same length, 3- or 5-nerved, bordered on each side below the middle by iouij spreading liairs, with a broad hyaliiie palea in its axil ; fruiting glurae much siiorter, coriaceous, obtuse with the point or short awn o£ P. helojJus. Central Australia. Charlotte Waters, Gilcs. 22. P. piligerum, F. Muelh Herh. — Closely resembles some of the longer more hairy specimens of P. helopus. Leaves rather narrow, 6 to 8 in. long. Pauicle of 3 to 5 erect simple branches 1 to near 2 in. long. Spikelets ovoid, acute, nearly 2 lines long, alternate along the rhachis but rather distant so as to appear in a single row. Grlumes liairv, the outer one short, 3-nerved ; 2nd and 3rd glume 5-nerved, the third rather narrower than the .2nd but both empty and equal in length. Frulting glume shorter, coriaceous, obtuse, without any or only a very minute and deciduous terminal point, miuutely transversely rugose. N. Australia. Victoria Eiver, F. Muiller. 23. P. polyphyllum, R. Br. Prod. 190. — Stems from a decumbcnt and branching base lengthening and asceudiug to above 2 ft. Leaves lanceolate, pubescent, with nerve-like frequently undulating margins. Panicle sleuder, of few distant simple slender secuud and spreadmg branches, the lower ones 1 to 1\ in. long, the upper ones shorter. Spikelets rather distant aloug the rhachis, alternate but not in 2 distinct rows, ovoid, acutc, about 1\ lines long, contracted at the base and sometimes shortly pedicellate, with a few hairs or bristles on the pedicel. Outer glumes thinly membranous, the lowest about half as long as the spikelet, broad, rather acute, 3-nerved, the 2nd and 3rd nearly equal, the 2nd with hve, the 3rd with three pi'onjinent nerves. A narrow palea in the 3rd glume. Fruiting glume smooth or minutely rugose under a strong lens. — Trin. Spec. Gram. t. 177 ; E. Muell. Fiagm. viii. 194. N. Australia. Islands off the North Coast, JR. Broun ; l'ort Essington, Arm- strong ; Port Darwin, Hchullz, n. 34, 148, 191, 818. 4.78 CXLTY. ORAMINK^E. [Pnnicum. 21'. P. distachyum, TJnn.; Knnfh, Fnnm. \. 91. — Stems de^Miin- bent or creopint; aiul rootins: at the lower nodes, slender and ascendinf^ to 1 ft. or ratiier more. Leaves flat, glabroua or witb a few liairs especially at the orifice of tlie slieatlis. Panicle of few (usually 2 to 4 but occasionallv (5 or 7) distant simple secund braiicbes l to 2 in. long, at first ert^ct, al length s])reading or reflexed, the rhacbis sleuder or slitrbtlv dilated, often sprinkled with a few bairs. Spikelets sometimes loosely alternate along tlie rbacbis abno^-t iu a single row, sometimes more numerous and approximate in 2 distinct rows, sessile or sliortly stipitate, ovoid, ratber acute, 1\ lines iong, quite gbibrous. Outer glume scarcely half the lengtli of the spikelet, thiu, very broad, tbe margius overlapping eacb other, 2ud and 3rd glumes uearly cqual, promineutly 3-nerved ; a narrow palea iu tbe 3rd. Fruiting glunie nearly as long, very obtuse, hardened but tlie 3 nerves very visible. — P. subqmdr/jyarum, Triu. Spec. Gram. t. 18G (with a loose sparing iu- florescence). Queensland. Rockhampton, 0' SJiane/ti/ ; Bokhara Flats, i/('/c//A«;Y/i'. S. Australia. Near Lake Eyre, Aiidrea-s. Widely di.stributed over East India and the Jlalayan Archipelago. 25. P. reversum, ji^. Mudl. Fragm. viii. 152. — A weak gbabrous ratber glaucous much-branched grass. Leaves loug and narrow. Panicle usually of 3 or 4 simple distant brancbes, at first erect but soou spreading, and at leugtb reflexed like those of P. disfachijum, but tbe rbacbis geuerally tbough uot always dilated, produced into a rigid poiut beyoud the last spikelet, aud bearing uuder tbe lowest spikelet a rigid linear bristle (an abortive braucli 't) as loug as the spikelet. Spikelets not uumerous, alteruate and distant aloug the rhachis so as to appear in oue row, ovoid-oblong, tully 2 lines long in some speci- mens, rather uuder 2 Hues iu Drummond's. Outer glume 3-uerved, obtusc, at least f the leuglli of tbe spikelct, 2ud aud 3rd glumes equal, many-uerved, botb empty iu the spikelets I examined, but F. Mueller fouud a palea iu tbe 3rd. Fruiting glume bardened as iu tbe geuus. S. Australia. Near Lake Eyre, Audrewf: ; Lakc Amadeo, Giles. ■^V. Australia, Drummo/id ; Murchison River, Oldjidd. This species seems to show some distant approa>ch in infloi-esccnce to the Tlagwsetum refractum. Series IV. EcniNOCHLO^. — Spikelcts sessile and crowded iu 3 or 4 rows or irregularly, along the simple alternate usually secund spikes or spikelike branches of tbe pauicle. Glumes sometimesawued. 26. P. colonum, Linn. — Stems erect or decumbent at the base, 2 ft. bigh or more. Leaves flat, glabrous. Pauicle of several (about S or 10) si).nple one-sided distant aud usnally erect brancbes or sessile spikes, -^ to f in. long, aud uot dimiuislung much upwards. Spikelets about 1 liue long, ovoid, sessile aud dcnsel}' crowded iu about 4 rows, Panicum.] cxLiv. oramine.'e. 479 tlie rliacliis witliout bristlos but ocoasionally a fovv small cmpty «calos (abortive spiis eoarscdy pubescent or nearly glabrous, the lowest nearly half as long aa the 2ud and 3rd, which are nearly equal, otten cnding in short poiiits but not awued ; a palea in the 3rd glunie. Fruiting glume sinooth and sliining. — Trin. Spec. G-rani. t. IGO ; Oplkmenas coloniiin, Kunth, Enum. i. U2. N. Australia. Port Essington, Armstrong ; Uppcr Victoria River, F. Mucller. Comnion in tho tropical and subtropical regions of thc Old World and in many parts of AiTiorica. F. I\Iiiellor, Fragm. viii. 198, iinitcs it witli Ihe /'. crHx-gnlli, and tho Aiistralian spccimens show pcrhaps some approach to tliat species, htit the small awnless spikelets in more regular spikes, and the absence of any brislles on the rhachis, refcr thom rathcr to thc trojiical P. cohnum. The figure of Jacq. f. Ecl. Gram. t. 3'2 docs not appear to mc to repi-esent the true F. culnnum. 27. P. crus-galli, Linn. — A coarse decumbent annual, asccnding tu 1 or 2 ft. the leaves rather broad, without any ligula. Pauicle dense and usually secund, of simple branches or sessile spikcs, the lowest 1 to 2 in. long, the upper ones gradually siiortcr, the Avhole panicle ni soine varietics densely hispid with tlie long purplish or green awns. S|)ikelets about l^ lines long, more or less pubescent, acuminate or awned, crowded and clustered along the brauches, the rhachis usualiy bearing numerous cilia or capillary bristlea amongst or below^ the spikelets. Outer glume very short and broad, 2ud and 3rd glumes nearly equal aud 3-nerved, usually ciliate on the margins, thc 2nd produced into a rather short awn, the 3rd in the common Australiaii form with an awu vfiryiug from | to 1 iu., aud a thin palea aud very rarely a male flower in its axil. IVuiting gloom smooth and shiuing, without any or only a very short point. — E. Br. Prod. 191 ; F. Muell. Fragm. viii. 198 ; Trin. Spec. Gram. t. 161, 162 ; Oplismenus crus- galU, Kunth, Enum. i. Id3 ; Echinochloa crus-galli, Beauv. ; Reichb. Ic. FI. Germ. t. 29. N. Australia. Victoria River and ]\['Adam Range, F. MncUer. Queeusland. Port MoUe, A. Cunninfjham ; Port Denison, Fitzalan ; Brisbano Iliver, Jloreton Bay, F. Muclhr and others ; Rockhampton and neighbourhood, ()' Shane.li/ and others. N. S. Wales. Paterson River, R. BrcAcn ; Port Jackson to the Blue Mountains and noilhward to New England, IFoolU, C. Moore, G. iStuart and others. Victoria. ^Vimmera, F. Mucllcr. W. Australia. Swan River, Helmich. A common wced in most hot and some temperate countrics and very probably only as an introduced weed in several of the Australian localities, most frequcntly the long-awned state of the plant, but occasionally with tho awns shoit or reduced to short points as is frequently the case in Europe. r. lacunariuin, F. Muell. in Trans. Vict. Inst. 1855, 47, from around thc lagoons of thc Murray, is rcduced by F. Mueller, viii. 198, to a variety of P. crus-galli. Tlio ))aniclc is narrower than u.sual with fewer more distant branchcs, no cilia on the rliachis, the spikelets rathcr large, mostly about 2 lincs long, without awns aiid glabrous or tht; nervcs minuttly scabroiis, and thcrc appcars to be always a malo flowcr in the third glume. Tho specimcns much rcscmblc a few of thc awnliss Europcan ones, but the above characters may possibly prove constant. 480 CXLlv. GUAMINEJE. [Fafiicum. Series V. MrcROTBE^. — Spikelets not silky, ci-owded and clustercd in a deiise continuous or rarely interrupted cylindrical spikelike panicle. 28. P. myosuroides, R. Br. Prod. 189. — Ereet or slightly decum- bent at the base, otten 2 t't. high. Leaves long aiid narrow, glabrous. Spikelets ovoid, obtiise, |- to f line long, clustered aiid crowded iii a continiious and dense cylindrical spike or spikelike panicle 1 to 4 in. long and not above 2 linea diameter, often dark-coloured. Outer glutne ovate, acute or acuminate, about half the length o£ the spike- let, 3-uerved ; 2nd and 3rd gluines nearly equ.il, broad, 5- or 7-nerved ; a minute palea in the axil of the 3rd. — P. anguslum, Triii. Spec. Grain. t. 33J.. "N. Australia. Victoria Eiver, F. Mueller ; Port Darwin, SchuU:, n. 344. Queensland. Eudoavour liivor, Banks aiid Sulander, A. VHiiJiiiKjltain; Dawson lviv«r, F. Mueller. The spocies extends over tropical Asia and Afrioa. but is less common than thc P. iiidici/m, vvith which it is united in the Hong Kong Flora and by F. Jluellev, Fragm. viii. 197. It appears however to be constantly distinct in the very small obtuse spikelets with straight glumes very rarely and only slightly ciliate. 29. P. indicum, Li/m. ; Kunth, Einiin. i. 133. — Stems decumbent at the base, ascending to G or 8 in. iii the smaller varieties, above 1 ft. high in the larger oues. Leavea narrow. Spikelike panicle cylindrical, continuous or rarely interrupted, |- to 1 in. or in some varieties 2 in. long. Spikelets crovvded, narrow, acuminate and more or less curved, 1 to 1\ or rarely nearly 2 lines long. Outer glume 3-iierved, about half the length of the s[)ikelet or rather more, 2ud glume curved and gibbous at the base, often ciliate, 7- or 9-nerved, 3rd gluine the same iength but straighter aud neither gibbous nor ciliate, with a small palea in its axil ; fruiting glume cousiderably shorter. — ¥. Muell. Fragni. viii. 197 ; Trin. Spec. Grram. t. 197. N. Australia. Near M'Adam Range, i^. J/w/Zer ; Port Darwin, .S'c/«/fc, «. 184 ; bctween Norman and Gilbert Eivers, Gulliver. Queensland. Endeavour River, BanJcs and Sola)ider ; Wide Bay and Brisbane Kiver, Lviclilinrdt ; Moreton Bay, C. Stiiart. N. S. 'Wales. Paramatta, Wuolls. Widcly dispersed over tropical Asia and Africa. F. pJilcoidcs, R. Br. Prod. 189, is almost exactly the typical form reprosented in Herb. Linn.. small and slender, with a short spiko of ^ to 1 in. and rather small spikelcts. P. arcuatmn, R. Br. 1. c. is the larger perhaps the most common form, with rathcr larger more curvod spikelets, in a spikc of 1 to 2 in. The two run very much into each other. 30. P. myurus, Lam. ; Kanth, Knmn. i. 86. — A tall grass, tiie lovver part when under water often thick and rooting at the nodes, the upper part erect, 2 to 4 ft. high, quite ghibrous. Leaves flat, the lower ones sometimes ^in. broad. Panicle cylindrical, dense and spikelike, or lobed and interruptcd at the base, 8 in. to above 1 ft. hmg. Spikclets crowded along the short erect branches. Outer glume thiii and Finvcum.'] CSLIV. GItA.MINEJB. 481 liyaliQo, l-nerved, inucrouate-aeute, under 1 liue loiig, inserted (ahvays ?) at soine distance below the others ; 2ud glume 2 liues long, 3-nervcd, taperiug to a fiue poiut, 3rd stiU louger with a louger point, 3- or 5-uerved, usually with a sinall palea in the axil. Floweririg gliuuii shorter, thin aud hyaliue at the tiiue of flowering, slightly stiffened but uot hardeued rouud the fruit. — Hijinenachne myurm, Beauv. Agrost. 49, 1. 10. f. 8, aud with some other species, Xees, Agrostol. Brasil. 273 ; P. interriqjtum, Wilkl. ; Kuuth, Euum. i. 87. Queensland. Trinity Bay, Baileij. A rathor common tropical grass in the New and the Old World. The thinner consistency of the fruiting glume might justify the taking thc specics as the type of a section, but scarcely of a distinct genus. Seeies VI. PANicuLATiE. — Panicle-branchcs usually more or less divided. Spikelets all pedicellate, except in the first four species which approach the Paspaloideae. 31. P. foliosum, B. Br. Prod. 191.— Stems 1 to 2 ft. high,decum- beiit at the base. Leaves rather broad, usually pubesceut, the nerve- like margins often uuduhite. Pauicle loose, with few distaut simple branches, the rhacliis flexuoso aud sleuder, the lower brauches some- times 2 to 3 iu. loug. Spikelets few, distaut, abiiost sessile or dis- tinctly pedicellate, and the lower pcdicels sometimes beariug 2 spike- lets, all above 2 lines long iu the typical form, ovoid, acute, pub.'sceut or glabrous. Outcr glume about half as long as the spikelet, very broad, :icute, with about 7 uerves, 2nd aud 3rd glumes nearly equal, 5- or 7-uerved ; a rather broad palea in the 3rd. Fruiting glume miuutely rugose without the poiut o£ P. helopus aud its allies, but usually with a short callous iucurved tip. — f. Muell. Fragm. viii. 194. Queensland. Bustard Bay, Banks and Solander ; Keppel Bay, R. Brown ; Rock- hanipton, {)' sliantsij, Thozet ; Moreton Bay, F. Mueller, Leichhardt, C. Stiiart. N. S. Wales. Clarence River, Beckler. Var. "r Petiveri. Panicle smaller but rather more branched. Spikelets raore numerous and much smaller, under 2 lines long, the lower ones on the lower primary branches sometimes sevcral together on short secondary branches. — P. Pefireri, Trin. 8pcc. Gram. t. 176. To this variety, common in India, appear to belong some S])ecimens from the islands off the North Coast, B. Brown, which I presume to be those described as P. pubcscens, Br. Prod. 190. 32. P. adspersum, Trin. Spec. Gram. t. 169. — Stems ascending to 1 t"t. or rather more, ghibrons except the ciliate nodes. Leaves flat, rather broad and short, the sheaths broader upwards, prominently ciliate, the lamina almost cordate at tlie base, with a very short ciliate ligula. Pauicle iiarrow, ratlier deuse, l^ to 3 in. long, with several erect or slightly spreading branches, all glabrous witliout auy or with very few sm.ill cilia uuder the spikelets. Spikelets ovoid, rather acute, quite glabrous, H to near 2 lines loug, crowded or clustered m the lower part of the branches, siugly sessile towards the end. Outer VOL. VII. 2 I 482 cxLiv. GBAMiNE-aE. [Panicum. glume ^to -^ as long as the spikelet, ratber acute, 1- or S-nerved : 2nd and .3rd glumes uearly equal, tlie 2nd broad, usually prominently 7- nerved, the .3rd narrower, with about 5 nerves, and enelosing a long palea. Pruiting glume tipped with a miiuite point and minutely transversely rugose. S. Australia. Near Lake Eyre, Andreu-s. Triniu3's plant is from San Doraingo in the West Indies, and if it wcrc not on thc authority of Munro, I should have grcat hesitation in uniting with it this one from Central Australia, hut I can find nothing to separate the specimcns frora these two distant regions, although Trinius's figure represents a much looser and less copious inflorescence than that of the Australian plant. 83. P. inaequale, F. Muell. Jragm. viii. 189. — Stems erect, 1 to 2 ft. liigh. Leavcs rather long and narrow, glabrous except a few haiFS at the orifice and sometimes on the upper part of the sheaths. Panicle long and narrow, secund, the branches distant, the upper ones sbort and simple, the lower ones ^ to 2 in. long, slender, simple or with a fcw short branches and sometimes iu pairs. Spikelets alternate along the rhachis, sessile or nearly so, quite ghibrous, about \\ lines long. Outer glume about \ the length of the spikelet, very broad and obtuse, prominently 5- or 7-nerved, the 2nd glunie about twice the length of the lowest and half the 3rd, very broad and obtuse, prominently 9- to 13- nerved ; 3rd glume many-nerved like the 2ad but more acute, grooved on the back, the margins inflexed or involute, with a large palea in its axil. Fraiting glume shorter, acuminate, more or less curved, con- tracted at the base, transversely rugose. Queensland. Dawson River, F. MuHler ; Herherfs Creek, Bou-man, in the latter specimens the rhachis of the panicle-hranches is sometimes produced he^^ond the last spikelet into a short awnlike point almost as in Chamczraphis. 34. P. uncinulatum, i?. Br. Prod. 191. — Grlabrous erect and much branched, attaiuing sometimes 8 ft. {P. Mueller), the nodes ofteu much thickened. Leaves flat, uarrow, tapering into fine points. Panicle terminal, loose and slender, consisting of i'e\\ distaut spreading simple or scarcely divided branches, the rhachis almost filiform. Spike- lets few and distant along the branches, usually purplish, 2| to 3 lines long. Outer glume lanceolate, about half the length of the spikelet, the 2nd and 3rd nearly equal, acutely acuminate, 7- or sometimes 9- nerved, sprinkled with short erect rigid booked hairs ; a sraall palea in the 3rd. Fruiting glume smaller, quite smooth. Queensland. East Coast, 72. Brown ; Wide Bay, Leichhardt ; Burnett Eiver, F. Mncilfr ; Herherfs Creek, Boicman ; Rockhampton, 0'Shanes>/, Thozet ; Warwick, B cMer. 35. P. majusculum^ F. Muell. Ilerh. — Erect, rigid, but not stout. T>eave3 flat, spriukled with a few long hairs, the orifice of the sheath ciliate with long hairs, but no prominent ligula. Pauicle of few slender spreading rather rioid slightly divided brauches, each bearing 1 or 2 spikelets on filiform pedicels. Spikelets nearly 3 lines lo)ig, Panicum.] cxltv. geamine.^e. 483 ovoid, acute, straw-coloured, f^labrous. Outerglume halfthe length of tlie spikelet or rather more, broad, acute, Bncrved ; 2nd aud 3rd equal, acutely acuminate, 7-nerved, botli einptv. Fruiting glume obtuse, smooth, raised above the otliors by a stipcs or prolongation of the rhaclii^, dilated iuto au orbiculai- disk or meinbraue under the glume. N. Australia. Victoria River, J^lmi/. oi!. P. pauciflorum, S. Br. Prod. 191. — A low much-brauched grass, more or less sprinkled with long spreading hairs, rarely quite giabrous, Leaves narrow, with short sheaths, the ligula very short or scarcely prominent, ciliate. Panicles in the axils o£ tbe numerous ilor;il leaves, often scarcely exceeding them, reduced to very few unequal spreading capillary branches, each bearing 1 to 3 spikelets, all pedicellate, glabrous, acute, about 2 liues long. Outer glume broad, fully half as loug as the spikelet, acute, 3- or 5-nerved ; 2nd and 3rd nearly equal, acutely acuminate, finely 5- or 7-nerved ; a miuute palea in the 3rd. Fruiting glume oblong, rather acute, smooth and shiiiiug, not much above half the length of the other glumes, but raised above them by a stipes or prolongation of the rhachis bordered under tlie spikelet by a broad short hyaline membrane. N. Australia. Islands of the Gulf of Carpentaria, R. Brown. Var. fastigiatHm, very much hranched and leafy, the inflorescence not oxceeding the lloral leaves. — Upper Victoria River, F. Mueller ; in the interior, M'Dji«jall Stitart ; near Alice fSprings, Gilcs. 37. P. semitonsum, F. Muell. JEEerh. — Erect, slender, apparently about 2 ft. high. Leaves narrow, glabrous, the ligula scarcel)'- promiuent, miuutely ciliate. Panicle narrow, erect, not much branched, 3 to 6 in. long, the primary branches ratlier distant, the secondary ones very sliort, sometimcs reduced to clusters of 2 or 3 spikelets. Spikelets rather crowded, very'shortly pedicellate, nearly 2 lines long. Outer glume acute or acuminate, from -i- to above \ tne length of the spikelet, with 3 prominent shortly serrate-ciliolate nerves ; 2nd glume acutelv acuininate, with 3 or 5 very prominent tubercuhvte ciliate nerves ; 3rd rather larger and more obtuse, thinner, with 5 or 7 nerves aud sorae- times a few cilia at the top, enclosing a male flower with a large acute palea. Fruiting glume rather shorter, narrow, acute, smooth. N. Australia. Victoria River, Elsetj ; near Providence Hill, F. Mueller. 38. P. antidotale, Betz ; Kunth, Enum. i. 12.5. — A tall glabrous grass. Leaves flat, flaccid, the ligula very short and jagged or ahnost ciliate. Panicle pedunculate, loose, narrow aud 3 or 4 iu. long in some specimens, spreading and 8 iu. to 1 ft. iu others, with divided filiform brauches, the lower ones usually clustered. Spikelets crowded on the short ultimate branches, in sessile clusters or short spikes, but shortly pedicellate iu the clusters, more acumiuate than in P. repens, 1| to \\ lines loug. Outer glume less than \ the leugth of tlie spikelet aud sometimes only \, broad^ acute ; 2nd and 3rd glumes nearly equal, 2 I 2 484 cxLiv. GKAMiNEiE. [^Fanicum. acuininate, almost mucrouate, about 7-nerved ; a male flower in tlie 3rd. Fruiting glume scarcely shorter, rather acute, smooth and shining. N. Australia. Xorth-west Coast, Pomt Cunningham, Cj-gnet Bay, A, Ciiii- niiigham ; Enderhy Island, Walcot. 39. P. repens, Linn. ; Kunfh, Enum. i. 103. — Stems from a creeping and rooting base ascending to 1 or 2 ft., rather stiff, the nodes glabrous. Leaves narrow, uiore or less pubescent or hairy or somctimes quite glabrous ; ligula short, ciliate. Panicle narrow, with a few long branches, erect or at length spreading, the spikelets shortly pedicellate, irregularlj crowded on short secondary branches, with a filiform flexuose rhachis. Spikelets 1\ lines long, glabrous, or the nerves of the glutues minutely ciliolate, Outer glume less thau | the length of the spikelet, acute, 1-neiwed ; 2nd aud 3rd glumes nearly equah acute or acuminute, prominently 3- or 5-nerved ; a male flower in the 3rd. Fruitingglume acute, smooth or minutely rugose. — P. arenarium, Brot. Phyt. Lusit. i. 15, t. 6 ; P. airoides, R. Br. Prod. 190. N. Australia. Gulf of Carpentaria, R. Broiv», F. Mueller ; Port Darwin, Scliiiltz, n. Q&'6; Sweers Island, Jltnne. Queensland. Endeavour Kiver, Banlcs and Solaiider. N. S. Wales. Giendon, Leichhardt ; ilurray River, F. Mueller, perhaps introduced. The species is common in maritime districts in southern Asia, northern Africa and southern Europe, and apparently also on the coasts of Brazil. 40. P. capillipes, Benth. — Foliage of the glabrous varieties of P. repens and spikeiets simihu'ly 2-flowered, but the inflorescence nearer that of P. decompositum. Leaves narrow aud rather long, the hgula scarcely promineut. Panicle at length exserted from the last leaves, not very spreadmg, 3 to 6 in. long, with numerous capillary flexuose divided branches, the lower ones clustered. Spikelets all on capilhiry pediceL-*, rather above 1 liue long. Outer glume less than half the length of the spikelet, 3-nerved, acute ; 2nd iind 3rd glumes nearly equal, acute or acumiuate, 5-nerved. A male flower iu the 3rd glurae. Fruiting glume rather acute, smooth or very minutely rugose. N. Australia. Escape Cliifs, Sulse ; Port Darwin, Schultz, n. 806. P. ma.rimum, Linn., known under the name of Guinea Grass, has heen sent from Brishane as an escape from cultivation. It is an erect grass of 3 to 5 ft., with long and rather hroad leaves. Panicle large and loose, with numerous capillary much divided hranches. Spikelets numerous, all pedicellate, ^ to l^ lineslong, ohtnso. Glumes membranous and obtuse, the outer one about \ the 2nd and 3rd. A niale fl.owerin the 3rd. Fruiting ghime acute, slightly rugose. 41. P. py^maeum, B. Br. Prod. 191. — A small species, creeping androoting at the uodes, ascending to nbout 6 iu. Leaves rarely above 1 in. long, linear or hmceolate, cihate and usually but not always sprinkled with long hairs. Panicle short and spreading, with a few capillary flexuose simple or slightly divided branches. Spikelets few Panicum.l CXLIV. QEAMINliiE. 485 aud distaut, scarcely 1 line loug, obtuse, glabrous. Outer gluine very sliort, broid, truucate, nerveless ; 2nd and 3rd gluines equal, 3- or 5- nerved, botli empty. Fruitiug gluine smooth and sliiuing. — F. Muell. rjagm. viii. 193. Queensland. Brisbane River, Moreton Bay, F. M/icl/er, Builei/ ; Clevcland Bay, Gii//irer ; South Quoen.sland, Ilartmaiii). N. S. Wales. Port Jacksonto the Blue Mountains, R. Brown, Mrs. Calvert and others ; Ash Island, Scutt, 42. P. trichoides, Sw. ; Kmith, Enum. i. 112.— Decumbent at tlie base aud ofren tihortly creepiug and rooting, though sometimes apparently anuual, the stems slencler, aseending to froin 6 iu. to nearly 1 11. Leaves ovate-haiiceohite or rarely narrow, cordate aud ciliate at the base, the sheaths also ofteu slightly hairy. Pauicle at first sessile withiii the last leaf, but at length peduncuhate, decompound with numcrous capilLiry llexuose divided spreading branches, the lower ones clustered, the whole panicle ovate in outline 2 to 4 iu. long, and often ahnu?t as broad, glabrous, or with a few loug hairs scattered on the main rhachis. Spikelets ahnost the smallest iu the geuus, ovoid, obtuse, scarcely more than | line loug. Outer glume scarcely \ the leugth ofthe spikelet, ovate, acute, l-nerved ; 2ud and 3rd uearlyequal, broadly ovate, 3-nerved, shortly hirsute ; a sraall palea sometimes but not ahvays iu the 3rd. Fruiting glume smooth and shining. N. Australia. PortDarwin, u-^y : Herberfs Creek, Botcmav. 488 cxLiv. GEAMiNfi^. [Fanicum. N. S. Wales. l'ori Jnclison, Ji. Jiroicii, IFuoUs ; Mauuroo, Mm. Calvcrt ; New England, C. IStuart ; Archcr'8 Station, Leichhardt. 49. P. melananthum, F. Ifuell. in Trans. Vict. Inst. 1855, 47. — A glabrous grass of 2 Jt. or more, decuuibeut at the base and perhaps aiiuual. Leaves llat and rather broad, the liguha exceediugly shoit, ciliate. Pauicle sessile or nearly so witiiiu the last leaf, iarge aud loose, with very uumerous much divided capillary branches, scattered ahing the inain rhachis and very rarely clustered. Spilvelets all pedi- cellate, about 1 liue loug, acute, ghabrous, otteu dark-coloured. Outer glume ovate, acute, 1- or sometinies 3-nerved, uearly | the leugth ot' the spikelet ; 2ud aud 3rd glumes uearly equal, acute, rather broad, menibranous, with usually 5 not promiuent uerves, the 3rd quite empty without auy palea. Eruiting glume smooth aud sliiuing. Queensland. Brisbane River, Moreton Bay, F. Mueller, Bailey. N. S. Wales. New England, C. Staart ; Clarence River, Wilcox, Victoria. Hume, King and Ovens Rivers, F. Mueller. F. Mueller (Fragm. viii. 192) refers this to F. coloratmn Linn., a spccies founded ou a garden plant which is apparently not distinct from F. repem. F. miliactum, Linn., a species very much cultivated in the Mediterranean region under the name of ' Little Millet ' as well as in several hot countries, has been found in 8outh Australia as an escape from cultivation {F. Muellcr). It is an erect anniial of about 2 ft., with rather broad hairy leaves and a much divided nodding panicle. Spikelets numerous, pedicellate, ovoid, about 2 lines long, the outer glume acute, 3-nerved, above half as long as the broad membranous 7- to ll-nerved 2nd and 3rd glumes. Fruiting glume smooth and shining. 50. P. eiFusum, R. Br. Prod. 191. — An erect pereuuial, our speci- mens mostly under 1 ft. but said to attain 2 ft. Leaves lanceolate or linear-lauceolate, scabrous and hairy as w^ell as the slieaths, the nodes bearded with loug spreading hairs ; ligula very sliort and ciliate. Panicle much-branched, sessile withiu the last leaf, 3 to 4 iu. long wheu lirst in flower, at length twice as long, the tiiiforin divided branches very spreading and flexuose, the lower oues densely clustered but not verticillate, the u])per ones scattered aud distant. Spiltelets all pedi- cellate, acute, about 1 line long, glabrous, Outer glume aeute, J- to 3-nerved, about \ the length of the spikelet or rather more ; 2tid and 3rd glumes nearly equal, 5- or 7-uerved, a palea within the 3rd about I its length. Fruiting glume smooth and shining. — Sieb. Agrostoth. n. G7 ; Trin. Spec. Gram. t. 244. Queensland. Rockhampton, Bowma)i ; and apparently the same, Cape York, Baimcl. W. S. V^^ales. Port Jackson to the Blue Mountains, R. Brown, Woolls and othurs ; northward to New England, C. Stuart ; Macleay River, Beckler ; and in Iho interior Nanduruga Creek, Victorian E.x-peditiou, Var convallium., less hairy and more or less glaucous. — P. conraUium ; F. Muell. in Tri.ns. Vict. Inst. 1855, 46. N. S. Wales. Murray and Darling Rivers, F. MueJler, Fallachij. Victoria. Ballarat, Bacchus ; Portland Bay, F. Mueller. Panicum.'] cxliy. gramineje. 489 S. Australia. Gawlir Town, Flindur.s Ifangc, Torreus liiver, ctc, F. Miwlkr ; North of Fowler's Bay, Giles. W. Australia. Frascr's Range, Dtmpster. F. Sluelkr (Fragm. viii. 191) rcfers thc wholo spccies to thc Ncrth Americjin P. c(ij)''/linc, Gronov., to which it ccrtainlj' Lears somo general rcsemblance, but that species has as far as is known always a malc flower in tho 3rd glume, which 1 have never found iu the Australian r. effiam»!, besides other minor differences. 51. P. Mitchelli, Bentli. — An erect grass, decumbeut at the basc oulv-, 2 to 3 ft. high, uearly alliecl to /'. effusum, but larger, quite glab- rous ancl tlie nodes not bearded. Leaves often long, the short ligula ratlier jagged than ciliate. Panicle usually very large and spreading with very nunierous divided filiform branches, the lower ones clustered and rigid, the u[)per ones scattered. ISpikelets all pedicellate, usually several aloug the ultimate branches, rather above 1 line long, acutely acuminate, quite gUibrous. Outer glume acute, nearly \ the length of the spikelet, 1- to 3-nerved j 2nd and 3rd glumes nearly equal, acutely acuminate, about 5-nerved, a palea in the 3rd sometimes very small, more frequently above \ the glume. Fruiting glume smooth and shining. Queensland. North-east Coast, ^. Cunningham ; Cape York, Baemel ; Port Curtis, M'Gillirraij\ Rockingham Bay, Ballachy ; Eockhampton, 0' Shamnij ; Warwick, Bicldtr. N. S. Wales. Bogan River, Mitchcll ; county Campden, Macquan-ie andCastle- reagh Kivers, Woolls ; Clarence River, Beckler. A smaller glaucous plant with a smaller panicle and rather larger spikelets, from Cooper's Creek, Mowitfs E.cjwdition, appears to be a variety of this species. F. Mueller, Fragm. x. 76, mentions P. incowptiirn, Trin., as having been gathered by Dallachy at Eockingham Bay. I have not foimd among Dallachy's plants in Plerb. F. Muell. any specimens answering to those we have of P. vwomptxm from the Philippine Islands as well as from E. India, nor any so named by F. Mueller, but it is possible he may have intended to iiiclude in P. i)icomptum Dailachy's specimens of P. Mitchelli, which are allied to it but according to my views quite distinct. 52. P. decompositum, H. Br.Prod. 191. — A semi-aquatic ghibrous grass, often tall and stout. Leaves mostly long, flat and rather broad especially when grovving in water, narrow in drier situations ; ligula very short aud broad, ciliate. Panicle 6 in. to 1 ft. long or even more, with numerous crowded filiform divided branches, the lower ones clustered, at first erect and enclosed at the base within the last leaf- siieath, at length sometimes very loose and spreading to the breadth of 1 ft. Spikelets all on slender pedicels, narrow, acute, l^ to l^ lines long, usually of a pale straw colour. Outer glume very short, broad and truncate, thin and nerveless ; 2nd aud 3rd glumes nearly equal, acute, thinly membranous, 5- or 7-iierved, the 3rd with a palea from i to -i- its leugth but no stamens. Fruiting glume very smooth and shiuing. — P. proUferum, F. MuelL Pragm. viii. 191, not of Lam. ; P. amabile, Balansa in BulL Soc. Bot. Pr. xix. 324, at least as to the AV. Australiau plant referred to ; P. Iteoinode, LindL in Mitch. Three Exped. i. 238. 490 cxLiv. tiiiA.MiNEiE. [Panicum. EiJ. Australia. Gulf o( Carpentaria, li. Jiroivn; Victoria and Fitzmaurice Rivors, F. Mnellcr; Cygnet Bay, A. Cunningham. Queensland. Port Curtis, WGillivraij; BrisbanoRiver, i?«i7«/; Flinders Rivcr, Siilhfrland; King's Creek, i>c ((';««« ; Peak Downs, Burkitt; also in Leickhardt's col- lection. N. S. 'Wales. Macleay Eiver, Beckler ; Russell and Johnston Rivers, W. IIlll ; Darliug River, JfifchclL S. or Central Australia. Cooper's Creek, Uowitt ; near Lake Eyre, Andreics ; Charlotte Watcrs, Giles. W. Australia, Drummond, n. 43 and 957 ; Murchison River, Oldjield. The specics is also common in East India if the P. paludosum, Roxb. be rcally identical, as it appears to be notwithstanding some slight differences in the specimens examined. Some of the narrower-leaved Australian speciraens difier also in thc rather smaller spikelets with the outer glume not quite so truncate, but all are probably one species. Mum-o is also of opinion that tho North Aroerican P. genicula- ium, Muehl. maybcthc same, but certainlynot tho P. ^roZ*/d;;«/», Lam., to which P. paludosum, Roxb. has bcen inadvertently referred by some recent botanists. 53. P. trachyrhachis, Bentli, — A tall erect stout glabrous plant, nearly allied to P. clecomposilum. Leaves loiig and narrow, the ligula reduced to a ring of cilia, tlie nodes glabrous. Panicle large aud loosc, often 1 to l^ ft. long, with numerous loiig sleuder divided branches, the lower oues usually verticillate, scabrous as well as the rhachis. Spike- lets all pedicellate, nearly i| lines long. Outer glume often as long as the others, 3- or 5-uerved, tapering iuto a long poiut sonietimes ciliate at the end ; 2nd and 3rd glunies uearly cqual, acuteiy acuminate, 7- or 9-nerved, tlie 3rd with a palea often nearly as long, but uo stamens in any of the specimens examined. Fruiting glume much shorter, obtuse, smooth and shining. W. Australia. Victoria River, Elsey ,- Port Darwin, Schultz, w. 343 ; Arnhcm's Land, M-Kinlaij. Var. tenuiur. More slender, panicle not so large and less scabrous, and the glumes less acute. Queensland. Percy Islands, A. Cuiininghain ; Brisbane River, Bailci/ ; Pcak Downs, F. Mueller ; Springsure, Wuth. F. Mueller, Fragm. viii. 192, reduces the species to the North American P. rir- gatum, Linn., which it resembles in some respects, but diffors in infiorescence, and the Aiiicri'can plant i.s always doscribed as having a malo flowor in the 3rd glume, which I also find in all the American specimens I have examined. 54. P. prolutum, F. Muell. in Trans. Vict. Inst. 1855,46. — Stems froiu a branchiug base erect, rigid, 1 to 2 ft. high. Leaves rather rigid, the margins involute when dry, ghibrous and glaucous ; ligula very promiueut, scarious, truncate or slightly jagged. Panicle 3 to 6 in. hmo-, of numerous sleuder divided branches, the lower oues chistered, erect and enclosed at the base by the last sheath or at length exserted aud spreading. Spikelets ou fiUforni pedicels ovoid, acute, ghabrous, about 1\ hnes long. Empty glumes rather rigid, promiueutly nerved, the outcr one obtusej with scarious niargins, more than \ the length of the spikelet, 3- or 5-uerved, the 2ud aud 3rd uearly equal, acute, Panicum.'\ cxliv. GEAMiNEiE. 491 5- or 7-nerve(i, iio piilea iii liic ^id. i'ruitiug gluuie smootLi aud shiuing. Queensland. Condaminc Iviver, Martmann ; Armadillo, Barto)i. WT. S. Wales. LacLlan and Darling Eivers, iJaUacInj, Bitrhilt ; Mount Murchi- son, Boinni. Victoria. Avoca Murrumbidgee and Light Eivers, F. Muellcr. S. Australia. Flindurs Range, F. Maellvy. Munro thinks tliat the Qucensland plant may prove to be distinct from the morc southern one. The two, however, must be closely allicd and rcadily distinguished from all others of the group by the much longer ligula not ciliatc. 4. OPLISMENUS, Beauv. (Orthopogon, R. Br.) Spikelets with 1 terminal hermaphrodite flower and a rudimeutary one below it, awned, clustered along the secund distant branches of a simple panicle. Glumes 4, the lowest empty one uot much shorter than the others and with a longer awn, the flowering glume awuless aiid hardened with the palea round thegrain as in Panicum. A small tropical and subtropical genus common to the New and the Old World, and very closely allied to some of the awned speeies of Pa/iicidii, to which several botanists would restore it. The inflorescence, together with the greater develop- ment and long awn of the outer empty giume, may however suffice to retain it as distinct, with the limits originally assigned to it by Beauvois and by Brown. Thc Australian species are both of them of a very wide distribution. Lowerbranches of the panicle -^ to 2 in. long l. 0. compositus. All the branches of the panicle reduced to sessilc clusters . . 2. 0. setarius. 1. O- compositus, Beauv. Agrostogr. 54. — Usually a weak grass softly pubesceut or villous, but sometimes nearly glabrous. Stems decumbent or creeping and rooting at the base, asceuding sometimes to above 1 ft. Leaves from liuear-lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, 4 to 5 in. long in the larger specimens, but more frequeutly under 2 iu. Panicle slender, cousisting of 4 to 8 or rarely more distaut one-sided branches or spikes, of wliich the lowest slender ones are 2 in. long iu the most luxuriant specimens, scarcely \ in. long in others, the upper ones or sometimes the greater number reduced to short clusters. Spikelets glabrous pubescent or hirsute, rather above 1 line loug, in distinct clusters of 2 or 8 eacli along the longer branches, crowded on the shorter ones. Glumes 3 lower ones membranous, 5-nerved, the lowest not much shorter thau the otbers tapering into a rather loug smooth awn, the 2nd with a small point or short awn, or only aeuminate, the 3rd rather larger, awnless, with a small hyaliue palea or rudiuientary flower in its axil ; flowering glume nerveless, smooth aud hard as well as the palea round the graiu. — Panicum composifum, Linn. ; Trin. Spec. Gram. ii. t. 1S7, 188, 190 ; F. Mueil. Fragm. viii. 199 ; Orthopogon compositus, R. Br. Prod. 194. 492 cxLiv. GUA.iiiNEiE. \_OpUsmenus. Queensland. Shoalwater Bay iiud Broad Soimd, R. Brown ; Cape York, Bacmrt ; Endoavour River, A. Cunningham ; Goold and Dunklslands, McGiUivrat/ ; Eoc-kingham Bay, DaHachy. N. S. Wales. Siebcr, Agrost. n. 73; Botany 'Ba.j, BanJcs andSolander ; Blue Mountains, Woolls ; Macleay and Clarence Rivers, Beckler. 2. O setarius, Boem. and Schult. ; Kunth, Enum. i, 139. — Very near the slcuder forms of 0. compositus, aud perhaps riglitly included in that species by Y. Mueller, but the spikes or branches of the pauicle are all reduced to single sessile clusters of spikelets, or the lowest rarely slightly eiougated into2 distiuct clusters. Leaves always narrow- lauceolate. — Fanicum setarium, Laui. lllust. i. 170. Queenslaud. Koppel Bay, JR. Brown ; Moreton Bay, C. Stuart. W. S. Wales. Hunters River, R. Broion ; Tweed River, C Moore, Guilfoyle ; Areher's Crook, Lnchliardt ; Lord Howe's Island, FuUagar. Victoria. Snowy and Broadribb Kivers, F. MucUer ; Yarra Eiver, Luckman. There are two varieties sometimes distinguished as species ; the one softly villous, ineluJing the Moreton Bay and Tweed River specimens , is the Orthopogon (Cinuhts, Br. Prod. 194 [OpUsmenns (cmulus, Kunth, Enum, i. 142) ; the other, glabrous or nearly so, comprising the remaining specimens above quotod, incbides Orthopngon Jlaccldus diak 0. imbeciUis, R. Br. Prod. 194 {Oplismenus Jlaccidus, and 0. imbeciUis, Kunth, Enum. i. 142 ; FanicumimbeciUc, Trin. Spec. Gram. t. 191). 5. SETARIA, Beauv. Spikelets with 1 terminal hermaphrodite flower and sometimes a secoud male one belovv it, crowded in a cyliudrical dense or rarely iuterrupted spikelike panicle, not awned but surrouuded by numerous awulike barren branches, persisteut on the main rhachis, the spikelets ses.sile near the base of tlie branches aud. lalling away from them, Grlumes 4, the outer one small, the 2ud usually shorter thau the 3rd, A palea aud sometimes 3 stamens in the axil of the 3rd. Terminal or fruitiug glume of a firmer consistence, with a perfect flow^er. Styles distinct. Grain enclosed in the hardeued glume and palea, but free ,from them. The genus is generally spread over the warmer and temperate regions of the globe. Of the four Australian species three are common weeds over nearlj'^ the wholo area, the fourth is abundant in America, morc rare especially in the tj'pical form iu Asia. The genus is by some again reduced to a section of Fanicum with which it is connected chiefly through the Asiatic F. enode and F. pUcatum. Fruiting glume transversely rugose. Awnlike panicle- branche.s scabrou.s, with erect teeth. Panicle cylindrical, simple, 1 to l^ in. long, the si^ikelets solitary at the base of the awnlike branches . . . \. S. glauca. Panicle dense or interrupted, 3 to 8 in. long, the spike- lets clustcred near the base of the awnlike branches 2. /. Thcre appears to hc but one species ranging from Madagascar to thc Society Islands. In thc more slcnder specimens, usually minutely and sparingly puhesccnt hut nevcr quitc glabrous, thcre is usually hut one fcrtile spikelct in the spike ; inthc vigorous very silky ones, sucli as Dallachy's and some fi'om the Friendly Islands, there are usually but not always two. 13. SPINIFEX, Linu. Spikelets dicecious, spicate or solitary on partial rhachises collected in dense globular heads with a bract under each rhachis. Male plant : Spikelets usually several to each bract, spicate or clustered, 2-flowered. Glumes -1, nearly similar, 2 outer einpty ones sometimes smaller sorae- times larger than the 2 flowering oues. Aperfect palea and 3 stameus within each flowering one. Fertile plant : Spikelets solitary within each bract at the base of a partial rhachis, with one female or herraa- phrodite flower aud au imperfect or rudimentary or sometimes a male tiower belovv it. Glumes 4 as in the males, the 3rd with a more or less developed palea and sometimes 3 stamens or staminodes. Palea in th 4th ghirae perfect. Stamens 3, often imperfect. Styles 2, distinct with long shortly plumose stigmas. G-rain enclosed in the hardened glume and palea and free from them. — Spreading or creeping hard branching grasses, the flowering branches subtended by leafy or lauceolate and concave bracts. Besides the three Aiistralian species, of which one extends to the Goasts of New Zealand and New Caledonia, there is a fourth very closely allied to one of the Australian ones, widcly spread along the sandy sea-shores of tropical Asia. Heads of spikelets several inches diameter. Male spikelets in spikes of 1 to IJ in- Females at the base of rigid rhachises of 3 to 4 in. Plant silky-pubescent or viUous l. S. /nrmc/as. Plant glabrous 2. 6'. luiifjifolius. Heads of spikelets not above 1 in. diameter. Male spikelets solitary or clustered within small bracts. Females within broad bracts, the rhachis shorter than the spikelet and sometimes minute or obsolete 3. «S'. parado.rus. 1. S. hirsutus, Lahill. Pl. Nov. Holl. ii. 81, t. 230, 231.— Stem stout, creepiug in the sand, forming large tufts. Leaves oftcu above 1 ft. long with iuvolute margius, clothed as well as the whole plaut with silky or woolly hairs. Maleplant: Spikes sessile or peduncuhite, few or mauy in a terminal head or umbel and often a cluster of 2 or 3 spikes or a single spike lower dowu on the stem, each spike 1 to l^ in. 504 cxLiv. GBAMiNEj;. [Spinifeiff. long, the rhacbis produced into a point uaually exeeeding tlie spikelets and sometimes very long. Brncts under the ^pikes or peduncles lauceolate, acumiuate, concave. Spikelets se:?sile in the spike or scarcely pedicellate, 5 to 6 lines long. Glumes membranous, hairy, the empty ones 5- or 7-nerved, usually as loug as or longer than the flowering ones. Fertile plant : Spikelets very numerous in a large dense globular head, each one solitary at the base of a spine-Hke rhachis of 4 in. or more, subtended by a much shorter linear-lanceolate bract, the spikelet 6 to 7 lines loug, acute or acumiuate. Grlumes all uearly similar, with 7 or more nerves, the 2 outer oues rather the largest with more nerves than the others. A palea and some- times 3 stamens in the axil of the 3rd, and an ovary and 3 stamens or staminodes in the terminal one. — Sicb. Agrostoth. n. 62 ; Hook. f. Pl. Tasm. ii. 106; F. Aluell. Fragm. viii. 138; S. sericeus, K. Br. Prod. 198. Abundant on the sandy sea shores of Queensland from Rockingham Bay south- ■ward (Broad 8ound, £. Broirn), W. S. 'Wales, Victoria, Tasmania, S. Aus- tralia to the south coast of V^. Australia (King George's Sound, R. Browii and others). Also New Zealand and New Caledonia. S. altcrtiijlorns, Nees in Pl. Preiss. ii. 96, from the character given, would helong io S.hirsutm^hui the specimens I have seen from Swan Eivcr, Preiss, n. 1883, helong rather to -V. loiiriifolius. Both species are in West Australia, hut, as far as I have seen, 8. loiigifolia from the north down the west coast to Swan River, and S. hirsutus only on the south coast. 2. S. longifolius, B. Br. Prod. 198. — Closely resembles G. hirsu- tvs but quite glabrous except the loiig cilia of the ligula and sometimes a few ou the margins of the leaf-slieaths. Leaves narrow, rigid, ofteu above 1 It. loug but not so puugent as in the Asiatic S. squarros/is, of which S. longifolius may perhaps be a variety only. Male spikes usually looser thau in S. hirsutiis. Spikelets scarcely 5 lines long, the outer empty glumes shorter than the flowering ones. In the Temale spikes tbe outer glumes quite as long as the inner ones, and I found no palea or stamens iu the 3rd glume in the spikelets examined. — Nees in Pl. Preiss. ii. 95 ; F. Muell. Fragm. viii. 139 ; S. fragilis, K. Br. l.c. N. Australia. Ish^nds of the Gulf of Carpentaria, E. Broicn ; Careening Bay, covering the whole coast, A. CiuiiiinyJunn ; Quail Ishmd, Flood ; Nichol Bay, Walcot ; Port Darwin, Schultz, //. 199, 200. W. Australia. Sharks Bay, Miliie ; Murchison River, Oldjield ; Swan River, Druminond, Freixs, n, 1833, Oldfield, and possihly King George's Sound. 3. S. paradoxus, Bentli. in Hooh. Ic. Pl. t. 1243, 1244. — Glabrous, divaricately brauched, rigid aud brittle but not so stout as the preceding species, the branches in clusters of 3 to 6 surrouuded by short leaves with loose sheaths, the lower stem-leaves loug and narrow ; the ligula a deuse ring of cilia. Male plant : Spikelets in a dense cluster or head of I to I in. diameter, 1 to 3 outer bracts lanceolate aud about as long as the head, the inner ones much reduced, the spikelets about 3 lines Spiniftw.] cxnv. geamine^. 505 loug, the outer oues uearly sessile, the iuuer oues pediceUate aud some- tiiiies 2 on a pedicel, tlie pedicel or axis produccd iuto a point sliorter thau the spikelet. Outer empty ghuues 2, several-uerved ; flowering glumes 2, uearly equal, lunger than the empty oues, each with a palea aud 3 stameus. Peniale plaut : Heads the size of the males when in flower, but the bracts hxrger and broader, aud wheu iu fruit tbe bracts variously eularged, 1 or 2 ofteu becomiug curved, 1 in. long or more, broad with hard centres and scarious margius, sometimes all scarcely changed. Spikelets almost sessile within each bract, the very short pedicel produced iuto a poiut much shorter thau the spikelet^ aud some- times miuute or obsolete. Empty glumes promiueutly 7- or 9-nerved, the 2 outer rather shorter than the 3rd, which is either empty like them or coutains a small palea. Pruitiug glunie shorter, very acute, smooth and shiuiug. Styles distiuct. — Neurachne jHtradoxa, E. Br. in App. Sturt Exped. 26 ; Fanicum pseudoneurachne, F. Muell. Fraem. viii. 199. N. S. TVales. JIurr;iy and Darlirg Rivers, Beckler, BaUacluj. Central Australia. Between Stokes Range and Cooper's Creek, Howitt ; near Lake Eyre, Anclrews ; Alice Springs, Giles. The male plant was unknown to R. Brown and unfortunately overlooked by F. Mueller, which accounts for the generic misplacement of the species. Tribe II. Andeopogone^. — Fertile spikelets with 1 terminal herma- phrodite or female flower, with or without a male one below it, the pedicel usually articuhite immediately under the outer glume. Grlumes 4 or rarely fewer, the outer one or rarely the 2ud the largest, enclosing the inner ones as well as the flower and fruit^ tlie 3rd glume smaJler, usually thiu, hyaline and empty, rarely deficient, or rather hu-ger and enclosiug a male flower, the upper or floweriug glume very thin aud hyaline, sometimes eutire aud awuless, often uotched or 2-lobed aud bearing a beut awu twisted below the beud, somelimes reduced to a long awn witbout any basal dilatation. A palea to each flower, often very miuute, rarely quite deficient. Stamens 3 or fewer. Lodicules usually siuall aud hyaliue or deficieut. Styles free or united at the base, with feathery stigmas. The very thin hyaline and small upper glumes readily distinguish the Andropo- goneiu from the Paniceie, except in the suhtribe of Tristegincte where their texture is firmer, but the bent and twisted awns are those of Andropogonea; and never occur in Paniceaj. SUBTBIBE I. ZoYSiE-E. — Spikelets solitary or rarely in clusters of 2 or 3, iuserted all round the inarticuUite rhachis of a simple spike or raceme. Awns none on the flowering glume, none or straight on the outer oues. 506 CXLTT. GBAMINEiE. 14. ZOYSIA, Willd. Spikelets 1-flowered, not awned, nearly sessile in a close spike, not disticlious, the rhachis continuous. Glumes 2, the outer one broad, com|)licate. keeled, the inner flowering one much smaller, thiu and. hyaline. Palea still smaller. Styles distiuct. G-rain free, enclosed in the somewhat hardeued outer gluiiie. Besides the Australian species, which is cominon in maritime sands of tropical and eastern Asia and New Zealand, there appear to be one or two natives of Japan or China. 1. Z. pungens, Willd. ; Kunth, Enum. i. 471. — Ehizome creeping in the sands to a great extent, with erect stems rarely above 6in. high. Leaves flat or convolute, with rigid subulate ofteu pungent poiuts, glabrous except a few cilia at the orifice of the rather loose sheaths. Spike terminal, 1 to 1| iu. long. Spikelets erect, closely appressed in the notches of the rhachis, 1\ to 2 lines long. Outer glume rather acute, broad, smooth and shining, the sides nerveless. Flowering glume completely enclosed, usually much smaller thin and hyaline, but sometimes more than half the outer one and rather more rigid. — li. Br. Prod. 20S ; P. Muell. Fragm. viii. 116 ; Benth. Fl. Hongk. 418, with the synonyms adduced ; Sieb. Agrostoth. n. 52. Queensland. Port Curtis and Moreton Island, M^GilUrraij. N. S. Wales. Port Jackson, R. Broirn ; Saltmarshes near Redbank, TFoolls. Victoria. Sandy coasts of Eastern Gipps' Land, F. Mtteller. Tasmania. King's Island, Neate. This is certainly the same as the Hong Kong plant I had referred to Z. pungeiis ; the Z.siiiica, Hance in Seem. Journ. Bot. 1869, 168, also from Hong Kong, appears to be a distinct species and should probably include the Japanese Z. macrostachya, Franch. and Sabat. Enum. Pl. Jap. ii. 187. 15. LAPPAGO, Schreb. (Tragus, Desf.) Spikelets 1-flowered, not awned. 2 or rarely 3 or 4 together ou very short pedicels along the continuous rhachis of a simple spikelike panicle. Grlumes usually 3, the outer oue, uext the rhachis, very minute and sometimes obsolete, the 2nd empty Avith 5 promineut uerves armed with short rigid hooked bristles, tbe 3rd or flowering glume and enclosed palea thin and hyaline. Styles distinct, slender. G-raiu enclosed iu the thin palea and glume aud rigid outer glume, free from them. Besides the Australian species which is a common weed in most tropical and tem- perate legions in the New and the Old World, there are one or two others very closely allied to it. The systematic position of the genus may require further investigation, but its afiinities appear to be rather with Andropogonea^ than with any other tribe. 1. L. racemosa, Willd. ; Kunth, Enum. i. 170, Bevis. Gram. t. Lappago.l CXLIY. GRAMINEiE. 507 120. — Aii annual spreadiiifT on tho ground or aseending to froni G iii. to 1 ft. iu height, usually ghibrous, except a few rigid cilia bordering the lcaves. Leaves flat, with loose sheatlis, the liguhx small, aplit into cilia. Spikelike panicie or racemc 2 to 1 in. long, cyliudrical and narrow, tlie very short peduncles bcuring on their end 2 sessilc narrow spikelets about 2 lines long, faUing off together with the peduncle as Httle burs, tlie 2nd glunies with their hooked prickles forniing the principal part of the spikelets, the acuniinate almost aristate fruiting glumes remaining enclosed witiiin them. — F. Muell. Fragm. viii. 107 ; Eeichb. Ic. FL Grerm. t. 30 ; Tragus raceimsus, Desf. ; DolL in Mart. FL Bras. ii. part ii. t. 18. N. Australia. Sturfs Creek, F. MueUcr. Queensland. Rockhumpton and ueighboiuing districts, Jjowmai/, (/ Sliaiicsy and others-; Warwick, Bcckler ; Depot Camp, Mitchell. N. S. Wales. New England, C. Stuart ; Maneroo, WoolU ; from the Darling to Coopers Creek, Yictorian Expcditioii and various other coUcctors. Victoria. Wimmera, Herb. F. MHellcr. S. Australia. In the interior, GUes, M^Bouc.ll Stewart. In several tro]Jical specimens there is a third or even a fourth spikehit on each peduncle, but I have never seen more than two in the Australian ones, 16. NEURACHNE, E. Br. Spikelets with 1 terminal hermaphrodite flower, and very rarely a second raale oue below it, sessile along the continuous rhachis of a simple ovoid or cyUndrical spike. Ghmies 4, the 2nd the Largest, friuged on each side at least in the lower half with long spreading cilia on the iutraraarginal uerve ; 3rd glume smaller and tiiinuer, usually with a small palea in its axiL Fruiting gluuie snialler thin and often hyahue, the palea also very thin, as long as or louger than the glume. Styles distinct. Grraiu enclosed iu the thin palea and glume, free from them. The genus is limited to Australia. Spike ovoid or oblong, ^ to 1 in. long. Outer glume 5- or 7-nerved, with long spreading hairs on the back . 1. N. alopecuroides. iSpike narrow, 1 to 2 in. long. Outer glume with a trans- verse callosity on the back bearing long cilia, and below it an ovate very thin space bordered by a thickened margin 1. N. Mitchelliana. Spike narrow, 1 to 2 in. long. Outcr glume thin, glabrous or bordered by very few cilia Z. N. Mmroi. 1. N. alopecuroides, Ji. Br. Prod. 196. — Stems erect, 1 to l^ ft. high, with the nodes usually hairy, otherwise glabrous. Leaves rather short, naiTow aud rigid, mostly at the base of the stem, glabrous cxce])t the dense ciiia of the ligula, the upper ones few aud small. Spike ovoid or oblong, f to 1 in. long. Spiiielets numerous, densely crowded all round the rhachis, but spreading and very readily falHug awav, a few at the base ofthe spikebarren and almost reduced to single ciUate glumes, but more persistent andforniiug aninvolucre at the base 508 CXLIV. GEAMiNEiE. [Neiiracltiie. of the spilie. Each spikelet about 3 lines long, with a tuft of hairs at tlie base. Outer gluine rather shortcr, 5- or 7-nerved, tapering to a finc point with a few spreading hairs on the back ; 2nd glume many-neryed, tapering to a fine point, densely ciliate with long hairs on each side ; 3rd glume rather shorter, with few nerves, spriiikled witb a few short hairs. Fruiting glume and paleathin and hyaline. — Nees in Pl. Preiss. ii. 95 ; F. Muefl. Fragm. viii. 200 ; Hook. lc. Pl. t. 1211. Victoria. Glenelg River, Robertson ; Grampians, F. Muelkr, Sulllvan ; Wiramera, JJdlldchii. S. Australia. Lofty Eange and Betlianie, F. Mtteller. W. Australia. King George's Sound and neighbouring districts, Meuzies, Jl. Broicii and others ; Swan River, Drummond, \st coll. Freiss, n. 1840 ; Vasse and Tone Rivers, Oldfield. 2. N, Mitchelliana, Nees in Hook. Lond. Journ. ii. 410. — Steins from a knotty woolly branching base erect, leafy to the inflorescence or nearly so. Leaves flat, short, spreading, ciliate with a few long hairs or thelower ones woolly-hairy. Spike narrdw-cylindrical, 1 to near 2 in. long. Spikelets about 2 lines long, with a tuft of hairs at tlieir base. Outer glume as long as the others, many-nerved, ciliate, marked in the centre ou the back with a transverse callosity bearing long rigid horizontally spreading hairs, with a broad cavity underneath it, very tliin and almost hyaline, bordered by a prominent nerve on each side ; 2nd glume broad to above the middle, pubescent on tlie back and densely fringed on each side by long spreading hairs, the upper part narrow and glabrous or nearly so ; 3rd glume shorter, thiu, faintly nerved and not ciliate, either empty or enclosing a small palea. Fruiting glume and palea thin and almost hyaline. — F. Muell. Fragm. viii. 200 ;"Hook. Ic. Pl. t. 1240. N. S. '^Vales. Bogan River. Mitchell ; Darling Desert, Victorian Expedition and othcrs. 3. N. Munroi, F. Muell. Fragm. viii. 200. — Habit of iV. MitchelUana* Stems trom a more or less wooUy knotty base under 1 ft. high. Leaves narrow, convolute or subulate, ciliate at the nodes and liguhi, otherwise glabrous. Spike narrow-cylindrical, 1 to near 2 in. long, the rhachis pubescent. Spikelets '2\ to 3 lines long, with a tuft ot hairs at their base. Outer glume nearly as long as the spikelet, thin, glabrous or with a few marginal cilia ; 2nd glume more rigid, acutely acuminate, with about 7 very promineut nerves, the marginal ones fringed in the lower half with long cilia; 3rd glume shorter, much thiuner, glabrous, about 5-nerved, with a small paiea. Fruiting glume and palea thiu and hyaline, the palea larger than tiie glume. — Hook. Ic. Pl. t. 1239 ; Fanicum Munroi, F. Muell. Fragm. v. 204 N. S. Wales. Darling Desert, Beckler. CXr,TV. GRAMTNEJE. 509 17. PEROTIS, Ait. Spikelets 1-flowered, sessile or shortly pedicellate along the con- tiiiuous rhachis of a loosc slmi^le spike or raceine. Grlumes 3, 2 outer empty ones liuear, ri^nd, tapering iuto loug termiual straight awus, the lowest the longest. Terminal flowering gluuic much smaller, thin and hyaline, the palea still snialler. Styles vcry shortly uuited at the base, the plumose stigmas short. Grain narrow, frec, longcr than tlie tcrminal glume, euclosed in the 2 rigid outer oues. The genus cxtends over tropical and sub-tropical Asia and Afrlca, the Australian species, closely allied to the common Asiatic and African one, appears to bo reprc- scnted in the Malayan Archipelago. 1. P. rara, R. Br. Prod. 172. — Stems from a decumbent or branching base, slender, ascending to 1 ft. or rather more. Leaves liuear, with subulate points, glabrous except a few marginal cilia especially at the orifice of the sheaths ; liguhi ciliate. Spike or raceme in some specimens 3 to 4 in., in others at least twice as long. Spikelets always numerous, at first erect at length reflexerl, in some specimeus almost sessile, iu others ou pedicels of \ to above \ line long, often ciliate with a few hairs ; the spikelets very narrow, 2 to 3 lines long without the fine awns which are -^ to 1 in. loug. Outer glume with a prominent keel, sometimes gLabrous, in a few specimens ciliate with rather long hairs, 2nd glume similar but rather shorter and narrower. — F. Muell. Fragm. viii. 115. N. Australia. Between Norman and Gilbert Rivers, GuUiver; in the interior of Arnhem's Land, M'I)<>U(ill Stuayt. Queensland. Port Curtis and Cape Uiistart, WGillirm;/ ; Port Deniaon, Fitzalan ; Rockhampton and numerous stations in South Queensland, Boinnan, 0'Shanesy and many others ; Balonne River, MitcJieU ; towards Cooper's Creek, Neihon. Although generally very difFerent from the common tropioal species of Pcrotis [P. latifolia, Ait. with broader leaves and much shorter spikelets), there certainly appear to be connecting forms, cspecially that from the Philippine Islands which Trinius described as Xystidiu»! maritimnm, and which has been regarded as a slight variety of P. rara. SuBTRiBE II. RoTTBOELLiE^. — Spikelcts awulcss, in pairs or rarely solitary, in alternate notches of the articulate rhachis of asimple spike, one sessile fertile and more or less embedded iu a cavity of the rhachis, the other pedicelLiteand barren or rarely fertile. This subtribe dififers from the spicate Euandropogone» in the total absenceof any awn and in the rhachis moredeeply excavated for the reception of the sessile spikekt. A few species of hchamum are however intermediate as it were between the two subtribes. 18. ELIONURUS, Willd. Spikelets in pairs, in the alternate notches of the articulate rliachis of a simple spike, 1 sessile with 1 hermaphrodite flower, the other 510 CXLIT. OEAMiNEJE. [Elionurm. pedicellate and barron, the spike solitary and densely silky-bairy. Outer <);lunie of the barreu spikelet usually spreadiug. Fertile spikelet appressed. Glumes 4, the outer one tlie largest erect and 2- lobed, the 2ud shorter, thin but rigid and pointed, 3rd and 4th shorter very thin and hyaliue, all without awns. Palea none (or very minute?). Stvles distinct. Grain enclosediu the outer glumes, free from thein. The Renus is spread over tropical and subtropical America and Africa, extendin;^ sparingly into Western Asia. The only Australian species is endemic. 1. E. citreus, Munro. — Stems sleuder, li to 2 ft. higb. Lower leaves very narrow, almost subulate, with sliort broad sheaths ; upper ones withlong loose sheaths passing into the sheathing bracts, the upper oneon thepeduncle below the spike. Spike 3 in, long, densely silky with tbe spreading hairs of the rhachis and pedicels. Barren spikelets cn a short broad pedicel, the outer glume uarrow, very acute, spreading, friuged with long cilia, the 2nd erect rather shorter, the promlnent keel produced into a fine poiut, the 3rd small and liyaline; no ilower. Sessile spikelet erect and appressed, much flattened, 5 to 6 lines long. Outer glume lanceolate, 7-uerved, the 2 hateral nerves thickened ciliate and produced into long erect ciliate lobes or thick poiuts, 2nd glume \ as long, fiuely poiuted, — Andropogon citreus, E. Br. Prod. 203. Queenslaud. Northumberland Islands, R. Browit ; "Native Wells," Armit. 19. HEMARTHRIA, E. Br. Spikelets in pairs, in the alternate notches of a simple spike, 1 sessileand halfembedded in a cavity of the scarcely articulate rhaehis with 1 hermaphrodite flower, the otheron aclosely appres.^ed aud often adnate pedicel reduced to 2 or 3 empty glumes, the spikes single on e;ieh peduncle above a sheathing bract aud often flatteued. G-Iuraesin the sessile spikelet 4, the outer one appressed and covering the cavity of the rhachis, the 2nd thiuner and concave or keeled, the 3rd aud -Ith and the palea in the 4th thin and hyaline. Styles distinct. Grain enclosed in the glumes but free from tiiem. A small geuus of closely allied species, widely spread over the warmer regions of the globe especially on the sea-coasts of the Old World, the Australian species very closely allied to, if not identical with, a common Asiatic and Mediter- ranean one. 1 H. compressa, JR. Br. Prod. 207. — Stems decumbeut or creep- ing at the base, ratlier rigid, asceuding to 1 ft. ov rather more, slightly . branched. Leaves narrow, glabrous or the lowerones sprinkled witii a few loug hairs. Spikes solitary on tlie branches or m arly so, more or less compressed, rigid, 3 to 5 in. long, ofteu l^ lines broad. Spikelcts all closely appressed, 3 to 3| lines long. Outer glume many-uerved, tapering into a very variable point, soinetimes very short and straight especially in the sessile spikelet, sometimes elongated aud fine or Semarthria.'] cxlia^ gkamine^. 511 minutely hooked at the extremity, or in southern specimens, espe- cially towards the end of the spike, termiuating in a rather loug iuflexed rigid hook. lu the pedicellate spikelet the point of the outer glume is often longer finer and straight, but oecasionally that also is hooked and more rarely the 2ud glume ends in a small hook. — H. uncinatn, K. Br. 1. c, llook. f. Fl. Tnsm. ii. 107 ; Erongn. iu Duperr. Voy. Bot. t. 15. Queensland. Brisbane River, Moreton Bay, F. Mueller, Bailcii ; Rockhampton, 0'Sliaiisii ; Dawson River, i^. J/«c//(r ; also in ZeiWi/(rt)rf/!'.9 collcction, N. S. Wales. Port Jackson, R Brown, Woolls and others, Hieher, n. 88 ; Hastinijs and Clarence Rivers, Beckler, Wilcox. Victoria. Yarra, Ovens and Upper Hume Rivers, Dandenong Ranges and several other localities, F. MuelUr and others. Tasmania. Derwent River, E. Broivii ; Northern Coasts of the Island, Guini ; South rort, C. Stuart. S. Australia. Lohethal and near Adelaide, F. Mueller. W. Australia. Common about Swan River and King George's Sound, Fraser, A. CuHiiiiiffham, Druiiunoiid, n. 152, 385, and others. The hook attho end of theglumes, upon which Brown separated his ff. uncir.ata from the H. comprensa, is exceedingly variable. In the southern specimens gene- rally it is long and very rigid on some of the glumes at least towards the upper end of the spike ; in the common form figured by Brongniart it is small and only ob- servable on a few glumes ; most of the northern specimens have all the outer glumes fine-pointed without hooks. The latter form is also in East India and comes very near to, if it be not identical with, the south Mediterranean H. lasciculata, Kunth. 20. MANISUmS, Swartz. Spikelets in pairs in the 1-sided notches of tlie articulate rhachis of a simple spike, 1 sessile aud half embedded in a cavity on the rhachis with 1 hermaphrodite ilower, the other on an appressed pedicel reduced to 2 empty gluines, the spike single on the peduncle above a sheathing bract. G-lunies of the sessile spikelet 4, the outer due the largest, globular and hard, coveringthe cavity of the rhachis, the 2iid smaller, concave, thin but rigid, 3rd and -Ith small thiu and hyaliue. Palea none (or very minute r). Styles distinct. Grain enclosed in the hard outer glumes, free from them. The genus is now generally reduced to the single species, widely spread over the warmer regions of the New and the Old World. 1. M. granularis, Sw. ; Kunth, Enum. i. 469. — A branching leafy annual of 1 tt. or more, sprinkied orvillous with spreading hairs, tlie ieaf-sheaths usually hispid, the floral leaves geuerally exceeding the enclosed sheathing bracts and spikes, and the narrow sheathing bracts on the separate peduucles as long as or longer than the spikes, tiie whole inflorcsence forming an irregular leafy panicle. S[)ikes inosllv about \ in. lonir- Spikelets scarcely more than \ line diameter, tiie promiuent graiu-like hard and pitted outer glumes alone conspicuous, 512 cxLiY. GRA.MINK.T:. [Manisuris. and appearing in a single row on oiie side of tbe rliachis. — Beiuiv. Agrost. t. 21. f. 10. N. Australia. Depot and Sturfs Creek, F. M/ieller. 21. OPHIURUS, Br. Spikelets siugly sessile and embedded in the alternate cavities of the artifulate rhiichis of a simple spike, with 1 hermaphrodite or fLinale flovver and often a male oue below it, the spike siugle on e ich peduncle above a sheathing bract, and cylindrical or nearly so. Glumes 4, the outer one hard, closely coveriug the cavity of the rhachis, the 2nd thin but rather rigid, concave or keeled, the 3rd and 4th as well as the palese thin and hyaline, all awnless. Styles distinct. Grrain enclosed iu the glumes but freefrom them. A small tropical Asiatic and African genus, the only Australian species extending also into East India. The genus only differs from RittbjeUia in the wantofthe pedicellate barren spikelets. 1. O. corymbosus, Gcertn. ; Kuiith, Snmn. i. 464. — Stems erect, branching, said to attain 5 or 6 ft. in heiglit. Upper leaves few with long sheaths, quite glabrous in the typical form. Spikes rigid, 2 to 5 in. long and scarcely above 1 line diameter, pedunculate and clustered in the upper leaf-sheaths, but eaeh peduncle with a long narrow sheath- ing bract below the spike. Outer glume lanceolate, 2 lines long, very hard, 5-nerved aud pitted or tuberculate between the nerves, 2nd glume in the deep cavity very coucave and keeled, 3rd enclosing a palea and male flower, 4th or terniinal oue witb a liermapbrodite (or female?) flower. — Rottboellia corymhosa,TA\m..; Roxb. Corom. Pl. t. 181. N. Australia. Upper Victoria and Albert Rivers, F. Mnellcr. Queensland. Endeavour River, Baiiks and Sulander ; Kennedy District, Dain- tne ; Eockhampton, 0'Shancsy, Thozet ; Herberfs Creek, Bouinan. Widely spread over East India, also in tropical Africa. Var ? pubescens. A single .small specimen, with an apparently annual root, from Hookers Creek, F. MneUer. Leaves very pubescent. Spikes like the typical ones, but with the outer glume still more pitted and tuberculate. Perhaps a distinct species. 22. ROTTBOELLIA, Linu. f . partly. Spikelets in pairs iu the alternate notches of the articulate rhachis of a simple spike, 1 sessile and embedded in a cavity of the rhachis, with 1 hermaphrodite fl )wer and sometimes a male one beiow it, the other on a closely appressed pedicel but ofteu spreading, with a male or i'arely hermaphrodite flovter, or reduced to 1 or 2 empty glumes, the spike single on each peduncle above a sheathing bract aud cyliudrical or nearly so. Gluraes in the sessile spikelet 4, the outer one coriaceous, closely coveriug the cavity of the rhachis, the 2nd thinner but often rigid, concave or keeled, the 3rd and 4th and the pale,is. 1. H. contortus, Roem. et Schnlt. Syst. ii. 386. — Stems ascending or crect, 1 to 2 ft. high. Leavcs narrow, ciliate with a tew long hairs, the sheaths flattened. Spikes pedunculate, 1 to 2 iu. loug without tho awns. Male or barren spikelets 3 to 4 lines long, green, ciliate, closely imbricate in 2 rows along one side of the spike aimost concealing the females. Female spikelets narrow, the outer glumc hard, obtuse, convolute, the 2ud narrow with a hard centre, tiie hairs surrounding the spikelet brown and silky. Awn protruding often to 2 iu. and very niucli twisted. — Andropogon contorius, Linn. ; Kunth, Euum. i. 4SU ; R. Br. Prod. 201; F. Muell. Fragm. viii. 120; Heteropogon hirtns, Pers. Syu. ii. 533 ; Andropogon striatus, K. Br. Prod. 201. N. Australia. Islands of the North Coast, R. Broivn ; Victoria River, Elsei/ ; Strangwiiys Kiver, M' DouaU Stuart ; Port Darwin, Schultz. n. 10, 146, 151 ; Sweers Island, HfiDie, Queeusland. Keppel Bay, R. Broivn ; Endeavour River, Banhs nnd Solander ; j>\oith-east Coaat, A. Cuiinit/ffham ; Rockingham Bay, Bnlluehii ; Moreton Bay, F. Miiilltr, Bailey, Leichhardt ; RockhHmpton, 0'M«//t ttie base, quite glabrous, the upper one reduced to a sheathing bract very near or close to the spikes. Spikes 2 together but sessile erect and closely appressed so as to appenr like one thick cyiindrical spike of 1 to 2 in., the rhachis aud thick pediccls quite glabrous. Spikelcts about 3 lines long. Outer glume of the sessile one paleaceous, broad, obtuse acnte or mucrouate, several-uerved, the 2 hiteral nerves winged towards tlie top, 2nd glume narrower thinner, acute, the kcel winged towards thc end, 3rd thin but rigid and acute, witha malc flowcr, the 4th under thc hermaphroditc flower thin and hvalinc, cntire and awnless or slightly notehed with a minute awn. PcdiceUate spikelct narrower but containing a hermaphroditc flowcr in the specimens cxamincd. — Androj^oqon muticus, Steud. Syn. Glum i. 374 ; F. MuelL Fragin. viii. 120 partly. Queensland. Rockingham Bay, Ballachy. Widely .spread on the sea-coasts of tropical Asia and the South Pacific Islands. 6. I. ciliare, Retz, Ohs. vi. 36 (not ofKwith) var. ? podostachyum. — Stem in the specimcn seen slcnder, under 1 ft. liigh, erectfrom a shortly decumbent or creeping base. Leaves short, glabrous, the ligula prominent. Nodes bearded. Spikes scarccly 1 in. long, 2 at theend of the peduncle, but one of tlieni shorter and attached lower down, giving the othcr a pedunculate appearance. Pedicels ciliate. Sessile spikelet 3 lines long, the outer glume Linceolate, acutely acuminate, ihe ncrves more conspicuoua and not so smooth as in the typical /. ciliare and in 1. decitiubens ; 2nd glume as long but thinner narrow and keeled, 3rd nearly as loug, very acute, with a male flower, 4th or terminal glume hyaline, deeply 2-lobed witli a slender awn not twice aa long, enclosing tlie hermaphrodite flower. PcdicelLite spikelet nearly simihir, but containing only a male flower and no avvn. N. S. Wales. Hunters River, Viiiftd States Krplorini/ Expedition. Tliis is most probably a distinct species, but haviug sccn ouly a singlc specimen, I Ischcevinm.'] cxltv. nuAMTNE^. 521 doultt whcf hcr thc poculiar inflorcsccnco may not bo accidcntally ahnormal. Tho tvpi- cal /. cili(iii\ Ivt^tz, {Sjindiiipiii/o/i d and 2- llowcred likc the scssilo onc. I5y an uiifortuuato ovcrsii:;ht. Kuuth iniNtook tho .■[)f/irii.riiii ciliarc, Bcauv., for Rctz's Isc/uniiHiii ci/iarc, although Buauvois had exprcssly pointcd out thc gencric difTerencQ of thc two plants. 7. I. decumbens, Bc7itli. — A weak decumbent plant with tlio luibit ot"/. ciV/a/v, the steins ascendinc; to about 1 f't. m the speeimena seeu, the nodes bearded. Leavos rather short, chiefly at the base of the steui, more or less hairy, the upper oues tew and short with h)ug sht-aths. Spikes 2 togethpr, both sesaile and erect, 1 to \\ in. lonof, tiio rhaehis and pedieels sliortly ciliate. Scssile spikelet 2-\ to 3 lines long, the outer «i^lume.ovate-hanceohite, ri<2;i(l, sniooth and shiuins^, the nerves visible ouly towards the end, the 2 lateral ones produced into short ])oiut3 but uot wiut^ed, 2ud glume kceled aud pointed but uot wiuged, 3rd aeute, with a male tiower, 4th under the hermaphrodite flower liyaline but not so thiu as iu some species, bitid, with a tine awn olten \ iu. long. Pedicelhate spikelet reduced to a single narrow empty glume. N. Australia. Port Darwin, Scludtz, n, 126. F. Mucllcr, Fraj^m. viii. 119, rcfers this to the Indian /. cilinre, Rctz, {Aii^ro/mr/oi/ iii(/liico/)/ii////is, Steud.), which it rcscmblcs at first sipht, but from which it is distinctly s-eparated, if the reduction of thc pcdiccUate spikclet, the shape of the glumes, etc, prove as constant as they appear to be in our specimeus. 8. I. pectinatum, Trin. in Mem. Acad. Petersh. ser. 6. ii. 296. — Stems tutted aiid leaty aC the base, about 1 ft. high or rather more, Lower leaves narrow, flat, under G iu. long, those on the stem tew, reduced to long close sheaths with very short erect laminae. Spike siugle, peduuculate above the last sheath, rather slender, straight or sliglitly curved, usually about 2 in. but sometimes twice that lengtli. Sessile spikelets closely appressed and iuibricate on oue side of the riiaehis, much flattened, 2 lines long or rather more. Outer glumo broad, truncate or retuse, thin but rigid, 7-nerved, the outer nerve.s close to tl;e margin elegantly pectiuate-muricate in the lower part, aud prnduccd upwards iuto short wings ; 2nd glume uarrower, acute, keeled, 3rd gluiiie thin and hyaline with a palea and maie flower, teriuinal ghuue with a hermaphrodite flower shorter, rather broad, obtuse, very thin and hyaliue, with a faint central nerve but no awn, the palea simihir but without the central nerve. Pedieollate spikelet re- duced to a single few-nerved acuminate glume, slightly sprcadiug. — • J)ulropo(jon falcatus, Steud. Syu. Grhim. i. 3G9 ; F. Muell. Fragm. viii. 118. Queensland. Brisbanc River, IMorcton Bay, C. Sl/mrt, Bailc;/ : Rockhampton anil iiei,u;hbourhood, llowmfiii and othcrs ; Darling Dowus, Laiv ; Mackcnzie Rivcr and othcr stations, Lcic/i//ardt. Also in Ccvlon and tlie ludian rcniusula. / 522 CXLIV. GBAMINE^. [J«c7jip??mwi. 9. I. fragile, B. Br. Prod. 205. — Stema slender, ascending or erect, l^ to 2 ft. higli. Leaves narrow, those on the stem with long aiid loose sheaths, the uppermost slioath close and slender. Spike single, about 1\ in. long, rigid, on a long pedunele. Articles of the rhachis and pedicels of the barren spikelets similar to each other, about as long as the fertile sessile spikelet, ovate-turgid almost hemispherical, hard aud sliiuing outside, the inner cavity closed by a thin membraue, the two assuming the appearance of two colhiteral spikelets, the fertile 8])ikelet sessile between them on the other side of the rhachis, about 2 lines h)ng, with a tuft of brown cilia at its base. Outer ghmie broad, rigid, faintly 5-nerved, notched at the end, with 2 promineut niem- branous wings, 2nd glume keeled aad tapering to a fine poiut or very sliort awn, 3rd thin, almost hyaline with a palea as longand uotthinner and 3 stamens, 4th terminal giume very tliin aud hyaliue, bifid, the awn twice or three times as long as the spikelet. Pedicellate spikelet smaller, reduced to two membrauous glumes, the outer oue broad aud rather obtuse, the iuner narrow, taperiug to a point. Queeusland. Endeavour River, Banks and Solander. 10. I. laxum, S. Br. Prod. 205. — A rather slender grass of 2 to 3 ft., the Australian specimens quite glabrous. Leaves narrow, often subulate, the bgula short, ciliate. Spike single, dense, sometiines sbghtly curved, 2 to 4 or rarely 5 in. long'; rhachis and pedicels ciliate. Sessile spikelet narrow, scarcely fiattened, 3 to 4 lines long ; outer glume acutely acuminate, with 2 rather prominent nerves and obscure oues between them ; 2ud glume thin, produced into a long fine straight awn ; 3rd hyaline, with a male flower ; termiual glume hyaline, narrow, bifid, with a loug bent awn. Pedicellate spikelet more couspicuous, inuch fiattened as well as the pediceh Glumes acutely acuminate, the outer one broadly lanceohite, with 5 very promineut uerves, the 2nd thiu, scarious, faiutly 3-nerved, two floweriug gliimes and paleas thin and hyaliue, both with male flovvers or the 3rd empty. — Andropofjon nervosus, Kottb. ; Kuuth, Euum. i. 507 ; Molojcmium nervosum, Nees iu Ediub. In. PliiL Jouru. xviii. 185. N. Australia. Islands of the Gulf of Carpentaria, R. Broun ; main land of \Xv% ^v\i, LatuhbnroiKih ; Victoria lliyQV^ F. MueUer ; l'oit Darwiu, Schultz, n. 10; Arnhem's Land, M-Kinlai/. Queensland. Peak Downs, BurkiU ; Rockhampton and neighbourliood, Bvw- inaii, TJwzet, 0'Shaucsi/; also in Zcichhardt^s collection. The specics extends over tropical Asia and Africa. 2G. DIMERIA, E. Br. Spikelets 1-flowered, almost sessilc, inserted singly on thc alternate notches of slender uuilateral spikes, which are eicher solitary or more frequently 2 or 3 together on a terminal peduncle ; the rhachis not articulate, aud frequeuily a tuft of short hairs uuder each spikclet. Bimerid.] oxLir, oiiamtxe^. 523 Glumes t, 2 outer cmpty ones linear, ri£;id, keeled, not awned, tlie 53 rd al.so empty but smaller, tliin aiid hyaline ; termiiial glume tliin and traiisparent, entire or 2-lobed, with a slender awn either termiual or iu the terminal noteh, twisted at the base and beut back at or below tlie niiddle. Palea luinute or none. Styles distinct. Graia free, narrow, enclosed iu the outer glumes. A smiill genus extendinff over tropical Asia. Of the two Australian spccies ono ia also in East India, the other appears to be eudeniic. Spikelets noarly 2 lines long, with a tuft of hairs at the base. Outcr glunies ratliiT thick. (Stamcns 3 ?) . . 1. D. aciiiacifonnis. Spikelets about 1 liiui long. without any or only a vory minute tuft of hairs. Outcr gluiues thin. JStamcns 2 . 2. D. tei/era. 1. D. acinaciformis, 7?. Z?r. P/W. 204. — A slender annunl, brancli- iug at the base, witli iihtbrm sterns G in. to 1 ft. high. Leaves few uear the base, narro^v, ciliate with a few long hairs. Spikes 2, flat, the filiform flexuose rhachis 1 to 1| in. long. Spikelets narrow-linear, nearly2 lineslons:, with a prominent tuft of white hairs or cilia at their base. Outer glume rather thick, complicate, not bordered, the keel miuiitely serrate-ciliolate ; 2nd glume rather longer, nearly as thick but bordered by a thin hyaline margiu,the keel more promiuent at the end. Terminal flowering glume very narrow and hyahne, shortly 2-lobed, distiuctly keeled, the keel produeed into a capiliary twisted and beut awn of about | in. Stamens 3 (H. Brown), all falleu away from the spikelets examiued. Queensland. Endeavour Eiver, Banls and Solaudcr. 2. D. tenera, Trin. in Mem. Acad. Petersh. ser. 6, ii. 225. — A slender branching anuual, with filiform steu)s 6 ia. to 1 ft. liigh, erect or weak aud decumbent. Leaves narrow, ciliate, the sheaths sprinkled with ]ong spreading hairs, the liguhi short, truncate. Spikes 2, filiform, 1 to l^ iu. long. Spikelets about 1 line long, very narrow, witliout any or rarely an exceedingly minute tuft of hairs at the base. Glumes thinner than in D. acinacijormis, the outer one usually sprinkled with a few luiirs and the 2iid shortly ciliate on the hyalme margins, the 3rd very small or perhaps sometimes deficient. Terminal flowering glume rather shorter thau the outer ones, scarcely notched, the avvn appearing quite iQrmma].-—D. psilobasis, F. Muell. Tragm. vii. 104. N. Australia. Port Darwin, Schidfz, n. 321. ^Vidcly sprcad over East ludia, from the Pcninsula to Nepaul und Morgui. 27. ARTHRAXON, Beauv. (Batratherum, Nees.) Spikelets 1-flow^ered, sessile in the alternate notches of the articulate rbachis of simple apikes, with a shortpedicel in the same noteh usually 524 CXLIT. GRAMiNE^E. {^Arthraxon. witliout anv spikelet, the spikes sessile or sliortly pedunculate in a siinple terminal pauicle. Glumes 4, the outer one the hirj^est, meni- branous, several-nerved, the 2nd keeled, acute, the 3rd smaller, hyaline, all avvnlesa, 4tl) or terminal glume shorter tlian the 2nd, hyaline but keeled, w ith a dorsal awn arisintj from the base but twisted and bent as iu Andropogon. Palea very small and hyaline. Styles distinct. Graiu enclosed in the outer <]^lumes but free from them. — Stema usually weak or slender with short broad leaves. The genus is generally spread over tropical Asia and Africa, the only Australian spccies apparently a alight variety of a common Indian one. 1. A. ciliare, Beauv. Agrostogr. 111, t. 11, f. 6, var. australe. — Steins sleuder, decumbent orcreepingat the base, branching and ascend- ing to about 1 ft. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, acute, 1 to l^ in. long, cordate at the base, the sheaths usunlly ciliate with long hairs. Spikes usually 3 or 4, shortly pedicellate, forming a little simple pauicle of about 1 in., tiie rhachis and abortive pedicels ghibrous. Spikelets few, rarely above 6 in, each branch or spike about 2 lines long. Outer glume acute, with about 7 equally prominent more or less muricate nerves ; keel of the 2nd glume ciliate towards the top ; terminal or flowering glume obtuse, entire or very shortly 2-lobed, tiie dorsal awa pfoceeding quite from the base, fine and about twice as long as the s|jikelet. — Batratherum echinatum, Nees. in Edinb. New Phil. Jouru. xviii. 181 ; Andropogon echinatas, Heyne in Steud. Syu. Glum. i. 382, N. S, Wales. New England, C. Stiiart. Although evidently belonging to a common Asiatic species, theso specimens do not precisely agree with the Indian forms. They are nearest to those named by Nces Biitrathervm sii,h)nuticum, but never published by him under that name, though af ter- wards included in Steud. Syn. Glum. i. 3S2 as AndropiHjon subinnticus. There are also several other Asiatic or African species nearly allied to it but apparently dis- tinct. Amongst the numerous synonyms, however, cited by F. Muell. Fragm. viii. 119, there are several which belong to a very difterent phmt, the Iscluemum ciliare, Retz, which, as above mentioued, Kunth had confounded with the Arthraxon ciliare. Var. ? teiiellus. A single spocimen from Tawomba, in Queensland, Baileif, con- sisting of numerous adventitious stems from tho base of an ohl one, with small narrow leaves and tho panicles reduced to singlc sjiikes of 1 to o spikclets, thcncrves of the outer ghimes much muricate, the awn vcry short or obsolete. Perhaps an abnormal state rather than a variety, but the habit very peculiar. 28. POLLINIA, Trin, not of Sprcng. Spikelets 1-flowcred, in pairs iu the alternate notches of tlie articu- late rhachis of siinple spikes, one sessile or shortly pedicellate, the other on a longer pedicel, but the two otherwise similar, the spikes sessile and clustered or rarely solitary at the end of tlie common peduncle. Glumes 4 or 3, outer ouc tlie largcst, membranous, awnless with a truncntc toothed or ciliato tip, 2ud usually thiniier, keekd, acute PoUhiia.l CXLTV. aRA.MmE^. 525 or produced into a fine straiglit awn, 3rd thin and liyaline or doficient ; teruiinai or Itli gluuie a twisted aud beut awu, eontracted and ilexuose or hyaline, dilated and 2-lobed at the base as in AiKlropofjon. Palea BUKill aiid hyaline ur uoue. Styles distiuct. Griiiu cuclosed in tho outer gluiiies aiid frec Iroiu them. — Habit of Andropogon, sect. Gf/m- vandropogon, the spikes silky-villous, rufous or silverv-wliite as in A. sericcHn and its allies, but tlie pediceUate spikelets are all except some- tiines at tlie base of tlie spike fertile, which is never the casc iu Andropogon. Tho genus extends ovcr tropical Asia and Africa, and of the fivo Aiistrulian species only one appears to Le endemic. Third glnme very small and hyalinc or none. Awn con- tracted at the base into a nairow tlexuose stipes. Spikes sfveral, oftcn nuinerous. Spikelets Vjoth pedicellate, 2nd gluine with a tine straight awn. Awn of the tenninal glume long. Annual. Spikes l^ to 2 in. long 1. P. articidald. Perennial. Spikes 3 to 5 in. long 2. i'. irritans. Spikes 2 or 3. Spikelet sessile ; 2nd glume not awncd. Awn of the terminal glume short and fine . . . . Z. P. fiiha. Third glume not much shortor than the 2nd, thin and hya- line. Awn with a narrow hyaline 2-lobed dilatation at the base. Spikes 3 to 4 in., spikelets l^ lines, awns scarcely \ in. long 4. P. tristaehi/a. Spikes about 5 in., spikelets nearly 3 lines, awn 1 to l^ in. long 5. P. Mackinlai/i. 1. P. articulata, Trin. in Mem. Acad. Petersh. ser. G, iii. 90. — Closely allied to P. irritans, but smaller and more sleuder and appa- reiitly anuual, 6 in. to 1| ft. high. Leaves very narrow, flat or filiform. Spikes usually several, sometimes uumerous, slender, l^ to 2 in. long, tiie rhachis articulate but not breaking so readily as in some species. Spikelets exceediugly deciduous, under 1 line long, both pedicellate but one pedicel longer thau the otlier, the rhachis and pediccls shortly ciliate. Outer ghime obtuse, rather broad, faintly nerved, ciliate, 2nd glurae rather narrow, obtuse but the keel produced iuto a fiue straight awn ; 3rd glume deficient (or very minute?). Awn or 4th glume contracted at the base iuto a flexuose stipes without auy hyaline dihitatiou, ciliate iu the lower twisted part, attaiuiug 2 in. iu tlie larger specimens. ISo palea. — Erianthus articidatus, F. MuelL Fragi>i. viii. ilS; Pugonatherum contortum, Brongu. iu Duperr. \oy. Bot. t)0, t. 17. N. Aastralia. Port Es.>ington, Armstrohg ; Port Darwin, Schtdtz, n. 146. Var. miiwr. Spikes 2 to 4, scarcely abovc 1 in. long. Queensland. Rockingham Bay, Dallachi/. The species is also in the Malayan Archipelago. 2. P. irritans^ Bmth. — Stems 2 ft. high or niore. Lcaves usually 526 CXLTT. OKAMiNE.B. [PolUnia long and narrow, glabrous as well as tlie nodes. Spikes sevcral usually numeroLis, 3 to 5 in. long, iii a terminal cluster with a very short comnion rhachis, thc sleuder rhachis of the spikes as well as the pedicela shortly ciliate. Spikelets both pedicellate but one pcdicel longer thau the other, about i line long. Outer glume rather broad, obtuse and morc or Jess toothed at the eud, the uerves faiut except a more proini- nent oue near each margiu ; 2nd glume uarrow, the keel produced into a tine straight awu, 3rd very small and hyaliue. Awn or ternunal glume about 2 in. long, contracted at the base iuto a flexuose stipes without auy hyaliuc dilatation, twisted and ciliate iu the lower half. No palea.—Saccharuiii irritans, R. Br. Pr.)d. 203 ; Erianthus irritans^ Kuuth, Euum. i. 479 ; F. Muell. Eragm. viii. IIS. Queensland. Keppel Bay, R. Broicit ; Endcavonr Itiver and Cleveland Bay, A. CuiuiiiKjham ; Oa^q Yovk, Baeiml ; Rockingham Biiy, Dallac/u/. Var. ? myriaidha. Spikes about 20 in the chister. Spikelcts vcry numcrous and small, -with shorter and finer awns, but not otherwise ditferent from the typical form. • N. Australia. Arnhem's Land, M'Jiiiilai/. 3. P. fulva, Beiith. — Stems either slender and 1 to l^ ft. high, or stoutcr more branching at the base aud attaiuiug 2 to 4 ft., the nodes ghabrous or shortly bearded. Leaves ratlier uarrow tapering^^to fine points, the orifice ofthe sheaths and ligula usually ciliate audsome- times the sheaths hairy. Spikes 2 or 3 sessile aud uear together ia a termiual cluster but not quite digitate, l^- to 2iin. lons:, covered with siiky iiairs of a rich brown. Spikelets mostly about 2 lines long, but variable iu size, all similar or the pedicellate ones rather narrower. Outer glume truncate or deuticulate at the end, faiiitly uerved, 2nd nearly as long, narrower, slightly keeled, truncate, 3rd very minute or more frequently entirely deficieut. Awu or terminal glume slender, rarely ^ in. long, contracted into a flexuose stipes or slightly dihited at tlie base, hyaliae and bifid. Styles very shortly united. — Saccharum fnlviim, K. Br. Prod. 20 3; Erianihus fuhus, Kuuth, Enum. i. 479 ; F, Muell. Fragm. viii. 118. N. Australia. Islands of the Gulf of Carpentaria, R. Broivn ; Dampicr's Archipelago, A. Cunningham ; Port Darwin, Schultz, n. 466. Queensland. Shoalwater, R. Brown. ; Rockhampton, O^Shancsij, and various localitie.s in South (iuoensland, Leichhardt and many others. N. S. Wales. Liverpool Plains, C. Moore ; Darling River to Coopers' Creek, Neil.son. S. Australia. On the Murray near Morunda. F. MuelJn- ; near T>ake Eyre, Andreus ; Lake Amadeus and Charlotte Wuters Ccntral Australia, Giles. Several of the latter spccimens with the base of the awn rather more conspicuous hyaline and bifid, but still very narrow. W. Australia, Murchison River, Olcljield. This spcf^iesat first sight much resembles the East Indian Erianthus aurcus, Nees, (including Follinia Cuiniiiffii, Nees, or Erianthus CuniiiKjii, F. Muell. and other synonyms^, but that has the outer glumes diftcrcntly .shaped and the inner ones much more developed. PoUinin.] cxLir. onAMiNE.^. 527 4. P. tristachya, nw. Enum. Ceyh Fl. 308.— Stenis 2 to 3 ft. liigh or soinetiiucs nn)re, tlie iiodes not be:irded. Leaves iiarrow, ofteii spiinkled witli a few long luiirs and eiliate at the oriflee of the slieatlis. iSpikes usnally niorc than 3 and sonietinies many, elustered at the end of the peduncle, 3 to 4 in. loug, slender, the silky liairs of tlie rhacliis and pedicels shorter than tlie spikelets. Spikelcts about 1| lincs long, tlie sessile and pedicellate ones similar. Outer glume menibranous, truncate or 2-tootlied, faintly uerved, bordered by long cilia, 2nd narrovver, scarcely ciliate, 3rd neariy as long, aluiost acutc. Awn or terininal glume fine, scarcely \ in. long, the liyaline base very narrow with small narrow terniiual lobes. — Erianthm lioxlu/yhii, F. JMuell. l'ragm. viii. 117. Queensland. Rockingham Bay, Dallachi/. Common in East India. our specimens agreeing precisoly with some from Ceylon aud others from Khasya, etc. 5. P. Mackinlayi, F. Bfuell. Herh. — Apparently tall, but the lowcr part ot the plant uot seen, the upper leaf erect, with a loug sheath sliglitly pubescent. Spikes 4 or 5, scarcely out of the sheatli in the specimens seen, about 5 in. long, the spikelets almost concealed under tlie long silvery-silky hairs of the rhachis and pedicels. Spikelets nearly 3 lines iong, the sessile and pedicellate oiies similar. Outer glume membranous, scarcely nerved but thickened in the centre, densely ciliate in the middle with long hairs but glabrous above theni, the 2nd narrower aud thinner, the margins slightly ciliate, 'Srd hyaline but not much shorter. Awn or termiual glume 1 to 1-^ iu. long, the hvaline base with narrow acute lobes. — Erianlhus villosus, Y. Muell. Fragm. viii. IIS. N. Australia. North Coast of Aruhcm's Land, M^Kinlay. The East Indian P. rillnsa, Munro, differs in the fewer less silky sjiikes, the smallcT spikelets wiih the outer ghime niuch more rigid and prominently nerved wilhout the dense dorsal cilia, and the awns much shorter. 29. ANDROPOGON, Linn. (GjTnnandropogon, Cymhopogon and Schizachyrium, Xees.) Spikelets l-flowcred or empty, in pairs in the alternate notches of the articulate rhachis of simple spikes, 1 sessile hermaphrodite (or rarely feniale ?) and fertile the other pedicellate and barreu either male or empty, the spikes either solitary or clustered and sessile or very shortly pedunculate at the end of the common peduncle. Glumes iii the fertile spikelct 4, tlie outer one the largest, awuless, several- nerved, but often 2 uerves near the margin much morc prominent than the others ; 2nd glume keeled, rarely produced into a short straight awn, 3rd much smaller, very thin and hyaline, always einpty, 4th or 528 CXLIT. GEAMTNEiE. [Andropof/on . termmal glume undcr tlie flower very slender flexuose and stipes-like at the base or if dilatcd very thin and hyaline, entire or biiid at the top, with an awn eitlier tcrminal or from the notch, rigid and twisted iii the lowcr part, bent back and very fine abovc tlie niiddle. Palea smail and liyaline or none. Glumes of the barren spikelets 4 or fewer, the outer one the largest aud mam -ncrved, the 2iid kecled, the 3rd and 4.th Avhcn prcsent small thiii aud hyaline, all awnlcss. Styles distinct. Grrain cnclosed in the glumes but frce from them. — Clrasses usually tall and ofteu sccuted, simple or paniculatcly brauchcd. A large genus, generully spread over the warmer regions of the gloho, witli a f(;w extratropical species both in tho northern anJ southern honiispheres. Of the fifteen Australian species three are widcly spread over tho warnicr regions of the Old World, one of them extending into Europe, a fourth is at least in New Caledonia and the Philipjdnes, the remaindcr are cliiciiy if not entirely cndemic. It is not imjirobahle howevcr that when the Asiatic species come to he more carefully worked up some others ma_\ he found to bc too closely connectcd with Austrahan ones if not absolutely idcntical. Section I. Gymnandropogon. — Spilrs 2, 3 or morc, clus/cred at the ciicl of a pcduncle icitlwut shcuthing bracts, vcrij rarclij rcduccd to u simjle spike, Spikelets concealed or nearly so under copious long silky hairs. Spikes about 3 in., spikelets about 3 lines long .... 1. A. erianthoides. Spikes not above 2 in., spikelets scarccly 2 lines long. Long silky hairs on the back of theouter glumes as well as on the rhachis and pediccls 2. A. scriccus. Long silky hairs only or chictiy on the rhachis and pedicels. Glumes not pitted 3. A. afflnis. Outer glumes marked with a pit on the back ... 4. A. pcrtusus. Spikes silky-hairy, but the haira not covering the spike- lets. Spikes 3 or 4 in a close cluster. Outer glumes obtuso or toothed b. A. anmiUdus. Spikes 4 to 8 in a close chistcr. Outer glumes acute ^. A. Ischcnnum. Spikes numcrous, the common axis elongated . . . . 1. A. intcrnudius. Sectiox II. Cymbopogon. Spikcs 2 togcflier ou each pcdu„cle xvithin or ahove a shcathing bract. Spikes both sessile at the end of the peduncle. Awns slender short and glabrous or defieient. Silky hairs long, conccaling the spikelets or nearly so. Spikes erect. Awns prominent. Leavcs long and broad. Stems tall and stout 8. ^. proccrus. Leavcs flat, narrow. Spikes densely woolly . . . 9. A. lanatus. Leaves whoUy subulate or very narrow, tapcring into long subulate points. Spikelets small . . 10. A. exallatus. Spikes at lcngth spreading or reflexed. Awus none or very liue and scarccly projecting 11, A. liMibi/cinus. Jndropogon.'] cxtjv. on.iMiNE^. 529 Hairs mneh shortcr than tho spikclets. Spikes divari- cato usnally shortly awnod \1. A. KchcexaHthus. Hairs minutc. Spikcs soon roflexcd. Awns vory short or none 13. J. rrfrac/us. One spike afli.xed k)wer down than tho othcr, sli^rhtly hairy. Awns 1 to 3 in. long, liairy in the lowcr part . . .14. A. hic]ntatluv(>i. Section IIT. Schizachyrium. — rediinclcs axillary or terminal, beariiiff lach a sitigle spike above a tiarnnc slicutliiiKj hract. Ehachis and pedicels shortly ciliute, a small ohliquchractat eachnotch 1''. A.fragilis. Section L Gymka>'dropoc.ox. — Spikes 2, 3 or niore, clustered at tVie eud of an eloiigated peduucle without slicathing bracts, very rarely reduced to a single spike. Among the follo^ving specics those with donsely silky-hairy spikos approach riilliinu iu habit, but the pedic^illate spikelet is alwaysbarren and awuless, aud uiost frequoutly without evcn a male flower. 1. A. erianthoides, F. Muell. Frarjm. x. 75,— Au erect glaucous grass of 2 or 3 ft., glabrous except the inflorescence, theuodea uot bearded. Leaves ratiier narrow. Spikes usually 3 or 4, nearly sessile .at the end of a peduucle without sheathing bracts, erect or scarcely spreadiug, about 3 in. loug, the spikeleta coucealed under the very copious long silky hairs surroundiug the sessile spikelet ou the pedicels aud a few ou the outer glumes. Sessile spikelet about 3 liues loug, tne outer gluiue nearly equally many-uerved, with a short scarious otten notched tip ; 2ud glume rather shorter, keeled, 3-uerved, acute, 3rd thiu and liyaline ; awn or termiual glume fiue, not above twice the leiigth of the spikelet, coutracted at the base into a iiexuose stipes, •with sometimes a very slight hyaline dilatation. Pedicellate spikelet reduced to 1 or 2 empty glumes, Queensland. Peak Downs, F. Muelhr ; Darling Downs, Leichhardt ; Spring- suro, jrutli. N. S, Wales. Maneroo, TFoolls. 2. A. sericeus, E. Br. Prod. 201. — Stems erect, branchiug at the base, usually rather slender aiid 1 to 2 ft. high, with uarrow leaves cbiefly at tlie base, but sometimes twice that height with larger leaves, the uodes bearded. Spikes iu tlie typical form 2 or 3 or rarely twice as mauy, sessile at the top of a slender peduncle without sheathing bracts, all L to 2 iu. long and densely clothed with long silky hairs on the outer glumes as weli as on the rhachis and pedicels. Spikelets Bcarcely 2 liues long, the pedicellate one reduced to a many-uerved silky-hairy glume euclosing a second small hyaline lanceolate one. Outer glume of the sessile spikelet rather rigid. obtuse or ncarly so, about 5-uerved, with loug silky hairs on the back and a short scarious ciliatetip; 2nd glume keeled, acute, glabrous ; 3rd very small broad thiu and hyaline ; awn or terminal glume | to l^ iu. long, without any hyaline dilatatiou at the base. — A, chrysatherus, F. Muell. iu lannaja, voL. vri. 2 M 530 cXLiv. GRAMiNE^. [Andropogon. XXV. 4i3 ; A. annulatus, F. Muell. Fragm. viii. 12.3, but not of Eorsk. Queensland. Keppcl Bay, R. Brou-n ; Cape York, Daeniel ; Port Curtis, M^Gilliv- raij ; iloreton Bay, A. Cuinn>iyham, F. MutUcr and others ; Condamine River, ete., Leichhardt ; Rockhampton and other localities in South Queensland, 0' iihumsi/ aml others. N. S. Wales. Port Jackson to the Blue Mountains. R. Brotv», JFonlls and others ; New England, C. Stuart ; Macleay \\\\eT, Beckler ; Liverpool Plains, C. Moore ; near Bathurst, A. CuniriiKjham ; between the Darling and the Western frontier, Ballnchij and others. S. Australia. Rocky Creek and Crystal Brook, F,- Mueller ; Lake Eyre, Ai.dreics ; Ivako Amadeus, Gilcii. ■W. Australia, Drummoud, n. 'J86. AIso in New Caledonia and the Philippines. Var. polijstachtjus. Usually a larger plant with 10 to 30 or even more spikcs of I4 to 2 in., all closely sessile in a terminal head, the long silky hairs and structure of the spikelets precisely as in the typical form. Wr. Australia. Victoria River and Sturfs Creek, F. Blueller ; Albert River and Sweers Island, Ifcniie ; Escape Cliffs, Ilulse. Queensland. Port Denison, Fitzalan ; Burdekin River, Boivman ; Rockhampton, O' ahanesi/. 3. A. affinis, B. Br. Prod. 201. — Yery near A. scriceus and perliaps a variety, with the same liabit, the nodes less bearded aud sometiines quite glabrous. Spikes usually 3 or 4, not quite sessile, l^ to 2 in. long, the spikelets rather longer and narrower than in A. sericeus and not so closely imbricate, the long silky spreading hairs only on the pedicels and at the base of the sessile spikelets, not on the backs of the giumes, the 3rd glume niore developed in the spikelets examined ; the awn f to 1\ in loug. Queensland. Keppel Bay, E. Broun ; Bloreton Bay, Leichhardt, C. Stuart, Bailey. N. S. Wales. Port Jackson to tbe Blue Mountains, Woolls. W. Australia. Fraser's Range, Dem/Jiter, the specimens apparently belonging to this rather than to the typical A. sericcus. 4. A. pertusus, Willd.; Kunth, Enum. i. 498. — Stems slender, 1 to 2 ft. liigh, the nodes ghibrous. Leaves cliiefly at the base of the stem, narrow, glabrous. Spikes 2 to 5, sessile or nearly so at the end of the peduucle without sheathing bracts, 1 to 2 in. huig, silky-hairy as in the preceding species, with long hairs on the pedicels and at the base of the sessile spikelets. Spikelets fully 2 lines long, ratlier obtuse, the outer glume marked above the middle with a small pit which assumes inside the appearauce of a projecting glaud. Awn slender, about f rarelv 1 in. long. Pedicellate spikelet usually contaiuing a male flower.— E. Br. Prod. 201. Queensland. East Coast, R. Brown ; Dawson River, F. Muclkr ; Brisbane River, Baiiey ; Rockhampton, Thozet, 0'Shancsy. N. S. Wales. Mudgee, Taylor. Widely spread over tropical Asia. Andropofjfon.'] cxlit. ORAiMiNE^. 531 5. A. annulatus, Forsk. ; Kunth, Enum. i. 49S. — Stems from a tufted base asfeiidiiig to about 2 ft., the iiodes j^Iabrous or sliglitly bearded. Leaves uarrow, iisually glaucous. Spii^es 2 or 3, uearly sessile at tlie end ot' tlie peduuele without sheathing braots, li to 2 in. loug, the pedieels aud base of tlie sessiie spikelets uuich less ciliate tliau in the prccediu^ species. Spii; i«oiiietimos G to 8 ft., the nodes bearded with a dense tuft of hairs. Lcaves narrow, with scabrous edges, Pauicle loose, 4 to 8 in. long, the hairs of the pedicels and spikelets of a rich brown as in the darker speciinens of S. plumosus, but the sessile spikelets only 1\ to 2 lines kmg, ovate or shortly conieal at the top, not niuch flatlened and usually bhiek and shining when ripe. Awn \ to f in. long. Ovary ghxbrons. — IIolcus J'uh'us, R. Br. Prod. 199 ; Andropogon tropicus, Spreng. Syst. i. 2S7. Queensland. Keppel Bay, R. Brown ; Kockhampton, ffShaxesy ; Rockingham Bay, Dallachy. Also in tropical Asia, fi'om Ceylon to tho Archipelago, S. China and Japan. 4. S. intrans, F. Muell. Herh. — General liabit and foliage of the two preceding speeies, but the nodes ghibrous and the long awns give the dense pauicle a different aspect. Fertile spikelets about 4 lines long, nearly terete, obtuse, hard, sniooth and shining, ghibrous except at the tips, tlie pedieels covered with long rufous liaiis. Outer glume with 2 dorsal protuberances at the end giving it a 3-toothed aspeet. Awn rigid, 3 to 4 in. long, the dilated hyaline base not much shorter than the other glumes and broadly 2-lobed. Palea smaU. Ovary crowued by a dense tuft of hairs not observed in any other species. N. Australia. Ai-nhcm's Land, i^ Jf«eZ/(T ; Port Darwin, SchuUz, n. 31, 149, 185; Lagrange Bay, llHghan. 33. AWTHISTmiA, Linn. (Tseilema, Anden^^ Spikelets 1-flowered or empty, 7 rnrely 6 in a spike or cluster, 4 male or barren, either sessile or pedicellate in a whorl at tlie base of the hairy rhachis, 2 or sometimes 1 pediceHate and niale or barren on the top of the rhaciiis with an intermediate sessile fertile one. Glumes in tlie barren spikelets usually 2, the outer one several-nerved, the inner thin and hyaline, in the male spikelets usually a 3rd smailer hyah'ne one ; in the fertile spikelet glumes 4, the 2 outer ones nearly equal, usually rigid and coriaceous, the outer one obscurely 5- or 7-nerVed, the 2nd with 2 promincnt nerves the central one very faint, 3rd glume much smalier, very thin and hyaline ; 4th very narrow and thiri at the base, thickeued into a long twisted awn usualjy bent al)ove the middle. Palea very emall and hyaline, sometimes scarcely conspicuous. Styles distinct. Griain free, enclosed iu tlie hardened outer glumes. — Ereet leafy branching grasses, the spikes or clusters singly pedunculate within sheathing bracts, or sessile in the bracts aiid collected many together iu compound clusters forming short almost cyme-like leafy panicles. Thc gcnus is sprcad ovcr the wanncr regions of the Old World, cxtcnding into South Africa, the several spccits dcscribed as American Lcing now refcrrcd to Andro- 512 cxLiv. GBAMINE^. [Jnihisliria. pogon {Cijmhopnrjon) bractcafus, "Willd. Of the four Australian species one is a com- nion Asiatic and African one, the other three appear to be endeuiic. The 4 whorled barren fpikolets sessile. Awn very long and rigid. Spikelets in dense compound clusters, sessile within the bracts. Bracts glabrous. Barren spikelets glabrous or sprinkled with long cilia. Fertile spikelet gla- brous or shortly pubescent at the end . . . . \. J. vUia'a. Bracts sprinkled with long spreading hairs. Spike- lets nearly of A. ciliata 2. A. frondom. Spikelets with the surrounding barren ones on slender pedicels within the sheathing bracts. Barren spike- lets glabrous. Fertile one densely villous with brown hairs Z. A. avcnacca. The 4 whorled barren spikelets pediceUate, all the siiike- lets ghibrous. Awns very fine 4>. A. membranacca. A. foscnlosa, F. MueU. Fragm. x. 75, from Port Curtis, C. Ifoorc, is unknown to me. As far as the description taken from a fragmentary specimen goes, it appeara to me to be very near A. avenacea, differing in the involucral spikelets being 6 or 8 instead of 4. 1. A. ciliata, Linn. ; Kunth, Enum. i. 481. — Stems 1 to 3 ft. liigli. Leaves i.arrovv, glabrous or tlie slieaths hairy ; ligula very short, soine- times ciliate. Spikes or clusters of spikelets not numerous, sessile or the lower oiies peduuculate in a short terminal leafy pauicle, the leafy bracts subteuding each spike sheathing at the base and tapering into points longer thau the cluster, the short rhachis bearded vrith loug brown hiiirs. Spikelets narrow, 4 to -5 lines long, 4 male or barreu sessile at the base of the bearded rhachis, 2 or 1 pedicellate at the top, glabrous or sprinkled with a few long halrs : outer glume the hirgest, aeute, many-uerved, 2nd shorter, thin aud 3- or 5-nerved, 3rd thin and hyaline. Fertile terininal spikelet glabrous or shortly pubescent at the end ; outer glume broad, obtuse, rather thick, about 7-nerved, 2nd rigid, rather shorter and narrower, with 2 promiuent lateral nerves aiid a faint ceutral one, 3rd uarrow-oblong, very thin and hyaline ; awn or 4th glume very loug and rigiti, the attenuate base uot dil.-ited. — A. a//s- trali.s, R. Br. JProd. 200 ; Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 107, t. 156 ; F. MuelL Fragm. v. 207 ; A. ccespitosa, Auders. Monogr. Androp. 13, aud, froin the character given, A. cuspidata, Anders. l.c. 14. Abundant throughout Australia and Tasmania, known everywhere as ' Kan- garoo grass,' and sent from various localities by numerous coUectors [Sicher, Ai/riis. toth. n. 61, Draminond, H. 9M, Preiss, n. 1843, SchiiUz, n. 1.58, 179; Port Jackson and Port Lincoln, R. Broicn, etc). Spread also over tropical Asia and Africa. 2. A. frondosa, R. Br. Prod. 200. — Very near ^. c<7«rt/«, but upnn a hirger scale. Stems erect and branching, from 2 or 3 tt. to twice that height, frequently flattened under the lower uodes. Leaves gl.i- brous or the upper shcaths ciliate, Leafy panicle deuse, often uodding, the leafy bracts narrow, ciliate on the back with loug spreading hairs, the outer oues 2 to 3 iu. loug. Spikea or clusters as iu A, ciliata, with Anthisfiria.'] cxLiv. oiiA.MiiTE^. 543 tlie 4 involucral spikelets sessile, the outer glume of the fertile spikelet very ngid, scarcely nerved, obtuse, pubescent at the top with short rigid hairs. Awn as long as or often longer than in J. ciJiala. JNFany of the spiUes reduced to the -i involucral barren spikelets surrounding a rudiuientary one. N. Australia. Islands oflF the north ooast, R. Brown ; Arnheni's Laiid, F. Jltul/ir ; l'urt D;irwin, Schultz, n. 15.3, 180, 217. 3. A. avenacea, F. 2IueU. Fragm. v. 206.— Stems from a morc or less silky-hairy or woolly base, 2 to 3 ft. high. Leaves very narrow, glabrous. Sheathiug bracts narrovv, membranous, glabrous, 1 to 2 in, hing. Spikes or clusters all on rather long, slender, ghibrous or ciliate peduncles within the last bract. Barren spikelet.s either reduced to a siugle several-nerved rigid glume with a small hyaline one inside, or niore developed, enclosing a niale llower, the four iuvolucral oues sessile. l^ertile spikelets about 4 liues long, tlie rigid outer glumes, especially the lowest, densely villous witli brown hairs. Awn long and rigid as in the two precediug species. — A. basisericea, F. MuelL Eragm. v. 207. N. Australia. Upper Victoria River, F. MurlUr. Queeusland. Brisbane Eiver, BnUei/ ; Condamine and Gwydir Rivers, etc, Lctchliardt ; Kockhampton and other localities in the southem districts, 0'i)haiie-si/, Boivmaii and others ; Peak Downs, F. Mutller. N. S. Wales. In the interior, Lachlan River, Fraser ; Liverpool plains, A. Ci'n- niiKjharit ; from the Darling to Cooper's Creek, JSiilson. Central Australia, Gosse. W. Australia. King George's Sound, Baxtcr ; Swan Eiver, Brumnwml, \st eoll. ; Murchison Kiver, Oldjield. F. Mueller had at first distinguished the western plant by the silky-hairj' base of the stem or lowest sheaths, which has since proved to be also in the eastern specimens. The species is probablj' referrible to the section Androscepia, proposed as a genus by Brongniart for the Anthistirta giijantea, Cav. 4. A. membranacea, Lindl. in Mitch. Trop. Austr. 88. — Quite glabrous, sometimes foriuiug dense leafy tufts of 6 in., the brancliiug stems ofteu eU:>ngated to 1 or 2 ft. Leavcs flat, appearing aimost ar- ticulate on the short flat prominently striate sheaths. Floral leaves or bracts with coriaceous sheaths aiid short lanceolate lamiua^. Panicles small, deuse, ahnost cvme-like as in Apluda, with very numerous small spikes or clusters, eacii subtended by a sciircely louger bract. Spikelets si-arcely 2 liues long, glabrous, the four iuvolucral oues pedicellate, the fertile one rather louger than the 2 pedicellate barren oues beside it. Glumes all thin, the outer oue acute with several- greeu nerves, the second with 1 or 3 nerves, the awn very tiue, scarcely more than as k)ng again as the spikelet.— F. Muelh Fragm. v. 207 ; Iseilema Mitchellii, Anders. Monogr. Androp. 24. N. Australia. Sturfs Creek, F. Mneller, Gregory ; Nichol Bay, Mr.f. Crouch. Queensland. On the Narran, Mitchell ; Poak Downs, F. Mueller ; Barcoo, Wtith. N. S. 'Wales. Betwcen thc Darling and Coopers Creek, Neilson. 544 CXLIT. ORAMiNE^. [Anthistiria. Central Australia, Gilcs ; near Lake Eyre, ^«(/)r«'.'!. Var. trichopus. A tuft of long hairs undcr the fcrtilo spikelet. — Hookers Creok, F. Muelley. 34. APLUDA, Linn. Spikelets with 1 feri-ile flower aiid a male one below it, sessile between 2 flattened pedicels, beariug each a rudimentarv or barren spikelet, tlie whole embraced by a sheathiug bract, the bracts clustered ou the brauches of a leafy pauicle. Outer glume of the sessile spikelet coii- cave, striate, awuless, 2ud glume acute, awuless, tliiu but stiff', 3rd very thin aud hyaliue, 4th or terminal glume very thiu aud hyaliue, eutire or bitid at the top, awnless or witli a slender twisted terminal awu. Palea very thiu or none. Styles distinct. Grraiu euclosed lu the outer glumes, free from them. A small gcnus spread over tropical Africa and Asia, the subjoined species a common one, perhaps not indigenous in Australia. 1. A. mutica, Llnn. ; Kunth, Enum. i. 51G. — Stem creeping or climbing, several feet loug, with erect branching floweriug shoots. Leaves long, usually glabrous. Pauicles loose aud leafy, 1 to 2 ft. long. Bracts subteudiug the spikelets 3 to 4 lines long, very coucave, striate, vvith short sometimes awu-like poiuts, in clusters of 5 or 6. Sessile spikelet shorter thau the bract ; pedicellate spikelets either reduced to a rudimentary glume or more developed aud protruding beyond the bract. Awns of the terminal glume very miuute or entirely deficieut. N. S. Wales ? In Leichhardf s collection, without indication of the precise station, and therefore perhaps not really wild. SuBTmBE V. TRisTEOiNEiE. — Spikelets paniculate, all similar, the terminal ghime often small and thin at the time of flowering, but more or less enhirged aud stiftened or hardened round the fruit, aud usualiy with an awu twisted aud beut as iu other Andropogoneae, but sometimes very siiiall or deficient. The few genera coUected under the above name have been proposed as a distinct tribe intermediate as it were between Paniccce and Andropogoneae, but they appearto me to be so much nearer to Andropogone;e as to justify their being placed under them as a subtribe. The genera with only 2 empty ghnnes besides the lioweringone have been genurally referred to Agrostidete, fi-om which they differ essentially in the ar- ticulate pedicel, the outer glumes enclosing the fruit and falling ofl" with it. 85. ARUNDINELLA, Eaddi. Spikelets with 1 terminal hermaphrodite flower and often a second male oue below it, in a loose terminal pauicle. Glumes 4, the 3 outer ones ofteu poiuted but not awned, the 3rd with a palea or a male Arundinella.'] cxliv. ohamink.is. 5i5 flower in its axil ; terminal floweriug glume smallcr, thinner, with a fine awn twisted iu the lower part aud bent back at or below the middle. Palea snialler. Styles distinct. Graiu enelosed in the more or less stifteued glume and palea, free from thein. A tropical or sulitropical gcnus, chiefly Asiatic, with a few African and Amcrican spccies. Of the Australian species one is a common Indian one, the othcr appa- reutly endemic. Both bulong to the section Acrathiru»i in which the terminal ghime is entii-e or slightly notchcd without hristle-like points on each side of the awn. Outcr glume nearly as long as the spikclct, with a short point 1. .4, nepalensis. Outer glume ahout half the spikelet, with a long point 2. A. Schultzii. 1. A. nepalensis, Trin. Spec. Gram. t. 2G8. — An erect glabrous perennial, attaining G to 8 It. Leaves narrow, the ligula short, miuutely ciliate. Panicle narrow, dense or loose, erect or slightly spreading, varying from 4 to G in. in tlie smaller specimens to above 1 ft. in luxuriaut oues, the lower brauches deusely clustered. Spike- lets all or mostly pediceHate, narrow, about 2 lines long, the 3 outer glumes usually 5-nerved, tapering to short points, the lowest rather shorter than the others, the 3rd rather thinuer, with a male flower iu its axil. Terminal floweriug glume smaller and thinuer at the tinie of floweriug, slightly notched with minute obtuse or acute points ou each side of the awn uot produced into bristles. Palea auricuhite ou each side near the base. — Acratherum miliaceum, Link, Hort. Bot. Berol. i. 230. N. Australia. Upper Victoria River, F. Mueller. Queensland. Brisbane Eiver, Moreton Bay, Baileij ; Dry Beef Creek, Leichhardt; Rockhampton and neighbourhood, Thozet, 0'Sha)iesi/ ; Darling Do^vns, Law ; Spring- sure, Wuth; Herberfs Creek, Bowman; Rockingham Bay, Ballachy. W. S. TVales. Liverpool Plains, Lcichhardt. Widely distributed OTer the hilly districts of tropical Asia, extending to South Africa. 2. A. Schultzii, Bentli. — Stems erect, rather sleuder but rigid, 3 ft. high or more. Leaves narrow, glabrous except a few long hairs at the orifice of the sheath. Panicle narrow, 3 to 4 iu. loug iu our speci- mens. Spikelets 2 liues long or rather more, on shorter pedicels thau iu A. nepalensis or almost sessile. Outer glume broad, 3-nerved, scarcely lialf as loug as the spikelet, with an awnlike point uearly as houg; 2ud glume as long as the 3rd, 5-nerved, with a short point, 3rd 5-or 7-nerved, thiu, with a small bifid palea iu its axil ; terminal flowering gkime thiu, abuut o-uerved, taj)ering iuto a ahort fine awu, at length bent back about the middle as in the rest of the genua. N. Australia. Port Darwin, iSc/(m//2, w. 31. VOL. VII. 2 N 646 CXLIV. GBAMINEvl':. 36. POLYPOGON, Desf. Spikelets 1-flowered, in a dense spikelike or sligbtly spreading panicle, the pedicels articulate, with a tuft of short haira above the arti- culation ; glumes 3, 2 outer empty oues with a terminal straight awn, the termiunl flowering; glume smaller, thinner, entire or notched, wilh an awn in the notch or on the back, either twisted at the base aud beut back at or below tlie middle, or small and straight or reduced to a uiiuute poiut. Palea smaller. Styles short, distinct. Grrain enclosed in the slightly stiffened glume aud palea, free from them. A small genus, very widely distributed over the globe. Of the three Australian species two have a wide range over the temperate and subtropical regions of the Old World, although their limits systematic as well as geographical are not yet satisfactorily determined, the third appears to be endemic. The genus is generally placed under Agrostidete, but the articulation of the pedicel is very conspicuous, and the general structure is almost precisely that of Garuotia, from which indeed Pobipogoi! only differs in the inflorescence dense and spikelike, not loosely panicu- late. Awns of the empty glumes 3 or 4 times as long as the glume, of the flowering glume very short or none . . 1. P. moHspeliensh. All the awns very short 2. P. fugax. Awn of the flowering glume longer than those of the empty glumes, twisted at the base and bent. Staraen 1 3. P. teneilus. P. simplex, Spreng. Syst. Cur. Post. 30, said to be Australian on the authoritj' cf Sieber's Agrostotheca n. 94, under the nam.e of Podosccmum, sp. n. Nees, is unknown to me, the very short diagnosis might apply to P. ijiariflnms, DC. and the specimen may not be Austialian. Ithas besn named Trichoc/iloa simjilcr by Roem. aud Schult, Syst. Addit. ad Mant. Cl. iii. 677, and Muehlcuhirgia siinplcx by Kunth, Enum. i. 203, but both authors have mcrely copied SprengeFs diagnosis. 1. P. monspeliensiS; Desf. ; Kunth, Enum. i. 232. — An anuual procumbent at the base or rarely erect, ascending to 1 or 2 ft.,glabrous or nearly so. Leaves flat, the liguhx rather large. Spikelike panicle cylindrical or slightly branched, very dense, 1 to 3 in. loug, often of a yellowish shiniug green. Spikelets very numerous but almost concealed by the fine awns, the hairs surrounding the spikelet abovethe articuhx- tion few and very short. Outer glunies scarcely 1 line h)ug, pubescent or ciliate, obtuse or notched, tiie fine straight awn 3 or 4 times as long as the glume. Plowering glume broad, hyaline, truncate or jagged, the awn usually reduced to a ahort poiut or entirely WMutiug. — Hook. f. FL Tasm. ii. 117 ; Reichb. Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 31. N. S. 'Wales. Port Jackson, IFoolls ; Lord Howe's Island, C. Mooir. Victoria. Port Phillip and Darebin Creek, P. Mueller ; Ballarat, Bacchus ,• Littlo Rivor, Fidlagar. Tasraania. Launce;-ton, Guiin ; Southport, C. Stuart ; Swanport, Storg. S. Australia. Hohifast Bay, F. Muellcr. W. Australia, Drumnwnd ; Murchison iiiver, OldJieJd. The spccies is common in most temperate and subtropical regions of the Old Pohjpogon.'] CXLIV. OBAMINEi?:. 54:7 World and has also been sent from America, but in manj^ stations and perhaps in inost of the Anstralian ones rathcr as an introduccd wood. 2. P. fugax, Nees in Steud. Si/n. Gluni i. 18-1. — Apparently aniiual, p:labrous, 1 to2t"t. liigh, with the tbliage of P. monspeJiensis. Spikelike panit-le dense, 3 to 4 in. long, larger and more distinctly branchcd than in P. monspeliensi.s, the sliortncss of tlic awns aiid rather largcr s|)ikclets giving it a very dilferent aspect. Outer glumes l^ to uear 2 lines long, seabrous or hispid, with 2 hyaline terniinal lobes, the inter- mediate awn scarccly so long as the glume. Flowering glume not lialf so long, broad and notched or 2-lobcd, the very short awn usually attaclied on the back a little below the notch. "W. A\istra.lia,f Drummond ; Bussclton, /'/•iVs. Those spocimens have beon identified by ^Miinro with the Indian onos describcd by Neos under the name of P.fugar, they also closely resemblc some South American si>ecimens of P. hitcrnipfiis, H. B. et K. They can scarcely tie considered as a short-awnod variety of P. nio)i.speliensix, aud perhaps come nearer to the similarly shorf-awned P. lifforalis, Sm. The latter is however usually a porennial -with a smaUer spikeHke panicle, and the ghimes narrow and scarcely 1 line long. A specimen from Ravenswood in Tasmania, in Herb. F. Mueller, is very near the true P. iittoralis, hut is probably only an introduced weed. 3. P. tenellus, B. Br. ProJ, 173. — Apparently annual, decumbent at the base, ascendiug from 6 in. to near 2 ft. but usually much more slcndcr than iu P. monspeliensis, the spikelike panicle narrower, not so dense, rarely 2 in. long. Outer glumes in the typical form scarcely above 1 liue long, narrow, entire, ciliate or villous on tbe keel aud jiiargins, tapering into liue straight awns of 2 to 4 liues, the bairs of the pedicel round the base of the spikelet more prominent than in P. monspeJiensis. Flowering glume much shorter, broad, acute or scarcely notched, the awn attached below the apex, longer than, often twice as loug as, those of the outerglumes, twisted iu the lower part, bent about the middle. Palea very narrow. Stamen 1. TV. Australia. King George's Sound, R. Broivn ; Gordon River, Oldfield. \ax.Drummo»dii. Spikelets rather larger, often purplish, scabrous or glabrous except the tuft of hairs surrounding the base. Awn of the flowering glume more than twice as long as the outer awns. — P. Drummoiidii, Steud. Syn. Glum. i. 18-1. — "W. Australia, Drummond Ath. coll. n. 369. V;ir. Oldjieldii. Spikelike panicle dense. Spikclets small and villous or ciliatc as in the typical form but the awns all fine and rather long, those of the outer ghunes nearly as long as those of the flowering ones. — Murchison and Bowes Eivers, Oidjield. Trtbe Iir. OLTREiE. — Spikelets 1-flowered, unisexual, the two sexes in the same panicle. Giumes 3, the flowering one largc, mem- branous or hardcned and euclosing the iirain, the outer oues empty. A ]ialea to ail thc flow-ers. Stamens 6, or in genera not Australiau 3. Styles more or less united with 2 or 3 long feathery stigmas, — Leaves usually broad and often petiolate above the sheaths. 2 N 2 548 CXMT. GRAMINE^. Besides the Australian genus the tribe comprises a few American ones, the farthcr study of which may require some modification in the ahove character. It is clear howeveV that neither /;fy^/«^7'('*, nor its nearest {illy P/iarw!, can he associated with any other trihe of Graminea?. 37. LEPTASPIS, R. Br. Spikelets unisexual, monoecious, 1-flowered, pedicellate m tx loose terminal panicle. Glumes 3, the 2 outer empty ones small, broad ; 3rd or flowering glume larger, membranous, 5- or 7-uerved, ovoid or globular, open dovvu the inner side in the males, closed in the temales except a small terminal but excentrical orifice. Palea small, lanceo- late, flat, 2-nerved. No lodicules. Stamens in the niales 6 without any rudinientary ovary. No stamiuodia in the females. Style entire to the orifice of the glume witli 3 exserted feathery stigmas. Giaiu enclosed in the utricular enlarged glume. A small genus extending over tropical Asia and African, the only Australian species endemic. It is in many respects allied to the American Pharun. 1. L. Banksii, i?, i?r. Prod. 211. — Stems from a horizontal or shortly ereeping rhizome l^ to 2 ft. high, leafy only in the lower part. Leaves petiolate above the long uarrow sheaths, lanceolate, flat, acute, 4 to 8 in. loug and | to 1 in. broad, glabrous or sprinkled w ith minute liairs. Panicle very loose, ^ to 1 ft. long, the filiform branches few, distant, spreading, more or less divided. Spikelets distant, pedicellate or 1 or 2 almost sestjile on the smaller branchlets, the terminal one of each branchlet usually male, the lower ones female. Outer ghimes broad and concave especially in the females, almost bhick wheu dry, the largest under 1 hne long, the outer one still smaller. Flowering gkime nearly globular but open in the males, rather above 1 hne dia- meter, pubescent in the females, 1 line diameter when in flower, 2 lines when in fruit aud quite closed except the minute termiual orifice. — Pharus Banksii, Spreng. Syst. ii. 114. Queensland. Endeavour Eiver, Banks and Sulander, A. Cuiunngham ; Cape York, Daemtl ; liockingham Bay, Dallachij. TjiiBE V. Pha.laride^. — Spikelets with 1 termiual hermaphrodite flower and rarely 2 male fluwers lower down. Grlumes 2 to 6, all keeled or with a central nerve, 2 below the articulation of the rhacliis empty and persistent, but deficient in several genera, 4 or fewer above the articulation, of which 2 (usually the 2 inuer oncs) larger and enclosing tlie grain, 1 or 2 outer ones usually small aud empty or de- flcient, rarely larger and enchjsing each a male flower with a palea, but no distinctly 2-nerved palea to the terminal fertile flower, Stamens 6 or fewer. It has appeared to me that the genera in this tribe form a very distinct grouji, characterised hy the hract immediately enclosing the fertile flower having alraost if CXLIV. GRAMINE^. 549 not quite always a central nerve, and being therefore probably a glume on tho axis of the spikclet and not a palea on the axis of the flower, although, whcn the flowcr is apparently tonninal, the two axes being confounded into one cannot be distin- guishcd with certainty. The arrangement of the spikclet is thus brought very close to that of KijlUuga and Courtoisia in Cyperacea.'. It has bccn ol)jected to me that in Fhalaris itself thc upp^rmost bract, whcthcr glume or palea, is 'i-nervcd, and so it appears if seen from the insidc, but on the outside there is usually an internicdiate angle fringed with a linc of hairs which appcars to indicate a central nervc and never occurs in tho true palca. and thc next glume cnclosing it, which is really 5-ncrved, appeard oftcn to be only 2- or 4-nervcd if seen ft-om the inside, tho central nerve being often verj- faint and short whilst one on cach side is more conspicuous and reachcs the apex. In all the other genera the central nerve is very distinct. 38. LEERSIA, Swartz. (Asprella, Roem. aiid Schult.) Spikelets 1-flowered, flat, articulate ou short pedicels along the filiform brauches of a terniinal panicle. Glumes 2, complicate and keeled, the outer one the hirgest. No 2-nerved palea. Staraens 6 or in species not Australian 3 or fewer. Styles short, distinct. Grrain encloseJ in the slightly hardened glumes, free from them. A small genus, spread over the tropical and temperate regions of the globe, the only Australian species common to the New and the Old World. 1. L. hexandra, Swartz. ; Ktinth, Enum. i. 6. — An erect though weak ghibrous grass, attaining several feet, often rooting in the mud at the lower uodes. Leaves rather narrow, flat when fresh, mostly erect. Panicle oblong, 2 to 4 in. long, with erect or slightly spreading filiform flexuose brauches. Spikelets narrow-ovate, about 1\ liues long. Glumes membranous, acute, the outer one with a prominent nerve on each side besides the margiual one ; the inner glume nearly as long, but narrower, with only one nerve on each side near the margin. Stamens 6. — L. australis,^. Br. Prod. 210; Asprella austmlis, Eoem. aud Schult. Syst. ii. 267; L. mexicana, Kuuth, Itev. Grram. t. 1. Queensland. Kcppel Bay, R. Brown ; Port Curtis, M'Gi/livrai/ ; Eockhampton Thozet, 0' Shanesi/ ; Brisbane River, Moreton Bay, F. Muelkr, Lcichhardt and others. N. S. ^Vales. Port Jackson, R. Brown. 39. ORYZA, Liun. Spikelets l-flowered, flat, articulate on short pedicels or sessile along the flexuose branches of a terminal panicle. Grlumes 4, 2 outer ones small, lanceolate, 2 upper ones complicate and keeled, the outer oue the largest. No 2-nerved palea. Stamens 6. Styles short, distinct. Grain enclosed in the hardened abuost coherent upper glumes, but free from them. A genus of very few species from the warmer regions of the New and the Old World, the only Australian species of Old World origin, but in very general cnltivation. 550 cxLiv. GEAMiNEiE. [Ory^a, 1. O. sativa, Linn. ; Kuntli, Eniim. i. 7. — Stems creepiiig or floatiug at the buse, ascending to several feet. Leaves long aud rather broad, very sciibrous especially ou the upper side, otherwise glabrous, the ligula proiiiiuent scarious and jagged. Pauicle narrow, erect, G iu. to above 1 ft. loug. ISpikelets ovate-oblong, 3 to 4 lines long. Outer glumes scarcoly \ liue long aud nerveless, upper ones very promi- nently uerved, the keels usually ciliate, the outer one with 1 nerve ou each side besides the nerve-like margiu, closely embraciug aud almost connate with the iuner glume, which is as long but narrower with only 1 nerve on each side near the thin margin, both glumes either shortly awued or in some cuUivated varieties awuless or the outer one with a straight awn of |^ to 3 iu., aud the inuer with ouly a short point.— F. Muell. Fragm. viii. 115 ; DolJ. in Mart. Fl. Bras. Grram. t. 1. N. Australia. Marshes about Hooker and Stm-fs Creek, really wilJ, F. Muelkr. Common in East India in the wild state (EoxbHrqh), besides the numerous varieties ciUtivated in various countries under the name of Rice. 40. POTAMOPHILA, E. Br. Spikelets 1-flowered, polygamous, not flattened, articulate on very short pedicels along the filiform branches of a terminal pauicle. Grhimes 4, 2 outer oues very small membrauous, nerveless, 2 upper ones much larger, membranous but promiuently nerved, the outer one the broadest. JSTo 2-nerved palea. Stamens 6. Styles short, distinct. Grain enclosed in the larger glumes, free from them. The genus is limited to the single species endemic in Australia.. 1. P. parviflora, B. Br. Prod. 211. — An aquatie glabrous grass of 3 to 5 ft. Leaves narrow and erect, couvolute when dry, scabrous ; ligula promiueut, jagged. Pauicle narrow, 1 to 1\ ft. long or even more. Spikelets very numerous, about l^ lines loug, pale-coloured or purplish, ovoid-oblong, the males and females very similar and variously intermixed, with a few barren ones reduced to empty ghimes. Larger gluoies membrauous, rather acute, coneave, the outer one 5-nerved, the iuner one 3-uerved. — Kunth, Rev. Grram. t. 5 ; Trin. Spec. Gram. t. 249. N. S. ^Vales. Williams River, R. Brown ; Hastings River, Beckler, the specimens fow, and not seen in any other coUection. * 41. EHRHARTA, Thunb. Spikelets 1-flowered, pedicellate in a terminal pauicle rarely reduced to a simple raceme, the rhachis of the spikelet articuhate above the 2 outer glumes, Glumes 6, 2 outer persisteut, usually small, the 3rd various sometimes awned, the 4th usually the hargest aud sometimes awned, the 5th rather smaller aud the 6th uarrower aud thinner, both JEhrharfa.] cilit. gbamine^. 551 keeled and uever awncd. Flower terminal. No palea. Lodicules large, vcry thin. Stamens G, rarely 3. Styles short, distinct. Grain enclosed in the larger glumes but free from them. The genus is limited to South Africa and tho Mascarene Islands. Thc two spccies subjoincd havc cvidcntly bcen introduced into Australia. Spikelets about 4 lines lonp: without the awns ; 3rd and 4th glumes rifi^id, prominontly ncrved, awncd l. E. Ungiflora. Spikclets about 2^ lincs hinn; ; not awned ; 3rd glumo short, verj' thin, 4th faintly nerved rather moro rigid 1. E. brevifoUa. * 1. E. longiflora, 8m. Ic. Ined. t. 32. — An erect glabrous grass, attaining 2 or 3 tt. but oftcn much sma)ler. Leaves fiat, soinetimes ratlier U)ng, slightly scabrous. Panicle loose, narrow, 3 to G in. long, tbe branchcs and pedicels filiform. Outer persistent glumes obtuse, 2 to 3 lines long, often purplish,the 2nd rather longer thau the fir.st, 3rd and 4th glumes 3 to 4 lines long, scabrous-pubescent, rigid, 3-nerved, tapering into an awn as long as themselves, and each with a tuft of hairs at their base on the slightly elongated rhachis, the 4th contracted into a short stipes, 5th and Gth glabrous, unawned. Stamens 6, or rarely inafewflowers reduced to 5 or 4. — Swartz in Trans. Linn. Soc. vi. 56, t. 4 ; Kunth, Enum. i. 14. W. Australia. Naturaliscd about King George's Sound, F. Mneller. Victoria. Now wild on the Wimmera, F. Miuiler. A native of South Africa introduced into the island of St. Helcna on one side as into Australia on the other, * 2. E. brevifolia, Schrad. ; Kunth, Enum. i. 13. — Stems from a shortly creeping or tufted base about 1 ft. high. Lower leaves rarely above 1 in. long, upper oiies few with long sheaths, all glabrous. Panicle loose, shortly branched or almost reduced to a raceme, 3 to 5 iu. lon;r, the pedicels aud branches filiform. Spikelets nearly 2| lines long, the outer persistent glumes nearly equal, rather obtuse, not nuich shorter thau the spikelet, 3rd glume very thin, obtuse, ciliate, about half the length of the spikelet, with a callosity on each side at tbe base but no tuft of hairs, 4th and 5th thin but rather more rigid, spriukled with a few long hairs, the 4th the largest tapering iuto a short poiut, the 5th rather shorter aud acute, the 6th enclosing the flower scarcely haif as long. Stamens not seeu iu the Australian specimens the graiu being nearly ripe, G in the African plant. TV. Australia, Bnimmond, n. 142. The specimens seen rathcr nnmcrous but unaceompanied by any memoranda. I can find nothing to distinguish them from the South African E. bnvifdlia, and therefore conclude them to reprcscnt an introduced plant. Although the number of stamens is not known the inflorescence is that of Ehrharta not of Tetrarrhena. 552 CXLIV. GBAMINE^. 42. MICROLJENA, R. Br. (Diplax. Eook.f.) Spikelels 1-flowered, on filiform pedicels in a narrow loose pauicle, the rhacliis of tlie spikelet articulate above the 2 outer glumes. Giiimes G, 2 outer short and persistent, 3rd and ^th loug narrow and awned, 5th and 6th shorter acute unawned, all keeled. Flower ter- minal. No palea. Lodicules large, very thin. Stamens 4 or 2. Styles distinct. Grrain enclosed in the larger glumes but free from them. A small genus, confined to Australia and New Zealand, one of the Australian species common to New Zealand, the other endemic. The genus is closely allied to Tetrarrhena, dififering in the loose inflorescence and awned glumes. The tufts of short cilia at the base of the 3rd and 4th glumes are not in Tetrarrhena, but are often very much reduced in Microlcena iasmanica. Stamens 4. Ehachis of the spikelet slightly elongated be- tween the 3rd, 4th and 5th glumes 1. 31. sHpoides. Stamens 2. Glumes all close above each other 2. M.tasmanica. 1. M. stipoides, B. Br. Prod. 210. — Stenis from a perennial rhizome ereet or aacending, 1 to 2 ft. high. Leaves usually rather short, flat or convolute and very acute, glabrous or slightly hairy. Panicle narrow, 3 to 6 in, long, with filiform erect branches and pedicels. Spikelets narrow, 4 to 5 lines long witliout the awn, 2 outer persistent glumes minute ; 3rd and 4th glumes nai-row, rigid, with 3 prominent scabrous nerves, tapering into a fine awn, with a tuft of hairs at their base on the sh'ghtly elongated rhachis, the 4th rather longer than the 3rd and its awn sometimes much longer, 5th glume rather shorter, acute but not awned, the nerves not prorainent, 6tli shorter very narrow and thin but stiff". Stamens 4. — Hook. f. Fi. Tasm. ii. 105 ; Ehrharta sfipoides, Labill. Pl. Nov. Holl. i. 91, t. 118 ; F. MuelL Fragm. vii. 90 ; Microlcena Gunnii, Hook. f. 1. c. 105, t. 155, A. Queeusland. Brisbane Eiver, Bailey ; Darling Downs, Leichhardt. N. S. Wales. Port Jackson to the Blue Mountains, R. Brown, Woolk and others ; ]\lacleay River, Bcckler ; New England, C. Sluart. Victoria. Yarra River, F. Miieller ; Ballarat, Bacchus. Tasmania. Launceston, Gunn ; Cheshunt, Archer ; Huon River, Oldjield ; Southport, C. Stuart ; Swanport, Storij. S. Australia. Round St. Yincenfs Gulf, F. MueUer. W. Australia, Urummond, n. 395; Blackwood River, Oldfidd ; Busselton, Fries. Also in New Zealand. 2. M. tasmanica, Sooh.f. — Stems from a tufted or shortly creep- ing base erect, slender, mostly under and rarely much above 1 ft. high. Leaves at the base of the stem short, narrow but flat, on the stem very few with short laminse far below the panicle. Panicle loose, pyramidal Microl^na.] cxlit. geamine^. 553 or narrow, 2 to 3 in. long, the pedicels and si\\ort branches filiform. Outer persistent glumes unequal, the lowest | to f line, the 2nd 1 to l^ linea loug, the 3 next glumes almost close above tlie outer ones with verj^ short and few hairs at their base, narrow, acute, 3 to 4 lines long, prominently 5-nerved, the 3rd witb a short point or glume, the ith rather longer with an awn sometimes as long as tlie glume, the 5th acute but not awned, Gtli or ilowering glume shorter, keeled, iaiutly nei-ved. Stamens (always ?) 2. — Diplax tasmanica, Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 105, t 155, B ; Ehrharta diarrhena, F. Muell. Fragm. vii. 89. Tasmania. Recherche Bay, Gtinn ; South Port, C. Stttart. Var. subalpina, F. Muell. Leaves rather longer. Stem short. Spikelcts smaller than in the typical form. — Halfway up Mount Lapeyrouse, Oldjkld ; Lake St. Clair, GnlUver. 43. TETRARRHENA, R. Br. Spikeiets 1-flowered, sessile or very shortly pedicelhite in a simple spike or in a scarcely branched spikeiike panicle, the rhachis of the spikelet articulate above the 2 outer glumes. Grlumes G, 2 outer small and persistent, the 3rd various, the 4th usually the largest and rigid, the 5th similar but usually smallei', the Gth narrower but keeled like them, uone of them awned. Flower terminal. No palea. Lodicules large, very thin. Stamens 4. Styles short, distinct. Grain enclosed iu the larger glumes but free from them. The genus is limited to Australia. It is closely allied to the South African Ehrharta, with which F. Mueller, fuUowing Sprengel, unites this and the preceding genus, but the dimerous not trimerous androccium, together with the geographical range, appeav sufBcient to maintain them as distinct. Larger glumes ohtuse or scarcely acute. Third glume about half as long as the 4th. Stems from a creeping base ascending to about 1 ft. . . 1. T. distichophylla. Third glume nearly as long as the 4th and 5th. Stems long and weak, at length very long branching and entangled. Outer glumes obtuse, un- equal 2. T.juncea. Stems erect. Outer glumes acute, nearly equal. Westem species 3. T. lavis. Largcr glumes acutely aeuminate 4.7. acuminata. 1. T. distichophylla, B. Br. Prod. 210.— Stems tufted or brauching and creeping at the base to a great extent, ascending to from G iu. to above 1 f t , rather rigid but slender, Leaves chitfly at the base or on decurabent branches, short, almost distichous, slightly hairy. Spike simple or scarcely conipound, -1 to 1| in. long. Spikelets almost distichous, sessile or uearly so, sometimes clustered in the lower part of the spike, 2^ or at length 3 lines long, glabrous or minutely pubescent. Outer glumea very shortthin and faintly nerved, 3rd glume scarcely more than half the length of tlie spikelet, thin, obtuse and 554i cxLVi. GEAMiNE/E. [Tetrarrhe7ia, faintly norved, 4th aud 5tli nearly equal, broad, obtuse, 7-nerved, the nerves more prominent ou the 4th thau on the 5th, 6th glume euclosiug the flower uarrow, coneave, faintly l-nerved. — Hook. f f 1. Tasin. ii. 104 ; Ehrharta clistichophylla, Labill. Pl. Nov. HoU. i. 00, t. 117. Victoria. Between Gillibrand and Curdie's Rivers, F. MueUer, Tasmania. Port Dalrymple, R. Broicn ; Hobarton and Penquite, Gunn ; Southport, C. Stuart. 2. T. juncea, B. Br. Prod. 210. — Stems either long slender and slightly branched or more branched aud entangled scrambling over bushes to the height of 8 to 12 ft. {F. Mueller). Leaves narrow, glabrous or pubesceut with short rigid hairs Spike or raceme siinple, 1 to 2 in. loug, the rhachis flexuose. Spikelets distaut, sessile or uearly so, 2 to 2| lines long. Two outer glumes short but unequa), obtuse, faintly nerved; 3rd glume nearly equal to the 4th and 5th, all three obtrise, promiuently 3- or 5-nerved, 6i;h glume enclosingthe flower very narrow and hyaliue. — Ehrharta juncea, Spreng. Syst. ii. 114 ; Tctrar- rhena tenacissima, Nees in Hook. Lond. Journ. ii. 409 ; Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 104, t. 154; Ehrharta tenacissima, Steud. Syn. Grlum. i. 7 ; F. Muell. Fragm. vii. 90. Victoria. Port Phillip, R. Broun ; Dandenong Ranges, F. Mueller ; Mount William, Sullivan ; Eed Jacket Creek, Garr/urerich. Tasmania. Moist places near tbe sea, Black River, Gwm. Var. scabra. Leaves verj' scabrous. Outer glumes rather longer than in the typi- cal form but of the same number, the specimens just coming into flower the 5th glume is still concealed within the 4th. — Ehrharta unigluniis, F. Muell. in Trans. Phil. Soc. Vict. i. 111.— Victoria, F. Mueller. The plant referred to by F. Muell. 1. 0. as E. contexta, is the typical form of Tetrarrhenajuncea. 3. T. laevis, R. Br. Prod. 210.--Stems from a shortly creeping or horizontal rhizome 1 to 2 ft. high. Leaves flat, glabrous and smooth or slightly scabrous. Spike loose, simple or with a i'evi very short branches, \\ to 3 in. long. Spikelets about 3 liues long, sessile or shortly pedicellate, glabrous. Outer persistent glumes rigidly mem- brauous, rather acute, nearly equal, tlie lowest slightly the 2ud promi- neutly 5-nerved, 3rd, 4th and 5th glumes uearly similar, obtuse, the nerves faint, disappeariug as the glumes thicken, the 3rd rather shorter and more open, the 4th and 5th closely enveloping the grain, the 6th small, narrovv and hyaline, faintly 1-nerved. — Ehrharta lcevis, Spreng. Syst. ii. 115 ; Tetrarrhena Drimmondiana, Nees iu Hook. Lond. Journ. ii. 409. W. Australia. King George's Sound, veiy common, R. Broion, Preiss,n. 1845, Drummoitd, n. 394, Olcljield, F. Mueller and others; Swan River, Dncmmond, \st. coll. 4. T. acuminata, R. Dr. Prod. 210. — Stems long and slender. Leaves usually rather louger and broader than in T. distichophylla, quite glabrous. Spike 1 to 1| in, long. Spikelets few, diatant, sessile, 3 to Tetrarrhena.'] cxlit. gramineje. 555 4 lines long. Outer persistent glumes very small ;is m T. disticho- phi/Ua, but not so obtuse, tlie lowest about ^ line, tlie 2nd f liue long, 3ril aud -Itli gluines uarrow, rigid, acuininate, with about 5 very promi- nent scabrous or aluiost muricate ncrves, thc 4th rather ionger than the 3rd and somctimes produced into a short fine point ; 5th gluuie rather shorter aud less acute, rigid but faiutly nerved and smooth or nearly so, 6th shorter and narrower, but keelcd acute and rather rigid. — Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 104 ; £!hrharta acuminaia, Spreng. Syst. ii. 114. Victoria. Queeii'8 CliflF, F. Mueller. Tasmania. Port Dalrymplo, R. Brown ; Longford, Archer ; Mersoy River, C. IStiun-t. 44. ALOPECURUS, Linn. Spikelets 1-flowered, flat, densely crowded into a cylindrical spike or spikelike panicle. Glumes 3, 2 outer complicate, keeled, acute but not awned, 3rd under the flower shorter, keeled, with a short sleuder dorsal awn. No 2-nerved palea or lodicules. Stameus 3. Styles distinet. Grain enclosed in the scarcely hardened glumes, but free from them. A small genus, -svidely spread over the temperate and colder regions of both the northem and the southern hemispheres, only penetrating into the tropics as occa- sional weeds. The two Australian species are common northern ones, and ono of them is only as an introduced weed. Outer glumes nearly 3 lines long, xmited at the middle, glabrous or nearly so \. A. agrestis. Outer glumes not \\ lines long, free or scarcely united at the base, hairy on the keel 2. A. geniculatus. * 1. A. agrestis, Linn. ; Knnfh, Emim. i. 23.— An anuual, 1 to 2 ft. high. Leaves rather short, with long not very loose sheaths. Spikes 2 to 3in. long, the spikelets not so closely packed nor so much flattened as iu other species, aboutS lines loug, usually quite glabrous, the 2 outer glusnes united to about the middle, the hairlike awn of the flowering glume projecting 2 or 3 liues beyond tt.ein. — Reichb. Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 49. Tasmania. Swanport, Storrj, evidently introduced. 2. A. geniculatus, Lijin. ; Kiinth, Enum. i. 24, ii. t. 7. — A perennial or sometimes anuual only, glabrous except thc spikc. Stems usually procumbent at the base, bending upwards at tlie lower nodes, sometimes oniy 3 or 4 in., often 1 ft. high or more. Leaves narrow, the up])er sheaths broad and loose. Spike 1 to 2 in. long, closely inibricate but slender. Outer glumes hairy ou the keel, scarcely pointed, usually but little more than 1 line long, free or scarcely united at the base, the hairhke awn of the flowering glume not projecting 556 cxLiv. GBAMiinc^. [Alopecurus. above 1 line beyoud them. — Eeichh. Ic. Fl. Germ. t, 49 ; Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 109; F. Muell. Fragm. viii. 138 ; A. australis, Nees in Hook. Lond. Journ. ii. 412. Queensland, Darling Downs, iaif; Ballandool Eiver, Zo<;/i«'. N. S. Wales. In tho interior, west of the Blue Mountains, DarlingRiver, etc, A. Cioui!,/(//ia»t,JfUc/iell, WooUs and others. Victoria. Wendu Vale, Robertson ; Mitta-Mitta, F. Mueller ; Wimmera, Du//<'c/n/. Tasmania. Formosa, Giiu/i. S. Australia. Spencer's and St. Vincenfs Gulfs to tho Murray, F. Mneller (with longer awns than usual). W. Australia. Champion Bay, Oldjield. Cominon in the temperate regions of the northem hemisphere, and as an introduced weed in the southem hemisphere and in some places within the tropics. Perhaps truly indigenous in Australia and New Zealand. 45. PHALARIS, Linn. Spikelets 1-flowered, flat, densely crowded in an ovoid or cylindrical spiiie or spikelike pauicle, tbe rhachis of the spikelet articulate above the outer gluiues. Glumes usually 6, 2 outer larger ones thin, compli- cate, 3-nerved, the keel bordered by a scarious wing, tbe 3rd and 4th small lanceolate or reduced to small bristles or one deficient, the 5th smaller, complicate, very finely 5-nerved or apparently 4-nerved, the ceutral nerve short and scarcely conspicuous envelopiug the 6th glume which is also complicate, enclosing the flower, apparently 2-nerved, but the exterual angle between the uerves lougitudinally ciliate. No ordiuary palea. Stameus 3. Styles distinct. Grain enclosed iu the 2 upperglumes. A small genus, chiefly from the Mediterranean and neighhouring regions. The two following species are hoth northern, one of them certainly, the other possibly, introduced into Australia. Wings of the outer glumes narrow and thin. Intermediate small glimies rcduced to a single small hristle . . . 1. P. mii/or. Wings of the outer glumes rather hroad and white. Inter- mediate small glumes 2, lanceolate, more than \ the inner ones 2. P. canaricmh: 1. P. minor, Retz; Kunth, Unum. i. S2. — An erect ghibrous leafy anuual, of 1 to 2 ft. or rather more, the upper leaf-sheaths loose,' the ligula rather large and scarious. Spikehke panicle very dense and compact, from ovoid-oblong aud 1 iu. loug, to obloug-cylindrical and 2 iu. loug. Spikelets ovate, nearly 3 liues loug, the outer ghimes very acute, with uarrovv dorsal wings. Small intermediate glumes reduced to a single short bristle, sometimes quite miuute. luuer glumes slightly pubescent, shorter than the outer ones. — Trin. Spec. Gram. t. 79. Victoria. Melboume, Adam^ton. Tasmania. Coal Kiver, Oldjidd ; Swanport, Stor/j ; Launceston, Ha)tni(ford. Plinhris.'] OXLIV. GRAMINE^. 557 S. Australia. St. Vincenfs Gulf, Stonj. Thc specios is common in the Moditorranean region and ap])oars in somo other comitrios, biit mostly and perhaps in Australia only as introduced. Sibthorp'H figure of P. tiijitatica, Fl. Griee. t. 57, usually cited, after Parlatore, for /'. miitor, represonts a perennial with a spike twice as long as any I have seen of I'. miiwr. * 2. P. canariensis, Lin7i. ; Kuntli, F.num. i. 31. — An annuallike P. minor, but ut^ually taller, tlie spikclike panicle sliorter broader and more ovoid. Spikelets niuch broader, tlie wings o( the outer glumcs broader and whiter, the intermediate glunies equal, hinceolate, pu- bescent, moi-e thau half as long as tbe inner ones and the inner ones niuch morc villous than in P. minor. — Sibth. Fl. Grr. t. 55. ; Triu. Spc c Gram. t. 7i. S. Australia. Naturalised on the sea-shore at Bremerhaven, Herb. F. Mueller. Tho plant is much oultivatod in the Mediterranean region as Caiwry-xeed, and is prohably a nativc rathor of South Europe or North Africa than of the Canary Islands, but it has now established itself in so many places, espeoially near the sea that it is difticultto say where it is really indigenous. * 46. ANTHOXANTHUM, Linn. Spikelets 1-flowered, narrow, pedicellate, crowded iuto a cylindrical spike or spikelike panicle, the rhachis articulate above the 2 outer glumes. Glumes 6, 2 outer acute, keeled, 3rd and 4th shortcr, empty, narrow, one with a sniall dorsal awn, the other with a longer awn f ree from much lower down, 5th broad, obtuse, hyaline, with 3 very fine nerves, enveloping the Gth, which is narrower, with a very fiue central nerve or keel, enclosing the flower. No 2-nerved palea. Stamens 2. Styles distinct. Grain enclosed iu the 2 upper glumes. The genus consists of a single species common in the temperate regions of the northern hemisphere, and introduced into several parts of the southern. * 1. A. odoratum, Linn. ; Kunth, Enum. i. 38, ii. t. 8. — A rather slender erect pereuuial, 1 to 2 ft. high, quite glabrous. Spikelike panicle l^ to 2 iu. long. Spikelets about 3 lines loug, the outer glumes unequal, the 3rd and 4th usually quite included within them or rarelv the lougest awu slightly protrudiug. — Trin. Spec. Gram. t. 14 ; Eeiciib. Ic. F]. Germ. t. 106. N. S. Wales. Port Jackson, Wvolls. Tasmania. New Norfolk, Gunii ; Swanport, Story. A common meadow grass in Europe and northem Asia, giving the sweet sccnt to hay. In Australia evidently introduced onlj'. 47. HIEROCHLOA, Gmel. (Disarrhenum, Labill.) Spikelets with 1 terminal hermaphrodite flower aud 2 male flow^ers below it, in a pyramidal or narrow termiual pauicle, the rhachis 558 CXLIV. QEAMINE^. [//ierockloa. articulate above the 2 outer glumes. Grlumes 6, thinly scarious, 2 outer acute keeled with a more or less distinct short nerve ou each side, 3rd and 4th obtuse or emarginate, the keel sometimes produced into a short awn, each enclosing a uarrow palea and 3 stamens, 5th shorter broad obtuse 5-nerved the keel rarely produced iuto a short point, enveloping the 6th which is narrower with a central uerve or keel. \o 2-nerved palea to the terminal flower, Stameus 2. Styles distinct. Grain enclosed in the 2 upper glumes. An Arctic and Antarctic gemis common to ths New and the Old World, extending into more temperate regions in Europe, South Africa. the Himalayas and Mexican mountains. Of the two Australian species one has a wide Antarctic range, the other is endemic. The species have all the sweet hay-scent of Authoxunthum. Spikelets crowded on the branches of the panicle. Outer glumes as long as the male ones \. H. redolens. Spikelets all on slender pedicels. Outer glumes shorter than the male ones 2. H. rarijhra. 1. H. redolens, R. Br. Prod. 209 {hy reference). — Stems tufted, erect, branching, leafy, 2 to 3 ft. high. Leaves flat, rather rigid, slightly scabrous, otherwise ghibrous, the ligula scarious, entire. Panicle rather dense, secund ornodding, 4 to 10 in. long in the Lirger forms, the spikelets crowded aloug the primary branches, forming spikelike secoudary panicles of 1 to 1\ iu., tlie upper ones sessile, the lower distant on clustered filiform peduncles. Glumes all thiu, almost hyaline, rather shining; outer empty oues in tlie typical form about 3 lines long, the short lateral nerve on each side more promiuent in the 2nd than in the outermost one. 3rd and 4cli glumes each with a male flower, nearly as long as the outer ones, ciliate on the raargins and keels, with a short awn arising from a little below the tip, the rhacbis of tlie spikelet shortly lengthened between and above the raale gluraes. 5th and 6tli glumes enclosing the grain obtuse and perfectly glabrous, or the 5th slightly hairy at the eud with the keel produced into a niiuute point. — Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 108 ; Holcus redolens, Forst. Prod. 92 ; Melica maf/ellanica, J)esv. in Lam. Dict, iv. 72; Disarrlienum antarcti- cum, Labill. Pl. Nov. Holl. ii. 83, t. 232; Kierochloa anlarctica. \\. Br. Prod. 209 ; Brongn. in Duperr. Voy. t. 23 ; Kunth, Eev. Grara.' t. 203. Victoria. Common in the Australian Alps, F. MHeller. Tasmania. Table Mountain (Mount "Wellington) i?. Browii. Common in wet f)lacf's throughout the island, J. D. Hooker and others. Also in New Zealand and Autarctic America. Among the several specific names Forsters is the oldest and was appKed to the typical New Zealand plant, which appears precisely to correspond with the larger Victorian and some of the Furgian ones. The slight diftercnces pointed out b}' Brown do not hold good ou our specimens. The following two varieties are however much more distinct, and if the difi^erences are confirm^-^dby fiu'ther specimens they might be restored as distinct species, Var ? mbmutica, F. Muell. Glumes all smaller and more obtuse, those under the male flowers less ciliate aud without any or only minute rudimentary awns. — H, Hierochloa.'] cxLiv. gramine^. 559 submiitica, F. Muell. in Trans. Vict. Inst. 1855, 48.— Cobberas and Munyang jJIountains, F. MmUer. Var ? Fraseri. A smaller plant and more slender than the typical form. Panicle not so dpnse, usually only 2 to .3 in. long. Pedicels slightly hairy. Si)ikolets scarcdy 2 liiies long-, the glumca under tho malo Howers loss ciliate, the awns .short, but insertcd near the aj^es of tho glumo.— iT. Fraseri, Ilook. f. Fl. Ant. i. 93 ; 1{. ionv^/ii-, Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 108, scarcelv of Schrador, referrcd to H. alpinahy Hook. f. Handb. N. Zeal. Fl. 322 and by F. Muoll. Fragm. viii. 138.— Mount Wel- lington, Frasvr, Ouiui ; Mount Lapeyrouse, Qulliver ; Moimt Field East, F. Muelkr. This appears to me to be closely connected with H. rcdohnit through the var. siib- niufira. It is certainly near the northeru H. borcaiis, but has not the loosc divaricate panicle nor the broader spikelets of that specics. The northern //. alpiiia differ.s still more in its small compact panicle aiid iu the awns free from much lower dowu on the male-flower glumes. AU however are very ncar to each other. 2. H. rariflora, Eook. f. Fl. Ant. i. 93; Fl. Tasm. ii. 108. t. 157. — Stem.s slender, brancfiinj^, 2 to 3 t't Ingli. Leaves narrowerthan in H. redolens, tapering into long subulate pointa. Panicle loose and spreading, 2 to 3 in. loiig. Spikelets all on slender pedicels, ofteu variegated Iroin the contrast of the purplish outer glumes and pale coloured upper ones. Outer persistent glumes broad, obtuse, the lowest about l^ lines long, tbe 2nd rather larger and 3-nerved ; inter- mediate raale ^lumes about 2 liues long, rather rigid, 5-uerved, obtuse aud awnless, finelj and shortly ciliate on the margins and soinetinies on the keel, 5th glume very broad, thin, obtuse, glabrous, 5-nerved, 6th mucb narrower. keeled, but the lateral nerves scarcely visible. — F. :Muell. Fragm. viii. 138. N. S. Wales. Twofold Bay, F. Mueller. Victoria. Nangatta and White Rock Mountains, F. Mueller. Tasmania. Northern parts of the island, Gunn ; St. Paul's Eiver, C. Stuart ; Swanport, ^i^yz-y ; BayofFires, Bissill. The King George's Sound station, given on the authority of Baxters specimen so marked in Herb. Hook. is probably a mistake. Baxter collected chiefly at King George's Sound. Lucky Bay, and along the coast a little to the eastward, but also a few specimens on thecoast of Victoria, which gotmixed with his other plants in the general designation of King George's Sound. Tkibe V. STEEPTATHEEa:. — Spikelets with 1, 2, or in a few genera several hermaphrodite flowers, and very rarely a male flower above or below, the rhachis of the spikelet usually nrticuLate above 2 outer per- sistent empty glumes, either not continued beyond the solitary or upperflower, or produced into a shorfc bristle or rarely bearing une or niore upper empty glumes. Flowering gluuie usually bearing a terminal ordorsal bent awn twisted below the bend, but very small and straight or deficient in a few species. Palea usually thin and small, always 2- nerved, minute or deiicient in a fevv species, large and proniinentl}'^ 2- keeltd in a few genera. Stameus never more than 3. Munro is inclined to raise the three subtribes here proposed to the rank of tribes ; 560 CXLIV. GRAMINE^. it appears to me however that the three together form a group bearing the same relation to Festucacefc which thc Andropogoneae do to Panicea^. the chief charaotcr residing in the twiated awn and the generally reduced palea. In neither case can any distinct line be drawn without the interposition of one or two exceptional genera or species. SuBTEiBE I. Stipace.j;. — Spikelets 1-flowered, paniculate, the rhachis not produced beyond the flower. Flowering glume closoly enveloping the palea, with a terminal simple or trifid awn. Lodicules (always?) 3. Grrain usually narrow, enclosed in the more or less hardcned glume. 48. ARISTIDA, Linn. Spikelets 1-flowered, on filiform pedicels or nearly sessile in a terniiual panicle, the rhachis of the spikelet articulate above the 2 outer glumes. Glumes 3, narrow, 2 outer usually persistent, keeled empty and unawned ; terminal or flowering glume narrow, rigid, rolled round the flower, entire, with a tei^miual trifid awn. Palea small, enclosed in the flowering glume. Styles distinct. Grain narrow, enclosed in the hard upper glume but free from it, the whole falling off" with the stipes and awn as in Stipa. — All the Australian species glabrous, with convolute more or less subulate leaves. The genus is widely spread over the tropical and some temperate regions of the New and the Old World. Of the nine Australian species, one, the least spread in Australia, is a common tropical one at least in the Old World, the other eight appear to be endemic. Distinct as are the two sections which are regarded by some as genera, the Australian species of each section rim much into each other, and are dis- tinguished by little beyond the proportionate dimensions of the parts of the inflorescence and spikelets. Sectiox I. Arthratherum. — Aioi articulate on the glione, entire andspiraUij ticisted heloiv the branches. Floicering fflume much shorter thaii thc outeroiies. Awn 2 to 3 in. long below the branches, which are at least as long \. A. hygromctrica. Awn about l^ in. below the branches, which vary from l^ to 2-1- in 2. A. stipoidcs. Awn -j to j in. below the branches, which vary from 1 to 3 in . . S. A. areiiaria. Section II. Chsetaria. — Jwii iwt articulate aiid divided to the glnme iiito 3 branches, theglume itselfwhen barren sometiims tivistedbut iiot the aivii. Floweriiig gluine about as loiig or longer thaii the outerones. Panicle short broad and dense. Glumes -| in. long. A-s\tis long 4:. A. Behriana. Panicle-branches very long, at length spreading, with few spikelets on long pedicels. Glumes at least -i in. long 5. A. lepfopoda. Panicle loose, at length pyramidal. Pedicels short. Outer glumes 2 to 3 lines long ; ilowering glume much longer. Awns short &. A. vagans. Panicle narrow, rather loose. Outer glumes as long as the flowering one. Glumes^scarcely 3 lines. Awns under -i in. long . . . 7. A. ramosa. Glume8*4 to 6 lines. Awns | to 1 in. long 8. ^. calgcina. Aristida.'] cxnv. ouamine^. 561 Paniclc narrow, dcnso. Spikclcts scssile and crowded on the short 1)ranchos. Ghimoa 3 linos or tho flowcring rathcr longor. Awns 4 to 6 lincs 0. A. dcpre.isa. Section I. ARTHRATnEuuM. — Awn articulate onthefrlume, altlioup^h nsually reinaiuinti: nttaclied and tallin<; ofl" witli it, entire and twisted bclow the brauclics. Flowcriuj; glume niucli shorter thau the outcr ones. 1. A. hygrometrica, li. Br. Prod.Vl-^. — A glabrous, slender, rigid but brittle grass, branchiugat the base, 1 to 2 t"t. high. Lcaves subulate, rigid, with closely appresscd sheaths minutcly ciliate at thc orifice. Panicle narrow, scarccly branclied, G to 10 in. long without the awns. Spikelcts f"ew, on short erect pedicels. Outcr glumc obtuse, 8 to 9 lines long, promincntlv 3-nerved or sometinics 1-nerved by the doubling of thc outer one ; 2nd glunie iiai"d and convolute, nearly 1| in. long, acute, 1-nerved ; flowering glume narrow, convolute, glabrous, about 3 liues long on a hairy stipes of" 1 to l^ lines. Awn articulate on the glume, at least 2 iu. long below the brnuches, the middle branch 2^^ to 4 in., the lateral ones as long or shorter. Palea a little more than 1 linelong. Lodicules atleast as long, finely striate at the base. — Beauv. Agrost. t. 8, f. 8 j Trin. and Kupr. Gram. Stip. 162. N. Australia. Amhem N. Bay, JR. Broivn ; Upper Victoria Kiver, F. Mueller, 2. A. stipoides, R. Br. Prod. 174. — Habit and foliage of A. liycjrometrica but more slender. Panicle long with a slender rhachis, the lower short erect branchea usually bearing 2 spikelets, the upper spikelets singly distant on short erect pedicels. Outer glume 1- nervcd, about \ in. long, glabrous or minutely pubescent ; 2nd rigid, convolute f in. ; flowering glume scarcely smaller than in A. hygrome- trica, but the awu much finer, about 1| in. below the brauching, the branches li to 2 iu. loug. — Trin. and Eupr. Grram. Stip. 161 ; F. Muell. Fragm. viii. 111. N. Australia. Islands of the Gulf of Carpentaria, -S. Broivii ; Gilhert Kivor, SHlliva» ; Xicholson and Upper Victoria Rivers, F. MueUcr ; Port Darwin, Schultz, «.82; Dampiers Archipelago, Walcot. Central Australia. Betweon Alice Springs and Charlotte Waters, Giles ; Lako E}-rc, Aiidrcu;s. 3. A. arenaria, Gaudich. in Fre.yc. Voy. Bot. 407.— Very near A. stipoidea and reduccd to that species by F. Mucller, Fragm. viii. 111, but a smaller plant, the stems usually not above 6 in. below the inHorescenee, rarelv slcnder lcafv and nearly 1 ft. long. Leaves miich finer, almost filiform. Panicle narrow and spikelike, scarcely branched or more frequcntly reduccd to a simple raceme, 8 to4 in. long without the awns. Outcr glumes very narrow and fine-pointed, usually dark coloured, thc lowest nearly > in. long, thc 2ud f in. ; fiowering glume ratlier smaller thau in A. stipoides, thc awn under 1 in. and usually i to i in. below the branching, the branches very fine, varying TOL. VII, 2 O 562 cxLir. GiiA.MiNEiE. \_Aristida. from 1 to 3 iii. — Trin. and Kupr, Grram. Stip. 1G3 ; Arthratherum arenarium, Nees in. Pl. Preiss. ii. 98; Aristida contorla, F. Muell. in Trans. Vict, Inst.' 1855, M. ' N. Australia. Nichol Bay, Mrs. JiPCroud. Queensland ? King's Creek, Bowman ; a single specimen which seema referriblc rather to this than to A. fitipoidfs. N. S. Wales. From the Lachlan and Darling to thc western houndary, Vic- toriuii (II d otiiir liqxdilioii.s. S. Australia. Cudnaka and Murray Eivers, F, Mueller ; hetween Alice Springs aiid Chark)tto Waters, Central Australia, GileK. W. Australia, i>>v<;Hmo>/ng, with numerous long rigidly filiform branches at first erect, at length spreading horizontally, bearing few spikelets on filiform pedicels. Outerglumes unequal, vvith long points, tiie longest usually about as long as the flowering glume. Flowering giume 6 to 8 lines loug, on a very short scarcely ciliate stipes, with 3 nearly equal sessile awns ^ to 1 in. long. Palea small and rigid. Queensland. Brisbane River, BuUei/ ; Darling Downs, Leichhardt ; Peak Downs, Bnrkiti ; Kennedy District, Bdiiitrte ; Tawomba, Hartmaim. N. S. 'Wales. Glendon and Liverpool Plains, Leichhardt ; Richmond Rivcr, nerb. F. Mueller. 6. A. vagans, Cav. Ic. v. 45, t. 471. — Stems slender, erect aud 1 to 2 ft. high, or diftuse and much branched. Leaves slender, almost hliform, usually short. Panicle 3 to 6 in. long, at first narrow, at length iDraiicliing and pyramidal, the pedicels very short. Outer gluuies usually dark-coloured, 2 to 3 bues long, the 2nii longer than the lowest, Aristida.'] cxmv. gramink.e. 503 ')otli witli 1 prominent nerve. Flowcring glume alwnys longer than thc outcr ones and oftcn twice as long. Awna sessiie, about 4 lines long. Palca very short. — R. Br. Prod. 173 ; P. Miicll. Fragm. viii. lll ; A. ramosa, Sieb. Agrostoth. n. 55; A. parvijlora, Steud. Syn. Glum. i. 140 (from the chur. given). Queensland. Brisbano River, Moreton Bay, F. Miielkr ; Rockhampton, ()' ShaiiiSi/ ; Comlaminc, Ilnrtmann. N. S. Wales. Port Jackson, R. Brown, Woolls ; Now England, C. Sticari, Yar. gracillima. Stcms lonp:, slendor and branching ; paniclo filiform. — Camoroons Brush, Leiehhardt ; Rockhampton, 0' ahanesi/. Var. compaeta. Panicle short and compact, but tho spikelets and awns quite of A. vagans. — Warwick, Bcckler, Neriist. 7. A. ramosa, B. Br. Prod. 173. — Vcry nearly allied to A. caly- cina, and ahnost iiitcrracdiate between that and A. vagans. Panicle narrow, with erect or scarceiy sprcading branches and the outer gluincs as long as the tlowering ones or nearly so as in A. calycina, but thc spikelets much smaller, the glumes scarcely above 3 lines and the awns under \ in. loug. Queensland. Brisbane River, Moreton Bay, F. Mueller, Bailey ; Rockhampton, 0'Shanesij ; Herberfs Creek, Boicman ; Darling Downs, law. N. S. V^ales. Port Jackson, B. Broun ; Liverpool Plains, A. Cunningham; New England, C. Stuart ; Clarence River, Beckler ; also in Leichhardt's collcction. Var. ? leptathei-a. Panicle spreading, awns 1 in. long, but the spikelets of A. ramosa. — Dry-Beef Creek, Leichhardt. Var. compacta. Panicle short and dense. — Graceinere, 0'Shanesij, 8. A. calycina, B. Br. Prod. 173.— Stems tufted, erect, 1 to 2 ft. }n"gh. Leavcs vcry narrow, mostly subulate. Panicle narrow, oftcn above 6 in. long, with few short erect branches, rarely at length spread- ing, eacli bearing 1 or 2 or the lower ones several but few scssile or shortly pediceHate spikelets. Spikelets in the typical form 4 to 5 lincs long without the awns Outer glumes with fine points, the 2nd aslong as or longer than the flowering glurae. Awns slender, sessile, f to l^ in. long. Palea rather long. N. Australia. Upper Victoria River, F. Miieller ; Port Darwin, Schultz, n. 76o. Queensland. Keppel Bay, R. Brown ; Flinders River and Nerkool Creek, Bow- man ; Darling Downs, Law ; Peak Downs, Burkitt. N. S. 'Wales. Betwecn the Darling and Cooper's Creek, Neilson. Central Australia. Near Alice Springs, Giles (with a looser panicle). 9. A. depressa, Retz ; Kunth, Enum. i. 190. — A very variable grass, distinguished by its narrow spikelets crowded and almost im- bricate along the short erect branclics of a narrow compact panielc. Stems in thc Australiau specimcus ascending or erect, above 1 ft. iiigh. Leaves narrow, ending in subulate points. Panicle from 2 or 3 in. long and spikelike, to 6 or 8 in. and iuterrupted at the base. Spikelet«i 2 o 2 564 cxLiv. GRAMINE^. [Aristida. sessile along the branches und often purplish. Outer glumes fibout 3 lines long. Flowering glumes usually longcr. Awns sessile, varying from 4 to 6 lines or rather more. — A. vulgaris, Trin. and liupr. Gram. Stip. 131. Queensland. Peak Downs, Burlcitt. BI. S. 'Wales. Hunters River, U.S. E.vplori)ig Expedition ; also in Zcic/ihardl's collection. Widcly spread ovor tropical and subtropical Asia and Africa and thc south Mcditerranean region, and probably the same as the tropical American A . dispcrsa, Trin. et Rupr. 49. STIPA, Linn. l^pikelets l-flowercd, on filiform pedicels or nearly sessilc in a terminal paiiicle, the rhachis of the spikelet articulate above the 2 outer gliimes. Glumes 3, narrow, 2 outer usually pcrsistcnt, mcinbrauouy, kcelcd, empty, unawued ; termiual or floweriug glume uarrow, rigid, rolied rouud thc flower, with a termiual undivided beut awn spirally twisted below the bend. Palca enclosed in thc flowering glume. Lodicules usunlly large. Authers usually tlpped with n tuft of hairs. Styles distinct. Gfraiu narrow, enclosed iu the hard upper glume but free from it. — A short continuation of the rhachis of the spikelet above the articuhation forms usually a stipes to the flower aud fruit, falls off" with it and is usually ciliate with short hairs, tlie awu is more or less dis- tinctly articulate on the flowering glume, but usually remaius attached to it after it falls. Thc genus is widely dispersed over the tropical and temperate regions of the New and the Old World. The Austrahan species, however, belong to the group or sec- tion Neso.stipa, Trin., which is excUisively Australian, one of them only e.xtends to New Zealand, the remaining 14 appear to be all endemic. Flowering glume glabrous or slightly hairy at the end, very shortly produced into hyaline lobes or entire. Palea very small or rarely half as long as the ghime, Panicle branches long and plumose. Spikelets 4 to 6 lines long 1. iS. clcgaittissima. Panicle very much branched, glabrous or slightly pubescunt. Spikelets scarcely l^ lincs long . . 2. S, mierantlta. Flowering glume silky-hairy, the hyaline margins at the end produced into a small lobe on each side of the awn. Palea nearly as long as the glume. Panicle narrow and compact. Outcr glumcs acute, under \ in., usually yellowish brown. Lobes of the fiowering glume very small •>>. S. Jlarescms. Outor glumes tinely pointed, above \ in. long, white and hyaline. Lobes of the flowering glume more conspicuous 4. 5. tcrctifolxa. Flowering glume silky-hairy, the margins not dilatod under the awn. Palea uearly as long as the ghime. Sfipa.] CXHV. GEAMliiEJi. 5G5 Lie;ula clongatuil, not ciliatu. r.iniclo dunso, cnclosed at tho base in tho broad looso uppcr leaf-aheath. A\vn 3 to 6 in. long. Ligula 2 to 4 lines • ... 5. 6'. compressa. Panicle rathcr looso, at length verj' long. Awn about 2 in. Ligula rounded, 1 to 2 lines . . Q. S. Dri(»imoi/dii. Panicle dense and spikeliko, 2 to 4 in. long. Awn 1 J to 2 in. Leaves rather long, subulato . . 7. S. pi/oioxtachi/a. Panicle loose. Leaves slender, filitbrm .... 8. A'. sctacea. Ligula short, ciliate. Awn plumose-hairy in the lower part. Panicle dense, 6 to 10 in. long. Awn l^ to 4 in. long, shortly plumoso-hairy all round to the bend or higher up 9. 5. semibarbata. Paniclo rather dense, 4 to 5 in. Awn about 1 in., plumose about the middle with long hairs turned to one side 10. jS. hcmipogon. Ligula short, ciliato. Awn glabrous or sUghtly pu- bescent. Lowest glume usually slightl}- dilated and truncate or toothed at the end. Flowering glume nar- row. Panicle denso or at length long and loose 11. 5. puhescens. Lowest glume usually 3-pointed. Flowering glume rather broad. Panicle very loose . . . .12. w« ; King's Island, iV^ifa^e. S. Australia. Adelaide, Blandowski ; Fowler's Bay, llichards. Stipa.'] CXLIV. OEAMINEiE. 5G7 W. Australia. Kmg Georgo'8 Sound, R, Broivii ; tilso Dnmmuud, 4/. 377. Preiss's specimens (from Cape Eiche ? or from Snake River ?) n. 1856, refen-ed by Nccs in. Pl. Preiss. ii. 98 to 6'. crinita, Gaudich., appcar to nio to bc also thc S. Jlavescciix, of which thcy liavo thc typicul infli)re.scence aud fuliaiife. I havc not soen thc truc S. crii/if-i, Gaudich. iu Frcyc. Voy. 15ot. 407, froni Sharks Bay, hut from his short chai-actcr and froni Triiiius'8 dcscription it is probahly cithcr this or the following spccies. Both apprar to be sea-cuast plants ncarly allicd to cach other. Somc spccimcns in hcrb. Ilook. gathcrcd in Shark's Bay by Milnc are also probably one of the two spccics, but thcy arc old with only thc outcr gluuies pcrsisting and cannot be rightly determined. Sprengcrs S. rudis, referred by some to S. criidta, is the Port Jackson 6'. ijubcicvns. 4. S. teretifolia, Steud. Si/n. Gluni. i. 128. — Very closely allied to S.Jlavcscens, the stems in dense tuft'^, 1\ to above 2 ft. liigh. Leaves louy, slender, terote or acicular, sometimes as long as the stem ; ligula broad and membranous, entire, deeurreut aloug the margins of the sheatb. Pauicle uarrow, -i to 8 in. long, not so dense as in 8. Jlaves- cens. Spikelets Uarger. Outer glumes pale-colouredor whitish, usually above \ iu. loug, with scarious tips. Flowering glume much shorter, hairy, the upper hairs loug and at leugth spreadiug, tlie termiual lobes ou each side of the awn more conspicuous than in S. Jlavescens, though often almost concealed by the hairs. Awn rarely above 1 in. long, minutely pubescent. — F. Muell. Fragm. viii. 104 ; Dlchelachne stipoides, Hook. f. b\ N. Zel. i. 294, t. 06, Fl. Tasm. ii. 112 ; Dichelachne sctacea, !Nees in Pl. Preiss. ii. 98 (excl. syn.). Victoria. Western Port, D' Urville [Stcudel), Tasmania. George Town, forming large tussocks at high water mark, Ounn, C. Stnar! ; South Port, C. Stuart ; Swan Port, Stort/, W. Australia. Prt'iss's specimeus n. lSo4 seem to belong rather to this than to the preceding species. Also in New Zealand. I havc seen no authentic specimens of Steudcrs plant, but the character given agrees very fairly ^vith our plant. 5. S. compressa, R. Br. Prod. 175. — Stems 1 to 2 ft. high but often floAvering wheu uuder 6 iu. Lower leaves with short sheaths and laminsB, the upper oues with long loose broad lamiua;, the upper oue embracinLi; the base of the [)auicle ; liguhi 2 to 4 liues long, acute or bifid, not ciliate. Pauicle at Hrst very deuse, uarrow, at leugth looser, above 1 ft. long, with rather long erect filiform brauches. Outerglumes ofteu above | iu. long, tapering iuto fiiie poiuts. Flowering glume shoi'ter, pubescent, eutire. Awu gUibrous, very fine, 3 to 5 iu. lung. \V. Australia. King George's Sound, Menzics ; Kalgan River, ii^. Muclter ; also Drummond. Var. lachnocolea. Lower leaf-shcath villous with almost palcaccous hairs. — Drum- mond, II. 132. 6. S. Drummondii, Sfeiid. Si/n. Glum. i. 128. — Nearly alHed to S. compressa, with tlie same stature and iufioreacence. Leaves usually 568 uxLiv. uuAMiKEiE. [Stipa. longer and more rigid, tlie upper slieath long and broad, embracing the base of the panicle as in S. compressa, but the ligula much shorter, broad and rounded and sometimes very short but not ciliate; lower sheatlis ghibrous or pubescent. Panicle at first dense and short, at length loose an.d above 1 ft. long. Outer glumes varying in size, but usually smailcr than in S. compressa. Flowering glurae silky-villous. Awn tiue, rarely much above 2 in. loug. ^V. Australia, Driimmond, ith coll. n. 378. This species rescmbles also at first bight the var. jmbescens of S. scabra, but dififers in the ligula, the denser narrow panicle and shorter awns. 7. S. pycnostachya, Benth. — Stems tufted, about 1 ft. high, slightly bulbous at the base. Leaves erect, subulate, glabrous or the lower sheaths shghtly pubescent, the upper sheath embracing the base of the pauicle but not nearly so much as in S. compressa ; ligula long and membranous. Panicle compound, but dense and spikelike, 2 to 4 in. long, with very short erect branches, the lower spikelets some- times reduced to empty gkimes. Outer glumes narrow, almost hyaliue, produced into fine points, the loiigest rarely | in. king. Flowering glume silky-villous, H lines long, the inflexed margins slightly dilated at the top. Awn slender, glabrous, l^ to 2 in. loug. Palea as long as the glume, hairy at the top. W. Australia, Drummond, n. 121. 8. S. setacea, B. Br. Prod. 174. — Stems sleuder, 1 to 2 ft. high or rareiy more. Leaves fine and short, tufted at the base o£ the stem, those ou the stem few with long sheaths ; ligula elongated, not ciliate, often broken ofl' from dried specimens. Fanicle loose, 4 to 10 in. loug, ghibrous. Outer glumes very thin, narrow, acuminate, 4 to 5 lines long. Flowering glume much shorter, pubescent or villous, entire at the top. Awn glabrous, very tine, 1\ to above 2 in. long. Palea as h)ng as the glume, often hardened vihen ripe. — Hook. f. Fh Tasm. ii. ilO, t. 157. Queensland. Warwick, Beckler. KT. S. Wales. Port Jackson, R. Broiv)i ; Castloragh, Woolls ; New EngLmd C. Stunrf, also in Leivhhardf s colhjction ; on tho Lachlan aud Darling, Biirkilt ; Murrumbidgee, M^Arthur ; Edwards ruver, F. Mueller. Victoria. Wendu Vale in large patches, Robertson ; Portland, Allitt ; Mount M'Ivor, Blaiidowski. Tasmania. LauDceston, Gunn. W. Australia. Blackwood River, Oldfield ; Champion Bay, C. Qray ; also apparently Drummond's n. 136 (or 961 ':;), though the ligida is shorter and jagged. Var. ? latifolia. Taller and t-touter, leaves broader, thc lower sheaths villous. Panicle dense. Awns very long and fine. — /S'. scelerata, Behr. Herb. S. Australia. Augusta, Behr ; Crystal Brook, F. Mueller ; Murray River, Blaii' doicski. 9. S. semibarbata, B.Br. Prod. 174. — Stems l^ to near 3 ft. higli. Sfipu.] CXLIV. GUAMINKJJ. 509 Leaves uarrow, convolute, often alinost subulate, glabrous or shortly ])ubescent, the ligula vcry short and ciliate. Paniclo oblong, rather denae, G to 10 in. long, with erect branches. Outer gluines G to 9 lines long, tapering into very tliin long acute points. Floweriug glume silky-hairy, scarcely 3 lines long, eiitire at the top. Awu varying troni under 2 in. to near -i in. long, shortly plumose-hairy to the" bend or sometimes nearly to the end.— Hook. f. F\. Tasm. ii. 110 ; F. Muell. Fragm. viii. 104. N. S. Wales. Mudgee, Woolls ; Bcrrima, 3Ir.s. Calvcrt. Victoria. \'nTra.T^ixex, F. Muelter, Harvei/ ; Mount M'Ivor, C. Stuart ; French Island, lit vtridge. Tasmania. Port Dalrymple, R. Broicn ; abundant in dry soil throuirhout tho island, J. 1). Jloolctr. S. Australia. Rivoli Bay, F. Mueller. W. Australia, King George's Sound and Kalgan River, Oldfeld; Swan Eivcr, Drumnioiid, \st coll., also n. 116 and 129. Var. campnlachiie. A.vn\s, rather less plumose, with shorter hairs.— 5. campi/lachne, Nees in Pl. Preiss. ii. 99. — Swan River, Druinmond, Ut coll., Preiss, n. 1848. I have seen two specimens of Preiss's n. 1848, in one the awns are as phimose as in the common 5. semibarbata, in the othcr the hairs are much shortor, showing an approach to .S. pubescens. A specimen of Drummond's in herb. Lindloy named by Kees 6'. campylachne has the awns quite glabrous and may be *'. scabra, but it is in a very imperiect state. Var. mollis. A coarser grass of 2 to 3 ft., the foliage usually softly pubescent, the other characters the same.— rptacli)ie, but afterwards removed by Kunth to a section of Aribtida having the lateral lobes of the awn minute or obsolete. 1. S. stipoides, B. Br. Brod. 174. — Ouly known from two very impertbct specimens, oiie in Herb. Banks, tlie other in Herb. R. Brown, eacli consisting of the suminit of a stem without lcaves, bearing a very sleuder aud loose little-branched panicle of 5 to G in. Outer glumes 4 to 5 lines long, tapering into long fine points. Flowering glume narrow, glabrous, tapering into a very fine twisted and bent awn of I in. Stamens 3. Queensland. Endea^our River, Banks and Solandtr. SuBTEiBE II. AQROSTiDEiE. — Spikelets l-flowered, paniculate, the rhachis articulate above the outer glumes and eitber not coutinued beyond the flower or produced iuto a bristle rarely bearing au empty glume. Awn of the ilowering glume termiual or dorsal usually twisted and bent, rarely very smali and straight or deficient. Lodicules (always ?) 2. G-rain enclosed in the usually thin glume, the palea sometiuies minute or deficient usually thin, more exposed thau in Stipacea?, less developed than in most Avenacese. 51. PENTAPOGON, E. Br. Spikelets l-flowered, numerous in a rather dense much branclied panicle, the rhachis of the spikelet articulate above the 2 outer glumes, with a tuft of hairs surrounding thefloweriug glume and not coutinued above it. Grluraes 3, 2 outer persistent, membranous, acute or shortly poiuted. Plowering glume narrow, rolled rouud the flower, divided at the eud into 5 lobes or awns, the central one rigid, at length twisted, coatinuous with the keel and sometimes slightly dorsal, the lateral ones shorter aud straight. Palea uarrow, enclosed in the flowering glume. Lodicules 2. Styles short, distinct. Grrain enclosed iu the glume but free from it. The genus is limited to the single species endemic in Australia. 1. P. Billardieri, U. Br. Brod. 173. — An erect annual, from under 1 ft. to above 2 ft. high. Leaves narrow, hairy pubescent or rarely glabrous. Panicle narrow, erect or somewhat nodding, 2 to G in. long. Spikelets numerous, nearly sessile on the brauches. Outer glumes narrow, varying from 3 to 6 lines long, almost hyaline, with a promiuent shortly ciliate keel ofteu produced into a short point. Plowering glume on a very short hairy stipes, tlje ceutral awn terete, rigid, ^ to 1 iu. long, the lateral lobes 2 on each side, mucli sliorter, erect, slightly flattened and 1-nerved. — Hook, f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 112; Ayrostis quadrijlda, Labill. Pl. Nov. Holi. i. 20, t. 22 (the form Pentapoffon.] OXLiv. GEAMine^. 57'^ figured an exceptionally starved one) ; Stipa pentapogon, F. Muell. Fragm. viii. 106. Victoria. Wondu Valc, Robertson ; Ballarat, Bacchm ; Ararat, Green. Tasmania. Port Dalrymple, R. Brown ; Hobarton, Oldjield ; Chcshunt, Areher ; Ijaimcoton. Gi(iin ; Swanport, Story. S. Australia. St. Xincenfs Ciulf, F. Mueller ; Barossa Eange, Behr. Var. parrijlorus. Outcr glumcs scarcely 2 lines long, inner glumc and awn iii pro- portion. — Kccherche Bay, C. Stuart. 52. DIPLOPOGON, E. Br. (Dipogonia, Beauv.) Spikelets 1-flowered, nearly sessilein a dense panicle contracted into aii ovoid-globular head, the rhachis of the spikelet articulate above the 2 outer ghime.'^ and not coutinued beyond the flower. Gluines 8, the 2 outer ones persistent, keeled, tapering into fiue short straight awns. Flowering glume scarcely raised above the outer ones, with a rigid teruiinal awn spirally twisted aud ciirved down, and a short straight awn on each side ot" it. Palea as long as the gluine, narrow and hyaline with 2 promineut nerves produced into short awns. Styles distinct. Grain not seen. The genus is limited to the single species endemic in Australia. It is in many respects nearly allied to Amphipogon, among Pappophore;e, hut the essentially twisted awn places it rather in Agrostidcffinextto P^v/^ff/ioyow. 1. D. setaceus, R. Br. Frod. 176. — Asleiider glabrous erect grass of 1 to 2 ft., with the habit and inflorescence of Amphipof/on turhinatus. Leaves narrow. Spikelike panicle or head ovoid-globular, | to f in. Jong without the awns. Outer glumes narrow, glabrous or minutely pubescent, 3 to ^ liues loug, tapering into fine awns nearly or quite as loug, especially the lowest oue. Flowering glume slightiy hairy, the ceutral awn very rigid and thickeued at the base, nearly as long as the awns of the outer glumes, but spirally twisted and curved dowu so as to appear much shorter, or very frequently curled round the 2nd glume, usually conspicuous from its whiteness in contrast with the purple outer glume ; lateral lobes or awns sliort and erect, as well as the 2 awnlike lobes of the palea. — Neea in Pl. Preiss. ii. 102; Dipo- gonia setacea, Beauv. Agrost. 125. TV. Australia, King George's Sound and neighboui-ing districts, R. Brown, jDrummond, n. 262, Preiss, n. 1853, Oldjield. 53. DICHELACHNE, Endl. Spikelets 1-flowerefl, numerous in a narrow usually dense panide, the rhachis of tlie spikelet articulate immediately above the 2 outer 574 cxLiv. QUAMiNEiE. [DichelacTine. gluiTies and not continuerl beyond tho flower. Grlumes 8, narrow, the 2 outcr oues porsistent, membi-anous, aeute, keeled. llovvering glume raised on a sliort hairj stipe.s (rhachis of the spikelet), membranous at the time of floweriug, hyaliae aud eutire or 2-lobed at the eud, with a fiue scarcely twisted dorsal awn a little below the end, sliglitly hardened round the fruit. Palea 2-nerved. Stameus 3 or fevver ; authers gla- brous. Styles distiuct. Graiu euclosed iu the glume aud palea, free frora them. The genus is probably limited to the two Australian species which extend to New Zealand. Panicle very dense, the awns above 1 in. long, very numerous and concealing the spikelets \. J). crinita. Panicle rather loosc, the awns 6 to 8 lines long 2. D. scmrca. 1. D. crinita, Hook.f. Fl. N. Zel. i. 293, Fl. Ta^m. ii. 111.— Stems 2 to 3 ft. bigh. Leaves flat, glabrous or softly pubeseeut, the upper ones rather loug with loug sbeaths. Panicle very dense and spikelike, 4 to 8 in. long, the spikelets imbricate on tbe short erect branches but concealed by the uumerous loug hairlike awns. Outer glumes very narrow, hyaliue with a slightly scabrous keel, uearly equal, about 2| lines long. Flowering glume shorter, glabrous, the hyaliue tip eutire but readily splitting. Awn dorsal, very slender, bent but scarcely twisted, above 1 in. long. — Anthoxanthmn crinitum, Liuu. f. Suppl. 90 ; Labill. Pl. Nov. Holl. ii. 115, t. 263 ; Agrostis crinita, E. Br. Prod. 170 ; Muehlenhergia crinita, Triu. Gram. Uuifl. 193 ; M. mollicoina, Nees in Hook. Lond. Journ. ii. 414 ; Dichelachne Hookeriana, D. Forsteriana, D. comata and D. longiseta, Triu. and Rupr. Grram. Stip. 3 to 5 (from the descr. aud refereuces) ; also Sieb. Agrostoth. n. 86. Queensland. Moreton Bay, Leichhardt ; Armidale, Ferrot. W. S. 'Wales. Port Jackson, R. Brown, C. Moore andothers ; North of Bathui'st, A, Cwniingham ; 1>! evcastle, Zeichhardt ; Clarence River, Beckler, C. Moore ; Lord Howo'slsland, G. Mooi-e. Victoria. From the Yarra to the western frontier, F. Muelkr, Robertson and others. Tasmania. Port Dalrymple, R. Broivn ; abundant throughout the island, /. B. Hodher, Labillardlere and others. S. Australia. Round St. Vincenfs Gulf, F. Mueller, Behr. W. Australia. King George's Sound, R. Brown, to Swan and Mui-chison Rivers, Oldjield, Brummond, n. 118, 130, 131, 380, and others. The species is also in New Zealand. 2. D. sciurea, Hook. f. Fl. N. Zel. i. 294, Fl. Tasm. ii. 111, t. 158 A.— Stems densely tufted, slender, 1 to 1\ rarely 2 ft. high, quite "labrous, the nodes usually dark-coloared. Leaves shorfc, chiefly at the base of the stem, scabrous-pubescent or glabrous. Panicle narrower and looser than iu D. crinita, 3 to 6 in. long, the rhachis and filiform brauches scabrous. Outer glumes very irirrow, about 2^ liues )oug, the outermost rather shorter thau the 2nd. Fruitiug glume rather more rigid than in D. crinita and minutely pitted-rugose, Awns 6 to 8 BichelacJme.] cxLiv. graminEjE. 575 liiies lonp;, not nearly so crowded as in that spccies — Agrostis sciurea, K. lir. Prod. 171; Sieb. Agrostotli. n. G3 ; Maehlenhcrgia civrea, Triii. G-ram. Unill. 193 ; Afjrostis rnra, Nees in Sieb. 1. c. n. 70 ; l>ich- cJ((ch)ie Sieberiana aud D. rulgaris, Triu. aud Hupr. Grain. Stip. 2, 3 ; D. montaiui, Eiull. Prod. Fl. iVort'. 20 (tVom tlie character as revised by Trinius, Grain. Stip. 1). N. S. 'Wales. rort Jackson, R. Bruwu and otliers ; Ncw England, C. StiKirt. Victoria. Loddon River and Wilson's promontory, F. Muclkr. Tasmania. Port Dah-ymplc, R. Brown ; abundant tliroughout the island, J. D. JToo/.rr. W. Australia ? Drummond, «. 964, may possibly be this species, but more probably one of tho pooror forms of D. crinita, which approach it vcry nearly. Agrostis rara, R. Br. Prod. 171, from Port Jackson, appears to mo to bc a shght variety of D. sciurea with a looser panicle and and fewer spikelcts. Var. setifulia. Very slendcr, with almost iiliform leaves, thc sheatha scabrous. — Paramatta, JFoolls. The species is also in New Zcaland, and in Norfolk Island (Herb. Oldfield) ; Endlicher describes the awn as terminal between the two terminal lobes of tbo ghime, but Trinius who saw Bauer's original specimen describes it as dorsal. 54. AGROSTIS, Linu. partly. (Agrostis a)id Trichodium, i\>es.) Spikelets small, 1-flowered, pediceUate in a loose spreading or nar- row panicle, the rhachis of the spikelet articulate above the outer ^lumes, glabrous or nearly sOj not produced beyond the flower. Grhimes 3, 2 outer empty ones narrow, keeled, acute, uuawned. Flowering glume shorter, broad, thin, enveloping the flowcr, unawned or with a dorsal awn, attached below the middle, fine and twistcd. Piilea not above half the length of the glume, very thin and hyaliiie, often very niinute or none. Styles very sliort, distinct. Grrain enclosed in the glume, free from it. The genus as now limited is still very generally spread ovcr the tempcrate and some warmer regions of both hemisphcrcs. Of the four specics here enumerated one is introduced only, another is also in New Zealand, a third appears to be identical ■with a common North American one, the 4th alone is strictly endcmic. Palea abouthalf the length of the glume (Eluagrostis). No awn 1. .4. alba. Palea none or rudimentary (Trichodium). No awn. Outer glumes above 1 line long. Panicle narrow 2. J. MueUert. No awn. Outer glumes about f line. Panicle spreading 3. A. scobra. Awn nearly basal. Outcr glumes about 1 line. Panicle spreading ^. A. venusta. 576 CXLIV. QRAMINE/E. [^Ayrostis. * 1. A. alba, Linn. ; Kunth, Enmi. i. 219. — A tufted perennial, froiti under 6 in. to :vbove 1 ft. higli. Leaves flat, narrow. Panicle pyra- mida], sometimos rather loose and spreading, sometimes narrow and more dense. Spikelets very numerourf. Outer glumes, narrow,keeled, acute, about 1 line long. Flowering glume sliorter, broad, obtuse or truncate, rolled round the iiower, uuawued. Palea very thin and hyaliue, about half as long as the glume. A common European grass, now said to be naturalised in a few stations in Victoria, F. Mueller, and Tasmania, 8tory, C. Stmrt, Hannaford. 2. A Muelleri, Benth. — A densely tufted grass, our specimens 2 to 6 in. high. Leaves very narrow. Panicle narrow, though rather loose, 1 to \\ in. long, with short erect capillary branches. Spikclets purplish. duter glumes very pointed, about 1\ lines long, glabror.s or the keel minutely ciliate. Flowering glutne much shorter, thin and hyaline, obtuse, enveloping the flower and grain, without any (or a minute and rudimentary ?) palea. Stamens ^6.—A. gelida, F. Muell. iu Trans. Vict. Inst. 1855, 43, not of Trin. ; J. canina, var. Hook. f, Handb. N. Zeal. FI. 328. Victoria. Cobberas Mountains and Mount Kosciusko, at an elevatioa of 5000 to 6000 ft. F. Mueller. Also on higb mountains in New Zealand. 3. A. scabra, Willd. Spec. Pl. i. 370. — Stems slender, tufted, 6 in. to above 1 ft. high. Leaves very narrow, almost filiform in the typical form,chiefly at thebaseof thestem. Panicle compound, very loose and slender, with spreading capillary branches. Outer gluraes narrow, keeled, rather acute, about f line long. Flowering glume shorter, hyaline, broad and enveloping tlie flower, obtuse truncate or slightly jagged, unawned. Palea none (or verv minute?). Stamens 3. —A. parviflora, H. Br. Prod. 170 ; Hook. f. FI. Tasm. ii. 113, t. 158 ; A. intricata, Nees in Hook. Loud. Journ. ii. 413 ; Triclwdium laxifloriim, Mich. Fl. Bop. Am. i. 42, t. 8 ; Aqrostis laxiflora, Richards ; Kunth, Rev. Gram. t. 130. Tasmania. Adventure Bay, Rerh. R. Broim ; common in shady places, J. D. Hooker, C. Stuart. Var. elatior. Taller, leaves flattcr and flaccid, panicle very loose and N. S. Wales. Nattai, Mrs. Calvert ; New Eugland, C. Sttiart. Victoria. Dandenong Ranges, Broken River, sources of the Goulburn, F. Muellcr; Portland, Allitt. This has been identifiod by Munro with a common North American spccies which has a wide range and has been published under various names, of which Willde- now's has the right of priority, except perhaps a very inappropriate one of Fraser's. 4. A. venusta, Trin. in Mem. Acad. Petersh. ser. 0, vi. 340. — A slender tufted grass cloaely resembling the typical fonn of A. scahra y/grosfis.] cxLiv. ora.mine.t;. 577 with still finer leaves. Panicle loose witli long capillary branchea, or contracted in soine of tlio smaller specimens. Oiiter glumes very acute, about l linc long. Flowering glume shorter, broad hyaline and remarksibly truncate, envelcping tlie flower, with a dorsal twisted awn, ailixed very near the base aud protruding beyond the outer glumes. Palea none.— Hook. f. FI. Tasm. ii. 113, t. 159. Victoria. Ararat, Greoi ; Ballarat, Mrs. Glcndiiuibifj. Tasmania. Abundant in drj' grassy placps, /. L. Hnoker and othcr.'?. W. Australia. Pcrongerup, F. MiwUir ; Blackwood liivcr, Wnlcot. 55. DEYEUXIA, Charion. (Broniidium, Xces.) Spikelets 1-flowered, pedicellate or rarely sessile in a panicle either loose and spreading or narrow and spikelike, the rhachis of the spikc- let articnlate above the outer glumes, usually bearing a tuft of hairs rouud the flowering glume and usually produced beyond it in a small ciliate or rarely glabrous bristle very rarely bearing an empty glumeor imperfect flower, sometimes very miuute, rarely deficient. Grlumes 3, 2 outer ones persistent, keeled, unawned ; floweriug glume shorter and very thin, about as long or rareiy longer aud membranous, broad, enelosing the flower, 5-nerved, with a fine dorsal awn usually bent and twisted, rarely short aud straight or very rarely deficient. Palea thin, more than lialf as long as the glume, laintly or prominently 2-nerved. Styles distinct, short. Grain enclosed intheglurae aud palea and some- times partially adhering to them. A considerable genus, spread over the warmor and temperate regions both of the New and the Old World. Of the fifteen Australian species three are also in New Zealand, the remainder are apparentlj' all endemic. They are frequently regarded as forming a section of Af/rostis, from which they differ chiefly in the more developed i^alea and in the usual presence of the bristle continuing the rhachis of thespikelet, whilst others again refer Bei/euxia to the supposed distinct tribe Anin- diiiece, on account of the hairs surrounding the flowering glume. But these hairs are present in almost all species of Agrostis, and although in many species of Deyeu.ria they are longer, yet they are never so long as in Calamnr/rostis, a northern genus closely allied both to Agrostis and to Beyeuxia, and equally referrible to Agrostideae, whilst Arundo and PJiragmites would appear to be much better placed in Festucacege. The bristle continuing the rhachis behind the palea, though the character generalty relied on for separating Deyeuxia from Agrostis and constant in most spccies, is usualJy but not constantly wanting in D. quadriseta and its allies, distinguished by Nees undcr the name of Broniidium, but evidently very closely con- nected with other species where the bristle is constant. Flowering glume very thin, almost hyaline, much shorter than the empty ones. Panicle loose and spreading or in smaller plants narrow. Ehachis of the spikelet produced into a hairy bristle. Spikelets about \ lino long, unawncd 1. D. aquata, VOL. VII. 2 1» 578 CXLIA^ GRAMixNE.E. [Dtyeuxw. Spikelets H to 2 lines long. Flowering glume usually hairy truncate or shortly toothed, the awnabout the middle. Panicle spreading . 2. B. Forsteru Spikelets about 3 liues. Outer glumes with long points Flowering glume of D. Forsttri. Panicie narrow 3. D. Drummotidiana. Spikelets about 3 lines. Flowermg glume gla- brous with 2 long points, the awn almost basal. Panicle spreading 4. i). BiUardkn. Spikelets about U lines. Flowering glumehaiiy, with 2 long points, the awn almost basal. Panicle narrow 5. i). plebeia. Panicle dense and spikelike or shortly branched. Ehachis of the spikelet produced into a glabrous or minute bristle or not continued beyond the flower. Spikes 2 to 2^ lines long. Awn almost basal. Bristle of therhachis conspicuous .... 6. i). montana. Spikelets l^ to 2 lines. Awn almost basal. Bristle of the rhachis minute or none . . . 1. B. quadriseta. Spikelets about 3 lines. Awn almost basal. Bristleof the rhachis minute ornone ... 8. D. ci/lindrica. vSpikelets about 2 lines. Awn above the middls of the back. Bristle of the rhachis minute or none . . . . _ 9. i). minor. Flowering glume nearly or quite as long as the outer ones, membranous, often minutely scabrous or pubescent. Panicle dense and spikelike. Awn dorsal about the middle of the flowering glume . . . .10. I). densa. Panicle very loose and long. Awn dorsaL about the middle" of the flowering glume but very decidu- ous . \l. D. frigida. Panicle very loose. Awn very small and straight above the middle of the flowering glume or re- duced to a small point near the summit . . .12. D. scahra. Panicle dense and spikelike. Ijcaves broad. Awn small and straight near the summit of the flowering glume 13. i). uivalis. Flowering glume twice as long as the truncate outer ones. Spikelets very small in a loose panicle, awnless or with a nanute point on the flowering gliune. Outer glumes prominently kceled, rather acute. Stems tmder 6 in 14. D. Giinniana. Outer glumes not keeled, truncate. Stems 1 to l^ ft 15. i). brevighimis. 1. D. sequata, Benth. — A weak glabrous jQ^rass of 1 to 2 ft. with the aspect of Agrostls scahra. Leaves flaccid, narrow but flat. Pauicle very loose, G to 9 in. long, with numerous capillary spreading branches in regular distant whorls, or the upper ones intwos or threes. Spikelets uumerous, pedicellate, smaller even thau in Agrostis scahra. Outer glumes narrow, rather acute, but little more than \ line long. Flowering giume shorter, broad, truncate, thinly membranous, glabrous, unawued, surrounded by a few hairs. Palea narrow. E.hachis produced iuto a Deyeuxia.l cxLiv. ubamine,e. 579 bristle ciliate with a few loujj \\n\vs.—Agrostis cequata, Nees in llook. Lond. Journ. ii. 412 ; Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 114, t. 159. Tasmania, Okidi, the preciso station not indicated. 2. D. Forsteri, Kunth, Enum. i. 244. — A common grass, very variable iu habit, usually ercct or decumbeut, 1 to 2 ft. high or rather more, with^ Hat rather flaccid leaves, but sometimes smaller with con- volute or fine almost filiform leaves. Panicle usually very loose aud spreading when fully out, 6 in. to 1 ft. loug, with long capillary divided brauches in distaut whorls or clusters. Spikelets very nuinerous. Outer glumes uarrow, very pointed, 1 to l^ hnes long or in some varieties nearly 2 lines. Flowering glume about half as loiig, thiu and almost hyah"ue, broad, enveloping the flower, truiicate or very shortly and unequally 2- or 4-toothed, spriukled or densely covcred with haira on the back, rarely almost glabrous, surrouuded by the hairs of the rhachis, with a fiue twisted awn attached about the middle of the back. Palea very narrow. Ehacbis produced into a bristle usually very short and ciliate with a few long hairs. — Agrostis Forsteri, Koem."and 8chult. Syst. ii. 3.59 ; A. cemuhi, R. Br. Prod. 172 ; Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 115 ; A. retrofracta, Willd. Enura. Hort. Berol. 94 ; Lachnagrostis retrofracta, Trin. Fund. Agrost. 128; L. Willdenowii, Trin. Gi-ram. Unifl. 217; Galamagrostis cemula and C. Willdenowii, Steud. Syn. Glum. i. 192 ; Agrostis dehilis, Poir. Dict. Supph i. 249 (from the descr. confirmed by Kunth) ; A. Solandri, F. Muell. Veg. Chath. Isl. 60 ; A. semibarbata, Trin. in Mem. Acad. Petersb. ser. 6. vi. 378 (from the char. given.) Queensland. W-a.v^ck.^Btckkr ; Darling Downs, Woolh, Vi. S. Wales. Port Jackson, R. Brown, Skber (Agrostoth. n. 81) ; in the interior north of Bathurst, A. Cunningham ; iSTew England, C. Moore, C. Stuart ; Ckirence River, TTilcj.r ; Lord Howe's Island, Fullagar, thelatter withrather longer outer glumes, but all the above with the normal very hairy flowering glume. Victoria. Wendu Vale, Robertson ; Melbourne and neighbouring districts F. MiuUcr and others. Tasmania. Port Dah"ymple, R. Broivn ; abundant throughout the island, /. D. Hoo]:er and others, S. Australia. AroundSt. Yincenfs Gulf, F. Miieller snxd. others. W. Australia. From Esperance Bay to King George's Sound and Swan River, Dempster, Oldjield, TTaicot, Druinmond. Var. aristata. Outer glume produced into long points. — Swan Eiver, Pries ; Murchison River, Oldfield. Var. Preissii. Spikelets of the var. aristata, but a smaller plant with fine leaves. — Lachiiagrostis Preifsiiy Necs in Pl. Preiss. ii. 97. — W. Australia, Preiss, n. 1841. Var. laviglumis. Flowering glume nearly glabrous except marginal cilia. — Lake George, N. S. Wales, Fraser, A. Cuninngham ; Wenin Yale, Yictoria, Bobertson ; and withthe glume quite glabrous butwithout thelong poiutsofi). Billardieri, Red Jacket Creek, Gargurevich ; Ararat, Green. The species was originally published by Forster for theXcwZealand plant under the name of Agrostis filiformis, but as that name was then preoccupied it was changed by Gmelin to A. avenacm, and more appropriately by Koemer and Schultes to A. Forsteri. Trinius in transferring the plant to Lachnagrostis adojited for the 2 P 2 580 cxriiT. PrRAMiNE.T:. [Dff/cuxia. specific name first that oifiliformis, then that of Foysln-i. Kunth in fixing the species in Bfijeuxia took the name of Fomteri as leading to thc least confusion and which it seems advisahle t)n all accounts to retain. Brown, whilst recognising the close affinity of the Australianto the New Zealand plant, thought nevertheless that it might he dis- tinct and gave it the name of A. icmida, hut already (though not to the knowledge of Brown) it had been raised in Contincntal Gardens fi'om Australian seeds and puh- lished by Willdenow as A. rctrofracta and by Poiret as A. debilis. and Kunth without means of comparison, entered both (vmnla and retrofracta as Australian species of jDeyeuxia distinct fi-om the New Zealand one. As it has now been found necessary to reunite the Australian with Forster's plant, it necessarily merges in the name of Z). Forsteri, nor can I see any advantage in the cntii'ely new name proposed by F. Mueller. 3. D. Drummondiana, .BfM?"/;. — Stems erect, 1 to 2 ft. high, leafy to the panicle, the leaves narrovv with rather broad sheaths as iu D. Billardieri. Pauicle uarrow, rather cleuse, 4 to 8 in. long, the branches capillary, but erect or scarcely spreadiug, iu distaut whorls. Outer glunies uarrow, at least 3 liues loug aud taperins: into long poiuts almost awned, the lowest rather shorter tiian the other. Flowering glume about 1 line long, hairy, shortly aud uuequally 4- toothed, the awu fixed about the middfe of the back, twisted aud projecting beyond the outer glumes. Palea small and narrow. Rhachis produced iuto a short ciliate bristle abnost concealed by the hairs surroundiug the glume. — Diclielachne Drummondiaiia, Steud. Syn. Glum. i. 120. W. Australia, Drummond, n. 371. 4. D. Billardieri, Kunth, Emim. i. 244. — Stems sometimes very short aud tufted, usually about 1 ft. high or more, leafy to the in- florescence, wbich is usually enclosed at thebase in the broad sheath of the upper leaf. Panicle wheu fuUy oat often nearly 1 ft. long though sometimes much smaller, with long capilhiry divided brauches iu regular whorls. Outer glumea very narrow aud pointed, about 3 lines long. Plowering glume not half so loug, quite glabrous, with 2 narrow pointed teeth, the dorsal awu attached mueh below the middle and rather longer than the outer glumes. Palea shorter and uarrow. Rhachis produced iuto a hairy bristle. — Avenajiliformis, Labill. Pl. Nov. Holl. i. 24, t. 31 ; Agrostis milardieri, E. Br. Prod. 171 ; Hook. f. Ph Tasm. ii. 115. W. S. Wales. Port Jackson, i2. i?;Y/?r« ; Ckrence River, Wilcox. Victoria. Portland, ^ //j« ; Port Phillip, iZarz.v//. Tasmania. Ounn; King'8 Island, Xeate. 5. Australia, Behr. Also in New Zealand. This is evidently the plant tigured by Labillardiere, although his herbarium contained also the D. Forsteri. 5. D. plebeia, Benth. — A sleuder tufted ereet grass of 6 to 10 in., apparently auuual. Leaves very uarrow, almost filiform. Pauicle narrow but loose, 2 to 4 in. loiig, the filiform brauches scattered or in twos or threes, erect or slightly spreadiug. Outer glumes very narrow aud pointed, uuder 1| lines long. Piowering glume thin and hairy. Deyeiwia.'] cxLiv. GK.vMiNEiE. 581 about half as loiig but with 2 fine teeth or lobes almost aa long as the outer glumes. Awu attached very near the baso, excceding the outer glumes. Palca small and narrow. Ehachis produced into a minute hairy bristle ahnost concealcd in thc hairs surrounding the glume. — Agrostis plebeia, B. Br. Prod. 172 ; Didymochceta amtraiis, Stcud. ISyn. Glum. i. 185. N. S. Wales. rort Jackson, II. Brovon. S. Australia. Crystal Brook, F. Mudler. TV. Australia, Drummond, ti. 223 a>id 370. G. D. montana, Benth. — Stems from uuder 1 ft. to above 2 ft. higli. Leaves iu the sinaller spccimens very narrow almost subulate, in the larger ones flat and 2 to 3 lines broad. Paniele densc and spike- like or slightly branched and interrupted at the base, 2 to 4 in. long. Spikelets crowdcd on the short erect branches. Outer glumes narrow, very acute, rather rigid, 2 to 2| lines long. Flowering glume short, glabrous, shortly 2- or 4-toothed, the awn attached much below the middle and exserted. Palea smaller. Rhachis bearing but few short hairs and produced into a glabrous or slightly hairy bristle, cither very short or lengthened and occasionally bearing an empty glume or imperfect flovver. — Agrostis montana, R. Br. Prod. 171 ; Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 110. Victoria. Moyston, Sullivan. Tasmania. Tabie Mountaia (Mount "Wellington), M. Broivu; common on the moimtains, /. D, Hooker ; South Esk River, C. 8tuart. S. Australia. Lofty and Bugle Ranges, F. Miielhr. 7. D. quadriseta, Benth. — A glabrous and smooth or scabrous erect perennial, very variable in stature, usually 1 to 3 ft. high. Leaves narrow, erect or spreading, flat or convolute when dry. Panicle dense and spikelike, varying from l^ or 2 in. to 8 or 10 in. long, when sinall closely cylindrical, Avhen large more branched, but the spikelets always densely crowded from the base o£ the short erect branciies. Outer glumes narrow, very acute, with a scabrous or minutely ciliate kee], the sides smooth, 1} to near 2 lines long. Flowering glume shorter, broad hyaline and rolled round the flower, the 2 nerves on each side more or less produced into acute teeth or points. Awn attached much below the middle or close to tlie base, usually not mucli longer thau the outerglumes. Palea narrow. Ehachis of the spikelet hairy rouiid the flower, produced sometimes into a minute bristle wlnch however appears to be generally deficieut. — Avena quudriseta, Labill. Pi. Nov. HolL i. 25, t. 32 ; Agrostis quadriseta, E. Er. Prod. 171 ; Trin. Spec. Grram. t. 33 ; Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 114 ; A. lohata, R. Br. 1. c. ; A. diaphora, Trin. in Mem. Acad. Petersb. ser. 6, vi. 36G ; Bromidium quadrisetum, Nees in Hook. Lond. Journ. ii. 416 ; B. lobatum, ^ees, 1. c. 415. S. "Wales. Paramatta, Woolls ; New England, Perrott ; head of the Gwydir, LeicJihardt. Victoria. Xumerous localities from tho Murray and Yarra to Gipps' Land, F. Mueller and others. 582 CXLIV. oeaminej:. [Deyeuxia. Tasmania. Port Dalrymplo, E. Broivn ; abundant throughout the island, /. L. Hooktr and others. S. Australia. From the hills ahout >St Vincenfs Gulf to the Murray, F. Mueller and othcrs. W. Australia. Blackwood and Tweed JElivers, OZr/Ac/r/; WarrenEiver, Walcot ; Swan Eiver, Hdmieli. Also in New Zealand, 8. D. cylindrica, Benth. — A tufted grass of 6 to 10 in. Leaves narrow but flat. Panicle 1 to l^ in. long, dense and spikelike but much Ioosl r than in D. quadriseta. Spikelets much fewer than in that apecies, sesuile on the short branches. Outer glumes narrow, acutely acuminate, about 3 liues long or the lowest rather shorter, the keel minutely ciliate. Flowering glume much shorter, broad and thin, glabrous or slightly hairy, entire or shortly 2- or 4-toothed. Awn attached below the middle and shortly protrudiug from the outer glume. Palea uot much shorter than the glume. Khachis produced iuto a miuute bristle or more frequeutly not perceptibly continued beyoud the flower. — Agrostis cylindrica, &. Br. Prod. 171 ; Fenta-pogon Drum7nondii, Steud. Syn. Glum. i. 193. W. Australia. King George's Sound, R. ^rottvj ; towards Cape Riche, i);-M«*- moiid, oth coll. n. 448 ; Perongerup, F. Mueller. 9. D. minor, Benth. — Usually smaller and more slender than D. quadriseta, the stems 6 iu. to above 1 ft. high. Spikelike pauicle 1 to 2 in. long, not nearly so dense as in D. quadriseta, often purplish. Outer glumes about 2 lines long, very acute. Plowering gluuie short aud broad, finely 4-pointed. Awn affixed above the middle of the back, shortly exceeding the outer glumes. Palea uarrow. E-hachis hairy round the floweriug glume, uot perceptibly produced beyond it in the spikelets examined, but probably occasioually with the minute bristle of the two preceding species. — Agrostis quadrisata, var. minor or A. minor, F. Muell. Herb. Victoria. Grampian Eange and Wilson^s Promontory, F, Mueller. Tasmania, Southport, C. Stuart. 10. D. densa, 5ew^7t.— Stems 1 to l^ ft. high. Leaves narrow, flat. Pauicle dense and spikelike or slightly lobed, 2 to 3 in. long. Spikelets crowded on the short erect compound branches. Outer glumes keeled, with scarious side3,l| lines long, rather acute. Floweriug glume nearly as long, acuminate, entire but promineutly 4-nerved above the awn, glabrous, membranous, but rather firm when in fruit aud very minutely scabrous-rugose, the awu about the middle of the back, twisted aud exserted. Palea shorter, very thiu. Ehachis with rather long hairs surrounding the ghime andproduced into arather loughairy bristle. Victoria. Wilson's Promontory, Maroka Valley and the Yarra Rivcr, F, Muel/er. S. Australia. Lofty Banges and Onkaparinga, F. Mueller. Dei/euxia.] cxLiv. guamine.i3. 583 11. D frigida, F. Muell. — Stems weak and general habit of D, scabra, but usually taller, attainiug soinetimes -i or 5 ft. Panicle as in that spccies long antl loose with scattered branchea. Spikelets ratiier larger. Outer glumes very acute, 2 lines long or rather more. Flowering glume not inucli shorter, 5-nerved, nearly smooth or slightly scabrous in tVuit, with a fine twisted awn attached a little above the middlc and very deciduous, leaviiig usually on the truiting glume a small dorsal uotch. — Agrostis frigida, F. Muell. Herb. Victoria. Mount BuUer, F. Mmlkr, the specimens past flower shox^^ing only the persistent outer s^himes, the very fow fruiting ghimes remaining havc lost thcir awns only showing the dorsal notch terminating the miilrih halfwaj'' up. Tasmania, Oldjivld ; Xew Norfolk, Gtii/it. 12. D. scabra, Bcnth. — Stems usually vveak aiid decumbent, 1 to 2 ft. long. Leaves flat, flaccid. Panicle loose, varying from 2 to 8 in., the capillary branches short, scattered or in twos or threes, distant in thc longer panicles, few in the short ones, not very spreading. Outer glumes 1 to 1\ lines long, acute, keeled or the 2nd 3-uerved. Flowering glume scarcely shorter or at length rather longer, membranous, rather stift' in fruit and minutely scabrous-pubescent, the awn minute and straight, attached far above thc middle and usually not cxcecdiug the glume. Palea almost as long, rather broad. lihachis with iew hairs and produced into a bristle minute and glabrous or longer and hairy. — Agrostis scabra, R. Br. Prod. 172; Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 116, t. 160; A. ritdis, Ila*m. and Sehult. Syst. ii. 360 ; Calamagrostis rudis, Steud. Syn. Glum. i. 192 ; A. contracta, V. Muell. ; Herb. Hook. f. 1. c. 1. 161 ; A. decipiens, It. Br. Prod. 172; Cinna decipiens, Kunth, Eiium. i. 207. Queensland. Condamine River, Haitmann. N. S. Wales. Port Jackson, R. Broivit ; New England, C. Stmrt. Victoria. Upper Hume River, Dandenong and Buflfalo Eanges, Tyer's River, Sealer s Cove, F. 2Ii(i-ller. Tasmania. Adventure Bay, Xelson ? in Herb. R. Br. ; Upper Huon River, Gitntt. The northem specimens have generally rather smaller spikelets than the southern ones, excepting Brown's typical ones in which they are smaller than in alraost any of ours. I can perceive nothing to distinguish the A. contracta as a species, and Brown's A. decipiens appears to me to be a shght variety wth narrow leaves. A. distans, Kunze, raised from Australian seeds in the Ltipzig Garden, is also most probably, from the very short character given in Steud. Syn. Glum. i. 176, the D. scabra, 13. D. nivalis, Benth. — Stcms rather stout, under 1 ft. high, covered to the inflorescence by the leaf-sheaths. Leaves flat short and broad, rather stifl", crowdcd at the base of the stem. Paiiicle deuse and spikelike, 1\ to 2 iu. long, rather dark coloured, the short fiue awus scarcely conspicuous. Outer glumes under 2 lines long, very acute, rather rigid and shiuing. Flowering glume rather shurter, glabrous but surrounded by the hairs of the very short rhachis or stipes, tlie hyaline apex obtuse and entire or scarcely notched. Awn slender, attached below the summit and projecting but little beyond it. Palea 584 cxLiv. Gi{A.Mi>EJE. {Beijeuxia. rather broad. Rhacbis produced into a short glabrous bristle. — Agrostis nivalis, Y. Muell. iu Trans. Vict. Inst. 1855, 43. Victoria. Grassy summits of Blount BuUer, F. Muellcr. 14. D. Gunniana, Benth. — A slender tufted glabrous grass, uuder 6 in. liigh, apparently annual. Leaves very uarrow, almost setaceous. Panicle loose, ovate or pyramidal, 1 to 2 in. long, with capillary clustered spreading divided branches. Spikelets about f line long. Outer glumes scarcely -i line, rather acute, with a promiuent niinutely ciliatc or almost glabrous keel. Plowering glume twice as long, thin, 3- or 5- nerved, truncate or minutely toothed with a fine point attached very near the top and scarcely exceeding it. Palea about as long as the glume. Ehachis almost glabrous, continued into a sHghtly hairy bristle half as long as the glume. — Echinopo(/on Gunnianus, Nees in Hook. Lond. Journ. ii. 413. Tasmania, Gioin, sent witli Affro.stis seabra, our specimens much depauperated, but the one in Herb. Lindl. described by Nees is a fuU-grown and very satisfactory one. 15. D.? breviglumis, Benth. — A sleuder grass of 1 to 1| ft. Leaves almost fiiiforin. Pauicle rather loose, pyramidal, 1|^ to 2 in. long, with capillary but short and rather rigid divided branches, the very small spikelets pedicellate. Outer glume scarcely ^ line long, very broad, obtuse or truncate. Fiowering glume nearly twice as long, rather obtuse, the keel often produced into a very sliort poiut. Palea nearly as long as the glume. Ehachis glabrous, coutinued into a glabrous bristle nearly as long as the palea. N. S. ^Vales. New England, C. Stuart. This species, remarkable for the short truncate outer glumes and glabrous rhachis, may not be a true congener. Munro thinks it might be referrible to the American genus Cinna, which however has not been yet satisfactorily worked up and defined. SuBTEiBE III. AvEJfACEJi. — Spikelets with 2, or in a few genera more than 2 perfect flowers, very rarely red uced to 1, paniculate, the rhachis of the spikelet articulate above the outer glumes, usually bearing a tuft of hairs under the floweringglumes, and (except in some Airce) produced above them, frequently bearing an empty glume or imperfect flower. Awn of the flowering glume dorsal or termiual between the lobes of the glume, more or less twisted and bent. Palea as long or nearly as long as the glume, with 2 prominent nerves or keels. Grrain enclosed in the glume and palea and free or adnate to the palea. 56. AIRA, Liun. (partly), Spikelets 2-flowered, smal], in a loose or rarely contracted panicle with capillary brauches, the rhachis of the spikelet articulate and mmutely hairy between the flowering glumes and not at all or scarcely Aira.] cxLiv. uuamine.*:. 585 produced beyond theui. Glumes thinly scarious, 2 outer empty ones nearly equal, acute ; lloweriiig •^Hutnes close above tliem, shorter, thin and hyalinc, fiuely pointed or shortly bitid, with a fine awu dorsally attaclied below the middle and twisted at the base. Palea 2-nerved. Styles short, distiuct. Grrain enclosed iu aud more or less adnate to the very thin glume and palea. A small genus, gcnerally distributed over the temperate regions of both the northern and southern hemisphcres, both the Australian species the samc as northcrn ones, and one of them probably introduced only. Thc genus was formerly madc tu include Leschamp.^iia, Airop.ns, Cori/iitpfiori^.s and others, which somc botanists still retain in it, but then it is difticult to assign any limits to separatc it from Avciia on one side and from Isacluie, Micraira and Ccclachiic on tho other. Othcr botanists dis- tinguish generically almostevery specics usually rctuincd \n Aira. Panicle loosely spreading, almost trichotomous . . . . \. A. cari/ophyllea. Panicle narrow and dense, almost spikelike 2. A. prcecox. 1. A. caryophyllea, Linii.; Kunth, Eniim. i. 289. — A slender elegant tufted aunual, rarely above 6 in. high. Leaves sliort and fine. Panicle loose and spreading, the capillary branches in pairs or threes. Spikelets erect, silvery-shiuing. Outer glumes 1 to 1-V lines long, almost scarious, very acute. Plowering glumes shorter, the dorsal awu projecting about a line beyond the outer glume. — Reichb. Ic. Pl. Germ. t. 9i. Victoria. Various localities about Melboume, F. Mudler and others ; Moyston, StiUivaii ; Ballarat, Bacchits. Tasmania. Swanport, Storij. Generally distributed over the area of the genus. * 2. A. praecoXj Linn. ; Kuntli, Enum. i. 289. — A slender annual of 2 to 4 in. or rarely attaining 6 in. Leaves few, short and fiue. Pauicle contracted, almost spikelike, | to 1 in. long. Spikelets not very numerous, erect. Outer glumes scarious, shining, acute, 1 to \\ lines loug. Ploweriug glumes shorter, thin and hyaline, finely pointed but shortly bifid, the lowest sessile, the second very nearly sessile, with a few short hairs on the rhachis, whichappears to be soraetimes produced into a minute clavate bristle. Awn attached below the middh^ of the flowering gluuies and shortly exceeding the outer oues. — Eeichb. Ic. PL Germ. t. 94. Victoria. Port Phillip, Waltcr. TV. Australia. Iving George's Sound, Oldjielcl, F. Mueller. A West- Eui'opean and Mediterranean grass, probably inlroduccd only into Australia. * 57. HOLCUS^ Linn. Spikelets 2-flowered, numcrous and crowded in an open panicle, the lower flower hermaphrodite, the upper one male, the rhachis giabrous and produced above the outer glumes. Outerempty glumes 2, nearly 586 CXLIV. GRAMINEJE. [Solcus. equal, coiiipHcate, keeled, awnless, enclosing the flowera. Flowentig glumes shorter, the lowest uwuless, the upper one with a short dorsal twisted. awn. The genus is limited to two species, spread over the temperatc regions of thc northern hemisphcre in the Old World, of which one has now bcconie naturalised in Australia as in South Afi'ica. * 1. H. lanatus, Linn. ; KuntJi, Ennm. i. 34. — A. perennial grass, with a creeping rhizome and ascending stems of 1 to 2 ft., more or less ciothed as well as the leaves with a very short pubescence, which gives the whole plant a pale soft appearancc Panicle 2 to 3 in. long, pale or occasionallv somewhat darker colonred. Outer ghimes about 2 lines long, rather obtuse, the awn of the upper flowering glume rarely reachiug their length. — Reichb. Ic. FI. Germ. t. 105 ; F. Muell. Pragm. viii. 126. Xow abundantly naturalised about Moreton Bay in Queensland, and in various localities in N. S. Wales, Victoria and Tasmania, i\ Jlueller and many others. * 58. ARRHENATHERUM, Beauv. 8pikelets 2-flowered, in a loose panicle, the Iow( r flower male only, the rhachis hairy, articulate below the lowest flower and produced into a short point or bristle above the upper oue. Outer empty glumes un- equal, acute, keeled, thinly scarious on the sides. Flowering glume.s olose together, thinly scarious, 5- or 7-nerved, the lowest enclosing a inale flower, with a dorsal twisted. awn attached near tlie base, the upperraost with a f ertile flower unawned. Palea prominently 2-nerved. Stigmas sessile. Grain enclosed in the glume aud palea, free from them. Seed. not furrowed. The genus ia limited to a single species of European origin, introduced into Australia. *1. A. avenaceum, Beauv. Agrost, 55, t. 11,/. 5. — An erect peren- nial of 2 or 3 ft., not forming large tufts. Leaves few and flaccid. Panicle narrow aud. loose, 6 to 8 in. long, spreading when the flowers are open. Spikelets 4 to 5 lines long, the inner empty glume nearly as long as the flowering ones, the outer one shorter. Lowest male flowering glume usually 5-nerved, the awn about twice its own length. Glume of the perfect tlower about 7-nerved, with sometimes a minute point near the apex, but uo awn. Grain pubescent. — Kunth, Enum. i. 307 ; lleichb. Ic. FI. Germ. t. 101 ; Avena elatior, Linn. Victoria. Now established on the Upper Loddon, F. Mtuller. CXLIV. GKAMINE^. 587 59. DESCHAMPSIA, Beauv. Spikelets 2-flowered, in a looae or rarcly contracted panicle witli slcnder branches, the rhachis of the spikelet articukite, hairy, more or less produced liet^vecn thc floweriug glumes and beyoud llic up])cr oue as a hairy bristle or rarely bcariug a tcruiinal empty glume. Glumes kcelcd, with thinly scarious sides, 2 outer empty ones rathcr acute ; flowering glumes obtuse or truucate and uiore or less -itoothed, with a tine dorsai awu attached below the nuddle, the lowest closc above the empty glumes, the uppcr raiscd on a stipes (the rhachis of tlie spikclct). Palea proiniueutly 2-uerved, often 2-toothed. 8tyles short, dislinct. Graiu enelosed in the glume and palea, usually frce from them. — Pereunial grasses Avith the shiuing spikelets of Triactum and Aira, usually smaller than in the former, larger than in the latter genus. Thc genus is gencrally distributod ovcr thc temperate regions of thc northcrn hemisphere, and is also represented ■without the tropics in the southcrn hcmisphere. The only Australian species rangcs generally over the generic arca. 1. D. csespitosa, Beauv. Agrost. 91, t. 18, /'. 3. — A tali perennial forming large dcnse tutts. Lcaves stiff, narrow, usually rough on the upper surface, flat or convolute whcn dry. Stems attaining 2 to 4 ft., aUhough sometimes much shorter. Panicle 4 in. to near 1 ft. long, at flrst rather dense, spreadiiig with capillary branches 'when fully out. Outer glumes li to near 2 lines long, the floweriug ones not excceding them, truncate and 4-toothed, the awns very slender, scarcely or not at all twisted at the base and usually sliorter than the glumes themselves — Kunth, Enum. i. 286; Hook. f. Pl. Tasm. ii. 118 ; Aira cccspitosa, Linn. ; Eeichb. ie. Fl. Germ. t. 96 ; Trin. Spec. Gram. t. 283. Victoria. Avon and Omeo Eivers, and Haidinger Range, F. Muclli-r. Tasmania. Frequent in wet places on low grounds as well as in the mountains, /. I). Rooker and others. S. Australia. Between Eivoli Bay and Moimt Gambier, F. Muclhr. Widely spread over the temperate and cool regions of the northern hemisphere, also in New Zealand and in Fuegia. 60. TRISETUM, Beauv. Spikelets 2- rarely 3-flowered, in a narrow and dense or loose panicle, Ihcrhaehis of tlie spikelet nrticulate hairy aud morc or less produced betweeu the flowering gluraes and beyond the upper one as a hairy bristle or bearing a termiual cmpty glumc or nialc flowcr. Outer empty glumes uncqual, acute, keeled, thiuly scarious on the sides. Floweriug glumcs more hyaline, keeled, acute or shortly 2-fid, with a dorsal awn attached abovc the middle, usually twisted at the basc and bent in the middle. Palea prominently 2-nerved, usually 2-toothed. Stvles distinct, stigraatic from near the base. Grain glabrous, 588 cXLiv. OKAMiNK.E. iTrisetuni. enclosed iu the gluine anrl palea but free from tbeni. Seed not furrowed. The genus is gencrally distributed over the temperate and cooler or mountain regions of both the northern and southern hcmispheres. The only Australian species is a widely sprcad arctic, antarctic or mountain one. 1. T. subspicatum, Beauv. ; Kunth, Enum. i. 295. — A tufted perennial, varyingfrom G in. to above 2 ft. bigh. Leavcs flat, glabrous or rarely pubescent, the sheatbs ratber loose, the ligula large and. scarious. Paniele dense ahnost spikelike, but mucli interrupted or shortly branchcd in tbe loAver part, 2 to 4 in. long, silvery-shining aa iu Deschampsia. Spikelets loose andflattened, the lowest outerglume nearly 2 lines long, the 2nd rather longer, the keel minutely ciliate. Lowest flowering glume sessile above tlie outer ones, 2| to near 3 lines long, theawn sometimes scarceiy exceeding it sometimea twice as long; upper flowering glume smaller but inserted higlier up so as to be raised to the same level and sometimes contaiuing only a male flower, the rhachis produced beyond it into a slender bristle, rarely bearing a ter- minal empty glume. — Hook. f, Fl. Tasm. ii. 119. Victoria. Munyong and other mountains of the Australian Alps, the specimens mostly glabrous, but some from Mitta-Mitta with pubescent leavcs, F. Mneller. Tasmania. Common in Alpine localitics, /, I>. Hooker and othcrs ; our specimens all glabrous. * 61. AVENA, Linu. Spikelets few-flowered, in a loose panicle, the rhachis articulate above the2 outerglumes, hairy under the flowering glumes, Giumes scarious, at least at the top, the 2 outer empty oues ianceolate, tapering to a point ; flowering glumes smaller, shortly 2-cleft at the top, with a long dorsal twisted awn, the termiual glume often small and empty or rudi- mentary. Styles distinct. Grain pubesceut or hairy, frequently adhering to the palea. Seed deeply furrowed. A considerable genus widely spread over the temperate and cooler regions of the world, but rcpresented in Australia only by an introduced weed. * 1. A. fatua, Linn. ; Kunth, Enum. i. 302. — An erect glabrous annual, 2 or 3 ft. bigh, with a loose panicle of large spikelets, hanging from filiform unequal pedicels, arranged in alternate brauches along the maiu axis. Outerglumes nearly f in. long. riowering glumes 2 or 3, scarcely so long, of a firm texture at the base, aud covered outside with long brown bairs. Awn fully twice as long as the spikelet, twisted at the base, abruptly bent about the middle. Ovary hairy. A eommon weed of cultivation in all corn countries, probably a native of the east Mediterranean region, uow established as apparently wild in S. Australia and on the Wimmera, in Victoria {F. Mncllcr). CXMA'. QltAMINE/F,. 589 G2. AMPHIBEOMUS, Nees. Spikelets several-flowered, in a loose paniclc, tlio rliacliis of tlie spikelot articulnte liairv aud slender betwecn tlio iloweriiig glunies. Outer empty glumes acute, keelcd, witii scarious nuirgins, 5-nerved ncar tlis base. Flowering glunies morc rigid, proniinently 5-nerved, with a dorsal twisted and bent awn attachcd about tlie middle. Palea prominently 2-toothed. Styles short, distinct. Grain glabrous, enclosed in the glume and palea, and perliaps adnate. Seed deeply furrowcd. The genus is limited to the single spccies endemic in Austnilia. 1. A. Neesii, Sfcud. Spi. Glum. i. 328. — A glabrous erect grass of 2 or 3 ft. or evcn taller in marshy situations. Leaves very narrovv in the smaller specimens, broader in the larger ones, witli rather broad loose sheatlis. Panicle 6 to 10 in. long, loose and narrovv. Spikelets all pcdicenate, on capillary branches, usually about \ in. long without the awns, 5- to 10-flowered. Outer glumeb varying froni 2 to 4 liiies long. Floweriug glumes rather longer, the 5 ncrves reaching to the eud and when old oftcu splitting at the apex between the nerves, rather rigid aud scabrous-rugose vvhen in fruit. — Amphihronms, Necs in Hook. Lond. Journ. ii. 420; Avena nervosn, E. Br. Prod. 178 ; Banthonia nervoso, Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 121, t. 163. N. S. TVales. Port Jackson, H. Brotvn, Woolls. Victoria. AVendu Vale, Hohertson ; Edwards Eiver, Station Creek, F. Mueller ; Ballarat, liaccltus ; Moyston, Sullivau. Tasmania. Poit Dalrymple, Paterson ; Formosa, Gun?t ; South Esk Kiver and Southport, C. Stuart. S. A-ustralia St. Vincenfs Gulf, F. Mtietler. W. Australia. King; George's Sound and neighboui-ing districts, F. Miietler, Otdjietd, I)nunmo)td, n. 145, 146, 978, 979 and others. Kees never appears to have published any specific name for this plant. In Lindley's herbarium he has named it ^. j/««««s. Hooker quotes it as ^i. «<;rro47(.'?, Nees. Danthonia Archeri, Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 122, t. 163, appears to me to be the same spccies, the specimens are in a bad state with old flowering glumes more or less split at the apex between the nerves. 63. ANISOPOGOIf, E. Br. Spikelets 1-flowered, large, in a loose but scarcely branched panicle, the rhachis of the spikelet articulate above the 2 outer glumes aud produced into a slender bristle above the flower occasionally bearing an iinperfcct spikelet. Glumes 3, the 2 outer herbaceous ; flowering glume raised on a short stipes (the rhachis of the spikelet), narrow, convolute, hard, with 3 rigid awns between 2 small hyaline terminal 5t)0 CXLIY. GUAMii^KiE. [Amsopoffon. lobea, the central awn long twisted and bent. Palea hard, ending in a loiKT ricrid 2-nerved point. Styles distinct. Ovary crovvned by a tuft of hairs. Besides the Australian species which is endemic, there is one from South Africa. 1. A. avenaceus, R. Br. Prod. 176. — An erect glabrons grass of 2 or 3 ft., braiicliing at the base ouly. Leaves couvolute, termiDating iu subulate points ; ligula very short, triincate, often ciliate. Panicle loiio-, the large spikelets hanging from sleuder pedicels. Outer glumes naiTOW, about 9-nerved, U to 2 in. long. Flowering glume about ^ in. long, the central awn 2^ to 3 in. long, the lateral ones finer and iiot half so long. Palea longer than the entire part of the gkime, Lodi- cules lono- and lanceolate. Terminal barreu spikclet when present small aud silky^^villous. — Beauv. Agrost. t. 9, f. 8 ; Kunth, Rev. Gram. t. G2 • Sieb. Agrostoth. n. 56. — Deijeuxia avenacea, Spreng. Syst. i. 251; Banthoiiia anisopor/on, Trin. Spec. Grram. t. 61. jj S. Wales. Port Jackson to the Blue Mountains, E. Hrown, C. Moore, Mrs. Cnivert ; Clarence River, WUco.x. Q^. DAWTHONIA, DC. Spikelets several-flowered, pedicellate or rarely ahnost sessile, iu a panicle either loose or reduced to a single raceme, the rhachis of the spikelet articulate above the outer glumes, hairy rouud the flowering ones. Outer empty glumes 2, uarrow, iieeled, acute, uuavvned, usually as lono- as the spikelet. Floweriug glumes couvexat the back, usuaily 9-uerved, with 2 riii^id or scarious terminal lobes more or less 1- or 3- nerved at least afe the base, and a twisted aud bent awu between them (almost reduced to a point iu oue species). Palea broad, as long as or u-^ually longer than the entire part of the glume, obtuse or 2-poiuted. Styles distiuct. Ovary glabrous. Grain free. The "•enus extends over New Zoaland, South Africa and the temperate regions of the northern hemisphere, with a very few tropical species in Africa and perhaps in America. Of the eleven Australian species, one is also in New Zealand, the othcrs apparently enderaic. Sect. I. Micrathera. — Panicle veri/ loose. Spikelets iiearlij glahrous. Awn of the Jlowering qlume not exceeding the rerij shorf laieral hbes. Single species l. D. paradoxa. Sect. II. Monachathera. — Panicle almost rediiced to a raceme or veri/ short. Flowering glumeii with ahroad ohiiquelg iurhinate hard hase and ciliate ivith long hairs, the awn shorter or scarcdy longerthan the lohes. Spikelets distant, in an almost simple raceme. Lobes of the flowering glumes lanceolate, 2 or 3 times as long as the base 2. I). hinartita. Danthonia.] cxnv. ukamixej:. 591 Spikolets fcw, in a very short panicle. Lobes of the flowcring glumes not longer than thc base . ... 3. D. carphoides. Sect. III. Eudanthonia. — Floweriug glume ovoid or obloiig at the base, scarcclg oblifjiie, ciliate at haft at the base. Awn louger than the lateral lobes. Panicle loose. Spikelets numerous. Hairs of the flowcring ghime marginal and scattered or in longi- tudinal serics on the back ; lateral lobcs acute or scarcely awned 4. i). pallida. Panicle rathor donse. Flowering gUimes vory small, with copious long hairs, latcral lobes very short with long awns. Leaves long and filiform 5. 2). longifolia. Panicle narrow or dense. Flowering glumes oblong, with long marginal cilia but very few hairs cn the back. Stems stout, 3 to 5 ft. high. Leaves long, with long loo»e sheaths. Panicle branched 6. D. robusta. Stems under 2 ft. high. Leaves narrow. Paniclo re- duced to a single raceme or the lower pedicels with 2 spikelets 7.-0. racemosa. Stems under 2 ft. high. Leaves very narrow. Panicle dense 8. D. Pilosa. Panicle dense or rather loose. Flowering glumes oblong, with a ring of long hairs at or below the base of the lobes. Outer glumes not much exceeding the spikelet. Leaves narrow but not setaceous 9. D. semianmilaris. Outer glumes much longor than the spikelet. Leaves very fine in a short radical tuft 10. i). setacca. Panicle small, few-flowcred. Flowering glumes ciHate with long hairs, the lobes broad, not longer than the base. Small Alpine plant 11. T). pauciflora. PUntha)ithesis Urvilki and P. tenuior, Steud. Syn. Glum. i. 14, from the Blue Moimtains, Durvillc, arc probably amongst the plants we have, but I cannot recog- nise them from Steuders character. They may bc ill-doscribed species of Danthonia, but the twisted awn said to be attached to the side of the upper valvula (palea) is imknown in Graminea^, and probably a mistake. Section I. MiCEATHEKA. — Panicle very loose. Spikelets nearly glabroLis. Awu of the flowering glume very short. 1. D. paradoxa, i?. Br. Prod. 177.— Stems 2 to 3 ft. high. Leaves long and narrow, glabrous. Panicle very loose, 3 to 4 in. long, with long capillary divided branches at length spreading. Spikelets pedi- cellate, flat, 3- or 4-flowered, 3 to 4 lines long. Outer empty glumcs rather rigid, acute, 2 to 2| lines long. Flowering glumes shorter, very shortly hairy or pubescent below the middle, the 2 lobes shorter than the base, broad, shortly nerved, unawned. Central awn not exceediug tbem, somewhat flattened and brown at thc base as in other species, but rarely long enough to show any twist. Xl|. S. 'Wales. Port Jackson, B. lirnu-n. Thc almost glabrous spikelets have much tlie appearance of those of a Poa, but the structure is quite that of a short- awned Danthonia. 592 cxr-iv. gi?ami>"k.e. [^Danlhonia. Section II. MoNAOHATHEEA. — Panicle a racenie or very short. Flowerino- glumes with a broad obliquelv turbinate hard ba.se, ciliate witli long hairs, tlic awn shorter or scarcely lougcr than the lobes, which are usually rigid. 2. D. bipartita, F. IlueJJ. Fvafjm. i. 160. — Stems from an almost buibous often woolly base 1 to 2 ft. high. Leaves flat but narrow, glabrous or sprinkled Avith iong hairs. Panicle almost reduced to a siinple raccme of 3 to 6 in. Spikelets few, on short erect distant pedicels, or the lovver pedicels shortly branched, with 2 or 3 spikelets. Outer glumes herbaceous, many-nerved, 5 to 8 lines long, tapering into fine points. Flowering glumes 4 to 8, scarcely exceeding the outer ones, the oblique base a little more thau 1 line long and broad, with a dense ring of long hairs under the lobes. Lobes narrow-lanceo- late, very acute, unawned, 3 to 4 lines long, the central awn scarcely longer. Palea obtuse or truncate. — Monacliatlier paradoxus, Steud. Syn. (llum. i. 247. N. S. 'Wales. Darling Eiver and thence to Mount Murchison, BaUachy^ W"<>lls and others. ■W. Australia, Dnimnwnd. These western specimens are taller, with larger spikelets and fewer flowers than the eastern, but all appear to be referrible to one species. 3. D. carphoid.es, F. MueJJ. HerJ). — Stems froin 3 or 4 in. to 1 ft. higli. Leaves very narro^v, not long, glabrous. Pauicle ovate, dense, 1 to 1| in. long. Spikelets few, very shortly pediceUate. Outer glumes 4 to 5 lines long, ratherbroad, with scarious margins, Flower- ing glumes 3 to 6, with a broad oblique base as in D. hipartita, the ring of hairs almost broken into clusters ; lateral lobes shorter than the base, the very fiue awn scarcely exceeding them. N. S. ^Vales. IMacquarrie River, C. Moorc ; Armidale, Pcyrott ; Cavan near Yass, Mrs. Calrert. Victoria. Melbourne, Adamsoti. The specimens from each locality are very few and the species requires foi-ther investigation. Section III. EuDANTnoKiA. — Plowering glume ovoid or oblong at the base, scarcely, oblique, ciliate with long hairs at least at the base and margins. Awn longer than the lateral lobes which are frequently scarious, except the central nerve or nerves. F. Mueller, Fragm. viii. 13o, proposes to unite the whole of the following species under the narae of D. peuiciUata. They appear sometimes to run into each other in soveral respects, and the characters derived from the shape of the flowering glume and its lobes and hairs as well as the form of the palea may require further research beforc they can be definitely fixed, yet thore certainly are several peculiar forms, whichrequire to be distinguished atlcast as marked races. 4. D. pallida, R. Br. Prod. 177. — Stems 2 ft. high or more, often Danthonin.'] cxt.tt. m?\M!-N-R;R. 593 riijid but not stout, Leaves lonj^, tercte when dry, very narrow and aometimes :is slenderas in D. longifoUa, the sheaths more or lessciliate at the onfice. Panicle usually loosely branched, pale-coloured, 3 to (5 in. long. Spikelets rnther numerous, the outer ji;lumes under ^ in. lon^. Floweriiijn; glumes 3 or 4, not exceeding the outer ones, with lon": hairs on the back as well as on the margins, but scattered or in vertical lines, without the transverse ring of D. semiannularis ; lateral lobes hmceohite, 3-nerved at the base, often scarious upwards, but the central nerve contiuued to the apex or produccd into a point or short awn. — Trin. Spec. (xram. t. 05 ; Sieb. Agrostoth. n. 8-i, 85, 92. N. S. Wales. Port Jackson to the Blue Mountains, R. Brown, A. Cunnbigham, iroJ/s and othi:rs ; Xew England, C. Stiiart ; north of Bathurst, A. Cunningham ; Shoalhavon, C. Moore. Victoria. Barossa Kange, Lowor Mitta-Mitta, Forest Creek, F. Mueller ; Kiverina, Siillirnn ; Ararat, Oreen. Tasmania. I-!avenswood, Bissill. W. Australia. King George'8 Sound, Baxter ; Blackwood River, Oldfield, Walcot. Var. ? subraccmosa. Panicle narrow, very little branched. Marginal hairs of the flowering glumes copious, those on the back less so than in the typical form. — VVar- wick and iMacleay Rivers, Beclder. 5. D. longifolia, B. Br. Brod. 176. — Stems densely tufted, 1 to 2 t't. high. Leaves long and filiform, often rather rigid and curved, quite ghibrous without any cilia at the orifice of the sheatli. Panicle dense, pale-coloured, ovate or narrow, 3 to -1 iu. long. Outer glumes exceediug the spikelet, 4 to 6 lines long. Flowering glumes 3 to 5, very short, almost covered with soft hairs the upper ones very long, the 2 lobes broad and short, usually with long awns, very fine as well us the kmger central one. — Sieb. Agrostoth. n. 83. Queensland. Upper Brisbane River, F. Mucller. N. S. Wales. Port Jackson, R. Brown ; Wellington Vallcy, A. Cimningham ; New England, (!. Stiiart; Macleay River, Becklcr. 6. D. robusta, F. Muell. in Trans. Vict. Inst. 1855, 44, Fragm. viii. 136. — Stems from a thick horizontal rhizome stout, 3 to 5 ft. high. Leaves iong, narrow, convolute when dry, glabrous, the upperone with a long loose sheath. Panicle dense, rather secund, 3 to 6 in. long. Spikelets pedicellate, about |- iu. long, 5- to 8-flowered. Outer glumea scarcely so long, the lowest i-ather obtuse, the 2nd tapering to a sharp point. Flowering glumes densely ciliate on the margins, with very few hairs scattered on the back, the lobes broad, tapering iuto short awns, the central awu long, flat and much twisted below the bend. Victoria. Munyong Mountains up to the summit of Mount Kosciusko, Mount Buller, F. Mi(eller. VOL. VTI. 2 Q 594 CXLIV. GTlA.MTNE^. \_DaJithonia. 7. D. racemosa, R. Br. Prod. 177.— Stems slender, 1 to 2 ft.high. Leaves verv iiarrow, almost setaceous, ghibrous or sijrinkled with spreading liairs. Spikelets iu tlie typical form siiigly aiid very shortly pedicellate or almost sessile and rather distant along the rhachis of a simple raceme, but sometimes more approximate and the lower pedicels with 2 spikelets. Sjnkelets narrow^ erect, nnder 1 in. long, the outer glumes neaily as long. Flowering glumes G to 8, or more in some varieties, hairy at the base and margins, gLibrous or with very few hairs on the back, but the hairs variable, the marginal ones sometimes long in a dense tuft on each side of the lobes, sometimes in several distnict marginal tufts. Lateral lobes in the typical form broad with short iine poiuts, but more awned in some varieties. N. S. Wales. rort Jackson, R. Broivn ; Darling Downs and Armidale, Ilcrb. F. Mucllir. Var. obtitsata, F. Muell. A smaller p]ant. Leaves more hairy. Lateral lobes of tlie fiowering glumes -with scarcely any points. — New England, C. Stuart. Var. biaristata. Latcral lobes of tho flowering glumes broad, but with rather long points or awns, Wr. S. Wales. Head of the Gwydir, Ltichhardt ; Bulli, JoJnistorw. Victoria. Cobberas, Dandenong Eangcs, Cui-die's River, F. Mueller ; Ballarat, Bacchus. Tasmania. Southport, C. Stuart. S. Australia. St. Vincenfs Gulf, F. Mucller. Var. pcnicillata. Marginal hairs of the flowering glumes in several distinct tufts on each mde.—Arwido pei/icillata, Labill. Pl. Nov. Holl. i.26,t. 34 (from the figure and description) ; D. Gunuiana, Nees in Hook. Lond. Joum. ii. 416. — Tasmania, C. Stuart, Stori/, Bissill, Qunn. Var. ? multifiora. Spikelets often 2 together and all approximate. Flowera rather numerous in the spikelet. — Warwick, Beckler ; Himters Kiver, Leichhardt ; New England, G. Stuart ; interior of S. Australia, F. Mvsller. 8. D. pilosa, H. Br. Prod. 177.— Stems rather slender, 1 to 2 ft. high. Leaves chiefly in radical tufts, very narrow but not so slender as in D. sefacea, usually more or less hairy, the hairs somctimes long and spreading. Panicle narrow and dense, not much branched and sometimes almost as simple as in D. racemosa. Spikelets shortly pedi- cellate, about 1 in. long, the outer glumes about as long ; flow^eriug glumes 6 to 8 with Linceolate lobes tapering into fine awns almost as in D. semiannularis, hxxt hairy on the margins only, without the transverse ring under the lobes of that species, and very few hairs if any on the back except at the base.— Hook. f. FL Tasm. ii. 120 ; Sieb. Agrostoth. n. 57. N. S. Wales. Port Jackson, R. Brown. Victoria. Black Forest, Deep Creek, F. Mueller ; Swan Hill, Gummon. Tasmania. Port Dalrymple, B. Brou-n ; abundant throughout the island, /. D. JToiiker and others. W. Australia. Warren Eiver and Kari Dale, Walcot ; Swan River, Drum- mond. Some forms of the species approach in habit the D. racemosa, but the spikelets arc J)a)ifho>n'aJ cxltt. graminj:^. 595 those of D. seiiiiainiitlari.i, oxcepting- in the want of the rinj? of hairs on the back undor the lol)es. A careful exauiination of numorous varieties and subvarieties ol the threo specios may ^ive more eonstant characters to distingush thom, or possibly to iiuri:ase or reduco thoir munber. 9. D. semiannularis, B. Br. Prod. 177. — A variable plant, the stems UiSLially 2 to S i't. liiij;h, but soinetiines inuch knver. Leaves very iiarrow, flat or eonvolute, never so fine as iii D. sctacea, the sheaths glabrons or liairv, more or less ciliate at the orifice. Panicle some- times loose and spreading, more frequenlly narrovv aiul coinpact. Outer fjflumes acute, above ^ iu. aud sometimes nearly 1 in. long. Flowering glumes usually 4 to 8, not exceeding the outer ones, the lobes lanceo- hxte, with a broad or uarrow hyaliue margin, acute or tapering into a point or rather sliort Hue awn, tlie long hairs or cilia copious at the base and margins aud forining a ring rouud the back immediately uuder the lohes, the twisted awn varyiug from ^ to 1 iu. Palea longer than the entire base of the glume, otLeu 2-poiuted. — Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 120 ; Trin. Spec. Grram. t. 52 ; Ai^undo semiaimularis, LabilL Pl. Nov. Holl. i. 20, t. 33 ; D. varia, iSees iu PL Preiss. ii. 103; D. setacea, Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 121, not of R. Br. ; D. eriantha, Lindl. in Mitclj. Three Exped. ii. 30/ . N. S. Wales. Port Jackson, R. Bromi, C. Moore : Blue Mountains, 0. Moore ; Lachlan and Durling Rivors, Dallachii, Mr.s. Forde and others. Victoria. Neighbourhood of Melbourne, Adamson, Ilarvetj ,• Grampians, Siilli- rtii/. Tasmania. Port Dalrymple and Table T*Iountain (Mount Wellington), E. Brown ; abundant throughout the island, /. D. Hookcr and othcrs. S. Australia. St. Vincenfs Gulf, F. Mueller and others. ^V. Australia. Swan River, Drummond, n. 967, Preiss, n. 1834. The loosc-flowered form with the outer glumes dark-coloured appears to be chiefly about Port Jackson and the Blue Mountains, and occasionally in Tasmania. Tho common form, apparently abundant in the southern colonies, has usually a compact narrow panicle and the pale or greenish outer glumes often smooth and shining. ~\^ar. alpina. Stems short and densely tufted. Leaves rather stout, convolute and very glabrous. — Summit of Mount BuUer and Bogong Range at an elevation of 6000 to 70U0 ft., F. Miteller. Avena bipartifa, Link, Hort. Berol. i. 113 {Danthoiiia Linhii, Kunth, Enum. i. 315), if as is supposed of Australian origin, is probably the D. semiann/daris. 10. D. setacea, i?. Br. Prod. 177. — Stems slender, tufted, fre- queutly under 1 ft. high. Leaves setaceous, mostly short and erect in a radical tuft, but sometimes elougated, glabrous or sprinkled with spreading hairs. Panicle deuse, usually narrow but branched, 1 to 2 iii. long. Outer gluraes much exceeding the floweriug oues, 6 to 9 lines loug. Flowering glumes rarely more thau 6, very short with long very narrow lobes taperiug into fine awus, the glume more or lesshairy on the back, tlie marginal hairs and those round the base of the lobea very long. Palea usually shorter and more obtuse than ia D. semi- anniilains. — ^Nees in PL Preiss. ii. 103 ; D. suhulata, Hook. f. Fi. Taam. ii. 121, t. 161 ; D. ccespitosa, Nees, Lc. 101, iiiul [)crhaps of Gaudi- chaud, 2 Q 2 596 CXLIV. GRAMINE/E. [Da7lt7l07lia. Victoria. Apparcntly common in numerous localities from the Yaira to Wilson's Promontory, F. MnrUn-. Haneii and others. Tasmania. Port Dalrymple, II. Bnmn ; Georgetown and Launceston, Gitnn ; Richmond, Oli/ield. S. Australia. Near Adclaide, F. MHeller. W. Australia. King George'8 Sound, R. Broicii, F. Mueller and others, and thence to Swan Kiver, Oldfdd, JJrummond, ii. 968, Preis.. A. laguroidt-''. Outer ghmies ciliate, with fine points. Flowering ghime nearly sessile, the capillary awns protruding beyond the outer glumes. Stems glabrous i. A. c;/f/iioyit»i. Outer glumes cihate, with long points. Flowei'ing gUimo , on a long stipes, the fine awns protruding . . . . o. A. fnrbiiiatus. 1. A. debilis, R. Br. Prod. 175. — A small decurabent or tufted grass, rarely above 6 in. high, the stems and leaves almost filiform. Spikelike panicle oblong, | to f in. long. Spikelets very narrow, 2^ to 3 lines long. Outer glumes 3-nerved, divided to near the middle into 3 acute lobes, the central one rather rigid, the lateral ones rather shorter and thinuer or almost hyaline. Floweriug glume ghibraus, surrounded by a tuft of hairs on the rhachis or stipes, deeply divided into 3 awu-like lobes, glabrous or miuutely ciliate, the lateral oues with narrow hyaline margins. Palea deeply 2-lobed. — ^yopogon debilis, Beauv. Agrost. 122. W. Australia. King George's Sound, R. Brown, Ba.cter, also Druitimoiid, n. 117. F. Mueller, Fragm. yiii. 201, unites this with A. strictus under the name of A. Brownei, but besides the habit and other characters, although the outer glumes of A. strictufi may when old split up irregularly, they are never trifid when young as in A. debilis. 2. A. strictus, B. Br. Prod. 175. — Stems from a horizoutal rhizome or tufted branciiing base erect and slender, usually above 1 ft. high. Leaves rather short, erect, subulate, glabrous. Spikelike panicle dense, 598 CXLIV. GRAMiNE^. [Amphlpogon. oblong or cylindrical, | to l^ in. long, but little branclied. Outer glumea broad, concave, faintly 3-nerved, almost scarious, eutire vphen perfect, the outer one about 2 lines, the iuner rather longer and more acute. Floweriug glume on the short hairy stipes sborter tlian the outer glume, with 2 short rows of hairs ou the back, divided into 3 rigid ciliiitc linear lobeo or avvns longer than the entire part. Palea narrow, deeply divided into 2 rigid lobes similar to those of the flower- ing glume. Seed separable from the membranous pericarp. — ^goporjon strictus, Beauv. Agrost. 122; Amphipogon caricinus, F. Muell. in Linnsea, x::v. 445 ; A. Brownei, F. Muell. Fragm. viii. 201, partly. N. S. Wales. Port Jackson, i?. ^mrw, ^Foo^^u? and others ; Crokers Eange, .4. CuiniDiijIiani ; Darling Eiver, ilfrs. Forde ; Nandarooga Creek, Victorian Expedition. Victoria. Glenelg Eiver, Robertson ; Grampians, F. Mueller. S. Australia. Around St. Vincenfs Gulf, F. Mueller and others ; in the in- terior, Babbage, Giles. W. Australia. Swan Eiver, Drummond Ist coll., also n. 982 and 987. Brown's typical specimens have short ercct leaves and the cylindrical spike scarcely above \ in. long, and a few of the Port Jackson specimens are quite like them, but most of the others pass into some of the following varieties : Var. gracilis. Spike narrow with small sinkelets, the awns scarcely ciliate. — A. gracilis, Neos in Pl. Preiss. ii. 101. — Callitris Plains, Leiclihardt; York district, W. Australia, Freiss, n. 1831. Var. setifer. Spike ovate or ovate-oblong, or cylindrical when young, ^ to ^ in. long. Spikelets at length larger thanin the typical form, the outer glumes ciliate with rigid hairs on thc margin and back. — Lofty Eange, /''. Mueller. Drummond's above-quoted W, Australian specimens connect this and the following variety. Var. avenaeeus. Leaves long. Spike 1 to IJ in. long, with rather large spikelets. — A. aveiiaccus, R. Br. Prod. 175. — King George's Sound, R. Brown, and a few speci- mens from other localities above quoted. « Kunth, Enum. i. part ii. 196 describes the styles as distinct. In all the spocimens I have examined I have found them united to about halfway up to the stigmas. 3. A. laguroides^ R. Br. Prod. 175. — Stems rigid, rather slender, 1 to 2 ft. bigh, softly hairy or pubescent between the nodes or rarely glabrous. Leaves terete, rigid, glabrous. Spikelike panicle or head dense, ovoid-globular, about \ in. long, usually dark-coloured. Spike- lets sessile, a few of the lower ones narrow and barren. Outer glumes nearly equal, 3 to 4 lines long, membranons, lanceolate, hispid with long hairs slightly dilated at the base, tapering into fine rigid points. Flowering glume paler and thinner, shorter, slightly hairy, divided to near the middle iuto lanceolate lobes tapering into rigid poiuts or awns not protruding beyond the outer glumes. Palea as long and nearly as broad, 2-Iobed, with hyaline margins almost produced into additional lateral lobes. Styles very shortly united at the base. — ^gopogon laguroides, Beauv. Agrost. 122. W. Australia. King George's Sound, R. Broicn ; also Drummond, Ist coll. l'ent(icrit.spedon amphipo(jonoides, Steud. Syn. Glum. i. 151, from King Georgc's Sound, DurvilU, is probably this species, distinguished chiefly by the awns being re- duced to short points. Ainphipogon.^ oxnv. uiiAMiNEiE. 599 4. A. cygnorum, Nees in Pl. Preiss. ii. 100. — Eather more sleuder tlian A. lai/uroides aud quite glabrous. Leaves short. Spikelike pauicle or head ovoid-globular, about ^ iu. loug, pale-coloured, the fiue poiuts or awus ot" the gluiues very proniiueut. Outer glumes thiuly nieui- brauous, ciliate, 2 to 3 Uues loug, j^roduced iuto rigid poiuts or awus, tliat of the lowest one longer tlian the glume itself. Floweriug glume silky-hairy, the three lobes produced iuto slender awn-like capiilary points 2 to 8 liues long, aud twice or 3 times as loug as the entire base. — A. lagmoides, F. Muell. Fragm. viii, 201, uot of R. Br. ■^V, Australia. Kinjj; Gcorgo's Sound to Vasso and Swan Rivers, Preiss, n. ISol, i>/7^//;w;;;r/, «. 218, 373, 302, 3'J8, Mrs. Molloi/, Olcffield anil oth.era. 5. A. turbinatus, P. Br. Prod. 175. — Steuis l^ to 2 ft. high, per- fectly glabrous, ofteu more leafy thau iu A. laguroides, the upper sheaths often dark-coloured aud cous()icuous. 8pikelike pauicle or bead wheu full growu much larger than iu A. laguroides, the spikelets dark-coloured and 4 to 5 liues loug without the awns ; iu several specimeus, however, the heads are smaller with short awns but with the spikelets appareutly all barren. Outer glumes sprinkled aud fringed with long hairs, tapering iuto rather long poiiits. Floweriug glume on a k)ng stipes, pale-coloured, with narrow rigid lobes taperiug into fine awns of 3 to 5 liues, bordered at the base by narrow liyaline uuirgius. Styles shortly united. — F. Muell. Fragm. viii. 201 ; JEgopogoti turhi- natus, Beauv. Agrost. 122 ; Gumelgthrum turbinatum, Nees iu Pl. Breiss. ii. 101. W. Australia. Kinp: George's Sound and neighbouring districts, R. Broivn, Brnmnwiid, n. 298, 374, 378, Preiss, i/. 1849, 1850, ^Oldfield, Ma.rwell, F. Mueller. Qamehjthrum dcniidntum, Nocs in Pl. Prciss. ii. 101, described from spccimens with abortive spikelcts only, cannot be identified b}'' the charactcr given. QQ. ECHIWOPOGON, Beauv. Spikelets 1-flowered, nearly sessile in a dense panicle contracted iuto a head or short spike, the rhachis of the spikelet articulate above the 2 outer glumes and produced iuto a short bristle above the flower. Grlumes 3, 2 outer pcrsistent, acute, keeled ; flowering glume thin, 5-nerved, 3-lobed, the Literal lobes uuawued, the eentral one produced into a fiue straight awn. Palea narrow. Styles distiuct, the stigmas very shortly plumose. G-raiu euclosed iu the floweriug glume but free from it. The genus is limitcd to the single Australian species, which extends onlyintoNew Zealand. 1. E. ovatus, Beauv. Agrost. 42, f. 9, f. 5. — An erect glabrous grass, from under 1 ft. to above 2 ft. high. Leaves flat, very scabrous, the asperities reversed on the sheath and back of the blade, erect on 600 cXLiv. oKAMiNJiJi:. [^Echinopoyon. the upper surface. Head or spikelike panicle ou a loug termiual peduucle, varyuig from ovoid-globular aud \ in. diameter to obloug- cyliudrical aud 2 in. loug. Spikelets uuiuerous aud densely crowded, about H liues loug -without tlie awns. Outer glumes lauceolate, boat- shaped, the keel promineut gi'een and ciliate. Ploweriug glume rather broad, surrouuded by a tuft of hairs, tlie lateral lobes very short, acute, rigid at the base, tlie cenfcral one shortly flat at the base, taperiug to an awu of 2 to 4 lines. Palea iiearly as long as the glume. Bristle coiitiuuing the axis at the back of the palea usually shorter thau the glume, bearing a short tuft of hairs oi' rudimeutary glume. — Hook. f. Fh Tasiu. ii. 117 ; Sieb. Agrost. n. 89; Agrostis ovata, Forst. ; Labill. Pl. Nov. Holl. i. 19, t. 21; E. Br. Prod. 171; Ci)ma ovata, Kunth, Enum. i. 208 ; F. Muell. Fragm. viii. 106 ; Echinopogon Sieberi, Steud. Syn. Glum. i. 183 (from the reference to Sieber). Queensland. Brisbane River, Moreton Bay, Bailey ; head of the Gwydir River, Leiclihcudt. N. S. Wales. Port Jackson to the Blue Mountains, R. Brou», Wvolh, C. Moore and others ; northward to New England, C. Stuart ; Clarence, Macleay and Hastings Rivers, Beckler and others ; southward to Illawara, Johx.^^toite. Victoria. Yarra Eiver, i^. Mueller and others ; Ballarat, Bacchus ; Red Jacket Creek, Garyurevich. Tasmania, Lahillardihe ; abundant throughout the island, /. D. Hooker. S. Australia. Lofty Range, i\ Mueller. W. Australia. Drummond, i/. 348 ; Warren River, Walcot. In some specimens stveral of the spikclets, especially in the lower part of the head, appear to contain only a male flower or to be reduced to the 2 empty glumes, the interior of the spikelet may, however, in many cases have already fallen away. 67. PAPPOPHORUM, Schreb. Spikelets with oue hermaphrodite flower aud 1 or more male or rudimentary flowers or empty glumes above it, in a short deuse aud spikelike or uarrow and loose panicle, the rhachis of the sj^ikelet articulate above the outer glumes aud hairyround the flowering glume. Outer glumes membranous, mauy-nerved, awnless, as long as the spikelet. Flowering glume broad, membranous, with 9 or in species uot Australiau more nerves produced into more or less plumose awns. Palea 2-nerved, as long as the glume or longer. Styles distinct. Grain enclosed in the glume and palea, free from them. Besides the Austi-alian species, which are almost endemic, one of them extending to New Guinea, there are a few African ones of the same scction, and several from America, with more numerous awns to the flowering glume. Outer glumes 1 to 2 lines long, 5- to 9-nerved \. P. iiigricans. Outer glumes 3 lincs long 11- to 21-nerved 2. P. avenaceiim. 1. p. nigricans, B. Br. Prod. 185. — Stems from under 1 ft. to l^ ft. high. Leaves flat or couvolute, usually uarrow, sou.etimes quite setaceous, glabrous pubesceut crvillous, the uodes glabrous or bearded. Panicle dense and spikelike, varying from ovoid-oblong and uuder ^ in. Pappophorum.'] CiLiv. uiiAMiNjiiE. UOi long, to narrow cyliiidrical and 3 in. loiig, or broader uiore branched and L' to 3 in. long, but always dense, pale or dark coloured. Outer glunics varying from 1 to ratlier above 2 lines long, obluse or acute, stiiate with usually 7 or 9 norve.s, but sometimes especially on the lowest glumc reduced to 5 and 2 of those short. Flowering glume not above 1 line long, moro or less hairy outside especially at the base, with 9 fine sprcading plumose awns varying from the length of the glume to twice as hing. Above the flowering glume and enclosed in it is usually a similar smaller one with a male or rudimentary flower, and 1 or 2 still smaller empty ones. — F. pallidum, R. Br. 1. c, Kunth, Eev. Gram. t. 51 ; P. purpiirascens aud F. (fracile, K. Br. 1. c, P. ccerule.scens, Gaudich. iu Freyc. Yoy. Bot. 409 ; F. flavescens, Lindl. in Mitch. Trop. Austr. 31 ; P. virens. Lindl. 1. c. 3(30 ; P. commune, F. Muell. Fragm. viii. 200. N. Australia. Islands of thc C4ulf of Carpentaria, i?. i?ro«M ; J/e;;;;;?; Victoria Eiver, J:/xri/, F. Miielley : Nichol Bay. and Dampiers Archipclago, Walot. Queensland. Broad Sound and Keppel Bay, R. Browii ,- Port Curtis, M'Cri/lirta// ; King's Creek, Boiniiai/ ; Peak Downs, ^^«•^■«7/. N. S. Wales. Port Jackson, H. Brotvi/ and others. In the interior to the Darling and Miirumbidgee, A. Cuniiiiighi/in, Mitchell and others; Liverpool pLiins and Xew England, C. S/iiarf. Victoria. Poi-tland, Allitt ; to Snowj' River, F. Mueller. S. Australia. Spencers Gulf, i?. i?/vu6// ; St. Vincenfs Gulf to the Murray, F. MHttltr and others ; in the interior Lake Eyre, Andrews ; Charlotte Waters, Giles. "W. Australia, King George's Soimd and neighbouring districts, A Ciini/ing- ham, Druinmoiid, ii. 966, Dempster. Also in New Guinea, M^Gillivrag. Evidently a verj' common plant and most variaWe in aspect, and it seems at first most diliicnlt to imite the small slender P. iiraeile, Br., with a looser pale spike and rather narrow spikelets, with the stouter larger typical dark-coloured plant with dense cylindrical spikes, but, on going throughthe longseries of sijecimens before me in dilierent stages of development, Ifailed in sorting them into distinet varicties, and felt obliged to follow F. MueUer in regarding them all as one species, with the exception of the foUowing about which I feel some doubts. 2. P. avenaceum, Lindl. in Mitch. Trop. Austr. 320. — Very near the P. nigricans with which F. Mueller uuites it under the name of P. cummune, aud with the same habit but the spikelike panicle looser with fewer and larger spikelets. Outer glumes fully 3 hnes loug, with numerous nerves, usually more than 11 and. sometimes as many as 21. Flowering glumes several, closely imbricate, the outer ones with a fertile flower enclosing 1 or 2 with male (or sometimes a second fertile) flowers and 1 or 2 small empty glumes. N. S. 'Wales. Victoria (Barcoo) River, Mitchell ; Murray and DarUng Rivers, DalJachji. Mrs. Calrert and others. Central Australia. Lake Eyre, A udrews ; between Alice Springs and Charlotte Waters, Giifs. 602 CXLIT GKAMlNEiE. 68. ASTREBLA, F. Muell. Spikelets few-flowered, sessile or nearly so in the alternate notches of the continuoua rhachis of one or two siraple secuud spikes, the rhachis of the spikelet articulate above the 2 outer glumes. Outer erapty ghimes 2, glabrous, acute, many-nerved, unawned. Flowerhig gUimes silky-liairy, 3-lobed, the centrallobe with a broad bnse tapering into a straight or curved not twisted awn, the lateral lobes erect, rigid, 2- or 3-nerved. Palea with 2 prominent ciliate nerves or keels. Styles distinct, very short. In both species the spikesare usually single, very rarely 2 together at the end of the peduncle. The genus is limited to Australia. It is certainly nearly allied to Danthonia, but the terminal untwisted awn or central lobe of the glumes places it amongst Pappophoreaj, whilst the inflorescence is rather that of Chloridese. Spikelets closely imbricate on one side of a secund spike of 2 to 3 in. Awn aboutas long as the lateral lobes _ . . 1. A. pectinata. Spikelets at some distance, ahnost erect in a secund spike of 3 to 6 in. Awn much longer than the lateral lobes, straight or hooked 2. A. triticoides. 1- A. pectinata, F. Muell. Herh. — An erect glaucous grass of 1 to 2 ft., glabrous except sometimes a few hairs at the orifice of the sheaths. Leaves flat, ending in long points, smooth or scarcely scabrous. Spikelets sessile in the alternate notches of a secund spike of 2 to 3 in., closely imbricate and turned to one side. Outer glumes 4 to 5 Hnes long, glabrous, acute, 9- or 11-nerved, with scarious margins. Flowering glumes 3 or 4, the entire part scarcely 1 line h^ng, densely villous outside as well as the broad base of the middle lobe; lateral lobes semihanceolate, ghabrous, rigid, 4 to 5 lines long, acute, 2- or 3-nerved, with theoutermargin broadly scarious ; central lobe broad, ovate, concave, keeled, taperiug iuto a sleuder straight awn about as long as or rather longer than the iateral lobes. E.hachis of the spikelet articulate ouly above the outerglumes, very hairy between the flo^vering ones, continued and less hairy abuve the perfect flowers with one or two glabrous glumes and paleae empty or with rudimentary flowers. — Danthonia pectinata, LindL in Mitcb. Three Exped. ii. 26. N. Australia. Sturfs Oreek, F. Mueller. Queensland. Warrego and Curriewillighce, Dalton. N. S. Wales. Dai-ling River to the Barricr llange, Victorian Ex^^editioii. Central Australia. Lake Eyre, Aiidrews. 2. A. triticoides, F. Muell. Herh. — Very near A. pectinata, apparently a taller phuit, the leaves more or less scabrous or cihate on the edges. Spikes 3 to 6 in. long. Spikelets alteruate, not closely imbricate and often ahnost erect and at soine distance from each other. Outer empty glumes usually very unequal, the lowest short, the 2nd 4 or 5 liues long, Flowering glumes shorter, the lateral lobes sliorter and more rigid than in A. pectinata and the awn much exceediug them, Astrebla.'] cxliv. uu.vMiNEiK. 603 the dorsal liairs appressed and silky. — Danthonia triticoides, Liridl. in Mitch. Trop. Austr. 805. N. Australia. Sturfs Crcek, F. Miieller. Queensland. Dawson Kiver, F. Miuilcr ; CurriwilHghee, Lnokcr : Warrogo, Jitiifioi ; Flindors River, Siit/urlmid ; Durr River, Diillnc/ii/. N. S. Wales. Botween the Darling and Cooper's Creek, Neilsoii. Central Australia. Charlotte Waters, Giles. Yar. lai>ihici(i. Sjiikflets usually thicker, the largcst outer glume often i in. long. Awns ot' thc tlowcring gluuics usually longcr than in the typical form, oftcn hcnt ahoutandsomc orncarly all with arigid hook at the cnd hut excccdingly variahle ; insomc spccimens thi^ liook is vcrv rare and thc lcngth of thc awns vcrv irrcguhir. — Banthjiiia hippa^ca, LindL in INIitch. Thrcc Exped. i. 313. — In many of thc samc localitics as thc typical iorm, as Sturfs and Attack Crcck.s, Suttor Kivcr, Warrcgo, Barcoo, Mitchcll Dowus, hcitween thc Darling and Coopers Crcck, Lakc Eyrc, hut vcry few specimens seen from each locality, and often at iirst sight uulike each other. 69. TRIRAPHIS, E. Br. Spikelets several-flowered, in a tenninal pauicle, tlic rhacliis of ihe spikelet articulate above each gluine, the teriniual glume usually empty or with a nvale flower. Outer empty glunies unawned, eutire or the 2nd occasioually notched with a short point iu the notch. Flowering glumes with 3 narrow lobes tapering into straight awns, the central occasionally with a short lobe or poiut on each side, or all 3 reduced to small teeth. Palea narrow. Styles distinct. Grnin enclosed in the thin or coriaceous glume and palea, free from them. The genus is limitedto Australia. Panicle soft and dense. Flowering ghimes hairy, with a pointed lohe or short awn on each side of the central awn \, T. iiwUis. Panicle loose. Flowering glumes coriaceous, with 3 entire awned lohes. Stems and leaves glahrous. Outer glumes under 3 lines long. Flowering glumes shortly silky-pubescent . 2. T. puiiyens. Stem and leaves glahrous. Outer glumes 5 to 6 lines long. Flowering glumes fringed on the keel with a double row of short hairs 3. T. hromoides. Stera and lowcr leaf-sheaths woolly. Spikelet of T. bromoides 4. T. danthoitioides. Panicle very loose. Flowering glumes coriaceous, with 3 small teeth or points b. T. microdon. 1. T. moUis, B. Br. Brod. 185.— A glabrous rather slender erect grass attaining 2 f't. but sometimes much smaller. Leaves long and narrow, ending in fine points. Panicle narrow^ deuse, 6 to 10 in. long, with a soft look owiug to the slender awns and hairs of the glumes. Spikelets crowded on the short erect branches, narrow, about \ in. lono' without the awns, witli 8 to 10 or even niore flowers. Glumes narrow, menibraiious, about l^ lines long, the 2 outer empty ones glabrous, entire or the 2nd with a shorttooth on each side of the point. Flowering glumes sprinkled with a few long hairs, the central capillary 604- cxLiv. uRAMiXK.E. [Trirapkis. awn 3 to4 liues loug, witli a pointed lobe or short awn on each side, the lateral awns ratlier shorter. — F. Muell. Fragui. viii. 108. N. Australia. Arnhcm' s Ijand, F. Miiiig aucl rootiug to a great extent, tlie floweriug branclies shortly asceudiug. Leaves sliort, of a glaucous green. Spikes 2 to 5, ofteu ])urplish, 1 to 2 iu. long. Spikelets sessile, outer glumes uarrow, aeute, persisteut, keeled, uuder 1 liue loug. Floweriug glume rather above 1 liiie long, broadly boat-shaped, the keel usually minutely ciliate. Palea narrow. lihacbis of the spikelet produced iuto a poiut or bristle shorter than the glume, and ofteu very miuute. — R. Br. Prod. 187 ; F. Muell. Fragm. viii. 113 ; Reichb. lc F. Germ. t. 26 ; Panicwm dactylon, Liiiu. ; Sibth. Fl. Gr. t. 60. Queensland. Port Cui-tis, M^GiUlrrai/ ,- Moreton Bay, F. Mueller and others ; Eockhampton and neighbouring districts, 0' Shaitesi/, Thozet, Bowman. N. S. TVales. Port Jackson, li. Broicn and others ; New England, C. Sttiart ; Richmond liiver, Mrs. Hodijklnwit ; Illawarra, Johnson ; Lord Howe'8 Island, Fid- Jagar. Victoria. Yarra River and Port Phillip to the Murray, Robertson, F. Mtieller and others (vcry ft-equently with only 2 spikes). S. Australia. St. Vincent'8 Gulf to the Murray, F. Mueller and others. W. Australia. King Georges Sound and adjoining districts, F. Mueller, Old- field, Preits, n. 1844, Drummond, n. 346. Var. pulchellus, F. MueU. Flowering glume ciliate on thc keel with long hairs. — Murray River, Dallachij. The species is a common and troublesome weed in all hot and somo temperate countries, and although now generally spread over the settled parts of extratropical Austraha, it mav have been introduccd with cultivation as suggested in R. Brown, Herb. 2. C. tenellus, B. Br. Frod. 187. — Stems creepiug and rooting at the base as in 0. dactylon, but usually much longer. Leaves narrow, rather long. Spikes slender, 3 to 6, digitate, 3 to 4 in. long iu Mueller'3 specimens, shorter iu Brown's. Outer glumes about 1 line long, narrovv, rather obtuse, with a prominent ciliate keel. Flowering giume shorter and uot broader, obtuse, pubesceut, the rhachis of the spikelet not produeed behind it. — C. altior, F. MueU. Fragm. viii. 113. N. Australia. Amhem S. Bay, R. Brown ; Upper Victoria River, F. Mueller. TOL. VII. 2 B 610 cxLiv. GUAMiNE^. [Gynodon. Kunth's plate 133 of his Revis. Gram. is generally quoted for this species, and the analysis at the hase as wcll as tho description in the text are quite correct, but, by some mistake of the artist, the figure itself represents a totally difFerent phmt, Peiin isetitm cenchroides. 3. C. convergens, F. MuelL Frafjm. viii. 113. — A decumbeut or creeping grass with the habit of C. dactylon or in many specimena shortly erect, apparently without stolones, g^labrous except a few hairs at the orifice of the sheaths. Spikes 3 or rarely only 2, 1 to 1\ in. long, the rhachis flat and rather broad ; spikelets normally in 2 rows but alternately curved inwards so as to appear almost uniseriate. Outer glumes l-g- to nearly 2 liiies long, narrow, glabrous, the green keel prominent and sometimes bearing a iiarrow whitish wing, the glumes much less persistent than in the other species. Flowering glume about half as long, thin and hyaliue, ciliate on the keel aud margius with long hairs. Palea very narrow, the 2 nerves closely contiguous and almost consolidated into a single one, ciliate with long hairs, the rhachis of tlie spikelet not produced behind it. N. Australia. Upper Victoria Eiver, F. Mueller. N. S. Wales. Cabramatta, Woolls. 4. C, ciliaris, Benfh. — A dwarf species, with the creeping babit of C. dacfylon, the erect flowering stems 2 to 3 in. high in our speci- mens. Leaves short, the sheaths ciliate with long fiue spreading liairs. Spikes 2, 1 to 1\ in. long, rather more rigid than in C. convergens. Spikelets rather smaller, convcrging in 2 rows on a flattened rliachis, the rhachis of the spikelet not produced above the flowering glume, Outer glumes 1\ lines long, the keel acute but scarcely winged, riowering glume broad and very concave, much shorter thau the outer ones, shortly ciliate on the keel aud margins, with a transverse ring p£ long spreading hairs near the end. Palea not much narrower than the glume, with a similar ring of hairs, tbe 2 nerves not closely contiguous, Central Australia. Charlotte Waters, Giles. 73. CHLORIS, Linn. Spikelets 1-flowered, awned, singly sessile in 2 rows on one side of simple spikes, either solitary or digitate at the eud of the peduncle, the rhachis of the spikelet articulate immediately above the outer glumes. Outer empty glumes 2, keeled, persistent, awnless. Flower- ing glume produced into a fine sti-aight awn, entire or with a tooth lobe or short awn on each side of the termiual awn. Palea folded or with 2 prominent nerves. Ehachis of the spikelet produced behind the palea and bearing 1 or more empty ghimes, all awned and usually with their ends ou a level with that of the flowering glume. A rather large genus, widely spread over the warmer regions of the globe. Of the nine Australian species one only has been eatisfactorily matched with a common Chloris.'] CXLIY. QRAMINE^. 611 Asiatic and African one, another comes near to an Indian species, the remainder are all endemic. Spike solitary, slcndcr. Flowering glume narrow .... 1. C iinispicea. Spikes dij»itate, slender. Spikelets acute. Flowerinc^ glume usually with a tooth lohe or short awn on each side of the terminal ono. Spikes few, ahout 1 in. long. Lobcs of the flowering glume awned 2. C pumilio. Spikcs numerous, 2 to 3 in. long. Spikelets closcly approxi- mate and rcgularly pectinate. Flowering ghime 2-fid, unawncd, usually scabrous 3. C. pectinata. Spikcs 6 to 12 or moro, 3 to 6 in. long. Spikelets rathcr crowdcd, 2 lincs long. Floworing gUime with a fine tooth or point on each side of tho awn . 4. C. dlvaricata. Spikelets distant, 3 linos long. Floworing glume tajjcr- ing into the awn or vcry minutely toothed .... 5. C. acic/dari.i. Spikes digitate, slender, 3 to 6 in. long. Spikclets very obtuse or truncate. Spikelets cuneato, truncate, 1 to U lines long. Flowering ghime oblong, obtuse. Upper empty ono broad, trun- cate _ 6. C. truncata. Spikelets very obtuse, H to 2 lines. Flowering glume very broad, embracing the narrower empty one .... 7. C. ventricosa. Spikes digitate, dense, 1 to 2 in. long. Flowering glume membranous, rather acute. Upper empty ghirae soUtary, truncate 8. C. harbata. Flowering glume broad, rigidly scarious, ciliate. Upper empty glumes several, broad, scarious, very spreading . 9. C. scariosa. 1. C. unispicea, F. Muell. Fragm. vii. 118. — A slender grass, from G iii. to above 1 ft. liigli, glabrous except long liairs at the orifice of the slieath, branching at the base aud deusely tufted, Leaves short, seta- ceous, crowded at the base of the stem, tlie upper ones few and capil- lary. Spike single, erect, unilatei-al, 1| to 4 in. long. Outer gluines very narrow, hyaliue, acumiuate, the lowest about 1| lines, the 2nd afc least 2 lines long. Flowering glume on a hairy stipes, narrow, thin, faintly 3-nerved, ta])ering at the top, nearly as long as the outer glume, entire, with a fine awn of 2 to 3 lines. Terminal empty glume narrow, witli a fiue awn sometimes as long as, sometimes much shorter than that of the flowering glume. Queensland. Herberfs Creek, Botcman. 2. C. pumilio, E. Br. Prod. 186. — A small gLibrous grass, our specimens 1< to 8 in. liigh, with the foliage of a Ci/nodon. Spikes 3 to 5, about 1 in. long. Spikelets narrow and crowded but all turned to one side, about 2 lines long without tlie awu. Outer gluraes very narrow, fine-pointed, tlie longest scarcely 1 liue long. Floweringglume lanceoLite, scarcely ciliate, deeply divided iuto 2 narrow lanceolate lobes produced iuto awns either very short or nearly as long as the central one which varies frora l^ to 4 liues long. Terminal empty gluraes 2 or 3, lanceolate and awned. N. Australia. Islands off the north coast, R. Brown ; Norman Rivcr, GulUver. 2 R 2 612 CXLIT. GK.VMTNKiE. [CJlJoris. 8. C. pectinata, BentJi.— ShmH 1 to 1| ft. high, with the flat lcaves aiid loose slieaths of C. barbafa. Spikes 7 to 14, 2 to 8 in. long, thie spikek'ts very nuiimit, with purple awns and rather smaller awns. Ceutral Australia. Charlottc "Waters, Gilcs, with pale-coloured awns. The species is intermediate as it were between C. pmnilio and C. divaricafa. 4. C. divaricata, S. Br. Prod. 186. — A glabrous erect tufted grass of 1 to 2 ft. Leaves narrow, flat or convolute, the sheatbs often rauch flattened. Spikes 6 to 12, slender, 3 to 6 in. long. Spikelets very numerous but not crowded, rarely 2 lines long without the awns. Outer glumes unequal, very narrow, finely pointed. Flowering glunie narrow, keeled, 3-nerved, the fine awn 3 to 6 lines long, with a point or narrow lobe on each side. Termiual empty glume broadly linear, 2-lobed, with an awn between the lobes sometimes as long as that of the flowering glume. N. Australia. Sturfs Creek, F. Muelkr (a tall form with long awns). Queensland. KejipRl and Shoalwater Bays and Broad Sound, R. Brown ; Rock- hampton and neighbouring districts, Bowman, Thozct, O^tihai/esi/ and others ; More- ton Bay, C. Stuart. 5. C. acicularis, Lindl. in MitcJi. Trop. Attstr. 33. — A glabrous erect grass of 1 to 2 ft. Leaves flat, the lower sheaths broad and flat- teued. Spikes 6 to 12 or even more, at first erect but at length hori- zontally spreading as in C. divaricata, 3 to 4 in. loug, sleuder and ofteu purplish. Spikelets rather distant. Outer glumes narrow, keeled, tapering to fine j^oints, the lowest l^ to 2 iiues, the 2nd 3 lines long. Flowering glume about 2 lines, narrow, 3-nerved, tapering into an awu of about -2" in., with soraetimes but not always a short point on each side at the base. Palea loug, narrow, proniinently 2-nerved. Termi- nal empty glume with au awu sometimes as Jong as that of the flower- ing giume but usually shorter. — G. Moorei, F. Muell. iu Linnsea, xxv. 444. N. S. Wales. In the interior, Mitchcll ; Armadillo, Barton ; Murray and arling Rivers to the Western frontier, Victorian and other expeditions ; also in Leichhardfs collection. 5. Australia. Head of St. Vincenfs Gulf and ilui-ray Eiver, F. Mueilir ; near Lake Eyre, Andreios ; Alice Springs and Charlotte Waters, Giles. W. Australia. Fraser's Eange, Jiempster. l^early allied to but appears distinct from the E. Indian C Roxburghiana, Edgew. 6. C. truncata, R. Br. Prod. 186. — A glabrous erect grass of 1 to 3 ft. Leaves usually flat bnt narrow, with flatteued sheaths. Spikes Chlorid.] CXHV. GKAMlNli^. 013 G to 10, slender, 3 Lo G in. lousj^, iit length horizontall) spreailing. Spike- lets numerous but not crowded, euneate, 1 to 1| lines long witliout the awns. Lowest outer glunie very sniall, ahnost setaeeous, the 2nd nar- row and fine pointed, abont as long as the spikelet. Fh)weriiig glume oblong, obtuse, keeled, slightly ciliate, with a fine awn of 3 to G lines. Terminal empty glume much shorter and broader, raised to the level of the flowering glume and flat-topped, giviug the spikelet its cuneate truncate fonn.— Kuntli, Kev. Gram. t. 178. Queenslattd. Condaininc Rivcr and Bokhara Flats, Lcichhaydt. KT. S. 'Wales. Port. Jackson to tho Bluc IMountains, U. Broxvn and ctlicrs ; abund;int in the West Interior, A. Cuiniinghom and many others ; Now England, C. iStuiirt ; Hastings and Clarence Rivers, Bvckkr and others. S. Australia. St. Vincenfs Gulf, F. Mucllcr. Specimens from Darling River in Herb. F. Mueller have denser spikes not cx- cecdin'^ 2 in. in length, but do not otherwise difFer from the typical oncs. The spccies has been long in cultivation in Continental Botanic Gardens, and has ap- pearcd as a weed in kitchen gardcns at Constantinople, and is known as C. elongata, Poir., and C. dolichostiichi/n, Lag., and dcscribed by Trinius, Gram. Unifl. 23o, undcr the latter name partly fi'om garden, partly from Port Jackson specimens. Poiret described his C. elongata from a Timor specimen, Lagasca gives the PhiHppincs as tho station for C. dolichostachija. We have no speciraen from either locahty, and the diagnoses neither of Poiret nor of Lagasca are suificient for identification, but, as far as they go, apply well to the plant. 7. C. ventricosa, R. Br. Prod. 186. — Usually rather taller than C. truncatn, often above 2 ft. high, with few flat leaves. Spikes 5 to 7 in the typical specimens, 3 to4 in. long. Spikelets cuneate and obtuse as in C. truncafa, but larger, from 1\ to 2 lines long, aiid often butnot always dark-coloured. Flowering glume broad, very obtuse, embracing the much smaller termiual owe, whicb is raised and truncate as in C. truncata, usually emarginate, the awns of botli much shorter than the spikelet. — C. sclerantha, LindL in Mitcb. Trop. Austr. 31. Queensland. Bokhara Flats, Leichhardt ; Bowen Downs, Birch. N. S. Wales. Richmond, li. Broicii ; Armadillo, Barton ; Western intcrior, J. Cuiuiingham ; Bognn Biver, Mitchell. Var. tenuis. Stems 1 to H ft. high. Leaves short and narrow. Spikes 3 to 5, about 2 in. long. Spikelets smaUer with longer awns, but with the broad flowering glume embracing the barren terminal one as in the tj-pical fonin. — Rock- hampton, 0'Shanesg ; Nerkool Creek, Bowman. Another long-awned form has spikes of 3 to 4 in., from Cabramatta and Ash Island, WooUs ; Bowen Downs, Birch. 8. C. barbata, Sw. ; KuntJi, Enuvi. i. 264, «or. decora. — Aglabrous grass with flat leaves and loose leaf-sheaths, closely resembling the common C harbata, but the spikes dense, the awns longer and only one terniinal empty glume instead of the two of the typical form. Spikes 6 to 10, 1\ to 2 in. long. Outer glumea 1 to l^ linea long, narrow, thin and hyaline, the 2nd keeled and tapering into a line point. 614 cxLiv. ORAMiNKjii. [Chloris. Flowering glume not broad, membranous, keeled, ciliate at the end witb long hairs and slightly so ou the uiargius, rather acute, sometimes notched, the awn very fine, 3 to 4 lines long. Terminal empty glume very obtuse or truucate, slightly emarginate, the awu nearly as long as that of theflowering glume. — G. decom, Nees in Steud. Syn. Glura. i. 205. Central Australia, Gosse ; Stcphenson's Eiver, M'DouaU Stuart (single specimens in Herb. F. Mueller). Tlie spccies is a widely spread tropical one, though usually with 2 empty glumea above thc flowering one, the above quoted C. decora, Nees, however, from East India, scarcely difiers from the Australian varioty in its rather shorter awns. A S. African plant, apparently the same as the C. compressa, DC, describcd ft-om gar- den specimens, exactly resembles the Australian one, except that the leaves are ciliate with long hairs of which there is no trace in the var. decora. 9. C, scariosa, F. Muell. Fragm. vi. 85. — Stems erect, slender but rigid, 1 to 2 ft. liigh. Leaves narrow witli subulate points or ahnost entirely flat in the larger specimens, glabrous. Spikes 4 to 6, dense, 1 to l|in. long. Spikelets sessile, 3 to 4 lines long. Lowest glunie narrow, hyaline, ahnost obtuse, scarcely keeled, about 2 lines long, the 2nd rather longer with a more prominent keel. Flowering giume raised on a hairy rhachis of about 1 line, rather above 1 line long, very broad and concave, prominently 3-nerved, cihate with long hairs at the end, with a fine awn of 2 to 3 lines. Terminal empty glumes several (4 to 7), the lowest two broader than the flowering one, 5- to 7-nerved at the base, hyaline and not ciliate, very spreading and at length rigidly scarious, the upper ones gradualiy smalier sessile and not ex- ceeding the outer oues. W. Australia. Sturfs Creek, F. Mueller. Queensland. Eockhampton, 0' Shaucsy ; G-racemcre, Bouman ; Bowen Downs, Birch. There are one or two East Indian specics with broad scarious cmpty glumcs, but they do not exactly correspond with the Australian one. 74. ELEUSINE, Gjertn. (Dactyloctenium, Willd. Acrachne, Necs.) Spikelets several-flowered, flat, imbricate in 2 rows along one side of the digitate or scattered branches of a simple panicle, the rhachis o£ the spikelet articulate above the outer glumes. Glumes spreading, keeled and complicate, thiu but rigid, the 2 outer empty ones usually shorter, uuequal, obtuse, acute or tapering to a short poiut. Fiowering glumes obtuse or less pointed, the terminal oue usuaJly empty or rudi*! mentary. Palea folded. Styles short, distiuct. See"d rugose within a ioose membranous pericarp, which either persista round the Eleusine.'] cxlit. guamine^. G15 ripe seed or breaks up and falls away or otherwise disappeara as the ovary enlarges. A small widely spread tropical crenus. Of the three Australian species two are common weeds in warm countrics, thc third extends over tropical Asia and Africa. Spikes digitatc, short. Spikelets very closely packcd, the ghimes vury pointcd, the 2nd outer one ahnost awned. Pericarp evanescent \. E, cegi/ptiaca, Spikes digitate or with one lower down, 2 to 3 in. long. Glumes obtuse. Pericarp persistcnt ...,,. 2. £. indica. Spikes 6 to 12, scattered or the uppor ones digitate. Glumes pointed, the flowering oncs with a small tooth on each side of the point. Pericarp evanescent 3. E. verticillata, 1. E. segyptiaca,P^>'5.*S[y;?.i.82. — Stemstufted orcreeping aud root- inii; at the base aud shortly asceudiug like the Gynodon dactylo7i,or rarely above 1 ft. high. Leaves flat, ciliate, flaccid, with long poiuts. Spikes usually 3 to 5, digitate, uiider \ in. in aiost of the Australiau speci- nicus but sometimes 1 in. loug, the angular rhach.is promineut on the upper or iuner side, the spikelets reguhirly aud very closely packed at i'ight angles to it on the opposite side. Outer glume about 1 Hue long, acute, the 2ud broader, obtuse or emarginate, the keel produced into a short dorsal awn, the rhachis of the spikelet produced above the outer gluiues but glabrous. Flowering glu:iies broad, complicate, taperiug into short spreading poiuts. Pericarp loose over tbe enlarged ovary, disappearing from the ripe rugose seed. — Pluk. Almag. t. 300, f. 8; Cynosurus cegyptius, Liuu. Spec. 106 ; Dactyloctcnium (Bgtfptiacum, "Willd. ; Kunth, Euum. i. 261 ; Eleusine crnciata, Lam. ; P. Muell. Pragm. viii. 111 ; E. radulans, R. Br. Prod. 186 ; Dactyloctenium radu- lans, Beauv. ; Kunth, Eaum. i. 262. N. Australia. Gulf of Carpentaria, R. Brown, GuUlver ; Sir Charles Hardy's Idand, Henne ; Port Essington, Annstrong ; Victoria River, F. Mucllcr ; Dampier's Archipelago, Walcot. Queensland. Booby Island, Banks and Solander ; Rockingham Bay, Dallachi/ ; Herberfs and Nerkool Creeks, Bowman ; Gracemere, 0'Shanesy; Balandool Rivcr, Lockijer ; Barcoo, Schneider. N. S. 'Wales. Darling River and Maranoa, Woolh. Central Australia. Near Lake Eyre, Andrews, Giles. A common weed of warm countries. 2. E. indica, Ocertn. ; Kunth, Enum. i. 272. — A coarse erect tufted grass 1 to 2 ft. high. Leaves uarrow, the sheatlis flattened and dis- tichous, ciliate with a few loug hairs. Spikes 5 to 7, 2 to 3 in. long, dio^itate, with usually one iuserted rather lower down, the rhachis prominent ou tlie upper or inner side, the spikelets loosely imbricate OD the opposite side. Each spikelet l^ to 2 lincs long, contaiuing 3 to 5 flowers. Gluraes obtuse, the h)west small aiid 1-nerved, the 2ud empty one and the lower flowering oues usually 3-nerved. Pericarp persistent, very loose and membrauous, enclosing the rugose seed. — 616 cxLiv. Qi{AMi>'EiE. {_Eleusine. Trin. Spec. Gram. t. 71 ; F. Muell. Fragm. viii. 112 ; E. marginata, Lindl. in. Mitcb. Tliree Exped. i. 319. Queensland. Moreton Bay, Leichhaydt, Baiky ; Eockhamptqn, ffShanesij, Thozet ; Neikool Creek, Bowma». N. S. Wales. Tweed Eiver, C. 3Ioore, Eaves. A common tropical and subtropical weed. 3. E. verticillata, Roxh.; Fl. Ind. ed. Car. et Wall. i. 34-6. — An erect anuual of 1 to l^ ft., witli the babit of E. indica. Leaves flat, with loose flattened sbeaths. Spik.es or panicle-brancbes 6 to 12 or even more, varying from 1 to 3 in. loug, tbe lower ones distant or verticillate, the upper ones almost digitate. Spikelets 2 to 3 lines long, 8- to 12-flowered. Outer empty glumes small and narrow, tbe lowest ahnost subulate, the 2nd lanceolate, keeled, with a fine point. Flowering glumes rather above 1 liue long, broad and 3-nerved, the keel produced into a short point, the lateral nerves ending usually in a small tooth on each side of the point. Pericarp loose over tbe enlarged ovary, disappearing from tlie rugose seed. — F. Muell. Fragm. viii. 112 ; E. racemosa, Roth, Nov. Sp. Pl. 80 ; Leptocliloa verticillata and L, racemosa, Kunth, Enum. i. 272 ; Acrachne eleusinoides, Nees in Herb. Wight, n. 118 and 1760. N. Australia. Dampiers Axchipelago and Exmouth Gull, Walcot. Queensland. Bowen River, Bouman, "Widely spread over tropical Asia and Africa. 75. LEPTOCHLOA, Beav. Spikelets several-flowered or rarely l-flowered, sessile in 2 rows along one side of the slender usually numerous branches of a simple panicle, the rhachis of the spikelet articulate above the outer glumes and more or less produced above the flowering ones. Grlumes keeled, acute or obtuse, unawned, the 2 outer empty ones shorter or rarely as long as the flowering ones. Palea prominently 2-nerved or folded. Grain smooth or nearly so, the pericarp very thin and adnate. The genus is generally spread over tropical and subtropical regisns both in the New and the Old World. Of the three Australian species two are also East Indian, the other is endemic. They have been placed the one in Ci/nodo», the two others in Foa, dififering from both genera more in inflorescence than in the structure of the spikelets. Spikelets 5- or 6-flowered. Flowering glimies rather obtuse. Spikes dense, mostly crowded at the end of the rhachis . 1. X. subdigitata. Spikes slender, scattered along the long slender rhachis . 2. L. chinensis. Spikelets 1-flowered. Flowering glumes acute. Spikes slender, scattered along the long slender rhachis . . Z. L. 2)olijstachya. Leptoclllua.'] OXLIV. (iUAMlJSEiE. 017 1. L. subdigitata, Trin. in ISleud. Syn. Glum. i. 210.— An erect ri^id ut^ually giaucous <>riiss, attaining 4 or 5 ft. Leaves sliort, with rigid ratlier Joose sheathi^. Spikes or panicle-brancbes 6 to 10, crowded at tlie eud of tbe peduncic vvith usunlly 1 or 2 lower down, 2 to 4 in. long. Spikelets l^ or rarely 2 liues long, 5- or 0-flowered, tlie rbaciiis bearing a lew sliort bairs under eacb glume. Glumes about g- bue long, obtuse or aliiiost acute, tbe outcr empty ones iisually ratiicr smalier, especially tbe lowest. Palea folded. (iraiu obiong, ])ertectly smootli, tlie pericarp very tbin and adnate. — Poa digitata, li. Br. Prod. 182 ; lCleiosine digitata^^i^^en^. Syst. Cur. Post. 36; F. Muell. Fragm. viii. 112 ; E. polystachya, F. MuelL Fragm. i. 216. N. Australia. Sturfs Crcck, F. Mueller; Upper Murcliison and Warrcn Eivcrs, Walciit. Queensland. Suttor Rivcr, F. Ilitdhr ; Gracemcrc, 0' Shaiicsi/ ; Darling Downs, Laic. N. S. Wales. Glendon and Cassilis, Lcichhardt ; Armadillo, Barton ; Lachlan Kivcr, Frascy ; Castlereagh River, Woulh ; Darling Kiver to Cooper's Creek, 2\c'ihij)i. Central Australia. M'Donnel Ranges, Giles. W. Australia. UpperMurchison and Warren Eiver.s, Walcot. 2. Ij. chinensis^ Nees ; Sfeud. Syn. Glum. i. 209. — Stems from a creeping and rooting base ascending to 2or 3 fi., glabrous and usually slendcr. Leaves narrow, flat, tapering to a point. Panicle 6 in. to above 1 ft. long, the numerous simple brancbes scattered or elustered along tbe rliachis, very slender, 2 to 4 in. long, or in the smaller weaker specimens under 2 in. Spikelets sessile or nearly so, distant or rather crowdcd, narrow, 1 to 2 lines long, usually 4- to 6-flowered. Outer empty glumes rather unequal, acute, floweriug ones bn^ader, obtuse. — Foa chinemis, Koen. ; F. Muell. Fragra. viii. 132 ; Leptochloa tenerrima, Eoem. and Scbult. ; Kunth, Enum. i. 270 ; Poa decipims, E. Br. Prod. 181 ; Eragrostis decipiens, Steud. Syn. Glum. i. 279. Queensland. Keppel Bay, R. Broim ,- Brisbane River, MorctonBay. Leichhardi ^ C. >>tuart, Baileij ; Bokhara Flats, Leichhardt ; Rockhampton and neighboui-ing dis- tricts, Bou-maii, 0' Shanesi/. N. S. Wales. NewEngland, C. Stuart. Generally spread over East India and Eastem Asia. It varies considerahly in the spikelets sometimes scarcely ahove 1 line long and distant, in other specimens ahout 2 lincs long and more approximate, and in the palea glabrous or ciliate on the kcels. Poa hnbecilla, R. Br. Prod. 181 {P. asthenes, Ra^m. and Schult. Syst. ii. 574 ; Eragrostis imbecillu, Steud. Syn. Glum. i. 279), from Broad Sound, R. Prown, is difterent from the /'. imbecilla, Labill. and ap[)cars to be nicrelj' a weak slender vaiicty of Leptuchloa chiueusi.s, with fcw di.stant spikes to the paniclc. 3. L. polystachya^ Bo/th. — An erect grass of 3 ft. or more, tbe lower nodes soii;etinic.s bcaided, otherwise glabrous and glaucous. Lcaves convolutc witb subulate points and rather loose sbeatbs, the lower ones flat. Spikes very uumerous aud slender, 1 to 2 iu. long, 618 cxLiv. GRA.MiNE-a). [Lej)tochloa, crowded in a long narrow simple panicle of 8 to 10 in., the cominon rhachis slightly flattened and striate. Spikelets 1-flowered, nearly sessile. Outer glumes f to nearly 1 line long, acute, with a promineut ghibrous or slightly ciliate keel. Flowering glume rather shorter, glabrous or miuutely pubescent. Palea promineutly 2-uerved, rhachis produced behind it into a minute point, sometimes quite obsolete, sometimes according to F. Mueller beariug au empty glume. Grrain oblong, smootli, the pericarp not distinguishable when ripe. — Cynodoii polystachi/us, E. Br. Prod. 187 ; F. Muell. Fragm. viii. 113. O. viryatus, Nees in Steud. Syn. Glum. i. 213 ; C. Neesii, Thw. Enum. Pi. CeyL 371. N. Australia. Islands of the Gulf of Carpentaria, R. Broiot ; Victoria Kiver, F. Ilnelhr ; Etheridge and Gilbert Rivers, Siillivci)/. Queensland. Eurdekin Eiver, Buivniaiu Also in Ceylon and in ttie E. Indian Peninsula. I have been able to retain Brown's specific name, as the American Diplachne panicularis, named LeptocJiloa pfilijstachija by Kunth, is generally retained under the former genus. Our species hasbeen usually placed in Ci/nodon, on account of the 1-flowered spikelets, but the mimerous spikes crowded on the long rhachis of the panicle give the plant a very different aspect from that of the digitate Ct/nodon, and there are one or two other species of Lcptochloa, in which the flowers are occasionally or constantly reduced to a single one. 76. DIPLACHNE, Beauv. Spikelets several- often many-flowered, linear, sessile or very shortly pedicellate, but distant along the rhachis of a simple spike or of the elongated branches of a simple panicle, the rhachis of the spikelet articulate and usually hairy uuder the flowering glumes. Outer empty glumes keeled, acute, unawned ; flowering glumes with a hyaline shortly 2-lobed apex, the keel produced into a short point or awn between or shortly below the lobes. Palea thin, prominently 2-nerved. Styles short, distinct. Grrain smooth, free. A genus of few species, gcnerally spread over the warmer regions of the globc. Of the four Australian species one has a wide range in the Old World, and is probably the same as an American one, another is closely allied to if not identical with an Indian one, the two others appear to be endemic. Spike slender, simple 1. 2). lolVtforints. Spikes nimierous in a simple panicle. Spikelets pale-coloured, 5-8 lines long, 8- to 12-flowered. E,hachi8 with a tuft of long hairs under the glumes 2. Z>. Muelleri. Spikelets usually dark-coloured, 4 lines long or rather more, with more than 6 flowers, rhachis glabrous, or nearly so 3. D. fusca. Spikelets light-coloured, scarcely 3 lines long, with usu- ally 5 or 6 flowcrs 4. 2?. parvijlora, 1. D. loliiformis, F. Muell. — A slender apparently annual erect grass, usually 6 to 8 in. but afew specimens above 1 ft. high. Leaves Diplachue.] cxLiv. «kamine^. 619 cliietly afc tlie base, short and narrow, usually sprinkled with a few long hairs, the shcatlis ciliate at the orifice, with a short jagged ligula. Spike slender and simple, 2 to 4 in. long, on a long pedunclc. Spikelets sessile, ratlier distant, erect and apprcssed, turued soniewhat to one side, narrow, 3 to -1 lincs loiig, 6- to 12-flowcred, the rliachis hairy round thc liowering glumes. Flowering glunies abuut 1 liue long, glabrous, 3-nerved, thc ccntral nerve produccd into a fiue point orawn shortly exceeding the hyaliue lobcs. — Festuca or Leptovhloa loliiformis, F. Muell. Fragm. viii. 128. Queensland. Moreton Bay and Charley's Creek, Leichhardt ; various localitics aboiit Koikhiimpton, Bowmau, 0'Sha>icsi/. Central Australia. Betwecn Alice Springs and Charlotte Watcrs, Giles, the spccimens rather more robust. The species is closely allicd to an apparently unpublished East Indian one. 2. D. Muelleri, Benth. — A glabrous erect grass of about l^ ft. nearly allied to D.fmca, with a simiiar foliage and iuflorescence, but the spikclets fewer, pale-coloured, 5 to 8 liues long, with 8 to 12 flowers. Floweriug giumes surrouuded by a tuft of rathcr long hairs and the margins ciliate below the middle, the point of the keel scarcely exceeding the hyaline margins, aud the latcral nerves occa- sionally produced into miuute points. Grain narrow-obovate, flattened. N. Australia. Sturfs Creek, F. MueUer. Central Australia. Charlotte Waters, Oiles. 3. D. fusca, Beauv. Agrost. 163. — A glabrous erect grass of several feet. Leaves narrow, convolute when dry, with long loose sheaths, the ligula jagged. Panicle narrow, 6 in. to 1 ffc. long, with crect branches, the lower ones long. Spikelets sessile or nearly so, rather distant, erect, liuear, 6- to lO-flowered, about 4 lines long or rather more and straw-coloured, or longcr and dark, the rhachis glabrous or slightly hairy under each glume. Flowering glumes nearly 2 lines long, shortly ciliate on the margins in the lower part, promiueutly 3-nerved, thekeel produced into a short poiut between or just below the short hyaUne terminal lobes. Keels of the palea «hortly ciliate. — Festuca fusca, Linn. ; F. MuelL Fragm.-viii. 127 ; Leptochloa fusca, Kunth, Euum. i. 271 ; Triodia amhigua, E-. Br. Prod. 183 ; Uralepis fusca and U. Drummondii, Steud. Syn. Glum. i. 247. N. Australia. Yictoria Kiver, F. Miuller. Queensland. Keppel Bay, R. Brouii ; Bokhara Flats, Leichhardt. N. S. Wales. Lachlan Iliver, A. Cunningham ; Darling Eiver, Mrs. Forde. Central Australia. Lake Eyre, Andrtws. W. Australia, JJrummond, n. 388. F. Mueller appears to be right in identifying this with a widely spread Atrican species, which i t- also in East India and is very little different from tho original American D. faseieularis. 620 cxnv, GKAMiNEJi. [^Diplachne. 4. D. parviflora^ Benth. — A glabrous erect grass of 2 or 8 ft. Leaves convolute, with long rather loose sheaths, the Jigula jagged. Panicle narrow, dense, varying from 3 to 10 in., with long erect simple branches. Spikelets very numerous, sessile or nearly so, 3 to -i lines long, very uarrow, 5- to 7-flowered. Outer gkimes about l^ lines long. Eloweriug gluines rather shorter, glabrous ou the back, the margins ciiiate, the lateral nerves scarcely distinct, the Jieel produced into a short poiut, the lateral hyaline lobes adnate to it almost to the top. — Triodia parviflom, R. Br. Prod. 182 ; Festuca Brownii, F. Muell. Fragm. viii. 129. N. Australia. Arnhem S. Bay, R. Brown ; North West Coa.st, Ruffhan. With the latter specimens are some short barren stems with short spreading rigid leaves, but they may not belong to the same species, as the sheaths are slightly vlscid and there is no jagged ligula, SuBTBiBE III. MiLiEiE. — Spikelcts 1- or 2-flowered, usually small iu a loose or narrow and deuse pauicle, the rhachis of the spikelet uot produced beyond the upper flower. Outer glumes usually broad and several-nerved or almost nerveless, unawned. Flowering glunies nearly similar, unawned or with one uutwisted awn. Palea often as large as the glume. Grrain free. The genera here collected, together with Milium and a few others not Australian, appear to me to form a fairly limited and not unnatnral group. They have been generally dispersed in Panicea^, Agrostidete, and Festucace;c, but they have neither the articulate pedicel of the first, nor the twisted awn and reduced palea of the second, nor the terminal bristle or empty glume so general in Festucaceae. 77. SPOROBOLUS, R, Br. (Vilfa, Beauv.) Spikelets small, 1-flowered, nearly sessile or pedicellate iu a narrow spikelike or loose and pyramidal panicle, the rhachis of the spikelet very short, glabrous, scarcely articulate, not contiuued beyond the flower. Grlumes 3, persistent or separately deciduous, unawned, slightly keeled or convex aud obscurely nerved, 2 outer empty ones usually unequal ; flowering glume as long or longer. Paiea about as long as the glume, with 2 nerves usually promiuent, and readily splitting between them. Styles very short. Grrain free, readily falling away from the glume, the pericarp loosely enclosiug the seed or very thiu and evanescent. The genus is widely spread over the tropical and some more temperate regions of both the New and the Old World. Of the six Australian species, two have a general range over the area of the genus, a third extends over East India, the three others appear to be enderaic, but come very near to some Asiatic species. Beauvois, and after him Trinius, have replaced Brown's name Sporobolus by Vilfa of Adamson, ou tho ground of priority, but Adamson's character is fartoo vague to be recognised as generic, and of tho two specics of Caspar Bauhin's which he refers Sporoboiuf!.'] CXLIT. gbamine.^. (521 to, p. 618 of his '' Famillos," one is said by Bauhin to he a common -wced of culti- vation in Gcrmany, Belgium and England, thc othcr a vtry tall Europcan aquatic or marsh grass with a large panicle. Ncithcr therefore can well be congeners of Brown's iSporobolus. Panicle narrow, spikelike, continuoiis or interrupted, the short crcct branches llowering from the base. Outcr and llowcring ghnncs nearly cqual. Leaves usually short rigid and spreading l. S. virgiiiicus. Outer ghimcs uncqual , shorter than the flowering one. Leavcs rather long 2, S. ihdicus. Panicle narrow, loose, -with short spreading scattered branches S. S. diaiuler. Panicle loosely pyramidal, the branches spreading in regular distant whorls. Spikclets looscly pedicclhite, minute. Lcaves rigidly ciliate. Ghimosobtuse 4. vl\i, Johitson ; Lord Howe'8 Island, FiiUagar. Victoria. Tort Phillip, Mitta-Mitta, etc, F. Mueller. Central Australia. Alice Springs, Giles. W. Australia. King George's Sound, F. Mueller. Generally spread over tropical and subtropical America, Africa and Asia, ex- tending also into Norfolk Island and New Zealand. 3. S. diander, Beaiiv.; Kunth, Enum.i. 213. — Au erect glabrous grass of 1 to 2 or even 3 ft. Leaves chiefly at the base, narrow, the upper sheaths not covering the stem. Panicle narrow but loosely pyramidal, G in. to above 1 ft. long, the branches scattered, at length spreading. Spikelets very shortly pediceHate or almost sessile, f to 1 line long. Outer empty glumes very obtuse ; hyaUne, the upper one about \ line, the other shorter. Flowering glume longer, slightly keeled, obtuse or almost acute. Palea broad, obtuse, faiutly 2-nerved and not so readily splitting as in the other species. Grain broadly obovoid, the pericarp not readily separable. — Vilfa erosa, Trin. Agrost. Vilf. 61. Queensland. Moreton Bay, Leichliardt, C. Stuart. N. S. Wales, Macleay Eiver, Beekler ; Tweed River, Ouilfoyle. Sporoholm.'] CXLIT. CtRAMI>-E.T<:. 623 "Widely sprcad in East Tndia. This appcars to be the tnie Agrostis diandra of Eetz and KiJnic:, fis ditormincd hy Kunth and others, and as rcprcsented by K6nig's specimcns in the Briti.sh ]\Iiiscum, although in Indian as wcll as in Australian specimcns there are p:enerally 3 stamena. Tho Vilfa diaiidra, Trin. or Sporohnlus diaiidir, Jacq. f. Ecl. Gram. t. 2S, is a differcnt plant dcscribed and fifi;ured from garden spccimens, having thc 2nd cmpty ylume aa long as the flowering one and probably more constantly diandrous. 1. S. pulchellus, R. Br. Prod. 170.— Stems tufted, 6 in. to 1 ft. liigh. Leaves cliiefly at the base, flat or keeled, broad or nai'row, rather rigid, bordered by rigid cilia tuberculate at the base. Paniclo loosely pyrainidal, 2 to 5 in. lono;, with numcrous capiHary spreading branches verticiUate at reguLar intervals. Spikelets pedicelhite, not \ line long, shining. Glumea almost hyaline, rather obtuse, slightly keeled, the 2nd outer empty one and the flowering one nearly equal and simiLir, the lowest empty one about halfaslong, narrow but obtuse. Palea very readi]y splitting in two. Grain globular, enclosed in a loose hyaline pericarp. — Kunth, Rev. Gram. t. 123 (an unusually narrow-Ieaved form and the reinarkablecilia arenot represented) ; Vilfa pnlckeUa, Trin. Agrost. Vilf. 37. N. Australia. North Coast, E. Broicn ; Upper Victoria River, F. MuelUr ; Fort Darwin, iSchultz, ii. 112; Escape Cliffs, Midse. Queensland. Endeavour River, Banks aiid Solander ; Kennedy District, Dain- tre ; TMioiB.iwQ^:, Bowman ; Peak Downs, Slater. 5. S. Lindle^d, Benth. — Nearly allied to >S^. pnlchellus. Leaves narrow, not at all or only very shortly ciliate. Panicle very loose, broadly pyramidal, 3 to 5 in. long and broad whea fully out, the branches capillary, the lower ones elongated in a dense verticil, the upper oues raore scattered. Spikelets \ to f line long. Glumes very acute, the lowest outer one very small and uarrow, the 2nd also em|)ty and the flowering glume nearly equal, usually dark coloured. Palea usually divided to the base into 2 even at the tnne of flowering. Seed enclosed in a loose pericarp, as in *S^. pulchellus. — S. pallidus, Lindl. in Mitch. Trop. Austral. 187, not of Nees ; Filfa Lindlei/i, Steud. Syn. Glum. i. 162 ; 8. stibtilis, F. Muell. Pragm. viii. 140, not of Kunth. Queensland. On the Maranoa, Mitchcll ; Bokhara Flats, Leichhardt ; Grace- mere, Boinnan ; Curriwillighee, Daltoii, N. S. ^Vales. Liverpool Plains and Darling River, Woolls. Victoria. Portland, F. Mueller, Australia. Fraser's Range, Dempster, In general this species is very distinct £rom S. pulchellus, both in foliage and in spikelets, butsome specimens of Bowman's seem almost to connect the two. They are howevcr faradvanced and not perfect. Mitchell's are also far advanced and not so charactcristic as yoimgcr oncs. G. S. actinocladus, F. Muell. Fragm. viii. 140. — Stems 1 to 2 ft. high. Leaves flat, tapering to fine points, glabrous. Panicle pyra- midal, 3 to 5 in. long, the branches nuraerous, spreading, the lower ones or nearly all verticillate at regular intervals, the upper ones scattered, all capillary and shortly bare at the base, but bearing narrow dense apikelike partial panicles of k to 1 in. Spikelets sessile and 624 CXMT. GEAMiNE^. [Sporoboli/s. crowdpH, nearly 1 ]ine lonc^. Outer gliime very small, liyaline, almost obtuse ; 2ud very acute, keeled, -} to | line long ; floweriug glume similar but longer. Palea dividecl iuto 2 from the baae, even at the time of flowering. Seed enclosed iu a loose pericarp. — Vilfa or Agrostis actinocladn, F. Muell. Fragm. vi. 84. N. Australia. Sturt's Creek, F. Mueller. Queeusland. Gracemere, 0' Sltanesy ; Ballandool River, Looker. Central Australia. Charlotte Waters, Giles. 78. MICRAIRA, F. Muell. Spikelets 2-flowered, the flowers both hermaphrodite or the lower male, all small, iu small loose pauicles with tiliform spreading branches, the rhachis of the spikelet articulate above the empty glumes aud uot produced above the flowering oues. Grlumes awnless, 2 outer empty ones equal, membranous, broadly Lauceolate, faintly nerved. Flowering glumes close above the empty ones, equal, broad, truncate many-nerved, metnbranous. Palea several-nerved but 2 of the nerves very' proniiuent. Styles distinct, with short stigmas. Fruiting glumes and palea enclosing the graiu but uot hardened. The genus is limited to the Australian species, which is endemic. It has the sniall spikelets of Isac/uie, and only differs from that genus in the tlowering glumes and paleas not hardened over the grain. It is also very nearly alliod to Airopsis and the genera recently separated from it, which are however all annuals, with the hahit of Aira. 1. M. subulifolia, F. Maell. Fragm. v. 208. — A glabrous prostrate or creeping perennial, with short ascending branches, covered at the base with the short broad closely imbricate sheaths of old leaves. Leaves in short dense tufts atthe euds of tlie branches, liuear-subulate, erect, under \ iu. long, the ligula split iuto ciiia. Peduncles from the tufts erect, filiform, 1 to 2 iu. long, encased at the base in 2 or 3 long narrow leaf-sheaths. Panicle broad and loose, ^ in. long or rather more, with capillary spreading slightly divided brauches, Spikelets pedicelkite, scarceiy nbove \ line loug, usually dark-coloured, glabrous. Outer glumes as long as the flowering oues. Queeusland. Glasshouse Mountains, W. Sill; Rockingham Bay, on rocks, somotimes completely covering them in dense masses, Dallachy, also in Leichhardfs collection. 79. ISACHNE, E. Br. Spikelets 2-flowered, both flowers hermaphrodite or the upper female or the lower male, small, in loose panicles, the rhachis of the spikelet articulate above the empty glumes, glabrous and not produced above the floweriug ones. Grlumes unawned, convex, faintly nerved,2 outer empty ones uearly equal ; floweriug ones of n firmer consistence, closely aessile or the upper one slightly raised. Palea as long as the glume. Styles distinct. Grrain enelosed in the hardeued glume aud palea, free from them. Isachne.] dXLiv. graminejE; 625 A small tropical genus, common both to the New and the Old World. The Australian spocios havo both a wido range in tropical Asia. Leaves lanceolate. Spikelets glabrous or nearly so, nearly 1 line long 1. /. nmtralis. Leavcs ovatc. small. Spikelcts hairy, about ■} line long. . . 2. 7. mf/osotis. 1. I. australis, S. Bi-. Prod. 196. — Stems rather slender, decum- bent, creepiiiij^ aiul rooting at the lower nodcs, ascending to l ft. or morc. J^eaves lanceohite, rough with a miuute pubescence. Panicle loose, spreaciins:, ovoid in circumscription, Ij to 3 in. long, with numerous iiliform branchcs. Spikelets ali pedicellate, nearly 1 line long. Oiiter glumes quite glabrous. Lower Hower usually male, with a glnbrous glume, the upper female, sliortly stipitate, with the glume usually minutely and slightly pubescent, tiie rhachis slightly dilated and articulate immediately under the upper glume. — Panicum atrovirens, Trin. ; Kuuth, Enum. i. 127; F. Muell. Fragm. viii. 193; P. antipodum, Spreng. Syst. i. 314. Queensland. Moreton Bay, F. MueUer. N. S. Wales. Port Jackson to the Blue Mountains, R. Brown, Woolls, !>ieber, Agroitoth. n. 68; New England, C. Stuart. Victoria, Gillibrand, Broken, King, Goulbum, Hume and Snowy Rivers, F. MuiUer. Also in tropical Asia from Ceylon and the Peninsula to the Malayan Archipelago and South China. 2. I. myosotis, Nees in Hook. Keio Journ. ii. 98. — Stems slender, decumbent and branched at the base, shortin the Australian specimens, extending to l^ ft. in some others. Leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate ; small in the Australian specimens, above 1 in. long in some others, scabrous. with hairy sheaths and ciliate margins. Panicle ovoid and loose with slender spreading branches as in I. australis but smaller. Spikelets much smaller, rarely above \ liiie long (not 1 line as given by a clerical error iu Fl. Hougk.), the 2 outer glumes more or less pubescent or hirsute, and very much so in the Australian specimens ; flowering glumes glabrous or nearly so, the upper flower female, the lower hermaphrodite. — Beuth. Fl. Hongk. 415; Panicum mijosotis, Steud. Syn. Glum. i. 96; F. Muell. Fragm. viii. 193. N. S. Wales. Russell Eiver, W. HiU ; (two small specimens in herb. F. Mueller) ; also in the Malayan Archipelago and South China. 80. CCELACHNE, R. Br. * Spikelets 2-flowered, the upper one usually female, the lower one hermaphrodite, all small in loose or narrow pauicles, the rhachis of the spikelet glabrous, articulate, produced between the 2 flowering glumes, but not beyond them Glumes unawned, convex, 2 oiiter emptv ones broad, taintly nerved, the 3rd or lowest flowering glume close above theni aud similar but larger. Termiiial flowering glume raised oii tlie slender rhachis, smaller than the 3rd. Paleas as long as the glume. VOL. VII. 2 8 626 cxLn'. ORAMINE^. [Coelachne. Styles shoit, distinct, with short stigraas. Eruiting glumes and paleas scarcely hardened, not closed over the grain. A small genus, spread over tropical Asia, the only Australian species extending to the Malayan Peninsula and closely allied to a common Indian one. 1. C. pulchella, JR. Br. Prod. 187. — A weak slender decurabeiit glabrous trrass, rarely ascending to 6 in. Leaves flat, lanceolate or almost linear, flaccid but strongly nerved, under 1 in. long. Panicle narrow biit loose, 1 to 3 iu. long, the rhachis and short spreading branches fiUform. Spikelets raostly pedicelhite, scarcely | line long. Oiiter empty gluraes almost orbicular, faintly -S-nerved, the 3rd or lowest flowering glume twice as long as the outer ones, and close above thera ; rhachis between the flowering glumes as loug as the outer glumes. Anthers small. Grrain small and narrow. — Kunth, Kev. Gram. t. 143. Queensland. Endeavour River, Banks and Solander, A. Cunningham. Also inTavoy, Oriffith, Wall. Cat. Herb. Ivd. n. 8909 (partly). The common Indian plant referred to this species in the Fl. Hongk. andin Thwaites Enum. Pl. Zoyl. difters in the erect virgate almost spikelike panicle, the spikelets rather longer, almost imbricate on the short erect branches, and is distinguished by Munro aa Cielachtie brachiata, Munro [Isaehne simpHciuscula, W. et Ai"n., Fa/ticum brachyglume and P. simpliciusculHm, Steud. Syn. Glum. i. 95, 96.) 81. ERIACHNE, E. Br. Spikelets 2-flowered, usually not very numerous, in a loose or dense panicle, the flowers both hermaphrodite and similar, the rhachis of tlie spikelet articulate above the outer glumes and hairj^ round the flowering ones. Empty glumes 2, persistent, acute or tapering into a point or short awn, many (usuaily 9- to 11-) nerved. Flowering glumes with fewer nerves, wath long spreading hairs on the back or margins, awn- less or tapering iuto a fine straight or curved awn not twisted. Palea very flat, ofteu hairy ou the back, with 2 prominent ahnost marginal nerves. Styles distinct, short. Grain more or less flattened, enclosed in the glume and [jalea, free frora thera. Besides the Australian species, which are mostly endemio, there are several in South Africa, and two or thi-ee in tropical Asia, of which onc or perhaps two appear to be the same as Australian ones. Awns much longcr than the glumes. Panicle dense. Spikelets sessile or nearly so. Paleaproduced into 2 fine awn-like points, Outer glumes glabrous, nearly 4 lines long. Awn above 1 in. long l. E. stipacea. Outer glumes hairy, 2 to 2^ lines long. Awn scarcely 1 in 2. -E. Armittii. Palea-point short, entire or minutely notched. Nodes densely bearded. Outer glumes hairy, nearly 4 lines long. Awn about 1 in 3. ^. squarrosa. Nodes glabrous. Outer glumes hairy, about 2 lines long. Awn under ^ in ^. E. glauca. Awns much longer than the glumes. Panicle loose, with few pedicellate spikelets. Leaves narrow, hispid with spreading hairs. Eriachne.'] CXLIV, QUAMTNEiB. 027 Outer glumes glabrous, 2^ to 3 linos long b. E. rara. Outer f^luinos hispiJ, l^ lines long Q. E. agrostidea. Awns not longer than tho (j^huncs. Panicle loose. Spike- lcts podieellute, usually fow. Leaves narrow, hispid with spreading hairs. Small slender phmts. Outcr glunies li lines, glabrous 1. E. ciliata. Outer glumes 2 to 2i lincs, shortly hairy . . . . 8. £". setacea. Leaves ghihrous. Leaves suhuhite. Outer glumes glabrous, about 4 lines long. Floworing ghimes ciHate only . . 9. ^. avenacea. Leaves flat. Outer gUnues hairy, ahout 4 lines long. Flowering ghime hairy all over 10. E. aristidea. Leavos narrow. Outer glumos glabrous, searcely \\ lines long. Paniele very looso, with long branches and pedicels 11. E. palleseens. Panich? narrow, rather more dense. Outer ghimes glabrous, ahout 3 lines long 12. E. festucacea. Awn none or i-educed to a very small point. Panicle dense ovato or oblong. Spikelets very shortly pedicellate. Outer glumes 3 to 4 lines long. Western species 13. J?. ovata. Panicle narrow. Spikelets pedicellate. Outer gluraes about 3 lines long. Low plant, with fiHform hispid leaves 14. jE". melicacea. Tall plant, with glabrous flat leaves \b. E. pallida. Panicle loose or reduced to 2 or 3 spikelets. Outer glumes not above 2 lines long. Leaves short, spreading, pungent-pointed, the sheaths covering the short branching stems . . 16. JE. scleranthoides. Leaves not pungent, the upper ones distant. Spike- lets about 2 lines long. Flowering glumes mucronate 17. -E. mucronata. Flowering glumes obtuae or scarcely acute . . . 18. J?. obtusa. Leaves very fine, hirsute. Small plant. Spikelets Agrostis-like, about 1 line long . . .19. E. capillaris. 1. E. stipacea, F. Muell. Fragm. y. 206.— Stema 2 or 3 ft. high, the nodes bearded, otherwise glabrous. Leaves narrow, flat. Panicle secund, ratherdense, 4 to 5 in. long. Spikelets narrow, not numerous, nearly sessile along the branches. Outer glumes about 4 lines long, glabrous, tapering to a fine point and produced into a straight awn, sometimes nearly halfaslong as the glume. Floweriiigglumes shortly hairy all over, with a slender curved awn about l^ iu. loug. Palea flat, tapering to a point divided into 2 awns nearly as long as the palea itself. Qneensland. Cape York, Daemel. Var. Schultziana. Awns and points of the gluraes rather but not much shorter. Ican see noother difference. — E. Schultziana, F. Muell. Fragm. viii. 137. N. Australia. PortDarwin, Schiiltz, n. 150, 183. 2. E. Armittii, F. Muell. Herh. — Stems G in. to 1 ft. high or rather more, the nodes slightly bearded. Leaves narrow, convolute. 2 s 2 628 cxj-iv. GBAMiNiciE. \_Eriachne. Panicle dense, l^ to 2 in. long, the ihachis slightly hirsute. Spikelets sessile on the short bnmches. Outer glunies 2 to 2| linea long, more or !ess sprinkled with spreading hairs arising from tubercles, taperiug into awn-like points shorter than thc glume. llowering glumes shorter, denscly hairv till over, with a finc awn usually about 1 iu. long. Palea tapering into 2 fine awn-like points a little sliorter than the glume itself. N. Australia. Gilbcrt River, Armit ; Norman Eivcr, Giilliver. 3. £. squarrosa, R. Br. Prod. 183. — Stems erect, 2 ft. high or morc, the nodcs dcnscly bcardcd with long silky hairs. Paniclc dcnse, 2 to 4 in. long. Spikelets sessilc and crowdcd along the sliort erect or slightly spreadmg branches. Outer gkuncs nearly 4 lines long, tapering to a fine point, hispid with long rigid spreading hairs. Plowering glumes nearly as loug, narrow, hairy outside, tapering into aii awn of about 1 in. Palea tapering iuto a short eutire point. — Aira squarrosa, Spreng. Syst. i. 278. N. Australia. Victoria Eiver, Elsey. Queensland. Endeavour River and Bustard Bay, Banks aiid Solander. The Molucca plant, described and figured by Brongniart in Duperr. Voy. Bot. 24, t. 3, as E. sqiiarrosa, Br., but with a 2-awned palea, would appear to me rather to represent the E. Armitiii, 4. E. glauca, R. Br. Frod. 184. — Erect, 1 to 2 ft. high, glabrous and glaucous, the nodes not bearded. Leavcs narrow, rather long. Panicie dense, 2 to 4 in. long. Spikelt-ts sessile and crowded along the short erect or slightly spreading branches. Outer glumes about 2 lines long, more or less liairy outside, acute but not awned, faintly nerved. Plowering glumes about as long, sprinkled with hairs out- side, the fine awn under ^ iu. long. Palea tapering into an entire or slightly notched point. — Kunth, E,ev. Grain. t. 64 ; Aira lcevis, Spreng. Syst. i. 278. N. Australia. Islands of tho Gulf of Carpentaria, R. Brown ; Victoria River, and Sturfs Creek, F. Mucller. 5. E. rara, R. Br. Prod. 183. — Stems slender, scarcely 1 ft. high, thc nodes bearded. Leaves very narrow, crowded at the base of the stem, hisj^id with sliort spreading hairs. Panicle short, loose, rather secund. Spikelcts few, on slcnder pedicels. Outer glumes acutely acuniinate, 2^ to 3 liues long, glabrous and dark-coloured in the speci- mens seen, Flowering glumes shorter, hairj all over, tapering into a slender awu ncarly 1 in. long. Palea tapering into a fine bifid poiut. — Aira rara, Spreng. Syst. i. 278. Queensland. Shoalwater Bay, 22. Broivn. 6. E. agrostidea, F. Muell. Fragm.\\\,^2. — A small tufted slender Eriachne.] cxLiv. oramine^. 629 annual, rarely 6 iu.liigb. Leavcs verynarrow almost siibulate, hispid with sprcadiug rigid hairs. Panicle very loose, with erect capillary branches and pedicels. Spikelets few. Outer glumes l^ lines long, hispid. with spreadiiig hairs, taperiiig into short Hne points. Flowering glumes nearly as long, ciliate with a few dorsal or niargiiial hairs, tapering into a capillary awn of a little more than | in. Palea shortly poiuted. Stameus 2. N. Australia. Port Darwin, Schultz, ii. 143 ; norlh coast of Amhera Land, 7. E. ciliata, R. Br. Prod, 184. — Slender decumbent and much branched, the sl:ems asceuding to 1 ft. in some specimeus, uuder 0 in. in others. Leaves chiefly at the base, short, narrow, fiue-pointed, spreading, more or less hirsuto with rigid spreading hairs. Panicle loose, with capillary branches aud pedicels. Spikelets few. Outer giumes nearly 1^^ lines long, ghibrous, thin, acute. Floweriug glumes not longer, more acute, with a fine awn nearly as long as themselves, hirsute outside. Palea ciliate outside. Stamens 3. Grain much flattened. — y^ira ciliala, Spreng. Syst. i. 278. N. Australia. Arnhem Land, R. Brown, 3PKiiilaij ; Port Darwin, Schultz ; Escape Cliffs, Huhe ; between Norman and Gilbert Rivers, Giillirer. Queensland. Broad iSound, R. Brown (rather smaller, the panicle rather more dense) . 8. E. setacea, Benth. — Stems under 1 ft. high, filiform, rigid, the nodes slightly bearded. Leaves also filiform aud rigid, spriukled with short rigid spreading hairs. Panicle loose, of very few pedicellate spikelets. Outerglumes very acute, 2 to 2^ lines long, shortly hirsute or nearly glabrous. Floweriug glumes about as loug, with a few hairs on the back near the base, the margius ciliate, tapering into an awn usually shorter than the glume itself Palea tapering into a long entire or minutcly notched point. N. Australia. North Coast of Arnhem Land, M'Ki)ilaij. 9. E. avenacea, B. Br.Prod. 184. — Stems usually about 1 ft. high, slender, the nodes slightly bearded or rarely glabrous. Leaves very fine, subulate, erect, chiefly at the base of the stem. Pauicle loose, nearly simple or witli few capillary branches bearing 2 or 4 pediceUate spikelets. Outer glumes usually about 3 liues long, very acute or shortly pointed, prominently nerved, glabrous. Fiowering glumes glabrous on the back except at the base, tlie margins ciliate with long hairs, tapering into an awn much shorter thau the glume itself. Palea slightjy hairy, acutely acuniinate. — Aira avenacea, Spreng. Syst. i. 278, N. Australia. Cavern Island, R. Jirown ; Victoria River and M'Adam Range. F. MucUer ; Port Darwin, SchuUz, n. 350 ; Port Essington, Arniitroiig. 10. E. aristidea, F. Muell. Fragm. v. 205. — Stems branchiug and 630 CXLIV. GRAMiNE.T^. [EriacJine. often decumbent at the base, ascending to from ^ to 1| ft., the nodes usually bearded. Leaves flat, glabrous, the sheaths otteu broad. Panicle loose, with tew spreadmg branches. Spikelets shortly pedicel- late. Outcr glumes usually purplish, about 4 lines long, acute, sprinkled with spreading hairs arising from tubercles. Flowering glumes densely silky-hairy except at the top, tapering into an awn scarcely so long as the glume itself. Palea hairy, tapering into a deeply bifid awniike point. Queensland. Bowen Downs, Birch. Central Australia. Lake 'Eyve, Audnws ; Charlotte Waters, Gihs. W. Australia. Murchison River, Oldjield. 11. E. pallescens, B. Br. Prod. 184. — Stems slender, branching, 1 to 2i ft. high, the nodes glabrous. Leaves very narrow, glabrous or slightly ciliate at; the base. Panicle very loose, with long capillary brauches and pedicels. Spikelets scarcely 1| lines hmg. Outer glumes glabrous, acute. Flowering glumes hairy outside and ciliate, tapering iuto au awn nearly as long as the glume itself. Palea entire. — Aira effusa, Spreng. Syst, i. 278 ; Eriaelme chinensis, Hance in Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 4, XV. 228, and in Journ. Linn. Soc. xiii. 136. Queensland. Endeavour River, Banks and ISolander ; Sandstone Eidges near Rockhauipton, (J Shanesy. Also in the eastem provinces of India and ia South China. 12. E. festucacea, F. Muell. Fragm. v. 205. — Erect, rather rigid, glabrous aud glaucous, above 2 ft. high. Leaves couvolute, with subulate points. Panicle narrow, not much branched, rather loose, 3 to 5 in. long. Spikelets pale-coloured. Outer glumes acute, glabrous, about 3 lines long. Floweriug glumes ionger, ciliate in the lower half and sprinkled on the back with a few hairs, taperiug into a fine point or awn shorter than the glume itself. Palea entire, siightly hairy. N. Australia. Careening Bay, N. W. Coast, A. Cunnxngham ; Upper Victoria and Fitzmaurice Rivers, F. Mueller. 13. E. ovata, Nees in Hook. Lond. Journ. ii. 418. — Steras from a horizontal glabrous or woolly rhizome erect, rather rigid, 1 to 1| ft. high ; glabrous or nearly so in the typicalform. Leaves chiefly at the base of the stem, very narrow, erect, with subulate points. Panicle deuse, ovate or lanceolate, 1 to 2 in. loug. Outer glumes acute, nearly 4 lines long, glabrous in the typical form. Flowering glumes as long or longer, pale-coloured, acutely acuminate but not awned, densely hirsute to above the middle with spreading hairs. Palea as long, shortly bifid, iess hairy on the back. — E. Preissiana, Nees in Pl. Preiss. ii. 102. W. Australia. Swan River, Brummond, \st coU. n. 971, 972 : Mount Brown, Pre%ss, n. 1838. Eriachne.] cxltt. GiiAMTNEiE. G31 Var villosa. Leaf-sheaths and stoms hclow the nodes densoly villons with soft nnt spreadms: hairs. Panicle more dcnse, with more numcrous and rathcr smaller spikc- lets. — W. Australia, Drummond, n. 168, 976 ; Champion Bay, Oldfield. 'V&T.pallida. Panicle rather longor and looser. Spikelets palc-colotired, smaller, the flowering glumes more pointcd and longer in proportion. Central Australia. Lake Eyre, Andrews ; Charlotte Waters, Gilen. Nees's descriptive articles on E. ovata and Ji. Prcissiana are word for word the same, except that in the latter he has suhstituted spiculis " ohlongis " for " ovatis." 14. "Et, melicacea, F. Muell. Fragm. v. 205. — A low tufted species, perliaps anuual, G to 8 in. liigh. Leaves very narrow, with subulate points, often as lont]; as the stein, sprinkled with short spreading hairs arismg from tubercles. Panicle or raceme of very few (usually 3 to G) pale-coloured pedicclUite spikelets. Outer glumes glabrous, acute, ratlier rigid, about 3 lines long. Flowering glumes notexceeding them, the margins densely ciliate witli long spreading hairs, the back as well as the palea glabrous except at the base or sprinkled with very few hairs. N. Australia. Upper Victoria River, F. Mueller. 15. E. pallida, F. Muell. Serh. — Steras apparently about 2 ft. high, slender and branching. Leaves fiat but narrow, with subulate points, glabrous. Panicle loose but narrow, 2 to 4 in. h)ng, the spike- lets all pedicellate. Outer gkimes glabrous, about 3 lines iong, tapering into fine points. Plowering glumes longer, with fiue poiats, but scarcely awued, glabrous on the back except near the base, the margins ciliate with long hairs. Palea hairy, tapering to a fine bifid point. N. Australia. Dampier's Archipelago, Waleot. \Q. E. scleranthoides, F. Muell. Fragm. viii. 233. — The typical plant a small mucli-branched procumbent rigid perennial, the flowering branches ascending to 1 or 2 in., the barreu ones twice as high, all covered with the closely appressed leaf-sheaths. Leaves spreading, eubulate, rigid and pungent-pointed, | to f in. long. Panicle reduced to a short raceme of 3 to G spikelets or sometimes only 1 or 2 close above the leaves. Outer glumes under 2 lines long, usually dark- coloured, rather broad, glabrous. Floweriug glumes siinilarbut thiimer and paler coloured, acute or with short fine poiuts not produced into awns, liirsute on the back with long white spreading hairs. Palea as loug, hairy or ciliate. Central Australia. Mount Olga, Qiles ; between Youldeh and Ouldabrima, YuWKJ. Var. elongata. Stems nearly 1 ft. high. Leaves \ to 1 in. long, but very spreading and pungent-pointed as in the typical form. Panicle pedunculate, with 6 to 12 spikelets. — il'Donnell Ranges, Giles. 632 cxLiv. GRAMiNE^. [JSriachne. 17. E. mucronata, i?. Br. Frod. 184. — Stems very slender but rigid, about 1 ft. high. Leaves short, spreading, subulate, with fine points, but not so pungent as in J£. schranthoides, the lower sheaths sprinkled witli rigid hairs or glabrous, the upper ones distant. Panicle ratlier loose, 1 to l^ in. long, of few spilielets closely resembling those of E. obli/sa, but rather larger, and thc ilowering glumes tipped with short poiuts exeeeding the outer gluuies. — U. brevifolia, E. Br. 1. c. ; Aira mucronata, Spreng. Syst. i. 276. Queensland. Endeavour Eiver, Baiiks and Solander ; Dunrobin, Rosewood and other localitics near Rockhampton, 0'ShaHei>i/, Thozet. 18. E. obtusa, B. Br. Prod. 184. — A variable grass, usually 1 to 2 ft. high, oflen branched in the lower part. Leaves narrow, flat or subulate, glabrous or the lower sheaths sprinkled with rigid hairs. Panicle loose, sometimes much-branched and 4 in. long, soiuetimes almust reduced to a raceme of half-a-dozen spikelets. Spikelets ovoid, about 2 liues long, appearing acute when young, assuming the obtuse aspect wlien in fruit. Outer glumes nienibranous, aciite, with fewer nerves than most apecies (usually 5), sprinkled on the back aud ciliate with a few loug hairs, rarely quite glabrous. Flowering glumes about as long, more obtuse, rarely with a minute poiut, densely ciliate to the top and spriukled on the back with spreading hairs. Palea entire, Blightiy hairy. Grain much flattened. N. Australia. Islands of the Gulf of Carpentaria, R Brown, Henne ; Upper Yictoria River and Sea Range, T. Muelkr ; Cambridge Gulf and Cygnet Bay, N. W. Coast, A. Cuniiint/ham ; Port T>-&i:^\n, Schultz, n. 800; in the interior, M^Douall Stuart ; Dampier's Archipelago (with smaller spikelets), Walcut. Queensland. Endcavour River, A. Cmuingham ; Kiiig's Creek, Bowman ; Sprmgsure, IFuth. N. S. 'Wales. Mount Cunningham in tlie interior, A. Cunningham ; between the Darling and Cooper's Creek, Neilson, Victoria Expedition. 19. E. capillaris, E. Br. Prod. 184. — A slender annual of 6 to 10 in. Leaves siiort and fine, hirsute. Panicle very loose, 1 to 2 in. long, with long capillary branches and few small dark Agrostis-like spikelets on long pedicels. Outer glumes scarcely 1 line long, rather acute, thiuly membranous, glabrous. Flowering gluraes scarcely ex- ceeding them, acute but unawned, hairy all over but not densely so. Palea as long as the glume, entire, hairy. — Kunth, Rev. Grrara. t. 63; Aira hispida, Spreng. Syst. i. 276. N. Australia. Arnhem Land, N. Coast, B. Brou-n. SuBTRiBE IV. FESTUCACEiE. — Spikclets with several often many flowers, rarely reduced to 2, in a loose aud spreading or narrow and densepanicle rarely capitate, the rhachis of the spikelet artieulate or continuous, usually produced above the flowers or bearing 1 or more terminal empty glumes. Outer glumes usually narrow, keeled, acute or obtuse. Flowering glumes usually broader, entire or CXLIV. GKAMlKEiE. 633 notched at the end, obtuse or the keel or midrib produced into a point or siraight uwn. Palea usually as long as the glume or nearly so. Grain free withiu the giurae and palea, or adnate to the palea. 82. ECTROSIA, 11. Br. Spikelets with 1 or rarely 2 fertile flowers aud 2 or more malc flowera or empty glunies abovc them, in a terminal panicle, the rhachis of the spikelet articulate above the 2 outer glumes. Outer empty glumes unawned, tlio 2nd rarely with a short point ; glume of the perfect flower with a prominent point or short awii, the upper glumes tapering iuto fiue straight awns. Styles distinct. Grain euclosed in the thiu or scarcely hardened glume andpalea. The genus is liniited to Australia. Paniclo compact and dense, with short erect branchos. Flowering ghmie 2 lines long, rather rigid, 3-norved, entire, tapering into a short avvn • 1. E. SchuUzii, Flowering glume 1 line long, thin, notched, with an awn nearly as long as itself 2. E. kporina, Panicle slender, loosc, the short branches spreading. Flowering glume about ^ line long, thin, notched, with a very short point 3. E. agi-oxtuides. Flowering glume about 1 line long, S-nervcd, tapering into a short point ; glumes of the fruiting spikelet squarrose 4. JB'. GuUiveri. 1. E. Schultzii, Benth. — A glabrous slenuer but rigid tufted grass, froiii iinder 1 tt. to 1\ \t. high. Leaves chiefly at the base, narrow, ending in subulate poiats. Paniclc uarrow and dense but more interrupted than in E. If-porina, ofteu turned to one side, 2 to 4 in. long. Spikelets not so crowded and longer, with few hairs on the pedicels. Outer glumes scarcely 1 liue long, thin and narrow. Lowest flowering glume rigid, lauceolate, distinctly 3-nerved, 1\ to 2 lines long, quite entire, taperiug into a short awn, the next nearly similar but with a lon^er awn and theflower male only, the upper 2 or 3 glumes narrower and empty. N. Australia. Between Maurice and Victoria Rivers, F. MueUer ; Port Darwin, Scfiultz, n. '2%1. 2. £!. leporina, R. Br. Prod. 186. — A glabrous slender grass attaining 2 ft. or morc, but sometimcs smaller. Leaves very narrow, ending in subulate points. Panicle narrow, dense, 3 to 6 in. long, the fine awns giving it much of the aspect of TrirapJiis mollis. Spikelets crowded alorgthe sliort erect branches, often purplish, the very short pedicels otten bearing a few long hairs. Outer glumes narrow, very acute, about 1 line h)ng. Flowering glume nearly as long, narrow, hyaline, l-nerved, shghtly notched, with a fine awn nearly as loug as 634 cxLTv. oii\MTNEiE. {^Ectrosia. tlie (,^luine. Terininal empty giuines usually 2 or 8, smaller than tlie flowering oue but with longer fiiie avvns. — Kunth, Revis. Gram. t. 69. N. Australia. Coon River, Gulf of Carpentaria, /?. Brow» ; CleTeland Bay A. Cii.iiiiiiiitii<'gham ; Rotkiiii;hum Bay, Bullachii, southern districts froui numerous collectors. N. S. Wales. Port Jackson, R. Bfcnoii ; New England, C. Stxart ; Clarence Eivor, WiIcoj: ; 'MnrvwmhuVj^c, Mrs. Calvert ; Lord Ho\ve's Island, -F«//'r'(7rt>-. Victoria. Milhourne to the westem frontier, Robert ■••■ou , F. Jfiiellcr and others. Tasmania. Ahundant in watery placcs throughout the island, J. D. Hooker. S. Australia. Spencers Gulf, R. Jirown ; St. Vinccnfs Gulf, F. Muclkr. I have seen no specimens from West Australia. 86. DISTICHLIS, Eafin. Spikelets several-flowered, dioecious, shortly pedicenate in a narrow panicle often reduced to 2 or 3 spikelets, the rhachis glabrous, articu- late between the flowering glumes, at least in the females. Outer empty glumes, narrow, keeled. Flowering glumes broader, keeled, many-nerved, all acute, unawued. Palea folded, tlie keels very promi- nent or narrowiy winged. Stamens in the males 3, without any or with a small rudimentary ovary. Staminodia in the females very rare. Lodicules broad. Ovary giabrous, taperiug into 2 rather long styles with exserted stigmas. Grain obovoid or elliptical, free, with a thick spongy pericarp. The genus consists of a single maritime species of verj wide range, chiefiy Ajnerican, ■«•ith perhaps a second inland one also American. The Australian plant appears to be identical with the common American one. 1. D. maritima, Rafin. in Journ. Phys. Ixxxix. 104. — A rigid glabrous much-branched grass, forming broad low leafy tutts, the branches sometimes growing out to 1 ft. covered to the inflorescence wdth the leaf-sheaths. Leaves narrow, rigid, very acute or pungent-pointed, usually distichously spreading. Spikelets few% 2 or 3 in the females, rather more in the males, 6 to 9 lines long in the Australian specimens, rather smaller and more numerous in some American ones, flat but rather thick, 8- to 12-flowered. Glumes closely imbricate, about 3 lines long, rather rigid aud straw-coloured. Anthers in tlie males long. Stigmas in the females protrudiiig from the end of the glumes. — Uniola spicata, Linn. Spec. Pl. 104; Brizopyrum spicatum, Hook. and Arn. Bot. Beech. 403 ; Uniola distichophyUa, Labill. PI. Nov. HoII. i. 21, t. 24 ; JPoa distichopliyUa, E. Br. Prod. 182 ; Festuca distivhophyUa, llook. f. FI. Tasin. ii. 127; F. Muell. Fragm. viii. 129; Poa paradoxa, Ecerii. and Schult. Syst. ii. 569; Poa Michauxi, Kunth, Enum. i. 325, Rev. 638 cxLiv. QBA.MINE/E. [DisticJiUs . Gram. t. 181 ; Poa thalassica, Kunth, Enum. i. 326 ; Rev. Grram. t. 81, 82 ; Distichlis thalassica aiid D. maritima, E. Desv. in C. Gay, Fl, Chil. vi. 397, 398. Victoria. Various points of the sea-coast. F. MucUer and others ; near Skipton, WhiDi ; Murray River, DaUachy ; Hopkins River, Sullivan. Tasmania. Port Dalrymple, R. Brown ; common on the sea-coasts, /. B. Hooker and others. S. Australia. St. Vincenfs and Spencer's Gulfs, F. Mueller and others. .Soine specimons from Kan^aroo Island, Jletizenroeder, in Herb. F. Muell., have short denscly tufted barren branches covered with imbricate leaves with shortly spreadin» pimgent lamin* of 3 or 4 lines. I have not seen the ripe grain, but some far advancud ovaries ah-eady show the thickened pericarp described by Kunth and by Emile Desvaux. The original genoric character given by Rafinesque wouldhave been quite insufficient for identification were it not for the specific synonyms he quotes. 87. ELYTROPHORUS, Beauv. Spikelets small and flat, few-flowered, sessile, in dense compound globular elusters crowded in a cylindrical spike or the lower ones distant, the rhachis of the spikelet glabrous, articulate under the flovvering glumes. Outer empty glumes narrow, membranous, keeled with short points. Elowering glumes 3-nerved, tapering into long points or short awns, 1 or 2 upper glumes empty or with male flowera. Palea folded, with 2 dorsal wings. Stamen 1. Styles free, distiuct. G-rain smooth, free. The genus is limited to the single Australian species, widely spread over tropical Asia and Africa. 1. E. articulatus, Beauv. ; Kttnth, Enmn. i. 391, Eev. Gram. t. 154. — An erect ghibrous anuual, from uuder 6 in. to rather above 1 ft. high includiiig the inflorescence. Leaves flat, often longer than the stem, with loose sheaths. Spikelets small and very numerous, the globular clusters sessile in a cylindrical spike 3 to 4 lines diameter and often occupying the greater part of the plant, either continuous throughout or interrupted and shortly branched at the base. Glumes rarely 1 line long without the points, the awus of the flowering ones about as long as or rarely louger than the glume. Dorsal wiugs of the palea entire or denticulate, either both or one only rather broad. N. Australia. Victoria Eiver, F. MueUer ; between Norman and Gilbert Riv(!rs, Giillirir. Queensland. Rockhampton and neighbouring districts, 0' Shanesy, Botvman ; Bowen Downs, Birch. S. Australia. Murray River, F. MueUer ; Charlotte Waters, Central Australia, Giles. CXLIT. GHAMINEi!;. 039 88. KCELERIA, Pers. Spikolets 2- or uiorc-flowercd, flat, sliortly pedicellate, numcrous in a dense spike-like cylindiioal or interrupted pauicle, tho rhacliis of the spikelct articulate between the flowerin<; glumes, glabrous. Glumcs keclcd, acute or produced into short straiglit awns or points, 2 outer eiiipty oncs unequa] and scarious on tlie inargin only ; flowering glumes siniihu' but more scarious or hyaline, the upj^cr oncs gradually smaller, the lowest thc largcst aiid sessile within the empty oues, the upperinost one or two usually empty. Palea vcry thin, acutely 2-kecle(l, 2-loothed or 2-])ointed. Styles very short. Graiu euclosed in the glume nnd palca tVee from them. A small genus ransing over the temperate regions of the northeru hemisphere, more sparingly distributed in the southem and perhaps most frequently introduced. The Australian species are both common northern oncs. Perennial. Larger glumes acute, 2 to 3 lines long . . . . l. K. cristata. Annual. Larger glumes shortly awned, H lines long . . 2. X. phl 1. K. cristata, Pers. ; Kunth, Emm. i. 381. — A perennial, the coinnion northern fonn usually about 6 in. liigh with a deiise tuft of shoi-t Jeaves nnd a cylindrical spike-like panicie of 1 to 2 in., the spike- lets mostly 2- or 3-flowered, the Australian specimens belonging chiefly to a luxuriaut forin 1 to 2 ft. high. LeaA'es pubescent-ciliate. Spike- like pauicle 3 to G in. long, interrupted at the base, very shining. Spikelets 4 to 5 lines long, with 5 to 7 flowers. Outer glumes 3 liues long, very thin, scarious on the edges, 3- or 5-nerved ; floweriug glumes more scarious, almost nervelesa except the green keels, all acute but not awned.— Hook. f Fl. Tasm. ii. 126 ; Eeichb. Ic. Fl. Gcrm. t. 93. N. S. Wales. North of Bathurst, A. Cunniiigham (largc and luxuriant). VJctoria. Wimmera, Curdie (the small typical foi'm). Tasmania. Macquarrie Plains, Gtinn (large and luxuriant) . The species ranges over the temperate and subtropical regions of the New and the Old World in the northem hemisphere, and in some parts of the southem. 2. K. phleoides, Fers. ; Kimtli, Eniim. i. 383. — An erect tufted annual of 6 in. to 1 ft. usually glabrous except long cilia on the margins and orifice of the leaf-slieaths. Spikclike panicle f to 2^ in. long, cylindrical or when large slightly branched. Spikclets about 2 lines long, with 5 to 7 flowers. Gluuies very spreading, the largerones 1|- lines long with a point or awn rai'ely above 1 line long, the outer empty oues unequal, the lowest small and acute, the 2nd shortly poiuted and nearly as loug as the flowering ones, the terminal empty glume or glumes usually broader, shorter and awnleas. N. S. 'Wales. Yass, Mrs. Calvert ; Mudgee, Taylor. S. Australia, Adelaide and Torrens River, F. Mmller ; Swan Hill, Gummon (the latter with very short awns). 640 CXLIV. GEAMiNE^. [Koeleria. Thc spccies extcnds over tlie whole of thc Mediterranean region from tho Azores to A%hanistan, and may be introduced only into Australia. * 89. DACTYLIS, Linn. Spikelets several-flowered, sessile aud densely crowded in tliick one- sided cluslers, arrauged iu a short irregular spike or at the ends ot' the short branches of a dense irreguhir oue-sided panicle. Flowering glumes 3- or 5-nerved, the keel promineut and produced into a point or short awu. Grain free, concave or broadly furrowed. The genus is limited to a single species common in Europe, temperate Asia and North Africa, and now naturalised in Australia as in some other countries. * 1. D. glomerata, Linn. ; Kunth, Enum. i. 386. — A coarse stifF grass of 1 to 2 ft., the perenuial stock forming at length dense tufts. Clusters of spikelets dense and ovoid, sometiines collected into a clo.se spike of about 1 in. sometimes in a broken spike of several iuchesoron the brauches of a short, raore or less spreading pauicle. Each s[)ikelet much flattoned, 3- to 5-flowered. Floweriug glumes lanceolate, 2 to 2\ lines long, ciliate on the back, outer glumes rather shorter, narrow, with a prominent ciliate keel. — Eeichb. lc Fl. Germ. t. 59 ; F. Muell. Fragm. viii. 126. Now naturalised in various localities in N. S. ^lTales and Victoria, F. Mueller and others. 90. CENTOTHECA, Desv. Spikelets several- (usually 3-) flow^ered, flat, all pedicellate in a loose spreading panic-le, the rhaL-his of the spikelet slender, inarticulate, gla- brous. Glumes aoute ormiuutely poiuted, unawned, keeled, the lowest floweriug glume close above the 2 outer empty oues and like them glabrous, the upper flowering ones bearing on the marginal nerves a few rigid bristles at flrst erect, at length reflexed. Palea 2-keeled. Ovary glabrous. Styles distiuct, short. Grain oblong, not furrowed, free. The genus is limited to the single Australian species, generally spread over tropical Asia and Africa. 1. C. lappacea, Desv. ; Kunth, Ennm. i. 366, Bevis. Gram. t. 70. — An erect giabrous grass of mauy feet. Leaves flat, | to f in. broad, the numerous parallel uerves very prominent ; ligula short, ciliate or jagged. Pauicle terminal, 8 to 10 iu. loug aud as broad when open, the capillary brauches slightly divided. Spikelets 3 to 4 lines loug, green. Lowest empty glume a little more than 1 liue, the 2nd 1\ lines long ; flowering gluraes a little larger, the rhachis produced into a short poiuL beyond ihc uppermost une, or bearing a small termiual empty Cenfotheca.'] cxht. ghamtnEjE. 6U gliime. Flowers within the gluines often distinctly stipitate with the paloa inserted on the stipes. — Beauv. Agrost. t. l-i, f. 7. Queensland. Daintree River, Fitzalan ,- Johnston Rivcr, GuUiver. Var. biflnra. Spikclets smaller with only 2 flowering glumes, tho lowest glabrous like the outer onf^-*, tho upper one alone sotiferous. — Kockinghain Bay, Bnllachy. 91. ERAGROSTIS, Beauv. Spikelets several- iisually many-flowered, pedicellate or sessile in a loose and sproading or iiarrow and clustered ])anicle, tlie rhachis of the spikelet usually glabrous and articulate uuder the flowering glumes, but ofton very tardily so aud sometimos inarticulate. Outer empty glumes unequal and rather shorter than the flowering ones, keeled, without any or only faint Literal nerves. Flowering glumes obtuse or aciite, unawned, 3-nerved, the keel prominent, the lateral nerves in a few species very faint. Palea shorter than the glume, with 2 prominent nerves or keels, often persisting after the glume and graiu have falleu away. Grain free, ovoid or oblong, not furrowed. The genus is as widely sprcad as Poa in warm and temperate regions, but disappears in cold countries and high moimtains. Of the nineteen Australian species five at least are common East Indian ones, one of them abundant also beyond the tropics in the Old World, one is also in New Zeahmd, the rcmaining thirtcen have not yet becii absohitely identified with extra Australian species, although some of them as ob- served by Munro are very closely connected if not identical with South African or American species. The limits to be assigned however to some of the variable oncs are as yet very uncertain, and in F. ]\Iueller's collections there are twoorthi-ee more which may prove to be distinct species but of which the specimens are scarcely suffi- cient for identification. Sect. I. Chaunostachya. — Spil'elets somcivhat flattened, the glumes rather distaitt, loosehj imbricafe, overlappuig the rhachis at the base so as )iot to leave a lv)igitudinal furrotv, usually verg thi)i icith the lateral iie)-ve oh each side fai)it or ma)-ginal. The first three species have the few-flowered spikelets with the rhachis very readily disarticulating of Poa, but alwaj^s only one instead of two nerves on each side of the keel of the flowering glumes. Spikelets usually 3- or 4-flowered, pedicellate, in a spreading panicle. Spikelets very numerous and minute, i to f line long. Grain ovoid, smooth 1. ^. toiella. Spikelets on long capillarj' pedicels, 1 to 2 lines long. Grain globular, tuborculate 2, E. )iigra. Spikelets few, shortly pedicellate. in a loose panicle, 1 to 2 lines long. Grain ovoid, smooth . . . 3. E. i»ibecilla. Spikelets linear, more than 6-flowercd. Glumes very obtuse truncate or emarginate. Spike- lets numerous, in a loose panicle 4. E. trichophylla. Glumes acuto or rarcly almost obtuse. Spikelets numerous, palc-colourcd, shining, shortly pedicellate and crowded on thc long branchcs of a narrow panicle. TOL. VIT. 2 T 64-2 I cxi.iv. GRAMiNK^. [£ragroslis. Grain oLlong-linear o. K hptocaipa. Grain broadly obovoid 6. i'. mtgalosperma. Spikolets numerous, very narrow linear, shortly pcdicellate and distant along the capillary erect branches of the pauicle 1. E. pilosa. Spikelets not very numerous, linear-lanceolate, pedicellate, in"a spreading- panicle . . . . 8. 2'. leptostachya. Sect. II. Me^astacbya. — Splkvlets u-hen mature very Jiat. Glumes closely im- bricate in 2 dlstinct rows, leaviug a lougitudit/al furroiv or depressiou between them on each side of the spikelet, the lateral nerve usuallg prominent in the middle of each side of the glume. Base of the stems glabrous, not at aU or scarcely thickened. Spikelets narrow, about 3 lines long, crowded secund and spreading or refiexed on the short clustered branches of a simple punicle. Glumes very acute 9. ^. Schultzti. Spikelets under 3 lines, sessile in small dense globu- lar or oblong chxsters sessile along a simple rhachis. Stamens usually 2 10. 7:,'. diandra. Spikelets 3 to 6 lines, rather narrow, usually sessile and erect, scattered or clustered, rarely shortly pedicellate and spreading, in a simple or branched panicle. Stamens usually 3 . 11. ^, Broxcnii. Spikelets 3 to 6 lines long, broad sessile and crowded on a short almost simple rhachis. Palea-keels ciliate with long rigid hairs \2. E. concinna. Spikelets narrow, clustered along the long erect branches of a narrow panicle. Palea narrow, truncate, giabrous, not above ^ as long as the giume \2>. H. spcciosa. Base of the stem and short sheath of radical leaves thickened into an almost bulbous wooUy-hairy base. Spikelets shortly pedicellate, nearly 2 lines broad, the base of the Howering glumes woolly-hairy . . 14. £. lanijlora. Spikelets sessile, scattered, glabrous, above 1 line broad \b. E. eriopoda. Spikelets shortly pedicellate, glabrous, about f line broad \Q. E. chmtophylla. Sect. III. Qy\ix\.dcrosta.chy&.--Spihlets vcry larroxv, terete or uearly so. Glitmes ehsely appresstd. Spikelets 10- to 30-flowcred, rather obtuse, shortly pcdicellate in a small panicle \1. E. lacunaria. Spikelets 12- to 50-flowered, obtuse, sessile, usually clustered, often incurved \%. E. fah-ata. Spikelets 8- to 10-flowered, rather acute, nearly sessile, divaricate, on the spreading branches of the panicle 19. E. stenostnchya. Poa porraiitha, Steud. Sjti. Ghim. i. 262, from Port Jackson, D' JJrvilk, is described as having the flowering glumes with onlj' one nerve on each side, and would there- fore be an Eruyrosti^, but his character is insufficient for identiflcation. Erugrosiis e.rimin, Steud. 1. c, from New Holland and New Zealand, with a .5-nerved flowering glumc, is certainly no Erayroslis, but cannot be determined without seeing a speciinon. Era>p-OStlS.] CXLIV. ORAMINE.E. 643 Sect. I. CirvtTN0ST.\cirY.v. — Spikelets narrow or verv small, some- what tiattenod, tlio olumes rathor distant, loosely imbricate, overlapping the rhafhis at the baso so as not to leave the longitudinal furrow of Mn/astachi/o, usually verv tliin or hyaline, the lateral nerve on each side usuallv faint or marginal, the rhachis often as readily disarticu- lating as in Poa, the palea rarely persistent after the fali of the grain. 1. E. tenella, Beauv. ; Benth. Fl. H.ongh. 431. — An erect tufted annual, from tj m. to near 2 ft. high. Leaves fiat, usually narrow, glabrous. Panicle usually occupying the greater part of the plant, with very numerous capillary much dividcd branches, the lower oncs in distantwliorls or clusters. Spikelets pedicellate, minute, rarcly | line long, with 3 or 4 or rarely G flowers. Glumes thin, ahuost hyaline,*obtuBe, about \ line long, the lateral nerve oii each side almost mar^iual, very ]oosely imbricate, the rhachis articiilate. Palea glabrous, as long as the glume. Stamens varying 1 to 3. Grain very small, ovoid. — Poa tenella, Linn. ; R. Br. "Prod. 181. N. Australia. Upper Victoria and Fitzmaurice Eiver, F. MueUer ; Gulf of Carpentaria. Landsboroncjh, Gnlliicr. Queensland. Broad Soiind, R. Bmicii ; Port Denison, FitzaUau ; Rockhampton and neighbouring districts, Tliozei, Bowman, 0'Shanesij ; Kennedy district, Baintree ; Mitchell district, Birch. Victoria. King River, F. MneUer. Central Australia. Macdonnell Kange and Charlotte Watera, Giles ; Stephenson Eiver, JI-Douall Stiiart. Widely spread in eastem tropical Asia. The confusion between this species and F. plunfjta,, Link (P. amahilis, Linn.) was cleared up by Munro in Journ. Linn. Soc. vi. 43, aad the result given in Fl. Hongk. as abovequoted. Kimth'8 figure of i*. teneUa, Kev. Gram. 1. 147, represents the E. phimosa. 2. E. nigra, Nees in Sfeiid. Si/n. Glum. 2G7, var. trachycarpa. — Leaves only seen in one specimen, narrow, rather short. glabrous. Panicle 1 ft. long or more, very loose, with very long capillary divided branches, bearing few small dark-coloured spikelets on long capillary pedicels, the spikelets ovate, 1 to 2 lines long, loosely 2- to 4-flowered, quite glabrous. Flowering glumes broad, obtuse or scarcely acute, hyabne, the lateral nerves scarcely conspicuous. Palea as long, usually broad. Stamens 3, with small anthers. Grain large in proportion, globular, promineutly rugose-tuberculate. W. S. 'Wales. New England, C. Stiiart ; Armidale, Perrott. It is on the authority of ilunro that I have rcferred this to theEast Indian E. 'lir/ra, from which our specimens differ slightly in the longer pedicels and more prominently rugose grain. 3. E. imbecilla, Benth. — Stems tufted and branched at the base, woak and filitonn. ascending to from 6in. to 1 ft. Leaves vcry narrow, spreadino'. Panicle loose and slender, with few distant branclies mostly undiA-ided. Spikelets few, pedicellate, H to 2 lines long, rather loosely 2 T 2 644; CXI.IT. GBAMINE^. \_Eragrostis . 4- to 6-flowered, glabrous. Floweriug ^lumes scarcely above l line long, livaline, the lateral nerves alniost or qnite inarginal. Palea curved, sometimes persistent, but usually falling off with the gluine ou the rhachis disarticulnting, — Poa imhecilla, Forst. (uame only) ; Spreng. Mant. i. Fl. Ilal. 3.3 ; Hook. f. Handb. N. Zel. Fl. 337, but not of E. Br. ; P. Sprcngclii, Kunth, Enuin.i. 363, wrongly referred by Steudel to P. imjylexa, Trin. Queensland. Hcrberfs Creek, Boivma». I cannot distinguish thcse specimens fi-om thosc descrihed hy Hooker from Ncw Zoaland. Forster's plant is only known from Sprcnjjefs impGrfcct character ; which however as far as it goes agrees fiirly with our phint, except that he says the lcaves are very long. 4. E. trichophylla, Benth. — Sfems densely tufted, about 1 ft. higli, sleuder. Jjeaves very narrow, the sheaths sprinkled witb long fine spreading hairs. Paniele loose, spreading, 3 to 4 in. long, with numerous seattered divided capillary branches. Spikelets on filiform pedicels, very narrow, slightl}^ compressed, 2 to 4 lines loug, loosely 8- to 12-flowered, the rhachis articulate. Glumes rather distant, closely appressed, \ to f line long, broad, very obtuse truncate or emarginate, thin and shining, the lateral nerves prominent. Palea nearly as long, glabrous. Stamens 2 or 3. Grain small but not seeu ripe. 5. Australia. North of Fowler^s Bay, Giles. This species appears to eonnect the sections Chaunostachya and Cijlindrostachya. 5. E. leptocarpa, Benfh. — An elegant slender grass, from under 1 ft. to 2 ft. high, with much of the habit, the flat leaves, and inflorescenee of E. tenella. Panicle at first narrow, at length spreading with numerous much divided capillary branches, the lower ones often clustered and in the larger specimens 6 in. long and the whole panicle 9 or lOin., in otlier speeimens nmch smaller. Spikelets narrow-linear, 2 to 3 lines long, loosely 6- to 12-flowered, pale-coloured and shining, glabroiis. Glumes very narrow, rather acute, f line long, thin and hyaline, the lateral nerves not very conspicuous. Palea nearly as long. Stamens usualh^ 2, antliers very small. Grain oblong-linear, sometimes very narrow and as long ns the glumc, in othcr specimens shorter. Queensland. IMitchelf District, Birch. Central Australia. Charfotte Waters, Ollcs. G. E. megalosperma, F. Muell. Herb.—Stems 2 to 3 ft. higli, the branches almost tiliform biit often rigid and clustered. Leaves long and narrovv, flat or convolutc, glabrous. Panicle narrow and compact, 3 to 8 in. long, with erect branches. Spikelets sessile or shoitly pcdicellate, erect, crowded,linear, about3 lines long when fully out, rather silvery-sliining, loosely 6- to 8-flowered, tlie rhachis giabrous, scarcely articulate. Plowering glumes about 1 liue long, acute, the lat(M'nl nerves often scarcely conspicuous except at the base. Palea nearly as lcng, searcely curved. Stameus usually 2, oblong. Grain l£ra(/rustls.'] c.VMV. gramink.e. 645 broadly ovoid, often f as longas theglume, readily fallin^' away lcaving thc <:;lumc and palca more persistent. Queensland. Rockhampton, 0'ShaiieKij: Gwj'dir Rivtv, Z«)c/j/i(?>-rf^ 7. E. pilosa, lieauc. A(jrost. 71. — A tutted erect or ascending annual, l to uear 2 ft. high. Leaves narrow, usually flat. Panicle 6 in. to i ft. long, narrow at tirst, spreading whcn in fruit, with numerous long capillary divided brauchcs. Spikelets 2 to 4 lines long, narrow linear, usually of a dark Icaden colour but palc wheu old, loosely 6- to 20-flowered, the rhachis scarccly articulate. Glumes tiiin, distinctly keeled, the hvteral nerves faint aud sliort. Palea ncarly as long, slightly ciliate on the keels, often persistent after the gluines have fallen avvay. Grrain ovoid-oblong, smooth. — Foa pilosa, Linn. ; Kunth, Enum. i. 329 ; P. verticillata, Cav. Ic. i. G3, t. 93 ; P. paroi- flora and P. pellucida, R. Br. Prod. 180, 181 ; E. parviflora, Trin. in Mem. Acad. Petersb. 1831, 411 ; E. pellucida, Stcud. Syn. Gium. 279; P. teneJla, Sieb. Agrostoth. n. 79, not of Linn. Queensland. Broad Sound, R. Brown ; Kennedy District, Dahttree; Rock- hanipton and neighbouring districts, Bowman, Thozet, 0' Shanesij ; Urisbane River, Bailey and others. N. S. Wales. Port Jackson to the Blue Mountains, R. Brotvn, Woolls and many others ; Xew England. C. Stuart ; Clarence River, Wilco.v. Victoria. Oveus and Jlurray Rivers, F. Mueller ; Portland, Allitt. A common -weod in the warmer and some temperate regions of the northem hemisphere, chiefly inthe Old World. The hairs at the base ofthe branches of the panicle, which originally gavc rise to the specific name, are not observable in any gf the Australian s})ecimens and not constant in European ones. 8. E. leptostachya, Steud. Syn. Glum. i. 279. — Stems slender, usually about 1 ft. high. Leaves at the base narrow, convolute or setaceous, glabrous. Panicle looselj pyramid.al, 3 to 5 in long, with slender dividcd spreading branclies. Spikelets on capillary pediceL>^ of 1 to 3 lines, loosely spreading, about 2 lines long, narrow, biit rauch broader than in E. pilosa, much smaller than in E. Broivnii, loosely 6- to 10-flowered, usuully dark-coloured. Grlumes acute, more spreadiug than in E. pilosa, the lateral nerves faint and almost marginal. Palea nearlv as long, glabrous. Graiu ovoid, smooth. — Poa leptostachya, R. Br. Prod. 180. Queensland. Brisbane River, licdlc'/ ; King'8 Creek, Bowmau. N. S. Wales. Port Jackson, R. Brown, Woolls ; New England, V. Stuart ; Illawarra, Johuson ; Macleay River, Beckl r. The species appears to bo intormediate between E. pilona and E. Brownii, var. jmteus, but distinct from both. Sect. IL i\lEGASTAcnY.\. — Spikelcts when mature very flat, the glumes usually uumerous, closely imbricate in two distinct rows, leaving a longiiudinal depression or furrow on each face of the spikelet, the lateral uerve usually prominent about tlie middle of the siiie, the rhachis less readily disarticulating thau in Chaunostac/ii/a audthe palea very Irequeiitly persisting after the glume and graiu have falleu away. 646 CXLIV. ttBAMIKE/E. [Eraffi'ostis. 9. E. Schultzii, Benth. — Stems ratlier rigid, 3 ft. high or niore. Leaves as long, tlat, the larger ones 2 to 3 liiies broad, quite glabrous. Panicle narrow, 6 to 8 in. long, with short spreading branehes, the lower ones in distant clusters, the upper ones scattered. Spikelets crowded and elustered along the branclies trom their base, all turned to the lower side, and very spreadiug or reflexed, sessile or very shortly pedicellate, flat when full grown, 2 to 3 lines long, 8- to 12-il()wered. Glumes closely distichous, acutely keeled and acule, the lateral nerve prominent on each side. Palea nearly as loug. Stamens 3. Grraiu very small, ovoid. N. Australia. Port 'D9xyfm.,Schi(ltz, n. 81. 10. E. diandra, Steud. Syn. Glum. \. 279. — Stems 1 to 2 ft. high. Leaves very narrow, often convolute, glabrous. Panicle usually con- tracted into an interrupted spike of 3 to 6 in. Spikelets very numerous, rarely above 2 lines long, flat, scarcely 1 line broad, 6- to 12-flowered, sessile in dense sessile clusters, the upper ones formuig a cyhndrical spike 3 or 4 lines diameter, the lower clusters usually distant, the lowest oblong or forming a cylindrical sessile spike of \ in. or more. Plowering glumes closely distichouSj thin, rather obtuse, the lateral nerves in tlie centre of each side or near the margin. Rhachis tardily or not at all articulate. Palea nearly as long as the glume, incurved. Stamens 2 with small anthers in tlie flowers examined but perhaps soinetimcs 3. Grraiu ovoid. — Poa lUandra, li. Br. Prod. 180; P. interrupta, Sieb. Agrostoth. n. 74. N. Australia. Upper Victoria Rivcr and Sturfs Creek, F. Muellei; Queensland. Keppel and Shoalwater Bays, R. Broici) ; northern districts, Gutllrer, Armlt ; Rockhampton and southern districts, TJiozet, Bowman, Leichhardt, Bailey and others. N. S. Wales. Port Jackson, R. Brown ; New England, C. Stuart ; Clarence Eiver, JFUcoj-, Beckler. S. Australia. Tainuuda, F. Miicller. Vi^. Australia. DrHmmoiid, n. 170; Blackwood River, Walcot, Forrcst. In the case of some specimens it is difficult to decide whether they should be referred to this species or to an extreme form of E. Broivi/ii, though generally the two appear veiy distinct. The number of stamens, 2 in E. diandra, '6 lo. E. Brownii, is not I believe constant. 11. E. Brownii, Nees in Sleud. Syn. Glum. i. 279. — A very variable pLint in stature and aspect, usually above 1 ft. high, with very narrow flat or couvolute leaves, glabrous exeept a few cilia at the orifice of the sheaths not by any means constaut. Panicle sometimes siaipleaud dense, a few inches long, almost ypikelike with uumerous small densely clustered spikclets, always however longer and more acute than in ^. diandra, sometimes with short spreading branches and few spikelets, sometimes a foot long with few distaut branches aud long spikelets singly scattered or in distinct clusters, and a great variety of iuter- mediate forms. Spikelets always sessile or very nearly so, flat, varying from i to l in. long, with 10 to 40 flowers, the rhachis very tardily articuliite. Phjweriug glumes closely distichous, tlie lateral nerve Jiragrustis.'] u.VLlV. OKAMlNEJ'. 647 nearly ceiilral ou cuch side anil proiniiiont. l'aka sliortcn- tlum tlie glume, inciirved, tlie keels usually iniuutely ciliate. JStanieiis iisually ;-{, but sonietimes ouly 2 even iu tlielarger spikelets. Grain ovoid-oblong, sinooth. — Poa polijmorpha, K. Br. l'rod. 180; Mef/asfacliya polyjuuri>ha, Beauv. Agrost. 71; Foa Bruwuii, .Ivunth, Euuin. 1.333. N. Australia. Islands of the Gulf of Carpentaria, R. JSrncii, Uennt ; "Victoria River and Sturfs Creok, F. MutlUr ; Dampiers Arehipelago, iralcot ; Port Essing- ton, Arinstrunij ; Port Darwin, Sclmltz, n. 210, 312, 4-53. These northern .-ipeciuiens ehiefly with ratherlarge seatteredor sHghtly cUistered spikelets, and have somctimes the leaf-sheaths slis^htl}' hairy, which constitutes the Foa pubesceiis, R. Br. Prod. 181 ; Fraf/io.-itisp/ibtsci/.s, Steud. Syn. Glum. i. 279, Queensland. Princc of "'Wales Islands and Kcppel Bay, li. Broun ; numerous localities in northern and southern Ciuoensland and in the interior, A. Cunuliijhaw, F. Mii>'lki\ .M-GiUuniii, Boinnan, 0' Shaiasij and many others, with vcry numcrous varieties. N. S. Wales. Port Jackson, R. Brown, Woolh and others ; New England, C Stuart ; Liverpool i^hiins, C. Moorc ; Clarence Kiver, Wilcox ; Kichmond Kivcr, Fawcctt ; Lachian and Darling Rivers, A. Cuifiingham, i)rt//rtc//y and othcrs ; chiefly ■with small spikelets. Victoria. Dandenong Ranges, King, Murray and Ovens Rivers, F. Muvllcr ; Glenelg River, RubirUon. W. Australia. Blackwood River, Walcot ; Murchison River, (>W/foW. Var. intcrrupta. A largcr plant, often 3 or 4 ft. high, -wath long flat leaves and large spikelets in dense distinct chisters. — Roa iiitcrnijita, R. Br. Prod. 180 ; Era- grostis ii.tvrruptn. Steud. Syn. Glum. i. 279. — Endeavour River, Banks and Solander ; Hervey Bay, R. Browu ; Clarence River, Wilcox ; Tweed River, C. Moore ; also in Leichhardf s collection. Var. patens. Panicle loose, often spreading. Spikelets rather small, most of them shortly pedicellate. — Port Jackson and Blue Mountains, R. Browu, iroolls and others ; Victoria, F. Minilcr. The species appears tohe widely spreadin East India and should probably include E. zeylauica, Nees, and some others, and comes very close to some American ones. E. Urvilki, Steud. Syn. Glum. i. 279, from New Holland, D' Urville, isunknown to me, but there is nothing in SteudePs diagnosis to distingTiish it from. E. Brownii. 12. E. concinna, Steut}. Syn. Ohtm. i. 279. — A rigid tufted grass under 1 h. and often under 6 in. high. Leaves convobite, subuhite, erect, glabroua except a tew cilia at the orifice and margins of the sbeaths. Panicle reduced to aii interrupted spike shorter than the leaves. Spikelets sessile or nearly so, ia dense clusters but not numerous, erect, very flat, pale-coloured, 3 to 5 lines long and 1\ lines broad, with 10 to 20 or even more flowers, the rhachis at length articulate. FJowering glutnes closely distichons, rather rigid, 11 linea long, the hiteral nerve on the niiddle of eaeh siHe very prominent. Palea rather bioad, the keels ciliate especially in the upper half with long rigid cilia. Staniens 2, with verv small authers. — Foa conctnna, E. Br. Prod. 180. N. Australia. Ishinds of the Gulf of Carpentana, R. Brown (according to his herbarium. but marked in the Prodromus by mistake as from Port Jackson). Central Australia. Lake Eyre, Audrews, Lewis. 648 cXLiv. GKASiiNicji. [Eragrostis. 13. E. speciosa, Steud. Syn. Qlum. \. 279. — Stenis2 to 8 fi. hip;h. Leaves long aud narrow, convolute, alniost tilitorm, glabrous. Panicle loiig and narrow or with a tew loiig erect branches, the lower ones distaut. Spikelets sessile, moreor less clustered, cflabrous, of a pale or leaden colour, vory flat and ueat, 3 to 6 lines long, about | line broad, with 10 to 20 flowers in some specimens, as many as 40 in others, the rhachis scarcely articulate. Ghimes very thiu, obtuse, f line long, the lateral nerve prominent at the base on each side. Palea not ^ as loug, curved, truncate, persistent. Stamens 2 in the flowers examined. — Poa elegans, E. Br. Prod. 181 ; P. speciosa, Eoem. aud Schult. Syst. ii. 573. N. Australia. Islands of theGulf of Carpentaria, 5. -B/oti-v/. Queensland. Robinson River, Armif. ; Gracemere, 0'Shanesy ; King"s Creek, BuUDKln. Central Australia. Hamilton River, M^Boitall Stuart. 14. E. laniflora, Bentli. — Rhizomc aud somewhat bulbous bases of the stems woolly-liairy. Stems 1 to \\ ft. high, sliglitly cottony at the nodes. Leaves narrow, flat, with scabrous sheaths. Panicle ioose, 4 to 6 in. long, with few divaricate or reflexed scabrous brauches. Spike- lets very shortly pedicellate aud not numerous, divaricate or reflexed, verv flat, 4 to 8 in. long, nearly 2 iines broad with 20 to 50 flowers, the rhacliis tardily articulate. Glumes rather broad, very thin, closely distichoiis, enveloped at the base in woolly haiis. Palea nearly as long, the keels ciliate with soft hairs near the base. Stamens 3, with rather long anthers. Grain globular. N. S. Wales. Darling River, Mrs. Fordc. Central Australia. Lake EjTe, Andreus ; Charlotte Waters and towards West Austraha, Gilis. 15. E. eriopoda, Benth.—-)^iem& 1 to l\ ft. high, somewhat bulbous and deusely woolly at the base. Leaves very nan-ow. short, the lower sheaths pubescent or hirsute. Pauicle in some specimens reduced to au iuterrupted spike, in others divided into spreading branches. Spikelets uearly sessile, scattered or in pairs, very flat, 3 to 9 liues long, above 1 line broad, with 10 to 30 or more flowers. Glumes closely distichous but rather spreadiug, obtuse, almost hyaline with a dark greeu nerve ou each side, glabrous. Palea as loiig. Stamens 2 only in all the flowers examined, with rather large anthers. N. Australia. Cygnet Bay, N. W. coast, A. Cunningltam ; Dampiers Archipe- lago, Waleot. 16. E. chaetophylla, Steud. Syn. Olum. i. 279.— Stenis from a shortiy thickened ahuost bulbous slightly woolly-hairy base densely tufted, slender but rigid, 6 in. to 1 ft. high,' otten leafy to the iuflorescence. Leaves very narrow, convolute or setaceous, glabrous. Panicle uarrow, i| to 3 in. long, shortiy branched. Spikeiets usually rather numeious, shortly pedicellate, scattered or crowded, flat and thin, 2 to 4 or rarely 6 liues loug, 1 to U lines broad, 6- to 30-flowered. Jirfii/rosfis.] CXMV. ohaminEjE. G49 Glumes closely disticlious or rntl i r loose, f line loiig, obtuse or aliuost iicute, livaline or puiplisli, ilie latenil uerve proiniiient oii each siile at tlie base. Palea iieurly as long, glabrous. Stauiens 3. Graiu sinall, ovoid-oblong. — E. setifolia, Nees in Hook. Lond. Journ. ii. 411), not of Ecnth. ; Poa dio/idra,¥. Aluell. Ivep. Babb. Exped. 21, not of li. Br. W. Australia. Cygnet Bay, N. W. Coast, A. Ctmningham. Queenslaud. .Mitchcll District, Birnh. N. S. Wales. l'lains of the Luchlan aiiJ Darling, A. Cuuniuijhani, Mitchcll, lUiikitt. S. Australia. Ciidnaka and Murray Rivcr, F. Mucllcr ; Sturfs Creek, Bubbafjes E.rpcditiiiii : Charlotti' Watcrs, Gifcs ; Lake Eyre, Audrews. W. Australia. JMurchison River, Oldficld ; Fraser'8 llangc. Dcmpster. Var. :- puiicijliira. Spikelcts small. fcw-flowercd, most of them howcvcr imperfectly dovcloped in the specimens seen. — Lake Eyre, Audrcwfi. Sect. III. Ctlixdrostachta. — Spikelets very narrow, terete or nearly so, the rbaehis scavcely or tardily articulate. Glumes closely appressed. Palea usually persisteut. 17. E. lacunaria, F. 3Iitell. Herb. — Stems slender, abnost filiform but rigid, 6 in. to 1 ft. or rarely \\ ft. high, the base sometimes almost bulbous but glabrous. Leaves very narrow, almost setaceous, nsuallv short. Pauicle loose, 2 to 4 in, long, with short spreading rather rigid branches. Spikelets few on the branches, shortly pedicellate, very narrow, 3 to G lines long, 10- to 24-flowered, teretc or very sHgiitly flattened. Flowering glunies closely appressed, broad, obtuse, scarcely I Jine long, usually purple, keeled, but the lateral nerves very faiut or obsolete, the rhachis scarcely articulate. Palea nearly as long. Queensland. Gracemere, 0' Shancsij ; nearthe Barcoo, Birch ; Darling Downs, Liiu' : al.-o in MifchcWs subtropical collection. N. S. Wales. Mount Murchison, Dallachi/. S. Australia. iMorunda, Murray Kiver, F. Mueller ; Lake Eyre, Audreics. With the hahit and inliorescence nearly of E. chwtophjlla, this has the spikelets rathcr oi E. falcata. 18. E. falcata, Gfiudicli. in Freyc. Voij. Bot. 408, t. 25.— A slender tufted glabrous grass, varying from a iew inches to about 1 ft. high. Leaves narrow, convolute, erect. Panicle narrow, usually secund, 8b'ghtly compound, 2 to 4 iu. long. Spikelets sessile or ncarly so, crowded or chistered along the short branches, very uarrovv, uearly terete, often curved, trom 4 or 5 lines to 1 iu. loug and about ^ liue broad, with 12 to 50 or even more flowers, the rhachis scarcely articu- late. Fiowering glumes closely appressed, scarcely 1 bne loug, obtuse, hyaline at the end, the keel and a hiteral nerve on each side very prominent. Falea rather shorter, curved, ])ersistent. Stylea sleuder. Grain ovate, flattened. — Foti falcata, Gaudich. 1. c. Queensland. Mitchell District, Birch. N. S. Wales. Froin the Lachlan and Darling to th'j Barrier Range, Vicloriaii E.rped%tioH and mauy othera. 650 cxLiv. gramtnFj^c. [Eragrostis. Victoria. Wimmfira, Herb. F. Mucll'!): S, Australia. iloruiula ou the Murray, F. Muelln- ; Alice Springs and Charlotte Wators, Giles ; Lake Eyrc, Andrcws. W. Australia. Sharks Bay, {Gaudichaud) ; Swan B.iver, Brummoi/d, Ist colL, also n. 149, 974, 97-5; iMurchison lliver, OldJkLd ; Fraser's Range, i)(;"yjsii.'), hnt the rhachis of the spikelet and base of the glumes perfectly ghibrous. — F. .serpeiitum, Nees in Pl. Preiss. ii. 106. — Apparently common in W. Australia. Var. latifolia. Very tall and luxuriant, with flat leaves often 2 to 4 lines broad. — A very few specimens from IUawarra, Johnson, and Munyong IMountains, F. MueUer. Var. Ifcvis. Leaves, when most characteristic, rigid, erect, terete, smooth and shining, and the panicle contracted, but in many specimens the leaves more slender and sometimcs filiform as in the var. aa.^^traUK, but always quite smooth, the stem then tallcr and the panicle more diffuse. Ghimes usually about H lines long. — P. Imvis, P. Br. ; Necs in Pl. Preiss. ii. 275 ; P. ajfinis, Nees, 1. c. 105. — Numerous specimens chiefly from the southern colonies, {Preiss, n, 1830, 1857, Priinimond, n. 168 aiid 449 partly ; Kenfs Group andKing George's Souad, P. Broicn.) Var. ulpina, F. Muell. A dwarf tufted form, with the rigid smooth leaves of the var. lecvis and the short loose paniclcs of some specimens of the var. aitstralis. — Mount Wcllington in Tasmania. Gitmi, Oldfield. Var. affwis. Leaves very narrow but often flat as in the var. pJebeia, but the panicle more diffuse, with more numerous smaller spikelets, the glumes usually under \\ lines long. — P. ajfinis, R. Br. — One of the commonest forms in the eastern colonies Poa] txLiv. oraminea:. G53 but passing much into thc smooth P. aushalis and into P. h/iix, in W. Australia «ften loosing the wooUy hairs of tho spikelet and passing into 7'. sirpfiitii.m, (l'ort Jackson, R. Brown ; W. Australia, Drummond, n. 981, etc.) Var. atistralis. Leaves mostly radical, setaceous, much sh' rter than the stcm, erect and exceodinf^ly scahrous. Stoms imdcr 1 ft. hi<^h with a vcrv loosc spreadini; rathor small panicle. Glunics 1 to li lincs long. — 1'. aii.s/nilis, H. I?r. Trod. 179 ; Nccs in Sicb. Agrost. n. 77 ; P. Siclicriana, Sprcng. Syst. Cur. Post, 35 ; /'. iiii/)lixa, Trin. in Jlcm. Acad. Pctcrsb. scr. 6. i. 388. Tasmania, very ahundant {R. Biown, etc.) as abovc described. In Victoria and N. S. Walcs the radical leaves are gencrally longer and thc stem tallcr ; in tho northern districts is a common form with very longscabvous fiHformlcavcs, andinX. S. Walcs, Victoria and S. .\ustralia it passes frequently into P. ajjluis. In Tasmania and Victoria is a not uncommon forin with the habit and setaccous lcavcs of tho typical one but pcrfcctly smooth. F. porplii/rocladus, Nccs in Pl. Prciss. ii. 10.3, from W. Australia, would from his character bc the true P. umtralis, but I have seen no western specimens with sctaceous very scabrous leaves. Var. teiwra. A slcnder wcak varicty. with very narrow or filiform but llaccid leaves, and a loose spreading rathcr small paniclc with small sj)ikclets, the glumes scarcely 1 line long.— P. tciiera, F. lluell. in Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 124, t. 164 ; P. effiisa, Steud. Syn. Glum. i. 2G2. — Woods and shady places, N. S. Wales, Victoria and Tasmania. 4. P. Maxwelli, Benth. — An erect tufted glabrous smooth and shiuing grass of 2 or 3 ft. or more. Leaves long, couvolute, alinost sub- ulate. Panicle from a few incbes to 1 ft. long, narrow but very loose, the long capillary brauches inore or less divided, the lower ones in distant clusters, the upper ones scattered. Spikelets very shortly pedicellate along the branches, scarcely 2 lines loug, glabrous, 2- or 3- flowered riowering glumes rather broad, very obtuse, 5-nerved, with scarious entire or denticulate tips. Palea nearly as long and rather broad, glabrous. Stamens 3. Grain obiong, free. W. Australia. King Georgc's Sound, Mcixwell. 5. p. nodosa, JSfees in Pl. Preiss. ii. 105. — Stems usually about 2 ft. high, forming at the base 1, 2 or 3 superposed globidar or ovoid Dodules, 3 or 4 lines diameter. Leaves long, narrow, flat, usually scabroiis. Panicle loose, narrow or spreading. Spikelefcs 3 to 4 lines long, 5- to 8-flowered, rather narrow at first with closely appressed gluraes, at length broad and t5at, the glumes spreading out. Flowering glumes about 2 lines long, 5-nerved, withnut the woolly hairs at the base of most Poo', but shortly ciliate-i^ubesoent on the keel and mar- gins below the middle. Palea nearly as long, tlie keels minutelv ciliate-pubescent or glabrous. Grain free. — F. Muell. Fragm. viii. 132 ; P. brizuchJoa, F. Muell. in Trans. Vict. Inst. 1855, 45 ; P. Brum- mondiana, Nees in Hook. Lond. Journ. ii. 418 ; P. coejnata, Steud. Syn. Glura. i. 202. S. Australia. Lofty Ranges and other localities from St. Vinccnfs Gulf to the Murraw /•'. MueHcr. ' ■W. Australia. Swan River, Oldficld, Druiiimond, n. 169 and 398 or 389 ; Champion l>ay and Gordon Kiver, Ohlfield ; near Limekiln, Pieis.ioriis.) 1. S. scirpoideus, Benth. — Stems rushlike, terete, rigid, 2 to 4 ft. high, leafless except menibranous closely appressed sheathing scales at the base, tlie longest inner one 6 to 8 in. long, Panicle narrow and spikelike but interrupted, 2 to 8 in. long. Spikelets pedicellate, 2 or 3 together on very short erect branches or the upper ones solitary, flat, oval or oblong, 4 to 8 lines long, 6- to 8-flowered. Glumes straw- coloured or pale-brown, rigid, about 3 lines long, the flowering ones obtuse or slightly notched with t^.e keel produced into a short point in sonie specnnens, not protruding in others, the 2 outer empty ones more acute and keeled from tlie base. Ovary glabrous. Styies rather longer with darker coloured stigmas thau iu most Festucacea^. Grain free and furrowed, but not seen ripe. — Brizopi/rum scirpoideum, Steud. Syn. Glum. i. 282 ; Festuca scirpoidea, F. Muell. Fragm, viii. 129. \V. Australia, Drummoiid, n. 102, lo6. 2. S. littoralis, Beauv. Agrost. 99. — Stems 1 to 3 ft. high, forming deiise hard tufts of a pale yellow colour. Leaves nearly cvlindrical, erect, rigid, pungent-pointed, glabrous, often as long aa the stems. Pauicle narrow, (iense and spikelike, 2 to 4 in. long. Spikelets few, flat, erect, 7 to 9 lines long, 6- to 8-flowered. Ghimes about 4 lines loiig, rigid, straw-coloured, the fluwering ones with 2 nerves on cach siile of tlie keel, acule or dilated aiid notched at the tip, tlie keel u.suallv slightly protrudiug, thc 2 outer empty oues narrower, 3-nerved, acute. 656 cxLiT GRAMixE.K. [Sckedononis. E.hachis of tlie spikelet sliortly hairy. — Fesf/ica litforaUs, Labill. Pl. Nov. Holl. i. 22, t. 27 ; R. Br. Prod. 178 ; Hook. f. Fi. Tasm. ii. 128 ; Sieb. Agrostoth. n. 58; Armdo triodioides, Tria. Spec. Gram. t. 351 ; ScJiedonorus Billardierianus, Nees in Hook. Lond. Journ. ii. 419. Queensland. Aforeton Island, F. 3£i 2 u 2 6G0 CXLIV. GttAMINKJi. [jBrizu- branous or scarious, veiy coucave or iuflated, uuawued. Palea mucli smaller but very broad aiid flat. Grraiu obovate, coucave in front, en- closed iu tbe palea aud aliiiost vesicular glume, free from tbem. A small genus widely spread in its typical form over tlie temperate regions of tlie northem and southem hemispheres, and as introduced weeds in somo tropical coun- triea, but in a more general sense including the South American genus Chascolytrmn. Paniele branched, rather loosc and spreading. Spikelets scarcely 2 lines long and broad \. B. minur. Panicle nearly simple with few spikelets | in. long and at least 4 liues broad 2. B, maxima. 1. B. minor, Linn. ; Kunth, Enum. i. 372. — An erect annual,from a iew iucbes to about 1 ft. bigb. Leaves rather sbort, flat, the ligula scarious aiid often above 3 lines long. Panicle usually 2 to 3 in. long, mucli brauched aud at leugtb spreading, witb numei'Ous thick spikelets about 2 liues long and. as broad. or at length broador. — Reichb. Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 92 ; F. Muell. Fragm. viii. 125 ; B. virens, Liun. ; JMees iu Pl. Preiss. ii. 107. N. S. Wales. Port Jackson and various localities in the interior, II. Broivii, Woolls and others ; Lord Howe's Island, Fullagar. Victoria. Common about Melboume, Ballarat, etc, F. Mueller, Adamson and others. Tasmania, Gunn, C. Stuart, Story and others. S. Australia. Aroimd St. Vinccnfs and Spencer's Gulfs, F. Muellcr. W. Australia. Swan and Blackwood Rivers, Oldfield. Probably of Mediterannean origin but now fully established in extratropical South America and Africa, and though of recent introduction in many parts of Aus- tralia, C. Stuart observes that it is found in very remoto localities in Tasmania. It is not admitted in Hooker's Flora of Tusmania, * 2. B. maxima, Lian. ; Kunth, Enum. i. 371. — An erect annual of 1 to 2 ft. Leaves flat, witb a ratber long ligula. Pauicle almost simple, witb few large bauging spikelets usually of a rich brown rarely pale green, mostly about \ iu. long, very obtuse, 4 to 5 lines broad. — Eeicbb. Ic. Fl. G-erm. t. 92 ; F. MuelL Fragm. viii. 125. A European species, not so widely spread as B. iuii/or, but long since cultivated in gardens for ornament and now apparently established in a few localities in N. S. Wales, C. ilfoo^r, S. Australia, F. 3Iuvller, iini^W. Australia, Oldfiehl aud oiheTS. 9G. BROMUS, Linn. Spikelcts beveral-flowered, oblong or lanceolate, pedicellate, erect or droopiug, iu a more or less braucbed panicle, tbe rbacbis of the spike- let articulate between tbe flowering glumes, glabrous or scabrous- pubescent. Outer empty glumes acute or flne-pointed, uuawned. Flowering glumes convex on tbe back, 5- or 7-nerved, tbe byaline apex usually shortly bifid, tbe midrib produced iuto a straight or curved awn iree from a bttle below the apex. Palea nearly as long as the glume, Bromus.] cxmv, ouAMiNKJi. G61 the 2 promiuent nerves usually scabrous-ciliate. Ovary (.bovate, croviriied by a liairy membranuus appendage, ihe very short distinct styles iiiore or less Jateral. Graiii tlatteiied, adlierinjf to the palea, and often more or less to the base of the glume. Thc genus is wiiiely distributod ovcr tho tomperate regions of thc globc. Of thc thrcc speeies hcrc cnumoratod two arc probably introducod from Europc, one only appears to bc truly indigonous, but is also in Ncw Zoaland, and is probably the same as an East Asiatic onc. Spikelets thick, under ^ in. with thc awns. Flowering glumes oblong, turgid, closely imbricate 1.7?. mollis. Spikelets lanceolato, tlattenod, 1 to l^ in. long with tho awns. Floworing glumos narrow, loosoly imbricate 2. 7?. arenarim. Spikelets linear-lanooolatc, flattcned, 2 in. long with the awns. Flowcring glumcs narrow, loosoly imbricato .... 3. i/. nterilis. * 1. B. mollis, Linn.; Kunth, Enum. \. 413. — An erect grass of 1 to 2 ft., more or less softly pubescent. Leaves flat. Panicle either small with fevv erect spikelets, or larger and at leugth drooping. Spike- lets oblong or Janceolate, | to f in. long, not so iiat as in the other species. Glumes mostly about 7-nerved but tlie nerves sometimes more in the flowering glumes, fewer in the outer ones, the flowering ones about 3 lines long, broad and almost turgid, the fine awn about the length of the glume itself. — Host. G-ram. i. t. 19 ; Reichb. lc. Fl. Germ. t. 74. An European grass, now established in various localities in N. S. 'Wales, Vic- toria and Tasmania. 2. B. arenarius, Lahill. Pl. Nov. IIuli. i. 23, /. 28. — Apparently annual, from 1 ft. to about l^ ft. high. Leaves flat, flaccid, softiy hairy or pubesceut. Panicle at first erect at length drooping, the capillary branches clustered, the longer ones 2 to 3 iu. long with 1 to 4 spikelets on capillarv pedicels. Spikelets lauceolate, | to i in. loug without the awns, flat, 5- to 9-flowered. Grluraes all pubescent or glabrous, the lowest about 3 lines loug and 5-nerved, the 2nd longer and 7-nerved, both empty and acute ; flowering glumes rather longer, about 7-nerved, convex on the back, the awn free from a little below the scarious tip, i to f in. long. — B. australis, R. Br. Prod. 178; Nees in Pl. Preiss. ii. 108. N. S. ^lTales. Port Jackson, R. Broiv», and thence in the interior to the Lach- \a,n ajidi D&rlmg, M^Arthur, Burkiti and others ; Castlereagh Eiver, Woolln ; Mac- quarrie, C. Moore. Victoria. Forest Cieek, F. Mxeller ; Melboume, Adamson ; Portland, J/lilt ; Murrav River, Gummoii. S. Australia. St. Vincenfs Gulf, F. Mueller, Behr ; Mount Olga, Giks. W. Australia. Swan River, Oldfield, Brummond, n. 127, 386, 38U, 982, some specimens tall and nearly glabrous, others short and densely pubcscent ; Rottenest Island, Freiss, n. 1828, 1839. Var. macrostachya. Spikelets 1 in. long, eaoh with 15 to 20 flowers. — Yass in the interior of N. S. Walcs, M^Arlhur ; Darling Rivcr, Victorian Rrpcaition. 662 cxLiT, ORAMTNE^. [Bromus. Munro thinks the spccies may be the same as the B. japovicum, Thunb. If this should be vcrified Thunbcrg-'s name would take precedence ovcr Labillardiere's. * 3. B. sterilis, Linn. ; KuntJi, Enum. i. 41S. — An erect grass of 1 to 2 ft. Leaves flaccid, softly pubescent. Panicle loose with rather long erect at length drooping branches. ISpikelets linear-lanceolate, niostly about 1 in. long without the awns, 6- to 8-flowered. Outer glumes narrow, endiug in fine points, the lowest keeled, only v to f in. long, the 2nd longer, 3-uerved. Floweriug glumes mostly 5- or 7-nerved, the hyaline tips ending in 2 fine points. Awn much longer than the glume itself, very scabrous. — Reichb. lc. Fl. Germ. t. 73. N. S. Wales. Paramatta, Woolls. Victoria. Yarra River, F. Muciler. Tasmania. Swanport, «SYorj/; Ravenswood, ^m/W; King's Island, iV^m^c. A common grass in Europe, probably introduced from thence to the above Aus- tralian stations. * 97. CERATOCHLOA, Beauv. and DC. Spikelets several-flowered, flat, pedicellate, in a branched panicle, the rhachis of the spikelet articulate between the flowering glumes, gla- brous. Grlumes all complicate, keeled, several-nerved, entire, acute or the flowering ones tapering into a short awn. Palea nearly as long as the glume, prominently 2-uerved. Ovary crowned by a hairy 3-hibed or 3-horned appendage. Styles very short, attached at the base of the lobes. Grain oblong, adnate to the palea, the seed deeply furrowed. An American genus of few species, of which the typical one (from which alone the above character is taken) has become inti-oduced into Australia as in South Africa. Beauvois expressly states that the genus was concurrently established by De Candolle and himself. * 1. C. unioloides, DC. Gat. Hort. Monsp. 92. — An erect grass of 2 ft. or more. Leaves more or less pubescent, with soft spreading hairs. Panicle loose, erect or at length drooping, like that of a Bromus. Spikelets lanceolate, resembling those of the JXorth Ameri- can UnioJce, | to l^ iu. long, and the flowering glumes about -i in. — ■ Festuca unioloides, Willd. Hort. Berol. 3, t. 3 ; Bromus nnioloides, H. B. and K. ; Kunth, Enum. i. 415; B. WiUdenownii, Kunth, 1. c. 41G; Ceratocldoa festucoides, Beauv. Agrost. 75, 158, t. 15, f. 7. An American plant, ohiefly western, extending from Patagonia to British Colum- bia. now rcported as naturalised in a few localities in N. S. Wales, Tasmania, and S. Australia, as in South Africa. 98. FESTUCA, Linn. Spikelets several-flowered, pedicellate, iu loose and spreading or compact aud erect more or less oue-sided panieles, the rhachis of the Festuca.] cxliv. GRA.MiNE.ii: 663 spikelet articulate under the flowering glumes, glabrous or noarly so. Outer empty glumes narrow, acute, keeled, usually unequal. Fluwering glumes narrow, acute or tapering into an untwisted awn or rarely obtuse, rounded on tlie back. taintly nerved. Palea uarrow, with promiuent nerves or keels. Ovary glabrous. Stylea very sliort, dis. tinct. Grain euclosed in the glume and palea and more or less adnate. The ,o-enu9 is vory generally spread over the glohe especially in temperato or mountainous regions. 0( the threo following species one is introduccd only from Europe, the other two aro common northern ones found also in parts of tho southern hemisphere. F. Mueller, Fragm. viii. 127 et seq. unitcs Agropi/rum, l'riodia, Biplacluie, Sc/iedo- noriis and Ghiccria with Fcstiica, but he has not publishod his chariicter for thc com- posite genus thus formed, nor do I woll see how it could be framed without including also Tridcum, Poa, Bromus and several others universally acknowledged as distinct, Annual. Panicle slender, contractcd, one-sided. Awns long. Stamen iisuall}' 1 only \. F. bromoides, Perennials. Panicle loose. Stamens 3 2. F. durimcula. Small rigid annual. Panicle-branches short, secund. Flower- ing glumes obtuse, unawned "&. F. rigida. 1. F. bromoides, Linn. ; Kunth, Enum, i. 39G. — A slender tufted annual, from a few iiiches to above 1 ft. high. Leaves chiefly at tlie base, narrow aud convolute, often quite setaceous. Panicle slender, one- sided, coutracted, usually rather deuse aud 2 to 6 in. long, with short erect brauches, in sraall specimens reduced to 2 or 3 spikelets. Spike- lets shortly pedicellate, uuder .} in. long without the awns, 5- to 9-flowered. Glumes very uarrow, the lowest uuder 2 liues without lateral nerves, the 2ud empty oue 3-uerved, taperiug to a poiut or short awn ; floweriug ghimes obscurely nerved, about 3 lines long, taperiug into a fine awn at least as long as themselves. Stamen 1 only. Grain adnate, long and uarrow. — Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 127 ; F. pleleia, E. Br. Prod. 178. Queensland. Brisbane River, Bailcy. N. S. Wales. Port Jackson. Woolls. Victoria. Very common all over the Yarra Kidge, F. Mxieller ; Koyston, Sullivan. Tasmania. Table Mountaiu (Mount Wellington), R. Broun ; abundant in dry pastures. etc, J. D. Hooker ; lving's Island, M-Gowaii. S. Australia. Roimd St. Vincenfs Gulf, F. Mueller. W. Australia. King George's Sound and neighbouring districts, Oldfield, F. Mueller, Walcut. Common in the temperate regions of the northem hemisphere in the Old World and introduced into North America and some other countries. F. myurus, Linn., does not appcar to me distinct as a species. 2. F. duriuscula, Linn.; Kunth, Enum. i. 399. — An erect peren- nial of 1 to 2 ft. Leaves chiefly at the base, very narrow, almost setaceous. Pauicie loose but narrow, 2 to 4 in. long with few erect branches. Spikelets not numeroup, erect, usually about -\ in. long, 4- to 6-flowered. Glumes rather rigid, the outer ones pointed, the lowest 664 cxLiv. ttHAMiNE-S. . [Fesiuca. very narrow, keeled, searcely 2 lines long, the 2ud rather louger, 3-nerved ; flowering glunies 8 liiies long or rather more,faintly nerved, glabrous or pubescent, with a fine point or awn usually about 1 line long. Palea with a fine bifid point. Stamens 3. — Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 126 ; Eeichb. Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 62. Victoria. Barclay Ranges at an elevation of 3000 to 4000 ft., F. Mueller. Tasmania. Formosa, Guiin ; Swanport, Htory. One of the widely-dispersed forms of the Sheep^s Fesciie or F. oviua, Linn., very abundant on downs and hilly pastures of the temperate regions of both the New and the Old World. Var. aristata. Spikelets rather larger with awns at least as long as the glumes. Victoria. Ballarat, Bacchus. S. Australia. Flinders and Barossa Ranges, F. Mueller, * 3. F, rigida, 3Iert. and Koch ; Kunth, Enum. i. 392. — A small rigid tufted annual, rarely above 4 or 5 in. high, with flat leaves, the ligula jagged. Panicle occupying more tlian lialf the plant, rigid and secund. Spikelets few, very shortly pedicellate on the very short branches, all turned to one side, 3 to 4 lines long, 6- to 10-flovvered. Outer glumes narrow, keeled, acute ; flowering ones rather above 1 line long, faintly 3-uerved, obtuse, unawned. — Sclerochloa rigida, Panz.; E-eichb. lc. 11. Germ. t. 58. S. Australia. Introduced from Europe and now common about Adelaide and Hopkins liivcr, F. Mueller ; Lake Bonney, Mrs. Wehl ; Port Lincoln, S, F. Broivne. SuBTBiBE V. HoRDEiNEj5. — Spikelets several- or 1-flowered, sessile in the alternate notches or on opposite sides of tlie rhachis of a simple spike, the rhachis of the spikelet usually produced beyond tlie upper flower into a short point or bearing an empty glume. Glumes entire, unawned or with a terminal untwisted awn. 99. AGROPYRUM, Beauv. Spikelets several-flowered, more or less flattened, distichous and alternately sessile on the contiuuous or slightly notched rhachis of a simple spike, one face of the spikelet next the general rhachis, the rhachis of the spikelet more or less articulate under the floweriug glumes. Glumes rounded on the back or scarcely keeled, taperino- into points or awns, the flowering ones 3- to 7-nerved, the 2 outer emply ones usually shorter, narrower, 3- or rarely 1-nerved. Palea nearly as long as the glume, the 2 prominent nerves almost marginal, scabrous-ciliate. Ovary pubeseent at the top. Styles short, distinct. Grain free or slightly adhering to the palea. Thc genus is widely spread over the temperate regions of tho globe. Of the three Australian species one is also in New Zealand, the two others appear to be Agropyrum.^ cxliv. okamine^. 6G5 endemic. The geniis is usually associated with Triticum, founded on the cultivated ■wheats, whioh ar(> cortainly nearly alliod to Agropnrnm biit, as it appcars to mo, titill noarer so to JEijiilnps. Ncos reforred A. .wibntm to th<> soction Vulpia of Fixfiica, niisled probably by the aspcct of slender specimens reduccd to a single spikolet. Spikelets r.arrow, with long awns, erect and distant along tho rhiichis l. A. scabriim. Spikclcts broad, with short points or awns, erect and close togethor aloni;; tho rliaohis 2. A. velutinnm. Spikelots vory llat, with short points or awns, spreading or at length refloxcd and not distant along the rhachis 3. A. pccfiiiatum. 1. A. scabrum, Bcauv. Agrost. 102. — Very variable as to stature, sometimes uuder 1 ft. higli, sleuder witli short filiform leaves, aud from tliat to 3 or 4 ft. with uarrow spreadiug llat '^r couvolute leaves. Spike usually 6 iu. to 1 It. loiig, the rhachis scarcely uotcbed. Spikelets distaut, sessile, erect, f to 1 in. loug without the awus, narrow, 6- to 20-flo\vered ; in the small speciiuens sometimes ouly 1 or 2 spikelets. Grlumes narrow, rigid, straw-coloured, mostly about 5-uerved, uot distiuctly keeled, the 2 outer empty oues rather shorter taperiug iuto short points, the floweriug oues 4 to 6 lines long without the awns, taperiug iuto fine straight or at leugth s|)reading awns mostly louger than tlie gluuies and sometimes above 1 iu. long, those of the upper aud of the lower glumes often not so long as the iutermediate oues. Palea obtuse. — Fesiuca scuhra, Labill. Pl. Nov. Holl. i. 22, t. 2G ; Triticum scahrum, R. Br. Prod. 178 ; Hook. f. Fi. Tasm. ii. 128 ; Vulpia rectiseta and V. Browniana, Nees iu Pl. Preiss. ii. 107 ; V. scabra and V. Brau- niana, Nees iu Hook. Lond. Journ. ii. 419 ; Festuca rectiseta, F. Browniana and F. Billardieri, Steud. Syu. Glum. i. 304; Anthosachne australasica, Steud. 1. c. 237. Queensland. Moreton Bay, Leichhardt, C. Stuart ; Warwick, Beckler ; Suttor Desert, F. 3IiiiUer. N. S. Wales. Port Jackson, R. Broivn and others and thence to the Blue IMountains andfarinto the interior, Woolls, A.Cunningham, Sieber, Agrostotheca, n. 95, and others ; Lord Howe's Island, Fullagar. Victoria. Wendu Vale, Eobertmn ; Melbourne. Loddon, Forest Creek and many other localities, F. Mueller and others ; Mount William, Sullivan. Tasmania. Common, especially in dry and sandy places near the sea, /. D. HooLir and others. S. Australia. Round St. Vincenfs Gulf, F. Mueller, Behr and others. ^V. Australia. Kino; George's Sound and adjoining distiicts, Oldfield, Walcot, Drumnwnd, n. 382, 383, 384. Also in New Zealand. A couple of specimens from Darebin Creek markcd by F. Mueller var. breviseta, with very short awns and an irrcgular inflorcscence, appear to have sterile very irrcgular spikelets and are probably hybrids. 2. A. velutinum, Nees in Hook. Lond. Journ. ii. 417. — Stems 6 in. to above 1 ft. high. Leaves chiefly at the base of tlie stem, flat or convolute wheu dry, not rigid, softly pubesceut or nearly glabrous. 666 cxLiv. OHAMiifE^. \_Agropyrim. Spike raised on a long peduncle, 1 to 2 in. long, the rliacliis pubescent and notched. Spikelets almost erect, irabricate or the lower ones dis- tant, ovate or oblong, about \ in. long, usually 6- to 8-flowered. Glumes 3 to 5 lines long, ri^id with short almost pungeui points, tlie outer cmpty ones usually 3-nerved, the floweriiig oiies broader and 5- or rarcl}' 7-nerved. — Trificum velutinuin, Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 129. Victoria. Mimyong mountains and Mount Hotham, F. Miuiler. Tasmania. Middlesex Plains and Surrey Hills, Gnn». 3. A. pectinatum, Beauv. Ar/rosf. 102. — Stems from under 1 ft. to 1| ft. high. Leaves chiefly at the base of the stem, narrow, flat, usually hairy. Spike raised on a long peduncle, 1 to 3 in. long, the rhachis pubescent, not notched. Spikelets not very distant, spreading or at length reflexed, mostly about \ in. long includiug the short points, 3- to 6-flowered. Glumes spreading, the 2 outer empty ones shorter, with only the midrib or 3-nerved ; flowering glumes 4 to 5 lines long, rigid, 3- or 5-nerved, tapering into a rather long pungent Tpomt—Fesfucapecfinafa, Labill. Pl. Nov. Holl. i. 21, t. 25; F. Mueli. Fragm. vi. 85 ; Triticum pectinafum, K. Br. Prod. 179 ; Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 129 ; T. Brownei, Kunth, Enum. i. 447 ; Vulpia pectinata, Nees in Hook. Lond. Journ. ii, 419. N. S. Wales. Arcliers Creek and Mount Jioyal, Leiehhardf ; Mnnevoo, Herb. F. Mucller. Victoria. Snowy River, F. Mmller. Tasmania, Labillardihe ; Hampshire Hills and Recherche Bay, Qunn ; South- port, C. Stnart. * 100. LOLIUM, Linn. Spikelets several-flowered, singly sessile in the alternate notches on opposite sides of a simple spike, the edge of the spikelet (the backs of the glumes of one row) uext the common rhachis, the rhachisofthe spikelet glabrous. Glumes nearly simiLar, one outer one in the lateral spikelets empty and rather larger, or sometimes longer than the whole spikelet, in the terminal spikelet 2 outer ones empty. A genus of very few species, nativcs of the temperate regions of the northern hemisphere, the two species introduced into Australia, found also, chiefly introduced, in other temperate or even tropical countries. Outer glume shorter than the spikelet. Flowering glumes narrow, lanceolate, without any or with very short awns 1. L. perenne. Outer glume usually as long as or longer than the spikelet. Flowering glumes oblong, some or all usually with an awn as long as or longer than them- selves . 2. L. tenmlentum. * 1. L. perenne, Linn. ; Kunth, Enum. i. 436.— Au erect or slightly Lolium.] cxLTV. oramjne^. 667 decumbent glabrous grass of 1 to 2 ft., soinetimes annual but usually lastiiig several years. Spike disticlious, from a few inches to 1 ft. long. Spikelets at a considerable distance froni each other on alternate sides of the rhachis. Outer glume of the lateral spikeiets and 2 outer ones of tlie teriniual one, empty, rigio, strongly nerved, longer than the others but much shoiter than the spikelet. FJowering glumes 8 to 16 or even more, narrow, obtuse or acute, with the keel and 2 lateral nerves prominent, sometimes produced into a very short awn. In cultivation there are sometimes several outer empty glumes. — Ecichb. Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 6; F. Muell. Eragm. viii. 127. Xow natuvalisod in scvaral localities in N. S. Wales, Victoria, Tasmania, and S. Australia, 1'. Mm/ltr and others. * 2. Ij. temulentum, Linn.; Kuntli, Enum. i. 437. — Usually tallcr than L. perenne aud always annual. Outer glume of the laieral spike- lets usually as long as or longer thau the whole spikelet. Flowering glumes shorter aud broader tlian in L. perenne, oblong, usually obtuse, witb an awn as long as or longer than the glume itself. In some specimens however most of the glumes are awnless or very rarely the whole spikelet without awns. — Eeichb. Ic. ¥\. Germ. t. 5 ; F. Muell. Fragm. viii. 127. Naturalised in N. S. Wales, Victoria, Tasmania, and S. Australia, and apparently more abundantly so than L. jnroine, F. Miulkr and many others. Var. Ihticola, verj' slender -with short few-flowered spikelets the outer f^liimo scarcely so long as the spikelet, the awns usually rathcr long. — L. linicola, yond. in Koch, Syn. Fl. Germ. ed. 2. 957. — Near Adelaide, Blwuloivbki. 101. LEPTUmrS, E. Br. Spikelets l-flowered or in aspecies not Australian 2-flowered, sessile and half embedded in the alternate notches of a more or less articulate simple spike. Outer empty glunies 2, one slightly overlapping the other on one side, or 1 ouly, appressed and covering the cavity, rigid and nerved. Floweriug glume and palea shorter thin aud hyaliue, embedded in thc cavity, the axis of the spikelet produced behiiid the palea into a miuute point or bearing a small termiual empty glume. Styles short. Grain free from the glume. A genus of few species. chiefly from the Mediterranean region, with one North American, two of the Mediterranean species extending tothe sea-coasts ofother parts of the Old World. Of the three Australian species two are common on the shores of the Mediterranean, the third has only heen found out of Australia on the islands of the Pacific. Annuals. Outer glumes with about 5 prominent nerves. Axis of the spikelet produced into a minute point or bristle. Outer glumes of the lateral spikelets 2 1. L. iucurvatiis. 668 (JXLIT. graminea;. \_Lejpturus. Outer glume of the lateral spikeleta only 1 2. Z. ctjlwdricm. Perennial. Outer glume of the lateral spikelets only 1, several-nervod. Axis of the spikelet hearing a small tcrminal empty glume 3. i. repen.s. 1. Ij. incurvatus, Trin. ; Kunth, Enum. i, 462, — A tufted or branching ainmal of 3 in. to 1 ft. or rarely more, slencler in the Australian specimens with ver}^ narrow leaves. Spikes nearly cylin- drical, slender, 2 to 6 in. long straiglit or curved. Outer glumes 2, rigid, aeute, usually 5-nerved, about 3 liues long, placed iu the lateral spikelets apparently side by side outside the rest of the spikelet, but one sliglitly overlapping the other at the base. Flowering glume and flower embedded in the cavity of the rhachis of the spike, the rhachis of the spikelet slightly produced behind the palea into a minute point, sometimes ahnost obsolete. In the terminal spikelet the 2 outer glumes are normally opposed to each other. — Reichb. Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 2. N. S. Wales. Salt Marshes, Paramatta, Woolls. Victoria. Port Phillip, F. Mueller. Common in the Mediterranean region, found also in some parts of East India and inNew Zealand. 2. L. cylindricus, Trin. Fund. Agrost. 123. — Habit and foliage of L. incurvatus, in the Australian specimens usually shorter, more tufted, the leaves not quite so narrow and the spikes rather thicker and more frequently curved, but these. differeuces are generally reversed in Mediterranean specimens. The termiual spikelet and the internal structure of the others the same in the two species, but the L. cylin- dricus has alwaye only 1 rigid 5-ner\ed very pointed outer empty o-lume instead of the 2 of L. incurvatus. — L. subulatus, Kunth, Euum. f. 462 ; Eeichb. Ic. FL Germ. t. 3. N. S. Wales. Port Jackson (if Monerma simple.r, Gaudich. in Freyc. Voj'. Bot. 412, is correctly referred to this species.) Victoria, Melbourne, Adamsoti ; Bvighton, Herb. F. Mueller. W. Australia, Drummond. Common in the Mediterranean, found also in South Afi-ica. 3. Ij. repenSj R. Br. Prod. 207. — A perennial creeping in tlie sands sometimes to a considerable extent, with divaricately branchiug stems- Leaves spreading, glaucous aud glabrous or ciliate at the orifice of the sheaths. Spikes close upou the last leaf-sheath, 2 to 3 in. long, the articulate rhachis breaking much more readily than in the preceding species and therefore very rarely perfect in dried speci- mens. Spikelets usually about 4 lines long without the point. Outer glume closely appressed, ahnost embraced by the margins of the cavity, finely many-nerved, tapering into a short or long poiut, 2nd glume thin and hyaline, acute, concave, enclosing a palea ueai'ly as h)ng LepflD-llS.] CXLIA'. UUAMINE^. 6(59 aiid a hermaphrodite flower, tlic rhnchis of the spikelet shortly con- tinued at the back of" the pale:i and bcaring a small thin hyaline empty glume. — Brongn. in Duperr. Voy. Bot. 57, t. 16. N. Australia. Amhom N. Bay and Islands of ,the Gulf of Carpcntaria, E. Broifii ; rort Pai-win, Schultz, n. 227. Queensland. Bird Islet, Wreck Reef, Benham ; Rainc Island. Cape York, Cha llonjer JE.rpeditioii. Also in the islands of the South Pacific. 102. HOEDEUM, Linn. Spikelets 1-flowered, 3 together sessile or nearly so in the alternate notrhes of tho rhachis of a densc cylindrical spike, the central iiower (in the Australiaii species) hermaphrodite, those of the lateral spiiielets usually male or neuter. Outcr empty glumes 2, subulate or slightly flattened, tapering into straight awns or awnlike from the base. Flowering glume inserted ratherhiglier up, convolute rouud the flower with a straight terminal awn. Palea 2-ribbed. Ovary crowued by a tult ot hairs. Stigmas nearly sessile. A genus of few species, mostly of Mediterranean origin, dispersed over the tem- perate and subtropical regions of both hemispheres. The two Australian species are both probably introduced although one at least is now abundantly naturalised. Outer empty gltinies of the central spikelets more or less dilated and ciliate in the lower half 1. ^. muriiium. All the outer empty glumes subulate or awnlike from the base and not ciliate 2. H. nodosum. 1. H. murinum, Lmn. ; Kunth, Enum. i. 456. — A coarse tufted or decumbent grass, varying from 6 in. to 2 ft. high. Leaves flat, the sheaths rather loose and glabrous, the lamina usually hairy. Spike dense and cylindrical, 2 to 4 in. long, thickly beset all round with the long erect rough awns. Spikelets 3 to 6 lines long wathout the awns, the outer empty awnlike glumes all at the base of the short rhachis forming a kind of involucre round the flowering ones, those of the ceutral spikelet though very narrow and rigid, dilated and ciliate in the lower half, and the lowest awn of the lateral spikelets usually very slightly dilated and shortly ciliate, the 2nd subulate and scabrous only. Floweriug glume usually glabrous outside, more or less ciliate inside, the ribs of the palea also ciliate. Awns varying from ^ to 1 iu. long. — Eeichb. Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 11 ; F. Muell. Fragm. viii. 126. Introduced and now well establi.-^hed in waste places in N. S. Wales, Victoria, Tasxnania, S. Australia and TV. Australia, WooUs, F. Mucller, Oldjicld and others. * 2. H. nodosTim, Linn. Spec. Pl. 126. — A taller and less coarse 670 cXLiv. GBAMiNE^. [Hordewn. grass than R. murinum. Spike on a long peduncle dense and cyliu- drical but not so thick as in that apecies, 1 to 2 iu. loug. Outer empty glumes all very narrow, subulate or awnlike from the base and slightly scabrous not ciliate. Flowering glume and palea glabrous. Awns shorter than in H. murinum. — H. pratense, Huds. ; Reichb. Ic. PI. Germ. t. 11 ; H. secalinmn, Schreb. ; Trin. Spec. Gram. t. 3 ; F. Muell. Fragm. viii. 126. Only known from Australia in very few specimens from N. S. Wales and Tasmania, but said to be there established. Class III. ACOTYLEDONES or CRYPTOGAMS. No real flowers, that is, neither stamens uor pistils nor true seeds, the reproductiou carried on by means of minute often highly micro- scopic granules called spores. The only orders here included are the higher Vascular Cryptogams, or Ferns andtheir allies, which have true stems enclosing bundles ot' vascular tissue, and the spores enclosed in capsule-like cases called sporc-cases or spora?iffia. The lower Orders : Mosses, Fungi, Lichens, Algtc and their respoctive allies, can now scarcely be dctermined or studied without tho aid of special works devoted to them, to condf^nse which for the Australian Flora would be too formidable a task for me to uadertake at my age. Neither is the history here entered into of the very various procosses by which the spores are developed in the Orders described, or of the intermediate stag-cs of their plant lifo from the spore to the perfect plant ; this inquiry belongs to the domain of Vegetable Physiology, and requires the study of living individuals with the aid of works specially devoted to the subject. In Cryptogams, as in Flowering Plants, their life history can be investigated neither in field excursions nor from dried specimens, and therefore does not come into the special scope of local Floras. Orber. cxlv. LYCOPODIACE^. Stem or rhizome bearing true leaves, either linear, or small and 1- nerved, or reduced to minute scales. Spore-cases solitary or few together, sessile in the axils of the leaves or of the braets of a terminal spike, either all similar or of two kinds, larger ones macrosporangia containing a few larger spores or macrospores, and smaller microspor- angia, containing numerous smaller often microscopic microspores, the differences now generally admitted to be sexuaL The order is spread over nearly the whole globe, and three of the Australian gonera have nearly as wide a range, two others are both in the New and the Old VVorld, chiefly tropical or southern, the remaining two extend to New Zealand, one of them being also in the Pacific Islands. Leaves linear, on a rhizome often submerged. Spore-cases of 2 kinds, solitary in the axils or half-enclosed in the dUated bases of the leaves 1. Isoetes. tXLV. lACOrODIACEiE. 671 Minutc plant with radical lincar lcavo.s .surrounding a lcaf- lcss peduncle. Spore-cascs all similar, solitary within the bracts of a terminal spiko 2. Phyllogi,088UM. Stems branching, -with small lcaves usually crowded in 4 rows. Spore-cases solitary within the bracts of ter- minal spikes or the upper leaves of the stem. Spore-cases and sporcs all similar 3. Lvcoi'OD1um. Spore-cascs and sporcs of two kinds. Ph^nts usually weaker or smaller than in Li/copoiiiion 4. Selaginella. Small tloating plant with small crowded leaves. Spcro- cascs of 2 kinds in tho axils of some of the stem- leaves 5. Azolla. Stems leafy or with distant scales. Spore-cases 2 or 3 together, imited into a 2- or 3-celled capsule or sorus, scssile at the base of bifid bracts or scales. Stems simple, leafy. Sori usuallj' 2-celled 6. Tmesiptekis. Stems dichotomous, with minute distant scales. Sori usually 3-celled 7. Psilotcm. 1. ISOETES, Linn. Aquatic plants entirely submerged or rarely terrestrial in swampy or wet saudy places. Leaves linear and thick or subulate. crowded on a sliort tliick rhizome, dihited and concave at the base, tlie margiiia of the cavity otten more or less folded over the spore-cases. Spore-cases sessile at the base of the leaves, solitary, membranous, of two kinds, those of the outer leaves fiUed with spherical macrospores, marked with a transverse raised line, and above it 3 radiating raised linea, those of the inner leaves filled with minute powdery micro- spores. A small genus having nearly the general range of the order exccpt in hot or dry climates. It has been very carefully studied especially by Durieu and Alex. Biaun who have however multiplied the species far beyond what could be adopted on the principles laid down for the present work. They consider the Australian ones as all endemic, whilst others believe them to be all reducible to the generally spread I. lacitstris. I have unfortunately not had the advantage of examining F. lluellers own collections, as the parcel containing them together with the Marsileaceee were accidently omitted to be sent to me. Submerged plant with rather thick leaves from 2 to above 6 in 1. /. lacustris. Terrestrial or swampy plant with filiform leaves of 1 to 3 in 2. /. I)nimmo)idii. Ihaxenoiseen I. Muelleri, A. Br. in Berl. Monatsber. 1868, 541, from Rock- hampton, 0'S/ta>iesi/, and am unable to form any opinion as to how far it difFers from either of the above. 1. I. lacustris, Linn.; Hook. Brit. Ferns. t. 55. — A perennial of a bright green, forming dense tufts uuder the water. Leaves rather thick, linear, usually 2 to 3 in. long in calm lakes and ponds, more rarely above 6 in. in running water, their eularged bases giviuf the plant a slightly bulbous aspect, the old leaves usually decaying entirely without leaving the scale-like remains characteristic of 672 CXLV. LYCOPOBIACEiE. llsoefdS. some European species. Maerospores iniiiutely granular-tuber- culate. Tasmania. Alpine Lakes, Gunii ; South Esk River, C. Stuart. I am qiiite uuable to distinguish this from the species which generally inhabits Alpine lakes in the northern bemisphere, and should include in it I. huinilior, and /. elatior, F. Muell.; A. Br. in Linntea, xxv. 722 ; /. tasmanica, F. Muell.; Durieu in BuU. Soc. Bot. Fr. xi. 104; /. Guiuiii, I. elatior, I. Honkeri, I. Stuartii, A. Br. in Berl. Monatsber. 1868, 53.5 to 539, of all of which I have seen specimens which I believe to be authentic. One character insisted upon, that of the degree in which the margins of the cavity of the leaf cover the spore-case, seems to me to depend much on the degree of development of the fructification. 2. I. Drummondii, A. Br. in Berl. Monatsler. 1863, 593, 1868, 542. — A much sinaller plant than /. lacnstris, with verj sleuder or filiform leaves 1 to 3 in. long, their dilated bases short and very broad, appearing whitish when dry, giviug a very bulbous aspect to the plant. These differences and the more general presence of stomata may however be due to tlie raore terrestrial station of the plant. The macrospores appear to me to be very similar to those of /. lacustris. — /. tripus, A. Br. 1. c. 1863, 559, 1868, 544 ; I phoeospora, Dur. in Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. xi. 103. "W. Australia, Drummond n. 989, 990. 2. PHYLLOGLOSSUM, Kunze. Small stemless plant, with a tuberous rootstock and radical leaves and peduncles. Spore-cases reuiform, 2-celled, 2-valved, sessile in the axil of the bracts of a pedunculate spike, fiUed with minute powdery spores. The genus is limited to the single Australian species which is also in New Zealand. 1. P. Drummondii, Kunze in Bot. Zeit. 1843, 721.— Eootstock small, with a few fibrous roots, producing an ovoid tuber aunually renewed asin OrcJiis, so that at the time of iruiting there are generally two preseut. Leaves few, linear, i to -^ iu. loug, in a radical tu£t. Peduncle usually about twice as long, bearing an erect cylindrical spike of 2 to 3 lines. Bracts broad, with an erect point, shortly exceeding the spore-cases.— Hook. Ic. Pl. t. 908 ; Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. li. 154 ; Metten. iu Bot. Zeit. 1867, 97, with a fig. ; Lycopodium sanguisorha, Spring, Monogr. Lycopod. ii. 36. Victoria. Damp places, Melboume, Adamson ; Portland, Allitt ; near Dande- noni]j and Mahicotta Inlet. Gipps' Land, F. Mueller. Tasmania. George Town, Gunn. W. Australia, Drummond, n. 993 ; West End of Stirling Range. F. Mueller, CXLV. LiCurODIACli^. 073 3. LYCOPODIUM, Linn. Stcms leaty, hard, braucliiug, creopiug prut-tratc or erect. Leavea sinall, eiitireor miuulely serrate, iuserted all rouud the steiu, u.sually iu i rows. Spore-cases all of oue kiud, llatteued, 1-celleil, 2-valved, sessile iu tlie axils uf tlie upper leaves, or ot" bracts usually suialler or broader thau tlie stem-leaves aud formiug termiiial or lateral spikes. Spores all miuute and powdery. The gonus is widcly sprcad over cvoiy part of the globc. C)f thc elcvtm Aust raliaii spccics, tlircc iirc gencr.iUy distributcd in tlie Now and tlic Old World, oiu; liiuitcd to thc Old ^Vorld, thc scven others arc iu Ncw Zcaland, tivo of thom cxtcmling to tho Pacilic Islands and two to South America. Leaves lanceolate, cartilaginous, crowdcd all round the stem, mostly 3 to G lincs long. Stems short, crcct. Spore-cases in the axils of the upper leaves _ 1. i. seldt/o. Stems elongated, ascending. Sj)ikes terminal, usually several. Bracts smaller than the stem-leaves but much longer than the spore-cases 2. L. varium. Stems elongatcd, pendulous. Spikes terminal, several. Bracts scarccly exceeding thc spore-cases . . . . '6. L. phkginaria. Leaves usually narrow, crowded i'ound the stem, under 3 lines long. Spore-cases in spikes, with small broad bracts. Spikes pedunculate. Stems extensively crecping with numerous asccnding leafy branches. Spikes tcrminal \. L. clavatum, Stems creeping, short or scarcely branched. Sj^ikes single on lateral erect peduncles beiiring small leaves o. L. carnUnianum. Spikes sessile, lateral. Stems branched at the base, elongated and slender. Leaves subulate 6. i. lateralc. Stems diffuso, and much branehed. Leaves linear . . T. L. diffiisHm. Spikes sessile, terminal, usually short. Stems often above 2 ft. long. Branches numerous, spreading or flexuose. Spikes nodding 8. Z. ceniuum. Stems and branches erect, dense. Spikcs erect . . , 9. Z. dtnsum. (See also the first two specics of Selagixella.) Leaves distichous and decumbent in 2 opposite rows, with smaller adnate ones rescmbling stipulcs. Spikes scs^sile, terminal or paniculate. Distichous leaves broadly lanceolate. Bracts with spreading tips 10. Z. scariosum, Distichous leaves nairow-lanceolate. Bracts with ap- presscd tips scarcely excccding tho spore-cases . . IL L. volubile. (Most species of Selaginella have the foliage of the last two species, but are more deHcate and difl"use besides the difierenco in the spore- cases.) TOL. VII. 2 X C74 CXIA. LYCO^OUIACF.M. ILl/COfJOcliuin. 1. L. selago, Linn ; Sprini/, Monor/r. Li/cop. i, 19, ii. 5. — Stems scarcely creeping, thoiigh sligbtly decumbent and rootiug at the base, the forkcd erect brauches fonning dense levcl-topped tufts 3 to G in. bigb, completely covered witb tbeir crowded but spreading dark-green leaves, all lanceoLate, 3 toi lines long, witb a short fine poiut. Spore- cases iu tlie axils of tbe upper leaves, not forming a distinct spike, tbe leaves or bracts being quite similar to the etem-leaves. — ilook. f. ri. Tasiu. ii. 155. t. 170 ; Hook. Brit. Ferns, t. 84. Victoria. JMount Baw-Bawat an elcvation of 4000 ft. and Munyong Mountains up to 6000 or 7000 ft. F. MneUer. Tasmania. Mount Wellington, J. B. Hookcr, Gulliver ; Iilount Field East, F. Mtieller. In most cool mountainous alpine or arctic regions both of the northorn and southern hemispheres. The Australian specimons forra gencrally rather longer and looser tufts than the European ones, with some approach to some states of L. variuin, a tendency not observed in northem specimens. 2. L. varium, R. Br. 'Prod. 1G5. — A variable species, some of tbe smaller morc compact specimens approacbing L. selago, but usually decumbeut or elongated aud rootiug at tbe base, with asceuding brancbes of 6 in. to 1 ft. Leaves crowded all round tlie stem, lanceo- late, obtuse, spreadiug or rarely erect, 3 or 4 bnes or sometimes uearly I in. long. Spikes terminal, 1 to 4 iu. long, solitary or 2 or 3 togetber, continucus witb the leafy brancb with bracts sometimes leafy 2 to 3 liues long, iu otber specimeus sbort broad obtnse, imbricate in 4 rows, and 1 to 2 lines long, almost as in L. phlegmaria, or small and acumi- nate approaching those of tlieJNew Zealand L. Billardieri, Spring, aud thus ahnost conuecting these species. — Spring. Monogr. Lycopod. i. 57, ii. 24 ; Hook. and Grev. Ic. Filic. t. 112 ; Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 155, t. 170 ; L. selago,vfir. F. Muell. Fragni. v. 111. N. S. Wales. Lord Howe's Island, C. Moore. Victoria. Gcnoa Peak and Munyong Mountains, F. MueUer. Tasmania. Table Mountain (Mount Wellington), M. Broivn ; abundant on the ground and trunks of trees, J. D. Hoolar. Also in New Zealand, the Pacific Islands and South Africa. 3. L. phlegmaria, Linn. ; Spring. Monogr. Lycop. i. G3, ii. 28. — Stems elongated, nsually peudulous from rocks or trunks of trees. Leaves crowded, cartilagiuous, spreading, mostly Lnnceolate and 3 to G lines long, but occasioually obloug and obtuse. Spikes slender at tbe euds ol" tbe brancbes, usually several and oftenforked, 2 to 3 oreven to G in. long. Bracts imbricate iu 4 rows, usually broad and scarcely excieediug the apore-cases, but in some specimens with a lauceoLate point twice as long. Queensland. Rockingham Bay, BaUachij ; Daintree River, Fitzalan. Widely spread over tropical Africa and Asia. Li/copodium.] cxlv. lAoopoDrACRiE. V->73 ■i. L. clavatum, Linn. ; oar. tastigiatuin. — Steina Irom u loug creepinj:^ loalless base orrhizomc, procumb'. Freissia/ia. Stems branching upwards, 2 to 6 in. or sometimes more . 2. -S'. ulifiluosa. Stem-leaves in two outer rows distichous and spreadiug, 2 inner rows closely appressed. Spikes slender, the bracts imbricate in 4 rows. Stems bare at the base, ascending or erect, very mu('h branched upwards to a length and breadth of 6 to 10 in. (iu outline) 3. H. Jlabellattini. Steuis diffuse or creeping and much brauched .... 4. S. co/iciu/ia. Stem-Ieavus anu habit of -b'. co/iciin/a or much smaller. Spike oblong, the bracts spreading, uearly resembling the stem-leaves 5. '. Jieiani/en. 1. S. Preissiana, Spring, Monogr. Lycop. ii. Gl. — An crcct slendcr auuual of 1 to 2 iu., divided at the base iuto simple or oucc forked G78 CXLV. LYCOPODiACE.B. ISelaf/inella. branchea leafy throughout. Leaves all similar, spreadiiig, very narrow, acuminate, i to f line loug. Spikes occupying usually the greater part of the plant. Bracts tlie lengtli of the steni-leaves, acute or acuminate, imbricate in 4 rows. — ¥. Muell. Fragm. v. 112; Lycopodmm fjracil- limum, KunzeinPl. Preiss. ii. 109. Victoria. Fitzroy River, Roherfson ; Grampians, Nitlliva>/ ; Dandenong Kanges aiid niinmlains oi' Snowy Kiver, Gij)ps' Land, F. Muvller ; Ararat, Grecu. Tasmania. South Esk Kiver, C. Stuart. W. Australia. Swan Kiver, Drummoiid, Preiss, n. 1882 ; Elackwood River, Oldjield. 2. S. uliginosa, Sjjring, Monorjr. Lycop. ii. 60. — Stems from a creeping base erector ascendiug, slender but rigid, brauching and leafy throughoux, UKually 2 to 6 in. long but occasionally mucli drawn up. Leaves all simihu' or nearly so, ovate-lanceolate, acute, keeled, spreadiiig or at length reflexed, sometimes oblique but not vertical. Spikes terminal, slender, from 3 or 4 lines to 1 in. long. Bracts smaller nari'ower and mure acute than the stem-leaves, imbricate in 4 rows, the poiuts appressed or slightly spreading. — Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 158 ; F. Mueil. Fragni. v. 112 ; Lycopodium ulif/inosum, Labill. PL Nov. Holl. ii. 104, t. 261 ; Jt. Br. Prod. 1G5 ; Sieb.' Syu. Filic. n. 83. Queensland. Stradbrooke Island, W. Mill. N. S. 'Wales. Port Jaekson to the Blue Moimtains, A. Cutiningham, J. D. Z^oo/iV7- and others ; New England, C. Stnart ; (Jlarence River, Wilcox ; Macleay Kiver, Uiriot ; liichmond lii\er, jllrx. Jiodffkinson ; Lord Howe's Island, C. Moore. Victoria. Port Phillip, E. Broion, Adamson, F. Maeller; Portland, AUitt ; Grampians. Sullivan ; Dandenong Ranges and Gipps' Land, F. Mueller ; Cape Howe, Walter. Tasmania, Gunu ; probably common in marshy places, /. D. Hooker ; Bass's Straits, Milne. 3. S. flabellata, *S/»n'»^, Monogr. Lycop. ii. 174. — Eliizome cree])ing and rooting to a great exteut, emitting erect leafy stems, simple for 2 to4 in., then expauding iuto a broadly ovate form, G to 10 in. long and sometimes nearly as wide, densely branched. Leaves in 4 rows, the 2 outerrows distichously spreadiiig, nearly vertical, falcate, 1 to 1| lines long, usually dark green on the upper side, pale and shining underneath in tlie dried state, inner rows uot half so long, semicoixlate, fine pointed, converging over the rhachis. Spikes 3 to 9 lines long, sleuder. Bracts keeled, fiue-poiuted, imbricate in 4 rows. — Lycopodiuiii fahel- latum, Linn. Queensland. Rockingham Bay, Balluchij ; Daintree Kiver, Fitzalan. Also in the Malayan Archipelago to South China and in tropical America. The spccies piobahly includes S. aryvnteu, Spring, and some others. 4. S. concinna, Spring, Monogr. Lycop. ii. 199. — Stems slender, creeping, pinualely branched and leafy througliout, the numerous intricate branclies tdiortly ascending. Larger leaves in two rows, distichously spi'eading, oblong, obtuse or acute, 1 to 1-^ lines long Sdagindla.'] cxlv. lvcopddiace^. 679 ecarcely cordate at the basc ; iiiner rows smaller, ovate, appreased. Si)ikcs tcrminal, 4 to 8 lines long, about 1 line diaineter. Jiracts keeled, acumiiiate, iiubricato in -1 rows, the tips usually spreadinfr. — Lycopodium concinnum, Swartz. Queensland. Rockingham Bay, DaUuclnj ; Uaintreo Rivor, Fitzalan ; York Peniijsula, N. Tuijlor. Also iu East India and thu ilascarene Islands. _ 5. S. Belangeri, Spring, Monof/r. Lrjcop. ii. 21-2. — Stems creeping, pinnatei}^ braiichrd, leafy throughout as in L. concinna, biit a sinaller more delicate plaiit rarely G in. aiid often under 1 in. long. Larger leaves in 2 rows, distichously spreading, scarcely 1 line long, ovate ; 2 iniier rows appressed, ratlicr sinaller. Spikes terminal, oblong, rarely aboveGlines long, 2 lines broad iu the larger specimens, the spreading bracts very similar to the larger stem-leaves. — Lucopodinm Belanqen, Bory iu Belang. Voy. Bot. 12, t. 1, f. 2. N. Australia. Port Darwnn, Schidlz, ii. 111. 31-5 ; Etheridge River, GulUver. Queensland. Rockingham Bay, Didlachij ; York Peninsida, N. Taijhr. Li/coj)udii(m p;(mdi«,\\. Br. Prod. IGG {Sclrojinclln pumiliu, Spring, Monogr. Lycop. ii. 241), is founded upon 2 minute specimens which had hcen mixed with somc other dwarf plants in Banks and Solanders Endeavour River collection, they are both quite simple with a single tibre to the root, one i in. high, the other very little longor though in fruit. They appcar to be small starvcd specimens fruiting the first year, perhaps of S. Bchiiigeri, although thc bracts are much smaller than in that species more like those of the Ceylonese L. ciliare, Retz, but some of Schultz's specimens of IcafietH, with uumeroiis 1'orked vcins radiating IVoiu their base. luvoluc-rcs sessile or stipitate, their stipes ofteu but uot always combiued at the base with tbot^e of the barrcu frouds aa iu Opluoglosseae. Sori liucar, ou traus- verse veius proccediug from thc upper side or iuidrib of the iuvohicre, tbe iudusia often more or less combiued, dividiug the invohicrc into 2 serics of trausverse cells. Each sorus consisting of few macro- sporaugia, each ouc surrounded by several microsporaugia. The genus has a wide range in the northern hemispherc and one of the Austra- lian sjieeies does not appcar to be distinct from the common northern onc. Tho others are prohably endemic. Whole phvnt ghibrous. Leaflets obovate. Involucres on stipes not exceuding -| in. and often very short . . . l. M. qitadrifolia. Leaflets narrow-oblong. Involucrcs hirsute, sessile or nearly so 2. M. rdiffustifolia. Leaflets obovate usually hirsute. Involucres hirsute, sessile or nearly so 3. 3f. hirsuta. Leaflets obovate, often crenate ; silky-\allous underneath. Involucres on stipes of 1 to nearly 2 in 4. M. Druiiimoiidii, 1. M. quadrifolia, Lin7i. ; i?. Br. Frod. 167. — Whole phant quite gh\hrous. Leaflets ou a kmg btipes, very hroadly obovate, quite eutire. luvokicres obliquely ovoid or almost globular, 2 to 3 lincs loug, mostly iu clusters of 2, 3 or rarely 4, the sti])es or peduncles not exceeding \ iu. aud ofteu shorter, more or less uuited at the base aud very shortly so witli the base of the stipes of the barreu froud. — A. Br. iu Berl. Mouatsber. 1S70, 724 ; M. Brownii, A. Br. 1. c. 725. N. S. Wales. Port Jackson, E. Browii. I can find no difference between these and European specimens except that the stipes of the involucres are u.^-ually but not always rather longer and almost but not quite free from that of the barren frond. 2. M, angustifolia R. Br. Frod. 167. — Leaflets uarrow-obloug, very obtuse truucate or shglitly tootlied at the end, tlie stipes slender, fiUlorm, 2 to 3 in. long iu Browu's specimeus, above 1 ft. iu F. Mueller's, glabrous or ucarly so. Involucres hirsute and nearly sessile as iu M . hirmta, but iu the few spccimens seeu solitary at the nodes. N. Australia. Islands of the Gulf of Carpentaria, R. Bronn ; Victoria Eiver, F. Mntlkr. 3. M. hirsuta, B. Br. Frod. 167. — Toung ends of the rhizome deusely ru.st\-villous. Lcaflets ohovate or broadly cuueate, sparingh' or densely hirsute uudcrncatli, thc stipcs usually loug aud slcudcr. luvolucres small, usually clustered, scssile at thc base of the barren fronds or ou a sti])es shorter thau the involucre. — A Br. iu Berh Monatsber. 1870, 732. N. Australia. Islands of the Gulf of Carpentaria, i?. Jhf.xvn ; Victoria Eiver, F. Miidhr. 684 cxLvi. Ai AUSTMOAOE^. [MarsHea. Queensland. Broad Sound, H. Bron-n ; JJrisbane Kiver, Moreton Bay, F. 2[H(ner ; South Queensland, Hartmaan. N. S Wales. Port Jackson, R. Brown. Victoria? Ballarat, Bacchus. The speciraens not in fruit and therofore doubtful. A. liraiin l\ad distinguished some small-leavcd specimens as a variety whicb be afterwards pubiishud as a species, M. cxarata, A. Br. in Berl. Monatsber. 1870, 732. Some spoeimons sbow botb large and srnall leaflets. 4. M. Drummondii, A. Br. in Linncea, xxv. 721. — Eiids of tlie rhizome under side of the leaflets and involuci-es more or less silk}'- hairy. Stipes of the barren fronds usnallj long and sleuder ; leaflets broadly obovate-cuneate or fan-shaped, more or less crenate or shortly lobed or rarely quite entire. Involucres larger than in any of the foregoing species, the stipes or peduncles clustered, free from the base, l to 1| or rarely 2 in. long. — M. Muelleri, A. Br. in Liunsea, xxv. 721 ; M. macropus, Hook. Ic. Pl. t. 909, G-ard. Forns, t. 63. N. S. Wales, Victoria, S. Australia and W. Australia, ranging over thc whole desert interior, the involucres known as a miserable article of food under tbe name of Xardio. Gathered by numerous cultivatoi's and cultivated in the Berlin Grarden [Druiiimoiul, it. 398). A. Braun bad in tbe Kew and otber berbai-ia distinguisbed several varieties upon cbaracters wbich I fail to appreciate, althougb he afterwards raised tbem into ten distinct species, 21. H;htly oblong, Indusium cup- ^ shapod or globular aiid 2-valved. Sori closo to tho niargin. Indusium adnatc on the uppcT side, opcning in 2 valves or lcaving a _ completc ring 17. Uilksonia. Sori and indusium protruding from thc margin . .18. Depauia. Sori closc to or ncar the margin. Indusium adnato at thc base only or along thc sides forming with the frond a conipletc cup 19. Davallia. Sori linear, marginal. Indusium linear, opening frora the margin inwards. Frond simplc, linear. Indusium of the texture of the frond, the sorus apparently embedded in a doiible margin 20. Vittakia. Frond pinnate or bipinnate. Indusium mem- branous 21. Lindsjea. Sori marginal. Indusium continuous with the mar- gin and opening from the under edge outwards. Fronds pinnate or compoimd. Veins of the pinnules forked or dichotomous, radiating from thc petiole 22. Adiantum. Fronds compoimd. Pinnules penninerved. Sori short. Indusium a small scale recurved ovcr them 23. Htpolepis. Fronds compound, with small lobed segments. Sori short or globular. Indusium the slightly altered margins of the lobes curved over them . . ,24. Cheilaxthes. Fronds various. Sori and indusia linear, usually long and continuous 25. Ptekis. Sori in a continuous line along the midrib. Sori on both sides of the midrib, the indusium open^ng from the midrib outwards. Sori at length covering the mider surfacc of thc fertilc fronds 2G. Lomaria. Sori at length confluent over the midrib but dis- tant from thc margin 27. Blechnum. Sori in a single line along the midrib, in a groove of which the edges form the indusium. Frond small, single 28. Moxogkamme. Sori and indusia oblong or shortly linear, parallel to the midrib, on veinlets connecting the forked veins 29. Doodia. Sori and indusia oblong or linear, on veins diverging from the midrib 30. Asplenium. Sori orbicular, usually small, as in Polypodium, but with an indusium. Indusium concavc at the base bearing the sorus . .31. CYSTorTERis. Indusium attached within the sorus, peltate or or- bicular-reniform 32. Aspidium. B. Xo indusium. Sori orbicular, usually small, variously arranged on the under surface 33. Polypodium, 688 C\LV1I. iiLlCDS. Sori marginal as in Cheilanthes but the margin un- altered in consistence, though often curved over the young sorus 34. NoxHOLiiiNA. Sori lino.ir or oblong, on veins divcrging froni thc midrib, sometimes crowdod in an inlramarginal linc 35. Gkammitis. Sori lon^j, linear, on the longitudinal anastomosing veins of a simple frond 36, ANTuorHYUM. Sori conll uent, at length completely covering the under surface of the fertile fronds or pinnules . . .37. Acrostichum. Spore-cases innumerable in hirge patches towards the end of the fertile fronds 38. Platycekium. TuiBE I. OpniooLOSSEZE. — Barrrn fronds leaflike ; fertile ones spike- like, siinplc or branched, the stipes of both freqiiently coinbined at the base (the barren lauiiua then resembling a leaf ou the stipes of the fertile one). Spore-cases globuhir, 2-valved, without any ring, sessile iu 2 rows or in sniall clusters on the spike or its branches. Eronds not circinate iu veruatiou. 1. OPHIOGLOSSUM, Linn. Barrcu froud leaflike, entire or forked at the end, reticulately veined. Fertile kimiua or spikesimple, pedunculate. Spore-cases ses~ sile aud more or less combiuedback to back iu 2 rows along the rhachis, opeuiug iu a fissure trausverse as to the spike, longitudiual as to the spore-case. A small genus generally spread over thc tropical and temporate regions of the globe. Of thetwo Australian specics one has the wide distribution of the genus, the other is tropical Asiatic. Barrcn frond ovate-lanceolate or linear, resembling a leaf on tho peduncle of the spike \. 0. vuhialnin. Barren frond ribbon-like from the base, the spike appearing pedunculatc on the lamina '1.0. pcinlHlum. 1. O. vulgatum, Liiin. ; Ilook. nnd Bak.Syn. FiUc.4hboiiring JiHtricts, Bowina», Thozct, WShunesij. N. S. Wales. Port Jackson to the Bluo Mountains, li. Browii, WuolU and otlicrs. Victoria. Turra and IMurruy Rivers, Station Peak, etc, F. Mutller. Tasmania. Coinmoii a.t Forraosa, Uhhh ; King'8 Ishmd, Neate. Tho species is found in raost warm and temperate climatos, and everj'wherc varies so much in thc sizc and shape of thc leatlike lamina that it has hccn divided into a number of ^ipocies, which thc most acute ob.servor3 in various countrics havc aj^ain uuitcd. In Australia some of the largcr broad-leaved forms chicMy in N. S. Wah-s and Qucenslaud, resomblo tho O. rdicuUitum Linn. ; Bedd. Ferns S. Ind. t. 70, thou^hnot cordate as in Hook. and Grev. Spec. Filic. t. 20. Thc Australian spcci- mens howevei', ospecially Ihe soutliorn ones, aro "onerally small and intormcdiate between broad and nanow, luany of them well represeuted by 0. //urvifiilium, Ilook. and Grev. ; Bedd. Ferns S. Ind. t. 71, others by 0. illipticicm, Ilook. and Grev. Ic. Filic. t. -10, othci's again narrow as in 0. Iwitaiiicum Linii. ; Hook. and Grev. Ic. Filic. t. 80. 2, O, pendulum, Linn. ; Tlook. and Iktlc. Syn. Fil. 44G. — Barren frond peuduloiis froin trees and rocks, often many teet long, ribbon- like, entire or rarely forked at the end, leaflike throughout or tapurino; at the base into a very short stipes. Spike 1 to 6 in. long, on a short peduucle arising from the central line of the frond not very far from the b.ise. Spore-cases in 2 opposite rows as in O. vuJgatum, buried ■nhen young in the continuous margin, at length occupying nearly the whole breadth of the spike.— Sieb. V\. M\\t. n. 278 ; liook. and Grev. Ic. Filic. t. 19 ; Hook. Gard. Ferns, t. 33 ; Bedd. Ferns S. Ind. t. 269. Queensland. Head of the Brisbane, W. Rill ; near Rockhampton, Thozet, 0' S/iamsi/, ijrowing usually out of the tuftsof Flatijceriuni. N. S. 'Wales. Ash Island, Leichhardt. Also in tropical Asia e.Ktending on the one hand to the Mascarene, on tho other to the Pacific Islands. 2. BOTRYCHHJM, Swartz. Barren fronds pinuate or compound. Fertile fronds with brauched spikes, forming a pedunculate panicle. Spore-cases sessiie in 2 rows along the branches, marginal but turned inwards, opening in a fis- sure, transverse as to the rhachis, longitudinal as to the spore- case. A genus of few specios, ohiofly extratropical, dispersed ov(>r the New and the Old Worid on tho northern and southern hemispheres. The Australian species are both Tcry generally distributcd. Barren frond simply pinnate, apparently sessile or nearly so on the stipes of the fertile one . 1. B. htnaria. Barren and fertile fronds both compound, their respcctive stipites ehortly united or somotimoH free 2. B. ternatum. VOL. VII. 2 T 690 Cxl-viT. I-iLiCES, \_Botrychium. 1. B. lunaria, Sivarfz ; Hook. and Jiak. 8i/n. Filic. 447. — Coni- biiied trond 8 to 6 or rarely 8 in. high, with a few adnate scales at the base of tho commou atipes. Barreii frond a])parently proceeding froin the middle of the plant, f to 3 in. long, pinnate, with frora 5 to 15 distant pinna? or aegraents, obliquely obovate-cuneate, fan-shaped or half-moon-sliaped, i to ^ in. broad, of a thick consistence, entire or crenate, the forked veins radiating from the base. Fertile panicle lanceohite in outline, f to 2 in. iong, with few short branches, all turned toone side. — Hook. Brit. Ferns, t. 48; Hook, f Fl. Tasm. ii. 154; F. Muell. Fragm. v. 113 ; Bedd. Ferns Brit. Ind. t. 208. Victoria. Sno\vy Plains on the Ovens, Goulbourn, Caboga aud Mitta-Mitta Rivers, F. Miiellcr. Tasmania. Grassy plains, ascending to 4000 ft., Qunii, Archer, C. Stuart, Widuly spread over the temperate and cooler regions of the northem hemisphere, also in extratropical South America. 2. B, ternatum, Swartz. ,- Hook. and Bak. Si/n. Filic. 448. — Stipites of the barren and fertile fi'onds free below their division and sometimes from the base. Barren laminae 2 to 5 in. long and at least as broad, tripartite with pinnate divisions. Pinnse ovate-lanceo- late in outline, deeply pinnatifid or again pinnate, the segments deuti- culate. Veins diverging, alraost concealed in the thick texture of the frond. Fertile panicie much branched, 1 to 3 in. long aud often nearly as broad at the base. — F. Muell. Fragm. v. 113; Osmunda teruota, Thunb. Fl. Jap. 329, t. 32 ; Botrychiiim australe, R. Br. Prod. 164 j B. virginianum, Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 154, t. 169, uot of Swartz. Queensland. Moreton Bay, F. Mi(eller ; summit of Mount Archer, near Rock- hampton, f/S/iaiicsi/, Thozet. N. S. Wales. Port Jackson to the Blue Mountains, R. Brown, Woolls and others. Victoria. Maroka Valley at an elevation of 4000 ft., F. Mueller. Tasmania. Moist shady place.s, Giinn ; Blersey River, Milligan. Also in extratropical North America and Asia and in New Zealand. 3. HELMINTHOSTACHYS, Kaulf Barren froud leaflike, divided. Fertile frond a peduuculate spikelike panicle. Spore-cases globular but free, in dense clusters all round the rhachis, opening irregularly in an extcrnal slit. The genus is limited to the single Australian species, which extends over East India, the Malayan Aichipelago and New Caledonia. 1. H. zeylanica, Hook. Gen. Filic. t. 47, 2nd. Gent. Ferns, t. 94, Gard. Fcnis, t. 28. — Khizome thick, creeping, with fleshy fibres. Frouds united in a stipes often 1 ft. long, the fertile leaflike lamiua nearly sessile upon it, usually 3-partite, each division deeply pinnatifid. Hehninthostachya.'^ OILVII. filices. 091 Se^ineiita lanceolato, 3 to 5 in. loni:;, ,V to 1 in. broad, eutico or denticu- late, inore or less decurrent aiid conlluent at the base. Veins nuinerous, simple or forked, parallel aiid diverging Iroui tlio uiidrib, all free or rarely nnastomosing. Spike or rnther spikelike paniclo 2 to 4 in. long, the peduncle at least as lonjj; above the barren lamina. Clusters of spore-cases sliort and crowded, each clustor usually terminating iu a crestlike appeudage (abortive spore-cases ?) — licdd. Ferus S. lud. t. G9; F. Muell. Fragm. v. 113. Queensland. Rockingham Bay, W. Hill, BaUaehij ; Port Donison and Daintrco River, Fitzalait ; Rockhampton, Thuzet. Tribr II. ]\Lv.RA.TTiE^. — Frouds circinate in vernation. Spore-casea without any perfect ring, opcning in 2 valvos or in a longitudiual slit, sessile or united, in 2 rows, in sori forming marginal lobes to the rhachis or segments, or placed on their under surface. 4. LYGODIUM, Swartz. Climbiug ferns, with long twining stems. Fronds pinnately or iu species uot Australian dichotomously divided, iuserted on the common stem in divaricate pairs, usually on a very short common stalk or petiole. Pinnules usually ovate or lanceolate, at least when barren. 8pore-cases globular or transversely oblong, with longitudinal strije at the iipper end, opeuing in a longitudinal slit, sessile in tvvo rows, in sori forming small lobea borderiug the pinnules or in a separate panicle, with a small scale under each spore-case. A tropical gemis widely sproad over tho Ncw as woll as thc Old World. Of the thrcc Auscralian species two have a wide range in the Old World, the third is only in the Pacific Islands. Fronds simply pinnatc. Pinnules articulate on the petiole. Veins all free \ L. scaiidetia. Fronds simply pinnate or thc lower pinnae again pinnate. Pinnvdes articulate on the petiole. Veins often anastomosing 2. Z. reticulatvm. Fronds more or lcss bipinnate. Pinnules not articulate, often decurrent on tho petiole. Veinsallfrcc . . . '6. L. japonicitm. 1. S. scandens, Swartz ; Hook. and Bak. Si/n. Filic. 4:37. — Stema rather slender, but twining and clirabing to a cousiderable eitent, glabrous or slightly pubescent. Frouds of eacli pair piunate. Pinnules 5 to 10 or more, from cordate-ovate to oblong-lauceolate or hastate, varying from | to l^ in. long, often aliortly Jobed at tho base, aud alvvays articulatc on a slight tliickeuing of the ape.x of tlie petiolule, whicli persists on the cominon rhacliis after tho piiinules liave tallen off. Veins forked, free, radiating from llie petiolule, with a inore or less distiuct central nerve. Sori protruding from the margins oi piuuules siniilar to the barren oues, sometimes all very short with 3 to C pairs of spore-caaes, sometimes iu the same specimen •!• to 5 liues 2 T 2 902 crLVii. riLicES. [Li/ffodium. long, with 12 to 15 pairs of spore-cases. — Bedd. Ferus S. Iiid. t. Gl ; L. nncrophyllum, R. Br. Prod. 162; F. Muell. Fragni. v. 113. N. Australia. Port Darwin, Schullz, n. 382; Adams Bay, Hulse ; Liverpool ]iivcr, GuUim . Queeusland. Sandy Cape, Hervey Baj', E. Bronn ; Cape York and Endeavour Iliver, W. Hill, Daciml, N. Taj/lor ; Rockingham Bay, Lalldchij ; Port Denison, Fitzalan ; Rockhampton, Thozet ; Brisbane Kiver, Morcton Bay, A. Cuninngham, F. MmUn-. N. S. Wales. Tweed River, Guilfoyle. Widely spread over tropical Asia, received also from tropical Africa. 2. I.. reticulatiim, Schkuhr, Spec. Filic. 130, t. 139.— Habit of the larger specimens of L. scandens, and the pinnules similarly articulate on the petiolule, but usually larger, lanceolate, rather more rigid, often above 2 in. long, the lower ont^s ot the frond often again ])innate, with 3 to 5 secondary pinnules. Veins forked, diverging from a central nerve and occasionally crossing each other or anastomosing. Sori small, usually numerous and crowded along the margins, each with 3 to 12 pairs of spore-cases. — Hook. and Bak. Syn. Filic. 439 ; Hydroglossum scandens, Presl ; Bail. Queeusl. Ferns, 62. Queensland. York Peninsula, N. Taylor ; Daintree River . FxtzaUin ; Rocking- hamBay, Dallachy. Alao in the Pacific Islands. 3. L. japonicum, Swartz ; Hook. and Bak. Syn. Filic. 439. — Froiids pinuate as in L. scandens, but the pinuules mucb longer aud narrower, not articulate but often very narrowly decurrent on the petiolule, and usually sprinkled with short hairs, the lower ones of each frond 3-fid or pinnate with 3 to 5 secondary pinnules, the central oiie lanceolate, varying from 1 to 6 in. long, the lateral ones shorter, entire or toothed when barren, the veins free ; fertile fronds either similar to the barren ones or reduced to a brauched rhachis. Sori formiiig short linear marginal lobes as in L. scandens. — L. semibipinnatnm, R. 13r. Prod. 162, F. Muell. Fragm. v. 113. N. Australia. Islands off the North Coast, R. Brown ; Port Darwin, i>chHlt:, n. 20 ; Roper River, McDouall Stuart ; Etheridge River, Gidliver. Queensland. Cape York, Diieihel ; York Peninsula, N. Taylor ; Endeavour River, A. Cunninyham, G. Brou-n ; Dayman's Isle, W. Hill ; Rockingham Bay, Dallachy. tSpread over the Malayan Archipelago, East Indies and Eastern A sia to Japan. 5. SCHIZ^A, Sm. Rhizome short. Fronds erect, linear, terete or very narrow, simple forked or dicliotomous, without expanded laminje. Sori forming small linear pinnules, closely imbricate in a secund spike at the end of the fertile branches, tliose of the two sides folded against each other witb the fructification inside. Spore-cases globular, without any ring, ScJlizcPa.'] CXLVH. FILICES. 003 opcniug in 2 valves, sessilo in 2 rows covering tho inner surface of tlio pinmiles, which is rcally their uuderside, though from tlie curvature of tho spikc it may appear to be tlic upper one. The s>^onus cxtcnds over tropical and tempcrato America and tho aonthem hemisphcre of the Old World. Uf tlie foiir Australian species ono has tho general rani^^e of the genus, auother is scattered over tho southern hemisphero chielly extra- tropical, a third is in New Zealand, ono only is endemic. Fronds terete or neavly so, undividcd. Soriferous pinnules under 2 lines long 1. 5. Jistulosa. Fronds tercte or nearly so, mostly bifid. Soriferous pinnulea very narrow, 3 to 4 h'nes long 2. S. hifida. Fronds tlat, narrow-linear, nndivided. Sorifcrous pinnules 2 lines lonj»' at thc base of the spike, tapering to 1 line . 3. S. ruptsfris. Fronds repcatedly dichotomous 4. 6'. dichutoma, 1. S. fistulosa, Lahill. Fl. Nov. Roll. ii. 103, t. 250.— Fronds deiisely tiifted, 4 to 8 in. long, tcrete, uudivided. Spikc of thc fcrtile oucs about \ in. long, with 6 to 20 pairs of obloug soriferous pinnules scarcely above 1 liiie long, denticulate or shortly fringed. Sporc-cases usuallv ■! to 8 pairs in each sorus. — Hook. anJ Bak. Syn. Eilic. 429 ; F. Muell. Fragm. v. 113 ; -S*. hifida, Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 152. Victoria. Tarwin River, Gipps' Land, F. MiteUer ; Mount William, Sidlivan. Tasmania, Lnbillardiere, R. Browii ; near George Town, Gium ; Southport, C. Sfitiirf ; near Circular Head, F. Mueller. Also in New Zealand, New Caledonia, Madagascar and Chili. 2. S. bifida, Swartz ; Hook. and Bak. Syn. Filic. 429.— Frouds terete, 9 to 18 iu. high, once forked at or below the middle or rarely undivided. Spike of the fertile oues | to f in. long, tlie soriferous piuuulea very nuinerous and elosely packed, narrow-liuear, 3 to 4 liues long, fringed with long cilia. Spore-case.-* often 20 pair, much smalier thau in S.fstulosa.—R. Br. Prod. 162 ; Sieb. Fl. Mi.^t. n. 228. N. Australia. Near Providence Hill, F. Mueller. Queensland. Port Bowen, R. Bmivn ; Rockingham Bay, Dallaclty. N. S. Wales. Port Jackson to the Blue Mountains, Banks and Solaiidtr, A. Cuiiiiintihant, Woolh and others ; New England, C. Stuart ; Clarence River, Wilcox ; Macleay River, Fitzt/erald ; Richmond River, Mrs. nodgkinson ; southward to Twofold Bay," F. Mueller. Victoria. Brighton, F. Mueller. Tasmania. Southport, rare, C. Stiiart. Also in New Zealand. Includedby F. Muell. Fragm. v. 113, in 5. dichotoma. 3. S. rupestris, B. Br. Prod. 162. — Fronds rarely above 4 iu. long, uiidiv ded, ilatteued, about 1 line broad, taperiug to a sliort filitorm stipes. Fertile spike under \ in. long, the sorifcrous pinuuiefl 6 to 8 pair, denticulate biit not ciliaie, the lowcr ones about 2 lines loug and trom that tapering gradually to about 1 liue. Spore-cases 10 to f2 pair.— Hook. and Bak. Syn. Filic. 429; F. Mucll. Fragm. v 113; Hook. and Grev. Ic. Filic. t. 48 ; Hook. Gard. Ferns, t. 42. N. S. Wales. Port Jackson to the Blue Jlountains, on damp rocks, rare, R, Brown ; A. Cwmingham Frater, Woolls; IUawarra, Johnson. 694 cxLVii. FiLiCES. [Schizcsa 4. S. dichotoma Sioartz ; Hook. and Bak. Sijn. FiJic. -130. — Fronds 0 in. to above 1 It. liigb, dicliotoinously divided iiito very numerous branches slightly flattened especially when barren, tbrming a Hat eorymbose top, all or most of them iu some specimens fertile, in others all or most of them barren. Soriferous pinnules of the fertile spike very narrow and closely contiguous as in S. hijida, but usually amuller, varying from 1 to nearly 3 lines loug. — R. Br. Prod. 1G2 ; Hook. and^Grev. Ic. Filic. t. 17; Bedd. Ferns S. Ind. t. G5 ; F. Muell. Fragm. v. 113 ; Sieb. Fl. Mixt. n. 227. N. Australia. Port Darwin, Schultz, n. 208 ; Castlereagh Kiver, Gulliver. Queensland. Northumberland Islands, M. Brown ; Cape York, Daemel ; Endtavour liiver, A. Cunuinghani, N. Tuylor, O. Jiroivn; Daintree River, Fitzalaii ; Cape yidmouth, covering the ground in large patches, JV. Uill ; Rockingham Bay and Rockhainpton, Dallachy ; Brisljane River, Moreton Bay, F. Muelhr. N. S. 'Wales. Paramatta, Woulls, and Blue Mountains, Mrs. Calvert, each a single specimen. Extends over tropical America and Asia, the Mascarene and Pacific Islands, to New Zealand. 6. ANGIOPTERIS, Hoffm. Trunk erect, almost arborescent. Fronds large, bipinnate, tbe stipes with 2 large persistent auricles at the base. 8pore-cases glubular, without any ring, opening inwards in 2 valves, sessile in 2 rows in oblong sori, placed side by side iu a coutinuous row near the margiu of the segments. No indusium. The genus is limited by Hooker and others to the single Australian species, ranging over tropical and Eastern Asia to Japan and extending on the one hand to Madagascar and on the other to the Pacific Islands. It has been divided by De Vriese, Jlonogr. Maratt. \o, and some others into 63 species which, in so far asthey may be discriminated, can only be considered as individual variations. 1. A. evecta^ Hoffni.; Hook. and Bak. Syn. Filic. 440.— Trunk thick and erect, attaining sometimes 2 or 3 ft. Fronds spreading very broad, sometimes 12 to 15 ft. long, on a more or less pubescent stipes but otherwise quite glabrous, greeu and shiniug. Secondary pinuules or segmeuts linear-oblong, 3 to 8 in. loug, abruptly acuminate, crenate- serrate or rareiy entire. Veins nearly parallel, diverging from the midrib, entire or forked. Spore-cases 4 to G pairs in each sorus.— Hook. and Grev. Ic. Filic. t. 36 ; Hook. Filic. Exot. t. 75. Queenslaud. Rockingham Bay, W. Eill, Dallachy ; Daintreo River, Fitzalau. 7. MARATTIA, Sm. Ehizome large, tuberous. Fronds large, twice or thrice pinnate, the Ktipes with adnate auricles at the base. Spore-cases completely united in 2 rows, in oblong boat-shaped sori, placed side by side in a continuous row ciose to the margin of tlie pinnules or between the midrib aud the margin, the spore-cases openiug inwards in longitudi- Mamttia.] cxLvii. iiLicKs. G95 nal slits witliout aiiy other extornal niark to distinguish thein, tho soru» appearing (livided into so inany cells in 2 rows. A gonus of fcw apecios ilisporseJ over the tropical rcgions of thc Ncw und thc ( )ld World and tlie southorn oxtratropical onos of thc Old World. Tho only Australiap species has a general rango in tho Old World. 1. M. fraxinea, Sn/. Ic. T.ned. t. 48.— Fronds 9 to 12 ft. long (DdUfic/i^). Seeinulary piunules or seginents obloni^-laneeolate, aeinninate, ofteii 8 in. loiig and IJ in. broad, biit mueh smaller in other specimeus, with numerous parallel simple or forked transverse veins, the barren [loint usualiy senate, the fertile portion entire or shortly serrate. Boat-?ha])ed sori raiher above l line long, oblique and elose together in a eontinuous row elose to the margin, the vein on wliich they rest sometimes sliglitly ex[)anded and fringed, but scarcely so in our Australian speeimens ; up])er surfaceof the sorus eoncavo, the slits and cells indicating the number of united spore-cases, 5 to 8 pair in eaeh sorus. — Hook. and Bak. Syn. Filic. 4<40 ; Bedd. Ferns S. Ind. t. 79 ; M. salicina, Sm. ; F. Muell. Fragm. v. 114. Queensland. Rockiugham Bay, W. IIiU, Dalluvhy ; York Poninsula, N. Tai/lor ; Daintree Kiver, Fif:iilk. f. PI. Tasm. ii. 1^0 ; G. semivestita, Labill. Sert. Austr. Caled. t. 11 ; Pedd. Perns Brit. lud. t. 177 ; G. rupestris, (uiargins of segmeuts lecurved), R. Br. Prod. 160. N. Australia. Uppcr Victoria Kiver, F. Mucllir. Queensland. Morcton Bay, F. M/icl er. N. S. "Wales. Port Jnckson to the Bhie Mountains, R. Broun, WooIIk and othors; northward to Macleay BXyev, Beckhr ; Kichmond Kiver, IFilcox ; southward to Illawarra, Johnson. ■Victoria. From the Grampians, Sullivan, and Portland, AHitt, to Upper Gipps' Land, F. Muciler. Tasmania. King'8 Island, Ji. Brown ; common in loose forestland, J. B. Hooker and othors. S. Australia. Mount Lofty Eanges, F. Mutller. Also in New Zealand, New Caledonia and the Mahijan Archipelago and Peninsula, 698 cxLYii. FiLicEs. [Gleichenia. 2. G. dicarpa, R.Br.Prod. 161. — Frondsofthe smaller specimens of G. circinata, with the rhachis glabrous or sscaly-hispid, but the segmcnts, mostly under 1 line diameter, are almost globular and buUate, the revolute niargins almost closed over to the rhachls. Sori large iii proportiou, of 2 or rarely 3 spore-cases, in a broad cavity ciose to the rhachis, occu|)yiugmore Uiiin half the breadth of the segment. — Hook. Filic. £xot. t. 40 ; Kunze, Farrenkr. t. 70, f. 2 ; Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 181 ; F. Muell. Fragm. v. 115. Queensland. IJockingham Bay, Dallachy ; Moreton Island, F. Mucllvr. N. S. Wales. Port Jackson, WoulU and others; New England, Ptrrotf ; Macleay River, BccMcr ; Twofold Bay, F. Mudler. Victoria. From the Grampians to Gipps' Land, F. Mueller and others. Tasmania, LnbiUardlire ; Port Dalrymple and Derwent Eiver, 7f. Brown ; abun- dant ospecially in subalpine districts, J. D. Hooker. G. alpiua, R. Br. Prod. 161, Hook. and Grev. Ic. Filic. t. 58, is a smaller and more villous form from the summit of Mount Wellington. The species is also in New Zealand, New Caledonia and the Malayan Archipelago 3. G. flabellata, B. Br. Prod. 161. — Fronds repeatedly dicho- tomous, attaining 2 to 4 ft. in height. Pinnules numerous along the last branches and contiimed along the rhachis below the last fork, linear-lanceolate, entire or the margins obscurely undulate, rarely above 1 iii. long, dilated and sometimes confluent at the base, 1 to 1\ lines broad, glabrous or with a few scnly iiairs uuderneath, the nuraerous veinlets proceeding from the midrib forked, one fork beariug below the summit a superficial sorus of 2 to 5, usually 3 or 4, spore-cases. — ^Hook. Spec. Filic. i. 6 ; Filic. Exot. t. 71 ; Hook. and Bak. Syn. Filic. 12 ; Hook. fil. Fl. Tasm. ii. 131 ; F. Muell. Fragm. v. 114. Queensland. York Peninsula, N. Taylor ; Rockingham Bay, W. Hill, BaUachy ; Brisbane River, Moreton Bay, F. Miul/cr. N. S. "Wales. Port Jackson to the Blue Mountains, E. Browu, A. Cu)t>/i/>t/ham and others ; New England, C. Stuart ; Clarence ^\\qt, Wilcox ; Tweed River, G. Moore ; Illawarra, Johnnon. Victoria. From the Dandenong Range and Grampians, F. MueUer, to East Gipps' Land, Walter. Tasmania. Damp shady places, not very common, J. D. Hooker. Var. tenera,a,smn\\ alpine form. — O. tenera, R. Br. Prod. 161. — Mount Wellington, Tasmania, R. Broivn and others. The species is also in New Zealand and New Caledonia. 4. G. dichotoma, IlooTc. Spec. Filic. i. 12. — Fronds dichotomous. Pinuules undivided, hnear or linear-lanceolate as in G. flabelhtta, but only on the last branches of the stipes above the last fork, mostly about 1 in. long, rather rigid, glaucous underueath, dilated and often shortly confluent at the base, the lowest one on the outer side of the rhachis usually longer and more or less pinnatifid. Transverse veinlets proceeding from the midrib brauching at the base, one branch bearing near the base a sorus of 8 to 12 spore-cases. — llouk. iind Bak. Syn. Filic. 15; Bedd. Feras S. Ird. t. 74; Poli/podium dic/io/omum, Oleichcnia.'] cxLvn. filices, G99 Thimb. ; Mertensia diehotoma, Willd. ; Sclikuhr, Filic. t. 148 ; Gleichenia Hennanni, K. Br. Prod. 101 ; F. Muell. Fragm. v. 114. N. Australia. Huntor's Rivor, Yoik Sonnd, ^i. CuiniiiKjhaiu ; Vietoria River, /•'. Mnt:l,r : rortDarwin, ;Sr/ tropical and subtroiiical rcgions of tho Xcw and the Old World. R. Brown in translcrrini^ it froni J^iliipodiuDi to Ghichiniu rojccted 'i'hunLorfj;'s spccihc nanic as bcing charactcristic ot' the wliole gi'nus and thcrcforc no longcr appropriate for a singlc species. Willdcnow ucvcrthclcss rctained Thunhorg',s nanio, hut placcd tlio i)lant in Jlfertcn.siu, now gencrally united with Ghiiyhu)n ; Xew England, C. Stuart ; Clarence Rivcr, Wilcox ; Illawarra, Jo/iiisou. Victoria. Grampians, Wilhehni. Tasmania. Abundant on the Yorktown rivulet, scarce elsewhere, Gunn , Rechcrche Bay, OldficU. Also in Soutli Africa and New Zealand. 700 cxLvii. FiLiCES. [^Todea. t>. T. Fraseri, ^ooyfc. and Grev. Ic. Filic. t. 101. — Trunk or rhizorae thick and cM-ect. Fronds 1 to 3 ft. long, twice pinnate. Pinnules lanccoliite, dark green and of a thin membranous texture like that of Trichomanes, ^ to 1 in. long, deeply serrate. Spore-cases small and few, at thc base of the midrib and of a few of the lateral veins of the lower pinnules. — Hook. and Bak. Syu. Filic. 427. N. S. Wales. Dcep gullies of the Blue Mountains, rare, Bougainville Cataracts, Frmer, near Wilsons, Woolls ; Carraiong, ffi/li/ard. Also in New Guinea and the South Pacific Islands. 3 T. Moorei, Bak. in Trim. Journ. Bot. 1.873, IG.— Trunk 1 to 1\ ft. high, 6 in. diameter. Fronds otten 4 ft. long, tvvice pinnate. Plnnules lanceolate, of the thin membranous consistence of D. Fraseri, deeplv pinnatifid, with linear-oblong segments denticulate at the end. Spore-cases as in B. Fraseri few and small. N. S. Wales. Lord Howe^s Island, 'Mount CTOwer. C. Moore, Fitzgerald. Tribe IV. [TrMENOPHTLLEiE. — Frouds of a thin membranous consistence and half pellucid, on a creeping rhizome and often small. Spore-cases depressed, with a transverse ring, sessile or nearly so on a columnar receptaclearising from the base of a cup-shaped or deeply 2-valved indusium, embedded in or protruding from the margius of the fronds, and of a consisteuce uearly similar. 12. TRICHOMANES, Lina. Rhizome creeping, slender as in Hymenoplxyllum or short and rather thick. Froudri usuallv small, of a delicate membranous half peliucid texture, entire or variously divided and nerved. Sori terminal or lateraL Indusium of the texture of the frond and continuous with it, tubular or turbintite at the base and immersed in the margin ofthe frond or protrudiug from it, with a narrow usually spreading border entire or uearly so. R.^ceptacle linear, usually exserted. Spore-cases sessile at or uear its base. A large genus, -with the wide geographical range of HymeiiophijUum, to which it is closely allied, differing only in the shape of the indusiuni. Of the eleven Australian species none areendemic, one being found alsoin New Zealand, eight extend more or less over the Indian Archipelago, the Mascarene and South Paciiic Islands, and two generally distributed over thetropical regions of the New and the Old World. Fronds small, undivided or palmately lobed. Fronds sessile, orbicular, peltate, ^ to 1 in. diameter . . \. T. peltatum, Fronds oblong or linear-cuneate, eutire or rarely 2-lobed, under ^ in. loug '2. T. vitiense. Ffonds orbicular, 3 to 4 lines diameter, palmatifid . . . 2,. T. parvuliim, Fronds deeply divided into 3 to 6 linear denticulate lobes, i to near 1 in. long 4. T. digitntum. Fronds pinnately divided, with toothed or shortly lobed eegments ; veins pinnate or forked. Trichomaues.'] cxlvii. filices. 701 Fionds (2 to 4 in.) })innate, with few thin lincar-lanccolatc pinnules toothed or shortly lobcd near the basc . . . 6. T. vcnimum. Fronds (2 to 4 in.) pinnatc with nunierous rathor tliick crowded nearly cqual rather broad ciliate-toothed lobes G. r. jaranirwn. Fronds (3 to 5 in.) bipinnate with rather thick pinnatitid pinuulcs and linear toothcd sei?ments 7. T. rii/idtim. Fronds twice or thricc ])innatcly divided or more compound, thc ultimate lobcs linear thin l-nerved. Sori lateral. Fronds (1 to 2 in.) pinnatc, with ovate onco or twice pinnatifid pinnulcs 8. 7". j^ijxidiferum. Fronds (3 to 8 in.) pinnate, with narrow bipinnatifid pinnules often taperins to a point 9. 7'. caudatum. Fronds (4 to 8 in.) bipinnatc, withbipiniiatifid pinnulcs. Ultimatc lobcs linear. Indusia above \ lino long and broad with a broad 2-lobed bordcr 10. T. apiifolium. Ultimatc lobcs setaccous. Indnsia undcr ^ linc long, with a small cntire border II. T. parvijhyum. 1. T. peltatum, Bo.Jcer in Joum. Linn. Soc. ix. 336, t. 8, O. ; »Sy«. Filic. 73. — Rhizome filiform. Fronds sessile, orbicular, attaclied at or iiear the centre, overlapping each other and closely appressed, about I in. diameter in our Australian specimens, uearly 1 in. in others, eiitire or shortly aiid broadly lobed. Veins numerous, eiitire or forked, radiating from the base or one principal one slightly pinnate. Sori few. Indusia -vvith an oblong tube niore or less embeddcd in the margiu, the border narrow, obscurely 2-lobed. lieceptacle not exserted. Queensland. Trinity Bay, Baileij. Also in the islands of the South Pacific. 2. T. vitiense, Baher inJourn. Linn. Soc. ix. 338, t. 8,D.; Syn. Filic. 74. — -Ehizome filiform. Fronds shortly stipitate, oblon-,' or linear- cuaeate, entire or rarely 2-lobed, 1-nerved, 8 to 5 lines louo-. Sorus single, terminah Indusium with an oblong tube einbedded iii the maro-in or scarcely exserted, the border narrow, shortly spreadiug, entire. Ecceptacle shortly exserted. — F. MuelL Fragm. viii. 32. Queensland. Brisbane River, Bailei/, Also in tlie Fiji Islands. 3. T. parvTilum, Poir. ; HooTc. Spec. Filic. i. 118; Syn. Filic. 75. Ehizoine filiform, tomeiitoseor gLabrous. Fronds sliortly stipitate, ovate- cuneate orbicular or almost reuiform, 3 to 4 lines diameter, uiiequally pahnatifid, the deeper lobes reachiiig below the middle, all obtuse o"r eniarginate Sori terminaL Indusiuin with an oblong tube ahnost entirely embedded in the margin, with a very short sliglitly spreadiii"- border. Eeceptacle inckided or shortly t xserted. — BaiL QueensL Ferus, GO. Queensland. Rocks near Brisbane, Bailey. Also in the Mascarene Islands, the Malayan Archipelago, East tropical Asia and the South Pacific Islands. 702 CiLTii. FiLiCES. [Trlchomane3. 4. T. digitatum, Swartz ; Hook. Spec. Filic. i.119; Si/n. Filic. 76. — llhizome filitbnn. Fronds on a rather long capillary stipes, i to | iii. long, deeply and unequally divided into 3 to 6 broadly linear obtuse entire or notchod lobes, bordered by a tcvv small teeth. Indusia broader than in most species, but embedded in the apex oftlie lobes, with a very short open eutire border. — T. lanceum, 13ory ; Hook. and G-rev. Ic. Filic. t. 33 ; T. calvescens, Y. de Bosch in Hook. and Bak. Syn. Filic. 77. TS. S. '^Vales, Vicarij ; Illawarra, C. Moore. Spread over the Masoarene Islands, the Malayan Archipelago and tho South Pacific Islands. 5. T. venosum, R. Br. Prod. 159. — Rhizoine woolly-scaly. Fronds on a filitbrm stipes, of a very delicate texture, 2 to 4 in. or rarely longer, pinnate. Pinnules linear or lanceolate, mostly 4^ to 1 in. long, toothed or with a few short unequal lobes near the base, the veinlets of each piunule pinnate, with simple or forked branches, the midrib flexuose. Indusium embedded in a short lobe near the base of the pinnule on the inner side, oblong, with a short spreading entire border. keceptacle usually exserted. — Hook. Spec. Filic. i. 132 ; Syn. Filic. 82 ; Hook. and Grev. Ic. Filic. t. 78 ; Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 135 ; F. Muell. Frag n, V. 116. N. S. Wales. Port Jackson, Ji. Broivn, A. Cuunwgham, TFonlls ; Clarence River, Wjlco.r ; Cape Howe, Waltcr. Victoria. Dandonong; Ranges, sources of the Yarra, F. Miieller. Tasmania. Derwent River, R. Brown ; abundant, clothing the ti'unli3 of tree- fems, etc, /. D. Hooker. Also in New Zealand. 6. T, javanicum, Blume. ; Hook. Spec. Filic. i. 130; Syn. Filic. 83 ; Gard. Fevns, t. 37. — Fronds lanceolate in outline, often falcute, 8 to 4 in. long, pinnate. Pinuules numerous, crovvded along the rhachis, lanceolate-falcate, shortly stipitate, about \ in. long, of a thicker consistence and darker coloured than raost species, penniveiued, the oblique simple or forked veinlets mostly produced into short setaceous teeth beyond the margin. Indusia fevv, along the inner margin below the middle, wholly exserted, narrow-oblong, with a small spreadiug border. Eeceptacle exserted. — Hook. and G-rev. Ic. Filic. t. 240 ; Bedd. Ferns Brit. Ind. t. 180. Queensland. Daintree River, Fitzalan. ALso in the Malayan Archipelago. 7. T. rigidum, Swartz ; Hook. Spec. Filic. i. 133; Sijn. Filic. 86. — Rhizome short and thick. Fronds ovate-lanceohite or triangular in outliue, 3 to 5 iu. hjng, 1-^ to 3 in. broad at the base, dark and almost coriaceous, bipinnate, with deeply pinnatitid lanceolate pinnules and linear dentate segments, the priinary and secondary rhachis winged only tovvards the eud. ludusia partially embedded in the lower inner teeth Tnchomaties.] cxLvtr. Filices. 703 or lobcs of tiie terliary ses^ineiits, or sonietiines wholly free without aiiy winged margins, narrow, with a smnll spreatiing" eutire horder. Reeejitacle exserted. — Bedd. Ferns S. Ind. t. 8 ; F. Muell. Fra<'m. V. 115. Qneensland. York l'eninsula, Hah»'s E.rpeditioii, JV. Tai/lor ; Rockingham Bay, //'. Uill, Dallaclni ; Trinity Bay and Islands oflf the Coast, Baiky ; Daintrco Kiver, Fitznlan ; Bowcn, IFooUi. N. S. Wales. Macleay River, Fitzgerald. Vcry widely spread ovcr the tropical regions of tho New and Old World. 8. T. pyxidiferum, Linn. ; Hook. Spec. Filic. i. 124 ; Syn. Filic. 81. — Fronds in the Australian specimens 1 to 2 in. long, ovate or ohloni^ in outline, pinnate. Pinnulea ovate, deeply pinnalifid or hipinnatifid, the lower ones usually distinct, the upper ones eonnected by a winged rhacliis ; lobes few, linear, 1-nerved. Indusia occupying nearly the whole of short Lateral lobes, often several to each pinnule, oblong, vvith a broad orifice scarcely 2-lobed. Eeceptacles either very long or scarcely exserted. — Hooii. and G-rev. Ic. Filic. t. 206. Queensland. York Peninsula, X. Taijhr ; Bellenden Ker RanEre, Rockingham Bay, Dallw^liij. "Widely spread over the tropical regions of the New and the Old World. 9. T. caudatum, Brnckenr. Fems Z7. S. Expl. Expcd. 25G, t. 36, f. 5. — lihizome creeping, rigid, rather stout. Fronds narrow, thin, 3 to 8 in. long, ])innate with pinnatifid pinnse or bipinnate with pinnatifid pinnules, the ultiraate segments linear, 1-nerved, the upper confluent oues short and rather distant, givingthe pinnules an acuminate aspect. ludusia lialf inimersed in the short lower inner lobes of the pinnules or segments, shortly obloug, with a narrow spreading border. Eeceptacle usually exserted. N. S. Wales. Cape Byron, Port Macquarrie, New England and lllawarra, C. Moorv ; Tweed River, Guilfoi/le; Macleay River, Fitzycrald ; Kurrajong, Mrs. Pcrlur. Also in the South Pacific Tslands, and closely allied to the tropical American T. tcnernm, Sw. {T. mgustatum, Carm.) to which it is referred bv F. Muell. Fragm. v. 116. 10. T. apiifoli\im, Presl. ; Hook. and Bak. Syn. Filic. ed. 2, 86. — Rhizome thick and knotty. Fronds 4 to 8 in. long, broadly ovate- hinceolate iu outline, bipinnate with deeply bipinnatifid piiniules. Priniary pinnules 1 to 2 in., secondary about^in. long ; segments very uarrow linear, thin, 1-nerved. Indusia almost embedded in the short inner lower lobes, the tube shortly turbinate, the border spreading ofteu rather broad approaching that of a HymenophyUum. Stipes short or loug, hispid at the base with spreading bristles. — T. mrifolium, Bory ; Hoolc. Spec. Filic. i. 187 ; Syn. Filie. ed. 1, 86 ; T. polya/ithos, Hook. Ic. Pl. t. 703. 704) CXLTil. FILICES. [TricJiomanes. N. S. Wales. New England, C. Stnart ; Riclimond Eiver, 2£rs. Rudfjkinson ; Lord Howe's Island, 0. Moore, FuUagar. Also in the Malayan Archipelago and South Pacific Islands. 11. T. parviflorum, Poir. Bict. viii. 83. — Rhizome creeping, rather tliick. Fi-onds broadly lanceolate iu outline, 3 to 5 in. long, bipinnate with deeply pinnutifid or piunate pinuules the segmenta divided into 2 or 3 almost setaceous lobes, giving the vrhole frond a feunel-like aspect. Indusia the smallest in the genus, not \ line long, on little recurved stipes near the base of t!ie pinnule-^, turbinate, with a scarcely spreading border. — T. foeniculaceum, Bory ; Hook. Spec. Filic. i. 135, Syn. Filic. 88. Queensland. Rockingham Bay, W. JSill, Ballach,/ ; York Peninsula, N. Taylor. Also in ihe Mascarene Islands and the Malayan Archipelago. Poirefs plant was identified by Mettenius from the original specimen, and his name substituted for Bory's by liuhn, Filic. Afric. 35. 13. HYMENOPHYLLUM, Sm. Ehizome slender, creepiug, often much brauched and matted. Fronds usually small, erect, of a delicate m^mbranous half-pellucid texture, vai-iously divided, the lobes usually linear 1-nerved. Sori terminal or lateral Indusium of the texture of the frond and contiuuous witli it, raore or less cup-shaped at the base, and immersed in the margin of the frond, the exserted poi-tion deeply divided into 2 broad lobes or valves. Ileceptacle oblong or linear, shorter than the iudusium or rarely rather longer. Spore-cases sessile at or near its base. A laro-e o-enns, o-enerally dispersed over most tropical and temperate regions of the globe, especially in America. In the northern hemisphere limitcd to America and the western parts of thc Old World, always frequenting shady situations, with a moist atmosphere. Of the eight Australian species one is very generally spread both in the New and the Old World, one extends from East India to New Zealand, one is southern and extratropical in the New and Old World, three are in New Zealand and some South Pacific Islands, two only are endemic, and of these one is scarcely specifically distinct. Lobes of the fronds bordered by a nerve-like margin . . l. H. marginatum. Lobes of the fronds neither bordered nor toothed. Stipes filiform notwinged. Frond simply pinnate, with 2- to o-lobed pinnules . 2. S. rarum. Frond bipinnate, with pinnatifid pinnules .... 3. H. flabellatum. Stipos winged. Frond bipinnate 4. H. jnvaiiicnm. Lobes of the fronds minutely often sparsely, serrulate. Fronds ovate or broad, under 1 iu. long. Sori terrainal. Fronds I to i in. with few entire or bifid lobes . . 5. //. iniiiiinxm. Fronds -i- to 1 in., with several divided lobes ... 6. //. pHinilum. Fronds usually 2 in. long or more. Sori lateral near the base of the pinnules. Frond^ pinnate, with divided pinnulos 1. H. tunbridgense. Fronds thrice pinnate or pinnatifid 8. Z/. multifidum. Ilymenophi/llum^ CXLVII. FiLiCES. 705 1. H. marginatum, Rook. and Grec. Ic. Fllic. t. 31. — IVoikIs on :i sliort JilifiM'in slipes, ^ to l iii. lonlobular wheu youug, but snon breaking up, ieaviug a perfect riug under the sorus or more frequeutiy eutirely fallingaway. — Ilemitelia Macartliurii, E. Muell. Pragm. viii. 176; Ci/athea Moorei, Hook. aud Bak. Syu. Iii, Maniner. Tasmania. Near Cirtulir lload, Oivin, S. B. Emmett. Alsoin Ncw Zoaland, tlie Jlalayan Archipolago and South Pacific Islanda. 5. C. brevipinna, BdJcer. — A single speciinen of what appears to hc thc groater part of a froud, l^ ft. long. Rhachis thit-k, scaly- lii.-jpid. Priraaiy pinnse about G in. long and 3 in- broad ; sccondary piuniB 1 to l^ iu. long ; pinnules 3 to 4i liues long, rather broad, eutire or slightly 1 )bed iu tlie iraiting purt. Sori large aud oue to each lobe as in C. vieduUaris, of whii-h however tliis cau scartvly bc a varicty only. W. S. Wales. Lord Howc's Island, Lind and Fallagar. 15. HEMITELIA, Br. Tree ferns, with the habit and priucipal characters of Cyathea and Ahophila. Sori in the typical Aiuerican spccies towarns the eud of the venules and on all or most of their branches, but iii the Auslralian one aud a iew others near the base of oue fork as in Cyathea. ludusium when open half cup-shaped or semicircular, interrupted on the uppcr side and often very deciduous. A tropical or subtropical gcnus, the typioal species all Amcrican, the Australian one apparently cndcmic, but allied to species both in the New and the Old World. 1. H. Moorei, Baher in Gard, Chron. 1S72, 252 ; Srjn. Filic. 455. — Truuk S to 10 ft. high. Fronds thrice pinuate, scaly-hirsute with a fcrruginous pubescence often quite disappeariug or leaving a few tubercles. Secondaiy pinnje lauceolate, 2 to 3 in. long ; pinnules wheu fcrtile \ in. long, deeply toothed or puiiiatifid. Veinlets once forked with a sorus at the base of one fork. Sori thus iu a siugle rcw on each side of the midrib, oue opposite each lobe as in Cyathea, but tlie indusium wlien open dimidiate, beiiig quite or almost interrupted on the upper side. N- S. 'Wales. Lord Howe's Island, C. Moorc and others. H. Godefroi/i^ Lucrss. in Journ. Mus. Godcfr. vi. 4, from Brisbane Rivor, AmnUa D'etric/i, is unknown to us, nor is it known whetber it is arbore.scont or not. It is described froma single frond, which was at iirst believed to l)ethatof an Aspidiiim, till it was ascertained that the spore-cases were those of a Ci/athea, with a vcry small semicircular indusium concealcd under the sorus. IG. ALSOPHILA, R. Br. Tree forus, with large twice or thriee pinnate fronds, the tranaverse veinlets o^the pinniilcs or spfrmouts forkpd or divid^l, boarinfj; a snTna on one or inore of their branclies. Sori globular, witliout auy iudusium, 710 cxLVii. riLTCES. \_Alsopliila. but tlie small scales scattered on the veins occasionally subtendiug the sorus. Spore-cases numerous, sessile or nearly so, usually more or less intermixed witli bairs on a sligbtly raised receptacle, eacb witb a vertical or oblique ring. A lar"-c tropical and subtropical genus in tho New and the Old WorlJ, differing from C^athca only in the want of an indusium. Uf the fivc Australian species onc is also in'Norfolk Islaud, the others appear to Le eudemic. Secondary pinna3 uodivided, entire or crenate-serrate . \. A. RchecccB. Secondary pinna3 deeply pinnatifid, the segments all confluent at the base, ovate and entire . . _. . . 1. A. Loddigesii. Secondary pinna3 pinnate at the base, the lower pinnules distinct, the upper ones confluent, all entire serrulate or slightly crenato. Pinnules or scgmcnts entire or obscurely crenate, serrulate only when barren or in the barren end 3. A. ax-itralis. Pinnules narrow, very neat, usually serrulate with rather small sori i. A. Leichhardtiana. Secondary pinnaj pinnatc, the pinnules almost all distinct narrow and pinnatifld, hispid as well as the rhachis 6. A. liohertsiana. 1. A. Rebeccse, F. Muell. Fragm. v. 53, 117. — Trunk slender, described by some as 6 ft. higb and 1 in. diameter, by otbcrs as twice that height and diameter. Secondary pinnje dark andshining, uu- divided, Lanceolate, 2 to 3 in. long, 4 to 5 lines broad or rather more when barren, acuminate, crenate or obtusely serrate, obliquely truncate at the base but not adnate to tlie rhacliis. Transverse veinlets with 3 to 7 branehes. Sori rather large, on 2 to 4 of the branchcs, foriiiing about 2 irregular rows on each side of the midrib. — Ilook. and Bak. Syu. rib'c. 40 ; Ilook. Ic. Pl. 1. 1015. Queensland. Rockingham Bay, DaUachy, W. Hill ; Port Denison and Daintree River, Fitzalan ; Cape York Peninsula, W. Hahiis E.rpedition. 2. A. LiOddigesii, Kunze in Linncea,x\\\\. 221 (name onli/) ; Balcer Syn. Fdic. 458. — 1'ronds apparently shorter tban iu A. ausfralis, the rbacbis sliglitly tomeutose or tuberculate, but soon glabrous and smooth. Secondary piunse 2 to 3 in. long, lanceolate, deeply pinnatifid, tlie segments all conlluent at tlie base, more ovate tban iu J. atistralis, 3 to 4 bnes long, 2 to 2^ lines broad, obtuse or almost acute, entire ; transverse veinlets entire or once forked. Sori rather small, 1 to 4 ou eacb side of tbe midrib of eacb segment. N. S. Wales. Cape BjTon, C. Moore, the specimens perfectly agreeing with a cultivated onc recciYed from Kunze. 3. A. australis, R. Br. Prod. 158. — Trunk variously describcd by collecl-ors as from 8 to 70 ft. higb, slender or stout, completely covered from the base or only in the upper part with the bases of old fronds. Fronds 5 to 12 ft. long, twice or thrice pinnate, the base of the petiole covered witb linear-lanceohite scales mixed with setaceous ones (or with only the one or the otherp), the main rhachis and sometimes tlio Ahoj^JiiJa.] cxLvri. filices. 711 partial ones tuberculate or muricate. Secondary pinnfe 3 to 4 iii. long ; pinnules lanceolate or linear, the lower oues distinct aud -1 to G lines long, the upper ouorf.sliorter aud conflucnt, the soriferous j^art eutiro or obscurely creuate, the barren oues aud the barrcn endof thc sorifcrous oues often serrulate. Trausverse veiulets usually oncc forked when sori- ferous, ofteu with 3 or 1 branches when barren. Sori iu 2 rows somctitnes exteuding to the apex and as many as 8 on each side of the midrib, ofteu fewer exteudiug lialf way or reduced to very few at the base of the segnieut. — Hook. Sp. Filic. i. 50 ; Hook. aud Bak. Syn. Filic. 40; F. Muell. Frai,nn. v. 116; Sieb. Syn. Filic. n. 122, Fl. Mixt. n. 211; Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 132; F. Muell. Fragm. v. 52; A. excelsa,n. Br. in Endl. Prod. Fl. Norf. 16; Hook. Spec. Filic. i. 49, t. 18, A ; F. Muell. Fragm. viii. 178 ; A. Cooperi, Hook. aud Bak. Syn. Filic. 459. Queensland. Rockingham Baj-, i)((i/rtc/, t. 28 ; Dennstcedtia davallioidcs, T. Moore ; Bail. Queer.sl. Ferns, 54. N, S. Wales. Pattrson's Eiver, R. Jlroicu ; Blue Mountains, Wonl/a and othcrs ; Hastin^-3 Kivcr, liickln- ; Maclcay and Clarencc Rivcrs, C. Moore ; damp shadv woods, lUawarra district, 4- Cti»ni»r//ia»i. 7 14i o.vLVii. FiLicES. [DicJisonia. Victoria. Cape Otway Ranges, F. jlfueller. Also in Norfolk Island. Referred by F. Muell. Fragm. v. US, as a varioty to Bavallia faccida {D. spe/iiticcr), froin which the attachment and form of the indusium appear to mc distinctl to separate it. 18. DEPAEIA, Hook. and Grev. Rhizome creeping. Fronds large, compound. Sori globuhir, termi- nating a vein, protruding from the margiu of the frond and sometimcs stipitate beyond it. Indusium membrauous, shortly and broadly cup- shaped or 2-valved. The genus is sparingly distrihuted over the Pacific islands and South America. Of the two following species one is endemic, the other is a Sandwich Island plant perhaps not really Australian. Fronds simply pinnate with long pinnatified pinnules . 1. D.prolifera. Fronds twicc or thrice pinnate 1. B. ncphroiUoidcs. 1. D. prolifera, Hook. Spec. Filic. i. 85, Syn. Filic. 55, Filic. Fxot. t. 82. — Frouds 2 to 3 ft. long, simply pinnate, Lower pinnee 6 in. to 1 ft. long, deeply pinuatilid ; segments ovate or oblong, somewhat falcate, i to | in. long, all connected by a winged rhachis 2 to 3 liues broad. Sori margiiial biit sessile. — D. 3facrcsi, Hook. and G-rev. Ic. Filic. t. 154 ; F. Muell. Fragm. v. 117. W. S. Wales ? A single specimcn in herb. F. Mueller with the label Illawarra, without the collector's uame. The species is otherwise endemic in the Sandwich Islands. 2. D. nephrodioides, Baher in Gardn. Chron. 1872, 253, Syn. Filic. 403. — Fronds 2 to 3 ft. higli, rather firm and shiuing, twice or thrice pinnate. Secondary pitmae 2 to 3 iu. long, piuuate or deeply piunatifid ; lower pinnules pinnatifid, ^ to 1 in. long, upper ones gradually smaller confluent and toothed only. Sori margiual and pro- minent but sessile, globose. Indusiura very shortly aiid broadly divided into 2 valves partly formed by a slight dilatation or obtuse tooth of the froud. — Davallia ncphrodioides, F. Muell. Fragm. x. 104. N. S. Wales. Lord IIowe's Islaiid, Mount Lingbird, C. Mnore, TAiul and Fiillar/ar. This appears to be a true Deparia and much more ncarly allied to Dick- aonia than to Davallia. 19. DAVALLIA, Sra. Ehizomo crccping, often densely covered with soft scales or setae. Fronds compound, often large, or rarcly in species not Australian un- divided. Sori globular or slightly elongated, terminating veins close DavaUia.] cxLvir. vilices. 715 under or at a little distauce from tlie niargin. Indusium Iroin under the sorus eitlier vvitli thc margius adiiale to the frond and forining Avith it a complete cup cnclosing thc sorus, or attached only by its broad basc aud cithcr covcriug the sorus, or sliort and open uuder it. The genus is widely spread over llie tropical and subtropical rcgions of the Old World cxtundins^ to the Mcditcrranoan, with a few tropical Aincrican .spccics. Of tlie scven Anstralian spccics Ibur havc a widcrani;e in the Old Wnrld, oni! is only in Norfolk Islaud and New Caledonia if really distinct from tho Mediterrancan onc, the two rcinuining arc as far as known endemic. Fronds coriaceous. Indusium with adnate margins forming a complctc cup. Pinnulcs oblong, obtusely lobcd. Indusium narrow- oblong l. D. solida. Pinnules lanceolate, acutely lobcd. Indusium ovate. Pinnules markod with raised striaa 2. D. clrfft/ns. Pinnules flat, the nerves sHghtly dcpressed . . . . 3. B. ^jyxidala. Fronds coriaceous. Indusium attached only by its broad base. Fronds rarely above 3 in. long abovo the stipcs. Indu- sium orbicular, covci-ing thc sorus 4. D. pedata. Fronds hirge and compound. Indusium short and broad under the soinis H. D. (hOnii. Fronds membranous. Indusium attached only by its broad base, short and broad under the sorus. Secondary pinnas lanceolate, 2 to 4 in. long. Lower pinnules i to | in. long, broad and pinnatifid, upper ones conduent 6. Z>. Kpchmca. Secondary pinnaj oblong, ^ to 1 in. long. Pinnules 2 to 4 lines long, with 2 to 4 obovate obtuse lobes . 7. D. tripinnata. 1. D. solida, Swartz ; Ilooh. Spec. Filic. i. 163, f. 42, Si/n. Filic. 95. — Kliizomc rather thick, densel}^ clothed vvith setoseapprcssed scales. Tronds from uuder 1 ft. to uear 2 ft. long, rather broad, twice or thrice pinuate or piunatifid. Pinuules coriaceous, i to 1| in. long, the lowcr larger ones distinct and deeply pinnatifid, the upper ones couflueut and obtusely lobed. Sori at the base of tlie creuatures or lobes. ludu- sium uarrow-obloug, ^ line long, the maTgins adnate, forining with the frond a complete cup or tube. — Bcdd. Ferus Brit. lud. t. 101. Queensland. Ilummocky Island, Thozet. Also in the Malayan Archipelago and South Pacific Islands. 2. D. elegans, Swartz ,- Hoolc. Spec. Filic. i. IGl, t. 43, Syn. Filic. 95. — lihizomethick scaly and woolly. Fronds rathcr iarge, 3 or 4 timcs pinuate, the pinnae oftcn taperiug into loug points. Piuiiules Lauceo- latc, dceply pinnatifid, coriaccous, smooth shining and eicgantly marked with raised strife distinct from the veius. Sori oii small truucate or bidcntate lobcs or tectli. Indnsium ovate, about \ lino long and broad, thc margins adnatc and forming with the tube a com- pletc cup, thc number of tliesc little sliiuiugindusia elegautly contrast- inor witli the darker froud. — E. Er. Prod. 157. 716 cxLvii. FiLiCES. [DavaUia. Queensland. Endeavour River, Banks and Solander, A. CitnniiighaM ; York Peninsula, X. Tiii/lor ; Rockingliam and Cleveland Bays, W. Hill,I)allach>j, Bowman ; Fitzroy Island, iVaUer ; Rockhampton, 0'Shanesij. Widely spread over tropical Asia and Africa. 3. D. pyxidata, Gav. ; Rook. Spec. Filic. i. 169, t, 55, Sijn. Filic. 96. — Rhizonie thick, deusely covered with soft scales. Fronds usually uiidei- 1 ft. loug aud nearly a.s broad, ou a stipes half as loug, twice or thricc pinuate. Piunules coriaceous smooth and shiuiug, the iobcs aud segnieuts shorter aud broader thau iu I). elegans, without the i-aised stri^e of that species, t!ie veins slightly depressed. Sori ou the lobes or teeth. Iiidusiura ovate, sometimes as broad as in D. elegans, but more frequeutly rather uarrower, the margins adnate, wheu youug almost immersed in the froud. — R. Br. Prod. 157. Queensland. Brisbane River, Morcton Bay, F. Mueller and othcrs ; Rockharap- ton and neighbouring districts, Dallachij, Thozet, 0'Sha»esi/ ; Rockingham Bay, Dailachj. N. S. Wales. Port Jackson to the Blue Mountains, H. Broicn, Sieher, Pl. Mixt.n. 240, A. Gmningham and others; New England, G. Stuart ; Richmond River, Mrs. Hodgkinson ; Hastings and Macleay River, Beckler ; Illawarra, Johnson. Also in Xorfolk Island, and New Caledonia, and scarcely to be distinguished fi-om the well-known Z>. canaricnsis of the West Mediterranean region. 4. D. pedata, Sm. ; Hooh. Spec. Filic. i. 154, i. 45, Gard. Ferns, t. 7, Syn. Filic. 89. — llhizome scaly, ofteu very loug. Fronds ovate-triau- gular, 1| to 3 iu. long, ou a stipes usually as long or louger, coriaceous, deeply pinnatifid, the lowest pair of segraeuts usually again piunatifid and deeply so ou the outer side, the others gradually smaller aud eutire or scarcely crenate, obtuse or truucate. Sori at the base of the crenatures at the eud or upper half of the segraents. ludusium nearly orbicuhu', rather above i liue diaraeter, closely appressed and coveriug the sorus but attached ouly by the broad base. — Kamata fedata, J. Sm. ; Kedd. Ferns S. lud. i.Vl. Queensland. Cape York Peuinsula, iV. Taiilori Rockingham Bay, W. Hill, Dallachij ; Bowen, Woolls. Also in tropical Asia and the Mascarene Islands. 5. D. dubia, U. Br. Prod. 157. — Fronds large, resembling those of Dicksonii dwuJHoides but more rigid, twice or thrice piunate, Piuuules I to li in. long, lanceoLate, deeply jiinuatifid aud the lowest segraeuts ofteu agaiu toothed or lobed, somewhat coriaceous. Sori at the base of tlie obtuse teeth or lobes which are ofteu curved over thera as in Dicksonia but quite indepeudent of them. Indusium about \ line broad and very short, attached ouly by the broid base as iu Z). pcdnta, without anv trace of the upper vaive or complete ring ot' DioJc- sonia.—Hook. luii Bak. Syn. Fd. 168; Sic!). Filic. Exs. n. 111, Fl. Ddvallia^ CXLVII. FILICES. 717 i\Ii.\t. 11. 217 ; Dick^oiiiu dtthia, Gaudicli. in l'ieyc. A'oy. Jiot. 3G7 ; liook. «pcc. Filic. i. 71, t. 24; Hook. f. 11. Tasm. ii. 1132; Ihdan- tiiim Broicniamtm, Presl, Fteridogr. 13-1. Queensland. Slorcton Bay, 1'. Minllir; Tort Dcnison and Jlount Elliotl, Fitziildii ; IJdcldnghiim Bay. Dutldclnj. W. S. Wales. Port Jack.^^on to thc Bhic Mountains, li. Broir»,A. CHniiin(//iiim und othcr.s ; Ncw Enu;hind, V. Stiiart ; Hastings Kivcr, ISicIdcr ; Tweed Kivor, GitUfi ijlr ; Ulawarra, Ju/n,si>n ; Lord IIowo"s Island, C. Muore, FuUagar. Victoria. l'ort l'hillip, R. Browii ; Grampians, iSiillivan ; Dandenong, ApoUo Bay, l^^pjicr Humc liiver, etc, F. Alueiler and otheTS. Tasmania. Port Dalrymple, Jt. Broun; Mersey Eiver, Ounn, C. Stiiart. t). D. speluncae, BaJcer, Sj/ii. Fil. 100. — Fronds large, twice or tliricc pimiate. Secondary ])iiiiiae lanceolate, 2 to 4 iii. long, piniiate iii the lower part, pinnatilid towards tlie cnd, membranons, liairy nndcr- ncatli at; well as tlic rhachis. Lower piunuics ^ to J iii. long, pinna- tilid, the upper ones gradually smaller and conlluent, reduccd towaids thc end to small lobcs. Sori several oii each [)iunuh} bclow thc sinus ot the lobcs, formiug 2 rows at sonie distance from tlic margin. Indu- sium broad, short, membranous, slightly toothed or jaggcd, attaclicd only by the broad basc. — Folypodit(,iii speliincce, Linn. ; Microlepia spelitncce, T. Moore ; Bail. Queensh Ferus, 52 ; Davallia Jlaccida, R. Br. Frod. 157; F. Muell. Fragm. v. 118, D. polypodioides, Don ; Hook. Spec. Filic. i. 181. Queensland. Endcavour Kiver, Banlcs and Svlanckr ; Broad Sound, Buwman ; llockingham Bay, W. HiU, Ballachi/. Widely sprcad over tropical Asia and Africa. 7. D. tripinnata, F. Mitell. Herh. — An clegant fcrn of which 1 have oiily seen asingle frond in herb. F. Mueiler, 8 in. long, 0 iu. broad at the base, on a hairy stipes of (5 iu., thrice pinnate, tlie main rhachis hairy. Primary pinna) hinccohate, secondary oblong ,} to 1 in. long, piunules 2 to -1 liiics, deeply divided into 2 to 4 obovate obtuse lobes dark grecu on both sides but rather thin, thelower piuna? aud pinuuk^s qiiite dis- tiuct, the upper oues smalier aud conflueut at the base. Sori few in the specimen under the siuus of some of the smaller lobes. Indusium membrauous, broad and soincwhat jagged, attached only by the broad base. Queensland. Bellcndcn Ker Kange, W. Uill. 20. VITTAKIA, Sm. Khizome creeping. Fronds simple, linear, thc very oblique veins conuected in an intramarginal vciii. Sori continuous along the iutra- marginal vein. with atwo-valvcd indusium of the substance of the frond, 718 cxLTii. FiMCEd. [Fittaria. opening froni tlie outer margin inwards as auiuner valve, tlie margin of tlie frond recurved over the sorus forming the outer valve, tlie sorus thus appearing enibedded in a double margin of the frond. The gemis is Hmited to a very few specics dispersed over the tropical regions of tho globe, tho only Australian one extending over tropical Asia, Africa and the Pacific islands. 1. V. elongata, Swartz ; Kooh. andBak. St/n. Filic. 395. — Ehizome creeping, covered with black or purple liairlike scales. Fronds varying from 2 or 3 in. to 2 ft. in leugth, 1 to 2 lines broad when fertile, 2 to 5 lines when barren, acute obtuse or truncate at the end, gradually tapering into a short stipes, of a rather coriaceous texture. Veins very oblique, sometimes almost parallel with the midrib and all as well as the midrib embedded in the substance of tlie frond. Sori usually extending nearly the whole length of the fertile fronds. — E. Br. Prod. 153 ; Leurss. iu Schenk and Leurss. Mittheil. Bot. i. 90, t. 11 ; Bedd. Ferns S. Ind. t. 21. Queensland. Broad Sound, li. Brown ; Cape York, Baemcl; Rockingham Bay, Dallachi/ ; Uaintree River and j\Iount EUiott, Fitzalan ; Islands off the coast, A. Cunninqhani. N. S. Wales. Richmond River, C. Moore ; Macleay River, FitzgeraU. 21. LINDS-ffiA, Dryaud. Ehizome creeping or shortly horizontal. Eronds^ pinnate_ or com- pound or in species not Australian undivided. Sori in a continuous or rarely interruptcd line under the margiu of the frond, with a continuous indusium openiug along the upper or outer margin, the margin of the frond sonietimes slightly dihated aud assuniing the appearance of an upper valve. Veius forked, free or anastomosiug. A considerable tropical and siibtropical genus, common to the New and tho Old World. Oftheeleven Australian species five have a wide range intho Old World, two are New Zealand species, one of them also in New Caiedonia ; the four others appear to be endemic. Pinnules obliqucly flabellate, one side of the base longer than the inner. Rhizome creeping. Fronds simply pinnato ; rhachis black, wiry. Pinnules small, distant \. L. Unearix. Rhizome short. Fronds tufted, simply piunate ; rhachis slender. Pinnules small, distant, often bipartite . 2. L. diinorjjha. Rhizome short. Fronds tufted, simply pinnate. Pinnules near togcthor, 3 to 4 lines broad 3. L. cultrata. Rhizome crecping. Fronds pinnate and bipinnate. Pinnules often i in. broad. Veins forkcd, all free or very rarely anastomosing . . 4. Z. Jlabellulala. Veins in most of the pinnules more or lcss anasto- mosiug b. L. lubata. Pinnulcs obovato or cuneate, cquilateral. Veins free. Fronds mostly bipinuate, rathcr rigid. Lindsaa.'] CXLVII. filices. 710 rinnulos obovulc or ublorg-cunLuti', 2 to 3 linca long G. X. tyichoiiKHioidcs. FronJs bipinnate, thc rliachis slcmlor tlexuose. Pinnulcs cuneatc-trunciito, 1 to 2 linea long 1. L. inicrophijlla. Frontls vcry slcnJcr, pinnato. Pinnules small decply diviJeJ into 2 or 3 cuneatc lobcs, 1 to 2 lincs long 8. Z. iiiciml. Primary pinnules entiro lanccolate, or pinnate with short scconJary pinnules. Veins anastomising. Primary pinnules ovate-lanceolate, unJiviJed, 4 to 8 _ lincs long 9. Z. Frascri. Primary pinnules lancoolato, 1 to 4 in. long, entirc or wholly or partially pinnate with short secondary pinnulcs . . . ' 10. Z. ciisifolia. Primary pinnules lanceolatc, coriaccous, entire, woolly- tomcntosc underneath. Vuius free .11. L. lanuginoiu. 1. L. linearis, Swartz ; EooJc. Spcc. FiJic. i. 206, Sijii. Fil. 10 1..— Eliizoiiie creoping, Froud simpiy pinuate, the stipes and the rhachis wiry, bUick and glabrous, from 2 or 3 in. to above 1 ft, high. Pimiules distaut, very obliquely cuneate or flabellate almost dimidiate, the base very unequal, 3 to 4 lines broad. Sori formiug a coutinuous line under the outer margiu.— 1?. Er. Prod. 156; Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 136; Ivunze iu Pl. Preiss. ii. 113, F. Muell. Fragm. v. 119; Sieb. Fl. Mixt. n. 233. Queensland. Brisbane Iliver, Moreton Bay, F. Miuller, Bailey. W, S. 'Wales. Port Jackson to the Blue Mountains, R. Brotcn, A. Cuivnngham, Ifiril/s and othors; Xew England, G. Stuart ; Hastings River, BccJdcr. Victoria. Dry forest land in the western districts common, Bohcrtson, F. Mi(ellcr and others. Tasmania. Abundant in heathy places, /. 2). Kooker. S. Australia. Onkaparinga, F. Mncllcr. "W. Anstralia. King Georgo's Hound to Swan Eiver, Oldftcld, Drimiiioiid, n. 22G, 401, Prciss, u. 1306, and others. Also in New Zealand, New Calcdonia and Norfolk Island. 2. L. dimorpha, BaiJ. Queensl. Ferns, 19. — Ehizome tufted. Fronds simply piunate, the barren oncs mostly 2 in. lougor rather more, with a few broad flabellate pinnules toothed and shortly lobed, scarcely oblique. Fertile fronds much longer, the stipes and rhachis very slender aud pah^-coloured. Pinuules either broadly ilabellate very oblique and uudivided as in L. linearis or once or twice bipartite as iu L. incisa. — L. heterophylla, Prent. iu Trim. Jouru. Bot. 1873, 295, uot of Dryaud. Queensland. Ncar Brisbanc, Prentice, Baileg. A very distinct species readily recognised by the slendcr tufted fronds, although the fertile fronds in the specimens seen are not vcry pcrfcct. 3. I<. cultrata, Swartz ; Iloolc. Spec Filic. i. 203, Syn. Filic. 105. — Ehizome tufted or very shortly creeping. Frouds simj^ly pinuate, 3 720 cxLYii. FiLTCES. \_Linds(sa. to 6 in. long, tlie stipes aud rhachis wiry but slender andpale-coloured. Pinnules near together, ocoupying the fzreater part of the froud, vcry oblique or half-reuiforin, 3 to 4 lines broad, the rouuded outcr margiu entire, witli the sorus and indusium coutinuous or slightly lobed or denticulate iuterruptiiig the sori. -Hook. and Grrev. lc. Filic t. 144 (a larger state than the Australian specimens) ; Bedd. Ferus S. Jnd. t. 28 ; DavalUa bracliypoda, Baker, Syn. Eilic. 468 ; Liiidsoea concinna, J. 8m. ; Bail. Queensl. Ferus, 18. Queensland. York PemnsuLa, Hahn's Ri-peditiou, N. Taylor ; Bcllenden Ker Range. W. Ilill ; Gilbert River, Baintree. Also in the Mascarene Islands and tropical and eastern Asia iip to Japan. 4. L. flabellulata, Dnjand. in Trans. Linn. Soc. iii. 41, t. 8. — Ehizotne creeping. Frouds 6 in. to 1 ft. high, usually bipinnate 2 or more of thu lovver pinuse beiug agaiii pinnate aud 2 to 4 m. long, the upper pinnae entire, but sometimes tlie wliole froud siinply piunate or in other specimfns more or less tripiiuinte. Piunules oblique, in the simply pinnate part flabelhite or almost rhomboid ofteu ^ in. broad, smaller in the more compound specimens. Veins forked, free or very rarely here and there auastomosiiig. Sori continuous rouud the niar- gin or interrupted. — L. tenera, Dryand. ; F. Muell. Fragm. v. 119 ; L. media, R. Br. Prod. 156 ; L. polymorpha, Hook. aud Grev. Ic. Filic. t. 75. N. Australia. Islands ofF the North Coast, It. Brown ; Port Essington, Ar7nslriiiig. Queensland. York Peninsula, N. Taylor ; Rockingham 15ay, Ballavhi/ ; Bellcnden Ker Range, W. Ilill ; Islands ofF the coast, A. CunidiujJiam, M^GiUivraij. Also in East India and the Malayan Archipelago. 5. Ij. lobata, Poir. ; Hook. and Bnlc. Si/n. Filic. 111. — Rhizome creeping. Frouds 6 iu. to 1 i't. high, simply pinnate or bipinnate witli few piunate pinnules at the base, much resembling the less- brauched specimens of L. Jlahellulata, but the fertile pinnules often more tlian \ m. broad, and the veinlets frequently anas- tomosing. Queensland. Endeavour and Bloomfield Rivers, N. Taijlor ; Rockingham Bay, Dallachi/ ; Hull Uiver, W. Hill. Also in East India, the fllalayan Archipelago and the South Pacific Islands. 6. Ii. trichomanoides, Drt/and. in Trans. Linn. Soc. iii. 43, ^ 11. — P-hizome creeping. Pronds r.it!ier rigid, 6 in. to neai' 1 ft. high, includiug the long wiry stipes, bipinuate. Primary pinnte almost opposito, usually ^ to 1 in. loug ; pinuules obovate or oblong-cuueate. LinJscea.] cxlyii. rincES. 721 sequilateral, 2 to 3 liiies loiig, the upper oaes eonflueiit, all rouuded and enlire at tlie eiid with a continuous sorus, or uotched with au inter- rupted sorus and indusiuni. Veiulets torked, n >t ariasiomisinj^. — Hook. Sp. Filic. i. 218, Syn. Filic. 110; Ilook. f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 13G ; F. Muell. Fragin. v. 118. N. S. Wales ? Illawan-a, Herb. F. Mueller, collector not naraed ; Kurrajong, Wcnlh, a small doiibtful sj^eoimen. Tastnania. Dease forests near Macquarrie Harbour, MiUigaii, Giinn. Also in Xew Zealand. 7. Ij. microphylla, Swarlz ; Hook. Speo. Filic. i. 218, S//n. Filic. 110. — Khizouic knotted, shortly creepino;. Fionds 6 in. to 1 ft. or rarely l^ t"t. liigh, bipinnate, the main rhachis wiry but slender, usually ilexuose. Priniary pinnne \ to 1 in. or tho lower ones nearly 2 iii. h)ng. Barren pimiules varying from ovate to lauceohite, toothed or lobed ; fertile oiies obovate ciineiite or abnost fan-shaped, equilateral, 1 to 2 or rarely 3 lines broad, uudivided vvith a coutiuuous sorus, or notched or lobed with the sori interrupted. — Hook. and Grev. Ic. Filic. t. 194«; Sieb. Fl. Mixt. n. 231; F. Muell. Fragm. v. 119. Queensland. Brisbarie River, Moreton Bay, Fraser, F. Mueller. N. S. Wales. Port Jackson, R. Biowii, A. Ciwnhvjhum ; Clarence River, Wilcox ; Xew England. C. Stuart. 8. L. incisa, Prent. in Trim. Journ. Bot. 1873, 295. — Very iiear L. microplujila, with the same creeping rhizome, but the stipes and rhacliis very slender and pale-coloured. Piiinules small, the fertile ones aud most of the barren ones divided to the rhactiis into 2 or 3 cuneate segmeuts 1 to 2 liues long, and iisually the barreu pinnuleson the saine rhachis as the fertile ones and belovv thein. Queensland. Damp shaded places near Brisbane, Prentice, Baileij. 9. L. Fraseri, Ilook. Spec. Filic i. 221, t. 70, Si/n. Filic. 112.— Eliizome creeping. Fronds with a short stipes erect, simply pinnate, f to lA ft. high. Pinnuies distant, from almost ovate to lanceohite, equihiteral, obtuse, truucate or coi*date at the base and sliortly petio- late, niostly 4 to 8 lines hmg, the up[ier ones smaller and obovate or rhoDiboid:il, and the barren oues often hirger and denticiiLate, the reinlets frequently anastomosing. Sori marginal, continuous or slightly .^nterrupted. — Schizoloma Fraseri, J. Sm. ; Bail. Queensl. Ferns, 20. Queensland. Vicinitv of Moreton Bav, Fraser, Leichhardt, A. Cunninjhain, F. Mn-llrr. 10. L. ensifolia, Stcarlz; Uook. Spec. Filic. i. 220, Si/7i. Filic. 112. ■ — Rhizome creeping. Fronds siinply pinnate, G in. to above 1 fr. high. Piunules exceedinglv variable iii iiumber size aiid shape, the barren onea at ihe base often smali, irregularly ovaie or obovate but soinetimes TOL. VII. 3 A. 722 . cxLVii. FiLicES. \_Lindstribution in both the New and the Old World, fonr are limited to the Old World, two more to Kew Zeahtnd and the South Pacific Islands, one only is as far as known endemic. Veins obhque on the midrib, forked and free, but almost concealed in the thick substance of the frond. Fronds 2 to 4 in. long and broad, 3-partite with deeply pinnatifid divisions l. I'. i/tianiijnlia. Fronds 6 to 18 in. long, simply pinnate with distinct not decurrent undivided pinnules. Rhachis usually glabrous. Pinnules broad, l^ to 2\ in. long, shortly petiolate 2. P. paradoxn. Ehachis scaly-hirsute. Pinnules ianceolate, 1 to 2 in. long, sessile . . . 3. P. falcata. Pinnules orbiciilar or broadly oblong, very obtuse, itofin. long 4. P. rotuudifoliu. Veins transverse on the midrib, simple or forked, free, apparent on the membranous fi-ond. Fronds pinnate. Pinna3 numerous, narrow, undivided, 3 to 6 in. long .5. P. lonyifolia. Pinnse few, narrow, 2 to 4 in. long, undivided or with tew short lateral lobes ; barren pinnules short and broad (3. P. vnsifvrmi^. Pinnfe manj% narrow, 4 to 6 in. long, some imdivided others with few lobes 7. P. umhroM. Pinna3 4 to 8 in. long, deeplj- pinuatifid with numerous narrow segments 8. P. quadriuurita. Fronds large, 2 to 4 times pinnate, segments decurrent. Segments glabrous narrow, rather regular. In- dusium not thickened at tho base 9. P. tnniula. Segments oiten verj' unequal, usually hairy un- derneath hetween Ihe raised midrib and the sorus. Indusium from a thickened base . 10. P. aquilina, var. Veins from an irregular midrib oblique branched occa- sionally anastomosing. Frond large compoimd . . \\. P. iucim. Veins copiously reticulate on each side of the midrib (laitobrochia). Frond-branches pinnate. Pinnre deeply pinnatifid. Frond 3-partite. Segments of the pinna^ connected by a uniform winged rhachis 2 to 3 lines broad . '. 12. P. murginata. Frond with several branches. Segments of the pinnai decurrent on the rhacbis 13. P. cumans. 1. P. geraniifolia, iPrtfWi, i^///c. '3rasAQ.— R\\\zQme tufted. Frouds broadly rounded-cordate in outline, 2 to 4 in. long and broad, coriaceous, tripartite, the iateral divisious divaricate, all deeply pinnatifid, the lower segmeuts again pinnatifid, the upper oues short aud eutire ; lobes all obtusely ianceolate or ovate, with a black midrib sometimes shortly conspicuous, the veins otherwise oblique and forked coucealed in the Pferis.j cxLvii. filices. 729 siibstnncc of tlu' fronl. .Soi-i coni.inuous on tiio lobe^*. — T5e«l;1. Forns S. Ind. t. 37; F. Muell. Fnism. v. 124; P. pedata, K. Br. Frod. 155, nul of Liiin.; P. Bruwnii, J)esv. iii l\Iem. Soc. Linn. Far. vi. 29t; PcUrea geraiwpfoUa, Fee ; Houk. Jc. Pl. t. 915, Spec. Filic. ii. 132, Syn. Filic. 1-16. Qaeensland. Broad Sound, R. Brrurn ; Eockingham Bay, Balhiehn ; Port Denif^on, fitzala.i ; Rockhaniplou, 0' iiiKtiies;/, Bowmaii ; Bowcn, Wvoll.i, N. S. Wales. Xew Enghind, C. Staart. Widelv dispersed over the tropical and aubtropical regions of the Now and the Old World. ■ 2. P. paradoxa, Bakcr. — Jihizome creepiug. Fronds 6 in. to 1| ft. higb, simply piniiate, the rhachis dark and shinini>;, glabrous or very rarely witli a tew scales. Finnje very few on young plants. often above 20 iu luxuriant frouds, shortly petioUite, laiiceolate or ovate-Liuceolate, l^ to 2| iu. loug and usually broadcr than in P. falcafa, coriaceous, witJi dichotoinous free veins oblique on the midrib coneealed iu the substauce of the frond. Sori usually contniuous all round vrry nearly to tlie petiole. Indusiumnot so thin as in most species, soou concealed uiider the sori. — AJianfum paradoxum, B. Br. Prod. 155 ; Sieb. F). Mixt. n. 2G9 • PeUcea pnradoxa, liook. Spec. l^^^ilic. ii. 185, t. 111, Syn. Filic. 152 ; PlatifJoma Broivnii, J. Sm. ; Bail. Queens!. Ferns, 36. Queensland. Brishane River, Moreton Bay, A. Cioudiigliam, F. 3IiiiUtr and others ; Port Denison, Fitznlan. N. S. '^Vales. Port Jackson, R. JJroivn ; Xew England, C. Stuart ; Eichmond Kiver, C. Mnoic, Ramsay ; Tweed River, Guilfoyle. Included hy F. Mueller, Fragm, v. 123, uuder P. falcata, hut although not generically separable it appears to me quite distinct as a species. 3. P. falcata, B. Br. Prod. 154. — E,hizome cree])ing. J^>on(ls 6 in. lo l^ ft. loiig, siinply pinnate, the riiachis densely scaly-hirsute. Finnae iiumerous, sessile or nearly so, lanceolate, often talcate, 1 to 2 iu. long, acute or rather obtuse, coriaceous with the concealed veuation of P. paradoxa, tlie lower ones rarely auriculate at the base on the upper side. Sori continuous all rouud except tlie truncate bat*e. — Jlook. f. FL Ta^m. ii. 139; Sieb. Syn. Filie. u. 109, Fl. Mixt. n. 253; F. Muell. Fragm. v. 123, partly ; PeUcea falcata, Fee ; Hook. Spec. Filic. ii. 135, t. 11 i, Syu. Filic. 151 ; P. seticanUs, Hooli. Ic. Pl. t. 207 ; Platyloma falcatum, J. Sm. ; Bedd. Ferns S. lud. t. 22. Queensland. Brisbane River, Moreton Bay, A. Cunningham ; Port Denison, Fiizali.i ; Ro^khanipton and neighhouring districts, Boivinnn, 0'Shaiies)/ and others. W. S. Vl^ales. Port Jackson to the Bhie Mountains, R. Brown, A. Cunninghuin and others : northward to Ncw Enghmd, C. Stuurt ; Hastings River, Beckler ; Tweed Rivcr, GuUfoglv ; sonthward to lUawarra, J(V(/(.^'j;; ,■ Twofotd Bay, F. Mueller ; Lord Howe's Island, C. Moore, Fullngar. Victoria. From Melbouine and the Grampians to East Gipps' Land, F. Mucller and many others. Tasmania. Kenfs Island, R. Bioivn ; common in forests, etc, /. D. Houker. Also in East India, the Malayan Archipelago and New Zealand. 730 cxLTii. FiLicEs. [Fteris. 4. P. rotundifolia, Forst. ; Hook. Ic. Pl. t. 422.— Habit of P. falcafa but iisually smaller or more sleiidev. Piuuae orbicular or veiy broadly obloug-, "obtuse, ofteu slightly cordate at the base, almost sessile, usuall}^ about \ iu. hmg or when luxuriaut | in. Yeuation and scaly hirsiite rhachis entirely as iu P. Jalcatn. — Pcllcpa rofundifoHa, Hook. Spec. Filic. ii. 136, Syu. Filic. 1.51 ; Platyloma rotundifolium, J. Sni. ; Bail. Queensl. Ferus, 36. Quaensland. Mount Diyander, Fitzafan, also Mount Lindsej', Baifey (whose specimens I have not seen) . Also in Ncw Zealand and in Norfolk Island. The fig\ire in Hookers Filic. Exot. t. 48, represents a luxuriant large form probably from a cultivated specimen. 5. P. longifolia, Lmn. ; HooJc. Spec. FiJic. ii. 157, Syn. Filic. 153. — Ehizome short and thick. Frouds 1 to 2 ft. high, simply pinnate, the stipes scaly-hairy at the base ouly. Pinuffi usually numerous, sessile or nearly so, liuear or liuear-lauceolate, 3 to 6 in. long iu fuU- grown specimeus, the simple or forked veius transverse frora the midrib aud apparent. Sori coutiuuous along the whole margin except the siiiall rouudcd or cordate base. — F. MucU. Fragm. v. 126; Bedd. Ferus S. lud. t. 33. Queensland. Brisbane River, Moreton Bay, F. Muefler ; Rockhampton, Bowman, Tliozvt, 0' 'Shaiies>j. N. S. Wales. Blue Mountains, Mrs. Cafvert ; New England, C. Stuart ; Shoalhaven, C. Moore, Victoria. Mitchell and Buchan Rivers, Gipps' Land, F. Mtufler. Widely spread over the tropical and temperate regions of the globe. 6. P. ensiformis, Biirm. FL Ind. 230, Thes. Zeyl. t. 87.— Rhizome creeping, Fronds 9 to 16 in. high, pinnate, the stipes without scales. Pinnse wheu fertile usually linear, entire or the lower oues or nearly all lobed or agaiu piuuate at the base, the terminal lobe ofteu 2 to 4 in. long, the lateral ones sliort, often shortly decurreut ; lobes of the barren frouds or piunse oblong or ovate aud denticulate ; veius firked, transverse from the midrib. Sori continuous rouud the fertile lobes. — Hook. and Bak. Syu. Filic. 155 ; P. crenata, Swartz ; Hook. Spcc. Filic. ii. 163, t. 127 ; E. Br. Prod. 154 ; F. Muell. Fragm. v. 125. Queenslaud. Endeavour River, Bauks aucf Sofander ; York Peninsula, i\''. Taijfur ; Port Denison, Fitzafan. Ranges over tropical and Eastern Asia and the Pacific Islands. 7. P, umbrosa, P. Br. ProJ. 154. — Ehizome thick aud knotted or shortly creeping. Frouds attainiug 2 or 3 ft., pinuate, tlie stipes ofteu slightly scabrous. Piunge 13 to 21, liuear-lauceolate, 4 to 6 in. loug, entire or the lower ones again divided into 3 to 5 similar segments, all more or less decurrent on the rhachis, usually broader aud minutely serrulate wheu bai-ren, and tlie barren euds of fertile ones often deeply serrate ; veinlets transverse, mostly forked. Sori coutiuued dowu the decurreut base. — Hook. Spec. Filic. ii. 162, t. 130, Syn. Filic. 155 ; F. MuelL Fragm. v. 126 ; Sieb. Syn. Filic. n. 128. Pffiris.l CXLTII. FILICES. 7ol Queensland. BrisLane River, Moroton U:iy, /'. Mucller ; Dalrymple Creok, Jldiiiiiiiiu/. N. S. Wales. Grosc River, li. Broirn ; Blue jMounlain.s, ^[rs. Calvert ; New Fn^liind, C. stuart ; Ha>tinj^8. Clarence iind Macleay Eivera, Bickler ; Tweed Hiver, fhiilfoiih' : southward to Illawarra, A. Cwuii/i/f/iani ; Twofold Bay, F. MiieUcr. Victoria. Genoa Rivor, F. Minlkr. S. P. quadriaurita, Rcfz ; Ilook. Spec. Filicv. 170, f. lSi,Si/n. FHic. l.jy. — Kliizoiiie ihick. Fronds piniiate, varyiiig froin 1 to 3 f't. lons;. Pinna? niostly opposite, -1 to 8 in. long, regularly and deeply piiinatifid, otherwitje unciivided or the lower onoswiti» oneortwo siinihir sccondary j^imuT 011 the lower side. Pinuules or segmcnts numcrous, broadly lincar, often falcate, obtuse, 4 to 8 lines long, confluent at the base, the pinnre usually endiug in a long liiiear-hinceolate point lobed at the base. Sori often not reaching the base of the segments. — Bedd. Ferus S. Ind. t, 31 ; F. Muell. Fragm. v. 125. Queenslaiid. Oape York Peninsula. Hafin's Exj)editioii, lY. lai/lor ; Rockingliam Bay, //'. }Iill,I)aUacIiij ; 'DauxivQQ 'R\\ev,FitzalaH. Widely spread over the tropical regions of the New and the Old World. 9. P. tremula, B, Br. Prod. loi. — Ehizome not seeu. Fronds 1 to 5 (usually 2 to -1) ft. high, glabrous, twice to four times pinnate, not so broadly expanded and the divisious more regular tlian in P. aquilina, the pinnae mostly opposite. Ultimate segments linear, rntherfirm whcn in fruit, \ to lin. long, sliglitly decurrent, membranous flaL and serrulate when barren ; veins mostly forked and transverse. St)ri usuaily continuous but scarcely reachiug the base of the segments and sometimes interrupted, at leugth expanded so as to couceal the indusium.— Hook. Spec. Filic. ii. 174, t. 120; Syn. Filic. 101 ; Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 140 ; Sieb. Syn. Filic. n. 130. Queensland. York Peninsula, N. Taylor ; Rockingham Bay, BaUacJuj ; Mount Elliott, Fitzalaii ; Rockhampton and neighbouring districts, Boicman, Thozet, 0' •Shaiicsi/ ;tnd others. N. S. 'Wales. Port Jackson to the Blue Mountains, R. Brow», WooUs and others ; New England, C. Sti/art ; Hastinga River, Beckler ; Richmond River, Mrs. Hodijkinnoii ; Tweed River, Guilfoyle ; LordHowe'8 Island, Jf<7«e, M^Gillivray and others. Victoria. Wannon River, Jiobertson ; Cape Otway Ranges and Gipps' Land, F. Mai Ucr. Tasmania. Common in shady places, forests, etc, J.D. Hooker. Also in Norfolk and Fiji Islands and Ncw Zealand, and closely allied to the European P. aryuta, Ait. with whichit is imited hy F. Mueller, Fragm. v. 126. 10, P. aquilina, i/«?2. i'ar. esculenta; Hooh. Spec. Filic. \i. 107, Syn. Filic. 163. — Kliizome thick and creeping. Fronds from 1 or 2 to 8 or 10 ft. high, u^ually thrice pinuate. Primary pinna) distant, tlie lowest pair much largcr aiid more compound, the upper gradually decrea.sing, giving tlie whole frond a triangular outline 2 to 4 ft. broad. Secondary or tertiary pinnte numerous, Lnnceolate, deeply pinnatifid or piunate, always ending iu a liuear undivided obtuse segment, the latcral segments oblong or liuear, scarcely wideued at the base but decurreut 732 cxLVir. filices. [Pieris on tlip rlmehis, Tue midrib usuully raised dilated and hirdened with acute ciliate edges aud the uuder surface usuuUy hairy betweeu the uiidrib and the sori. Sori eontiuuous aloui^ the margiu, the ratlier broad indu.sium really niargiiial, but the froud thickened aud ofteu miuutely crenulate at the base of tlie indusium make it appear iutramarginaj. — KunzeiuPl. Preiss. ii. 111; Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 139; F. Muell. Fragm. v. 126 ; Sieb. Syn. Filic. u. 127 ; P. esculenta, Forst. ; Labill. PJ. Nov. Holl. ii. 95, t.244 ; K. Br. Prod. 154. Queensland. Rockingham and Edgcombe Bays, Dallachy ; Daintree Rivcr, Fitzalan ; Rockhampton and neighbourhood, Bowman. 0'Shanesy, Thozet ; Brishane, Scnne. N. S. Wales. Port Jackson to the Blue Mountains, Ji. Broicn, A. Cunninqham and others ; New England, C. Stnart ; Hastings River, Beckler ; Richmond River, MiH. Hi,(hjldiisoii ; IUawarra, /o/«;;s(y« ; Lord Howes Island, Fallayar. Victoria. AVendu Vale, Robertson ; Melbourne, Dandenong Ranges, etc, F. MuiUcr and others ; Grrampians, Sidlivan. Tasmania. Derwent River, R. Brown ; abundant throughout the island, J. D. Hooktr. S. Australia. St. Vincenfs Gulf, F. Mucllcr ; Kangaroo Island, Waterhouse, W. Australia. I^ng George's Sound to Swan River, Dn/mmon^f, n. 399, Preiss, n. 1300 and others. The species is generally abundant in sonie form or other in most tropical and temperate regions of the globe, the var. esculcnta only in the southern hemisphere. A few Australian specimens (Portland, Robcrfson, Flinders Bay, Cullie, etc.) come very ncar to the typical form with small contiguous segments dilated at the base, pubescent underneath with a scarcely prominent midrib und with much less marginal thickoning at the base of the indusium. 11. P. incisa, Thunb.; Sook. Spec. Fillc. ii. 230, Syn. FiUc. 172. — Ehizoine creepiu^. Fronds varying froin 1 to 5 ft. high, glabrous, twice or thrice pinnate. Piuuules of the barren fronds usually deeply piuuatifid, 1 to 2 lu. long, with broad obtuse menibranous lobes, the veius proceediug from the midrib of the piuuule repeatedly forked in each lobe, tiie branches here and there anastomosing or all free. In the fertiie fronds the secondai-y pinnse ofteu pinuate at the base, pinnatifid in the upper part, the lower pinnules or seguients with a distinct midrib and variously brauched veins, the upper lobes less reguhirly veined. Sori continuous or interrupted, often neither reaching the base nor the apex of the segment. — Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 140 ; Sieb. Fl. j\Jixt. n. 252; F. Muell. Fragm. v. 124 ; P. vespertilionis, Labill. Pl. Nov. Holl. ii. 96, t. 245 ; H. Br. Prod. 154 ; Litohrochia vesperti- lionis, Presl ; Baii. Queensl. Ferns, 26. N. S. Wales. Port Jackson to the Bhie Mountains, R. Brown,A. Cnnninyham andothors ; Clarence ^\\si;\,Bcckhr ; Richmond River, Mrs. HocUjkinson ; IUawarra, Johiison; LordHowe's Island, C.Moore, Fallayar. Victoria. Mount Disappointment, Dandenong Ranges, F. MueUer ; Grampians, Sntlii-aii ; Upper Yarra River, Walter. Tasmania. Derwent River and King'a Islaud, R. Brown ; common in damp woods ascending to 3000 ft., J. D. Hooker. S. Australia. Penola, Woods. Spread over the tropical and southern extratropical rogions of the New and the Old World. Pferis.] cxLVii. filices. 733 12. P. margmata, Bon/ ; HooJc. ond Bah. Si/n. Filic. 172. — Khizome not seen. Fronds on young plaiits sometimos iinder l ft., wlieii fiill grown sevcral fcet liigli, tho main rhaeliis branciied, usuallv tripartite, each branch piunate. Pinna? numcrous, 3 to lU in. lonjj;, dce]-)]y pinnatifid ; segincnts oblong or broadly linenr, often falcate, obtnse, -l- to l in. lonjj^, confliient into a winfted rhachis 2 to 3 liiics broad ; veins copiously reticulate on cach side of the midrib. Sori often contiiuied round tlic sinus, but rarely reachinii; the cnds of tlie lobes. Barrcn fronds thinner, thc lobes oftcn miniitely dentate. — P. friparfifa,S\vM'tz; llook. Spcc. Filic. ii. 225, t. 138; F. Muell. Fra^m. v. 125; P. Milneana, Balcer, Syn. Filic. 170; Lifohrochia fri/)arfifa, Presl, aud L. Milneana, Bail. Queensl. Ferns, 2G. Queensland. Rockingham Bay, Dallachij ; Bellendon Kcr Eango, W. llill ; Daintrcc Rivcr, Fitz(il<(it ; Bowen, WooUs. Hangcs over tropical Asia and Africa and the Pacific Islands. P. FflicieiiiKe, F. iVrucll. Fragm. v. 124, from Eockingham Bay, is ovidently a small frond of this species, prubably fi-om a young root. We have simihir specimcns from various stations. 13. P. comans, Forst. ; Rook. Spec. Filic. ii. 219, Syn. Filic. 171. — Near P. maryiiiafa, but larger and more branched, the main rhachis bcaring several branches or primary pinnae of 1 to 2 ft. or more. Sccondarv pinnse 4 to 10 iii. long, deeply pinnatifid ; segments numerous, \ to 2 in. loug, obh)ng-lanceohite or Hnear, often falcate, decurreut along the rhachis which is not however uniCormly wiiiged as in P. marginata ; some of tlie lower segments sometimes agaiu shortly ])iunatifid ; veins copiously reticulate. Sori usually continued round tlie sinus but rarely to the tips of the lobes. Barren segments or barren tips of the fertile ones usually dentate. — F. Mnell. Fragm. v. 125 ; P. FndJicheriana, Agardh ; Hook. Ic. Pl. t. 973, Spec. Filic. ii. 218; Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 141; P. microptera ^lntten. ; Kuhn in Linnfca, xxxvi. 92. Queensland. Toowamba, Hartman». N. S. 'Wales. Blue Mountains, Woolls ; Lord Howe's Island, C. Moorc. Victoria. Johanna River, F. Mnelhr ; Dandenong, L. Morfo» ; Apollo Bay, Wi''kin->„i. Tasmania. Circular Head, Guun, Etmnett, F. Muelkr. Also in Xew Zealand and the Pacific Islands. 26. LOMARIA, AVilld. (Stegania, li. £r.) E.hizome creeping or ascending into a short trunk. Fronds pinuatifid or simplv ])innate, rarcly undivided, the outer one.s of each year's shoot barren with flat pinnules, the inner ones with linear fertile pinnules or rarcly a fcw lower barren onea. Sori in a continiious line on each side of the midrib between it and the margin, with a mcmbranous indusium attached close to the jnargin and opening on the inner side next the 734 CXLVII. riLiCES. [Lo^naria. midrib the sori at len^tli coverin-e, two barren fronds appear to belong to this spocies. Victoria. TJi^per Hume River, Mount X^seful and other Alps, abundant, F. Mueller. Tasmaxiia. Table Mountain (ilount Wellington) E. Brown ; abundant in boggy places and tops of all the mountains, /. J*. Hooker ; Southport, in plains near the sea, C. Stuart, Also in extratropical South America and New Zealand. 7. Ij. fluviatilis, Spreng. ; Kook. Spec. Filic. iii. 34, Sgn. Filic. 181. — llhiz.ome short, tliick, scaly. Pi*ouds 6 iu. to above 1 ft. long, pinnate. Pinnules or segmeuts of the barren ones oblong, rounded at the end, attached by their broad base, the larger oues \ to iiear 1 in. long, 3 to 4 lines broad, all disfciuct, tlie upper ones smaller and cotiflui'ut, the hiwer gradually sinaller and more distaut, t/lie rhachis more or less scaly. Segmeuts of tlie fVrtile frond^ G lo 8 .ines lon<'\ Lomaiia.] CXLVII. FIHCES. 737 1 to li lines broad.— Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. ii. U2, t. 167 ; F. Muell. FiMgm. V. 121 ; SteganiaJlui.HaliUs, E. Br. Prod. 152. Victoria. Deep shaded valleys, Delatite, Mitta-Mitta, Bawbaw, etc, in Gipps' Laiul, asconding to 5000 ft., F. Miulhr. Tasmania. Dcrwent River, R. Brotcn ; covering shadcd precipices near the Acheron Hiver, Guni ; shady creeks, Southport, C. Stmrt. Also in New Zealand. 8. L. FuUageri, F. Muell. F'agm.Y\\\. 157. — Rhiz^me lengthening into a trunk ut 1 to 2 f't. and with tlie rfinains uf old tronds 2 to 4 in. thick. Fronds mostly about 1 t't. long, pinnate. Segments of the barren ones obloug-Luiceolate, obtuse, obtusely auricuhitc at the base on each side, the larger oues l^ to 2 in. long and ^ in. b^oad, tlie upper ones shorter aud coufluent, the lowtT smaller distaut and more auricnlate, all attached bv their broad base, tlie margins and iorked veinlets ciliaio, the rhachis densely terruginous-hispid. Segraeuts ot the fertile ironds 1 to 2 iu. long, scarcely 1 liue broad, — L. auriculata, Bak. Syu. Filic. 481. N. S. Wales. Lord Howe's Island, C. Jfoorc, Fulldgai, FitzgerahL Baker's name and (lia^nosis were printed ofF early in 1873, thoujjh not actually published till 1874. at about the same time as F. Mueller's. 9. L. capensis, JFiUd. ; F. Muell. Fragm. v. 121.— Ehizome thick and scaly, t*huri or ascending to a short trunk. Fronds pumate, the segments ot the barren ones broadly lanceolate, very oblique at the base aud atlaolied only by the midrib, the iowest pairs not inuch smailer or very rarely one small pair lovvcr down, otb.ervvise very variable, the frond soiuetimes-S to4 ft. long with numerous rigid pinnse 3 to 6 in. long and 1 in. broad, and. from that to a whole frond of 6 in. with membrauous pinuiB of -i to 1 in., the rhachis slightly scalv or glabrous. Fertile fronds equally variable, the narrow linear pinnse in soine specimeus under 1 in. iu others above G in. ions:. — L.procera, Spreng. ; Hook. 8pec. Filic. iii. 22, Syn. Filic. 179, Ic. Pl. t. 427, Gard. Ferns, t. 53 ; Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 142 ; Blechmui procerum, Labiil. Pl. IS^ov. Holl. ii. 97, t. 247; Stegania miuor aud S. procera, K. Br. Prod. 153. Queensland. Rockingham Bay, i^a^/wc^y; Mount Lindsay, W. Sill ; Bowen, WooUs. N. S. Wales. Port Jackson to the Blue Jlountains, R. Broum, A. Cwnnngham, Woolls and others ; ISrew England, C. Stu/irt ; Clarence River, Beckhr, Wilcoz ; Tweed River, Guilfuyle ; Lord Howe's Island, C. Moore. Victoria. Froui Melbourne and the Grampians to East Gipps' Land, F. Mueller and others. Tasmania. Port DHlryraple and Kin2:'s Island, B. Brown .• abundant in wet shadv i.lacKS throuii;hout the island, J. D. Rooker. S. Australia. Mount Lofty Ranges, F. Mueller. The species is dispersed over tropical and southern extralropical Ameriea, the Malayan Archipelago, the south Pacilic Islands and New Zealand. YOL. VII. «^ R 738 cxLVir. filices. [Lomaria. 10. L. euphlebia, Xunze ; Rooh. Spec. Filic. iii. 20, Syn. FiJic. 183.— Khizome tliick and woody, slightly scaly, asceudiug to 1 ft. or more. Fronds pinnate, often above 2 ft. long. Pinnse distant, lanceo- late, 3 to 8 in. long, i to f in. broad, contracted at the base aud some- times tapering to a short petiole, the uppermost one rarely sessile or slightly decurrent, the lowest not much smaller, the rhachis glabrous. Pinnje of the fertile fronds narrow linear, 3 to 6 in. long. — L. articn- lata, F. Muell. Fragm. v. 187. Qneeusland. Rockingham Bay, Dallachy. Spread over East India, China and Japan. Dallachy's specimens exactly corre- spond with the typical form figured by Kunze, Farrenkr. t. 125. Hookers figure 2nd Cent. Fems, t. 89, represents an abnormal Japanese and Chmese variety with the pinnce from the middle upwards adnate by a broad basc. I cannot porceive the obliquity of the ring of the spore-cases which has induced some pteridologists to place the species in a different genus. 27. BLECHNUM, Linu, Rhizome short and thick or slightly elongated and horizontal. Fronda deeply piunatifid or pinuate or iu species not Australian simple or bipinnate, the segmeuts narrow. Sori iu a continuous line on each side of the midrib, with a membranous indusium opening from under the midrib outwards, the two sori often at length coniluent concealiog the midrib. The genus consists of but few species dispersed over the tropical and sub-tropical rugions of the globe. Of the fom- Australian species two havo a wide range, one of themchieflyin America but also in Asia, the other only in thc Old World, the remaining two species appear to be endemic. Segments with a dilated adnate base, the upper ones confluent 1. ^. cartilafjineum. Segments or pinnaj attached by the midrib only or rarely a few of the uppermost adnate. Segments obliquely truncate at the base. Barren fronds with much broader and shortor segments than the fertUe. Veins not very close 2. B. Imngalum. begments smooth and shining with very numerous fine parallel veins. Segments serrulate, obliquely truncate at the base . . 3. i?. scrrulatum. Segments with entire margins, mostly narrowed at the base •i. B. orlcntale. 1. B. caj'tilagineum, Sioartzj Rooh. Spec. Filic. iii. 43, Spi. Fihc. 184.— Ehizome short thick and woody, usually covered with shining black scales. Fronds 1 to 2 ft. long, the stipes usually scabrous. Segments numerous, 3 to 6 in. long, almost coriaceous, serrulate, distinctly vemed, dilated and adnate at the base, the upper smaller oues confluent, the lower ones sometimes distant.— Metten. Blechnum.'] cxlvii. filices. 739 Filic. Hort. Lips. t. 5; E. Br. Pmd. 152 ; F. Muell. Fragm. v. 120 Sieb. Syn. Filic. n. 123 ; />'. ntyiatum, Sond. ;ind Muell. in Liniuca, xxv. 717, not of Svvartz. Queensland. Ixockingliam Bay, BaUach]! ; Port Dcnison and Daintrce River, Fitzald)! ; Kockhampton, 0' S/i(nuiii/ ; various localitics in South Quecnsland, Leich- hnrdt, Hartmnin) and othcrs. N. S. Wales. rort Jackson to tho Blue Mountains, R. Brown, A. CntDiiugham and othcrs ; Ncw England, C. Stuart ; Hastings River, Bcckler ; Richmond River, Heiidtrson ; Twecd Rivcr, Guilfoijlc ; Illawarra, Johnson ; Twofold Bay, F. Mueller. Victoria. Dandenong Ranges, Sealer'8 Cove, Gipps' Land, etc, F. Mucller and othcrs. B. nitiduvi, Presl, at least as to the Australian plant referred to it in Bail. Queensl. Fei-ns, 15, appears to hc only a slight variety of B. cartilagiueum, witb a smoother stipes and rhachis. 2. B. laevigatum, Cav.; Rooh. Spec. Filic. iii. 55, t. 160, Syn. Filic. 186. — Ehizome thick and horizontal, very scaly. Fronds 1 to 2 t't. long. Pinna) all distinct, obliquely truncate at the base, attached by the midrib only, in some frouds all barren. l^ to 6 in. long, } to 1 in. hri'ad, entire or serrulate ; in other frouds all fertile, 2 to 5 in. long, 2 lines broad, the sori occupying almost the whole under surface ; in other fronds again Jj to 6 iu. long, 4 to G lines broad, with the sori uext the midrib aa iu B. cartilagineum, but uot adnate to the rhachis. R. Br. Prod. 152; F. Muell. Fragm. v. 120; B. ambigimm, Kaulf. \n Sieb. Syn. Filic. n. 106. N. S. Wales. Port Jackson to the Blue Mountains, R. Brown, Clowes, Woolts. 3. B. serrulatum, Bich. ; RooJc. Spec. Filic. iii. Si, Syn. Filic. 186. — Khizome short and thick or longer aud creeping. Fronds 1 to 2 ft. long. Pnmae distiuct, linear or Janceolate, mostly 2 to 4 lines long and nearlj 3 lines broad or 4 liues when barreu, obliquely trun- cate at the base but attached by the midrib only, serrulate, smooth and shining, the veins oblique very numerous and fine, mostly forked. Sori close to the midrib, the indusium soou conceaied under them. — B. striatum; R. Br. Prod. 152 ; Hook. Spec. Filic. iii. 55, t. 159 ; Sieb. Syn. Filic. n. 125, Fl. Mixt. n. 242 ; F. Muell. Fragm. v. 120. N. Australia. Providence Hill and M'Adam Range, F. Mucller ; Port Darwin, Schulfz, II. 487 ; Port Essington, Arinstmng. Queensland. Cape York, Dacwcl ; Rockingham Bay, BaUachy ; Eockhampton, Thdzct ; Mcreton Bay, C. Stuart. Wr. S. Wales. Port Jackson, R. Bruivii, A. Cunninffham ; Richmond Rivcr, Mrs. Hodfjhiiison. Dispersed over tropical America, the Malayan Archipelago and New Caledonia. 4. B. orientale, Linn. j Hooh.Spee. Filic. iii. 52, Syn. Filic. 186, 3 B 2 740 cxLVii. fiijIOks. [Blrc/mum. Filtc. Exut. t. 77. — Ehizoine tiiick riaiug to a siiort erect truuli. Frouds 2 to 3 ft. ioug. Piuua? distinct, (3 in. 1 ft. long, \ to 1 in. broad near tlie base, tapering to a loug poiut, mostly cuueate at the base aud attaclied by tlie inidrib only, the numerous veins very fine as in B. aerridalim, but tlie margius quite entire. Sori close to the mid- rib and soun covei'ing it. A few of the uppermost pinuiB occasionaliy aduaie aud decurreut on the rhachis. — Jb\ Alueil. Fragm. v. 120; Bedd. i^erns S. Ind. t. 29. N. Australia. Adfilaidc River, M^^Bouall Stnart, Queensland. Rockingham Bay, Ballachij ; Islands oif the Goast, Letfe, Walter ; Daiutree Kiver, Fitzalan ; Gilbert Eiver, Daintree. Alfio in East tropical Asia and in the South Pacific Islands . 28. MONOGRAMME, Schkuhr. Khizoiiie slender, creeping. Fronds simple, narrow, veinless except the midrib. Sori in a single contiuuous liue iii the upper part of the froud, iu a groove opeuiug along the midrib, the m.irgius of the groove formiug an iudusium along one or both sides of the sorus. A small genus spread over the tropical and southern extratropical regions of the New and the Old World. The only Australian species extonds over the area of the genus at least in the Old World. l M. Junghuhnii, Hooh. Spec. Filic. v. 123, Syn. Filic. 375, var. ieudJu. — Kliizome alinost filifurm, intricately matted, covered with fiue liairlike scales. Fronds slender aud grass-like, 1 to 2| in. high, eutire, scarcely \ line broad, flat with a proininent inidrib in the lower barren part. the upper fertile half rather broader. — Bedd. Ferus S. Ind. t. 210 ; F. Muell. Fragm. vii. 110 ; Diclidopteris angustissima, Brackcur. Filic. U. S. Expl. Exped. 135, t. 17. Queensland. riockingham Bay, Dallachy. The numerous specimens in the coUection are all quite similar to Ceylonese ones, as figm-ed by Beddome. The typical form from the Malayan Archipelago and Pacific Islauds, more specially described by Hooker, has very much longer and stouter fronds. 29. DOODIA, E. Br. Rhizome tufted. Fronds simply piunate or deeply pinnatifid. Sori obloiig or shortly linear, on transverse veinlets connecting the forked veins proceeding from the midrib, in oneor two rows parallel to the midrib on each side, with an indusium of the same shape, proeeediug from the veinlet and openiug on the inuer side. Scabrous ferns, often Bmall. Doodia,^ cxLvir. FrLiOFs. 741 Besides tlic Australian specics of which twonre endcmic andthe third cxtcnds to Ncw Zealand and the racific Ishmds, thero is a fourth froni Clcylon. Pinnules or segments all adnato by their hroad base. Fronds rarely exceeding 1 ft., very scabrous, Sori ovate, in 1 or 2 rows between the midrib and the margin l. D. a.ipera. Fronds mostly abovo l ft. long. Sori narrow-oblong in a row very ncar the midrib 2. D. blechnoides, Lower orncarly all the pinnulcs attachcd only by the mid- rib, or thc lowcst poliolatc Sori oblong ... 3. D. candata, 1. D. aspera, R. Br. ProiJ, 151. — Fronds erocl, rigid, mostly about 1 t't. (jr less but varying Ironi 6 to nearly 18 iu., the piunules aa well as tlie rhachi.s exceediugly sciibrous. Pinuulea or segments nuinerous, all attached by their broad or dilated bape, rigidly serrulate, those iu the centre of the frond lauceolate falcate, 1 to 2 rarely nearly 3 in. long, the upper ones shorter and more confluent gradually reduced to the lanceoJnte point of the trond, the lower segraents more distinct, gradually shorter, the lowest reduced to small wing-like appendages to the rhachis. Sori ovate ur almoyt rouuded, usually in one row on each side at a little distauce from the midrib, but in the larger segments often numerous iu at leaat two rows on each side. — Hook. Spec. Pilic. iii. 71, Syn. Filic. 189, Exot. Fl. t. 8; Sieb. Fl. Mixt. n. 249; F. Muell. Fragii .V. 130 ; Woodwardia aspera, Metten. ; Bai). Queensl. Ferns, 27. Queensland. Brisbane and Buruett Rivers, F. Mmlkr ; Mount EUiott, Fitnalan. N. S. Wales. Hunters Eiver, R. Brown ; Port Jacksonto the Bhie Mount;dns, A. Cnnnhinham, Fraser, Gaiidichaml ; New England, C. Stunrt ; Richmond Eiver, C. Moore and others ; Hastings, Macleay and Clarence Rivers, BeiJcler ; Tweed River, Quilfoi/l'' ; lUawara, Juhnson ; Twofold Bay, F. MuelLr ; Lord Howe'8 Island, C. Moore. Victoria. Broadribb and Suowy Kivers, F. Mnellcr ; Cape Howe, Walter, 2. D. blechnoides, A. Cunn. ; Hook. Spec. Filic. iii. 72, Syn. Filic. 189. — A larger phmt than D. aspera, and much less scabrous. Piunae similarly dilated and adnate at the base, but tbinner witli finer more numerous nerves connected in areoles near the niidrib, parallel aud simple between the sori and the margin. Sori transversely narrow- oblono-, furmiug a regular row on each side of the midrib sind very near it, with very rarely a few Mnall onts outside the row, The whole fruud 1 to li tt. long, the larger pinnse 3 to 4 in., a few at tlie base of the fronJ .-^maHer aiid di.sttmt, but none of the sliort broad ones of D. aspera. — Metten. Filic. Ilurt. Lips. t. 6, f. 3. jg g Wales. Nepean Rivcr, Fraser, J- Cunninyham ; Cedar Creck, New Engl.^nd, C. atnarf. 3- D. caudata, 7?. Br. Prod. 151. — A smaller more slender plant 742 cxLVir. filices. [JDoodia. thau D. aspera, the fronds often decumbent at the base, asceuding in the typical form to 6 to 8 in., or rarely to 1 ft., scabrous but not so much so as in B. aspera and very variable. Lower pinuse distiuct, short, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, often broadly biauriculate, attached by the midrib only and mostly barren ; intermediate ones lanceolate falcate \\\t\\ a broad base, mostly fertile aud attached by the midrib only, tlie upper oues more adnate, the uppermost short aud conflueut into a Liuceolate or liuear apex to the frond, but sometimes the whole frond consistiuw of short broad barreu pinnsG, or thc narrow fertile oues continued uearly to tbe babe, aud in a few specimeus the narrow almost entire apex occupying nearly the whole froud. Sori oblong, usually in a siutrle row oii each side of the midrib, aud sometimes almost cou- fluent. — Hook. Spec. riUc. iii, 75, Syn. Filic. 190, Exot. Fl. t. 25 ; Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 147; F. Muell. Fragm. v. 129 ; D. rwpestris, Kaulf. in Sieb. Syn. Filic. u. 114, Fl. Mixt. n. 248 ; Woodwardia caudata, Cav. ; Bail. Queensl. Ferus, 27. Queensland. York Peninsula, N. Taylor ,- Rockingham Bay, DaUachy ; Dain- tree River, Fitzalan ; Eockhampton, Moreton Bay and other localities in S. Queens- land. Bou-inan, Bcillcchi/, F. Muelkr and others. N. S. V^ales. Port Jackson to the Blue Mountains, R. Brown, A. Cunninghain and others ; New England, C. Stuart ; Hastinga River, Beckler ; Clarence River, WUco3: ; Tweed River, Onilfoijle. Victoria. Wannon River, Robertson ; Dandenong Ranges and Clipps' Land, F. Mueller. Tasmania. Port Dalrymple, R. Brotvn ; abundaiit in dry stony situations as well as in shady places, J. D. Hooker. Also in New Zealand and the South Pacific Islands. Var. media. Fronds larger, often above 1 ft. long. Longer segments in the middle of the frond 1 to 2 in. long. I can find no other difference, and the inter- mcdiate sizes are numerous. — JD. media, R. Br. Prod. 151 ; Hook. Spec. Filic. iii. 74, Syn. Filic. 190 ; Woodwardia media, Fee ; Bail. Queensl. Fcrns, 27. — Endeavour River, Banks a>/d Solandtr ; sent from most of the same stations as the typical form, but more frcquent in Queensland and the northern parts of N. S. Wales, whilst in Victoria and Tasmania thesmall form is the most common. 30. ASPLENIUM, Linn. Ehizome creeping, or short and thick, or risiug to a shortly arborescent truuk. Sori linear or rarely oblong, on veins proceeding from the midrib or the base of the piuuules or on their branches. Indusium hnear or oblong, attached aloug oue side to the veiu and opening along the other side. A large genus generally dispersed over the tropical and temperate regions of the globe. Of the 21 Australian species, 3 have a more or less general distribution over the New aswell asthc Old World, 9 are limited to the Old AVorld, 4 extend to New Zealand, one of them also in the extreme south of America, the remaining 5 are endemic. CXLVII. FILIOES. 743 Sect. I. Euasplenium. — Sori liucar, divergiiKj from tho midrib or from the petiok toicards tJw iixirtiiii the iiidusiuin opening from the iiiner or uppcr edge outwards. Fronds ontirc. Veins and sori parallol and trans- verse. Fronds coriaceous, 1 to 6 ft. long, 3 to 8 in. broad. Voins closcly parallel, connectcd within tho margin . 1. ^. nidiis. Fronds thinner, 1 to IJ ft. long, J to IJ in. broad. Veins mostly 1 linc apart, not connccted at thc end . . .' 2. A. simplioifrons. Fronds linear-lanccokitc, broken into scgments only at thc base. Vcins very oblique, parallcl 3. ./. attennatiim Fronds simply pinnato. Veins few, forkcd, pinnately divcrging from an irregu- lar midrib. Fronds small, tuttcd, pinnulcs 2 to 3 lines long i. A. trichomanes. Vcins more or less tripartite or flabellate at the base of the pinnule, one branch usually elongated and licnninerved. Fronds weak, diffuse. Pinnules obliquely obovate or fan-shaped, 3 to 6 lines broad 5. A. JlabeUifoliam. Fronds diffuse, scaly-hirsute. Pinnules ovate fan- shaped or broadly lanceolate, 6 to 9 lines long . . &. A. paleaceum. Fronds attaining 1 to 2 ft. Pinnules lanceolate, acuminate, 1-J- to 5in. long 7. A. falcatum. Veins numcrous and parallel from the midrib. Pin- nules oblong or lanceolate, coriaceous 8. ^. obtusatum. Fronds bipinnate. Segments cuneate, striate. Fronds 3 to 6 in. long, Primary pinnaj ^ to 1 in. long, with small distinct segments. Sori few, rather large 9. ^l. Hooherianum. Fronds 6 to 18 in. long. Primary pinnae lanceolate, l^ to 2 in. long, withdistinct or confluent toothed segments 10. .4. furcatum. Fronds 2 to 3 ft. long, thrice or four times pinnate, with numcrous primary and secondary pinnse. Sori small \\. A. laserpitiioliiim. Sect. II. Darea. — 'Sori ublong or lincar on a iriii paralhl fo fhe margin of the teeth or lobes and opening toivards the margin. Sori large with prominent indusia, one to each tooth or lobe of the pinnules. Fronds 1 to 2 ft. long, mostly bipinnate; pinnides lanceolate, ^ to 1 in. long \2. A. btilbifemm. Fronds mostly pinnate ; pinniiles very narrow, 3 to 6 in. long \Z. A. flaccidum. Sori narrow-Hnear with narrow thin indusia, variously arranged along the margins of the lobes. Fronds 4 to 8 in. long, 3 to 5 in. broad, with pinnatifid or pinnate pinnse \i. A. pteridioides. Sect. III. Athyrium. — fiori sinall, often curred, mostlij at the forJc of the veinlets proeeeding from the midrib. Fronds large, membranous, twice or thrice pinnate . . 15. A. umbrosum. 744 CXLVII. FILICES. Seot. IV. Diplasmm. — Snrilinear alonr/ veinn pitmately diverging from a central vcin to each lnbe of the pinnule. Indusiumnarrow, opening, in the sanie frond, on theone yM;/(;;j(/«c/, n. 349, l^rdss u. 1301, Maxwdl, F. Miwller. Widely spread over tropical America, tropical and southern Africa and the Pacific Islandd. The western apecimens havo the segrnents of the pinnules narrow and dis- tinct, inthosefrom N. S. Wales they arebroader and more contiuent, but all appear to belong to the African and American species. 11. A. laserpitiifolinm, Lam.; Sooh. Spec. Filic.m. 171, t. 203, Syn. Filic. 215. — Rhizome tnick, generally creeping up the triiuks of tree-ferns and other trees. Fronds 1\ to 3 ft. long, glabrous, 3 or 4 times pinniite. Larger priniarv pinrue 6 to 8 in. long, with nutnerous secondary pinnae of 1 to 2 in., again pinnate or the upper ones shorter aiid piuuatiHd only, the primury as well as the secondary pinufe tapering to a pinnatifid point. Ultimate pinnules or segmcnts obovate or obkmg-cuneate, toothed, promiuently striate with diverging veins, raostiy 3 or 4 liues long. Sori several on each segmeut, linear, usually rather small. — Bedd. Fei-ns S. Ind. t. 225. Queensland. Endeavour Eiver, A. CiDuiuigliain ; Rockingham Bay, W. liill, Datl'r],ij ; Daintree River, Fitzalau ; Fitzroy Island, M'Gillirrai/, Walter. Also in East tropical Asia, the Malayan Archipelago and South Pacific Islands, and veiy near to the widely spread tropical A. ciiiieatum, Lam., to which F. Mueller, Fragm. V. 131, reduces it and from -which it difiers chiefly in its much moro compomid fronds. Sect. II. Darea.. Sori oblong or linear, on a vein proceeding from the midrib of the pinnse as in Euasplenium but oii a branch parailel to tbe margin of its teeth or lobes witb the indusium opening towards the margin so as to appear marginal. 12. A. bulbiferum, Forsi. ; Ilooh. Spec. Filic. iii. 196, Ic. PI. t. 423, Spi. Filic. 218. — Rhizome tliick. Fronds 1 to 2 ft. long, glabrous or with a scaly rhachis, pinnate or more frequeutly bipinnate, often proliferous. Primary piunae numerous, usually 3 to 4 nn. long. Pinnules lanceolate, mostly -1 to 1 in. loug, piunately toothed lobed or divided, witii a siiigle veiidet to each lobe or tooth ; the whole frond as well as each pinna euding iii a lanccoLite toothed or lobtd point. Sori large, oiie to each lobe or tootli, afiixed to the central vein but the rather rigid prominent indusium thrown over towards the upper margin 80 aa to make the sorus appear marginal. — Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 14G ; Asplenimn.'] oxlvh. riLiOES. 741) GcBnopterisappendiculala, Labill. Fl. Nov. lioU. ii. 91, t. 213 ; .Isplenium laxum, K. Br. Prod. lol. W. S. Wales. Bluo Mountains, A. Cuiiiiiughaiu, Mis. Culvert ; Mucloay aud 13l lliiiger K'ivcis, C. Mw.te ; Cl;u-ence Rivor, Wilcox. Victoria. Mouth of tho Glenelg, Allitt ; Dandenong Eanges, Sealer's Cove, Apollo Bay. F. MiieUer. Tasmania. Derwent Eiver, It. liiowii ; abundant in damp woods throughout tho island, J. D. Huoker. S. Australia. Mount Gamhier, F. Muelkr ; Penola, TFoods. Scattorod over various tropical and southern oxtratropical regions of tho New and the Old World. Redueed hy V. Muellor, Fragm. v. 132 with Iho following species to varieties of A. marlniiii,, from which thcy appear to mo to difibr essen- tially in the position of the sori as woU as in tho forms assumod by the frond, 13. A. flacciduiu, Forst. ; Hook. Speo. Filic. iii. 205, Syn. Filic. 222. — Rhizome short and tliick. Frouds from mider 1 ft. to near 2 It. or in pp^'cime;!s not Australian still longer, pale greeii, glabrouf", pinuate. Piun--E coriaceous, narrow, 3 to 6 in. long, the barreu ones toothed, the fertile pinnately divided into linear lobes of 2 to 6 lines, each bearing a single rather larpje sorus attaehed to the central vein, but the eon!--picuou8 indusium thrown over to the upper side so as lo appear marginal. — Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 146 ; A. odontites, R. Br. Prod. 151. N. S. Wales. Port Jackson to the Blue Mountains, .ff. Brown, A. Cuiiniiigham, JVuulls ; Now England, C. Stuart ; Hastings liiver, Fraser ; Clarence Eiver, Beckler, Wilco.i ; Bellinger Ei\'er, C. Moore ; lUawarra, Shepherd. Victoria. Mount Disappointment and Sealers Cove, F. Mueller Tasmania. Not uncommon on exposed rocks, etc, /. D. Hookcr. Also in New Zealand. 14. A. pteridioides, liaker, Syn. Filic. 488.— Rhizome thick and short. Fronds broadly ovate-huiceolate in outline, 4 to S in. long, 3 to .5 in. bioad, giabrous. coriaceous, pinuate. Pinuee broadly lanceu- late, again pinnate or dcepiy pinnatifid ; segments from obovate to linear-cuneate, i to 1 in. long, with few obtuse teeth or short lobes ; veins few, branchiug into the lobes. Sori linear, borderin^ the lobes on a brancli of the vein parallel to and very near the margin ; iudusium narrow, proceeding from the nerve and opening outwards towards tbe margin. N. S. Wales. Lord Howe'8 Island, C. Moore. FuUagar. Sect. III. Athteium. — Sori small, often curved, mostly at the fork of veins proceeding from the midrib. 15. A. umbrosum^ /. Sm. ; HooJc. Spec. Filic. iii. 231, Si/n. Filic. 229. — Fronds 3 to 5 ft. long, 1 to l^ ft. broad, twice or thrice pinnate. Pinnules membranous, lanceolate or oblong, 1 lo 2 in. long, deeply 750 ^ CXLVIT. FFLTCMcs. [Jspleniim. piunatifid or smaller and pinnately toothed ; veins oblique, usually Ibrked, proceeding trom the midrib into the lobes or teeth, free. Sori small, obhjug, usually on the vein below the fork or partly on one fork and tlieu slightly curved. Indusium raembranous, proceeding fi'om the vein, and opeuing on the upper or inner raargin, the sori often at length covering the centre of the pinnule. — F. i\lucll. Fragm. V. 132. ; AlJanfodia australis and A. tenera, E. Br. Prod. 149 ; Asple- niiim Broionii, J. Sm. ; Hook. Ic. Pl.t. 978; Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 147; A. australe, Brackenr. ; Hook, Spec. Filic. iii. 232 ; A. physosorus, Sieb. Fl. Mixt. n. 268. Queensland. Moreton Bay, F. Mrieller ; Towomba, Rartmann. N. S. Wales. Paterson River, R. Broivn ; Blue Moimtains, A. CunnbKjham, Vonlls ; Xew England, C. Stuart ; Macleay River, Beckler ; Cape Byron and Tweod River, C. Moore, Guilfoi/le ; Illawarra, /o/(//sow. Victoria. Dandenong Ranges, Boijle ; Broadribb and Snowy Rivers, F. Muelltr ; Cape Howe, Walter. Tasmania, Nekon ; not rare in dense sbaded forests, /. Z>. Hooker. Ranges over tropical Africa and Asia and is also in Norfolk Island and New Zealand. Sect. IV. UiPLASiuM. — Sori linear along veins pinnately diverging from the central vein to each lobe of the pinnule. Indusium narrow, opening, in the same frond, sometimes on one side sometimes on the other or on both sides of the nerve. 16. A. japonicum, Thunh. ; HooJc. and Bak. Syn. Filic. 234. — Ehizome slender, creeping. Pronds pinnate, 1 to l^ ft. loag. Larger pinnse 3 to 4 in. long, deeply pinnatifid, the lower segments reaching the shortly scaly-hirsute rhachis. Sori usually rather shorter than in A. sylvaticum. N. S. 'Wales. lUawarra, a single specimen in Herb. F. Mueller, without the collector's name, so possibly some mistake. The species is east Asiatic, extending to South China and Japan. 17. A. sylvaticum, Prcsl ; Hooh. Spec. Filic. iii. 248, Syn. Filic, 232. — Rhizome short thick aud scaly. Fronds pinnate, from 1 to iibove 2 ft. long. Pinnse membranous, mostly attached by the raidrib only or shortly petiolate, the larger ones 6 in. long, f to 1 in. broad, regularly pinnatifid with short rounded denticulate lobes, with a central vein to each lobe and several oblique parallel veinlets proceoiling from it, bearing linear sori extendiug from the midrib almost to the margin ; indusia of the section, single or double ; upper pinnse gradu- ally smaller and m.ore entire, the uppermost semi-decurrent or cou- fluent.— Bedd. Ferns S. Ind. t. 161. Queensland. Rockingham Bay, Ballachy. Extends ovcr tropieal Africa and Asia including the IMalayan Archipelago. Asplenhm.'] cxi-vir. filtcks. 751 18. A. maximumj Don ; Uook. and Bak. Si/ii. Filie. 239. — Trunk erect, froiu a tew iii. to 2^ ft. high. Fronds bipinuate, several fcct lont;- autl 2 to 3 ft. broad, the larger pinucU closely resenibling the entire fronds of ^. syJvaticum. Secondary pinna) laneeolate, acuuiinate, 3 to 6 iu. long, ^ to 1 iu. broad, pinuatiHd with short broaddeuticuhito lobes, but the hirger oues more deeply so than in A. sylvaticum and the sinaller lobes morc oblique aud acutely tootlied, tlie piunae eudiug in a long lauceoLate serrated poiut, tlie rhachis ghibrous or slightly scaly. Sori narrow-linear aud indusia eutirely thoae of A. sylvatica^ to which the species is referred by F. JMuell. Fragm. v. 133. Queensland. Rockingham Bay, W. Hill, Ballachy ; Daintree ILiyeYjFifzala/i. N. S. Wales. Jvichmond Kiver, C. Moorc (rcferred in Syn. Filic. 235 to A. spcciosHm, ^lctten. under the imprcssion that the specimens sent were whole fronds) Macleay Eiver, Fitzgcrahl ; Twccd Rivor, GnUfinjle. Common in East Tndia. 19. A. polypodioides, il/*?^;'^;?. y Kook. Spec. Filic. iii. 257, Syn. Fdic. 238. — Trunk erect, attainiug sometimes 3 or 4 ft. Fronds bipinuate, several feet loug, 1 to 2 ft. broad, the stipes and rhachis with- out scales. Secoudary pinnte mostly 3 to 4 iu. loug, lanceolate, shortly petiolate, acumiuate, more or less deeply piuuatifid towards thc base, ihe lower lobes hauceoLate, falcate, minutely serruLate, the upper oues gradually shorter. Sori on the pinnate veins of the lobes as in the precediug species, but much shorter, rather obloug thau liuear. Indusia of the section openiug on oue or both sides of the vein. — F. MuelL Fragm. v. 132 ; Diplasium polypodioides, Metten. ; Bedd. Ferus S. Ind. t. 163. Queensland. Rockingham Bay, growing frequently in water, Ballachij ; Daintree River, Fitzalaji ; Dahymple Creek, Hartmann. Spread over East India and the Malayan ArchipeLago. 20. A. melanochlamys, Hook. Spec. Filic. iii.259, Syn. Filic. 239. — Truuk unknowu. Fi'ouds bipinnate, G ft. loug aud 1 to 2 ft. broad, widely spreading, darker coloured aud uot so membranous as the prc- ceding species. Secondary pinure deeply piunatifid ; seginents froin obloug rounded and under \ in., to lanceolate and above 1 iu. loug aud then usually crenate with a tootli opposile each sorus. Sori and iudusia liuear, very conspicuous froin their dark ahnost bhack colour, reachiug usually almost from the midrib to the margin. N. S. Wales. Lord Howe's Island, M'GilUvrai/, Mtliie, C. Moore, and others. 21. A. decussatum, Sioartz ; Hook. Spec. Filic. iii. 270, Syn. Filic. 243. — Truuk erect, scaly. Fronds 3 to •! ft. loug, pinnate, with a thick smooth rhachis. Pinnae shortly petiolate or attached by the midrib only, lanceolate, acuminate, G iu. to near 1 ft. h)ng, 1 to 1\ in. 75:^ oXLVii. HLic>:;s. [Ab-^jlenium. broiid, sliortly deutate oi* souie of tlie larger ones pinuatifid or iilinost piunate. Primary vcius proccediug obliquely froui the midrib to tlie tectb or lobes, with secondary obliquely piuuate veiulets often auasto- mosiug. Sori liuear, on the secondary veiulets, witb the siugle or doubltfiudusium of the section. — CalUpteris proUfera, Bory ; Bail. QuL-ensl. Ferns, 32. Queensland. Eockingham Bay, JF. Hill, BaUachi/ ; Daintree River, Fitzalan. Also in tropical Africa, the Malayan Archipelago and Pacific Islands. 81. CYSTOPTEmS, Bernh. Delicate terus, with twice or thrice pinnate fronds, with small dentate segments. Veins forked or piunate, with free venules. Sori small, globuUir, attached to the concave base of an ovate indusium fixed on a venule at a distance from the margiu. A small genus spread over the tempei'ate or mountain regions of both the northern and southern hemispheres, the only Australian species the most common in the general Hrea of the genus. It is generally placed near D ivnVln on account of the concave indusium, hut the position of the sori and the texture and early disappear- ance of the indusium show an afBnity to Aspiditim, in which the spore-cases are frequently affixed in part to the indusium, though never whoUy so as in Ctjstopteris. 1. C. fragilis, Brrnh. : ILooTc. Spec. Filic. i. 197, Brit. Fenis, t. 23, Syn. Filie. 103. — Ehizome creepiug, scaly. Fronds usually 6 to 9 in. lugh, ovate-lauceulate or oblong iu their outliue, twice piuuate, tlie longest priuiaiy pinnse 1 to 1\ iu. loug, decreasing towards both euds, ou a slender stipes without scales. Segments ovate or lauceolate, piiiuatifid or dentate, with obtuse lobes or teeth. Sori several on each segnient, at first enelosed in tbe iudusium which is sm;ill and thiu in the Austrnlian specimens and soon disappears under the enlarged globular sori.— Hook. f. FI. Tasm. ii. 136, t. 166 ; Bedd. Ferns Brit. Ind. t. 91 (the iudusium in all the figures lar^er thau in any Tasmanian specimens) ; G. tasmanicn, Hook. Spec. Filic. i. 199, Ic. Pl. t. 959. Tasmania. Moist rocks, Mount Olympus and Lake St. Clair, Gutin. 32. ASPIDIUM, Swartz. Rbizome thick aud sbortly erect or creeping. Fronds once twice or thrice piunate, rarely in species nofc Australian, simple. Sori orbicular, usually small, variously dispersed over the uuder surface. Indusium orbicular, coveriug the sorus wheu young, attached by the centre or by ;; point or in a sinus on one side, so that wheu opened all round by the growth of the spore-cases it becomes peltate or more or less reniform. Aspidium.] cxLvir. filicks. 753 A largo genus, ilistributcd over every part of the globo, clos(>ly allicd to PolMmdium, withucarlyasgreatavarietyofdivision and vcnation of the frond, dillbriag only m tnc prcscnceot an mdiisium which in «ovcral species disappears very carlv. Of OH V' ^^"^t ''^"^•^ «l'^'"';^ l"^"- liavc a very gcneral distribution in the New and tho T«l .. J" f ' 'T'' '"'^' .^""'^^'^ *° ^^'' ^^'^ ^^'"^^^' *^J^'efly in Asia and the Pacific isJands. two others arc m Ncw Zcaland, one of thcm also in tho Pacific Islands. the tiiree remammg ones are as faras known endemic. Fronds pinnate, with numerous nearlv equalpinntB articu- late on a long rhachis. tSori in a rcgular row close to or not flir from the margin (Nephrolepis). 1 mnm rather rigid, obliquely truncate or cordate at tho base. Pinmc rarely abovel in. long, obliquely cordate . . \. A. cordifoUum. i mnaj 2 to 5 in., obliquely truncate at the base . . . 2. A. exaltaUm. ' ii-mnffi membranous, narrow and tapcring at the base on one side, broadly auriculate on the other .... 3. ^. ramomin l ronds pmnate. Pinnae pinnatifid, with a pinnate voin leadmg to each lobe, the vcinlets under adjoinin"- iobesunitmgm a vein leading to the sinus (Nephro- dium). L nver pinnae scarcely smaller than tho others. bori in 2 rows ncar the margins of the lobes usually . contmued into the entire part 4:. A. u»itum. bori close to the margins of the lobes and not con- Tnw.v "'^'^^''7'^'',''^''"' ^- ^l- Ptcroidcs. l-oviei pmna gradually muchsmaller and distant. *ronds rarely above 2 ft. long. Lobes of the pinnte rather obtuse or acute 6 ^ molle Fronds often 4 to 5 ft. long. Lobes of the pinnse broad," i^ronds deeply pinnatifid or pmnate, with reticulately veined Frond?r'''-^®^^!e'^^ •• ' . . . 8. ^. eonjlucns. i^ronds twice or thrice pmnate with lobed or toothed seg- ments. Indusium usually peltate (Polystichum). btipes very shaggy. Segments ovate-lanceolate, pricklv btipes shghtly scaly. Segraents lanceolate, pinnatifid or Spci.^^f''!^' t^^tf t^ ^9«% ^"State 10. ^. aristatum. segments lanceolate, coriaceous, obtuselv toothed lobcd or pmnate " 1 1 >/ Fronds twice or thrice pinnate with lobed ' or toothed" '" ' "'^^""^' segments. Indusmm usually reniform, often very small and soon disappearing, sometimes abortive (Ijastrea). Fronds glabrous or pubescent. Segnients rather coriaceous, obtusely toothed or lobed bcgments acutely toothed or lobed. Sori near the SegnTentacutelytoothedo^pinnatifid." Sorine"ar"th; ^^' ^^ '^''""^''''^"'"- margin ..... 14 4 / Pinnse and pinnules ciliate with "white" hai"rs " or ■-'""''">"■ bnstles .... 1 " 4 / • 7 Stipcs and principal rhachi's hispid' w'ith' long dark '"■ ""^ "''"'>'''""^'- hairs or bristles. Pinnules and segments acutely toothed .... 1 p « 7 • • , . io. A. liisptdum. VOL. vri, o 3 c 754 cxLvii. FiLiCEs. [Aspidium, 1. A. cordifolium, Su-ar/z, Syn. Filic. 45. — llbizome emitting wiry libres beariug ovoid scaly tubers (stoloues?). Fronds 1 to 2 ft. loug, weak, simply piunate. "Pinna! very nuinerous and regularly approxi- mate, nearly sessile but articulate ou the rhacliis, obloug, rounded and usually denticulate at the cnd, f to 1 iu. long, obliquely cordate at the base with tlie upper auricle much the largest, gradually smaller at the end ofthe ti-ond, aud the lowest piniias sliort broad and barreu. Veins obliquely diverging from the midrib, forked or branched. Sori termi- nating eacli lower branch, formiug a row at some distance from the margiu. Indusium orbicular, very promiueut, attached iu a deep sinns orrarcly peltate. — Nephrolepis cordifolia, Presl ; Hook. aud Bak. Syn. Filic. 300 ; Jspidium tuherosum, Bory ; F. Muell. Fragm. v. 13G ; Ne- 2)hrolepis tuherosa, Presl ; Hook. Spec. Filic. iv. 15L ; Bedd. Ferns S. Ind. t. 92. Queensland. Eockmgham Bay, Ballacluj ; Brisbane River, Moreton Bay, W. Hill, F. ^Ludlcr. N. S. Wales. Clarence River, Beckler ; Richmond River, C. Moore, Mrs. Hodg- k insoii ; liord Howe's Island, C. Moore, Fullagar. Spread over the tropical regions of the New and the Old World. 2. A. exaltatum, Su-arfz, Sijn. Filic. 45. — Fronds weak, often above 2 ft. long, simply pinnate, the rhachis glabrous or loosely scaly- tomentose. Pinuae very numerous, nearly sessile but articulate on the rhachis, lauceolate, mostly acuminate and creuate, obliquely truncate at the base and sometimes auricubite on the upper side, the longer ones 3 to 5 in. loug, with nuuierous fiue forked veins obliquely diverging from tlie midrib, the lower pinnse usually shorter rounded at the end and barren. Sori termiuating one branch of *the veins, foruiing a regular row usually close to the margin. Indusium orbicular, h^terally attached in a deep sinus or sometimes peltate and opening all round. — F. Muell. Fragm. v. 130 ; Nephrodium exaltatum, R. Br. Prod. 148 ; Nephrolepis exaltata, Schott; Hook. Spec. Filic. iv. 152, Syn. Filic. 301. N. Australia. North Coast, M'-Kinlay ; Liverpool River, Gidliver. Queeuslaud. Port Bowen, E. Brow)i, A. Cunningham ; Cape York, DaenieJ ; York Puninsula, N. Taylor ; Endeavour River, A. Cunningham ; Rockingham Bay, W. Ilill, BaUachy ; Daintree River and Port Denison, Fitzalan ; Gilbert Rivei", Baintree ; islands oiF the coast, M-GiUicray, Tliozet and others. Widely spread over the tropical regions of the New and the Old World. Var. longipinna. Larger pinnse 6 in. long, \ to f in. hroad, wi[hthorow of sori at a considerable distance from the margin. — North coast, MKinlay ; Rockingham Bay, Ballacliy. 3. A. ramosum, Beaur. Fl. Ow. et Ben. ii. 53, t. 91. — Eliizome slender, scaly, creeping up the steuis of trees to a great length. Frouds weak, varying from a few inches to above 1 ft. loug. Pninje uumerous, obliquely obhDug, obtuse, crenate, vei-y oblique at the base, articulate ou the rhachis, the lowcr side narrowed the uj)per broadly truncate Aspidmm.'] c^lvu. riLiCEs. 755 and often aiirifulato, 1 in. long and 3 to 4 lines broad iu tlie lar2;er fronds, ^ in. loni: aud 1 to 1-^ lines broad in tlie sinalliT ones, with every intei-mediate size. Veins divergiug from the midrib once or twiee forked. Sori in a rei;ular row betwoen the midrib and tlie mar^iu. ludusium orbicular, usually attached in a deej) sinus, but sometiiues peltate. — Nephrolepis ramosn, T. Moore ; Hook. aud Bak. 8yn. Filie. 301-, NepJirodium obli/eratitm^lR,. Br. Prod. 148 ; Aspidium ohliteratum, Spreno;. Syst. iv. 99 ; F. INIuell. Fragm. v. 135 ; Nephro- Ippis ohliterata, Hook. Spec. Fil'c. iv. 151- ; Bedd. Fern3 S. Ind. t. 251 ; Foh/podium ? BecJcleri, Hook. Spec. Filie. iv. 224- ; N. repens, Braekeur. ; Bail. Queensl. Ferns, 50 ; N. altescandens, Bail. 1. c. 51, not of Baker. Queensland. Endeavour Eiver, Banlcs and Sdlandir, A. Cunningham ; Q.a.^0 Yorlc Pcninsulii, Ualin.s Erpedition, X. Taijlor; Rockingham Bay, Dallachij ; Dain- tiie Kiver, Fifzalan ; Dalrvmplo Crcck, Ilartman». N. S. 'Wales. Cape Byron, Twood, Bellinger and Eichmond Rivers, C. Moore; Now England, 0. Stiiart ; Jlacleay Eiver, Becliler ; Berrima and Illawarra, Macarthur, C. Moorc and others. Spread over tropical Africa and Asia and tho Pacific Islands. 4. A. unitum, Swartz., Syn. Fil. 47. — Rhizome stout, creeping. Fronds 1 to 2 ft. loug on a stipes often as long, simply pinnate, pu- bescent or rarely glabrous. Piunae uarrow-lanceolate, 3 to 6 in. long, sessile but not adnate or the lower ones shortly petiolate, rather firm, regularly pinnatifid, the lobes usually reaching to about the middle, broad, ratlier acute, often falcate. Veinn i^innate to each lobc, the branches or veinlets of adjoining lobos uniting in a vein leadiug to the siuus. Sori at the eud of the veinlets forming usually a close row along the margin of the lobes. Indusium orbicular-renifonn or ahnost peltate, very small aud soon disappearing. — F. Muell. Fragui. v. 135; Nephrodium unitam, E. Br. Prod. 148 ; N, propinquum, R. Br. 1. c. ; Hook. Spec. Filic. iv. 79. N. Australia. Xoar Providencc Hill, F. Mncllcr. Queeasland. Endeavour Eiver, Banks and Solancler ; Lizard Island, M^Gillivraij ; York Peninsula, X. Taijlor ; Eockingham Bay, Dallachij ; Port Denison, Fitzalan ; Eockhampton, Thozet ; Brisbane Eiver, Moreton Bay, A. Cunr.iiKjham, F. Mueller. N. S. Wales. Port Jackson, A. Cwiningham; New Enghmd, C. Stiiart ; Tweed Eiver, C. Moore ; Eichmond Eiver, Mrs Hodykinson ; also in Leichhardt's collection. W. Australia, Brummond, n. 400. "Widely spread over tropical Africa and Asia and closely allied to the common troiiical American A. serra, Sw. ; Brown rcstrictcd the name of nnitum to tho ghibrous form to which belong a few of the Quconshind specimens, and distinguished the more or less pubescent one which is the most common, as N. propinquum, rulyinghowever apparentlj' only on the sinylc specimuns of each in Herb. Banks. 5. A. pteroides, Swartz, Si/n. Filic. 47. — Nearly allied to A. unitum, with the same piuuatifid pinnsD and veuation. Fronds taller, 3 c 2 756 cxLTii. riLiCES. [Aspidium, glabrous or miuutely pubescent. Pinnse meuibraiious, usually 6 to 8 in. long and about ^ iu. broad, uiostly petiolate, tbe lower onesscarcely smaller, the lobcs reachiug about f way to the midrib. Sori rather large, in close marginal rows. ludu^ium orbicular-renitbrm. — Nephro- dium terminans, Hook. Spec. Eilic. iv. 73 ; iV". pteroides, J. Sm. ; Hook. and Bak. Syn. Filic. 289. Queensland. Rockingham Bay, Ballachij. Spread over tropical Asia and the Pacific Islands, 6. A. moUe, Swarfz, Sj/n. Filic. 49. — Ehizome short and thick. Fronds 1 to 2 i't. lung ou a stipes often as long, simply piunate, glabrous or hirsute, usually of a ligbt greeu. Pinnaj lanceolate, the louger oues U to 6 iu. long or even more, often acumiuate, regularly pinnatifid, the lobes sometimes short sometimes reaching above halfway to the midrib, the pinuaj truncate at the base, mostly sessile, the lovver oues gradually smaller and more distant. Veius piuuate iu each lobe and promiueut, the branclies or veinlets of adjoiniug lobes uuited in a vein tending to the sinus. Sori usually in a row about halfway betweeu the midrib of the lobe aud the margin. Indusium orbicular- reniform, soou disappeariug. — E. Muell. Eragm. v. 135 ; Polypodium molle, Jacq. Ic. Rar. t. 610 ; Neplirodium molle, \i. Br. Prod. 149 ; Hook. Spec. Eilic. iv. 67, Sj^n. Pilic. 293; Bedd. Perns S. Ind. fc. 84. N. Australia. Johnstone Ixiver, Gulliver. Qiieensland. York Peninsula, N. Taylor; liockingliam Bay, W. Hill, l)(Ulucliii ; BoM'en, TFoo/fe; Brown JHvev, M^Giiltvrai/ ; Port Denison and Daintree Uiver, i^^zYrrt/ff// ; Rockliampton, Bowman, 0' Shanesy ; Moreton Bay, F. Mucller, C. iStitart. N. S. Wales. Blue Mountains, R. Brown ; New England, C. Stnart ; Hastings, Macleay and Clarence Eivers, Beclder and others ; Eichmond Rivor, Mrs. Hodgkiii- soii ,• Illawarra, Joltnson ,- Lord Howe's Island, C. Moore. Var. didymosorus. Sori 1 or 2 to each lobe and only at the junction of the lowest veinlets of adjoining lohes. — Nephrodium cHdymosortm, Bedd. Ferns Brit. Ind. t. 200. — Rockingham Bay, Hallachy. The genus is spread over tropical Asia and Africa and the Pacihc Islands. 7. A. truncatum, Gaudich. in Freijc. Voy. Bot. 332, t. 10. — Very i-Iosely allied to A. molle, and diflficuit to distinguish by auy positive characters. Usually a larger plaut, the fronds often 4 or 5 ft. high and soinetimes more, the larger pinnae 6 iu. to 1 ft. long, the lobes more obtuse, often quite truncate. — Nephrodium truncatum, Presl ; Hook. and Bak. Syu. Pilic. 294; N. ahruptum, Presl ; Hook. Spec. Filic. iv. 77, t. 241; Bedd. Perus S. lud. t. 86; Aspidium extensum, F. Muell. Pragm. v. 135, but scarcely of Blume. Queensland. A specimen from Rockingham Bay is referred here hy Baker but is rather doubtful. Aspidium.] cxLVii. filices. 757 N. S. Wales. Diick Creck, Kichmond Eiver, C. Moore ; Twecd Kiver, Giii(/'oi/lt\ Also in tropical Asia and the Pacific Islands. 8. A. confluens, Metten. in Linncea, xxxvi. 125. — Fronds 1 to 2 ft. long or rather more, deeply pinnatifidor pinnato at tliebase. Seginents lanceolate, often numerous, the upper ones 2 to 6 in. lonir, pinnately toothed or lobed, confluent on the broadly wingcd rhaciiis, tlie inter- mediat.e ones 6 to 10 in. long, deeply pinnatifid and decurrent ou the rhachis, the lowest pair quite free at the base, pinnatiiid with long lauceolate lobes, of which the outer ones are agaiu pinnatitid, all mem- brauous. Veins copiously netted. Sori scattered, either on short veiulets tree in the areoles or ou the auastomosing veinlets. Indusium when perfect rather large, orbicular, peltate or on the same frond attached by a deep siuus. — Nephrodium conjiuens, F. Muell. ; Hook. and Bak. Syn. Filic. SOJi ; A. melanocaulon, ¥. Muell. Fragra. v. 133, not ot Blume ; Sageniu melanocaulon, Bail. Queensl. Ferns, 47. N. Australia. Johnstone River, Qulliver. Queensland. Rockingham Bay, Dallachy ; Daintree River, Fitzalan ; York Peninsula, X Taylor. 9. A. aculeatum, Swartz; Hook. Spec. Filic.iy. 18, Brit. Ferns, t. 10 to 12, Syn. Filic. 252. — Khizome sliort and thick. Fronds 1 to 2 ft. high. twice pinnate, the lower part of the stipes and the whole frond when young very shaggj^ with dark brown scarious scales mixed witb hairlike ones. Primary pinnge lanceolate iu outline, \\ to 4 iu. long, the lower ones decreasing in length ; pinnules ovate-lauceolate, curved, 3 to 6 lines long, prickly-toothed, with a prominent angle or lobe on the upper or inner side. Veins forked, diverging from the midrib. Sori usually 6 to 8 ou each pinnule. — F, Muell. Fragm. v. 134 ; Sieb. Syn. Filic. n. 104 ; A.proliferum, 11. Br. Prod. 147 ; Polystichum vesti- tum, Presl ; Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 148. Queensland. Head of DahjTnple Creek, Hartmaun. N. S. Wales. Port Jackson, Wuolh ; Clarence River, Beclder ; Richmond Rivcr, C. Moore ; IMacleay River, Fitzgerald ; IUawarra, Johmon. Victoria. From Portland and the Grampians to Gripps' Land, F. Mtieller and others. Tasmania. Derwent River, R. Brow/i ; abundant in subalpine situations, J. D. Hooker. In most temperate and subtropical regions of the globe. 10. A. aristatum, Sivartz ; HooJc. Spec. Filic. iv. 27, Syn. Filic. 255. — Fronds 1 to 2 ft. higli, broadly ovate-triaus^ular in outline, twice pinnate or the lower piunae agaiu pinuate at the base, firm but thiu, light green and glossy, the stipes scaly-hairy at the base. Pinuules or segments very obliquely oblong or lunceolate, \ to 1 in. long, uarrowed or cuneate at the base, bordered at the eud by a few teeth endiug in 758 exLYii. FiLicES. [Aspidmm. brislle-like poinls. Veius forked, divergiug Iroin tlie midrib. S^ri small, not numerous, loosely arrauged in 2 rows. Indusium small, orbicular-reniform. — F. Muell. Fragm. v. 131 ; Lastrea aristata, T. Moore ; Bail. Queeusl. Ferns, 49. Queensland. 'B.O'\dTiix):ia.m.li?ijt Ballachy ; PortDenison, Fitzalau. N. S. Wales. New England, C. Sluart (with fronds tkrice pinnate) ; Hastings Eiver, BtcIcUr ; Tweed Kiver, GuUfoyle ; Illawarra, C. Moore. Spread over Eastern Asia from the Himalayas to Japan, in the Paciiic Islands and South Africa. 11. A. capense, Willd. ; HooJc. and Bak. Siin. Filic. 2.54. — Ebizome creeping, Fronds from uuder 1 ft. to 2 It. higb, usually broad, rigid, tbe stipes and rbacbis more or less scaly, mostly twice pinnate but the smaller oues occasionally simply pinnate. Piunse coriaceous, lanceolate, toothed or pinnatifid, witb reticulate veius coucealed in tbe tbiek tissue. Sori ofteu large, 1 to eacli tootb or lobe. Indusiura peltate and rigid, but fallen away from old sori. — Polypodium capense, Linu. ; Aspidium coriaceum, Swartz ; Hook. Spec. Eilic. iv. 32 ; R. Br. Prod. 148 ; F. ]\Iuell. Pragm. v. 134 ; PoJystichum coriaceum, Scbott ; Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 148. N. S. Wales. Port Jackson to the Blue Mountains, Woolk ; Macleay Eiver. Fitzfjcrald ; Twofold Bay, F. 3Iuelkr ; Lord Howe"s Island, C. Moore, with a large variety -w^ith compound fi'onds and a vcry shaggy rhachis. Victoria. Mount Disappointment and Apollo Bay, F. Muelhr ; Cape Howe, Walter. Tasmania. Derwent River, B. Hroun; not uncommon in forests, etc, /. D. Hooker. Generally spread over the tropical and southern cxtratropical regions of the glohe. 12. A. apicale, BaTcer. — Pronds in general outline and division tbose of tbe larger broader specimeus of A. decomposiium, twice or tbrice piniiate with pinnatifid piunules, but of a firmer texture. Segmeuts obtusely tootbed or lobed, Avitb 1 or 2 sori on tbe louger teeth forming usually a marginal line round tbe upper part of the segment. Veins pinnate witli free venules. Indusium orbiculnr-reniform, mucli larger aud more persistent tbau in auy variety of A. decompositiim, or A. tenerum. — Nephrodium apicale, Bak. Syn. Filic. 499. N. S. Wales. Lord Howe's Island, C. Moore, 13. A. decompositum, Spreng. Syst. iv. 109. — Ebizome sboi't and tbick or louger and creeping. Fronds glabrous or tbe rbacbis and primary nerves pubescent, very variable iu size aud outline, tbe smaller onea ovate-lanceolate, 6 in. to uear 1 ft. loug, on a stipes often nearly as long, piunate with deeply pinnatifid pinnse, tbe larger ones twice as long, mucb broader in proportion and tlirice pinuate. Primary and secondary pinnse ending in a narrow pinnatifid apex. Pinnules or Aspidium.^ cxLvii. filices. 759 segments lauceolate, 2 to 3 lines broad, pinnatcly toothed or lobed, the teeth acute or mucroiiate and the margin of the lobes usually nerve-like. Veins pinnate, luore or iess divided according to the divisiori of the pinuules. 8ori usiially 1 or 2 to each principal lobe not very far from the midrib. Indusium orbicular-rouiform ofteu concealed as the sorus enlarges, and sometimes perhaps deficient from tlie Krst. — F. Muell. Fragm. v. 13C ; JYephrodium decompositum, 11. Br. Prod. 1-19 ; Hook. Spec. Filic. iv. 146, Syn. Filic. 281 ; Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 149, Fl. N. Zel. t. 79 ; Lastrea decomposita, Presl ; Bail. Queensl. Ferns, 49. Queensland. Broad Soimd, R. Brown ; Eockingham and Gleveland Bay, Dalhiclni ; Bowen, IFooll.i ; Brisbane Rivei", I\Ioreton Baj', Frascr, C. Stnart ; Rock- hampton and other localitics in South Queenshmd, Thozet and others. N. S. Wales. Port Jackson to the Blue Mountains, 7i'. Bniwu and others ; New Englaud, C. Stuart ; Hastings, Macleay and Clarence Rivers, BccJder ; Richmond River, Mrs. Sodffkinsoi ; Tweed River, Guilfoi/le ; Illawarra, J. CuniiiiKjham, C. Moore. Victoria. Wannon River, Robert.ion ; numerous localities from Dandenong and "Westeni Port to Genoa River, F. Muellcr and others. - Tasmania. "^Voods around Hobai-ton, Ounn, J, B. Hooker ; Cuming's Head, C. Stuart. S. Australia. Penola, Woocls. Also in New Zealand and the Pacific Islands. Some specimens with small fronds and broader, more membranous and less acute segments appear almost identical with specimens of Polijpodiiim riifescens, Blume, from Ceylon. The supposcd Australian specimens of that species are undoubtcdly referrible to A. decompositum, and Ncphrodium lancilobum, Bak. Syn. Filic. 499, appears to me to be inseparable from the larger more di-Ndded specimens of the same species. 14. A. tenerum, Spreng. Si/st. iv. 109. — Very near A. decompositum and varies like it in the fronds twice or thrice pinnate, with the lobes or teeth acute, but the pinnules and segments are more regular and more regularly pinnately lobed or dentate, the parallel branches of the veins much more numerous, aud the sori are close to the margin at a distance fromthemidrib. — Neplirodium tenerum, R. Br. Prod. 149. Queensland. Keppell Bay, R. Brown ; Mount Elliott, Fitzalan ; Mount Muellcr, DaUachij ; Rockhampton, Bowman ; Moreton Bay, C. Sttiart. N. S. Wales. Richmond River, Henderson, Mrs. Hodjlcinson ; BellingerEiver, Fitzgerald ; Tweed River, GuilfoijJe. 15..A.. tenericaule, Thw. Enum. Pl. Geyl. 393. — Ehizome short and thick or creeping. Fronds 1 to 3 ft. long on a stipes of 1 to 2 ft., twice pinnate, the larger primary pinua) G to S in. long. Piunules lanceolate, 1 to l^ in. long ou tlie larger pinna), very deeply pinnatitid with numerous lanceolate lobes 1 to 3 lines long, all more or less decurrent, ciliate on the margins as well as the principal veins aud rhachis with rigid white hairs or bristles. Veins brauclied in each lobe but free. Sori 1 to 6 in each lobe, small and distinct with few spore- 760 OXLTII. EILICES. [Aspidium. cases, or larger aud confluent. ludusiuru very small and ouly to be seen on young sori. — F. Muell. Fragm. v. 133 ; Nephrodium tenericaule, Hook. Spec. Filio. iv. 142, t. 2G9 ; Aspidiiim uliginosum, Kunze iu Linucea, xx. 6 ; Metteu. in Aun. Mus. Lugd. Bat. i. 229 ; Lastrea flaccida, Bedd. Ferns S. India, t. 99 ; Nephrodium setigerum, Bak. Syn. Filic. 284. Queensland. Rockingham Bay, W. Hill, BaUachy ; Bowen, JFoolls ; Daintree RiTer, Fttza/an. N. S. Wales. Clarence River, Hcrb. F. Mueller. Spread over tropical Asia from Ceylon and the Archipelago to Japan and the Pacific Islands. 16. A. hispidum, Swartz, Sgu. Fil. 56. — Ehizome tliick, creeping, covered witli browu scales. Frouds 1 to 2 ft. loug, broadly ovate or triaugular iu outliue, usually thrice pinnate with acumiuate piuusD, the stipes and primary and secondary rhachishispid with loug fiue spreadiug dark-coloured hairs or bristles. Piuuules lauceolate, deeply piunatifid, ■i to i iu. loug, deeply aud sharply toothed. Yeins solitary to each lobe or tootli. Sori solitary on the smaller segments or lobes. Indusium orbicular, attached by a lateral sinus or almost peltate. — P. Muell. Fragm. v. 133 ; Nephrodium hispidum, Hook. Spec. Filic. iv. 150, Syn. Filic. 286 ; Aspidium setosum, Schkuhr, Filic. t. 49. Victoria. Cape Otway Ranges, Wilkfnso)/. Also in Xew Zealand. 33. POLYPODIUM, Liun. Ehizome creepiiig iu all the Australian species, with small brown scales wiih a broad aduate base and more or less acute or subulate poiuts. Frouds simple pinuate or compound. Sori orbicular very rarely obloug, variously dispersed over the uuder surface, without auy indusium. A large genus distributed over every part of the globe except the coldest or high alpine regions. Ofthe 24 Australian species, 12 belong to the Indo-Australian region extending over the Malaj'an Archipelago, more or less into East India and the Pacific Islands, afew of them also African, but none of them identificd with American species, 7 are in New Zealand or the South Pacific Islands or in both, 2 more are common to New Zealand and the extreme south of America, the remaioing 3 appear to be endemic. In the Australian species, where the frond is small, the creeping rhizomes usuallj- form dense matted patches on rocks and trunks of trees, in the larger species the rhizome often creeps up the trunks of trees to a great length. In most species the Btipes is more or less distiuctly articulate on the rhizome. Series I. Dianeura. — Veins diverging from the midrih forlced or branchcd, the hranches uot anastomosing. Sori terminating or near the end of one of the branches. JPolypodium.'] cxlvii. filicks. 701 Fronds coriaceous, entire or pinnatitid, glaLrous or ciliate- hairy, the venation usually concoalcd in tho thick texturo of the frond (Eupolypodium). Fronds ontiro, glal)rou.s. Sori oblong or lincar . . . \. 1'. audrale, Fronds entire, ciliate with long brown hairs . . . . 2. 1'. Hookeii. Fronds pinnatifid with short lanccolatc ontire lobes . 3. P. bleckmides. Fronds pinnatitid with linear dcntate or pinnatifid lotcs 4. P. grammitidis. (No corrcsponding Aspidia.) Fronds pinnate, with numerous undivided pinnte articu- late on the rhachis (Arthropteris) 5. P. teuellum. (See sect. Xephroicpis oi Aspidium). Fronds decompound, twice or thrice pinnate with pinna- tifid pinnules (Phegopteris) ........ 6. P. punctutum. (See sect. Lastna of Aspidinm), Series 11. Synneura. — Brauchcs of parallel primary veins unitimj but noi reticulate. Fronds pinnate. Pinnse hroadly crenate or equally pinnatifid, with a pinnate vein leading to each lobe, the veinlets under adjoining lobes uniting in an intermediate vein leading to the sinus (Gonio- pteris). Fronds spreading, proliferous. Pinnse 1 to 4 in. long. Sori chiefly near the margin 7. P. proliferum. Fronds tall, erect, Pinnfe 6 to 12 in. Sori in 2 pai'- allel rows between each 2 primary veins . . . 8. P. urophyllum, Fronds erect, densely villous 9. P. Hillii, (See also sect. Nephrndium of Asindium). Fronds and venation of Goniopteris except that the branches of the primary veins anastomose but do not form a parallel intermediate vein 10. P, pcecilophlebium, Series III. Dictyoneura. — Venatinn reticulate bettceen nwre or less distinctli/ parallel primary rtins, with a small free usualUj clavate veinlet in a few or in many of the areolct, Sori on the free or on the connecting veinlets. Fronds coriaceous, entire or rarely forked, covered" with stellate hairs or scales, the fertile ones narrow, the barren often short and broad. Venalion concealed in the thick texture (Niphobolus) . Fronds under 1 in. long. Sori rather large, irregularly placed often contiguous. Scales very dense . . 11 . P. serpens. Fronds 3 to 12 in. long. Sori large, oval, in a single row on each side of the midrib. Scales small . . 12. P. con/iuens. Fronds 6 in. to 2 ft. long Sori small, vcrj' numerous, and den.sely crowded in many rows. Scales minute 13. P. acroitichoTdes. Fronds without stellate scales. Sori large and distant in a singk' row (or 2 in P. phymatodes) on each side of the midrib, each sorus in a cavity forming a pus- tnle on the iippcr surface (except P. simplicissimum) (Goniophlebium and Phymatodes). 762 CXIiTII. EILICES. [^Polypodimn, Fronds long- and narrow, cntire or crenate. Fronds coriaceous smooth and shining, the venation concealed in the texture .• • • ^'^- P- attoniatum. Fronds rigidly membranous, the larger veins con- spicuous \b. r. slinplicissimim. Fronds deeply pinnatifid with long segments con- fluent in a hroad wing to tho rhachis. Fronds usually above H ft. high. Segmonts nicmbranous, showing the veins, 6 in. to 1 ft. long, 1 to li in, broad, with narrow points _ 16. P. nigrescens. Segments smooth, the veins inconspicuous, 4 to 8 in. long, f to 1-i in. broad 11. P. jihi/matudcs. Fronds usually under l^ ft. high. Scgments rathcr firmrsho\\ing the primary veins, 3 to 6 in. long, 4 to 8 lines broad .... 18. P. iJustulatum. Segments membranous, smooth, the veins scarcely couspicuous, rarely above 3 in. long . . _ . 19. R scandens. Fronds pinnate, the pinnas articulate on the rhachis at least when fcrtile. Pinna3 membranous, 6 to 8 in. long, ito 1 in. broad, cuneate at the base 20. P. vcrrucosnm. PinnEc 3 to 6 in. long, 3 to 5 lines broad, serrate, truncate or auriculate on the base 21. P. subauriculatam, Pinnje rigid, 3 to 9 in. long, 3 to 9 lines broad, cuneate at the base. Barren fronds sessile, short and broad 22. P. rigidulim. Fronds without stellate scales. Sori irregularly scat- tered or in several rows, with a very slight or no corresponding prominence on the upper surface. Fronds entire, long and broad. Sori numerous and small 23. P. irioides, Fronds deeply pinnatifid with long segments coniiuent in a broad wing to the rhachis. Sori large, in about2 rows. Vcnation inconspicuous. Single free veinlets in several areohe. Eeceptacle prominent on the upper surface 17. P. phymatodcs. Venation conspicuous. Sori at the junction of 2 veinlets. No single free veinlets P. aureum. Fronds deeply pinnatifid Sori numerous and small. Barren fronds sessile, short and broad 2i, P. quereifoUum. (See also sect. Sacjcnia in Aspidiunt.) Series I. DiANEURA.. — Veins pinnate, the veuules diverging from a midrib, siinple or forked, tbe brancbes free. Sori inserted on a sim- ple brancb or fork, tbe otber fork often agaiuforked. 1. P. australe, Metten ; Rooh. Spec. Fllic. iv. 167, Syn. Filic. 322. — Frouds eutire, coriaceous, glabrous, linear or oblanceolate, usually 3 or 4 iu. long but on bigb mountaius reduccd to about ^ iu., or when very luxuriaut above 6 iu., obtuse, contracted into a sbort stipes. Veins, divergiug from the midrib, once or twice forked, free, but con- Folypodium.'] cxl\h. filices. 7G3 ccaled in tlie tliick substance of thu froud. Sori oblong or linear almost as iu Oj-ammitis, rather large, oblique and parallel in a single row on each side of the niidrib, and wheu old often confluent covermg nearly tlie whole surface. — F. Mueh. Fragm. v. 127 ; Gramvntis aus- fralis, E. Br. Prod. I-IG ; Hook. f. El. Tasm. ii. 151; Sieb. Fl. Mixt. n. 235 ; G. Billardieri, Willd. Spec. v. 139 ; Foh/podiim diminuticm, Bak. Syn. Fil. 507. Queensland. Mount Lindsay, W.Eill; Maroochie River, jBrti%. N. S. Wales. Port Jackson, M. Brotin, A. CiiiihingJiam ; New England, C Stiiatt ; Mountains on Bellinger River at an elevation of 6000 ft., C. Moore ; Tweed Kiver, Guil/oi/le ; ilacleay Kiver, Fitzgerald ; llla-warra, Joht/son ; Lord Howe's Islan j, ('. Jlootr. Fiillff/ar. Victoria. Mount Juliet, Snllirati ; Dandenong Range.', Apollo Bay, Mount Baw- Baw, etc, F. Jliutkr ; Cape Howe, Walter. Tasmania. Derwcnt Rivei-, Ji. Brown ; atundant on danip rocks and tiunks of trees throughout thc island, ascending to 4500 ft., J. J). Hookcr. Also in New Zealand and the extreme south of America. 2. P. Hookeri, BracTcenr. ; Rook. Spec. Filic. iv. 171, Syn. Filic. 319. — Fronds entire linear or lanceolate as in F. australe and sometimes as small, but often 6 to 8 in. long, and not quite so coriaceous, tapering into a very short stipes and always fringed and sprinkled with long sprcading dark hairs. Yeins rather more divided than in P. amtrale. Sori orbicular oval or shortly oblong, rather large, in a single row on each side of the midrib. — F. setigerum, Hook. and Arn. Bot. Beech. 103, t. 21, but scarcely of Blume. Queensland. Eockingham Bay, Ballacliij. N. S. Wales. Lord Howe's Island, C. Moore, Fitzgerald. Also inthe Philippines and the Sandwich Islands. It is very closely allied tothe true P. sctiiicnoiumnmc [Grammitis faftciciiJata, Blume, FI. Jav. Filic. t. 47. f . 2 ; Hook. Ic. Pl. t. 941), butthat has always the frond more abruptly contracted into a muchlonger stipes which gives it a different facies. 3. P. blechnoides, Hook. Spec. Filic. iv. 180, Syn, Filic. 331. — Fronds 2 to 4 in. long, coriaccous, deeply pinnatifid. Segmcnts lanceolate almost reaching the rhachis, but dilated and shortly confluent at the base, the larger oues in the middle of the frcnd 3 to 5 liues long, tlie lower ones shorter and broader, contracted into a short narrowly winged stipes. Veins pinnate in each lobe. Sori at the eud of the veinlets, orbicular, 3 to 5 pairs in each lobe, forming 2 rows nearer to the margin than to the midrib. — Grammitis hlechnoides, Grev. in Ann. Nat. Hist. ser. 2, i. 328, t. 17 ; Folypodium contigumn, Brackenr. ; F. Muell. Fragm. v. 127. Queensland. Rockingham Bay, Ballaclvj. Also in the Pacific Islanda. 764 cxLTii. riLiCES. \_l'olypodiim. 4. P. grammitidis, R. Br. Prod. 147.— Fronds mostly 4 to 8 in. high, coriaccous, once or twice piunatifid. Primary segments lincar°or iiarrow-lanceolate, reaching almost to the rhachis but niore or less decurrent and confluent, the longerones in the middle oftlie frond 1 to l^ in. long, pinnatifid with the lobes mostly very short and obtuse but occasionaliy some of them linear and 3 to 4 lines long, the lower primary segmeuts often shortly linear and entire, the lowest decurrent on the" stipes, rarely ahnost all the segments linear and entire. Veins pinnate in the linear segments, alraost simple in the short lobes. Sori orbicular or oval, varying from 1 to 4 according to the length of tbe lobe.— Hook. Spec. Filic. iv. 230, Syn. Filic. 327 ; Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 150 ; Grammitis heterophylla, Labill. Pl. Nov. Holl. ii. 90, t. 239 ; Xiphopteris heterophylla, Spreng Syst. iv. 44. Victoria. Ferntree GuUies, Dandenong Range, F. Mueller. Tasmania. Derwent River, R. £rotvi/ ; abundant on alpine rocks forming matted patches, /. D. Hooker. Also in New Zealand. 5. P. tenellum, Forsl.; Rook. Spec. Filic. iv. 217, Syn. Filic. 337. — Fronds usually 1 to 2 ft. long, glabrous, simply piunate, tlie stipes articulate on tbe rhizome. Pinnte shortly petiolate and artieu- late on the rhachis, lanceolate, acuminate, often falcate, undulate- crenate, unequal at the base, 2 to 4 in. loug, membranous. Veins pinnate with forked branches, one fork bearing the sorus, the other again forked. Sori orbicular, small, not very close, forming a row very near the margiu as in the section Nephrolepis of Aspidium. — E. Br. Prod. 147 ; Arthropteris tenella, J. Sm. in Hook. f. Fi. N. Zel. t. 82. Queensland. Brisbane River, Moreton Bay, F. Mueller, A. CunningJiam and others ; Moant Dryander, Fitzalan. N. S. Wales. Gi'ose River, Ti. Brown ; Blue Mountains, Mrs. Calvert ; New England, C. iSliwrt ; Clarence, jMacleay, Hastings and Richmond Rivers, Beckler, Fawcett, Mcnderion and others ; Illawarra, A. CHnnimjham and others; Lord Howe'8 Island, M'Gillivrai/, Milne, G. Moore. Also in New Zealand, Norfolk Island and New Caledonia. 6 P. punctatum, Thtmh. Fl. Jap. 337. — Fronds 1 to 4 ft. long on a stipes of 1 ft. or more, broad in outline, twicc or thrice pinnatc as in the section Laatrea of Aspidium. Pinnules oblong, i to 1| iu. long, membranous or rather rigid when in full fruit, deeply pinnatifid with dentate segments. Veins in each ]nnnule or segment pinuato with free forked brauches. Sori orbicular, in 2 rows on the smaller pinnules or longer lobes. — Hook. and Bak. Svn. Filic. 312 ; P. rugosiilum, Labill. Pl. Nov. HoU. ii. 92, t. 241 ; R. Br. Prod. 147 ; Sieb. Syn. Filic. n. 109 ; F. Muell. Fragm. v. 129 ; P. riigulosum, Hook. Spec. Filic. iv. 272 ; Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 149 ; Bedd. Ferns S. India, t. 170. Polypodium.\ cxLvii. filices. 765 Queensland. Rockinj^ham Bay, 2)«//ar/(y; Daintreo River, i^»7zfl/rt)' ; Brisbane Kiver, Morotun Bay, F. MHtlkf ; South Quecnshmd, Hartmann. N. S. ^Vales. l'ort Jackson to thc Blue Mountains, li. Bioirii,A. Cuicninyham and others ; Xew England, C. Sfnart ; Bichniond and CLircnco Kivcrs, IF. Ilill and othcrs ; lUawarra, Jo/inson ; Lord Howe"s Island, Fullayar. Victoria. Granijiians, Dandenong Eanges, Bunip Creek, Uppcr Loddon River, ctc, F. Jluclhr and others. Tasmania. King's Island, II. Browu ; abundant in damp and rather drv woods, J. D. Rooker. Extends over the tropical and southem extratropical regions of the Old World, reaching northwards to Japan. It roquires some caro to distinguish the specimens fiom those of Ili/pohpix toiiii/ulia especially when the fructitication is old, but the position of the sori on a nerve at somc distancc from thc margin, is vci-y diftcrent from that of IIi/poh'pis, where it is strictly marginal with thc recurved indusiuni very dis- tinct when young. Series II. SrNNEURA. — Veins pinuate undei' eacli lobe of tlie pinuse, the brauches simple, uuitiug with eorresponding branches of the veiu of ihe adjoiuing lobe. Sori usually placed towards the eud of the upper branches of the series. 7. P. proliferum Frcsl ; JJooJc. Spec. Filic. v. 13, Syn. bVic. 315. — Krouds usually weak and spreadiug and ofteu proliferous at the eud, 1 to 2 ft. long when full growu, but some in full fruit much smaller, pinuate. Pinnae hiuceoh^te, 1 to 4 in. long in Australiau speciniens, shortly and reguhxrly pinnatifid with obtuse rouuded lobes sometimes almost reduced to crenatures, broadly truncate at the base. Yeins piunate to eacii lobe, tlie branches or veinlets of adjoiuiuglobes uuitiug iu a veiu leading to the siuus as iu the section Nephrodium of Aspidinm. Sori iu 2 rows to each lobe, sometimes ouly at the end sometimes reaching ahuost to the midrib of the pinuae. — F. Muell. Fragm. v. 12S ; Menisciiim proliferum, Hook. 2ud Ctnt. Feras, t. 15 ; Goniopteris prolifera, Presl ; Bail. QueensL Ferus, 40. N. Australia. Albert River, landsborough. Queensland. Mount Mueller, Rockingham Bay, Dallachij ; Mount EUiott and Port Denison, Fitzalan ; Pabner Eiver, Hahus Fxpedition ; Rockhampton ffShamsi/ : Brisbane Eiver, W. Eill. N. S.' Wales. Clarence River, Scrb. F. MueUer. Dispersed over tropical Asia and Afiica and in New Caledonia. 8. P. urophyllum, WalL ; ILook. Spec. Filic. v. 9, Syn. Filic. 314. Fronds 2 to 4 ft. long on a stipcs often ueariy as long, pinuate, more or less glandular-pubesceut uuderneatli. Piunae 6 in. to uearly 1 ft. \o\i<^, 1 to 2 iu. broad, acuuiinatL', rigularly and broadly crenate or shortly lobed, rouuded or truucate at tlie base. Primary veius leading to the lobes numerous and parallel, piunate, the branches or venulea uniting in au intermediate veiu leadiug to the sinus. Sori orbicular in 2 re^ular rows betweeu each 2 priuiary veius, exteuding frum the luid- 7G'6 cxLvii. FiLiCES. [Folypodium. rib of thc piniii» to the mar^in. — Goniopteris vroplu/lla, Presl ; Bail. Queeusl. Fenis, 39 ; G. lineata, Bedd. Ferus Brit. Ind. t. 3 ; Meniscium or FoJypodium Kennedi/i, Y. Muell. Fragm. iv. IGS ; Goniopteris Kennedyi, F. iMuell. ; Bail. Queeusl. Ferus, 41. Queensland. Eockingham Bay, W. Hill, Ballaehi/ ; Daintree Kiver, Fitzalan ; York Peninsula, iV. Tai/lor. Sproad ovor tropical Asia and the Pacific Islands. The figure of Mtniscium cus- j)idatui)i. Bhimo, il. Jav. Filic. t. 45, quoted for this species is a good representa- tion of the form and venation, but with very differently shaped sori. 9. P. Hillii, Bak. Si/n. Filic. 505. — Froud in the specimen seen 1| ft. liigli luciuding the stipes, pinnate, densely and softly hirsute all over. Piun£e 9, the 3 terininal oues (exceptioually) small, the others oblong, 4i to G iu. long:, H to 2 in. broad, piunately crenate or shortly lobed but less reguLarly so than in the preceding species. Parallel primnry piunate veins leading to the lobes, the branches or venules iiuiting iu au intermediate vein reaching the sinus. Sori as in P. iirophjllnm, iu 2 rows between each 2 primary veius, reacbiug from tlie midrib to the margiu but uot close. — Goniopteris Ghiesirechtii, Bail. Queensl. Ferns, 40, not of Linden. Queensland. Between Cleveland and Rockingham Bay, W. Hill. 10. P. poecilophlebium, Hook. Spec. Filic. v. 14, Syn. Filic. 314. — Fronds usually about 1 ft. long on a stipes at least half as long, pinuatc, glabrous. Pinnas h\nceolate, acumiuate, 4 to 8 iu. long. 1 to l.T in. broad, shortly coutracted into a petiole. Primary paraliel veins numerous aud promiueut, piuuate, the brauches or veinlets oblique, more or less auastomosiug with those of the adjoiuing primary vein, but not formiug a straight intermediate vein as in the precediug species. Sori rather small, iu two irregular rows betweeu each 2 primary veins. — Gonioptcris pceciJophlehia, Bail. Queeusl. Ferus, 40. Queensland. Endeavour River and Fitzroy Ishand, A. CwDuvgham ; Dunk Ishind, 3/-6i7//;;-rt//;Eockingham Bay, W. Hill, Dattachj/ ; Mount Elliott, Daintree River and Port Denison, FHzalan ; York Peninsula, N. Taylor. Series III. DiCTTOpnLEBiA. — Veuatiou reticulate. Primary veius proceeding from the midrib more or less distinctly parallel, counected by trausverse anastomosiug veinlets enclosiug areoles in some of whieh are short free usually clavate veinlets. Sori placed either on the free veinlets or on the conuectiug brauches. In the coriaccous species the venation is generall}' concealed and the free veinlets difficult to observe, in some others they are onlj- in a very few of the areoles, hut I havealways found them in all the Australian species of the series. The position of the sori at thc end of a free veinlet or in the middle of a connecting onc is not con- stant in the same species or in the same frond, but in the whole genus they are ncvcr on the primary vcins. Poll/podilim.'] CXLVII. FILICES. 7G7 11. P. serpens, Forst. ; Hook. and Bah. Sijn. Filic. 34-9. — rroiids sinaU but tjrowiiig in l.irge mattc.l patches, eiitii'e, coriaceous, obtuse, contracted into a sliort or rather long atij)cs, deiisely covered on the lower suiface and niore loosely on the upper onc with stelhite hairs or scalcs, the barren ones obovate or obkiiig, from undcr \ in. to 1} iii. lono;, tiic fertile ones litiear or oblong-Iinear, -^ 1o 1 in. long. Veuation reticuhite, conccakd iu the thick texture of the iVond, and tlie dry frond oveu rugose with indented lines not connectcd with the veins. Sori irrcgularly crowded in the iipper eiid or nearly over the wliole frond, often conlluent when old. — Sieb. Syii. Filic. n. 95 ; F. MucU. Fragm. v. 129; P. rupesfre, R. Br. Prod. 146 ; Hook. Spcc. Filic. V. 46 ; Niphobolus rupestris, Kaulf. ; Hook. and Grev. Ic. Filic. t. 93 ; FoJifpodiuin conjluens, Hook. Spec. Filic. v. 46, Syn. Filic. 349, not of R. Br. ; Niphohohis conjluens, BaiL Queensk Ferns, 43. Queensland. Edgecombe and Rockingham Bay, BallccJnj ; Mount Elliott, Fitzalan ; Brisbane River, Moreton Bay, A. Ctinnwgham, F. Muelhr and others ; Rockhampton, Thuzct. W. S. Wales. Rort Jackson to the Blue Mountaina, li. Broicn, Woblls and othcrs ; Xcw England, C. Stuart ; Hastings River, Fra.scr ; Clarencc Rivcr, Jkckler, JFilco.v ; Tweed River, Guilfoijle ; IUawarra, Ju/inson ; Twofold Bay, J,. Morton. Victoria. Cabhage-tree and Broadribl) Rivers, F. Muelkr ; Capc Howo, Walter. Also in Xew Zealand and the South racific Islands. 12. P. confluens, B. Br. Frod. 146. — Fronds entire, coriaceous, obtuse or rarely acumiuate, coutracted into the stipes, covered with steHate hairs or scales usually very small aud often deciduous making the fronds appear glabrous, but sometimes almost as abundant as iii P. serpens, the barieu ones oblong or obovate-oblong, 1 to 2 in. long, Ihe ferlile ones linear or lanceolate varying from 3 or 4 in. to nearly 1 ft. long. Veins reticulate but concealed in the texture as iu P. serpens. Sori iarge, oval or oblong, in a single row on each side oF the midrib, often confiuent when old. — P. gJahrum, Metten. Polypod. 123, llook. aiid Bak. Syu. Filic. 356; "P. acrostichoides, Sieb. Syn. Filic. 94, not of Forst. Queensland. Burnett River, F. MueUer ; Brisbane Rivcr, Moreton Bay, A. CHiiniiKjhum. F. Mutlicr ; Rockhampton, 7y(/?n«««, ff-Shanv-ii/, T/iozct. N. S. Wales. Hunter's and raterson's Rivers, E. Brnwn ; New England, C. /SY«rt>-< ; Hastings, Macleay and Clarencc Rivcrs, Biclder ; Lord Howe's Island, C. Moore, FuUagar. Also in Xorfolk Island and New Calcdonia. Inchidcd by F. Mucller, Fragm. v. 129, in F. serpens and originally i-cferred by Hooker and Baker to the nearly allicd Asiatic P. angustatum, Sw. [Nipliobolus anon and Mount EUiott, Fitzahni ; Rockingham Bay. W. Hill, Dallach;/ ; Rockhampton, Boumaii, Dallachi/, 0' Shanesu ; Fitzroy Island, ^''alter ; Brishane River, IMoreton Bay, Fiaser, IV. Rill, F. Mueller. N. S. Wales. Blue Mountains, Mrs. Calcert. Also in the Malayan Archiiielago and Pacific Tslands. The great difierence hetween the harren and furtile fronds in this and in P. qucrcifolia, upon which the genus Drynaria was founded appears to be a character of little real importance, as there are other cases where dissimilar aud similar harren and fertile fronds occur in species otherwise very nearly allied. 23. P. irioides, Poir. ; llook. Sp. Filic. v. 67, Syn. Filic. 360.— Frouds entire, 1 to 3 ft. long, 1 to 3 in. broad, coriaceous, contracted into a very sliort stipes. Primary parallcl veins distant and usually couspicuous, with copious fine rcticulations between them, the free veinlets in the areoles numerous. Sori very small aud nuuierous, covering the wholc under surface of the upper part of the frond but quite distinct frora each other. — Hook. and Q-rev. Ic. Filic. t. 125 ; 3 D 2 772 oxLVii. FILI0E8. [Poli/podiuon. Blume, Fl. Jav. Filic t. 77; Pleojwllis irioides, T. Moore ; Bedd. Ferns S. lud. t. 178. Queensland. Shoalwater and Keppel Bays and Broad Sound, R. Broivn ; Cape Yoik, W. lliH, Oidlirer ; Eockingham Bay, Ballachy (some of his specimens with rather larger sori) ; Rockhampton, Bouman, Dallachy, 0'Shanesy; Moreton Bay. F. Mtieller, Bailey. Spreads over tropical and subtropical Asia and Africa and the Pacific Islands. 24. P. quercifolium, Linn.; Hooh. Spec. Filic. v. 90, Syn. Filic. 3G7. — Frouds of two kiuds. Fertile oues 2 to 3 ft. loug, deeply pinua- titid; segraeuts laiiceolate, 6 to 9 in. long, | to l^ iu. broad, deeurrent on the rliachis and usually confluent iuto a broad wing but sometimcs iiiterrupted betweeu the lower segments, tliin but usually rigid, very prominently and copiously rcticulate, but the free veinlets within the areoles small aud rare. Sori small, scattered, fevv or numerous. Barren frouds sessile, short broad aud shortly piunatifid as iu P. rigidulum. — P. Linna4, Eory, Hook. and Bak. Syn. Filic. 3G8 ; Bedd. Ferns Brit. Ind. t. 315 ; Brynaria quercifolia, J. Sm. ; Bedd. Ferus, S. Ind. t. 187 ; L). Linncei, Bail. Queensl. Ferus, 46. N . Australia. Coen llivcr and islands of the Gulf of Carpentaria, U. Brown ; Port Darwin, ^Schultz, ii. 2, 17, 674; North Coabt, Gullivcr. Queensland. Keppel Bay, R. Brou-ii ; Albany Island, F. Muelkr ; Cape York, Z'(««ie^ ,• Endeavour River, A. Cunniuyhavi ;Yovk Peninsula, X. Taylor ; Eocking- ham Bay, Dallachy ; Rockhampton, Bowman ; Fitzroy Island, WalUr. Spread over East India the Malayan Peninsula and Pacific Islands. P. aureum, Linn. ; Hook. Spec. Filic, v. 16, Syn. Filic. 347, a tropical American species unknown in the Old World, has beenincluded by F. Mueller, Fragm. v. 128, on the authority of a specimen from Hastings River, Beckler ; but there is probably here some mistake, the plant has been long in general cultivation in plant-houses. The species has deeply pinnatifid fronds not unlike the fertile ones of P. quercifolium, but less rigid and the venation is simply reticnlate Mathout singly free veinlets in the areoles, the sori in one or 2 irregular rows on each side of the midrib are inserted at the junction of 2 veinlets in the areoles, and the receptacles are not prominent on the upper surface as in P. phymatodes which it also resembles in some respects. 34. NOTHOL^NA, E. Br. Khizome tufted. Fi*onds usually small, ouce twice or thrice pinnate with small lobed segments. Veinlets forked from a central nerve or from the base of the segment. Sori small at the euds of the veiulets, almost coutiguous forming an appareutly coutinuous line within the unaitered margin, which is however more or less curved over them in a young state. A srnall genus ranging over the tropical and warmer temi^crate regions of the New and tho Old "World. Of the four Australian species, one is identical with a Wost Btediterranean one, another extends to New Zealand and New Caledonia, the two remaining ones appcar to be endemic. The genus is closely allied to Gheilan- Notholcena.'] cilvii. filices. 773 thus, with which it is unitcd by F. Mucllcrand someothcrs, biit the rcciu-vcd margins of thc frunds can scarcely bc regardcd as truo indnsia. t^omc modorn purists havo altcred BrowTi^s name to Nothochlceiia, butthe contraction of x^t»'»'» mto L(cna, after the cxamplc of the Romans, haa been too genorally sanctioncd by butanists in many othor cases, such as Diplolccm, Ervdeena, Microlcena, etc, to bo here rcjoctod. Fronds 1 to3 in. high, with fow membranous and glabrous undivided or 3-lobed pinn;e 1. -ZV. pumilio, Fronds lanceolato in outline, 3 to 10 in. high, once or twico pinnate with pinnatifid pinnio. Pinnic densely covered imderneath with more or less woolly scalos 2. N. vellea. Pinna3 densoly covered undemeath with bristly scales . 3. N. distam. Fronds broadly deltoid in outlinc, under 6 in. high, twice or thrice pinnate, sprinkled with rigid bristle- like hairs 4. iV. fragilis. 1. N. pumilio, R. Br. Frod. 146.— Fronds tufted, 1 to 3 ia. high, simply pinnate, with a filiform rhachis. Pinnse few, ovate or oblong, obtuse, 3 to 5 liues long, merabranous, without scales, entire or the lower oues with a short hateral lobe on oue or both sides, the upper ones confluent. Veius obliquely diverging from the midrib. Sori cou- tiuuous rnund the margiu except at the base, the margin of the frond at first turued over them, but afterwards flat and uot altered in cousistence. — F. Muell. Fragm. viii. 175 ; i^. paucijuga, Bak. Syu. Filic. 515. N. Australia. Port Darwin, Schultz, n. 62. Queensland. Endeavour River, Baiiks and Solander, N. Taylor. 2. N. vellea, B. Br. Prod. 146. — Frouds tufted, mostly uuder 6 iu. loug but iuafew specimens 9 or lOin., oblong-hinceolate in outline, pinnate or bipiuuate, the rhachis hirsute. Pinuse | to 1 iu. loug, deeply piuuatifid or pinnate, rather thick, green and hispid above, very densely woolly hirsute and often ferruginous uuderneath, the lobes or segments ovate or rouuded, very obtuse. Sori at the ends of the forked veins forming an almost coutinuous narrow liue round the margin. — AcrosHchum velleum, Ait. ; A. lanuginosum, Desf. Fl. Atl. ii. 400, t. 256 ; Ifiotholcena lanuginosa, Poir. Dict.-Suppl. iv. 110; Hook. Spec. Fihc. v. 119, Syu. Filic. 370 ; N. Brownei, Desv. in jNIem. Soc. Liun. Par. vi. 220 ; Gymnogramme Brownei, Kuhn iu Bot. Zeit. 1869, 458 ; Notholcena lasiopteris, F. MuelL iu Hook. Kew Jouru. v. 106 ; Cheilanthes vellea, F. Muell. Fragm. v. 123. N. Australia. Arnhom 8. Bay, R. Broun ; Upper Victoria River and Sea Range, F. MxeUcr ; Amhem Land, M^Einlai/ ; Port Darwin, Schidtz, n. 954. Queensland. Cape York, Bnemel ; Clevcland and Rockingham Bays, W. Hiil, Biillachi/, Giilliver ; Grilbert River, i)ff/;i^;w ; Suttor 'R\vex, Bincman. N. S. Wales. In the interior from the Lachlan and Darling to the Barrier Range, J'ictorian Expedition and many others. S. Australia. Lake Torrens, F. Mueller ; Gawlor Range, Sullivan ; Lake Eyrc, Andrewsf Macdonnell Range, GHes. W. Australia. Fraser^s Range, Dempster. 774 cxLTii. FiLicEs. \^Notholcsna. Also in the West Mediterrancan rcgion. The distinctions pointed out by Knhn between the Mediterranean and Australian plant do not hold good in all the Australian specimens. 3. N. distans, R. Br.Frod. 14G. — Yery closely allied to N. vellea, of tlit' saiiic stature and ^eneral habit and not always easy to distinguish from it. The outline of the frond generally narrower, the lobes of the pinnules smaller and the iudumenlum not so dense, assuniiiig on the under surfaee the form of bristles with little or none of the woolly hairs of N. vellea. Sori the same. — Hook. Spec. Inlic. v. 114, Ic. Pl. t. 980, Syu. Filic. 372; Kunze in Pl. Preiss. ii. 109; Cheilanthes distans, A. Braun ; F. Muelh Pragm. v. 122. Queensland. Percy Islands, ^. Cumi iuffham ; hognii 'River, Fraser ; Brisbane Ener, F. Mndler, and many other localities in South Queensland from vaiious coUectors. N. S. Wales. Port Jackson, R. Bfowii, A. Cunmnghani, Woolls ; New Enpland. C. Stuari ; Lord Howe's Island, Fullagar. Victoria. Snowy Eiver, F. Mueller. S. Australia. Spencer's Gulf, R. Brown ; Lofty Ranges, F. Mudler ; Gawler Range, Gilts. Vir. Australia, DnimmonfJ, n. 666 ; York District, Preiss, n. 1302. Also in Norfolk Island, New Caledonia and New Zealand. It is referred by Mettenius, Filic. Hort. Lips. 51 to the S. African Cheilanthesprofusa, Kunze. 4. ]V. fragilis, HooTc. ^pec. Fillc. v. 114, t. 287, Stjn. Filic. 372.— Ehizome horizontal, rather thick, sealy. Pronds brcadly deltoid. in outhne, in sonie specimens 1 to 1| in. long, on a slender stipes twice as long, in others 3 in. long and broad, with a firnier black slipes twice or thrice as long, pinnate with numerous small deeply pinnatifid pin- nules, the ultimate lobes under 1 line long, each one beariug a sorus large iu proportion. Partial rhachis and underside of the lobes hispid with a few rigid hairs or bristles. — Cheilanthes fragillima, F. Muell, Pragm. v. 123. N. Australia. Fitzmaurice River, F. Mticller ; Port Darwin, Schultz, u. 110, 138, 211. 85. GRAMMITIS, Swartz. (Gymnogramme, Desv.) Ehizomt' sliort and tufted or creeping. Fronds pinnate or bipinnate. with forked and free or reticulate veins. Sori linear or oblong, without any indusium, on veins diverging froiii the raidrib, scattered or crowded in a broad iutramarginal liue. The genus is generally dispersed over the tropical and some temperate regions in both hemisphcres, in the New and tho Old World. Of the six Australian spccies, one 18 widely dispersed in the Old World without the tropics extending to the Andes of Graminitis^ CXLVII. filicks. 775 Amorica, anothcr is known from Ncw Zcaland Chili nnd Routh Wcst Enrope, a third is only in tho Mulayan Archipelago and Pacific Islunds, and thrco aro endemic. Fronds simply piimatc. Pinnie thick, cntirc, scaly undcrnfiath, with free veins, the sori crowded in a broad marginal line or Land. Pinnae broadly ovate. Line of sori not 1 line broad . . \. G. Eeynoldsii. Pinnte ovutc or oblong. Linc of sori abovc 1 linc broad . 2. G. Mudkri. Fronds small, bipinnate, with lobed segments. Veins free. Pinn:B covcrcd undemcath with scaly haira 3. O. nUcefolta. Pinnne glabrous thin and dclicatc . . i. 0. leptophijUa. Fronds simply pinnato or pinnatifid with long lanceolate pinnio or segnients. Veins netted. Pinnaj tapering at the base, quite distinct. Sori very irregular and unequal 5. 0. ^nnnata. Segments connected by a winged rhachis. Sori long, mostly reaching the margin G. G. amjjla. (See also Pohjpodiitm ffMS((/t ; Maranoa Eiver, Mitchell. N. S. 'Wales. Port Jackson and Blue Mountains, Woolls and others ; LiTcrpool l?\n\ns, A. Cuiininrjham, C. jUoorc ; New England, C. fituart; Goyinga Monntains, Victurian Expcditinn. Victoria. Melbourne, Adainsou, Rohcrtson ; Grampians, Stillivan ; Broken and CTOulburn Rivers, F. Mueller ; Gipps' Land, Walter. Tasmania. Derwent River, R. Broivn, common in shaded dry stony places, J. 1). Uooher. S. Australia. Lofty Range, F. MueUer ; Gawler Eange, Sullivan ; Central Au.stralia, Qosse, Gilcs. W. Australia, Dritmmond, n. 1000 ; York District, Preiss, n. 1303 ; Stirling Range, F. Mttelkr ; between Esperance Bay and Fraser^s Range, Dempster. Also in South Western Europe, Chili and New Zealand. 4. G. leptophylla, iSMJ^r/s;, Filic. 218, t. 1, f. 6.— Fronds tufted, delicate, under 6 in. high and often only 2 in., the outer ones short, witl) few broadly obovate or tau-phaped segments often barren, the others erect with a slender black rhachis, twice pinnate ; segments nuinerouri, oblong or cuneate, 2 to 3 lines long, more or less deej^ly lobed, witli usually a siugle oblong sorus on each lobe, often covering the whole surface. — F. Muell. Fragm. v. 137 ; Gymnofjramme lepto- phylla, Desv. ; Hook. Spec. Filic. v. 18G, Brit. Ferns, t. 1, Syn. Filic. 383 ; Hook. and G-rev. Ic. Filic. t. 25 ; Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 151 ; Bedd. Ferns S. Ind. t. 270. "N. S. Wales. Port Stephen, King. Victoria. Yarra and Loddon Rivers and neighbourhood, F. Mueller, Robertson and others. Tasmania. Spring Bay near the Tamar, Gunn. 5. Australia. Barossa Range, Behr. W. Australia, Drummond, n. 360, 996. Widely dispersed over the temperate and subtropical regions of the Old World, and also in the Andes of South America. 5. G. pinnata, F. Muell. Fragm. vi. 124. — Ehizome shortly creep- ing. Frouds 1 to 2 ft. high, simply pinnate, glabrous. Pinn»} 3 to 11 or reduced to the single termirial one, lanceolate, 4 to 10 in. long, •i to 1 iu. broad, contracted at the base into a short petiole, entire, the prominent midrib and rhachis smooth aud shiuiug. Veius diverging from the midrib forked aud auastomosing. Sori linear or narrow- oblong, very unequal and irregularly scattered. — Gymnogramme pin- nata, Hook. Spec. Filic. v. 15], Syn. Filic. 390; Remionitis elongata. Chamtnitis.'] cxltii. filices. 777 Brackenr. Filic. U. S. Expl. Exped. t. 8 ; Dictyogramme pinnata, T. Moore ; Bail. Queensl. Ferus, 33. Queensland. Rockingham Bay, W. llill, Dallachy. Also in the INIalayan Archipclago and South Pacific Islands. 6. G. ampla, F. MueU. Fragvi. v. 188. — Ehizouie ratlier thick, scaly, crceping. Frouds 1 to 2 ft. high, dceply piuuatifid, ghibrous. Segmeuts 3 to 11, lauceolate, 3 to 6 in. loug, ^ to l^ in. broad wheu fertile, often 2 in. wheu barreu, acumiuute, membrauous, eutire, decurrent and connected by a broad wing to the rhachis, the wing gra- dually tapering below the lowest pair but contiuued almost to the base of the stipes. Yeius proceeding froni thc midrib imniediately forked, oue brauch beariug a straight liuear sorus exteuding usually to the niar- gin, the other proniiuent flexuose with auastomosiug brauches, aud frora both are emitted a few short f ree branches. Queensland. Eockingham Ba,y, Lallacht/ ; Daintree River, i^^i^srt/r?». Included hy Baker, Syn. Filic. 389-390 inthe Asiatic Gi/mi/or/ramme {Orammi(is) dliptica, Bak. {Poli/podiiim, Thunb.),but the further specimens in Herh. F. Mueller, have convinced him that it differs essentially in the thin membranous texture, the continuously winged rhachis and stipes, the longer sori, more prominent intermediate veins, etc. 30. ANTROPHYUM, Kaulf* Ehizome creeping. Fronds simple, entire, lanceolate or broad, with longitudiual more or less anastomosiug veins, beariug loug linear sori without auy indusium. A small genus dispersed over the tropical regions of the New and the Old World. Tbe only Australian species is Asiatic, extending to the Pacific Islands. 1. A. reticulatum, Kaulf. ; Sook. Spec. Filic. v. 169 ; Syn. Filic. 393. — Ehizome hairy, creeping. Fronds 6 in. to 1 ft. loug, 1 to 1| in. or rarely nearly 2 iu. broad, acuminate, taperiug into a short stipes, glabrous, rather firm, the veius promiuent ou the upper surface forming loug narrow areoles. Sori all lougitudiual, uarrow-linear but varyiug mucli iu number and length. — Bedd. Ferns S. lud. t. 52 and 231 ; A. plantayineum, Kaulf. ; Bail. Queensl. Ferns, 33. Queensland. Rockingham Bay, W. Sill, Ballachy ; Bowen, Woolls ; Daintree River, Fitzalan. A. semicoxtatum, Blumc, Fl. Jav. Filic. 77, t. 33, to which F. MueUer, Fragm. v 138, refers this plant, is a form or variety with a largcr frond broadcr abovc the middle. The Australian spccimcns agree bctter with the typical .4 . rcficulatum as figured by Schkuhr, Syn. Filic. t. 6. 778 cxLTii. riLicEs. 37. ACROSTICHUM, Linn. Ehizome creepiuy sometimea to a great length or sliort and erect. Fronds uudivided or pinnate, variously veined. Sori coufluent, covering the under surlace of the fertile fronds or pinnse, ^vhich arc usually smallci- or narrower than the barreu oues. No indusium. A large genus, chiefly tropical, spread over both the New and the Old World. Of the seven Australian species three are commonto the New and the Uld World, three limited to the Old World and one only ondemic. Fronds siraplo, lancoolate, with free veins, the fertile ones nearly similar l. A. conforme. Pronds pinnate. Pinnaj entire, the barren with numerous parallel free veius, the fertile very narrow-linear. Barren pinnas broadly lanceolate, rounded or cuneate at thebase 1. A. scandom. Barren pinnae narrow-lanceolate, tapering to apetiole . Z. A. sorbifolium. Fronds pinnate. Veins reticulate. Pinnae membranous, shortly and broadly pinnatifid, the fertile usually on different fronda i. A. rf.paiKlum. Pinna3 coriaceous, entire, the upper ones fertile on the same fronds 5. A. aiireum, Fronds simple, narrow, with reticulatc veins, contracted into a linear fertile apex %. A. Kpicatitm. Fronds bipinnate, the fertile segments narrow-linear on different fronds from the barren 1. A. pteroides. 1. A. conforme, Si.-artz ; HooJc. Spec. FiJic. v. 198, Syn. Filic. 401. — Ehizome creeping, scaly. Fronds siiuple, lanceolate, coriaceous, from a few iu. to above 1 ft. long, | to 1 in. broad, acute or acuminace, tapering into a stipes sometimes narrowly winged almost to the base ; veins pnrallel, simple or forked, not ch)se, and concealed in the texture of the froud. Fertile fronds usually smaller and more obtuse. — i\ Muell. rragiii. v. 138; Elaphoglosswn conforme, Schott; Bail. Queensl. Ferns, 9. Queeusland. Rockingham Bay, BaUachtj. Widely spread over the tropical and southern extratropical regions of the New and the Old World. 2. A. scandens, /. Sm.; Hoolc. Spec. Filic. \. 249, Syji. Filic. 412. — Ehizouio woody, scaleless, creeping in swamps or climbing on trees. Fronds 1 to 3 ft. long, simply pinnate. Pinnse of the barren fronds broadly lauceolate, acuminate, rounded or cuneate at the base and shortly petiolate, 3 to 8 in. long, f to 1\ in. broad, entire or slightly dentate, coriaceous, smooth and shining. Veins very numerous fine and closely paralleh PinnEe of the fertile fronds loug and very narrow- linear, sometimes almost terete, sometimes flat and 2 lines broad. — F. Muelh Fragm. vi. 124 ; Stenochlcena scandens, J. Sm. ; Bail. Queensl. FeriiS, 10. N. Australia. Port Darwin, Schultz, n. 3, 215. Queensland. Cape York, W. Hill ; Rockingham Bay, W. Hill, Dallachy. Also in Tropical Asia and the Pacific Islands. Acrostichum.'] cxlyii. filices. 779 3. A. sorbifolium, Linn.; Ilook. Spec. FiJic. v. 241, Si/n. Filic. 412, var. loptocarpuni. — Ehizome woody, oftcn climbing trees to the lieiglit of 30 or 40 ft. Froiuls i>innate, 1 to 2 ft. long. Pinn» of thc barren fronds lanceolate, acuminate, equally or obliquely tapering into a short petiole, 3 to 8 iu. long, 4 to 8 lines broad, often denticuhxte, not very thick but sinooth and shining. Veins numerous, ])arallel, -\ to 1 liue apart. Pinnae of the barren fronds more numerous, almost filiform in the Australian specimens, ^ in. broad or rather more in some exotic forms. — A. Brightice, F. ]Muell. Fragm. vii. 119 ; Lomariop- sis Brightice, F. Muell. in Bail. Queensl. Ferns, 10. Queensland. Rockingham Bay, LaUachy. Spread over the tropical regions of the New and the Old World. Exceedingly variahle as to the breadth of the fertile pinnaj, etc, and divided by Fec intoseven- tocn spocies of a genus Liinariop.sis, amongst which his L. leptocarpa and some others are well reprcsented among Dallachy's specimens. 4. A. repandum, Bhme ; HooTc. Spec. Filic. v. 260, Syn. Filic. 419, — Rhizome creepiug. Fronds 1 to 2 ft. loug, pinuate, the rhachis scaly. Pinngp of the barren fronds membranous, lauceolate, the lower ones obliquely truncate at the base and attached by the midrib, 3 to 5 in. long, uuder 1 in. broad in the Australian specimens, pinnatifid with broad lobes rarely reaching halfway to the midrib, the upper pinnae smaller more eutire aud couflueut into a broad wing to the rhachis. Veins copiously reticulate, with a central vein opposite each lobe. Pinna? of the fertile fronds much sraaller and narrower, but usually more or le.ss pinuately lobed or broadly crenate. — F. Muell. Fragm. v . 138. Queensland. Eockingham Bay, W. Hill, Ballaclnj ; Daintree Kiver, Fitzalaic (one of the specimens with a semi-fertile frond) ; Bowen, Woolls ; York Peninsula, N. Taylor (yoimg plants of a few inches already in fruit). Extends over the Malayan Archipelago to South China and the Pacific Islands. 5. A. aureum, Linn. ; Hook. Spec. Filic. v. 266, Syn. Filic. 423. — Rhizome short, thick, erect. Frouds 2 to 6 ft. long, piunate, gla- brous, the rhachis firm and smooth. Pinnse distant, the lower ones petiolate, the upper sometimes shortly decurreut, coriaceous, eutire, ob- long, from 3 to 4 in. long, f to 1\ in. broad, the fertile oues rather smaller, few or many iu the upper part of the same fronds as the barren ones. Veins oblique, vcry fine and uumerous, copiously reticulate. — Bedd. Ferus S. Ind. t. 204; A. fraxinifolium, R. Br. Prod. 145. N. Australia. M'Adam Range, F. Mueller ; Port Essington, ArmMrong ; Port Darwin, Schultz, n. 521. Queensland. Port Bovren, R. Broun, Woolls ; Cape York, W. Jlill, Daemel ; York Peninsula, X. Taylor ; Endeavour River, A. Cntnniif/ham ; Rockingham Bay, Diillachi/ : Daintree River, Fitzalan ; Brisbane Eiver, A. Cunningham, F. MuHler. fi. S. '^Vales. Clarence River, Wilcox ; Richmond Rivcr, Hetulerson, Mrs, Hodghinson. 780 ciLTii. FiLicES. \_AcrosticTium. Widcly spread over the tropical and subtropical regions of the New and the Old World. In Australia chiefly in swampy flats or salt water marshes. G. A. spicatum, Linn. ; Hook. Spec. Filic. v. 280, Syn. Filic. 424. — Ehizomc thick, creeping. Fronda simple, 6 to 18 iu. long, the lower barren part lauceolate or linear-lanceolate, 3 to 9 lines broad, contracted at the top into a fertile linear apex 1 to 1| lines broad, of variable length. Veins iu the barren part obliquely reticulate with a free veiulet within the areoles. Sori iu tlie fertile part forming a broad contiuuous line on each side of the midrib with the free margin re- curved over theni when youug but at length covering the under suiface. Spore-cases often intermised with peltate scales. — Hymeno- lepis spicata, Presl ; Hook. Filic. Exot. t. 78, G-ard. Eerns, t. 3; Bedd. I^erns S. Ind. t. 46. Queensland. Brisbane Eiver, Moreton Bay, W. Hill. Spread over tropical Asia, extending to the Mascarene and to the Pacific Islands, 7. A. pteroides, B. Br. Frod. 145. — Rhizome shortly creeping. Fertile fronds ovate-lauceolate iu circumscription, 3 to 6 in. long on a stipes at least as long, bipinnate. Segments h'near, f to 1| in. long, scarcely 1 line broad. Sori on very numerous diverging veins, at a little distance from the midrib, so close together as to cover the whole frond except the midrib and a very narrow margin recurved over the young sori. Barren fronds, which I have not seen, " smaller than the fertile ones with linear-lanceolate segraents, otherwise similar" {Kuhn). — Hook. Spec. PiHc. v. 279 ; F. MuelL Fragm. v. 139 ; Neurosoria pteruides, Metteu. ; Kuhn in Bot. Zeit. 1869, 438. N. Australia. North Coast, B. Broicu; Port Darwin, Hchultz, n. 137; Gilbert Rivcr, Arniit. Queensland. Endeavour River, G. Broivn. 38. PLATYCEEIUM, Desv. Rhizome short aud thick. Fronds large, the outer ones of each year's growth barrcu and horizontally spreading, the fertile ones erect cuneate forked or dichotomous, the veins prominent radiatiug and reticulate. Sori forming very large broad patches towards the eud of the fronds. A small gcnus, sparingly distributed over the Malayan Archipelago and tropical Africa and America. Neither of the AustraUan species are endemic. Sori covei-ing the ultimate lobes of the fertile fronds . . . 1. P. alcicorne. Sori forming a large patch under the broad sinus of the primary division of the fertile fronds 2. P. grande. 1. P. alcicorne, Desv. ; Hook. Spec. Filic. v. 282, Spi. Filic. 425. — Barren fronds orbicular-cordate, cottony when young, 6 in. to 1 ft. Platycerium.'] CXLVII. filices. 781 long and broad, rigid, tlie margin more or less sinuate or obtusely lobcd. Fertile fronds attaining 2 to 3 ft., contraetod into a distinct stipes, dilated upwards, once twice or thrice forked. Sori or patches of spore-cases occu])ying the wliole or the greater part of the ultimate lobes. — Acrostichum alcicorne, Swartz ; R. Br. Prod. 145 ; Bot. Keg. t. 2G2. Queenslaud. Bcllcndon Kcr Kango, W. Hill ; Moroton Bay, F. MneUer ; Ivockhampton, Boivman, 0' S/ianesi/, Thuzet ; SpTmgsuie, Wath. N. S. TVales. Port Jackson, It. Brown, Fruser and many othcrs ; Ncw Enghmd, C. Stuart ; Ilastings B.i\ov, Bcckler ; l\\i.i\v:\.m\, Joluistone ; Lord IIo\ve's Ishmd, Fnllar/ar. Also in the llascarene Islands. 2. P. grande, J. S/ti. ; I/ook. Spec. Filic. v, 284, Filic. E.xot. t. 86, Syn. Filic. 425. — A larger plant than P. alcicorne, often more ineni- branous but the primary veins more prominent. J^arren spreading fronds often more thau 1 ft. diametei', the margin deeply and irregularly lobed. Fertile frouds from a broad rigid wiuged stipes expandiiig to a great breadth, dichotomously divided, but the first fork leaving a very broad truncate siuus under wliich the fructification forms a patch more than 6 in. diameter, iu one specimen of Dallachy's 18 in. broad, tlie forks ou each side often above 1 ft. long, deeply and dichotomously lobed but barreu. — Bedd. Ferns Brit. Ind. t. 326. Queensland. Rockingham Bay, Ballacluj ; Bowen, Woolls; "Warwick, Nernst ; Brisbano River, IMoreton Bay, A. Cunnitigham. N. S. 'Wales. Ncw England, V. Stiiart ; Clarence River, Beckhr ; Richmond River, Mrs. Hodgkinso)!. Also in the Malayan Archipelago. ERRATA. p. 139, undei- Kentia acuminata : For W. Australia, read N. Australia. p. 192, under Eriocaulon quinquangulare : For ^V. Australia, read N. Australia. p. 302, under Fimbristylis rhyticarya : For W. Australia, read N. Australia. p, 370, imder Schoenus brevifolius, add : *S'. globifer, Nees in Pl. Preiss. ii. 81, fi-omW. Australia, Preiss, n. 1797, which I have not seen, is, from the description, prohably S. brevifoliu.t, R. Br., which has frequently the villous globular mass terminating the rhachis cf the spikelet mentioned under S. brevisetis, p. 361. p. 372, under Schoenus falcatus : For W. Australia, read N. Australia. p. 567, imder Stipa iiavescens add : S. l(eviculmi,th. 201 gracili?, So»d. . . 201 Gunnii, Hook. f. . 201 moiiogyiia, Hieron. . 205 nutaiis, Ilock. f. . 200 pumilio, F. Mucll. . 201 Jphi/!a.v, Salisb. . . 85 Aphida 544 mutica, Linii. . . 544 Aponogeton .... 188 crispu^, F. Muell. . 189 elongalus, F. Muell. 188 monostachyus, Tjinn. ' /. 188 Archontophani.r j Alexaiidrcc, Wendl. et Dp 141 j Cunniiighamii, ' Wendl. et Dr. . 141 Veitchii, Wendl. et. j Dr 141 Areca 142 monostnchya, Mart. . 137 Normanbyi, F. Muell 142 Arenga 143 saccharifera, Lahill. 143 1 Aristida 560 arenaria, Gaudich. . 561 Behriana, F. Muell. 562 calycina, Hr. . . . 563 coiitorta, F. Muell. 562 depressa, Ee^z . . 563 hygrometrica, Br. . 561 leptopoda, Benth. . 562 parviftora, Steud. . 563 ramosa, Br. . . . 563 stipoides, Br. . . 561 vagans, Cav. . . . 562 vulgaris, Trin. . . 564 Arnocriiuim .... 69 Drummondii, Endl. 69 Preissii, Lehm. . . 70 Akoideje . . . .151 Arrhenatherum . . . 586 avcnacoum, Beaur. Arthratherum areiiarium, Nees Artlu'axon . . . ciliare, Beauv. Arthropodiuni . . capiHipos, Endl. . dianellaccum, F. Muell. . . . fimbriatutn, Br. . lajcum, Hook. f. . laxiim, Sieb. . Liiidleyi, Kunth . minus , Br. niiiius, Liudl. . l^anicuhxtum, Br. peiidulum, DC. . Preissii, Endi. . fcabrum, Spreng. itrictuin, Br. . Arthropteris teiiella, J. Sm. Arthrostylis . . . aphylla, Br. . . Arum orixense, Br, . . Arundinella . . . uepalensis, Trin. Sciiultzii, Benth. Aruiido penicillata, Labill. phragmites, Linn. , poceformls, Labill. , semianuidaris, L.ibill triodioides, Trin. , Asparagopsis Brownii, Kunth . . Decaisnei, Kuutli , floribunda, Kunth . Asparagus . . . , acerosux, Roxb. . fasciculatus, Br. micranthus, Lindl. . racemosus, Willd. . Aspidium aculeatum, Sw. , . apicale, i^aJc. aristatum, Siv. . . capense, Willd. . . conlluens, Miften. . cordilblmm, Sw. coriaceum, Sw. decompositiim, Spr. didgmosorus, Bedd. exaitatum, Stv. . . extensum, F. Muell. Page 586 562 523 524 Puge hisnidum, Sw. . . 760 melaiiocauloii, F. Muell 757 . 57 57 . 59 , 58 , 59 56 56 56 56 56 , 57 36 58 764 422 423 154 544 545 545 504 637 651 595 656 17 17 17 17 17 17 50 17 752 757 758 757 758 757 754 758 758 756 754 756 molle, Siv. obliteratum, Spr. prolifemm, Br. . pteroides, Sw. . ramosum, Beauv. setosuin, Schkulir tenericaule, Thw. tenerum, Spr. truncatum, Oaud. tuberisum, Bory . vligiiiosuni, Kunze unitum, Siv. . . Asplenium adiaiitoides, Raoul attenuatum, Br. . 756 755 757 755 754 760 759 759 756 754 760 755 742 747 745 austrnlasicum, Hook. 744 australe, Brack. . , 750 Browiiii, J. Sm. . . 750 bulbiferum, Forst. . 748 caudatum, Forst. . 746 cuneatum, F. Muell. 748 decussatum, Siv. . 751 difforme, Br. . . . 747 faleatum, Lam. . . 746 flabellilolium, Cav. 745 flacciduni, Forst. . 749 furcatum, Thunb. . 747 Hookerianxmi, Colens 747 japonicum, Thunb. . 750 laserpitiifolium, Lam.^AS laxum, Br. . . . 749 luciduin, Forst. . . 747 marinum, F. Muell. 747, 749 751 maximum, Don . melanochlamys, Eook. . . . nidus, Liiin. . . ohliquum, Forst. obtusatum, Forst. odontites, Br. paleaceum, Br. . phgsosorus, Sieb. poly]iodioides, Metten. . . j)rcBmorsum, S\v. pteridioides, Bnk. simplicjfrons, F. Muell 744 ftpeciosum, Bak. . 751 sylvaticum, Presl . 750 triehomanes, Linn. umbrosum, J. Sm. 3 E 751 744 747 747 749 746 750 751 748 749 745 749 786 INDEX Or GENERA AND SPECIES. Pr. . . . 0?!) rubra, Br. . . . 680 lialaiitium Browiiianum, Presl 717 JUttratherum echhiatum, Nees . . 524 submuticum, Nees . 524 liaumea arthrophylla, Baick. 404 Brmonii, Bceck. . . 404 glomerata, Gaudich. 404 laxa, Ba>ck. . . . 405 loculata, Boeck. . . 403 loiigifolia, Boock. . 409 Preissii, Nees . . 405 riparia, Boeck. . . 406 rubigiiiosa, Boeck. . 404 scheciioides, Ba^ck. . 407 Baimgarteiiia nitida, Spr. . . .71 spharocefhala, Spr. 71 Baxteria 120 australis, Kook. . 120 Blandfordia .... 22 aurea, Hook. . , . 24 Backhousii, Lindl. . 23 Cunnirighamii, Lindl. 23 Cunninghamii,, Fl. des Serres ... 24 flammca, Sook. . . 24 grandiflora, Br. . . 23 grandijtora, Bot. ■Reg 24 grandiflora, Hook. f. 23 tntcrmedia, Herb. . 23 marginata, Herb. . 23 nobilis, Sm. ... 24 princeps, Bot. Mag. 2i Pa^e Blechnum .... 738 amhiguum, Kaulf. . 739 cartilagineum, Sw. . 738 la!vigatum, Cav. . . 739 mtidum, Presl . . 739 orientale, Linn. . . 739 procerum, Labill. . 737 serrulatum, liich. . 739 striafum, Br. . . . 739 striatum, S„nd. et Muell 739 Borva 70 cataractce, Endl. . 71 gracilis, Endl. . . 71 "^lucens, Endl. ... 71 lucens, Poir. ... 71 nitida, LabiU. . . 71 scirpoidea, Lindl. . 71 septenti-ionalis, F. Mtiell 71 spharocephala, Br. 71 sublanosa, P. Muell. 71 Botrychium .... 689 au-'v)«.206 oxserta, R. e.t S. 208 fascicularis, Luhill. . 207 fil:ibra, Hieron. . . 204 humillima, F\ Muell. 203 nionogyua, Benth. . 205 muscoides, Hieron. 205 mutica, Hicron. . . 204 Paler.ioni, R. et S. . 208 pilosa, Hieron. . . 207 polygyna, Hieron. . 203 pulchra, Hieron. . 206 pulvinata, Desv. . . 205 pusilla, R. et S. . 205 strigosa, li. et S. . 207 tenuior, R. et. S. . 208 UrviUei, Hieron. . 206 Ceplialoschcenus, Nees 348 Ceratopteris .... 695 thalictroides, Brongn. 695 Ceratochloa .... 662 festucoides, Beauv. . 662 unioloides, DC. . 662 Chaetanthus . . . 245 leptocarpoides, Br. 246 Ghcctodisus Gilherti, Steud. . 210 CIicBtospora, lpiiia,^.Mx\QVi. . 381 ncep, Br. . . . 381 aurat, Nees . . . 358 avenaea^Y .M.\xe\\. 352 axillaris, Br. . . . 375 hrevisetis, Br. . . . 360 brevisetis, F. Muelh 358 calostachya, Ur. . . 368 eapillacea, Hook. f. . 377 capillaris, F. Muelh 377 clandestina, F. -\Iuell.3ol compie.ssa, Nees . . 357 concava, Nees . . . 388 cruent, Nees . . 357 curvifoli , Br. . . 358 cygiiea, Nees . . . 363 dnformis, Br. . . . 365 deformis, F. Muell. 365 deusta, F. Muell. • 379 diandra, F. Muell. . 352 distans, F. Muell. . 368 elongata, Nees . . 881 flmhristi/loides, F. Muell. .... 384 iinherhis, Br. . . . 374 lanata, Br. , . . 358 microstachya, Nees . 359 3 E 2 788 INDEX OF GENERA. AND SPKCIES. Kage nioia, Nees . • 364 natans, F. Muell. . 376 Nee.sii, Bceckel. . . 384 nite„s, Br. . 359, 362 oUf)Oxtachya, F. Aluell. '. . . .373 paludosa, Br. . . 382 peilicellata, Br. . . 370 sphtBroccphahi, Br. 380 spicafa, B(i'ekel. . 383 sfi/ffiii, Br. . . .378 tenuistiitna, Hook. f. 365 fe/niissima, Steud. . 374 tetmgona, Br. . . 380 turbiiwfa, Br. . . 360 villosa, Nees . . . 367 Chamacrliaphis . . 498 nbortiva, Poir . . 499 aspera, Nees . . . 499 liordeacca, Br. . . 499 ]iaradoxa, Poir. . . 499 spinescens, Poir. . 498 ChamsDscilla ... 48 corymbosa, F. Miiell. 48 spiraHs, F. Muell. . 48 Chama^xeros. . . . 110 fimbriata, Bcnfh. . 111 Serra, Benth. . . 110 GhapcUiera arthrophylla, Nees . 404 laxa, Nees . . . 405 riparia, Nees . . 406 Charlwoodia congesta, Sweet . . 22 Chcilauthes .... 726 caudata, Br. . . . 727 configna, Bak. . . 727 disfans, A. Br. . . 774 fragiffimii, F. Muell. 774 Prcissiana. Kunze . 727 profusa, Kunze . . 774 Siel)eri, Kunze . . 727 tenuifoha, Sw. . . 726 veJlea, F. MucU. . 773 Ciiionachne .... 515 barbata, Br. . . .515 cyatliopoda, F.Mnefl.olQ konigii, Thw. . .516 Chfami/sporum juncifolium, SaliBb. 44 Chloris 610 acicularis, Lindl. . 612 barbata, Sw. . . .613 comprcssa, DC. . .614 clrcora, Nees . . .614 divaricata, Pr. . . 612 dolichoatachya, Lag. 613 Page elongata, Toir. . . 613 Moorei F. Muell. . 612 pcctinata, Benth. . 612 pumilio, Br. . . .611 scariosa, 7'"'. Muell. . 614 sclerantha, Lindl. . 613 truncata, Br. . .612 unispicea, F. Muell. 611 vcntricosa, Br. . . 613 Chlorophyton ... 59 alpinum, Buktr . . 60 laxum, Br. ... 60 xcrotimm, F. Muell. 00 Choiidrachne articulata, Br. . .343 Chorisandra . . . .343 cymbaria, Br. . . 345 enodis, Nees . . . 344 multiarticulata, Nees 345 sphserocephala, Br. . 344 Chrysopogon . . . 536 aciculatus, Ti-in. . 538 elongatus, Benth. . 538 Gryllus, Trln. . . 537 monfamis, 'Vvm. . . 538 parviflorus, Bentli. . 537 violascens, Trin. . 538 Chrysurus aureus, Beauv. . . 636 Cinna ovata, Kunth . . 600 decipiens, Kunth . 583 Cladium 40O arthrophyllum, F. Muell 403 artieulatum, Br. . 403 asperum, F. Muell. 412 decomposifum, Br. . 417 dcustum, Br. . . . 416 (lubium, Nees . . 404 elvnanthoides, F. 'Muell 409 filum, Br 409 filnm, Br 413 fihim, Nees . . . 419 tjlomeratum, Br. . 404 Gurmii, Hoolc.f. . 407 insulare, Benth . . 403 junceum, 7?;\ . . 408 lanigerum, Br. . . 416 latissimum, F. Muell.405 laxiflorum, Hook. f. 408 laxum, Benth. . . 405 mariscus, Br. . . 402 medium, Br. . . .416 melaitocarpum, F. Muell 414 Pafje nudum, Boeckel. . . 408 pauciflorum, Br. . 408 Preissii, F. Muell. . 405 Preissii, F. Muell. .417 psittacorum, F. Muell 419 radula, Br. . . .417 radula, Nees . . .419 ripariuni, Benlh. . 405 schnpnoidc^, Br. . . 407 .tcieroides, F. Muell. 340 Sieberi, ¥. MucU. . 414 teretifolium, Z)';-. . 40G tetraquetruni, Sook.f. . . . 406 undiilafum, Thw. . 384 vaginale, Benth. . 408 xanthocarpum, F. ; Muell .... 418 Chnostigma .... 139 Mooreanum, F. Muell 139 Cocos 142 Normnnbyi, W. Hill 142 nucifera, I/inn. . . 143 Coelacline .... 625 brachiata, Muuro . 626 pulchella, Br. . . 626 Cwlorhachis muricafa, Brongn. . 514 Cccnopferis appendiculafa, Labill 749 Coix arundinacea, Willd. 515 barbata, Roxb. . . 515 Konigii, Spreng. . 516 Colocasia 155 antiquorum, Schotf 155 macrorrhiza, Schott 155 Commelyna ... 82 agrostophylla, F. 3fueII 84 communis, F. Muell. 84 cyanea, Br. ... 84 ensifolia, Br. ... 83 giganfea, Vahl . . 88 lanceolata, Br. . . 84 undulata, Br. . . 83 CoMMELYNACEa: . . 81. Coprosmanthus, Kunth 6 Cordyline 20 angustifolia, Kunth. 22 cannafolia, Br. . . 21 congesta, Kimth. . 22 Haageana, C. Koch. 22 hedychioides,¥.'M\\e]l. 21 INUEX OF OENEUA AND SPECIES. '89 20 21 22 21 -173 49 Pagc Manners - Snttonicv, F. Mucll. ... 21 Murchixonife^^F MweW. 22 riyidifoHd, C. Kocli Rumphii, F. Muell. . sepiaria, Seeni. . . stricta, i';i(//. . . teriuinalis, Kunth . Coridochloa semialata, Nees . . Coryuotheca .... acauthoclada, F. Muell 50 tlicliotoma, i^.il/«e//. 50 lateriflora, F. Muell. 49 Corypha aus/ralis, Br. . . 147 Cyauotis 82 axillaris, Eoem. et Seh. 82 Cyatliea 707 araclinoidea, Hook. 708 brevipiuua, BaJcer . 709 Lindse_\aua, Jlook. . 708 Macarthuvii,i^.J/Me//.708 medullaris, Swartz . 708 Moorei, Hook.et Bak.708 Cyatliochaete .... 350 aveuacea, Beiith. . 351 claudestina, Benth. 351 diandra, Nees diandra, Nees . Cycnogeton Huegelii, Endl. . linearis, Sond. . Cymodocea . antarctica, Fndl. ciHata, Ehrenh. . isoetifolia, Aschers serrulata, Aschers serrulata, F. Muell. 178 Cyuodou 608 'altior, F. Muell. . . 609 ciliaris, JBenth. . . 610 couvergen3,i^.iI/(^e//. 610 dactylou, Pers. . Heesii, Thvv. . . , polystacht/us, Br. teuelkis, Br. . . virgatus, Nees Cgnosurus cegi/jiticus, Liuu. aureus, Liuu. CYPEKACE.E .... Cyperus 253 acntus, Br. . . . 284 alopecuroides, Rotth. 264 alternidorus, Br. . 275 352 351 168 168 177 177 178 178 178 609 618 618 609 6i8 615 636 246 angulatus, Nees . . angustatus, Br. . aquatilis, Br. aquatilis, P. Muell. ar^olatus, Br. aristatus, F. Muell. aristatus, Rottb. Aruistrougii, Beiith, articulatus, Linn. . atratus, Bceckel. auricoiiius, Sieb. Bowmaiuu, F.Muell. breviculmis, Br. breviculmis,F. Muell. hromoides, Willd. Brotonei, Steud. . . canescens, Valil . carinatus, Br. . . carinaius, Nees . castaneus, Willd. . cephalotes, Vahl compositus, Br. . . compositus, Bueckel. concinnus, Br. . cougestus, Vahl congestus, var. F. Mueli conicus, Bosckel. corgmbosui, Hook.f. cruciformis, Bceckeh cuspidatus, H. B. K. dactylofes, Benth. . debiiis, Br. . . . decompositus, F. Muell DietrichicB, Bceckel. diifornus, Linn. . dipliylkis, Retz . . distans, Linn.J. . elatus, Rottb. eleusinoides, Kunth enervis, Br. . enodis, BceckeL . . ei-agrostis, Vahl . esculentus, Linn. exaltatus, Retz ferax, Rich. . fihpes, Benth. fiaccidus, Br. . . llavescens, Linn. fiavescens, Thw. flavicomus, Mich. . fiavus, Boeckel. . fulvus, Br. . . . Gilesu, Benth. . . glaucinus, Boeckel. . globosus, AU. . . 260 gracihs, Br. . . PaKO . 265 282 Guiniii, Hiiolcf. . . 283 270 gymnvcauliis, Stuuc . 273 261 lia^uuitodes, Fndl. . 285 259 268 Haspan, Linn. hexuslachyus, Rottb . 270 . 279 268 Ileynei, BceckoL . 276 289 278 UocJistefleri, Nees holoschoenus, Br. . 262 . 273 259 Hookerianus, Thw . 263 286 hyalinus, Vahl . . 258 287 imbecillis, Br. . 270 270 iifir.rus, MueliL . 268 258 iuornatus, ]>teckeL 283 260 inuiidalus, Br. . 270 268 Iria, Linn. . . 276 284 274 Junghuhnii, Miq. Koenigii, Vahl . 260 279 281 lajvigalus, Linn. . 263 267 leevis, Br. . . , 267 263 lancius, BceckeL 259 264 lanceus, F. MuclL 260 283 laticulmis, Spreng. 271 271 leiocaulon, Benth. . 287 280 Lessonianus, Kunth 270 ligularis, BoeckeL . 258 285 littoralis, Br. . . 279 290 lucidus, Br. . . . 283 279 lucidus, Nees. . . 287 273 Luersseiiii, BoeckeL 280 267 luleolus, BoeekeL 261 273 macdlus, Kunth 270 266 memhranaceus, VahL 258 microcephalus, Br. . 282 288 microcephalus, Nees 257 283 miniinus, Tliuub. 265 268 modestulus, Steud. . 265 279 277 monocephalus, F. MueU 252 277 mucronalus, E.ottb. 263 277 nitens, Vahl . . . 258 266 nitiduius, BceckeL . 287 278 nitidus, Laui. . . 259 258 nodulosus, F. Muell. 283 280 NoviB - HoUandise, 285 Boeckel .... 282 286 ochroleucus, Boeckel. 285 271 ornatissiiuus, F. 270 MueU 262 259 ornatus, Br. . . . 276 260 261 Paiigorei, Hook. f. . Faramatta, Mart. , 278 258 258 274 palens, Vahl . . . paluHfiorus,'Qoic\e\. 258 262 274 pedunculatus, F. 290 Muell 272 260 pennatus, Lam. . . 284 790 INDEX OF GEKEEA AN1> SPECIES. 2)enna(i(.t, Bocckel. . pictus, Stend. pilosus, Vakl . platymlmis, Br. . . platystvlis, Br. . . polystachjus, Eotib. procfrii.i, Yalil . . pulcliellus, Hr. . puUherrimus, Willd. puniilus, Linn. . punctatus, Roxb. pyguireus, Rotlh. rotundus, Linn. . . savt/uineo-ftisciis, scaber, Benth. . . scariosus, Br. sexflorns, Br. . Sieberi, Kuntli 274, Sieberi, Nees . . . Sieberianus, Spreng. sorostdchys, Boeckel. spaniophi/llus, F. Muell." . . . . spectabili.t, Sciireb. . sporobolus, £r. . . squarrosus, Linn. sq^itarrosus, F. Muell. 267, stenostacbyuSj-BeH^/i. subulatus, Br. . . subulatus, Sieb. . . surinanwnsis, Rottb. tegctiformis, Roxb. . tenellus, Linn.f. tetracarpus, Boeckel. tetraphyllus, Br. textilis, F. Muell. . tremulv.s, Poir. . trichostachys, Benth. trinervis, Br. . umbellatus, Benth. . uncinatus, Br. unioloides, Br. . vaginatus, Br. . . ventricosus, Br. . . venustu.t, Br. . . venustus, Kunth vulgaris, Sieb. . . xnnthopus, Steud. . CtiphoJcentia, Brongn. . Cystopteris . . . . fragihs, Bernh. tasmanica, Hook. . Dactylis glomerata, Linn. Pago : 28GI 275 I 275 271 2«! 2C1 276 265 271 258 258 262 279 284 288 280 282 283 258 257 265 278 258 281 268 , 268 2S0 281 277 257 278 265 290 269 273 262 287 269 289 268 260 272 284 285 286 260 277 139 752 752 752 640 640 Dactyloctenium ceyyptiacum, Willd. . radutans, Beauv. Damasonium .... australe, Salisb. . Dantlionia .... ('ni.iopoyon, Trin. .ircheri, Hook. f. bipai-tita, F. Mitell.. carphoides,i^. liJuell. ccRspitosa, Gaudich. 595, eriantha, Lindl. . . Q-itnniana, Nees . lappacea, Lindl. . . Linfcii, Kunth longifoha, Br. . . nervosa, Hook. f. paUida, Br. . . . paradoxa, Br. pauciflora, Br. . pecfinata, Lindl. penicillaia, F. Muell. pilosa, Br pilosa, Trin. . . . racemosa, Br. . . robusta, F. Muell. . semiannularis, Br. . setacea, Br. . . . seiacea, Hook. f. suhttlttta, Hook. f. . irHicoides, Lindl. . varia, Nees . Dasypogon .... bromeliajfolius, Br. . c/laber, Laharpe . . Hookeri, Drumm. . obliqnifolius, Lehm. DavaUia brachypoda, Bak. . dubia, £r elegans, Stv. . fiuccida, Br. . nephrodioides, F. MucU pedata, Sm. . . . polypodioides, Don. pyxidata. Cav. . . soUda, Siv. . . . speluncse, Bak. . . tripinnata, F. Muell. Dennstcediia davallioides, T. Moore .... Deparia iI/acra?!',Hook.etGrev nephrodioides, Bak. Pafe I proUfera, Book. . . 714 615 Deschanipsia . . . 587 615 csespitosa, Beauv. . 587 186 Desmoc ladus 186 Brtinonianits, Nees . 243 590 Lesvtiuxia 590 (ilepyroides, Nees 204 589 arisiaia, Br. . . . 206 592 arisiaia, Nees . . 379 592 Banksii, Br. . . . 207 Billardieri, Br. . . 207 596 brevifolia, Nees . 206 595 Drummondii, Nees . 206 594 exseria, Br. . . 208 603 glabra, F. MueU. 205 595 longifolia, Gaudich. 207 593 Paiersoni, l?r. . . 208 589 pulvinata, Br. 205 •592 pusilla, Br. . . . 206 591 strigosa, Br. . 207 596 ieiiuior, Br. . . . 208 602 Urvillei, Steud. . . 206 592 Deyeuxia .... 577 594 cBmtita, Kunth. . 580 596 sequata, Benth. . . 578 594 avenacea, Spreng. 590 593 BiUardieri, Kunih. . 580 595 brevigktmis, Benth. 584 595 cyUndrica, Benih. 582 595 deusa, Benth. . . . 582 595 D r um mondiana, 603 Benih. . . . 580 595 Forsteri, Kunih. . . 579 117 frigida, F. Muell. . 583 118 Gunniana, Beiith. . 584 118 minor, Benih. 582 119 montana, Benth. 581 118 nivaUs, Benth. . . 583 714 plebeia, Benth. . . 580 720 quadriseta, Benth. 581 716 retrofracta, Kuntli . 580 715 scabra, Benth. . . 583 717 DianeUa .... 13 angustifolia, Schult. 14 714 Archeri, Hook. f. 14 716 cserulea, Sims 16 717 congesta, Br. . . 16 716 densa, Lindb. 14 715 divaricata, Br. . . 15 717 elegans, F. MueU. 15 717 elegans, Kuuth . 16 ensifoUa, Eed. 16 graminifolia, Kiuith 16 713 Ilookeri, Baker . 14 714 Iffivis, Br. . . . 14 714 lcBvis, Hook. f. . 14 714 longifolia, Br. . 15 INDEX OF OEXKBA AND SPECIES. 791 Piijje TiiRo Page lonffifolia, Bot. Keg. 15 loliiformis, F. Muell. 618 Sieberi, Steud. . , 600 vemoro.ta, Jacq. . 16 Muelleri, Beiith. . 619 Ectrosia e.-^s rara, Br 15 parviflora, Bentk. 620 agrostoides, Bei/fh. . 634 rcvoluta, ]!r. . . 15 Diplacrum Gulliveri, F. Muell. 634 rpvoluta, Bot. Reg. 16 carici.num, Br. 427 leporina, Br. . . . 633 stnimo.ia, Lindl. 15 pygmceuni, BcEck. 427 Schultzii, Bcnth. 633 tasmaiiica, Hook.f. 14 tridcntatum, Brongn .427 spadicea, Br. . . . 634 Dlasfemanfhc Diplanfhera, Griff. 182 Ehrharta 550 platystachys, Steud.. 500 Dipfasiicm acuminata, Spreng. . 555 Dichelaclnie . . . 573 polyjjodioides, Mett. 751 brevifolia, Schrad. . 551 comata, Trin. 574 Dij)Ia.r contcxta, F. Muell. . 554 crinita, Hook.f. . 574 tasmanica, Hook. f. 553 diarrhena, F. Muell. 553 Drummoiidiana, Diplopogon .... 573 distichophylla,Jja,h\\] .554 Steud 580 setaceus, Br. . . . 573 juncea, Spreng. . . 554 For.tferiana, Trin. . 574 Dipogonia lavis, Spreng. . . 554 llookeriana, Trin. . 574 setacea, Beauv. . . 573 longidora, Sm. . . 551 lonyisefa, Trin. . . 574 DisarrJienum sfipoides, Labill. 552 montana, Eudl. . 575 antarcticum, Labill. 558 tenacissima, Steud. . 554 sciurea, Ilooh.f. 574 Discopodium uniglumis, F. Muell .554 setacea, Nees . . 567 Drummondii, Steud. 384 Etaphoglossum Sieleriana, Trin. 575 Disticlilis .... 637 conforme, Schott 778 stipoides, Rook.f. . 567 maritima, Rafin. 637 Electrosperma vufqaris, Trin. . . 575 thalassica, Desv. 638 australasiciim, Muel .195 Dichojjogon . . . . 58 Dithyrocarpus . . . 88 ; Eleocharis v. Heleo- humilis, Kunth . . 58 Doodia 740 1 charis 290 setosus, Kunth. . . 58 aspera, Br. . . . 741 i Eleusine 614 Sieberianus, Kunth. 59 blechnoides, A.Cunn. 741 j SDgyptiaca, Fers. . , 615 strictus. Baker . . 58 caudata, Br. . . 7411 criiciata, Lam. . 615 nndufatus, Reg. . . 58 viedia, Br. . . . 742 digitafa, Spreng. 617 Dicksonia . . . . 712 rupestris, Kaulf. 742 indica, Gartn. . . 615 antarctica, Lahill. . 712 Dracajna 19 maiginafa, Lindl. . 616 davalliodes, Br. . . 713 angustifolia, Roxb. . 20 poIyst.achya,'E.M.\xe\\. 617 dtibia, Gaudich. . . 717 frrea, Linn. . . . 21 racemosa, Roth . . 616 nitidula, Metten. 713 filiformis, Tlmnb. 104 radufans, Br. 615 squarrosa, F. Muell. 713 obliqua, Thunb. . . 105 verticillata, Foxb. . 616 Youngise, C. Moore . 713 rejlexa, F. Muell. . 20 Elionvirus .... 509 Diclidopteris sfricfa, Sims . . . 22 citreus, Munro . 510 angustissima, terminalis, Jacq. 21 Elynanthus .... 376 Brackenr. . . . 740 Dracontium australis, Nees . 409 Dictyogramme polyphyllum, Br. 155 bifidus, Nees . . 373 pinnata, T. Moore . 777 Drymophila .... 12 capillaceus, Benfh. 377 JDictyopteris cyanocarpa, Br. . 12 capitatus, Nees . 358 aftenuata, Presl . 768 Moorei, Baker . 13 grandifiorus, Nees 367 Didymochmta pyrrhocarpa., F. Muell. 13 obtusifofius, Nees 366 ausfraIi-1, Steud. . 581 Drynaria octaudrus, Nees . 377 Didtpnonema diversifolia, J. Sm. 771 rerolutm, Nees . 376 fHfolia, Presl . 414 quercifolia, J. Sm. 772 sculptus, Nees . 375 Digitaria Linncei, Bail. 772 Elytrophorus . . . 638 sanguinalis, Scop. 469 articulatus, Beauv. . 638 Dimeria .... 522 Ecdeiocolea . . . 211 Epiandra aeinaciformis, Br. 523 monostachya, F teretifolia , Presl . . 414 psilobasis, F. Muell . 523 Muell. . . . 211 Eragrostis . . . . 641 tenera, Trin. . . 523 Echinochloa Brownii, Nees . . 646 Dioscorea 1 crus-galli, Beauv. 479 cha;tophylIa, Steud. . 648 Iticida, Br. . . . 2 Eohinopogon . . 599 concinna, Steud. . . 647 Diplachne .... . 618 Gunnianus, Nees 584 decipiens, Steud. . 617 fuBca, Beauv. . . . 619 ovatus, Beauv. . 599 diandra, Steud. . . 646 792 INDEX or (JENEEA AND SPECIES. eriopoda, Benth. eximia, Steud. falcuta, Qnudivh. imbecilla, Benth. imbecilla, isteud. interrupta, Steud. Page , 648 , 642 , 619 , 643 , 617 , 647 lacunaria, F. Muell. 649 lanitlora, Benth. . . ^J^S leptocarpa, Benlh. . 644 leptostacliya, Steud, 645 megalosperma, F. Muell 644 nigra, Nees . . . 643 parvijlora, Trin. . 645 pel/ucida, Sleud. . 645 pilosa, Beauv. . . 645 pubescens, Steud. . 647 iScliultzii, Benlh. . 646 setifolia, Nees . . 649 speciosa, Steud. . . 648 stenostachya, Steud. 650 tenella, Beauv. . . 643 tricbophylla, Benth. 644 Urnillei, Steud. . . 647 Eriachne 626 agrostidea, F.Muell. 628 aristidea, F. Muell. . 629 Armittii, F. Muell. . 627 avenacea, Br. . . 629 bremfoUa, Br. . . 632 capillaris, Br. . . 632 chinensis, Hance . . 630 ciliata, Br. . . . 629 festucacea, F. MueU. 630 glauca, Br. . . . 628 melicacea, F. MueU. 631 mucronata, Br. . . 632 obtusa, Br. . . . 632 ovata, Nees . . . 630 pnllesccns, Br. . . 630 pallida, F. MueU. . 631 Freissiana, Nees . . 630 rara, Br 628 SchuUziana,F. Muell. 627 sclei-anthoides, F. MueU 631 setacea, Benth. . . 629 squarrosa, Br. . . 628 stipacea, F. Muell. . 627 EriantMis articulatus,¥.^\x&\\. 525 fulmis, Kunth. . . 526 irritans, ICuntli. . . 52. MueU. . 315 decora, Nees . . . 319 decumbenf, Bo3ckel. 301 denudata, Br. . . 313 depauperata, Br. . 311 dichotoma, Vahl . 310 dicholoma, Hook. f. . 309 dipliylia, Vahl . . 311 elata, Br 313 elongata, Br. . . . 312 ferruginea, Vahl . . 312 JiliformiSylLvLntXx . 303 IJfDEX OF aENEUA AND SPECIE3. 703 Pago fun'a, Br. . . . 31.S | gracilis, Br. . . .312 juncea, Ba'ckel. . . 30 1 leptoclada, Benth. . 314 leucocoU-a, 7?(Mln'oclita, Jir.. 217 hermdphroditu, Nei's 215 interrii)ita, F. Miiell. 217 macra, Nees . . .218 monoiea, F. Miiell. . 217 Muelleri, Benth. . 215 Muirii, F. Miiell. . 218 paniiulata,F. Muell. 217 scariosa, Br. . . .215 stricta, Jir. ... 218 stricta, Nees . . . 216 succedanea, Nees . 218 tasmanica, Hook.f.. 216 tasmaniea, F. Muell. 216 Licuala . . • . . 114 Muelleri, Wendl. et Dr 145 LlLIAOE^ .... 2 Limnostachys cyaiiea, F. Muell. . 73 Lindsaea 718 concinna, J. Sm. . 720 cultrata, Stv. . . . 719 dimorpha, Bail. . . 719 ensifolia, Sw. . . . 721 flabellulata, Dri/. . 720 Fraseri, Hook. . . 721 heterophylla, Dry. . 722 heterophylla, Prent. 719 incisa, Frent. . . 721 lanceolata, Labill. . 722 lanuginosa, Wall. . 722 linearis, Sw. . . . 719 lobata, Foir. . . . 720 media, Br. . . . 720 microphylla, Siv. . 721 peutajiht/Ua, Jiook. . 722 pohiniorpiha , Hook. et Grev. . . . 720 tenera, Dry. . . . 720 triehomanoides, Dr^ 720 Liiiospadix mo > I os tachy II s-jWetndl. 137 Lipocarpha .... 336 argentea. Br. . . 336 mierocephala, Kiinth 337 Litolruchia fage Milneana, Bail. . . 733 triparlifii, 1'resl . 733 ve.^^pfrti/ionix, Presl. 732 Livistona 115 australi.s, Marl. . . 1 16 humilis, Br. . . .146 inermis, Br. . . . 1 16 inermis, Wendl. et Dr 117 Leichhard/ii, F. Muell 140 Ramsayi, F. Muell. 1 15 Lolium 666 linico/a, Sond. . . 067 perenne, Zn?)i. . . 666 temnlentum, Linn. . 667 Lomand ra /on//ifo/ia, Labill. . 98 rigida, Labill . . 99 Lomaria . • . . 733 alpina, Sprcng. . . 736 articu/ata, F. Muell. 738 attenuata, ^7^/. . 736 auricii/ata, Bak. . 737 capensis, ini/d. . . 737 discolor, Willd. . .735 elongata, Blume . . 734 euphlebia, Kunze . 738 fluviatihs, Spreng. . 736 Fullageri, /-'. MtieU. 737 lanceolata, Spreng. . 735 Patersoni, Spreng. . 734 procera, Spreng. . . 737 vulcaniea, B/iime . 735 Lomarlopsis Brightia, F. Muell. 779 Loxocarya, .... 240 ciuerea, Br. . . . 243 densa, Benth. . . . 241 fasciculata, Benth. . 242 flexuosa, Benfh. . . 243 pubescens, Benth. . 242 vestita, Beiith. . . 241 virgata, Benth. . . 242 Lnzula 122 australasica, Steud. 122 campestris, -D6'. . . 123 longiflora, Bentti. . 123 Oldfieldii, Hook.f . 122 Luziiriaga angiiatifo/ia, Poir. . 18 ci/inosa, Br. ... 19 /ntifo/ia, Poir. . . 18 montana, Poir. . . 19 Lyginia 210 'barbata, Br. . . .210 imOerbis, Br. . . .211 Page sgmphi/onema, F. Muell 211 Ltcoi'OI)Iack.t; . . 670 Lycopodium . . . G73 Brlangeri, Bory . . 079 Billardiiri, Spreng. 074 carolinianum, Linn. 675 eernuum, lAnn. . . 6/6 clavatum, Linn. . .675 concinnum, Sw. . . 679 decurrens, Br. . .676 densum, Labill. . . 676 (lifrusuni, Br. . . 675 dijfiisum, Spring . G75 Drummondii, Spreng 675 fastigiatum, Br. . . (575 j/ahelliitum, Linn. . 678 gracillimum, Kunze 678 laterale, Br. . . . 675 phlegmaria, Linn. . 674 pumilio, Br. . . . 679 sanguisor/jcB, Spring 672 scariosum, Furst. . 676 selago, Liiin. . . . g74 serpintinum, Kunze g75 tannenst; Sjjreug. . 681 u/iginosum, Labill. , 678 varium, Br. . . . 674 voiubile, Forst. . . 677 Lygodium .... 691 japonicum, Sw. . . 692 microphy//nm, Br. . 692 reticulatum, Schk. . 692 scandens, Stv. . . . 691 semibipinnatum, Br. 692 3Iach(erina resinosa, Nees Ma/acoh(Bte /ittora/is, Nees . Manisuris granularis, r. . . 492 Orthordphium Rotjlei, Nees . . . 571 Orjza . 549 sativa, Linn. . . . 550 Osmunda barbara, Thiiiib. . 699 ternata, Thmib. . . 690 P.VLM.E 132 PANDANE.E .... 147 randanophyllum, Hassk 340 Pandaims 148 aquaticus, F. Muell. 149 Forsteri, Moore et Muell 149 monticola, F. Muell. 150 odoratissimus, Linn. f. 148 pedunculatus, Br. . 149 spiralii, Br. . . . 149 Panicum 463 ahortivum, Br. . . 499 adspersum, Trin. . 481 airoides, Br. . . . 484 amabile, Balansa . 489 ammophilnm, F. Muell 468 angustxim, Trin. . 480 antidotale, Retz . . 483 antipodum, Spreng. 625 arcuatum, Br. . . 480 arenarium, Brot. . 484 argenteum, Jir. . . 473 atrovirens, Trin. . 625 auslrule, spreng. . 471 aMtu)«?ja/e, F.Muell. 460 Baileyi, Benth. . .471 bicolor, Br. . . . 487 brachyglume, Steud. 626 brKoides, Jacq. . . 174 Br.wnei, K. et S. .472 huncei, F. Muell. . 487 capillare, F. Muell . 469 capillipes, Benth. . 484 chamceraphis, Trin. 500 ciliare, Ketz . . . 469 coenicohun, F. MueU. 467 oolonum, Linn. . . 47S coloratum, F. Muell. 488 compositum, Linn. . conval/ium, F.]\[uell. crus-galli, Linn. . ctenantliuni, F. Miie/i cu/icinum, F. Miuli. dac/ijton, Linn. . decoinpositum, Br. . distach) um, Lin/i. . di.9tans, Trin. divaricatissimum, Br eflusum, Br. . . . llavidum, Jietz . . foliosum, Br. gibbosum, Br. Gilesii, Ben/h. . g/are'«^. 767 acroxfic/ioidcs, Sieb. 7(>7 angnstafum, Hook. . 707 attenuatum, Br. aureum, Litin. australe, Mett. . Beckleri, Hooii. . Billardieri, Br. . blecliiioides, Hook. Brownianum, Spr. Broionii, Desv. . capense, Linn. confluens, Br. confluens, Hook. contiffimm, Bracli. . dichototnum, Thunb diminufutn, Bali. diversi/olium, Br. diversIfolium^Willd. 770 Gaudichaudii, Bl. . 771 fflabram, Mett. graiumitidis, Br ililhi, Bak. . Hookeri, Brach. irioides, Poir. Kennediii. F. Muell. 760 lanceola, F. Muell. . 768 Linnai, Bory. . . 772 memhranifolium, Br. 769 «io//e, Jacq. . . . 756 nigresceus, Bl. . . 769 phymatodes, Linn. . 769 poeciloplilebium, Hook. . . . prohferum, Presl punctatum, Thunb pustulatum, Forst. pustHlatum, Schk 768 772 762 755 770 76.i 768 768 758 767 767 763 698 763 771 767 764 766 763 771 766 765 764 769 770 quercifohum, Linn. . 772 rigidulum, Sw. . . 771 rufescens, Bl. . . 759 rugulosum, Labill. . 764 rugulosum, Hook. . 764 rupesfre, Br. . . . 767 scandens, Torst. . . 770 .scandens, Labiil. . 770 serpens, Forst. . . 767 setigerum, Hook. et Arn 763 simphcissimum, F. Muell 768 spelunccE, Linn. . . 717 subauriculatum, Bl. 771 teuellum, Fvrst. . . 764 urophyllum, Wall. . 765 Page verrucosum, Wall. . 770 Polypogon .... 546 Drummondii, Steud. 547 fugax, Nees . . . 547 liftoralii, Sm. . . 547 monspeliensis, Desf. 54(J simpler, Spreug. . 516 tenellus, llr. . . . 547 Polysfichum coriaceum, Schott . 758 vestifum, Presl . . 757 PONTEDEEACE.E. . . 72 Porroferanthe Drummondii, Steud. 658 Posidonia .... 175 australis, Hook. f. . 175 Potamogeton . . .169 acutifolius, Bink . 173 com;jre.?*Ms, F.Muell. 173 crispus, Linn. . .172 Drummondii,-Se»/A. 171 gramineus, Hook. f. 173 heterophyllus, Hook. f. 171 hjbridus, Mich. . . 171 javanicus, Hassk. . 171 marinus, Liun. . . 174 natans, Linn. . . 170 obtusifohus, Mert. et Koch .... 172 pectinatus, Linn. . 173 perfoliatus, Linn. . 172 pra^longus, F. Muell. 172 tenuicauhs,i^.ilf«e/?. 171 Potamophila . . . 550 parviflora, Br. . .550 Pothos 157 anstralasicus, F. MueU 158 cylindricus, Presl . 158 lonyipes, Schott . . 158 Ijoureiri, Hook. et Arn 158 Prionosepalum Gilberti, Steud. . . 246 Pritzelia 74 pygmsea, F. Muell. . 74 Psilotum 681 complanatum, Sw. . 682 flacddum, Spreng. . 682 Forsteri, Fndl. . . 681 triquetrum, Sw. . . 681 truncatum, Br. . . 681 Pteris 727 aquihna, Lin7i. . . 731 arguta, F. Muell. . 731 Brotvnii, Desv. . . 729 Page conians, F^orst. . . 733 crenafa, Sw. . . . 730 Endllcheriana, Ag. . 733 eusiformis, Burm. . 730 esculenta, Forst. . 732 falcata, Br. . . . 729 i''e//e«eH»(E,F.Muell. 733 geraniifolia, liaddi 728 incisa, Thunb. . . 732 longifolia, Linn. . 730 marginata, Bory . 733 micropfera, Mett. . 733 Milncana, Bak. . . 733 mtida, Br. ... 727 nudiuscula, Br. . . 727 paradoxa, Bak. . . 729 pcdata, Br. . . .729 quadriiuu^ita, Refz . 731 rotuudifolia, Forst. . 730 tremula, Br. . . . 731 tripartita, Sw. . . 733 umbrosa, Br. . . 730 vespertilionis^&\yi]\. 732 Ptychosperma . . .139 AXe\mAvse,F.Muell. 140 Capifis Yorkii, Wendl. et Dr. . 142 C unninghamiana, Wendl 141 elegans, Bl. . . . 141 laccospadix, Benth. 140 Pycreus lcBvigafus, Nees . . 263 Reedia 423 spathacea, F. Muell. 423 Remirea 347 mai'itima, Aubl. . . 347 pedunculata, Br. . 347 Wightiana, WaU. . 347 Restiace^ .... 208 Eestio 220 (d)orliims, Nees . . 222 amblycoleus,i^. Muell. 230 applanatus, Spreng. 223 austrahs, Br. . . 227 brizoides, Steud. . 230 Brownii, Kunth . . 235 chasmafocoleus, F. MueU 229 chaunocoleus, F. Muell 226 cinerascens, Br. . . 232 cineraseens, Nees . 233 clavatus, Br. . . 240 clavatus, Nees . . 240 complanatus, Br. . 228 3 F 802 INDBX OF QENEEA AND SPECIES. Page compressus, Br. . . 223 coniertospicatns, Sicud 224 confinis, Steucl. . . 229 crispatiis, Br. . . 225 crispiilus, Nees 238, 4'21 222 225 229 233 224 243 222 243 curvatus, Nees deformis, Br. deformis, Nees diffusus, Spreng. diuiorphus, Br. fasciculatus, Br. fastigiatus, Br. . fiexuosus, Br. gracilior, F. Muell. 226 gracilis, Br. . . . 227 gracilis, Nees . .' 233 Intcriflorus, Br. . . 238 hderiflorus, Nees . 222 laxus, Br 228 laxus, Br 233 leptocarpoides, Benth 229 megVi\Qt\\eca.,F.Muen.22'2 microstachiius, Br. . 233 monocephalus, Br. . 224 nitens, Nees . . ■ 226 nutans, Br. . . . 235 oliqocephalus, F. Mucll 224 ornatus, Steud. . . 229 pallens, Br. . . . 227 pallens, Nees . . . 233 pubescens, Br. . . 242 setuligerus, Nees . 232 spliacelatus, Br. . . 225 Steudelii, F. MueU. 229 Page alpina, Spreng. . .381 aurea, rahl. . . .348 avcnacea, Spreng. . 351 Brownii, E. et S. . 349 clandestina, Spreng. 351 deustn, Spreng. . . 379 diandra, Spreng. . 352 glauca, Vahl . . . 349 laxa, Br 349 longisetis, Br. . . 350 longisetis, F. Muell. 350 pterochata,'F.M.\.\cA\. 350 tenerrima, Nees . . 348 teiiuifolia, Benth. . 35U Wallichiana, Kunth 349 Rottboellia . . . .512 compressa, Beauv. . 500 cori/mbosa, Linn. . 512 exaltata, Linn. . . 513 formosa, Br. . . .513 glandulosa, Trin. . 514 muricata, Retz . . 514 ophiuroides, Benth. 514 sefacea, Roxb. . . 608 Roxburghia .... 1 javauica, Kunth . . 1 ROXBUEGHIACE^ . . 1 Ruppia 174 antarctica, Labill. , 178 maritima, Linn. . 174 tcncllns, Nees 235 tetrapliyllus, Lahill. 228 tremulus, Br. frisepalus, Nees . tropicus, Br. . tropicus, Spreng. uncinatus, Nees . vacillnns; Steud. Rlia])liidoi)liora 230 235 223 222 421 240 156 526 526 Cunn inghatnii, Schott 156 pinnata, Schoft vitiensis, Schott . Rhipogonum .... album, Br. discolor, F. Muell. . M\(ieyanum, F.Muell. Fawcettianum, F. Muell Mooreanum^^E.MMeW. Rhynchospora . 156 156 9 9 348 Saccharum fulvum, Br. irritons, Br. . Sagenia melanocaulon, Bail. 757 Saguerus australasicus,Wend\. et Dr 143 saccharifer, Blum. . 143 Schedouorus .... 654 Billardieri, Nees . 656 Hookerianus, Benth. 656 littoralis, Beauv. . 655 scirpoideus, Benth. 655 Schelhammera ... 31 multiflora, Br. . . 32 multiflora, Lodd. . 33 undulata, Br. . . 31 Schizaia 692 bifida, Stv 693 hiflda, Hook. f. . . 693 dicliotoma, Sw. . . 694 fistulosa, Lahill. . . 693 rupestris, Br. Schizoloma ensifoUum, J. Sm 693 722 Pago Fraseri, J. Sin. . . 721 Schoenodum scariosum, Kunth . 232 simplex, Kunth . 234 tenax, Labili. 211, 233 Schcenus 352 acuminatus, Br. . . 369 acutus, LabiH. . . 407 apliyllus, Boeclcel. . 361 armeria, Bceckel. . 361 asperoearpus, F. Muell 366 axillaris, HooTc. f. .375 barbatus, Bceckel. . 360 bitidus, Boeekel. . . 373 hrachi/phgllus, F. Muell 370 breTiculmis, Benth. 364 brevifohus, Br. . . 370 brevisetis, Benth. . 360 Brownii, Hook.f. . 373 calostachyus, Renth. 368 compressus, Benth. . 357 cruentus, Benth. . 357 curvifohus, Benth. . 358 cygiieus, Nees 361, 363 deformis, Br. . . 364 Drummondii, Bciith. 359 efoliatus, F. Muell. . 369 elatus, BoEckel. . . 372 elongatus, F. Muell. 381 ericetorum, Br. . . 362 falcatus, Br. . . .372 falcatus, Nees . . 407 fascicularis, Nees . 370 fascicularis, Nees . 370 /Zm;m, Labill. . . 409 flaviculmis, Nees . 361 ilavus, Boeckel. . . 360 fluitans, Hook. f. . 376 glohifer, Nees ' . . 782 grammatophyllus,-F. Muell 366 grandiflorus,F.ilfMe?Z.367 humilis, Benth. . . 374 imberbis, Br. . . 361 indutus, F. Muell. . 372 lanatus, Lahill. . . 357 melanostachyus, Br. 370 minutulus, F.Muell. 363 Moorei, Benth. . . 367 multiglumis, BentJi. 368 nauus, Benth. . . 364 natans, Benfh. . . 375 nitens, Hook. f. . 362 nudus, Steud. . . 408 obtusifolius, Boeclcel. 366 INUEX OF OENEKA AND SPECIES. 803 Pagc ocfaiidrus, F. Muell. 377 odontociirpiis, F. Muell 37-i pedieellatus, Benth. 369 pleiosteinoneus, F. Muell 364 punctatus, Br. . .372 punctutus, Nees . . 408 sciibripes, Benth. . 368 sculiitus, Jiwckel. . 374 Bctilolius, JJcntk. . 359 sparteus, Br. . .371 subbulbosus, Benth. 358 tenellus, BeiUh. . , 375 tenuissiiuus, Benth. 365 traeliycarpus, F. Muell 363 turbinatus, Benth. . 359 unispiculatus, F. Muell 365 vajiinatus, F. 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