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SA Cel tg tee Are t fi ; i 1% ‘ara ‘5 f der eeetett bate ik 0 Pe em ee eget AS tS at aetna i BH at tate aa at Palen ry obey afte ot Fabel eraia teresa A ae Le ed yerrett errs ye ite toeeittnt ids Cia iad ta ee A ae perite a Pr a teary ate aiteeee! eine ns ibgre ink wnat “eet: op eete “eben ataee ‘are 4 ADD fe plea ait Saye EN AER, ae i; ae any 4 4 tia’ atte sate e the pagan ach Ok . 4 rhe i 5" ? oP . << zee a3 itt tilse-*fore"e . ™ + oe Pkg ess F0y's aur Ht] ri oe ie sershs if ast Ata te Ht oy enemy: deed rest Pa Any he ates te ouzee ee aad ae £73 od 50:97 of 5%g58 settee 7 ee THE LUESTHER T. MERTZ LIBRARY THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN THE LuESTHER T. MERTZ LIBRARY » ITHENEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Ba FLORA OF WESTERN _MIDDLE CALIFORNIA BY WALLIS LINN JEPSON, PH: D. OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA SECOND EDITION Cunningham, Curtiss & Telch SAN FRANCISCO Copyright, 1911, By Witiis LINN JEPSON Issued January 25, 1911. CUNNINGHAM, CURTISS AND WELCH, Publishers and Booksellers, San Francisco. Los Angeles. 3y WILLIS LINN JEPSON. : A Flora of California. Part. iW Pinaceae to Taxaceae, pp. 33 to 64. Price 90 cents. Part 2 Salicaceae to Urticaceae, pp. 337 to 368. Price 80 cents. Other parts to follow. A Flora of Western Middle California. Second edition. 500 pages. Price $2.50. The Trees of California. A manual for the field. 228 pages; 125 original illustrations. Price $2.50. Printed by The Stanley-Taylor Company, San Francisco a eee . 2 eee Gite ae PREFACE The Flora of Western Middle California includes a descriptive account of the native and naturalized plants growing in the region about San Francisco Bay, east to the Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers, north to the south line of the counties of Mendocino, Lake and Colusa, and south to the Pajaro River and Pacheco Pass. While the geographical limits are marked almost through- out by the natural features of rivers, mountain ranges and valleys, the area as a whole is not an especially natural one. Rather, this area (the choice of which was governed both by the needs of its human population and by its accessibility) comprises portions of several distinct areas, namely, the North Coast Ranges, the South Coast Ranges and the Great Valley of California. _ The most distinctive and sharply defined feature of the region of this Flora is the Redwood belt. The Redwood (Sequoia sempervirens) grows in a narrow strip along the coast, mainly on the western face of the outer (or seaward) Coast Range. Wherever the main range breaks down to low sandy or clay hills, below 500 to 1800 feet in altitude, the Redwood does not grow, and there are in consequence transverse gaps in the continuity of the Redwood belt. Such gaps occur in central and northern Marin county, on the San Francisco penin- - sula, and in the Pajaro and Salinas valleys between the Santa Cruz and Santa Lucia mountains. Associated with the Redwood are the Tan Oak, Madrofia and Douglas Fir, and growing on the forest floor we find such distinctive Redwood plants as Oralis oregana, Scliopus bigelovii, Clintonia andrewsiana, Vancouveria parviflora, Viola sarmentosa, Vaccinium ovatum and Gaultheria shallon. In climate and in plant population the Redwood belt presents as a whole slight diversity. Its climate is very uniform, showing comparatively slight differences in temperature throughout the year, with a rainy season succeeded by a season of fogs. Outside the Redwood belt is a beach strip characterized by such shore species as Abronia latifolia and umbellata, Lathyrus littoralis, Lupinus littoralis, Atriplex californica, Mesembryanthemum aequilaterale, Ar- temisia pycnocephala, Franseria bipinnatifida and chamissonis, The climate of the Coast Ranges inside the Redwood belt and of the Great Valley is markedly different from that of the immediate eoast or Redwood region. These areas have also but two seasons, a rainy season lasting from November to April and a dry season from May to October, when rain is normally absent. March and April may, however, be spoken of as spring months since the annual vegetation is then at its height, and September and October as fall months since then is the period of greatest development of the fall flora. The Coast Ranges of our region are characterized by barren slopes or hills, by slopes openly wooded with oaks, or by chaparral, the latter being the most marked feature. The term chaparral refers to the extensive and dense colonies of shrubs which clothe mountain slopes and ridges and includes such typical 4 ‘d species as Ceanothus cuneatus, Arctostaphylos manzanita and tomentosa, eringia montana, and Quercus dumosa and wislizenii var. frutescens. reason of the uniformity of the conditions governing growth in the cha the very low water content of the rocky or gravelly slopes, the high s temperature and high insolation, these shrubs present a similar aspect by virt of their uniform height, reduced leaf surface, frequently thorny or thorn-] branchlets and rigid branches. The open doves of this region, the sl 0 and low hills destitute of woody growth, are extensive and covered in — vegetative season with a growth of grasses and perianth-bearing endog: and exogens developed in considerable richness. Some of the species most — abundant in individuals and consequently in wide areas the dominating species of the vernal flora are as follows: Avena fatua, Danthonia californica, Festuca © ' myuros, Lolium temulentum, Hordeum nodosum and murinum, Brodiaea capi- — tata, Ranunculus Cal facia) Linanthus parviflorus, Phacelia distans, Plagio- bothrys canescens, Orthocarpus. erianthus, varieties of Mimulus ona Castilleia foliolosa and Baeria chrysostoma. These species, not to includ very many others, are widely distributed in both the North Coast Ranges an the South Coast Ranges, ranges lying respectively north and south of the od A of San Francisco and its connecting arms. The Golden Gate and San Francisco — ] Bay represent, however, a not unimportant natural barrier, since many species — of the Oregon and Washington flora range southward in the North Coast | Ranges as far as San Francisco Bay, and similarly many species of Southern California range northward as far as the Santa Cruz Mountains or Mt. Diablo. — In the view of the author this barrier is a barrier mainly or perhaps wholly — in the sense that, in connection with topography, it indicates certain climatie i limits which the species in question do not transgress. In relation to local species the region immediately north and south of the — Bay has some interest in plant geography. Campanula exiqua is found only — on the summits of Mt. Diablo, Mt. Tamalpais and Mt. Hamilton. Calochortus — 1 pulchellus is local about Mt. Diablo and Streptanthus hispidus in the inner PREFACE, South Coast Range. Other local species are Chorizanthe valida, Arabis or breweri and blepharophylla, Trifolium dichotomum and californicum, Psoralea x strobilina and douglasii, Astragalus tener and Arctostaphylos nummularia and andersonii. In this eonnection may be mentioned the genus Ceanothus repre- 3: sented by fourteen species in the Bay region, of which eight are nearly or quite restricted to the central Coast Ranges. The extensive plains of the Great Valley (the Sacramento and San Joaquin) are level and treeless, save for oak groves on restricted areas, mainly along streams, or for a fringe of trees bordering the rivers. The climate is very uniform throughout the Great Valley, but the soil areas and water content change greatly and repeatedly, often within short distance. There are, moreover, two distinet seasonal floras, the vernal and the fall, with an inter- a | vening dry period when the vernal vegetation is killed or dried up, and the seed- 4 lings or perennial herbs which are to flower in the fall are growing slowly. The vernal flora of the fertile alluvial plains is rich and varied, a state-— ment which refers to areas undisturbed by civilization. The composition of this flora is marked by a large number of species of Leguminosae, Polemonia- da: a i i ee :7- 7 PREFACE. 5 ceae, Boraginaceae, Scrophulariaceae and Compositae. Some of the most dominant plants are Eschscholtzia californica, Trifolium tridentatum, microdon and columbinum, Lupinus affinis, nanus, micranthus and microcarpus, Gilia achillaeafolia and tricolor, Nemophila menziesii, Phacelia tanacetifolia, Allo- carya stipitata and californica, Amsinckia intermedia, Orthocarpus purpur- ascens, erianthus and lithospermoides, Microseris douglasii and elegans, Baeria fremontii and Achyrachaena mollis. Alkaline areas of the plains, whether very limited spots or extensive plains, have their own peculiar species. The most abundant and widely distributed in our region are Distichlis spicata, Nitrophila occidentalis, Atriplex bracteosa, Astragalus tener, Sida hederacea, Peucedanum caruifolium, Cressa cretica and Baeria platycarpha. : Seattered over the plain of the valley floor the traveler finds small depressions a few yards square and a few inches deep which fill with water in the rainy season. When such pools are a little deeper, well-defined and numerous, they take the name of ‘‘hog wallows.’’ The beds of these pools in late spring or early summer give rise to a distinctive flora composed of such species as Lilaea subulata, Downingia elegans and pulchella, Mimulus bicolor, Boisduvalia cleistogama and glabella var. campestris, Lepidium latipes, Gilia leucocephala and Psilocarphus brevissimus. They are diminutive or dwarfish plants with small or narrow leaves. The fall flora of the valley plains is represented by great colonies of a comparatively few species. The most important species are Hremocarpus seti- gerus, Grindelia camporum and more especially the various tarweeds such as Hemizonia luzulaefolia, virgata and kelloggii, and Centromadia pungens and Jitchii. The last important feature of our flora needing mention are the salt marshes about San Francisco, San Pablo and Suisun bays, which support a formation of rushes, sedges and allied plants, rather varied in species and usually very strong in individuals. The flora of western middle California, thus so briefly sketched, has been and is still being rapidly modified by the occupations of man. Many species which were once common are now less common or rare. Changes induced in the native plant population by civilization are not, however, always adverse to a species. Some species find improved conditions of existence under civiliza- tion. Phacelia tanacetifolia and Tropidocarpum gracile flourish in grain fields, and Montia gypsophiloides and Calandrinia caulescens var. menziesti (if this latter be a native plant) thrive and perfect their seeds in orchards and vineyards in the rainy period that just precedes the spring cultivation. In valley lands Calochortus uniflorus is materially assisted in its habits of vegeta- tive propogation by the disturbance of the soil in plowing and the consequent separation and scattering of its bulblets. On the other hand aliens, especially from the Mediterranean region, are successfully and surely invading extensive tracts and dispossessing the natives. Species of this type, introduced in later days, are Picris echioides and Cen- taurea calcitrapa and solstitialis. The progress of these and other plants are deserving of the attention of all local botanists interested im the native flora, PREFACE. since here are important phenomena of considerable migrations ne ng ena before our eyes. The issue of the present edition has been considerably hastened’ f of the destruction of the supply of the first edition in the San F disaster of 1906. The student will find that the number of species a little increased over the first edition. It will also be noted that many sitions of new species, especially of more recent years, do not here r mention, but it is by no means implied that these are not of interest | value. It is only meant that the natural limits of time, endeavor and tunity make it necessary and proper that results organized and available sl not be handicapped or unduly delayed by propositions which are the of many different hands and indicate many different points of view. | varied propositions should have that consideration which only a more prolon: period affords. es In the preparation of this edition the author is under obligation to no few botanists for suggestions, notes and specimens. Dr. H. M. Hall, Assiste Professor of Botany in the University of California, has been helpful in many ways and to him the author desires to express his obligations for mé courtesies. Many valuable notes, especially on the Liliaceae, have been recei d from Mr. Carl Purdy of Ukiah. Mr. 8. B. Parish has continued his kindly a ~ helpful aid. Dr. R. J. Smith has sent useful material from the Mt. Hamilto Range. Revisions of the genera Trifolium and Nemophila, respectively, have i been generously provided by my former students, Miss Laura F, McDermott C and Mr. Harley P. Chandler. The account of the grasses by Mr. J. B. Davy, now Botanist to the Transvaal Government, has been reprinted substantially oi without change. Miss Leila D. Hibbard, one of my students, contributed y wep come aid in the arrangement of the manuscript for the printer. Many othe 4 who have furnished notes or specimens find mention at proper places in the text. Finally acknowledgment is due to Mr. Joseph W. Flinn, University Printer, for his expert advice in regard to matters connected with the printers’ art. Wituis LINN JEPSON. | . Department of Botany, University of California, Berkeley, February 2, 1910. fer THE FAMILIES OF SEED PLANTS OF WESTERN MIDDLE CALIFORNIA GYMNOSPERMS. Ovules and seeds borne naked on the surface of a scale; stamen and ovules in eatkin-like clusters; cotyledons 2 to 17; cone-bearing trees or shrubs, all of ours evergreen; leaves needle-like, narrowly linear, awl-like or seale- like. Fruit a woody cone, containing several to many seeds. Cone-seales imbricated, with a conspicuous or minute bract at base on lower side; leaves needle-like or narrowly linear; seeds 2 to each scale, bearing NESE UBETIRC oie cite ere ea A red es ee oe wn wafela sve Ss PINACEAE, p. 17. Cone-seales without bracts. : Leaves narrowly linear and 2-ranked in flat sprays, or lanceolate or awl- like and disposed all around the branchlet; cone-scales not imbricated, ending in broad flattish summits; seeds 2 to 9 to each scale, not ES eee Soe iatarniw swiss a ats aS die lecaiet © TAXODIACEAE, p. 22. Leaves minute and scale-like, thickly clothing the ultimate branchlets; cone-scales imbricated, or with broad flattish summits and not im- CUPRESSACEAE, p. 23. Fruit berry-like or drupe-like, one-seeded; leaves narrowly linear, in flat sprays. TAXACEAE, p. 20. ANGIOSPERMS. Ovules borne in a closed sac or ovary, which becomes the fruit and encloses the seed; cotyledons 1 or 2; plants with true flowers, typically with an abbre- viated stem (receptacle) bearing regular whorls of floral envelopes, stamens and pistils. CLASS 1.—MONOCOTS. Leaves with parallel veins (except Trillium) ; parts of the flowers usually in 3s, never in 4s or 5s; vascular bundles scattered irregularly through the pithy tissue, not in rings or annual layers; embryo with 1 cotyledon; all ours herbs, when perennial commonly with rootstocks or bulbs. A. Perianth none or calyx-like with scale-like divisions; parts of the flower mostly unequal in number; carpels 1 or more, distinct (in Triglochin united but separating at maturity). 1. FLOWERS NOT IN THE AXILS OF DRY CHAFFY BRACTS. Leafless minute aquatics, the stems represented by leaf-like floating fronds..... LEMNACEAE, p. 87. Leafy plants. Immersed aquatics; leaves filiform or linear, or some floating ones with broad blades; flowers naked or with a very small calyx; stamens 1 to 4. NAIADACEAE, p. 27. Plants of marshes or rising out of water. Flowers monoecious; reed-like plants. Inflorescence a dense cylindrical spike.............. TYPHACEAE, p. 26. Inflorescence a dense globose head............. SPARGANIACEAE, p. 27. >. oP tl a 0-4 et i oss * . ~~ ere 8 KEY TO FAMILIES. ae Flowers perfect, rarely polygamous, in racemes or spikes. oa Inflorescence with a spathe; calyx 4-lobed; stamens 4. .ARACEAE, p. 87. Inflorescence naked; calyx of 6 distinct sepals, or none; stamens 6 or = he JUNCAGINACEAE, p.. BL BAO , 2. FLOWERS IN THE AXILS OF DRY CHAFFY BRACTS, ARRANGED IN SPIKES (OR SPIKELETS. ' 7 4, Stems mostly terete and hollow; leaves in 2 rows; sheaths mostly split open — opposite the blade; bractlets 2 to each flower; fruit a grain (seed adnate to. the pericarp)’. 06). eins eee bine «lteter GRAMINEAE, p, 34. Stems mostly triangular, solid; leaves in 3 rows; sheaths entire; ligule obsolete or minute; bractlet 1 to each flower; fruit an achene (seed free from the PORICAED \ahisanten psa sk eee Oy cic are 4 Pak bel otalen en CYPERACEAE, p. 80. 'B. Perianth always present, its segments in 2 series, often corolla-like; parts of the flower usually equal in number; carpels united into one compound ovary. Ovaries several, distinct, becoming achenes; perianth of 3 sepals and 3 petals. ALISMACEAE, p. 32. Ovary 1 and %g Superior; perianth regular; stamens 6, sometimes 3 or 4. ia Perianth-segments distinct, green or brown, not petal-like; rush-like plants. JUNCACEAE, p. 89. Perianth-segments distinct or partly united, at least the inner petal-like; j plants not: ‘rash-Dkewss chic. clone telat eee LILIACEAE, p. 92. Inferior. Perianth regular;: stamens, 3.5. .hoewns 2 «te See IRWACEAE, p. 110. Perianth irregular; stamens 1, rarely 2.............. ORCHIDACEAE, p. 112. CLASS 2.—DICOTS. i Leaves netted-veined; parts of the flower mostly in 4s or 5s; vascular bundles in a ring around a central pith, the stem when perennial increasing in girth by annual layers; embryo with 2 cotyledons. I. APETALOUS DIVISION. Corolla none; calyx present, herbaceous or a: sometimes petal-like, sometimes none. A. Flowers monoecious or dioecious, one or both kinds in catkins; trees or shrubs. ’ 1. LEAVES PINNATELY COMPOUND. Leaves alternate; only the staminate flowers in catkins; fruit a nut with a — fibrous: Coat ssa." sseitet eds aed As Panta in Se ges eee ee JUGLANDACEAE, p. 120. 2. LEAVES SIMPLE. Leaves opposite; flower dioecious, 1 to 3 in each axil of the connate bracts. — GARRYACEAE, p. 304. Leaves alternate. Both kinds of flowers in eatkins. Flowers 1 to each seale or bract; perianth none. Fruit a 1-celled many-seeded capsule; seeds with a coma; flowers aka cious; foliage GecidBenGiaws x ous .tnwedere ee SALICACEAE, p. Se Fruit a waxy-coated berry; flowers monoecious or dioecious; foliage OVETHELON. . 2 os a's ke Fab Ain Cie ye ee eee MyRICACEAE, p. 120, KEY TO FAMILIES. i) Flowers 2 or 3 to each scale or bract; staminate catkin long, pendulous, the pistillate small, spike-like, maturing into a woody cone containing SE Se a oe a ee eee ALNUS, p. 121. Only the staminate (rarely the pistillate) flowers in catkins. Fruit a nut enclosed in a leafy tubular involucre....... CORYLUS, p. 121. Fruit a nut set in a scaly cup or bur (acorn or chestnut) . FAGACEAE, p. 121. - B. Flowers not in catkins. 1. TREES, SHRUBS, OR WOODY CLIMBERS. a. Leaves opposite; flowers dioecious or polygamo-dioecious. Ovary inferior; fruit a berry; leaves simple, foliaceous or scale-like; parasitic ER SS 5 nS ein eee cg RE ie ors. Sv ume Kaate told 6% LORANTHACEAE, p. 307. Ovary superior; leaves pinnate; trees or climbers. ‘amon 4 or 5; fruita double samara... . 2... 20. cae. ACER, p. 250. Stamens commonly 2; fruit a simple samara............. FRAXINUS, p. 319. Stamens numerous; sepals 4, petal-like; fruit a tailed achene; climbing EI at eh SS ee ae ee nee ee ae CLEMATIS, p. 168. b. Leaves alternate and simple. Flowers monoecious, in head-like clusters scattered on a slender axis; calyx OE Rae Sa rs I Sie ee PLATANACEAE, p. 126. Flowers perfect or unisexual; sepals and stamens 4 or 5; fruit berry-like.... RHAMNUS, p. 251. Flowers perfect. Stamens 6 to numerous. Erect trees or shrubs. | Calyx of 6 petal-like sepals; stamens 9, the anthers opening by valves; feHS A TESS CVELPTCCE ooo. cielo ge mde ee nn LAURACEAE, p. 174. Calyx 5-lobed; stamens numerous, 25 to 60, inserted on the calyx; fruit yg REE a die ee a CERCOCARPUS, p. 205. Calyx 4-cleft, corolla-like; low shrub with tough leathery stems........ THYMELEACEAE, p. 256. Climbing plant; calyx tubular; stamens 6, anthers sessile; capsule 6- PemRetE e As Serer ee ee ees ese se dio a 3 ARIS TOLOORTA p. oO, Stamens 5, monadelphous; calyx 5-cleft; showy; capsule 4 or 5-celled...... FREMONTIA, p. 26 Stamens 1 or 2; calyx of 4 or 5 sepals; leaves scale-like; fruit a utricle... SPIROSTACHYS, p. 145. bo 2. HERBS. a. Ovary superior, 1. e., free from the calyz. + Calyx present; corolla none. Pistil 1, 1-celled; stigmas or styles often more than one. Stipules present. Leaves alternate; fruit an achene. Stipules sheathing, scarious; calyx 5 to 6-cleft or -parted, or of distinct sepals, often petal-like; stamens 4 to 9; fruit a 3-sided or lenticular RUNG i eee ee ogy i hid cielale Po ag a Se Pan oe POLYGONACEAE, p. 128, Stipules not sheathing; calyx greenish; stamens 1 to 4. Flowers monoecious, very small, in catkin-like inflorescences; plants OSI Al) WERE MOPDAGO 5 25s 5. sig ies 0e)s fo do » URTICACEAE, p. 126. Flowers perfect, fascicled; diminutive annual. .ALCHEMILLA, p. 210. 10 KEY TO FAMILIES. Leaves opposite, small or prostrate herbs. Calyx of 5 distinct sepals; stamens 3 to 5. Fruit an achene or utricle; stipules scarious. CARYOPHYLLACEAE, if. Fruit a 3-valved capsule ; stipules setaceous....... LOEFLINGIA, p. Calyx 5-cleft; capsule circumscissile; stipules laciniate; stamens 1 t CYPSELEA, p. 149 Stipules none. Fruit an achene or utricle. Leaves opposite or whorled, ‘ela Calyx tubular, corolla-like, the base of the tube hardening and enclos- ing the achene; prostrate maritime herbs. . NYCTAGINACEAE, p. 147. Calyx of 6 (rarely 5) distinct often petal-like sepals; fruit a 3-sided — or lenticular achene; leaves opposite or whorled.............. POLYGONACEAE, p. 128. Leaves alternate or opposite. Calyx of 5 or fewer sepals. Sepals herbaceous or, in unisexual flowers, the pistillate without — calyx and enclosed by two bracts; bractlets none; mostly seurfy plants of alkaline or maritime habitat. CHENOPODIACEAE, p. 139. Sepals membranous or scarious; flowers with bractlets............ AMARANTACEAE, p. 147. Calyx 6-parted; flowers borne in an involuere..... ERIOGONUM » prise. Fruit a capsule; leaves opposite or whorled. Calyx 5-merous. Ovary’ 3 G0 -5-Cblled |. ois 6 s.n 5s derma 5 ein ee AIZOACEAE, p. 148, Ovelry: T-e6liedss ova sie: wi a 2's 3,0 s'o't ctw wing Sen GLAUX, p. 316. Calyx 4-merous; diminutive annual.......... SAGINA APETALA, p. 155. Pistils more than 1 and distinct, becoming achenes. Sepals unarmed, commonly 5, distinct, often petal-like; stamens many; BORETIOM BOVSTAls 5.56.0): = css minis bas ten ee eee RANUNCULACEAE, p. 164. Calyx-tube armed with barbed prickles, its limb 3 to 7-parted; leaflets pin- NAG; SCHONCS LOT’ 2s... 60s pny kes ce eee see Re ACAENA, p. 210. y + + Calyx and corolla both wanting; pistil 1. Flowers perfect, borne in a spike, subtended by a conspicuous colored involucre ; herb of ‘saltme: Batti. oni... ete dwn fal stern 2 a ANEMOPSIS, p. 116, Flowers monoecious. Terrestrial plants; flower-clusters often surrounded by a petal-like involuere resembling a perianth; stamens 1 to many; capsule 3 (or 1) -celled; saice often: Wailky gees op eet: Gis hvio io gar sas ome EUPHORBIACEAE, p. 244, Aquatic plants; leaves opposite; stamen 1. Leaves dissected; ovary 1-celled, in fruit a spinose or tuberculate achene. . CERATOPHYLLACEAE, p. 162. Leaves entire; ovary 4-celled, splitting when ripe into 4 parts........... CALLITRICHACEAE, p. 247. b. Ovary inferior, i. e., more or less adherent to. the calyx. Flowers dioecious or the pistillate with stamens; stamens 8 to 12; capsule 1- celled; leaves alternate, divided................+.- DATISCACEAE, p. 269. Flowers perfect. Leaves reniform or cordate; cealyx-lobes 3, caudate; capsule 6-celled; nearly poaulescent 0 «os a's Wie's ne S labs a wilte ek Eh aie ee -ASARUM, p. 306. KEY TO FAMILIES. ia Leaves not reniform or cordate. Calyx-lobes 4. Leaves alternate; fruit a 3 to 9-celled bony nut with herbaceous cover- REMC ERMIIIGHG MIOED fe che 555 4 oe ain hs Bs o' TETRAGONIA, p. 150. Leaves opposite; fruit a 4-celled capsule; stems creeping in mud or RN MARE EME CIEE od oe. 5 ar Nate Galleys s WME wpe YO LUDWIGIA, p. 273. Calyx entire; stamens 1; fruit nut-like, 1-celled, 1-seeded; aquatics with simple entire leaves in whorls................+...-- HIPPURIS, p. 284. II. CHORIPETALOUS DIVISION. Calyx and corolla present; petals dis- tinct or nearly so. A. Ovary superior, i..e., free from the calyx. 1. FLOWERS WITH THE STAMENS MONADELPHOUS OR DIADELPHOUS. Flowers papilionaceous (1 petal in Amorpha); ovary 1l-celled; stamens 10, united in 1 or 2 sets (distinct in Pickeringia) ; leaves compound (simple EES oe Re Ag pe ae LEGUMINOSAE, p. 214. Flowers not papilionaceous. Corolla irregular, the petals 4, in 2 dissimilar pairs; sepals 2; stamens 6, slightly united in 2 sets; leaves compound......... DICENTRA, p. 178. Corolla regular; petals 5; sepals 5. Stamens 10, more or less united at base; leaves 3-foliolate.............. OXALIDACEAE, p. 241. Stamens numerous, united in a tube around the pistil; leaves simple...... MALVACEAE, p. 257. 2. FLOWERS WITH THE STAMENS DISTINCT. a. Stamens hypogynous, more than 10. Pistils several to many, simple and distinct. Leaves not peltate. Pistils becoming achenes or follicles........... RANUNCULACEAE, p. 164. Pistils at first united, later distinct as torulose pods...........,......- PLATYSTEMON, p. 175. eevee DelaLe > aqnace -plaihs s o> on. re eee ew ces BRASENIA, p. 164. Pistil 1. Ovary 1l-celled, the styles or stigmas often more than one. Sepals caducous; petals 4 or 6, twice as many as the sepals............ PAPAVERACEAE, p. 174. Sepals persistent or at least not caducous. Acaulescent plants; petals 8 to 16; sepals 4 to 8....LEwisiA, p. 159. Caulescent plants. Petals 5; fruit a capsule; leaves simple, entire. EE AE MEME R sore are sg 5 = apo «5.0 0 ain oo oe CALANDRINIA, p. 159. Sepals 5, the 2 outer smaller and bract-like; style 1............. CISTACEAE, p. 265. Petals 1 or 2; sepals about 4; fruit a berry; leaves compound..... ACTAEA, p. 167. Ovary more than 1-celled. Petals 5; sepals 5; stamens disposed in 3 to 5 indistinct bunches; leaves 0 eS ese Sa a eee HYPERICACEAE, p. 262. Petals 10 to 20; sepals 5 to 12; aquatic herbs........ NYMPHAEA, p. 163. b. Stamens hypogynous, 10 or fewer. Pistils more than 1, distinct, and Exceeding in number the sepals or petals........ RANUNCULACEAE, p. 164. 12 Of the same number as the sepals or petals........ Pistils more or less united around a central axis, separating when l-seeded carpels; petals 5. Stipules secarious; at least the lower leaves opposite ; carpels separ iT elastically from an elongated beak or axis and tailed by the pe coiled or twisted styles s/c sin0ec cons eae ae tee GERANIACEAE, Be Stipules none; carpels subglobose, rugose, separating from a very short a not tailed; Jeaves alternates «205 Ge aes nae LIMNANTHACEAE, p. Pistil 1, the styles or stigmas sometimes more than one. Flower cruciferous, i. e., with 4 sepals, 4 petals, 6 stamens (4 long aa short, rarely 4 or 2); ovary 2-celled, becoming in fruit a silique or. * BUTICIS ee 8 pawd ars oS oe ce aoe, Sane ag CRUCIFERAE, P- Bil Flowers not cruciferous. Corolla irregular; petals 5, one with a spur; sepals 5, auricled; stamens 5; ffutt’ a. T-eelled! eapsule-. 2. .gsatigcn sa se eon VIOLACEAE, p. 265. Corolla regular. “+ Ovary 1-celled. . ‘ae Anthers opening by uplifted valves; petals 6, in whorls of 3; saan 3 6; froita berry or capsule..3. ces ee BERBERIDACEAR, p- ie Anthers opening by longitudinal slits; herbs. > Fruit a capsule opening from the apex by valves or teeth; petals ; 5 or 4. , Calyx tubular or of 5 (or 4) distinct sepals; stamens 3 +o 10a commonly 5 or 10; capsule 3 to 10-valved or -toothed; pla. i centae central; styles 2 to 5...... CARYOPHYLLACEAE, p. 150. _ Calyx of 2 distinct sepals; stamens 5 (or 3 to many) ; eapsule | ‘ ; 3-valved; placentae central or basal; styles 2 to 8.......... i PORTULACACEAE, p. 158. Calyx tubular; stamens 4 to 7; capsule 2 to 4-valved; placentae } parietal: style 8-eleft.u7. steaicwees FRANKENIACEAE, p- 264. i Fruit indehiscent; styles, sepals, petals and stamens 5...........- a PLUMBAGINACEAE, p. 318. — KEY TO FAMILIES. . Ovary more than 1-celled. Anthers opening by pores at the summit; sepals and petals 5 or 4, the stamens as many or twice as many; capsule 5-celled........ ERICACEAE, p. 308. Anthers opening by longitudinal slits. Sanrophyte, ‘in. Loramie 55 555 a's. Sate acd aoe PLEURICOSPORA, p. 310. Herbs, not saprophytic. Leaves alternate or basal. Sepals 4; petals 4; stamens 6; ovary raised on a stipe; leaves 3- foliolate Sarl a Sak. oti Nt Wiehe ee eg ae CAPPARIDACEAE, p. 194. R . Sepals 5; petals 5; stamens 5; ovary sessile; leaves simple. | ca i LINACEAE, p. 239. Leaves opposite; annuals. Pi | Calyx of 2 distinct sepals; flowers 2 to 5-merous; fruita 2to | | S-celled CBDSUIG. 2 .. nite caw «sees LEGUMINOSAE, p. 214. Flowers regular; ovary 5-celled; style 5-lobed; leaves 3-foliolate..... OXALIDACEAE, p 241. Stamens indefinite, monadelphous; ovary 5 to many-celled, either splitting into as many carpels when ripe or capsular..... MALVACEAE, p. 257. Petals less than 5. Leaves entire; petals 3; sepals 5, 2 petal-like; stamens 6 to 8; ovary 2- celled; flower imitating the papilionaceous..... POLYGALACEAE, p. 244. Leaves divided; petals 4 in two dissimilar pairs; sepals 2; stamens 6....... DICENTRA, p. 178. 2. STAMENS 5 OR LESS. a. Ovary superior, i. e., free from the calyx. + Corolla regular. Pistil 1. Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla and opposite them. Style 1s: fruit: a’ Gapeie! ova A. VENUSTA Koch., Santa Lucia Fir, “with long-exserted bristles to the cones.— ae Santa Lucia Mts. : TAXODIACEAE. Repwoop Famity. Trees with linear or awl-shaped alternate leaves. Staminate and ovale cat- kins on the same tree. Staminate catkins small. Scales of the ovulate catkins — spirally arranged, more or less blended with the bract, often spreading hori- zoutally from the axis of the cone and developed into broad flattish summits. Ovules to each scale 2 to 9. Seeds not winged or merely margined. 7 1. SEQUOIA Endl. Repwoon. oe Tall trees with thick, red, fibrous bark and linear, awl-shaped, or scale-like © leaves. Staminate catkins terminal on the branchlets or on short lateral branchlets, with many spirally disposed stamens, each bearing 2 to 5 pollen-sacs. Ovulate catkins terminal, composed of many spirally arranged scales, each with ~ 5 to 7 ovules at base. Cone woody, its scales divergent at right angles to the axis, widening upward and forming a broad rhomboidal wrinkled summit with a depressed center. Seeds flattened; seed-leaves 2 to 6. (The Cherokee Indian, Sequoyah, who invented an alphabet for his tribe.) - 1. S. sempervirens Endl. Repwoop. Tall and massive forest tree 100 to 340 ft. high, the trunk 2 to 16 ft. in diameter; bark 44 to 1 ft. thick; foliage reddish brown; leaves linear, spreading right and left so as to form flat sprays, Y% to 14% (mostly % to %4) in. long and 1 to 1% lines wide, or in the top — of adult trees with short linear acuminate leaves 3 to 5 lines long, such branch- ~ late strikingly suggestive of those of the Big Tree; cones oval, reddish brown, 5% to 1%-in. long and 5% to % in. thick, “borne ‘in clusters on the ends of branchlets mostly in the top of the tree, maturing in first autumn; scales 14 to 24; seeds narrowly margined, elliptic in outline, 2 lines long; cotyledons — usually 2. The Redwood is the most characteristic and abundant forest tree of the imme- diate coast region. It is seldom found 30 miles from the ocean, never ranging inland beyond the influence of the sea-fogs, and forms a narrow belt along the coast from southern Monterey Co. to the Oregon line. It is a common tree in the Santa Cruz Mts., where there is an especially fine grove famous as the ‘*Santa Cruz Big Trees.’’? In the Mt. Diablo Range the Redwood is not known except in one limited locality about Redwood Peak, in the Oakland Hills, directly opposite the Golden Gate. It occurs about Mt. Tamalpais and is abundant in Sonoma and Mendocino eos. In Napa Valley it is rather frequent and beyond the summit of Howell Mountain it descends the slope towards Pope Valley. It thus crosses at one point the divide of the North Coast Ranges and this locality J ~ CUPRESSACEAE. 2a is the farthest from the ocean. The Redwood belt has here, consequently, its greatest width. It is the tallest tree on the American continent. In the forests near Scotia; a tree 662 years old, measured in September 1896, by C. S. Sargent, had a trunk diameter of 10 ft. 5 in., at 6 ft. above the ground, and was 340 ft. in height. Trunks from 15 to 20 ft. in diameter are not uncommon in the magnificent Redwood forests of Humboldt and Del Norte, and trees 20 to 25 ft. in diameter can be found. No other tree has been so important to the development of civilization in California because the wood, abundant and cheap, is exceedingly valuable for all sorts of building purposes and in manu- factures and the arts. The region of this great coniferous forest is a very attractive one, regarded from almost any point of view, and delights the eye and mind of the tourist, as well as the botanical traveler. S. GIGANTEA Dec. The Big Tree of the Sierra Nevada has awl-shaped leaves ascending all around stem and cones 2 to 3%4 in. long. (An account of the Big Tree groves may be found in Jepson, Trees Cal., p. 103.) CUPRESSACEAE. Cypress FAminy. Trees or shrubs with opposite or whorled scale-like (or rarely linear) leaves thickly clothing the ultimate branchlets. Stamens and ovules in separate catkins. Staminate catkins terminal on the branchlets, small, with shield-like stamens bearing 2 to 6 pollen-sacs. Ovulate catkins consisting of several opposite vr whorled scales which bear at base 1 to several erect ovules. Cones woody or in Juniperus fleshy, consisting of few ‘‘scales’’; ‘‘scales’’ imbricated or shield- shaped, consisting morphologically of a completely blended scale and bract. Branchlets flattened, disposed in one plane; leaves in 4 rows, the successive pairs unlike; cones with overlapping scales, seeds 2 to each scale, unequally 2-winged... 1. LIBOCEDRUS. Branchlets cord-like; leaves in 3 or 4 rows; cones subglobose, their scales peltate (not Overlapping). Fruit a woody cone, its seeds many; stamens and ovules on same tree; leaves in 4 MEU S Bias Sp coe cre cle Cue chy oe SETA OC CRE RCNCICRCES OCONEE RACH OREO DY Bric 1IN 2 CUPRESSUS. Fruit a berry, its seeds 1 to 3; stamens and ovules on different trees; leaves in whorls Senn SAS UNSIIIMOSEL Eto) e inbgi malin Giegeks lg 2 ae iercolt a0 sme b nave oh nies 4 4 n/0's ee ava ald oc 3. JUNIPERUS. 1. LIBOCEDRUS. Endl. Aromatic trees with flattened branchlets disposed in one plane. Leaves scale- like, opposite, imbricated in 4 rows, the successive pairs unlike. Staminate and ovulate catkins terminal on separate branchlets. Staminate catkins with 12 to 16 decussately opposite stamens, each with 4 to 6 pollen-sacs. Ovulate catkins consisting of 4 to 8 scales, only one pair ovule-bearing, each scale of this pair with 2 ovules at base. Cones maturing in first autumn, oblong, composed of imbricated oblong scales. Seeds unequally 2-winged; cotyledons 2. (Greek libas, referring to the trickling of the resin, and kedros, cedar.) 1. L. decurrens Torr. INCENSE CEDAR. Forest tree 50 to 125 ft. high with conical trunk 2 to 7 ft. in diameter; bark cinnamon, loose or fibrous in age; leaves minute, 1 to 3 lines long, coherent, also adherent to the stem, free only at the tips, those above and below obtuse but minutely pointed and forming a pair overlapped by the keel-shaped lateral pair; cones red-brown, oblong- ovate when closed, %4 to 1 in. long, consisting of 2 seed-bearing scales with one septal scale between them and often with 2 small scales at base; seed-bearing _ scales broad and flattish but not thin; all the scales with a small triangular umbo at tip; seeds 4 lines long, margined on each side from near the base to the apex by two very unequal wings; larger wing ovatish, about 6 lines long. Sierra Nevada, with Yellow Pine, Sugar Pine and White Fir one of the four most abundant trees in the main timber belt. Coast Ranges, rather uncom- eee ee ee eer ed it af 4 ~e ay vad | . Ma é 24 CUPRESSACEAE. em i vale mon: Santa Lucia, San Carlos and Mt. Hamilton ranges; Mt. St. “Helena and — north to Mt. Shasta. Wood very durable. When the cone is dead ripe the an septal scale usually separates partially into 3 scales; these scales are quite distinet in the young catkin and the central scale is then seen to consist of a completely blended reduced pair. The ovulate catkin consists, therefore, of | et 4 pair of scales, the first pair barren, the second pair ovule-bearing, the third Bhs and fourth pair becoming in fruit completely united to form the ‘‘septal seale.’? ’ 4 2. CUPRESSUS L. Cypress. as ; Trees or shrubs. Leaves seale-like, small, appressed, closely imbricated in four ranks on the ultimate cord-like branchlets, or awl-shaped on vigorous shoots. Staminate catkins terminal on the branchlets with 3 to 5 pollen-saes to each stamen. Ovulate catkins on short lateral branchlets, the ovules numer- ous, erect, in several rows at the base of the scales. Cones globose to oblong, maturing in the second year, the shield-shaped scales fitting closely together by their margins, not overlapping, separating at maturity, their broad summits with a central boss or short point. Seeds acutely angled or margined; cotyle- dons 2 to 5. (Classical name of the Cypress.) Umbos small and low. Branchlets: slender, squwarish sc clos < Ge we