BIOLOGY UiRARY

THE BOTANICAL LIBRARY

OF THE

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA.

GIFT OF

MR. AND MRS. T. S. BRANDEGEE.
1906

| UNWERSITY )

IF-

FLORA CESTRICA:

AN

HEEBOEIZING COMPANION

FOE THE

YOUNG BOTANISTS OF CHESTER COUNTY,

STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA.

BY WILLIAM DARLINGTON, M. D. LL. D. &c.

ORE trahit quodcunque potest, atque addit acerro.— HOEATIUS.

From giant Oaks, that wave their branches dark,
To the dwarf Moss that clings upon their bark.

^™*

: ••...-

THIRD EDITION: .

THE previous omissions, as far as known, supplied ; the descriptive

details revised and condensed; and the whole arranged

according to the NATURAL SYSTEM, as illustrated

by DE CANDOLLE, HOOKER, and GRAY.

PHILADELPHIA:

LINDSAY & BLAKISTON.
1853.

BIOLOGY UBRARf

[ENTERED according to Act of Congress, in the year one thousand eight hundred
and fifty three, by EDWARD C.DARLINGTON, in the Clerk's Office of the District Court
of the United States, for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania.]

X, C. DARUNGTOX, PRINTER,
LANCASTER, PA.

wr

TO THE

CULTIVATORS OF BOTANICAL SCIENCE

IN

THE COUNTY OF CHESTER,

THIS ATTEMPT

TO ENUMERATE AND DESCRIBE

THE PLANTS OF THE COUNTY

IS RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED BT

THE AUTHOR.

^",

ADVERTISEMENT.

WHEN this revised Edition was commenced, it was contemplated —
with the aid of kind Friends — to insert a brief description of all
the indigenous species of the Vegetable Kingdom which had been
detected in our County, — together with such introduced plants as
had become naturalized, or were CULTIVATED for useful purposes.
It soon became apparent, however, that the lower Orders (especially
the Fungi) were so multitudinous, as well as obscure, that it would
require more time to accomplish the undertaking, than /, at least,
had any right to reckon upon. It was found, also, that to include
the whole, would render the work inconveniently voluminous. A
descriptive enumeration of the Fungi, alone, would make a respect-
able volume. It was therefore concluded to omit all below the
Lichens, — and leave that portion of our Botany to the future enter-
prise of our Chester County Naturalists.

For the account of our Mosses and Hepaticae, I am indebted to
the researches, and kind attention, of THOMAS P. JAMES, Esq. an
enthusiastic Bryologist of Philadelphia. The Lichens have been
collected and determined by Dr. EZRA MICHENER, of this County, —
a Naturalist from whose acumen, diligence, and indomitable per-
severance, we may fairly expect as thorough an exploration of every
department of our Cryptogamy, as the active duties of his Profes-
sion, and the life-time of an Individual, will permit. I am gratified,
moreover, in knowing that a few zealous and faithful Lovers of
Nature are engaged with him, as Collaborators, in the laudable
attempt to prepare a comprehensive Natural History of the County
of Chester. — w. D.

PRELIMINARY DISCOURSES.

DISCOUBSB I.
Definition of Botany. Inducements to the Study.

HAVING prepared a new Edition of the Chester County Flora, —
partly for the purpose of including those plants "which have been
detected in the County since the preceding one was published — but
chiefly for the sake of presenting the work in a form somewhat less
diffuse in its details, as well as more congenial in its arrangement
with the present state of the Science, — I thought it might be accept-
able to the youthful Cultivators of Botany, in our venerable Baili-
wick, to premise some general observations touching the subject to
which the volume is devoted.

This I propose to do, in a few brief and familiar Discourses ;
such, in substance, as I have been in the habit of employing,
orally, when aiding the researches of the Pupils in some of the
West-Chester Seminaries.

As in all attempts to impart or acquire information, it is most
advantageous and satisfactory to begin at the beginning, — we may as
well commence by a definition of the Science, to which we propose
to direct our attention. It derives its name from the Greek word
Botdne — meaning an Herb, — and may be briefly defined as "the
natural history of the Vegetable Kingdom ;" or, to be somewhat
more explicit, it is that Science which has for its object a knowledge
of the structure, functions, and characters of Plants — together with a
just comprehension of those general affinities, and peculiar features,
by which they may be grouped into kindred families, — and yet be
distinguishable, among themselves, into well-marked Genera, and
Species.

A very natural preliminary inquiry, on the part of a Pupil
engaging in the study of Botany — or, indeed, in any other study —
would be respecting the utility, or value, of such an attainment;
and therefore — in order to encourage the young Beginner — it may
be well to hint at some of the inducements to the undertaking.
These may be considered in reference to mental discipline, intel-
lectual gratification, and practical usefulness. It is impossible for

5

Vi PRELIMINARY DISCOURSES.

any one, endowed with the common attributes of humanity, to
avoid being something of a Naturalist. One of the earliest indica-
tions of Intellect, consists in the perception, and discrimination, of
the beings and objects subjected to its cognizance. In proportion
as the mind is expanded, and its faculties disciplined, so are its
powers of discrimination augmented. Natural Science — or that
knowledge which enables us to ascertain, to distinguish, and to
arrange, or classify created beings — is emphatically a science of
observation; and no study has a happier tendency to induce habits
of attention, and accuracy in noticing the characteristic features of
objects. No one is less likely to be misled by vulgar prejudices, or
to be made the dupe of imposture, than the careful observer, and
intelligent student, of Nature. Habitual scrutiny renders him
acute in detecting error, and discovering truth, — while it makes
him cautious in receiving marvellous statements unsupported by
credible testimony.

While his faculties are thus improved by a salutary discipline,
his taste is no less gratified by the pleasures of the study : — and, of
all the inanimate products of creation, there is none more agreeable
to contemplate, than those which constitute the Vegetable Kingdom.
Destined, by the wisdom of a bountiful Providence, for the susten-
ance of a higher order of creatures, — they have, at the same time,
teen admirably adapted to the purpose of adorning the surface of
the earth, and charging with fragrance the atmosphere which
surrounds it. Occupying an intermediate position, between minerals
and animals, they afford us the means of investigating the wonders
of organic life, without the infliction of torture, or the necessity of
witnessing the sufferings which attend such researches in sensitive
beings. Hence, the study of the vegetable creation has ever been
a favorite pursuit with gentle minds. There is a calm delight in the
contemplation of Plants and Flowers, which is never felt — and can
never be appreciated — by those who find their chief gratification in
the turmoils and commotions of the animal world. The disposition
of man derives much of its character from association, and external
impressions; and it is, doubtless, partly owing to the bland in-
fluences of a rural life, that enlightened agricultural communities are
less prone to those cruel excesses, which so often disturb the arti-
ficial and struggling society of crowded cities. If such be the
tranquilizing tendency of a simple residence among the Vegetable
tribes, — how propitious to the growth of the gentler virtues must
be the pursuits of the Botanist, who may be said — almost without a
figure— to hold daily converse with some of the loveliest works of

PEELIMIHAEY DISCOUESES. VU

the Creator, — and to regard with something like the pleasure of a
friendly recognition, every Plant -which he has successfully in-
vestigated!*

We know, indeed, that those groveling mortals who consider
nothing as valuable, but mere tangible wealth, are apt to regard the
researches of the Naturalist as useless and frivolous,— just as gross,
uncultivated minds suppose all pleasures to consist in sensual grati-
fications, and have no conception of such a thing as intellectual
enjoyment. It is the besetting infirmity of sordid natures, to mis-
take the instrument for the object ; to limit the aim, and confine the
affections, to the means of enhancing our character, as rational
beings — instead of employing those means for the attainment of a
nobler end. But, is it true, that the studies of the Naturalist are
useless and frivolous ? On the contrary, the most bigoted Utilitarian —
on a moment's reflection — will be forced to admit, that they are
fraught with results of daily, and high practical value, in many of
the most important pursuits. To the Agriculturist, the Gardener,
the Physician, and the Artist, a correct — and even scientific —
knowledge of the Vegetable Kingdom is, to a certain extent, indis-
pensable : — for, a scientific knowledge of plants merely implies an
acquaintance with their true character and properties, — and that,
every person whose business is with plants, is bound in honesty
and good faith — as well as by the requirements of self-interest — to
possess. Such knowledge is, of course, to be best obtained by
means of the most skillful, systematic, and facile method of in-
vestigation; or, in other words, by the help of a truly scientific
arrangement.

* No one ever heard a true lover of Botany complain of taedium vitae, or of a
want of pleasant employment for his leisure hours. His pursuits, it is true, do
not produce that vehement excitement which attends the scrambling rivalry of
political aspirants, and is so seductive to the eager fancies of the crafty and ambi-
tious ; but the gratifications resulting from their culture — being founded on a
consciousness of their value to our fellow creatures, as well as to ourselves — are
of the most precious and enduring character,— and are, moreover, wholly inde-
pendent of vulgar taste or caprice. [See Sir H. DAVY'S Consolations in Travel.]

The attractions of Botanical Science are truthfully and appropriately alluded
to, in the following extract of a Letter from the late Sir JAMES EDWARD SMITH to
the Rev. Dr. MUHLENBERG,— dated London, March 6, 1793 :— " You cannot be more
enthusiastically fond of Botany than I am; and your letter promises me a fresh
instance, in addition to many already experienced, that this study— charming in
itself— is still more valuable as a key to the intercourse of the most amiable
minds. To Botany I owe friendships and connexions I else could have had no
chance of forming; and your Letter, overflowing with the milk of human kind-
ness, and with the amiable modesty of real merit, promises mo one which it will
be my most anxious care and ambition to deserve."

Viii PRELIMINARY DISCOURSES.

The successful culture of Vegetable Products, requires a know-
ledge of the character and habits of the Plants which yield them ;
and that knowledge — so far as it is possessed and applied — is neither
more nor less than practical Botany. He who is acquainted with
the greatest number, and best understands how to multiply the
most valuable, is at once the best Botanist, and the most accom-
plished Agriculturist and Gardener.

Is it not desirable, then, that we should extend our knowledge of
the useful Plants, — and learn to estimate correctly, their true and
relative values ? Is it not necessary, also, that we should have a
competent knowledge of the pernicious and worthless Plants ? But,
to accomplish this, is to make a respectable progress in the Science
of Botany. Hence I contend, that a certain portion of Botanical
knowledge is indispensable to the Farmer who aspires to excellence
in his profession, — and who would aid in elevating that profession
to the rank which it is intitled to hold, among human pursuits. —
It is not necessary that he should prosecute the study in all its
extent ; for that would be the business of a life-time : But he ought
to make himself acquainted with the Vegetation of the region, or
district, in which he resides,— and he should understand well the
character of all those plants which immediately concern him, as an
Agriculturist. This is a duty by no means so difficult as is generally
supposed: And with the aid now afforded by elementary and
systematic writers on the subject, the attainment is rendered as
agreeably interesting, to an intelligent mind, as it is profitable in
its practical -results. The man who does not know the more im-
portant plants by which he is surrounded — whose eye has not learnt
to discriminate their characters, — is deficient in one of the primary
qualifications of an enlightened cultivator of the •soil. In truth, it
is mortifying to see a good practical Farmer, or Gardener, ignorant
of some of the very plants which it most behoves him to know, —
wasting his time, and his energies, in mis-directed ^efforts to protect
himself from the vegetable pests which invade his grounds. Many
of our farms are already over-run with worthless weeds, which are
extremely difficult to subdue; -and we are menaced with the inroads
of others still more annoying and pernicious : Yet there are but
few of our Agriculturists who fire able to identify these invaders,
when they make their appearance, — or who seem to be aware of the
importance of prompt and vigorous measures for their extirpation.*

* I have seen an excellent old Farmer zealously waging war upon the fetid
Chamomile (Maruta. Cotula, DC.), under the mistaken belief that he was contend-
ing against that troublesome nuisance, the Ox-eye Daisy (Leucanthemum, vulgare,
Lam). Some years since, a distinguished agricultural gentleman published a

PRELIMINARY DISCOURSES. IX

This ought not to be the case, among a people invested with the
lofty privileges which we enjoy. The rising generation, at least,
should be taught to notice what they see, — to observe, to think, and
to discriminate. Our young Farmers should learn to cultivate their
minds, as carefully as they do their acres; and not be permitted to
grow up in the neglect of their noblest faculties, — nor — as a modern
writer expresses it — be content "to wander among the productions
of Nature, with little more perception, or enjoyment of her charms,
than a cow on a common, or a goose on a green."

It is not unusual to hear persons say, that they should really like
very much to cultivate an acquaintance with the Natural Sciences —
and especially Botany, — if they only had time for such pursuits. —
I beg leave to suggest to these worthy people, that they have mis-
apprehended the true nature of their complaint, — and that they
not only deceive, but really flatter themselves, by relying upon such
an excuse. It is not so much the want of time, which afflicts them,
as it is the want of taste, and the neglect of opportunities. Most
people contrive to find time for what they earnestly desire to do ;
and if driven to the necessity, are apt to take it, at any rate, for
those pursuits which they are resolved upon. But the fact is, we
all idle away countless hours of our existence — especially in the
morning of life — which might be successfully devoted to the attain-
ment of useful knowledge*

It is true, indeed, that the higher intellectual enjoyments, afforded
by "the amiable Science," can only be fully understood by those
who are blest with a lively sense of the Beautiful, in Nature. Its
purest delights necessarily inure to votaries of that description ; for,
according to the proverbial philosophy of honest SANCHO PANZA —
" No es la miel para la boca del asno:" Yet it is no less true, that
taste is a faculty which can be cultivated ; and opportunities to be
improved, happen to all. Some of the most enthusiastic and suc-
cessful students of Nature that I have ever known, prosecuted their
inquiries under a constant pressure of the every-day cares and
duties of life ; and yet were remarkable for the exemplary perform-
ance of those duties. •{•

series of essays, for the purpose of rousing the farmers to a simultaneous attack
•upon what he supposed to be the Canada Thistle, It was soon discovered, how-
ever, that the plant which he had in view, was the comparatively harmless
Dipsacus sylvestris, Mill, or Wild Teasel : and yet the real Canada Thistle (Cirrium
arvense, Scop.) was then actually introduced, and spreading around him, tmre«
cognized and unknown, either by himself or his neighbors J

f " Alas for us, when we become so sunk in utilitarian toil as to be blind to the
beauty with which even common cares are daily wreathed ! "— Miaa MABGARET
FULLER. «^»

ak,

ectin u

PRELIMINARY DISCOURSES.

,

In reflecting upon the interesting character of Botanical know-
ledge, and upon the many inducements to acquire it, — one i3
naturally led to ask, why a rational acquaintance with the Vegeta-
ble Products which every where surround us, and are literally
strewed along our paths, should not be adequately inculcated in all
our Seminaries, — and especially I would ask, why such a humaniz-
ing and elegant Science should not be made an indispensable branch
of Female Education. As a mere accomplishment, it is intitled to
rank with any of those ornamental acquirements to which so much
time is devoted. As a means of enlarging the views, and disciplin-
ing the mind — training it to habits of correct observation, and
profitable reflection, — the Study of Plants is far superior to many
of the fashionable and fugitive attainments, which so generally
engross the attention of young Ladies. It is a pursuit, too, which
carries with it its own reward. The knowledge which it affords, is
at once pleasing in the acquisition, and of enduring value. It is
continually called for, and always at command, — ready to minister
to the instruction and gratification of the possessor — whether in the
Garden, the Field, or the Forest.

These Studies — said the Roman Orator, on another occasion — and
the averment is no less applicable here, — these Studies are the intel-
lectual nourishment of youth, and the cheering recreation 0jf age ; they
adorn prosperity, and are the refuge and solace of adversity ; they are
pleasant at home, and are no incumbrance abroad; they abide with us
by night — go with us in all our travels — and lend additional charms to
the attractions of our rural retreats.*

Those who make only occasional visits, or excursions, in the
country, will find their pleasure greatly enhanced by an acquaint-
ance with the Plants which mainly contribute to the charms of the
scenery: But, by those whose constant residence is in the midst of
the vegetable tribes, a reasonable knowledge of Botany should be
regarded — not merely as an accomplishment, but — as one of the
indispensable qualifications for the duties of rural life.f I have

> * Ilaec Studia adolescentiam alunt, senectutem oblectant, secundas res ornant,
adversis perfugium ac solatium praebent; delectant domi, non impediunt foris ;
pernoctant nobiscum, peregrinantur, rusticantur. — CICERO, pro ARCHIA Poeta.

f " Si vous avez vraiment 1'amour de la Botanique, vous ne traversez pas une
prairie, YOUS ne suivez pas la haie d'un chemin sans etre en communication in-
time, je dirai presque en conversation avec les plantes qui sont autour de TOUS ;
vous les saluez du regard, si vous les connaissez, — sinon vous vous arretez aus-
sitot et les interrogez avec empressement et plaisir; et si vous voyagez, quel
interet profond et toujours nouveau s'attache a vos promenades ; comme vous vous
trouvez heureux en comparant votre ardeur a 1'air d'indifference et d'ennui du
promeueur oisif ou du touriste blase! "— E. GERMAIN, DE SAIXX PIERRE.

PBELIMINABY DI8COFB8ES.

already intimated the opinion, that an American Farmer should
blush to be ignorant of the objects of his peculiar care ; and I know
not why a Farmer's Wife, or Daughter, should be entirely excused
for a like deficiency. On the contrary, I am of opinion that it is to
Wives and Daughters we must look, for the commencement of a
salutary reformation in intellectual pursuits and discipline. The
work must begin at that early period of life, when the character is
being moulded under female auspices and care. The knowledge
here advocated, is unquestionably desirable for both sexes ; and I
sincerely believe, that the most effectual method for diffusing it,
will be — first properly to educate, and then — to invoke the co-opera-
tion of the Ladies. Their potent influence has been felt, and owned,
in many a noble cause ; and I cannot permit myself to doubt its
controlling eificacy in this.

DISCOUESE II.
Definition of the Vegetable Kingdom.

IN this Discourse, it is proposed to define what is meant by the
terms, Vegetable Kingdom, — and to notice those characters by which
a Plant is known, and distinguished from the other objects in
nature.

The material world has been arranged, by the generality of
Naturalists, in three great divisions, — which they have denominated
the Mineral, the Vegetable, and the Animal Kingdoms. These three
Kingdoms are, for the most part, readily distinguishable by the
jnost superficial observer; yet, so nearly do the tribes, on the con-
fines of the divisions, approach each other in structure and character,
that it is by no means easy, with descriptive phrases, or definitions,
to draw a satisfactory and unexceptionable line of demarcation
between them. We have no difficulty, indeed, in distinguishing an
Ox from an Oak tree — nor a cabbage from a boulder of granite : But,
when we descend to those humbler existences, called Zoophytes, and
Corallines, we are sometimes puzzled to determine which is Animal,
and which is Vegetable. Some of the lower orders of Plants, too,
(such as a portion of the Fungi, and Lichens,) are often so simple in
their structure, that they seem to be formed by a process somewhat
analogous to that of crystallization, — and therein are approximated
to the Mineral kingdom.

xii

PRELIMINARY DISCOURSES.

Various attempts have been made, by Naturalists, to designate
the distinguishing characters of the three great divisions. The
celebrated LINNAEUS, with his characteristic point, and brevity,
defined them thus: Stones (said he) grow; Vegetables grow, and
live; Animals grow, live, and feel.* It would be difficult, if not
impracticable, to giv« a better definition in the same number of
words : But the description furnished by Prof. DE CANDOLLE, will
probably be considered as more complete and satisfactory, -j-

The bodies existing in nature— says the distinguished and lament-
ed Professor of Geneva — may be ranked under two great divisions : —

I. INORGANIC BODIES, — or those which are rude, homogeneous in
their structure, destitute of life, and growing only by the mere
addition of similar particles to their exterior surface.

II. ORGANIC BODIES, — composed of heterogeneous parts, endowed
with life, and growing by the introduction of dissimilar particles
within the intimate tissue, or vessels of which those parts are
formed.

Inorganic bodies may be considered as of two kinds : Some of them
of immense magnitude, sphaeroidal in their figure, and distributed
through space, — constituting what are called Stars, or heavenly
bodies ; the others, comparatively small, situated on our globe, and
all tending more or less to the crystalline form, — being known under
the general name of Minerals.

Organic bodies are also of two kinds: the one destitute of sensation, of
voluntary motion, and of a stomach, — namely, Vegetables; the
other, endowed with sensation, capable of voluntary motion, and
furnished with an internal sac, called a stomach, — these are
Animals.

The foregoing classification may be recapitulated thus :

I. INORGANIC BODIES — dead, homogeneous, growing by juxta-
position : two kinds, —

1. One kind, celestial and sphaeroidal — Stars.

2. The other, terrestrial and crystallizable — Minerals.

* The following are the words used by him, whom PULTENEY designates as the
"high priest" of the Science -.—Lapides crescunt; Vtgetabilia, crescunt, etvivunt;
Animalia crescunt, vivunt, et sentiunt.

f The following, from AUGUSTS DE ST. HILAIRE, .presents, neatly and briefly, the
distinction between inorganic and organic bodies. " Parmi les corps qui nous
environnent, les uns, bruts et inertes, sont prives de mouvement et de vie; ils ne
naissent point, ils se formcnt; ils ne se nourrissent pas, Us s'agglomerent : ils ne
meurent point, ils se decomposent. Les autres, au contraires, naissent pourrus
d'organes destines a des fonctions diyerses ; ils vivent,se nourrissent, se deyeloppent,
et, avant de se decomposer, ils meurent. Les premiers sont les corps inorganiques»
les seconds lea corps organises."— Morphologic Vegetalc,

PRELIMINARY DISCOURSES. XiU

II. ORGANIC BODIES — living, heterogeneous, growing by intus-
susception ; two kinds, —

1. One kind, destitute of sensation, of voluntary! yegetdbles
motion, and of a stomach. /

2. The other, endowed with sensation, capable of \A- ^
voluntary motion, and provided with a stomach. /

Certain Naturalists have been so forcibly impressed by the con-
templation of the gradual and near approach of the two great
divisions of organized beings, that they have thought we should
admit of but a single class, — which they have designated* by the
name of the organic kingdom:. Others, again, have proposed to
establish an intermediate kingdom, between animals and vegetables,
to consist of Zoophytes, Sea-weeds, and Mushrooms. Both pro-
positions, however, have been rejected by the generality of Natural-
ists, with great unanimity.

On this head, and in further illustration of the subject, the
eminent Author here cited remarks — that those being& which seem
to us to be intermediate between animals and plants, ought rather
to be considered as evidences of our ignorance, than as proofs of
the existence of a peculiar class-; and although it may be correct to
Bay, that the two organic kingdoms havfrsuch striking resemblances,
and approximate so nearly, that a satisfactory line of demarcation
cannot be drawn, they nevertheless present differences of such a
character that it is useful to separate them, — seeing that these dif-
ferences exert an influence upon the progress of the study, in
the two kingdoms, and consequently upon the logic of the two
Sciences.

Assuming as a fact — or as an extremely probable hypothesis —
that Animals are endowed with sensibility, and that Vegetables are
destitute of it, we shall see resulting from that supposition, nearly
all the differences that we observe between animals and plants ; be-
tween Zoology and Botany.

Since Animals have a consciousness of their existence, and a
sensation of pain and pleasure, it is natural to suppose that they
should endeavor to avoid the former sensation, and seek the latter,
— that is to say, that they should be endowed with the faculty of
voluntary motion ; for, if we supposed them destitute of this faculty,
we should have no means of ascertaining their sensibility. Plants,
on the contrary, can perform no other motions than those which are
produced by external agents, or by certain mechanical circum-
stances of their structure. These motions can be neither voluntary,
nor truly locomotive.

XiV PRELIMINABY DISCOURSES.

An Animal, endowed with sensibility and the power of motion,
can select the food necessary for his subsistence, — and go in quest
of it, when he does not find it in his immediate vicinity; and can
seize it, in order to appropriate it to himself. He can, consequently,
nourish himself with various kinds of matter, — even with kinds
which are but partially distributed in nature — being such as are
already organized.

A Plant, on the contrary, being unable to distinguish what is
proper for its sustenance, or to seize any kind of prey, must neces-
sarily nourish itself with matters which are so generally diffused
over the globe as to be found almost every where ; which are suf-
ficiently inert to oppose no resistance to the feeble means of absorp-
tion with which it is provided, — and sufficiently soft and yielding
to require no mechanical division. Consequently, there are none
but inorganic substances — such as water, air, and matters which
are soluble in those two vehicles — adapted to that purpose ; and these
are, in fact, the substances which serve for the nutrition of plants.

Animals, then, can select for their nourishment, a great variety
of matter, — and consequently, the organs of their nutrition must
present a corresponding diversity : Vegetables, on the other hand,
are nearly all subsisted on the same materials, — and therefore,
their organs of nutrition are very nearly similar.

Animals, which select their food, often experience intervals in
which they are unable to procure such as is suitable for them ; and
when they do find it, they lay in a provision to last them for a
time. It is necessary, then, that they should be furnished with a
receptacle in which to deposit their store of nourishment: thia
receptacle is called the stomach. Plants, being constantly surrounded
by their appropriate aliment, and never changing their position,
have no necessity to lay in a stock of provisions, — and accordingly
have no stomach in which to receive it.

The nourishment of Animals being deposited in an internal cavity,
all the vessels of the animal are found converging toward that
centre : But in Plants, the absorbing vessels are directed toward
the surface. Animals, says BOERHAAVE, are nourished by internal
roots, — and Plants by external roots : Consequently, the structure
of vegetables will be calculated to multiply surfaces, — and will be
perfect in proportion as it is fitted to accomplish that object. The
organic structure of animals, having a central tendency, will be
perfect in proportion to the perfection of their internal organization.

Inasmuch as the essential seat of nutrition, in Animals, is placed
in the interior — and as the vessels are all directed toward and about
that centre,— those vessels must continue to perform the same

PRELIMINARY DISCOURSES. XV

office, during the existence of the animal: But the vessels of Plants
being directed to the exterior, there will be a constant possibility,
either of their being elongated, or of new ones being developed on
the outer surface. There will then, consequently, be a certain limit
to the growth of Animals; but none to that of Vegetables. There
will then, in Animals, be a death from old age ; which will happen
when the existing vessels — not being capable of renovation — shall
be obstructed by the influx and lodgment of the minute particles of
matter which are conveyed to them. This cause of death does not
occur in Vegetables — at least, not in perennial vegetables, — since
new vessels may be indefinitely developed, and take upon them-
selves the office of the old ones. Animals, therefore, die of old age,
or of accidents ; perennial Plants of accide'nts, only.

In consequence of Animals having a centre of nutrition, and of
life, it follows that they can rarely, if ever, be divisible into several
individuals ; for those animals called Polypi — which seem to be an
exception to this rule — ought rather to be considered as aggrega-
tions of a number of individuals : Plants, on the contrary, having
no common centre — and being endowed with the faculty of pro-
ducing new vessels to an indefinite extent — may be divided without
loss of life, and can be indefinitely multiplied by cuttings.*

From the general considerations thus presented, the following
Principles seem to result : —

1. That the differences between the two organized kingdoms
consist essentially in this, — that one of them is endowed with sensi-
bility, and the power of voluntary motion, of which the other is
destitute.

2. That the general office, or business of Plants — in the great
system of a wise and beneficent Providence — is to elaborate and
prepare inorganic matter, so that it may become fitted for the
nourishment of Animals :f and

* This is more particularly true, however, in those plants which form buds, and
live more than a single season; for the buds of trees, and shrubs, may be regard-
ed as so many distinct Individuals, congregated on a common stock. Even those
perennials with herbaceous stems, which die down to the ground every winter,
form a kind of buds in the crown of the root (or rhizomd), from which proceed
the aerial stems of the ensuing summer. Those plants called annuals (which
germinate from the seed, bloom and perfect their fruit, and die, as it were a natural
death, within the year) rarely produce anything like buds : and are by no
means so susceptible of division, or multiplication by cuttings, as the woody
perennialt.

t"It is one of the laws of nature that Animals shall feed on organized matter,
and Vegetables on unorganized. For the support of animal life, therefore, we
require vegetables to change the mineral constituents of the surrounding media
Into suitable nutriment."— Prof. HA&VIY.

XVl PBELIMINABY DISCOUBSES.

3. That in the study of those two kingdoms, we should never
lose sight of the essential characters which distinguish them ; and
should extend the application of the principles, which are peculiar
to each, with great caution, — lest we be misled by a false analogy.

DISCOUKSE III.
External organs of Plants, — and their successive modifications.

IN the preceding Discourse, we endeavored to furnish a definition,
or distinct idea, of the three great kingdoms in Nature, — and,
especially, to present a Sketch of the general resemblance, and dis-
tinguishing characters, of the two organic kingdoms, from the
learned Treatise of Professor DE CANDOLLE. We shall now proceed
to notice some of the more remarkable traits, and phenomena, of
the vegetable economy. For an illustration of the intimate struc-
ture, and physiology of Plants, the Student is referred to the
admirable Text-Book of Prof. A. GRAY : Our present purpose being
merely to speak of the external organs, — or those obvious appen-
dages, and features, which give character to the vegetable tribes,
and form the basis of classification.

It is a circumstance worthy of all attention, and admiration, that
the works of Nature — even those apparently the most complicated
and elaborate — are ever, when rightly understood, found to be per-
formed with extremely few materials, and by the simplest of all
possible processes. This truth is exemplified in the most interesting
manner, in the structure and economy of Plants. Infinite as are
the forms, and varied as is the texture, of the external organs of
plants, — it has been satisfactorily shown, that all those protean
appendages are, in fact, nothing more than a series of successive
modifications (or metamorphoses, as they have been termed,) of that
tissue which, in the germinating seeds, appears in the condition of
crude cotyledons, — and which in subsequent stages — as the plants are
developed and matured — is put forth in the more highly organized
State of stem leaves, floral leaves (or bracts], sepals, petals, stamens ,
and pistils (or young fruit}. For an early, ample, and most interest-
ing exposition of this doctrine, we are indebted to the celebrated

PEELIMINAEY DISCOURSES. STl

German Poet, GOETHE, — whose writings show him to have been no
less accomplished in Botany, than eminent in Belles-Lettres. *

In accordance with the view here presented, a Plant may proper-
ly be said to consist of root, stem, and leaves ; — all other parts —
under whatever name — being modifications of these. The limits
assigned to these discourses forbid a complete illustration of the
doctrine : but a brief sketch may be attempted, of the more strik-
ing modifications which the external organs undergo, during the
development of a plant: — i. e. in its progress from the germinat-
ing seed, up to the perfection of its fruit. Those who read French,
may find the doctrine elaborately set forth in SAINT-HILAIRE'S Mor-
phologic Vegetate ; and in our own language, it may be found briefly
but well explained, in the elementary works of GRAY, and LINDLEY.
To prevent misapprehension, however, it may be well to let the
student understand the precise and proper sense in which the term
metamorphosis is used, by the Botanists. "When, for instance, the
floral organs are called modified or metamorphosed leaves, it is not to
be supposed that a petal has ever actually been a green leaf,
and has subsequently assumed a more delicate texture and hue, or
that stamens and pistils have previously existed in the state of
foliage; but only that what is fundamentally one and the same
organ developes, in the progressive evolution of the plant, under
each or any of these various forms. When the individual organ
has once fairly begun to develope, its destiny is fixed." — GRAY'S
Text-Book.

It has been aptly remarked, that the best mode of explaining things,
is to show how they come to pass. That is the mode adopted by
GOETHE, in explaining the metamorphosis now under consideration ;
and it is the one we shall endeavor to pursue.

It will be borne in mind, that a sound and perfect seed (by which
is meant, one that is capable of vegetating,) is neither more nor
less than a plant in miniature — rudimentary, it is true, but an
organized, living plant, — existing in a dormant state, or what may
be called suspended vitality. It awaits but the joint application of
certain vivifying agents (namely, warmth, moisture, and oxygen,)
to rouse it into active life ; when its bursts its envelopes, and com-
mences its career of growth. The opinion, so generally entertained,

* It is due, however, to truth and justice, to say, that very fev important doc-
trines, or views, concerning the Vegetable kingdom, have yet been promulgated, of
which " the immortal SWEDE " had not some intelligent perception. The idea so
happily illustrated by GOETHE, had very nearly occurred to the mind of LINNAEUS,
about the middle of the last century. It was first distinctly enunciated by C. I'R.
WOLFF, in 17 64.

PRELIMINARY DISCOURSES.

that "seeds must die before they can come up," is a vulgar error.
Seeds that die, never "come up." The error probably originated
from observing the condition of the albumen, in seeds of the cerealia,
or edible grains, at the period of germination. The efficient cause,
or intimate nature, of growth, we do not, of course, pretend to
understand. Such knowledge is now — and perhaps will remain —
beyond the reach of finite beings ; but the physical agents concerned
— their operations and results — and the laws which regulate them —
the curious observer can both perceive and comprehend, to a very
satisfactory extent. The solid portion of Plants is made up, mainly,
of an infinity of slender fibres, and delicate membranes — forming
tubes, and cells, for conveying and containing fluids ; and the
physical process of growth consists in the extension and multiplica-
tion of those tubes and cells. When the fibrous portion (which
results from elongated cells,) predominates, the plant becomes firm
and woody; and when the strictly cellular structure prevails —
whether in stem, leaves, or fruit — the product is fleshy, tender and
succulent. The same wise Power which endowed plants with
vitality, and the capacity for growth, or development, has also
established laws to control that development, — whereby each plant
assumes a determinate form and character; which, although liable
to variation in the subordinate features (as in texture, size, color,
or other trait of secondary importance in the vegetable economy),
are nevertheless essentially perpetuated in the species. It is this
fixedness of character which enables the Botanist to recognize, and
distinguish, the various kinds, — and, in classifying them, to ar-
range each with its kindred.

But our present business is with the changes or modifications,
which successively take place, at successive stages of development, in
the foliaceous appendages of the same plant. Naturalists have
observed, that in the stems and branches of plants, there are small
portions, found at certain intervals, which are more firm and dense
than the other parts. These firmer portions are termed knots, or
nodes, — and the intervening spaces are called internodes. These
nodes exist, under some form, and in greater or less abundance, in
all stems: sometimes being crowded together, and condensed at
certain points of the stem, so as to form complete, and often solid"
rings (or joints, as they have been rather incorrectly termed) ; at
others, they are much divided, and appear in scattered points on
the circumference, — in which latter case, they are usually disposed
in an ascending spiral line. They seem to have an intimate con-
nection with the formation of all leaves, and buds, — and are, at least,

PBELIMINARY DISCOURSES. XlX

the starting points from which those organs are evolved, during the
growth of the plant.* Even the stem of the embryo plant, as it exists
in the seed, has its nodes, — with the first of which the cotyledons
are connected, and at the next above, we find those minute expan-
sions known by the name of primordial leaves. The internode*, or
spaces between those little knots in the stem, may be long, or
short, — which will, of course, determine the distance between the
leaves. They may be so short as scarcely to be perceptible, — in
which case the leaves will necessarily be brought close together, in
tufts or bunches ; or they may even be wholly suppressed, as it is
termed, — so as to reduce the leaves to the same plane ; either in
opposite pairs, if but turn are developed, — or in vchorls of the normal
number in the circuit of the stem, if all are developed. If the nodes
are scattered, or disposed in a spiral line, the leaves, of course, will
be arranged in the same order, on the stem and branches. Thus we
are furnished with a key to the whole mystery of the arrangement of
leaves and buds, — and consequently, of the branches, which arise
from the buds. We shall now be prepared to watch the development
of the foliaceous appendages of the plant, — and the successive changes
of their form and character, as the stem ascends. The cotyledons (in
that large division of the vegetable kingdom which is provided with
two of those organs,) are always opposite, — as likewise are, for the
most part, the next pair of leaves — called primordial : but the suc-
ceeding ones are variously arranged, in different families — either
alternate, opposite, or vtrticillate. The leaves on the stem, and
branches, usually differ in form, also, from those early rudimentai
leaves which appear at germination. If the plant is duly nourished,
the leaves are apt to be well developed until it has reached its
destined height — or is sufficiently matured far flowering, — when they
usually become smaller. In several natural families, there are
foliaceous appendages, or accompaniments, at the base of the leaves,
or petioles, which seem to be a sort of exuberant growth, or super-
numerary products : these are called stipules.

In sterile, or ungenial soils, the leafy expansions are less com-
plete, and are liable to modifications which appear to be the acci-
dental result of defective nourishment, — though they often become
fixed, and permanently characteristic. Prof. DE CANDOLLE terms

* Sometimes the bud— instead of being in the axil of the leaf, as is usual— is
formed and situated directly under, and within, the base of (he petiok ; in which
case, consequently, the hollow base of the petiole covers the bud, as an extin-
guisher does the stump of a candle. This feature is well exhibited, in autumn,
by the Buttonwood Tree (Platanus); and may be likewise observed in the common
petioles of the Bhus, the Rdbinia, and the Cladrattis (or Virgilia).

XX PRELIMINARY DISCOURSES.

the process, degentrescence — i. e. a sort of degeneracy, or habitually
stunted growth, Thus, in some plants, we find the true stem-leaves
habitually curtailed of their fair proportions, — compound leaves
being reduced to simple disks, or dilated petioles, called phyllodia,
— simple leaves starved into mere needle-like processes, — and stipules
shrunk into prickles ; while even woody branches, under a similar
privation, often appear in the character of true thorns. By taking
this view of the vegetable economy, we are not only led to contem-
plate the various modifications with great interest — but are put
completely on our guard against any illusion, or misapprehension of
the real nature of apparent irregularities, or so-called anomalies. —
We know that the proper place to find a leaf, is at the nodes: "We
shall generally find one there. It will sometimes be very small —
sometimes reduced to a mere scale, or midrib — or it may even be
entirely wanting ; but that's the place to look for it, — and if we find
any thing occupying the normal position of a leaf, or stipule, we shall
be prepared to understand its true character. So of the other organs.
Whatever strange-looking appendage we may find in the proper
position of any organ, — we shall at once comprehend, that it is some
disguised form, or modification, of that particular organ.*

* This view of the subject, I would wish to impress strongly, and distinctly, on
the mind of the Botanical Student. Every organ of a plant being liable to modi-
fication, we must take care not to be misled by appearances ; but be constantly
suspicious of all disguises, or deviations from regular structure, and symmetry. —
The clew to real character — as intimated in the text — will be afforded by the posi-
tion of an organ. In the grape-vine, for example, those anomalous organs, called
tendrils, will be found occupying the normal position of flowering branches; and
observation has shown that they are, in fact, nothing but abortive or metamor <
phosed racemes. They may be often seen in the transition state, — some of the
subdivisions of the tendrils actually l>e&ringjlou>ers. Prof. DE CANDOLLE even con-
sidered the main stems of twining plants as partaking of the character, and verg-
ing towards the condition, of tendrils ; and his opinion is rendered plausible by
what we see in many climbers. In some species of Clematis, and in Adltimia, the
petioles, or footstalks of the leaves, perform the office; and in the vetches, or Pea
tribe, the common petioles usually terminate in real tendrils. In certain leafless
plants — such as the Opuntia, or prickly Pear, and some species of Phyllanthus, —
the stem assumes the flat, dilated figure — and, to some extent, actually performs
the function — of leaves : But, with the aid of our Theory, there is no danger of
mistaking the real character of any of these " counterfeit presentments."

The change of calyx, and receptacle, into apparent fruit — by reason of the
copious development of cellular tissue, in those organs, is not an unusual occur-
rence. Their position, however, in relation to the other parts of the flower, ren-
ders the circumstance perfectly intelligible.. The gradual conversion of pistils,
or carpels, into the countless varieties of mature fruit, is readily explained by
this development of tissues. In their early, rudimental stage, at the opening of
the flowers, the texture of the carpels is very similar in all plants; but, during
their growth, and progress to maturity, a great change is effected in the different

PRELIMINARY DISCOURSES. Xxl

When a plant is full-grown, or sufficiently matured to bloom, a
striking change takes place. Slender branches are often thrown out,
— or the internodes near the summit of the stem become suddenly
elongated ; there is usually, also, a great diminution observable in
the size — and frequently an entire change in the outline, or figure —
of the foliage, on the flowering branches. Next we find, in many
instances, a sort of transition leaves, called bracts, in the immediate
vicinity of the flowers. These bracts are sometimes scarcely changed,
in appearance, from the other leaves on the stem and branches ; but
we find them, occasionally, assuming the hue, and almost the tex-
ture, of petals. Having thus ascertained that bracts are nothing
more than modified leaves, — we now approach the flower, itself, —
which is always the termination, or concluding development, of a
stem, or branch;* and here we find, in many plants, a whorl of
green leaflets (or sepals — composing what is called the calyx,} at the
base of the flower, so little altered from the small leaves immediate-
ly below, that we have no hesitation in considering them as of
precisely the same nature; — the only difference being, that, by the
suppression of internodes, they are arranged in a ring (called a
verticil, or whorl,) at the summit of the peduncle, or ultimate branch
of the flower-stalk. This is the regular mode of arrangement, of all
the parts of a flower. The sepals, petals, stamens — and even the
pistils, in symmetrical flowers (i. e. when all the parts, which normally
belong to them, are present) — are all disposed in a succession of
verticils. In the flowers of the DICOTYLEDONS, or Exogenous Plants,
each floral verticil, when complete, is composed of five modified
leaves — or some multiple of that number. It may — and often does —
vary from this, by reason of a suppression of some of the parts ; but
five is the normal, or what may be termed the constitutional number,
in the floral verticils of that great division of the vegetable king-
kinds — according as the rascular and fibrous, or the cellular, tissue predominate?.
In the one case, we have dry, skinny, woody, or even bony, seedvessels; and in
the other, we find the product to be Qeshy, pulpy and succulent fruits. Even in
the same pericarp, we often see one portion tender and juicy, — while another
portion is parchment-like, or bony; as in pomes, and drupes — or apples and
cherries. It is only necessary to extend and apply this doctrine to all the modified
organs of plants — and to keep the idea constantly in mind — in order to compre-
hend the whole mystery of metamorphosis.

* Although, for convenience in descriptive phraseology, we often say that flowers
are lateral, axillary, sessile, Ac., it should, nevertheless, be constantly borne in
mind, that a flower is always the terminal and crowning development — as the
fruit is the final product— -of a stem, or branch; that the pedicels of aggregated
florets are the ultimate ramifications of the main flowering stalk, — and that wheu
a flower appears to be sessile, it is merely by the suppression — more or less com*
pletc — of the internode which normally constitutes its proper peduncle.

SX11 PRELIMINARY DISCOURSES.

clom. Often, indeed, one or more entire verticils are suppressed, —
presenting flowers destitute of calyx, or corolla — or sometimes with
one of these, and either the stamens, or pistils, also wanting.* In
the MONOCOTYLEDONS, or Endogenous Plants, — such as the Liliaceous
and Orchideous tribes, Grasses, Sedges, &c., — three, and its multiples,
constitute the regular, symmetrical number, of the members of each
floral verticil ; but they are often incomplete, or wholly suppressed.
In the Liliaceae, we frequently find some of them doubled, — while
in the Grasses, and Cyperaceae, all but the ataminate verticil are
usually deficient.

The leaflets, or component parts of the several verticils, are in
many instances all free — i. e. separate and distinct from each other ;
and this is regarded as their normal or regular condition : But we
often find them united, or cohering together, to- a greater or less
extent — either by their margins, or surfaces, or both ; and this
union is apt greatly to disguise their primitive character. Such
cohesions, or solderings, as they are termed, are analogous to the
process of ingrafting, or rather inarching, — and may be readily sup-
posed to take place while the tender organs are closely packed
together, in their forming stage. Sometimes the sepals are united
by their margins, so as to form a cup, at the base of the flower, — and
this suggested the name of calyx. When the union is nearly com-
plete, a careless obserrer might be puzzled to know whether the
calyx were really compound, or simple, in its structure ; but our
theory leadsus to lo-ok for evidences of a compound structure, — and we
accordingly find them in the free points of the sepals, which are
usually obviows enough, under the name of segments, or teeth, —
and also in the seams, or sutures, formed by the junction of the
margins. The union of the petals is often quite as remarkable as
that of the sepals, and sometimes greatly obscures the normal struc-
ture,— as we see in what are called personate, and labiate flowers.
Similar cohesions take place, likewise, among the stamens, and
pistils. The modified leaflets, or parts of the same floral verticil,
are not only liable to cohere with each other, — but the different
verticils are also frequently soldered together, at base — so as to form

* Flowers are termed symmetrical, when all the parts of each verticil are devel-
oped; regular, where the parts, present in a verticil, are all of the same form and
size; complete, when both calyx and corolla are present; and perfect, when each
flower is furnished with both stamens and pistils. When stamens, or pistils, are
defective, or wanting in & portion of the flowers, while they are perfectly developed
in others, the flowers are said to be polygamous ; and they are termed monoicous,
or dioicous, when simply staminate, or pistillate, — according to their distribution OB
the same, or on different, plants.

PRELIMINARY DISCOURSES. XX111

one concrete mass ; in which case the ovary (or young fruit) appears
to be below the flower, and is said to be inferior, though it is really
above, — being within the tube, formed by the cohering sepals, &c.,
and consolidated therewith.

The next regular verticil, above the calyx, is called the corolla.
The leaflets of this, are usually much more changed than those of
the calyx; but even here, we find such various intermediate forms as
clearly show that the petals, also, are nothing but modified foliage.
In further corroboration of this view, we observe in many plants
what seems to be a kind of supernumerary verticil, — sometimes situ-
ated between the calyx and corolla, and sometimes between the
corolla and the stamens ; which supernumeraries are apt to be very
curiously modified, — and are obviously in a state of transition, either
from sepals to petals, or from petals to stamens. These are com-
monly called nectaries. The same remarks apply to the two remain-
ing regular verticils of the flower, known as stamens, and pistils.

Singular as it may seem, to the uninitiated, even those organs
are now regarded as leaflets, which have reached the final stage of
metamorphosis ; for both have been detected in such form and condi-
tion as clearly betrayed their foliaceous origin. The reciprocal con-
vertibility of petals and stamens, is a fact familiar to every Tyro in
Botany. All double flowers — so common under high garden culture
— are familiar examples of staminate verticils being expanded into
petals, instead of conforming to the regular law of their nature ;
and hence, those exuberant developments — so much admired by
Florists — are considered by Naturalists as accidents, or monstros-
ities.

The pistils, too — which comprise the young fruit— although less
frequently, are subject to a similar imperfection ; and the very ovules,
or rudiments of seeds, have been found retrograding, — so as to
exhibit their tender cotyledons in the form of leafy expansions.*
Thus, it appears that the whole of the external organs of a Plant
may be fairly regarded as so many leaves, in various successive

*Each simple pistil may be regarded as & folded leaflet, in the last stage of modi-
fication, preparatory to the formation of ovules, — and is often termed a carpel, or
little fruit. The ovules are usually produced on the margins of the metamorphos-
ed leaf, — and arc arranged on the placenta (supposed to be formed by the union or
decurrence of their pedicels), along the seam, formed by the junction of those
margins. When there are several pistils, or carpels, in one flower — and those
soldered together, — we have, of course, a compound fruit, with several cells; i. e.
a cell for each carpel. But some of the ovules — and even entire cells, or carpels —
may be, and often are, wholly suppressed, or abortive; thereby impairing the
symmetry of the structure — but leaving the phenomenon perfectly intelligible.

XX1Y PRELIMINARY DISCOURSES.

stages of metamorphosis, from their origin to their end — from seed
to seed again.

DISCOURSE IV.
Classification of Plants. Artificial and Natural Methods.

HAVING seen that the external organs of Plants consist, funda-
mentally, of those appendages called leaves, — which are regularly
modified, and prepared for their several functions, at the successive
stages of the vegetable career, — we shall now proceed to notice
some of the Methods, by which Naturalists have proposed to facilitate
a more extended and particular acquaintance with the different
kinds: — i. e. with the Genera, and Species, of the vegetable king-
dom. Although the organs of the various tribes assume an almost
endless variety of forms, and aspects — and even in the same species,
are subject to considerable modification, by the influence of culture,
soil, climate, and other circumstances, — it has been observed, never-
theless, that the peculiar structure, and essential character, of each
particular family, are remarkably constant, and well defined. Even
the monstrosities produced by long culture, disease, or other accident,
usually retain enough of their primitive features to enable us to
recognize them, under all their disguises. It is this constancy, or
permanence of character, which affords the basis of all classification ;
and classification, or the grouping together of kindred individuals, is
the apparatus by which our conceptions of objects are so arranged,
and fixed, as to secure a comprehensive general view, — while it
facilitates all subordinate and detailed investigations.*

The most important, or conspicuous organs of plants — their most
constant and characteristic features — whether consisting in the struc-
ture, the presence, or even the absence, of particular parts, have

*It would be impracticable, without the machinery of classification, to make any
important advances in Natural knowledge, — or to leave any durable traces of
our progress, in such knowledge, for the benefit of those who come after us. To
use a nautical term, we must bday all the information we acquire, if we wish to
render it permanently available to others : and the best belaying fixtures, to pre-
vent entanglement and confusion in Natural History, will be found in the most
lucid and practical systematic arrangement. " Omnia " — says LINNAEUS — " quae a
nobis vere dignosci possunt, dependent a CLARA METHODO, qua distinguimus similia a
dissimitibus."

PRELIMINARY DISCOURSES. XXV

accordingly been employed by the early Botanists, in constructing
systems of classification.*

Some have based the arrangement on the texture and size of
plants — classing them in divisions of Herbs, Shrubt, and Trees; others,
again, on the structure and form of the Calyx, the Corolla, the Fruit,
&c. or on the presence, or absence, of some important organ: And,
in our own times, the favorite object — following JUSSIEU and DE
CANDOLLE — is to arrange plants strictly according to their affinities, —
to group together, in Orders and Tribes, those which are most
nearly related in all the features, and properties, which constitute
character. These various Systems may be all regarded as forming
only two kinds, — namely, the Artificial, and Natural Methods; —
though, in point of fact, the artificial methods are more or less
founded in Nature, — and in the most perfect natural arrangements,
yet devised, artificial sections, or groupings, are still resorted to, as
useful helps and expedients. "What we call a natural method" —
says the excellent Prof. GRAY — "is so termed merely because it ex-
presses the natural relationship of plants as far as practicable ; for
every form yet contrived, or likely to be devised, is to a considerable
extent, artificial."

The great and obvious defect of the methods called artificial, con-
sists in their being founded on the fewest possible characters, —
whereby plants are arbitrarily brought together without reference
to their intimate structure, or general relationship with each other ;
and hence it often happens, in such methods, that plants which are
essentially dissimilar, are arranged side by side ; while kindred species
are widely separated. This defect is inherent in all artificial systems ;
and therefore, the most of them are only tolerable on account of
the facilities which they afford in determining unknown genera and
species — or ascertaining the names of particular plants. The system,
however, which was devised by the celebrated LINNAEUS, has the
merit of combining some of the advantages of both the artificial and
natural methods ; and will probably long continue to be employed,
as a convenient and useful help to the investigations of young
Beginners. It is, indeed, very remarkable, how many natural
families of plants are kept nearly entire, under the Sexual System.
The Linnaean classification, of the flowering plants, is founded on
the characters of two of their most important organs, — namely, the

* The late Professor B. S. BARTON, in his Elements of Botany, has given a Syn-
opsis of seventeen different methods of artificial arrangement,— from that ofCAESAL-
PISUS, "the Father of Systematic Botany"— which was published in 1583— down to
the Linnaean method, as modified by THUXBERG, near the close of the last century.
As a matter of curiosity, they are worth consulting.

XXVI PRELIMINARY DISCOURSES.

ttamens, and the pistils. The primary divisions, or Classes, are
established mainly on the number, situation, proportion, and connec-
tion, of the stamens ; while a large portion of the secondary divisions,
or Orders, is based simply on the number of the pistils. Some
exceptions occur in the foundation of the Orders : but they are all
very intelligible, and readily understood by the student. It is
obvious, therefore, that nothing can be easier to acquire, than a
knowledge of the Linnean Classes and Orders. The practiced eye
— even in a flower that it has never before seen — determines them
at a glance.

The genus, and species — which are the remaining subdivisions — are
to be ascertained as in all other systems; the former, from the
structure of the flower and fruit, — the latter, from the peculiar
and permanent characters of the residue of the plant.

It has been often objected to the Linnaean method, that there
are too many exceptions to the rules of classification, — that a num-
ber of genera comprise species which, according to the system,
belong to a different Class, or Order, — and thus mislead and puzzle
the student. This objection is undoubtedly founded on fact ; but
the inconvenience has been somewhat exaggerated, — and may be
greatly remedied, and almost obviated, by simply putting a list of
those anomalies at the foot of the respective orders, where the sys-
tem would lead us to look for them. Where this is carefully done,
it even seems to facilitate the determination of such irregular
species, — directly pointing them out by name, and designating the
genera to which they severally belong. It may be questioned,
moreover, whether the exceptions in the definitions of many natural
Orders, are not even more numerous than those complained of in
the Linnaean method. Instructive, and delightfully interesting, as
is the contemplation of the truly natural families, — it seems to be
necessary to make the definitions of some of them very loose, and
comprehensive, in order to embrace all the individuals admitted to
belong to them : * so much so, indeed, that unless the student has

* Take, for instance, the very first family, in Prof. DE CANDOILE'S method of
arrangement — viz. the order RANUNCCLACEAE ; where we find the following diver-
sified— not to say incongruous — characters, enumerated in the definition of the
order:— Her bs, or woody vines, with leaves variously dissected, or entire— polypetal-
ous, or apetalous — flowers regular, or irregular — sepals 5, 3, or 15 — petals 3 to 15,
or wanting — stamens indefinite, rarely few— pistils many, or few, rarely single —
fruits either dry pods, or akenes, or berries, 1, or several-seeded ! This is, unques-
tionably, a correct outline of the features of a natural family — sketched, too, by
the hand of a master; yet, a Beginner in Botany would probably be apt to think
that as a definition, it is rather indefinite,— and he would, no doubt, be thankful
for any artificial helps that might tend to facilitate his researches.

PRELIMINARY DISCOURSES. XXTll

already acquired a considerable knowledge of the vegetable tribes,
he often finds himself puzzled, and discouraged, in his attempts to
ascertain the names, and true position among them, of specimens
which are new and strange to him. In order to abate this incon-
venience, it has been found expedient, from time to time, to remove
the most discordant members of the old families, and make them
the types of new orders ; and in this way, the number of the orders
has been exceedingly multiplied. In fact, their name is legion ;
and the danger is, that it will soon be more difficult for the young
Botanist to ascertain the natural Order of a strange plant, than it
was to determine the genus and species, by the Linnaean method.
The learned and sagacious JUSSIEU — who first elaborated and
published a Natural System, in 1789, — arranged the vegetable
kingdom in 15 Classes, and 100 natural Orders, or Families: but
the great work of ENDLICHER, in 1840, gives us no less than 61
Classes, and 277 Orders, — with Tribes, and Sub-tribes, almost in-
numerable. These Orders are continually multiplying ; for, when-
ever the acute investigations of our modern Botanists detect incom-
patibilities in any member of an existing family, a new Order is
forthwith created, for its reception and accommodation. The ex-
pedient is very convenient — and no doubt very proper : though it
obviously threatens to result in an appalling multitude of Orders, —
which may require some artificial devices, to furnish a practical
clew to the position of unknown plants, in the great labyrinth of
Flora.

But, after all — however convenient and agreeable may be the
aids afforded to the Beginner, by artificial methods, — and however
intractable some genera may be, in associating with any known
natural Orders,— it must be confessed, that the method which teaches
us to investigate the essential characters and true relations of
plants, and which enables us to arrange them in kindred groups,
according to their respective affinities, is the only true philosophical
Botany;— the only method, in short, which entitles the pursuit to
the appellation of a Science. Although— as we have just intimated
— the relationship between the members of some natural orders, as
at present constituted, is not very striking, — yet there are numerous
and vast groups, composed of plants so obviously related to each
other, that all the world — both learned and unlearned — have con-
curred in referring them to the same family. Of these, it is suf-
ficient to mention, here, the great natural Orders of Grasses, Um-
belliferous, and Leguminous Plants— and those bearing what are
called Syngenesious, or Compound Flowers. We may add, moreover,

XXVlll PRELIMINARY DISCOURSES.

that those anomalous structures, which seem to have no immediate
connections — and are, at present, excluded from every known Order,
— may yet find near relatives in the unexplored regions of the
vegetable creation; and that future discoveries may possibly sup-
ply all the links, which now appear to be wanting, in the great
chain of organic existences.

In the mean time, — to those who are commencing the study of
Botany — and especially to such as have no other aid than books, —
I would say — Avail yourselves of the Linnaean Method, as the
easiest stepping-stone to the vestibule of the temple, and the
readiest means of acquiring the names, and learning some of the
characteristics, of the more common plants around you. In this
way, an immediate interest in the pursuit will be excited, — which is
indispensable, and can only be effected by successful research ; for, if
the student is met by repulsive difficulties at the threshold, he is
apt to be discouraged, and to abandon the undertaking.* But,
while I concede this much, in order to enlist you in the delightful
enterprise, I would add, and earnestly enjoin upon you — as soon as
you have effected these preliminaries — to make-it an invariable rule
to refer every plant to its appropriate place in the Natural System ;
to study its characteristic features, and examine with a scrutinizing
eye, all its relations to kindred objects. I would furthermore
recommend, to all who are bent upon mastering the Science, to
commence a Herbarium, from the start, •f Establish a correspondence,

* While I admit that a mere acquaintance with the names of objects, is the most
superficial kind of natural knowledge, — observation has satisfied me, that even
such knowledge is useful to Beginners in the Science, by the early encourage-
ment, and hopeful stimulus, which it imparts to their researches. I think there is
force, and good sense, in the following passage from a writer in the last century : —

" Let it be considered that the first degree of wisdom is to know things when
we see them — i. e. to know them by their names; and without this knowledge
scarce any progress can be made. To know the letters of the alphabet, to join
them into syllables, to understand words, is not solid erudition; yet it is absolutely
necessary for him who would become learned. Thus the characters and names of
things must be thoroughly learned in order to obtain any use from Natural
History. We find in the journals of travellers, many things mentioned, partly
curious, partly useful, concerning animals, plants, and stones; but those obser-
vations can be of no use to us, till we are able to refer each to its genus; that we
may make them a part of the system, and know that this curiosity, or use, belongs
to this or that object, when it happens to come in our way." — GEDNER, in STILLING-
FLEET'S Tracts.

fThe young Botanist should make it a rule to collect and preserve good speci-
mens (one or two for himself, and some for his friends,) of every species, and
remarkable variety, that occurs to him in his walks ; labeling them carefully —
•with the name, when known, — but, whether known or not, at once, and invari-
ably, noting the place of growth, and the time when obtained, — together with any

PRELIMINARY DISCOURSES. XXIX

and a system of exchanges, where practicable, with competent and
zealous Botanists, in other districts. Be very inquisitive, whenever
you have a chance to confer with such, — for they are always happy
to aid the researches of the hopeful student ; furnish them with
specimens, and ply them with questions. Questions, when rightly
directed, and intelligently put, are a most effective apparatus for
eliciting information, and bringing truth from her hiding place.
A witty rhymer, of the age just elapsed, thus quaintly, yet aptly,
illustrates the character and importance of Interrogatories :

"The Sages say, Dame Truth delights to dwell—
Strange mansion ! in the bottom of a well :
Questions are then the windlass and the rope,
That pull the grave old Gentlewoman up."

The acquisition of the Language of Botany — or those technical
terms which are necessarily employed in the Science, — is generally
considered, by Beginners, as a most formidable part of the under-
taking: But this will be found, in a great degree, to be an im-
aginary difficulty. I admit that it would be a task, as irksome as
it would be unprofitable, to attempt ty learn the meaning of a parcel
of uncouth terms, without knowing their origin, or comprehending
the objects to which they are applied. Such is not the mode in
which I would study, or try to teach, the natural sciences. Rather
let us look at the objects, and examine their structure. We shall

characteristics which are liable to be obliterated in pressing and drying.f These
notes will serve him as valuable Mnemonics, in any future references to his
Herbarium. On all suitable occasions, he should diligently explore the vegetable
products of the region, or district, where he resides :— not neglecting such other
localities as he may happen to visit. In that way, he will soon be surprised at the
extent and value of his collections; and will find a pleasure, and an interest, in
Lis herborizing excursions, which the uninitiated can neither appreciate nor com-
prehend. In those excursions, a friend who can sympathize with his predilections,
and cordially participate in his researches, will always prove an agreeable and useful
companion: But I .fully concur in the shrewd advice of my old Correspondent,
Dr. E. GERMAIN, DE SAINT-PIERRE, in his Guide du Sotaniste:—

"Jamais, n'herborisez avec les personnes etrangeres a vos etudes; vous les
fatigueriez bien vite par vos allures irreguliercs, vos terns d'arret ou votre marche
precipitee ; tandis quo, d'autre part, 1'air contrarie de votre compagnon, prive
d'un auditeur et s'etonnant que vous regardicz une plante commune ou vous
demandant si vous ne 1'avez pas dejk recoltee, vous serait a vous memo une in-
supportable gene. Gardez-vous surtout d'entreprendre, dans de telles conditions,
un long voyage : son but serait absolument manque."

fin collecting plants for & Herbarium, and future examination, it is always
desirable, when practicable, to have specimens of the fruit, — as well as of the
flowers, leaves, &c. " Every botanical specimen," says Prof. HARVEY, "should bo
an epitome of the essential marks of a species." The Student should distinctly
understand, that the full grown fruit is indispensable in determining many of the
Carices,— and also of the Cruciferae, and Umbelliferae. He should, therefore, be
careful to make hia collections accordingly.

XXX PRELIMINARY DISCOURSES.

then perceive organs, or features, which serve as convenient marks
of distinction between different objects. Those organs must neces-
sarily be designated by some name, or term — in order that they
may be intelligibly spoken of, or recognized when referred to :
and I venture to say, that every one who makes an acquaintance
with such objects, — so far from finding the names to be burthen-
some — will feel the absolute necessity of them; and will take a
lively interest in their acquisition. We should undoubtedly find it
a dull and insipid employment, to take up a City Directory, and
commit to memory the names of the Inhabitants : But, if we were
to go among them, and form some interesting acquaintances, we
should find no difficulty — nor should think it any trouble — to learn
the names of our new friends. Now, the process should be precisely
similar, in the study of Nature. We ought never to waste our precious
time in learning mere names, apart from objects, — nor in attempting
to load the memory with such useless lumber. I say attempting ;
for it is not possible to fix permanently in the memory, any names
which are not associated with something like distinct conceptions of
the things to which they are applied. Such abstractions amount
to nothing more than an unmeaning jargon ; and therefore speedily
vanish from the mind. I repeat it, then, that in the NaturaJ
Sciences, the study of names, and things, should always go together.

DISCOURSE V.
Linnaean Classification. Natural System.

THE Linnaean method of Classification — as has been already
stated — is based chiefly on the stamens and pistils ; and is, con-
sequently, attended with this inconvenience, — that the class of an
unknown plant can only be determined, with certainty, while it is
in flower. The flowering season, to be sure, is the most agreeable
time to botanize ; but we cannot always procure our specimens in
that interesting state, — and hence we soon discover the advantage
of such a general knowledge of vegetable structure, as is afforded
by the study of the natural system.

LINNAEUS arranged the whole vegetable kingdom in 24 CLASSES,
— 23 of which are appropriated to flowering plants, and are founded
on some circumstance of the stamens, — the 24th being established

PRELIMINARY DISCOURSES. XXXI

on tlie absence of visible flowers. The first 13 classes are disposed
numerically, — according to the number of distinct stamens, of about
equal length, inserted on the receptacle of each flower, — with the
exception of the 12th (Icosandria], in which the stamens (occasion-
ally few, and sometimes very numerous — though usually about
twenty, as the name indicates,) are inserted on the calyx; and it is
this insertion which constitutes the essential character of the 12th
Class. From Class 1 to 10, inclusive, the number of stamens is the
same as the number of the Class. The llth Linnaean Class (called
Dodecandria — meaning 12 stamens) was made to comprise all plants
with more than 10 and less than 20 stamens; but such plants —
being few in number — have been referred (very judiciously, as I
think), by some modern Botanists, to the Class Polyandria, — which,
consequently, contains all plants with more than 10, distinct, or
separable stamens, inserted on the receptacle. The Class next after
Polyandria (called Didynamia — 14th of LINNAEUS), contains plants
having 4 distinct stamens in unequal pairs — one pair being regularly
longer than the other; and the succeeding Class (Tetr adynamia,)
has 6 distinct, unequal stamens, — 4 of them being longer, and 2
opposite ones short. The next three Classes are founded on the
union of the stamens, — or rather of their filaments — the anthers being
free: the Class Monadelphia usually having numerous stamens,
with the filaments all united together in a tube, or single set ; the
Class Diadelphia having mostly 10 stamens, with the filaments
united in two sets (usually 9 and 1), and the corolla generally in the
form called papilionaceous, or butterfly-shaped ; and the Class Polya-
delphia having numerous stamens, united in three or more sets, —
but, as the union is often slight, and the filaments — especially in
dried specimens — incline to separate, the plants of this Class have
been referred to Polyandria. The Class next following those
with united filaments, is a very large one, with united anthers
(named Syngenesia], and what are called compound flowers — i. e. the
floral developments (which are often large and showy,) are really
composed of many little flowers, densely crowded in heads, on a
common receptacle, — the heads being embraced, or supported, by
numerous bract-like leaflets, which constitute what is termed the
involucre. The succeeding Class (Gynandria,] has the stamens
inserted on the pistils — or those organs so united, and often so
intimately blended, as to render them rather obscure, to the inex-
perienced observer.

In the preceding Classes, the stamens and pistils are mostly in the
tame flower; but in the three following — which conclude the

XXxii PRELIMINAKY DISCOUKSES.

flowering plants — those organs are generally in separate flowers, —
and are thus classified: — In the 21st Linnaean Class, named Monoe-
cia, the stamens and pistils are in separate flowers, on the same
plant: In the next Class, called Dioecia, they not only occupy
separate flowers, but those flowers are on different plants.

There are, however, a number of plants, in which the stamens
and pistils are separate in some flowers, and associated in others —
either on the same, or on two, or even three, different plants. These
anomalies, LINNAEUS placed in a Class which he named Polygamia ;
but they have been, by later Botanists, distributed among the other
Classes.

The 24th, or last, of the Linnaean Classes (now more commonly
numbered as the 21st), is named Cryptogamia. It comprises those
multitudinous vegetable forms which seem to be destitute of flowers,
— or, at most, have only the analogues, or equivalents, of stamens
and pistils. The subdivisions of this Class are, of necessity, in
accordance with the natural system ; and the genera are therefore
grouped in appropriate Orders — as Ferns, Mosses, Lichens, Fungi,
and Algae.

The ORDERS, or secondary divisions, of all the Linnaean Classes
— from Monandria to Polyandria, inclusive — are founded on the
number of distinct styles, or stigmas, — and are numerically arranged.
The Class Didynamia is divided into two Orders : — one, called Gym-
nospermia, because it produces a thin-coated, and usually 4-lobed,
fruit, resembling naked seeds, or nutlets : the other, bearing mani-
fest seedvessels, and therefore named Angiospermia. The Class
Tetradynamia is likewise divided into two Orders — founded on the
size, or rather length, of the fruit, one, called Siliculosa, having a
Silicle or short pod, — and the other, Siliquosa, with a Silique or long
pod. In the remaining Classes of the flowering plants — with the
exception of Syngenesia — the Orders are established on the number,
or connection of the stamens.

The Orders of the Class Syngenesia are founded on the florets, in
the compound heads, — and are as follows : —

1. Polygamia aequalis, where the florets are all perfect.

2. P superflua, where the central, or disk florets are perfect,

and the ray florets are merely pistillate.

3. P fruslranea, where the disk florets are perfect, and the ray

florets neutral (or vacant).

4. P necessaria, where the disk florets are staminatc, and the

r ay florets pistillate.

PEELIMINAEY DISCOURSES;

5. P segregata, where each floret in th&- head1 has a kind of

involucre of its own — separating it from the others.

The Orders of the Cryptogamia, or 24th Linnaaan Class, have
been already noticed, as being necessarily natural.. By distributing
the Genera, which LINNAEUS placed in Dodecandria, Polyadelphia,.
and Polygamia, among the other Classes, the number of those pri-
mary divisions may be reduced to 21, withoujt any detriment to the
System. The simplicity and elegance of this method — the facility
with which it is learnt, and applied— are considerations which have
made it extensively popular, — especially with young Botanists:
and although it is avowedly artificial',, the fact of its bringing so
many genera into natural groups, is strong evidence that it is based
on the most important organs in the vegetable economy.*

I shall now conclude these desultory Discourses, by an attempt
briefly to indicate the mode in which Plants are classified, and
viewed, under the Natural System. The object proposed by that
System, is "to bring together into groups those plants which most
nearly resemble each other, not in a single and perhaps unimportant
point (as in an artificial classification), but in all essential particu-
lars ; f and to combine the subordinate groups into larger natural
assemblages, and these into still more comprehensive divisions, so
as to embrace the whole vegetable kingdom in a methodical arrange-
ment. All the characters which plants present, that is, all the
points of agreement or difference, are employed in their classifica-
tion ; those which are common to the greatest number of plants
being used for the primary grand divisions;, those less comprehen-
eive for subordinate groups, &c. ; so that the character, or descrip-
tion of each group, when fully given, actually expresses all the
known particulars in which the plants it embraces agree among
themselves, and differ from other groups of the same rank. This

* The most superficial observer cannot fail to be struck with the fact, that the
Sexual System groups together — with comparatively few exceptions — the genera
belonging to the following eminently natural — and some of them eminently
large — families of flowering plants : namely. Cruciferae, Malvaceae, Leguminosae,
Hosaceae, UmbeHiferae, Compos itae, Labiatae,Boraginaceae, Orchidaceae, Cyperaceae,
and Gramineae, — not to mention a number of others, wh ich will occur to the
experienced Botanist, as more or less approximating a natural association.

•{•The Njtiurallt'—s&ys Prof. DE CxyooLLE— arranges or groups together all those
beings which have the greatest number of organs in common, or of similar struc-
ture,— and separates those which possess but a small number of them in common :
whence it results that, while the perfection of an Artificial System consists in
connecting with the character of the Classes the smallest possible number of
ideas, — a Natural Method, on the contrary, is so much the more perfect, as thu
characters of the Classes are expressive of a greater number of ideas,

UNIVERSITY

PRELIMINARY DISCOURSES.

complete analysis being carried through the system, from the
primary divisions down to the species, it is evident that the study
of a single plant of each group will give a correct general idea
of the structure, habits, and even the sensible properties, of the
whole." — GRAY'S Text-book.

The vegetable kingdom, viewed in reference to the natural
system, is divided primarily into two great SERIES, — a higher one,
called phaenogamous or flowering plants producing proper flowers
(with stamens and pistils), and seeds containing a ready-formed
embryo or young plantlet — and a lower one, called cryptogamous
orflowerless plants, which are reproduced by little cellular analogues
or equivalents of seeds, termed spores, without the agency of proper
flowers.

The higher SERIES (or flowering plants) — which embraces the larger
and more important portion of the vegetable kingdom — is divided
into two Classes, named Exogens, and Endogens. The difference
between these two Classes pervades their whole port and aspect,
and is manifest from their earliest stage of existence. The embryo
of Exogens is provided with a pair of opposite cotyledons (rarely with
more than two — as in some of the Coniferae, or Pine family), — that
of Endogens, with only one,- whence the former have been also
termed Dicotyledonous, and the latter, Monocotyledonous plants. —
There is a remarkable difference, likewise, in their foliage; the
leaves of the Exogens generally having reticulated or netted veins,
and falling off by an articulation, or separable joint, — while the
Endogens have nearly parallel-veined leaves, which are not articu-
lated, but wither on the stem.

The class of Exogens is divided into two Sub- Classes ; the one,
much larger, bearing their seeds in a proper Pericarp, or closed
Seedvessel, and hence called Angiosperms ; the other (containing a
couple of Orders), having the seeds naked, — i. e. borne on an open
scale, or seated in a fleshy disk, — andtherefore called Gymnosperms.

The Subclass of Angiosperms contains so many Orders, that it
has been found convenient to adopt some rather artificial divisions,
based on the character, or absence, of the Corolla. The first
division comprises those exogenous plants, in which the petals of the
flower are all nearly or quite distinct, or separate from each other, —
and are termed polypelalous, or more accurately, dialypetalous
Exogens. The second division is composed of those in which the
petals are more or less completely united by their margins into one
piece — forming a sort of tubular corolla, — and the plants of this
division have been called monopetalous, but more properly gamo-
petalous Exogens.

PRELIMINARY DISCOURSES. XXXV

The third division includes those in which the Corolla (and
occasionally the Calyx, also,) is wanting ; — and the plants of this
division are therefore called apetalous Exogens. A few exceptions,
however, occur in each of these divisions (as in every other arrange-
ment, yet devised — whether natural, or artificial) ; which will be
noticed in the proper places.

The Subclass of Gymnosperms — as already mentioned — consists
of a couple of Orders ; viz. the Coniferae, or Pine Family, — and the
Cycadaceae — a small tropical Order, — in which the pistil is repre-
sented by an open scale, or by a more evident leaf, — or sometimes
entirely wanting ; and the ovules and seeds consequently naked — i. e.
not included in a pericarp.

The above are the principal divisions of the great Class of
Exogenous Plants: But these (as in the other Classes,) are again
sub-divided into Groups, Orders, Suborders, Tribes, Subtribes, Genera,
Subgenera, Species, and Varieties. The Groups comprise kindred
Orders, — while the Orders and Tribes consist of kindred Genera, and
usually derive their names from some well-defined typical Genus
(as Malvaceae, or Rosaceae),- — or some characteristic family feature
(as Umbelliferae, or Leguminbsae).*

The Class of Endogens — partially defined above — does not admit
of so many principal divisions, as the preceding ; but contains a
number of well-characterized Orders and Tribes, — as will be seen in
the following pages.

The second or lower SERIES of plants — called cryptogamous, or
fiowerless — has been divided into three Classes ; in two of which, the
plants have a distinct axis, or definite stem and foliage, — and in the
third, there is no distinction of stem and foliage, but a mere veget-
able expansion — or thallus, so called. The plants of the first of
these cryptogamous Classes, consist of woody and vascular tissue,
and grow only at the summit, — and are, for that reason, termed
Acrogens, or Apex-growers, — embracing the Ferns, and Fern-like
plants. Those of the second Class consist of cellular tissue only ; but,
having a distinct foliage, and acrogenous growth, with somewhat of

* Some of the Orders are so remarkably natural — i. e. the structure and more
obvious features of the plants comprised by them, are so similar, — that it is often
difficult to indicate good and striking characteristics, by which to distinguish the
{/ewera belonging to them. This is especially true of the Families named Oruci-
J'erae, Umbelliferae, and Labiatae: so much so, indeed, that each of those Orders
might be regarded as a comprehensive, and yet tolerably well-defined, Genus. —
This fact will enable the Student to understand why it has been found necessary,
in such families, to seize upon any constant characters — however minute, or
obscure— that may eenre to discriminate between closely allied Tribes and
Genera.

PRELIMINARY DISCOURSES.

the aspect of the superior plants, they have on that account been
denominated Anophytes, — comprising the Mosses and Hepaticae.

The plants of the third and lowest cryptogamous Class com-
posed of parenchyma alone, or mere cellular masses, or expansions,
without any marked distinction of root, stem, or foliage, — are called
Thallophytes. This Class consists mainly of Lichens, Fungi, and
Algae, or Sea-weeds, — some of which present the simplest forms of
vegetable existence.

"In an exposition of the natural system, some authors (such as
JUSSIEU and ENDLICHER) commence with the lower extremity of
the series, and end with the higher; while others (as DE CANDOLLE)
pursue the opposite course, beginning with the most perfect flower-
ing plants, and concluding with the lowest grade of flowerless
plants. The first mode possesses the advantage of ascending by
successive steps from the simplest to the most complex structure ;
the second, that of passing from the most complete and best under-
stood to the most reduced and least known forms; or, in other
words, from the easiest to the most difficult ; and is therefore the
best plan for the student."*

These very imperfect preliminary Discourses are submitted to
the youthful reader in the hope, and for the simple purpose, of
Commending to his favor the study of the interesting objects here-
inafter described ; and in the firm belief, moreover, that such study
•will prove an unfailing source of both pleasure and profit, to all
Who prosecute it with success.

And now — having reached the allotted limit of three score and
ten — the Author would take an affectionate leave of his young

* The opinion cited in the text, is that of Prof. A. GRAY. It is sustained by
AUGUSTS DE SAINT-HILAIRE, in the following passage, referring to the same sub-
ject:— " Devons-nous, & 1'exemple de JUSSIEU, commencer cette s6rie par les
plantes les plus imparfaites, ou faut-il, comme M. DE CANDOLLE, la commencer par
celles qui sont le plus elevens dans 1'ordre des developpmeuts ? II est incontest-
able que nous ne saurions nous former une idee juste d'un corps qui a 6prouv6
quelques suppressions, si sous ne 1'avonn vu dans son integrite, ou, du moins, si
nous n'avons vu sans aucune suppression quelque corps analogue. Les botanistea
d'un pays oft. il n'existerait que des Graminees ou des Polygala pourraient, sans
doute, decrire les caracteres de leurs fleurs, mais ils ne sauraient s'expliquer
la veritable structure de cea mgmes fleurs, ils n'en comprendraient point la
symetrie. Nous mettrons done less plantes les plus completes & la tete de la
serie puisque celles la seules peuvent nous expliquer les autres ; ce sera proceder
du counu i 1'inconnu, marche que 1'on suit dans toutes les sciences. Le patre,
qui connait seulement sa cabane, ne verra, dans de nobles mines, que d'informes
amas de pierres ; mais un architecte habile, qui aura soigneusement observ6 une
foule de constructions diverges, aura a peine jete les yeux sur ces restes dedaignes
de 1'ignorant, qu'il se representera 1'edifice auquel ils ont appartenu, qu'il pourra
toeme nous tracer le plan de cet edifice."

PRELIMINAET DISCOURSES.

friends, — under the impression that the present will most likely be
his last attempt, in this way, to promote among them an acquaint-
ance with the Vegetation of his native County. He has devoted
the leisure hours of a number of years to the favorite employment
of endeavoring to excite a taste for the study of Plants, and to aid
the researches of his juvenile contemporaries, in that charming
department of Natural Science. His efforts have been amply repaid,
by the gratification attending the communion of kindred spirits;
and such is his delight in the pursuit, that sometimes, in his dreamy
reveries, he indulges the nattering idea — that if, peradventure, his
work should survive him, he may continue to be an humble auxiliary
of our youthful Botanists — and, in some sort, a companion of their
studies — even when the flowers of Chester shall be blooming on his
grave.

WEST-CHESTER, PENNSYLVANIA.
April 2Sth, 1853.

GLOSSARY

OP THB

PRINCIPAL BOTANICAL TERMS USED IN THIS WORK.

reader will bear in mind, that where compound descriptive terms are
employed in this work, the last member of the compound word is intended to
express the predominant character of the object, — and that the word, or syllable
prefixed, merely indicates a modification of that character: as, for example, —
"ovate-lanceolate" signifies lanceolate, but inclining somewhat to ovate; while
"lance-ovate" means ovate, with something of the lanceolate form, &c. So of colors:
"yellowish-green," "bluish -green," Ac. signify that green is the prevailing hue ;
but that it is tinged with a shade of yellow, blue, Ac.

Terms indicative of the size of any organ, or portion of a plant, without giving
the exact dimensions, — such as "large," "small," or "middle-sized," — are, of
course, relative ; and have reference to the usual or average size of such parts, or
organs, in other species of the same genus, or family.

N. B. To enable the <reader to distinguish, at a glance, our native plants from
the foreign, — the names of those which are indigenous to the County are
printed in full face type; while those of the naturalized, are in italics, — and

Of the CULTIVATED, in SMALL CAPITALS.

different from the regular or Acumination

A ; privative, in composition ; as apetal-

ous, destitute of petals, &c.
Abnormal; differe

usual structure
Abortion ; an imperfect development, or

product.

Abortive ; not arriving at perfection ; pro-
ducing no fruit.
Abrupt ; not gradual ; sudden.
Abruptly acuminate ; suddenly narrowed

to a tapering point.
Abruptly pinnate ; see Even-pinnate.
Acaulescent ; apparently stemless.
Accessory ; additional, or supernumerary
Accumbent cotyledons; having their edges

applied to the radicle (expressed by this

sign, o=), — as in some of the Oruci-

ferae.

Acerose; needle-shaped.
Achenium; see Alcent.
Acicular; needle-like, or bristle-like.
Acotyledonous ; destitute of cotyledons.
Acrocarpi; bearing the fruit at apex (a
division of the Mosses).
Acrogenous; growing only at the apex,

or summit of the stem.
Acrogens; apex-growers, or acrogenous

plants.
Aculeate; prickly; armed with prickles.

Acuminate; ending in a produced or ex

tended tapering point.

umination; an extended tapering point.
Acute; sharp; not rounded; ending in an,

angle, or point, without much tapering.
Adherent ; attached or growing to another

different organ, — as the calyx-tube to

the ovary, &c. See Coherent.
Adnate ; adhering laterally ; fixed or

growing to.
Adventitious; happening irregularly; not

produced usually.
Aerial; in the air; situated, or growing

above ground.
Aestivation; the mode in which sepals

and petals are arranged in the bud,

before they expand.
Aggregated ; crowded together.
Akene (or Achenium); a 1-seeded fruit,

with a dry indehiscent pericarp, — often

bony, or nut-like.
Alate ; winged; having a membranous

border.
Albumen ; a deposit of nutritive matter,

distinct from the embryo, found in

many seeds, and sometimes (as in the

Grasses) constituting their chief bulk.
Albuminous seeds ; furnished with, or

containing albumen.

XL

GLOSSARY.

Alternate; not opposite each other; ar-
ranged one after or above another on
the axis, or receptacle.

Alveolate; having pits, or cells, some-
thing like a honey comb.

Ament; a slender spike of naked and
usually diclinous flowers, with imbri
cated scales or bracts.

Amentaceous; bearing, or resembling,
aments.

Amorphous; without definite form.

Amphigastria ; the rudimentary leaves
(stipules?) on the under side of the
stem, in some Hepaticae.

Amphitropous ovule; when it is
inverted, and stands across the apex of
the stalk, or funiculus. '

Amplexicaul; clasping the stem.

Analogue ; a body, or organ, resembling,
substituted for, or equivalent to, an
other body or organ.

Anastomosing; branching and uniting
again, like net-work.

Anatropous ovule ; inverted on the stalk
go that the apex points toward
placenta.

Ancipital ; two-edged ; somewhat flatted
with opposite edges.

Androecium; a term employed todesig
nate the Staminate portion of a flower :
the stamens, or fertilizing organs, in
the aggregate.

Androgynous; having both staminate and
pistillate flowers in the same inflores-
cence.

Angiocarpi; fruit-covered; Lichens in
which the apothecia are closed.

Angiospermous ; having the seeds cover
ed or included in a seedvessel.

Angulate ; having angles, or corners.

Annotinous ; renewed every year.

Annual ; living but one year.

Annular ; in the form of a ring.

Annulus (in Mosses) ; an elastic ring, be-
tween the rim of the capsule and the lid

Anomalous; not according to the rule, or
system ; forming an exception to usua
appearances.

Anophytes ; superior plants, — i. e. cdlulai
plants (as Mosses) which emulate the
forms of Vascular plants.

Anterior; in front, or below, — as tha
part of a flower next to the bract, or
farthest from the axis of inflorescence

Anther; the capsular portion of the stam
en, which contains the pollen, — usual
ly supported on a filament.

Antheridia ; the analogues or equivalents
of anthers.

Antitropous embryo; when its direction
is contrary to that of the seed.

Antheriferous ; bearing anthers.

Antrorse, orantrorsely; pointing forward
or upward. See retrorse.

Apetalous; destitute of petals.

Apex: the summit, upper or outer end.

Aphyllous ; destitute of leaves.

Apiculate; tipt with an abrupt minut
point.

Apophysis; a prominence made by the

enlargement of a body,— as of the pedi-
cel at the base of the capsule, in Mosses.

Apothecia; the cups, or shield-like recep-
taclesof the fructification of ibe Lichens.

Appendiculate ; having some appendage
annexed.

Appressed; pressed to, or lying close
against.

Approximated; situated near each other.

Aquatic ; growing naturally in water.

Arachnoid, or araneous; resembling cob-
web.

Arborescent; tree-like, in size.

Arcuate ; curved, or bent like a bow.
half Areolae ; little areas ; circular spots, or
cavities ; the spaces between the cracks,
in Lichens.

Areolate; having areolae, circumscribed
spaces, or cavities.

Arid; dry, as if destitute of sap. •

Arillate ; having an aril! us.

Arillus ; an expansion of the seed-stalk,
forming a loose (and often fleshy) coat-
ing of the seed.

the Aristate ; awned; having awns or bristle-
like processes.

Armed ; having thorns or prickles.

Aromatic ; having a spicy flavor, or frag-
rance.

Articulated ; jointed ; connected by joiuts.
or places of separation.

Articulations ; joints ; the places at which
articulated members are separable.

Ascending; rising obliquely.

Asci; the cells which contain the sporidia,
in Lichens.

Ascigerous ; bearing asci, or cells contain-
ing sporidia.

Assurgent ; rising with a curve from a
declined base.

Attenuated*,; thin ; or tapering gradually
until it becomes slender.

Auricled, or auriculate ; having rounded
appendages at base, like ears.

Awn; a slender bristle-like process,—
common on the chaff of Grasses.

Awned ; furnished with awns.

Awnless; destitute of awns.

Axil ; the angle between a leaf and stem,
on the upper side.

Axillary ; situated in an axil.

Axis ; the stem, or centre, round which
parts are arranged.

Baccate; succulent, or fleshy, like a berry.

Bald akenes; naked at summit; destitute
of pappus.

Banner ; the broad upper petal of a pa-
pilionaceous flower, — called, also, the
Vexillum.

Barb; a straight slender process having
retrorse teeth.

Barbellate; armed with little barbs, or
rigid retrorse points.

Basilar ; situated at the base.

Beak; a terminal tapering process, like
the bill of a bird.

Beaked ; terminating in a beak.

Bearded ; crested, or beset with parallel
bristly hairs; also applied to awned
wheat, &c.

GLOSSARY.

XLi

Bulbiferous ; bearing or producing bulbs .

B ulblets; little aerial bud like bulbs, with
fleshy scales, borne in the axils of
leaves, or on terminal peduncles.

Bulbous ; formed of, or like, a bulb.

Bullate; haying bubble-like convexities,

resembling blisters.
JBicuspidatc ; ending in 2 cusps, or sharp Caducous; falling off immediately, or

Berry; a pulpy vatveless fruit in which

the seeds are imbedded.
Bi — in composition, meaning two, or

twice; as

Bibractcate ; having two bracts.
Bibracteolate ; having 2 bractlets.
Bicarinate ; having 2 keels.

points.

Bidentate; furnished with 2 teeth.
Biennial; living or enduring 2 years.
Bifarious ; in 2 ranks, or pointing in 2

directions.

Bifid; two-cleft: split into 2 segments.
Bifoliate ; having or bearing 2 leaves.

Bifurcate; forked; ending in 2 equal Cclyculate. ; having an additional (usually

branches.

Bigibbous; having 2 hunches, or rounded Calypira; the hood of Mosses.

protuberances.

Biglandular ; having 2 glands.
Bilabiate ; having 2 lips.
Bilamellate ; having 2 thin plates.
BOocular; having 2 cells.
Bipartiblc, ; separating, or separable, into

2 parts.

Bipartite,; 2-parted.
Bipinnatc leaf; twice pinnate; the com-

mon petiole having opposite branches, Canesccnt ; hoary, with greyish- white

and those branches bearing opposite
leaflets.
Bipinnatifid leaf; the common petiole

bearing opposite pinnatifid segments. Capitate ; head shaped ; in a globular

Birostrate ; having 2 beaks.

Biserial ; in 2 rows, or sets.

Bisetosc ; having 2 bristles.

Bisulcate ; having 2 grooves, or farrows.

Biternate leaf; the common petiole 3-
parted, and each division or branch
bearing 3 leaflets.

Bivalved ; having 2 valves.

Biventricose ; having 2 bellied or distend-
ed portions.

Bloom; a fine greyish powdery coating
on certain fruits, &c. as Plums.

Brachiate; having pairs of opposite spread-
ing branches, alternately crossing at
right angles.

Bract ; a floral leaf; a leaf, more or less
modified, in the immediate vicinity of
a flower.

Bracteate flowers ; furnished with bracts,
or floral leaves.

Bracteoles, or bractlets; small bracts among
clustered florets.

Bracttess ; destitute of bracts.

Brancfdets ; small branches, or subdivis-
ions of branches.

Bristles ; stiflRsh elastic hairs.

Bud; a growing point, or undeveloped

leaves (i. e. bud-scales).

extremely abbreviated stem, clothed
with the bases of leaves, and radicating
beneath.

D

earlier than usual with similar organs.

Calcarate ; spurred ; having a spur.

Callous ; firm and gristle-like.

Callus; a gristle-like tubercle, or sub-
stance.

Calyciform ; shaped like a calyx.

Calycinc ; belonging to a calyx.

small) outer calyx, or calyculus.

Calyx; the flower-cup, or outer (and

sometimes the only) covering of a

flower.

Campanulate ; in the form of a bell.
Campytolropous ovule; where it is curved

upon itself, bringing the apex near to

the base.

Canaliculate ; channelled, or furrowed.
Candicant; whitish.

hairs.

ipillaceous, or capillary, hair-like; long

and slender like a hair.

•luster.

Capitellatc ; in little heads.

Capsular; resembling, or being, a capsule.

Capsule ; a dry seedvessel, formed of sev-
eral carpels, usually opening by regular
valves, and definite seams.

Carina ; a keel. Carinate ; keeled.

Carnose ; fleshy ; more firm than pulp.

Carpel; a little fruit; a partial pistil,
or constituent portion of a compound
ovary.

Carpettary ; belonging to the carpel.

Border; the summit, or upper spreading Carpophore,; the fruit- stalk of the carpels
part, of a calyx, or corolla. See limb. (usually of the Umbelliferae).

Bowl-shaped; hemispherical and concave, Cartilaginous; firm yet flexible, like
like a common bowl. gristle.

Caruncli; an excrescence, or appendage,
at the bilum of a seed .

Caryopsis ; a grain, or fruit of the Grasses,
Cyperaceae, &c. in which the pericarp
is thin, indehiscent, and closely ad-
herent to the seed.

Catkin ; a name for that mode of inflor-
escence otherwise called an Ament.

Cauda; a tail. Caudate; having a tail-
like appendage.

Caudidc ; the little tail, or stalk of the
pollen-mass, in the Orchids.

Caulescent; having more or less of an
evident stem.

Cauline ; belonging to the stem.

axis, covered with the rudiments of Cellular ; made up of little cells, or cavi-

ties, formed of membranaceous sacs.

Bulb; a thickened subterranean bud, or Cettular plants; the lower orders of plants

(including Mosses, and those below
them) composed exclusively of cellular
tissue.

xni

GLOSSARY.

Ckntrifugal inflorescence ; where the cent-
ral flowers of a cyme precede the others,
— i. e. the flowering commences at the
centre, and extends successively to the
circumference.

Centripetal i nflorescence ; wh ere the outer
flowers of a corymb, or umbel, precede
the inner ones, — expanding in succes-
sion from the circumference to the
centre.

Cephaloid; head- shaped; in the rounded
form of a head.

Cephalodia; the knobs, or head-shaped
fructification of some Lichens.

Cereal; pertaining to Ceres; belonging
to the farinaceous grains, over which
Ceres presided.

Cernuous; nodding; drooping at apex.

Cespitose, ; having numerous stems from
the same root, forming a tuft, or tus
sock.

Chaff; the small dry husks, or seed -covers
of theG'-asses(being the stunted sheaths
of abortive leaves); also, the bracts on
the receptacle of many compound anc
other aggregated Bowers.

Chaffy ; bearing, or resembling, chaff.

Channels; longitudinal grooves; the in-
terstices between the ribs on the fruit
ofUmbeliiferae.

Character; a phrase, or sketch, giving
the essen tial features of the objects, or
classes of objects, by which they are
known, and distinguished.

Charlaceous; with the texture of writing
paper.

Cicatrice; a scar, — such as that left a
the place of articulation, after the fal
of a leaf, &c.

Cilia; hairs arranged like eye-lashes.

Cilialie ; fringed with parallel hairs on
the margin, like eye-lashes.

Ciliate-serrate ; having serratures so fine
as to resemble short eye-lashes.

Ciliolae; diminutive of cilia; hairs lik
miniature eye-lashes.

Cinereous ; of the color of wood-ash es.

Circinate; with the apex rolled back on
itself, like the young fronds of a fern.

Circumscissed ; cut round transversely
or opening horizontally, like a snuff
box.

Cirrhose; bearing, or resembling, tendrils

Class ; one of the higher or primary di
visons, in a systematic arrangement.

Clavate; club-shaped; thicker toward th
summit, or outer end.

Clavellate ; in the form of a little club.

Claw of a petal; the slender taperinj
portion, at base.

Cleft; split, or divided, less than hal
way to the base.

Clypeate ; in the form of an ancient shield
or buckler.

Coacervate ; heaped, or aggregated.

Coaetaneous flowers; appearing at th
same time with the leaves.

Coarctate; contracted, or crowded into
narrow compass.

Coccus (plural Cocci); a kind of semi-
baccate, separable, and sometimes in-
dehiscent, carpel.

^ochleale; coiled like a snail-shell.

Coherent; united with an organ of the
same kind, — as stamens coherent with
each other, &c. See adherent.

Collateral; placed side by side ; or on the
same side of another organ.

Colored; of any other color than green.

'Mumella ; a little column ; the solid axis
of a pod.

folumn; the combined stamens in Mal-
vaceous, — or stamens and pistils in
Orchidaceous plants.

loma ; a tuft of hair, bracts, &c.

Commissure; the face by which two carpels
cohere, — as in Umbelliferae.

Common (petiole, peduncle, &c.) ; belong-
ing to, or sustaining, several similar
subordinate parts.

Jomose ; having a tuft, or topknot of
hairs, bracts, or leaves, at summit, or
atone end (in case of seeds).

Complete flower ; having both calyx and
corolla.

Compound; not simple, — but made up
of similar, simple parts.

Compound flower ; an aggregated cluster,
or head of syngenesious florets, seated
on a common receptacle, and embraced
by an involucre, or many-leaved com-
mon calyx.

Compound leaf; con si sting of several leaf-
lets, each articulated with the common
petiole (or its branches), and ultimately
falling from it.

Compound pistil ; consisting of 2 or more
carpels or simple ovaries, cohering to-
gether.

Compound umbel ; in which each primary
ray bears a small umbel (or umbellet)
at summit.
mipressed; flatted,as if laterally squeezed

Compressed akene ; in compound flowers ;
flatted, with one edge to the front, or
periphery. See obcompressed.

Concave ; presenting a hollow or depress-
ed surface.

Concentric layers, or circles; circles of
different sizes, or diameters, with a
common centre.

Concrete; grown together, or united.

Conduplicate ; doubled lengthwise, so that
the sides are applied face to face, — like
a folded sheet of paper.

Cone; the woody ament of the Pines:
also the fruit of the Hop.
mftuent; blended, or running together ;
forming a junction.

Congener; one belonging to the same
genus; nearly related.

Conglomerate ; clustered into a mass.

Conjugate ; in pairs ; coupled.

Connate; united, or cohering together,
from the first.

Connate-perfoliate leaves; their bases

united round the stem.
Connective; that portion of the filament

GLOSSARY.

•which connects the two cells of an
anther.

Connivent ; the summits meeting or con-
verging together.

Constant; invariable; also never failing.

nor wanting.

Contiguous ; so near
touch.

Continuous; without interruption, or
articulation.

Contorted; twisted; or obliquely over-
lapping.

form of a cowl.

apparently to Culm; the stem of the grasses and cyper-
aceous plants.

Contracted; narrowed; or reduced into Cusp; a stiffish tapering sharp point.

a smaller compass.
Contrary dissepiment ; not parallel, hut

, .

at right angles, or nearly so, with the Cyaikifonn; top-sbaped, and hollowed

calves of the pericarp.

Convex; presenting an elevated rounded Cylindric; long, round, and of unifo

surface.

largin into a terete form.
Coraloid ; having the appearance of coral.
Cordate; heart-shaped; ovate with a sin
us or notch at base.

base.

Coriaceous; of a leathery texture.

Corm, or Cormus ; a fleshy subterranean
stem, of a round or oval figure, and an
uniform compact texture, — as in Arum,

petals arranged in form of a cross.
Crustaceous ; having a dry brittle shell.
Cryplogamous plants; those which are

destitute of visible genuine flowers.
CucuJlate or cuculliform ; hooded ; in the

Cuneate, or cuneiform; wedge-shaped;

tapering, with straight edges, to the

base.
Oupule ; the cup of an acorn.

Cuspidate; terminating in a cusp.
Cuticle; the outer skin.

at summit like a cup.

diameter.

Convolute; rolled up from one edge or Cyme; a kind of panicle, depressed near-

ly to the form of an umbel,— with the
principal peduncles rising from the
same centre, but the subdivisions ir-
regular.

Cordate-oblong; oblong, with a cordate Cymose ; with the flowers in cymes, or

or Indian Turnep.

Corneous; having the texture of horn.
Corniculate ; bearing a small horn.
Cornute ; having a horn-like appendage.
Corolla ; the delicate (mostly colored) "

ner covering of the flower, between thej

calyx and the stamens.
Coroniform ; in the shape of a crown.
Corrugated ; contracted into wrinkles.
Cortical ; belonging to the bark.
Corticate ; clothed with a bark.

approaching that arrangement.
Cy mules ; the reduced cymes, or cymose

clusters, of the Labiatae, — sometimes

called Verticillasters.

Decandrous ; having (en distinct stamens.
Deciduous ; falling off, at the usual time.

See Caducous.
Decimate ; or declined ; bent off nearly

horizontally ; or curved downward.
Dicholomal flower; situated in the fork

of a dichotomous stem or branch.

Dichotomous ; 2-forked ; regularly divid-
ed in 2 equal branches.

Diclinous ; having the stamens and pistils
in distinct flowers, — whether on the
same or different plants.

Corymb ; a mode of flowering ; a kind of Dicotyledonous plants ; where the embryo

raceme, with the lower pedicels elon-
gated so as to form a level top.

Corymbose ; in the manner of a corymb.

Corymbulose ; having the flowers in little
corymbs.

Costate ; ribbed ; having ribs.

Cotyledons ; seed-lobes ; the first crude Digitate ; arranged like fingers.

leaves of a plant, — formed in the seed
Craterifarm ; in the form of a bowl, or

hemispherical cup.
Creeping; running along the ground

and putting forth roots at the nodes.

the crest of an helmet.
Crisp ; curled, or wavy at the edges.
Cristate ; crested ; having a crest.
Crown ; a circular series of Ipetaloid ap

pendages at the throat of a corolla

also, of chaffy scales at the summit of

an akene.
Crowned ; having appendages resembling

a crown.
Cruciate, or cruciform corolla; having 4

has 2 cotyledons, or seed-lobes.
Didymous ; double, or twin.
Didj/namous ; having 4 stamens, in pairs,

— 1 pair being regularly longer than

the other.
Diffuse ; spreading widely and loosely.

Digynous ; having 2 pistils, or 2 distinct

styles and stigmas.
Dimerous ; when the component parts of

a flower are in twos, — as 2 sepals, petals,

&c.

Crenate; notched on the edge, with the Dimidiate; halved; as if one side, or half

segments rounded, and not inclining

to either extremity.
Crenulate ; very finely crenate.
Crested ; bearing an elevated ridge, like Dioicous; having staminate and pistillate

had been cut off.
Dingy ; of a dull, smoky, or leaden-brown,
color.

flowers on different plants.
Dioicously polygamous; having perfect

and imperfect flowers on different

plants.
Decompound; twice compound ; composed

of compound parts; much divided.
Decumbent; reclining on the ground,

with base and apex ascending.
Occurrence; a running or extending

down, or backward.

XL1V

GLOSSARY.

Decurrent leaf; when the two edges
are continued down the stem, like
wings.

Decussate; arranged in opposite pairs,
and alternately crossing each other.

Definite ; clearly defined, or limited ; also,

of a constant or determinate (and not E, or Ex, in composition; destitute of;

large) numher.
Deflected ; bent off, or downward.
Dehiscencc ; the opening of seedvessels.
Dehiscent; gaping, or opening naturally

by seams, at maturity.

Deltoid; triangular in the outline like EMnaie ; hedge-hog-like; covered with

the Greek letter Delta.

Detnersed ; growing or being under water.

Dense ; closely arranged ; compact.

Dentate; toothed; edged with teeth-like
projections.

Denticulate ; having minute teeth.

Depauperated ; having a starved or stunt-
ed inflorescence ; few-flowered.

Depressed ; flatted vertically, or pressed
down at summit.

Depressed-globosf. ; globular, with the base Elongated ; "exceeding the'nsual or aver-

and summit flatted.
Di; in composition, two.

Diadelphous; having the filaments in 2 Eitiarginate ; notched at apex.

parcels,— usually 9 i 1, wilh a papilion-
aceous corolla.

Drupe; a fleshy, succulent, or spongy
pericarp, without valves, containing a
nut, or stone, — or sometimes several
nutleis.

Drupel ; a little drupe,— as in the com-
pound fruit of Rubus.

not furnished with.

Ebracteate ; destitute of bracts.

Ebracteolate ; without bractlets.

Ecaudate ; destitute of tail-like append-
age.

rigid pvkkles.

Effigurat?,; carved,or marked with figures.

Elaters ; minute clubshaped filaments,
which are coiled round the spores of
certain cryptogamous plants.

Eleutheropetalous ; having the laminae
free, but the claws united at base.

Elliptic, or elliptical; somewhat oval, or
longer than wide, with the two ends
narrowing equally to a point.

age length.

tings becoming finally elongated.

Einbryo ; the young plant, as it exists in
the seed.

Dialypetalous ; having the petals entirely E.mrsed ; raised out of the water.

free, and distinct from each other. Endocarp ; the inner portion of a peri-

Diandrous; having 2 distinct stamens. carp, — which lines the cavity, or forms
Diaphanous ; permitting light to pass the cell, for the seed, — such as the stone

through. or hard shell, in a drupe.

Dipetalous; having 2 petals. I Endogenous plants; which have a single

Diphyllous ; having 2 leaves. cotyledon, no distinct bark, and grow

Discoid flowers: a head of compound by 'internal deposits of new matter, dis-

flowers without ray-florets.
Discrete; separate; distinct.
Disepalous ; having 2 sepals.
Disk; a flat circular body; the surface

of a leaf; also, the face or central part Enneandrous ; having 9 stamens

of a head of compound flowers.
Disk-form ; flat and circular.
Dissected ; divided into segments, or lobes.

tending the older deposits.
Endogens ; inside growers ; plants which
increase by internal deposits of new-
matter. See Erogens.

Ensiform ; sword-shaped ; 2-edged, and
tapering from base to apex.

Entire; having a continuous even mar-
gin; without incision, notch, or tooth.

Dissepiment; the partition between the

cells of seedvessels. \Erivelope; an integument, or covering

Distichous; SJ-ranked; bearing le&ves.\ Ephemeral ; lasting but one day.

flowers, Ac. in 2 opposite rows. '\Epicarp ; ihe outer coat, or layer, of a

Distinct; separate; unconnected. pericarp.

Divaricate; widely diverging; forming' Epidermis ; the outer skin, or cuticle.

rather more than a right angle \viib\Epigaean; situated, or ri&ing, above

the stem above. ground.

Divergent; spreading; making nearly &\Epigynous ; adherent to the ovary so

right angle with the stem.
Divided ; cleft or separated to the base, —

or to the midrib, if a leaf.
Dorsal; belonging to, or inserted, on the

back.
Dorsal suture; the seam on the back of

that the upper portion is apparently
inserted on its summit,— as in the
Umbettiferae, An.

Epipetalous ; growing on the petals.

EpiphyUous; apparently inserted,or grow-
ing, on leaves.

— which see.

Dorsatty compressed; flatted on the back.
Dotted; covered with dots, specks, or

minute slightly elevated points.
Downy ; clothed with fine soft hairs.
Drupaceous; drupe-like; resembling what

is called st&ne-fruit.

a carpel,— being at the place of the Equal ; of the same dimensions; similar
midrib ; the opposite of ventral suture, parts equal among themselves.

Epiphytes; air plants having no immedi-
ate connection with the earth,but grow-
ing on the stems of branches of other
plants.
Equitantle&ves ; when they are distich-

ously alternate, infolded lengthwide
and toward each other, the outer ones

GLOSSAEY.

XLV

partially inclosing or embracing the F&rous; composed of fibres or thread

inner, — as in Iris, &c.

Erect ovules ; when they arise from the Fide : on the faith, or authority,
bottom of the ovary, or base of the Filament : a slender thread : that part

cell, and point upward.
Eroded, or erase • irregularly notched, as

if gnawed.

Esculent; eatable; fit, or safe, to be eaten

Etiolated ; blanched ; rendered white by Fimbriae :
excluding light.

Eu, in composition ; meaning clearly,
certainly, par excellence.

Evanescent ; speedily disappearing.

Eoen-pinnate leaf; with the leaflets all
in pairs, or without a terminal odd
one; often termed abruptly pinnate.

Evergreen; continuing green, and per
eisting all the year.

Exalbuminous ; destitute of albumen.

Excenlric ; deviating from the axis, or
centre.

Exciple ; the receptacle of the fructifica-
tion, in Lichens.

Excurrent; projecting, or running out
beyond, like a cusp.

Exfoliate; to throw off layers, or plates,
as bark, &c.

Exocarp ; see Sa rcocarp.

Exogenous plants ; which have 2 (or more)
cotyledons, — and grow by external de-
posits of new matter, between the old
deposits and the bark.

Exogens; outside growers ; plants which
increase by additions to the outer sur-
face. See Endogens.

Explanalt ; made plain, or open, flat and
smooth.

Exserted ; protruding beyond the orifice.

Exstipulaie: destitute of stipules.

Extrorse anthers ; having the cells turned
outward, and the connective extending
•up the inner side.

Falcate : flat, and curved like a scythe,

or sickle.
Family of plants;

othe
definite group of1 Frond

kindred plants (called also an Order),
comprising one or more genera.

Fan-shaped : broadly cuneate, or spread-
ing like a lady's fan.

farinaceous: mealy; reducible to a meal-
like powder.

Fascicle: a little bundle, or bunch, of
flowers, leaves, &c. originating from

nearly the same point.
Fascicled, or fasciculate: arranged

in

little bundles, or bunches ; in fascicles

Fastigiate : level-topped— the summits of Fulvous : tawny ; fox- or tan-colored.

the branches all rising to the same
height (Oddly enough changed from

pointed, or tapering summit) .

Feather -veined leaf; where the lateral
veins (or nerves) diverge regularly
from each side of the midrib, like the
plumage of a quill.

Ferruginous: of the color of rust of iron;
reddish-brown.

Fertile: having perfect pistils, and pro-
ducing fruit

like processes.

of a stamen (usually thread-like) which
supports the anther.

Filifurm : very slender and terete, like
a thread.

fringes, or fringe-like pro-

Fimbriate: fringed on the margin.

FimbrilMe: clothed •viihfunbrillae (i. e.
membranaceous linear or subulate fila-
ments,)— as the receptacle of thistles.

Fissure : a slit, crack, or narrow opening.

Fistular, or ftstulmis : hollow and terete,
like a pipe ; tubular.

FlabeUifm-m: fan-shaped,— which see.

Flaccid: so limber as to bend by its own
weight.

FlugeUiform : long, slender and pliable,
like a whip-lash.

Flexuose : bent right and left alternately.

Fl'Occose, orflocculent ; covered with loose
cottony tufts.

Floral: belonging to, or situated near, a
flower.

Floral envelope*: coverings of flowers,—
usually known as calyx and corolla,—
sometimes as chaff.

Floret: a little flower; usually one of
the number which constitute compound
or aggregated flowers.

Flon'ferouf: flower-bearing.

Foliaceous : of a leaflike form and tex-
ture; resembling a leaf.

Foliole : a leaflet, in a compound leaf.

Follicle: a capsular fruit, opening at ma-
turity along the ventral suture.

FnUicular: resembling, or being, a follicle.

Foramen : a roundish hole, or opening.

Foveolat*: pitted.

Free: distinct; not adherent to any

organ.

the leaf-like expansion of cryp-

togamous plants.

Frondose: leafy, or with leaf-like appen-
dages.

F.-uctiftcation : the flower and fruit, with
their parts.

Fruit : the mature ovary, or seedvestel,
with its contents.

Frutescent: becoming shrubby.

Fruticose : shrub-like ; hard and woody.

Fruiiculose : like a little shrub.

Fugacious: fleeting; of short duration.

Fungous : of rapid growth and soft tex-
ture, like the Fungi.

the original sense., — which meant »Funiculus: the little cord by which seeds

are attached to the placenta.

Funnel-form : shaped like a funnel; tub-
ular below, and expanding above.

Furcate: forked.

Furfuraceous: bran-like; scaly, or scurfy,
like bran, or dandruff.

Fuscous : greyish-brown, or deep brown
with a tinge of green.

Fusiform: spindle-shaped; terete, and

XLTi

GLOSSAKT.

tapering both ways.

Galea; a helmet; the arched upper li
of a ringent corolla.

Galeate; helmeted; having a galea.

Gamopetalous ; having all the petals mon
or less completely united by their mar
gins ; forming what has been (rather in
correctly) called a monopetalous corolla

Gamosepalous ; having the sepals all more
or less united by their margins.

Geminate ; in pairs ; twin.

Generic; pertaining or relating to a genus

GenicuUtte; forming an angle at the joints
like a bent knee.

Genus (plural, Genera); a group of species
which agree in what is called the gene
ric character, — i. e. in the structure o:
the flower and fruit (species sometimes
solitary).

Germ; the growing point of a bud.

Germen; the old name for the ovary.

Germination ; the sprouting or incipien
growth of a seed.

Gibbous ; hunched, or swelled out, on om
or both sides.

Gills; the fruit-bearing membranes of
theAgarics, or mushrooms. See Hymen
ium.

Glabrous; very smooth; without any
roughness or pubescence.

Gland; a small roundish organ, or ap
pendage, which often secretes a fluid.

Glandular; gland-bearing; or gland-like

Glandular-hispid, or glandular-pubescent,
hairy, or pubescent, and the hairs tipi
with glands.

Glaucescent ; inclining to glaucous, or be
coming glaucous.

Glaucous; of a silvery hue; pale-bluish,
or greenish-white; or covered with a
greenish-white mealiness, called bloom.

Globose, or globular; round on all sides.

Glomerate; densely clustered in small
heaps, or irregular heads.

Glomerules; small dense roundish clusters

Glumaceous ; chaffy ; or chaff-like.

Glumes ; the outer chaff (bracts, or stun-
ted modified leaf-sheaths (embracing
the spikelets of the Grasses.) See Palea.

Glumose ; having glumes (sometimes ex-
pressive of conspicuous glumes).

Glutinous; viscid; covered with an ad-
hesive fluid.

Gonidia; the cells of the green layer,
Lichens.

Ganimous layer; the green layer of Lichens.

Grain; the fruit of the true Grasses, —
sometimes called a Caryopsis.

Gramineous; grass- like;
grasses.

Graniferous; bearing grain, or grain-like
substances.

Granular ; formed of „
ing of small particles.

Gymnocarpi; naked fruit; Lichens in
which the apothecia are open.

Gymnospermous ; having the seeds naked,
— i. e. not inclosed in a pericarp.

Gynandraus; having the stamens grow-

resembling the Hymenium

ing on, or adhering to, the pistil.

Gynoecium ; a term designating the Pis-
tillate portion of a flower ; or the seed-
bearing organs, collectively.

Gynostegium; the pistil cover, or tube
formed by the connate filaments, of the
Asclepiadeae.

Habit of plants ; their general external
appearance and mode of growth, by
which they are usually recognized at
sight.

Habitat, or habitatio ; the place, or situa-
tion, in which a plant naturally grows.

Halved; one-sided, — as if one half had
been cut away.

Hastate; shaped like a halbert; lance-
olate, with a divergent lobe on each
side of the base.

Head ; a dense roundish cluster of sessile
flowers.

Heptandrous ; having 7 stamens.

Herbaceous; green, or not scarious ; also
not woody; of a tender consistence,
and generally destructible by frost.

Herbarium; a collection (systematically
arranged) of dried specimens of plants.

Herbs; plants which are not woody, — of
a more tender structure than trees and
shrubs.

Heterogamous ; having dissimilar florets
(perfect and imperfect) in the same
head.

Heterophyllous; having leaves of different
forms.

Hexamerous ; consisting of 6 parts.

Hexandrous ; having 6 stamens all of
equal length.

Hilum ; the scar on a seed, at the point
of attachment to the funiculus, or seed
stalk.

Hirsute; rough-haired; clothed with stif.
fish hairs.

Hispid; bristly; beset with bristle-like
hairs.

Hoary ; covered with a white, or greyish-
white, pubescence.

Homogamous; all the florets of a head
being alike.

lomotropous embryo ; when its direction
is the same as that of the seed.

Horizontal ovules; when they project
from the side of the cell, pointing
neither to base nor apex.

/ the mould, or soil, formed by
ecom position of organized matter.

lyaline; transparent, like glass.

fybrid ; a mule ; a cross between allied
species.

ymenium ; the membrane containing
the spores of certain Fungi, & Lichens ;
the plates, or gills, on the under side
of ihepileus of the Agarics.
ypogaean; situated, growing, or re-
maining, under ground.

Jypogynous ; inserted beneath the ovary,
— i. e. on the receptacle, and free from
the surrounding organs.

'fypothallus; the elementary state of Lich-
ens, in which the layers, are confused ;

in Humus,

GLOSSARY.

XLV11

also the fibrous base, or under surface
of foliaceous Lichens.
Icosandrous ; having about 20 stamen
which are perigynous, — i. e. growing
to, and apparently inserted on the rim
of, the calyx.

Imbricated; the edges lying over th
next series,— like shingles on a rool
or scales on a fish.

Immarginate ; not margined; destitut
of border, or margin.

Immersed; under water; also closely
nestling in the bosom of leaves, — a
the capsule of some Mosses.

Imperfect flower; when either stamen
or pistils are deficient.

Incised; cut, or gashed; separated by
incisions.

Inclinate, or inclined ; bent over towarc
the ground, or some other object.

Included; wholly contained within a tube
or cavity ; not exserted.

Incomplete flower ; when either calyx o:
corolla is wanting.

Incubous leaves (in Hepaticae) ; thei:
bases covered severally by the apex o
the preceding.

Incumbent; lying upon, against, or across

Incumbent anther; attached at or nea:
its middle, and lying horizontally
across the summit of the filament.

Incumbent cotyledons ; having the radicle
bent over and applied to the back o
one of the cotyledons (represented by
this signoj|).

Indefinite; not distinctly limited, or de
fined ; numerous, and of no constam
or determinate number,

Indehiscent ; not opening at maturity.

Indigenous; growing naturally, or or-
iginally, in a country.

Induplicate ; folded inward.

Indurated ; become hard.

Indusium ; the membrane which covers
the young sorus (or cluster of fruit) .
on the Ferns.

Inferior calyx : having the ovary above,
and free within it.

Inferior ovary ; situated apparently be-
low the calyx, or rather its lobes,— i. e.
adnate to the tube of the calyx, and
consequently bearing the lobes at its
summit.

Inflated; swelled like a blown bladder.

Inflected, or inflexed ; bent suddenly in-
ward.

Inflorescence ;

and their footstalks on a plant; the
the mode of flowering, — such as Umbel,
Raceme, Panicle, &c.

Innate anther; erect,— having its base
resting directly on the apex of the fila-
ment.

Innovations ; new shoots from the apex,
or near the summit,— as in the Mosses.

Inserted ; fixed upon, or growing out of.

Internodes ; that portion of a culm, oi
stem, between the nodes.

Interpetiolar stipules; situated or

the arrangement of flowers Lance-linear

ing between the petioles of opposite
leaves.

Interrupted] having intervals ; the con-
tinuity broken.

Interruptedly pinnate; having smaller
pinnae, or leaflets, between each pair
of larger ones.

Introrse anthers ; having the cells turned
inward, and the connective extending
up the outer side.
Inversely; in a contrary position; end

for end, or upside down.
Involucel ; the verticil of leaflets at the

base of an umbellet.
Involucellate ; haying inyolucels.
fnvolucrate ; having an involucre.
Involucre; an assemblage of modified
leaves accompanying certain forms of
inflorescence. — usually verticillate at
the base of an Umbel, — or in imbricated
series beneath or around heads of com-
pound flowers.

Involute ; rolled inward from both mar-
gins.
Irregular ; the component parts differing

in size and shape.
Isidia ; minute coral-like particles, or

crystals, in certain Lichens.
Isidioid ; resembling a kind of coral.
Keel ; a central ridge on the back of a
leaf, sepal, &c., resembling the keel of
a boat ; also, the lower pair of (coher-
ing) petals in a papilionaceous flower.
Keeled ; having a keel.
Labiale flowers; where the border is some-
hat in the form of 2 lips.
Lacerate; divided into irregular seg-
ments, as if torn.

Laciniate ; jagged ; the margin irregular-
ly and deeply cut into segments.
Lactescent ; milky ; containing a milky

or whitish juice.
Lacunose; pitted, furrowed, or having

little cavities.
Lamellae; the plates, or gills, of the

Agarics.
Lamellate ; divided, or dilated, into thin

plates.

Lamina; a thin layer, or plate; the ex-
panded on flat portion of a leaf, or
petal, as distinguished from the petiole,
or claw.

rM.nate ; woolly ; clothed with wool.
Lanceolate ; tapering from near the base
to the apex, — like the head of an an-
cient Lance,

:r, lance-ovate, &c., linear,
ovate, &c., with something of the lance-
olate form.

Lance-ovoid; egg-shaped, with a taper-
ing lengthened apex.
'Mnuginous ; clothed with a loose wool.
lateral; at the side.

Laterally compressed ; flatted on the sides
(not on the back).

loose, or limber ; not compact.
ets ; partial leaves ; the constituent
leaves of a compound leaf.

' (foliaccus); having a texture,

or Leaflets ,

original- Leaf-like

XLviii

GLOSSARY.

partaking of both Monod

the Monogyi
some Monoicous ,

and expansion, resembling a leaf.

Leafy (foliosus) ; furnished with, or
abounding in, leaves.

Legume ; a bean, or pulse ; a fruit formed
of a single elongated carpel of 2 valves,
with the seeds affixed along
suture only.

Leguminous; having the D^I
Legume ; bearing Legumes.

Lenticular ; having the form of a double
convex lens.

Ligneous ; of a firm woody texture.

Ligulate; strap- shaped ; flat and linear,

Ligide; the usually membranous ap-
pendage at the base of the leaf, or
summit of the sheath, in the grasses.

Limb; the border, summit, or upper
spreading part, of a calyx, or corolla.

Line; the twelfth part of an inch.

Linear ; of an uniform width ; long and
narrow, with parallel sides.

Linear-lanceolate, &c., partaki
forms, but more of the latter.

Ungulate; tongue-shaped; linear and
somewhat fleshy ; nearly the same as
ligulate.

Lip ; the upper or under division of a
labiate flower ; also, the lower or an
terior lobe of an Orchidaceous flower.

LireUae; little ridges, or furrows;
linear elongated apothecia of
Lichens, — as in Opegraplia.

Lobe ; a segment, or division, of a leaf,
or flower ; the free portion of a gam-
osepalous calyx, or of a gamopetalous
corolla.

Lobate, or lobed ; cut or divided into
lobes.

Loculicidal; when a pericarp opens na-
turally on the back of a cell (i. e. at
the dorsal sutu
into the cavity.

Loment; an indehiscent 2- or several-
seeded legume, contracted between the
seeds, and finally separating at the
joint-like contractions.

Lomentaceous ; construct*

Longitudinal; lengthwise; in a direc-
tion from base to apex.

Lunate, or lunulate; having
of a new moon.

Lutescent; yellowish.

Lyrate ; lyre-shaped ; pinnatifid with the
the terminal lobe largest and mostly
rounded.

Mammittate ; conical, with a rounded
apex; nipple-shaped.

Marcescent; withering
the stem.

Margin ; the edge or circumference
leaf, or other expansion ; also, the thin
wing-like border of certain seeds, &c.

Marginal,- belonging to, or situated at,
the margin.

Marginate, or margined ; having a border
or edging of a texture, or color, dif-
ferent from that of the disk; also,
surrounded by a wing-like expansion,
or narrow membrane.

the upper Membranaceous,

structure of a Micropyle

iture of a carpel) directly Monosepalous

MeduUary rays ; thin vertical plates of
cellular tissue, which pass from the
pith to the bark, in woody stems.

Melliferous; producing or containing
honey.

or membranous; thin,
flexible, and often slightly translucent,
the small foramen in the pro-
per coats of a seed, to which the radicle
always points.

Midrib ; the central nerve of a leaf, — ap-
parently a continuation of the petiole.

Mitriforiii ; mi tre-shaped ; conical with
a bell-shaped summit, — like a calyptra.

Monaddphous ; having the filaments all
united in one set, — usually forming a
tube.

Monandrous; having a single stamen.

Moniliform ; arranged like, or resembling
the beads of a necklace.

Mono, in composition ; one, or single.

Vinous; having the stamens and
pistils in one and the same flower.

Monocotyledonous plants; in which the
embryo has but one lobe, or cotyledon.

Monograph ; a description (usually am-
ple and elaborate) of a single object, or
class of objects, — as of a Genus, Tribe,
or Family.

nous ; having but one pistil.

; having staminate and pistil-
late flowers distinct, but situated on
the same plant.

Monoicously polygamous ; having perfect
and imperfect flowers on the same
plant.

Monopetalous; having one petal; or rather,
the petals united in one. Seegamo-
petalous.

Monophyllous ; having but one leaf.

constructed like a loment. Mwronulate

the figure Multiple

withering and persistent on Multiseptate

of a Muricate ,

iv»M/3c.7y«,wM.a' / consisting of one sepal,—
or rather, the sepals united. See Gam,-

'e; terminating in a mucro, or
dagger-like point. — usually the pro-
longation of the midrib, in leaves.
'ucronulate; having a small mucro, or
terminal point.

Multijid ; many-cleft.

" 'ultiple ; a number containing another
number several times without a frac-
tion, or remainder, — as 9 is a multiple
of 3.'

Multiple fruits; where there is a com-
bination of several flowers and fruits
into one aggregate mass, — as in the
Pine Apple, Mulberry, Ac.
'ultiseptate ; having many septa, or par-
titions.

; beset with projecting points,
like a Murex.

Mutic, or muticous; awnless. or pointless;
the opposite of inucronate.

Naked ; destitute of the usual covering,
or appendage ; as a stem without leaves ;
seeds without a pericarp,— umbel with-
out an involucre, Ac.

Napiform ; turnep-shaped.

Nectariferous i producing honey.

GLOSSARY.

XL1X

Nectary; that organ, or portion of a

flower, which secretes honey (a term

formerly applied to all disguised forms

of petals and stamens).
Nerves; rib-like fibres (in leaves, Ac.)

which usually extend from the base to,

or toward, the apex.
Neuter, or neutral flower; having neither

stamen nor pistil.
Nodding ; turning downward.
Nodes ; solid points, in stems & branches,

at which leaves and buds originate.
Nodose; having nodes.
Normal; according to rule; agreeing

with the pattern or type.
Nucamentaceous; nut-like.
Nuciform; nut-like.

Ordinal names ; the names of the Natural
Orders, or Families of Plants.

Orthotropous ovule; straight; not curved,
nor turned from its original or natural
direction.

Osliole; a little door; a small opening,
passage, or entrance.
*val ; longer than broad, with the two
ends of equal breadth and curvature,
and the sides curving from end to end.

Ovary; the young seedvessel, or fruit;
the hollow portion at the base of the
pistil containing the ovules, or bodies
destined to become seeds.

Ovate ; flat, with the outline of a longi-
tudinal section of an egg; somewhat
oval, but broader near the base.

Nucleus; a central body; the seed or Ovate-lanceolate ; lanceolate, but some-

kernel of a nut.

Nuctites; little nuts, or nutlike fruit.
Nut; a hard 1 -celled indehiscent fruit,

usually containing a single seed
Ob, in composition; inverts the usual

meaning of the word to which it is pre

fixed.
Obcompressed ; flatted back and front,

instead of at the sides.
Obconic; inversely conical, — i. e. with

the apex downward.
Obcordate ; inversely heart shaped.
Oblanceolate; with the widest pert abovi

the middle, and tapering lance-like to

the base.

Oblique; unequal-sided; also, a position Paleaceous ; of a chaffy texture,— or fur

between erect and horizontal.

parallel, or nearly so,
Obovate ; inversely ovate.
Obovoid; inversely ovoid.
Obsolete ; indistinct, as if worn out, or off
Obtuse ; blunt, or rounded.
Obversely ; turned contrary to the usua'

position.
Ochrea ; a membranous stipular sheath

embracing the stem like a boot-leg, —

as in Polygonum.
Ochroleucous ; yellowish-white, or cream

colored.

Octandrous ; having 8 stamens.
Odd-pinnate leaf; having the leaflets in

opposite pairs, with a terminal odd one

— often termed impart pinnate.
Officinal; used in, or belonging to, a

shop, or medical office.
Oleraceous ; of the nature or quality of

pot-herbs.

Opaque ; not transparent.
Opercular; opening like an Operculum

or lid.
Opposite ; situated directly against, or ai

the same height on contrary sides.
Orbicular; circular and flat, like a coin

Sec Terete.
Orchidaceous, or Orchide&us; belonging

to, or resembling, the Orchis family.
Order; a family, or group, of allied

natural objects; a sub-division of a

Class, embracing kindred Genera.
Ordinal ; belong to the Orders, or to an

Order.

what ovate at base.

Ovate-oblong ; oblong, with an ovate dila-
tation at base.

Ovoid; egg-shaped; terete, and swelling
near the base,— i. e. having the out-
line of an entire egg.

Ovoid-oblong ; the ovoid form lengthened
out.

Ovules; the rudiments of future seeds,
contained in the ovary.

Palate ; the prominence in the lower lip
of a personate corolla.

Pateae (singular, patea) ; chaff; the in-
ner bracts, or immediate floral cover-
ing of the Grasses. See Glumes.

nished with chaff-like scales.

Obhng ; longer than wide, with sides Palmate; hand shaped; with lobes spread-

ing like fingers on the open hand.

Palmately veined ; having the veins di-
vergent, like the spreading fingers of
of an open hand.

Panduraeform ; fiddle-shaped.

Panicle; a loose irregular compound
raceme,— in which the peduncles are
unequally elongated, and irregularly
sub-divided.

Panided, or paniculate ; disposed in the
form of a panicle.

Pannose ; spongy and thickish, or dense,
like the texture of woollen cloth.

Papilionaceous corolla; butterfly-shaped ;
when complete, consisting of 5 petals,
the broad upper one called the vexil-
lum, or banner — the 2 lateral ones
termed the alae, or wings — the 2 lower
ones more or less cohering, and, from
their form, denominated the farina,
or keel.

Papillate, or papillose; covered with fleshy
dots, or soft points.

Pappus; the crown of the fruit (being
the segments, or free portion of an ad-
herent calyx, in the Compositae) —
usually hair-like, or plumose, — some-
times in the form of minute chaffy
scales, and awns.

Papulose ; covered with papulae, or pim-
ple-like protuberances.

Paraphyses; cellular, jointed filaments,
which accompany the reproductive or-

|' gans of Mosses and Lichens.

GLOSSARY.

Parasite; a plant growing on, or deriv

ing sustenance from, another plant.
Parasitic ; being, or relating to, a para

site.

Parenchyma ; vegetable pulp.
Paries (plural, parities) ; the wall, or in

closing shell, which circumscribes the

cavity of a pericarp.
Parietal ; fixed to, or belonging to, th<

paries, or inclosing wall of the seed

cell.
Parietal placentae ; placentae borne upon

the inclosing shell, or wall of the ovary

or pericarp, instead of the axis.
Parted; divided deeply, almost to the

base.

Partial; a term applied to portions of a Perigonial leaves (in Mosses); those sur

compound whole.
Patellaefm-m ; in the form of little plates,

or dishes.
Patellulae ; small orbicular receptacles of

the Lichens; resembling little dishes, —

also termed spangles.
Pectinate; finely, regularly and deeply

cleft, so as to resemble the teeth of

comb. «

Pedate leaf; divided nearly to the petiole.

in narrow segments, with the lateral Peri

ones diverging; resembling a bird's

foot.
Pedicel ; a partial peduncle ; the ultimate

branch in a compound inflorescence.
Pedicellate; having, or being supported

on, a pedicel.
Peduncle ; a simple flower- or fruit-stalk ;

also, the common footstalk of a com-
pound inflorescence.
Pedunculate; having a peduncle; not

sessile.

Pellucid ; transparent ; pervious to light.
Pellucid-punctate ; having punctures

which permit light to pass through.
Peltae ; little flat receptacles on Lichens,

resembling targets, or shields.
Peltate; like a shield; having the foot-
stalk affixed to the under surface, and

not to the margin.
Pencil-form, or pencil-tufted ; resembling

a painter's pencil, or little brush.
Pendulous ; hanging down.
Penninerved ; having the lateral nerves

pinnately arranged. See Feather-veined.
Pentagonal ; have 5 angles, or corners.
Puntagynous ; having 5 pistils.
Pentamerous ; composed of 5 parts.
Pentandrous ; having 5 stamens.
Pentapetalous ; having 5 petals.
Penultimate; next to the last; the one

next to the terminal one.
Pepo; an indehiscent, fleshy or internally

pistil (1 or more of each) .
Perfoliate ; having the stem apparently

pierced through the leaf.
Perianth ; a term for the envelopes of a

flower, where the calyx and corolla

are not clearly distinguishable.
Pericarp; the seed vessel, or fruit; the

ovary in a mature state.
Perichaeth, or perichaetium ; the verticil,

or cluster of bract-like leaves, round

the base of the seta, or footstalk of the

capsule, in Mosses,— often called peri-

chaetial leaves.
Peridium ; a term applied to the outer

sac; or envelope of the sporanges, in

some of the Fungi.

rounding the antheridia.

Perigynium (plural, Perigynia) ; the sac
which incloses the fruit of theCarices;
also, the hypogynous scales, bristles, or
hairs, investing the ovary, in many of
the Cyperaceae.

Perigynous stamens and petals ; inserted
on the calyx, — or rather adhering to
the inner surface of the calyx-tube, and
thus surrounding the pistils.

fixed or coiled round the

carpels invested by the adherent calyx
tube, and with a firm rind, — as the
Melon, &c.
Percurrent; extending, or running the
whole way through.

Perennial; living more than 2 years, and Pileus ; the cap- or hat-like receptacle

for an indefinite period.
Perfect flower ; having both stamen and

circumference.
Perixperm ; a synonym of albumen,—

which see.
Peristome ; the circle of teeth, or bristle

like processes, which surround the

orifice of the theca, or capsule of the

Mosses.
Perithecium ; the proper envelope of the

fruit (in Lichens), when it is not in-
closed in the thallus.
Persistent; not falling off; remaining

beyond the time when similar organs

usually fall off.
Personate corolla,; masked; having the

throat closed by a prominent palate,

and resembling the mouth of an

animal.
Pertuse; perforated; pierced with holes,

as if punched, or bored through.
Petaloid; petal-like; delicate and colored,

or expanded, like a petal.
Petals ; the (usually) delicate, colored

leaves, which compose the corolla.
Petiolar; seated on, or belonging to, a

petiole.
Petiolate; supported on, or having, a

petiole; not sessile.
Petiole; the stem or footstalk of a leaf.
Petiolulate; having a partial, or sub-
divided petiole.
PetMule; a little or partial petiole; the

footstalk of a leaflet.

pulpy fruit, usually composed of 3 Phaenogamous plants; having visible

genuine flowers; often written phaner-
ogamous.

Phyllodium; a leaf like expansion: sup-
posed, sometimes, to be the dilated
petiole of an abortive compound leaf.

borne on the stipe of a mushroom,—
as in the Agarics .

GLOSSAET.

leaflets Pome

Pilose ; clothed with straight soft hairs

Pinnae ; the paired or opposite "
of a pinnate leaf.

Pinnate leaf; having distinct articulated
leaflets in pairs, on opposite sides of a
simple petiole.

Pinnatifid leaf, or frond; cleft in a pin-
nate manner, but the segments united
or confluent at base.

Pinnatijidly ; in a pinnatifid manner.

Pinnules; the leaflets, or sub-divisions
of a bi- tri- or multi-pinnate leaf, or
frond.

Pistil; the central organ of a fertile
flower, — consisting usually of ovary,
style, and stigma ; sometimes the style
is wanting, — or, in other words, the
stigma is sessile.

Pistillate flowers ; those which have 1 or
more pistils, but no stamens.

Pistillidia; small bottle-shaped bodies,
the analogues of pistils, in the Mosses.

Pistilliferous ; bearing pistils.

Pitted; having small shallow depressions.

Placenta (plural, placentae) ; that part
of * pericarp to which the seeds are
attached (usually by a funiculus, or
little cord.)

Placental ; pertaining to the placenta.

Placentiferous ; bearing the placenta.

Plane; flat; with an even surface.

Plano-convex ; flat on one side, and con-
vex on the other.

Plturocarpi ; bearing the fruit on one
eide^ or the pedicel lateral (a divisi
Mosses).

Plicate-, plaited; folded, or crimped, like
a fan, or ruffle.

Plumose; feather- like; a pappus is plu-
mose, when each hair has short hairs
arranged on opposite sides.

I*od; a dry seedvessel, — usually elon-
gated, and opening, at maturity
valves.

Podetia ; the pedicels which support the
knobs (Cephalodia) of the Lichens.

Pollen ; the fertilizing powder contained
in the anthers.

Pollen-masses, or pollinia; the waxy
masses of pollen, in the ^isclepias and
Orchis families.

Poly, in composition ; many.

Polyadelphous ; having the filaments
united in 3 or more parcels.

Polyandrous ; having more than 10 dis-
tinct hypogynous stamens.

Polycotyledonous ; having 3 or more coty-
ledons.

Polygamo-dioicous; having perfect and
imperfect flowers on distinct plants.

Polygamous ; where some flowers are per-
fect, and others either staminate, pis-
tillate, or neuter.

Polygynous ; when the pistils are num
efous, or indefinite.

Polymorphous; assuming, or apt to as-
sume, several different forms.

Polypetalom ; having several distinct
petals. See Dialypetalous.

Polysepalous ; having distinct sepals.

an apple-fruit; a fleshy fruit,
formed of several cartilaginous, or
bony carpels, imbeded in pulp, and
the whole invested by the adherent
tube of the calyx.

Pores ; small holes, or tubular openings.

Porous ; full of holes, cells, or tubular
openings.

Posterior; behind, or above, — as that
part of a flower which is next to the
axis of inflorescence.

Praemorse ; end bitten ; ending blunt,
as if bitten off.

Precocious flowers ; appearing before the
leaves.

Prickles; sharp processes arising from
the bark only, and not from the wood.

Primary ; first in a series, either in order
of time, position, or importance, — op-
posed to secondary.

Primordial ; first in order ; usually ap-
plied to the first genuine leaves,— or
those next above the cotyledons.

Prismatic; like a prism; having several
angles, and intermediate flat faces.

Process ; a projection from the surface.

Procumbent; lying along the ground.

Produced ; extended, or lengthened out.

Proliferous; producing its like in an
unusual way; as putting forth a second
growth from the centre of a flower,
umbel, or other terminal and usually
final development.

Prostrate; lying flat or close on the
ground.

Pruinose; covered with a glaucous bloom,
like a Plum.

Pseudo-pinnate; falsely or imperfectly
pinnate, — the leaflets (or segments)
not articulated at base to the common
petiole.

by 2 Puberulent ; covered with a minute short
pubescence.

Pubescence ; hairiness in general.

Pubescent; clothed with soft hairs.

Pulp; a soft, cellular, juicy mass.

Pulverulent ; powdery, or dust-like.

Punctate ; covered with indented points :
dotted.

Puncticulate ; having minute punctures,
or indented points.

Pungent ; sharp-pointed and rigid ; also
acrid.

Pyramidal ; shaped like a pyramid ;
angular and tapering upward ; usually
applied to 4 sided solids which diminish
from base to apex.

Pyriform ; pear-shaped; round and en-
larging from base to apex.

Quadrangular; four-angled.

Quadrifarious ; in 4 rows, or pointing in
4 directions.

Quadrifid ; 4-cleft.

Quadripartible ; separating, or separable,
into 4 parts.

Quaternate ; growing in fours.

Quinate; 5 together, or arranged in
fives.

Lii

GLOSSARY.

. and directed Rudiment

Race of plants ; a peculiar form, or modi-
fication, become permanent.
Raceme; a mode of flowering, in which
the common peduncle, or axis, is elon-
gated, with the flowers on short lateral
pedicels.

Racemose; haying the flowers in racemes.
Rachis ; the common peduncle, axis, or
elongated receptacle, on which florets
are collected in a spike; also, the mid-
rib of a pinnatifid frond, in the Ferns.
Radiate; diverging from a common cen-
tre; haying rays, (i. e. ligulate florets)
at the circumference.
Radiatiform; in compound flowers, where
all the florets are ligulate, i
toward the circumference.
Radical; belonging to, or growing im

mediately from, the root.
Radicating ; sending out roots, or strik-
ing root at the nodes.
Radicle ; a little root; the slender fibrous

branch of a root.

Rameal ; belonging to the branches.
Ramose; branching.
Rank ; a row, or arrangement in a line
Raphe; the ridge on one side of an in-
verted ovule, or seed, formed by the
adhesion of the funiculus, or seed-
stalk.

Rays ; the ligulate florets round the disk
of a compound flower; also, the foot-
stalks, and enlarged marginal flowers,
of an umbel.

Receptacle; the apex of the peduncle
(much dilated in the Compositae) on
which the parts of a flower (or entire
florets) are inserted; also, the seat of
the fruit.— as in the Strawberry, &c.
Recurved ; curved backward.
Refiexed ; bent strongly backward.
Refracted; doubled backward; or beni

abruptly back.
Regular ; having the parts uniform am

equal among themselves.
Remote; seated or growing at an un

usual distance.
Reniform; kidney-shaped.
Replicate ; flolded back on itself.
Resupinate ; turned upside down.
Reticulate; netted; like net- work.
Retrorse, or retrorsely ; pointing back

ward, or downward.
Retuse; having a shallow sinus at thi

end.

Revolute ; rolled backward, or outward.
Rhizoma; a root-stock; a root-like under

ground stem.
Rhombic ; 4-sided, with unequal angles

shaped like a lozenge.
Rhomboid ; oval, but somewhat angular

at the sides.

Ribbed ; having parallel ridges.
Rigescent ; stifflsh ; becoming stiff.
Rigid; stiff; not pliable.
Rimose; having cracks, or chinks.
Ringent; gaping; the lips and throa

open.
Root-stock; a kind of underground stem

— usually elongating and creeping, —
sometimes tuberous, with buds, or
eyes.

Rosaceous; with 5 regular spreading
petals, like a rose.

Rostrate; beaked; having a process re-
sembling a bird's beak.

Rosulate; in a rosette; arranged in cir
cular series and spreading, like the
petals of a double rose.

Rotate corolla; wheel-shaped; gamope-
talous and spreading almost flat, with
a very short tube.

Round; circular, or globular; not an-
gular. See globose, orbicular, and terete.
; an imperfectly developed or-

Rufous ; reddish -brown, or rust-colored.

Rugose; wrinkled: rugulose ; finely
wrinkled.

Ruminated albumen; folded and varie-
gated.

Runcinate ; somewhat lyrate, with sharp
lobes pointing backward, — resembling
the teeth of a mill-saw.

Runner; a slender procumbent shoot,
producing roots and leaves at the end,
only, — as in the Strawberry.

Sac ; a membranous bag, or boundary
of a cavity.

Saccate; having, or being in the form of,
a sac or pouch.

Sagittate; arrow-shaped; notched at base,
with the lobes acute.

Salver-form; tubular, with the border
horizontally spreading.

Samara ; an akene-like fruit, with a
winged apex, or margin, — as in the
Ash, Elm, Maple, &c.

Samaroid; margined like a samara.

Sarcocarp ; the fleshy portion of a peri-
carp (as in a drupe), between the
epicarp and the endocarp.

Sarmentose; having, sending forth, or
being in the form of, runners.

Scabrous; rough with little points, or
short rigid hairs.

Scales ; small thin plates, or leaf like pro-
cesses; also, the leaflets of the involu-
cre, in the Compositae, — the bracts of
the Cyperaceae, &c.

Scandent; climbing.

Scape; a peduncle proceeding directly
from the root.

Scarious ; dry, skinny and transparent.

Scattered ; distributed thinly, and with-
out regular order.

Scorpioid inflorescence; rolled back from
the apex (circinate), before develop-
ment.

Scrobiculate; marked by little pits, or de-
pressions.

Scutellae; little shield-Hke orbicular ses-
sile receptacles of some of the Lic'iens.

Scutellate ; resembling a target, or shield.

Scyphiferous ; bearing a scyphv s, ( r vase,
—as the podetia of some Lichens.

Scyphus ; a cup, in the form of an in-
verted cone.

GLOSSARY.

Liii

Secund; onesided; all seated on, or turned Sinus; an open notch; a rounded incis-
ion, or scallop.

Soboliferous ; producing young plants
from the roots.

Solitary ; standing alone ; one only in a
place.

Soredia; minute sorus-like masses, or
reproductive particles, on Lichens.

Sorediate ; covered with soredia, or irreg-
ular powdery masses.

Sorediiferous ; bearing soredia.

to, one side.

Seed ; the matured ovule, with the em
bryo, or young plant, formed within it.

Segment ; the division, or separated por-
tion, of a cleft calyx, leaf, Ac.

Semi, in composition ; half, — as semi-bi
valved, half 2-valved, semi-terete, half
round, Ac.

Seminal ; belonging to the seed.

Sempervirent ; evergreen.

Sepal; the leaflet, or distinct portion of a Sort (plural of sorus); fruit-dots; small

calyx.

Sepaloidt resembling a sepal ; green and
not petal-like.

Septicidal dehiscence ; where a compound
pericarp opens by splitting the dissepi-
ments,— i. e. the carpels separate from
each other, and usually open to the
seeds by the ventral suture.

Septiferous; bearing a septum.

Septifragal dehiscence ; where the dis-
sepiments remain attached to the axis,
while the valves break away from them

Septum; the partition which divides the
cells of fruit.

Sericeous ; silky ; clothed with soft glossy
appressed hairs.

Series ; a continued succession of things
in the same order; also, a comprehen-
sive group of objects, in Natural His-
tory.

Serrate; pawed; having sharp teeth on
the margin pointing toward the apex.

Serratures ; the teeth of a serrated mar-
gin.

Serrulate; finely serrate.

Sessile ; sitting closely ; having no foot-
stalk, or pedicel.

Seta, (plural, Setae); a bristle, or stiffish
elastic hair.

Setaceous ; bristle-like.

Setose ; beset with bristles.

Sheath; a membranous expansion which Spindle-shaped; see Fusiform.
is tubular, or convolute, and inclosing Spine ; a thorn ; a sharp process originat-
or embracing a stem. ing in the wood, — i. e. a pointed, abor-

Sheathed; inclosed by a sheath. tive branch.

Sheathing; embracing the stem like a
sheath.

Sliining ; smooth, glossy and bright.

Shrub; a small woody plant not exceed-
ing 3 times the height of a man.

Shrubby ; hard and woody, like a shrub ;
of the texture and size of a shrub.

Silicle ; a little, or short silique,— nearly
as wide as long.

Silique; a long, slender, membranous
pericarp, of 2 valves, having the seeds
fixed alternately along both sutures.

Siliquose ; having siliques, or resembling
a silique.

Simple; undivided; not compound.

Simple umbel ; where each ray termin-
ates in a single flower.

Sinuate ; having sinuses, or scallops,
which are open and rounded at bottom.

Sinuate-dentate, and sinuate serrate ; hav-
ing teeth, or serratures, with the clefts
or openings rounded at bottom.

clusters of sporanges, on the back of
the fronds, in Ferns.

Spadix ; a dense-flowered, fleshy, club-
like spike, — usually accompanied by a
sheathing involucre, called a spathe.

Span ; a measure of 9 inches.

Spathaceous ; having, or resembling, a
spathe.

Spathe ; a sheathing kind of bract, or in-
volucre, open on one side, — containing,
or accompanying, a spadix.

Spatulate ; like a spatula ; obovate-ob-
long. or larger and rounded at apex,
and tapering to the base.

Species; the lowest permanent division
of natural objects, in a systematic ar-
rangement ; a group comprising all
similar individuals.

Specific; belonging to, or distinguishing,
the species.

Sphacelate; dark-colored; as if gangren-
ous, or dead.

Sphagnous; full of bog-moss, or Sphag-
num.

Spicate ; in the form, or after the man-
ner, of a spike.

Spike ; a kind of inflorescence in which
the flowers are sessile on the sides of a
common peduncle, or rachis.

Spikelet; a little spike,— or subdivision,
of a compound spike.

Spintttose ; armed with minute spines.
Spinescent ; becoming thorny, or inclin-
ing to be thorny,

Spinose ; thorny ; arnred with thorne.
Spinulose ; covered with small spines.
Sporange ; a spore case, a vessel or cell

containing spores ; the pericarp of cryp-

togamous plants.
Spores^, sporidia, or sporules ; the seminal

equivalents, or analogues of seeds, in

cryptugamous plants.
Sporocarp; a synonym (nearly) of spor-

ange.
Spur; a tapering hollow extension of

some part of a flower, — usually of the

petals.
Spurred; having a spur, or spur-like

elongations.

Squamate ; furnished with scales.
Squamose; scaly; resembling scales.
Squarrose ; jagged ; having spreading tips,

or divaricate points, all round.

L1V

GLOSSARY.

Stamen; the organ of a flower which; Subulate; shaped like an awl-blade.

prepares the pollen, — usually consist
ing of & filament and anther, and situa-
ted between the corolla and pistil.
Staminate flower ; having stamens only.
Staminiferous ; bearing the stamens.
Staminodia ; imperfect organs, occupying
the position of, & resembling stamen?.
Stellate; star- shaped; the parts spread-
ing from a common centre, like rays of
a star.

Stellular; radiating like a star.
Stellular pubescence; compound or fas

ciculate hairs, with the branches

spreading like rays.

Stem; the main axis, or body, of a plant
Stemless ; having no visible or aerial stem
Sterile • barren ; producing no fruit.
Stigma; the summit of the style, — or
that portion of the pistil through which

the pollen acts.
Stigmatic, or stigmatose ; relating to the

stigma.
Stigmatic lines; slightly prominent glan

dular lines (being the proper stigmas) .

on the style-branches of the Compositae.
Stipe ; a foot- stalk of a frond, or of a

pileus ; also, the pedicel of a pod, &c.
StipeUate; furnished with stipelles,— i. e.

the stipules of leaflets, in compound

leaves.

Stipelles; the stipular appendages of leaf-
lets, in compound leaves.
Stipilate ; having a stipe / supported on

a little pedicel.

Stipitiform ; resembling a stipe.
Stipular ; belonging, or relating to sti

pules.

Stipulate; furnished with stipules.
Stipules ; leaflets, or leaflike appendages

at the base of a petiole, or leaf.
Stoles (i. e. stolones) ; shoots, or offsets

from the base of the stem, or roots, —

usually applied to young winter wheat
Stoloniferous ; producing offsetts, or run

ning shoots (stolones) .
Striate ; marked with longitudinal lines

or streaks.

Strict ; very straight and erect.
Strigose; armed with flattish tapering

bristly hairs.
Strobile ; the cone, or collective fruit, o:

the Pines, Firs, Ac.
Strumose capsule (in some mosses) ; hav

ing a cushion-like swelling, or protub

erance, at base.
Style: the columnar (usually slender

portion of the pistil, between the ovary

and stigma.
Styliferous; bearing or producing a sty I

or styles,
Stylopodium ; the thickened base of som

styles, — as in Umbelliferae.
Sub, in composition ; a qualifying prefix

equivalent to somewhat, or nearly, —

as swfccordate, somewhat cordate, — sub

sessile, nearly sessile, &c.
fhiberose ; of a texture like cork.
Submersed ; entirely under water.

"uccubous leaves (in Hcpaticae) ; their
bases severally covering the apex of
the preceding.
icculi'nt ; juicy ; full of juice.

Sucker; a young shoot, or offset, from
the root, or base of the stem.

Suffrutescent ; almost shrubby.

luffruticose ; somewhat shrubby.

falcate; furrowed, or grooved.

"Super, or supra, in composition; mean-
ing, above, or upon, — beyond, or more
than.

-Super • axillary ; above an axil.

Supra-decompound ; more than decom-
pound ; many times divided, or com-
pounded.

Superior; above; a term applied to the
ovary, when it is free in the calyx, —
and to the calyx, when the tube is ad-
herent to the ovary, and the segments
borne on its summit.

Suppression ; the non -production, or fail-
ure in the development, of an organ.

Suspended ovules, or seeds ; when they
are attached to the summit of the ovary,
or pericarp, and hang perpendicularly
in the cavity.

Suture ; the line, or seam, formed by the
junction of two margins.

Symmetrical flower; when the number
of the parts in each series, or verticil,
is equal, — or some multiple of the pri-
mary number.

Syngenesious: having the anthers unit-
ed,— as in the Compositae.

lynonyms : different names for the game
things.

Tenacious; sticky, or adhesive; also,
holding on by hooked points.

Tendril; a filiform twining branch, by
which some climbing plants are sus
tained: in the Grape-vine, it is an
abortive raceme ; in the Vetches, an
appendage to the leaves.

Terete ; round, like a column, — and eith-
er cylindric or tapering. See Orbicu-
lar.

Terminal; situated at, or proceeding from,
the apex.

Ternary ; arranged in threes ; consisting
of 3 parts, or elements.

Ternate; three-fold; three together,—
as the leaflets of clover, Ac.

Tessellated: resembling mosaic work;
checquered.

Testa; the proper or outer coat of a seed.

Tetradynamous : having 6 stamens, of
which 4 are regularly longer.

Tetragonous ; 4 covered.

Tetramerous ; consisting of 4 part?.

Tetrandrous ; having 4 stamens of equal
length.

Thalamium : the fructification of Lichens
which is situated in the substance of
the thallus.

Thallogenous plants; destitute of stem,
or axis,— consisting of Thalli, or mere
cellular expansions.

GLOSSARY.

LV

Thallophytes: flowerless plants, consist-! divided ternately,and each final branch
ing wholly of Thallus, or cellular leaf-) bears 3 leaflets,
like expansion : sometimes branched Truncate; as if cut off transversely.

and fruticulose.
Thallus : a name for the stemless frond-
like expansion, of which many cryp-

togamous plants are entirely compos
ed : in the Lichens it is often terete,
branched and shrub-like.
Theca (plural, thecae); a name for the
spore-case of the Mosses.

Tube ; the united portion of a calyx, or

corolla; a hollow cylinder.
Tuber; a thickened fleshy rhizoma, or

knob-like termination of a subterra-
nean branch.
Tubercle ; a small excrescence, knob, or

rough point, on a surface.
Tuberculate; covered with tubercles.
Thorn; a sharp process from the wood! Tuberiferous ; bearing or producing tu-

of a plant, — being an abortive branch, bers.

Throat; the orifice or passage into the Tuberous; consisting of, or fleshy and solid
tube of a gamopetalous corolla.

Thyrsoid; nearly in the form of a thyrsus
Thyrsus ; a kind of contracted or dense

ovoid panicle.
Tissue ; web, or fabric ; the intimate or

ganic structure of bodies.

matted, short pubescence.

Tomentum ; a matted, or curled, wool-
like short pubescence.

Torose, or torulose ; swelled out in obtuse
ridges.

Tortuous : bent in different directions.

like tubers.
Tubular ; having a tube, or formed like

a tube.
Tuft ; a bunch or fascicle, growing from

the same root, or originating nearly at

the same point.

Tomentose; covered with a curled, or Tumid ; swelled, or enlarged like a swel-

Torus ; the seat, or receptacle, of the
component parts of a flower / the ex-
tremity of a pedicel.

Translucent ; clear, or transmitting lighl
faintly.

Transverse, or transversely; cross-wise;
at right angles with lengthwise.

Tree, ; a woody plant taller than a shrub,

Triadelphous : having the filaments unit-
ed in 3 parcels.

Triandrous ; having 3 stamens.

Tribes; groups of kindred plants, inter-
mediate between Orders and Genera.

Tribracteate : having 3 bracts.

Trichotomous ; 3-forked; dividing by 3
equal branches.

Tricoccous ; composed of 3 separable in
dehiscent carpels (cocci).

Tricuspidate ; having, or terminating in,
3 rigid sharp points.

Trifarious ; facing or pointing in 3 di
rections.

Trifid; 3-cleft.

Trifoliate ; 3 leaves together.

Trifoliolate ; 3 leaflets together.

Trigonous: 3-cornered.

Trigynous ; having 3 pistils.

Trilobate; 3-lobed.

Trimerous; consisting of 3 parts.

Tripartite; 3 parted.

Tripetalous ; having 3 petals.

Tripinnate ; thrice pinnate ; the common
petiole 3 times divided, or with bipin-

ling.
Tunicated ; coated; having concentric

coats, or layers.

Turbinate; top-shaped; resembling an,
I inverted cone.
Turf; the green sward, or grassy eod.

ate divisions on each side.
Tripinnatiftd ; pinnately dissected,

rith

the primary divisions twice pinnatifid
THplinerved ; having 3 principal nerves

from the base.
Triquetrous; having 3 sharp angles, and

3 flat or concave sides.
Trisepalous ; having 3 sepals.
TriUrnate leaf ; when the petiole ia twice

Turgid ; swelled, but not inflated.

Tunon: & thick tender young radical
shoot of a plant. — as of Asparagus, Ac.

Tussock; a dense tuft, formed at the
root, — as in some species of Carex, Ac.

Twin ; two of the same kind connected,
or growing together.

Twining ; winding round and ascending
spirally.

Type; a model, or form; a pattern in-
dividual which unites in itself most
completely the characters of a group.

Umbel ; a kind of inflorescence, in which
the flowerstalks proceed from a com-
mon centre, like the rays or braces of
an umbrella.

Umbellate ; in the form or manner of an
umbel.

UinbeUet ; a partial umbel ; one of the
subdivisions of a compound umbel.

Umbelliferous ; bearing the flowers in
umbels.

Umbilicate ; navel-like ; having a central
pit, or depression.

Umbonate ; protuberant; having a boss,
or elevated point, in the centre.

Unarmed; without thorns, or prickles.

Uncinate ; hooked at the end.

Undulate; wavy; curved, or rising and
depressed, like waves.

Unequal ; not alike in length, size, nor
duration.

Unguiculaie; clawed; having a slender
base, like a claw.

Uniform, or uniformly ; in one form ;
equally and alike.

Unilateral; one-sided; growing or situ-
ated all on one side of a stem, or rachip.

Unisexual ; staminate, or pistillate, only.

TJrceolate ; pitcher- shaped, or urnshaped ;
swelling below, and contracted to a
neck, above.

IT!

GLOSSARY.

Utricle; a little sac, or thin pericarp,
which incloses, but does not adhere to,
the seed.

Valvate ; shutting or fitted together by
the edges, without overlapping.

Valves ; the parts of a regularly dehis-
cent capsule; also, the scales which
close the tube, in some corrollas ; and
the chaffy pieces which cover the flow-
ers of the Grasses.

Variety ; a modification of a plant, pro
duced by accidental causes, — such as
soil, climate, culture, crossing, &c. but
not permanently— at least, not speci-
fically—distinct.

Vascular plants ; the higher orders (in
eluding all above the Mosses),— com-
posed more or less of woody fibres, and
elongated or tubular vessels.

Vaulted ; arched, like the roof of the
mouth.

Veil (of the Fungi) ; a delicate membrane
in certain Agarics, which, in an early
stage, connects the margin of the pil-
eus with the stipe. See Volva.

Veined; having the vessels variously
branching over the surface.

Veins ; the elongated vessels of leaves, —
often synonymous with nerves.

Venation ot a leaf ; the distribution or
arrangement of the veins, or frame
work in the lamina or blade.

Ventral ; belonging to the belly.

Ventral suture ; the seam of a carpel (or
folded leaf), formed by the union of
its margins : the opposite of dorsal,

Ventricose ; bellied ; swelling out in the
middle, or below it.

Vernation; the mode in which young
leaves are folded and packed in the
bud.

Verrucose; warty; covered with warts.

Versatile anther; fixed by the middle on
the point of the filaments, and mova
ble round.

Vertical, in a perpendicular direction
from the zenith downward.

Vertical leaves; standing edge up, in

stead of the flat surface.

rerticil; a whorl; a horizontal ring of
leaves, &c. round a stem, or at its sum-
mit.

Verticittate; arranged in a verticil, or
whorl.

Vesicles ; little bladder-like vessels.

Vesicular ; made of, or resembling, little
bladders.

Vespertine flowers; expanding in the
evening.

Vexillum; the banner, standard, or broad
upper petal, of a papilionaceous flower.

Villous ; velvety ; densely clothed with
soft hairs.

Virescent ; inclining to, or becoming,
green.

Virgate; wand-like; long, slender, and
straight.

Viridescent ; greenish.

Viscid; clammy; covered with a sticky
moisture.

Viscid -pubescent ; clothed with a clammy
pubescence.

Vittae; fillets; linear receptacles of oily
matter on the carpels of umbelliferous
plants.

Viviparous ; producing young plants by
bulbs, instead of seeds; also, applied
to plants in which the seeds germinate
while in the pericarp, on the parent
stem.

Volubile; ascending spirally round an-
other object.

Volva ; the veil, or wrapper, of a young
Agaric, — which bursts by the rapid
development of the plant, leaving its
remains adherent to the base of the
stipe.

Whorl; see verticil.

Winged ; having a thin extended mar-
gin.

Wings; the side petals of a papiliona-
ceous flower; also, the membranous
expansion of certain pericarps; margins
of petioles, &c.

Woolly; clothed with a long curled or
matted pubescence.

LTU

ABBREVIATIONS
USED IN THIS WORK.

o=, sign of Cotyledons decumbent.
oj|, " Cotyledons incumbent.
1 " doubt, or uncertainty.
! •' authentication, or certainty

sometimes, also, of a peculiar, or strik

ing circumstance.

Ach. Eric Acharius; Swedish Botanist.
Adans. Michel Adanson ; French.
Agardh. Car. Ad. Agardh ; Swedish.

A. Gr. Asa Gray ; American.
Ait. William Aiton ; English.
AU. Car. Allioni; Italian.

Alph. DC. Alphonse De Candolle ; French
Andr. Henry Andrews ; English.
Auct. (auctorum) ; Of authors.

B. <& S. Bruch and Schimper ; German.
Bart. B. S. & W. P. C. Barton; American
Bartr. John Bartram; American.
Beauv. Palisot de Beauvois; French.
Beck. L. C. Beck ; American.

Benth. George Bentham ; English.
Berk. <ۥ Mont. M. J. Berkeley, and C

Montagne; English and French.
Bieb. M. Bieberstein ; German.
Bigd. Jacob Bigelow ; American.
Boerh. H. Boerhaave ; Dutch.
Boott. Francis Boott ; American.
Borkh. M. B. Borkhausen ; German.
Braun. Alexander Braun; German.
Brid. Sam.Elias Baro de Bridel-Brideri :

German.

Brongn. Adolph Brongniart ; French.
Bronn. H. G. Bronn ; German.
Carey. John Carey ; Anglo-American.
Cass. A. II. G. deCassini; Italian.
Cav. A. J. Cavanilles ; Spanish.
Chaix. Chaix; French.
Cham. Adelb. de Chamisso ; German.
Chav. M. Chavannes; French.
Chois. J. D. Choisy; Swiss.
Carda. A. C. J. Corda; German.
Crantz. II. J. N. Crantz; German.
Darlingt. Wm. Darlington ; American.
DC. Aug. Pyr. De CandoUe; French.
Dene. J. De Caisne ; French.
Desf. R. L. Desfontaines ; French.
Dicks. James Dickson ; English.
Dillen. J. J. Dillenius ; German.
Duby. J. E. Duby ; French.
Duham. H. L. Dubamel; French.
Dum. B. C. Dumortier; French.
Dunal. M. F. Dunal; French.
Ehrh. Friedr. Ehrhart; German.
JEtt. Stephen Elliott; American.
Endl. Stephen Endlicher; Hungarian.
Exd. Syn. Excluding the Synonyms.

Ex. gr. tor the sake of example.

Fl. Flowers expanded.

Fl. Cestr. Flora Cestrica.

Floerk. H. G. Floerke; German.

Fr. Fries. Elias Fries; Swedish.

Fr. Fruit mature.

Gaertn. J.Gaertner; German.

Gaud. J. Gaudin ; French.

Ging. Friedr. de Gingins ; German.

Glox. B. P. Gloxin; German.

Gmel. J. F. Gmelin ; German.

Gooden. Saml. Goodenough ; English.

Grev. R. K. Greville ; English.

Griseb. A. H. R. Grisebach ; German.

Gronov. J. F.Gronovius ; Dutch.

H. B. K. Humboldt, Bonpland, and
Kunth.

Hall. Albert von Haller; Swiss.

Hedw. John Hedwig ; German.

Hoffm. G. F. Hoffmann ; German.

Hook. Sir W. J. Hooker; English.

Hook. & WOs. Hooker and Wilson; Eng-
lish.

Houst. Wm. Houston; 'English.

Huds. Wm. Hudson; English.

Humb. Alex. Von Humboldt ; German.

Jacq. N. J. Jacquin; Dutch.

Juss. A. L. de Jussieu ; French.

Kalm. Peter Kalm ; Swedish.

Ker. J. Bellenden Ker ; English.

Koch. W. D.J.Koch; German.

Kunth. C. S. Kunth ; German.

L. C.Linnaeus; Swedish.

Lag. Mar. Lagasca ; Spanish.

Lam. J. B. M. de la Mark ; French.

. c. In the place already cited.

Lehm. J. G. C. Lehmann ; German.

VHerit. C. L. L'Heritier ; French.

Lib. Anna Maria Libert ; French?

Lindenb. J. B. W. Lindenberg ; German.

Lindl. John Lindley ; English.

Link. H. F. Link; German.

Marsh. Humphry Marshall ; American.

Mart. C. F. P. Von Martius ; German.

Medik. F. C.Medikus; German.

Mey. C. A. Meyer ; German.

Mich. P. A. Micheli; Italian.

Mitt. Philip Miller; English.

Moench. Conrad Moench ; German.

Mont. C. Montagne; French.

Muhl. H. Muhlenberg; American.

Mutis. J. C. Mutis; Spanish.

MX. Andre Michaux ; French.

Neck. N. J. de Necker ; German.

Nees. C. G. Nees von Esenbeck; German .

VM«. Thomas Nuttall ; Anglo-American .

Lriii

ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THIS WORK.

Obs. Observation, or remarks.
P. Br. Patrick Browne; English.
Pers. C. II. Persoon; Dutch.
Ph. Fredk. Pursh; Siberian.
Plum. Charles Plumier; French.
Pair. J. L. M. Poiret; French.
Pollich. John Adam Poll ich; German.
JRadd. Giusep. Raddi; Italian.
Rafin. C. Rafinesque; Sicilian.
P. Br. Robert Brown ; English.
Rich. L. C. Richard; French.
Richards. J.Richardson; English.
7?. <£ S. Roemer & Shultes; German.
If. d- P. Ruiz & Pavon ; Spanish.
Rostk. F. W. Rostkow ; German ?
Roth. Alb. W. Roth ; German.
Rudge. Edward Rudge ; English.
Salisb. R. A. Salisbury ; English.
•Sam. C. Savi ; Italian.
Schk. Christ. Schkuhr ; German.
Scfdeid. M. J. Schleiden ; German.
Schrad. C. F. Schrader ; German.
Schreb. J. C. D. von Schreber; German.
Schultes. F. A. Schultes ; German.
Schw. L. D. von Schweinitz ; American.
Sciiwaegr. Christ. Friedr. Schwaegrichen

German.
Scop. J. A. Scopoli; Italian.

Ser. N. C. Seringe ; French.
Sm. James Edward Smith ; English.
Soland. D. C. Solander; Swedish.
Spach. Edward Spach ; German.
Spreng. Kurt Sprengel; German.
Spring. Prof. Spring; Flemish.
SidKv. W. 8. Sullivant; American.
Sw. Olaus Swartz ; Swedish.
Torr. John Torrey ; American.
Torr. <£ Gr. Torrey & Gray ; American.
Tournef. J. P. de Tournefort ; French.
Trin. C. B. Trinius ; German.
Tuckerm. Edw. Tuckerman ; American.
Turn. Dawson Turner ; English.
Vdhl. Martin Vahl ; Danish.
ram. S. Vaillant; French.
Vent. E. P. Yentenat ; French.
Vill. D. Yillars; French.
Wahl. P. F. Wahlenberg ; Swedish.
Wallr. F. \V. Wallroth ; German.
Walt. Thos. Walter; Anglo-American.
Wangenh. F. A. Y. Wangenheim ; Ger-
man.

Web. & M. Weber & Mohr; German.
Weih. Aug. Weihe ; German.
Wffld. C. L. Willdenow; German.
With. Wm. Withering; English.

LiX

LINNAEAN ARRANGEMENT

OF THE

GENERA TREATED OF IN THIS WORK.

4®> WITH a view to aid Beginners, or those accustomed to the Linnaean System,
in determining the Genera, the following Synopsis is inserted,— with references to
the Natural Orders to which they severally belong.

" Nunc, quo quamque modo possis cognoscere, dicam."

CL.ASS I. MOff ANDRIA.
^. , Order 1, Monogynia.

[Cyperus inflexus. Fimbristylis laxa, Eriophorum Virginicum. and Rhynchospora
alba. ORD. CXVII . CYPERACEAE. p. 336—343.]

Order 2, IMgynia.

[Callitriche. ORD. LXXXVIII. CALLITRICHACEAE. p. 257.]

[Cinna. Andropogon Tirginicus, and macrourus. ORD. CXVIII. GRAMIKEAE. p

358—388.]

1 L ASS II. 01 t \IHll 4.
Order 1. Monogynia.

§1. FLOWERS COMPLETE. A. Ovary superior.
Corolla gamopetalous : f regular. * Fruit a Berry.

LIGUSTRUM. Calyx minutely 4-toothed. Corolla 4-lobed; lobes
ovate, spreading. Berry 2-celled; cells 2-seeded. ORD. LXXIV.
OLEACEAE. p. 237.

* * Fruit a Drupe.

CHIONANTHUS. Calyx 4-parted. Corolla deeply 4-parted: lobes
long and linear. Drupe 1-seeded; nut striate. ORD. LXXIV.
OLEACEAE. ^.238.

t f Corolla irregular: fruit a Capsule.

VERONICA. Calyx 4- or 5-parted. Corolla tubular, or sub-rotate,
unequally 4-lobed, the lower lobe usually narrower. Capsule ovoid,
or obcordate, 2-celled. ORD. LXIII. SCROPHULARIACEAE. p. 188.

DIANTHERA. Calyx 5-parted, bracteate at base. Corolla deeply
bilabiate ; upper lip erect, emarginate, lower lip 3-parted. Capsule
tapering and stipitate at base, 2-celled, 4-seeded. ORD. LXIL

ACANTHACEAE. p. 183.

UTRICULARIA. Calyx 2-parted. Corolla 2-lipped, spurred at base.
Capsule globose, 1-celled. ORD. LIX. LENTIBULACEAE. p. 180.

LX LINNAEAN ARRANGEMENT.

B. Ovary inferior.

CIRCAEA. Calyx 2-parted. Petals 2, obcordate. Capsule obovate,
uncinately hirsute, 2-celled, 2-seeded. ORD. XXXVIII. OXA-

ORACEAE. p. 90.

§2. FLOWERS OFTEN INCOMPLETE.

FRAXINUS. Dioicously polygamous : Calyx none, or 3- or 4-parted.

Corolla none, or 4-petalled. Capsule (or Samara) 2-celled, com-
pressed, with a wing-like extension at apex. ORD. LXXIV. OLEA-

CEAE. p. 238.

LEMNA. Sub-monoicous : Calyx a membranaceous urceolate spathe,
seated in the edge of the frond. Corolla none. Fruit a 1-seeded
utricle. ORD. C. LEMNACEAE. p. 300.

[Lepidium Virginicum. ORD. X. CRUCIFERAE. p. 23.]
[Anycliia dichotoma. ORD. XVI. CAHYOPHYLLACEAE. p. 34.]

[Lycopus, Gunila, Hedeoma. Collinsonia, Salvia, Monarda, and Blephilia.—
ORO. LXV. LABIATAE. p. 198—205.]

[Catalpa, and Martynia. ORD. LX1. BIQNONIACEAE. p. 182 ]
[Gratiola, and Ilysanthes. ORD. LXIII. SCROPHULARIACEAE. p. 187—8.]

[Cyperus diandrus, and Fimbristylis autumnalis. ORD. CXVII. CTPERACEAK.
p. 336—342.]

Order 2. Digynla.

PODOSTEMUM. Sub-monoicous : Flowers in a sac-like spathe. Calyx
none. Corolla none. Capsule 2-celled, many-seeded. ORD. LXXXIX.

PODOSTEMACEAE. p. 258.

[Anychia dichotoma. ORD. XVI. CARYOPHYLLACEAE. p. 34.]

[Leersia Virginica, Brachyelytrum, and Anthoxanthum. ORD.CXVIII. GRAM-
INEAE.P. 356-378.]

II, ASS III. TRIANDRIA.

Order 1. Monog^ynia.

§ 1. FLOWERS COMPLETE, a. Ovary inferior.

FEDIA. Calyx-teeth 3 to 5, or obsolete. Corolla funnel-form, 5-
lobed. Capsule 3-celled, by abortion 1-seeded. ORD. XLIX. VA-

LERIANACEAE. p. 120.

b. Ovary superior.

COMMELYNA. Flowers in a folded cordate spathe-like bract: Sepals
3, unequal. Petals 3, mostly unequal. Stamens mostly 3 perfect,
and 3 (sometimes 4) abortive. Capsule 3-celled. ORD. CXV.

COMMELYNACEAE. p. 333.

XYRIS. Flowers in the axils of scale-like bracts, which are imbri-
cated in an ovoid head: Sepals 3, — the 2 lateral ones boat-shaped,
the anterior one larger. Petals 3, with long narrow claws. Capsule
1-celled. ORD. CXVI. XYRIDACEAE. p. 335.

§2. FLOWERS INCOMPLETE : spathaceous.
a. Ovary inferior.

DIANDRIA MONOGYNIA. LXl

SISYRINCHIUM. Spathe 2 leaved, bract-like. Perianth corolla-like,
deeply 6-parted. Filaments mostly united below. Capsule mem-
branaceous, pedicellate ; seeds subglobose. ORD. C VIII. IRIDACEAE.
p. 318.

IRIS. Spathe membranaceous. Perianth corolla-like, 6-parted, —
the 3 outer segments reflexed. Filaments distinct. Stigmas 3,
dilated and petal-like, arched over the stamens. Capsule coria-
ceous; seeds flat, margined. ORD. CVIII. IRIDACEAE. p. 317.

b. Ovary superior.

SCHOLLERA. Spathe 1-flowered. Perianth corolla-like, with a long
slender tube ; limb 6-parted. Capsule 1-celled. ORD. CXIV.

PONTEDERIACEAE. p. 333.

HETERANTHERA. Spathe inclosing several flowers. Perianth corolla-
like, tubular ; limb 6-parted. Anthers of 2 forms. Capsule incom-
pletely 3-celled. ORD. CXIV. PONTEDERIACEAE. p. 332.

§ 3. FLOWERS GLUMACEOUS : imbricated in spikelets, or heads.

-83=-The plants of this Section belong to ORDER CXVII. CYPERACEAE-P. 335.

[Anychia dichotoraa. ORD. XVI. CARYOPHYLLACEAE.^. 34.]

[Acer dasycarpum. ORD. XXVIil. ACERACEAE. p. 46.1

[Galium trifidum. ORD. XLVIII. RUBIACEAE. p. 117.]

[Juncus eflfusus, paradoxus, acuminatus. and marginatus. ORD. CXIII. JUNCA-
CEAE. p. 330—1.]

Order 2. Oigyiiia.

J^-The Genera belonging here, are the TRUE GRASSES.— and will be found in
ORDER CXVIII. GRAMINEAE. p. 354.

[Anychia dichotoma. ORD. XVI. CARYOPHYLLACEAE. p. 34.]
[Podostemum. ORD. LXXXIX. PODOSTEMACEAE. p. 258]

Order 3. Trigynia.

MOLLUGO. Calyx inferior, deeply 5-parted, colored inside. Corolla
none. Capsule 3-celled, many-seeded. ORD. XVI. CARYOPHYLLA-
CEAE. p. 34.

LECHEA. Sepals 3, with 2 small bracts, persistent. Petals 3, in-
conspicuous. Stamens 3 to 12 (some multiple of 3). Capsule 3-
celled; cells 1-seeded. ORD. XIII. CISTACEAE. p. 27.

[Stellar ia media. ORD. XVI. CARYOPHYLLACEAE. p. 32.]
[Amaranthus albus. ORD. LXXVIIL AMARANTHACEAE. p. 245.]

CLASS IV. TETRAtfDRIA.
Order 1, Monogynia.

A. OVARY INFERIOR, a. Corolla monopetalam, or none.
CEPHALANTHUS. Flowers in naked globose heads: Calyx angular,
4-toothed. Corolla tubular, 4-cleft. Style much exserted. Capsule
inversely pyramidal, 2-celled, 2-seeded. Receptacle hairy. OBD.
XLVIII. RUBIACEAE. p. 118.

IX LIXNAEAN ARRANGEMENT.

B. Ovary inferior.

CIRCAEA. Calyx 2-parted. Petals 2, obcordate. Capsule obovate,
uncinately hirsute, 2-celled, 2-seeded. ORD. XXXVIII. OXA-
ORACEAE. p. 90.

g2. FLOWERS OFTEN INCOMPLETE.

FRAXINUS. Dioicously polygamous : Calyx none, or 3- or 4-parted.
Corolla none, or 4-petalled. Capsule (or Samara) 2-celled, com-
pressed, with a wing-like extension at apex. ORD. LXXIV. OLEA-
CEAE. p. 238.

LEMNA. Sub-monoicous : Calyx a membranaceous urceolate spathe,
seated in the edge of the frond. Corolla none. Fruit a 1-seeded
utricle. ORD. C. LEMNACEAE. p. 300.

[Lepidium Virginicum. ORD. X. CRUCIFERAE. p. 23.]
[Anyehia dichotoma. ORD. XVI. CAHYOPHTLLACEAE. p. 34.]

[Lycopus, Cunila. Iledeoma, Collinsonia, Salvia, Monarda, and Blephilia. —
ORD. LXV. LABIATAE. p. 198-205.]

[Catalpa, and Martynia. ORD. LX1. BIGNONIACEAE. p. 182 ]
[Gratiola, and Ilysanthes. ORD. LXIII. SCROPHULARIACEAE. p. 187—8.]

[Cyperus diandrus, and Fimbristylis autumnalis. ORD. CXVII. CTPERACEAK.
p. 336-342.]

Order 2. Digynia.

PODOSTEMUM. Sub-monoicous : Flowers in a sac-like spathe. Calyx
none. Corolla none. Capsule 2-celled, many-seeded. ORD. LXXXIX.

PODOSTEMACEAE. p. 258.

[Anyehia dicbotoma. ORD. XVI. CARVOPHYLLACEAE. p. 34.]

[Leersia Virginica, Brachyelytrum, and Anthoxantbum. ORD. CXVIII. GRAM-
INEAE.P. 356-378.]

II, ASS III. Tit 1 t MHH i.
Order 1. Monogynla.

§1. FLOWERS COMPLETE, a. Ovary inferior.

FEDIA. Calyx-teeth 3 to 5, or obsolete. Corolla funnel-form, 5-
lobed. Capsule 3-celled, by abortion 1-seeded. ORD. XLIX. VA-

LERIANACEAE. p. 120.

b. Ovary superior.

COMMELYNA. Flowers in a folded cordate spathe-like bract: Sepals
3, unequal. Petals 3, mostly unequal. Stamens mostly 3 perfect,
and 3 (sometimes 4) abortive. Capsule 3-celled. ORD. CXV.

COMMELYNACEAE. p. 333.

XYRIS. Flowers in the axils of scale-like bracts, which are imbri-
cated in an ovoid head : Sepals 3, — the 2 lateral ones boat-shaped,
the anterior one larger. Petals 3, with long narrow claws. Capsule
1-celled. ORD. CXVI. XYRIDACEAE. p. 335.

§ 2. FLOWERS INCOMPLETE : spathaceous.
a. Orary inferior.

DIANDRIA MONOGYNIA. LXl

SISYRINCHIUM. Spathe 2 leaved, bract-like. Perianth corolla-like,
deeply 6-parted. Filaments mostly united below. Capsule mem-
branaceous, pedicellate ; seeds subglobose. ORD. C VIII. IRIDACEAE.
p. 318.

IRIS. Spathe membranaceous. Perianth corolla-like, 6-parted, —
the 3 outer segments reflexed. Filaments distinct. Stigmas 3,
dilated and petal-like, arched over the stamens. Capsule coria-
ceous; seeds flat, margined. ORD. CVIII. IRIDACEAE. p. 317.

b. Ovary superior.

SCHOLLERA. Spathe 1-flowered. Perianth corolla-like, with a long
slender tube ; limb 6-parted. Capsule 1-celled. ORD. CXIV.

PONTEDERIACEAE. p. 333.

HETERANTHERA. Spathe inclosing several flowers. Perianth corolla-
like, tubular ; limb 6-parted. Anthers of 2 forms. Capsule incom-
pletely 3-celled. ORD. CXIV. PONTEDERIACEAE. p. 332.

§ 3. FLOWERS GLUMACEOUS : imbricated in spikelets, or heads.

4®~ The plants of this Section belong to ORDER CXVII. CYPERACEAE.J>. 335.

[Anychia dichotoma. ORD. XVI. CARYOPHYLLACEAE. ,p. 34.]

[Acer dasycarpum. ORD. XXVIil. ACERACEAE. p. 46.]

[Galium trifidum. ORD. XLVIII. RUBIACEAE. p. 117.1

[Juncus effusus, paradoxus. acuminatus. and marginatus. ORD. CXIII. JVXCA-
CEAE. p. 330 — 1.]

Order 2. IMgynia.

>0cg""The Genera belonging here, are the TRUE GRASSES.— and will be found in
ORDER CXVIII. GRAMIWEAE. p. 354.

[Anychia dichotoma. ORD. XVI. CARYOPHYLLACEAE. p. 34.]
[Podostemum. ORD. LXXXIX. PODOSTEMACEAE. p. 258]

Order 3. Trigynia.

MOLLUGO. Calyx inferior, deeply 5-parted, colored inside. Corolla
none. Capsule 3-celled, many-seeded. ORD. XVI. CARYOPHYLLA-
CEAE. p. 34.

LECHEA. Sepals 3, with 2 small bracts, persistent. Petals 3, in-
conspicuous. Stamens 3 to 12 (some multiple of 3). Capsule 3-
cclled; cells 1-seeded. ORD. XIII. CISTACEAE. p. 27.

[Stellaria media. ORD. XVI. CARYOPHYLLACEAE. p. 32.]
[Amaranthus albus. ORD. LXXV1II. AMARANTH ACEAE. p. 245.]

CL.ASS IV. TETRA1VDRIA.
Order 1. Monogynia.

A. OVARY INFERIOR, a. Corolla monopetalous, or none.

CEPHALANTHUS. Flowers in naked globose heads : Calyx angular,
4-toothed. Corolla tubular, 4-cleft. Style much exserted. Capsule
inversely pyramidal, 2-celled, 2-seeded. Receptacle hairy. OED.
XLVIII. KUBIACEAE. p. 118.

LXli LINNAEAN ARRANGEMENT.

DIPSACUS. Flowers in involucrate ovoid heads: Florets involucel-
late. Calyx cup-shaped, entire. Corolla tubular, with 4 erect
lobes. Fruit akene-like, 1-seeded. Receptacle chaffy. ORD. L.
DIPSACEAE. p. 120.

GALIUM. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Corolla rotate, 4-(rarely 3-) parted.
Styles short, bifid. Fruit didymous, roundish, dry or fleshy, smooth
or hispid, 2-seeded. ORD. XLVIII. RUBIACEAE. p. 116.

DIODIA. Calyx 2- or 4-toothed. Corolla funnel-form ; limb 4-lobed.
Fruit quadrangular-obovoid, splitting into 2, dry, 1-seeded carpels.
ORD. XLVIII. RUBIACEAE. p. 118.

HEDYOTIS. Calyx 4-lobed. Corolla .tubular ; limb 4-parted. CapsuU
half superior, 2-celled, many-seeded, opening at apex across the
dissepiment. ORD. XLVIII. RUBIACEAE. p. 119.

MITCHELLA. Calyx 4-toothed. Corolla funnel-form ; limb 4-parted,
villous on the inner side. Berry didymous, 4-seeded. ORD. XLVIII.
RUBIACEAE. p. 119.

SANGUISORBA. Calyx corolla-like, 4-lobed, 3-bracted; tube4-angled.
Corolla none. Fruit an akene (rarely 2), included in the winged
calyx-tube. ORD. XXXV. ROSACEAE. p. 76.

b. Corolla tetrapetalous, or none.

CORNUS. Calyx minutely 4-toothed. Petals oblong, spreading.
Drupes berry-like, distinct; nut 2 or 3-celled. ORD. XLVI.

CORNACEAE. p. 110.

LUDWIGIA. Calyx-lobes 4, persistent. Petals sometimes want-
ing. Capsule quadrangular-obovoid, 4-celled, many-seeded. ORD.
XXXVIII. ONAGRACEAE. p. 89.

B. OVARY SUPERIOR, a. Flowers complete.

PLANTAGO. Calyx of 4 persistent sepals, slightly connected at base.
Corolla tubular, with 4 reflexed lobes, marcescent. Capsule ovoid,
2-celled, circumscissed. ORD. LVII. PLANTAGINACEAE. p. 176.

BARTONIA. Calyx 4-parted. Corolla 4-parted. Stigma 2-lobed,
decurrent on the style. Capsule oblong, 1-celled, 2-valved. ORD.
LXXI. GENTIANACEAE. p. 230.

OBOLARIA. Calyx of 2 spatulate leaf -like sepals. Corolla tubular,
4-lobed, marcescent. Stamens in the clefts of the corolla. Capsule
ovoid, 1- (or imperfectly 2-) celled, 2-valved. ORD. LXXI. GEN-
TIANACEAE. p. 232.

AMMANNIA. Calyx 4-angled, 4-lobed, with a tooth at each cleft.
Petals 4, or wanting. Capsule globular, 4- (or finally 1-) celled,
many-seeded. ORD. XXXVII. LYTHRACEAE. p. 87.

b. Flowers incomplete.

SYMPLOCARPUS. Spathe conch-shaped, acuminate. Spadix roundish-
oval, covered with florets. Calyx deeply 4-parted, persistent. Ovary
immersed in the receptacle. Seed solitary. ORD. XCIX. ARACEAE.
p. 298.

TETRANDRIA MONOGYNIA.

PARIETARIA. Monoicously polygamous: Flowers in axillary in-

volucrate clusters. Calyx 4-parted, persistent. Stigma pencil-tufted.

Fruit a polished akene, or nut. ORD. XCVII. URTICACEAE. p. 289.

[Euonymus atropurpureus. ORD. XXX. CELASTRACEAE. p. 48.]

[Orontiitm aquaticum. ORD. XCIX. ARACEAE. p. 299.]

[Smilacina bifolia. ORD. CXI, LILIACEAE. p. 323.]

Order 2. Digynia.

HAMAMELIS. Flowers clustered in threes, in small scale-like 3-
leaved involucres. Calyx 4-parted, with 2 or 3 bractlets at base.
Petals 4, long and linear. Capsule woody, 2-celled, 2-seeded, open-
ing at summit. ORD. XLIII. HAMAMELACEAE. p. 98.

[Galium. ORD. XLVIII. RUBIACEAE. p. 116.]

[Cuscuta epilinum. ORD. LXIX. CONVOLVULACEAE. p. 223.]

[Gentiana crinita. ORD. LXXI. GENTIANACEAE. p. 231.]

Order 4. Tetragynia.

ILEX. Dioicously polygamous : Calyx 4- or 5-toothed, persistent.
Corolla subrotate, of 4 or 5 nearly distinct petals. Stamens alternat-
ing with the petals. Berry 4- or 5-seeded. ORD. LV. AQUIFOLI-
ACEAE. p. 175.

POTAMOGETON. Flowers on a spadix-like spike : Sepals 4. Corolla
none. Ovaries 4, becoming fleshy, or coriaceous drupelets. ORD.
CII. NAIADACEAE. p. 303.

CLASS V. PENTAtfDRIA.
Order 1. Monogynia.

A. FLOWERS COMPLETE. § 1. Ovary superior.
a. Corolla monopdalous. f Nutlets 4, apparently naked.

* Nutlets fixed to tlie bottom of the calyb.

MERTENSIA. Corolla trumpet-form, much longer than the 5-parted
calyx. Nutlets roundish-ovoid, smooth, rather fleshy. ORD. LXVI.

BORAGINACEAE. p. 216.

LITHOSPERMUM. Corolla funnel-form, or salver-form, with rounded
lobes; throat open. Style included. Nutlets ovoid, rugose or smooth,
bony. ORD. LXVI. BORAGINACEAE. p. 215.

ONOSMODIUM. Corolla tubular-campanulate, with 5 acute, erect
lobes ; throat open. Stamens included. Style much exserted. Nutlets
ovoid, smooth and shining. ORD. LXVI. BORAGINACEAE. p. 215.

ECHIUM. Corolla irregular, subcampanulate, obliquely 5-lobed;
throat open. Stamens mostly exserted. Nutlets tuberculate or
wrinkled. ORD. LXVI. BORAGINACEAE. p. 214.

MYOSOTIS. Corolla salver-form ; throat closed by 5 short arching
scales. Stamens included. Nutlets smooth. ORD. LXVI. BORA-
GINACEAE. p. 216.

SYMPHYTUM. Corolla tubular-campanulate; throat ventricose, closed
by 5 converging subulate-lanceolate scales. Nutlets gibbous, angular,
smooth. ORD. LXVI. BORAGINACEAE. p. 214.

LX1V LINNAEAN ARRANGEMENT.

** Nutlets fixed to the style, or central column.

CYNOGLOSSUM. Corolla funnel-form ; throat closed by 5 obtuse scales.
Nutlets depressed or convex, covered with rigid, barbed, or hooked
bristles. ORD. LXVI. BORAGINACEAE. p. 217.

f t Seeds in an evident Seedvessel.
J Fruit a Capsule. * Capsule l-celled.

ANAGALLIS. Corolla rotate, deeply 5-parted. Filaments hirsute.
Capsule circumscissed. ORD. LVIII. PRIMULACEAE. p. 179.

LTSIMACHIA. Corolla subrotate, 5-parted. Filaments often united
in a ring, at base. Capsule 5- to 10-valved, few- or many-seeded.
ORD. LVIII. PRIMULACEAE. p. 178.

SAMOLUS. Calyx half superior, persistent. Corolla subcampanulate,
5-cleft, with 5 sterile filaments in the clefts. Capsule half inferior,
5-valved at summit, many-seeded. ORD. LVIII. PRIMULACEAE.
p. 179.

SABBATIA. Calyx 5- to 12-parted. Corolla subrotate, 5- to 12-
parted. Anthers finally revolute. Stigmas 2, spirally twisted.
Capsule 2-valved. ORD. LXXI. GENTIANACEAE. p. 229.

ERYTHRAEA. Calyx appressed, angular. Corolla funnel-form ;
limb 5-lobed, marcescent and twisting. Anthers, after flowering,
spirally twisted. Capsule sublinear, 2-valved. ORD. LXXI. GEN-
TIANACEAE. p. 230.

HYDROPHYLLUM. Corolla subcampanulate, 5-cleft, with 5 longi-
tudinal grooves on the inside. Stamens exserted ; filaments hairy
Capsule 2-valved, 1- to 4-seeded. ORD. LXVII. HYDROPHYLLACEAE.
p. 218.

"Capsule 2- to 5-celled.

AZALEA. Calyx 5-parted, minute and hairy. Corolla funnel-form,
irregularly 5-lobed. Stamens exserted, — the filaments and style
declined, or curved. Capsule oblong, 5-celled, 5-valved. Seeds
numerous, minute and scale-like. ORD. LIV. ERICACEAE, p. 170.

POLEMONIUM. Calyx loosely campanulate. Corolla campanulate-
rotate ; tube closed by the dilated valve-like bases of the filaments.
Capsule 3-celled; cells many-seeded. ORD. LXVIII. POLEMONI-
ACEAE. p. 218.

PHLOX. Calyx sub-prismatic. Corolla salver-form ; tube slender,
more or less curved. Stamens included, unequally inserted in the
corolla-tube. Capsule 3-celled; cells 1-seeded. ORD. LXVIII.

POLEMONIACEAE. p. 219.

CONVOLVULUS. Calyx naked. Corolla sub-campanulate ; limb nearly
entire. Stigmas mostly 2, lobed or capitate. Capsule 2- or 3-celled.
ORD. LXIX. CONVOLVULACEAE. p. 221,

CALYSTEGIA. Calyx inclosed in 2 large, opposite, subcordate bracts..
Corolla campanulate-funnel-form. Stigmas oblong. Capsule 1 -celled.
LXIX. CONVOLVULACEAE. p. 220.

PENTANDRIA MONOGYNIA. LXV

DATURA. Calyx tubular, 5-angled, deciduous. Corolla funnel-form.
Capsule ovoid, mostly muricate, 2- to 4-celled, 4-valved. ORD. LXX.

SOLANACEAE. p. 225.

NICOTIANA. Calyx sub-urceolate, persistent. Corolla funnel-form,
plicately 5-lobed. Capsule ovoid, smooth, bisulcate, 2-celled, many-
seeded. Seeds minute. ORD. LXX. SOLANACEAE. p. 224.

VERBASCUM. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla rotate; limb unequally 5-
lobed. Stamens declined ; filaments (or some of them) hairy. —
Capsule subglobose, 2-celled, many-seeded. ORD. LXIII. SCRO-

PHULARIACEAE. p. 184.

Jt Fruit a Berry.

LTCIUM. Calyx 2- to 5-cleft. Corolla tubular, mostly 5-lobed;
throat closed by the beard of the filaments. Stamens exserted. Berry
2-celled. ORD. LXX. SOLANACEAE. p. 224.

SOLANUM. Calyx mostly 5-parted, spreading, persistent. Corolla
rotate, usually 5-lobed. Anthers often slightly cohering, opening
by pores at apex. Berry mostly 2-celled. ORD. LXX. SOLANACEAE.
p. 227.

LYCOPERSICUM. Calyx 5- to 10-parted. Corolla rotate, 5- to 10-
lobed. Anthers cohering by a membrane at summit, opening on the
inner side. Berry 2- or 3-celled. ORD. LXX. SOLANACEAE. p. 227.

NICANDRA. Calyx 5-angled, 5-parted, — the segments sagittate,
enlarged in fruit. Corolla spreading-campanulate. Berry 3- to 5-
celled, rather dry. ORD. LXX. SOLANACEAE. p. 226.

PHYSALIS. Calyx 5-cleft, enlarging and finally much inflated, in-
closing the fruit. Corolla campanulate-rotate, spotted at base. —
Berry 2-celled, viscid and fleshy. ORD. LXX. SOLANACEAE. p. 226.

CAPSICUM. Calyx 5- or 6-cleft. Corolla sub-rotate, 5- or 6-lobed.
Berry inflated, subcoriaceous, imperfectly 2- or 3-celled, polymor-
phous. ORD. LXX. SOLANACEAE. p. 226.

b. Corolla mostly pentapetalous. f Fruit a Capsule.

CLAYTONIA. Sepals 2, persistent. Petals obovate-oblong, bearing
the stamens on their claws. Capsule 1-celled, 3-valved, 2- to 6-
seeded. ORD. XVII. PORTULACACEAE. p. 35.

IMPATIENS. Sepals 5 (apparently 4, — 2 being united), irregular,
deciduous. Petals 4, — by union, forming a 2-lobed petal on each
side. Ovary 5-celled. Capsule opening by 5 elastic valves. ORD.
XXIII. BALSAMINACEAE. p. 41.

VIOLA. Sepals produced, or eared, at base. Petals rather unequal,
— the larger one spurred at base. Two lower anthers extended into
the spur of the corolla. Capsule 1-celled, 3-valved. ORD. XII.
VIOLACEAE. p. 24.

SOLEA. Sepals not eared at base. Petals very unequal, — the larger
one merely gibbous at base, the others linear-oblong. Style hooked
at summit. ORD. XII. VIOLACEAE. p. 24.

LXvi LINNAEAN ARRANGEMENT.

CEANOTHUS. Calyx 5-cleft, circumscissed after flowering, — the base
turbinate, persistent. Petals cucullate, on slender claws. Style
trifid. Capsule obtusely trigonous, or 3-lobed, 3-celled; cells, or
carpels, 1-seeded. ORD. XXXI. RHAMNACEAE. p. 49.

CELASTRUS. Dioicously polygamous : Sepals 5, connected at base.
Petals small. Stamens on the margin of a disk. Capsule globose, 3-
valved. Seeds arillate. ORD. XXX. CELASTRACEAE. p. 48.

EUONYMUS. Sepals 4, or 5, united at base. Petals 4, or 5. Stamens
4, or 5, inserted on a disk, which covers the ovary. Capsule 3- to
6-lobed, 3- to 5-valved. Seeds arillate. ORD. XXX. CELASTRACEAE.
p. 48.

ft Fruit a Berry.

VITIS. Dioicously polygamous : Calyx obsoletely 5-toothed. Petals
cohering at apex, caducous. ORD. XXXII. VITACEAE. p. 49.

AMPELOPSIS. Calyx slightly 5-toothed. Petals opening at apex,
spreading and reflexed. ORD. XXXII. VITACEAE. p. 51.

§ 2. Ovary inferior, a. Corolla monopetalous.
f Fruit a capsule.

LOBELIA. Calyx 5-cleft ; tube short, tumid. Corolla tubular, sub-
bilabiate, slit on the upper side. Stamens more or less united, — the
anthers coalesced into a tube, and bearded at summit. Capsule 2-
celled, opening at top. ORD. LII. LOBELIACEAE. p. 163.

CAMPANULA. Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla campanulate, 5-lobed. Stamens
distinct ; filaments dilated, connivent and valve-like, at base. Capsule
3-celled, opening by 3 lateral valves. ORD. LIU. CAHPANULACEAE.
p. 164.

SPECULARIA. Calyx mostly 5-lobed. Corolla sub-rotate. Filaments
dilated and connivent at base, hairy, shorter than the anthers. —
Capsule prismatic, 3-celled, opening by lateral valves. ORD. LIU.
CAMPANULACEAE. p. 165.

DIERVILLA. Calyx bibracteate at base, tubular, oblong, tapering
above ; segments subulate. Corolla funnel-form, 5-lobed. Capsule
ovoid-oblong, pointed, 2-celled, 2-valved. ORD. XLVII. CAPRIFOLI-
ACEAE. p. 113.

f f Fruit a Berry.

LONICERA. Calyx-teeth very short. Corolla tubular, often gibbous
at base, irregularly 5-lobed, or sub-bilabiate. Berry 3-celled, cells
few-seeded. ORD. XLVII. CAPRIFOLIACEAE. p. 112.

TRIOSTEUM. Cafo/z-tube ovoid ; segments lance-linear. Corolla tub-
ular, gibbous at base, sub-equally 5-lobed. Berry rather dry,
3-celled, containing 3 bony nutlets. ORD. XLVII. CAPRIFOLI-
ACEAE. p. 113.

b. Corolla pentapetalous : fruit a Berry.

KIBES. Calyx tubular, or campanulate, 5-lobed. Petals small, in-
serted alternately with the stamens, on the calyx. Berry crowned
with the shrivelled calyx. ORD. XXXIX. GROSSULACEAE. p. 91.

PENTANDRIA MONOQYNIA. LXYii

B. FLOWERS INCOMPLETE, a. Ovary superior.

ANTCHIA. Sepals 5, connivent, subcucullate and callous at apex.
Corolla none. Utricle minutely verrucose. ORD. XVI. CARYO-

PHYLLACEAE. p. 34.

b. Ovary inferior.

COMANDRA. Calyx campanulate, 5-cleft, lined with a 5-lobed disk.
Stamens inserted between the lobes of the disk ; anthers connected
with the calyx-segments by a tuft of threads ! Fruit dry and nut-
like, 1-seeded. ORD. LXXXIII. SANTALACEAE. p. 253.

NYSSA. Dioicously polygamous: STAM. FL. Calyx 5-parted. —
Stamens 5, to 10, or 12, inserted round a peltate disk. PISTIL. FL. Calyx
5-cleft. Stamens 5, or wanting. Style mostly revolute. Drupe
oblong-oval. ORD. LXXXII. NYSSACEAE. p. 253.

[Acer rubrum, and dasycarpum. Negundo. ORD. XXVIII. ACERACEAE. p. 46.]

[Cassia nictitans. ORD. XXXIV. LEGUMINOSAE. p. 69.]
[Prinos verticillatus. ORD. LV. AQUIFOLIACEAE. p. 175.]

Order 2. Uigynia.

A. OVARY SUPERIOR. § 1. Flowers complete.
a. Corolla monopetalous. f Fruit a Capsule.

GENTIANA. Calyx 4- or 5-cleft. Corolla 4- or 5-lobed, usually
with intermediate plaited folds which bear appendages at the sin-
uses. Capsule oblong, 1 -celled, 2-valved, many-seeded. ORD.
LXXl. GENTIANACEAE. p. 230.

CUSCUTA. Calyx 4- or 5-cleft. Corolla globose-urceolate. Stamens
with a scale-like, often fringed, appendage at their base. Capsule
globular, circumscissed or indehiscent, 2-celled, 4-seeded. ORD.
LXIX. CONVOLVULACEAE. p. 223.

ft Fruit a Follide: Of ten in pairs.

APOCYNUM. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla campanulate, 5-lobed, with
5 triangular appendages in the throat, opposite the lobes. Anthers
slightly adherent to the stigmas. Follicles in pairs, rigid and slender.
Seeds imbricated, comose. ORD. LXXII. APOCYNACEAE. p. 232.

ASCLEPIAS. Calyx deeply 5-parted. Corolla 5-parted, reflexed.
Crown of 5 hooded lobes, each containing a horn-like incurved
process. Anthers adherent to the angular stigma, — the cells opening
perpendicularly, with rigid wing-like margins ; each cell contain-
ing a flattened pearshaped waxy pollen-mass — the two contiguous
pollen-masses of adjacent anthers forming pairs, which hang by
their slender summits from 5 small cloven tubercles, or glands, at
the angles of the stigma. Ovaries in pairs, one of them usually
abortive. Follicle somewhat ventricose, acuminate, soft. Seeds
imbricated, comose. ORD. LXXIII. ASCLEPIADACEAE. p. 233.

ACERATES. Characters nearly those of Asclepias, but the pollen-
masses more slender, and the hooded lobes of the crown destitute of
the horn-like process. ORD. LXXIII. ASCLEPIADACEAE. p. 236.

LXViii LINNAEAN ARRANGEMENT.

GONOLOBUS. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla rotate, deeply 5-parted.
Crown a small wavy-lobed ring in the throat of the corolla. Anthers
partly hidden under the flattened stigma, opening transversely.
Pollen-masses 5 pairs, horizontal. Follicle turgid, somewhat ribbed,
and softly muricate. Seeds comose. ORD. LXXIII. ASCLEPIA-
DACEAE. p. 237.

b. Corolla pentapetalous.

HEUCIIERA. Calyx 5-cleft, persistent. Petals small, inserted at
the clefts of the calyx. Capsule 2-beaked, opening between the
beaks, 1-celled. ORD. XLII. SAXIFRAGACEAE. p. 96.
§ 2. Flowers incomplete.

CHENOPODIUM. Calyx 5-parted, the segments often keeled, — embrac-
ing the fruit, but not adhering to it. Utricle thin, membranaceous.
Seed 1, horizontal, lenticular, embryo forming a ring round the
albumen. ORD. LXXVII. CHENOPODIACEAE. p. 242.

AMBRINA. Characters nearly as in Chenopodium, — but the calyx-
segments usually not keeled. Seed sometimes vertical; embryo not
forming a complete ring. ORD. LXXVII. CHENOPODIACEAE. p. 242.

BETA. Calyx urceolate, 5-cleft, — the base slightly adherent to the
fruit, finally indurated. Ovary depressed. Utricle immersed in
the base of the calyx, and covered by the segments. ORD. LXXVII.
CHENOPODIACEAE. p. 243.

ULMUS. Calyx 5- to 8-cleft. Ovary compressed, ovate, 2-celled.
Samara 1-celled, 1-seeded; margin broad. ORD. LXXXV. ULMA-
CEAE. p. 255.

CELTIS. Monoicously polygamous : Calyx deeply 5- or 6-parted.
Ovary ovoid, 1-celled. Drupe globular. ORD. LXXXV. ULMA-
CEAE. p. 256.

B. OVARY INFERIOR : Corolla pentapetalous. PLOTTERS ix UMBELS.
a. Umbels simple, f Fruit more or less baccate.

PANAX. Dioicously polygamous : CaZ?/x-teeth obsolete. Fruit drupe-
like, or subcoriaceous, 2- or 3-lobed, 2- or 3-celled. ORD. XLV.
ARALIACEAE. p. 109.

f f Fruit dry — twin carpels. TRUE UMBELLIFERAE.

HYDROCOTYLE. Fruit laterally compressed, orbicular; carpels 5-
ribbed, the lateral ones enlarged ; vittae none. ORD. XLIV.
UMBELLIFERAE. p. 99.

b. Flowers in compound Umbels.
4®=> The Genera of this division all belong to ORD. XLIV. UMBELLIFERAE. jx 98.

[Anychia dichotoma. ORD. XVI. CARTOPHYLLACEAE. p. 34.]
[Polygonum amphibium, & Virginianum. ORD. LXXIX. POLYGONACEAE. p. 246 — 7.]

Order 3. Trigynia.

a. Ovary inferior : Corolla monopetalous.

VIBURNUM. Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla subcampanulate, 5-lobed.
Fruit a drupe, with scanty pulp, and a crustaceous flattened nut.
ORD. XLVII. CAPRIFOLIACEAE. p. 115.

PENTANDRIA TBIGYNIA. LX1X

SAMBUCUS. Calyx-segments 5, minute. Corolla subrotate, 5-lobed.
Fruit a globular juicy drupe, containing 3 to 5 seed-like nutlets.
OBD. XLVII. CAPRIFOLIACEAE. p. 114.

b. Ovary superior : Corolla pentapetalous.

RHUS. Potygamo-dioicous : Sepals 5, connected at base. Petals
lance-ovate, spreading. Stamens inserted in or under the edge of a
flatted disk. Fruit small, indehiscent, a sort of dry drupe. ORD.
XXVII. ANACARDIACEAE. p. 43.

STAPHYLEA. Sepals 5, connected at base. Petals spatulate-obovate.
Ovary 2- or 3-lobed, enlarging into a membranaceous, inflated, 2-
or 3-lobed capsule. Seeds obovoid, bony, smooth, 1 to 3 in each
cell. ORD. XXX. CELASTRACEAE. p. 48.

[Hypericum Sarothra. ORD. XV. HYPERICACEAE. p. 29.]

[Stellaria media. ORD. XVI. CARYOPHYLLACEAE. p. 32.]

[Ceanothus Ainericanus. ORD. XXXI. RHAMNACEAE. p. 49.]

[Panax trifolium. ORD. XLV. ARALIACEAE. p. 110.]
[Polygonum aviculare. ORD. LXXIX. POLTGONACEAE.^. 248.]

Order 5. Pentagynia.

ARALIA. Calyx mostly 5-toothed. Petals 5. Ovary inferior. —
Berry 5-celled, 5-seeded, often torulose. ORD. XLV. ARALIACEAE.
p. 108.

LINUM. Sepals 5, connected at base. Petals 5, unguiculate. Ovary
superior. Capsule globose, imperfectly 10-seeded. ORD. XX.
LINACEAE. p. 38.

DROSERA. Calyx 5-parted. Petals 5, marcescent. Ovary superior.
Capsule oblong, 1- to 3-celled. ORD. XIV. DROSERACEAE. p. 27.
[Cerastium viscosum. ORD. XVI. CARYOPHYLLACEAE. p. 33.]
[Ilex opaca. ORD. LV. AQUIFOLIACEAE.^. 175.]

CLASS VI. IIEXA1VDRIA.
Order 1. Monogynia.

A. FLOWERS COMPLETE.

FLOERKEA. Calyx 3-parted. Petals 3, shorter than the calyx.

Ovary 2- or 3-lobed. Fruit consisting of 2 or 3 connate, fleshy,
utricular akenes. ORD. XXV. LIMNANTHACEAE. p. 42.

TRADESCANTIA. Sepals 3. Petals 3, larger than the sepals. Fila-
ments bearded with moniliform hairs. Capsule 2- or 3-celled ; cells
1- or 2-seeded. ORD. CXV. COMMELYNACEAE. p. 334.

CAULOPHYLLUM. Sepals' 6, with caducous Iractlets at base. Petals
6, subreniform and gland-like, inserted on the base of the sepals.
Pistil gibbous ; ovary bursting early, and disappearing, — the naked
globular seeds resembling drupes, elevated on the thick erect seed-
stalks. ORD. V. BERBERIDACEAE. p. 10.

PRINOS. Dioicously polygamous : Calyx mostly 6-cleft. Corolla
monopetalous, subrotate, mostly 6-parted. Berry drupe-like, with
6 smooth nutlets. ORD. LV. AQUIFOLIACEAE. p. 175.

LXX . LINNAEAN ARRANGEMENT.

B. FLOWERS INCOMPLETE.
a. Perianth Corolla-like, f Flowers with a Spathe.

PONTEDERIA. Perianth tubular, recurved, bilabiate, — under side
of the tube with 3 slits ; the persistent base inclosing the fruit. —
Utricle 1-seeded. ORD. CXIV. PONTEDERIACEAE. p. 332.

ALLIUM. Perianth of 6 sepals, distinct or slightly connected at base,
becoming dry. Filaments subulate, — the inner ones often toothed
on each side. Capsule 3-lobed, 3-celled, few-seeded. ORD. CXI.
LILIACEAE. p. 324.

ff Flowers without a Spathe.
* Ovary superior. •*- Fruit a Berry.

POLYGONATUM. Perianth tubular, cylindric, 6-cleft. Stamens in-
serted above the middle of the tube, included. Berry 3-celled;
cells 1- or 2-seeded. ORD. CXI. LILIACEAE. p. 321.

SMILACINA. Perianth 6- or 4-parted, spreading. Stamens as many
as the perianth- segments, attached to their base. Berry 2- or 3-
celled. ORD. CXI. LILIACEAE. p. 322.

ASPARAGUS. Perianth 6-parted; segments linear-oblong, rather
erect. Anthers peltate. Berry 3-celled. ORD. CXI. LILIACEAE.
p. 321.

H- -i- Fruit a Capsule.

ORNITHOGALUM. Perianth of 6 partly colored sepals, slightly con-
nected at base. Filaments dilated below. Capsule roundish-angular,
3-celled. ORD. CXI. LILIACEAE. p. 323.

HEMEROCALLIS. Perianth funnel-form, — the short cylindric tube in-
closing the ovary; the limb 6-parted, spreading and lily-like,
marcescent. Capsule rather fleshy. Seeds globular. ORD. CXI.
LILIACEAE. p. 323.

LILIUM. Perianth mostly campanulate, — the 6 slightly connected
sepals sessile or clawed, often recurved or revolute, with a central
groove above the base, deciduous. Capsule oblong, 3-valved, — the
yalves connected by latticed hairs. Seeds flat, densely packed in
double rows. ORD. CXI. LILIACEAE. p. 326.

ERYTHRONIUM. Perianth of 6 slightly connected lanceolate spread-
ing sepals, — the 3 inner ones usually with a callous tooth on each
side, near the base, and a groove in the middle. Capsule trigonous-
obovoid, 3-celled. Seeds ovoid, acuminate. ORD. CXI. LILIACEAE.
p. 327.

UVULARIA. Perianth of 6 slightly connected spatulate-lanceolate
sepals. Anthers long, linear, adnate ; filaments short. Capsule 3-
valved from the top, loculicidal. Seeds obovoid, with a fungous
raphe. ORD. CXII. MELANTHACEAE. p. 327.

ALETRIS. Perianth tubular, ovoid-oblong, rugose-scurfy, adhering
to the base of the ovary ; limb 6-cleft. Style subulate, finally 3-

parted. Capsule 3-celled, inclosed in the roughened perianth

ORD. CYII. HAEMODORACEAE. p. 317.

HEXANDRIA MOXOGTNIA. LXXl

** Ovary inferior.

HYPOXIS. Perianth 6-parted, persistent, — the 3 outer segments

green externally. Capsule oblong, 3-celled, not opening by valves.

Seeds globular, crustaceous. ORD. CVI. AMABYLLIDACEAE. p. 316.

b. Perianth Calyx-like, f Flowers on a Spadix.

ORONTIUM. Spadix terminal on a terete clavate scape. Perianth of
4 or 6 truncate concave sepals. Stamens as many as the sepals, and
opposite them ; anthers 2-celled. Fruit a green globose utricle. —
ORD. XCIX. AEACEAE. p. 299.

ACORUS. Spadix lateral, sessile, emerging from the edge of a flat
scape, which resembles the leaves. Sepals 6, concave. Anthers
reniform, 1 -celled. Capsule somewhat baccate, indehiscent, few-
seeded. ORD. XCIX. ARACEAE. p. 299.

f f Flowers more or less panicled.

JUNCUS. Perianth of 6 dry glumaceous persistent sepals, slightly
connected at base. Stamens often 3. Capsule 3-celled, loculicidal.
Seeds numerous. ORD. CXIII. JUNCACEAE. p. 330.

LUZULA. Perianth as in Juncus, but bibracteate at base. Capsule 1-
celled. Seeds 3. ORD. CXIII. JUNCACEAE. p. 330.

[Acer dasycarpum. ORD. XXVIII. ACERACEAE. p. 46.]

[Sabbatia angularis. ORD. LXXI. GENTIANACEAE. p. 229.]

[Sassafras officinale. ORD. LXXX. LAURACEAE. p. 251.]

[Commelyna. ORD. CXVI. COMMELYNACEAE. p. 333.]

Order 2. Digynia.

(Polygonum Pennsylvanicum, Persicaria, and arifolium. ORD. LXXIX. POLTGON-

ACEAE.J). 246— 8.J

[Celtis. ORD. LXXXV. ULMACEAE. p. 256.]
[Zizanla. ORD. CXVIII. GRAMINEAE. p. 356.]

Order 3. Trisryiiia.

4SJ" Floral envelope a 6-parted Perianth, f Fruit Capsular.

MELANTHIUM. Monoicously polygamous: Perianth corolla-like, rotate,
— the segments roundish, clawed, finally ovate-oblong and subhastate,
with 2 glands at base. Capsule formed of 3 separable carpels,
Seeds flat. ORD. CXII. MELANTHACEAE. p. 328.

VERATRUM. Monoicously polygamous : Perianth calyx-like, spread-
ing,— the segments lance-oblong, sessile, without glands at base. —
Capsule and Seeds nearly as in Melanthium. ORD. CXII. MELANTH-
ACEAE. p. 328.

CHAMAELIRIUM. Polygamo-dioicous : Perianth corolla-like, — seg-
ments spreading, spatulate-linear. Anthers yellow. Styles clavate.
Capsule obovoid-oblong, loculicidal, 3-valved from the apex. Seeds
linear-oblong, winged at each end. ORD. CXII. MELANTHACEAE.
p. 329.

AMIANTHIUM. Perianth corolla-like, — segments oblong, obtuse. —
Anthers white. Styles filiform. Capsule of 3 connate carpels. Seeds
ovoid-oblong, not winged. ORD. CXII. MELANTHACEAE. p. 329.

LXXii LINNAEAN ARRANGEMENT.

tf Fruit a Berry.

MEDEOLA. Perianth corolla-like, — segments lance-oblong, revolute,
deciduous. Anthers incumbent. Styles long, recurved. Berry
globose, 3-celled, few-seeded. ORD. CX. SMILACEAE. p. 320.

TRILLIUM. Perianth with the 3 outer segments calyx-like, the 3
inner ones corolla-like. Anthers adnate. Styles subulate, recurved.
Berry fleshy, trigonous-ovoid, 3-celled. Seeds numerous, horizontal,
obovoid. ORD. CX. SMILACEAE. p. 320.

f t f Fruit an Akene.

RUMEX. Sometimes dioicous: Perianth calyx-like, — the 3 inner
segments larger, valvately connivent, often with a grain-like tuber-
cle on the back. Stigmas pencil-tufted. Akene triquetrous. ORD.

LXXIX. POLYGONACEAE. p. 250.

[Lechea. ORD. XIII. CISTACEAE. p. 27.]

[Sambucus Canadensis. ORD. XIATI. CAPRIFOLIACEAE. p. 114.]
[Aletris farinosa. ORD. CVII. HAEMODORACEAE. p. 317.]

Order 4. Tetragynia.

SAURTJRUS. Flowers naked, pedicellate, in the axils of colored
bracts, crowded in a slender subterminal raceme. Ovaries connate ;
styles recurved. Fruit follicular, — the carpels somewhat fleshy,
united at base. Seeds usually solitary. ORD. LXXXVI. SAURTJR-
ACEAE. p. 256.

Order 5. Polygynia.

ALISMA. Perianth deeply 6-parted, — the outer segments calyx-like,
the inner ones petal-like, deciduous. Ovaries numerous, verticillate
on a flatted receptacle ; in fruit forming angular coriaceous akenes.
ORD. CIII. ALISMACEAE. J9/304.

CL.ASS VII. HEPTAtfDRIA.
Order 1. Monogynia.

AESCULUS. Calyx tubular, somewhat ventricose, 5-lobed. Petals
4 or 5, unequal. Capsule mostly 1 -seeded, by abortion. Seed large.
ORD. XXIX. SAPINDACEAE. p. 47.

TRIENTALIS. Calyx mostly 7-parted. Corolla mostly 7-parted. —
Filaments united in a ring, at base ; . anthers revolute after flowering.
Capsule few-seeded. ORD. LVIII. PRIMTJLACEAE. p. 178.
[Prinos verticillatus. ORD. LV. AQUIFOLIACEAE..P. 175.]

Order 2. Digynia.

[Polygonum orientale, and Hydropiper. ORD. LXXIX. POLYGONACEAE. p. 246—7.]
[Tllmus fulva. ORD. LXXXV. ULMACEAE. p. 265.]

Order 3. Tetragynia.

[SAXTRURUS. ORD. LXXXVI. SAURURACEAE. p. 256.]

CL.ASS VIII. OCTANDRIA.

Order 1. Monogynia.

a. Ovary inferior.

OCTANDBIA MONOGYNIA.

EPILOBIUM. Calyx-tube not longer than the ovary ; limb 4-parted,
caducous. Anthers sub-ovate, erect; pollen not viscid. Capsule
long, linear, 4-sided. Seeds comose. OBD. XXXVIII. ONAGBACEAE.
p. 87.

OENOTHEBA. Calyx-tube longer than the ovary ; limb reflexed, —
the segments partially cohering. Anthers linear, incumbent ; pollen
viscid. Capsule oblong, or clavate. Seeds not comose. OBD.
XXXVIII. ONAGBACEAE. p. 88.

GAUBA. Calyx-tube much longer than the ovary. Petals some-
what on one side, clawed. Capsule ovoid, ribbed, bony or nut-like,
indehiscent, 1- or few-seeded. OBD. XXXVIII. ONAGBACEAE.^. 89.
[Vaccinium macrocarpon. ORD. LIV. ERICACEAE, p. 167.]

b. Ovary superior, f Flowers perfect.

RHEXIA. Calyx-tube urceolate ; limb 4-cleft. Petals 4. Anthers
long, curved, declinate. Capsule 4-celled. Seeds numerous, cochleate.
OBD. XXXVI. MELASTOMACEAE. p. 86.

TBOPAEOLTJM. Calyx colored, 5-parted ; the upper segment spurred
at base. Petals 5, unequal, — the upper 2 sessile, the others clawed.
Fruit 3 connate carpels, fleshy, or finally subcoriaceous, each 1-
seeded. OBD. XXIV. TBOPAEOLACEAE. p. 41.

DIBCA. Calyx colored, tubular, truncate, — the limb obscurely
toothed. Corolla none. Fruit a drupe-like Berry, 1-seeded. OBD.
LXXXI. THYMELEACEAE. p. 252.

ft Flowers mostly polygamous.

DIOSPYBOS. Dioicously polygamous: Calyx mostly 4-parted. —
Corolla urceolate, usually 4-lobed. Stamens (in the sterile flowers)
16. Berry globular, large, subtended by the persistent calyx, 4-
to 8-seeded. OBD. LVI. EBENACEAE. p. 176.

ACEB. Monoicously, or dioicously polygamous: Calyx 5-parted. —
Petals 5, or none. Stamens 5, to 8 or 9. Samaras in pairs, diverg-
ing and separable, each 1-seeded. OBD. XXVIII. ACEBACEAE. p. 44.

NEGUNDO. Dioicous : Calyx 5-cleft. Petals none. Stamens mostly
6. Fruit as in Acer. OBD. XXVIII. ACEBACEAE. p. 46.

[Polanisia. ORD. XI. CAPPARIDACEAE. p. 24.]
[Hypopitjs lanuginosa. Ord. LIV. ERICACEAE, p. 174.]
[Trientalis Americana. ORD. LVIII. PRIMULACEAE. p. 178.]

Order 2. Digynia.

[Chrysosplenium, and Hydrangea. ORD. XLII. SAXIFRAGACEAE. p. 97.]
[Ulmus Americana. ORD. LXXXV. ULMACEAE. p. 255.]

Order 3* Trigynia.

POLYGONUM. Calyx mostly 5-parted, often colored, persistent,
embracing the fruit. Corolla none. Akene lenticular, or triquet-
rous, according as the styles are 2, or 3. OBD. LXXIX. POLYGON-
ACEAE. p. 245.

1XX1Y LINNAEAN ARRANGEMENT.

FAGOPYRUM. Calyx equally 5-parted, colored, marcescent. Stamens
alternating with hypogynous glands. Stigmas capitate. Akene
triquetrous. ORD. LXXIX. POLYGONACEAE. p. 249.

CLASS ix. m\ i: A\ irui A.
Order 1, Monogynia.

SASSAFRAS. Dioicous: Calyx 6-parted, colored. Corolla none.
STAM. FL. Stamens in 3 series, — the innermost each with a pair of
stipitate glands at base ; anthers 4-celled. PISTILL. FL. with 6
rudiments of stamens. Drupe ovoid, on a clavate fleshy peduncle.
ORD. LXXX. LAURACEAE. p. 251.

BENZOIN. Polygamo-dioicous : Calyx 6-parted, colored. Corolla
none. STAM. FL. Stamens in 3 series, — the innermost lobed at
summit, and gland-bearing at base ; anthers 2-celled. PISTILL. FL.
with 15 to 18 alternating filiform and spatulate rudiments of
stamens. Drupe oval. Peduncle not clavate. ORD. LXXX. LAURA-
CEAE. p. 252.

Order 2. Trigynia.

RHEUM. Calyx 6-parted, colored, persistent. Stamens in pairs
opposite the outer calyx-segments, single opposite the inner ones.
Stigmas multifid. Akene triquetrous, winged at the angles. ORD.
LXXIX. POLYGONACEAE. p. 251.

[Elodea Virginica. ORD. XV. HYPERICACEAE.#. 129.]

CLASS X. DEC A1VDRI A.
Order 1. Monogynia.

A. OVARY INFERIOR : Corolla monopetalous.

GAYLUSSACIA. Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla ovoid or campanulate,
6-cleft. Anthers awnless, opening by a pore or chink at summit.
Fruit a drupaceous Berry, containing 10 seed-like nutlets. ORD.
LIV. ERICACEAE, p. 165.

VACCINIUM. Calyx 4- or 5-toothed. Corolla campanulate, or ovoid-
oblong, 4- or 5-cleft, — the lobes spreading or revolute. Stamens
twice as many as the lobes ; anthers sometimes 2-awned on the
back. Berry 4- or 5-celled; cells several-seeded. ORD. LIV.
ERICACEAE, p. 166.

B. OVARY SUPERIOR: f Corolla monopetalous.

GATJLTHERIA. Calyx 5-cleft, bibracteolate at base. Corolla ovoid-
oblong, 5-toothed, Anther-cells each 2-awned at summit, opening
by a terminal pore. Capsule depressed-globose, 6-celled, many-
seeded, inclosed in the red, berry-like calyx. ORD. LIV. ERICA-
CEAE, p. 168.

EPIGAEA. Calyx deeply 5-parted, tribracteolate at base. Corolla,
salver-form. Anthers awnless, opening lengthwise. Capsule de-
pressed-globose, 5-angled, 5-celled, many-seeded. ORD. LIV. ERICA-
CEAE, p. 168.

DECANDRIA MONOGYNIA. LXXV

ANDROMEDA. Calyx 5-parted, sometimes bracteolate at base. —
Corolla ovoid, or subcylindric, mostly 5-toothed. Anthers awnless,
or awned, opening by terminal pores, or slits. Capsule 6-celled,
many-seeded. OBD. LIV. ERICACEAE, p. 169.

KALMIA. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla between rotate and campanulate,
5-lobed, with 10 depressions, in which the 10 anthers are at first
held. Capsule depressed-globose. ORD. LIV. ERICACEAE, p. 172.

RHODODENDRON. Calyx deeply 5-parted. Corolla subcampanulate,
somewhat irregularly 5-lobed. Stamens declinate ; anthers opening
by terminal pores. Capsule ovoid-oblong. ORD. LIV. ERICACEAE.
p. 171.

f f Corolla pdypetalous.

CLETHRA. Calyx 5-parted. Petals 5, obovate-oblong. Anthers
inversely sagittate, reflexed in the bud, opening by terminal pores
or chinks. Capsule 3-celled, ' 3-valved. ORD. LIV. ERICACEAE.
p. 170.

PYROLA. Calyx 5-parted. Petals 5, concave, more or less con-
verging. Anthers partly 4-celled, scarcely horned at apex. Style
long, mostly declinate; stigma 5-lobed, with a ring beneath. —
Capsule depressed-globose, 5-valved from the base upward. ORD,
LIV. ERICACEAE, p. 172. V,.^

CHIMAPHILA. Calyx 5-eleft. Petals 5, concave, spreading. Anthers
2-celled, somewhat 2-horned at apex. Style very short; stigma
broad, orbicular, the margin 5-lobed. Capsule depressed, orbicular,
5-valved from the apex downward. ORD. LIV. ERICACEAE, p. 173.

MONOTROPA. Calyx none, or 2 to 4 scale-like bracts, below the
corolla. Petals 5, fleshy, erect, narrowed below, with a, pit at base.
Anthers opening by transverse chinks. Stigma orbicular, the margin,
not bearded. Capsule ovoid, 5-celled. ORD. LIV. ERICACEAE.
p. 174.

HYPOPITYS. Calyx of 4 or 5 bract-like sepals. Petals 4 or 5, fleshy,
erect, with a pit at base. Stamens sometimes 8 ; anthers reniform,
becoming 1-celled, opening by 2 very unequal valves. Stigma disk-
like, with a bearded margin. Capsule roundish-ovoid, 4- or 5-celled.
ORD. LIV. ERICACEAE, p. 174.

[Portulaca oleracea. ORD. XVII. PORTULACACEAE. p. 35.]
[Baptisia. Cercis. Cassia. ORD. XXXIV. LEGUMINOSAE. j?. 67 — 8.]

Order 2. Digyiiia.

a. Ovary entirely or partly inferior, or adnate to the calyx.

HYDRANGEA. Calyx-tnbe hemispherical, 8- to 10-ribbed, entirely
adherent to the ovary ; limb 4- or 5-toothed. Petals 4 or 5, valvate
in the bud. Capsule 2-celled, 2-beaked, opening between the beaks.
ORD. XLII. SAXIFRAGACEAE. p. 97.-

SAXIFRAGA. Calyx 5-parted, free, or sometimes adherent to the
ovary. Petals 5, entire, with short claws, imbricated in the bud.
Capsule 2-celled, — or rather 2 connate follicles. ORD. XLII.
SAXIFRAGACEAE. p. 96.

LINNAEAN ARRANGEMENT.

CHRYSOSPLENIUM. Calyx-tube adherent to the ovary ; limb 4- or
5. cleft, segments obtuse. Petals none. Stamens often 8, inserted
on a fleshy disk. Capsule 1-celled, 2-lobed, 2-valved at apex. ORD.

XLII. SAXIFRAaACEAE. p. 97.

MITELLA. Calyx campanulate, 5-cleft, partly adherent to the ovary.
Petals 5, pinnatifid. Capsule 1-celled, 2-valved at apex. Seeds erect.
ORD. XLII. SAXIFRAQACEAE. p. 96.

b. Ovary superior.

SAPONARIA. Calyx tubular, cylindric, 5-toothed, naked at base.
Petals 5, clawed, sometimes crowned at throat with a petal-like ap-
pendage. Capsule partly 2-celled, opening with 4 teeth at apex.
ORD. XVI. CARYOPHYLLACEAE. p. 30.

Order 3. Trigynia,

SILENE. Calyx tubular — inflated or cylindric — 5-toothed, naked at
base. Petals 5, clawed, mostly crowned at throat. Capsule partly
3-celled, opening with 6 teeth. ORD. XVI. CARYOPHYLLACEAE.
p. 30.

STELLA.RIA. Sepals 5, slightly connected at base. Petals 5, deeply
2-cleft. Stamens varying from 3 to 8. Styles 3 or 4. Capsule 1-
celled, o- 6- or 8-valved. ORD. XVI. CARYOPHYLLACEAE. p. 32.

ARENARIA. Sepals 5. Petals 5, entire. Capsule 1-celled, 3- or 6-
valved at apex. ORD. XVI. CARYOPHYLLACEAE. p. 31.

Order 4, Peiitagynia.

CERASTIUM. Sepals 5. Petals 6, bifid or emarginate. Capsule
elongated, mostly cylindrical, 1-celled, opening with 10 teeth, at
apex. ORD. XVI. CARYOPHYLLACEAE. p. 32.

LYCHNIS. Calyx tubular, 5-cleft, naked at base. Petals 5, with

slender claws, often crowned at throat. Capsule half- 5-celled,

opening with 5- or 10-teeth, at apex. ORD. XVI. CARYOPHYLLA-
CEAE. p. 81.

PENTHORUM. Sepals 5, slightly connected at base. Petals 5, or
often wanting. Carpels 5, connate at base, forming a 5-beaked, 5-
celled capsule ; cells opening transversely, on the inner side. ORD.
XLI. CRASSULACEAE. p. 95.

SEDUM. Sepals mostly 5, often fleshy and leaf-like. Petals mostly
5. Carpels 5, distinct, each with a little scale at base. ORD. XLI.
CRASSULACEAE. p. 95.

[Geranium. ORD. XXI. GERANIACEAE. p. 39.]
[Oxalis. ORD. XXII. OXALIDACEAE. p. 40.]

Order 5. Decagynia,

PHYTOLACCA. Sepals 5, slightly connected at base, roundish-ovate,
colored, persistent. Petals none. Ovary depressed, orbicular. —
Berry 10-celled, 10-seeded. ORD. LXXVI. PHYTOLACCACEAE. p.
241.

POLYANDRIA' M050GYNIA. LXXVli

CL.ASS XI. ICOSAWDRIA.

4$- For the Genera properly of this Class. See ORD. XXXV. ROSACEAE. p. 70.
[Cuphea viscosissima. OED. XXXVII. LYTHRACEAE. p. 87.]

CLASS XII. l»0 1, Y t \ IHll A.
Order 1. Monogynia.

TILIA. Sepals 5, connected at base. Petals 5, spatulate-oblong.
Filaments cohering in 5 parcels, — sometimes & petal-like scale within,
and opposite the real petals. Fruit a woody, or coriaceous, globose
nut, 1-celled, 1-or 2-seeded. ORD. XIX. TILIACEAE. p. 38.

HELIANTHEMUM. Sepals 3, with 2 smaller bract-like ones below.
Petals 5 (sometimes wanting), crumpled in the bud, caducous.
Capsule trigonous, 3-valved. ORD. XIII. CISTACEAE. jp. 26.

PORTULACA. Sepals 2, united below, and adhering to the base of
the ovary. Petals mostly 5. Capsule 1-celled, circumscissed, many-
seeded. ORD. XVII. PORTULACACEAE. p. 34.

TALINUM. Sepals 2, free and deciduous. Petals 5. Capsule 3-
valved, many-seeded. ORD. XIII. PORTULACACEAE. p. 35.

POLANISIA. Sepals 4, unequal. Petals 4, unequal, clawed. Capsule
elongated, subcompressed, siliquose, 1-celled, 2-valved. ORD. XI.
CAPPARIDACEAE. p. 24.

CHELIDONIUM. Sepals 2. Petals 4. Stigma 2-lobed. Capsule elon-
gated, subterete, smooth, resembling a silique; valves 2, opening
from the base. ORD. VIII. PAPAVERACEAE. p. 13.

ARGEMONE. Sepals mostly 3, concave, mucronate, aculeate. Petals
4 to 6. Stigma radiately 3- to 6-lobed. Capsule obovoid -oblong,
prickly ; valves 3 to 6, opening at apex. ORD. VIII. PAPAVERA-
CEAE. p. 13.

PAPAVER. Sepals mostly 2, concave, hairy, or sometimes smooth.
Petals 4. Stigmas sessile, united in a flat radiate crown. Capsule
obovoid, imperfectly many- celled, opening by chinks under the
edge of the crown. ORD. VIII. PAPAVERACEAE. p. 12.

SANGUINARIA. Sepals 2, smooth. Petals 8 to 12, spatulate-oblong.
Stigma 2-grooved. Capsule oblong, turgid, tapering at each end ;
valves 2. ORD. VIII. PAPAVERACEAE. p. 13.

PODOPHYLLUM. Sepals 6, thin and caducous, not expanding, — sub-
tended by 3 caducous bracts. Petals 6 to 9. Stigma subsessile,
undulate-crested. Fruit a large, oval, fleshy or pulpy Berry. ORD.
V. BERBERIDACEAE. p. 11.

NUPHAR. Sepals 5 or 6, orbicular. Petals numerous, narrow and
stamen-like, — and, with the stamens, inserted on a disk, at the base
of the ovary. Stigma compound, sessile, radiated. Fruit an ovoid
subcoriaceous many-celled Capsule. ORD. VII. NYMPHAEACEAE.
,.12.

ACTAEA. Sepals 4 or 5, colored. Petals 4 to 10, small, spatulate.
Stigma 2-lobed, depressed. Fruit an oval many-seeded Berry.
ORD. I. RANUJICULACEAE. p. 7.

LINNAEAN ARRANGEMENT.

CIMICIFUGA. Sepals mostly 4. Petals (or Staminodia] 3 to 5 or 8,
sometimes wanting. Carpels 1 to 8, follicular, many-seeded. ORD.

I. RANUNCULACEAE. p. 8.

[Diospyros. ORD. LVI. EBENACEAE. p. 176.]
[Asarum. ORD. LXXV. ARISTOLOCHIACEAE.JD. 240.]

Order 2. Di-Pentagynia.

AQUILEGIA. Sepals 5, regular, colored. Petals 5, each with a short
spreading lip, and produced backward into a long tubular spur.
Follicles 5, connivent,. acuminate, many-seeded. ORD. I. RANUNCULA-
CEAE. p. 6.

DELPHINIUM. Calyx of 5 irregular petaloid deciduous sepals, — the
upper one spurred at base. Petals 4, irregular, — the 2 upper ones
spurred, and introduced into the spur of the calyx. Carpels I to
6, follicular, many-seeded. ORD. I. RANUNCULACEAE. p. 7.

ASCYRUM. Sepals 4, — the 2 outer ones large and leaf-like, the inner
much smaller. Petals 4. Stamens somewhat polyadelphous. Capsule
1-celled, 2- or 3-valved. ORD. XV. HYPERICACEAE. p. 28.

HYPERICUM. Sepals 5, nearly equal. Petals 5, oblique. Stamens
united in 3 to 5 parcels, without interposed glands. Capsule 1- to
3- or 5-celled. ORD. XV. HYPERICACEAE. p. 28.

ELODEA. Sepals 5, equal. Petals 5, equal-sided. Stamens mostly
9, triadelphous, with an ovoid gland between each parcel. Capsule
3-celled. ORD. XV. HYPERICACEAE. p. 29.

Order 3. Polygynia.

A. FLOWERS COMPLETE. f Carpels /esAy, orpidpy.

ASIMINA. Sepals 3. Petals 6, spreading, — the 3 inner ones smaller.
Stamens in a globular cluster. Carpels 3 (by abortion often 1, or 2),
oblong or ovoid, pulpy, several-seeded. ORD. III. ANONACEAE. p. 9.

f f Carpels subcoriaceous, dehiscent ; with fleshy-coated seeds.

MAGNOLIA. Sepals 3. Petals 6 to 12. Anthers introrse, or lateral.
Carpels forming a strobile-like fruit, dehiscent by the dorsal suture.
Seeds baccate, and pendulous from the carpels, at maturity. ORD.

II. MAGNOLIACEAE. p. 8.

tft Carpels dry, indehiscent.

LIRIODENDRON. Sepals 3, reflexed. Petals mostly 6, in 2 rows. —
Anthers extrorse. Carpels samara-like, densely imbricated in a cone,
1- or 2- seeded. ORD. II. MAGNOLIACEAE. p. 9.

BRASENIA. Sepals 3 or 4, persistent, purple inside. Petals 3 or 4,
linear, persistent. Anthers innate. Carpels oblong, or clavate,
coriaceous, 1- or 2-seeded. ORD. VI. CABOMBACEAE. p. 11.

RANUNCULUS. Petals usually 5, — each with a little scale, or pore,
at base inside. Carpels akene-like, numerous in a head, compressed,
pointed. ORD. I. RANUNCULACEAE. p. 4.

POLYANDKIA POLYGYNIA.

B. FLOWERS INCOMPLETE : Calyx coroUaJikc.
a. Carpels dry.

HEPATICA. Involucre of 3 entire leaflets, close to the flower and re-
sembling a calyx. Sepals 6 to 9, in 2 or 3 series. OKD. I. RAN-

TTNCULACEAE. p. 3.

ANEMONE. Involucre of 3 dissected leaves, distant from the flower.
Sepals 5 to 15. ORD. RANUNCULACEAE. p. 2.

THALICTRUM. Often dioicous, or polygamous : Involucre none. Sepals
4 or 5. Carpels 4 to 15, ribbed or grooved, without tails. ORD. I.
RANUNCULACEAE. p. 3.

CLEMATIS. Sometimes dioicous: Sepals 4, — the valvate margins
more or less bent inwards. Carpels akene-like, tailed with the per-
sistent and mostly plumose styles. ORD. I. RANUNCULACEAE. p. 3.

CALTHA. Sepals 5 to 9. Carpels without tails, follicular, spreading,
many-seeded. ORD. I. RANUNCULACEAE. p. 6.

b. Carpels baccate.

HYDRASTIS. Sepals 3, caducous. Pistils in a dense roundish head ;
stigmas subsessile, dilated, 2-lipped. Carpels 1- or 2-seeded, suc-
culent, cohering, and becoming a kind of compound Berry. ORD.
I. RANUNCULACEAE. p. 7.

CLASS XIII. DIDYXAMIA.
Order 1. Gymnospermia.

43pThe Genera of this Order all belong to the natural Family of LABI ATAB. —
ORD. LXV. p. 196.

Order 2. Angiospermia.

A. Flowers usually Diandraus.

[Catalpa bignonioides. ORD. LXI. BIGNONIACEAE. p. 182.]

[Gratiola, and Ilysanthes. ORD. LXIII. SCHOPHULABIACEAE. p. 187—8.]

B. Flowers almost constantly Didynamous.

MARTYNIA. Calyx 5-cleft, with 2 or 3 bractlets at base. Corolla
irregular, subcampanulate, gibbous at base. Capsule finally woody,
with a sub-coriaceous deciduous coat, ovoid-oblong, terminating in
a long beak, which splits into 2 hooked claw-like horns. ORD.

LXI. BlGNONIACEAE. p. 182.

GERARDIA. Calyx campanulate, 5-toothed or 5-cleft. Corolla sub-
campanulate, or somewhat funnel-form, with 5 unequal rounded
lobes. Stamens included, hairy. Capsule ovoid, acute, 2-celled.
ORD. LXIII. SCROPHULARIACEAE. p. 191.

MIMULUS. Calyx tubular, prismatic, 5-toothed. Corolla tubular,
somewhat personate ; upper lip 2-lobed, reflexed at the side, lower
lip 3-lobed, with the palate prominent. Capsule lance-ovoid. —
ORD. LXIII. SCROPHULARIACEAE. p. 187.

LINARIA. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla spurred, or saccate at base,
personate, the prominent palate closing the throat ; upper lip bifid,

LXXX LINNAEAN AKEANGEMENT.

the lobes folded back. Capsule oval, thin, 2-celled, opening by
lateral chinks, or several teeth at apex. OED. LXIII. SCROPHULARI-
ACEAE. p. 185.

CHELONE. Calyx of imbricated sepals. Corolla inflated-tubular, —
the upper lip arched, emarginate, lower lip villous within, 3-lobed.
Stamens with a fifth sterile filament, smooth, and shorter than the
others ; anthers woolly. Seeds margined. ORD. LXIII. SCROPHU-

LARIACEAE. p. 186.

PENTSTEMON. Calyx of 5 nearly distinct sepals. Corolla inflated-
tubular, contracted below. Stamens with a fifth sterile filament,
bearded above, and longer than the rest ; anthers smoothish. Seeds
not margined. ORD. LXIII. SCROPHULARIACEAE. p. 186.

SCROPHULARIA. Calyx 5-parted. CoroZZa-tube globular-ventricose ;
limb irregularly bilabiate, — the upper lip longer, 2-lobed, lower lip
3-lobed, with the middle lobe reflexed. Stamens with a scale-like
rudiment of a fifth at the base of the upper lip. ORD. LXIII. SCRO-
PHULARIACEAE. p. 185.

BUCHNERA. Calyx ovoid-tubular, 5-toothed. Corolla salver-form ;
tube slender, slightly curved, limb with 5 nearly equal cuneate-
obovate lobes. Anthers 1-celled. Style clavate, entire at summit.
ORD. LXIII. SCROPHULARIACEAE. p. 190.

CASTILLEJA. Calyx ovoid-tubular, compressed above, bifid or 4-
cleft. CoroZZa-tube included in the calyx ; upper lip longer, linear,
laterally compressed, lower lip short, 3-lobed. Anther-cells unequal.
ORD. LXIII. SCROPHULARIACEAE. p. 192.

PEDICULARIS. Calyx ovoid-tubular, or campanulate, 2- 3- or 5-
cleft. Corolla ringent ; upper lip laterally compressed, often toothed
at apex, lower lip spreading, 3-lobed, with the middle lobe narrower.
ORD. LXIII. • SCROPHULARIACEAE. p. 193.

MELAMPYRUM. Calyx campanulate, 4-cleft. CoroZZa-tube enlarg-
ing above ; upper lip laterally compressed, with the margins folded
back, lower lower lip grooved, nearly equally 3-lobed. ORD. LXIII.
SCROPHULARIACEAE. p. 193.

PHRYMA. Calyx tubular, bilabiate ; upper lip with 3 subulate teeth,
lower lip with 2, shorter. Corolla bilabiate; upper lip short,
emarginate, lower lip much longer, 3-lobed. Capsule thin and
evanescent, 1-seeded. ORD. LXIV. VERBENACEAE. p. 195.

VERBENA. Calyx tubular, 5-toothed, one tooth often shorter. —
Corolla tubular, often curved, salverform, rather unequally 5-lobed.
Stamens included, — the upper pair of anthers often abortive. Fruit
splitting into 4 seed-like nutlets. ORD. LXIV. VERBENACEAE. p. 194.

LIPPIA. Calyx 2- to 4-toothed, often compressed, and becoming
bilabiate. Corolla tubular, unequally 5-lobed, more or less bilabi-
ate. Fruit 2-celled, 2-seeded. ORD. LXIV. VERBENACEAE.^. 195.
EPIPHEGUS. Monoicously polygamous : STERILE FL. Calyx 5-toothed.
Corolla tubular, compressed, bilabiate. FERTILE FL. Corolla small,
rarely expanding. ORD. LX. OROBANCHACEAE. p. 181.

DIDYNAMIA ANGIOSPERMIA.

(1ONOPHOLis. Calyx irregularly 5-cleft, with 2 bractlets at base.
Corolla ventricose below, unequally 5-lobed and ringent, upper lip
arched. Stamens exserted. ORD. LX. OBOBANCHACEAE. p. 181.

APHYLLON. Calyx regularly 6-cleft, without bractlets. Corolla-
tube longish, and a little curved; limb sub-bilabiate, — upper lip
deeply bifid, lower 3-lobed. Stamens included. OED. LX. OROBAN-

CHACEAE.J3. 181.

CLASS XIV. TETRADYIVAMIA.

JKif The Genera belonging to this Class will all be found in the natural ORDER X.

CLASS XV. MOIVADELPHIA.
Order 1. Triandria.

[Sisyrinchium. ORD. CVIII. IRIDACEAE.^J.SIS.]

Order 2. Pentandria.

[Lobelia. ORD. LII. LOBELIACEAE. p. 163.]

Order 3. Dccandria.

GERANIUM. Sepals 5, imbricated. Petals 5, convolute, deciduous.
Pistils 5 ; styles cohering round a central axis, from which they
separate at maturity by curving up from the base. Carpels 1-seeded.
ORD. XXI. GERANIACEAK p. 39.

OXALIS. Sepals 5. Petals 5, marcescent. Styles free. Capsule
oblong, 5-angled, 5-celled, opening at the angles. Seeds few in each
cell, loosely coated. ORD. XXII. OXALIDACEAE. p. 40.

Order 4. Polyandria.

4®=" For the Genera belonging here, see ORD. XVIII. MALVACEAE, p. 35.

CLASS XVI. DIADELPIIIA.
Order 1. Hexandria.

JKg°The Genera of this Order will be found in the natural ORDER IX. FUHARI*

ACEAE.2>« 14.

Order 2. Octandria.

POLYGALA. Sepals 5, irregular, — the 3 outer ones smaller, braci-
like, the 2 inner ones larger (called wings], petal-like. Petals 3 to
f>, somewhat cohering, united with the stamens, — the lower one
keel-form, and often crested on the back. Capsule compressed.—
Seeds with an arillus-like caruncle. ORD. XXXIII. POLYGALACEAE.
p. 61.

Order 3. Dccaiidria.

J9S»For the Genera belonging here, See ORD. XXXIV. LEGUMINOSAB.^.SS.

CLASS XVII. SYNGENESIA.

JK^The Genera of this Class all belong to ORD. LI. COMPOSITAE..P. 121.

CLASS XVIII. <; YX AXimi A.
Orders 1. and 3. Monandria, and IMandria.

Genera, belonging to these two Orders, will be found, in ORD. CV
ORCHIDACEAE. p. 307.

B

LXXXli LINNAEAN ARRANGEMENT.

Orders 3. and 4. Hexandria, and Poly and ria.

^®*The Genera of these two Orders will be found in ORD. LXXV. ARISTCLOCHJ-

ACEAE.p. 240.

CLASS XIX. MOtfOECIA.
Order 1. Monandria.

EUPHOKBIA. Flowers in a cup-shaped 4- or 5-lobed involucre, with
glands at its sinuses. STAM. FLOWERS numerous, each from the
axil of a little bract, and consisting of a single stamen jointed on a
pedicel. PISTILL. FL. solitary in the middle of the involucre, con-
sisting of a naked 3-lobed 3-celled pedicellate ovary. Capsule sepa-
rating into 3 1-seeded carpels, which split elastically. ORD. XC.

EUPHORBIACEAE. p. 259.

ZANNICHELLIA. Flowers sessile, naked, usually both kinds in the
same axil. STAM. FL. a single stamen with a slender filament,
bearing a 2- to 4-celled anther. PISTILL. FL. usually 4 pistils in
the same cup-shaped involucre, — becoming oblong coriaceous nut-
lets. Styles 4. ORD. OIL NAIADACEAE. p. 302.

CALLITRICHE. Flowers associated in the axils of the upper leaves,
usually between a pair of fistular whitish bracte. Proper perianth
none. Fruit a somewhat fleshy nut-like capsule, indehiscent, 4-lobed,
4-celled. Styles 2. ORD. LXXXVIII. CALLITRICHACEAE. p. 257.

[Arum. ORD. XCIX. ARACEAE.P. 297.]
[Najas. ORD. CII. NAIADACEAE. p. 302.]

Order 2. IMamliia.

[Fraxinus. ORD. LXXIV. OLEACEAE.JP. 238.]

[Podostemum. ORD. LXXXIX. PODOSTEMACEAE. p. 258.]

[Lemna. ORD. C. LEMNACEAE. p. 300.]

Order 3. Triandria.

TYPHA. Flowers in a long dense cylindric terminal interrupted
spike, with an intervening caducous spathe, — the upper portion
sjtaminate. Proper perianth none. Ovaries surrounded by clavate
bristles, becoming small pedicellate nutlets. ORD. CI. TYPHACEAE.
p. 301.

SPARGANIUM. Flowers in dense globose heads, in the axils of leaf-
like bracts, — proper perianth none. Upper heads staminate. Lower
heads consisting of sessile pistils, each surrounded by 3 to 6 calyx-
like scales. Fruit a sort of dry drupe, or nutlet. ORD. CI. TYPHA-
CEAE. p. 301.

COMPTONIA. STAM. FL. Aments cylindric ; bracts 1-flowered, reni-
form-cordate, each with 2 bractlets. Stamens 3 to 6. PISTILL. FL.
Aments globose, becoming bur-like, by the persistent subulate scales
which invest the ovaries. Fruit an ovoid-oblong smooth indehiscent
nut. ORD. XCIII. MYRICACEAE. p. 274.

[Phyllanthus. ORD. XC. EUPHORBIACEAE. p. 261.]
[Carya. ORD. XCI. JUGLANDACEAE. p. 263.]
[PUea. ORD. XCYII. URTICACEAE. p. 288.]

MONOECIA TEIANDRIA.

[Scleria, and Carex. OHD. CXVII. CYPEHACEAE. p. 343—4.]
[Zea, and Tripsacum. ORD. CXVIII. GRAMmEAE.p.385-6]

Order 4. Tetrandria.

BETIJLA. STAMINATE AMENTS cylindric, with the bracts peltate,—
each with 2 bractlets, and 3 flowers. Calyx a scale, with 4 stamens
at base. PISTILLATE AMENTS ovoid-oblong, with the bracts 3-lobed,
imbricated. Calyx none. Ovaries 3 under each bract ; stigmas 2.
Fruit a lenticular, winged, or samaroid nutlet. ORD. XCIV. BETULA-
CEAE. p. 275.

ALNUS. STAMINATE AMENTS cylindric, pendulous ; bracts 1- to 3-
flowered, peltate, each with 5 bractlets. Calyx 4-parted. PISTILLATE
AMENTS ovoid-oblong; bracts 2-flowered, somewhat fleshy. Calyx
of 4 scale-like sepals. Fruit a compressed angular nut; not winged.
ORD. XCIV. BETULACEAE. p. 276.

MORUS. Flowers in cylindric spikes, occasionally androgynous,
sometimes dioicous. Calyx 4-parted. PISTILL. FL. in short dense
spikes. Ovary 2-celled, sessile ; styles 2. Akene compressed, covered
by the persistent succulent calyx, — the whole spike becoming a kind
of compound oblong terete berry. ORD. XCVII. URTICACEAE. p.
285.

BOEHMERIA. Flowers in simple axillary spikes, sometimes androgy-
nous, often dioicous. STAM. FL. in small bracteate clusters, in
slender interrupted spikes. Sepals 4 or 5. PISTILL. FL.. bracteate,
in shorter and thicker continuous spikes. Calyx tubular-ventricose,
4-toothed or entire, inclosing the ovary. Stigma simple. Akene
elliptic-ovate. ORD. XCVII. URTICACEAE. p. 288.

URTICA. STAM. FL. Sepals mostly 4, valvate. PISTILL. FL. Sepals
4, in opposite pairs, — the outer pair smaller, sometimes abortive.
Akene compressed, ovate-oblong. ORD. XCVII. URTICACEAE. p. 287.

PILEA. STAM. FL. Sepals 3 or 4. PISTILL. FL. Calyx of 3 un-
equal segments, with an incurved scale (or abortive stamen] before
each. Stigma pencil-tufted. Akene minutely warty. ORD. XCVII.
URTICACEAE. p. 288.

[Carya. ORD. XCI. JrGLANDACEAE./>.263.]
[Maclura, Broussonetia, and Parietaria. ORD. XCVTI. URTICACEAE. p. 284—6.]

Order 5. Pent and ria,

AMARANTHUS. Flowers imbricated with dry scarious persistent

bracts. Calyx of 3 or 5 sepals, mostly colored, and connected at

base. Corolla none. Stigmas 2 or 3. Utricle circumscissed, or

indehiscent, 1-seeded. ORD. LXXVIII. AMARANTHACEAE. p. 244.

[Ambrosia, and Xanthium. ORD. LI. COMPOSITAE. p. 138 — 9.]

[Celtia. OHD. LXXXV. ULMACEAE. p. 256.]

[Quercus. ORD. XCII. CUPULIFERAE. p. 265.]

Order 6. Hexandria.

[Comptonia. ORD. XCIII. MTRICACEAE. p. 274.]

[Melanthium, and Veratrum. ORD. CXI I. MFLAMTHACEAE. p. 323.]

[Zizania. ORD. CXVIII. GRAMINEAE. p. 356.]

LINNAEAN ARRANGEMENT.

Order 7. Polyandria.

CERATOPHYLLUM. Flowers axillary, solitary, inconspicuous. Calyx
none, — but an 8- to 10- or 12-cleft involucre. STAM. FL. Anthers
sessile. PISTILL. FL. Ovary 1-celled ; style filiform ; stigma simple.
Akene beaked. ORD. LXXXVII. CERATOPUYLLACEAE. p. 257.

ARUM. Flowers naked, on a spadix, often dioicous. Spathe hooded
at summit. Spadix naked at summit. Stamens crowded, subverti-
cillate; anthers subsessile, 2- to 4-celled. Pistils below the stamens,
crowded. Berries 1- or several-seeded. ORD. XCIX. ARACEAE.
p. 297.

PELTANDRA. Flowers naked, on a spadix. Spathe elongated, con-
volute. Spadix entirely covered with flowers. Anthers sessile, with
6 or 6 cells surrounding the margin of a thick peltate connective.
Pistils below the stamens. Berries 1- to 3-seeded. ORD. XCIX.
ARACEAE. p. 298.

SAGITTARIA. Sepals 3, connected at base, persistent. Petals 8,
deciduous. PISTILLATE FLOWERS below ; ovaries numerous, in de-
pressed-globose heads, — becoming flatted margined akenes. ORD.
CIII. ALISMACEAE. p. 305.

JUGLANS. STAM. FL. Aments simple, lateral, from buds without
leaves. Calyx adnate to an entire 1-fiowered bract, 3- to 6-parted.
PISTILL. FL. terminal, solitary, or few and clustered. Calyx 4-cleft,
with 4 small petals alternating wjththe segments. Fruit drupaceous,
— the epicarp somewhat fleshy, not opening; nut woody, rugose.
ORD. XCI. JUGLANDACEAE. p. 261.

CARYA. STAM. FL. Aments mostly in threes, lateral, from buds
•with leaves. Calyx adnate to an entire 1-flowered bract, 2- or 8-
parted. Stamens few ; anthers hairy. PISTILL. FL. terminal, in small
clusters. Calyx 4-cleft, without petals. Fruit drupaceous, — the
epicarp coriaceous, opening by 4 valves ; nut bony, smooth, usually
4- to 6-angled. ORD. XCI. JUGLANDACEAE. p. 263.

QUERCUS. STAM. FL. Aments simple, slender, without bracts. —
Calyx mostly 5-parted. Corolla none. PISTILL. FL, in small clus-
ters, sometimes on a long common peduncle ; each flower with an
involucre formed of numerous little imbricated scales united into a
cup. Calyx 6-toothed. Corolla none. Nut, or Acorn, ovoid or
oblong, seated in the indurated involucre. ORD. XCII. CUPULI-
FERAE. p. 265.

CASTANEA. STAM. FL. interruptedly clustered in long naked^ spike-
form aments. Calyx 5- or 6-parted. PISTILL. FL. usually in threes,
within ovoid squarrose clustered involucres. Calyx urceolate, — the
limb 5- or 6-cleft. Nuts coriaceous, 1 to 3, inclosed in the globose
prickly involucre, which opens by 4 valves at maturity. ORD. XCII.

CUPULIFERAE. p. 270.

MOXOECIA POLYANDRIA. LXXXT

FAOUS. STAM. FL. in globose clusters, pendulous on long pedun-
cles. Calyx campanulate, 5- or 6-cleft. PISTILL. FL. usually in
pairs, within an ovoid pedunculate involucre formed of numerous coal-
esced subulate flexible bracts, (7aZyr urceolate, — the limb elongated,
4- or 5-cleft. Nuts ovoid-triquetrous, usually 2 in the coriaceous
muricate 4-valved involucre. ORD. XCII. CUPULIFERAE. p. 271.

CORTLUS. STAM. FL. imbricated in cylindric aments ; scales 3-part-
ed, — the middle segment covering the two lateral ones. Calyx
none. PISTILL. FL. in terminal clusters. Nut bony, roundish-
ovoid, subcompressed, solitary in the enlarged leathery-foliaceous
lacerate-dentate involucre. ORD. XCII. CUPULIFERAE. p. 272.

CARPINUS. STAM. FL. Aments lateral, with simple ovate scale-like
bracts. Calyx none. PISTILL. FL. in pairs, with small deciduous
bracts, and enlarging foliaceous involucres, arranged in terminal
loose ament-like spikes. Calyx urceolate, — the limb cup-like, dentic-
ulate. Nuts in pairs, bony, ovoid, subcompressed, striate-ribbed.
ORD. XCII. CUPULIFERAE. p. 273.

OSTRYA. STAM. FL. nearly as in Carpinus. PISTILL. FL. solitary
or in pairs, in short slender terminal aments, with small caducous
bracts ; each flower (or pair of flowers) inclosed in a membranous
sac-like involucre, which enlarges and forms a bladdery closed bag,
in fruit, — and these are imbricated in a strobile, like that of the
common Hop. Calyx somewhat urceolate, — the limb tubular, entire.
Nuts solitary, compressed, lance-oblong. ORD. XCII. CUPULIFERAE.
p. 273.

PLATANUS. STAM. FL. in small pendulous globose deciduous heads.
Stamens mixed with subclavate scales. PISTILL. FL. in larger pen-
dulous globose persistent heads. Fruit a clavate coriaceous nutlet,
beset at base by tawny pappus-like hairs. ORD. XCVI. PLATANA-
CEAE. p. 283.

Order 8. Monadelpliia.

Pixus. STAMINATE AMENTS spiked, subterminal. Stamens numer-
ous, inserted on the axis ; anthers subsessile, covered by the peltate
scale-like connective, — the cells opening lengthwise. FERTILE AMEXTS
terminal, solitary or clustered, — the carpellary scales with deciduous
bracts. Fruit a woody strobile, formed of the persistent imbricated
carpellary scales, which are thickened, and often mucronate at apex,
— each scale with an excavation at base containing 2 naked nutlike
seeds, which are margined by a deciduous wing. ORD. XCVIII.

COXIFERAE. p. 290.

ABIES. STAMIXATB AMENTS scattered, or clustered near the ends of
the branches. FERTILE AMENTS lateral or terminal, — the carpellary
scales with persistent, or evanescent bracts. Strobile with the scales
rounded, thin and not mucronate at apex, nor excavated at base. —
Seeds with a persistent wing. ORD. XCVIII. CONIFERAE. p. 291.

LARIX. STAMINATE AMENTS lateral and scattered, bud-like. FERTILE
AMEXTS lateral, — the carpellary scales with colored persistent bracts.
Strobile erect, ovoid, — the scales as in Abies, but somewhat exca-
vated at base. Seeds with a persistent wing. ORD. XCVIII.—.
CONIFERAE. p. 292.

LXXXvi LINNAEAN ARRANGEMENT.

TAXODIUM. STAMINATE AMENTS numerous, in a terminal pyramidal
spike, or racemose cluster. Stamens few, — the anther-cells covered
by a peltate scale-like connective. FERTILE AMENTS roundish-obovoid,
usually in pairs at the base of the staminate spike — the carpellary
scales without bracts, acute, recurved-spreading at apex. Strobile
Bubglobose, — the scales angular, subpeltate, scarcely opening. —
Seeds angular. ORD. XCVIII. CONIFERAE. p. 294.

THUJA. STAMINATE AMENTS ovoid, terminal, small. Stamens with
a scale-like connective, bearing 4 anther-cells. FERTILE AMENTS sub-
ovoid, tuberculate, terminal, small, — the carpellary scales fixed by
the base, without bracts, dry and spreading at maturity. Seeds with
a narrow iving at each end. ORD. XCVIII. CONIFERAE. p. 293.

PIIYLLANTHUS. Calyx 5- or 6-parted. Corolla none. Stamens mostly
3, with 5 or 6 glands at base. Ovary seated on a glandular disk,
8-celled ; cells 2-seeded ; styles 3. Capsule separating into 3 carpels.
ORD. XC. EUPHORBIACEAE. p. 261.

ACALYPHA. STAMINATE FLOWERS very small, clustered in minute
pedunculate spikes, with the PISTILLATE FLOWER mostly at their
base, in an axillary leaf-like involucre. Calyx of the Stam. fl. 4-
parted, of the pistillate fl. 3-parted. Corolla none. Styles 3, fringed.
Capsule 3-lobed, separating into 3 globular carpels. ORD. XC.
EUPHORBIACEAE. p. 261.

SICYOS. Calyx campanulate, 5-toothed. Corolla 5-parted. Ovary
inferior, 1-cjelled ; stigma thickish, trifid. Fruit compressed, ovate,
dry and membranous, 1-seeded, armed with barbed prickly bristles.
ORD. XL. CUCURBITACEAE, p. 93.

CUCUMIS. Calyx tubular-campanulate, 5-toothed. Petals 5, nearly
distinct, and free. Fruit a fleshy 3- to 6-celled berry. Seeds
smooth, obovate-oblong, acute at base, and on the margin. ORD.
XL. CUCURBITACEAE. p. 92.

CITRULLUS. Calyx tubular-campanulate, 5-parted. Petals 5, adnate
to the calyx. Fruit a subglobose smooth berry. Seeds obovate-
oblong, truncate at base, obtuse on the margin. ORD. XL. CUCUR-

BITACEAE. p. 93.

CUCURBITA. Corolla campanulate, — the petals cohering with each
other, and adnate to the calyx. STAM. FL. Calyx campanulate,
with a short tube. PISTILL. FL. Calyx-tube obovoid, circumscissed
below the limb, after flowering. Fruit a fleshy, or subligneous
berry of various form. Seeds obovate, smooth, with the margin
scarcely tumid. ORD. XL. CUCURBITACEAE. p. 94.

LAGENARIA. Calyx campanulate, or turbinate. Petals 5, obovate,
adnate to the calyx-tube. Fruit at first fleshy, finally a dry ligneous
berry. Seeds arillate, with tumid margin. ORD. XL. CUCURBITA-
CEAE. p. 92.

DIOECIA jffeNANDRIA. LXXX7ii

CI^ASS XX. DIOECIA.
Order 1. Monandria.

NAIAS. Flowers axillary and solitary. Stamen in a membranous
spat he ; aniher at first subsessile, the filament finally elongated. —
Ovary tapering to a short style ; stigmas 2 to 4, subulate, fruit a
loosely-coated seed-like nutlet. ORD. CII. NAIADACEAE. p. 302.

Order 2. Diandria.

SALIX. Flowers all amentaceous ; bracts entire, 1-flowered. Calyx
none. Ovary 1 -celled ; stigmas 2, subsessile, 2-lobed. Fruit a
follicular kind of small capsule, opening at apex. Seeds numerous,
silky-comose. ORD. XCV. SALICACEAE. p. 276.

[Fraxinus. ORD. LXXIV. OLEACEAE. p. 238.]
[Vallisneria. ORD. CIV. HYDROCHARIDACEAE. p. 306.]

Order 3. Triandria.

VALLISNERIA. STAM. FL. crowded on a conical receptacle, which is
inclosed in a 3-valved spathe, and borne on a short scape. Calyx
3-parted. Corolla none. PISTILL. FL. solitary, in a tubular bifid
spathe, on a long slender flexuose scape. Calyx-tube adherent to the
ovary, not extended beyond it; limb 3-lobed, with 3 small linear
petals alternating with the obovate lobes. Fruit long, linear, inde-
hiscent, fleshy and berry-like, several-seeded. ORD. CIV. HYDRO-
CHARIDACEAE. p. 306.

Order 4. Tetrandria.

VISCUM. STAM. FL. Calyx subcoriaceous, 3- or 4-parted. Corolla
none. PISTILL. FL. Calyx-tube adherent to the ovary ; limb 3- or
4-toothed, or obsolete. Petals 3 or 4, minute. Fruit a globular
1-seeded berry. ORD. LXXXIV. LORANTHACEAE. p. 254.

MACLURA. STAM. FL. racemose. Calyx 4-parted. Corolla none.
PISTILL. FL. densely crowded, and coalesced, on a globose receptacle.
Sepals 4, in opposite pairs, oblong, somewhat cucullate and fleshy.
Ovary 1-celled ; stigmas 2, one large and feathery, the other mostly
abortive. Akenes embraced by the sepals, and all coalesced into a
large compound globose lactescent berry. ORD. XCVII. URTICA-

CEAE.J3. 284.

BROITSSONETIA. STAM. FL. in ament-like spikes, bracteate. Calyx
4-parted. Corolla none. PISTILL. FL. in dense capitate clusters,
mixed with hairy scales. Calyx urceolate, 3- or 4-toothed. Ovary
1-celled, pedicellate. Akene softly fleshy, elevated on the baccate
pedicel, which is surrounded at base by the calyx. ORD. XCVII.
URTICACEAE. p. 286.

[Ilex opaca. ORD. LV. AQUIFOLIACEAE. p. 175.]
[Moms, Urtica, and Boehmeria. ORD. XCVII. URTICACEAI. p. 285-7-8.]

Order 5. Pentandria.

CANNABIS. STAM. FL. Calyx of 5 sepals. Corolla none. Pis-

LXXXV111 LINNAEAN ARRANGEMENT.

TILL. FL. Calyx urceolate, acuminate, consisting of a single persist-
ent sepal folded rounded the subglobose ovary. Corolla none. Nut
1-seeded, indehiscent. ORD. XCVII. URTICACEAE. p. 286.

HUMULUS. STAM. FL. Calyx of 5 sepals. Corolla none. PISTILL.
FL. in ovoid-oblong aments ; bracts imbricated, enlarging, 2-flowered.
Calyx urceolate, consisting of a single scale-like persistent sepal,
its folded margin embracing the ovate ovary. Corolla none. Nut
resinous-glandular. ORD. XCVII. URTICACEAE. p. 287.

SPINACIA. STAM. FL. Calyx of 4 or 5 sepals. Corolla none. —
PISTILL. FL. Calyx ventricose-tubular, 2- to 4-toothed, persistent.
Corolla none. Akene compressed, included in the indurated (and
sometimes muricated) calyx-tube. ORD. LXXVII. CHENOPODIA-
CEAE. p. 244.

[Rhus. ORD. XXVII. ANACARDIACEAE. p. 43.]
[Negundo. ORD. XXVIII. ACERACEAE. p. 46.]

[Vitis. ORD. XXXII. VITACEAE. p. 49.]

[Panax trifolium. ORD. XLV. ARALIACEAE. p. 110.]

[Nyssa. ORD. LXXXII. NTSSACEAE. p. 253.]

Order 6. Hexandria.

DIOSCOREA. STAM. FL. Calyx 6-parted. Corolla none. PISTILL.
FL. Calyx-tube adherent to the 3-celled ovary ; limb 6-parted. —
Corolla none. Capsule prominently 3-winged. Seeds compressed,
margined. ORD. CIX. DIOSCOREACEAE p. 318.

SMILAX. Perianth of 6 spreading sepals, deciduous. Ovary superior.
Berry globose, 1- to 3-celled, 1- to 3-seeded. ORD. CX. SMILACEAE.
p. 319.

[Gleditschia. ORD. XXXIV. LEGUMINOSAE. p. 69.]

[Prinos. ORD. LV. AQUIFOLIACEAE. p. 175.

[Rumex Acctosella. ORD. LXXIX. POLTGONACEAE. p. 250.]

[Chamaelirium. ORD. CXII. MELANTHACEAE. jp. 329.]

Order 7. Octandria.

POPULUS. Flowers all amentaceous ; bracts laciniate, 1-flowered. —
Calyx subturbinate, — the limb oblique, entire. Capsule 2-valved. —
Seeds comose. ORD. XCV. SALICACEAE. p. 281.

[Acer. ORD. XXVIII. ACERACEAE. p. 44.]
[Diospyros. ORD. LVI. EBENACEAE. p. 176.]

Order 8. Enneandria.

UDORA. Flowers polygamo-dioicous, solitary, from a tubular bifid
zpathe. STAM. FL. minute. Sepals and petals each 3, nearly alike.
PERFECT. FL. Calyx-tube long and very slender, adherent to the
ovary at base; limb 3-parted. Petals 3. Fruit oblong coriaceous,
iudehiscent, few-seeded. ORD. CIV. HYDROCHARIDACEAE. p. 30o.
[Sassafras and Benzoin. ORD. LVIII. LAURACEAE. p. 251-2.]

Order 9. Decandria.

AILANTHUS. Polygamo-dioicous: Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla 5-petaled.
PERFECT, OR PISTILL. FL. Ovaries 3 to 5, free, compressed, 1-celled;

DIOECIA POLYANDRIA. LXXX1X

Stigmas radiately 5-lobed. Stamens 2, or 3, in the perfect flower
(10 in the sterile). Fruit samara-like, oblong, tumid in the centre.
ORD. XXVI. XANTHOXYLACEAE. p. 42.

[Gymnocladus. OED. XXXIV. LEGUMINOSAE. p. 69.]

Order 1O. Polyandria.

MENISPERMUM. Sepals and petals arranged in fours, in 2 or 3
(series. STAM. FL. Anthers 4-celled. PISTILL. FL. Ovaries 2 to 4,
superior, subpedicellate. Drupes roundish -reniform; nut lunate. —
ORD. IV. MENISPERMACEAE. p. 10.

SAHSBURIA. STAM. FL. in axillary filiform pedunculate aments.—
FERTILE FL. terminal, solitary, or fasciculate, — each consisting of a
naked ovule seated in a cupshaped disk, in the thickened apex of the
peduncle. Seed nut-like, its base embraced by the fleshy disk.—
ORD. XCVIII. CONIFERAE. p. 296.

[Clematis, and Thalictrum. ORD. I. RANUNCULACEAE. p. 2 & 3.]

[Diospyros. ORD. LVI. EBENACEAE. p. 176.J

[Arum. ORD. XCIX. ARACEAE. p. 297.]

Order 11. Monadelpliia.

TAXUS. STAM. FL. in axillary globose aments, exserted from the
scaly buds. FERTILE FL. scaly-bracteate at base, — each consisting
of a naked ovule seated in a cupshaped disk, which finally becomes
pulpy, and incloses the lower half of the nut-like seed. ORD.
XCVIII. CONIFERAE. p. 295.

JUNIPERUS. STAMINATE AMENTS axillary, or sub terminal, ovoid,
small. Filaments bearing an excentrically peltate connective, — to
the lower edge of which the anther-cells are attached. FERTILE AMEXTS
axillary, globose, consisting of 3 to 6 fleshy, 1- to 3-ovuled, coales-
cent scales. Fruit drupe-like, small, tuberculate, umbilicate at apex,
scaly-bracteate at base. ORD. XCVIII. CONIFERAE. p. 295.

CL.ASS XXI. CRYPTOGAMIA.

-§3~The Genera of this Class are all arranged in the Series of FLOWERLESS
PLANTS ; and will be found distributed in the natural orders to which they sever-
ally belong.

NATURAL ARRANGEMENT

OP THE

GROUPS AND ORDERS IN THIS WORK.

THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM is arranged, by Prof. A. GRAY in his Botanical Text
Book (which arrangement is here adopted), in two Series or grand Divisions —
known as Phaenogamous or Flowering Plants, and Cryptugamous or Flowerless
Plants. These, again, are subdivided ; and the plants belonging to them are
disposed, according to their structure and affinities, in Classes, Sub-Glasses, Divisions
Groups, Orders, Sub-Orders, Tribes, Sub-Tribes, Genera, Sub-Genera, Species and
Varieties.

The following is a Synoptical View of the general arrangement and grouping of
the Natural Orders, or Families, to which the plants enumerated in this work are
referable ; which, the intelligent reader will perceive, has been derived from the
valuable Text-book, above mentioned. Such a Conspectus, it is believed, may be
satisfactory and useful to the Student,— as affording a comprehensive glance at
the general principles, or basis of the System, upon which the superstructure of
details has been erected. Under this impression it has been here inserted.

SERIES I.

PHAENOG'AMOUS OR FLOWERING
PLANTS.

PLANTS furnished with flowers (essentially consisting of stamens
and pistils], and producing proper seeds.

CLASS I.

EXOGENOUS OR DICOTYLEDONOUS
PLANTS.

STEM consisting of a distinct bark and pith, which are separated
by an interposed layer of woody fibre and vessels, forming wood in
all perennial stems ; increase in diameter effected by the annual
deposition of new layers between the old wood and the bark, which
are arranged in concentric zones, and traversed by medullary rays.
Leaves commonly articulated with the stem, their veins branching
and reticulated. Sepals and petals, when present, more commonly
in fives or fours, and very rarely in threes. Embryo with two or
more cotyledons.

XCii NATURAL ARRANGEMENT.

SUB-CLASS I.

ANGIOSPERMOUS EXOGENOUS PLANTS.

Ovules produced in a closed ovary, and fertilized by the action of
pollen through the medium of a stigma. Embryo with a pair of
opposite cotyledons.

DIVISION I. DIALYPET'ALOUS EXOGENOUS PLANTS.

FLORAL ENVELOPES consisting, generally, of both calyx and
corolla, — with the Petals distinct.*

GROUP 1. Ovaries several or numerous (in a few cases solitary),
distinct, when in several rows sometimes cohering in a mass, but
not united into a compound pistil. Petals and stamens hypogynous.
Seeds albuminous.

f Stamens or pistils (one or both} numerous or indefinite.

Herbs, without stipules. RANUNCULACEAE. p. 1.

Shrubs or trees, with stipules. MAGNOLIACEAE. p. 8.

Shrubs or trees, without stipules. ANONACEAE. p. 9.

f f Stamens few or definite . Pistils few or solitary.

Climbing plants. Flowers mono-dioicous. MENISPERMACEAE. p. 10.

Shrubs or herbs. Flowers all perfect. BERBERIDACEAE. p. 10.

GROUP 2. Ovaries several, either distinct, or perfectly united into
a compound pistil of several cells. Stamens definite or indefinite,
inserted on the receptacle. Embryo inclosed in a sac at the end of
the albumen. Aquatic herbs.

Carpels distinct and free. CABOMBACEAE. p. 11.
Carpels united in a several-celled ovary. NYMPHAEACEAE. p. 12.

GROUP 3. Ovary compound, with parietal placentae. Calyx and
corolla 2- 4-merous, deciduous. Stamens hypogynous. Flowers
unsymmetrical. Embryo small in copious albumen, or coiled when
there is no albumen.

Seeds albuminous.

Polyandrous; flower regular. PAPAVERACEAE. p. 12.
Diadelphous or hexandrous ; fl. irregular. FUMARIACEAE. p. 14.

Seeds without albumen.

Pod 2-cetted : radicle folded on tJie cotyledons. CRUCIFERAE. p. 15.
Pod 1-celled : embryo rolled up. CAPPARIDACEAE. p. 24.

GROUP 4. Ovary compound, with parietal placentae. Floral envel-
opes mostly 5-merous ; calyx persistent. Stamens hypogynous. —
Seeds albuminous.

Corolla irregular: anthers introrse, connate. VIOLACEAE. p. 24.
Corolla regular : anthers extrorse, or innate, distinct.

Vernation cirdnnate. Petals marcescent. DROSERACEAE. p. 27.

* Some cases of DIALTPETALOUS FLOWERS also occur in the orders ERICACEAE, and
AQCIPOLIACEAE, which are placed in the GAMOPETALOUS part of the series ; and some
genera of several Orders placed here, are apetalous, — such as Anemone, Thalictrum »
ftc,

DIALYFETALOUS EXOGENOUS PLANTS. XCr'l

Vernation straigJit. Petals usually caducous. CISTACEAK. p. 26.

GROUP 5. Ovary compound with the placentae parietal, or 2- 5-
celled from their meeting in the axis. Stamens hypogynous. —
Embryo straight, with little or no albumen.

Stipules none ; leaves dotted. Stamens in parcels. HYPERICACEAE. p. 28.

GROUP 6. Ovary compound, 1-celled with a free central placenta,
or 2- several-celled with the placenta in the axis. Calyx free or
nearly so. Embryo peripheric, on mealy albumen.

Floral envelopes symmetrical. CARYOPHVLLACEAE. p. 30.
Floral envelopes unsymmetrical. PORTULACACEAE. p. 34.

GROUP 7. Ovary compound and several-celled, with the placentae
in the axis ; or the numerous carpels more or less coherent with
each other or with a central axis. Calyx, free from the ovary, with
a valvate aestivation.

Anthers l-cdled. Stamens monaddphous. MALVACEAE, p. 35.

Anthers 2-celled. Polyandrous or 5-adelphous. TILIACEAE. p. 37.

GROUP 8. Ovary compound, or of several carpels adhering to a

central axis, free from the calyx, which is mostly imbricated in

aestivation. Flowers perfect.

f Flower irregular and unsymmetrical.

Stamens connate. Ovules several in each cell. BALSAMINACEAK. p. 40.
Stamens distinct. Ovules single in each cell. TROPAEOLACEAE. p. 41.

f f Flower regular and symmetrical throughout.
Calyx valvate in aestivation. LIMNANTHACEAE. p. 42.

Calyx imbricated in aestivation.

Embryo conduplicate. GERANIACEAE. p. 39.

Leaves simple. Stamens 5. LINACEAE. p. 38.

Leaves compound. Stamens 10. OXALIDACEAE. p. 40.

GROUP 9. Ovary compound, with 2 or several cells, or 1-celled by
suppression, — or carpels distinct and barely connected by their
styles. Calyx free. Petals as many as the sepals, or rarely want-
ing. Stamens once or twice as many as the sepals, distinct. Eiti-
bryo large ; albumen little or none. Flowers polygamo-dioicous.

Leaves dotted. Ovaries or cells 2-ovuled. XANTHOXYLACEAE. p. 42.
Leaves dolless. Ovary 1 ; ovule long-pedicelled. ANACARDIACEAE. p. 43.

GROUP 10. Ovary compound, 2- 3-lobed, 2- 3- celled, free from the
calyx, which is imbricated in the bud. Petals often irregular, or 1
fewer than the sepals — or sometimes wanting. Stamens definite,
distinct, inserted on or around a hypogynous disk. Ovules 1 or 2
in each cell. Embryo curved or coiled; albumen none. Flowers
often polygamous.

Leaves opposite. Gynaecium dimerous. ACERACEAE. p. 44.

Leaves chiefly alternate. Gynaecium trimerous. SAPIWDACEAE. p. 47.

I

XC1V NATURAL ARRANGEMENT.

GROUP 11. Ovary compound, 2- 5-celled. Calyx, free, or adherent
to the base of the ovary. Petals and stamens as many as the lobes
of the calyx, and inserted either into its throat or base, or upon the
disk that covers it. Seeds solitary, or few in each cell, albuminous.
Flowers regular.

f Stamens alternate with the petals.

Ovaries partly separated : leaves compound. TEIBE STAPHYLEAE. p. 48.
Ovaries wholly united. Seeds ariUate : leaves simple. CELASTRACEAE. p. 47.

f f Stamens opposite the petals.

Sepals valvate. Cells l-ovuled. RHAMNACEAE.JJ. 49.

Petals valvate, caducous. Cells 2-ovuled. YITACEAE. p. 49.

GROUP 12. Ovary compound, 2-celled, free from the calyx. Sepals

and petals very irregular. Stamens monadelphous, — the tube of

filaments split on one side, and more or less united with the claws

of the hypogynous petals ; anthers 1-celled, opening by a pore at

apex.

Seeds albuminous ; embryo large. POLYOAL.ACEAE. p. 51.

GROUP 13. Ovary simple and solitary, free from the calyx; fruit a
pod. Flower 5-merous, the odd sepal anterior. Corolla mostly
irregular and papilionaceous, sometimes regular. Stamens mona-
delphous, diadelphous, or distinct, mostly perigynous. Seeds desti-
tute of albumen. LEGUMINOSAE. p. 53.

GROUP 14. Ovaries 1 or several, simple and distinct, or combined
into a -compound ovary with 2 or more cells and the placentae in
the axis. Petals, and distinct stamens, perigynous. Seeds destitute
of albumen.

f Calyx free, inclosing the ovaries in its tube, — or when the ovaries arc united, adnate
to them, and the stamens indefinite.

Leaves alternate, stipulate. ROSACEAE. p. 70.

Leaves mostly opposite, without stipules.

ft Calyx free from the compound ovary. Stam. definite. LYTHRACEAE. p. 86.

•f f f Calyx-tube adnate to the compound ovary. Stamens definite.

Anthers opening by a pore at apex. MELASTOMACEAE.JJ. 86.

Anthers opening longitudinally. ONAGRACEAE. jp. 87.

GROUP 15. Ovary compound, 1-celled, with parietal placentae.
Petals and stamens mostly inserted on the throat of the calyx.
Flowers mostly perfect.

Calyx adherent to the ovary. Stamens 5. GROSSULACEAE.JJ. 90.

GROUP 16. Ovary compound, 2- to several-celled (or 1-celled by
obliteration) ; placentae parietal, arising from the axis, but carried
outward to the walls of the pericarp. Calyx adnate. Corolla often
gamopetalous ! Stamens united either by their filaments or anthers.
Flowers mostly monoicous. Seeds without albumen. CUCURBIT-

ACEAE. p. 91.

GROUP 17. Ovaries 2 or more, many-ovuled, distinct, or partly,
and sometimes completely, united, when the ovary is 1-celled with
parietal placentae, or 2- to many-celled with the placentae in the

DIALYPETALOUS EXOGENOUS PLANTS. XCV

axis. Calyx either free or adherent to the ovary. Petals and
stamens inserted on. the calyx. Seeds albuminous, numerous.

Pistils as many as the. sepals. CRASSULACEAE.JP. 95.
Pistils fewer than the sepals, more or less united. SAXIFRAGACEAE. p. 95.

GROUP 18. Ovary compound, 2- (rarely 3- or 5-) celled, with a
single ovule suspended from the apex of each cell. Stamens usually
as many as the petals, or lobes of the adherent calyx: Embryo
small, in hard albumen.

^Summit of the ovary free from the calyx; petals and stamens inserted on tJie
throat of the calyx. HAMAMELACEAE. p. 97.

f f Calyx-tube entirely adherent to the. ovary. Stamens and petals epigynous.—
Flowers mostly umbellate.

Fruit separable into 2 dry carpels. UMBELLIFERAE. p. 98.

Fruit drupaceous, usually of more than 2 carpels. ARALIACEAE. p. 108.

Flowers cymote, or capitate. Drupe 2rcetted. CORNACEAE. p. 110.

DIVISION II. GAMOPET'ALOUS EXOGENOUS PLANTS.
FLORAL ENVELOPES consisting of both calyx and corolla, — the
petals more or less united.*

GROUP 1. Ovary adherent to the calyx, 2- to several-celled, with 1
or many ovules in each cell. Stamens inserted on the corolla. —
Seeds albuminous ; embryo small.

Stipules wanting. GAPRIFOLIACEAE. p. 112.

Stipules interpeliolar. RUBIACF.AE. p. 116.

GROUP 2, Ovary adherent to the calyx, 1-celled and 1 ovuled, —
rarely 3-celled with 2 of the cells empty. Seeds with little or no
albumen. Stamens inserted on the corolla. Calyx-limb a mere
ring, crown, or pappus — or obsolete. Fruit akene-like.

Stamens distinct. Seed suspended.

Stamens 3, or fewer. VALERIANACEAE. p. 120.

Stamens 4. Heads involucrate. DIPSACEAE. p. 120.

Stamens syngenesious. Seed erect. COMPOSITAE. p. 121.

GROUP 3. Ovary adherent to the calyx, with 2 or more cells and
numerous ovules. Seeds albuminous. Stamens inserted with the
corolla (epigynous) : anthers not opening by pores.

Corolla irregular. Stamens united in a tube. LOBELIACEAE. p. 162.
Corolla regular. Stamens distinct. CAMPANULACEAK. p. 164.

GROUP 4. Ovary sometimes adherent to the calyx, more commonly
free, — with 2 or more cells and numerous ovules. Seeds albuminous.
Stamens inserted with the corolla, or rarely adherent to its base, —
as many, or twice as many, as its lobes : anthers mostly opening by
pores.

*The plants belonging to ORD. XL. CCCURBITACEAE, althougb often gamopeta-
lous, will be found in the dialypetalous division : and our native species of Fraxi-
nus,— belonging to ORD. LXXIV. OLEACEAE, at the end of this division,— are
destitute of petals.

XCV1 NATURAL ARRANGEMENT.

Anthers 2-celled. ERICACEAE, p. 165.

GROUP 5. Ovary mostly free, several-celled, with a single ovule (at
most a single seed) in each cell. Seeds mostly albuminous. Stamens
definite, — as many as the lobes of the (sometimes almost dialypeta-
lous) corolla, and alternate with them— or 2 to 4 times as many:
anthers not opening by pores.

Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes. AQUIFOLIACEAE. p. 175.
Stamens more numerous ; polygamo-dioicous. EBENACEAE. p. 176.

GROUP 6. Ovary mostly free, 1-celled, with a free central placenta.
Stamens inserted into the regular corolla opposite its lobes, which
they equal in number. Seeds albuminous.

Herbs : fruit capsular. PRIMULACEAE. p. 177.

GROUP 7. Ovary free, 1-celled with a single ovule, — or 2-celled
with several ovules attached to a thick central placenta. Stamens
as many as the lobes of the regular corolla. Seeds albuminous.

Ovary 2-celled ; style single ; stamens 4. PLANTAGINACEAE. p. 176.
GROUP 8. Ovary free, 1- or 2- (or spuriously 4-) celled, with
numerous ovules. Corolla, irregular (sub-bilabiate); stamens in-
serted upon its tube, and mostly fewer than its lobes.

Ovary 1-celled, with a central placenta. LEOTIBCLACEAE. p. 180.

Ovary with parietal placentae. OROBANCHACEAE. p. 180.
Ovary spuriously 4- or 5-celltd. Sub.Ord. SESAMEAE. p. 182.

Ovary 1-celled; placentae in the axis.

Seeds indefinite, winged. BIGNONIACEAE. p. 182.

Seeds few, wingless. Corolla convolute. ACANTHACEAE. p. 183.

Seeds mostly indefinite. Corolla imbricative. SCROPHULARIACEAE. p. 183.

GROUP 9. Ovary free, 2- to 4-lobed, splitting into as many 1-seeded
nutlets, or drupaceous. Corolla irregular or regular ; stamens in-
serted on its tube, fewer than its lobes or as many. Albumen little
or none.

Stamens 4, diclynamous, or 2. Corolla more or less irregular.

Ovary not 4-lobed. VERBENACEAE. p. 194.
Ovary Globed, forming 4 nutlets. LABIATAE. p. 196.
Stamens 5. Corolla regular. EORAGIJSACEAE. p. 214.

GROUP 10. Ovary free, compound, or the carpels mostly 2 and
distinct ; the ovules several or numerous. Corolla regular ; stamens
inserted upon its tube, as many as the lobes and alternate with
them. Seeds albuminous.

f Ovary compound (of 2 or more united carpels).

Placentae 2. parietal. Embryo minute.

Leaves lobed. Seeds few. HYDROPHYLLACEAE. p. 218.

Leaves entire. Seeds indefinite. GENTIANACEAE. p. 229.

Placentae in the axis. Ovary 2- or 3-celled.

Embryo large, lent or coiled. CONVOLVULACEAE. p. 220.

Embryo straight or arcuate. Styles united.

GAMOPETALOUS EXOGENOUS PLANTS. XCVU

Ovary 3-celled. Corolla convolute. POLEMONIACEAE. p. 218.
Ovary 1-cdled. Corolla plicate or valvate. SOLANACEAE. p. 224.

f f Ovaries mostly 2 and distinct — at least in fruit.

Anthers introrse; pollen granular. APOCYNACEAE. p. 232.

Anthers extrorse; pollen in waxy masses. ASCLEPIADACEAE. p. 233.

GROUP 11. Ovary free, 2-celled, few-ovuled; cells of the fruit
1 -seeded. Corolla regular — often wanting ; stamens fewer than its
lobes (usually 2).

Seeds suspended. Corolla (when present) valvate. OLEACEAE. p. 237.

DIVISION III. APETALOUS EXOGENOUS PLANTS.

COROLLA none : the floral envelopes consisting of a single series
(calyx), — or sometimes entirely wanting.*

GROUP 1. Flowers perfect, with a conspicuous or colored mostly
adnate calyx. Ovary several-celled and many-ovuled. Capsule
fleshy or berry-like. ARISTOLOCHIACEAE. p. 240.

GROUP 2. Floivers perfect, or rarely polygamous, with a regular
and often colored calyx. Ovary free ; ovules solitary in each ovary
or cell. Embryo curved or coiled around mealy albumen, — rarely in
the axis, or exalbuminous.

Ovary several-celled,— consisting of a verticil of several I-ovuled carpels. PHYTOLAC-
CACEAE. p. 241.

Ovary 1-cetted, with a single ovule.

Stipules none. Calyx lierbaceous. CHENOPODIACEAE. p. 241.
" Calyx and bracts scarious. AMARANTHACEAE. p. 244.
Stipules sheathing. Calyx colored. POLYGONACEAI-.. p. 245.

GROUP 3. Floivers perfect, polygamous, or dioicous, not disposed
in aments ; calyx regular and often colored. Ovary 1-celled, — or
rarely 2-celled, with 1 or few ovules in each cell; but the fruit 1-
celled and 1-seeded. Embryo not coiled around albumen.

t Style or stigma one.
Calyx free, from the ovary.

Flowers polygamo-dioicous. Anthers opening by valves. LAURACEAE. p. 251.
Flowers perfect. Anthers opening lengOiwise. THYMELEACEAE. p. 252.

Calyx adnate to the ovary.
Ovules several, pendulous. SANTALACEAE. p. 253.

Ovules solitari/, suspended.
Parasitic sJirubs. Ovule without integuments. LORANTHACEAE. p. 254.

Trees. Fruit a drupe. NYSSACEAE. p. 253.
f t Styles or stigmas 2, divergent. ULMACEAE. p. 255.

* Numerous plants of the DIALYPET ALDUS ORDERS are apetalons, — such as
Clematis, Anemone, and other RANUNCULACEAE; some RHAMNACEAE, ONAGRA-

CEAE, ROSACFAE, AcERACEAE, &C., &C. Some Of the GAMOPETALOUS ORDERS, alsO,

are apetalous; as our species of Fraxinus, in OLEACEAE.

XCViii NATURAL ARRANGEMENT.

GROUP 4. Flowers perfect, entirely destitute of calyx as well as
corolla. Embryo minute, inclosed in a persistent embryo-sac at
the apex of the albumen. SAURURACEAE. p. 256.

GROUP 5. Flowers perfect or diclinous, often destitute of "both
calyx and corolla. Submersed or floating herbs.

Flowers monoicous.

Fruit 1-cetted, 1-seeded. CERATOPHYLLACEAE. p. 257.
Fruit 4rceUed, 4-seeded. CALLITRICHACEAE. p. 257.

Flowers mostly perfect.
Capsule several-celled, several-seeded. PODOSTEMACEAE. p. 258.

GROUP 6. Flowers monoicous or dioicous, not amentaceous. Fruit
capsular or drupaceous, with 2 or more cells, and mostly 1 seed in
each cell.

Fruit mostly capsular. Juice milky. ECPHORBIACEAE. p. 258.

GROUP 7. Flowers monoicous or dioicous; the sterile, and often
the fertile ones, in aments, — or in heads, clusters, or spikes. Ovary
often 2- to several-celled, but the fruit always 1-celled.

f Fruit drupaceous. Calyx adherent. JUGLANDACEAE. p. 261.

t f Fruit a nut, involucrate. Calyx adherent. CUPULIFERAE. p. 265.

f f t Fruit indehiscent, 1-seeded. Flowers all in aments.

Ovary 1-celled ; ovule solitary, erect. MTRICACEAE. p. 274.

Ovary 2-cetted, 2-ovuled ; ovule pendulous. BETULACEAE. p. 274.

1 1 1 1 Fruit deJiiscent, many-seeded. Seeds comose. Flowers all in aments, destitute
of calyx. SALICACEAE. p. 276.

f f f ff Fruit a nutlet, or capsule. Flowers in heads, or ament-lilce clusters, destitute

of calyx.

Nutlet clavate, 1-seeded. PLATANACEAE. p. 283.

1 1 1 1 1 1 Fruit an akene; often inclosed in a baccate calyx. Juice milky, when trees
or shrubs. URTICACEAE. p. 283.

SUB-CLASS II.

GYMNOSPERMOUS EXOGENOUS PLANTS.

OVULES, and consequently the seeds, naked, — i. e. not inclosed in
an ovary ; the carpel being represented either by an open scale, as in
the Pines; or by a more evident leaf, as in Cycas ; or else ivanting
altogether (the ovule seated in a disk), as in the Yew. Flowers
monoicous or dioicous, commonly amentaceous. — the stamens often
monadelphous. Of course there is neither style nor stigma. CONI i
FERAE, p. 289.

CLASS II.

ENDOGENOUS PLANTS.

STEM not distinguishable into bark, pith, and wood ; but the latter
consisting of bundles of fibres and vessels irregularly imbedded in
cellular tissue ; the rind firmly adherent ; no medullary rays, and
no appearance of concentric layers : increase in diameter effected
by the deposition of new fibrous bundles which, at their commence-

ENDOGENOUS PLANTS.

merit at least, occupy the central part of the stem. Leaves seldom
falling off by an articulation, commonly sheathing at the base,
usually alternate, entire, and with simple nearly parallel veins (or
nerves, so called). Floral envelopes, when present, mostly in threes ;
the calyx and corolla often undistinguishable in texture and appear-
ance. Embryo with a single cotyledon ; or if a second is present,
it is much smaller than the other and alternate with it.

GROUP 1. Flowers on a spadix, — with the perianth simple, scale-
like, or commonly altogether wanting.

Terrestrial plants:
Mostly with a spathe : fruit baccate. ARACEAE. p. 297.

Fruit nut-like, I-seeded. TYPHACEAE. p. 301.

Aquatic plo.nts :

Flowers in the edge of the frond. LEMXACEAE. p. 300.
Flowers axillary ? or on a spadix. NAIADACEAE. p. 302.

GROUP 2. Flowers not spadiceous. furnished with calyx and corolla.
Ovaries several, distinct or sometimes united, free from the calyx.
ALISMACEAE, p. 304.

GROUP 3. Flowers with a simple or double Perianth, adherent to
the ovary, either completely or partially.

f Perianth regular. Ovary 1-celled with parietal placentae, or rarely 3- to 6-ceUed
with the placentae in tJie axis.

Flowers dioicous, or polygamous. HYDBOCHARIDACEAE. p. 305.
t f Perianth irregular. Ovary ~\.-celled with parietal placentae, Stamens lor 2.

Flowers gynandrous. ORCHIDACEAE. p. 307.

fft Perianth mostly regular. Ovary 3-ceUed, many-ovuled. Stamens 3 or 6.

Anthers introrse. Stamens mostly 6.

Bulbous. AMARTLLIDACEAE. p. 316.

Not bulbous. HAEMODORACEAE. p. 317.

Anthers extrorse. Stamens 3. IRIDACEAE. p. 317.

f f f f Perianth regular. Ovary 3-celled with 1 or 2 ovules in each ceU.

Flowers dioicous. Stamens 6. DIOSCOREACEAE. p. 318.

GROUP 4. Flowers with a regular Perianth, which is free from the
ovary, more or less petaloid, or rarely glumaceous. Embryo inclosed
in albumen.

Perianth not glumaceous.
Anthers introrse. styles or stigmas distinct. SMILACEAE. p. 319.

Anthers introrse. Styles united into one.

Terrestrial : not spathaceous. Flowers regular. LILIACEAE. p. 321.

Aquatic: spathaceous. PI. of 'ten irregular. POSITEDERIACEAI. p . 332.

Anthers mostly extrorse. MELANTHACEAE. p. 327.

Perianth glumaceous. JUXCACEAE. p. 330.

GROUP 5. Flowers with a double or imbricated perianth; the exte-
rior herbaceous, or glumaceous ; the inner petaloid, free from the
1- to 3-celled ovary. Seeds orthotropous ; the embryo at the ex-
tremity of the albumen farthest from the hilum.

NATURAL ARRANGEMENT.

Flowers perfect. Sepals herbaceous. COMMELYNACEAE. p. 333.

Sepals and bracts glumaceous. XYRIDACEAE. p. 334.

GROUP 6. Flowers imbricated with glumaceous bracts and dispos-
ed in spikelets ; proper perianth none or rudimentary. Ovary
1 -celled, 1-ovuled. Embryo at the extremity of the albumen next
the hilum.

Sheaths closed. Glume or bract single. CYPERACEAE. p. 335.
Sheaths open on one side. Glumes in pairs. GRAMINEAE. p. 354.

SERIES II.

CRYPTOG'AMOUS OR FLOWERLESS
PLANTS.

PLANTS destitute of proper flowers (stamens and pistils), and
propagated by spores instead of seeds.

.•;,£fl-*1*T> IvV^lHR % • ^

CLASS III.

ACRO'GENOUS PLANTS.

VEGETABLES with a distinct- axis, growing fromthe apex, with no
provision for subsequent increase in diameter (containing both
woody and vascular tissue), and usually with distinct foliage.

Leafless: Stems jointed, striated. EQUISETACEAE. p. 390.
Leafy: Leaves mostly from rhizomas, and circinate. FILICES. p. 391. ^

" Stems creeping, or erect, mostly branching. LYCOPODIACEAE. p, 399.
Aquatic : Spores borne at the base of the leaves. HYDROPTERIDES, p. 402.

CLASS IV.

AN'OPHYTES OR SUPEPIOR CELLULAR
PLANTS.

VEGETABLES composed entirely of cellular tissue or parenchyma,
with acrogenous growth, usually with distinct foliage, — sometimes
the stem and foliage confluent into a frond.

Tufted : leafy ; spore-cases opening by a lid. Mcsci. p. 403.
Oftenfrondose ; spore-cases rupturing at apex. HEPATICAE. p. 422.

CLASS V.

THAL'LOPHYTES OR VEGETABLE
EXPANSIONS.

PLANTS wholly cellular, — developing themselves (often indefinite-
ly) in leaf-like expansions, or in rounded masses, or congeries of cells,
— but with no clear indication of a distinct root, stem, or foliage.
Frondose subcoriaceous or crustaceous expansions. LICHENES. p. 431.

FLORA CESTRICA.

Virtud cs, rcspondio Sancho, eonocer esas Yerbas, que segun yo me voy imagi-
nando, algun dia sera menester usar de ese conocimiento. — CERVANTES.

SERIES I.

PHAENOG'AMOUS OR FLOWERING
PLANTS.

VEGETABLES bearing proper flowers, with stamens and pistils, and
producing seeds which contain an embryo, or rudimentary plantlet.

CLASS I.

EXOGENOUS OR DICOTYLEDONOUS
PLANTS.

STEMS distinctly formed of bark, wood and pith; leaves mostly
netted- veined ; embryo with 2 (or rarely more) opposite cotyledons.

SUB-CLASS I.

ANGIOSPlSRMOUS EXOGENOUS PLANTS.

PISTIL a closed ovary, containing ovules and becoming the fruit ;
pollen applied to a stigma ; cotyledons 2.

DIVISION I. DIALYPET'ALOUS EXOGENOUS PLANTS.

FLORAL ENVELOPES consisting generally of both calyx and corolla,
with the petals mostly distinct.*

ORDER I. RANUNCULACEAE.

Herbs, or woody vines, with a colorless and often acrid juice; leaves usually dis-
sected ; stipules none ; petals sometimes wanting, and the calyx corolla-like, hypo-
gynous ; the sepals, petals, numerous stamens, and many or few (rarely single)
pistils, all distinct and unconnected; seeds with firm fleshy albumen; embryo
minute.

This family comprises a number of plants of considerable beauty ; but few that
interest the mere utilitarian.

* The petals, however, will be found more or less connected, in many species of
ORDER XXXIV. LEGCMINOSAE, and ORDER XL. CCCURBITACEAE. A few instances of
Dialypetalous flowers occur in ORD. LIV. ERICACEAE (viz. in the Suborders, PTRO-
I.EAE ftnd MONOTROPEAE), — which Order is, nevertheless, placed in the Gamopetolous
Division of the Series. The petals are also nearly distinct, in some plants of ORD.
LV. AQUIFOLIACEAE (Yiz. in Ilex, and Prinos); and in Chionanthus, ORD. LXXIV.
OLEACEAE.

1

D SI'S ^<>- i-

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b?*f*?rCX.* " <

%V%^ fx't" nf? ,.:3jiA^Y?BTALOUS EXOGENS

TRIBE I. CLEMATID'EAE*5—

Sepals valvate in the bud, or with the edges bent inward ; petals wanting. Pcrcn-
nial herbs or vines; leaves all opposite.

1. CL,EM'ATIS, L.

[Greek, Klematis, a vine, or runner; in allusion to its pliant stem.]
Sepals 4, colored, the valvate margins more or less bent inward. —
Carpels tailed with the long persistent plumose styles. Our native
species climbing by the petioles.

t Flowers solitary, large: Calyx thickish or leathery.

1. C. Viorna, L. Leaves pinnately dissected, the leaflets in 2 or

3 distant pairs, ovate, entire, or 2- or 3-lobed ; floral leaves simple ;
sepals connivent, acuminate, recurved at apex.
WAY-ADORNING (?) CLEMATIS. Leather-flower.

Stem 6 to 8 or 10 feet long, pubescent, purplish, finally snffruticose. Flauxrs
axillary ; pedundes 3 to 6 inches long, with a pair of ovate bracts near the middle.
Sepals violet-purple. Carpels tailed with the tawny plumose styles.
Hob. Borders of woods ; Londongrove : rare. Fl. July. Fr. September,
f f Flowers in paniculate diisters : dwicous.

2. C. YirglniiYna, L. Leaves ternately dissected, the leaflets
lance-ovate, acuminate, coarsely incised-dentate or lobed, often sub-
cordate at base; sepals obovate-oblong, spreading.

VIRGINIAN CLEMATIS. Virgin's Bower. Traveler's Joy.

Stem 8 to 12 or 15 feet long, with axillary divaricate branches, green, finally
emoothish and suffruticose. Sepals white. Carpels tailed with the greenish-white,
silky-plumose styles.
Sab. Moist thickets; fence-rows, &c. frequent. Fl. July, Aug. Fr. Sept.

TRIBE 2. ANEMONNEAE.

Sepals imbricated in the bud ; petals wanting ; leaves sometimes radical, and oppo-
site or whorled on the stem, forming an involucre. Perennial kerbs.

2. AlVEMO^E, L.

[Gr. Anemos, wind; the flowers being supposed to open only when the wind blows, j
Sepals 5 to 15, petal-like. Carpels without tails. Involucre of 3 or

4 divided petiolate leaves at the base of the flower-stalks. Radical
leaves dissected.

1. A. iicmordsa, L. Smooth ; flower single on a naked peduncle ;
carpels few, pilose.

WOOD or GROVE ANEMONE. Wind-flower.

Stem, or scape, 3 to 6 inches high, slender. Radical leaves often wanting. Sepals
usually 5 to 7, elliptic, white, often tinged with purple.
Hob. Moist woodlands, and thickets : frequent. Fl. April. Fr. June.

Obs. This delicate little harbinger of the Floral season is thus re-
ferred to, by Doctor DARWIN, in his Botanic Garden: —

" All wan and shivering in the leafless glade,

The sad ANEMONE reclined her head ;

Grief on her cheek had paled the roseate hue,

And her sweet eye-lids dropp'd with pearly dew."

2. A. Yirginiana, L. Hairy; flowers on elongated involucel-
late peduncles; carpels numerous, tomentose, in dense cylindric
heads.

BANUNCULACEAE 8

VIRGINIAN ANEMONE.

Stem 9 to 12 or 18 inches high. Radical leaves on petioles 6 to 12 inches long,
parted into 3 subsessile trifid leaflets. Sepals greenish-white. Carpdt clothed with
a whitish dense wool, by which, at maturity, they are often suspended -from the
receptacle in ragged dangling clusters.
Hob. Borders of woods; fence-rows, &c. frequent. Fl. June, July. Fr. Sept.

3. HEPAT'ICA, Dillen.

[Gr. Hepar, the liver; from a fancied resemblance in the leaves.]
Involucre of 3 simple leaflets, close to the flower, resembling sepals.
Flowers like Anemone, single, on hairy scapes. Leaves all radical.

1. II. triloba, Chaix. Leaves subreniform-cordate, with 3 ovate

obtuse or rounded lobes.

THREE-LOBED HEPATICA. Liver-wort. Liver-leaf.

Leaves on petioles 3 to 5 inches long. Scapes several, 4 to 6 inches long, silky-
villous. Involucre villous externally. Sepals petal-like, blue or purplish, rarely
white.
Hob. Open woodlands : common. Fl. April. Fr. May, June.

Obs. This plant acquired some notoriety among the nostrum-
mongers, a few years since, as a remedy for pulmonary consumption ;
but it seems to have fallen into that neglect which awaits every
medicine of exaggerated virtues.

4. THAMC'TRlIJIf , L.

[A name of obscure derivation.]

Often dioicous or polygamous : Sepals 4 or 5, to 8 or 10, petal-like,
caducous. Carpels 4 to 15, ribbed or grooved, tipped by the short
style. Perennials, with decompound leaves.

t Stem-leaves forming an involucre at summit; root a duster of tubers; flowers per-
fect; sepals 8 or 10.

1. T. anemonoides, MX. Leaflets obtusely 3-lobed; flowers
few in a simple umbel.

ANEMONE-LIKE THALICTRUM. Rue Anemone.

Root bearing a fascicle of 4 or 5 fleshy oblong tubers. Radical leave* biternate.
Scapes 2 or 3, slender, often purple, 4 to 6 or 8 Inches long. Umbel 3- to 6-rayed. —
Sepals white, or tinged with purple.
Hab. Open woodlands, and clearings : common. FL April, May. Fr. June.

•j-f Stem-leaves scattered; root fibrous; flowers dioicous or polygamous; sepals 4 or 5.

2. T. df oleum, L. Leaves all with common petioles; leaflets
5 to 7-lobed; flowers dioicous; filaments capillary.

DIOICOUS THALICTRUM. Early Meadow-Rue.

Plant often purplish. Stem 12 to 18 inches high, sparingly branched at summit.
Leaves mostly triternate; leaflets roundish-reniform, thin. Flowers in terminal
compound panicles. Sepals mostly 4, pale violet-purple.
Hab. Rich, rocky, hilly woods : frequent. Fl. April, May. Fr. June.

3. T. Cor il lit i , L. Stem-leaves without common petioles ; leaf-
lets 3-lobed; flowers polygamous; filaments subclavate.

Also, T. rugosum, Ait. and Fl. Cestr. ed. 2. p. 334.
CORNUTUS'S THALICTRUM. Meadow Rue.

DIALYPETALOUS EXOGENS

Stem 3 or 4 to 6 feet high, rather stout, branching, furrowed and fistular. Leaves
pinnately decompound. Flowers in large and very compound panicles, greenish
white.
Hob. Wet meadows, and along rivulets: frequent. Fl. June, July. Fr. Sept.

Obs. There are some varieties of this, which have heretofore
passed for species.

. TRIBE 3. RANUNCULEVAE.

Sepals imbricated in the bud; petals conspicuous, flat; carpels numerous, 1-seeded.
Stein-leaves alternate. Mostly perennial herbs.

5. RAJVUKKCITLIJS, L.

[Latin, Rana, a frog; the plant often growing where frogs abound.]
Sepals 5. Petals usually 5, mostly longer than the sepals, — each
with a little scale, or pit, at base inside. Carpels in a head, com-
pressed, pointed.

§ 1. Petals pitted at base, whitish; Carpels transversely rugose: Plants aquatic.

1. R. a< i iiat i 1 i s, L. Stem floating ; leaves usually all immersed
and filiformly dissected.

WATER RANUNCULUS. River Crow-foot.

Stems several, immersed and procumbently floating, 9 to 18 inches long, slender,
radicating at the nodes. Leaves di- or tri-chotomously multifid,— the filiform seg-
ments aggregated in little dark-green bundles or tufts. Peduncles opposite the
leaves.

Hob. Plowing waters; Brandywine: frequent. Fl. June, Aug. Fr. Aug. Sept.
§ 2. Petals with a little scale at base, yellow : Carpels smooth.
f Leaves all undivided : Plants glabrous.

2. R. Fli'umimla, L. Stem reclining, rooting at the lower
nodes ; leaves lanceolate ; carpels with a slender beak.

LITTLE FLAME, OR FIERY RANUNCULUS. Spear-wort.

Stem 1 to 2 feet long, assurgent, sparingly branched, often dichotomous at sum-
mit. Leaves 2 or 3 to 6 or 7 inches long. Peduncles axillary, or opposite the leaves.
Hob. Ditches, and miry places : frequent. Fl. July. Fr. Aug. Sept.

Obs. This is a very acrid plant. The bruised herb has been used
to raise blisters ; and the distilled water is said to be a prompt and
efficacious emetic. I am not quite sure it is indigenous here.

3. R, reptailS, L. Stem slender, prostrate, rooting at the
nodes; leaves linear-lanceolate; carpels few, with a minute blunt
point.

CRAWLING RANUNCULUS.

Stem 6 to 12 inches long, very slender and thread-like, geniculate, or forming-
undulating curves of about an inch in span. Leaves few, half an inch to an inch
long. Flowers solitary at the nodes, on slender peduncles.
Hob. Muddy margin of Schuylkill : rare. Fl. July, Aug. Fr. Sept.

4. R. |>ll sill IIS, Pair. Stem ascending or erect; root-leaves
ovate or roundish, upper leaves lance-oblong; carpels scarcely
pointed.

PUNY RANUNCULUS.

Stem 6 to 12 inches high, flimsy, but generally erect, dichotomously branching-

BANUNCULACEAE 5

growing in bunches, but only one stem from a root Peduncles often thickish.—

Pdals scarcely longer than the calyx.

Hob. Wet meadows, along French Creek : rare. Fl. May. Fr. June, July.

f f Lower leaves undivided, or merely deft: Petals scarcely as long as the sepals.

5. R. al>ortlvu§? L. Glabrous ; radical leaves roundish-cordate,
or reniform, stem-leaves mostly 3-parted; carpels with a minute
curved beak.

ABORTIVE RANUNCULUS.

Stem usually 9 to 15 inches high— sometimes 2 feet, or more,— branched above.
Radical leaves on petioles 4 to 6 inches long. Peduncles opposite the leaves, stout,
1 to 3 or 4 inches long. Flowers small.
Hob. Moist woods, and meadows : common. Fl. April, May. Fr. June, July.

6. R. recurvfltllS, Poir. Hirsute; radical and stem-leaves
nearly alike, deeply 3-cleft; carpels conspicuously beaked by the
recurved style.

RECURVED RANUNCULUS.

Stem 9 to 15 inches high, branched and leafy at summit. Leaves somewhat pen-
tagonal in their outline,— the radical ones on petioles 3 to 6 inches long. Flowers
Inconspicuous, at first nearly sessile among the leaves.
Hab. Moist woodlands: frequent. Fl. May. Fr. June.
f. R. scelertitus, L. Glabrous; radical leaves 3-cleft, rounded,
the segments cuneate, — upper stem-leaves with sub-linear lobes ;
carpels pointless, in cylindric heads.
HURTFUL RANUNCULUS. Celery-leaved Crow-foot,

Stem 12 to 18 inches high, thickish, fistular, branching and often dichotomous at
summit. Floivers small.
Hal. Wet ditches, &c. Nat. of Europe. Fl. May, Aug. Fr. July, Sept

Obs. A very acrid species, which Dr. GRAY suggests may have
been introduced; and I strongly incline to the same opinion.

f f f Leaves ternately divided : Petals much longer than the sepals.

8. R. fascicularis, Muhl. Silky-pubescent; root a fascicle of
thick fleshy fibres ; radical leaves ternately or quinately dissected,
appearing pinnate ; carpels scarcely margined, tipped with a slen-
der, rather curved, beak.

FASCICLED RANUNCULUS. Early, or Cluster-rooted Crow-foot.

Stem 3 or 4 to 12 or 15 inches high, cespitose, commencing to flower young, sub-
sequently elongated. Radical leaves on petioles 3 to 8 inches long ; leaflets cuneate-
oblong, the lateral ones mostly petiolulate, and rather remote from the 3-parted
terminal one.
Hab. Rocky, open woodlands: frequent. Fl. April, May. Fr. June.

9. R. rr pens, L. Stems ascending, often forming runners ; car-
pels strongly margined, pointed with a stout straightish beak.
CREEPING RANUNCULUS.

Stem 1 to 2 feet long, at first erect, finally extending into procumbent runners
with assurgent branches, more or less hairy. Leaves ternate, on long hairy peti-
oles; leaflets trifid, on short petiolules. Carpels obovate, with a margined beak.
Hob. Moist, shaded grounds : frequent. Fl. May. Fr. June.

6 DIALYPETALOUS EXOQENS

10. R. bulbbsus, L. Hairy ; stem erect from a solid bulb ; radical
leaves 3-parted, the terminal division petiolulate ; peduncles sulcate;
calyx reflexed.

BULBOUS RANUNCULUS. Butter-cups. Crow-foot.

Stem 9 to 15 inches high, often cespitose, more or less branched. Radical leaves
ternate and quinate-pinnate, on petioles 2 or 3 to 6 inches long; stem-leaves deeply
and pinnatifidly incised. Peduncles terminal, or opposite the leaves, 1 to 3 or 4
inches long, furrowed and angular. Carpels with a short recurved beak.
Hob. Meadows, and pastures. Nat. of Europe. Fl. May. Fr. June, July.

Obs. This foreigner is becoming extensively naturalized, and is
often very abundant in pasture lots. It is considered as very much
of a nuisance, by the owners of meadows along the Brandywine. —
The fleshy bulb is highly acrid ; and, it is said, is often used by
artful beggars, in Europe, to produce ulcers, &c., and thereby excite
sympathy.

11. R. acris, L. Hairy; stem erect, not bulbous at base; leaves
3-parted, the divisions all sessile; peduncles not sulcate; calyx
spreading.

ACEID RANUNCULUS. Tall Crow-foot.

Stem 1 to 2 feet high, rather slender, branched above, sparingly leafy. Radical
leaves on long petioles.
Hob. Meadows, near Chadd's ford. Nat. of Europe. Fl. June. Fr. Aug.

Obs. This unwelcome intruder has also found its way into our
County; but is yet comparatively rare. It was detected in 1841,
Iby Mr. JOSHUA HOOPES.

TRIBE 4. HELLEBORIN'EAE.

Sepals colored or petal-like; petals tubular, irregular or labiate (called notaries),—
often wanting; carpels mostly few, rarely single, few- or several-seeded. Leaves
alternate. Perennial herbs.

6. CAL.THA. L.

[Or. Kalathos, a cup, or basket ; from the form of the flower.]
Sepak 5 to 9, petal-like. Petals none. Pistils 5 to 10, without
styles. Carpels follicular, compressed, spreading, many-seeded.

1. C. palustris, L. Stem nearly erect, hollow, sulcate ; leaves
orbicular-cordate or sub-reniform, crenate, or nearly entire.
MARSH CALTHA. Marsh Marygold.

Plant glabrous. Stem 5 to 8 or 10 inches high, succulent, sometimes dichoto-
mously branched. Radical leaves on petioles 3 to 6, and finally often 12 or 15,
inches long. Flowers rather large, few, somewhat corymbose, bright yellow.
Halt. Swampy springs, and wet meadows : frequent. Fl. April. Fr. May, June.

7. AQIIIMTGIA, L.

[Latin, Aqutta, an Eagle; the spurs somewhat resembling Eagles' claws.]
Sepals 5, regular, colored. Petals 5, labiate, produced backwards
into as many long tubular spurs. Pistils 5, with slender styles. —
Follicles connivent, many-seeded.

1. A, Cailcldensis, L. Spurs nearly straight; stamens and
styles longer than the sepals.
CANADIAN AQUILEGIA. Wild Columbine.

RAJJUNCtTLACEAE 7

Stem 12 to 18 inches high, slender and paniculately branching. Leaves once or
twice ternate, glaucous beneath. Flowers nodding, red and yellow.
Hob. Rocky banks of streams: frequent. Fl. May. Fr. July.

8. DELPHINIUM. L.

[Gr. Delphin, a Dolphin ; from a fancied resemblance in the flower.]
Sepals 5, irregular, — the upper one produced into a spur at base. —
Petals 4. sometimes united, irregular, — the upper pair spurred and
inclosed in the spur of the upper sepal. Pistils 1 to 5, mostly 3. —
Follicles many-seeded.

1. .D. Cons6lida, L. Leaves many-parted, the segments linear;
racemes few-flowered; petals united; follicles solitary, smooth.
SOLDER DELPHINIUM. Lark-spur.

Annual. Stem about 2 feet high, and with the foliage and flowers somewhat
pubescent. Flowers blue, or violet-purple.
Hob. Gardens, and cultivated grounds. Nat. of Europe. Fl. July. Fr. August.

Obs. This introduced plant is usually to be met with in gardens ;
and occasionally finds its way into the grain-fields of thoughtless
people who are in the practice of carrying garden-rubbish into the
barn-yard. In such cases, it threatens to become a nuisance.

TRIBE 5. CIMICIFIPGEAE.

&paU colored, caducous; petals none, or small and flat (staminodia) ; pistils 1 or
several ; fruit baccate, or follicular, 1- 2- or many-seeded. Leaves alternate. Peren-
nial tierbs,

t Petals none: Carpels baccate, clustered in a head.

9. HYDRAS'TIS, L.

[Perhaps from the Gr. Hydor, water, and drao, to act; its juices being active.]
Sepals 3, petal-like, caducous. Pistils numerous, in a dense round-
ish head; stigmas dilated, 2-lipped. Carpels 1- or 2-seeded, be-
coming succulent and red, forming a kind of compound berry.

1. H. Canadensis, L. Leaves cordate-orbicular, palmate-
lobed and doubly serrate.
CANADIAN HYDRASTIS. Yellow-root.

Stem 6 to 12 inches high, simple, usually 2-leaved at summit (sometimes a radi-
cal leaf on a petiole nearly as long as the stem). Flower solitary, terminal, white.
Hob. Rich woodlands: not very common. Fl. April, May. Fr. July.

Obs. The root is bitter and tonic, — and was used by the aborigines
as a yellow dye.

f f Petals small, spaMate (resembling stamens).
* Fruit a many-seeded Berry.

10. ACTAE^A, L.

[Gr. Akte, the Elder-bush ; from a resemblance in the foliage.]
Sepals 3 to 5, colored, caducous. Petals (or staminodia] 4 to 10,
small, flat, very entire, spatulate. Pistil single, becoming an oval
Berry.

1. A. alba, Bigel. Raceme oblong ; petals truncate at apex ; pe-
dicels thickened ; berries white.
WHITE ACTAEA. White Cohosh. Baneberry.

8 DIALYPETALOUS EXOGENS

Stem 1 to 2 feet high, slender, smooth. Leaves ternately decompound, petiolate ;
leaflets ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, incised-serrate. Raceme terminal, 1 to 2 or 3
inches long. Flowers white. Berry milk white, often tipt with purple.
Hob. Rocky woodlands : rather rare. FL May. Fr. Aug. Sept.

* * Fruit 1 or more dry foUicular pods.

11. CIMICIF'UGA, L.

[Latin, Cimex, a bug, and/w^o, to drive away ; from its use.]
Sepals mostly 4. Petals (or staminodia) 1 to 8, minute, pedicellate,
2-horned at apex. Pistils 1 to 8.

1. C. racemosa, Ell. Racemes very long ; carpels mostly sol-
itary, ovoid, obliquely beaked by the short thick style.
Actaea racemosa. L. and Fl. Cestr. ed. 2. p. 319.
RACEMOSE CIMICIFUGA. Bug-bane. Tall, or Black Snake-root.

Stem 4 to 6 feet high, rather slender, leafy near the middle, naked above and be-
low, with 1 or 2 radical leaves on long erect petioles. Leaves triternate, petiolate ;
leaflets ovate-oblong, acute or acuminate, incised-dentate. Racemes terminal,
compound, virgate, 6 to 12 inches long, bearing many white flowers. Seeds flatted,
packed horizontally in 2 rows.
Hob. Rich woodlands : common. Fl. June. Fr. Sept.

Obs. The white racemes of this plant, when in flower, are quite
conspicuous in our woodlands. The stem and leaves, when bruised,
have a disagreeable odor. The large root is somewhat mucilaginous
and astringent ; and an infusion of it is quite a popular medicine,
for both man and beast, — without much regard to the nature of the
disease !

ORDER II. MAGNOLIACEAE.

Trees or shrubs ; leaf -buds sheathed by membranous stipules ; leaves alternate, en-
tire, or lobed (never serrate) ; flowers solitary, hypogynous, polyandrous, polygynous,
usually large ; both sepals and petals colored, arranged in series of threes, imbrica-
ted in the bud ; anthers long, adnate ; pistils mostly packed together, and covering
the prolonged receptacle ; seeds 1 or 2 in each carpel ; albumen fleshy ; embryo
minute.

A small but superb family of ornamental trees and shrubs, — about equally divi-
ded between Eastern Asia and America.

12. MAGUTOXIA, L.

[Named in honor of Professor Magnol, a French Botanist.]
Sepals 3. Petals 6 to 9 or 12. Anthers introrse, or sometimes lat-
eral. Carpels imbricated in a strobile-like spike, dehiscent by the
dorsal suture. Seeds baccate ; when mature, pendulous from the
open carpel by a long slender funiculus. Buds terete and conical.

1. M. glaiiCcT, L. Leaves lance-oblong, obtuse, glaucous be-
neath ; petals roundish-obovate ; cones ovoid.
GLAUCOUS MAGNOLIA. Sweet Bay. Swamp Sassafras.

Stem 10 to 15 (or rarely twice that many) feet high, branching, with a smooth
glaucous aromatic bark. Leaves 4 to 6 or 8 inches long; petioles about % of an
inch in length. Flowers white, on thick clavate peduncles, very fragrant.
Hob. Swamps, and along rivulets : rare. Fl. June. Fr. Sept.

Obs. This delightful little tree, though abundant in the swamps
of New-Castle county, on the south of us, is rare in Chester county.

MAGNOLIACEAE 9

KALM, in his Travels, -written a century since, says — "Both the
Swedes and English call it Beaver tree, because the root of this tree
is the dainty of Beavers, which are caught by its means."

2. M. AcuMiNkTA, L. Leaves oval, shortly acuminate, green

beneath ; petals oblong ; cones cylindric-oblong.

ACUMINATE MAGNOLIA. Cucumber Tree. Mountain Magnolia.

Stem 60 to 80 feet, or more, in height. Leaves 6 to 10 or 12 inches long. Flow-
ers bluish-white, with tinges of yellow; petals scarcely expanding. Cones sub-
cylinclric, 3 to 5 or 6 inches long.
Hob. Yards, and lawns : cultivated. Fl June. Fr. Oct.

Obs. This majestic and symmetrical species (a native of our
mountains) is beginning to be appreciated, and introduced here, as
an ornamental shade tree. No one could behold the noble specimens
in the old Marshall Botanic Garden, without feeling its value, in
that respect. Other ornamental species are also cultivated.

13. L,IRIODE]%T/DROtf , L.

[Gr. Leirion, a lily, and Dendr&n, a tree; from its lily-like flowers.]
Sepals 3, reflexed. Petals mostly 6. Anthers extrorse. Carpels
samara-like, indehiscent, densely imbricated in a cone. Buds flat-
tish.

1* L. tlllipifera, L. Leaves dilated, rounded or sub-cordate
at base, usually 3-lobed, the middle lobe broad and emarginately
truncate.
TULIP-BEABING LiRiODENiteON. Tulip-Poplar. Tulip-tree.

Stem 80 to 120 feet high. Leaves 4 to 6 or 8 inches long, and about as wide as
long, becoming yellow in autumn; petioles 2 to 3 inches in length. Flowers tulip-
shaped, greenish-yellow, with dashes of reddish-orange. Carpels produced at^ip«x
into a lance-oblong wing, and closely imbricated on the fusiform receptacle.
Sab. Rich woodlands, and fence-rows : common. FL May. Fr. October.

Obs. The wood of this magnificent tree is highly valued in many
branches of the mechanic art, — especially the variety called yellow
poplar, which is generally to be known by its thicker and more
deeply furrowed bark. The bark of the root, and young tree, is a
good aromatic bitter. "Many people," says KALM, "believe its
roots to be as efficacious against the fever as the Jesuit's Bark." —
Persons of taste are beginning to discover, that this, and some
others of our splendid forest trees, are quite as worthy of cultivation,
for shade and ornament, as many of the far-fetched exotics. The
'same may be said, also, of our brilliant native shrubs, — such as the
Kalmias, Azaleas, &c. &c.

ORDER III. ANONACEAE.

Trees or shrubs, with naked buds and no stipules ; leaves alternate, entire, feather-
veined ; sepals 3 ; petals 6, in 2 series, nearly valvate in the bud, hypogynous,
polyandrous; fruit fleshy or pulpy; seeds large, with a minute embryo at the base
of ruminated albumen.

The luscious Custard apples of the Indies, the Chirimoya of Peru, &c., are afforded
by trees of this order.

14. ASIM'IIVA, Adans.
[A name coined from Asiminier, of the French colonists.]

Petals with their margins slightly overlapping in the bud, — the outer

10 PIALYPETALOUS EXOGENS

series larger, and spreading. Stamens in a globular cluster, cover-
ing the receptacle of the few pistils. Carpels 3 (by abortion often
1 or 2), oblong or ovoid, pulpy, several-seeded; seeds arillate.

It A. triloba, Dunal. Leaves obovate-oblong and cuneate,
pointed; outer petals 3 or 4 times as long as the calyx, roundish-
ovate.
THREE-LOBED ASIMINA. Papaw. Custard-apple.

Stem 10 to 15 or 20 feet high, branched. Leaves 6 to 9 inches long ; petioles
scarcely % an inch in length. Flowers solitary, lateral, appearing rather before
the leaves ; petals dark brownish-purple, with tinges of yellow within. Carpels
connate, becoming a 2 or 3-lobed yellowish pulpy berry, — or more usually (by
abortion) a simple ovoid-oblong berry, 2 to 3 inches in length.
Hob. Banks of streams; Schuylkill: not common. Fl. May. Fr. Sept.

Obs. The fruit of this small tree is esculent, and not unpalatable,
under cultivation.

ORDER IV. MENISPERMACEAE.

Woody or suffruticose climbers ; leaves peltate, or palmate, alternate, without stipules ;
sepals and petals similar, in 3 or more series, imbricated in the bud, hypogynous ;
polygamo-didicous ; pistils 3 to 6 ; fruit a drupe ; seed 1, with a large curved embryo,
and little albumen.

The well-known narcotic fruit, called Cocculus Indicus, or Fishing-berries, is fur-
nished by this order.

15. MEtflSPERM'ITM, L.

[Gr. Mene, moon, and sperma, seed; from the form of the nut]
Flowers dioicous : Sepals and petals arranged in fours, in 2 or 3 series.
Stamens 12 to 20; anthers 4-celled. Pistils 2 to 4, somewhat stipi-
tatQ. Drupes roundish-reniform.

1. M. C'siiiJldense., L. Leaves peltate near the base, 3- to
7-angled, or sub-lobed ; flowers in axillary paniculate racemes.
CANADIAN MENISPERMUM. Moon-seed.

Perennial. Stem 8 to 12 or 15 feet long, slender, nearly simple, twining or
climbing over shrubs and fences. Leaves 3 to 5 inches long, and rather wider than
long, subcordate at base ; petioles 3 or 4 inches in length. Flowers small, of a dingy
yellowish-green tinged with purple; petals 8, smaller than the sepals. Drupes
black with a bloom, when mature ; nut wrinkled, lunate.
Hab. Rocky woods ; thickets and fence-rows : frequent. Fl. June. Fr. Sept.

ORDER V. BERBERIDACEAE.

Shrubs, or herbs; leaves alternate, compound, orlobed; stipules small, caducous
^poZs and peMs both imbricated in the bud, in 2 or more series of 2 to 4 each;
stamens hypogynous, as many, or twice as many, as the petals, and opposite them ;
pistil single ; fruit mostly baccate; seeds albuminous.

Herbs: Perennial: Embryo small ; cotyledons thick,
t Anthers opening by uplifted valves.

16. CAITL,OPHYI/L,UM, MX.

[Or. Kaulos, a stem, and PliyUon, a leaf; the petiole being stem-like.]
Sepal* 6, with 3 bractlets. Petals 6, gland-like, dilated and some-
what hooded or incurved at summit, much smaller than the sepals.
Stamens 6. Pistil gibbous; ovary bursting early by the pressure ol
the 2 enlarging ovules, and soon disappearing, — the globular seedt
naked on their erect thick seed-stalks, becoming drupe-like.

BERBERIDACEAE 11

1. C. thalictroides, MX. Leaves compound, the lower one
triternate, the upper biternate; leaflets cuneate-obovate, mostly
S-lobed ; panicle racemose, from the base of the upper petiole.
Leontice thalictroides, L. and FL Ceslr. ed. 2. p. 213.
THALICTRUM-LIKE CAULOPHYLLUM. Blue Cohosh. Pappoose-root.

Plant glabrous, purplish and glaucous when young. Stem 12 to 18 inches high,
generally 2-leaved. Lower leaf mostly triternate (bearing 27 leaflets), upper one
biternate (bearing 9 leaflets) ; leaflets 2 to 3 inches long. Flowers yellowish-green.
Seeds with a fleshy integument, and a solid horny albumen, deep blue at maturity.
Hob. Rich woodlands : frequent. Fl. April. Fr. Aug.

Obs. This curious plant was one of the numerous articles of the
aboriginal materia medica, now fallen into neglect. Though nearly
allied to the Leontice, of Europe, I entirely concur with Prof. A.
GRAY, that it may "very probably resume its generic rank"; and
have accordingly acted upon the suggestion.

f f Anthers not opening by uplifted valves.

1?. PODOPHYI/L.UM. L.

[Gr. Pous,podos, a foot, and Phytton, a leaf; the leaf resembling a web foot.]
Sepals 6, thin and caducous, not expanding, subtended by 3 cadu-
cous bracts. Petals 6 to 9. Stamens 12 to 18 ; anthers linear-oblong,
adnate, opening lengthwise, as by a laterally-hinged valve. Ovary
1 -celled, crowned by a thick peltate undulate-crested stigma. Berry
oval, pulpy, many-seeded.

1. P. peltatum, L. Leaves peltate, deeply lobed, terminal, in
opposite pairs or solitary ; flower solitary, dichotomal.
PELTATE PODOPHYLLUM. May apple. Hog apple.

Rhizoma creeping. Stem 8 to 12 inches high, 1- or 2-leaved at summit. Leaves
4 to 6 inches in diameter, 5- or 7-lobed. Flower white, rather large, appearing
only on the 2-leaved plants, on a curved peduncle in the fork of the petioles. Berry
yellowish.
Hob. Woodlands, and meadows : common. Fl. May. Fr. August.

Obs. The rhizoma possesses cathartic properties; and affords,
when dried and pulverized, a tolerable substitute for Jalap.

ORDER VI. CABOMBACEAE.

Aquatic herbs, like water-lilies,— but the flowers composed of fewer parts, and defi-
nite in number; the parts all distinct and separate; seeds albuminous.

18. BRASEVNIA, Schreber.
[The derivation of this name seems to be unknown.]

Sepals 3 or 4, oblong, colored inside, persistent. Petals as many as
the sepals, and alternate with them, persistent. Stamens 12 to 36 ;
anthers innate. Pistils 4 to 18, capitate-crowded. Ovary 1 -celled;
ovules 2. Carpels oblong or obovoid, coriaceous, indehiscent, 1- or
2-seeded; seeds pendulous, from the dorsal suture! Perennial.
Leaves alternate.

1. B. iM'llala, Pursh. Leaves oval, entire, centrally peltate,
floating on petioles of various length.
Hydropeltis purpurea. MX. and Fl. Cestr. ed. 2. p. 601.
PELTATE BRASENIA. Water-shield.

Plant purplish green, the parts in the water very slimy. Stem 1 to several feet
long, according to the depth of water. Leaves 2 to 4 inches in the longest diameter

12

DIALYPETALOUS EXOGEXS

somewhat crowded near the summit of the stem, all floating on the surface of the
water; petioles 6 to 12 or 15 inches long. Flowers axillary, solitary, brownish
purple; peduncles 2 or 3 to 5 or 6 inches long.
Hob. Lakes and pools ; Schuylkill : rare. Fl. June, July. Fr. Aug.

ORDER VII. NYMPHAEACEAE.

Aquatic herbs, with a large rhizoma; leaves roundish, cordate or cordate-cleft at
base, floating or erect; flowers solitary,— the sepals, the numerous petals and sta-
mens, imbricated in several series; pistils numerous, combined into a many-celled
compound ovary; seeds suspended, sometimes arillate, albuminous; embryo small.
To this Order belong the beautiful and fragrant Water Lilies; also the magnifi-
cent Victoria regia, of tropical America,— which was first successfully cultivated in
the U. States in 1851, by the enterprising and public-spirited President of the
Pennsylvania Horticultural Society, CALEB COPE, Esq.

19. WIPPHAR, Smith.

[Formed from JVeufar, the Arabic name for the Pond-Lily.]
Sepals 5 or 6, orbicular. Petals numerous, narrow and stamen-like,
and with the numerous stamens inserted on a disk at the base of the
ovary. Stigma compound, sessile, radiated. Fruit an ovoid sub-
carnose capsule. Seeds not arillate.

1. HT. ^dvena, AiL Leaves cordate, with diverging lobes ; peti-
oles semi-cylindric ; sepals 6, unequal; fruit sulcate.
STRANGE NUPHAR. Spatter-dock. Yellow Pond-Lily.

Stemless perennials; rhizoma creeping, thick and often several feet long. —
Leaves 8 to 10 or 12 inches long, erect in shallow water, floating in deep water,
coriaceous ; petioles thick, varying in length. Flowers dull yellow, on peduncles 6
to 12 or 18 inches long.
Sab. Pools, and still waters: frequent. Fl May, Sept. Fr. Aug. Oct

ORDER VIII. PAPAVERACEAE.

Herbs, with a milky or colored juice : floivers regular, polyandrous, hypogynous ;
sepals caducous ; fruit mostly a 1-celled pod or capsule, with 2 or more parietal
placentae, which sometimes form imperfect partitions; seeds numerous, often
crested ; embryo small, at the base of fleshy and oily albumen.

This Order is chiefly remarkable, as affording that solacing drug, called Opium, —
or what an eminent Physician termed the " magnum Dei donum."

t Herbs with a white juice: Seeds not crested.

20. PAPA^VER, L.

[Derivation of the name not well ascertained.]

Sepals mostly 2. Petals 4. Stigmas 4 to 20, sessile, united in a
flat radiated crown on the summit of the ovary. Capsule obovoid,
with imperfect partitions, opening by chinks or pores under the
edge of the stigmatic crown.

1. P. dubium, L. Leaves pinnatifid, hairy; peduncles clothed with
appressed bristles ; capsules clavate, smooth.
DUBIOUS PAPAVER. Poppy. Field-Poppy.

Annual. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, somewhat branching. Leaves 2 to 5 inches long.
Flowers dull red, on flexuous peduncles 6 to 12 inches in length, nodding before
they expand.
Hob. Cultivated grounds. Nat. of Europe. Fl. May. Fr. July.

Obs. This foreigner has made its appearance, within a few years,

PAPAVERACEAE 13

in some of our cultivated grounds ; and if not attended to, may be-
come a troublesome weed. The P. somntferum, L, — the sleep-
bringing, or Opium Poppy, is to be seen in almost every garden,
and nearly naturalized. Dr. DARWIN thus notices it, in his gorgeous
poem: —

" Sopha'd on silk, amid her charm-built towers,
Her meads of asphodel, and amaranth bowers,
Where Sleep and Silence guard the soft abodes,
In sullen apathy PAPAVEE nods."

t f Herbs with a yellow or orange-colored juice. * Seeds pitted.

21. ARGEMOvtfE, L.

[Gr. Argema, a disease of the eye, — supposed to be relieved by this plant.]
Sepals mostly 3, aculeate. Petals 4 to 6. Stigmas 3 to 6, sub-sessile,
radiately reflexed. Capsule muricate, 1-celled, opening at apex by
3 to 6 valves. Seeds reticulate, with the rapke naked.

1. A. Mexicana, L. Leaves blotched with white, obovate-oblong,
sinuate-lobed, with prickly teeth; juice yellowish.
MEXICAN ARGEMONE. Prickly Poppy.

Annual. Stem about 2 feet high, branching. Leaves 3 to 5 inches long, sessile
and sub-amplexicaul. Flowers yellow, on leafy peduncles, or branches. Sepals
eucullate at apex, and terminated by a stout spine.

Hob. About gardens, and waste places. Nat. of Mexico. Fl. June. Fr. Ang.

Obs. Partially naturalized; but does not appear to extend itself
as rapidly as some other intruders.

** Seeds crested.

22. CHEMDOVtflUM, L .

[Gr. CJididon, a swallow ; its flowers appearing with that bird.]
Sepals 2. Petals 4. Stigma 2-lobed, subsessile. Capsule 1-celled,
elongated, slender, smooth, resembling a silique; valves 2, opening
from the base. Seeds with the raphe conspicuously crested.

1. C. majus, L. Leaves bipinnatifid, glaucous ; peduncles sub-um-
bellate; juice orange-colored.
GREATER CHELIDONIUM. Celandine.

Root perennial. Stem about 2 feet high, branched. Leaves 3 to 5 inches long. —
Flowers yellow, umbellate on a common peduncle which is 2 to 4 inches long. Cap-
sules about an inch in length, torulose.
Hob. Fence-rows, and waste places. Nat. of Europe. Fl. May. Fr, July.

Obs. The colored juice of this foreigner has long been a popular
(and very innocent) application to warts.

23. SAtfGlIIWAvRIA, L.

[Latin, Sanguis, blood; in reference to the color of the juice.]
Sepals 2. Petals 8 to 12, spatulate-oblong. Stigma 2-grooved, sub-
sessile. Capsule oblong, ventricose, tapering at each end; valves 2,
deciduous. Seeds horizontal, the raphe strongly crested.

1. S. Caiiach'iisis, L. Leaf mostly solitary, cordate-reniform,
sinuate-lobed, on a long petiole ; juice reddish-orange color.
CANADIAN SANGUINARIA. Red-root. Turmeric. Indian Paint.

Stemless perennial ; rhizoma thickish, fleshy, reddish-brown, about 2 inches long.
Leaf about 3 inches long, and wider than long; petiole erect, finally 6 to 8 or 10

14 DIALYPETALOUS EXOGENS

inches in length. Scape 4 to 6 or 8 inches high, 1-flowered; flower white, rather

large.

Hob. Rich woodlands : common. Fl. April. Fr. June.

Obs. The rhizoma possesses emetic and other medicinal properties,
•which have been favorably spoken of by respectable physicians.

ORDER IX. FUMARIACEAE.

Herbs ; smooth, glaucous and delicate, with a watery juice ; leaves compoundly dis-
sected ; stipules none ; flowers irregular ; petals 4, somewhat united ; stamens €>,
diadelphous ; fruit and seeds much resembling those of some Papaveraceae.

t Capsule slender, siliquose, opening ly 2 valves.

24. ADL.IPMIA, Rafin.

[Dedicated to Major John Adlum, a zealous American cultivator of the Tine.]
Sepals 2, deciduous. Petals cohering in an ovate-oblong corolla,
bigibbous at base, withering-persistent and spongy, including the
silique-like capsule. Seeds not crested.

1. A. cirrliosa, Rafin. Stem slender, climbing by means of the
tendril-like petioles ; leaves tripinnately dissected.
CIRRHOSE AIXLUMIA. Climbing Fumitory.

Biennial. Stem 8 to 15 or 20 feet long, branching and climbing. Leaves 4 to 6
or 8 inches long, loosely dissected or branched, the common petiole twining like a
tendril. Flowers in compound axillary racemes; corolla, pale violet-purple, or
flesh-color, — finally a dirty white, and of a fungous texture, including the stamens
and capsule.
Hob. Thickets; West Brandy wine: rare. Fl. July. Fr. Aug.

Obs. This is often and deservedly cultivated, as a delicate orna-
mental climber, over arbors, &c.

25. mCEWTRA, Borkh. [DICLTTRA. DC.]

[Gr. Dis, double, and kentron, a spur; in allusion to the flower.]
Sepals 2, small and membranaceous. Petals connivent, but scarcely
united, deciduous, — the 2 outer ones spurred or gibbous at base. —
Filaments slightly united. Capsule siliquose. Seeds with a lateral
crest. Tuberous-rooted, stemless perennials ; leaves radical, ternately
multifid ; flowers racemose, on simple scapes.

1. D. € II cull Aria, DC. Root granulate-bulbous ; raceme 4- to
10-flowered; spurs divergent, straight, rather acute, longer than
the pedicel ; inner petals minutely crested.

Dielytra Cucullaria. Hook. $ Fl. Cestr. ed. 2. p. 398.
HOOD-LIKE DICENTRA. Dutchman's Breeches. Breeches-flower.

Bulbs usually trigonous-ovoid and acuminate, pale red and purple-dotted, eur-
rounded at base by smaller 'ones. Scape 6 to 10 inches high, slender, naked. —
Flowers white, yellowish or cream-color at apex, destitute of fragrance.
Hob. Moist shaded grounds : frequent. Fl, April. Fr. May.

Obs. The name of this genus seems to have been written Dielytra,
and Dielytra, by different authors, in consequence of a typographical
error, resulting from a misconception of the original manuscript, in-
tended for Dicentra.

2. D. CanaclensiS, DC. Root tuberiferous; raceme about
4-flowered; spurs nearly parallel, incurved, obtuse, short; inner
petals conspicuously crested.

FUMARIACEAE 15

Dielytra eximia. Hook. $ Fl. Cestr. ed. 2. p. 399.
CANADIAN DICENTBA. Squirrel-Corn.

Tubers depressed-globose, tawny-yellow, clustered and concatenated. Flowers
greenish-white, tinged with purple, fragrant.
Hob. Moist grounds, near Kimberton : rare. Fl. April. Fr. May.

26. CORYD'AMS, L.

[The ancient Greek name of the Fumitory, a kindred plant]
Sepals 2, minute, resembling bractlets. Petals somewhat cohering,
one only spurred or gibbous at base. Capsule siliquose. Seeds
globular-reniform, with a concave or shell-shaped crest. Biennials.

1. C. ailrea, Willd. Stems low, spreading; racemes simple ;
spur incurved ; capsules pendent.
GOLDEN CORYDALIS.

Stem 3 to 6 or 8 inches long, often diffusely branching from the base. Leaves
3- to 5-parted, the divisions pinnatifid; radical or lower leaves mostly numerous.
on long petioles. Racemes usually opposite the leaves. Flowers bright yellow.—
Seeds with a scalloped crest
Hob. Banks of the Schuylkill: rare. Fl. May. JV.June.

2. C. ^lailca, Pursh. Stem upright; racemes subpaniculate ;
spur short, rounded ; capsules erect.
GLAUCOUS CORYDALIS.

Plant remarkably glaucous. Stem, 12 to 18 inches high, angular and branching.
Leaves somewhat biternately dissected; radical or lower leaves on long petioles. _
Racemes terminal. Flowers ochroleucous, with a slight shade of green, and tinged
with purple. Seeds with a small entire crest.
Hab. mils, near the Schuylkill : rare. Fl. May. Fr. June.

ft Capsule globular, fleshy, indehiscent.
2?. FUMAVRIA, L.

[Latin, Fumus, smoke; perhaps from its dingy glaucous hue.]
Sepals 2, lance-ovate, acuminate. Petals 4, the lower one linear,
free, the others cohering at base, — the upper one spurred. Capsule
small, 1-seeded. Seed not crested.

.1. F. offidnalis, L. Stem sub-erect, branching; leaves much and
finely dissected; racemes terminal, or opposite the leaves; pedi-
cels clavate.

OFFICINAL FUMARIA. Common Fumitory.

Annual. Stem 9 to 18 inches high, diffusely branching. Leaves petiolate, bipin-
nately branching, the divisions petiolulate. Flowers slender, pale violet-purple
with a leaden tinge, deeper purple at summit, with green keels.
Hab. Naturalized in Gardens, Ac. Nat of Europe. Fl. May. Fr. July.

ORDER X. CRUCIF'ERAE.

Herbs, with a pungent watery juice; leaves alternate, without stipules ; flowers
corymbose, or racemose ; pedicels without bracts ; sepals 4, deciduous ; petals 4, cru-
ciate ; stamens 6, tetradynamous ; fruit a silique, or silicle, ; seeds without albumen ;
embryo mostly curved, — the cotyledons bent over, with either their edges, or back,
to the radicle.

A remarkably natural or homogeneous family,— both In the sensible properties,
and botanical characters, of the plants belonging to it It furnishes, moreover, a
large and valuable portion of our culinary vegetables.

16 DIALYPETALOUS EXOGENS

DIVISION 1. SILIQUOVSAE.

Fruit a silique — i. e. a slender elongated jointless pod. or capsule of 2 valves, ren-
dered 2-celled by a false septum, or partition, etretched between the parietal placen .
toe, from which the valves separate.

TRIBE 1. ARABID'EAE.

Seeds compressed, sometimes margined ; cotyledons plane, parallel with the septum,
accumbent (o =) — i. e. with their edges to the radicle.

28. NASTUR/TIUM, R. Br.

[Latin, Nasus tortus, a convulsed nose ; from its pungent effect.]
Silique rather short and turgid, usually curved upwards. Seeds ir-
regularly in 2 rows in each cell, not margined.

1. N. offitinhle, R. Br. Stem radicating; leaves odd-pinnately di-
vided, with rounded or oblong segments.
OFFICINAL NASTUKTIUM. Water-Cress.

Perennial. Stem, 6 to 12 or 18 inches long, branching. Leaves dissected into 3
to 7 or 9 segments, the terminal one largest. Petals white.
Hob. Rivulets, and ditches. Nat. of Europe. Fl. June. Fr. July.

Obs. This foreign plant — which is the true Water- Cress, of Eu-
rope— was found (in 1838, since the publication of the preceding
edition), near Downingtown, by Mr. JOSHUA HOOPES. It is easily
propagated, and is now naturalized in several localities in the
County. Being a wholesome Salad, it deserves to be generally in-
troduced into suitable springs and brooks, for table use.

29. CARDAM'ItfE, L.

[Gr. Kardamon ; an ancient name for Cress.]

Silique linear, flattened; valves nerveless, usually opening elastically
from the base. Seeds in a single row in each cell, not margined.

f BIENNIAL : leaves pinnatifid ; flowers small.

1. C. llirsilta, L. Smoothish; stem erect; leaves pinnately dis-
sected or lyrate-pinnatifid, — segments of the lower ones rounded, of
the upper ones lance-oblong.

HIRSUTE CARDAMINE. Common Bitter-Cress.

Stem 3 or 4 to 12 or 18 inches high, branching, and often several from the same
root. Leaves 1 to 3 or 4 inches long> petiolate. Racemes 2 to 4 or 6 inches long. —
Petals white, narrow, twice as long as the calyx, but rather inconspicuous.
Hob. Springs, and swampy rivulets : frequent. Fl. May. Fr. June.

Obs. Our plant is usually so much less hairy than the European
one of the same name, that it has been regarded as a distinct species,
by many botanists, and called C. Pennsylvanica.

f f PERENNIAL : leaves nearly entire ; flowers conspicuous.

2. C. rottmdifolia, MX. Stem weak and decumbent, with
creeping runner-like branches; leaves all orbicular and petiolate;
root fibrous.

ROUND-LEAVED CARDAMINE. American Water-Cress.

Stem 6 to 12 or 15 inches long, with slender procumbent axillary branche?. —
Leaves all similar in form, — the lower ones about two inches long, sometimes with
a pair of small lobes on the petiole,— the upper leaves gradually smaller as they

CROCIFEEAB 17

ascend. Racemes 1 to 3 Inches long, sometimes proliferous. Petals white, Of
ochroleucoup, cuneate-obovate, about twice as long as the calyx.
Hob. Shaded springs ; Brandywine : not common. Fl. May. Fr. June.

Obs. My excellent friend, Prof. TORREY, finds it difficult to believe
that our Chester County plant is the same as MICHAUX'S: But I
have a number of specimens from MICHAUX'S locality (the mountains
of N. Carolina), which I am very confident my friend would be puz-
zled to distinguish from ours.

3. C. rli ombo idea, DC. Stem erect, mostly simple; lower
leaves oval or rhombic-oblong, on long petioles, — upper ones lance-
oblong, sessile ; root tuberiferous.
RHOMBOID CARDAMINE. Spring-Cress.

Stem 9 to 18 inches high. Racemes 2 to 5 inches long. Petals white, conspicuous,
3 or 4 times as long as the calyx.
Hob. Along swampy rivulets : frequent. FL April. Fr. June.

3O. DE1VTAVRIA, L.

[Latin, Dens, dentis, a tooth ; from its tooth-like tubers.]
Sttique compressed, lanceolate, acuminate. Seeds in a single series,
ovate, not margined ; funiculus dilated ; cotyledons thick. Perennials.

1. D. laciniata, Muhl. Leaves in threes, subverticillate, deeply
3-parted; segments lance-linear, laciniate.
LACINIATE DENTARIA. Cut-leaved Tooth-wort.

Rhizoma fleshy, tooth-shaped, moniliform. Stem 6 to 12 inches high, simple.—
Leaves usually 3, near the summit of the stem, each mostly 3-parted to the base;
segments 2 to 4 inches long. Raceme terminal, loose, at first corymbose. Ftowers
pale purple, or nearly white.
Hob. Kich woodlands : frequent. Fl. April. Fr. June.

31. AR'ABIS, L.

[Supposed to have been so named for an Arabian species.]

Silique long, linear, compressed; valves flattish, 1-nerved. Seeds in

a single series, oval or orbicular, often margined. Cotyledons flat.

f Seeds not margined.

1. A. lyrata, L. Radical leaves lyrate-pinnatifid, hairy ; stem-
leaves spatulate-linear, entire, smoothish ; siliques rather spreading,
pointed with a short style; radicle often oblique.

Sisymbrium arabidoides, Hook. Bor. Am. and Fl. Cestr. ed. 2. P.

387.

LYRATE ARABIS. American Rock-Cress.

Perennial f Stem 6 to 12 inches high, branched, often several from the same
root. Radical leaves numerous and tufted, 1 to 3 inches long, often dying early
and disappearing. Racemes 2 to 5 inches long. Flowers white, rarely tinged with
purple.
Bab. Dry, rocky hills; Serpentine ridge, abundant. Fl April. Fr. May.

ft Seeds partially margined.

2. A. hirsftta, Scop. Hirsute; stem-leaves oblong or lanceolate,
clasping and often sagittate; siliques erect, style very short, cla-
vate.

HIRSUTE ABABIS. Hairy Rock-Cress.

2

18 DIALYPETALOUS EXOGEXS

Biennial f Stem 6 to 12 or 18 inches high, branched at base, or several from the
root. Radical leaves about an inch long, roundish-ovate to obovate-oblong, with a
flat petiole. Raceme 2 to 6 inches long. Flowers ochroleucous, or greenish white.
Sab. Rocky banks ; Schuylkill : not common. Fl. April. Fr. June.

f 1 1 Seeds wholly and conspicuously margined.

3. A. laeyigata, DC. Smooth and glaucous; stem-leaves lance-
linear, clasping; siliques recurved-spreading, long and narrow.
POLISHED ARABIS. Smooth Rock-Cress.

Perennial f Stem, 1 to 2 feet high, rather stout, somewhat branched above. Rad-
ical leaves 1 to 2 inches long, obovate or oblong, often purplish. Racemes 4 to 8 or
10 inches long. Flowers ochroleucous, rather small ; siliques 2 to 3 inches in length.
Hob. Low grounds, along Brandy wine : frequent. Fl. April. Fr. June.

4. A. CanadensiS, L. Stem-leaves oblong-lanceolate, pointed
at both ends, sessile, roughish-pubescent ; siliques falcate, pendu-
lous.

CANADIAN ARABIS. Sickle-pod. Turkey-pod.

Perennial? Stem 2 to 3 feet high, simple, or sparingly branched above, often
eparsely hirsute at base. Radical leaves 2 or 3 inches long, obovate or oblong,
dying early. Raceme 6 to 10 inches long. Flowers white; siliques 2 to 3 inches
long, recurved,— the valves veined, and usually ancipital, with a keel-like mid-
nerve.
Hob. Hilly, open woodlands : frequent. Fl. June. Fr. Aug.

32. BARBAREVA, R. Br.

[So named, from having been dedicated to Santa Barbara,]
Silique linear, somewhat 4-sided, the valves being strongly keeled
by the mid-nerve. Seeds in a single series, not margined. Cotyle-
dons flat, thickish.

1. J5. vulgaris, R. Br. Lower leaves lyrate, the terminal lobe

rounded ; the upper leaves obovate, often pinnatifid at base ; siliques

acuminate.

COMMON BARBAREA. Winter Cress. Yellow Rocket.

Perennial. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, sulcate-striate, smooth, branched above. Leaves
1 to 3 or 4 inches long. Flowers yellow.
Hob. Low grounds, along Brandywine. Nat. of Europe. Fl. May. Fr. July.

Obs. I have no doubt of this being an introduced plant, though
quite common in many places. There is a nearly allied species
(B. praecox, R. Br.} cultivated around Philadelphia, for the market ;
and both are used as a Salad, under the name of "Scurvy-grass," —
but are, I think, decidedly inferior to Nasturtium.

TRIBE 2. SISYMBRIE^AE.

Seeds thickish, ovate or oblong, not margined ; cotyledons plane, with their edges
to the septum, incumbent (oj|) — i. e. the back of one of them to the radicle.

33. SISYM'BRIIJM, L.

[An ancient Greek name ; applied to this genus.]

Silique subterete, or 4- to 6-sided; valves 1- to 3-nerved. Seeds in
a single series, oblong. Mostly annuals.

1. S. offieinale, Scop. Lower leaves runcinate, upper ones sub-
hastate ; racemes slender and virgate ; siliques subulate, subsessile,
oppressed to the rachis.

CRUCIFERAB 19

OFFICINAL SISYMBRIUM. Hedge Mustard.

Stem 2 to 4 feet high, with spreading branches. Leaves 3 to 6 or 8 inches long.—
Raceme* elongating, finally 6 to 12 or 15 inches in length. Flowers greenish-yel-
low, small.

Hob. Lanes, roadsides, and waste places. Nat of Europe. Fl. May. Fr. Aug.
Obs,. A worthless introduced weed, — now extensively naturalized.

2. S. Thalianum, Gaud. Leaves obovate or oblong, entire or
obscurely dentate ; siliques linear, somewhat 4-sided.

THALIAN SISYMBRIUM. Mouse-ear Cresa.

Biennial f Stem 3 or 4 to 12 inches high, often several from the same root, with
plunder axillary branches. Radical leaves rosulate, 1 to 2 inches long. Racemes 1
to 3 or 4 inches long. Flowers white, inconspicuous.
Hab. Old fields. Nat. of Europe. Fl. ApriL Fr. June.

3. S. cane§cens, Nutt. Hoary-pubescent or glaucous; leaves
bipiunatifid; siliques oblong or clavate, in long racemes, shorter
than the pedicels.

HOARY SISYMBRIUM.

Stem 1 to 2 feet high, with a few coarse branches. Leaves 1 to 3 or 4 inches long,
finely dissected, sparingly pilose. Racemes slender, 4 to 12 or 15 inches long. —
Flowers ochroleucous.
Hab. Banks of the Schuylkill : rare, Fl. May. Fr. June.

TRIBE 3. BRASSICEVAE.

Silique elongated, — the style often with a seed-bearing cell at base; seeds globose, in
a single series; cotyledons incumbent and conduplicate (^,)-— i. e. folded round the
radicle.

34. HR AS SIC 4, L.

[Formed from Uresic,— the Celtic name for the Cabbage.]
Silique subterete ; valves 1 -nerved; style short, obtuse.
1. B. OLERACEA L. Leaves orbicular or oblong, repand or lobed,
strongly veined, fleshy, glabrous and glaucous.
OLERACEOUS or POT-HERB BRASSICA. Cabbage.

Biennial. Stem 9 to 18 inches high, clavate, simple, with long flowering branches
the second year. Leaves large, those at the summit of the stem densely imbrica-
ted in a head. Racemes long, loose. Flowers greenish-yellow.
Hab. Gardens. Nat. of Europe. Fl. May. Fr. July.

jg^° The following Sub-species, or Varieties, are more or less cul-
tivated in our kitchen gardens: —

f Racemes paniculate.

Sub-species 1. ACE>HALA, DC. Stem elongated ; leaves not forming
a head. Tree Cabbage.

2. BULLATA, DC. Young leaves subcapitate, finally expanding, bul-
late or crisped. Savoy Cabbage.

3. CAPITATA, DC. Leaves densely imbricated in a head before
flowering. York Cabbage.

4. CAULO-RAPA, DC. Stem bulbous at the origin of the leaves. —
Bulb-stalked Cabbage. Kohl Rabi.

ft Racemes corymbose.

5. BOTRYT'IS, DC. Leaves oblong, connivent; peduncles coalesced
before flowering.

20 DIALYPETALOUS EXOGENS

Var. a. CAULIFLOVRA. Stem short; heads thick, compact. Cauli-
flower.

Var. b. ASPAB.AQOIVDES. Stem taller; leaves elongated ; heads sub-
ramose. Broccoli.

Obs. Few plants have undergone greater modifications, by cul-
ture, than this esculent herb ; and those varieties farthest removed
from the original form, are the most esteemed. Cabbage, in every
form, has always been a general favorite with the Germans; and
from them we have borrowed not only the preparations of the herb,
but their names, — such as Bauer-kraut; and Kohl-Salfit, — which
latter (meaning literally Cabbage Salad,') has been anglicised into
Cole — and even Cold-Slaw!

2. B. CAMPE"STRIS, L. Leaves glaucous, the lower ones lyrate, den-
tate, ciliate, the upper ones amplexicaul, acuminate.
FIELD BRASSICA.

Annual, or biennial. Root thick, turnep-shaped, fleshy. Stem, 1 to 2 feet high,
smooth. Racemes long, loose. Flowers citron-yellow.
Bab. Gardens, and lots. Nat. of Europe. Fl. June. Fr. July.

jg@°The following varieties have been occasionally cultivated;
but have not become a regular crop : —

Sub-species 1. NAPO-BRAS'SICA, DC. Boot tumid, turnep-shaped.
Var. a. COMMUVNIS. Boot white or purplish. Turnep-rooted Cab-

Tar. b. BUTABAGA. Boot yellowish, subglobose. Swedish Tur-
nep.

3* B. B\PA, L. Badical leaves lyrate, hirsute, not glaucous ; upper
ones entire, smooth.

Sub-species 1. DEPR^SSA, DC. Boot depressed-globose, abruptly
contracted beneath. Common Turnep.

Biennial. Root fleshy, white or rarely yellow, orbicular, 3 to 6 inches across.—
Stem, 2 to 4 feet high. Radical leaves 6 to 12 inches long. Racemes corymbose-
paniculate. Flowers greenish-yellow.
Hob. Fields, and gardens. Nat. of Europe. FL May. Fr. June.

35. Sltf AVPIS. Tournef.
[An ancient Greek name ; of obscure meaning.

Silique subterete ; valves 1- 3- or 5-nerved ; style short and subulate,

or ensiform.

1. 8. rilgra, L. Siliques somewhat 4-angled, smooth, appressed

to the rachis ; style short, subulate.

BLACK SINAPIS. Black Mustard. Common Mustard.

Annual. Stem 3 to 6 feet high, much branched, smooth. Leaves variously lobed
and toothed; lower ones lyrate, scabrous, upper ones smooth, narrow, pendulous,
serrate or entire. Racemes 3 to 6 or 8 inches long. Flowers greenish-yellow. Seed*
dark brown.
Hob. Gardens, and waste places. Nat. of Europe. Fl. June. Fr. Aug.

Obs. This plant is pretty generally naturalized among us, but
not much cultivated. It makes a rather troublesome weed, when
fully introduced. In the West (especially in Ohio), it is extensively
cultivated. The value of its highly acrid seeds, in the hands of the
cook and physician — as a condiment and rubefacient — is well
known.

CRUCIFERAE 21

a. S. XLBA, L. Siliques turgid, hispid, spreading, scarcely as long

as the ensiform style.

WHITE SIN APIS. White Mustard.

Annual. Stem 2 to 5 feet high, rather stout, branched, sparsely hirsute. Leaves
lyrately pinnatifid. Racemes 3 to 6 inches long. Flowers yellow. Seeds pale
brown, larger than in the preceding species.
Hob. Gardens. Nat of Europe. Fl. June. Fr. Aug.

Obs. The seeds are employed for similar purposes as the preceding ;
and are sometimes administered, whole, as a remedy for Dyspepsia,
&c.

DIVISION H. SILICULO'SAE.

Fruit a silicic— i. e. a short pod or capsule (not much longer than broad), 2-celled,
mostly opening by 2 valves; cotyledons plane, not folded lengthwise, nor spirally
convolute.

TRIBE 4. ALYSSIN'EAE.

SClidt oval or oblong; septum broadly oval, parallel with the valves; cotyledons ac-
cumbent (o=), parallel with the septum.

36. DRAVBA, L.

[Gr. drdbe, acrid, or biting; from the pungency of its leaves.]
Silicle oval, flattened; stigma sessile. Seeds numerous, in 2 rows in
each cell, not margined.

1. D. Verna, L. Leaves radical, oblong or lanceolate, hairy;

scapes several; silicles elliptic-oblong, shorter than the pedicels;

petals bifid.

Erophila vulgaris, DC. $ FL Cestr. ed. 2. p. 378.

VERNAL DRABA. Whitlow-grass.

Annual f Leaves half an inch to an inch long. Scapes 1 or 2 to 4 or 5 inches
high. Flowers small, white, on elongating pedicels. Silicles about one-third of an
Inch long; valves deciduous, leaving the seeds adhering to the margins of the sep-
tum.
nab. Sandy banks, roadsides, &c.: common. Fl. March. Fr. May.

Obs. Of the Alpine species of this insignificant genus, the grandil-
oquent DARWIN, in his Botanic Garden, sings as follows : —
" Where rears huge Tenerif his azure crest,
Aspiring DRABA builds her eagle nest;
Her pendant eyry icy caves surround,
Where erst Tolcanos mined the rocky ground.
Pleased round the Fair four rival Lords ascend
The shaggy steeps, two menial youths attend.
High in the setting ray the beauty stands,
And her tall shadow waves on distant lands."

37. COCHL,EANRIA, Tournef.

[Latin, Cocfuear, a spoon ; from the form of the leaves of some species.]
Silicle ovoid or oblong ; valves very convex ; style very short. Seeds
as in Draba.

1. C. ARMOR\CIA, L. Radical leaves large, oblong, crenate, peti-
olate, — stem-leaves lanceolate, incised, sessile.
ARMORICAN COCHLEARIA. Horse-Radish.

Perennial. Root long, terete, fleshy, white, very acrid. Stem 2 to 3 feet high,
with erect axillary branches. Radical leaves 8 to 15 inches long. Racemes corym-
bose, elongating. Flowers white. Silicles oval, usually abortive,

22 DIALYPETALOUS EXOGENS

Hob. Gardens; along drains, &c. Nat. of Europe. Fl. May. Fr. June.

Obs. The pungent root of this plant is a favorite condiment, and
one of the most valuable antiscorbutics. The true or common
Scurvy grass, of Europe, is a species of this genus (C. officinalu, L.) ;
but is rarely, if ever, to be met with under culture, here.

TRIBE 5. CAMELIN'EAE.

Silide obovoid or oblong ; septum broad, parallel with the valves ; cotyledons plane,
incumbent (o]|), contrary to the septum.

38. CAMEI^Ftf A, Crantz.

[Gr. Chamai, dwarf, and Linon, flax ; from a fancied resemblance.]
Silide obovoid or pyriform, turgid, mucronate, dehiscent and split-
ting the style. Seeds numerous, oblong, not margined.

1. C. satlva, Crantz. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, sagittate, sessile;
silicles inflated, margined.
CULTIVATED CAMELINA. Wild Flax.

Annual. Stem about 2 feet high, paniculate at summit. Leaves 1 to 3 or 4 inches
long. Racemes corymbose-paniculate, elongating. Flowers pale yellow, inconspic-
uous. Style about half as long as the silicic, persistent, splitting with the dehiscent
valves. Seeds reddish yellow.
Hob. Cultivated grounds. Nat. of Europe. Fl. June. Fr. July.

Obs. This foreigner was formerly frequent among Flax, when
that plant was generally cultivated ; but since that culture has de-
clined, the Camelina has become more rare, within my observation.
I am informed, however, by H. JONES BROOKE, Esq., of Delaware
county, Pennsylvania, that it had recently become a serious nui-
sance, in his wheat fields. Being an annual, the obvious remedy
"Was to prevent it from maturing its seeds ; but, being contempora-
neous with the crops, and mingled with them, its extirpation seemed
a hopeless task. Finding his grounds getting full of this pest, Mr.
BROOKE — with the practical sagacity of an intelligent observer —
adopted a plan which resulted in complete success : namely, keep-
ing the ground ploughed or stirred, for a year or two, so often as
to prevent the ripening of new seeds, and to promote the vegetation
of all the old ones in the soil. Among the vulgar errors of benighted
agriculture, was the belief that this plant was a kind of transmuted
or degenerate Flax, — caused by burning the soil, in clearings.

TRIBE 6. LEPIDIN'EAE.

Silide compressed contrary to the narrow septum ; valves strongly boatshaped or
keeled ; cotyledons plane, mostly incumbent (o)|), parallel with the septum.

39. L-EPID'IUM, L.

[Gr. Lepidion, a little scale; from the form and size of the silicles.]
Silide oval, often winged and notched at apex ; cells 1-seeded. Coty-
ledons sometimes accumbent (o=). Annuals.
f Cotyledons incumbent (o||).

1. L. SATiVuM, L. Leaves oblong, incised and pinnatifid; silicles

•winged and notched at apex, smooth,

CULTIVATED LEPIDIUM. Pepper-grass. Tongue-grass.

CHUCIFERAE 23

Stem 9 to 18 inches high, smooth, glaucous, corymbosely branched above. Leaves
1 to 3 inches long. Flowers white.
Hub. Gardens. Nat. of Persia. Fl. June. Fr. July.

2. L. campestre, R. Br. Leaves sagittate, oblong, dentate; silicles
winged and notched at apex, scaly-dotted.

FIELD LEPIDIUM.

Stem, 6 to 10 inches high, pubescent, branched above. Radical leaves about 2
inches long, lyrate-pinnatifid. Flowers white.
Hab. Great Valley : rare. Nat. of Europe. Fl. June. Fr. July.
f f Cotyledons decumbent (o=).

3. L,. Virginicum, L. Leaves linear-lanceolate, incised-serrate ;
silicles notched at apex, but not winged.

VIRGINIAN LEPIDIUM. Wild Pepper-grass.

Stem 9 to 15 inches high, corymbosely branched, roughish-pubescent. Leaves 1
to 2 inches long. Racemes cylindric. Flowers 'white, very small; stamens 2. Seeds
reddish.
Hab. Fields, and road-sides: common. Fl. May. Fr. July.

40. CAPSEI/L.A. Vent.
[Diminutive of Capsula, a capsule ; alluding to the fruit.]
Silicle obcordate-cuneate ; valves boat-shaped, not winged. Seeds
numerous, oblong. Cotyledons incumbent (o||).

1. C. Bursa-pdstoris, Moench. Radical leaves mostly pinnatifid,

stem-leaves sagittate, sessile.

SHEPHERD' s-PuRSE CAPSELLA. Shepherd's Purse.

Annual. Stem 3 or 4 to 18 inches high, often branched, more or less hirsute.
Radical leaves 2 or 3 to 6 or 8 inches long. Racemes at first corymbose, finally
much elongated. Flowers white.
Hub. Fields, and road-sides. Nat. of Europe. Fl. April. Fr. June.

DIVISION III. LOMENTA^CEAE.

Fruit a silique or silicle, transversely 2- or several-celled, and separable into as many
joints.

TRIBE 7. RAPHA^NEAE.

Silique indehiscent, partitioned into 1- or few-seeded cells; seeds globose; cotyledons
incumbent and conduplicate, as in Tribe. 3.

41. RAPII'AIVUS, L.

[Gr. Ra, quickly, Rndphaino, to appear; from its quick germination.]
Silique elongated, many-celled by transverse suberose partitions, or
by constrictions between the seeds. Seeds in a single series.

1. R. SATIVVUS, L. Lower leaves lyrate, upper ones ovate-oblong,
subhastate; siliques torulose, acuminate.
CULTIVATED RAPHANUS. Radish. Garden Radish.

Annual. Stem 2 or 3 feet high, sparsely hispid. Leaves 8 to 12 or 15 inches long,
hispid. Flowers purple and greenish white.
Hab. Gardens. Native of China. Fl. June. Fr. July.

$Sg&~ The following varieties are usually cultivated : —

Sub-species 1. RADICULA, DC. Root tender, red or white.

Var. a. rotunda. Root subglobose. Turnep Radish.
For. b. oblonga. Root fusiform. Common Radish.

I IIKI

24 DIALTPETALOU8 EXOGENS

Sub-species 2. NIGER, DC. Root fleshy, firm, more or less acrid,
black externally, white within.

Obs. The tender fleshy root of this plant is an universal favorite
at table, in early spring.

ORDER XI. CAPPARIDACEAE.

Herbs ; leaves alternate, mostly compound ; stipules none, or spinescent ; flowert
cruciform, but not tetradynamous, hypogynous ; stamens 6, or numerous ; ovary
1-celled ; fruit silique-like, with parietal placentae ; seeds numerous, -without albumen.
The condiment known as Gapers, is afforded by this Order,— being the pickled
flower-buds of Capparis spinosa, L.

42. POL-AIVIS'IA, Safin.

[Qr. Polys, many, and anisos, unequal ; in reference to the parts of the flower.]
Sepals 4. Petals 4, rather unequal, obcordate or emarginate, with
long slender claws. Stamens 8 to 32, unequal. Receptacle not elon-
gated. Capsule 2-valved, subsessile.

1. P. grav£olens, Safin. Glandular-pilose and viscid; leaves
digitate in threes, leaflets oblong, entire ; stamens 8 to 12 ; capsule
lance-oblong.
STRONG-SCENTED POLANISIA.

Annual. Stem 6 to 12 or 15 inches high, branching. Leaflets 1 to 2 inches long,
eubsessile. Flowers ochroleucous, in a leafy raceme. Capsule about 2 inches long ;
seeds reniform-orbicular.
Sab. Gravelly hills; along Schuylkill: rare. Fl. June. Fr. Aug.

ORDER XII. VIOLACEAE.

Serbs; mostly perennials; leaves alternate, with stipules; sepals 5, persistent;
corolla somewhat irregular, one of the 5 petals gibbous or spurred at base ; stamens
6, hypogynous, the% anthers adnate, introrse, slightly united; capsule 1-celled,
3-valved, with 3 parietal placentae; seeds rather large, with a hard coat; embryo
nearly as long as the albumen.

43. SOUEVA, Oing.

[Named in honor of Wm. Sole, an English Botanist.]

Sepals not eared at base. Petals unequal, the larger one merely
gibbous at base, the others linear-oblong. Style hooked at summit
1. S. Concolor, Ging. Stem tall ; leaves oblong, acute at both
ends, entire ; flowers axillary, on short recurved pedicels.
ONE-COLORED SOLEA.

Stem about 2 feet high, simple, leafy to the top. Leaves 2 to 3 inches long. Flou>
ers pale yellowish green, small and inconspicuous, 1 to 3 in the axils of the leaves.
Capsules near an inch long.
Sab. Woods, and banks of streams: rare. Fl. June. Fr. Aug.

Obs. This plant was collected, in 1841, on the banks of Red-cloy
Creek, in this County, by Mr. JOHN M'MiNN.

44. VrOL,A, L.

[The ancient Latin name of the genus.]

Sepals eared at base. Petals rather unequal, the larger one saccate

V10LACEAE 20

or spurred at base. Two lower anthers produced into the spur of

the corolla.

f STEMLESS : the, leaves and scapes att proceeding from the rhizoma. * Flowers white,

1. V. priimilaef olia, L. Leaves oblong-ovate, mostly acute,
subcordate at base, decurrent on the petiole.
PRIMROSE-LEAVED VIOLA.

Leaves 2 to 4 inches long, on margined petioles 3 to 6 or 8 inches in length.—
Scapes few, slender, rather shorter than the leaves. Corolla small, the lower petal
with purple veins.
nab. Moist, shaded grounds : frequent. Fl. May. Fr. June.

2. T. blanda, Willd. Leaves broad-cordate and acute, or rotmd-
ish-reniform, thin, petioles slightly winged.

BLAND VIOLA. Sweet White Violet.

Leaves 1 to 2 or 3 inches long, on petioles 1 to 4 inches long. Scapes few, mostly
longer than the leaves. Corotta small, odorous, the lower petal with dark purple
stripes.
Hob. Wet, low grounds : frequent. Fl. April. Fr. June.

Obs. This is a remarkably delicate, fragrant little species, — well
deserving the eulogy of SHAKESPEARE — who in his Winter's Talc
speaks of

"Violets, dim,

But sweeter than the lids of Juno's eyes,
Or Cytherea's breath."

* * Flowers violet, or purplish Hue.

3. T, sagittata, Ait. Leaves oblong or lance-ovate, often sagit-
tate and sometimes hastate, mostly hairy.

SAGITTATE VIOLA. Arrow-leaved Violet.

Leaves 1 to 2 or 3 inches long, on petioles 1 or 2 to 4 inches long. Scapes several,
a little longer than the leaves. Corolla rather large ; petals bearded.
Hob. Dry, slaty hills : frequent. Fl. April. Fr. June.

Obs. The V. ovata, Nutt. $ FL Cestr. ed. 2. is now considered as
nothing more than a variety of this.

4. V. cucullata, Ait. Leaves cordate and cucullate, mostly
acute, crenate-serrate, smoothish.

CUCULLATE VIOLA. Hood-leaved Violet.

Leaves 2 to 3 inches long, the angles mostly curled in at base, on long petioles.
Scapes several, as long or longer than the leaves. Corolla often variegated; lower
petals bearded.
Sab. Moist, low grounds: frequent. Fl. April. Fr. June.

Obs. The V. sororia, Willd. and Fl. Cestr. ed. 2. p. 144.— with flat
orbicular-cordate hairy leaves, and short petioles, — is made a variety
of this, by TORREY and GRAY: and a very distinct one, I think it is.

5. T. palmata, L. Leaves mostly cordate in the outline, vari-
ously palmate-lobed, the middle lobe largest.

PALMATE VIOLA.

Leaves 2 to 4 inches long, enlarging, on petioles 4 to 6 inches long. Scapet sev-
eral, shorter than the leaves. Lower petals bearded.
Sab. Moist woodlands : frequent. Fl. May. Fr. June.

26 DIALYPETALOUS EXOGENS

6. V. petlata, L. Leaves pedately lobed, the lobes linear or
narrowly oblong ; petals all beardless.
PEDATE VIOLA. Bird-foot Violet.

Leaves exactly pedate, about 7-parted. Scapes numerous, 3 to 6 or 8 inches high,
finally a little longer than the leaves. Flowers large, pale blue, or sometimes va-
riegated, and showy.
Hob. Dry, slaty hills: frequent. Fl. April. Fr. June.

f f LEAFY-STEMMED : * Flowers pale purple, or whitish.

T. V. M uhlenbergii, Torr. Leaves roundish-cordate, or reni-
form, crenate; spur tapering, straight; petals pale violet.
V. Muhlenbergiana. Ging. $ Fl. Cestr. ed. 2. p. 146.
MUHLENBERG'S VIOLA. Spreading Violet.

Stem 2 or 3 to 8 or 10 inches long, often much branched from the base, assurgent,
finally procumbent. Leaves about an inch long, petiolate. Peduncles axillary,
longer than the leaves ; flowers rather small.
Hob. Low, swampy grounds : frequent. FL May. Fr. July.

8. V. st ri iita, Ait. Leaves cordate, acute, serrate ; spur thick-
ish, slightly curved; petals cream-colored.

V. ochroleuca. Schw. $ FL Cestr. ed. 2. p. 146.
STRIATE VIOLA.

Stems 5 to 10 or 12 inches high, nearly erect, often growing in bunches. Leaves
1 to 2 inches long, on petioles of the same length, with large fringed stipules, —
Peduncles axillary, twice as long as the leaves. Flowers rather large, the lateral
petals densely bearded.

Hub. Low grounds; Brandy wine: not common. FL May. Fr. July.
* * Flowers yellow.

9. V. piibcsceiis, Ait. Softly pubescent; leaves broadly cor-
date or ovate, dentate ; spur very short.

PUBESCENT VIOLA. Downy Yellow Violet.

Stem 6 to 12 inches high, generally erect and solitary, and leafless below the
summit. Leaves 2 to 4 inches long, usually 3 of them at or near the summit of the
stem, petiolate. Peduncles 2 or 3, rather shorter than the leaves.
Hob. Dry, open woodlands : common. Fl. May. Fr. July.

Obs. The V. scabriuscula, Schw. with straggling decumbent stems,
is generally regarded as a variety, only, of this.

ORDER XIII. CISTACEAE.

Herbs, or suffruticose plants ; leaves simple, the lower usually opposite, the upper
alternate, with or without stipules; flowers regular; stamens many or few, distinct,
hypogynous ; capsule 1-celled, 3- to 5-valved, each valve bearing a parietal placenta
in the middle ; seeds orthotropous ; embryo slender, in mealy albumen.

45. IIEMAIV'TIIEMUM. Tournef.

[Gr. Helios, the sun, and anthemon, a flower ; sunshine flowers.]
Petals 5 (sometimes wanting), spirally imbricated or crumpled in
the bud, fugacious. Stamens indefinite. Capsule 1-celled, 3-valved,
many- or few-seeded.

1. H. C'aiiiuK'iise, MX. Petal-bearing flowers large, solitary, —
the others small, in axillary hoary clusters.
CANADIAN HELIANTHEMUM. Rock Rose. Frost-weed.

CI8TACEAE 27

Perennial. Stem 6 to 12 or 18 inches high, slender, rigid, pubescent. Leavet
alternate, about an inch long, elliptic-lanceolate. Flowers terminal, corymbose,
with large yellow petals,— or apetalous, and crowded on short leafy lateral branches.
Bob. Dry, slaty and rocky hills : not common. Fl. June. Fr. July.

Obs. This plant is very variable in habit. It has received the
name of Frost-weed, from the circumstance of ice-chrystals shooting
from the base of the stem, in freezing weather. The same phenom-
enon is often beautifully exhibited in the Cunila Mariana, or Dit-
tany.

46. UECIIE'A, L.

[Named in honor of John Leche,& Swedish Botanist.]

Petals 3, narrow, not longer than the sepals, marcescent. Stamens
3 to 12. Stigmas plumose-fimbriate. Capsule 3-valved, few-seeded.
Suffruticose perennials.

1. L,. iiiiijor, MX. Hairy; leaves elliptic, mucronate; flowers
crowded in paniculate clusters.

L. villosa. Ell. $ Fl. Cestr. ed. 2. p. 96.
GREATER LECHEA.

Stem 1 to 2 feet high, often with radical prostrate branches; the young branches
villous with long whitish hairs. Leaves about an inch long. Panicle leafy;
flowers inconspicuous, brown.
Hob. Woodlands, on slaty hills : not common. Fl. Aug. Fr. Sept.

2, Jit. minor, Lam. Pubescent; leaves lance-linear, acute;
flowers loosely racemose on slender branches.

SMALLER LECHEA. Pin-weed.

Stem 9 to 15 inches high, often decumbent at base. Leaves nearly an inch long,
alternate, narrow. Panicle rather large and diffuse. Flowers larger than in the
preceding species, brown.
Hub. Dry, sandy banks : frequent Fl. Aug. Fr. Sept

Obs. There is a variety (if not more distinct), which is apparently
intermediate between the two preceding species, — with the leaves on
the stem ternate, or nearly verticillate in threes, and the branches
quite leafy.

ORDER XIV. DROSERACEAE.

Bog-herbs; mostly glandular-pilose: leaves radical, circinate, scarcely stipulate;
flowers regular, hypogynous, pentamerous, the parts all marcescent; capsule.
1-celled ; styles, or stigmas, twice as many as the parietal placentae ; seeds numer-
ous; embryo at the base of the albumen.

4?.

[Gr. droseros, dewy ; from the appearance of the leaves.]

Calyx imbricated. Petals convolute. Stamens alternate with the
petals. Styles 3 or 5, deeply 2-parted. Capsule globose, or oblong,
3- or 5-valved.

1. D, rot uiul ifYilisi, L. Leaves spatulate-orbicular, abruptly
narrowed to hairy petioles ; seeds loosely arillate.
ROUND-LEAVED DROSERA. Sun-dew.

Stemless. Perennial? Leaves about half an inch long, on pdiotes 1 to 2 inches
long, fringed with purple hairs which exsude a clear fluid at apex. Scape* 4 to 6

28 DIALYPETALOrS EXOGENS

or 8 inches high, slender and smooth. Flowers white, in a terminal raceme 1 to 2

inches long, at first circinate.

Hob. Swampy springs, on the slaty hills: rare. Fl. July. Fr. Aug.

Obs. The imaginative author of the Botanic Garden thus describes
this curious little plant: —

"Queen of the marsh, imperial DROSERA treads

Rush-fringed banks, and moss-embroidered beds;

Redundant folds of glossy silk surround

Her slender waist, and trail upon the ground;

Five sister-nymphs collect with graceful ease,

Or spread the floating purple to the breeze ;

And five fair youths with duteous love comply

With each soft mandate of her moving eye.

As with sweet grace her snowy neck she bows,

A zone of diamonds trembles round her brows;

Bright shines the silver halo, as she turns ;

And, as she steps, the living lustre burns."

ORDER XV. HYPERICiCEAE.

Herbs, or shrubs, with a limpid or resinous juice; leaves opposite, entire, punctate,
without stipules; flowers regular, hypogynous, polyadelphous ; petals mostly con-
volute; capsule 1-celled, with 2 to 5 parietal placentae, and as many styles, — or &•
to5-celledby the meeting of the placentae in the centre; dehiscence septicidal ;
seeds numerous, with little or no albumen.

48. AS'CYRIJM, L.

[Gr. a, without, and skiros, roughness; the plants being smooth.]
Sepals 4, the 2 outer ones much larger. Petals 4. Stamens clustered
in parcels, but scarcely united. Capsule 1-celled, 2- or 3-valved.—
Low, shrubby plants.

1. A. Crux-An'dreae, L. Leaves obovate-oblong, narrowed
at base ; petals linear-oblong ; styles 2.

ANDREW'S-CROSS ASCYRUM. St. Peter's-wort.

Stem 9 to 18 inches high, much branched from the base. Leaves half an inch to
3 quarters in length, with numerous dark-colored dots on both sides, Flmven
yellow, in terminal few-flowered corymbs, and subterminal from the axils, on
short peduncles.
nab. Dry hills; North Talley hill; W. Nottingham: rare. Fl. July. Fr. Sept

49. HYPER'ICUM, L.

[A name of obscure derivation and meaning.]

Sepals 5, nearly equal. Petals 5, oblique or unequal-sided. Sta-
mens united in 3 to 5 parcels, without interposed glands. Capsule
1- 3- or 5-celled. Herbs, or shrubs; flowers yellow.

t Capsule 3-ceUed: petals and anthers black-dotted. Perennial herbs.

1. H. perforatum, L. Stem somewhat ancipital ; leaves linear-elliptic,
eessile; corymb paniculate, leafy; styles diverging.
PERFORATED HYPEHICTJM. Common St. John's-Wort.

Stem 1 to 8 feet high, often several from the same root. Leaves an inch or inch
and half long, rather obtuse, with numerous pellucid punctures like perforations.
Eab. Fields and pastures. Nat. of Europe. Fl. June. Fr. July.

Obs. This foreigner is a worthless and rather troublesome weed,
in Chester County. It was formerly supposed to be the cause of
scabs, and cutaneous ulcers, among cattle, — especially white cows,

HYPERICACEAE 29

and horses with white feet and noses. The fact was taken for
granted, by the farmers: But, it must be confessed, that although
the plant continues to be abundant, the disease has nearly, if not
entirely, disappeared. It may be worthy of remark, that in the
year 1842, the St. John's-Wort totally failed to make its appearance
(in this County — and I believe throughout Pennsylvania) ;— even in
fields where it had been most abundant. The succeeding year, it
was quite rare ; but has since become about as common as ever, in
neglected fields. Why a perennial should have been thus affected,
seemed rather mysterious.

2. H. corymb usum9Muhl. Stem terete; leaves elliptic-oblong,
somewhat clasping, conspicuously dotted ; corymb brachiate.

H. punctatum. Lam. and Fl. Cestr. ed. 2. p. 322.
CORYMBOSE HYPERICUM.

Stem 18 inches to 2 feet high, often nearly simple. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long.—
Flowers in dense terminal corymbs. Sepals marked with black dots, and linear
pellucid punctures. Petals with numerous oblong black dots.
Hob. Open woodlands, fields, <fec. frequent. FL July. Fr. Sept.

ft Capsule (brownish purple) 1-celled, with 3 strictly parietal placentae : petals ne<
Hack-dotted. Annuals.

3. H. 111 lit Hum, L. Stem with spreading branches; leaves
ovate-oblong, partly clasping, 5-nerved; corymbs leafy.

H. quinquenervium, Walt. $ Fl. Cestr. ed. 2. p. 323.
MUTILATED HYPERICUM.

Stem 6 to 12 inches high, slender ; branches quadrangular. Leaves half an inch
to an inch long. Flowers small, in terminal leafy dichotomous corymbs.
Hob. Low grounds ; along rivulets : frequent. Ft. July. Fr. Sept.

4. H. Canadense. L. Branches erect; leaves sublinear, nar-
rowed at base, 3-nerved ; corymbs naked.

CANADIAN HYPERICUM.

Stem 9 to 18 inches high, slender, nearly simple, slightly Angled. Leaves about
an inch long, minutely pellucid-punctuate, often with fascicles of small leaves in
the axils. Flowers in an oblong paniculate corymb.
Hob. Margins of rivulets: frequent. Fl, Aug. Fr. Octo.

5. H. Sarotlira, MX. Stem short and bushy; leaves minute,
subulate, appressed; flowers solitary.

BROOM HYPERICUM. Nit-weed. Pine-weed.

Stem 4 to 6 or 8 inches high, brachiately branched from near the base; branches
nearly erect, angular or slightly winged. Flowers small, subsessile, axillary and
terminal.
Hob. Sandy fields, and roadsides : frequent. Fl. July. Fr. Sept.

50. ELODE'A, Adans.

[Gr. Elodes, growing in marshes : from its usual habitat.]
Sepals 5, equal. Petals 5, equal-sided. Stamens mostly 9, triadel-
phous, with an ovoid gland between each parcel. Capsule 3-celled.
Perennial herbs ; flowers purplish.

1. E. Ylrginica, Nutt. Leaves ovate-oblong, very obtuse, rob-

cordate at base and somewhat clasping.

Hypexicum Virginicum, L. $ Fl. Ceatr. ed. 2. p. 322.

30 DIALYPETALOtTS EXOGENS

VIRGINIAN ELODEA.

Whole plant mostly of a purplish hue. Stem 18 inches to 2 feet high, smooth. —
Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, pellucid-punctate, glaucous beneath. Peduncles terminal
and axillary, mostly trichotomous. Flowers dull orange-purple, with parallel
purple veins.
Hob. Swampy low grounds ; Wynn's meadows : rare. Fl. July. Fr. Sept.

ORDER XVI. CARYOPHYLLAVCEAE.

Herbs ; stems nodose, usually tumid at the nodes ; leaves mostly opposite and en-
tire, often subconnate, rarely stipulate; flowers symmetrical, terminal, of 4 or 5
parts, — the petals sometimes wanting ; stamens as many, or often twice as many, as
the sepals ; styles 2 to 5 ; capsule 2- to 5-valved; seeds attached to the base or central
column of the capsule : embryo curved around the outside of mealy albumen. A
numerous order, which includes the pretty and fragrant Pinks, so much admired
by Florists.

SUBORDER I. SILE^NEAE.

Sepals united into a tubular calyx ; petals 5, each with a long slender claw, Inserted,
with the stamens, on the stipe (carpopftore) of the ovary ; capsule partially 2- to
5-celled; stipules none.

f Calyx Moothed ; petals sometimes crowned,

51. SAPOtfAvRIA, L.

[Latin, Sapo, soap ; its mucilage affording a substitute for that article.]
Calyx cylindric. Stamens 10. Styles 2. Capsule partly 2-celled at
base, opening with 4 teeth at apex.

1. S. officinalis, L. Leaves oval-lanceolate; flowers in corymbose
fascicles ; petals crowned at throat.
OFFICINAL SAPONABIA. Soap-wort. Bouncing Bet.

Perennial, Stem 12 to 18 inches high. leaves an inch and a half to 3 inches long.
Flowers pale red or reddishvwhite, often becoming somewhat double.
Hal). Gardens, and waste places. Nat, of Europe. Fl. July. Fr. Aug.

52. SIUME, L,

[Gr. Sialon, saliva; from the frothy, viscid matter, on some species.]
Calyx inflated, or subcylindric. Stamens 10, Styles 3. Capsule
partly 3-celled at base, opening with 6 teeth at apex.

1* S. stclliitti, Ait. Leaves verticillate in fours, oval-lanceolate,
acuminate ; calyx loose and bladder-like ; petals cut into a fringe,
not crowned.
STELLATE SILENE. Four-leaved Campion.

Plant pulverulently pubescent, perennial. Stem 2 to 3 or 4 feet high, slender and
simple. Leaves 1 to 3 inches long, sessile. Flowers white, in an open terminal
pyramidal panicle.

Hob. Woodlands: frequent. Fl. July. Fr. Aug.

2. S. antirrliina. L. Leaves opposite, linear-lanceolate, acute ;

calyx ovoid, 10-ribbed; petals bifid, minutely crowned, small and

fugacious.

ANTIRRHINUM-LIKE SILENE. Catch-fly.

Annual. Stem 1 to 2 or 3 feet high, paniculately branching above, portions of
the internodes at length coated with a dark-purple viscid matter. Leaves 1 to 2
inches long. Flowers white, often tinged with purple, on slender peduncles, in a
loose terminal trichotomous panicle; petals often wanting, or missing.

CARYOPHYLLACEAE. 31

IlaJ). Sandy fields, gardens, &c. frequent. Fl. Juue. Fr. July.

Obs. The S. noctiflora, L. seems to have disappeared, since last
edition of this work.

ff Calyx with 5 elongated fdiaceous segments.

[53. LYCIIWIS, Tournef.

[Gr. Lychnos, a lamp; the cottony leaves affording material for wicks.]
Calyx ovoid-oblong, coriaceous. Stamens 10. Styles 5. Capsule
half 5-celled, opening with 5 or 10 teeth at summit.

1. L. GithUgo, Lam. Hairy; leaves lance-linear, acute ; petals obo-

vate, emarginate, not crowned.

Agrostemnia Githago, L. $ FL Cestr. ed. 2. p. 281.

GITH-LIKE LYCHNIS. Cockle. Rose Campion.

Plant greyish or glaucous green, annual Stem 2 to 3 or 4 feet high, simple, di-
chotomously paniculate at summit. Leaves 3 to 5 inches long, sessile, connate by
a scabrous membrane. Flowers violet-purple, on stout leafless peduncles 4 to 8
inches long.
Hub. Wheat and Rye fields. Nat. of Europe. Fl. June. Fr. July.

Obs. This foreign weed (specifically named Gitliaao, from its fan-
cied resemblance to " Gith," or Guinea-Pepper), though diligently
rooted out by all neat farmers, obstinately maintains its ground in
our grain fields. The rough black seeds, when abundant among
wheat (and their size makes it difficult to separate them from it),
are injurious to the quality and appearance of the manufactured
flour.

SUBORDER II. ALSIN'EAE.

Sepals 5, nearly or quite distinct ; petals without claws, Inserted, with the stamens,
at the base of the sessile ovary ; styles 2 or 3 to 5 ; capsule 1-celled, few- or many-
seeded ; stipules none.

54. AREUT AXRIA, L.

[Latin, Arena, sand; from its usual place of growth.]

Petals usually 5, entire. Stamens twice as many. Styles mostly 3.
Capsule many-seeded, splitting at apex into 8 valves, the valves
sometimes 2-cleft. Flowers white.

1. A. stricta, MX. Cespitose; smooth; leaves subulate-linear,
with axillary fascicles ; panicle trichotomous.

UPRIGHT ARENARIA. Rock Sandwort.

Perennial. Stems 4 to 8 or 10 inches high, slender, with short internodes,
trichotomously branched above. Leaves half an inch to three-quarters in length,
rather rigid. Panicle terminal ; branches filiform. Petals twice as long as the
sepals.
Hob. Rocky banks ; serpentine ridge : not common. Fl. May. Fr. June.

2. A. serpyllifdlia, L. Diffusely branching; roughish-pubescent;
leaves ovate, acute; peduncles solitary.

THYME-LEAVED ARENARIA. Common Sandwort.

Annual. Stems 3 to 6 or 8 inches long, more or less procumbent, dichotomously
branched. Leaves 2 or 3 lines in length, ciliate, sessile. Peduncles axillary and
terminal. Petals mostly shorter than the sepals.
Hob. Dry, eandy banks. Nat. of Europe. Fl. May. Fr. June.

82 DIALYPETALOUS EXOGENS

3. A. later! flora, L. Sparingly branched; minutely pubescent;
leaves oblong, obtuse ; peduncles 2-flowered, lateral.
LATERAL-FLOWERING ARENARIA.

Perennial ? Stem, 4 to 6 inches high, very slender but rather rigid. Leaves half
an inch to near an inch long, subsessile. Peduncle an inch or more in length, ax-
illary, near the summit of the stem branching into 2 pedicels. Petals twice as long
as the sepals.
Hah. Along rivulets; Great Valley: rare. Fl. June. IV. July.

55. STEULAVRIA, L.

[Latin, Stella, a star; from the star-like corolla.]

Petals 5, deeply 2-cleft. Stamens 10, or sometimes fewer. Styles 3
or 4. Capsule opening at apex with as many, or twice as many,
valves as styles, usually many-seeded. Flowers white.

I. S. mbdia, Sm. Stem procumbent ; leaves ovate, petiolate; petals
shorter than the calyx ; stamens often 3 or 5.
MIDDLE STELLARIA. Common Chickweed.

Annual? Stems 8 to 12 or 15 inches long, dichotomously branching, the inter-
nodes with an alternating pubescent line. Leaves half an inch to an inch long.—
Peduncles axillary, solitary, 1-flowered.
Hob. Every where, common. Nat. of Europe. Fl. March. Fr. May.

Q. S. piiljera, MX. Stems weak, rather erect ; leaves ovate-oblong,
sessile ; petals longer than the calyx.
PUBESCENT STELLARIA. Great Chickweed.

Perennial. Stems 6 to 12 inches high, often numerous and straggling, and with
2 pubescent lines. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long. Flowers stellately spreading, rather
large.
Hob. Banks of Schuylkill: rare. Fl. April. Fr. June.

3. S. longlfolia, Muhl Stem very slender, acutely 4-angled ;
leaves lance-linear; panicle terminal, divaricate; petals finaDy
longer than the calyx,

LONG-LEAVED STELLARIA. Stitch-wort.

Perennial. Yellowish-green. Stem 12 to 18 inches high, mostly erect, dichoto-
mously branching. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, narrow. Flowers in a loose slender
panicle; pedicels filiform.
Hob. Swampy meadows and thickets : frequent. Fl. May. Fr. June.

4. S. aquatica, Pollich. Stems decumbent, elongating ; leaves
lance-oval, veined ; cymes lateral ; petals the length of the calyx.

5. borealis, FL Cestr. ed. 2. p. 274. not of Bigel.
AQUATIC STELLARIA. Water Stitchwort.

Perennial ; pale green and smooth. Stems 6 to 12 inches long, weak, 4-angled,
growing in diffuse bunches. Leaves half an inch to an inch long, nerveless, but
with branching deeper green veins, often slightly ciliate at base.
Hob. Swampy springs, in the slaty hills : frequent. Fl. May. Fr. July.

Obs. The springs, which do not freeze up, often keep this plant
green through the winter.

56. CERAS'TIUM, L.

[Qr. Keras, a horn ; from the shape of the capsules.]
Petals mostly 5, bifid or emarginate. Stamens usually 10. Style*

CARTOPHTLLACEAB 33

as many as the sepals, and opposite them. Capsule elongated,
opening at apex with 10 teeth, many-seeded. Flowers white,
f Petals about as long as the calyx.

!• C. vulg&tum, L. Very hairy; leaves oval and obovate, obtuse;

sepals longer than the pedicels.

COMMON CERASTIUM. Mouse-ear Chickweed.

Annual f Stems 5 to 8 or 10 inches long, rather erect, mostly dichotomous at
summit. Leaves half an inch to near an inch long, rounded at apex, sessile and
eubconnate. Flowers in terminal cymose clusters, with 1 dichotomal. Capsule
eubcylindric, slightly curved, twice as long as the calyx.
Hdb. Grassy banks. Nat. of Europe. Fl. May. Fr. June.

a. C. viscdsum, L. Pubescent and somewhat clammy ; leaves lance-
oblong, rather acute ; sepals shorter than the pedicels.
CLAMMY CERASTIUM. Larger Mouse-ear Chickwe|d.

Perennial f Stems 6 to 12 or 15 inches long, cespitose, spreading, dichotomously
paniculate at summit. Leaves half an inch to an inch long, sessile. Flowers
dichotomal and axillary. Capsule one half longer than the calyx.
Hab. Pastures, and open woods. Nat. of Europe. Fl. May. Fr. June.

Obs. This species has become much more common than the pre-
ceding.

•f- f Petals much longer than the calyx.

3. C. nutaiis, Rafin. Viscid-pubescent; leaves linear-lanceolate,
acute ; flowers paniculate, nodding on long peduncles.

NODDING CERASTIUM.

Annual* Stems 8 to 12 or 15 inches high, usually several from the same root,
nearly simple. Leaves 1 to 2 or 3 inches long, sessile and clasping. Panicle ter-
minal, dichotomous, the branches finally much elongated. Capsule nearly three
times as long as the calyx.
Hab. Moist low grounds : frequent. Fl. May. Fr. June.

Obs. This species ought to have been the viscosum, — as it is much
more clammy than the preceding.

4. C. OblOIll?! folium, Torr. Densely villous; leaves oblong
or ovate-lanceolate, subcoriaceous ; peduncles spreading and some-
what viscid.

C. villosum. Muhl. $ FL Cestr. ed. 2. p. 279.
OBLOXG-LEAVED CERASTIUM.

Perennial. Stems 6 to 10 or 12 inches high, cespitose, erect or decumbent, mostly
simple. Leaves about an inch long, sessile and subconnate. Panicle elongated ,
often three times dichotomous, with a longish 1-flowered pedicel in the forks.—
Flowers rather conspicuous. Capsule about twice as long as the calyx.
Hjb. Banks of Serpentine rock : frequent. Fl. May. Fr. June.

Obs. In 1811, Dr. BALDWIN sent this plant (collected on "the
Barrens, Chester County ") to Dr. MUHLEXBERG, who pronounced
it a new species, and proposed to call it C. lanatum. In 1813, he
published it, in his Catalogue, by the name of C. villosum. In 1820,
Prof- D. B. DOUGLASS collected it at Sandusky, Ohio ; and a descrip-
tion (without a name), by Dr. TORRE Y, was published in 1822, in
SILLIMAN'S Journal, vol. 4. p. 63. In his Flora, published in 1824,
Dr. TORREY gave it the name of C. oblongifolium.

34 DIALYPETALOUS EXOGENS

5. C. arv^nse, L. Pubescent; leaves lance-linear, acute; pani-
cle dichotomous, few-flowered, on a long peduncle.
C. tenuifolium. Pursh. $ Fl. Cestr. ed. 2. p. 278.
FIELD CERASTIUM.

Perennial. Stems 4 to 6 or 8 inches high, numerous from the root, mostly sim-
ple, erector declined at base. Leaves an inch or inch and half long, sessile and
subconnaite, often with fascicles in the axils. Panicle usually twice dichotomous.
Capsule about one-third longer than the calyx.
Hob. Banks of Schuylkill : not common. Fl. May. Fr. June.

Obs. This species may be indigenous to our continent; but I am
not quite certain it is a native here.

SUBORDER III. ILLECE^BREAE.

Petals often rudimentary or wanting; capsule 1-celled, sometimes utricular and
1-seeded ; leaves with scarious stipules.

57. AIVY'CIIIA, MX.

[Gr. Onyx, onychos, a finger nail ; being a supposed cure for whitlows.]
Sepals connected at base, connivent and subcucullate at apex. Petals
none. Stamens 2 to 5, mostly 3. Stigmas 2, subsessile. Utricle
membranaceous, larger than the calyx.

1. A. il icliotonm, MX. Slender and dichotomously branching ;
leaves lance-oblong, cuneate at base, subsessile.
DICHOTOMOUS ANYCHIA. Forked Chickweed.

Annual ? Steins 4 to 8 or 10 inches high, very slender and diffusely branched,
often purplish. Leaves about half an inch long, varying from lance-linear to obo-
vate. Flowers inconspicuous, solitary in the forks, or in small terminal cymules.
Utricle verrucose.
Hah. Dry, hilly woodlands : common. Fl. June. Fr. Aug.

SUBORDER IV. MOLLUGPNEAE.

Petals none; stamens 3 to 5— when 3, alternating with the cells of the ovary; cap-
sule completely 3-celled, many-seeded ; stipules obsolete.

58. MIIL-U^GO, L.

[An old Latin name, coined from mollis, soft.]

Sepals 5, connected at base. Stamens usually 3, hypogynous. Stig-
mas 3, subsessile. Capsule 3-valved, loculicidal.
1. M. vertlcillata, L. Prostrate and dichotomously branching ;
leaves verticillate, spatulate-oblanceolate ; peduncles axillary, soli-
tary, or subumbellate.
VERTICILLATE MOLLUGO. Carpet-weed. Indian Chickweed.

Annual. Stem branching from the root in all directions, 4 to 8 or 12 inches
long, appressed to the earth. Leaves about an inch long, unequal, usually in
verticils of 6, somewhat succulent. Sepals with the margins and inside white,
Hob. Cultivated grounds : common. Fl. July. Fr. Aug.

ORDER XVII. PORTULACA^CEAE.

Herbs; leaves entire, succulent; flowers regular but unsymmetrical, viz : the sepals
fewer than the petals; stamens opposite the petals, or more numerous : capsule
1-celled, few- or many-seeded ; embryo curved around mealy albumen.

59. PORTUL,AXCA, Tournef.

[A name of uncertain derivation and obscure meaning.]

Sepals 2, united, and adhering to the ovary, below. Petals mostly

PORTULACACEAE 85

5, perigynous. Stamens 8 to 20. Styles 3 to 6 or 8, united at base.
Capsule circumscissed, many-seeded.

1. P. okracea, L. Prostrate; smooth; leaves cuneate-oblong, ob-
tuse; flowers sessile.
POT-HERB PORTULACA. Common Purslane.

Annual. Stem 6 to 12 or 15 inches long, terete, fleshy, purplish, branched.—
Leaves half an inch to an inch long, thickish, and fleshy, subsessile, alternate and
opposite. Flowers yellow, in small clusters, axillary and terminal.
Hob. Gardens, and lots. Nat. of India. Fl. July. Fr. Sept.

60. TAUWIJlftl, Adans.

[Derivation of the name obscure.]

Sepals 2, free and deciduous. Petals 5, hypogynous. Stamens 10
to 30. Style 3-lobed. Capsule 3-valved. Seeds numerous, covering
a free central placenta.

1. T. teretifolium, Muhl. Leaves terete, acute; peduncles
long, naked and scape-like, dichotomous and cymose at summit.
TERETE-LEAVED TALINUM.

Perennial ; smooth. Stem 1 to 2 or 3 inches long, thickish, fleshy, several from
the root, sometimes dichotomously branching. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, succu-
lent, alternate, numerous, rather crowded above, mostly a little incurved. Pedun-
cles terminal, 3 to 6 or 8 inches long, slender. Flowers bright purple, appearing
in succession, opening in sunshine, at mid-day, for three or four hours, then clos-
ing and shrivelling.
Hob. Serpentine rocks : very local. Fl. June. Fr. Aug.

Obs. This interesting and rather pretty little plant flourishes re-
markably well, when transferred from its native rock to a flower-
pot, and set where it can have a full share of all the sunshine that
is going.

61. CL,AYTOVIVIA, L.

[Named in honor of John Clayton, an early Virginian Botanist.]
Sepals 2, free and persistent. Petals 5. Stamens 5, adhering to the
claws of the petals. Style 3-lobed. Capsule 3-valved, 3- to 5-
seeded.

1. C. Virginica, L. Root a deep tuber ; leaves mostly 2, oppo-
site, linear-lanceolate ; raceme terminal, simple.
VIRGINIAN CLAYTONIA. Spring Beauty.

Perennial; smooth. Stem 6 to 10 inches long, simple. Leaves an opposite pair,
near the middle of the stem, 3 to 5 inches in length. Flowers pale red, with pur-
ple veins, usually 6tol2orl5ina loose simple raceme.
Hob. Moist, low grounds : common. FL April. Fr. June.

ORDER XVIII. MALVACEAE.

Herbs, or shrubs (those here described are all herbaceous) ; leaves alternate, stipu-
late ; flowers regular, — the calyx valvate, the corolla convolute, in the bud ; sta-
mens numerous, monadelphous in a column, — the ant/iers 1-celled, reniform; seeds
with little albumen ; embryo curved, the foliaceous cotyledons variously doubled up>
The plants of this family are generally remarkable for their mucilaginous and
demulcent properties ; but the order is pre-eminently distinguished, as containing
the Cotton Plant (Goisypium herbaceum, Z.),— which enters so largely into the
planting^ commercial, and manufacturing concerns of the civilized world.

36 DIALYPETALOUS EXOGENS

f Calyx naked at base.

62. ABITTTI^OIV, Tournef.
[A name supposed to be derived from the Arabs.}

Carpels mostly numerous, verticillate and coherent, forming a com-
pound Capsule, spreading at summit, where each splits open along
the inner edge. Seeds about 3 in each carpel.

1. A. Avicennae, Gaertn. Leaves orbicular-cordate, acuminate, vel-
vety ; peduncles axillary, shorter than the petiole.
Sida Abutilon. L. $ Fl. Cestr. ed. 2. p. 397.
AVICENNA'S ABUTILON. Indian Mallow. Velvet-leaf.

Annual. Stem 2 to 4 or 5 feet high, branched. Leaves 4 to 6 or 8 inches long,
nearly circular, with a closed sinus, and slender acumination ; petioles 3 to 5 inches
ong; stipules subulate, caducous. Flowers yellow. Carpels about 15, in a cam-
panulate truncate head, with oblique radiating beaks at summit.
Hob. Cultivated grounds, and waste places. Nat. of Asia. Fl. July. Fr. Aug.

Obs. This foreign weed is becoming rather troublesome in our
Cultivated grounds.

63. SrDA, L.

[A name used by ancient Greek writers.]

Carpels 5, or more, 1-seeded, separable at maturity, each opening
at summit. Flowers perfect.

1. S. spinosa, L. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, with a subspinose tuber-
cle at the base of the petiole.
SPINOSE SIDA.

Annual. Stem 9 to 18 inches high, slender, with a few spreading branches near
the base. Leaves about 2 inches long, serrate-dentate; petioles half an inch to
three-quarters in length ; stipules filiform. Flowers yellow. Peduncles about half
an inch long, 1 or 2 in each axil, articulated near the flower.
Hob. Road sides, and waste places. Nat. of India. Fl. July. Fr. Sept.

f f Calyx involueellate at base.

64. MAI/VA, L.

[An ancient Latin name, derived from the Greek.]

Irivolucel mostly of 3 linear bracts. Carpels numerous, verticillately
arranged in a depressed orb, each mostly 1-seeded and indehiscent.

1. M. rotundifblia, L. Procumbent; leaves cordate-orbicular, ob-
tusely 5-lobed ; lobes crenate dentate ; flowers small.
ROUND-LEAVED MALVA. Running Mallow.

Perennial. Stem 9 to 18 inches long, branching only from the root. Leaves 1 to
2 or 3 inches long ; petioles 2 to 6 or 8 inches in length. Flowers reddish-white,
with purple veins. Peduncles axillary, mostly in pairs, 1 to 2 inches long, unequal,
bent down in fruit.
Hob. Yards, gardens, &c. Nat. of Europe. Fl. May. Fr. Aug.

Obs. This foreigner is extensively naturalized, and a rather trouble-
some weed in gardens. The plant is mucilaginous, — and quite a
popular ingredient in cataplasms, demulcent drinks, &c. The M.
crispa, sylvestris, and moschata, are frequent about gardens ; but are
scarcely naturalized, yet.

MALVACEAE 37

65. AI/THAVEA, L,

[Gr. aft/io, to heal ; from its reputed virtues.]

Involucel 5- to 10- or 12-parted. Carpels numerous, arranged as in
Malva, each 1-seeded.

1. A. OFFICINALIS, L. Leaves ovate or sub-cordate, often 3-lobed,
velvety; peduncles axillary, many-flowered.
OFFICINAL ALTHAEA. Marsh Mallow.

Perennial. Stem 2 to 4 feet high, simple. Leaves 2 to 4 inches long ; petioles 1 to
2 inches long. Flowers pale-red, subpaniculate; common peduncles about as long
as the petioles, 3- to 6-flowered.
Hob. Gardens, &c. Nat. of Europe. PL July. Fr. Sept.

Obs. This was formerly much (and is yet, occasionally) cultiva-
ted, for its mucilaginous qualities. The A. rosea, Cavan. or Holly"
hock, is to be seen in almost every garden ; but is scarcely to be
regarded as fully naturalized.

66. IIIBIS'CUS, L.

[An ancient classical name, for one of the mallow tribe.]
Involucel of many linear bracts. Styles united; stigmas 5 to 10,
capitate. Carpels cohering in a 5- or 10-celled capsule; valves
loculicidal.

1. H. Tribnum, L. Leaves deeply 3-lobed; lobes lanceolate, the
middle one much the longest; calyx inflated, membranaceous, with
bristly ribs, 5-winged at summit.

THREE-LOBED HIBISCUS. Bladder Ketmia. Flower-of-an-hour.

Annual. Stem 9 to 18 inches high, somewhat branched. Leaves 1 to 2 or 3
inches long, petiolate. Flowers greenish-yellow, with a purple spot at base, axil-
lary, solitary, fugacious; peduncles about as long as the petioles. Stigmas 5. Cap-
sule 5-celled.
Hob. Gardens, and lots. Nat. of Italy. Fl. July. Fr. Sept.

2. H. ESCULE"NTUS, L. Leaves palmately 5-lobed, cordate at base ;
calyx bursting lengthwise ; capsule pyramidal, sulcate-angled.
ESCULENT HIBISCUS. Okra.

Annual. Stem 2 to 3 or 4 feet high, stout, somewhat branched. Leaves 3 or 4 to
6 inches long, and wider than long, lobed half way to the base ; petioles 3 to 6
inches long. Flowers pale greenish-yellow with a dark-purple spot at base, axil-
lary, solitary, on short peduncles. Stigmas 8 or 10, purplish. Capsules 2 to 4 or
6 inches long, erect, 8- or 10-angled, 8- or 10-celled.
Hob. Gardens, and lots. Nat. of India. Fl. Aug. Fr. Sept.

Obs. This is cultivated for the sake of its young pods, or cap-
sules,— which are remarkably mucilaginous, and esteemed by many
persons as an ingredient in soups.

ORDER XIX. TILIACEAE.

Trees, or shrubby plants ; leaves alternate, with deciduous stipules ; flowers axillary,
small; sepals valvate, and petals imbricated, in the bud; stamens somewhat poly-
adelphous ; anthers 2-celled ; seeds albuminous.

This, like the preceding, is a mucilaginous family of plants ; and some of the
species are also remarkable for the texture and strength of their bark. The liber,
or inner bark of the Tilias, separates readily into thin layers, or strips, which are
extensively woven into matting, in the North of Europe ; and the Gunny-bags, of
commerce, are manufactured from the fibrous bark of two species of Corchorus.

88 DIALYPETALOUS EXOGENS

6?. TII/IA, L.

[The classical Latin name of the plant.]

Sepals 5, connected at base, deciduous. Petals 5. Stamens numer-
ous, the filaments more or less cohering in 5 parcels, — sometimes
(viz. in the N. American species) each parcel adnate, at base, to a
spatulate petaloid scale (staminodium), opposite the real petals. —
Ovary 5-celled; style single. Fruit a coriaceous or woody globose
nut, 1 -celled, 1- or 2-seeded. Trees; flowers in pendulous cymes,
with the lower half of the common peduncle adnate to the lower half
of a long membrano-foliaceous bract.

1. T. EUROPAEA, L. Leaves orbicular-cordate, acuminate; flowers
without petaloid scales.

EUROPEAN TILIA. Linden, or Lime tree.

Stem 30 to 50 feet high, — the numerous branches forming a handsome symmet-
rical top. Leaves 3 to 5 inches long; petioles 1 to 2 inches long, flowers yellow-
ish-white. Peduncles 3 to 5 inches in length.
Hob. Streets, &c. Nat. of Europe. Fl. Beginning of June. Fr. Sept.

Obs. An ornamental tree in early summer, and of rapid growth ;
but the leaves, soon after midsummer, assume a scorched appear-
ance.

2. T. Americana, L. Leaves obliquely cordate or truncate at
base, abruptly acuminate, subcoriaceous ; flowers with petaloid
scales connected with the filaments.

T. glabra, Vent. $ Fl. Cestr. ed. 2. p. 312.

AMERICAN TILIA. Linden, or Linn. Bass-wood. White wood.

Stem 60 to 80 feet high, with large and rather straggling branches; the lark
thick and ash-colored, the wood soft and white. Leaves 3 to 6 inches long; petioles
1 to 2 inches in length. Flowers ochroleucous.
Hob. Banks of streams ; Brandywine : not common. Fl. Last of June. Fr. Sept.

Obs. The wood of this tree affords a good material for the manu-
facture of various domestic utensils. It is sometimes cultivated for
shade ; but the branches are not so symmetrical as those of the Eu-
ropean species. Neither of them, however (mejudice), is equal to
the Sugar Maple, or Horse Chestnut, as ornamental shade trees.

ORDER XX. LINACEAE.

Herbs; leaves alternate, opposite, or verticillate, without stipules; flowers regular,
hypogynous, all the parts in fives; calyx imbricated, petals convolute; stamens
united into a ring at base; capsule globose, with twice as many cells as styles; ceUs
1-eeeded; seeds fleshy and oily, with little or no albumen.
An Order pretty much limited to the important genus which is its type.

68. UDJVUM. L.

[The classical name for the plant.]

Capsule of 5 united carpels, each 2-seeded, but divided into 2 single-
seeded cells, by a false septum projecting from the back of the car-
pels.

1. fj. Vi i in ni;ism in . L. Leaves oblong-lanceolate ; flowers on
short pedicels ; capsules depressed-globose.
VIRGINIAN LINUM. Wild Flax.
ferennM f Stem about 2 feet high, often 3 or 4 from the same root, corymbosely

LINACEAE 39

branched above. Radical leaves short, spatulate-obovate ; stem-leaves about an inch
long, sometimes opposite. Flowers pale yellow, racemose on the branches.
Hob. Woods, and thickets: frequent. Fl. July. Fr. Aug. . ^,: ,

£. L. USITATIS'SIMUM, L. Leaves lance-linear, very acute; flowers
on long pedicels ; capsules globose, mucronate.
MOST USED, OR USEFUL LixuM. Common Flax.

Annual. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, solitary. Leaves an inch to an inch and half
long, numerous, scattered. Flowers blue, large, loosely corymbose. Seeds lance-
ovate, brown, smooth and shining.
Sab. Fields. Nat. of Europe. Fl. June. Fr. July.

Obs. This plant — once considered so indispensable among the
crops of our farmers — is now rarely cultivated. The Cotton-plant,
of the South, has nearly banished the Flax from this region ; though
some attempts are now being made, among Manufacturers, to in-
crease the use of Flax, by improving the manipulations of its fibres.
The Farmers, however, will not be anxious to resume the culture ;
for the crop is one which involves a good deal of disagreeable labor, —
and is, moreover, believed to be injurious to the soil: an opinion as
old as the time of VIRGIL — who says :

" Urit enim Lini campum Seges, urit avenae." — Georg. 1. 71.
or, as rendered by SOTHEBY,

" Oats and the Flaxen Harvest burn the ground."
Doctor DARWIN refers to the Flax, in the following strains : —

" Inventress of the Woof, fair LINA flings

The flying shuttle through the dancing strings;

Inlays the broider'd weft with flowery dyes,

Quick beat the reeds, the pedals fall and rise:

Slow from the beam the lengths of warp unwind,

And dance and nod the massy weights behind.

Taught by her labors, from the fertile soil

Immortal Isis clothed the banks of Nile ;

And fair ARACHNE with her rival loom

Found, undeserved, a melancholy doom."

"Isiswas said to have invented spinning and weaving,— mankind before that
time being clothed with the skins of animals. The fable of ARACHNE was to com-
pliment this new art of spinning and weaving, supposed to surpass in fineness the
web of the spider."

The seeds of this plant — beside yielding a most valuable oil —
afford one of the best mucilaginous drinks, for coughs, and dysen-
teric affections.

ORDER XXL GERANIACEAE.

Herbs, or suffruticose plants, with tumid nodes ; leaves mostly opposite and palmate,
lobed, stipulate; flowers symmetrical, hypogynous, pentamerous; sepals imbricated ;
petals convolute; stamens 10, slightly monadelphous at base, the alternate ones
shorter ; pistils 5, adhering to a central prolonged axis, from which they separate
at maturity by curving up from the base ; seeds solitary, without albumen.

This Order comprises, amongst others, the numerous and favorite plants, so
much cultivated under the name of " Geraniums," — though they now belong to
the genus Pelargonium.

69. GERANIUM, L.

[Gr. Geranos, a crane; the beaked fruit resembling a crane's bill.]
Stamens all perfect, the 5 longer ones with glands at base. Styles
cohering at summit, recurved from below, but not twisted, in the
ripe fruit, smooth inside.

40 DIALYPETALOUS EXOGENS

1. €r. maculatum, L. Stem erect, dichotomous above; leaves
3- to 5-parted ; petals entire, twice as long as the calyx.
MACULATE GERANIUM. Crow-foot. Spotted Crane's-bill.

Perennial. Stem 12 to 18 inches high, hairy. Leaves 2 to 3 inches long, marked
with pale blotches ; radical leaves on petioles 3 to 6 or 8 inches in length ; stem-
leaves on shorter petioles, the uppermost subsessile. Flowers purple, large, sub-
corymbose.
Hob. Woods, fence-rows, &c., common. Fl. May. Fr. June.

Obs. The large root, or rhizoma, is considerably astringent; and
has been found useful in diarrhoea, hemorrhage, &c.

2. O. Caroliniaimm, L. Stem diffusely branching; leaves
deeply 5-parted ; petals emarginate, about as long as the calyx.
CAROLINIAN GERANIUM. Carolina Crane's-bill.

Annual? Stem 6 to 12 or 18 inches long, often several from the root, dichoto-
mously and diffusely branching. Leaves about an inch long, and wider than long,
reniform-orbicular in their outline, multifid ; radical petioles 2 to 6 inches long;
cauline half an inch to 3 inches in length. Flowers pale red, veined, small, sub-
fasciculate.
Hob. Low grounds; along Brandy wine : not common. Fl. May. Fr. July.

ORDER XXII. OXALIDACEAE.

Herbs, with sour juice; leaves alternate, compound, mostly without stipules; flmvers
regular, nearly as in Geranium,— but the styles separate, and the fruit a 5-celled
several-seeded capsule; embryo straight, in thin fleshy albumen.

70. OX'AMS, L.

[Gr. Oxys, sharp, or sour; from the quality of the plants.]
Petals withering after expansion. Capsule membranaceous, oblong,
pentagonal, opening at the angles. Seeds pendulous from the axis,
their outer coat loose and separating. Leaves mostly composed of
8 obcordate leaflets, — the radical ones stipulate.

1. O. Violacea, L. Stemless ; bulb scaly ; scapes subumbellate ;

sepals callous at apex.

VIOLET OXALIS. Violet Wood-Sorrel.

Perennial. Leaves radical, trifoliolate; leaflets about half an inch long, and
•wider than long ; common petioles 3 to 6 inches long. Scapes 4 to 6 or 8 inches high ,
naked, 2- or 3- to 6- or 9-flowered. Flowers violet-purple, nodding.
Hob. Woodlands, fence-rows, &c.: frequent. Fl. May. Fr. July.
25. O. stricta, L. Caulescent; stem mostly erect, branched and
leafy; peduncles axillary, longer than the petioles.
UPRIGHT OXALIS. Wood-Sorrel. Yellow Wood-Sorrel.

Perennial? Stem 2 or 3 inches to near 2 feet high, more or less pubescent,
often bushy, and sometimes nearly prostrate. Leaflets one-fourth of an inch to an
inch long; common petioles 1 to 3 or 4 inches long. Peduncles 2 to 4 or 5 inches
long, cymosely 3- to 10-flowered. Flowers yellow.
Hob. Fields, and woodlands : common. Fl. May. Fr. July.

Obs. This is a very variable plant — in size, habit, and pubescence ;
but it is difficult to designate good characters for more than one
species, among all the varieties.

ORDER XXIII. BALSAMINACEAE.

Herbs; stems succulent, sub-pellucid, and gorged with a watery juice; leaves usually

BALSAMINACEAB 41

alternate, simple, without stipules; flowers very irregular; stamens 5, the antfiers
introrse, connivent and sometimes coherent; capsule, bursting elastically ; seed*
•without albumen.

L.

[Latin ; alluding to the sudden bursting of the ripe pod, when touched.]
Calyx and corolla colored nearly alike : Sepals apparently 4, — the
2 upper ones being united almost to the apex — the lower one
largest, forming a spurred sac, at base. Petals 4, united in pairs,
forming one unequally 2-lobed petal on each side. Ovary 5-celled;
stigma sessile. Capsule with evanescent partitions, 6-valved, — the
valves incurving elastically from apex to base, and scattering the
seeds. Annuals.

1. 1. l>5i 1 1 i d a , Nutt. Leaves oblong-ovate, rather acute ; sac di-
lated, broader than long, obtusely conic, with a short recurved spur.
PALLID IMPATIENS. Pale Snap-weed. Touch-me-not.

Stem 3 to 5 feet high, branched. leaves 2 to 5 or 6 inches long; petioles one-
eighth of an inch to 3 inches in length, the upper leaves being nearly sessile. —
Peduncles axillary, 1 to 3 inches long, slender, 2- to 5-flowered. Flowers pale yel-
low, sparingly dotted with brownish-red ; spur about % of an inch long. >
Hob. Moist, shaded grounds : frequent. Fl. July. Fr. Aug.

"2. I. fViIvil, Nutt. Leaves rhombic- ovate, rather obtuse; sac
longer than broad, acutely conic, with a longish recurved spur.
TAWNY IMPATIENS. Spotted Snap-weed.

Stem 2 to 4 feet high, branched. Leaves 1 to 3 or 4 inches long. Peduncles
about an inch long, usually 2- or 3-flowered. Flowers orange-color, with numerous
reddish-brown spots ; spur about half an inch long.
Hob. Moist, shaded grounds : common. Fl. July. Fr, Aug.

Obs. Our two species were formerly regarded as one, and referred
to the /. noli-tangere, of Europe, — to which they are nearly allied.
The /. jBalsamina, L. called "Lady's Slippers" — a native of India —
is abundant, and almost naturalized, in every garden. The follow-
ing fanciful lines, from DARWIN, probably have reference to the
European species, — but may apply to all: —

"With fierce distracted eye IMPATIENS stands,
Swells her pale cheeks, and brandishes her hands,
"With rage and hate the astonished groves alarms,
And hurls her infants from her frantic arms."

ORDER XXIV. TROPAEOLACEAE.

Herbs ; stems straggling or twining, fleshy, with a pungent watery juice ; leaves
alternate, peltate, with radiating nerves, and without stipules ; flowers irregular,
large, on long axillary peduncles; fruit 3-lobed, or of 3 connate, 1-seeded, inde-
hiscent carpels ; seeds without albumen,

V'2. TROPAEVOMJM , L.

(Latin, a little banner, or Trophy ; from its showy flowers.]
Calyx colored, 5-parted, — the upper segment spurred at base. —
Petals 5, unequal, — the upper 2 sessile, the others clawed. Stamens
8. Stigmas 3.

1. T. MAJUS, L. Leaves suborbicular, obscurely repand-lobed, the
nerves not exserted ; petals obtuse.
GREATER TROPAEOLUM. Nasturtium. Indian Cresa.

42 DIALYPETALOUS EXOGENS

(said to be perennial in its native country) ; smooth. Stem 3 to 6 or 8
feet long, branching and climbing. Leaves 2 to 3 inches in diameter ; petioles 3 to 6
inches long. Peduncles 1-flowered, mostly longer than the petioles. Flowers pale
yellowish- or reddish-orange, with dark purple stripes and spots. Carpels sulcate,
fleshy, finally subcoriaceous.
Hob. Gardens. Nat. of Peru. Fl. June. Fr. Aug.

Obs. This is cultivated, — both for show, and for the young fruit,
•which is prepared as a condiment, and affords a tolerable substitute
for capers.

ORDER XXV. LIMNANTHACEAE.

Herbs; stems fleshy; leaves alternate, pinnately dissected, without stipules; flowers
regular, of 3 or 5 parts; sepals valvate, and petals convolute, in the bud; stamens
twice their number; fruit of 3 to 5 fleshy connate 1-seeded akenes; styles united;
seeds without albumen.

73. FL,OVERKEA, Wittd.

[Dedicated to Henry Gustavus Floerke, a German Botanist.]
Sepals 3, connected at base, persistent. Petals 3, shorter than the
sepals. Ovaries 3, opposite the sepals, cohering at base. Style
central; stigmas 8. Akenes utricular, tuberculate, often only 1 or 2.

1. F. prose rpiiiacoitles, Willd. Glabrous; stem terete;
leaves odd-pinnately dissected into 3 or 5 lance-oblong entire seg-
ments.

F. uliginosa. Muhl. $ FL Cestr. ed. 2. p. 212.
PROSERPINACA-LIKE FLOERKEA.

Annual. Stem 4 to 10 or 12 inches long, nearly simple, flaccid, finally procum-
bent. Leaflets, or segments, half an inch to an inch long ; common petioles 1 to 3
inches in length. Peduncles axillary, finally about an inch long, 1-flowered.—
Petals white, alternate with, and scarcely half as long as the sepals.
Hob. Miry, shaded places : frequent. Fl. April Fr. May.

ORDER XXVI. XANTHOXYLACEAE.

Trees, or shrubs ; Uaves mostly alternate, compound, without stipules, or armed
with stipular prickles ; ./fotwers'polygamo-dioicous, regular, small: stamens as many,
or twice as many, as the sepals ; ovaries distinct, or 2-celled ; fruit various, — bac-
cate, capsular, or samaroid ; seeds 1 or 2 in each carpel, albuminous.

74. AIL-A^THUS. Desf.

[Formed from Atlanta,— the name it bears in its native country.]
Calyx 5-toothed. Petals 5, inserted with the 10 stamens, under a
hypogynous disk. Carpels 3 to 5, samaroid, tumid in the centre,
1 -celled, 1-seeded. Stigmas capitate, radiately 5-lobed.

1. A. GLANDULOVSA, Desf. Leaves odd-pinnate ; leaflets oblong-lan-
ceolate, acuminate, coarsely dentate at base, with a gland on the
under side of each tooth.
GLANDULAR AILANTHUS. Chinese Sumach. Tree of Heaven.

Stem 30 to 60 feet, or more, in height, much branched, but never ramifying dur-
ing growth. Leaflets 3 to 5 inches long, numerous (15 to 20 pairs, and a terminal
one). Flowers pale greenish-yellow, in terminal thyrsoid panicles.
Hob. Streets, and about houses. Nat. of China. Fl. June. Fr. Sept.

Obs. This is not an ungraceful tree in its habit, — but a disagree-
able one in its odor. It is also exceedingly troublesome in sending

' XANTHOXYLACEAK 43

np countless suckers from its wide-spreading roots. It was intro-
duced as a Shade tree, about the year 1820 ; but will scarcely main-
tain its position as such. I learn from WM. JACKSON, Esqr., of
Harmony Grove, in this County, that the XANTHOX'YLON AMEBI-
C\NUM, Mill. — (a prickly Shrub, which is the type of this Order), —
has escaped from the gardens, and is becoming naturalized^, sev-
eral places in that vicinity.

ORDER XXVII. ANACARDIA^CEAE.

Shrubs, or trees; with a resinous, or milky, acrid juice; leaves alternate, mostly
compound, without stipules; flowers regular, pentandrous, small, often polygamo-
dioicous ; ovary (by abortion) 1-celled, and 1-ovuled, but with three styles or stig"
mas ; seeds without albumen.

In the tropical regions, this Family presents plants of much interest : — such as
that which yields the celebrated Mango fruit (Mangifera Indica, L.)— the Cashew
JVlrf (Anacardium occidentals, L.) — and the Pistacia Nut (Pistacia vera, L.~), — with
others, which afford various kinds of Lacquer, and Varnish.

75. RHITS', L.

[The ancient Greek and Latin name of the genus.]

Sepals 5, connected at base, persistent. Petals 5, inserted with the
stamens on, or under, the edge of a flatted disk. Fruit small, a sort
of dry drupe. Polygamo-dioicous Shrubs ; common petioles enlarged
at base, covering the buds of the ensuing year.

f Leaves odd-pinnate. * Young branches densely villous.

1. R. ty plii ii a, L. Leaflets oblong-lanceolate, acutely serrate,
pale or glaucous beneath.

TYPHA-LIKE RHUS. Staghorn Sumach.

Juice milky. Stem 15 to 20 or 30 feet high, with spreading branches above.—
Leaflets 2 to 4 inches long, 8 to 12 or 15 pairs and a terminal one. Flowers yel-
lowish-green, in terminal thyrsoid panicles, — the fertile ones about 6 inches long,
very dense, oblong and nearly cylindrical ; fruit densely clothed with a purple
pubescence, which is sharply acid.
Sab. Woods, and banks of streams; Schuylkill: not common. Fl. June. Fr. Sept.

Obs. This is the largest and handsomest species, indigenous to
the County. The fine purple clusters of fruit, on the fertile plant,
render it quite an ornamental little tree ; and when planted in the
yards and public squares of our cities, it affords an almost literal
exemplification of the much-admired Khus in urbe ! Its roots, how-
ever, are rather troublesome, in sending up suckers.

* * Young branches downy-pubescent.

2. R. copallina, L. Common petiole winged ; leaflets oblong
or ovate-lanceolate, nearly entire.

COPAL RHUS. Dwarf Sumach.

Juice resinous. Stem 3 to 6 or 8 feet high, branched. Leaflets 1 to 3 inches long,
usually 4 or 5 pairs with a terminal one, subcoriaceous. Flowers yellowish-green,
in terminal thyrsoid panicles. Fruit densely pubescent, finally dark purple and acid.
Hob. Dry, slaty bills : frequent. Fl. July. Fr. October.
* * * Young branches glabrous.

3. R. gliYbra, L. Leaflets lance-oblong, acuminate, serrate,
whitish beneath.

44 DIALYPETALOUS EXOGENS

GLABROUS RHUS. Common Sumach. Smooth Sumach.

Juice, copiously milky. Stem 3 to 8 or 10 feet high, irregularly branched;
branches stout, with a large pith. Leaflets 2 to 3 or 4 inches long, 10 to 15 pairs,
with a terminal one, becoming crimson in autumn. Flowers yellowish-green, in
dense ovoid terminal panicles. Fruit densely villous, finally bright purple, and
sharply acid.
Hob. Old fields; fence-rows, &c.: common. Fl. June. Fr. Sept.

4. R. veneiiata, DC. Leaflets obovate-oblong, abruptly acu-
minate, the margin very entire and slightly revolute.
POISONOUS RHUS. Poison Sumach. Swamp Sumach.

Juice resinous, Stem 8 to 12 or 15 feet high, branching above. Leaflets 2 to 3
inches long, 4 to 6 pairs, with a terminal one. Flowers greenish, in subterminal
and axillary panicles. Fruit smooth and shining, pale yellowish-green, larger
than in any of the preceding.
Hob. Swampy rivulets : not very common. Fl. June. Fr. Sept.

Obs. This species is very poisonous to many persons. It was
formerly (but erroneously) supposed to be identical with the varnish
tree, of Japan.

f f Leaves trifoliolate.

5. R. ToxiCOdendron, L. Stem erect, or climbing by radi-
cles; leaflets obliquely ovate or rhomboid, acuminate, entire or
angularly dentate.

R. radicans. L. $ FL Cestr*. ed. 2.
POISON-TREE RHUS. Poison- Vine. Poison-Ivy.

Juice resinous. Stem, in the erect variety, 2 to 5 or 6 feet high, with leaflets larger
and variously toothed or lobed ; in the climbing variety, stem 8 or 10 to 30 or 40 feet
long, branching, adhering to trees, fences, and other objects, by means of numer-
ous radicating processes; the leaflets 3 to 5 or 6 inches long, more commonly entire ;
common pttioles 3 to 6 inches in length. Flowers yellowish-green, in slender race-
mose axillary panicles. Fruit dry, smooth and shining, pale brown.
Hob. Woods, fence-rows, &c.: frequent. Fl. May. Fr. Sept.

Obs. The climbing variety (formerly regarded as a distinct species,
and named R. radicans,] is much the most common, here: but some
fine specimens of the erect variety were collected in the South
Western part of the County, in 1841, by Mr. JOHN M'MiNN. They
are both poisonous, to some persons.

ORDER XXVIII. ACERA^CEAE.

Trees, yielding a sweet sap; leaves opposite, without stipules; flowers polygamo-
dioicous, regular but often apetalous or unsymmetrical ; fruit a pair of more or
less diverging separable 1-seeded samaras, winged at summit, with the outer margin
'thicker and obtuse; seeds nearly without albumen.

?6. ACER, L.

[The ancient classical name of the maple.]

Sepals 5, connected at base. Petals 5, or often none. Stamens 5 to
.8. Styles 2, united ; ovary on a glandular-lobed disk.
- f Flowers in pendulous racemes, or corymbs, appearing with the leaves. * Petals 5.

1. A. PSETJDO-PLATANUS, L. Leaves cordate at base, 5-lobed, une-
qually dentate; flowers in terminal pendulous racemes; fruit
diverging.

ACERACKAB 45

FALSE-PLATANUS ACEE. Sycamore. Greater Maple.

A large tree, when full grown. Leaves 4 to 6 inches long, on petioles about the
same length. Racemes ahout 6 inches long; rachis and filaments hairy ; flowers
yellowish-green, the sepals and petals nearly alike; fruit smooth.
Hub. Streets, and yards. Nat. of Europe. Fl. April. Fr.

Obs. This has been introduced, latterly, as an ornamental shade
tree ; but I consider our own Sugar Maple, and the Norway Maple,
as decidedly preferable, notwithstanding COWPER'S lines:

" nor unnoted pass

The Sycamore, capricious in attire,

Now green, now tawny, and, ere autumn yet

Have chang'd the woods, in scarlet honors bright."

Both this and the Plane tree (Platanus), are vulgarly called Syca-
more, in our language ; but ivhy, is not apparent. The true "Syca-
more"— (perhaps the Tree which ZACCIIEUS climbed) — is a species
of Fig-tree (Ficus Sycomorus, L;).

jj. A. pLATANofcES, L. Lactescent ; leaves broadly cordate, 5-
lobed, coarsely dentate ; flowers somewhat corymbose ; fruit divari-
cate, smooth.
PLATANUS-LIKE ACER. Norway Maple.

A large tree, when full grown. Leaves 4 to 6 inches in length, and rather wider
than long, deep shining green ; petioles about as long as the leaves, when broken
exsuding a milky juice! Flowers pale greenish-yellow, in loose, terminal, and
somewhat pendulous corymbs. Samaras remarkably divaricate, glabrous.
Hob. Streets, &c. Nat. of Europe. Fl. April. Fr. ' f\ '

Obs. This tree has been but recently introduced ; yet it promises
to become one of our most desirable shade trees. Its foliage is re-
markably fine, and abundant, continuing gre.en longer than most
other species ; and it is' said that its milky juice prevents the rav-
ages of insects.

* * Petals none.

3. A. sac c* liar i nil in, Wangenh. Leaves broad, palmately 3-
to 5-lobed, the lobes acuminate, coarsely sinuate-dentate; flowers
pendulous on long villous fasciculate pedicels ; fruit slightly diverg-
ing, turgid, smooth.
SACCHARINE ACER. Sugar Maple.

Stem 60 to 80 feet, or more, in height. Leaves 3 to 5 inches long, and about as
wide as long, becoming golden-yellow in autumn ; petioles 2 to 6 or 8 inches in
length. Flowers pale greenish-yellow, truncate and cup-like, the border fringed
with long hairs. Fruit ovoid at base, nearly parallel, rather short.
Hob. Rich woodlands; along streams: rare. Fl. April. Fr. Sept.

Obs. This is one of the most valuable and interesting of our rat-'
tive forest trees, — especially in the North and West — whercits sap,
in early spring, yields an immense quantity of Sugar and Syrup. —
The beautiful wood, known as Bird's-eye Maple — so much admired
in cabinet work — is believed to be aiforded by this species. The
tree is also much cultivated, and deservedly admired, as an orna-
mental shade tree. The A. nigrum, of MX. called Black Maple, seems
now to be regarded as a mere variety of the A. saccharinum. . Its
leaves, however, are usually larger and of a darker green, thicker,
and somewhat coriaceous in texture. It makes even a finer shade

I
46 DIALYPETALOUS EXOGENS

tree than the common variety, and is cultivated for that purpose, in
our villages, — though rarely met with in a wild state, here. It is
said to be more common than the other, at the South.

f f Flowers in short erect dusters, from lateral leafless buds, preceding the leaves.
* Petals none.

4. A. dasycarpum, Ehrh. Leaves palmately and deeply 5-
lobed, with the sinuses acute; ovaries densely tomentose; fruit
very large, — one samara often abortive.

A. eriocarpum. MX. § Fl. Cestr. ed. 2. p. 245.
WOOLLY-FRUITED ACER. Silver-leaved Maple. White Maple.

Stem 30 to 50 or 60 feet high, much and widely branching ; the young branches
virgate and rather drooping. Leaves 3 to 6 inches long, very glaucous or bluish-
white beneath; petioles 2 to 6 inches long. Flowers pale green, in fascicles mostly
of fives or sevens, on short pedicels ; calyx a crenately truncate cup. Samara,
when mature, 2 to near 3 inches long, somewhat resembling the wing of a huge
grasshopper.
Hob. Banks of rivers; Schuylkill: rare. Fl. April. Fr. May.

Obs. This has been extensively cultivated as a shade tree, of late, —
and it has the merit of easy culture, and rapid growth ; but it is
decidedly inferior (me judice] to both the Norway, and the Sugar
Maple.

** Petals 5.

5, A. rub rum, L. Leaves mostly 3-lobed, subcordate at base,
lobes acute, unequally incised-dentate ; ovaries smooth.

RED ACER. Red Maple. Swamp Maple.

Stem 30 to 60 or 80 feet high, branched, the young branches purplish. Leaves 2
to 4 inches long, glaucous beneath ; petioles 1 or 2 to 5 inches long. Flowers bright
purple — or often yellowish-tawny — on longish pedicels.
Hob. Moist, low grounds : common. Fl. March. Fr. Sept.

Obs. The variety with tawny flowers (first noticed, I believe, by
HUMPHRY MARSHALL), is quite frequent in Chester County, — ami
those flowers are generally sterile (staminate) ; while the purple
flowers, so far as I have observed, are constantly perfect and fertile.
The wood of this species — especially that sort known as Curled
Maple — is much esteemed in the manufacture of household furniture.

TT. NTEGIIN'DO, Moenck.

[A name of obscure derivation and doubtful meaning.]

Dioicous; Calyx minute, 4- or 5-cleft. Petals none. STAM. FL.
mostly pentandrous, on capillary fascicled pedicels. PISTILL. FL. m
simple slender pendulous racemes. Fruit as in Acer.

1« HT. aceroides, Moench. Leaves ternate or quinate-pinnate ;
leaflets rhombic-ovate, coarsely incised-dentate.
Acer Negundo. L. $ FL Cestr. ed. 2. p. 246.
ACER-LIKE NEGUNDO. Box-Elder. Ash-leaved Maple.

Stem 20 to 30 or 40 feet high, branched ; young branches with a yellowish-green
bark. Leaflets mostly 3, sometimes odd-pinnate in fives, 3 to 5 inches long ; com-
mon petioles 3 or 4 inches in length. Flowers yellowish-green, from lateral buds ;
ovaries hirsute ; fruit diverging.
Hob. Low grounds; along Brandy wine : not common. Fl. April. Fr. Sept.

SAP1XDACEAE 47

Obs. This little tree is certainly distinct, in habit, from the gen-
erality of Maples, — and seems to be finally separated from them, by
modern Botanists; but, if a tree is to be "known by its fruit," this
one will always be liable to be taken, or mistaken, for an Acer.

ORDER XXIX. SAPINDA^CEAE.

Mostly trees, or shrubs; leaves opposite, or alternate, mostly compound, without
stipules ; flowers unsyinmetrical ; ovary 3-celled ; fruit capsular, or baccate ; seeds
without albumen.

TRIBE 1. HIPPOCASTAVNEAE.

Leaves mostly opposite and digitate; ovules 2 in each cell; cotyledons thick and
fleshy, partly soldered together.

18. AES'CUMJS, L.

[The ancient name of a tree which bore esculent fruit.]

Calyx regular, 5-lobed. Petals 4 or 5, unequal. Stamens 6 to 8,
usually 7. Styles 3, united. Fruit a subglobose coriaceous capsule,
mostly 1-celled by abortion, 2- or 3-valved, with a loculicidal dehis-
cence. Seed large, globose, with a smooth reddish-brown coat, and
broad paler hilum.

1. M. HIPPOCASTANUM, L. Leaflets in sevens, obovate-cuneate,
acute, dentate ; petals five ; fruit echinate.
HORSE-CHESTNUT AESCULUS. Horse-Chestnut.

Stem 30 to 50 or 60 feet high, with opposite symmetrical rather erect branches;
young branches stout, never ramifying the same season — each year's growth being
a definite development from the large buds, and effected rapidly within a few
weeks. Leaflets sessile, 4 to 6 or 8 inches long, penninerved ; common petiole 4 to 8
inches long. Flowers white, with red spots, in large erect terminal thyrsoid
panicles.
Hob. Yards, and streets : cultivated. Fl. May. Fr. October. t

Obs. This ornamental tree (a native of Northern India) is only
now beginning to be appreciated, and to be introduced, here. In-
deed, it is marvellous to reflect, how inconsiderate our people have
been, until quite recently, on the subject of providing Shade trees, as
a shelter from the fervid glare of our Summer's sun. It is to be
hoped that owe posterity may be able to say, with more truth than
we can —

" Our fathers knew the value of a screen

From sultry suns; and in their shaded walks

And long protracted bowers, enjoyed at noon

The gloom and coolness of declining day."

There are several native species, in the Southern and Western
States, where they bear the name of Buck-eye, from a resemblance of
the seeds to the eye of that animal. These native trees, by reason
of their abundance, have become the popular emblem of Ohio —
which is known throughout the Union by the sobriquet of the "Buck-
eye State."

ORDER XXX. CELASTRACEAE.

Smatt trees, or shrubs; leaves alternate, or opposite, compound, or simple, with
inconspicuous or deciduous stipules: flowers regular, of 4 or 5 parts; sepals and
petals imbricated in the bud; stamens as many as the petals and alternate with

48 DIALYPETALOTJS EXOGEXS

them, inserted on a disk; fruit capsular, mostly 3-celled; seeds few, often arillate ;
embryo large, in fleshy albumen.

TRIBE 1. STAPHYLEVAE.

Leaves opposite, compound ; ovary many-ovuled, free from the cup-like disk ; seeds
bony, not arillate.

79. STAPHYUETA, L.

[Gr. Staphyle, a cluster ; from its mode of flowering.]

Sepals 5, erect. Petals 5. Pistil of 3 carpels united in the axis ;
styles long, at first cohering, but separating as the ovary enlarges
into a membranaceous inflated 3-lobed 3-celled capsule. Seeds obo-
void, smooth, 1 to 3 in each cell. Upright shrubs.

1. S. trifolia, L. Leaves ternate, on long petioles; leaflets
ovate, acuminate, serrulate, the terminal one petiolulate.
THKJSE-LEAVED STAPHYLEA. Bladder-nut,

Stem 6 to 12 feet high, with smooth slender branches. Leaflets 2 to 4 inches long.
Flowers white, in pendulous paniculate or racemose clusters, which are terminal
and axillary.
Hab. Moist thickets; along Brandy wine : not common. PL May. Fr. Sept.

TRIBE 2. EUONYMEVAE.

Leaves alternate, or opposite, simple; ovary 2-ovuled, immersed in the disk; seeds
coated with a pulpy arillus.

8O. CEIAS'TRUS, L.

[A name borrowed from the ancient Greek writers.]

Polygamo-dioicous : Sepals 5, connected at base. Petals*). Stamens
inserted on the margin of the cupshaped disk. Ovary usually 3-
celled; style thick; stigma 6-lobed. Capsule globular, loculicidal.
Seeds 1 or 2 in each cell, with a scarlet arillus. Leaves alternate.

1. C. SC^ndens, L- Stem shrubby, twining, unarmed; leaves

oval or obovate, acuminate, serrate.

CLIMBING CELASTRUS. Climbing Staff-tree. Wax-work.

Stem 10 to 15 feet long. Leaves 2 to 3 or 4 inches long, on petioles about % of an
inch in length. Flowers yellowish-green, in small racemes terminating the short
branches. Capsules about the size of large peas, orange-color when mature.
Hab. Thickets, fence-rows, &c.: frequent. FL June. Fr. Sept.|

81. EUOM'YMUS, Tournef.
[Gr. meaning good name ; the reason of which is obscure.]
Calyx 4- or 5-lobed, spreading flat, the base covered with a peltate
disk. Petals 4 or 5, rounded. Stamens short, inserted on the disk
which covers the ovary. Capsule 3- to 5-lobed, or angled, 3- to 5-
valved, smooth or verrucose; cells 1- or 2-seeded. Seeds nearly in-
closed in a red fleshy arillus. Leaves opposite.

1. E. atroplirpdreiis, Jacq. Leaves elliptic-ovate, acuminate,
petiolate; flowers tetramerous ; capsules smooth.
DARK-PURPLE EUONYMUS. Burning Bush. Spindle-tree.

Stem 6 to 8 or 10 feet high, branching; branches slightly 4-angled. Leaves 2 to 4
or 5 inches long; petioles about half an inch in length. Flowers dark purple, few
and iuosely cymose. Fruit smooth, pendulous, red at maturity.
Hab. Woodlands; Brandy wine: not common. Fl. June. Fr. October.

CELA8TRACEAE 49

2. E. Americ£miS5 L. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute, sub-
sessile ; flowers pentamerous ; capsule roughly verrucpse.
AMERICAN EUONYMUS. Strawberry tree.

Stem 2 to 5 or 6 feet high, slender; branches spreading, 4-angled, deep green.—
Leaves 1 to 2 or 3 inches long, often a little falcate, and almost sempervirent.
Flowers greenish-yellow, with a purple tinge. Capsule 5-valved, muricate, bright
crimson when mature. Seeds small, mostly two enveloped in each scarlet arillus.
Hob. Moist woodlands : not very common. Fl. June. Fr. Octo.

ORDER XXXI. RHAMNACEAE.

Shrubs, or small trees ; leaves simple, mostly alternate ; stipules minute ; flowers reg-
ular, small (sometimes apetalous) ; stamens as many as the valvate sepals, alternate
with them and opposite the petals; fruity capsule, or drupe, with 1-seeded cells;
seeds not arillate; embryo in fleshy albumen.

82. CEAWOVTHIIS, L.

[An ancient Greek name; applied to this genus.]

Calyx 5-lobed, circumscissed after flowering, — the lower portion ad-
herent to the fruit. Petals cucullate, on slender claws. Capsule
3-lobed, splitting into 3 carpels, which open on the inner side, at
maturity. Shrubs, with the small flowers in an oblong terminal
thyrsus.

1. C. Americslims, L. Leaves oblong-ovate, acuminate, pu-
bescent beneath ; common peduncles elongated.
AMERICAN CEANOTHUS. New Jersey Tea.

Root large, dark red ; stem 2 to 3 or 4 feet high, branched and bushy. Leaves 2
to 4 inches long, on short petioles. Flowers white, numerous, thyrsoid, in cymose
fascicles. Seeds rather large, oval, smooth and shining.
Hob. Woodlands, and thickets : frequent. FL June. Fr. Sept.

Obs. The Whigs, in the war of Independence, who were accus-
tomed to drinking Tea, substituted the leaves of this shrub for the
Chinese sorts, — which had become odiously associated with the
tyrannous attempts of the mother country to tax the Colonies.

ORDER XXXII. YITACEAE.

SliruJJby runners, usually with a loose, stringy, dark-brown bark,-^climbing by
tendrils which are opposite the leaves ; leaves alternate, simple and palmate-veined,
or compound, with deciduous stipules* flowers regular, small, mostly in compound
racemes, opposite the leaves ; petals 4 or 5, valvate, caducous ; stamens as many as
.IB petals, and opposite them; fruit a 2-celled 4-eeeded berry; seeds bony; embryo
minute, at the base of hard albumen.

83. TlTTiS, L.

[The ancient Latin name of the Vine.]
Calyx obsoletely 5-toothed, lined with a perigynous disk. Petals

0, cohering at apex, speedily pushed off by the stamens. Stigma
sessile. American species often potygamo-dioicous ; flowers greenish.

t Flowers att perfect (Exotic species)*

1. V. VINIF'ERA, L. Leaves variously palmate-lobed) sinuate-den-
tate, glabrous, or tomentose ; fruit of various sizes and colors.
WINE-PEODUCING Vins. Wine-Grape. Foreign Grape, &c.

50 DIALYPETALOUS EXOGENS

Stem 10 to 20 feet, or more, in length (usually kept short by pruning). Leavet
more or less lobed, generally rather smaller than in our native species. Berries
globose, oblong, or obovoid, dark blue, amber-color, or greenish-white.
Hal). Gardens, and Graperies. Nat. of Asia. Fl. June. Fr. Aug. Sept.

Obs. An almost incredible number of varieties, of this species,
have been produced by long culture. It is said, there are about
1400 in the Vineries of France. The Currants of commerce (Cor-
inths, or Grapes of Corinth) — often called Zante Currants — are be-
lieved to be a small-fruited and nearly seedless variety, — or perhaps
a distinct yet closely allied species. It seems now to be agreed, on
all hands, that in our climate, the only mode of securing a crop of
foreign Grapes, is to cultivate them under glass. In that way, the
delicious fruit may almost certain^ be obtained.

f f Flowers oftenpolygamo-diaicous (Native species).

2. V. Labrusca, L. Reaves roundish-cordate, somewhat 3-
lobed, densely tomentose beneath ; racemes simple ; berries large.
Fox-Grape (of the Northern States; not of Virginia).

Stem 15 to 20 or 30 feet long, straggling over bushes and small trees; branchlets
lanuginous. Leaves 4 to 6 inches in length, — the tomentum beneath persistent,
inclining to russet, or tawny ; petides 2 to 4 inches long. Flowers yellowish-green,
in rather short racemes. Berries globose, about half an inch in diameter, varying
at maturity from black to amber color, and sometimes greenish-white ; of a strong
musky or rancid flavor.
Hob. Moist thickets, along streams : frequent. Fl. June. Fr. Sept.

Obs. This gi-ape is believed to be the original of those cultivated
varieties (some of them possibly hybrids) known as Isabella, Schuyl-
kill, Raccoon, Catawba, Alexander's, Tasker's, and Blond's grape. —
They are all decided improvements upon the wild fruit ; and suc-
ceed much better, in this climate, than any of the foreign ones. The
Catawba grape, in particular, has yielded wine of a superior quality,
in Ohio, — and is well worthy of culture as a table grape.

3. V. aestivalis, MX. Leaves broadly cordate, often 3- to 5-
lobed, or sinuate-palmate, loosely tomentose beneath; racemes
densely compound ; berries small.

SUMMER VITIS. Little Grape. Summer Grape.

I ' -Stem 20 to 40, sometimes 60 feet, or more, in length, often climbing high trees. —
'Leaves 4 to 8 inches long, with a loose cobwjeb-like russet pubescence beneath,
" • *vhen young, more hirsute, — sometimes smoothish when older ; petioles 2 to 4
' inches long, Flowers greenish, often umbellulate in the longish compound ra-
cemes. Berries scarcely half the size of the preceding, deep blue or blueish-black,
and covered with a glaucous powder, when mature.
Hab. Woods, thickets, &c.: frequent. Fl. June. Fr. Octo.

Obs. The fruit of this, when fully mature, is of a sprightly acid
and agreeable flavor, — quite a favorite with those who are fond of
pastry Tarts; though the nut-like seeds are rather objectionable. —
Some of the varieties bear larger berries, which might probably be-
come more valuable under culture.

4. V. COrdifolia, MX. Leaves cordate, acuminate, incised-
dentate, smooth on both sides ; racemes slender, loosely compound ;
berries small.

VITACEAB 51

HEART-LEAVED VITIS. Chicken Grape. Winter Grape.

Stem 10 to 20 feet long, climbing and spreading over bushes. Leaves 2 to 6 inches
long, smooth and a little shining, the nerves beneath pubescent; petioles 2 to 5
inches long. Flowers greenish, in loose racemes, which often have long abortive
branches at base, retrograding into tendrils. Fruit small, greenish amber color, or
sometimes nearly black, when mature, very acerb.

Hob. Thickets, fence-rows, &c.: frequent. FL June. Fr. NOT.
Obs. This was mistaken for the V. vulpina, of Linn, until Mr.
ELLIOTT suggested that the true original Fox Grape was most prob-
ably what MICHAUX named V. rotundifolia ; and which is known in
Virginia, and further South, by the various names of Fox Grape,
Bull, or Bullet Grape, Muscadine, and Scuppernong Grape.

84. AM PEL-OP'SIS, MX.

[Or. Ampdos, vine, and opsis, aspect ; from its resemblance to the Vine.]
Calyx slightly 5-toothed, without a perigynous disk. Petals 5,
opening at apex, spreading, or reflexed.

1. A. quinquef olia, MX, Leaves digitate in fives ; leaflets

ovate-oblong, smooth ; racemes cymose.

A. hederacea. DC. $ FL Cestr. ed. 2. p. 153.

FIVE-LEAVED AMPELOPSIS. Virginia Creeper. American Ivy.

Stem 10 to 30 or 40 feet long, diffusely branching, climbing trees and walls, clinging
to them by adhesive expansions of the points of the tendrils. Leaflets 2 to 4 inches
long, becoming crimson in autumn ; common petiole 2 to 6 inches long. Flowers
yellowish-green, umbellulate in compound cymes. Berries blueish-black ; pedun-
cles crimson.
Hob. Woodlands, thickets, &c.: common. FL July. Fr. Octo.

Obs. This is often cultivated against walls, — making a brilliant
show, for a few days, in autumn.

ORDER XXXIII. POLYGALACEAE.

Jferbs (in the U. States) ; leaves mostly alternate, simple, entire, without stipules ;
flowers irregular, somewhat papilionaceous ; stamens 4 to S, diadelphous ; anthers '.
mostly 1-celled, opening by a pore at summit ; style curved, often cucullate ; fruit
a compressed, 2-celled 2-seeded capsule; seeds carunculate; embryo large, in the
axis of scanty albumen.

85. POI,YG'ALA, Tournef.

[Gr. Pulys, much, and Gala, milk; being supposed to promote that secretion.]
Sepals 5, persistent, — the upper and 2 lower ones small, greenish,,
the 2 lateral ones (called wings) much larger, and petal-like. Petals
3, hypogynous, connected with each other, and with the stamen-
lube, — the middle or lower one keel-shaped, often crested. Capsule
compressed contrary to the narrow septum, loculicidal. Seeds with
an arillus-like caruncle, or variously shaped appendage at the
hilum.(o,)

(a) A. DE ST. HILAIRE says, " La caroncule des Polygala, ne naissant point sur le
cordon ombilical, ne peut 'etre un ariUe. Cette caroncule est, coiuine celle dea
Kicins, le resultat de 1' epaississement des bords du micropyle."

52 DIALYPETALOUS EXOGENS

f ANNUAL: * Leaves all scattered; flowers purplish.

1. P. sangllinea, L. Leaves oblong-linear; wings broadly
ovate, very obtuse ; caruncle nearly as long as the seed.

P. purpurea. Nutt. $ Fl. Cestr. ed. 2. p. 401. (not of Ait. which is
P.paucifolia, Willd.}.
BLOODY POLYGALA.

Stem 6 to 9 or 12 inches high, erect, angular, corymbosely branched above, often
simple. Leaves half an inch to an inch long, subsessile. Flowers more or less
purple, in oblong subcylindric heads, which are half an inch to near an inch in
length.
Hob. Low grounds, thickets, <fcc.: Fl. July. Fr. Aug.

* * Lower leaves, at least, verticillate ; flowers greenish-white.

2. P. cruciata, L. Branches opposite ; leaves nearly all verti-
cillate, linear-oblanceolate ; wings broadly deltoid-ovate, cuspidate.
CROSSED POLYGALA.

Stem 4 to 8 inches high, with spreading branches. Leaves about an inch long.—
Heads of flowers cylindrical or ovoid-oblong.
Hob. Moist low grounds ; New London : rare. Fl. Aug. Fr. Sept.

Obs. This was collected near Russellville, in 1848, by Mr. YIN-
CENT BARNARD.

3. P. verticillata, L. Branches and stem-leaves verticillate ;
branch-leaves scattered, lance-linear ; spikes elongated ; wings or-
bicular, clawed.

VERTICILLATE POLYGALA.

Stem 3 to 6 or 8 inches high, diffusely and brachiately branched. Leaves one
third of an inch to an inch long, sessile. Spikes of flowers one-third to three
fourths of an inch long, on slender peduncles of about the same length.
Hob. Dry banks; borders of woods: frequent. Fl. July. Fr. Aug.

4. P. ainbigna, Nutt. Branches alternate, erect, slender and
virgate ; leaves narrowly linear, — the lowest verticillate, the rest
scattered ; spikes very slender ; wings oval.

AMBIGUOUS POLYGALA.

Stem 9 to 12 or 15 inches high, with numerous branches. Leaves 1-fourth of an
inch to an inch long. Spikes of flowers half an inch to an inch and half long, on
slender naked peduncles 1 to 2 inches in length.
Hob. Slaty hills, and sterile fields: frequent. Fl. July. Fr. Aug.

f f PERENNIAL : * flowers white.

5. P. Senega, L. Stems simple ; leaves alternate, lanceolate :
wings oval, or roundish-obovate.

SENEKA SNAKE-ROOT. Mountain Flax. Milk-wort.

Hoot thick, knotty and hard, with coarse branches. Stem 9 to 15 inches high,
rather limber, mostly several from the same root. Leaves 1 to 2 or 3 inches long,
narrowed at base to a short petiole. Spike of flowers 1 to 2 inches in length, some-
what nodding on &n&ke& peduncle about an inch long. Seeds large, pyriform, hairy.
Hob. Hilly woodlands : not uncommon. Fl. May. Fr. July.

Obs. The root of this species is well known in the shops, for its
active medicinal properties.

POLYGALACEAE 53

* * Flowers purple.

6. P. paucif6Iia, WiUd. Rhizoma creeping; branches erect,
simple, leafy at summit; leaves elliptic-ovate, acute at each end,
pubescent-ciliate, petiolate ; terminal flowers 1 to 3, large, crest of
the keel fringed ; radical flowers wingless, fertile.
FEAV-LEAVED POLTGALA. Flowering Wintergreen.

Branches 3 to 4 inches high, slender. Lower leaves small and scale-like, distant,
—the upper ones crowded at summit, about an inch long; petioles about % of an
inch in length. Terminal flowers large and showy, pedunculate, in the bosom of
the leaves ; concealed flowers whitish, borne by the prostrate branching rhizoma.
Hob. Shaded swamps; woods, &c. E. Nottingham: rare. Fl. May. Fr.

Obs. This pretty little species has been detected in the extreme
S. Western parts of the County, by Mr. NATHAN MILNER, — for a
knowledge of which I am indebted to the active researches of my
indefatigable friend, JOSHUA HOOPES.

ORDER XXXIV. LEaiJMINOSAE.

Herb&, shrubs, or trees; leaves alternate, usually compound, stipulate ; flowers gen-
erally papilionaceous; stamens mostly 10, diadelphous (9 and 1), or rarely distinct;
pistil simple, becoming a legume in fruit; seeds attached to the upper suture, mostly
without albumen.

This vast family— comprising upwards of 400 Genera— is as important as it
is comprehensive. Among the remarkable plants (or products) belonging to the
Order, and not here described, may be mentioned— on account of their value, beauty,
or other characteristic — the Loffwood (Haematoxylon Campechianum, L.) — the In-
digo plant (Indigofera tinctoria, L.) — -the Braziletto or Brazil-wood (Caesalpinia Bra-
siliensis, L.) — the Rose wood (a species of J/t'mosa)~-the Sissoo wood of India
(Dalbergia Sissoo, Roxb.}— the Red Sandal wood (Pterocarpus santalinus, Z.) —
the Liquorice plant (Glycyrrhiza glabra, L.)— -the Tamarind tree (Tamarindus
Indica, L.)— the Tonka Bean (Dipterix odorata, Willd.}—ihe Senna of the shops
(Cassia, Senna, £.)— the plants yielding Gum Arabic (species of Acacia)— -the
pretty Laburnum (Cytisus Laburnum, X.)-^the wonderful Sensitive plant (Mi-
mosa pudica, L.~) — &c., &c. The famous Chinese condiment, called Soy, is also
obtained from the seeds of a plant (Soja hispida, DC.) belonging to this order; and
the bean named " Dhal," in India, is the seed of the Cajanus flavus, DC.

SUBORDER I. PAPILIONA^CEAE.

Leaves mostly pinnate, or pinnately trifoliolate ; flowers usually perfect ; coroUa
butterfly-shaped; radicle mostly incurved.

TRIBE 1. VICIE\AJE.

Herbs ; Uaves mostly even-pinnate (odd in Cicer), — the common petiole not articu-
lated with the stem, generally produced at apex into a bristle, or tendril ; legume
continuous, 1-celled ; cotyledons very thick and fleshy, or farinaceous, remaining
under ground in germination.

86. CrCER, Tournef.

[The ancient Latin name for a species of Vetch; applied to this genus.]
Calyx somewhat gibbous at base, 5-parted, the 4 upper segments
incumbent on the vexillum. Legume turgid, 2-seeded; seeds gib-
bous.

1. C. ARIETIXNUM, L. Leaves odd-pinnate ; leaflets cuneate-obovate,
serrate; stipules lanceolate, sub- denticulate; calyx-segments as
long as the wings of the corolla.

54 DIALYPETALOUS EXOGEXS

RAM CICEE. Chick Pea. Coffee Pea. Garavance.

Annual; hoary and glandular-pilose, — the hairs secreting oxalic acid. Stem 9 to
18 inches high, somewhat branching. Leaflets about half an inch long, in 4 to 6
pairs (often alternate), with a terminal odd one instead of a tendril. Flowers
•white, solitary, axillary, or slender peduncles half an inch to an inch in length. _
Seeds resembling a ram's head, in form.
Hob. Gardens, &c. Nat. of Asia. Fl. July. Fr. Aug.

Obs. This is sometimes cultivated for the seeds, — which are said
to be a tolerable substitute for Coffee. The seeds are much used,
as food for horses, &c. in India, — being very abundant (as I recol-
lect to have seen it) in the Bazaars, at Calcutta, under the name of
"Gram." This Vetch is the "Hamoos Pea" which is announced as
a novelty, or great curiosity (discovered among the Arabs), in
LYNCH'S Expedition to the Dead Sea ; though it has been familiarly
known in the gardens, throughout the civilized world, ever since
the days of TOURNEFORT — if not of HOMER! So much, for the
penny- wise policy of sending out Exploring Expeditions unaccompa-
nied by competent Naturalists.

87. FAVBA, Tournef.

[The Latin name for a Bean ; appropriated to this genus.]
Calyx tubular, 5-cleft, the 2 upper segments shorter. Style bent
nearly to a right angle. Legume large, coriaceous, several-seeded,
Seeds oblong-oval, compressed, the hilum at one end.

1. F. VULGARIS, Moench. Leaflets 2 to 4; oval, mucronate; stipules
semi-sagittate, obliquely ovate ; tendrils obsolete.
COMMON FABA. Horse Bean. Windsor Bean.

Annual; smooth. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, erect, simple. Leaflets 2 to 3 inches long.
Flowers in simple erect axillary racemes : Corolla white, with a large black spot on
each wing. Legume torulose ; seeds large.
Hob. Gardens, &c. Nat. of Asia. Fl. June. Fr. Aug.

88. VrCIA, Tournef.
[The ancient Latin name for the Vetch, or Tare.]

Calyx 5-cleft, or 5-toothed, the 2 upper teeth shorter. Style filiform,
bent; stigma villous. Legume oblong, mostly many-seeded. Seeds
with the hilum lateral.

f ANNUAL: * Peduncles very short.

1. V. satlva, L. Stem simple; leaflets 5 to 7 pairs, obovate-oblong
to linear, retuse, mucronate ; flowers mostly in pairs.
CULTIVATED VICIA. Common Vetch. Tare.

Stem 1 to 3 feet long, procumbent, or climbing by tendrils. Leaflets % °f an
inch to an inch and half in length, Flowers violet-purple, axillary, subsessile.
Hob. Cultivated grounds : Nat. of Europe. Fl. June. Fr. Aug.

Obs. This species was formerly much cultivated, and seems still
to be highly prized, in Europe, as a fodder for cattle ; but in this
country, it is regarded as a mere weed.

* * Peduncles elongated.

58. V. hirsuta, Koch. Stem branching, slender; leaflets in 4 to 8 or

LEGUMINOSAB 55

10 pairs, sublinear, truncate; flowers 3 to 6; legume 2-seeded,

hairy.

Ervum hirsutum. L. $ Fl. Cestr. ed. 2. p. 426.

HIRSUTE VICIA. Hairy Vetch.

Stem 2 to 3 feet long. Leaflets about half an inch long. Flowers pale purplish-
blue; common peduncles axillary, about an inch in length.
Hob. Banks of Schuylkill : rare. Nat of Europe. FL May. Fr. July.

3. V. Crdcca, L. Leaflets in 10 to 12 pairs, oblong-lanceolate,
strongly mucronate; racemes densely many-flowered, longer than
the leaves.

TUFTED VETCH.

Stem 18 inches to 3 feet long, 4-angled, branching, pubescent, climbing by ten-
drils. Leaflets about an inch long, silky-pilose beneath. Flowers pale violet-pur-
ple, retrorsely imbricated in dense secund racemes; common peduncles axillary,!
to 3 inches long. Seeds subglobose, nearly black.
Hob. Borders of woods ; indigenous ? not common. FL June. Fr. Aug.

4. V. AmcriciiBi Jl, MuhL Leaflets in 4 to 7 pairs, elliptic or
ovate-oblong, very obtuse ; racemes 4- to 8-flowered, shorter than
the leaves.

AMERICAN VICIA. Wild Vetch,

Stem 2 to 3 feet long, smooth, branching near the base. Leaflets half an inch to
an inch and half long, smooth. Flowers pale purple, rather large ; common pedun-
cles axillary, about an inch long.
Hob. Banks of the Schuylkill : rare. Fl. June. Fr.

89. ER/YUM, Tournef.
[The Latin name for a species of Vetch,]

Calyx 5-parted ; segments lance-linear, about as long as the corolla.
Style ascending; stigma, glabrous. Legume 2- to 4-seeded.
1. E. LENS, L. Erect; branching; leaflets in 3 to 6 or 8 pairs,
elliptic-oblong; peduncles 2- or 3-flowered; legumes short and
rather broad ; seeds lenticular.
Lentil. Common, or Garden Lentil.

Annual. Stem 6 to 12 inches high, slightly pubescent. Leaflets half an inch to
an inch long; common petioles 1 to 2 inches long. Flowers white; common pedun-
cles axillary, half an inch to an inch in length. Legumes about half an inch long.
Hob. Gardens: Nat. of Europe. Fl. June. Fr. Aug.

Obs. It appears from Dr. J. D. HOOKER'S Note*, that the seeds
of this plant are sometimes called "Gram," in India; but that name
is believed to be more usually applied to the seeds of Cicer.

90. PrSUM, Tournef.
[The Latin name of the Pea.]

Calyx-segments foliaceous. Vexillum large, reflexed. Style com-
pressed, villous on the upper margin. Legume oblong. Seeds nu-
merous, globose, with an orbicular hilum.

1. P. SATiVuM, L. Leaflets in 2 pairs, rhombic-ovate ; stipules very
large, ovate ; peduncles 2- or several-flowered ; legumes subcarnose.
CULTIVATED PISUM. Pea. Garden Pea.
Annual ; smooth and glaucous. Stem 18 inches to 4 feet long, somewhat branch-

56 DIALYPETALOUS EXOGENS

ing, climbing by tendrils. Leaflets 1 to 2 or 3 inches long ; common petioles 2 to 4
or 5 inches long; stipules rather larger than the leaflets. Flowers white, on com-
mon peduncles 1 or 2 to 6 inches long.
Hob. Gardens, &c. Nat. Country unknown. FL June. Fr. July.

Obs. Long culture in this, as in a number of other plants, has
produced some striking varieties.

TRIBE 2. PHASEOVLEAE.

Twining or trailing plants ; leaves trifoliolate or odd-pinnate, and therefore not ter-
minating in tendrils; leaflets mostly stipellate ; legume continuous, often torulose ;
seeds usually reniform, with thick cotyledons which rise above ground (often nearly
unchanged) in germination.

f Keel twisted. * Leaves trifoliolate.
91. PHASEXOMJS, L.

[The ancient name of the Kidney Bean.]

Calyx sub-bilabiate, upper lip bifid, the lower trifid. Keel (of the
corolla], •with the included stamens and style, spirally coiled or in-
curved. Ovary stipitate, the stipe sheathed. Legume linear or fal-
cate, tipt with the base of the style, many-seeded.

1. P. pereimis, Walt. Stem volubile or trailing ; leaflets round-
ish-ovate, acute; peduncles often in pairs; calyx-bracts minute;
legumes falcate.

PERENNIAL PHASEOLUS. Wild Kidney Bean.

Perennial. Stem 4 to 6 or 8 feet long, branching, mostly trailing. Leaflets 2 to 4
inches long, often subcordate, adhesively scabrous beneath ; common petioles 1 to 3
or 4 inches long. Flowers purple tinged with violet, in loose slender racemes ;
peduncles 2 to 6 or 8 inches long. Seeds reniform, dark purple.
Hob. Rocky woodlands; not very common. Fl. July. Fr. Sept.

2. P. lielvolMS, L. Stem trailing, slender; leaflets deltoid ob-
long, or ovate-oblong, rather obtuse; peduncles solitary; calyx-
bracts lance-oblong; legumes linear, hairy.

P. vexillatus. L. $ FL Cestr. ed. 2. p. 430.
PALE-RED PHASEOLUS.

Perennial. Stem 2 to 4 feet long, retrorsely hairy, branching. Leaflets 1 to 2
inches long ; common petioles half an inch to an inch and a half long. Flowers
pale purple, 3 to 5 or 7 in subcapitate racemes at the summit of axillary pedancUs
which are 3 to 6 or 8 inches long. Seeds pubescent.
Hob. Hills, near Schuylkill; W. Nottingham: rare. Fl. Aug. FT. Octo.

3. P. VULGARIS, Savi. Stem volubile, or bushy ; leaflets ovate, acu-
minate ; bracts as long as the calyx ; legumes nearly linear and
straight; seeds reniform.

COMMON PHASEOLUS. String Bean. Pole Bean. Bunch Bean.

Annual. Stem 4 to 6 or 8 feet long, volubile and climbing (always twining
against the Sun— or West-South-East), — or short, erect and bushy, in the " Bunch "
Variety. Leaflets 2 to 4 or 5 inches long; common petioles 1 to 5 or 6 inches in
length. Flowers mostly white, in solitary racemes, on stout peduncles 1 to 3 or 4
inches long. Seeds smooth, white, or of various colors.
Hob. Gardens, fields, &c. Nat. of India. Fl. July. Fr. Sept.

4. P. LUNk-rus, L. Stem volubile; leaflets deltoid-ovate, acute;
peduncles short; legumes scymitar-form ; seeds compressed, broad.

LEGUMINOSAE 67

LUNATE PHASEOLUS. Lima Bean. Carolina Bean.

Annual. Stem 6 to 8 or 10 feet long, twining. Leaflets 2 to 4 inches long; com-
mon petioles 2 to 6 inches long. Flowers greenish-white, in loose racemes; pedun-
cles about two-thirds of an inch long. Legumes 2 to 3 inches long, and nearly an
inch wide, compressed and somewhat curved. Seeds few, large, flattish and mostly
white.
Hab. Gardens, and lots. Nat. of India. FL July. Fr. Sept.

* * Leaves odd-pinnate.

92. AP'IOS, Boerh.

[Gr. Apian, a Pear; from its pyriform tuhers.]

Calyx campanulate, with 4 rounded obsolete teeth, and 1 longer,
acute. Keel linear, falcate, reflecting the vexillum, finally twisted.
Legume thickish, subcoriaceous, many-seeded.

1. A. tuberOsa, Moench. Stem volubile; leaflets mostly in fives,
ovate-lanceolate, not stipellate ; racemes oblong, dense-flowered.
TUBEROUS APIOS. Ground-nut.

Perennial. Boot tuberiferous. Stem 4 to 6 or 8 feet long, slender, sparingly
branched. Leaflets 3 to 7, 2 or 3 inches in length; common petioks 1 to 2 inches
long. Flowers a dingy brownish-purple, with tinges of green, in dense axillary
racemes an inch or two in length ; peduncles half an inch to an inch long. Legumes
subfalcate. Seeds reniform.
Hab. Moist thickets, fence-rows, &c.: frequent. FL Aug. Fr. Sept.

Obs. The flowers of this are rather handsome and fragrant ; and
the tubers are said to be esculent. According to KALM, the Indians
and Swedes called the plant " Hopniss, or Hapniss."

f f Keel not twisted: leaves trifoliolate.

93. GAL-AC'TTA, P. Br.

[Gr. Gala, milk ; some of the species being lactescent.]

Calyx 4-cleft, the upper segment broadest. Keel scarcely incurved.
Style smooth. Legume linear, subterete, 1 -celled, several-seeded.

1. O. glabella, MX. Stem trailing; leaflets ovate-oblong and

elliptic, obtuse, often emarginate, upper surface shining; racemes

few-flowered,

SMOOTHISH GALACTIA. Milk Pea.

Perennial. Stems 2 to 3 or 4 feet long, slender, terete, branching. Leaflets about
an inch or inch and a half long ; common petioles half an inch to an inch in length.
Racemes axillary, about as long as the leaves. Flowers purple and white, tinged
with pale green. Seeds a motley brown color.
Hab. North Valley hill: rare. FL July. Fr. Sept.

94. AMPHICARPANEA. Ell.

[Gr. Amphi, double, or in two ways, and karpos, fruit: descriptive of the plant.]
Flowers of 2 kinds : those of the racemes complete, but mostly abor-
tive ; those on long slender branches from near the root solitary
and incomplete, yet fertile, loosely buried. Calyx of the complete
flowers tubular, 4-toothed, without bracts. Keel and wing-petals
similar, nearly straight, the vexillum partly folded round them.

A. llionoica, Nutt. Stem volubile, slender, hairy; leaflets

58 DIALYPETALOUS EXOGENS

rhombic-ovate ; racemes pendulous ; radical peduncles filiform, bear-
ing apetalous and often merely pistillate flowers.
MONOICOUS AMPHICARPAEA. Hog Pea-nut.

Annual ? Stem 3 to 6 or 8 feet long, sparingly branched. Lea.flds 1 to 2 or 3
inches long ; common petioles 1 to 3 or 4 inches long. Racemes axillary, on pedun-
cles half an inch to near 3 inches in length; flowers pale purple, or nearly white ;
peduncles from near the base of the stem 2 to 8 or 10 inches long, often branching,
mostly with a solitary legume at the extremity, which is buried in loose earth, or
under old leaves, near the root. Cauline legumes about an inch long, subfalcate,
3- or 4-seeded; seeds subreniform, dark purple : Hypogaean legumes about one-third
of an inch long, compressed, suborbicular, hirsute, tawny, 1-seeded ; seed com-
presed, orbicular, mottled reddish-brown.
Hah. Woods, and thickets : frequent. Fl. Aug. Fr. Sept.

TRIBE 3. HEDYSA^REAE.

Leaves mostly trifoliolate, — the leaflets often stipellate ; stamens sometimes mona-
delphous ; legume (or lament) separating transversely into 2 or more 1-seeded inde-
hiscent joints, — or sometimes reduced to 1 such joint ; cotyledons thin, becoming
green in germination.

95. DESMOvmtIM? DC.

[Gr. Desmos, a chain, and eidos, form; alluding to the jointed pods.]
Calyx somewhat bilabiate. Legume compressed, deeply lobed on
the lower margin, finally separating into 2 or more tenaciously
hispid joints. Perennial herbs, with pinnately trifoliolate leaves;
leaflets stipellate ; flowers more or less purplish, in terminal or axil-
lary racemes, which are often elongated and paniculate.

gl. STEM erect, or ascending : racemes mostly elongated, terminal and subterminal.
f Stipules inconspicuous, setaceous, or subulate; legumes of 2 to 4 joints.

1. 1>. nudifluriim, DC. Leaves all crowded at the summit of
the sterile stem ; panicle on a tall and mostly naked scape.
NAKED-FLOWERED DESMODIUM.

Stem 6 to 12 inches high. Leaflets 2 to 3 inches long, obliquely ovate, acute ;
common petioles 2 to 6 inches in length. Racemes paniculate, slender, on a scape-
like peduncle 18 inches to 3 feet long, which proceeds from near the root, and is
mostly decumbent at base, becoming nearly upright at a little distance, and ap-
pearing like a distinct plant, sometimes bearing 1 to 2 trifoliolate leaves. Joints of
the legume usually 3 or 4, somewhat triangular, slightly connected.
Hob. Woodlands : common. Fl. July. Fr. Sept.

2, D. ac u mi II ill ii ill, DC. Leaves all crowded at the summit
of the stem, from which arises the long-peduncled panicle ; leaflets
orbicular-ovate, acuminate.

ACUMINATE DESMODIUM.

Stem 9 to 15 inches high. Leaflets 2 to 4 or 5 inches long, thin; common petioles
2 to 6 or 8 inches in length. Racemes paniculate, slender, on a terminal peduncle
12 to 18 inches long. Joints of the legume 2 or 3 (often 1), slightly connected,
broad, semi-obovate, pubescent and tenacious.
Hob. Rich woodlands : common. Fl. July. Fl. Aug.

3. D. pane if lor um, DC. Leaves scattered along the low-
ascending stem ; leaflets rhombic-ovate ; raceme few-flowered, on a
short peduncle.

LEGUMINOSAE 59

FEW-FLOWERED DESMODIUM.

Stem 6 to 12 inches high, with the leaves scattered, but more approximated near
the base and summit Leaflets 1 to 3 inches long; common petioles 1 to 3 inches in
length ; stymies obsolete. Raceme bearing 3 or 4 to 8 or 10 flowers; peduncle often
shorter than the upper leaves. Joints of the legume 2 or 3 (sometimes 1), resem-
bling those of the preceding species.
Ilab. Woods, and clearings : not common. Fl. Aug. Fr. Sept.

4. I>. IMlleilii, Darlingt. Stem pubescent, branching; leaflets
ovate-oblong, mostly obtuse, paler and finely pubescent beneath;
racemes paniculate, rather loose and slender.
DILLENIUS'S DESMODIUM.

Stem about 2 feet high. Leaflets an inch and a half to 3 inches long, varying
from oval to oblong and ovate, sometimes rather acute, villous when young : com-
mon petioles half an inch to an inch and half in length. Racemes with angular
and often sulcate branches. Joints of the legume mostly 3 or 4, more or less
rhomboid, uncinately pubescent.
Hob. Borders of woods, and thickets : frequent. Fl. Aug. Fr. Sept.

#. 1>. paniCUlatum, DC. Stem smoothish, often branching ;
leaflets oblong lanceolate, tapering J;o a blunt point, thin; racemes
paniculate, slender.
PANICULATE DESMODIUM.

Stem 2 to 3 feet high, rather slender. Leaflets 1 to 3 inches long, mostly smooth
and shining green above, paler and sparingly pilose beneath, slightly revolute on
the margin ; common petioles 1 to 2 inches long. Racemes with the pedicels in
twos and threes. Joints of the legume mostly 3 or 4 (sometimes 2 and even 1),
subtriangular, or somewhat rhomboid by an obtuse angle on the upper margin,
adhesive by short uncinate hairs.
Hob. Borders of thickets : common. FL Aug. Fr, Sept.

6. D. Marilandieum, Boott. Smoothish throughout; stem
slender, mostly simple; leaflets small, thinnish, roundish-ovate,
very obtuse, subcordate at bas«.
MARYLAND DESMODIUM.

Stem 18 inches or 2 feet high, often several from the same root, paniculate at
summit. Leaflets about % of an inch long, often orbicular ; common petioles half an
inch to an inch in length. Racemes paniculate, erect, — the branches minutely
pubescent. Joints of the legume 2 or 3 (sometimes 1), semi-orbicular, uncinately
hirsute.
Hob. Dry, hilly woodlands; frequent. Fl. Aug. Fr. Sep.

tV. D. ciliare, DC. Stem rather slender, hairy, nearly simple;
leaves somewhat crowded, on short petioles; leaflets small, ovate
or oval, subcoriaceous, hairy and ciliate.
FRINGED DESMODIUM.

Stem about 2 feet high, roughish-pubescent, paniculate at summit. Leaflets half
an inch to an inch long; common petioles one-fourth to half an inch in length,
re-ry hairy. Racemes paniculate, the branches clothed with a roughish uncinate
pubescence. Joints of the legume 2 or 3 (sometimes 1), semi-orbicular, or obliquely
obovate, hispid.
Bab. Slaty hills, and old fields : frequent. Fl. Aug. Fr. Sept

60 DIALYPETALOUS EXOGENS

t f Stipules (and bracts) large: legumes of 2 or 3 to 6 joints.

8. D. rigidum, DC. Roughish-pubescent; leaflets ovate-oblong,
rather obtuse, thickish and subcoriaceous, scabrous above, hairy
and canescent beneath.

RIGID DESMODIUM.

Stem 2 to 3 feet high, paniculate at summit, often with long erect branches. —
Leaflets 1 to 3 inches long, ciliate, and reticulately veined ; common petioles % of an
inch to an inch in length. Racemes elongated, the branches rough with uncinate
pubescence. Joints of the legume mostly 2 or 3, resembling those of D. ciliare.
Hob. Dry, open woodlands, and clearings : frequent. Fl. Aug. Fr. Sept.

9. D. CUSpidatlim, Torr. $ Gr. Smooth ; leaflets lance-ovate,

acute or acuminate ; panicle elongating; bracts conspicuously acu-
minate.

D. bracteosum. DO. $ FL Cestr. ed. 2. p. 416.
CUSPIDATE DESMODIUM.

Stem 3 to 5 feet high, rather stout, simple or sparingly branched. Leaflets 2 to 5
inches long; common petioles 1 to 3 or 4 inches in length. Racemes long and rather
slender. Flowers rather large. Joints of the legume 4 to 6, triangular-oblong,
strongly and reticulately veined, uncinately hispid and tenacious, especially along
the margins.
Hob. Along shaded rivulets; thickets, &c.: frequent. FL Aug. Fr. Sept.

10. D. viridiflomm, Beck. Stem very pubescent, uncinately
hirsute at summit; leaflets ovate, mostly obtuse, scabrous above,
softly villous beneath ; flowers bluish-green externally.
GREEN-FLOWERED DESMODIUM.

Stem 3 to 4 feet high, rather stout, paniculately branching. Leaflets 2 to 4 inches
long, bluish glaucous beneath ; common petioles half an inch to an inch in length,
very hairy. Flowers violet-purple within, turning blue-green in withering ; ra-
cemes paniculate, long and leafless. Joints of the legume usually 3 or 4, obtusely
triangular, uncinately pubescent.
Bab. Woodlands, and thickets : frequent. Fl. Aug. Fr. Sept.

11. D. canescens, DO. Stem hairy and scabrous; leaflets
ovate, acute or subacuminate, scabrous on both sides, glaucous and
reticulated beneath ; panicle large, very hairy and canescent.
HOARY DESMODIUM.

Stem 3 to 4 or 5 feet high, stout and branching. Leaflets 2 to 4 inches long, often
subdeltoid, acuminately tapering to the apex ; common petioles 1 to 3 or 4 inches
long. Racemes terminal and axillary, on leafy branches. Joints of the legume
mostly 5 or 6, rhomboid or oblong-triangular, reticulately veined, uncinately hispid.
Hob. Moist grounds; thickets, &c.: frequent. Fl. July. Fr. Sept.

§ 2. STEM prostrate : racemes short, axillary and terminal.

12. D. rotlindifolium, DC. Hairy all over; leaflets orbicu-
lar, the terminal one subrhomboid, larger; stipules large, obliquely
ovate, reflexed; racemes few-flowered.

ROUND-LEAVED DESMODIUM.

Stem 2 to 4 feet long, slender, trailing, somewhat branched. Leaflets 1 to 2%
inches in diameter, thin, ciliate, somewhat glaucous beneath ; common petioles 1 to
3 inches long. Flowers in axillary pedunculate racemes, and also in a loose slen-
der terminal panicle. Joints of the legume 3 to 5, subrhomboid, tenaciously hispid.
Hob. Rocky woodlands : frequent. Fl. Aug. Fr. Sept.

LEGUMIXOSAE 61

96. L,ESPEDEVZA, MX.

[Dedicated, by Michaux, to the Spanish Governor of Florida, Don LespedezJ]
Calyx nearly equally 5-cleft, with 2 persistent bractlets at base. —
Legume of a single 1-seeded joint, lenticular, unarmed, reticulately
veined. Perennials, with pinnately trifoliolate leaves; leaflets not
stipellate; flowers sometimes incomplete, and polygamous.

f Flowers of 2 sorts; tiie larger (violet purpls) complete, but seldom fertile, clustered)
— with smaller apetalous fertile ones intermixed.

1. It. procumbens, MX. Stem trailing, usually very pubescent ;
leaflets oval ; racemes sub-umbellate on long erect axillary pedun-
cles.

PROCUMBENT LESPEDEZA.

/Stem. 2 to 3 feet long, branching, often several from the same root; branches
erect or assurgent. Leaflets one-third to three-fourths of an inch long; common
jxtioles 1 line to half an inch in length. Ligume 2 to 3 times as long as the calyx,
orbicular-ovate, pubescent with short appressed hairs*
Hob, Sandy banks, and dry woodlands : frequent. Fl. Aug. Fr. Octo.

2. Li. violstcea, Pers. Stem more or less erect, branched, often
bushy; leaflets varying from oval to linear, whitish-downy be-
neath ; flowers in small and mostly pedunculate clusters.

Also, L. sessiliflora, Nutt. & L. reticulata, Pers. $ Fl. Cestr. ed. 2.

p. 419-20.

VIOLET LESPEDEZA. Bush Clover.

Stem 1 to 2 feet high, slender and often diffusely branching, sometimes corym-
bose, more or less pubescent. Leaflets half an inch to an inch and half long, oval
or obovate, — in the var. reticulata (or angustifdia), oblong-linear, 1 to 3 lines wide,
— in the var. sessiliflora, ovate-oblong, one-third to two-thirds of an inch wide ;
common petioles % of an inch to an inch and half in length. Flowers in subum-
bellate clusters, on slender axillary peduncles as long or longer than the leaves, —
or (in the varieties} in subsessile axillary clusters. Legume 2 or 3 times as long as
the calyx, somewhat pubescent.
Hob. Borders of woods; dry banks, &c.: frequent. FL Aug. Fr. Octo.

Obs* Two or three pretty distinct-looking varieties are now inclu-
ded under the name of this species.

3. JL. Stilvei, Nutt. Stem ^rect, hairy, somewhat virgately
branched above; leaflets ovate to obovate, villous beneath; ra-
cemes spicate, many-flowered.

L. Nuttallii. Fl. Cestr. ed. 2. p. 420. L. virgata, Nutt. not of DC.
STUVE'S LESPEDEZA.

Stem 2 to 3 feet high, striate, mostly very pubescent. Leaflets half an inch to an
inch and quarter long; common petioles % of an inch to an inch in length, very
hairy. Flowers rather crowded in somewhat spicate pedunculate racemes ; peduncUs
axillary and terminal, mostly longer than the leaves. Legume scarcely one-fourth
longer than the calyx, clothed with longish appressed hairs.
Hob. Dry, slaty, woodland hills : not common. Fl. Aug. Fr. Octo.

06*. TORREY and GRAY have referred this — as a variety — to L.
Stuvei, Nutt. It is certainly nearly allied to that species ; though
not so silky-villous as the New Jersey plant.

62 DIALYPETALOTJS EXOGENS

f f Flowers all alike and perfect, in oblong or capitate clusters; corolla ochroleucoug,
with a purple spot on the vexillum.

4» L« llirta. Ell. Stem erect, paniculate at summit, hoary-

villous ; leaflets roundish-oval ; peduncles longer than the leaves ;

spikes oblong, rather loose.

L. polystachya. MX. $ Fl. Cestr. ed. 2. p. 421.

HAIRY LESPEDEZA.

Stem 2 to 4 or 5 feet high. Leaflets two-thirds of an inch to an inch and half
long; common petioles one line to half an inch in length, very hairy. Flowers
crowded in cylindric-oblong spikes of about an inch in length, and two-thirds of an
inch in diameter, on axillary villous peduncles 1 to 2 or 3 inches long. Legume
elliptic-ovate, very hairy, nearly as long as the calyx-segments.
Hab. Dry, hilly woodlands : frequent. Fl. Aug. Fr. Octo.

5. L. Cil|> it at a, MX. Stem nearly simple, virgate, silky-villous ;

leaflets elliptic-oblong; peduncles shorter than the leaves; spikes

ovoid, rather dense.

L. frutescens. Ell. $ Fl. Cestr. ed. 2. p. 421.

CAPITATE LESPEDEZA.

Stem 2 to 4 (usually about 3) feet high, leafy, sulcate-striate, the silky pubes-
cence often tawny. Leaflets 1 to near 2 inches long, sometimes linear-oblong,
mostly obtuse; common petioles 1 or 2 lines in length, — the petiolule of the terminal
leaflet 2 or 3 times as long as the common petiole. Flowers crowded in oblong-
ovoid or subglobose heads, on axillary peduncles % to % an inch long. Legume
elliptic-ovate, hairy, % or % shorter than the calyx-segments.
Hab. Slaty hills : not very common. Fl. Aug, Fr. Octo.

97. STYL-OSAflKTMES, Swartz.

[Gr. Stylos, a column, and Anthos, a flower; the flower appearing stipitate.J
Flowers of 2 kinds, intermixed in clusters; one complete, but un-
fruitful,— the other fertile, though only a pistil with 2 bractlets. —
Calyx-tube long and slender, like a stipe. Stamens monadelphous.
Legume 1-celled, or articulated and 2-celled, beaked with the
hooked style.

1» S» elatior, Sw. Stems erect, slender, often tufted; leaflets
lanceolate, straight-veined; upper stipules sheathing; spikes few-
flowered.
TALLER STYLOSANTHES. Pencil Flower.

Perennial. Stem 9 to 15 inches high, somewhat branched above; branches his-
pidly pilose at summit. Leaflets % of an inch to an inch and quarter long, ru-
gose-dotted beneath; common petioles % to % an inch in length. Flowers bright
yellow, in small terminal clusters, invested with hispid-ciliate bracts which are tri-
foliolate, or trifid and membranaceous. Legume often articulated and 2-celled.
Hab. North Valley Hill; W. Nottingham: not common. Fl. July. Fr. Sept.

TRIBE 4. LOVTEAE.

Leaves odd-pinnate, or trifoliolate ; legume continuous, 1-celled; cotyledons becom-
ing green in germination.

SUB-TRIBE 1. GALEXGEAE.

Leaves odd-pinnate, the earliest ones opposite; stamens sometimes monadelphoue ;
legume linear, several-seeded.

LEQUMINOSAE 63

98. ROBIW'IA, L.

[Dedicated to John and Vespasian Robin; French Botanists.]
Calyx short, 5-toothed, slightly bilabiate. Vexillum smooth. —
Legume margined on the upper or seed-bearing suture. Trees, or
shrubs ; the leaflets petiolulate, and stipellate.

1. R. Pseudacdcia, L. Leaflets oval or ovate-oblong ; stipules spi-
nose; racemes axillary, loose, pendulous; legumes smooth.
FALSE-ACACIA ROBINIA. Locust Tree.

Stem 30 to 60 or 80 feet high. Leaflets 1 to near 2 inches long, 3 or 4 to 8 or 9
pairs,— the common petiole pinnate nearly to the base (which is enlarged, and
covers the lud of the ensuing year, as in Platanus) ; stipules replaced hy stout
prickles. Flowers white, fragrant; racemes 3 to 6 inches long. Legumes 2 to 3
inches long; valves flat.
Hob. Meadows; fence-rows, <fcc.: frequent. Fl. May. Fr. Sept.

Obs. This tree — so common on our mountains, and so valuable
for its durable timber — is naturalized in many places, — and often
cultivated ; but it has never appeared to me as truly indigenous, in
this County.

99. TEPHROVSIA, Pers.

[Gr. Tcphros, ash-colored or hoary; from the aspect of the plant.]
Calyx about equally 5-cleft. Vexillum silky-pubescent externally.
Stamens sub-monadelphous. Silky-hoary herbs ; leaflets petiolulate,
but not stipellate.

1. T. Vii'iiJiiiiiiia, Pers. Leaflets linear-oblong, mucronate;
raceme terminal ; legumes slightly falcate, villous.
VIRGINIAN TEPHROSIA. Goat's Rue. Cat-gut. Hoary Pea.

Perennial. Stem 9 to 12 or 15 inches high, rather erect or leaning, simple.—
Leaflets about an inch long, 8 to 12 pairs, the terminal one more or less obovate or
cuneate ; common petioles 2 to 4 inches in length, pinnated to the base. Flowers
rather large, ochroleucous with strong tinges of purple, especially on the wings;
raceme compact, 1 to 2 inches in length, — often 2 or 3 flowers, on long pedicels, in
the axils of the upper leaves. Legumes about 2 inches long.
Hob. Dry, hilly woodlands : frequent. FL June. Fr. Sept.

Obs. The root of this plant consists of numerous very long coarse
fibres, — whence the popular name of Cat-gut. The infusion of the
root is esteemed as a vermifuge, in New Jersey — where the plant
abounds.

SUB-TRIBE 2. TRIFOLIEVAE.

Leaves mostly trifoliolate, stipulate, the earliest ones alternate; leaflets not stipel-
late, often dentate or serrulate. Chiefly herbaceous plants.

1OO, TRIFOXIUM , Tournef.

[Latin, Tres, three, and Folium, a leaf; characteristic of the genus.]
Calyx tubular, with 5 bristle-form teeth, persistent. Petals more or
less united, shrivelling. Legume membranous, small, 1- or 2-
(rarely 8- or 4-) seeded, scarcely dehiscent, usually included in the
calyx-tube. Stipules adnate to the petiole : flowers mostly capitate.

f Florets sessile in compact heads; corolla, purple, or pale pink and spotted.
1. T. PRAT£NSE, L. Stems ascending; leaflets oval or obovate, often
retuse ; stipules broad, bristle-pointed ; heads roundish-ovoid.

64 DIALYPETALOUS EXOGENS

MEADOW TRIFOLIUM. Red Clover.

Root Perennial f large, somewhat fusiform, branching below. Stems several
from the same root, 1 to 2 or 3 feet long, hairy towards the summit, and somewhat
branched. Leaflets an inch or inch and half long, usually with a broad paler spot
in the middle; common petioles half an inch to 4 or 5 inches long, the radical ones
often much longer. Heads of flowers bracteate at base ; petals (rarely white)
united into a slender tube about half an inch in length,— which prevents the
Honey Bee from reaching the nectar. Legumes 1-seeded; seed reniform, greenish-
3'ellow, with a shade of reddish-brown.
Hob. Fields, and meadows. Nat. of Europe. Fl. May. Fr. July.

Obs. This is a most valuable plant, — and is diligently cultivated
by all good farmers. It is also extensively naturalized. In con-
junction with the Grasses — especially with Timothy (Phleum pratense,
L-.} — it makes first-rate hay ; though, by itself, it is rather indiffer-
ent pasture. It was introduced into general cultivation, in Chester
County, near the close of the last century ; but it is stated, in WAT-
SON'S Annals, that JOHN BARTRAM had fields of it, prior to the
American Revolution. Authors differ on the question, whether the
plant is perennial, or biennial. Certain it is, that a large portion of
that under culture dies at the end of the second year: but my
friend, JOSHUA HOOPES, assures me, he has ascertained that the
plant will live more than two years. I have met with a number of
instances, in which the usually gamopetalous corolla was substituted
Tdj.five distinct, green leaflets, — with other modifications of the flower,
which finely illustrated GOETHE'S theory of retrograde metamorphosis.

2. T. arvtnse, L. Stem erect, slender, branched, hairy; leaflets
cuneate-oblong, 3-toothed at apex; stipules narrow; heads cylindric-
oblong, very villous.

FIELD TRIFOLIUM. Stone Clover. Welsh Clover. Rabbit-foot.

Annual. Whole plant softly pilose. Stem 6 to 12 inches high. Leaflets half an
inch to near an inch long; common petioles % °f an ^^ to an inch in length.. —
Heads half an inch to an inch long, not bracteate at base, softly villous and pale
tawney ; corolla small, pale pink with a purple spot on the wings. Legumes
1-seeded; seed oval.
Hob. Old fields: frequent. Nat. of Europe. .Fl. June. Fr. Aug.

Obs. A worthless species, — which seems happily disposed to re-
strict itself to the sterile old fields of poor thriftless farmers.

| f Florets pedicellate in umbel-Wee round lieads ; corolla white, turning brown in
fading.

3. T. repens, L. Stems creeping, diffuse; leaflets roundish-obovate,
often emarginate, sharply denticulate; heads depressed-globose, on
very long axillary sulcate peduncles.

CREEPING TRIFOLIUM. White Clover. Dutch Clover.

Perennial; smooth. ,Sfem4tol2 or 15 inches long, diffusely branching from
the base, procumbent and radicating. Leaflets half an inch to an inch long, pome-
times almost obcordate, often with a pale lunate spot in the middle; common peti-
oles 1 or 2 to 6 or 8 inches in length. Heads of flowers on erect naked angular-
sulcate peduncles which are 2 to 8 or 12 inches in length; florets successively and
finally all reflexed. Legumes % to % of an inch long, torulose, 2- or 3- to 5-seeded ;
seeds subrcniform, or irregularly ovoid, reddish-brown.
Hob. Pastures, woodlands, &c. Nat. of Europe. Fl. May. Fr. July.

LEGUMINOSAE 65

Obs. This species — though now so common — is probably an intro-
duced plant. JONATHAN DICKINSON, writing from Philadelphia, in
1719, (fide WATSON'S Annals,) says, "the White Clover already tinges
the roads as a natural production." KALM, in 1748, spoke of it as
being abundant, in Eastern Pennsylvania. Its flowers are a favorite
resort of the Honey Bee; and the plant is esteemed, as affording
an excellent pasture, in this region, — though Mr. ELLIOTT speaks
unfavorably of it, in the South.

f 1 1 Florets subsesstte, finally reflexed ; corolla yellow, turning chestnut^brown with
age. Annuals.

4. T. agrarium, L. Stem ascending, with erect branches; leaflets
obovate-oblong, all subsessile ; stipules linear-lanceolate, not ciliate ;
heads oval, on rather long peduncles.

FIELD TRIFOLIUM. Yellow Clover. Hop Clover.

Stem 6 to 12 or 15 inches long, hard, striate, pubescent with appressed hairs. —
Leaflets half an inch to near fin inch long, often retuse ; common petioles % of an
inch to an inch in length. Heads of flowers on axillary peduncles, which are %
of an inch to an inch and a half in length ; florets finally imbricated downwards.
Legumes short, 1-seeded.
Ilab. Sandy grounds; roadsides, &c. Nat. of Europe; Fl. June. Fr. July*

5. T. procumbens, K Stems mostly procumbent ; leaflets obcordate-
cuneate, the terminal one petiolulate ; stipules lance-ovate, ciliate ;
heads subglobose, small, on rather short slender peduncles.
PROCUMBENT TRIFOLIUM. Dwarf Yellow Clover.

Stem 2 or 3 to 6 or 8 inches longj often diffusely branched at base, hairy or vil-
lous. Leaflets % to % an inch long ; common petioles % to near % an inch long. —
Heads of flowers on hairy axillary peduncles which are % an inch to an inch in
length. Legumes 1-seeded.
Hob. Sandy soils; roadsides, &c. Nat. of Europe. Fl. May^ Fr. July.

Obs. This, and the preceding, are both valueless species, — which
are gradually extending themselves from our sea-ports to the inte-
rior of the country.

1O1. MEL,H.OVTUS, Tournef.

[Or. Meli, honey, and Lotus; a Lotus-like plant) attractive of Bees.]
Calyx as in Trifolium : Corolla deciduous. Legume longer than the
calyx, ovoid, coriaceous, rugose, 1- or few-seeded. Stipules seta-
ceous : flowers in long spicate racemes.

1. M. LEUCXNTHA, Koch. Stem paniculately branched; leaflets
ovate-oblong, remotely dentate-serrate, emarginately truncate, mu-
cronate ; vexillum longer than the keel and wings.
WHITE-FLOWERED MELILOTUS. Tree Clover. Bokhara Clover.

Biennial f smooth. Stem 3 to 5 or 6 feet high, stout, striate-ribbed. Leaflets an
inch to an inch and half long ; common petioles 1 to 2 inches long. Racemes 2 to 4
inches long, on axillary peduncles which are 1 to 2 inches in length. Flowers
white, retrorsely imbricated before opening.
Hab. Gardens, and lots. Nat. of Europe. Fl. June. Fr. Aug.

Obs. This coarse, hard-stemmed plant, has been partially culti-
vated, by some amateur farmers ; but it is not likely to supersede
the herbs now in general use, as food for cattle.

5

66 DIALTPETALOUS EXOGENS

102. MEDICAXGO, Tournef.

[So named by the Greeks, — from having been brought from Media.]
Flowers nearly as in Melilotus : Legume 1- or several-seeded, of va-
rious forms — but always more or less falcate, or spirally coiled.

1. M. SATIVVA? L. Stem erect, smoothish; leaflets obovate-oblong,
dentate ; stipules lanceolate, nearly entire ; racemes oblong ; legumes
spirally twisted, several-seeded.

CULTIVATED MEDICAGO. Lucerne. Spanish Trefoil, French Clover.

Perennial. Stem about 2 feet high, branched, hard and wiry. Leaflets half an
inch to an inch long, the terminal one petiolulate; common petioles % an inch to
an inch in length. Racemes erect, on axillary peduncles which are about as long
as the common petioles. Flowers violet-purple.
Hob. Fields, and lots. Nat. of Spain. Fl. June. Fr. Aug.

Obs. This is partially naturalized, in some spots, — and is cultiva-
ted, occasionally, on a small scale ; but it does not find much favor,
in the eyes of our farmers.

2. M. lupulina, L. Stem procumbent, pilose; leaflets cuneate-
obovate, denticulate at apex; stipules ovate-lanceolate, mostly
dentate; racemes capitate, ovoid; legumes reniform, 1-seeded.
HOP-LIKE MEDICAGO. None-such.

Biennial ? Stem 6 to 12 inches long, somewhat branched, mostly several from
the same root. Leaflets % an inch to near an inch long, sometimes nearly rhom-
boid ; common petioles % of an inch to an inch in length. Heads of flowers at first
roundish, finally oblong, on slender peduncles 1 to 2 inches long. Corolla yellow,
small.
Hob. Fields, &c. Nat. of Europe. Fl. June. Fr. Aug.

Obs. Mr. VINCENT BARNARD informs me, this is naturalized in
clover-fields, near Marlborough-ville ; but it is yet rare, in the
County.

SUBTRIBE 8. GENIS'TEAE.

Leaves simple, or digitately 3- to 15-fo3iolate ; stamens monadelphous ; anthers ot 2
forms.

103. CROTAL,AVRIA, L.

[Gr. Krotalon, a rattle; the seeds rattling in the ripe pods.]
Calyx 5-parted, sub-bilabiate. Vexillum obcordate, large ; keel
falcate. Sheath of monadelphous stamens often slit on the upper
side ; 5 of the anthers smaller and roundish. Legume turgid, stipi-
tate, mostly many-seeded. Herbs, in U. S. Leaves simple.

1. C. sagittalis, L. Hairy; leaves oblong-lanceolate, subsessile;
stipules united, decurrent, sagittate at summit; peduncles few-
flowered.
ARROW-LIKE CROTALARIA. Rattle-box.

Annual. Stem 4 to 8 or 10 inches high, somewhat branched above. Leaves half
an inch to 2 inches long, — the lower ones elliptic-lanceolate, the upper sub-linear.
Racemes mostly opposite the leaves, pedunculate, 2- to 4-flowered ; flowers yellow.
Legumes about an inch long, inflated, finally dry and parchment-like, turning
nearly black.
Hab. Sandy banks; roadsides, &c.: frequent. .FZJuly. Fr. Aug.

LEGUMINOSAE 67

104. L-UPrWUS, Tournef.

[Latin, Lupus, a wolf; because it was supposed to devour the soil.]
Calyx deeply bilabiate, often with 2 bractlets. Vexillum with the
sides reflexed; keel falcate, acuminate. Anthers alternately oblong
and roundish. Legume oblong, torulose, coriaceous, many-seeded.
Herbs : leaves palmately (or rather digitately) foliolate, rarely sim-
ple.

1. I*, per I'll 11 Is, L. Erect; pubescent; leaflets 7 to 11, oblan-
ceolate; raceme terminal, loose; legume hirsute.
PERENNIAL LUPINUS. Wild Lupin.

Perennial. Stem 9 to 18 inches high, striate-angular, somewhat branching.—
Leaflets 1 to 2 inches long, tapering to the base, smoothish above ; common petioles

1 or 2 to 4 or 5 inches in length. Racemes 3 to 6 inches long, on a naked peduncle

2 to 4 inches in length ; flowers purplish blue, with shades of dark violet. Le-
gumes about an inch and half long, very hairy and dark tawney; seeds obovoid,
variegated.

Hab. Woodlands; Great Valley hills : frequent. FL June. JV.July.
Obs. An ornamental plant, — worthy of culture, as such.

TRIBE 5. SOPHO;REAE.

Leaves compound, or simple, — the leaflets not stipulate ; stamens 10, distinct, with
uniform anthers; legume continuous; embryo sometimes straight.

105. BAPTIS'IA, Vent.

[Gr. Baptizo, to dip, or dye ; from its coloring properties.]

Calyx 4- or 5-toothed. Petals nearly equal, — the keel-petals

slightly connected. Legume ventricose, stipitate, many-seeded. —

Herbs : leaves mostly trifoliolate, turning bhirsh black, in drying.

1. B. liiictoria, R. Br. Bushy; smooth, and rather glaucous;
leaflets cuneate-obovate ; stipules subulate, deciduous; racemes
terminal, few-flowered.
DYER'S BAPTISIA. Wild Indigo.

Perennial. Stem about 2 feet high, much branched. Leaflets half an inch to an
inch long; common petioles I line to 14 of an inch in length. Flowers yellow;
calyx 4-toothed, — the 2 upper segments being united. Legumes about half an inch
long, inflated, conspicuously stipitate.
Hab. Dry, hilly woodlands : common. Fl. June. Fr. Sept.

1O6. CER'CIS, L.

[Gr. Kerkis, a weaver's shuttle ; from the form of the legume.]
Calyx 5-toothed. Petals all distinct; vexillum smaller than the
wings, and the keel-petals larger. Legume many-seeded, oblong,
flat, coriaceous, the upper suture margined. Embryo straight. —
Small Trees : leaves simple.

1. C. C';iiici<i<>iisis, L. Leaves orbicular-cordate, acuminate,
villous in the axils of the nerves beneath.
CANADIAN CERCIS. Red-Bud. Judas Tree.

Stem 15 to 20 or 30 feet high, with spreading and somewhat geniculate branches.
Leavts 3 or 4 inches in length, and rather wider than long; petioles 1 to 2 inches
long. Ftowers bright reddish-purple, in little umbel-like clusters on the Ihnbs,
and often on the trunk,— appearing before the leaves, acid to the taste. Legumes
about 3 inches long.

68 DIALYPETALOUS EXOGENS

Hob. Banks of the Schuylkill : not common. Fl. April. Fr. June.

Obs. This little tree is admired, in early spring, for its clusters
of small flowers, which clothe the branches in purple before the
leaves appear. The limbs are very liable to split oif, and disfigure
the tree, — otherwise it would well deserve a place in all groups of
ornamental shrubbery.

SUBORDER II. CAESALPIN'EAE.

Leaves pinnate, or often bipinnate ; flowers not papilionaceous, often imperfect ;
stamens distinct; embryo straight.

TRIBE 6. CASSIEVAE.

Corolla often irregular; stamens 10, or fewer, — anthers sometimes imperfect.
legume continuous, 1-celled, or sometimes intercepted between the seeds.

107. CASSIA, L.

[An ancient name, of obscure derivation.]

Flowers perfect: Sepals 5, scarcely connected. Petals 5, unequal.
Stamens mostly 10, some of them often imperfect ; anthers opening
at apex. Herbs : leaves even-pinnate, with a gland near the base of
the petiole.

f PERENNIAL: lower anthers fert He, the 3 upper ones deformed and sterile; petiolar
gland obovoid.

1. C. Marilandica, L. Stem erect; leaflets 6 to 9 pairs,
ovate-oblong ; racemes axillary, the upper ones somewhat panicu-
late ; legumes finally smooth.

MARYLAND CASSIA. Wild Senna.

Stem 3 or 4 feet high, rather stout, branching. Leaflets 1 to 2 inches long, peti-
olulate ; common petioles 1 to 2 inches in length below the leaflets, with an obovoid
gubsessile gland on the upper side. Racemes pedunculate, those in the upper axils
forming a sort of terminal leafy panicle; flowers yellow, often becoming a dead
•white. Legumes 3 or 4 inches long, villous when young, compressed, somewhat
curved, often sinuate on the edges from partial contractions ; seeds ovate-oblong,
separated by a kind of transverse partitions.
Hob. Low grounds ; along streams : frequent. Fl. Aug. Fr. Octo.

06s. The leav es of this rather showy species afford, it is said, a
tolerable substitute for the Senna of the shops, — which is another
species of the same genus. Doctor DARWIN, in his Botanic Gar-
den, probably refers to this one, as follows: —

"Where vast Ontario rolls his brineless tides,

And feeds the trackless forests on his sides,

Fair CASSIA, trembling, hears the howling woods,

And trusts her tawny children to the floods.

Tinctured with gold, while ten fond brothers stand,

And guard the beauty on her native land ;

Soft breathes the gale, the current gently moves.

And bears to Norway's coasts her infant loves."

"This," he adds, "is one of the American fruits which are annually thrown on
the coasts of Norway ; and are frequently in so recent a state as to vegetate, when
properly taken care of."

f f ANNUAL: anthers aU fertile; petiolar gland cup-shaped.

2. C. Chamaecrista, L. Stems rather leaning, or spreading;
leaflets 8 to 12 or 15 pairs, linear-oblong; flowers rather large;
stamens 10, unequal.

LEGUMINOSAE 69

Partridge Pea. Sensitive Pea. Magothy-Bay Bean.

Stem 1 to 2 feet high, firm and subligneous at base, much branched, often pur-
plish. Leaflets half an inch to near an inch long, minutely ciliate-serrulate, sub-
sessile; common petioles about one-third of an inch in length below the leaflets,
•with a depressed or cup-like gland on the upper side. Flowers deep bright yel-
low (usually with purple spots at base), in lateral subsessile fascicles above the
axils of the leaves,— often in pairs, sometimes 3 or 4. Legumes about 2 inches
long, hairy along the sutures.
Hob. Hills, near Pugh-town : rare. Fl. July. Fr. Sept.

Obs. In a paper, read before the American Philosophical Society,
May 2, 1788, and published in the 3rd volume of their Transactions,
Dr. GEEENWAY, of Virginia, speaks favorably of this plant as a
means of recruiting worn out lands, by its decomposition in the
soil, — though he considers the common corn-field Pea as preferable ;
and I have no doubt that the red Clover (Trifolium pratense), properly
managed, is more eligible than either.

3. C. n ic titans, L. Stem oblique or procumbent ; leaflets 6 to
20 pairs, sublinear ; flowers small ; stamens 5, nearly equal.
TWINKLING CASSIA. Wild Sensitive-Plant.

Stem 6 to 12 or 15 inches long, slender, branching, roughish-pubescent. Leaflets
about half an inch long, slightly irritable ; common petioles about % of an inch in
length below the leaflets. Racemes 2- or 3-flowered, subsessile, rather super-axil-
lary ; flowers yellow, inconspicuous. Legumes an inch or inch and half long, hir-
sute with appressed hairs.
Hob. Sandy banks; road sides, &c.: frequent. Fl. Aug. Fr. Octo.

108. GYMtf OC'I^ADIJS, Lam.

[Gr. Gymnos, naked, and Klados, a branch ; in reference to its stout naked branches.]
Flowers dioicous, regular : Calyx tubular, 5-cleft. Petals 5, equal,
oblong, inserted on the calyx-tube. Stamens 10. Legume oblong,
flat, the valves thick and woody, pulpy within. A Tree, with the
young branches clumsily thick: leaves odd-bipinnate, widely branched.

1. G. CANAD^NSIS, Lam. Leaflets 7 to 13 on the subdivisions, ovate,
petiolulate, — the lowest a single pair ; flowers in axillary racemes.
CANADIAN GYMNOCLADUS. Coffee-tree. Kentucky Mahogany.

Stem 50 to 70 or 80 feet high, branching. Leaves 2 or 3 feet long, bipinnately
branching; leaflets rather alternate, entire, about 3 inches in length. Flowers
greenish white. Legumes 6 or 8 inches long, and 1 or 2 inches wide, somewhat
falcate ; seeds large, a little compressed, nearly orbicular.
Hob. Yards, and streets. Fl, May. Fr. Octo.

Obs. This fine tree has been introduced from the West ; and al-
though not equal to some others, as a shade tree, is worthy of a
place in all ornamental plantations. It was for a considerable time
supposed to be identical with, or nearly allied to, the Bonduc, or
Nickar-tree (Guilandina Bonduc, L.}, of the Indies.

109. GUEDIT'SCMIA, L,

[Named in honor of John Gotttob Gleditsch, a German Botanist.]
Flowers polygamous : sepals 3 to 5, united at base. Petals and sta-
mens usually as many as the sepals. Legume flat, broad, often
intercepted between the seeds ; seeds oval. A thorny tree ; leaves even-
pinnate, or bipinnate.

70 DIALYPETALOUS EXOGENS

1. G. TRIACANTHOS, L. Thorns stout, mostly triple; leaflets linear
or lance-oblong, somewhat serrate ; legumes oblong, thin, curly or
wavy, many-seeded.
THREE-THORNED GLEDITSCHIA. Honey-Locust.

Stem 40 to 60 feet high. Leaflets an inch or inch and half long. Flowers yel-
lowish-green, small, subspicate. Legumes 6 to 12 or 15 inches long, pulpy between
the seeds.
Hob. Yards, lawns. Nat. of S. Western States.. Fl. July. Fr. Sept,

Obs. This is occasionally cultivated, as a shade tree ; and has been
used for hedging, at the South and North, — but rarely, if ever, in
this County.

ORDER XXXV. ROSATEAE.

Trees, shrubs, or herbs ; leaves alternate, stipulate ; flowers regular; stamens dis-
tinct, inserted on the calyx, mostly numerous ; pistils 1 to many, free, or combined
with the calyx-tube; seeds 1 or few in each ovary, without albumen; radicle
straight.

This Order is remarkable for the amount and variety of its esculent products. —
Many of the fruits are valuable, and some of them eminently delieiotis ; while
the type of the Order (Rosa) is by universal consent regarded as the Queen of
Beauty, among./Zwers. A few of the drupaceous species contain a somewhat dan-
gerous quantity of Prussic Add, in the nuts and leaves ; but in the Peach, for in
stance, there is just enough of that formidable ingredient to give to the pulp an
exquisite flavor,* — and the fleshy or succulent fruits of the Order are, almost
without exception, innocent and wholesome.

SUBORDER I. AMYGDAVLEAE.

Trees, or sJirubs; leaves simple ; stipules free', ovary solitary, free from the decid-
uous calyx, with 2 suspended collateral ovuks, and a terminal style ; fruit a drupe,
mostly 1-seeded by abortion.

f Nut with the surface rugosdy furrowed.
HO. PER'SICA, Tournef.

[A name derived from Persia, — its native country.]

Calyx tubular, with 5 spreading segments. Drupe oval, tomentose
or smooth, the succulent pulp adherent, or separable from the nut.
Small trees : leaves oblong-lanceolate, serrate, conduplicate in the
bud ; flowers solitary or in pairs, subsessile, preceding the leaves.

1. P. VULG\RIS, Mill. Fruit densely tomentose.
COMMON PERSIC A. Peach. Peach-tree.

Stem 8 to 12 or 15 feet high, branching. Leaves 3 to 5 or 6 inches long; petioles
about half an inch in length, channelled above, and glandular near the leaf. —
Flowers pale-red or purplish. Drupe 1 to 2 inches, or more, in diameter, with the
pulp white, yellow, or reddish, adherent to the nut (clingstone), or separable from
it (freestone).

* Judging from observation, it would seem to be not generally known to our
Pastry Cooks, that a Peach Pie baked with the fruit whoU (i. e. simply pared, but
the nut left in the Peach) is vastly superior to one made of the mere fleshy portion,
cut in pieces. The process of baking— &s I suppose— elicits the prussic acid from
the seed of the peach, and diffuses it through the pulp, — imparting to it a sprightly
and delicious flavor, far beyond what it possesses when the stone is previously
rejected.

KOSACEAE 71

Hob. Yards, gardens, and orchards. Nat. of Persia. Fl. April. Fr. Aug.

Obs. The fruit of this tree — like the most of those which have
had the advantage of long and careful culture — presents numerous
varieties; the best of which may be pronounced (mejudice] superior
to all other known fruits. The tree, unfortunately, is short-lived ;
but it is readily propagated from seeds, — and a succession may be
kept up by inserting upon young stocks, buds, or scions, taken from
the most approved varieties* This process, for changing the char-
acter of seedling trees, is alluded to by the great English Bard with
his usual felicity: —

" You see, we marry

A gentler scion to the wildest stock;

And make conceive a bark of baser kind

By bud of nobler race : This is an art

Which does mend natilre, — change it rather: but

The art itself is nature." Winters Tale. Act 4.

a. P. LAEVia, DC. Fruit smooth.

SMOOTH PERSICA. Nectarine.

Hob. Yards, gardens, and under glass. Fl. April. Ff. Aug.

Obs. This small tree is scarcely to be distinguished from the pre-
ceding, except by its smooth fruit, — which presents the same varie-
ties, of clingstone and freestone. Prof. DE CANDOLLE admits it as a
distinct species ; but it is certainly very closely allied to the Peach, —
and, indeed, there are instances recorded, in which the same tree is
said to have produced both varieties. The crop of fruit is much
more certain under glass, with the branches trained on espaliers.

f f Nut i6ith the, surface smooth and even.

111. ARMEtfIAvCA, Tournef.
[A name derived from Armenia, — its native Country.]

Calyx campanulate, the 5 segments reflexed. Drupe roundish-oval,
velvety-pubescent; nut compressed, one edge obtuse, the other
acute. Small trees: leaves subcordate or ovate, convolute in the
bud ; flowers white, solitary, or few from a bud, preceding the
leaves.

1. A. VULGARIS, Lam. Leaves orbicular-ovate, shortly acuminate,
serrate-dentate ; flowers sessile.
COMMON ARMENIACA. Apricot. Moor-park Apricot.

Stem 10 to 15 or 20 feet high, with lather stout spreading or straggling branches.
Leaves about 3 inches long, and rather wider than long; petioles an inch or inch
and half in length, mostly with cup-like glands near the base of the leaf. Drupes
oval, about an inch in diameter, yellowish when mature.
Hob. Yards, and gardens. Nat. of Armenia. Fl. April. Fr. July.

Obs. The name of this fruit, in SHAKSPEARE'S time, was written
" Apricocks" (perhaps by a corruption of the latin, A. praecox —
meaning Early Armeniaca), — as We may perceive in the following
lines: —

" Go bind thou up yon' dangling Apricocks,
Which, like unruly children, make their sire
Stoop with oppression of their prodigal weight."

King Rithard IT.
This is an admired fruit ; and might be much more common than

72 DIALYPETALOUS EXOGEXS

' ;-...."--.^jfc

it now is, if people were a little more attentive to such matters. —
Indeed, it is melancholy to reflect how thoughtless and negligent
mankind generally are, with respect to providing fruit for themselves.
There are few persons who do not own or occupy sufficient ground
to admit of 3 or 4 choice fruit-trees, and a grape vine ; — such, for
instance, as an Apricot, a Peach, a May-duke Cherry, a Catharine
Pear, and a Catawba Grape: yet the great majority seem never to
think of planting such trees, — while they are ready enough to in-
vade the premises, and revel on the fruits, of some more provident
neighbor ! It is due to the minor morals of the community, that
such disreputable negligence, and such marauding practices, should
cease to be tolerated,

2. A. DASYcXuFA, Pers. Leaves ovate or oval, acute, doubly ser-
rate ; flowers pedicellate.
HAIRY-FRUITED ARMENIACA. Black Apricot.

Stem 10 to 15 feet high, with rather slender branches, and a spreading bushy top.
Leaves 2 to near 3 inches long; petioles about an inch in length. Drupes subglo-
bose, hairy, dark purplish color when mature.
Hob. Yards, and gardens. Nat. Country unknown. Fl. April. Fr. July.

Obs. This species has more of the habit of a Prunus, or Plum
tree, than the preceding, — and is reputed to be a more certain fruit-
bearer; though I have not found it so.

112. PRUNUS, Tournef.
[The classical Latin name for the Plum.]

Calyx campanulate, 5-cleft. Petals 5, spreading. Stamens 15 to
30. Drupe ovoid, oblong, or globose, glabrous, mostly covered
with a glaucous bloom ; nut compressed, both edges acute. Small
trees : leaves convolute in the bud ; flowers mostly preceding the
leaves.

1. P. D,OM£STICA,,L. Branches unarmed ; leaves lance-ovate, acute,
serrate; pedicels subsolitary.

DOMESTIC PRUNUS. Common Plum. Damascene; Gage> &c.

Stem 8 to 12 or 15 feet high, branching. Leaves 1 to 3 inches long; petioles half
an inch to an inch or more in length. Drupes oval, ovoid or obovoid, of various
colors, from bluish-black to copper-color and pale yellowish-green, covered with
bloom, the flesh rather firm.
Hob. Yards, and gardens. Nat. of Europe. FL April. Fr. Aug.

Obs. Several varieties of this are cultivated ; but the depredations
of insects render the fruit, generally, an uncertain crop, in country
places.

2. I*. Ainericsiua, Marsh. Branches subspinose; leaves oval
and obovate, acuminate, sharply and often doubly serrate ; umbels
subsessile, 2- to 5-flowered.

AMERICAN PRUNUS. Red Plum. Yellow Plum.

Stem 8 to 12 or 15 feet high, much branched,— the young branches virgate, the
old ones rugged and somewhat thorny. Leaves 2 to 3 inches long ; petioles ]/±to%
an inch long. Drupes oval or subglobose, mostly reddish-orange color, nearly des-
titute of bloom, with a rich succulent yellow pulp, and a thick tough acerb skin.
#«&, Banks of. streams, and. thickets; frequent. Fl. April. Fr. Aug.

ROSACEAE 78

Obs. In its wild state, the fruit of this is small and of inferior
quality ; but under culture it is greatly improved, both in size and
flavor.

3. P. CHIC/ASA, MX. Branches subspinose; leaves narrow, lance-
oblong or oblanceolate, acute, finely serrulate with glandular-pointed
teeth; umbels sessile, 2- to 3-flowered.
CHICASA PRUNUS. Chickasaw Plum. Mountain Cherry.

Stem 6 to 10 or 12 feet high, much branched, — the young branches slender, vir-
gate, dark purple, smooth and shining, the old ones geniculate and somewhat
thorny. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, smooth ; petioles slender, ^ to % of an inch iu
length. Flowers appearing with the leave?, in sessile fascicles of threes. Drupes
globose, red or yellowish-red, nearly or quite destitute of bloom, with a tender pulp
and a thin skin.
Hub. Yards, and gardens. Fl. April. Fr. July.

Obs. This little tree (which is believed to be a native of our
South- Western territory, — where it is a small shrub, in its wild
state,) by long culture produces a very pleasant fruit, — worthy of
more attention than it has yet received. It approaches the Cherry
in character and appearance, and may be considered as a connecting
link between the Plum and Cherry; but it is unquestionably, I
think, a true Plum. Why MICHAUX'S specific name was permitted
to supersede MARSHALL'S (viz. angustifolia), which was published
long before, I do not understand.

113. CER'ASIJS, Tournef.

[The name of an Asiatic town, — whence the tree was obtained.]
Flower nearly as in Prunus : drupe globular or roundish-ovoid, often
umbilicate at base, glabrous, destitute of bloom; nut globose. —
Trees, or shrubs: leaves conduplicate in the bud; pedicels of the
flowers either in umbellate fascicles from lateral leafless buds, and
then rather preceding the leaves,- — or in racemes terminating leafy
branches, and coming after the leaves ; petals white.

f Flowers in naked lateral fascicles, preceding the leaves.

1. C. puiiiila, MX. Depressed or trailing, with ascending
branches ; leaves lance-obovate, tapering to the base, serrate-dentate
near the apex, somewhat glaucous beneath; umbels few- (often
single-) flowered ; fruit small, ovoid, dark red.
DWARF CERASUS. Sand-Cherry.

Branches 9 to 18 inches high. Leaves 2 or 2% inches long ; petioles about half an
inch in length. Flowers 2 or 3 in sessile umbels (often solitary), on slender pedc
icels. Fruit about the size of the wild cherry (C. serotina, DC.).
Hob. Borders of woods; New London: rare. Fl. May. Fr. July?

Obs. Collected in the South- Western part of this County, in
1847, by WM. JACKSON, Esq. It is also found in the adjoining
County of Lancaster.

3, C. XVIUM, Moench. Branches erect or ascending, rather stout
and rigid; leaves broadly oval or obovate-oblong, acuminate,
coarsely serrate, pilose and somewhat glaucous beneath ; drupes
roundish-ovoid or subcordate at base.
BIRDS' CERASUS. English Cherry. Bleeding-heart, &c.

74 DIALYPETALOUS EXOGENS

Stem, 30 to 60 feet or more in height, branching regularly, and somewhat rerti-
cillately, so as to form an oblong and rather conical top. Leaves 3 to 5 or 6 inches
long ; petioles an inch to an inch and a half in length. Pedicels of the flowers
about as long as the petioles, slender, usually 3 (often 2) in a fascicle. Drupes of
various size and color, tender, and often very succulent, sweet, or bitterish-sweet,
Hob. About houses; along fence-rows, &c. Fl. April. Fr. June.

Obs. Cherries are said to have been originally brought to Rome
from Cerasus, a city of Pontus, by the Roman Consul and General,
LUCULLTJS, some 60 or 70 years before the Christian era (ab urbe
conditd' 680. Willd.}; and from Rome they have been distributed
over the rest of the civilized world. Our cultivated Cherry trees
seem obviously to consist of at least two original species, — viz. the
sweet "English Cherry" so called — and the common Sour Cherry.
The numerous varieties — produced by long culture (and possibly
some hybrids, such as the "May-duke" &c.) — may perhaps be all
referred to one or the other of those two ; though Prof. DE CAN-
DOLLE distributes them iniofour species. There are, undoubtedly,
several very distinct sorts of fruit, — and I have not seen all the
trees which produce them : but I incline to think that the general
habit and aspect of the trees -commonly seen in this country, warrant
the reduction of them all to the two above referred to.

3. C. VuLGXms, Mill. Branches spreading, slender and flexible;
leaves lance-ovate and obovate, acute or acuminate, mostly narrowed
at base, serrate, smoothish ; drupes globose.

COMMON CERASUS. Red or Sour Cherry. Morello Cherry, &c.

Stem 10 to 20 feet high, irregularly branched ; branches rather slender and
flaccid, spreading nearly horizontally and forming a roundish bushy top. Leaves
1% to 3 inches long; petioles half an inch to an inch in length. Pedicels of the
flowers about as long as the petioles, 2, or more frequently 3, in a fascicle. Drupes
fleshy, more or less acid, red or dark purple when mature.
Sab. Fence-rows; along lanes, &c. FL April. Fr. July.

Obs. The "Sour Cherry'* is the most common and, for culinary
purposes, the most valuable of the genus. The Morello Cherry is a
remarkably fine variety, with a rich purple juice,— and in the days
of " Cherry Bounce," was a great favorite: But, for the last 30
years, it has almost entirely failed, in this region, — in consequence,
apparently, of the ravages of an insect, causing large warty excres-
cences on the branches of the tree.

f f Flowers in racemes at the end of leafy branches.

4. C. VirgiiiUiiia,, DC. A shrub ; leaves oval or obovate, ab-
ruptly acuminate, sharply and often doubly serrate.

C. obovata, Beck. $ Fl. Cestr. ed. 2. p. 599.
VIRGINIAN CERASUS. Choke Cherry.

Stem 5 to 8 or 10 feet high, branching. Leaves 2 to 4 inches long, thinnish ; pet-
ioles half an inch to three-quarters in length. Flowers in simple racemes of 2 to 3
inches in length, on short branches which originated from the last year's growth.
Drupes ovoid, rather acute, dark red or purplish when mature, astringent and bit-
terish.
Bab. Banks of the Brandywine: rare. Fl. May. Fr. Aug.

Obs. It appears, from the researches of Dr. GRAY, that this is

ROSACEAE 75

the true and original " Prunus Virginiana," of LINNAEUS; though
the specific name has been so long applied to the following.

5. C. se rot ilia, DC. A. tree; leaves lance-oblong, taper-pointed,
finely serrate with incurved callous teeth.
C. Virginiana. MX. $ Fl. Cestr. ed. 2. p. 289.
LATE CERASUS. Wild Cherry.

Stem 40 to 60 or 80 feet high, with large irregular spreading branches. Leaves 2
to 4 or 5 inches long, suhcoriaceous ; petioles half an inch to three-quarters in
length. Racemes 2 to 4 or 5 inches long, terminating the short branches which
arise from the last year's growth. Drupes globose, small, dark-purple or purplish-
black when mature, succulent, bitter and mawkish to the taste.
Hob. Along streams, fence-rows, Ac.: frequent. Fl. May. Fr. Aug.

Obs. The wood of this species is a pale reddish-brown, close-
grained and hard — taking a good polish ; and was formerly much
used by cabinet-makers. The bark — though a rather unpalatable
bitter— 4s a good tonic. The leaves are a favorite food of caterpil-
lars ; and the ripe fruit is greedily devoured by birds.

SUBORDER II. ROSAVCEAE PROPER.

Herbs, shrubs, or rarely trees ; leaves simple or compound ; ovaries many or few,
rarely single, — free from the calyx, but sometimes included in its persistent tube ;
fruit either follicles, akenes, or little drupes ; styles terminal or lateral.

TRIBE 1. SPIRAE^AE.

Pistils mostly 5, becoming few- or many-seeded follicles, in fruit; styles terminal.

114. SPIRAEVA, L.

[Gr. Speirao, to wind ; from its fitness to form garlands,]
Calyx 5-cleft, persistent. Petals 5, roundish-obovate. Follicles 3,
5, or more, each 2-, 4- or many-seeded. Shrubs, or herbs : leaves
simple, — sometimes lobed, and even-pinnately dissected.

1. S. opulif olia, L. Leaves roundish-ovate and 3-lobed, doubly
crenate-serrate ; flowers corymbose ; follicles inflated.
OPULUS-LEAVED SPIRAEA. Nine-Bark.

Shrub, 3 to 5 or 6 feet high, with spreading branches, and a loose lamellated
bark, — the numerous layers suggesting the popular name. leaves 1 to 2 inches in
length, and nearly as wide as long, usually 3-lobed; petioles half an inch to three-
quarters in length. Corymbs subumbellate, convex, crowded, hoary-pubescent
when young ; common peduncle half an inch to an inch long. Flowers white, often
tinged with purple. Carpets 3 to 5, connate below, acuminate, usually 2-seeded ;
teeds obovoid.
Hob. Margins of streams : not common. Fl. June. Fr. Sept.

2. S. §alicif6lia, L. Leaves lance- oblong, acute or obtuse,
sharply serrate ; flowers in dense paniculate racemes ; follicles not
inflated.

WILLOW-LEAVED SPIRAEA. Indian Pipeshank. Meadow-Sweet.

Shrubby, 3 to 6 feet high, with erect suffruticose branches, which are smooth,
mostly dark purple, and pithy. Leaves about 2 inches long ; petioles very short ;
Stipules obsolete. Flowers reddish-white or pale-pink, crowded in paniculate ra-
cemes of 2 to 4 inches in length. Carpels 5, small, obovoid-oblong, acute at base,
obliquely beaked, several-seeded; seeds oblong, small.
Hob. Wet thickets: frequent Fl. June. Fr. Octo.

76 DIALYPETALOUS EXOGEXS

Obs. This is a somewhat variable plant. Our variety appears to
be the latifolia, of authors.

115. GILXEOTA, Moeneh.

[Derivation of the name not well ascertained.]

Calyx tubular-campanulate, 5-toothed. Petals 5, linear-lanceolate,
elongated, convolute in the bud. Carpels 5, included in the calyx,
each 2-seeded. Perennial herbs : leaves trifoliolate.

1. Cc. trifoliata, Moeneh. Leaflets lanceolate or ovate-oblong,
acuminate, incised-serrate ; stipules small, subulate.
THKEE-LEAVED GILLENIA. Indian Physic. Bowman's Root.

Stem 2 to 3 or 4 feet high, slender, paniculately branched at summit, mostly
purplish. Leaflets 2 to 4 inches long, subsessile. Flowers white, or slightly
tinged with red, loosely corymbose-paniculate.
Hob. Woodlands, and thickets : frequent. Fl. June. Fr. Aug.

Obs. This plant has had considerable reputation for its medicinal
properties ; but is rarely resorted to, at present. There is another
species, with large stipules, in the West. The Kerria Japonica,
DC. (Corchorus Japonicus, Thunberg], or golden Globe-flower, — a
suffruticose plant of this Tribe, — has been extensively introduced
among ornamental shrubbery, and is becoming almost naturalized.

TRIBE 2. DRYAVDEAE.

Pistils becoming dry dkenes, or sometimes little drupes, in fruit, — when numerous,
collected on a conical or hemispherical receptacle ; calyx-tube dry ; segments mostly
valvate.

116. AGRIMON1VIA, Tournef.
[Said to be of the same derivation with Argemone : which see.]
Calyx-tube turbinate, armed with hooked bristles above, indurated,
with 2 bractlets at base. Petals 5. Stamens about 12. Akenes 2,
included in the calyx-tube. Perennial herbs : leaves interruptedly
pseudo-pinnate, with a terminal leaflet or segment; flowers in a
slender spicate raceme.

1. A. EupatiU'ia, L. Hirsute ; principal leaflets 5 to 7, ovate-
oblong, coarsely serrate, — the intervening ones small, ovate.
Agrimony.

Stem 2 to 3 feet high, simple. Leaves 4 or 5 to 9 inches long ; principal leaflets or
segments 2 to 3 or 4 inches in length,— sometimes with 2 or 3 pairs of intervening
small ones. Flowers yellow, in a terminal virgate raceme 3 to 6 or 8 inches in
length, each pedicel with a trifid bract at base.
Hob. Borders of thickets ; fence-rows, &c.: frequent. Fl. July. Fr. Sept.

SAtfGUISOR'BA, L.

[Latin, sanguis, blood, and sorbeo, to absorb ; being supposed to stop bleeding.]
Calyx corolla-like, 4-lobed, with a 4-angled tube, and 3 bractlets at
base. Petals none. Stamens 4. Pistil mostly 1; stigma pencil-
form. Akene included in the indurated 4-winged calyx-tube. —
Mostly perennial herbs : leaves odd-pinnate ; flowers small, in dense
terminal long-peduncled spikes.

1. S. < aiiatlensis, L. Leaflets ovate-oblong, obtuse, cordate

ROSACEAE 77

at base, coarsely serrate, petiolulate ; flowers in long terete spikes ;
stamens much exserted.
CANADIAN SANGUISOBBA. Burnet.
Stem 2 to 3 or 4 feet high, terete, striate, fistular, sparingly branched. Leaflets

2 to 3 or 4 inches long, smooth ; common petioles dilated at base into a clasping
membrane, supporting auricular serrated stipules. Flowers greenish-white or
ochroleucous, sessile, crowded in ovoid or finally cylindric-oblong spikes, which are

3 to 6 inches in length,

Hub. Low meadows; margins of swamps: frequent. Fl. Aug. Fr. Octo.

118. GEMtfM, L.

[Gr. geuo, to relish, or taste well; the roots being rather aromatic.]
Calyx concave, 5-cleft, usually with a bractlet at each cleft. Petals
5. Stamens numerous. Akenes numerous, in a head ; styles long,
persistent, tailed, and, after flowering, hooked at summit. Peren-
nial herbs : leaves pseudo-pinnate or lyrate.

1. Gr. Virginianum, L. Radical leaves trifoliolate or pseudo-
pinnate; calyx-segments reflexed; petals white or pale yellow;
styles glabrous; stigmas subclavate, hairy at base.

VIRGINIAN GEUM. White Avens. Herb Bennet (i. e. herbe benite).

Stem 2 to 3 feet high, paniculately branched at summit, more or less hairy. —
Leaflets 2 or 3 inches long, ovate or rhomboid ; common petioles 4 to 6 or 8 inches
in length. Lower stem-leaves mostly trifoliolate : upper lednes simple, lanceolate,
incised-serrate. Carpel-s bristly ; styles finally divaricate, or reflexed ; stigmas ar-
ticulated to the styles, — when the flower expands, the stigmas and styles become
curved or contorted at the articulation, and the stigmas soon fall off, leaving the
points of the styles hooked.
Hah. Borders of woods; thickets, &c.: frequent. Fl. June. -FV.Sept

2. Gr. rivsile, L. Radical leaves interruptedly pseudo-pinnate,
the terminal lobe large; calyx-segments erect; petals purplish-
orange color; styles hairy; stigmas filiform, plumose.

RIVER GEUM. Water Avens. Purple Avens.

Stem about 2 feet high, nearly simple, rather retrorsely pilose. Principal leaflets
3 to 5 (often only the terminal one) ; lateral ones obovate ; terminal one 2 or 3
inches long, and wider than long ; common petioles 6 to 9 inches in length. Car-
pels hirsute ; styles slender, dark purple ; stigmas much longer than in the preced-
ing species, plumosely hairy, except near the apex.
Hob. Wet meadows ; Downingtown : rare. Fl. May. Fr. Aug.

119. POTE1VTII/L.A, L.

[Latin, diminutive of potens, powerful ; alluding to reputed virtues.]
Calyx 5-cleft, with a bract at each sinus, and thus appearing 10-
cleft. Petals 4 or 5. Stamens numerous. Akenes many, in a head
on the dry hairy receptacle. Mostly herbs: leaves compound;
flowers mostly yellow, solitary or cymose.

1. P. Norvegica, L. Hirsute; stem erect, forked above; leaves ter-
nate; leaflets obovate-oblong, incised-serrate.
NORWEGIAN POTENTILLA.

Annual. Stem 1 to 2 feet high. Leaves all trifoliolate: leafletsl to 3 inches long,
subsessile; common petioles 1 to 4 inches long; stipules large. Flowers often num-

78 DIALYPETALOUS EXOGENS

.

erous, in leafy cymes or corymbs at summit. Carpels rugosely ribbed ; style, sub-
terminal.
Hob. Pastures, and roadsides: frequent. F I. July. Fr. Sept.

Obs. This coarse and rather homely weed is considered as indige-
nous, in the northern States ; but it has the appearance, to me, of
an introduced plant, here.

2. I". Canaclciisis, L. Villous; stem procumbent or ascending,

producing runners ; leaves quinate-digitate ; leaflets cuneate-obovate,

incised-dentate.

Also, P. simplex. MX. $ Fl. Cestr. ed. 2. p. 304.

CANADIAN POTENTILLA. Cinque-foil. Five-finger.

Perennial. Stem 2 or 3 to 12 and 18 inches long, slender, somewhat branched,
often several from the same root. Radical leaves on petioles 2 to 6 or 8 inches in
length ; stem-leaves nearly sessile ; leaflets half an inch to 1 or 2 inches long. P«-
duncles axillary, 1-flowered, about as long as the leaves.
Hob. Old fields; borders of woods, &c.: frequent. Fl. April. Fr. June.

Obs. The P. simplex, of Authors, with slender ascending stems,
and taller growth — frequent along the borders of open woodlands,
and in clearings — is doubtless very properly reduced to a variety of
this. The prevalence of the plant, in arable lands, is a pretty sure
indication of a thin soil, or of a thriftless farmer, — or both ; though
some lands, when kept as pasture fields, seem to have an almost
incurable tendency to lose the valuable grasses, and to become
speedily overrun with Cinque-foil. Lime and manure, however —
if duly persevered with — will work wonders in the poorest soils.

120. FRAGAVRIA, Tournef.
[Latin, fragrans, odorous; in reference to its fragrant fruit.]
Flowers nearly as in Potentilla: styles lateral. Akenes minute,
scattered superficially on, or imbedded in, the surface of the en-
larged ovoid pulpy deciduous receptacle. Perennial hairy herbs :
nearly or quite stemless, — but producing prostrate runners: leaves
trifoliolate ; flowers white, cymose on scapes, — often dioicous, or
imperfect, under cultivation.

1. F. > irgilliilua, Ehrh. Akenes imbedded in the deeply pitted
receptacle.

VIRGINIAN FRAGARIA. Wild Strawberry.

Root (or rhizoma) thickish, with numerous fibres. Runners creeping, or strik-
ing root at intervals. Leaves mostly radical ; common petioles 2 to 4 or 6 inches in
length; leaflets 1 to 2 inches long, cuneate-obovate, or oval. Cymes on scapes
scarcely as tall as the leaves. Receptacle (vulgarly regarded as the fruit) ovoid,
nodding, succulent and bright purple when mature.
Hob. Neglected old fields; fence-rows, &c.: frequent. Fl. April. Fr. May.

2. F. VE"SCA, L. Akenes superficially attached to the receptacle.
EATABLE FRAGARIA. Garden Strawberry.

Hob. Gardens, &c. Nat. of Europe. Fl. April. Fr. May.

Obs. Long and careful culture of this species (which is very
nearly allied to the preceding, and said to be truly indigenous) has
resulted in numerous fine varieties, differing in the size, color, and
flavor of the receptacles ; and has also produced many abortive or

i

BOSACEAE 79

imperfect flowers, — which have given rise to much idle controversy
about their sexual character, among the practical gardeners. —
Although the true fruit of this plant consists of mere dry specks, or
bony particles (i. e. the minute akenes), scattered over the surface
of the enlarged receptacle, — yet the receptacle itself furnishes a
pulpy substitute of the most delicious character.

121. RITBUS, L.

[Celtic, Rub, red; from the color of the fruit, of some species.]
Calyx 5-parted, without bractlets at the clefts. Petals 5. Stamens
numerous. Pistils crowded on a convex, or oblong, spongy recep-
tacle, becoming small drupes. Perennial suffruticose plants: leaves
mostly compound; flowers generally white, andthe/rw'2 edible.
2 1. FRUIT hemispJierical, falling away, when ripe, from the dry convex receptacle
(RASPBERRY. THIMBLE-BERRY).
f Leaves simple, palmateriobed.

1. R. Odor&tu§, L. Unarmed; hispid with glandular clammy
hairs ; leaves broad-cordate, mostly 5-lobed.

ODOROUS RUBUS. Rose-flowering Raspberry.

Stem 3 to 5 feet high, branching. Leaves 4 to 6 or 8 inches long, and nearly as
wide as long ; petioles 2 to 4 or 6 inches long. Corymbs compound, clothed with a
purplish clammy glandular pubescence ; flowers large, bright^purple, or sometimes
pale-red. Fruit broad, on a large receptacle, bright-red, or scarlet, when mature.
Hob. Rocky hills ; Brandywine : rare. Fl. June. Fr. Aug.

Obs. This is a showy species, with flowers nearly as large as those
of the Rosa rubiginosa, or sweet-brier. It is sometimes introduced
into gardens, — where it is rather troublesome in sending up suck-
ers from its creeping roots. It very rarely produces fruit, under
cultivation ; but I have seen it, on the mountains, bearing flowers
and ripe fruit, at the same time,

f t Leaves pinnately 3-5-foliolate.

2. R. STRIGOVSUS, MX. Stems slightly glaucous, beset with stiff
bristles, some of them becoming weak hooked prickles; leaflets
oblong-ovate ; fruit light red.

STRIGOSE RUBUS. Red Raspberry.

Stem 3 to 4 or 5 fact high, light brown. Lower leaves odd-pinnate by fives, the
upper ones ternate ; leaflets about 3 inches long, hoary beneath, the terminal one
often cordate at base. Corymbs 4- to C-flowered, axillary and terminal, often ag-
gregated and forming a leafy panicle at summit.
Hob. Gardens, yards, &o. FL May. Fr. July.

Obs. This species is indigenous on our mountains. I have seen
it, abundant, on Pokono ; and in our gardens, here, I think it is
often mistaken for a variety of the following, — to which, indeed, it
is nearly allied.

3. R. IDAEUS, L. Stems not glaucous, hispid below, prickly above ;
leaflets rhombic-ovate ; fruit amber-colored, pale yellow, or purple.
IDA RUBUS. Antwerp Raspberry. Garden Raspberry.

Stem 3 to 5 feet high, branching, — the hispid bark, below, exfoliating the second
year. Lower leaves odd-pinnate by fives, the upper ones by threes ; common petiolet
1 to 3 or 4 inches long : leo Jkts 2 to 4 inches long, green above, clothed with a dense

80 DIALYPETALOUS EXOGENS

white cottony tomentum beneath. Carpels incurved at apex, clothed with a very

fine short velvety pubescence.

Hob. Gardens, &c. Nat. of Europe. Fl. May. Fr. July.

Obs. The fruit of this is much admired; and the plant, in conse-
quence, extensively cultivated. Many superior varieties (and per-
haps hybrids) have been produced by scientific cultivators, — among
whom Doctor BRINCKLE", of Philadelphia, is one of the most distin-
guished and successful.

4. R. OCCidentalis, L. Stem smooth and glaucous, armed
•with prickles; leaflets lance-ovate; fruit dark purple or nearly
black.

WESTERN RUBUS. Wild, or Black Raspberry. Thimble-berry.

Stem 5 to 8 or 10 feet long, sparingly branched, limber and often arching over so
that the summit comes to the ground and takes root, mostly purplish, and
pruinose or covered with a fine bluish-white powder. Leaflets mostly in threes, 2
to 4 inches long, often subcordate at base, smoothish above, clothed with a dense
glaucous tomentum beneath. Corymbs mostly terminal on the young branches.
Hab. Fence-rows ; borders of woods, &c.: frequent. Fl. May. Fr. July.

Obs. The fruit of this species is smaller and less esteemed than
that of the two preceding ; but is nevertheless sweet and agreeable.

g 2. FRUIT moid or oblong, persistent on the juicy receptacle (BLACKBERRY, and
DEWBERRY) : leaves pedately 3- b-foliolate.

f Stem erect, armed with stout prickles.

5. R. VilloSUS, Ait. Stem angular; young branches and racemes
glandular- villous; leaflets ovate and lance-oval; racemes many-
flowered.

VILLOUS RUBUS. Blackberry. Common Brier. Bramble.

Stem 3 to 6 or 8 feet high, stout, ridged or obtusely angular, branching. Leaflets
•7. 2 to '3 or 4 inches long. Racemes rather large, sometimes leafy. Fruit ovoid-
' .-. oblong or cylindric, sometimes near an inch long, — changing from green to red or
purplish, and finally black.
Hob. Old fields; thickets, &c.: common. Fl. May. Fr. July.

Obs. Every one knows the common Brier. The root, both of this

and the R. Canadensis, being moderately astringent, is a popular

remedy for diarrhoea. The nipe fruit affords a pleasant jam, — which

is also considered salutary, in bowel complaints. Even the knots

•\ which are formed on the branches, from the puncture of insects,

:-'.^ were formerly carried, by credulous simpletons, as a sort of amulet,

.''•.' or charm against the toothe-ache ! The plant, nevertheless, is often

v . "something of a nuisance on our farms, from its tendency to spread,

and take possession of neglected fields.

• ,"' <>. It. Clineif olillS, Pursh. Stem sub-terete; branches pubes-

. ^. cent; leaflets cuneate-obovate, sub-plicate, tomentose beneath ; ra-

' cemes few-flowered.

'••'':? WEDGE-LEAVED RUBUS. Sand Blackberry.

"* Stem 2 to 3 feet high, branched. Leaflets mostly ternate, 1 to 2 inches long,
cnneate, and obtuse with a short abrupt acumination; common petioles half an

: • inch to an inch and half in length. Flowers sometimes tinged with red. Fruit

. ' oval, about half an inch long, black when mature, succulent and well-flavored.

V . Hob. Dry hills; E. Nantmeal, Kennett: rare. FL May. Fr. July.

•

,_^._. BOSACEAE 81

Obs. This species is very common in New Jersey ; but is rather
scarce on our side of the Delaware.

t f Stem procumbent, armed with short or slender prickles.

"?• R. Canad6nsl§9 L. Stems fruticose, smoothish, extensively
trailing; leaflets ovate, acute, thin; fruit large, sweet.
R. trivialis. Pursh. $ Fl. Cestr. ed. 2. p. SOS.^not of MX. ' J1 '•',
CANADIAN RUBUS. Dewberry. Running Brier.

Stem 3 or 4 to 8 or 10 feet long, slender, — often several from the same root
running in different directions, and giving out numerous leafy pubescent flower-
ing branches, which are nearly erect, and 2 to 4 or 6 inches in length. Leaflets
mostly ternate, an inch to an inch and half long. Flowers somewhat corymbose
on the short branches. Fruit oblong or roundish, half an inch to near an inch in
diameter, black when mature, very succulent and sweet.
Hab. Rocky sterile soils; old fields, £c.: frequent. Fl. May. Fr. July.

Obs. Our Dewberry is a fine fruit, and is generally preferred be-
fore all the other Blackberries proper ; but it is not the " Dewberry'*
of England, — which is R. caesius, L.

S. R. liispidlis, L. Stems suffruticose, bristly, slender; leaflets
cuneate-obovate, obtuse, subcoriaceous ; fruit small, acerb.
R. obovatus, Pers. £ Fl. Cestr. ed. 2. p. 308.
HISPID RUBUS. Swamp Blackberry.

Stem 2 to 4 feet long, armed with retrorse bristles, which often become slender
prickles. Leaflets about an inch long, often living through the winter. Flowers
subpaniculate. Fruit black when mature.
Hab. Swampy thickets, among moss, &c.: frequent. FL June. Fr. Aug.

Obs. This species is pretty much confined to shaded sphagnous
swamps.

TRIBE 3. ROVSEAE.

I'istiU numerous, inserted on the hollow receptacle which lines the fleshy oalyx- \
tube; calyx-segments imbricated, often foliaceous at apex.

122. RO'SA, Tournef.

[Latinized from the Celtic, Rhos, red ; the prevailing color of the flowers.]
Calyx-tube urceolate, finally berry-like. Petals 5. Stamens numer-
ous, inserted with the petals on the rim of the calyx-tube. Styles:
nearly included ; ovaries distinct, hirsute, becoming bony akenes. —
Shrubby and prickly: leaves odd-pinnate; stipules adnate to the pe-
tiole.

1. R. Carolina, L. Stem-prickles stout, recurved; flowers ia

terminal corymbs.

CAROLINA ROSA. Swamp Rose.

Stem 4 to 6 feet high, with numerous purple branches. Leaflets mostly 5 or 7,.
1 to 2 inches in length, generally elliptic-lanceolate. Flowers red or purplish.—
Fruit (i. e. the fleshy or berry-like calyx-tube, called a Hip,) depressed-globose,
somewhat glandular-hispid, dark red and shining when mature.
Hab. Low moist grounds, thickets, Ac.: frequent. FL June. Fr. Sept.

Obs. This is often a troublesome plant, in wet meadows, and low
grounds.

6

82 DIALYPETALOUS EXOGENS

2. R. liicida, Ehrh. Stem-prickles bristle-like, nearly straight,
mostly deciduous ; flowers usually in pairs.
R. parviflora. Ehrh. $ FL Cestr. ed. 2. p. 310.
LUCID ROSA. Dwarf Wild Rose.

Stem 1 to 2 feet high, with greenish branches. Leaflets 5 to 9 (mostly 7), 1 to
near 2 inches long, generally oval. Flowers pale red, sometimes solitary. Hips
subglobose, dark red and nearly smooth, when mature.
Hob. Borders of .woods ; old fields, &c.: frequent. FL June. Fr. Sept.

3* R- rubiginbsa, L. Leaflets and stipules glandular-pubescent,
fragrant; flowers mostly solitary, small.
RUBIGINOUS, or RUSTY ROSA. Sweet Brier.

Stem 6 to 8 feet high (when trained up, much taller), with long slender branches,
mostly yellowish-green. Leaflets 5 to 7, one-third to three-fourths of an inch long,
oval or obovate, green above, clothed with a rusty glandular viscid pubescence
beneath. Flowers pale red. Hips oval, mostly smooth, reddish orange color when
mature.
Hob. Sandy banks; roadsides, &c.: Nat. of Europe.^?. June. Fr. Sept.

Obs. This species, so generally admired for the fragrance of its
leaves, is sometimes cultivated, — and has become naturalized in
many places. The species of this delightful genus are quite numer-
ous;— while the splendid varieties, produced by skillful Florists
(and sedulously cultivated, by persons of taste), almost defy the
attempt to catalogue them, — and yet they are continually being
multiplied.

SUBORDER III. POVMEAE.

Trees or shrubs ; leaves mostly simple ; ovaries 2 to 5 (rarely solitary), cohering
with each other and with the including thickened fleshy calyx-tube, — each ovary
or cell containing one or few ascending seeds.

DIVISION I. CALYX-TUBE URCEOLATE.
123. CRATAEVGUS, L.

[Gr. Kratos, strength; in allusion to the firmness of the wood.]
Styles 1 or 2 to 5. Pome fleshy or somewhat mealy, containing 1
to 5 bony 1-seeded carpels. Thorny shrubs : leaves simple, mostly
incised or lobed ; flowers usually white.

f Corymbs many-flowered. * Fruit small.

1. C. oxyacdntha, L. Leaves cuneate-obovate, laciniate-lobed, often
trifid; styles 1 to 3; fruit ovoid.
SHARP-THORNED CRATAEGUS. English Hawthorn.

Stem 8 to 12 feet high, much branched; branches rugged, armed with sharp
tapering thorns about half an inch in length. Leaves an inch to an inch and half
long, and about as wide as long, variously lobed, often 3- or 5-lobed, with the mid-
dle or terminal lobe trifid; stipules of the young plant foliaceous, obliquely falcate-
reniform. Corymbs terminal on the short spurs. Style mostly solitary. Fruit
about % of an inch in diameter, purple when mature.
Hob. Roadsides; fence-rows, &c. Nat. of Europe. FL May. Fr. Octo.

Obs. This Thorn — so familiar to us, in the Poetry of England —
•was formerly rather frequent in Chester County, and partially nat-
uralized; but is now becoming rare. It was probably introduced

EOSACEAE 83

with a view to hedging ; but some of our native species being more
easily cultivated, the Hawthorn has been neglected.

*8« C. CORD\TA, Ait Leaves deltoid-ovate; snbcordate at base,
incised-serrate and somewhat 3-lobed; styles 5; fruit depressed-
globose.
CORDATE CRATAEGUS. Washington Thorn. Virginia Thorn.

Stem 15 to 20 feet high, with numerous virgate or slender dark-purple branches,
armed with slender sharp thorns about 2 inches long. Leaves 2 to 3 inches long,
often 3-lobed, and resembling a small leaf of the red Maple ; petioles % of an inch
to an inch in length ; stipules of the young plant subreniform, lobed and glando.
lar serrate. Corymbs compound, terminating the young slender short branches.
Styles more or less united. Fruit about % of an inch in diameter, bright crimson
when mature.
Hob. Roadsides, Ac., in hedges. Nat. of Virginia. Fl. June. Fr. Octo.

Obs. This species is the one which has been chiefly cultivated for
hedging, in this County, — where it was introduced, from the vicinity
of Washington City, about the commencement of the present cen-
tury. It makes a handsome hedge, when well managed ; but not
so substantial and effective as the Cockspur Thorn. It is so subject
to be injured, and broken into gaps, by thoughtless and reckless
trespassers — especially near villages — that the attempt to cultivate
it is rather a source of vexation, than of satisfaction.

* * Fruit middle-size.]

3» C. Crus-grallij L. Leaves obovate-cuneate, and lance-oblong,

serrate, thickish and shining ; styles 1 to 3 ; fruit somewhat pyri-

form.

COCK-SPUR CRATAEGUS. Cock-spur Thorn. New-Castle Thorn.

Stem 10 to 15 or 20 feet high, much branched, and armed with sharp tapering
thorns 2 to near 3 inches in length. Lewies 1 to 2% inches long, somewhat coria-
ceous, on short petioles. Corymbs terminal, on short rigid spurs. Styles 2, or more
usually solitary. Fruit medium size^between the preceding and the following
species, reddish brown when mature.
Hob. Fence-rows; thickets, &c.: not common. .FZ.June. Fr. Octo.

06*. There appears to be two pretty distinct varieties of this;
both of which, however, are so rare, that I am not quite sure they
are truly indigenous here. The Cock-spur Thorn, in my judgment,
is decidedly the best for making a durable and effective hedge : But,
until timber shall become scarce, very few farmers will take the
requisite pains to insure a complete hedge, — and without such
care, it is worse than labor lost to make the attempt. In the lan-
guage of Mr. M'MAHON'S excellent " American Gardener's Calendar"
referring to the hedging experiments of negligent, slovenly farmers :
" I would advise such to hold fast by the post and rail, and not to
lose time in doing more harm than good."

* * * Fruit rather large.

4. C« coccinca, L. Leaves ovate, acutely sublobed and incised-
serrate, thin ; styles 3 to 6 ; fruit oval or globular, bright red.
SCARLET CRATAEGUS. White Thorn. Scarlet-fruited Thorn.
Stem 0 to 10 or 12 feet high, with flexuous spreading rugged branches, armed

84 DIALYPETALOUS EXOGENS

•with stout thickish acute thorns 1 to near 2 inches in length, and mostly a little
curved downwards. Leaves about 2 or 2% inches long, cut into 3 or 4 small angu-
late lobes on each side ; petioles % of an inch to an inch and half in length ; stipules
lance-linear, glandular-serrate. Corymbs terminating the young short branches.
Fruit 1 third to near half an inch in diameter, esculent.
Sab. Borders of woods, and thickets: frequent. FL May. Fr. Sept.

5. C. pimctata, Jacq. Leaves cuneate-obovate, doubly serrate,
subplicate ; styles 2 or 3 ; fruit subglobose, orange-color, dotted.
DOTTED CRATAEGUS.

Stem 8 to 12 or 15 feet high, with rugged branches armed with stout sharp
thorns 1 to 2 inches in length. Leaves an inch and half to 3 inches long; petioles
% to ^ of an inch in length. Corymbs compound, pubescent, often quite villous.
Fruit %io% of an inch in diameter, sometimes red when mature, esculent and
not unpleasant to the taste,
Hob. Borders of woods ; along streams, &c.: not common. Fl. May. Fr. Sept.

Obs. The species doubtfully given as C. flava, in the 2nd edition
(C. tomentosa^ L. Torr. & Gr.), I am not yet well satisfied about;
and therefore leave it for further investigation.

f f Flowers subsolitary, terminal.

6. C. parvifolia. Ait, Leaves cuneate-oblong, or spatulate,
crenate, thickish, roughish-pubescent ; styles 5; fruit pyriform,
rather large, pale greenish-yellow.

SMALL-LEAVED CRATAEGUS. Dwarf Thorn.

Stem 3 to 5 feet high, bushy, armed with a few sharp thorns half an inch to an
inch long. Leaves % of an inch to an inch and half long, subsessile. Fruit % to
near half an inch in diameter, somewhat hairy, esculent.
Hob. Dry banks; Great Valley: rare. FL May. Fr. Sept.

124. PY^RtTS, L.

[The classical Latin name of the Pear-tree.]

Styles 2, to 5. Pome fleshy or berry-like, 2- to 5-celled ; cells or
carpels cartilaginous, each 2-seeded. Trees, or shrubs : leaves mostly
simple, involute in the bud; flowers in cymose corymbs.

§ 1. STYLES 5, distinct : Pome turbinate, not umbilicate at base.
1. P. COMMTJNIS, L. Leaves lance-ovate, slightly serrate, smooth
above ; peduncles corymbose, pubescent.
COMMON PYRUS. Pear. Pear-tree.

Stem 20 to 30 or 40 feet high, with virgate rather erect branches, forming an ob-
long or tapering head. Leaves 2 to 3 inches long; petioles 1 to 2 inches in length.
Flowers white, in clustered corymbs, on lateral spurs. Fruit 1 to 3 inches in
diameter, succulent, usually yellowish-green, with shades of red.
Hal). Gardens, yards, &c. Nat. of Europe. Fl. May. Fr. Aug. and after.

Obs. Many varieties of this luscious fruit have been obtained, by
long culture, — in which the French Pomologists seem especially to
excel.

§ 2. STYLES 5, united at base: Pome depressed-globose, umbilicate at base.
a. P. MALUS, L. Leaves ovate-oblong, serrate, pubescent above ,-
peduncles subumbellate, villous.
APPLE PYRUS. Common Apple. Apple-tree.

EOSACEAE 85

SUm 15 to 25 or 30 feet high, usually with spreading geniculate branches, form-
ing a broad bushy head. Leaves 2 to 3j inches long ; petioles about an inch in
length. Flowers mostly pale red, in simple sessile umbels, terminal and lateral.
Fruit 1 to 3 or 4 inches in diameter, fleshy, of various colors.
Hob. Orchards, yards, Ac. Nat. of Europe. Fl. May. Fr. Aug. and after.

Obs. The varieties of this — like the Pear — have been rendered
almost numberless, by long and careful culture. It is much to be
regretted, however, that so little attention has been hitherto paid,
in this County, in selecting the best. A new era, it is hoped, is
now dawning upon those who have orchards to plant. %£~^

3. P. coroiiiiria, L. Leaves broad-ovate, subcordate at base,
incised-serrate or angulate-lobed, smoothish; peduncles corymbose,
smooth.

CROWN PYRUS. Crab Apple. Sweet-scented Crab tree.

Stem 10 to 15 feet high, with spreading branches, rugged with short spurs, and
forming a bushy head. Leaves 2 to 3 inches long ; petioles half an inch to an inch
and half in length. Flowers pale red, in loose corymbs terminating the spurs.—
Fruit an inch or inch and half in diameter, fleshy, but firm, yellowish-green and
fragrant when mature, yet extremely acid.
Hob, Borders of woods ; roadsides, &c. rare. Fl. May. Fr. Sept.

Obs. This native apple was formerly frequent in Chester County :
but is now becoming quite rare.

§ 3. STYLES 2 to 5: Pome small, berry-like; leaves glandular.

4. P. arbutii'olia, L. Leaves obovate-oblong, acute, crenate-
oerrulate, mostly tomentose beneath; peduncles corymbose, vil-
lous.

ARBUTUS-LEAVED PYRUS. Choke-berry.

Stem 2 to 3 or 4 feet high, slender, branching. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, the
upper surface smooth and green, with numerous dark purple glands on the midrib ;
petioles 1 line to yz of an inch in length. Flowers whitish, with a tinge of purple,
in terminal pedunculate cymose or compound corymbs. Fruit globose, 2 to 3
lines in diameter, dark red or purple, sometimes nearly black, when mature,
sweetish and astringent.
Hob. Moist woodlands: frequent. Fl. May. Fr. Aug.

DIVISION ii. CALYX-TUBE TURBINATE, OR OVOID.

125. CYOOV]VIA, Tournef.
[The name of a city of Crete, — whence it was obtained.]

Calyx-tube turbinate; segments subfoliaceous. Pome fleshy, 5-
celled ; cells several-seeded ; seeds mucilaginous. Trees, or shrubs :
leaves simple, conduplicate in the bud ; flowers mostly solitary.

1. C. WLGARIS, Pers. Leaves oblong-ovate, obtuse at base, very
entire, tomentose beneath ; fruit sub-turbinate, tomentose.
COMMON CYDONIA. Quince. Quince-tree.

Stem 8 to 12 or 15 feet high, with spreading branches. Leaves 2 to 3 inches long ;
petioles about half an inch long. Flowers reddish white, rather large, terminal.—
Fruit 2 to 3 inches in diameter, citron-yellow when mature.
Hob. Gardens; ditch banks, &c. Nat. of Southern Europe. Fl. May. Fr. Sept.

Obs. Cultivated for its fruit, — which is chiefly used for making

86 DIALYPETALOUS EXOGENS

Preserves, or sweet-meats. The Quince is supposed to be the golden
apple of the Hesperides, so celebrated in ancient fable ; but if the
Orange had been then known, it would doubtless have been esteemed
a more precious fruit, by "the Western Maidens." The C. Japon-
ica, Per 8. or Flowering Quince (Pyrus Japonica, Willd.}, is highly
prized for its beauty as an early-flowering shrub; butthe/rwi —
though remarkably fragrant — is very hard and acerb.

126, AMELAff'CHIER, Medik.

[The popular French name of one of the species.]

Calyx-tube ovoid. Petals 5, lance-oblong. Pome berry-like, wit?
5 cartilaginous double cells, each division 1-seeded; seeds ofte*.
abortive. Shrubs : leaves simple ; flowers in terminal racemes.

1. A. CanadensiS, Torr. $ Or. Leaves elliptic-obovate, acu-

minate, silky- villous while young; racemes elongated.

A. Botryapium. Lindl. $ FL Cestr. ed. 2. p. 294. also, A. ovalis,

ibid. p. 295.

CANADIAN AMELANCHIEK. June-berry. Shad-Bush. Service-berry.

Stem, 8 to 15 or 20 feet high, with rather slender distant branches. Leaves 2 to 3
inches long ; petioles half an inch to an inch in length. Racemes about 2 inches
long, loose and rather pendulous ; flowers white and showy. Fruit roundish-
ovoid, 2 to 3 or 4 lines in diameter, dark purple when mature, esculent.
Hob. Rich moist woodlands : frequent. FL April. Fr. June.

Obs. This shrub has acquired one of its popular names, by reason
of its flowering during the season of taking shad, in our rivers. The
A. ovalis, DC. $ FL Cestr. ed. 2. is, no doubt, very properly re-
duced to a variety.

ORDER XXXVI. MELASTOMACEAE.

Barely herbs; leaves opposite, entire, strongly ribbed ; stipules none; flowers in
terminal corymbose cymes ; calyx-tube more or less adherent to the ovary ; stamens
twice as many as the petals, and inserted with them ; anthers opening by pores at
apex ; fruit capsular ; seeds numerous, without albumen.

RHEX'IA, L.

[Gr. Khexis, a rupture; a name without apparent application.]
Calyx-tube urceolate ; limb 4-cleft. Petals 4, inserted on the calyx.
Anthers long, curved, decimate, 1-celled. Style 1. Capsule 4-
celled, included in the calyx-tube. Seeds cochleate. Perennial
herbs: leaves sessile; flowers cymose.

1. R. Vir§finlca? L. Stem square, with winged angles ; leaves

oval-lanceolate, acute, bristly-ciliate.

VIRGINIA RHEXIA. Deer-grass. Meadow Beauty.

Stem 9 to 18 inches high, often trichotomously branched above, sparingly hispid.
Leaves 1 to 3 inches long, with 3 prominent nerves. Flowers bright purple, rather
large and showy; calyx glandular-hispid.
Hob. Slaty swamps : not common. Fl. Aug. Fr. Sept.

ORDER XXXVII. LYTHRA^CEAE.

Herbs ; leaves mostly opposite, entire ; stipules none ; flowers axillary ; stamens 4 tr
14 ; style 1 ; capsule membranaceous, included in the calyx, but free, 1- to 4-celled.
Boany-aeeded; seeds without albumen.

LTTHEACEAE 87

128. AMMAIV'JVIA, Houston.

[Dedicated to Prof. Ammann, of St. Petersburg.]

Calyx snbcampanulate, 4-angled, 4-lobed, with a tooth at each
sinus. Petals 4, or wanting. Stamens 4. Capsule globular, 4-
celled, with central placentae. Smooth subaquatics.

1. A. !i ii mil is, MX. Stems ascending, square; leaves linear-
oblanceolate, rather obtuse ; flowers in threes or often solitary, ses-
sile; petals 4, orbicular, caducous.
HUMBLE AMMANNIA.

Annual ; stem 4 to 8 inches long, procumbent and branching at base. Leaves %
of an inch to an inch and half long, tapering at base to a short petiole. Flow«rs
greenish, small, upper ones usually solitary, and opposite.
Hob. Wet places; Brandy wine: rare. Fl. Aug. Fr. Sept.

Obs. Collected on the west branch of the Brandy wine, above
MARSHALL'S Mill, in 1837, by Mr. JOSEPH M. BARNAKD.

129. CITPHEA, Jacq.

[Gr. Kuphos, curved, or gibbous; in reference to the calyx-tube.]
Calyx tubular, 12-ribbed, ventricose, gibbous at base; limb 6-
toothed. Petals 6, very unequal. Stamens mostly 12. Capsule
oblong, 1- or 2-celled, bursting laterally with the calyx-tube. Seeds
few, compressed, oval. Clammy herbs : flowers pedunculate.

1. C. visco§issima,j Jacq. Clothed with a purplish clammy
pubescence ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, petiolate ; flowers solitary.
MOST VISCID CUPHEA.

Annual ; stem 9 to 18 inches high, branched. Leaves 1 to near 2 inches long ;
petioles %to%&n inch in length. Calyx-tube about half an inch long, contracted
at throat ; limb more or less dilated, 6-toothed, and usually with small intervening
processes. Petals violet purple, obovate, clawed. Capsule about as long as the
calyx-tube, thin and membranaceous, opening before maturity, and exposing the
rather large seeds.
Hob. Gravelly old fields, and roadsides: frequent. Fl. Aug. Fr. Sept

ORDER XXXVIII. ONAGRA^CEAE.

Herbs; leaves alternate or opposite, simple, without stipules; flowers mostly tetra-
merous; calyx-Jube adherent to the 2-4-celled ovary, its lobes valvate in the bud
or obsolete ; petals convolute in the bud ; stamens as many, or twice as many, as
the petals or calyx-lobes.

SUBORDER I. ONAGRAVCEAE PROPER.

Calyx-tube often longer than the ovary, bearing the petals (when present) and star
mens on its summit; stigma 2- 4-lobed, or capitate; capsule loculicidally 4-celled
and 4-valved, or indehiscent; placentae in the axis; seeds without albumen.

f PETALS 4 ; stamens twice as many,
'ISO. EPMLO^BIUJH, L.

[Gr. Epi Lobou Ion ; meaning a violet on a Pod.]

Calyx-tube not longer than the ovary. Anthers subovate, erect;
pollen not viscid. Capsule long, linear. Seeds comose. Peren*
maU.

88 DIALYPETALOUS EXOGENS

1. E. angUStifdlium, L. Stem simple; leaves alternate,

lanceolate, entire ; flowers in a terminal virgate raceme, large and

showy.

NARROW-LEAVED EPILOBITJM. Great Willow-Herb.

Stem 4 to 6 feet high. Leaves 3 to 5 inches long, subsessile. Raceme 3 to 6 or 8
inches long; flowers purplish lilac-color, on pedicels about half an inch in length.
Capsules 1% to 3 inches long, hoary.
Hob. Great Valley; Beaver run: rare. Fl. July. JV.Sept.

Obs. Collected in 1837, by Mr. ALBERT TOWNSEND. The specific
name, given by LINNAEUS, is rather unfortunate, and calculated to
mislead the young Botanist, — as the leaves are much broader, and
every way larger, than in some of the forms of E. palustre. The
plant, in fact, is quite pretty,— with a large raceme of showy flow-
ers.

52* E. COlorsitlllli, Muhl. Stem much branched; leaves mostly

opposite, lanceolate, serrulate, purple- veined ; flowers axillary,

small.

COLORED EPILOBIUM. Willow-herb.

Stem 2 to 3 feet high,— the upper part, and branches, often marked with pubes-
cent lines decurrent from the base of the petioles. Leaves 2 to 5 or 6 inches long,
mostly obtuse at base; petioles very short. Flowers purplish, sometimes nearly
white, with purple spots, the petals bifid or emarginate. Capsule 2 to near 3 inches
long, slender, pubescent ; valves keeled.
Hob. Swampy thickets, and low grounds r frequent. Fl. July. Fr. Sept.

3. E. palustre, L. Stem slender, bushy at summit, hoary;
leaves lanceolate, or lance-linear, often entire with revolute mar-
gins.

E. squamatum, Nutt. $ Fl. Cestr. ed. 2. p. 239.
MARSH EPILOBIUM.

Stem 12 to 18 inches high, rigid ; branches pubescent. Leaves an inch or inch
and half in length, often nearly linear and sessile. Flowers pale purple, or nearly
white, few and small. Capsule an inch or inch and half long, very slender, hoary-
pubescent while young.
Hob. Swampy, low grounds : not common. Fl. Aug. Fr. Octo.

Obs. The linear-leaved variety is becoming rare.

131. <EtfOTHEvRA, L.

[Gr. Oinos, wine, and Thera, a 'chase ; application obscure.]
Calyx-tube longer than the ovary. Petals mostly obcordate. An-
thers linear, incumbent; pollen viscid. Capsule oblong, or clavate.
Seeds not comose. Leaves alternate.

1. CE. foieimis, L. Stem stout, green ; leaves ovate-lanceolate,
repand-dentate ; capsule oblong, obtusely 4-angled, sub-sessile.
BIENNIAL OENOTHERA. Evening Primrose.

Stem 3 to 5 or 6 feet high, branched, often rough-haired. Leaves 2 to 6 inches
long, — the lower ones on short petioles, the upper ones sessile. Flmvers yellow,
large, in a terminal leafy or bracteate spike. Calyx colored ; tube cylindrical, 1 to
2 inches in length ; limb dividing, reflected, — the segments partially cohering, and
turned to one side; the limb, and tube above the ovary, caducous. Capsule an
inch to an inch and half long.

ONAGRACEAE 89

Sab. Fields; fence-rows, Ac.: frequent Fl. July. Fr. Sept.

Obs. There are 3 or 4 varieties of this; one of which (Oe. grandi-
flora, Ait.), with very large flowers (frequent in gardens), it is in-
teresting to observe, while its petals are expanding in the twilight
of a summer's evening.

2. CE. flruticusa, L. Stem slender, rigid, purplish; leaves

oblong-lanceolate, denticulate; capsule clavate, acutely 4-angled,

pedicellate.

SHRUBBY OENOTHERA. Sun-drops.

Perennial f Stem 1% to 3 feet high, simple or often branched from the base.—
Leaves about 2 inches long, sessile. Flowers yellow, middle-size, in a terminal
bracteate raceme. Capsule about half an inch long, the angles sometimes winged,
tapering at base to an angular pedicel 1 to 3 or 4 lines in length.
Hob. Dry hills, and pastures : frequent. Fl. June. Fr. Aug.

Obs. This, also, presents some varieties; but the foregoing are
probably the only distinct species, indigenous to the County.

132. OAITRA, L.

[Gr. Gauros, superb ; not particularly applicable to our plant.]
Calyx-tube much longer than the ovary. Petals lance -oblong, as-
cending, or turned to the upper side. Anthers oblong, incumbent.
Capsule ovoid, ribbed, bony or nut-like, nearly indehiscent, 1- or
few-seeded. Seeds not comose. Leaves alternate, sessile.

1. €r. Ijieimis, L. Stem hairy ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute,
denticulate ; capsule subsessile.
BIENNIAL GAURA.

Stem 2 to 4 or 5 feet high, hard, branching, often purple. Leaves 1 to 4 or 5
inches long, acute at each end, finally purple. Ftou>ers at first reddish-white, at
length purple, in terminal spikes, — beginning in dense corymbs, and gradually
elongating. Capsules 1 third to half an inch long, quadrangular-ovoid.
Hob. Along the Schuylkill: rare. FL Aug. Fr. Octo.

•j- f PETALS mostly 4 ; stamens as many.
133. L-UOWIG'IA, L.

[In honor of Christian Gottlieb Ludwig; a German Botanist.]
Calyx-tube not any longer than the ovary ; segments 4, more or less
persistent. Petals sometimes wanting. Capsule quadrangular-
obovoid, or oblong, many-seeded. Perennials : flowers axillary.

* Leaves alternate; petals 4.

1. Ij. al t <• r ill folia, L. Stem erect; leaves lanceolate, sub-
sessile ; capsules quadrangular-obovoid, the angles winged.
Isnardia alternifolia. DC. $ Fl. Cestr. ed. 2. p. 109.
ALTERNATE-LEAVED LUDWIGIA. Bastard Loose-strife. Seed-box.

Stem 2 to 3 feet high, much branched, often purplish. Leaves 2 to 3 inches long,
acute, tapering at base. Flowers yellow ; calyx-segments acuminate, deciduous ;
petals roundish-obovate, caducous. Capsule about ^ of an inch in diameter, — the
apex broad and convex, opening by a central foramen; peduncle the length of the
capsule.
Hob. Wet meadows; along rivulets, &c. : frequent. Fl. July. Fr. Sept

90 DIALYPETALOUS EXOGENS

* * Leaves opposite ; petals wanting, or minute.

2. Li. palustris, Ell. Stem procumbent, creeping ; leaves ovate,
petiolate ; capsules oblong, obtusely 4-cornered.
Isnardia palustris, L. $ Fl. Cestr. ed. 2. p. 109.
MARSH LUDWIGIA. Water Purslane.

Stem 6 to 12 and 18 inches long, succulent, purple, creeping (sometimes floating),
branching. Leaves half an inch to an inch long, abruptly narrowed to a flat or
•winged petiole which is half an inch to three quarters in length. Capsule truncate,
crowned with the persistent calyx-segments.
Hob. Ditches, and miry places : frequent. Fl. July. Fr. Sept.

f f f PETALS 2 ; stamens as many.

134. CIRCAEVA, Tournef.
[Named from Circe, the fabled Enchantress.]

Calyx-tube a little longer than the ovary ; lobes 2, deciduous. Petals
obcordate. Capsule turbinate, subcompressed, uncinately hirsute,
2-celled, 2-seeded. Perennials: leaves opposite, petiolate.

1. C. IjUtetiana, L. Leaves ovate or subcordate, acuminate,

remotely toothed ; bracts none.

PARISIAN CIRC ABA. Enchanter's Nightshade.

Stem 12 to 18 inches high, simple, more or less pubescent. Leaves 1 to 2 or 3
inches long, thin ; petioles % an inch to 2 inches in length. Flowers reddish-
white, in slender virgate racemes, alternate and pedicellate; pedicels of the fruit

Hob. Moist, shaded places: frequent. Fl. July. Fr. Aug.

Obs. Dr. DARWIN, in his Botanic Garden, devotes a number of
lines to the vulgar notions formerly connected with this plant. The
following are the initiatory couplets: —

" Thrice round the grave CIRCSEA prints her tread,
.And chaunts the numbers which disturb the dead ;
Shakes o'er the holy earth her sable plume,
. Waves her dread wand, and strikes the echoing tomb ! "

He informs us, in a note, that it "was much celebrated in the
mysteries of witchcraft," &c. and remarks, that "the superstitious
ceremonies or histories belonging to some vegetables have been
truly ridiculous : " — such as those of the Druids with the Mistletoe, —
the legend of the Mandrake, — the wearing of Paeony roots, as amu-
lets,— and the use of the Hazel twig, or Divining Kod, in discovering
ores, and fountains. He adds, that, in the very year when he was
writing, "there were many in France, and some in England, who
underwent an enchantment without any divining rod at all, and be-
lieved themselves to be affected by an invisible agent, which the
Enchanter called Animal Magnetism!"

ORDER XXXIX. GROSSULACEAE.

Low shrubs, sometimes prickly ; leaves alternate, palmately veined and lobed, ex-
tipulate, or the petioles with stipular margins, ciliate and somewhat clasping at
base; calyx-tube adherent to the ovary, the border 5-lobed, shriveling; petals 5, very
small; stamens 5, inserted, alternately with the petals, on the calyx; fruit a
1-celled berry, with 2 parietal placentae; seeds numerous; embryo minute, at the
base of hard albumen.

GROSSULACEAE 91

135. m • m :s. L.

[An andent Arabic name, of obscure meaning.]

Stamens short, often included. Styles 2, more or less united. Ripe
seeds enveloped in a gelatinous coat.

* Stems more or less aculeate; peduncles 1- to 3-flowered.

1. R. UvA-CRispA, L. Stem diffusely branching; berries solitary,
oval, large, smooth, or hairy.
Goose-berry.

Stem 2 to 3 feet high. Leaves an inch or inch and half in length, and as wide
as long, 3- to 5-lobed ; petioles shorter than the leaves, often margined. Peduncles
solitary or in pairs, often hracteate near the middle. Flowers pale greenish-yel-
low. Berries pendulous, greenish amber-color, when mature.
Hob. Gardens, Ac. Nat. of Europe. Fl. April. Fr. July.

* * Stems not aculeate ; flowers in racemes.

*J. R. RUBBUM, L. Stems slender, erect, sparingly branched; ra-
cemes smooth ; calyx rotate ; berries globose, mostly red.
RED RIBES. Red Currant.

Stems 2 to 4 feet high, growing in bunches, or clusters from the root. Leaves 1
to 2 or 3 inches long, rather wider than long, obtusely 3- to 5-lobed; petioles about
as long as the leaves. Racemes from lateral buds, distinct from the leaves; bracts
ovate. Flowers greenish-yellow. Berries sometimes peaily white.
Hob. Gardens, &c. Nat. of Europe. Fl. April. Fr. June.

3* R. NIGRUM, L. Leaves resinous-dotted beneath ; racemes hairy ;
calyx tubular-campanulate ; berries roundish-ovoid, black.
BLACK RIBES. Black Currant.

Stems 3 to 5 feet high, in clusters from the root. Leaves 2 to 3 inches long, nearly
as wide as long, 3- to 5-lobed; petioles shorter than the leaves. Racemes usually
with a distinct single-flowered peduncle at base; bracts subulate. Flowers pale
yellowish-green, — the petals sometimes changed into stamens, or staminodia. —
Berries purplish black.
Hob. Gardens, Ac. Nat. of Europe. Fl. April. Fr. July.

4. R. floritlum, L. Leaves resinous-dotted on both sides; ra-
cemes retrorsely pubescent; calyx tubular; berries ovoid-oblong,
black.
FLOWERY RIBES. Wild Black Currant.

Stems 3 or 4 feet high, several from the root ; branches often recurved. Leaves
1 to 2 inches in length, and as wide as long, acutely 3-lobed ; petioles longer than
the leaves, margined, and fringed or pubescent-ciliate near the base. Racemes
about 3 inches long ; bracts lance-linear. Flowers pale greenish-yellow.
Hob. Sandy banks; road-sides, &c.: frequent. Fl. May. Fr. July.

Obs. This is nearly allied to the Garden Black Currant. Two
American species (from the far West) are cultivated as ornamental
shrubbery; viz. R. aureum, Ph. or Missouri Currant, with yellow
flowers of spicy clove-like fragrance, — and R. sanguineum. Ph. with
deep crimson flowers.

ORDEK XL. CUCURBITA^CEAE.

Herbaceous, mostly succulent vines, with tendrils; leaves alternate, palmately
veined or lobed; flowers monoicous (sometimes dioicous); calyx-tube adherent to

92 DIALYPETALOUS EXOGENS

the 1-3-celled ovary; petals 5, more or less united (often completely so); stamens 5
or 3, somewhat united, as well by their tortuous anthers as by the filaments; fruit
(Pepo) usually fleshy, sometimes woody or membranous ; seeds large, without albu-
men.

f Petals connected at base, only.

136. LAGEIVA'RIA, Seringe.

[Gr. Lagenos, a flagon, or bottle ; from the shape of the fruit.]

Calyx-tube subturbinate ; segments subulate-lanceolate. Fruit a

woody Pepo ; seeds obovate, 2-lobed at apex, with the margin tumid.

Climbing annuals.

1. L. vuLGXms, Ser. Softly viscid-pubescent; leaves roundish-
cordate, acuminate ; fruit clavate-ventricose.
COMMON LAGENARIA. Calabash. Bottle Gourd.

Plant emitting a fetid musky odor; stem 10 to 15 or 20 feet long, slender, branch-
ing, climbing by 2- to 4-cleft tendrils. Leaves 4 to 6 or 8 inches long ; petioles 2 to 6
inches long. Flowers white, with green nerves and veins, axillary, on long pe-
duncles. Fruit 12 to 18 inches long, unequally biventricose, finally nearly hol-
low, or partially filled with the loose dry suberose placentae,— the rind, or shell,
becoming smooth, thin and hard. Seeds with a dry membranous arillus.

^ Obs. The firm woody shell, of the fruit, affords a convenient
kitchen utensil, — for which the plant is cultivated, by cottagers and
farmers who cannot afford, or do not choose, to purchase more
costly ones. WILLDENOW seems to have had a high opinion of its
value, in domestic economy. Under the head of Usus, he mentions
"Lagenae, Cochlearia, Infundibula, Pilei, innumeraque Utensilia." It
might serve all these purposes, in a primitive state of society ; but
our people have generally got rather past that. There is occasion-
ally cultivated, for the table, a cucurbitaceous fruit of extraordinary
length, called " vegetable marrow," — which seems to belong to this
species, and may, perhaps, be the variety clavata, of SERINGE and DE
CANDOLLE.

137. CITCUMIS, L.

[Said to be derived from the Celtic, Once,— a hollow vessel.]
Calyx tubular-campanulate, 5-toothed. Fruit a fleshy Pepo ; seeds
white, lance-oblong, acute at base and on the margin. Annuals /
flowers axillary, on short peduncles, yellow; tendrils simple.

1, C. MELO, L. Stem prostrate; leaves cordate-orbicular, some-
what angulate; fertile flowers perfect; fruit oval, or subglobose,
torulose.
MELON CUCUMIS. Musk-Melon. Cantaleupe.

Hirsute and roughish. Stem 5 to 8 or 10 feet long, sparingly branched. Leaves
3 to 4 inches in length, and rather wider than long ; petioles 2 to 3 inches long. —
Fruit 4 to 6 inches in diameter, often longitudinally ridged (torulose),— the flesh,
when mature, yellowish, succulent, and of a saccharine spicy flavor.
Hob. Gardens, &c. Nat. of Tartary, and the East. Fl. June. Fr. Aug.

Si. C. SATiVus, L. Stem trailing or clambering; leaves angulate-
lobed, the terminal lobe prominent ; fruit oblong, obtusely trigonous,
scabrous when young.
CULTIVATED CUCUMIS. Common Cucumber.

; CUCUEBITACEAB 93

Rough and hispid. Stem 6 to 10 or 12 feet long, somewhat branching. Leaves
3 to 5 or 6 inches long, and nearly as wide as long, somewhat 5-angled and lobed ;
petioles 2 to 4 inches in length. Fruit 6 to 12 inches long, and 2 or 3 inches in
diameter, rough with bristle-pointed tubercles while young,— smoothish, tawny-
yellow, and pulpy when mature.
Hab. Gardens, &c. Nat. of Asia. Fl. June. Fr. Aug.
3. C. ANGUVRIA, L. Stem prostrate, slender; leaves sinuately pal-
mate-lobed; fruit oval, echinate.
ANGURIA CUCUMIS. Prickly, or Jerusalem Cucumber.

Hirsute. Stem 3 to 6 feet long, branching. Leaves 3 or 4 inches in length, deeply
sinuate-lobed; petioles 1 or 2 inches long. Flowers greenish-yellow. Fruit about
an inch in diameter, strongly muricate, greenish when mature.
Hob. Gardens, Ac.. Nat. of Jamaica. FL July. Fr. Sept.

138. CITRUI/MJS, Neck.

[From Citrus, an orange; the pulp being mostly orange-red.]
Calyx 5-parted ; segments linear-lanceolate. Fruit oval or roundish,
fleshy, — the placentae very succulent. Seeds colored, flatly com-
pressed, obovate-oblong, truncate at base, and ^obtuse on the mar-
gin. Annuals: flowers axillary, pale greenish-yellow; tendrils
branched.

1. C. VULGABJS, Schrad. Stem trailing, rather slender ; leaves 5-
lobed, lobes sinuate-pinnatifid ; fruit very smooth, stellate-maculate.
Cucumis Citrullus. Ser. $ Fl. Cestr. ed. 2. p. 553.
COMMON CITRULLUS. Water-Melon.

Hairy. Stem 8 to 12 or 15 feet long, angular, somewhat branching. Leaves 3 to
5 or 6 inches long, ovate in their outline; petioles 2 to 3 inches in length, gener-
ally erect. Fruit 10 to 20 inches long, with a firm fleshy rind, and, when mature,
with a tender sweet watery frosty-looking or crystalized pulp within, which is
usually purplish or reddish-orange color. Seeds black, or purplish brown.
Hab. Gardens, Ac. Nat. of India and Africa. Fl. June. Fr. Aug.

Obs. There is a nearly allied plant, often seen in gardens, which
bears a different /rmZ — known by the name of " Citron," — the firm
rind of which is used in making sweetmeats, or "Preserves." The
interior is also firm, and does not become red, tender and watery,
like the common Water Melon : yet the whole aspect of the plant,
and external appearance of the fruit, so closely resemble this species,
that I suppose it may be nothing more than a variety, — perhaps the
Var. Pasteca, of SERINGE and DE CANDOLLE.

139. SICTOS, L.

[The ancient Greek name of the Cucumber.]

Calyx campanulate. Fruit ovate, compressed, dry and membranous,
1 -seeded, beset with barbed prickly bristles. Climbing annuals,
resembling the common Cucumber- Vine : fruit in capitate clusters.

I. S. aiisulat us, L. Leaves angulate-5-lobed, cordate at base ;
fruit prickly and villous, in small dense pedunculate clusters.
ASGULATE SICYOS. Single-seeded Cucumber.

Viscid-pubescent Stem 10 to 15 or 20 feet long, slender, branching; tendrils
somewhat umbellately branched. Leaves 3 to 5 or 6 inches long, and about as
wide as long ; petioles 2 to 3 inches ra length. Flowers greenish-white, clustered

94 DIALYPETALOUS EXOGENS

on axillary common peduncles 1 or 2 to 4 or 5 inches in length, — the staminate ones
corymbose-capitate, with the common peduncle longer ; the pistillate ones in dense
capitate clusters. Fruit compressed, ovate, in stellately-globose heads, which are
about an inch in diameter, and armed with slender tawny spines.
Hob. Banks of Schuylkill : rare. Fl. July. Fr. Sept.

Obs. This Cucumber-like Vine has found its way into some gar-
dens ; where it is something of a nuisance, and rather difficult to
get rid of. The Balsam Apple (Momordica Balsdmina, L.J, which
belongs to this section, is sometimes seen in gardens ; but is scarcely
entitled to a place in our Flora — even among cultivated plants.

f f Petals united with each other, and with the calyx.
14O. CUCIIR'BITA, L.

[The Latinized Celtic name for a Gourd, or hollow vessel.]
Calyx-tube obovoid-clavate ; limb circumscissed and deciduous. Co-
rolla campanulate. Fruit fleshy, or finally subligneous. Seeds
white, obovate, convexly compressed, the margin scarcely tumid. —
Trailing annuals : leaves subcordate ; tendrils branched ; flowers yel-
low, axillary, subsolitary.

* Fruit always fleshy (PUMPKINS),

1. C. Pispo, L. Leaves obtusely cordate, somewhat 5-lobed; flowers
large ; fruit of various forms, smooth.

Pumpkin.

Rough and hispid. Stem 10 to 20 feet long, sparingly branched. Leaves 9 to 15
inches long, on stout fistular petioles 4 to 6 or 8 inches in length. Staminate flow-
ers often solitary, on a long peduncle. Fruit varying from depressed-globose to
oval, oblong, or clavate and curved, of various sizes and colors,' — the rind thick
and fleshy, the cavity loosely filled with a stringy pulp.
Hob. Fields, and gardens. Nat. of the East. Fl. July. Fr. Octo.

Obs. The fruit of this is valuable for stock, — ahd some of the
varieties excellent for the table. It is liable to be injuriously hy •
bridized, when growing in the immediate vicinity of Squa'shes. I
have had a crop of Pumpkins totally spoiled, by thoughtlessly
planting Squashes among them; the fruit becoming hard, warty
and woody, — unfit for the table, and unsafe to give to cattle.

* * Fruit finally suUigneous (SQUASHES).

2. C. M^LOPEPO, L. Leaves somewhat 5-angled; fruit orbicular
and much depressed (clypeate), smoothish, the margin often tumid.
Cymling. Round, or Patty-pan Squash.

Hirsute. Stem 8 to 12 or 15 feet long, somewhat branching; tendrils sometimes
transformed or developed into imperfect leaves. Leaves 6 or 8 inches in length ;
petioles as long as the leaves. Fruit 3 to 6 or 8 inches in diameter, of various colors,
sometimes warty.
Hob. Gardens, &c. Nat. country uncertain. Fl. July. Fr. Octo.

Obs. Cultivated for the table. The name, "Cymling," is South-
ern,— and may, perhaps, be a corruption of Cymbaline, from a re-
semblance in the/orwt of the fruit to that of a Cymbal.

3. C. VERRucbsA, L. Leaves 5-lobed, the middle lobe narrowed at
base; fruit oblong, or clavate and curved, warty.

CUCURBITACEAE 95

WARTY CUCURBITA. Warted, or Long-necked Squash.

Hirsute. Stem 10 to 15 feetlong, somewhat branching. Leaves 8 to 10 inches
long ; petioles nearly as long. Fruit of varying form and color.
Hob. Gardens, Ac. Nat. country unknown. Fl. July. Fr. Octo.

Obs. Cultivated as the preceding, — to which it is nearly allied.

ORDER XLI. CRASSULACEAE.

Mostly succulent or fleshy herbs; leaves alternate, or suhverticillate, flat, or terete,
chiefly sessile; stipules none; flowers usually cymose, perfectly symmetrical (i. e.
the parts all equal in numbers), except that the number of stamens is sometimes
doubled; sepals imbricated in the bud (rarely wanting); carpels follicular, opening
along the inner suture; embryo in thin albumen.

141. SEVOIJM, L.

[Latin, sedeo, to sit ; the plants often sitting on nearly naked rocks.]
Sepals and petals mostly 5 : Stamens twice as many. Carpels distinct,
each with a little scale at base. Seeds numerous. Leaves thick and
fleshy.

1. S. ternsltuill, MX. Leaves flat, — the lower ones spatulate,

ternately verticillate, the upper ones lance-oblong, scattered;

cymes 3-spiked, with the 1-sided flowers octandrous and the solitary

central flower decandrous.

TERNATE SEDUM. Stone-crop. Purslane-leaved House-leek.

Perennial. Stems 2 to 4 or 5 inches long, branching from the base, spreading,
assurgent. Leaves half an inch to an inch long, a little produced at base. Branches
of the cyme 1 to 3 inches in length, spreading or recurved; flowers white; anthers
purplish-black.
Hob. Shaded rocky banks; Ridley Creek : rare. Fl. May. Fr. June.

142. PENTHOvRIJMj Gronov.

[Gr. Pente, five, and oros, a prominence; alluding to the erect carpels.]
Sepals 5. Petals mostly wanting. Stamens 10. Carpels united at
base, forming a 5-beaked 5-celled capsule ; cells opening transversely.
Seeds numerous. Leases thin, scattered.

1. P. sedoides, L. Leaves lanceolate, serrate ; cyme spreading;

flowers secund, racemose-spiked.

SEDUM-LIKE PENTHORUM. Virginian Stone-crop.

Perennial. Stem 12 to 18 inches high, erect, with a few angular branches above.
Leaves 2 to 4 inches long. Racemes 1 to 2 inches long, circinate ; flowers yellow-
ish-green.
Hob. Swampy places; along rivulets, &c.: frequent. FL July. Fr. Sept.

ORDER XLII. SAXIFRAGACEAE.

Herbs, or shrubs; leaves alternate, or opposite; stipules mostly none, or the base of
the petioles dilated and stipule-like; sepals 4 or 5, persistent, more or less connect-
ed with each other, and often partially adherent to the ovary ; petals as many as
the sepals, rarely wanting ; stamens as many, or more commonly twice as many,
as the petals, and inserted with them on the calyx ; pistils usually 2, cohering at
base, and separate at summit; fruit capsular, mostly 2-beaked, with septicidal de-
hiscence, many-seeded ; embryo in the axis of fleshy albumen.

96 DIALYPETALOUS EXOGENS

SUBORDER I. SAXIFRAVGEAE.

Perennial herbs; calyx mostly adherent to the base of the ovary; petals imbricated
in the bud.

g 1. Leaves mostly alternate, f Petals 5, entire.

143. SAXIF'RAGA, L.

[Latin, Saxum, a rock, &ndfrango, to break; often growing in the clefts of rocks.}
Calyx 5-parted. Stamens 10. Capsule 2-celled, — or rather 2 con-
nate follicles, opening between the beaks.
J8®=> Leaves chiefly att radical; flowers on a scape, cymose-paniculate.

1. S. Tirginiensis, MX. Leaves oval-spatulate with a broad
petiole, crenate-dentate ; calyx slightly adherent to the ovary, not
half as long as the white petals.

VIRGINIAN SAXIFRAGA. Early Saxifrage.

Leaves an inch or inch and half long, thickish ; petioles half an inch to an inch
and half in length. Scape 4 to 12 inches high.
Hob. Rocky banks; woodlands, &c.: frequent. Fl. April. Fr. June.

2. S. Peimsylvdnica, L. Leaves oblanceolate, obsoletely
toothed; calyx free, nearly as long as the greenish-yellow petals.
PENNSYLVANIAN SAXIFRAGA. Tall, or Swamp Saxifrage.

Leaves 4 to 6 or 8 inches long, rather thin ; petioles 1 to 2 inches in length, mar-
gined, ciliate. Scape 2 to 3 (sometimes 4 or 5) feet high ; cymes at first in conglom-
erate heads, finally rather loose, in an open panicle 12 to 18 inches in length.
Hob. Swampy meadows : frequent. Fl. May. Fr. July.

144. HEtICHEvRA. L.

[Named in honor of John Henry Heucher, a German Botanist.]
Calyx 5-cleft. Stamens 5. Capsule 1 -celled, with 2 parietal pla-
centae, 2-beaked, opening between the beaks. Seeds numerous,
roundish-oval, not wing-margined. Leaves radical, on long petioles ;
scape mostly leafless, tall.

1. H. Americana, L. Hairy and viscid ; leaves roundish-cor-
date, somewhat 7-lobed; panicle loose; stamens finally much ex-
serted.
AMERICAN HEUCHERA. Alum-root.

Leaves 1 to 3 or 4 inches in length, and as wide as long; petioles 2 to 8 or 10
inches long. Scape 2 to 4 feet high (often 2 or 3 from the same root), rather slen-
der. Baceme 6 to 12 or 15 inches long, thyrsoid or paniculate; pedicels half an
inch to an inch or more in length, dichotomous, or often in threes. Flowers small,
whitish, with a tinge of purple.
Hob. Thickets ; fence-rows, &c.: frequent. Fl. May. Fr. Aug.

Obs. The root of this plant is considerably astringent ; and is one
of the Indian remedies, reputed to cure cancers, and other ill-
conditioned ulcers.

t f Petals 5,pinnatifid.

145. MITEI/I.A, Tournef.
[Diminutive of Mitra ; the capsule resembling a little mitre.]
Calyx 5-cleft, short. Stamens 10, included. Capsule short, round-
ish, 2-valved at summit. Seeds erect, at the base of the capsule. —

SAXIFRAGACEAE- 97

Leaves mostly radical, on long petioles,— those on the scape opposite
and sessile.

1. IH. «li pliyl'la, L. Leaves cordate, acute, somewhat 3- 5-
lobed, unequally dentate ; scape 2-leaved, many-flowered.
TWO-LEAVED MITELLA. Bishop's Cap. Mitre-wort.

Radical leaves % to 3 inches long; petioles 2 to 6 inches long. Scape 12 to 18
inches high (often several from, the same root), slender. Flowers white, a little
distant, in a simple raceme, 4 to 8 inches in length ; petals deeply pinnatifid toward
the apex, entire and cuneate at base. Seeds obovoid, purplish black, smooth and
shining.

Hob. Rich woods; along Brandy wine: frequent. PL April. Fr. June.
§ 2. Leaves mostly opposite ; petals wanting.

146. CHRYSOSPL.EWIUM, Tournef.

• Gr. Chrysos, gold, and Splen, spleen; figuratively, a, golden remedy for the spleen. J
Calyx 4- or 5-cleft; segments obtuse. Stamens 8 or 10, inserted on
a fleshy disk. Capsule 2-lobed, very short, 1-celled, 2-valved at
top. Succulent prostrate subaquatic plants.

1. C. Americanum, Schweinitz. Steins slender, diffusely
spreading; leaves roundish-ovate, obscurely crenate-lobed ; calyx
mostly 4-cleft, and stamens 8.
AMERICAN CHRYSOSPLENIUM. Golden Saxifrage. Water-Carpet.

Smooth and purplish green. Stem 4 to 8 or 10 inches long, with short axillary
opposite branches toward the base, dichotomously branching near the summit.—
Leaves ^ to % of an inch long, and generally wider than long, abruptly narrowed
to a short flat petiole. Flowers sessile, terminal, axillary and dichotomal, appear-
ing somewhat corymbose on the short terminal branches; anthers reddish-orange
color. Seeds hispid.
Hob. Shaded rocky rivulets, and springs : frequent. Fl. April. Fr. June.

SUBORDER II. HYDRAN'GEAE*

Shrubs; leaves opposite, petiolate; calyx-tube entirely adherent to the ovary; petals
valvate in the bud.

14?. HYDRANGEA, Gronov*

[Gr. Hydor, water, and Angeion, a vase ; from the form of the capsules].
Calyx-tube hemispherical, 8- to 10-ribbed; border 4- or 5-toothed.
Stamens 8 or 10. Capsule 2-celled, 2-beaked, opening between the
beaks; seeds oblong, striate. Flowers cymose, of 2 forms, — the
marginal ones often radiate and abortive.

1. IB . arbor£scen§, L. Leaves oblong-ovate, acuminate, ser-
rate, obtuse or subcordate at base ; cymes flat ; flowers nearly all
fertile.

H. vulgaris, MX. $ FL Cestr. ed. 2. p. 269.
ARBORESCENT HYDRANGEA. Wild Hydrangea.

Stem 4 to 6 feet high, with opposite branches. Leaves 3 to 6 inches long; peti-
oles 1 to 2 inches in length. Cymes terminating the young branches, pubescent,
rarely radiate; flowers white or ochroleucous.
Hah. Banks of Schuylkill : rare. Fl. July. Fr. Sept.

ORDER XLIII. HAMAMELACEAE.

Shrubs; leaves alternate, simple; stipules deciduous; calyx adherent to the base of

98 DIALYPETALOUS EXOGENS

the ovary; pistils 2, united at base; capsule woody, 2-beaked, opening at summit,
2-celled below ; seeds bony, 1 in each cell; embryo surrounded by fleshy albumen.

148. HAMAMEXIS, L.

[Gr. Hama, with, or like, and melis, an apple-tree ; application not obvious.]
flowers in little axillary clusters, with an involucre of 3 scale-like
leaflets : calyx 4-parted, with 2 or 3 bractlets at base. Petals 4, long
and linear. Stamens 4, perfect and alternate with the petals, with
as many intervening scale-like staminodia. Capsule loculicidalr
opening elastically.

1. H. Virginica, L. Leaves obovate or oval, sinuate-dentate,
subcordate at base, stellately pubescent.
VIRGINIAN HAMAMELIS. Witch-Hazel.

Stem 6 to 10 or 12 feet high, with straggling flexuose or geniculate branches.—
Leaves 4 to 6 inches long ; petioles about half an inch in length. Flowers greenish-
yellow, clustered in threes, on a common peduncle near half an inch long ; petals
narrow, linear, a little crisped, about % of an inch in length. Seeds black and
shining.
Hob. Moist woods, and thickets: frequent. Fl. Octo. Fr. Sept. the next year!

Obs. The twigs of this native shrub have furnished a capital sub-
stitute for the Divining Rod, of Europe, — with which crafty opera-
tors were wont to impose upon the credulous.

ORDER XLIY. UMBELLIF'ERAE.

Herbs; flowers in (usually involucrate) umbels; calyx-tube entirely adherent to the
ovary ; petals 5 ; stamens 5, inserted (alternately) with the petals, on the disk that
crowns the ovary and surrounds the base of the 2 styles; fruit consisting of 2
seed-like dry carpels;* seeds solitary, suspended; embryo minute, in the apex of
copious horny albumen. Stems usually hollow ; leaves alternate, generally much
dissected, exstipulate, but the petioles more or less dilated and sheathing at base.

The plants of this Order are much less numerous in our country, than in the
old world. Of the 28 species here described, 9 have been introduced, — and of these,
6 or 7 are cultivated.

* The carpels of the umbelliferae are usually marked with a definite number of
longitudinal ribs, which are sometimes dilated into wings; the intervals, or chan-
nels, between the ribs — as also the commissure (or face, by which the carpels are
joined) — often contain one or more linear receptacles of aromatic oil, — which re-
ceptacles are called vittae, or fillets. Those ribs on the carpels, are distinguished
into primary, and secondary. The primary ones (10 in number on the 2 carpels —
or 5 on each,) are pretty constant, and more or less conspicuous, — representing
the midribs and sutures of the 5 sepals, which, by their union, form the tube of the
calyx and coating of the fruit. The 5 ribs which answer to the midribs of the
sepals, are termed carinal ribs, and their extension at apex forms the 5 calyx-
teeth. Alternating with these primary ribs, there is sometimes a development of
secondary ones, — which Prof. DE CANDOLLE regards as representing lateral nerves
(i. e. one on each side of the midrib) of the sepals. The ribs and vittae — together
with the form, or manner of compression, of the fruit — afford important aid in de-
termining the generic character of the plants of this remarkably natural family :
and consequently, the student, or young herborizer, should always bear in minti
that it is requisite to have specimens of umbettiferae with full-grown fruit.

UMBKLLIFERAE 99

SUBORDER I. ORTHOSPER'MAE.

Inner face, (commissure) of the carpels straight and flat.

g 1. UMBELS simple or imperfect, sometimes proliferous.

149. IIYDROCOT'YLJE, Tournef.

[Or. Hydor, water, and kotyle, a cavity ; the leaves being sometimes a little concave.]
Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit laterally compressed, orbicular; carpels
5-ribbed, — the lateral or intermediate ribs enlarged, often forming
a thickened margin ; vittae none. Smooth creeping marsh perennials :
flowers minute, white.

1. 11. Americana, L. Leaves thin, orbicular, obscurely 7- or
9-lobed, doubly crenate; umbels 3- to 6-flowered, subsessile.
AMERICAN HYDROCOTYLE. Marsh Pennywort.

Stem 6 to 12 inches long, procumbent, very slender, flexuose, with filiform run-
ners from the axils of the leaves. Leaves an inch or inch and half in diameter,
rather wider than long; petioles 1 to 2 inches in length, resembling the stem;
umbels opposite the petioles.

Hob. Moist shaded places : frequent. Fl. July. J*V. Sept.
2. H. ranunculoides, L. Leaves thickish, roundish-reni-
form, somewhat 5-lobed, crenate ; umbels 5- to 10-flowered, pedun-
culate.
RANUNCULUS-LIKE HYDROCOTYLE.

Stem 4 to 8 or 10 inches long, creeping and throwing out verticils of long fibre*.
Leaves about % of an inch long and nearly an inch wide, 3-lobed, with the lateral
segmen ts partially 2-lobed; petioles 1 or 2 to 6, and sometimes 10 or 12, inches
long. Pedicels of the flowers short; common peduncles 1 to 2 inches in length.
Hob. Wet places; along Schuylkill ; E. Nottingham: rare. Fl. July. Fr. Sept.

Obs. H. umbelldta, L. will probably be found along the Schuyl-
kill, within this County : but, so far as I know, it has not yet been
detected.
§ 2. UMBELS or UMBELLETS capitate, imperfect : calyx-lobes large ; flowers often sterile.

150. SAJVIC'VIjA, Tournef.
[Latin, sanare, to heal ; from its supposed virtues.]

Flowers polygamous: Calyx-teeth conspicuous. Fruit globular;
carpels not ribbed, cohering, densely beset with hooked bristles;
each carpel with 5 vittae. Erect perennials : leaves palmate-lobed, —
radical ones on long petioles ; involucre and involucels few-leaved.

1. S. Canad£nsiS, L. Leaves 3- 5-parted; sterile flowers few,
on short pedicels ; styles shorter than the bristles of the fruit.

See S. Marilandica. Fl. Cestr. ed. 2. p. 184.
CANADIAN SANICULA. Sanicle.

Stem about 1 foot high. Radical leaves somewhat pentagonal in their outline;
segments 1 to 2 inches long, obliquely ovate, often cuneate at base, sessile, generally
glaucous ; petioles 3 to 5 inches in length : stem-leaves mostly 3-parted, upper ones
subsessile. Flowers white ; fruits about 3 in each umbellet.
Jfalj. Dry woodlands : frequent. Fl. June. Fr. August.

2. S. Marilandica, L. Leaves 5- 7-parted ; sterile flowers
numerous, on slender longish pedicels ; styles elongated, recurved.
MARYLAND SANICULA.

Stem about 2 feet high. Radical leaves 3- or 5-parted to the base, with the lateral
i«gments deeply 2-parted ; segments 2 or 3 to 5 inches long, lance-oblong or cuneate-

100 DIALYPETALOUS EXOGENS

obovate, often narrowed to a petiole at base, — the common petiole 6 to 12 inches or
more in length. Flowers white (or sometimes greenish-yellow!) ; fruits several in
each umbellet.

Obs. Though nearly allied to the preceding, I think this may
justly be regarded as a distinct species. It also presents a variety,
with dullish yellow flowers.

§ 3. UMBELS perfectly compound.
a. Fruit beset with bristly prickles ; carpels scarcely compressed.

151. DAITCIJS, Tournef.
[From Daulcos, the ancient Greek name.]

Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla irregular. Fruit ovoid-oblong ; primary
ribs slender, ciliate; secondary ribs winged, bristly-pectinate, each
covering a single vitta. Biennials : leaves multifid ; umbels finally
concave, involucrate.

1. D. Carbta, L. Stem hirsute ; leaves bi-tri-pinnatifid ; involucre
nearly as long as the umbel.
CAEOT DAUCUS. Wild Carrot. Garden Carrot.

Plant greyish-green, hispidly pilose. Root fusiform, yellowish or orange-color,
large and fleshy under culture. Stem 2 to 3 or 4 feet high, sulcate-striate, rather
slender, branching. leaves pinnatifidly dissected; segments half an inch to an
inch long, much incised; petioles % an inch to 2 inches in length, sulcate above. —
Umbels on long naked peduncles, level-topped when in flower, concave in fruit. —
flowers white or ochroleucous, occasionally with purplish tinge, — the central
floret of the umbel often dark purple and abortive. Fruit very hispid, — the prickles
on the secondary ribs somewhat barbed.
Hob, Fields, roadsides, &c. Nat. of Europe. Fl. July. Fr. Sept.

Obs. This foreigner is extensively naturalized, and becoming a
troublesome weed, — from the culpable negligence of our farmers. —
The var. SATIVA, DC. or common Garden Carrot, is cultivated as a
culinary vegetable, — and sometimes for farm stock.

b. Fruit smooth, f Carpels dorsally much compressed.
* Margins of the fruit single-winged.

152. HERACL.EVUM, L.

[Dedicated to Hercules ; when LINNAEUS must have been in the " Ercles' vein."]
Fruit broadly wing-margined ; carpels slenderly 5-ribbed, the lateral
ones close to the margin; vittae clavate, shorter than the carpels. —
Stout perennials : leaves large, ternately dissected ; petioles broad and
sheathing; umbels large, flat; involucre few-leaved, deciduous; in-
volucels many-leaved.

1. H. lanJUum, MX. "Woolly; stem sulcate; segments of the
leaves broad, palmate-lobed, subcordate at base.
WOOLLY HERACLEUM. Cow-Parsnep.

Stem 4 to 6 or 8 feet high, branched above. Segments of the leaves 4 to 10 or 12
inches in length, and as wide as long, — the middle one often 3-lobed; petioles 1 to
4 inches long. Umbels sometimes a foot or more in breadth, — the rays 2 to 6 inches
long. Involucels of 5 or 8 leaves, which are lanceolate, with a long slender acumi-
nation. Flowers white.
Hob. Low grounds; along Braudywine: frequent. Fl. May. Fr. July.

UMBELLIFERAB 101

153. PASTTOA^CA, Tournef.
[Latin, Pastus, food ; from the use made of the root.]

Fruit wing-margined ; carpels ribbed as in Heracleum ; vittae linear,
as long as the carpels, one in each channel, and 2, or more, on the
commissure. Chiefly biennials, with fusiform roots: leaves odd-pin-
nately dissected; umbels flat, spreading; flowers yellow; involucre
and involucels none, or few-leaved.

1. P. SATIVVA, L Smooth; stem sulcate; leaflets ovate-oblong,
incised-dentate, the terminal one 3-lobed.
CULTIVATED PASTINACA. Parsnep. Garden Parsnep.

Plant yellowish-green. Moot large and fleshy, with proper culture. Stem 3 to
5 feet high, stout, and somewhat branching. Leaflets in 3 to 5 rather distant ses-
sile pairs, with a terminal petiolate odd one, — each 2 to 4 inches in length; petioles
of the radical leaves 9 to 15 inches long. Fruit oval, emarginate, yellowish ; vittae
dark purple.
I fab. Gardens, Ac. Nat. of Europe. FL June. Fr. Aug.

Obs. This plant — so generally cultivated for its fine esculent
root — produces many seeds, and is apt to stray from the gardens
into the fields, and along fences, — where it speedily degenerates,
and, if neglected, becomes a troublesome unsightly weed.

154. ARC HEM OR A, DC.

[Named from Archemorus, — who, it is said, died from eating Parsley.]
Fruit broadly margined ; carpels with 5 equidistant obtuse ribs, —
the lateral ones dilated into the margin ; channels with single vittae ;
commissure with 2 or more vittae. Smooth perennials : leaves odd-
pinnately dissected, — the leaflets nearly entire, rather rigid; flowers
white ; involucre nearly none ; involucels many -leaved.

1. A. rigida, DC. Stem terete, striate; leaflets 3 to 9, oblong-
lanceolate or sublinear, often subfalcate, sparingly incised-dentate
near the apex.
RIGID ARCHEMORA. Cow-bane.

Stem 2 to 4 or 5 feet high, rather slender, sparingly branched. Leaflets 2 to 4
iuches long; petioles 1 to 5 or 6 inches in length, Umbels about 3, on long pedun-
cles. Involucds of 6 or 8 subulate-linear leaflets. Fruit oval ; channels filled to
convexity by the dark-purple vittae; commissure slightly concave, lined with a
white suberose coat.
Halt. Low, swampy grounds: frequent. FL Aug. Fr. October.

Obs. This plant has the reputation of being poisonous to cattle,
when eaten by them, — which, however, I suspect it rarely is, unless
the pasture is very deficient.

* * Margins of the fruit double-winged.

155. ARCHANGEI/ICA, Ilo/m.

[So named, from its supposed extraordinary virtues.]

fruit elliptic ; carpels each 3-ribbed on the back, the lateral ribs
dilated into marginal wings ; seed separating from the coating ; vit-
tae numerous. Often stout perennials : leaves bi-tri-ternately dis-
sected ; involucre scarcely any ; involucels many-leaved.

1. A. at ropurpurea, Hoffm. Stem large, smooth, dark pur-

:•'£-?? *»*» » »'« ,,-

,-w' .-3 ?* ."> 3 « ^S 51 ^ ^a

102 DIALYPETALOUS EXOGENS

pie; leaflets unequally incised-serrate ; umbels globose, smoothish.
Angelica atropurpurea. L. $• Fl. Cestr. ed. 2. p. 193.
A. triquinata. MX. and Bigel. not of Nutt. DC. Nook. $c.
DARK-PURPLE ARCHANGELICA.

Stem 4 to 6 feet high, and 1 or 2 to near 3 inches in diameter at base, hollow,
somewhat branching above. Leaflets 2 to 5 inches long, ovate ; petioles very broad,
and inflated. Umbels finally globose, 6 to 10 or 12 inches in diameter; umbelkts
globose, 1 to 2 inches in diameter; flowers greenish-white.
Hob. Moist, low grounds; Brandy wine: frequent. Fl. May. Fr. July.

S8» A. liirsuta, Torr. $ Gr. Stem rather slender, striate, hoary-

villous at summit ; leaflets equally serrate ; umbels spreading, to-

mentose.

Angelica triquinata. Nutt. DC. Hook. $ Fl. Cestr. ed. 2. p. 193.

not of MX.

HIRSUTE ARCHANGELICA.

Stem 2 to 4 or 5 feet high, and */£ to % an inch in diameter, simple, purple be-
low. Leaflets 1 to 2 or 3 inches long, ovate-oblong; petioles dilated and clasping at
base, flowers white.
Hob. Clearings ; borders of woods, and thickets : frequent. Fl. July. Fr. Sept.

Obs. It appears, from the researches of Prof. A. GRAY, that this
is not the A. triquinata of MICHAUX, — and that Dr. BIGELOW is
correct.

ft Carpels not flattened ; each with 5 winged or prominent ribs.

156. THAS'PIUM, Nutt.

[Name modified from Thapsia, — an allied genus, native of Thapsos.']
Fruit ovoid ; carpels with 6 equidistant winged ribs ; channels with
single vittae. Yellowish-green perennials : leaves ternately dissected ;
involucre none ; involucels few-leaved ; flowers yellow, or rarely dark
purple.

* Wings of the carpels unequal.

1. T. barblnudc, Nutt* Stem sulcate-angled, hairy at the
nodes; radical leaves triternately dissected; segments cuneate-
ovate, incised-serrate.

NODE-BEARDED THASPIUM. Meadow Parsnep.

Stem about 2 feet high, somewhat branched, smooth, with a short, rather coarse
and dense pubescence at the nodes, and base of the petioles. Stem-leaves mostly
biternate ; leaflets 1 to 2% inches long. Umbels terminal and dichotomal ; involu-
cds of 3 or 4 subulate-linear leaves; flowers deep yellow; fruit linear-elliptic.
Hob. Borders of woods ; meadows, &c. : frequent. Fl. June. Fr. Aug.

* * Wings of the carpels equal.

2. T. aikreum, Nutt. Stem angular, smooth at the nodes; leaves
biternately dissected ; segments oblong-lanceolate, finely serrate.
Zizia aurea. Koch. ? $ Fl. Cestr. ed. 2. p. 185.

GOLDEN THASPIUM.

Stem 1% to 2 feet high, somewhat branched above. Leaflets 1 to 2 inches long ;
petioles of the radical leaves 6 to 9 inches in length. Umbels generally opposite the
leaves; involucels of 3 or 4 lance-linear leaves; flowers yellow; fruit oval.
Hob. Borders of woods, near W. Chester: rare. Fl. May. Fr.

UMBELLIFERAB 103

Obs. The plant which I have taken for this, is becoming so rare,
and my specimens are so defective, that I may be mistaken in it. —
The T. atropurpureum, Nutt. may probably yet be found along the
Schuylkill, within this County ; but it has not, thus far, been de-
tected.

f 1 1 Carpels laterally compressed, or contracted ; ribs not winged.

157. ZIZ'IA, Koth.

[Dedicated to J. B. Zizii; a German Botanist, collaborator of Koch.]
Fruit oval; carpels contracted at the junction so as to appear didy-
mous ; ribs 5, nearly equal ; channels with 1 to 3 vittae. Mostly
smooth, yellowish-green perennials, — with yellow flowers, and a gen-
eral resemblance to Thaspium.

1. Z. C'Orcliitcl, Koch. Radical leaves undivided, cordate, cre-
nate-dentate ; stem-leaves ternately dissected; segments ovate, ser-
rate ; ribs of the carpels conspicuous ; vittae single.

CORDATE ZIZIA. Heart-leaved Alexanders.

Stem 1 to 2 feet high, somewhat branched above, sometimes pubescent. Radical
leaves 1 or 2 to 4 inches long, and nearly as wide as long, somewhat glaucous be-
neath ; petioles 3 to 9 inches in length. Stem-leaves 3-parted, on short petioles, the
upper ones sessile. Umbels terminal and axillary, on peduncles 2 to 6 inches long.
II Jib. Open woods, and borders of thickets : frequent. Fl. May. Fr. July.

2. Z. integ&rrima, DC. Leaves all bi-tri-ternately dissected;
leaflets ovate-oblong, very entire ; ribs of the carpels inconspicuous ;
vittae 3 in each channel.

VERY ENTIRE ZIZIA.

Whole plant glabrous. Stem \% to 2 feet high, slightly branching above, and
sometimes from the base, purplish when young. Leaflets 1 to near 2 inches long ;
common petioles dilated, ribbed, and purplish. Umbels mostly terminal, on pedun-
cles 3 to 6 inches long; rays very slender, 1 to 3 inches long, spreading, some of
them often divaricate.
Hab. Rocky hills : not common. Fl. May. Fr. July*

158. BUPLJEtPRUM, Tournefi

[Gr. Bous, an Ox, and Pleuron, a rib, or side ; but the application is obscure.]

Fruit ovate-oblong; carpels somewhat didymous in appearance, 5-
ribbed; channels with or without vittae. Annuals, or perennials:
leaves simple, mostly entire; flowers greenish-yellow; involucre
sometimes none ; involucels various.

1. B. rotundifdlium, L. Leaves roundish-ovate, very entire, perfoli-
ftte ; involucre none 5 involucels of 5 ovate mucronate leaflets, longer
than the umbellets; vittae none.

liOUND-LEAVED BUPLEURUM. ThorOUgh-WOX.

Annual ; smooth; stem 1 to 2 feet high, branching. Leaves 1 to 3 inches long,
rather acute, rounded at base, glaucous beneath. Umbels terminal, 5- to 9-rayed.
Fruit crowned with the disk-like base of the styles, which has a shining waxy ap-
]x?arance ; ribs filiform.
Hob. Gardens, and waste places. Nat. of Europe. Fl. June. Fr. Aug.

159. CICITTA, L.

[The ancient Latin name of the Hemlock.]
Fruit subglobose ; carpels with 5 flattish equal ribs ; channels with

104 DIALYPETALOUS EXOGENS

single prominent vittae. Smooth marsh perennials: leaves triter-
nately dissected; involucre mostly none; involucels many-leaved;
flowers white.

1. C. maculsita, L. Stem spotted or streaked ; leaflets ovate-
lanceolate, acuminate, mucronately serrate, the nerves running to
the notches.
SPOTTED CICUTA. Water Hemlock.

Stem 4 to 6 feet high, branching, striate with green and purple, or yellowish
brown. Leaflets 2 to 3 inches long, petiolulate ; common petioles often with a mem-
branaceous margin produced into 2 lobes at summit. Umbels terminal and axil-
lary; ribs of the carpels rather broad,— the channels reddish brown, filled with
•aromatic oily matter.
Hob. Margins of swampy rivulets : frequent. Fl. July. Fr. Sept.

Obs. The mature fruit of this plant has a strong anisate odor. —
The root is poisonous ; and the lives of children, and others, are
often endangered and sometimes destroyed by eating it, in mistake
for that of the Sweet Cicely (Osmorrhiza longistylis, DC.}. The her-
bage is also said to be destructive to cattle, when eaten by them: —
all which serves to show the importance of sufficient Botanical
knowledge, among the people, to enable them to understand, and
avoid or extirpate the evil.

160. SMJM, L.

[Supposed to be from the Celtic, Siu, water,— its usual habitat.]
Fruit orbicular-ovate, flattish at the sides; carpels with 5 equal
prominent obtuse ribs ; vittae numerous. Aquatic or marsh peren-
nials : leaves odd-pinnately dissected ; involucre and involucels many-
leaved ; flowers white.

1. S. lilt i folium. L,. Stem sulcate-angled ; leaflets 9 to 13,
oblong-lanceolate, incised-serrate, sometimes pinnatifid, unequal at
base, sessile, the terminal one petiolulate, often 3-lobed.
BROAD-LEAVED SIUM. Water Parsnep.

Stem 2 to 4 or 5 feet high., stout, angular, with broad furrows, smooth, yellowish-
green, much branched. Leaflets 2 to 4 inches long, varying from linear-lanceolate
to ovate-lanceolate, tapering to an acute point. Umbels spreading, of numerous
unequal rays ; fruit crowned with a conspicuous yellowish disk.
Hab. Swamps, and margins of streams : frequent. Fl. July. Fr. Sept.

Obs. A nearly allied plant, with very narrow, sublinear leaflets,
has been found along the Schuylkill, on the northern side of the
County, which, probably, is the 8. linedre, of MX. but I have not
had an opportunity to examine it, satisfactorily.

161. CRYPTOTAEV]VIA, DC.

[Gr. Kryptos, hidden, and Tainia, a fillet; the vittae being concealed.]
Fruit linear-elliptic; styles subulate, persistent; carpels with 5
equal obtuse ribs ; vittae slender, 1 in each channel, and 1 concealed
under each rib. A smooth perennial: leaves mostly trifoliolate,
thin; umbels unequally rayed, subpaniculate ; involucre none; in-
volucels few-leaved ; flowers white.

1. C. CanadensiS, DC. Leaflets rhombic-ovate to lanceolate,
doubly and sharply incised-serrate, subsessile.

UMBELLIFERAE 105

CANADIAN CRYPTOTAENIA. Hone- wort.

Stem about 2 feet high, rather slender, branched above. Leaflets 2 to 4 inches
long, serrate to the very petiole. Umbds terminal and subterminal, somewhat in
pairs. Carpels with linear flattish ribs; channel* dark brown; vittae visible only
in a transverse section of the carpels.
Hab. Woods, and shaded places : frequent. Fl. June. Fr. Aug.

Obs. This is a Comparatively harmless native weed, — frequent in
shaded places about dwellings: But, there is a foreigner, with some-
thing of its general habit and aspect (viz. Aegopbdium Podagrtiria,
L.), which has been introduced into some lots and gardens, in Ger-
mantown, near Philadelphia, — and proves to be a nuisance, not easily
abated. It has hitherto resisted all attempts to get rid of it ; and
Sir J. E. SMITH, in his Flora Britannica, says of it — "radix rcpcns.
vix exstirpanda." In DON'S General System of Gardening and Botany,
it is also remarked pf the Aegopodium, that "being a great creeper,
it cannot be admitted into gardens, for after it gets hold it is next
to impossible to eradicate it again." P. COLLINSON, writing to
JOHN BARTRAM, says, "it is a notorious running weed in the gar-
den." A plant of such character (and worthless beside,) deserves
to be studied, and watched that it may be avoided.

162. A'PIIJM, L.

[From the Celtic, Apon, water; near which it naturally grows.]
Fruit orbicular ; stylopodium (base of the styles) depressed ; carpels
with 6 filiform equal ribs ; carpophore (central axis of the fruit) un-
divided ; vittae single, or 2 or 3 in the outer channels. Leaves pin-
nately dissected; involucre and involucels none; flowers greenish-
white.

1. A. GRAVEOLENS, L. var. puLCE, DC. Lower leaves on long stout
petioles ; segments cuneate, lobed.
STRONG-SCENTED APIUM. Celery.

Biennial; smooth. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, branching. Radical leaves on stout
channelled petioles 6 to 12 inches, or more, in length ; stem-leaves on short petioles.
Umbels terminal and axillary, — the axillary ones subsessile.
Hab. Gardens, Ac. Nat. of Europe. Fl. July. Fr. Sept.

Obs. The petioles, when blanched, become succulent and tender ;
and are a favorite salad. The var. RAPACEUM, DC. or Turnep-rooted
Celery, is also cultivated by amateurs.

163. PETROSEMWITM, Hoffm.

[Gr. Petra, rock, and Selinum, — Rock Selinum; from its native habitat.]
Fruit ovate ; stylopodium conical, short ; carpels with 5 equal ribs ;
carpophore 2-parted ; channels with single vittae. Leaves decompound ;
involucre few-leaved ; involucels many-leaved ; flowers greenish- white.

1. P. SATIVUM, Hoffm. Lower leaflets cuneate-ovate, trifid and in-
cised-dentate, — upper ones linear-lanceolate and nearly entire;
involucels subulate-filiform.
CULTIVATED PETROSELINUM. Parsley.

Biennial; smooth. Stem 2 to 4 feet high, streaked with green and yellow,
branched. Leaves shining green, — the lower ones much dissected. Umbels pedun-
culate; involucre, often of a single linear leaf.

106 DIALYPETALOUS EXOGENS

Hob. Gardens, &c. Nat. .of Europe. Fl. June. Fr. Aug.

Obs. The var. CRISPUM, DC. or Curled Parsley, is also frequent in
gardens.

164. CAXRUM, L.

[Said to be from Caria,— the native country of the plant.]
Fruit ovate-oblong; stylopodium depressed; carpels with 5 filiform
equal ribs ; carpophore bifid ; v ittae single. Mostly perennials :
smooth ; leaves pinnately dissected ; segments multifid ; involucre and
involucels various, — sometimes wanting; flowers white.

1. C. CARUI, L. Leaves bipinnatifid, the segments linear ; involucre
1-leaved or none; involucels none.
CARIA N CARUM. Common Caraway.

Biennial* (perennial, DC.). Stem about 2 feet high, branched. Radical leaves
rather large ; stem-leaves multifid. Fruit oblong, or elliptic, often oblique at apex.
Hat>. Gardens. Nat. of Europe. Fl. June. Fr. Aug.

Obs. Cultivated, occasionally, for its highly aromatic fruit.

165. FCEMIC'UtlTM, Adam.

[Latin, diminutive of Foenum, hay, — from a similarity of odor.]
Fruit elliptic-oblong, subterete ; stylopodium conical ; carpels with 5
prominent obtuse ribs; vittae single. Perennial? (biennial, DC.) :
smooth ; leaves pinnatindly decompound ; segments filiform ; involu-
cre and involucels none ; flowers yellow.

1. F. vuLoXRE, Gaertn. Stem terete at base; leaves biternately
dissected, — the segments subulate-linear, elongated ; umbels many-
rayed.
COMMON F(ENICULUM. Fennel. Garden Fennel.

Stem 4 to 6 feet high, branching, striate-grooved, purplish-green and somewhat
glaucous. Segments of the leaves an inch to an inch and half long, almost filiform,
the subdivisions often dichotomous; common petioles much dilated, sheathing,
produced into 2 marginal lobes at summit. Umbels of numerous unequal rays.
Hab. Gardens, &c. Native of Europe. Fl. July. Fr. Sept.

Obs. The whole plant is highly aromatic. Those who kept Sees,
in former years, were much in the practice, when those insects
twarmed — (after ringing the frying-pan, to make them settle !) — of
rubbing the inside of the Hive with this fragrant herb, under the
impression that the odor would attach them to their new domicil. —
The F. dulce, or Sweet Fennel — with the stem subcompressed at
base, and the umbels fewer-rayed — is sometimes, though rarely, to
be seen in our gardens.

SUBORDER II. CAMPYLOSPER'MAE.

Inner face of the carpels grooved lengthwise, or the margins curved in.

166. CHAEROPIIYI/L.FM, L.

[Gr. C/iairo, to gladden, and PhyUon, a leaf; the leaves having a pleasant odor.]
Fruit linear-oblong, slightly beaked, contracted at the sides ; carpels
with 5 equal obtuse smooth ribs ; channels with single vittae. Leaves
decompound, — the segments lobed, or toothed; involucre none, or
few-leaved ; involucels many-leaved ; flowers chiefly white.

UMBELLIFERAE 107

1. C. procumbens, Lam. Stems slender, spreading; segments
of the leaflets lance-oblong, rather obtuse; umbels opposite the
leaves, few-rayed.
PROCUMBENT CHAEROPHYLLUM. Wild Chervil.

Annual; somewhat hairy, especially when young. Stem 6 to 12 or 15 inches
long, mostly oblique or procumbent, branching. Leaves bipinnately decompound ;
segments more or less bristiy-ciliate. Umbels on peduncles 1 to 3 inches long ; rays
about 3, sometimes fewer; fruit dark brown.
Hab. Moist, shaded grounds; Brandy wine: not common. Fl April. Fr. June.

167. OSMORRHrZA, Rafin.
[Gr. Osme, odor, and rhiza, a root ; from its sweet anisate root.]
Fruit linear-oblanceolate, angular, tapering at base, contracted at
the sides; styles persistent; carpels with 5 acute upward-bristly
ribs,- vittae none. Perennials: roots thick, and aromatic; leaves
biternately dissected; involucre and involucels few-leaved; umbels
about 4-rayed; flowers white.

1. O. longistylis, DC. Root strongly anisate; stem rather
slender, hoary-pubescent, often purple; leaflets oblong-ovate, in-
cised-serrate ; styles filiform, as long as the ovary.
LONG-STYLED OSMORRHIZA. Sweet Cicely.

Stem 2 to 3 feet high, solid with pith, branching. Radical leaves 1 or 2, on pu-
bescent purple petioles 9 to 12 inches in length. Umbels mostly in pairs, or termi-
nating the forked extremities of the stem and branches, sometimes axillary, on
peduncles 2 or 3 to 6 inches long; fruit about half an inch long, tapering to a
bristly stipe, at base.
Hab. P.ich, moist, rocky woods : frequent. Fl. May. Fr. Aug.

2. O. brevi§tylis, DC. Stem pale green, smoothish below;
leaflets pinnatifidly incised; styles conical, not half as long as the
ovary.

SHORT-STYLED OSMORRHFZA.

Hoot of a sweetish, mawkish taste, — something like that of Aralia nudicaulis, L.
Stem about 2 feet high, mostly fistular, branching. Leaves and umbels nearly as
in the preceding.
Hab. Moist, rich grounds : not common. Fl. May. Fr. Aug.

168. COV]VIUTH, L,

[From Koneion, the Greek name of the Hemlock.]

Fruit ovate, flattened at the sides ; stylopodium dilated at base ; car-
pels with 5 equal prominent wavy-crenulate ribs, — the inner face
with a deep narrow groove ; vittae none. Biennials : leaves large,
tripinnately decompound ; involucre few-leaved ; involucels halved or
unilateral, about 3-leaved; umbels spreading, many-rayed; flowers
white.

1. C. maculatum, L. Smooth; stem rather stout, terete, spotted;
leaflets lanceolate, pinnatifid; involucels shorter than the umbel-
lets.
SPOTTED CONIUM. Poison Hemlock.

Plant bluish-green and sometimes glaucous. Hoot fusiform or often forked,
fleshy and whitish. Stem 2 to 4 (sometimes 6 or 8) feet high, branched, fistular,
striate with green and yellow, often spotted with dark purple. Fruit somewhat

108 DIALYPETALOUS EXOGENS

gibbous, crowned with the dilated base of the diverging styles; carpels with the
faces inclining to separate between the base and apex ; channels brown.
Hob. Waste places. Nat. of Europe. Fl. June. Fr. Sept.

Obs. This foreigner is naturalized about some old settlements ;
and being a powerful narcotic poison, it ought to be known wherever
it exists. It is supposed, indeed, to be the very herb with which
the ancient Greeks put their philosophers and statesmen to death,
when they got tired of them. The root is said not to be poisonous.

SUBORDER III. CCELOSPER'MAE.

Inner face of the carpels hollowed transversely, or the base and apex curved in-
ward.

169. CORlAtf'ORUM, Hoffm.

[Gr. Koris, a bug ; the bruised leaves having the odor of a bed-bug.]
Fruit globose; stylopodium conical; carpels closely cohering; ribs
broad, obsolete; channels without vittae. Mostly annual : smooth ;
leaves bipinnately dissected ; involucre 1-leaved or none; involucels
halved, about 3-leaved; umbels few-rayed; flowers white, or tinged
with red before expanding.

1. C. SATIVVUM, L. Segments of the lower leaves broadly cuneate,
of the upper ones narrow and linear ; carpels hemispherical.
CULTIVATED CORIANDRUM. Coriander.

Stem 1 to 2 feet high, slender, somewhat branched at summit. Umbels spread-
ing, 3- to 5-rayed ; umbeUets of numerous short unequal rays ; carpels very concave
on the face, cohering by their margins so as to form apparently a simple globose
fruit ; commissure with 2 vittae in a loose membrane.
nab. Gardens. Nat. of Tartary. Fl. June. Fr. Aug.

Obs. Occasionally cultivated for its aromatic fruit. Notwith-
standing the offensive odor of the fresh herb, Prof. DE CANDOLLE
states that the Tartars prepare a favorite potage from it. His words
are — "Herba recens in deliciis habetur et ex ea* jusculum conficitur,
unde ubique in hortis Tataricis culta." Prodr. 4. p. 250. It would
probably require a Tartar palate to relish soup, prepared with her-
bage which has the "odor of a bed-bug!"

ORDER XLV. ARALIACEAE.

Herbs, or shrubs; leaves alternate, mostly compound, without stipules ; flowers in
simple umbels, or compound umbellulate racemes ; calyx-tube adherent to the
ovary; petals mostly 5, valvate in the bud; stamens as many as the petals, and
alternate with them ; ovary of 2, 3, 5, or more, connate carpels (with as many
etyles), becoming baccate or drupaceous in fruit, — sometimes nearly dry ; seeds
solitary, appended to the apex of each cell (or carpel) ; embryo in the apex of fleshy

170. ARAXIA, L.

[Derivation of the name unknown; supposed of Canadian origin.]
Flowers mostly perfect: calyx mostly 5-toothed. Petals 5. Styles
5, finally divaricate. Fruit berry-like, often torulose, or 5-lobed.
Perennial herbs, or shrubs : flowers greenish-white.

f Stems herbaceous.

1. A. racem^sa., L. Stem widely branching, smooth ; leaves
ternately and quinately decompound, doubly serrate; leaflets cor-

ABALIACEAE 109

date-ovate ; racemes axillary, compound, paniculately umbellulate ;

involucels small.

RACEMOSE ARALIA. Spikenard.

Root thick, aromatic. Stem 3 to 5 feet high, rather stout, with spreading and
somewhat dichotomous branches. Leaflets 3 to 6 or 8 inches long, slightly hairy,
mostly petiolulate. Berries small, not torulose, dark purple when mature.
Hob. Rich woods; Brandy wine hills: not common. Fl. July. Fr. Sept.

Obs. This is often introduced into gardens. The root and berries,
infused in alcohol, made a favorite Tincture, in times past, for
those who indulged in the perilous habit of taking such stomachics.
JOHN BARTRAM, in his appendix to SHORT'S Medicina Britannica,
printed at Philadelphia, 1751, says the plant was called " Wild
Liquorice. "

2. A. liudicaiilis, L. Stem very short; leaf mostly solitary,
subradical, triquinate; leaflets ovate or oblong-oval, serrate; um-
bels simple, 3 on a naked scape ; involucre none.

NAKED-STEM ARALIA. Sarsaparilla.

Root creeping, thickish and long, somewhat aromatic, but mawkish. Stem
scarcely more than the crown of the root. Leaf on an erect petiole 6 to 12 inches
long, 3-parted at summit, — each division 2 to 4 or 5 inches in length, and bearing
5 odd-pinnate subsessile leaflets. Scape 4 to 6 or 8 inches high, divided at summit
into 3 smoothjsh peduncles about 2 inches long, each bearing a naked many-flowered
globose umbel an inch or inch and half in diameter. Berries larger than the pre-
ceding, torulose, purplish-black when mature.
Hob. Rich, rocky woodlands : frequent. Fl. May. Fr. July.

Obs. The root of this is sometimes used as a substitute for the
Sarsaparilla, of the shops (a species of Smilax). I believe both the
original, and the substitute, to be rather innocent medicines, — -provi-
ded the disease be not serious !

f f Stems suffruticose, or woody.

3. A. hispida, MX. Stem suffruticose and bristly at base ; leaves
bipinnate ; leaflets lance-ovate, incised-serrate ; umbels axillary
and terminal, on long peduncles.

HISPID ARALIA.

Stem 18 inches to 2 feet high, slender, shrubby at base, and hispid with rigid
tawny bristles, — subherbaceous, hirsute, and somewhat paniculately branched
above. Leaflets 1 to 2 inches long, sessile; petioles dilated at base, more or less
hispid. Umbels corymbose, on branching peduncles 2 or 3 to 6 inches in length ;
invol-ucre of numerous subulate leaflets.
Hob. Hills, along Schuylkill : rare. Fl. June. Fr.

Obs. The mature fruit, of this species, I have not seen. The A.
spinbsa, L. or Angelica Tree — a stout prickly shrub, with thick
club-like branches, and large bipinnately compound leaves — is oc-
casionally to be seen about old settlements, where it has been intro-
duced.

171. PAV1VAX, L.

[Gr. Pan, all, and akos, a remedy ; being a supposed Panacea.']

Flowers sometimes dioicous : calyx-teeth obsolete. Petals 5. Styles
2 or 3. Fruit drupe-like and succulent, or subcoriaceous and nearly
dry, 2- or 3-lobed, 2- or 3-celled. Perennial herbs (in this County):

110 DIALYPETALOtfS EXOQENS

leaves compound, usually verticillate in threes at the summit of the
stem ; umbel simple, terminal, pedunculate ; flowers yellowish-green,
or white.

1. I*, quiliquefolium, L. Root fusiform; leaflets mostly in
fives, obovate ; styles 2 ; fruit compressed, reniform or bigibbous,
succulent, 2-celled.

FIVE-LEAVED PANAX. Ginseng.

Root 3 to 6 inches long, and about half an inch in diameter, often forked, rugose,
whitish. Stem 9 to 18 inches high, simple, angular, smooth. Petioles 3 or 4 inches
long. Leaflets unequal, — the 3 principal ones 3 to 5 inches in length, the lateral
ones much smaller ; petiolules % of an inch to an inch long. Umbel many-flowered,
the central flowers often abortive, fruit drupaceous, shining crimson when ma-
ture.
Ilab. Rich woods; Brandy wine: rare. Fl. July. Fr. Sept.

Obs. This plant is interesting, as having afforded an article of
some commercial importance, in our trade with China, — rather
than from any inherent virtues.

2. I", trifolium, L. Root globular; leaflets in threes, or some-
times fives, lance-oblong; flowers dioicous; styles 3; fruit trigo-
nous-ovoid, subcoriaceous and dry, 3-celled.

THREE-LEAVED PANAX. Dwarf Ginseng.

Root a globose tuber about half an inch in diameter, rather deep in the ground.
Stem 4 to 6 or 8 inches high. Petioles half an inch to an inch long. Leaflets une-
qual, half an inch to 2 or 3 inches in length, nearly sessile. Staminate umbel
inany-flowered ; pistillate umbel fewer-flowered (the flowers rarely perfect). Fruit
somewhat 3-lobed, rugose, pale greenish-yellow when mature.
Hob. Moist shaded grounds : frequent. Fl. April. Fr. May.

Obs. The pistillate plant is usually larger than the staminate one.

ORDER XLVL CORNA^CEAE.

Shrubs, or small trees (rarely herbaceous branches from a woody rhizoma) ; leaves
mostly opposite, simple and entire, petiolate, without stipules; calyx-tube adherent
to the ovary; petals 4, valvate in the bud; stamens 4, inserted with the petals on
the margin of the disk which crowns the ovary; style 1; fruit drupaceous, mostly
2-celled, 2-seeded; embryo nearly as long as the fleshy albumen.

172. CORPUS, Tournef.

[Latin, Cornu, a horn ; perhaps from the horny toughness of the wood.]
Calyx minutely 4-toothed. Petals oblong, spreading. Drupes
berry-like, globose, or oval; nut 2- or 3-celled. Shrubs, or small
trees, in this County.

f Flowers cymose ; involucre none ; fruit globose.

1. C. alternif olia, L. Branches greenish ; leaves somewhat
alternate, oval, hoary beneath ; drupes bluish black.
ALTERNATE-LEAVED CORNUS.

Stem 10 to 15 or 20 feet high; branches irregularly alternate, spreading, streaked
with oblong white warts. Leaves about 3 inches long; petioles about au inch in
length. Flowers yellowish-white, in depressed spreading cymes.
£06. Moist thickets; fence-rows, &c.: frequent. FL May. Fr. Aug.

CORNACEAE 111

2. C. sericea, L, Branches purplish ; leaves elliptic-ovate, fer-
ruginous-silky beneath ; drupes bright palish blue.

SILKY CORNUS. Red-rod. Swamp Dogwood.

Stems 6 to 10 feet high, slender ; young branches and petioles lanuginous. Leaves
2 to 5 inches long ; petioles half an inch to an inch in length. Cymes woolly-
pubescent; flowers yellowish-white. Drupes often roundish-obovoid.
Hob. Margins of streams, and swamps : frequent. Fl. June. Fr. Octo.

3. C. pail it'll lilt a, L'Herit. Branches grey, erect; leaves ovate-
lanceolate, glaucous beneath ; cymes paniculate ; drupes white.
PANICLED CORNUS. White Dog-wood.

Stern 4 to 6 or 8 feet high ; branches slender, smooth. Leaves 2 to 3 inches long ;
petioles % ^° half an inch in length. Flowers white, in thyrsoid panicles, which
elongate in fruit. Drupes depressed-globose, white, with a leaden tinge when ma-
ture.
Hob. Thickets, and fence-rows : not common. Fl. June. Fr. Octo.

f f Flowers in capitate clusters, with a Cleaved involucre ; fruit oval.

4. C. florida, L. Arborescent; leaves ovate, pubescent when
young; leaves of the involucre retuse or obcordate; drupes red.
FLOWERING CORNUS. Common Dogwood.

Stem 15 to 20 (sometimes 30 to 40) feet high ; the young branches often verticil-
late in fours. • Leaves 3 to 5 inches long, becoming crimson in autumn ; petioles
about %"an inch in length. Involucre about 3 inches in diameter, when expanded,
—the leaves in opposite pairs, sessile, white and petal-like, sometimes tinged with
purple. Flowers greenish-yellow.
Hob. Woodlands : very common. Fl. May. Fr. Septem.

Obs. The wood of this small tree is very close-grained and firm,
and valuable for many purposes in mechanics. Cabinet-makers
sometimes employ it, in the manufacture of small articles of furni-
ture,— in which, my friend Dr. ELWYN assures me, it is very beauti-
ful. The woodman selects it as the best material for wooden wedges.
The young straight stems make good hoops, for the cooper; and the
slender verticillate branches once furnished distaffs for Spinsters, — in
the "good old times," when that description of females had a prac-
tical existence in the community. The bark is an excellent tonic, —
almost rivaling the Cinchona, in efficacy. A century since, accord-
ing to KALM, there was so much faith in the virtues of the Dogwood,
that "when the cattle fall down in spring, for want of strength, the
people tie a branch of this tree on their neck, thinking it will help
them !" Altogether — and without any joke — it is a valuable as well
as ornamental little tree, — worthy of a place in lawns and yards. —
Observing farmers have remarked, that the proper time to plant
Indian Corn (Zea Mays, L.) is when the involucres of the Dogwood
are first developed.

112 GAMOPETALOUS EXOGENS

DIVISION II. GAMOPET'ALOUS EXOGENOUS PLANTS.

FLORAL ENVELOPES usually consisting of both calyx and corolla, —
the petals more or less united.*

ORDER XLVII. CAPRIFOLIAVCEAE.

Shrubs, or rarely herbaceous; leaves mostly opposite, and without stipules; calyx-
tube adherent to the ovary ; stamens usually as many as the lobes of the corolla,
and inserted on its tube ; ovary 2- to 5- celled ; fruit berrylike, or capsular ; embryo
in the axis of fleshy albumen.

TRIBE 1. LONICE^REAE.

Corolla, tubular, often irregularly lobed ; style long, filiform ; stigma capitate.

L.

[Dedicated to the memory of Adam Lonicer, an old German Botanist.]
Calyx-teeth very short. Corolla often irregularly 5-lobed, and some-
times gibbous at base. Ovary 2- or 3-celled. Berry several-seeded.
Twining or upright shrubs : leaves often connate ; flowers axillary.

J§SP" TWINING SHRUBS : leaves entire, upper ones connate ; flowers in axillary v erti-
cils, more or less fragrant; calyx-teeth persistent ; corolla ringent.

1. 1,. gr&tcl9 Ait. Leaves sub-perennial, obovate, 2 or 3 upper
pairs connate, the lower ones subpetiolate ; corolla not 'gibbous at
base, tube long.
AGREEABLE LONICERA. American Woodbine. Wild Honeysuckle.

Stem 10 to 15 or 20 feet long, branching, the young branches often pilose. Leaves
1 to 2 or 3 inches long, rather obtuse and often slightly emarginate, glaucous and
reticulately veined beneath. Flowers in verticils of about 6, in the axils of the
upper connate leaves ; corolla externally red or purplish, the limb at first nearly
white, soon becoming tawny yellow, — the tube an inch or more in length, tapering
to the base, and somewhat resembling a Cornucopia, smooth within. Stamens ex-
serted, about equalling the style. Berries orange red, at maturity.
Hah. Moist, rocky woods ; along streams : not common. Fl. May. Fr. July.

Obs. This species bears considerable resemblance to the common
cultivated species (L. Caprifblium, L.), — though the flowers have a
rather stronger and less agreeable odor. Honeysuckles have always
been favorite plants, for decorating arbors, and porticos; and are
much frequented by the exquisitely beautiful little Humming-bird.
They are thus alluded to, by SHAKSPEARE : —

" And bid her steal into the pleached bower,

Where Honeysuckles, lipen'd by the sun,

Forbid the sun to enter ; — like favorites,

Made proud by Princes, that advance their pride

Against that power that bred it."

* Some instances of dialypetalous flowers occur in this Division, in ORDER LIV.
ERICACEAE (viz : in the genus Clethra, and Suborders, PYROLEAE and MONOTROPE^).
The petols are also nearly distinct, in the genera Ilex and Prinos, of the ORDERLY.
AQUIFOLIACE^.

The plants belonging to ORDER XL. CUCURBITACE^ although often gamopetalous,
•will be found in the dialypetaloos division; also some of the ORDER XXXIV. LEGU-
MINOSJE, — as in Trifolium, &c. Our native species of Fraxinus — belonging to ORDER
LXXIV. OLEAC&E, and arranged at the end of the GAMOPETAJLE— are destitute of petals.

CAPR1FOLIACEAE 113

Doctor DARWIN, also, refers to the delightful genus, in the fol-
lowing lines: —

" Fair LOMCERA prints the dewy lawn,
And decks with brighter blush the vermil dawn ;
Winds round the shadowy rocks, and pansied vales,
And scents with sweeter breath the summer gales ;
With artless grace and native ease she charms,
And bears the horn of plenty in her arms."

2. ]j. parviflora, Lam. Leaves deciduous, oblong, upper pair

connate, all others closely sessile; corolla gibbous at base, tube

short.

SMALL-FLOWERED LONICERA.

Stem 6 to 8 or 10 feet long, somewhat twining, branches smooth. Leaves 2 to 3
or 4 inches long, obtuse, very glaucous beneath. Flowers generally in single ter-
minal pedunculate heads, which are composed of 2 or 3 verticils : corolla yellowish,
with tinges of purple externally, — the tube about half an inch long, gibbous near
the base on the lower side, hairy within. Stamens somewhat exserted, a little
shorter than the style. Berries reddish orange, when mature.
7/o6. Banks of the Schuylkill : rare. FL May. Fr. July.

174. DIERVII/L.AJ

[Named after M. Dieri-iUe, a French Surgeon, who sent it to Tournefort.]
Calyx-tube bibracteate at base, tapering at summit; segments subu*
late. Corolla nearly regularly 5-lobed. Capsule ovoid-oblong, 2-
celled, 2-valved, septicidal, many-seeded. Upright slender shrubs :
leaves petiolate, serrate ; peduncles cymose, axillary and terminal.

1. 1>. trifida, Moench. Leaves ovate, acuminate, smooth ; pedun-
cles subterminal, mostly 3-flowered; capsule acuminate.
D. Canad6nsis, Willd. $ FL Cestr. ed. 2. p. 157.
TRIFID DIERVILLA. Bush Honeysuckle.

Stem 2 to 3 feet high, branching ; branches smooth, often slightly quadrangular.
Leaves 2 to 5 inches long, ciliate; petioles % to % an inch in length. Peduncles
in the axils of the superior leaves, half an inch to an inch long, 2- to 3-flowered;
jvdicels bracteate at base. Corolla greenish-yellow.
Hob. llocky woodlands : frequent. Fl. June. Fr. Sept.

175. TRIOS'TEIIM, L.

[Gr. Treis, three, and Osteon, a bone ; from its 3 bony seeds, or nuts.]
Calyx-tube ovoid ; seg ments lance-linear, foliaceous, persistent. Co-
rolla gibbous at base, nearly equally 5-lObed. Berry drupaceous^
rather dry, 3-celled, with 3 bony 1 -seeded nuts. Perennial hairy
herbs : leaves sub-connate, entire, tapering at base ; flowers axillary,
sessile, bracteate.

1. T. perfoliatum, L. Softly hairy; leaves spatulate-ovate,

abruptly narrowed at base ; axils 1- to 3-flowered ; flowers dark

brownish-purple.

PERFOLIATE TRIOSTEUM. Horse Gentian. Wild Coffee.

Stem 2 to 3 or 4 feet high, simple, somewhat viscid while young. Leaves 4 to 6
or 7 inches long, and 2 to 3 or 4 inches wide, often narrowed almost to a petiole at
base, but always connate, the margin ciliate-pubescent. Corotta about half an
inch long, viscid-pubescent. Berry ova!, orange color when mature.
Hub. Rocky woods; fence-rows, &c.: frequent. Fl. May. Fr. Sept.

8

114 GAMOPETALOUS EXOGENS

Obs. The root of this plant was formerly somewhat noted, as an
Indian medicine; but is now neglected. JOHN BARTRAM (in the
Appendix to SHORT'S Medicina J3ritannica,J says, it is "called in our
Northern Colonies Dr. Tinker's Weed; in Pennsylvania, Gentian;
and to the Southward, Fever-root."

3. T. angUStifftlilim, L. Bristly hairy; leaves lanceolate,
tapering to the base; axils mostly 1-flowered; flowers greenish-
yellow, sometimes tinged Avith purple.
NARROW-LEAVED TRIOSTETJM.

Stem 1 to 2 feet high, simple, rather slender, clothed with spreading and some-
what bristly hairs. Leaves 2 to 4 inches long, and % to 1% inches wide, the long
tapering base narrowed almost to a margined petiole, scarcely connate, — the mar-
gins of the leaves, bracts, and calyx-segments, ciliate-hairy. Corolla about % an
inch long, rather slender, glandular-pubescent.
Hab. East Nottingham : rare. Fl. May. Fr.

Obs. Collected in 1852, by Mr. EVAN PUGH, of East Nottingham.
This is probably the northern limit of the species.

TPJBE 2. SAMBIPCEAE.

Corolla rotate, regularly and deeply 5-lobed ; stigmas mostly 3, sessile. Inflores-
cence cymose, or thyrsoid.

176. SAMBITCUS, Tournef.

[Gr. Sambuke, a musical instrument, said to have been made of Elder.]
Calyx-segments minute. Fruit a globular berry-like juicy drupe,
containing 3 or 5 seed-like nutlets. Mostly shrubs, with large pith ;
leaves odd-pinnately dissected; leaflets serrate, or laciniate; flowers
white.

1. S. CanadensiS, L. Leaflets 7 to 11, oblong, acuminate,
smooth, petiolulate ; cymes flat, 5-parted ; fruit purplish black.
CANADIAN SAMBUCUS. Elder-bush. Common Elder.

Stem 5 to 8 or 10 feet high, suffruticose, and finally woody, nodose, branching. —
Leaflets 2 to 4 inches long, usually 3 pairs and an odd one.
Hab. Thickets; fence-rows, &c.: common. FL June. Fr. Aug.

Obs. This is a rather troublesome plant, to the farmer, — the
long roots being very tenacious of life, and inclined to spread ex-
tensively along fence-rows and hedges, and even into the fields.

3. S. pill>ens? MX. Leaflets 5 to 7, ovate-lanceolate, sometimes
pubescent beneath ; cymes at first convex, finally conical, or thyr-
Boid ; fruit bright red.
DOWNY SAMBUCUS. Red-berried Elder.

Stem 3 or 4 to 10 or 15 feet high, rather more woody than the preceding, branch-
ing. Leaflets 3 to 5 inches long, — usually 2 pairs and an odd one ; flowers greenish-
white,— often purple, externally.
Hab. Thickets; W. Nottingham: rare. Fl. April. Fr. June.

06s. This species — so common on our mountains, and so remark-
able for its thyrsoid inflorescence, and scarlet berries, which are
ripe by the time the other is in flower — has been detected in the
South-western extremity of the County, by Mr. NATHAN MILNER, —
as I learn from my friend JOSHUA HOOPES. In specimens which I
have growing, the leaflets are quite smooth on both sides.

CAPBIFOLIACEAE 115

inr. TiBiiR'ivuroi , L.

[A classical Latin name ; etymology obscure.]

Calyx 5-toothed. Fruit a 1-celled 1-seeded drupe, with scanty pulp,
and a crustaceous more or less flattened nut. Shrubs : leaves sim-
ple, petiolate ; flowers usually white, in flat compound mostly ter-
minal cymes.

1. V, iiSHlimi, L. Leaves lance-oblong, thickish, nearly entire,
ferruginous-dotted beneath; cymes on naked peduncles; drupes
OToid, acute.

NAKED VIBURNUM.

Stem 4 to 6 or 8 feet high, slender, branched. Leaves 2 to 3 or 4 inches long,
varying to oval and obovate; petioles about half an inch long, and, with the pedun-
cles, covered with a ferruginous scaly pubescence. Drupes deep blue when mature,
punctate with white scaly dots.
Hab. Great Valley, and Valley hills : rare. Fl. May. Fr. Sept.

Obs. The variety, Cassinoides, of TORREY and GRAY ( V. pyrifolium,
Pursh.), — with obovate-lanceolate and rather smaller leaves — was
found in the South-western part of the County, in 1851, by Mr.
JOSHUA HOOPES.

2. V. pniliifolium, L. Leaves broadly oval, thhmish, ser-
rulate ; petioles with narrow even margins ; cymes sessile on lateral
spurs; drupes compressed, oblong-oval.

PLUM-LEAVED VIBURNUM. Black Haw.

Stem 8 to 12 or 15 feet high, much branched. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, smooth
and shining above ; petioles % to half an inch long. Drupes about % an inch
long, bluish-black when mature, sweetish and esculent.
Hab. Fence-rows, and thickets : frequent. Fl. May. Fr. October.

3. V. IrfClitJlg'O, L. Leaves lance-ovate, acuminate, sharply ser-
rate ; petioles with wavy margins ; cymes sessile, somewhat corym-
bose, terminal ; drupes oval, slightly compressed.

Stem 15 to 20 feet high, branching. Leaves 2 to 4 inches long; petioles half an
inch to an inch long, dilated at base. Drupes larger than the preceding, bluish-
black, and sweetish, when mature.
Hab. Chester Creek; Wynn's meadows: not common. Fl. May. Fr. Octo.

4. V. dentsktum, L. Leaves orbicular-ovate, coarsely dentate ;
petioles not margined; cymes pedunculate; drupes subglobose,
mucronate.

DENTATE VIBURNUM. Arrow-wood.

Stem 8 to 10 or 12 feet high, branching, the young branches virgate, angular. —
Leaves 2 to 3 inches in length, and generally as wide as long, often subcordate at
base; petioles about % of an inch long, and, with the peduncles, tomentose-pubes-
ccnt with branching hairs. Drupes dark blue, when mature.
Hab. Low grounds ; along rivulets : frequent. Fl. June. Fr. Septem.

5. V. acerif ollum, L. Leaves subcordate, 3-lobed, unequally
incised-dentate ; drupes oval, compressed, mucronate.
MAPLE-LEAVED VIBURNUM. Maple-leaved Arrow-wood.

Stem 2 or 3 to 5 feet high, slender, somewhat branched. Leaves 3 to 5 inches
long, and nearly as wide as long, 3-lobed at apex, the lateral lobes shorter and di-

116 GAMOPETALOUS EXOGENS

verging ; petioles alxmt an inch in length, with 2 filiform stipuks at base. Flowers
often tinged with red. Drupes purplish-black, when mature.
Hob. Moist woodlands: very common. Fl. May. Fr. Sept.

Obs. The slender stems of this shrub, when the pith is removed,
afford good fuse-sticks, for blasting rocks ; and are much used for
that purpose. A species of this genus, commonly cultivated as an
ornamental shrub, is the Guelder-Eose, or "Snow-ball" ( F. Opulus,
£.), _ which the Poet COWPER so beautifully describes, as throwing

up its

- " silver globes, light as the foamy surf,
That the wind severs from the broken wave."

ORDER XLVIII. RUBIACEAE.

Herbs, or shrubs; leaves opposite, entire, connected by interposed stipule* ; or ver-
ticillate without apparent stipules;* calyx-tube mostly adherent to the ovary;
corolla regular, 3- 4- or 5-lobed; stamens as many as the corolla-lobes, and inserted
on its tube; styles mostly 2; fruit various; seeds with copious hard albumen.

This Order contains a number of important plants. Among the most interest-
ing, may be mentioned the Coffee plant (C<;ffea Jralica, L.)— the Peruvian Baric
tree (Cinchona officinalis, X.)— the IpecacuanJia (C.phadis Ipecacuanha, Rich.)— and
the Madder (Eubia Tinctorum, L.). The popular vermifuge, called Carolina Pink
(Spigelia Marilandica, L.~) — and the well-known beautiful and fragrant Cape Jessa-
mine (Gardenia florida, L.~)— are also referred to this comprehensive and somewhat
anomalous Family.

SUBORDER I. STELLAVTAE.

Leaves verticillate, without apparent stipules ; calyx-tube entirely adherent to the
ovary ; corolla-lobes valvate in the bud. Plants mostly herbaceous.

178. GAV]LI1TM, L.

[Gr. Gala, milk ; which some species were used to curdle.]
Calyx-teeth obsolete. Corolla 4- (rarely 3-) parted, rotate. Fruit
smooth, or uncinately hispid, roundish, dry or slightly fleshy, — com-
posed of twin 1-seeded indehiscent carpels. Slender herbs : stems
square, often retrorsely aculeate ; jloicers small, cymose.

§1. ANNUAL: Verticils about 8-leaved; peduncles axillary, few-flowered.

1. G. Aparlne, L. Stem procumbent, aculeate ; leaves oblanceolate ;
flowers white; fruit rather large, uncinately hispid.

Common Cleavers. Goose-grass. Robin-run-the-Hedge.

Stem 4 to 6 feet long; branches short. Leaves about an inch and half long, ses-
sile, tapering to the base, in rather distant verticils of 6 or 8. Flowers mostly on
axillary elongated peduncles.

Hob. Fence-rows, and shaded places. Nat. of Europe. Fl. May. Fr. July.
§2. PEREXXIAL: f Verticils mostly &-leaved ; flowers white.

2. Cr. asprellUMl, MX. Stem clambering, aculeate, usually
much branched and tangled ; leaves oval-lanceolate ; flowers very
numerous and small ; fruit usually smooth.

* That is, the " interposed stipules," in this case, are regarded, by some, as being
developed to the size, and in the/wwi, of the true leaves,— -and thus forming a ver-
ticil. Prof. LINDLEY, however, does not concur with this view; but considers all
the members of the verticils as genuine, leaves.

RUBIACEAE 117

ROUGHISH GALIUM.

Stem flaccid, 2 or 3 feet long (often 4 to 6 feet, when supported on bushes), very
rough and adhesive. leaves half an inch to 3 quarters in length, sometimes 4,
mostly 6, and 5, in a verticil. Flowering branches divaricate ; peduncles in pairs,
or threes, very slender, rather short.
ffab. Swampy thickets; along rivulets : frequent Fl. July. Fr. Sept.

3. €J. trifidum, L. Stem ascending, smooth or slightly acule-
ate; leaves linear-oblanceolate, obtuse; corolla often trifid; fruit
smooth.

Also, G. tinctorium, L. $ Fl Cestr. ed. 2. p. 100.
THREE-CLEFT GALICM. Ladies Bed-straw.

Stem 1 to 2 or 3 feet long, slender, branched. Leaves half an inch to an inch
long, in verticils of 5, or 6, — often in fours on the branches. Peduncles mostly in
threes, axillary or subterminal, slender, spreading.
Hub. Low grounds, and thickets : frequent. Fl. June. Fr. Aug.

Obs. The G. tinctorium, L. is now regarded as nothing more than
a variety of this. The roots of these were formerly employed, by
the Aborigines, for dyeing porcupine quills, and other savage orna-
ments, of a red color.

4. G. tri lift I'll in, MX. Stem reclining or prostrate, somewhat
aculeate; leaves elliptic-lanceolate, cuspidate; peduncles elonga-
ted, mostly 3-flowered ; fruit uncinately hispid.
THREE-FLOWERED GALIUM.

Stem 2 to 3 or 4 feet long, flaccid, with a few short diverging branches. Leaves
half an inch to an inch long, somewhat membranaceous, narrowed at base, mar-
gins ciliate. Flowers greenish. Fruit small, clothed with white hooked hairs.
Hob. Woodlands, and moist shaded grounds : frequent. Fl. July. Fr. Sept.

f f Verticils <l-leaved. * Flowers mostly reddishrbrown ; fruit uncinately hispid.

•>. Cr. piltfSUIll, Ait. Stem nearly erect and simple, hirsute;
leaves oval, hairy, pellucid-punctate, obscurely 3-nerved; pedun-
cles elongated, dichotomous, the branches often 3-flowered; flowers
pedicellate.
HAIRY GALIUM.

Stem 1 to 2 feet high, often several from the same root, hirsute on the angles.—
Leaves about an inch long, and half an inch wide, obtuse, hairy and ciliate.
Hab. Dry, sterile banks, and thickets: frequent. Fl. June. Fr. Aug.

6. €r. Circ&ezans, MX. Stem erect, smoothish; leaves oval or
lance-ovate, rather obtuse, distinctly 3-nerved; peduncles divari-
cate ; flowers alternate, subsessile ; fruit nodding.
CIRCAEA-LIKE GALIUM. Wild Liquorice.

Stem 12 to 18 inches high, often branched near the base, slightly pubescent on
the angles. Leaves an inch to an inch and half long, and half an inch to 3 quar-
ters wide, the lower ones often roundish-obovate. Peduncles nearly simple, finally
geniculatc. Corolla pale purple, or purplish-white.
Hab. Rich woodlands : frequent FL June. Fr. Aug.

Obs. This species is easily recognized by the sweet Liquorice-like
taste of the leaves. There seems to be a variety of it» of large*
growth, and almost as hairy as G. pilosum.

118 GAMOPETALOUS EXOGENS

•y. G. lanceol&tum, Torr. Stem erect, nearly simple, smooth;
leaves ovate-lanceolate, tapering to the apex ; peduncles trichoto-
mous, finally divaricate ; fruit sessile.
LANCEOLATE GALIUM.

Stem 12 to 18 inches high, sparingly branched, quite smooth except at the node?.
Leaves 1% to 2% inches long, thinnish, not sweet to the taste. Peduncles long,
subterminal. Corolla brownish-purple, or sometimes whitish.
Hob. Moist woodlands : frequent. FL. July. Fr. Sept.

Obs. Allied to the preceding ; but probably sufficiently distinct.
* * Flowers white ; fruit hispid, the hairs short and scarcely uncinate.

8. €r. boresYlc, L. Stem erect, branched, smooth ; leaves linear-
lanceolate ; flowers in terminal thyrsoid panicles.
NORTHERN GALIUM.

Plant somewhat glaucous. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, often in bunches, or a number
from the same root. Leaves an inch to 1% inches in length, strongly nerved, ta-
pering to a narrow point, but rather obtuse at apex. Peduncles frequently trichot-
omous.
Hob. Rocky banks of Schuylkill : rare. FL July. Fr. Sept.

Obs. The root of this is said to dye a red color. The RUBIA
TINCTORTJM, L. or Madder, — a plant nearly allied to Galium, and a
well-known Dye, — is cultivated in the West; and may be occasion-
ally seen in gardens : but it is scarcely entitled to a place in our
Flora.

SUBORDER II. CINCHOVNEAE.

Leaves mostly opposite, with stipules between them; calyx-tube adherent to the
ovary, or partially free above.

179. DIOV»IA, L.

[Gr. Diodos, a transit, or passage ; from its growing by way-sides.]
Calyx 2- or 4-toothed. Corolla funnel-form, 4-lobed. fruit dry,
2-celled, splitting into 2 crustaceous 1-seeded carpels. Low herbs:
leaves opposite, sublinear ; stipules bristly-ciliate ; flowers axillary,
sessile.

1. D. teres, Walt. Stem terete, branched from the base, pubes-
cent; leaves lance- linear, rigid; calyx 4-toothed ; fruit much shorter
than the stipular bristles,
TERETE DIODIA. Button-weed.

Annual. Stem 4 to 12 inches high, diffusely branching. Leaves an inch to an
inch and half long, the margins and keel aculeate-serrulate; stipules membrana-
ceous, fringed with 6 or 8 long bristles on each side, between the leaves. Flowers
pale red, opposite, and generally solitary. Fruit quadrangular-obovoid, hispid.
Hob. Sandy banks, and roadsides: frequent. FL Aug. Fr. Octo.

180. CEPHALAllKTHirS, L.

[Gr. Kephale, a head, and anthos, a flower ; the flowers growing in heads.]
Calyx-tube angular, tapering downward ; border 4-toothed. Corolla
tubular, slender, 5-lobed. Style much exserted. Capsule inversely
pyramidal, hard, 2- 4-celled, separating from the base upward into
2 or 4 closed 1-seeded portions. Shrubs : leaves opposite, or some-
times verticillate in threes, entire ; flowers in dense globose pedun-
culate heads.

EUBIACEAE 119

1. C. OCCidentalls, L. Leaves ovate-oblong, acuminate, peti-

olate ; peduncles long, terminal and axillary,

WESTERN CEPHALANTHUS. Button-Bush. Pond Dogwood.

Stem 3 to 5 feet high (some old plants much larger); branches opposite. Leaves
2 to 3 or 4 inches long ; petioles about % an inch iu length. Heads of flowers about
an inch in diameter; peduncles 2 to 3 inches long; flowers white.
Hob. Margins of pools, and swamps : frequent. FL July. Fr. Sept.

181. JHITCHEI/LA, L.

[Named in honor of Dr. John Mitchell; an early Virginian Botanist.]
Flowers in pairs, with their ovaries united. Calyx 4-toothed. Co-
rolla funnel-fonn, mostly 4-lobed ; lobes spreading, densely villous
inside. Style slender ; stigmas 4. Fruit a rather dry berry-like
double drupe, crowned with the calyx-teeth of the 2 flowers, — each
containing 4 bony nutlets. A smooth suffruticose trailing evergreen :
leaves opposite, petiolate.

1. M. repens, L. Leaves roundish-ovate, subcordate, dark
green, with a whitish central line ; peduncles 2-flowered, axillary
and terminal.
CREEPING MITCHELLA. Partridge-Berry.

Stem prostrate, G to 12 inches long, branching from the root, and spreading in
all directions. Leaves % an inch to 3 quarters in length; petioles % to half an.
inch long, connected by small acuminate stipules. Flowers white. Berries twin,
subglobosc, red when mature, insipid, persistent until flowers come again.
JIab. Moist woods, about the roots of trees : frequent. Fl. June. Fr. Octo.

Obs. A pretty little Evergreen, — well adapted for a covering of
the earth, in boxes, or pots, containing large shrubs, in conserva-
tories.

182. HEDYOXTIS, Lam.

[Gr. Hedys, sweet, and Ous, otos, Ear ; the application not obvious.]
Calyx 4-lobed, — the lobes persistent* Corolla mostly funnel-form,
or salver-form ; border 4-parted. Stigmas 2. Ovary often free at
the top, and rising above the calyx-tube* Capsule ovoid, or obcor-
date, 2-celled, many-seeded, opening loculicidally across the sum-
mit. Mostly 'small herbs, with minute stipules united to the petioles.

1. II. longifolia, Hooker. Leaves linear-lanceolate, acute at
both ends, not ciliate; cymules 2- or 3-flowered; corolla funnel-
form; capsule ovoid.

LONG-LEAVED HEDYOTIS.

Perennial. Stem 5 to 8 or 10 inches high, 4-angled, often much branched. —
Leaves % of an inch to 2 inches long ; stem-leaves sessile, — the radical ones oblan-
ceolate, narrowed at base almost to a petiole. Flowers purple.
Hub. Hills, above Pugh-town : rare. Fl. June. Fr. August.

2. II. caerillea, Ifooker. Leaves oblong-spatulate, and oblan-
ceolate ; peduncles elongated, 1-flowered ; corolla salver-form ;
capsule obcordate.

BLUE HEDYOTIS. Innocence. Bluets. Dwarf Pink.

Perennial f smooth. Stems numerous, 3 to 5 inches high, erect, slender, quad-
rangular, dichotomous. Radical leaves about half an inch long, spatulate ; stem-
leaves % of an inch long, oblanceolate. Flowers blue, with a yellow throat.
Hub. Grassy banks ; woodlands, &c. : common. Fl. April. Fr\ June.

120 GAMOPETALOUS EXOGENS

ORDER XLIX. VALERIANAVCEAE.

Herbs; leaves opposite, without stipules ; calyx-tube adherent to the ovary; cm-diet
tubular, mostly 5-lobed; stamens fewer than the corolla-lobes (usually 2 or 3), in-
serted on the tube; stigmas 1 to 3; fruit dry, indehiscent, 1- to 3-celled, by abor-
tion 1-seeded; seed suspended, destitute of albumen.

183. FEVDIA, Gaertn.

[Etymology obscure; supposed to be derived from the Latin, Haedtu, a kid.]
Calyx-teeth 3 to 5, or obsolete. Fruit 3-celled, — 2 of the cells empty,
the other 1-seeded, cellular-gibbous on the back. Leaves spatulate-
oblong; flowers in dense cy mules.

1. F. olitoria, Vahl. Fruit compressed, oblique, — the fertile cell

with a corky mass at the back, the sterile ones often confluent ;

flowers pale blue.

Valerianella radiata. DC. $ Fl. Cestr. ed. 2. p. 11.

PQT-HERB FEDIA. Lamb's Lettuce. Corn-Salad.

Annual. Stem 4 to 12 inches high, dichotomously branching. Leaves half an
Jnch to 2 inches long, sessile, subdentate, somewhat ciliate on the margin. Fruit
finally broader than long.
Jfab. Meadow banks, and roadsides. Nat. of Europe. FL May. Fr. June.

Obs. A similar plant, with milk-white flowers, is occasionally seen,
which is supposed to be the true F. radiata.

ORDER L. DIPSAVCEAE.

Herbs; leaves mostly opposite, without stipules, ; flowers in dense involucrate heads;
calyx-tube adherent to the ovary,— the border entire, or toothed; corolla tubular,
4- or 6-lobed ; stamens mostly 4, distinct ; style filiform ; stigma simple ; fruit akene-
like, 1-celled, 1-seeded ; seed pendulous : embryo nearly as long as the fleshy albu-
tnen,

184. DIP'SACUS, Tournef.

[Gr. dipsao, to thirst; the stem-leaves holding water at their junction.]
Involucre many-leaved, longer than the bracts (or subfoliaceous
ehaff) of the receptacle : Florets each with a 4-sided calyx-like invol-
ttcel closely investing the ovary and fruit. Jlorder of the calyx
ininute, cup-shaped, entire. Corolla with 4 erect lobes. Stout bien-
Viials: leaves often connate; heads ovoid-oblong, — the florets com-
mencing to open in a ring about the middle of the head, and
proceeding in opposite directions !

1. D. sylvgstris, Mill. Leaves lance-oblong, serrate ; involucre longer
than the head ; bracts straight and flexible.
WILD DIPSAOUS. Wild Teasel.

Stem 3 to 5 feet high, branched, angular and prickly. Radical leaves 8 to 12
inches long, crenate; stent-leares 3 or 4 to 6 or 8 inches long, sessile, subconnate;
all more or less prickly on the midrib, and sometimes on the margin. Leaves of
Uw, involucre unequal, lance-linear, curved upward and inward, pungent at apex.
Heads of flowers ovoid-oblong, 2 to 3 inches in length ; corolla pale purple. Bracts
(or chaff of the receptacle} oblong-cuneate, keeled, abruptly tapering into a straight
flexible awn-like acumination, longer than the florets.
Hab. Roadsides ; fence-rows, Ac. Nat. of Europe. FL July. Fr. Sept.

Obs. This foreigner is rather abundant, in some localities, — and
g a coarse worthless weed, requires the attention of the farmer

DIPSACEAE 121

who would keep his premises in neat condition. Doctor DARWIN
thus indulges his imagination, in reference to its supposed thirsty
character: —

" When droops the sickening herb, the blossom fades,

And parch'd earth gapes beneath the withering glades, —

With languid steps fair DIPSACA retreats,—

' Fall, gentle dews!' the fainting nymph repeats;

Seeks the low dell, and in the sultry shade

Invokes, in vain, the Naiads to her aid."

2. D. FTJLLOVNUM, Mill. Leaves obovate-oblong, the upper ones en-
tire ; involucre shorter than the head ; bracts recurved at apex,
rigid.
FULLERS' DIPSACUS. Fuller's Teasel.

Stem, leaves, and general character, similar to the preceding. Heads of flowers
elliptical; bracts (or chaff of the receptacle) terminating in a rigid subulate recurved
acumination.
Hob. Gardens, and lots. Nat, of Europe. Fl. July. Fr. Sept.

Obs. This species is sometimes cultivated, by cloth manufactu-
rers, for the sake of the heads; the rigid recurved points of the
bracts, on the mature heads, being used as a kind of card, to raise
the nap on woollen cloth.

ORDER LI. COMPOS'ITAE.

Mostly herbs ; leaves alternate, or opposite, often lobed or dissected, never truly
compound, and not stipulate; flowers in close heads, — composed of many florets
(perfect or imperfect) upon a common receptacle, and embraced by (mostly numer-
ous) leaflets, or scales, which form a general involucre; calyx-tube closely adherent
to the ovary,— the limb, or border, of the calyx (called pappus), consisting ofJiairs,
awns, or scales, or sometimes obsolete; corolla either tubular and 5-lobed, or ligu-
late and 6-toothed ; stamens mostly 5, inserted on the corolla, — the anthers united,
forming a tube round the style, which is 2-cleft at summit, with stigmatic glands,
in lines, on the inner surface of the branches; fruit an akene, containing a single
erect seed destitute of albumen,*

SUBORDER I. TUBULIFLOVRAE.

Florets of the disk tubular, mostly perfect,— -of the ray (when present) ligulate,
and either pistillate or neutral.

TRIBE 1. VERNONIAVCEAE.

Beads discoid ; florets all alike, perfect and tubular ; style-branches slender, filiform
or subulate, hairy all over, — the stigmatic lines only on the lower part.

185. VERffOWIA, Schreb.

[Named in honor of William Vernon, an English Botanist.]

Heads many -flowered, in corymbose cymes. Involucre shorter than

* This Order is so natural, and at the same time BO enormously large (containing
between 800 and 900 genera, with species almost innumerable), that it is difficult
to discriminate, satisfactorily, among such kindred multitudes. The Botanists,
consequently, have been obliged to seize upon any features— however small, or
inconspicuous — that are constant, and will serve the purpose : hence, they have re-
gorted to such minute characters aa are afforded by style-branches, stigmatic lines,
anther-tails, Ac. The student will, therefore, do well to make hhnself familiar with
these nice distinctions.

122 GAMOPETALOUS EXOGENS

the florets, — the scales imbricated and appressed. Receptacle naked.
Akenes clavate, ribbed. Pappus double, — the inner of numerous
capillary bristles, the outer short and scale-like. Perennials : leaves
alternate ; flowers mostly bright purple.

1. V. Noyeboracensis, Willd, Leaves oblong-lanceolate;
scales of the involucre mostly with a long filiform flexuose point.
V. praealta. mild. $ FL Cestr. ed. 2. p. 448. not of DC.
NEW-YORK VERNONIA. Iron-weed.

Stem 2 or 3 to 6 or 7 feet high, sulcate-striate, roughish-pubescent, somewhat
branching above, finally hard and subJigneous. Leaves 3 to 6 or 8 inches long,
subsessile, serrate, roughish and subcoriaceous. Akenes scabrous with short hairs;
pappus dirty white, or sometimes purplish, scabrous.
Hob. Moist meadows; thickets, &c.: frequent. Fl. Aug. Fr. Sept.

Ols. This is a worthless and rather troublesome weed, in low
meadow grounds.

TRIBE 2. EUPATORIAVCEAE.

Style-lranches obtuse or clavate, usually elongated, pubescent on the outside,—
stigmatic lines below the middle of the branches; anthers not tailed at base.

SUBTRIBE 1. EUPATORIEVAE.

Heads discoid ; florets all alike, perfect and tubular,— usually purple, or white,
almost never yellow ; receptacle naked.

186. MAVTRIS, Schreb.
[A name of unknown derivation.]

Heads mostly many-flowered, in long racemes, or spikes. Scales of
the involucre imbricated and appressed. Akenes slender, tapering
to the base, about 10-ribbed ; pappus of many plumose or scabrous
capillary bristles. Perennials : roots often tuberous ; stems usually
simple; leaves alternate, entire, mostly long and narrow; flowers
rose-purple.

JOSi". Corolla smooth inside ; pappus merely scabrous, or barbellate.

1. I«. SCariosa, Willd. Leaves lanceolate, — the radical ones ob-
long; heads subglobose; scales of the involucre spatulate, with
broad scarious margins.

SCARIOUS LlATRIS.

Stem, 1 or 2 to 5 feet high, rather stout, more or less pubescent. Leaves 3 to 6
inches long, — the lower ones tapering to a petiole. Heads of flowers half an inch
to near an inch in diameter, in a terminal raceme or spike; scales of the involucre
with conspicuously scarious and often colored margins. Alcenes villous; pappus
subplumose.
Hob. Banks of streams : rare. Fl. Aug. Fr. Octo.

Obs. This handsome species was detected near Buck Run, in this
County, in 1847, by Miss SARAH COATES, — a lady of extraordinary
Botanical acumen, and attainments.

3. L. spicskta,, Willd. Leaves sublinear: heads oblong; scales
of the involucre ovate and oblong, obtuse, with narrow scarious
margins.

SPIKED LIATRIS. Button Snake-root. Blue Blazing Star.
Stem 2 to 4 or 5 feet high, striate, smoothish, very leafy. Leaves 3 or 4 to 6 or 8

COMPOSITAE 1 23

inches long, — the upper ones very short and almost subulate. Heads of flowers
about half an inch long, subcylindric, crowded in a terminal spike 6 to 12 or 15
inches in length; outer scales ovate, the inner ones oblong,— the margins often pur-
ple. Akenes hirsute, or finally smooth; pappus scabrous or barbellate.
Hob. Borders of woods; clearings, &c.: frequent. Fl. Aug. Fr. Sept.

Obs. The root of this has been deemed medicinal. JOHN BAR-
TRAM, in his Appendix to SHORT'S Medicina Jlritannica, calls the
plant "Jacea," and "Throat-wort."

187. KlTHtf IA, L .

[Dedicated to Doctor Adam Kuhn, of Philadelphia; a pupil of Linnaeus.']
Heads 10- to 25-flowered, in a small paniculate corymb. Scales of
the involucre few, lanceolate, loosely imbricated. Akenes^ cylindric,
finely striate ; pappus a single series of very plumose bristles. Pe-
rennials : leaves mostly alternate, resinous-dotted ; floivers white, or
ochroleucous.

1. K.. eupatorioides, L. Leaves lanceolate serrate and petio-
late, or linear entire and sessile ; heads of flowers cylindric.
Also, K. Critonia. Willd. $ FL Cestr. ed. 2. p. 449.

EUPATORIUM-LIKE KUHNIA.

Stem 2 to 3 feet high, slender, somewhat corymbosely branched, pubescent. —
Leaves 1 or 2 to 3 or 4 inches long. Corymb paniculate, or sometimes rather short
and dense. Akenes pubescent; pappus white, or often tawny.
Hob. Dry banks ; Great Valley : rare. FL Sept. Fr. Octo.

Obs. The K. Critonia, Willd. is now regarded as a narrow-leaved
variety. It is rather less rare, here, than the other form.

188. ElIPATCmiUM, Tournef.

[Dedicated to Eupator Mithriclates, — who brought the plant into notice.]
Heads 3- to many-flowered, mostly corymbose. Involucre oblong;
scales imbricated in 2 or more series, or sometimes nearly equal in
a single series. Florets tubular, scarcely dilated at throat. Akenes
5-augled; pappus a single row of slender roughish bristles. Recep-
tacle flat. Perennials : leaves mostly opposite or verticillate, often
resinous-dotted; flowers white, or purplish.

f Heads 5- to IQ-Jlowered ; scales closely imbricated in several series of unequal length ;
leaves verticillate, petiolate ; flowers purplish.

1. E. purpiircuiii, L. Stem stout, simple; leaves 3 to 6 in a
whorl, lance-oblong or lance-ovate, serrate; corymb large, com-
pound.

Also, E. trifoliatum. L. $ Fl. Cestr. ed. 2. p. 453.
PURPLE EUPATORIUM.

Stem, 3 or 4 to 6 or 7 feet high, fistular, smoothish and glaucous-purple, or some-
times solid with pith, spotted, and more or less pubescent. Leaves 3 or 4 to 8 or
10 inches long; petioles half an inch to 2 inches in length. Heads of flowers in a
terminal corymb of varying size, and shades of purple.
Hab. Moist low grounds, and thickets : frequent. Fl. Aug. Fr. Sept.

Obs. Some 4 or 5 forms of this plant, heretofore considered as
xpecies, by different authors, are now better regarded as mere varie-
ties.

124 GAMOPETALOUS EXOGENS

ft Heads 5- to 20-flowered; scales 8 to 15, unequal, more or less imbi-icated ; leayes
mostly opposite, sessile, sometimes connate ; flowers white.

2. E. teucrif olium, Willd. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, coarsely
incised-dentate near the base ; inner scales of the involucre lance-
oblong, rather acute, but not acuminate.

E. verbenaefolium. MX. $ Fl. Cestr. ed. 2. p. 450.
TEUCRIUM-LEAVED ETJPATORIUM.

Stem 2 to 3 feet high, corymboeely hranched at summit, roughish-pubescent. —
Leaves 2 to 4 inches long, obtuse at base, the upper ones smaller and entire. Heads
of flowers somewhat clustered.
Hob. Low swampy grounds; thickets, &c.: frequent. Fl. Aug. Fr. Sept.

3. E. rotundif olium, L. Leaves roundish-ovate, subcordate
at base, crenate-serrate ; inner scales of the involucre lance-linear,
abruptly acuminate.

BOUND-LEAVED EUPATORIUM.

Stem about 2 feet high, slender, corymbose at summit, roughish-pubescent.—
Leaves 1 to near 2 inches long, and nearly as wide as long, subcordate or truncate
at base, resinous-dotted. Heads of flowers in a dense flat-topped corymb.
Hob. Slaty, hilly woodlands : not common. Fl. Aug. Fr. Sept.

4. E. sessilif olium, L. Leaves long-lanceolate, acute, rounded
at base, and gradually tapering to the slender apex, sharply serrate,
smooth ; scales of the involucre lance-oblong, obtuse.
SESSILE-LEAVED EUPATORIUM.

Stem 2 to 3 or 4 feet high, slender, corymbose at summit, smooth, the branches
pubescent. Leaves 2 or 3 to 6 inches long, the base often subcordate and appa-
rently somewhat clasping, the under surface paler and minutely dotted. Heads
of flowers clustered ; scales punctate with brown dots.
Hob. Borders of woods, and thickets : frequent. Fl. Aug. Fr. Sept.

5. E. perfoliatum, L. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, connate-
perfoliate, rugose-veined, crenate-serrate, very pubescent beneath ;
scales of the involucre lance-linear, acute.

PERFOLIATE EUPATORIUM. Thorough-stem. Bone-set. Indian Sage.
Stem 2 to 4 feet high, rather stout, corymbose at summit, hirsutely pubescent, —
the branches whitish and very pubescent. Leaves 4 to 6 or 8 inches long, more or
less completely united at base, rarely ternate, minutely resinous-dotted beneath. —
Heads of flowers clustered, in large corymbs.
Hob. Low, swampy grounds : common. Fl. July. Fr. Sept.

Obs. This species is generally known for its medicinal properties,
— which are valuable, when rightly managed.

t ft Heads 8- to 30- or iO-flowered; scales in a single series, nearly equal; leaves op-
posite, petiolate ; flowers very white.

6. E. sicreratoicles, L. Leaves broad-ovate, acuminate, coarsely
and acutely serrate, thin and smoothish; petioles rather long;
scales of the involucre smoothish.

AGERATUM-LIKE EUPATORIUM.

Stem 2 to 3 feet high, somewhat branched, smooth,— the summit and branches
pubescent. Leaves 2 to 4 or 5 inches long, the base dilated, often almost truncate,
BO as to make the leaves nearly deltoid, sometimes abruptly tapering to the peti-

COMPOSITAE 125

oh,— which varies from % an inch to 2 or 3 inches in length. Heads o fflowcrs in

cymosc corymbs.

Hob. Moist woodlands, and thickets: frequent Fl. Aug. Fr. Sept.

T. E. iiroiiiuticum, L. Leaves lance-ovate, acute, obtusely
serrate, thickish and somewhat rugose- veined ; petioles rather
short ; scales of the involucre pubescent.
AROMATIC EUPATORIUM.

Stem 1% to 2 feet high, nearly simple, or corymbose at summit, roughish-pubos-
cent. Leaves an inch and half to 3 inches long ; petioles % of an inch to near an
iuch in length. Heads of flowers in small erect corymbs; florets rather larger than
in the preceding,
Hob. Rocky banks; thickets and clearings: frequent Fl. Aug. Fr. Sept.

189. MIKA^MIA, Willd.

[Dedicated to Prof. Joseph Mikan; a Botanist of Prague.]

ITcads mostly 4-flowered ; involucre of 4 or 5 nearly equal scales. —
Receptacle small, flat. Florets dilated at throat, — the akenes as in
Eupatorium. Clambering perennials : leaves opposite, petiolate ;
floivers flesh-colored, in axillary corymbs.

1. M. SC<tn<len§, Willd. Stem volubile, or clambering, nearly
smooth ; leaves subhastate-cordate, acuminate, repand-dentate.
CLIMBING MIKANIA. Climbing Hemp-weed.

Stem 3 to 5 or 6 f«et long, slender and volubile. Leaves an inch and half to 3 or
4 inches long, resembling those of the common Buckwheat ; petioles 1 to 2}/^ inches
in length. Heads of flowers in clustered cymope corymbs, on axillary branches 3
to 6 inches in length, — the branches with a pair of leaves near the corymbs; scales
of the involucre roughish-pubescent
Jlab. Swampy thickets ; along rivulets : not common. Fl. Aug. Fr. Sept.

1»O. COHrOCLIHT'nJM, DO.

[Or. Konos, a cone, and kline, a bed; referring to the conical receptacle.]
Heads many-flowered ; involucre campanulate ; scales subulate-linear,
imbricated. Receptacle conical. Florets and akenes as in Eupatori-
um. Erect perennials: leaves opposite, petiolate; flowers bluish-
purple, in crowded terminal corymbs.

1. C. CCelcstinum, DC. Roughish-pubescent; leaves lance-
ovate and deltoid-oblong, obtusely serrate, somewhat rugose-veined.
Eupatorium coelestinurn. L. $ FL Cestr. ed. 2. p. 452.
HEAVENLY, on SKY-COLORED COXOCLIKIUH.

Ktp.m 1 to 2 or 3 feet high, branching, often growing in bunches, roughish-pubes-
cent. Leaves an inch and half to 3 inches long, hairy on the nerves beneath ;
pctMes l/£ of an inch to an inch in length. Heads of flowers in rather dense cyiuoee
corymbs, showy and fragrant.
Hob. Moist thickets ; Londongrove : rare. Fl. Aug. Sept. Fr. Octo.

Obs. This pretty plant is often, and deservedly, introduced iato
gardens.

TRIBE 3. ASTEROPDEAE.

Style-branchei in the perfect florets flattish, lance-linear, smooth up to wher» the
stigmatic lines terminate,— prolonged above this into a flattened appendage, wbich
is uniformly pubescent externally. Leaves mostly alternate.

126 GAMOPETALOUS EXOGENS

SUBTRIBE 1. ASTERIN'EAE.

Heads mostly radiate, — the disk-florets perfect, and the ray-florets pistillate; anthers
not tailed at base; receptacle not chaffy, mostly flat, and alveolate, or punctate.

§ 1. Rays never yellow.

191. SERICOCAR'PIIS, Nees.

[Or. serikos, silky, and Icarpos, fruit; descriptive of the akenes.]
Heads rather few-flowered ; rays about 5. Involucre oblong, or tur-
binate ; scales imbricated, whitish, with green subsquarrose tips. —
Akenes short, inversely pyramidal, densely silky-pilose; pappus
simple, of roughish capillary bristles. Tufted yellowish-green pe-
rennials : leaves mostly sessile ; heads in small corymbose clusters ;
rays white.

1. S. SOliclalgilieus, Nees. Stem angular, smooth; leaves sub-
linear, obtuse, entire ; involucre oblong ; pappus white.

SOLIDAGO-LIKE SERICOCARPUS.

Stem about 2 foot high, slender, nearly simple, or -with a few corymbose branches
at summit. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, linear or spatulate-linear, obscurely punc-
tate and 3-nerved, smooth with the margin scabrous. Akenes clothed with hoary
shining silky-looking appre«sed hairs.
Hob. Moist woodlands : somewhat rare. Fl. Aug. Fr. Octo.

2. S. COliyzoides, Nees. Stem terete, pubescent; leaves lance-
oval, rather acute, subserrate ; involucre turbinate ; pappus tawny-
ferruginous.

CONYZA-LIKE SERICOOARPTTS.

Stem 1 to 2 feet high, rather slender but rigid, smoothish, and often purple be-
low, corymbose at summit. Leaves 1 to 3 inches long, ciliate, — the radical ones
tapering at base to a margined ciliate petiole nearly as long as the leaf. AJcenes
short, silky-villous.
Hob. Woodlands, and clearings: frequent. Fl. July. Fr. Sept.

192. AS'TER, L.

[Gr. Aster, a star; the radiated heads of flowers resembling stars.]
Heads many flowered; rays numerous in a single series. Involucre
sub-campanulate ; scales more or less imbricated, with herbaceous
or subfoliaceous tips. Akenes usually compressed, cuneate, pubes-
cent; pappus simple, scabrous. Mostly perennials: radical and
lower leaves often cordate at base ; heads of flowers corymbose, pan-
iculate, or racemose ; rays white, purple, violet, or blue.

f Scale-tips appressed, slightly herbaceous ; rays white, or nearly so.

1. A. corymb >SUS, Ait. Stem rather slender and flexuose,
smooth ; leaves cordate and ovate, acuminate, unequally and sharply
serrate, thin and smooth, on slender petioles ; corymb rather loose
and open, on slender dichotomous branches.
Eurybia corymbosa. Cassini, $• FL Cestr. ed. 2. p. 469.
CORYMBOSE ASTER.

Stem about 2 feet high, branched at summit, often purple. Leaves 2 to 4 or 5
inches long ; petioles 1 to 2 inches in length, usually not margined. Heads of
flowers middle size, often few ; involucre smoothish.
Hob. Open woodlands : frequent. Fl. July. Fr. Sept.

COMPOSITAE 127

2. A. macrophyl'lUS, L. Stem rather stout, mostly roughish-
pubescent; leaves roundish-cordate and ovate, acuminate, crenate-
serrate, thickish and rough, hirsute beneath, on margined petioles,
— the radical leaves large ; corymb on rigid spreading branches.
Eurybia macrophylla. Cass. $ Fl. Cestr. ed. 2. p. 469.
LAUGH-LEAVED ASTER.

Stem 18 inches to 2 feet high, corymbosely and stiffly branched, often purple. —
Radical leaves 3 or 4 to 8 inches long, and 2 to 6 inches wide, cordate at base, the
lobes often large and overlapping; petioles 3 to 6 or 8 inches in length ; stem-leaves
much smaller, ovate, abruptly narrowed to a margined petiole, — the uppermost
ones sessile. Heads of flowers rather large ; involucre roughish-pubescent ; rays
•white, often tinged with purple.
Jfab. Woodlands ; clearings, &c. : frequent. Fl. Aug. Fr. Octo.

t f Scale-tips more or less spreading and herbaceous.
* Rays violet, or purplish-blue, ; heads rather large, showy.

3. A. Rild ilia, Ait. Stem smooth, corymbose at summit ; leaves
oblong-lanceolate, acute, serrate, thickish and scabrous, sessile ;
heads of flowers few, on naked peduncles; rays violet-purple;
akenes smooth.

A. nudiflorus. Nutt. $ Fl. Cestr. ed. 2. p. 462.
RASP ASTER.

Stem 2 to 3 feet high, simple. Leaves about 3 inches long, the upper ones not
much smaller, entire, and often cuneately tapering at base. Heads of flowers on
naked peduncles 2 or 3 inches in length, often somewhat in threes at the summit
of the branches, the lateral ones longest; involucre smooth.
Hob. Low grounds; Great Yallej : rare. Fl. Aug. Fr. Septem.

4. A. paten§, Ait. Ptoughish-pubescent ; leaves oblong, entire,
clasping and auriculate at base ; rays bluish-purple ; akenes silky-
pilose.

SPREADING ASTER.

Stem 18 inches to 2 or 3 feet high, slender, branched'above, — the branches often
elongated, spreading, and clothed with minute bract-like leaves. Leaves half an
inch to 2 or three inches long, scabrous and serrulate-ciliate. Heads of flowers
about medium size (larger in the var. phlogifoUus}, subsolitary on the slender
branches ; involucre minutely scabrous.
Hah. Moist woodlands : frequent. Fl. Aug. Fr. Octo.

Obs. There is a variety of this, — with largej1, thinner and smoother
leaves, contracted below the middle, and more conspicuously auric-
ulate,— which is more common than the patens proper. Dr. MUHLEN-
BERG considered it as a distinct species, and called it A. pldogifolim.

5. A. la£vi§? L. Glabrous and somewhat glaucous ; leaves linear-
lanceolate, nearly entire, thickish and coriaceous, — the upper ones
more or less clasping; akenes smoothish.

SMOOTH, OR POLISHED ASTER.

Stem 2 to 3 feet high, often dark purple near the base, more or less branched at
gummit. Radical leaves 1 or 2 to 4 inches long, spatulate-ovate or oblong, narrowed
to a margined petiole about as long as the leaf; stem-leaves 2 to 5 inches long,
frarying fn/m lance-linear to ovate-lanceolate, sessile, or the broader ones abruptly
farrowed to a margined petiole. Heads of flowers corymbose-paniculate ; scales of
the involucre white, with green keel and tip ; rayg long and showy, mostly deep
triolet-purple, sometimes paler; disk yellowish.

128 GAMOrETALOUS EXOGENS

Hab. Borders of woods, and thickets : frequent. FL Aug. Fr. Octo.

Obs. This is a variable plant, — and a number of species have
been founded on its several features ; but they are all so essentially
alike, that they may be safely regarded as mere varieties.

6. A. UlltluIatllS, L. Roughish-pubescent and somewhat hoary ;
leaves cordate and ovate, with wavy and subserrate margins, ab-
ruptly narrowed to margined clasping petioles, which are dilated
again at base, — the upper ones sessile ; involucre obovoid, pubes-
cent; akenes slightly pubescent.
WAVY ASTER.

Stem 1 to 3 feet high, often purple, paniculate and frequently bushy at sum-
mit,— the branchlets leafy. Radical leaves 1 to 2 inches long, oblong-cordate,
sometimes reniform ; petioles 1 to 3 inches long ; stem-leaves 1 to 3 or 4 inches long,
—those on the branches small and bract-like, oblong, eiliate. Heads of flowers
medium size, somewhat racemose; rays pale violet-purple, or bluish; disk yellow,
becoming purplish ; akenes finally smoothish.
Hab. Dry woodlands; fence-rows, &c.: common. Fl. Sept. Fr. Octo.

Obs. This is another variable species — as, indeed, there are many,
— but they have been, generally, well and judiciously disposed of,
by TORRE Y and GRAY.

* * Rays pale purple, or whitish ; heads rather small.

*7, A. COrdif Mills, L. Stem with pubescent spreading branches
above, smooth below; leaves cordate, acuminate, serrate, on ciliate
scarcely margined petioles ; involucre obconical, smoothish ; scales
all appressed; akenes smooth.
HEART-LEAVED ASTER.

Stem 1 to 2 or 3 feet high, somewhat flexuose, paniculate at summit. Leaves 1
to 3 or 4 inches long; petioles 1 to 2 inches long, narrowly margined; upper leares
spatulatc-ovate. Heads of flowers racemose-paniculate, with small bracts; rays
pale purple, or sometimes nearly white.
Hab. Woodlands: freqreat. FL Sept. Fr. Octo.

8, A. saglttsef oliws, Willd. Stem with ascending paniculate
branches ; leaves on narrowly margined petioles, — lower ones sa-
gittate-cordate, serrate, — upper ones lanceolate, acute at each end,
often entire ; involucre oblong, loosely imbricated ; scales subulate-
linear.

A. paniculatus. Muhl. $ FL Cestr. ed. 2. p. 464.
ARROW-LEAVED ASTER.

Stem 2 to 3 or 4 feet high, smooth, with numerous erect branches above. Rad-
ical leaves 2 to 5 inches long, on petioles 2 to 6 inches in length; stem-leaves gradu-
ally smaller,— those on the branches sessile. Heads of flowers numerous, racemose-
paniculate, — the racemes often compound, or thyrsoid, on the branches; rays pale
purple, or bluish, sometimes nearly white; disk yellow, or brown; akenes smooth.
Hab. Woodlands; along the Brandywine: frequent. FL Aug. Fr. Octo.
** * Rays mostly white: heads small art'l numerous.

9. A. eriCOldes, L. Diifusely branched ; branchlets subsecund ;
leaves spatulate-oblong and linear, nearly entire ; involucre some-
what hemispherical, loosely imbricated ; scales linear-oblong, acute.
A. tenuifolius. FL Cestr. ed. 2. p. 407. not of Linn.

ERICA, OR HEATH-LIKE ASTER.

COMPOSITAE 129

Stem 1 to 2 or 3 feet high, smooth or slightly pubescent, often bushy by reason
of the numerous leafy branches. Radical leaves 1 to 3 or 4 inches long, sparingly
serrate, ciliatc, tapering to a petiole, nearly as long as the leaf; stem-leave* 1 to 3
inches long, — those on the branches smaller, subulate-linear or oblong, acute at
each end. Heads of flowers numerous, small (about half an inch in diameter, in-
cluding the rays), solitary on the ascending and somewhat secund leafy peduncles,
or branchlets ; rays sometimes tinged with purple; disk yellow; akenes minutely
pubescent
Hob. Old fields; roadsides, Ac.: very common. Fl. Aug. Fr. Octo.

Obs. This plant, in some of its various forms, is more abundant
in our neglected fields, in the character of a weed, than any other
species of Aster.

1O. A. miser, L f & Ait. More or less hairy and branched;
branches often slender, spreading or pendent; leaves oblong-lance-
olate, acute at each end, serrate in the middle ; heads of flowers
racemose or scattered.

Also, A. parviflorus. Nees. $ PL Cestr. ed. 2. p. 46&.
MISERABLE, OR STARVED ASTER.

Stem 6 inches to 3 or 4 feet high, — in the dwarf specimens generally simple, the
1 arger ones often much branched. Radical leaves spatulate-lanceolate, narrowed
to a petiole at base : stem-leai'es 1 to 3 or 4 inches I6ng, more or less lanceolate in
form. Heads of flowers clustered in short axillary racemes, or in loose paniculate
or sometimes pendulous racemes ; rays short, white or tinged with purple ; disk
brownish, or finally purplish; akenes pubescent.
Hab. Sterile old fields; thickets, &c. : frequent. FL Sept. Fr. Octo.

Obs. A numerous list, which have figured in the books as species,
are now reduced to varieties of this. There is such a resemblance
in all their poor starved heads of flowers, that an attentive observer
can readily recognize them as belonging to A. miser,

f f f Scale-tips recurved or loosely spreading, subfoliaceous ; rays violetrpurple ; heads
rather large, often showy.

I 9. t. simplex, Willd. Smoothish; usually tall; branches and
heads subcorymbose ; leaves linear-lanceolate, sessile, subserrate,
the upper ones entire; scales of the involucre lance-linear, unequal.
A. salicifolius, Ait. $ FL Cestr. ed. 2. p. 467.
SIMPLE ASTER.

8U-tn 2 to 5 or 6 feet high, often purple, branched above, with hairy lines decur-
rent from the base of the leaves. Leaves 1 to 4 inches long; radical ones oblong-
xpotulate, tapering and ciliate towards the base; stem-leaves slender, very acute,
r«iK>tely and sparingly but sharply serrate; branch-leaves cuspidate, entire.—
J leads of flowers medium size; involucre smoothish; rays pale bluish-purple;
disk yellowish, finally purplish-brown ; akenes pubescent.
Jfijb. Along swampy rivulets : frequent. J^._Sept. Fr. Octo.

12. A. puniceus, L. Hirsute; rather stout; paniculately
branched; leaves lance-oblong, sessile and clasping, appressed-
serrate in the middle; scales of the involucre subulate4inear,
nearly equal.
KED (STALKED) ASTER.

Stem 3 to 6 feet high, rough with short conic bristles, purple, or sometimes
green. Leaves 2 or 3 to 4 or 6 inches long, more or less tapering at base, often

ISO GAMOPETALOUS EXOGEN*

sparingly serrate. Beads of flowers paniculate ; scales of the involucre with a

•white membranaceous margin, minutely ciliate.

Bab. Swampy thickets, and low grounds: frequent. Fl. Sept. JV..Octo.

13. A. prenantllOicIes, Muhl. Hairy in lin.es ; corymbose-
paniculate; leaves spatulate-lanceolate, auriculate-clasping, in-
eised-serrate in the middle; scales of the involucre linear and
squarrose.

PRENANTHES-LIKE ASTER,

Stem 2 to 4 or 5 feet high, smoothish, or sometimes muricately scabrous, often
purple, the branches conspicuously hairy in lines. Leaves 2 or 3 to 6 or 8 inches
long, with an entire acumination, contracted and entire below the middle, dilated
and auriculate at base. Heads of flowers often numerous, in a spreading corym-
bose panicle; rays pale violet-purple, or lilac, sometimes nearly white; akenes
cuneate-oblong, nerved, hairy, yellowish.
Hob. Moist, shaded grounds; Brandy wine: frequent. Fl. Sept. Fr. Octo.

Obs. This is generally a well-marked species, — but some forms of
it approach pretty near to the preceding.

14. A. Wovae-Angliae, L. Hirsute; stout; corymbose at
summit ; leaves linear-lanceolate, entire, auriculate-clasping ; scales
of the involucre foliaceous, lance-linear, loosely spreading.
NEW-ENGLAND ASTER.

Stem 3 to 5 or 6 feet high, scabrous, mostly dark purple, often numerous from
the same root. Leaves 1 to 2 or 3 inches long, tapering nearly from base to apex,
numerous, the upper ones mostly purplish, Heads of flowers racemose-corymbose,
numerous, showy; involucre and p&'uncles glandular-pubescent, somewhat viscid,
often dark purple ; rays bright purple with a tinge of violet ; dislc yellow ; akenes
hirsute; receptacle alveolate, the pits with dentate margins.
Hah. Low grounds; Great Valley: rare. Fl. Sept. Fr. Octo.

Obs. This is, perhaps, the handsomest of our native Asters, — and
is frequently cultivated for its showy autumnal flowers.

193. ERI'C^EROtf , L.

[Gr. Er, spring, and Geron, an old man ; the plant being hoary in spring.]
Meads many-flowered; rays numerous, in more than one series, very
narrow. Involucre mostly hemispherical; scales narrow, nearly
equal, and almost in a single row. Receptacle punctate. Akenes
compressed, 2-nerved, pubescent; pappus a single row of capillary
rough bristles, — and often, with an outer row of short bristles, or
chaffy scales. Leaves alternate, generally sessile ; heads paniculate,
or corymbose, sometimes small ; rays white, or purplish.

f Pappus single. * Rays inconspicuous, white.

1. E. Canadense, L. Stem hirsute, paniculately branching ;
leaves lance-linear, mostly entire; heads small, numerous, race-
mose-paniculate.
CANADIAN ERIGERON. Horse-weed. Butter-weed.

Annual. Stem 6 inches to 5 or 6 feet high. Leaves 1 to 3 or 4 inches long, hairy
and ciliate, — the lower ones sparingly dentate. Heads of flowers loosely racemos*
on the branches: rays capillary, scarcely longer than the straw-colored pappus;
akenes sparsely hairy.
Sab. Fields, and roadsides : every where common. FL Aug. Fr. Sept.

* COMPOSITAB 131

Obs. This almost universal weed is very variable in size. In rich
soils it becomes quite stout ; while on dry, sterile banks, it is often
a very dwarf, or starveling.

* * Rays crowded and rather conspicuous,! purplish.

2. E. belli di folium, Muhl. Hoary- villous ; stem simple and
few-leaved; leaves spatulate and lance-oblong; heads large, few,
corymbose; rays broadish.

E. pulchellus. MX. $ Fl. Cestr. ed. 2. not of DC.
DAISY-LEAVED ERIGERON. Poor Robert's Plantain.

Perennial : stoloniferous. Stem 9 to 18 inches high. Radical leaves 1 to 3 inches
long, spatulate and obovate, contracted to a margined petiole ; stem-leaves sub-ser-
rate,— the upper ones entire or denticulate, somewhat clasping. Heads of flowers
2 or 3 to 5 (rarely 7 or 9), in a loose terminal corymb,— the lower peduncles axil-
lary, long and flaccid ; rays pale bluish-purple; akenes smooth.
Hob. Borders of woods, and thickets : frequent. Fl. May. Fr. June.

3. E. Pliiladelpliicum, L. Pubescent; stem simple, leafy,
leaves lance-oblong, subserrate, — the upper ones clasping, the
lower ones spatulate or cuneate-oblong ; heads medium size, loosely
corymbose ; rays very narrow and numerous.
PHILADELPHIAN ERIGERON.

Perennial f Stem 2 to 3 feet high. Radical leaves 3 to 6 inches long, ctmeately
tapering to a margined petiole about as long as the leaf; stem-leaves gradually
smaller. Heads of flowers mostly few; rays pale purple or flesh-color; akenes
sparsely hispid.
Hob. Woodlands ; along Brandy wine : frequent. Fl. June. Fr. July.

f f Pappus double, — the outer row of minute scales ; rays white, or nearly so.

4. E. aimuiim, Pers. Radical leaves ovate, coarsely dentate, —
stem-leaves lanceolate, serrate in the middle; rays shortish, tinged
with purple.

E. heterophyllus. Muhl. $ FL Cestr. ed. 2. p. 472.
ANNUAL ERIGERON.

Biennial f Stem 2 to 3 or 4 feet high, often angular, more or less hirsute, corym-
bose at summit. Radical leaves 2 to 4 inches long, and nearly as wide as long;
petioles about twice as long as the leaves, narrow-margined, dilated at base; stem*
leaves gradually smaller,— the upper ones cuneafa at baseband sessile,— the lower
ones often ovate, and on margined petioles. Heads of flowers rather small, or me-
dium size ; akenes hirsute.
Hob. Pastures, and waste places : frequent. Fl, June. Fr. Aug.

$. E. strips u ill, Muhl. Radical leaves spatujate-lanceolate ;

stem-leaves linear-lanceolate, — all nearly entire;, rays longish,

white.

STRIGOSE ERIGERON. Flea-bane. Daisy.

Annual f Stem 2 to 3 or 4 feet high, angular and sulcate-striate, more or less
strigosely hairy, corymbose above, or sometimes simple. Leaves 1 to 3 inches
long,— the radical and lower ones contracted to a margined petiole nearly as long
as the leaf. Heads of flowers rather small; akenes sparsely hirsute; pappus
scanty, brittle.
Hab. Pastures, and upland meadows : common. Fl. June. Fr. July.

Obs. This is a very common weed, — especially in the first crop
of upland meadows, after the usual routine grain crops.

132 GAMOPETALOUS EXOGENS

194. OIPl.OPAP'PlJS, Cassini.
[Gr. diploos, double, and Pappos, pappus; it being in two rows.]
Heads many-flowered ; rays 8 to 12, in a single series. Involucre
turbinate-campanulate ; scales imbricated, lance-linear, keeled, the
tips not herbaceous. Akenes flattish ; pappus double, — the outer
row of short stiff bristles. Perennials: leaves alternate, entire;
heads solitary, or corymbose.

f Rays mold-purple ; akenes siUcywttous ; inner pappus uniform.

1. I>. liliariif olius, Hooker. Stem slender, terete, suffniti-
cose; leaves linear, rigid, keeled, serrulate-ciliate; heads solitary,
large.

LlNABIA-LEAVED DlPLOPAPPUS.

Stem 9 to 18 inches high, very leafy, roughish-puberulent, often purple, simple,
or with a few short corymbose branches at summit. Leaves about an inch long,
often glaucous beneath. Heads of flowers showy, large for the size of the plant ;
disk yellow ; pappus white or slightly tawny.
Hob. Hilly, rocky woodlands: frequent. Fl. Sept. Fr. Octo.

•)• f Rays ochroleucous ; akenes smoothish; inner pappus unequal.

2. I>. unifoellatus, Torr. $ Gray. Stem rather stout, striate-
angular; leaves long-lanceolate, acuminate; heads numerous, in
compound flat corymbs.

D. amygdalinus. Fl. Cestr. ed. 2. p. 473.
UMBELLATE DIPLOPAPPUS.

Stem 2 to 4 feet high, smoothish, or scabrous on the angles, branched above. —
Leaves 2 to 4 inches long, slightly rerolute on the margin, narrowed to a short
petiole. Heads of flowers medium size, on slender roughish-pubescent peduncles ;
pappus whitish, or sometimes reddish-tawny,— the hairs of the inner series slightl j
thickened at apex.
Hob. Moist thickets, and low grounds : frequent. FL Aug. Fr. Octo.

3. O. eomiftilius, Darlingt. Stem slender, terete, smoothish,
sparingly and dichotomously corymbose-paniculate at summit;
leaves elliptic or rhombic-ovate, acute at both ends; heads lew,
middle sized.

COKNUS-LEAVED DlPLOPAPPUS.

Stem 1 to 2 feet high, often flexuose, pilose in lines. Leaves 2 to 4 inches long,
Bubsessile, fo'ughly hairy on the margin, midrib, and veins beneath. Heads of
flowers often in pairs, or the branches dichotomous ; pappus reddish-tawny, — the
hairs of the inner series thickened at apex.
Hub. Woodlands ; clearings, &c. : frequent. Fl. Aug. Fr. Octo.

§ 2. Rays almost always yellow.

195. SOL,IDANC;O, L.

[Latin, solido, to make firm, or unite; from its supposed healing virtues.]
Heads usually small and few-flowered; rays about 5, in a single
series. Involucre oblong ; scales generally appressed, and without
herbaceous tips. Akenes subterete, many-ribbed ; pappus single, of
equal capillary bristles. Receptacle small, mostly naked. Peren-
nials: stems commonly virgate; leaves subsessile, never cordate,;
heads commonly racemose-paniculate.

COMPOSITAE 133

2 1. Scales with spreading herbaceous tips; heads in a leafy interrupted compound
spike. [CHRYSASTRCM. Torr. <£ Gray.]

1. S. squarrosa, Muhl. Stem stout, striate, smooth below, pu-
bescent above ; leaves lance-oblong, — the lower ones spatulate-oval,
serrate ; heads many-flowered.
SQUARROSE SOLIDAGO.

Stem 2 to 4 feet high, simple. Radical leaves 3 to 6 inches long, contracted to a
margined petiole 2 to 4 inches in length; stem-leaves gradually smaller; all sub-
coriaceous, scabrous on the margin. Heads of flowers rather large, in dense axil-
lary clusters, forming a leafy spike ; involucre puberulent ; scales oblong, minutely
lacerate-ciliate, with the apex spreading or reflexed; rays rather long; akenes
smooth.
Hob. Along Schuylkill : not common. Fl. Aug. Fr. Octo.

£ 2. Scales without herbaceous tips. [VIRGAUREA, Ifarnef.]
f Racemes short, dense, terminal, or closely axillary.

"2. S. biCOlor, L. Hairy and greyish ; leaves lance-oval, the

lower ones serrate ; racemes terminal, «rect, leafy ; rays ochroleu-

cous.

TWO-COLORED SOLIDAGO-

Stem 1 to 3 feet high, mostly simple, sometimes with leafy branches at summit.
Radical leaves 2 to 6 inches long, often spatulate, contracted to a petiole nearly as
long as the leaf; stem-leaves gradually smaller and less serrate, the upper ones en-
tire. Heads of flowers in a compound leafy terminal raceme ; involucre smooth-
ish ; rays medium size ; akenes striate, sparsely pubescent, finally smooth.
Hob. Woods, clearings, and low grounds : frequent. Fl. Aug. Fr. Octo.

3. S. lalHYilia, L. Smoothish; stem angular, flexuose; leaves
broadly oval, acuminate at each end, coarsely and sharply serrate ;
racemes axillary, oblong.

S. flexicaulis, var. latifolia. Fl. Cestr. ed. 2. p. 460.
BROAD-LEAVED SOUDAGO.

Stem 18 inches to 3 feet high, simple, often flexuose. Leaves 3 or 4 inches long,
conspicuously acuminate, and almost laciniately serrate, abruptly narrowed to a
tapering margined petiole about as long as the acnmination at apex. Heads cf
flowers in short racemose axillary clusters; involucre smooth; akenes hairy.
Hob. Rich woodlands: frequent Fl. Septem. Fr. Octo.

Obs. The S. flexicaulis, L. has been partly referred to S. caesia, —
while the var. latifolia is admitted to the rank of a species, which
may be readily known by its remarkable leaves.

4. S. cassia, L. Smooth; stem terete, purple and glaucous;
leaves oblong-lanceolate, irregularly serrate; racemes axillary, sub-
globose.

GREY-BLUE SOLIDAGO. Golden Rod.

Stem 1 to 2 or 3 feet high, slender, simple, or sometimes considerably branched*
Leaves 2 to 3 or 4 inches long, scabrous on the margin. Heads of flowers in nu-
merous axillary and mostly subglobose clusters ; involucre smoothish ; akenes
pubescent.
Hob. Rich woodlands, and thickets: frequent. Fl. Septem. Fr. Octo.

Obs. The Solidaaines are all known, more or less, by the name of
Golden rod; but this species is so called by way of eminence, in

134 GAMOPETALOUS EXOGENS

Chester County. JOHN BARTRAM, in Ms Appendix to SHORT'S
Medicina Britannica, says this is the Golden Rod "so famous for the
bite of a Rattle-snake ;" and, like many other "famous" cures, is
probably little worth, in such cases.

1 1 Racemes terminal, erect. * Heads small.

5. S. puberula, Nutt. Minutely hoary-pubescent; leaves lan-
ceolate, nearly entire ; racemes dense, leafy.

PUBERULENT SOLIDAGO.

Stem 2 to 3 feet high, simple, striate, often purple. Leaves 1 to 3 or 4 inches
long, the lower ones rather oblanceolate, all scabrous on the margin. Heads of
flowers in short erect axillary racemes, — forming altogether a kind of compound
leafy spike 4 to 8 or 10 inches in length; involucre puberulent, yellowish; ray a
middle-sized : dkenes minutely pubescent.

Hob. Swamps, and low grounds; J. D. Steele's: rare. Fl. Aug. Fr. Octo,
* * Heads rather large.

6. S. speciosa, Nutt. Stem stout, sulcate-striate, smooth j leaves
ovate-lanceolate, thickish ; racemes thyxsoid ; rays large.
HANDSOME, OR SHOWY SOLIDAGO.

Stem 3 to 5 or 6 feet high, often purple, simple, or virgately branched-. Radical
leaves 4 to 6 or 8 inches long, ovate, more or less serrate, on margined petioles 2 to
4 or 5 inches in length ; stem-leaves gradually smaller, narrowed to a short petiole,-&[l
smooth, coriaceous, and scabrous on the margin. Heads of flowers numerous,
clustered on longish axillary branches, which form a kind of terminal panicle j
involucre smooth ; akenes striate, smooth.
Hob. Copses; banks of Schuylkill, &c.: rare. Fl. Sept. Fr. Octo.

f •}• f Racemes secund, spreading or recurved.
* Heads and leaves rather large.

•y. S, patula, Muhl. Stem striate-angled, smooth ; leaves oval,
acute, serrate, very scabrous above, smooth beneath ; racemes pan-
iculate, spreading.
SPREADING SOLIDAGO.

Stem 2 to 4 feet high, dark green, or sometimes purple. Radical leaves 3 to 6
inches long, crenate-serrate, subcoriaceous, abruptly narrowed to a margined
petiole about as long as the leaf; stem-leaves gradually smaller, narrowed at base,
sessile. Heads of flowers in "secund spreading paniculate racemes ; involucre mi-
nutely pubescent ; rays middle-sized ; akenes slightly puberulent and bristly.
Hal). Low grounds; thickets &c.: frequent. Fl. Aug. Fr. Octo.

Obs. This species is easily recognized by the remarkable shagreen-
like roughness of the upper surface of the leaves.

8. S. arg^ta, Ait. Smooth; leaves thickish, elliptic-lanceolate,
acuminate, sharply and unequally serrate, smooth on both sides,
the margins scabrous-ciliate ; racemes dense, smooth, finally elon-

§ated and recurved.
. ciliaris. Muhl. $ Fl. Cestr. ed. 2. p. 455.
SHARP (NOTCHED) SOLIDAGO.

Stem 2 to 3 feet high. Radical leaves 4 to 6 or 8 inches long, subcoriaceous,
tapering to a margined ciliate petiole 2 to 4 inches in length ; stem-leaves varying
to linear-lanceolate, narrowed to a short petiole. Heads of flowers in secund pani-
culate racemes ; involucre smoothisb ; akenes somewhat pubescent.

)3a6. Meadows, fields, and woods: frequent. Fl. Aug. Fr. Sept

9. S. Mllhlenbgrgii, Torr. $ Gray. Smooth; stem striater-
angled ; leaves thinnish, lanc«-ovate and elliptic-lanceolate, sharply
serrate, acuminate at both ends ; racemes pubescent, paniculate.
S. arguta. Mtthl $ FL Cestr. ed. 3. p. 458. not of Ait.
MUHLENBERG'S SOLIDAGO.

Stem 2 to 3 feet high, simple, or virgately branched. Radical leaves 3 to 6 inches
long, spatulate-ovate, on margined petioles ; stemrleaves narrowed at base, subsessile ;
all thinnish and chartaceous. Heads of flowers in secund but seldom recurved
racemes, in an elongated and rather slender panicle ; involucre smoothish ; rays
spatulate-oblong ; akenes smooth, or minutely puberulent.
Hob. Low, shaded grounds : frequent. FL Aug. Fr. Sept.

* * Heads, and (reticulate-veined) leaves, rather small.

10. S. alti§§ima, L. Hirsute; leaves ovate-lanceolate and
lance-oblong, acute, serrate, rugose-veined and thickish; racemes
spreading, or recurved.

HIGHEST SOLIDAGO.

Stem 3 to 6 or 7 feet high, often purple. Leases 1 to 3 or 4 inches long, irregu-
larly serrate, sessile. Heads of flowers in secund spreading racemes; involucre
smoothish ; scales linear ; rays 6 to 9, small ; akenes pubescent.
Hob. Low grounds ; borders of thickets : frequent. Fl. Aug. Fr. Octo.

Obs. This is variable in size, and in some of its features, — but
constantly rough and homely ; and quite frequent in moist thickets.

11. S. iiliiiififliil, Muhl. Stem smoothish, striate, — the branches
hairy; leaves lance-oblong and elliptic-ovate, acuminate, tapering
at base, coarsely serrate, thinnish, ciliate, hairy beneath; racemes
paniculate.

ELM-LEAVED SOLIDAGO.

Stem 3 or 4 feet high, often with long slender branches at summit. Leaves 2 to
4 or 5 inches long, reticulately veined, finally smoothish above. Heads of flowers
in secund racemes, often on long slender straggling branches; involucre smooth;
scales lance-oblong, rather acute ; rays about 4, short ; akenes hairy.
Hob. Low grounds ; woods and thickets : frequent. Fl. Aug. Fr. Octo.

12. S. Odora, Ait. Stem striate, pubescent in lines ; leaves
linear-lanceolate, acute, entire, smooth, pellucid-punctate, scabrous
on the margin; racemes paniculate.

ODOROUS, OR FRAGRANT SOLIDAGO.

Stem about 3 feet high, simple, rather slender. Leaves 1 or 2 to 4 or 5 inches
long, scarcely narrowed at base, sessile. Heads of flowers in secund racemes, which
are mostly spreading or recurved, and form a terminal pyramidal panicle; involur
ere, smoothish ; scales lance-linear; rays oblong or oblanceolate ; alcenes hairy.
Hab. Borders of woods, and thickets : not common. Fl. Aug. Fr. Octo.

Obs. This is an agreeably fragrant-, and rather pretty species.
* * * Heads middle-size ; plant cloOied with short cinereous pubescence.

13. S. iieinorsVlis, Ait. Stem often corymbose at summit;
leaves spatulate-oblong and oblanceolate, crenate-serrate) or eatirep
roughish-pubescent.

WOOD, OR GROVE SOLIDAGO.

136 GAMOPETALOUS EXOGENS

Stem 1 to 2 or 3 feet high. Radical leaves 1 to 4 or 5 inches long, tapering to S
petiole 1 to 3 inches in length ; stem-leaves narrower, tapering almost to a petiole< —
Heads of flowers in secund racemes, on recurved branches (often in axillary clus-
ters); involucre smoothish; scales lance-oblong, obtuse ; rays 6 to 9, gpatulate-
oblong ; akenes pubescent with white hairs.
Hob. Old fields; roadsides, and borders of woods: common. PL Aug. Fr. Octo.

Obs. This common species is easily known by its ash-colored or
bluish-gray aspect.

**** Heads small; leaves lanceolate, %-ribbed.

14.^8. CanadensiS, £. Stem roughish-pubescent ; scales of
the involucre sublinear, rather obtuse ; akenes scabrous-pubescent.
CANADIAN SOLID AGO.

Stem 2 to 5 or 6 feet high, stout and simple, somewhat corymbose-paniculate ut
summit. Leaves 2 or 3 to 5 or 6 inches long, acute or acuminate, sessile, roughish
above, softly pilose and somewhat hoary beneath. Heads of flowers in secund ra-
cemes, on recurved branches; rays inconspicuous.
Hob. Hilly woodlands; fence-rows, &c.: frequent. Fl. Aug. Fr. Octo.

15. S. serotilia, Ait Stem smooth, often purplish and glau-
cous ; scales of the involucre lance-oblong, rather acute, ciliate ;
akenes finally smoothish.

S. gigantea. FL Cestr. ed. 2. p. 455. not of Ait.
LATE SOLIDAGO.

Stem 4 to 7 or 8 feet high, stout. Leaves 2 to 4 inches long, acuminate, roughish
above and on the margin, -subsessile. Heads of flowers in secund paniculate ra-
cemes; rays rather larger than in the preceding species.
Hob. Low grounds; borders of thickets : frequent. Fl. Aug. Fr. Octo.

$3. Stem corymbosely branched; heads smalt, sessile in little clusters; receptacle
JimbriUate. [EUTHAMIA, JVutt.]

16. S. lanceolata, L. Leaves lance-linear, acute, very entire,
somewhat scabrous ; corymbs terminal, flat-topped.
LANCEOLATE SOLIDAGO.

Stem 2 to 4 feet high, m-uch bran«hed, angular-striate, with green and yellow
stripes, roughish-pubescent. Leaves 2 or 3 to 5 inches long, narrow, sessile. Heads
of flowers aggregated in clusters at the summit of tfee corymbose branches; invol-
ucre smoothishj shining and slightly viscid ; scales lance-oblong, rather obtuse,
appressed, deeper green at apex ; rays 15 to 20, small ; akenes pubescent.
Hob. Moist low grounds ; borders of thickets : frequent. Fl. Aug. Fr. Octo.

196. CHRYSOP'SIS, Nutt.

[Gr. Chrysos, gold, and Opsis, aspect ; in allusion to the yellow florets.]
Heads many-flowered; rays numerous. Involucre campanulate, or
turbinate; scales linear, imbricated, without herbaceous tips, Akenes
compressed, obovate-oblong, hairy; pappus double, the outer row of
short chafiy bristles. Receptacle flat. Chiefly perennials: silky -
villous, or hairy ; heads rather large, terminal, corymbose.

1. C. Mariana, Nutt. Silky-lanuginous ; stem rather stout,
leafy; leaves spatulate-lanceolate and elliptic-oblong, nearly en-
tire.
Diplopappus Marianus. Hook. $ Fl. Cestr. ed. 2. p. 475.

COMPOS1TAE

137

MABYIAITO CHRYSOPSIS.

Stem 1 to 2 feet high, simple, terete, often purple. Leaves 2 to 4 or 5 incbet
long,— the radical and lower ones narrowed to a petiole,— the upper ones sessile.—
Heads of flowers few, mostly in a subumbellate corymb; involucre glandular-
pubescent, viscid ; rays and disk yellow ; akenes hirsute, reddish-brown.
Hob. Sandy soils; Oxford, and N. Valley hill: rare. Fl. Sept. Fr. Octo.

SUBTRIBE 2. INULE^AE.

Heads radiate, with the fiords as in Asterineae; antfiers with bristle-like tails at
base; receptacle naked. Leaves alternate; rays and disk the same color.

19T. IN'ITE,A, L.

[The ancient Latin riame; of obscure meaning.]

Heads large, many-flowered; rays in a single series, very numerous,
linear* Involucral scales loosely imbricated, in several series, the
outer ones foliaceous. Akenes 4-sided, or terete ; pappus of capillary
bristles. Mostly perennials : leaves often clasping ; heads solitary,
or corymbose ; florets yellow.

1. /. Helenium, L. Stout; pubescent; leaves large, oblong-ovate,

those of the stem clasping ; akenes 4-sided.

Elecampane.

Stem 3 to 5 feet high, gulcate, branching above. Leaves 9 to 18 inches long, and
4 to 6 or 8 inches wide, acute or acuminate, denticulate, hoary-tomentose beneath,
— the radical ones petiolate. Outer scales of the involucre ovate, tomentose. An-
ifiers produced at base into 2 tails, or bristle-like appendages. Akenes smooth ;
pappus pale tawny.
Hob, Roadsides. Nat. of Europe. Fl. July. Fr. Sept.

Obs. The large root of this plant is mucilaginous ; and was for-
merly in some repute as a popular remedy for coughs,— and even
as a preventative of Hydrophobia, among the credulous.

TRIBE 4. SENECIONID'EAE.

Style-branches linear, externally convex, hairy or pencil-tufted at apex, — either
truncate, or produced into a cone, or hairy appendage ; the stigmatic lines termi-
nating at the base of the cone or appendage, and not confluent Leaves opposite,
or alternate.

SUBTRIBE 1. MELAMPODIN'EAE.

Florets all imperfect (i. e. staminate, or pistillate, only),— either in the same head,
•when the pistillate are in the border,— or in separate heads; anthers without tails
atbasejjpopjpus mostly none, sometimes 2-horned, never of capillary bristles;
receptacle mostly chaffy.

198. POLYM'STIA. L.

[Dedicated (with little taste in the selection) to one of the Muses.]
Heads rather small, many-flowered ; rays several, in a single series,
pistillate and fertile; disk-florets apparently perfect, but sterile. —
Involucre somewhat hemispherical ; scales in 2 series, — the outer
about 5, foliaceous, large and spreading, — the inner numerous,
small and membranaceous. Akenes obovoid, subcompressed, smooth.
Receptacle flat; chaff membranaceous. Stout perennials: leaves
mostly opposite, petiolate, with stipule-like appendages.

1. P. Caiiadensis, L. Viscid-pubescent ; leaves angulate and

138 GAMOPETALOUS EXOGENS

hastate-lobed, the lower ones pinnatifid ; rays small, trifid, whitish
or ochroleucous.
CANADIAN POLYMNIA.

Stem 2 to 4 or 5 feet high, branching. Leaves 4 to 8 or 10 inches long, and 8 to 6
inches broad, very thin, mostly 3-lobed and rather dilated towards the apex,
deeply hastate-lobed at base, often alternate,— the lower ones deeply pinnatifid,
with clasping stipule-like appendages at the base of the petiole. Heads of flowers
small, loosely paniculate; rays scarcely 1 third of an inch tong. Akenes dark
brown, with a prominent rib on each margin, and one on the inner face ; crowned
with a whitish protuberant ring.
Hob. Moist, rich woods : rare. Fl. Aug. Fr. Sept.

Obs. This species, formerly indigenous along the Brandywine, is
now extremely rare, — except in the gardens of the curious. The
recent plant has a considerable odor, — something between that of
Yarrow and Tansey.

2. 1". Uvedaliifcj L. Roughish-pubescent; leaves broad-ovate,
sinuate-lobed, the lower ones sub-palmate; rays elongated, 3-
toothed, deep yellow.
UVEDAL'S POLYMNIA.

Stem 3 or 4 to 6 or 8 feet high, stouter than the preceding, often with opposite
axillary branches above. Leaves 4 to 10 or 12 inches long, thin, ciliate, — the
lower ones nearly as wide as long, 3- to 5-lobed, abruptly contracted at base to a
tapering winged petiole which is somewhat sinuate-lobed, and 2 to 4 inches in
length, Heads of flowers larger than in the preceding, paniculate ; rays about
an inch long,
Hob. Great Valley; near Brooke's Mill: rare. Fl. Aug. Fr. Sept.

199. AMBROSIA, Tournef.

[Poetically, Food of the Gods; a name singularly inappropriate tt> our plant.]
Heads monoicous, — the staminate ones 5- to 20-flowered, in terminal
racemes, — the pistillate 1-flowered, in bracteate clusters of 2 or 3
to 5, sessile at the base of the racemes, or in the axils of the upper
leaves. Involucre of the staminate heads flattish ; scales several,
united into a cup ; florets all funnel-form. Involucre of the pistillate
florets turbinate, closely embracing the akene, like a utricle, acumi-
nate, with 4 to 8 (usually 5 or 6) pointed tubercles near the sum-
mit. Corolla none. Akene obovoid. Chiefly annuals : leaves
opposite and alternate, petiolate, lobed or pinnatifidly dissected.

1. A. trifiila, L. Stem tall and stout, rough-hairy; leaves pal-
mately 3- to 5-lobed, lobes oval-lanceolate.
TRIFID AMBROSIA.

Stem 3 to 6 or 8 feet high, angular, branched. Leaves 4 to 6 or 8 inches long,
usually 3-lobed (sometimes undivided), opposite, hairy and scabrous, on slightly
margined ciliate petioles about an inch in length. Staminate heads numerous, in
long terminal paniculate racemes ; florets whitish. Involucre of the pistillate florets
strongly 5- or 6-ribbed, — the ribs with as many acute points at top.
Hob. Low grounds; waste places, &c. : frequent. Fl. Aug. Fr. Octo.

Obs. A coarse homely weed, and frequent enough, — but not so
abundant as the following species. If the generic name has refer-
ence to the mythological Ambrosia, it must be something like Lucus,
a non lucendo ! I should have supposed it more likely to have been

COMPOSITAB 139

in commemoration of some obscure Botanist, named Ambrose; but
the authorities are otherwise.

2. A. artemi§iae folia, L. Stem rather slender and diffusely

branched, villous and roughish ; leaves bipinnatifid, the upper ones

simply pinnatifid.

A. elatior. L. $ Fl. Cestr. ed. 2. p. 479.

ARTEMISIA-LEAVED AMBROSIA. Bitter-weed. Rag-weed.

Stem 1 to 3 or 4 feet high, usually bushy. Leaves 2 to 4 inches long; petioles %
of an inch tt> an inch in length, mostly ciliate with long white hairs. Staminate
Jieads small, in terminal slender spicate racemes. Pistillate florets in axillary
bracteate clusters, below the staminate racemes : sometimes the heads are dimcous,
— i. e. the terminal racemes (or rather interrupted spikes, in that case,) — as well as
the clusters beneath, — are all pistillate! and the flowers in small sessile bracteate
clusters. Involucre of the pistillate florets scarcely ribbed. Akene mucronate, dark
brown.
2 lab. Cultivated fields, and pastures : common. Fl. Aug. Fr. Octo.

Obs. This worthless weeH is apt to spring up wherever the ground
is broken with the plough,— and to be particularly abundant among
the stubble, after a crop of wheat: but, if the land be good, the
plant seems to be smothered- or choked out, the next season, by the
clover and grasses.

2OO. XA&'THIUM, Tournef.
[Qr. JTanthos, yellow ; a color said to be afforded by the plant.]
Heads monoicous, in spicate clusters, — the staminate above, many-
flowered. Involucre of the staminate heads subglobose ; scales dis-
tinct; florets clavate. Pistillate heads 2-flowered, — the involucre
oblong, closed, coriaceous, armed with hooked prickles, and 1 or 2
strong beaks at apex ; corolla filiform. Akenes oblong, compressed.
Annuals : leaves alternate, petiolate, lobed, or dentate.

1. X. strumarium, L. Leaves broad-ovate, somewhat 3-lobed; peti-
oles not spinose at base ; pistillate involucre with 2 strong straight
beaks at apex.

SCROFULOUS XASTTHIUM. Clot-weed. Cockle-bur.

Stem 1 to 3 feet high, angular, branching, scabrous-pubescent. Leaves 3 to 6
inches in length, and nearly as wide as long, subcordate at base, but cuneately
produced in the centre, at the junction of the 3 principal nerves ; petioles 2 to 4
i aches long. Heads of flowers in axillary racemose clusters, — the pistillate ones at
the base of the racemes.
Sab. Farm-yards; roadsides, Ac. Nat of Europe. Fl. Aug. JFV. Octo.

Obs. This is evidently, I think, a stranger, here, — and is an ob-
noxious weed, though not disposed to spread rapidly. The burs
are a great annoyance, in the fleeces of sheep.

2. X. spindsum, L. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, hoary-tomentose be-
neath; petioles triply spinose at base; pistillate involucre with
a single inconspicuous beak at apex.

SPINOSE XANTHIUM. Thorny Clot-weed.

Stem 2 or 3 feet high, terete, striate, pubescent, branched. Leaves 1 to 3 inches
long, sometimes 3-lobed, or with a lobe-like tooth on each side, narrowed at base to
a short pubescent petiole,— on each side of which is a triple or 3-forked yellowish

140 GAMOPETALOUS EXOGENS

spine, the branches about an inch long, and very sharp. Heads of flowers axillary,

mostly solitary.

Hob. Farm-yards, and waste places. Nat. of Europe. Fl. Sept. Fr. Octo.

Obs. This execrable foreign weed has found its way into our
County, but is happily yet rare ; and it behooves every good citizen
to extirpate it, wherever it may appear. Some years since, the
authorities of on.e of our cities — where it was becoming a great
nuisance, in the streets — enacted an ordinance against the plant, —
denouncing it by the name of Canada Thistle! The misnomer
probably did not impair the efficacy of the ordinance : But it would
be more reputable to all concerned, if they could avoid confounding
objects which are essentially distinct, — -and learn to designate even
weeds by their proper names.

SUBTRIBE 2. HELIAN'THEAE.

Beads mostly radiate, — the disk-florets always perfect; anthers blackish, without
tails at base; pappus none, or crown-form, or consisting of awns, or awn like chaff,
— never capillary, nar of uniform distinct chaffy scales. Receptacle chaffy. Leaves
often opposite.

2O1. HEMOP'SIS, Persoon.
[Gr. Helios, the sun, and opsis, aspect; resembling the sun, or sun-flowers.]

Heads many-flowered; ray-florets 10, or more, pistillate. Involucral
scales in 2 or 3 series, — the outer ones foliaceous, and somewhat
spreading, — the inner, shorter than the disk. Akenes of the disk
4-angled, smooth; pappus none, or a mere border. Receptacle con-
vex ; chaff long, linear. Perennials : resembling Helianthus ; leaves
opposite, petiolate; flowers yellow.

1. H. laevis, Pers. Smoothish ; leaves lance-ovate or oblong-
ovate, serrate ; involucre pubescent, the outer scales lance-oblong,
spreading, subserrate at apex.
SMOOTH HELIOPSIS. False Sunflower.

Stem 2 to 4 feet high, dl-or tri-chotomously branching at summit. Leaves 2 or 3
to 6 inches long, 3-nerved, obtuse at base, or abruptly narrowed to a petiole half
an inch to an inch in length. Heads of flowers m,iddle-sized, pn long naked term-
inal peduncles; rays an inch to an inch and a half long. Akenes of the disk 4-an-
gled, of the ray 3-angled, with the outer side convex,— all truncate at apex, red-
dish-brown.
Hob. Banks of streams : frequent. Fl. July. Fr. Sept.

202. RUDBECK'IA, L:

[In honor of Olaus Rudbeck, father and son; Swedish Botanists.]
Heads many-flowered ; ray-florets neutral. Involucral scales in about
2 series, foliaceous, spreading. Akenes 4-angled ; pappus a minute
crown-like border. Receptacle more or less conical ; chaff short,
concave, not rigid. Chiefly perennials : leaves alternate ; rays yel-
low, generally long and drooping.

f Disk oblong-conical, greenish-yellow.

1. R. laciniata, L. Stem smooth ; lower leaves pinnatifid, —

upper ones 3- to 5-lobed, or lance-ovate and entire; pappus cre-

nate.

LACINIATE RUDBECKIA. Jagged-leaved Cone-flower.

COMPOSITAE 141

Stem 4 to 6 or 8 feet high, striate, branching. Radical and lower leaves 4 to 8 or
10 inches long, deeply pinnatifid, — segments about 5, oval-lanceolate, incised-serrate
or laciuiate, the terminal one trifid ; petioles 2 to 4 or 5 inches in length ; upper
leaves trifid or entire, subsessile. Heads of flowers rather large, corymbose-pani-
culate ; rays 1 to 2 inches long. Chaff of the receptacle cuneate-oblong, concave
and keeled, obtuse, tomentose at summit.
Hob. Moist, low grounds; thickets, &c.: frequent. Fl. July. Fr. Sept.

f f Disk broadly conical, or hemispherical) dark purple.

2. R. fiilgida, Ait. Stem hairy ; radical leaves ovate, petiolate,
— stem-leaves spatulate-oblong and lanceolate, sessile and somewhat
clasping; disk hemispherical.

SHINING RUDBECKIA.

Stem about 2 feet high, rather slender, virgately branched, or sometimes simple.
Leaves 2 to 4 inches long, sparingly denticulate, the radical ones on petioles 1 to 2
inches in length. Heads of flowers rather small, solitary on the long peduncle-
like branches. Chaff of the receptacle spatulate-linear, abruptly acute, nearly
smooth.
Hob. Old fields; borders of thickets, Ac. : frequent. FL Aug. Fr. Sept.

3. R. llirta, L. Hirsute ; lower leaves spatulate, petiolate, — up-
per ones ovate-lanceolate, sessile; disk conical.
ROUGH-HAIRED RLDBECKIA.

Perennial f Stem 18 inches to 3 or 4 feet high, rather stout, often simple, or
branched near the base. Leaves 2 to 3 or 4 inches long. — the radical ones on hirsute
peMoles 1 to 2 inches in length. Heads of flowers middle-sized, on long stoutish
atriate-sulcate naked peduncles. Chaff of the receptacle sublinear, rather acute,
hairy and ciliate at summit.
Hab. Fence-rows, and thickets : not common. Fl. July. Fr. Sept.

2O3. IIEMAIV'THtJS, L.

[Or. Helios, the sun, and anthos, a flower; from its radiate flowers.]
Heads many-flowered, sometimes very broad ; ray-florets numerous,
neutral. Involucral scales in 3 or more series, imbricated, folia-
ceous, subsquarrose. Akenes 4-sided, laterally compressed, not
vringed, embraced by the folded persistent chaff of the usually flat
receptacle ; pappus mostly 2 (sometimes several) unequal chaff-like
deciduous awns, or acute scales. Chiefly perennials : heads corym-
bose, or solitary ; rays yellow.

f Leaves chiefly opposite, 3-nerved.

1. II. divaricatus, L. Leaves sessile, lance-ovate, rounded or
truncate at base, tapering to the apex, more or less serrate, thick-
ish and rough.

DIVARICATE HELIANTHUS.

Stem 2 to 4 or 5 feet high, slender, smoothish, di- or tri-chotomously branched
above, often nearly simple. Leaves 3 to 5 or 6 inches long, all opposite and divari-
cate. Heads of flowers small, and few (often 3, the middle one dichotomal) ; rayt
8 to 10 or 12, yellow, with orange veins, about % of an inch long. Akenes striate ;
pappus subulate-chaffy, ciliate.
Hob. Borders of woods, and thickets: frequent. Fl. July. Fr. Sept..

2. H. decap6talus, L. Leaves ovate-oblong, acuminate, re-

142 GAMOPETALOUS EXOGENS

motely but sharply and sometimes coarsely serrate, contracted at

base to a cuneate margined petiole, thinnish, green and sparsely

hairy on both sides.

H. frondosus. Hook. $ Fl. Cestr. ed. 2. p. 493,

TEN-PETALED HELIANTHUS.

Stem 3 to 5 feet high, rather slender, somewhat angular, smooth below, with al-
ternate axillary sc ahrous branches at summit. Leaves 3 to 6 inches long ; petioles
half an inch to near 2 inches in length. Heads of flowers rather small ; rays 8 or
10, pale sulphur-yellow, about an inch in length. Akenes compressed, obovate-
oblong.
Hab. Along the Brandywine : frequent. Fl. August. FT. October.

3. H. st i uiiiosus, L. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, on short peti-
oles, more or less serrate with small appressed teeth, scabrous
above, softly pubescent and whitish beneath.
H. mollis. Willd. $ Floral. Cestr. p. 92. not of Lam,
H. decapetalus. Fl. Cestr. ed. 2. p. 483. not of L.
SCROFULOUS HELIANTHUS.

Stem 2 to 4 feet high, rather slender, roughish-pubescent and somewhat branch-
ed at summit. Leaves 3 to 6 or 8 inches long, abruptly contracted at base to a
petiole 1 third to 3 fourths of an inch in length. Heads of flowers middle-sized ;
rays about 10, yellow, with orange veins, an inch to an inch and a half in length.
Akenes sub-compressed, obovate, variegated, hairy at summit ; pappus of subulate-
lanceolate chaffy scales about as long as the akene, and 2 or 3 additional smaller
ones which are ovate, acute, and lacerately fringed.
Hab. Borders of woods, and thickets : frequent. Fl. Aug. Fr. Octo.

f f Leaves chiefly alternate, and penninerved.

4» II. srigaiiteus, L. Leaves lanceolate, acute at each end,
more or less serrate, thick and rough -hairy, subsessile.
GIGANTIC HELIANTHUS. Wild Sunflower.

Stem 5 to 8 feet high, rather stout, terete, more or less hirsute and scabrous, co-
rymbose-paniculate at summit. Leaves 2 or 3 to 6 inches long, narrowed almost to
a petiole at base ; the narrow portion ciliate, — the lower leaves often opposite. —
Heads of flowers rather large ; rays 12 to 20, yellow, with orange veins, about an
inch in length. Akenes cuneate-oblong ; pappus of 2 lance-subulate finely lacerate
chaffy scales.
Hab. Borders of Thickets : frequent. Fl. Aug. Fr. Octo.

f f t Leaves alternate, 3-nerved.

5. H. TUBERONSUS, L. Root tuberiferous, perennial ; stem branching ;

leaves subcordate and ovate, serrate-dentate, scabrous, on ciliate

petioles.

TUBEROUS HELIANTHUS. Jerusalem Artichoke.

Stem 4 to 6 or 8 feet high, stout, terete, branching, hirsute and scabrous. Leaves
4 to 6 or 8 inches long, abrubtly contracted at base to a narrow cuneately-tapering
margined petiole 1 to 2 or 3 inches in length,— the lower leaves subcordate, and often
opposite (rarely ternate). Heads of flowers rather large ; rays about an inch long.
Akenes as in the preceding.
Hab. Gardens, and lots. Nat. of Brazil. Fl. Aug. Fr. Octo.

Obs. This is often cultivated for its fleshy tubers, — which are
used for pickles. It is nearly naturalized in some places.

COMPOSITAE 143

6. H. dnnuus, L. Root fibrous, annual; stem stout, nearly simple;
leaves cordate and broadly ovate, petiolate; heads subsolitary,
very large.
ANNUAL HELIANTHUS. Garden Sunflower.

Stem 4 to 6 or 8 feet high. Leaves 6 to 10 or 12 inches long, and 4 to 6 or 8 inches
broad, on petioles 3 to 6 inches in length. Heads of flowers 4 to 8 or 10 inches in di-
ameter, flat, often nodding ; rays 1 to 2 inches long. Akenes obovate-oblong, stri-
ate, somewhat pubescent, leaden brown, with white margins, and stripes.
Hob. Gardens, &c. Nat. of Peru. Fl. Aug. Fr. Octo.

Obs. This species is almost naturalized, in many gardens, — being
much cultivated as a showy plant. It is said to be worth cultiva-
ting, for the oil afforded by the akenes. Doctor DARWIN thus sings
of the Sunflower: —

" Great HELIAJTTHUS guides o'er twilight plains

In gay solemnity his Dervise-trains ;

Marshal'd in Jives each gaudy band proceeds,

Each gaudy band a plumed Lady * leads ;

With zealous step he climbs the upland lawn,

And bows in homage to the rising dawn;

Imbibes with eagle eye the golden ray,

And watches, as it moves, the orb of day."—

204. AC)TItf OM'ERIS, Nuttall.

[Or. Aktin, a ray, and merif, a part ; the heads being but partially rayed.]
Heads many-flowered; ray-florets few, distant, neutral. Involucral
scales in 1 to 3 series, foliaceous. Akenes 4-angled, laterally com-
pressed, 2- winged; pappus 2 smoothish persistent awns. Chaff of
the small convex receptacle embracing the outer winged margin of
the akenes. Tall perennials : leaves penninerved, mostly alternate,
and decurrent; heads corymbed; flowers chiefly yellow.

1. A. squarrosa, Nutt. Stem winged above ; leaves lanceolate,

acuminate at each end ; scales of the involucre in 2 series, finally

reflexed; disk subglobos^, in fruit squarrose; akenes broadly

winged.

SQUARROSE AOTINOMERIS.

Stem 3 to 6 or 8 feet high, rather slender, roughish-pubescent, yellowish, with
green wings decurrent from the leaves. Leaves 4 to 6 or 8 inches long, serrate,
narrowed at base to a tapering margined petiole, — the margin decurrent on the
stem. Heads of flowers rather small, in a terminal leafy corymbose panicle ; rays
3 to 5 or 6, about an inch long. Akenes much compressed, obovate, somewhat
hairy ; pappus of 2 subulate diverging awns.
Hob. Moist grounds; along streams: not common. Fl. Aug. Fr. Sept.

205. BrDEXS, L.

[Latin, Udent, having 2 teeth ; alluding to the awns of the fruit.]
Heads many- (or sometimes few-) flowered ; ray-florets neutral, often
few and inconspicuous, sometimes wanting. Involucral scales in 2
series, — the outer commonly large and foliaceous. Akenes obcom-

* In reference to this phrase, Dr. D. remarks, in a note, that " the seeds of many
plants of this class are furnished with a plume, by which admirable mechanism,
they are disseminated by the winds far from their parent stem, and look like a
shuttlecock, as they fly." This is true of many syngenesious plants ; but unluck-
ily for the Poet's Botany, is not at all applicable to the pappus of Hdianthus.

144 GAMOPETALOUS EXOGENS

pressed, or slender and 4-sided ; pappus 2 to 4 or 5 rigid persistent
retrorsely-hispid awns. Receptacle flattish ; chaff deciduous. Mostly
annuals : leaves opposite, penninerved ; flowers generally yellow.

f Akenes^of, with ciliate margins, not tapering at summit.
* Rays usually wanting.

1. 11. frondosa, L. Leaves odd-pinnately divided in fives and
threes, the leaflets lanceolate, serrate; akenes 2-awned, ciliate with
erect hairs.
FRONDOSE, OR FOLIACEOUS BIDENS. Bur-Marigold.

Stem 2 to 4 or 5 feet high, angular, branched, sparsely pilose, often dark purple.
Leaflets 2 to 4 or 5 inches long, with short margined petioles ; common petiole 1 to 3
inches long, somewhat margined. Heads of flowers rather small, on long slender
naked axillary branches ; involucre double, — the outer scales 8 to 10 or 12, folia-
oeous, unequal, much longer than the head, ciliate near the base ; rays none. —
Akenes obovate-cuneate, antrorsely ciliate ; awns longer than the florets.
Hob. Gardens; fence-rows, &c. : common. Fl. Aug. Fr. Octo.

Obs. A homely, troublesome weed, in gardens, and lots. The
adhesive akenes, of all the species, are a well-known annoyance.

!2. B. COnnata, Muhl. Leaves lanceolate, serrate, tapering at

base to margined subconnate petioles ; akenes 3- or 4-awned, re-

trorsely hispid-ciliate.

B. petiolata. Nutt. & FL Cestr. ed. V.p. 486.

CONNATE BIDENS.

fitfin 1 to 2 or 3 feet high, striate, branched, smooth, often purple. Leaves 2 to
5 or 6 inches long, with a long entire acumination, smooth. Heads of flowers
middle-sized ; involucre double, — the outer scales about 5, foliaceous, much longer
than the head; rays generally wanting. Akenes striate, retrorsely hispid on the
margins ; pappus 3 or 4 retrorsely hispid awns, — the 2 middle ones shorter, and of
these the inner one often entirely wanting.
Hob. Low, swampy grounds; ditches, <fec.: frequent. FL Sept. Fr. Octo.

* * Rays numerous and conspicuous.

3, B. dirysanthemoides, MX. Leaves oblong-lanceolate,
tapering at each end, dentate-serrate, sessile and connate ; akenes
2- to 4-awned, retrorsely aculeate-ciliate.
CHRYSANTHEMUM-LIKE BIDENS. Beggar-ticks.

t^tem 1 to 2 feet high, erect, or reclining at base, often angular, smooth, branch-
ed, the branches opposite and axillary. Leaves 3 to 6 inches long, smooth, rough-
ish on the margin. Heads of flowers rather large, solitary on the branches, often
woinewhat nodding ; involucre double, — the outer scales about 8, foliaceous, spread-
ing, the largest ones nearly as long as the bright yellow rays. Akenes somewhat
keeled on the flatted sides ; pappus usually 4 (sometimes 2, or 3) rctrorsely hispid
awns about as long as the disk florets.
Hob. Low grounds; along swampy rivulets: frequent. Fl Aug. Fr. Octo.

f f Akenes ^sided, long and slender, tapering at summit.

4. B. blpinnata, L. Leaves bipinnately dissected, petiolate ;
rays about 3, small; akenes 3- or 4-awned, subliuear, sulcate,
smooth ish.

BJPLNNATE BIDENS. Spanish Needles.
Stem 2 to 4 feet high, 4-angled, smooth, blanched. Leaves 2 to 4 or 5 .Inches

COMPOSITAE 145

long, deltoid-orate in their outline; segments lance-ovate, mostly cuneate and at-
tenuate at base; petiole 1 to 3 or 4 inches in length. Heads of flowers small, ob-
long, on long naked sulcate-angular axillary and terminal peduncles ; involucre
double, — the scales connate at base, the outer ones about 8, rather shorter and nar-
rower than the inner ones ; rays obovate, yellow, with dark veins. Akenes about
% of an inch long, sprinkled with short erect hairs; pappus of 3 or 4 retrorsely
hispid awns.
Hob. Gardens, and cultivated lots: common. Fl. Aug. Fr. Octo.

SUBTRIBE 3. HELENIEXAE.

Disk-florets apparently perfect, but sometimes sterile ; pappus composed pf sev-
eral distinct chaffy-scales; receptacle naked or chaffy.

206. Hi: I, i: \ 1 1 II . L.

[Said to be named after Helen, the wife of Menelaus.]

Heads many-flowered; ray-florets numerous, pistillate, cuneate, 3-
to 5-lobed at apex. Involucral scales in 2 series, — the outer folia-
ceous, subulate-lanceolate, reflexed, the inner fewer and much
shorter, chaffy. Akenes turbinate, ribbed; pappus of 5 to 8 thin 1-
nerved acuminate or awned chaffy scales. Receptacle hemispherical,
nearly naked. Leaves alternate, sessile and decurrent ; heads ter-
minal on the corymbose branches ; flowers yellow.

1* II. ;iiitiiiiinsilc, L. Stem angular, and somewhat winged;

leaves lanceolate, acuminate, serrate; disk subglobose; rays

drooping.

AUTUMNAL HELENIUM. Sneeze-weed.

Plant pale cinereous-green, from its minute pubescence : perennial. Stem 2 to 5
feet high, corymbose-paniculate, the branches angular and leafy. Leaves 2 to 4
inches long, narrowed at base. Heads of flowers middle-sized ; peduncles 1 to 2
inches long, thickened near the involucre ; rays strongly veined.
Hob. Margins of streams : frequent. Fl. Aug. Fr. Octo.

SUBTRIBE 4. ANTHEMID'EAE.

Heads radiate, or discoid, never dioicous ; disk-florets sometimes abortive ; anthers
without tails at base; pappus none, or a very small crown. Leaves alternate,
often much dissected.

21. Heads of flowers radiate.

207. MARIPTA, Cassini.

Heads many-flowered ; ray-florets mostly neutral. Involucre hemis-
pherical. Akenes obovoid, ribbed ; pappus none. Receptacle prom-
inently convex, chaffy all over, or only at summit. Fetid annuals:
leaves bi-tri-pinnately dissected.

1. M. C6tula, DC. Involucral scales with whitish scarious margins ;

receptacle chaffy at summit, only.

Anthemis Cotula. L. $ FL Cestr. ed. 2. p. 489.

Fetid Chamomile. Richardson's Pink. Dog's Fennel.

Stem 6 to 12 inches high, mostly erect, leafy, and bushily branched. Leaves 1 to
2 inches long, subsessile, green, bipinnately dissected ; segments linear, acute.—
Heads of flowers terminal on leafless peduncles ; rays white, disk yellow. Recep-
tacle oblong-conical ; chaff subulate, shorter than the florets.
Sab. Tarm yards, lanes, &c. Nat. of Europe. Fl. June. Fr. Aug.

c

146 QAMOPETALOUS EXOOENS

Obs. This worthless little weed is extensively naturalized among
us ; and may be readily distinguished from the Wild Chamomile, by
its strong repulsive odor.

208. Atf'THEMIS, L.

[Gr. Anthemon, a flower ; from the number it produces.]
Heads many-flowered ; ray-florets pistillate. Involucre campanulate.
Akenes terete, or obtusely 4-corned; pappus none, or a minute
crown. Receptacle conical, with membranaceous chaff among the
florets. Annuals, or perennials: sometimes aromatic; leaves bipin-
nately dissected ; heads with yellow disks, and white rays.

1. A. arvensis, L. Stem erect,, hairy ; chaff of the receptacle lance-
olate, cuspidate, longer than the florets ; pappus a very short
crown-form margin.
FIELD ANTHEMIS. Wild Chamomile.

Annual; nearly inodorous. Stem 9 to 15 inches high, etriate, branched. —
Leaves % of an inch to an inch and a half long, clothed with cinereous hairs ; seg-
ments flat, lance-linear, acute ; petioles about half an inch in length. Involucral
scales with the margins and^apex scarious and rather tawny.
Sab. Cultivated grounds. Nat. of Europe. Fl. June. Fr. Aug.

;J. A. NOB'ILIS, L, Stems decumbent, spreading, villous ; chaff of
the receptacle lanceolate, not cuspidate, shorter than the florets ;
pappus nearly obsolete.
NOBLE ANTHEMIS. Garden Chamomile.

Perennial ; aromatic. Stem 4 to 8 or 10 inches long, branching from the base,
leafy. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, subsessile; segments subulate. Heads of flowers
rather large ; disk convex, finally conical ; rays elliptic-oblong, finally reflexed.
Hob. Gardens. Nat. of Europe. Fl. July. Fr. Sept.

Obs. The whole herb is a fine aromatic bitter, —-particularly the
heads of flowers. It is an old and still prevalent opinion, that this
plant thrives better for being trampled upon, or kept prostrate, —
whence it was popularly called ^the Whig Plant" during the revo-
lutionary contest, in the United States. The notion is thus inciden-
tally alluded to, by SHAKSPEARE, in the first part of King Henry
IV. — " For though the Camomile, the more it is trodden on the
faster it grows — yet youth, the more it is wasted the sooner it
wears."

209. ACHIULITA, L.

[Named after Achilles; a medical Greek, who first used the plant.]
Heads several-flowered ; ray-florets few and short, pistillate ; tube
of the disk-florets obcompressed, margined. Involucre obovoid-
oblong. Akenes obcompressed, oblong, somewhat margined; pap-
pus none. Receptacle small, flattish, chaffy. Perennials: leaves
alternate, often pinnatifidly dissected; heads small, in flat dense
corymbs.

1. A. Mittefblium, L. Stem mostly simple ; leaves bipinnatifid, the
segments linear, incised-serrate ; rays 4 or 5, roundish-obovate.
THOUSAND-LEAF ACHILLEA. Yarrow. Milfoil.

Stem 2 to 3 feet high, sulcate-striate, hairy and somewhat lanuginous, leafy.—
Leaves 2 or 3 to 6 inches long— the radical ones often still longer,— subsessile,

COMPOSITAE 147

more or less pilose. Heads of flowers numerous, fragrant; invducralscal.es with a
prominent keel or midrib; rays white, or often tinged with purple; disk-florets
whitish,— the tube green, sprinkled with resinous particles ; chaff of the receptacle
lance-oblong, acute.
Hob. Pastures, Ac. Nat. of Europe. ' Fl. June. Fr. Aug.

Obs. This plant, also, is a pleasant aromatic bitter — and though
spoken of, in England, as of some value in pastures, — is universally
regarded, here, as a mere weed.

210. I,EIJCA]VTIIE]JIirM, Tournef.
[Or. Leukos white, and anthemon, a flower ; in reference to its white rays.]
Heads many-flowered; ray-florets numerous, pistillate; disk-florets
obcompressed. Involucre almost flatly spreading; scales with sca-
rious margins. Akenes all similar, subterete, striate or ribbed,
smooth ; pappus none. Receptacle flattish, naked. Perennials :
leaves mostly pinnatifid or incised-dentate ; heads rather large, soli-
tary and terminal ; disk yellow, rays white.

1. L. vulgare, Lam. Stem erect, nearly simple, rather naked above ;
radical leaves spatulate, petiolate, — stem-leaves oblong, sessile and
clasping, all incised-dentate; involucral scales with narrow russet-
brown margins.

Chrysanthemum leucanthemum. L. $• Fl. Cestr. ed. 2. p. 490.
COMMON LEUCANTHEMUM. Ox-eye Daisy. White Weed.

Stem 1 to near 2 feet high, angular, somewhat hairy, purplish on the angles. —
Leaves % of an inch to near 2 inches long ; radical leaves on petioles 1 to 3 inches
long. Heads of flowers 1 to 2 inches in diameter, including the spreading rays,
which are about equal in length to the diameter of the disk. Akenes dark purple
between the ribs.
Hob. Fields, and meadows. Nat. of Europe. FL June. Fr. Aug.

Obs. This foreigner is a great nuisance, on the farms in Eastern
Pennsylvania, — especially in the vicinity of Philadelphia, where it
has abounded for more than a century, and seems likely still to
prevail. JOHN BARTRAM, in his Correspondence, speaks of it as "a
very destructive weed, in meadow and pasture grounds, choking
the grass and taking full possession of the ground, so that the fields
will look as white as if covered with snow ; but (he says) the hoe
and plough will destroy this weed." No doubt, those implements,
adequately .applied, might abate the nuisance ; but so long as there
are negligent, slovenly farmers among us, it will be vain to hope
for its thorough extirpation.

g 2. Heads of flowers aU discoid, or nearly so.
211, TAlVACE'TtJM, L.

[Corrupted from the Gr. Athanasia, undying ; from its durable flowers.]
Heads many-flowered; florets all perfect, — or the marginal ones pis-
tillate, trifid, and obsoletely radiate. Involucre campanulate;
scales dry. Akenes angular, with a large epigynous disk; pappus a
minute crown. Receptacle more or less convex, naked. Perennials :
leaves alternate, dissected; heads densely corymbose, yellow.

.

148 GAMOPETALOUS EXOGENS

1. T. vulgare, L. Smoothish; leaves bipinnately parted, the lobes
and rachis incised-serrate ; rays terete ; pappus 5-lobed.
COMMON TANACETUM. Tansey.

Stems 2 to 4 feet high, somewhat branched above, usually growing in clusters.
Leaves subsessile, 3 to 6 or 8 inches long, interruptedly pseudo-pinnate, Heads of
flowers depressed-hemispherical; involucre smoothish ; florets deep yellow; akmes
5-angled, smooth.
Hob. Gardens ; roadsides, Ac. Nat. of Europe. Fl. July. FT. Sept.

Obs. This was introduced, as a popular domestic medicine, — and
is now very extensively naturalized.

ARTEMISIA, L.

[Dedicated to Artemis,— the Diana of the Greeks.]

Heads few- or many-flowered ; marginal florets pistillate, or some-
times all similar and apparently perfect. Involucre subglobose;
scales dry, with scarious margins. Akenes obovoid, with an epigynous
disk; pappus none. Receptacle small, flattish, naked, or hairy. —
Perennials : leaves alternate, usually pinnatifid ; heads in panicled
spikes, or racemes ; florets yellowish, inconspicuous.

gl. Receptacle naked, f Central florets abortive ; stem herbaceous.

1. A. DRACUN'CULUS, L. Radical leaves trifid at apex, stem-leaves
linear-lanceolate, subdentate or entire; heads racemose-paniculate.
LITTLE-DRAGON ARTEMISIA. Tarragon.

Plant green and glabrous. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, branching. Leaves 1 to 2 or 3
inches long, lanceolate, sessile, mostly entire, narrowed at each end, those on the
branches smaller. Heads of flowers globose, small, racemose on the spreading
paniculate branches.
Hob. Gardens. Nat. of Siberia. Fl. Aug. Fr. Sept.

Obs. This is cultivated, occasionally, for the sake of its aromatic
herbage, — which is said to impart a fine flavor to vinegar.

f f Florets all fertile. * Stemfruticost.

2. A. ABRO'TANUM, L. Lower leaves bipinnatifid, — upper ones sim-
ply pinnatifid, segments capillaceous, elongated; heads virgate-

Smiculate.
BATH-HINDERING ARTEMISIA. Southern-wood. Old Man.
Plant minutely puberulent. Stems 2 to 3 or 4 feet high, nearly simple, angular,
eafy, numerous from the root. Leaves half an inch to an inch and a half long;
petioles about % an inch long. Heads of flowers hemispherical, nodding, numer-
ous in axillary racemes, forming a long slender leafy racemose panicle.
Hab. Gardens. Nat. of Europe. Fl. Aug. Fr. Octo.

Obs. Cultivated as one of the popular aromatic bitter herbs.
* * Stem herbaceous.

3. A. vulgaris, L. Leaves whitish-tomentose beneath, deeply pin-
natifid, the segments often incised; heads in leafy spreading spicate
panicles.

COMMON ARTEMISIA. Mug-wort.

Stems 2 to 3 or 4 feet high, branching, leafy, often purplish. Leaves subsessile,
1 to 3 inches long, segments linear-lanceolate, % a n inch to 2 inches in length,—

COMPOSITAE 149

the upper leaves entire. Heads of flowers ovoid, nodding or finally erect; involu-
cre hoary-tomentose.
Hob. Gardens, and waste places: Native of Europe. Fl. Aug. Fr. Sept

Obs. Introduced, and naturalized, in a few localities.
2 2. Receptacle hairy ; stem suffruticose.

4. A. ABSINTHIUM, L. Silky-hoary; leaves bipinnatifid, the seg-
ments lance-oblong, obtuse ; heads in leafy paniculate racemes.
DISAGREEABLE ARTEMISIA. Worm-wood.

Plant hoary with a short and rather dense silky pubescence. Stems 2 to 4 feet
high, numerous from the root, angular, branching above. Leaves half an inch to
2 inches long ; petioles about as long as the leaves. Heads of flowers hemispheri-
cal, numerous. Akenes obconic-oblong. Receptacle very hairy.
Hob. Gardens. Nat. of Europe. FL Aug. Fr. Sept.

Obs. This plant — proverbial for its bitterness — is kept in many
gardens, for its medicinal properties.

SUBTBIBE 5. GNAPHALIN'EAE.

Heads all discoid, sometimes diaicous ; involucral scales mostly dry and scarious ;
pistillate florets with filiform corolla ; anthers with tails at base; pappus hair-like,
or bristly. Floccose-woolly herbs ; leaves alternate.

213. GtfAPHAXIUM, L.

[ Or. Gnaphalon, soft down, or wool ; with which the plants are clothed.]
Heads many-flowered ; central florets perfect; marginal ones pistil-
late, very slender, in several series. Akenes obovoid-oblong ; pap-
pus capillary, in a single series. Receptacle flat, naked. Leaves
sessile, sometimes decurrent, entire ; heads clustered, or corymbed.

1. O. polyceplialimi , MX. Stem erect, paniculate ; leaves
linear-lanceolate, naked and green above, woolly beneath; heads
ochroleuoous.

MANY-HEADED GNAPHALIUM. Life-everlasting.

Annual. Stem, 1 to 2 feet high, paniculately branched above. Leaves 1 to 3 in-
ches long, somewhat wavy on the margins. Heads of flowers rather small, nu-
merous, ovoid-oblong, in dense sub-corymbose clusters at the summits of the
branches ; florets yellowish, very fragrant.
Hob. Old fields, and pastures : common. Fl. Aug. Fr. Octo.

2. O. llligindsum, L. Stem low, diffusely branched; leaves
sublinear, woolly on both sides; heads yellowish-tawny.

MIRE, OR MARSH GNAPHALIUM. Marsh Cud- weed.

Annual: plant ash-colored. Stem 3 or 4 to 6 or 8 inches high, bushy or much
branched from the base, leafy and very woolly. Leaves about an inch long. —
Heo.ds of flowers small, in dense clusters in the bosom of the leaves at the summit
of the branches ; involucre very woolly at base.
Hob. Low grounds ; exsiccated ponds, &c. : frequent. Fl. July. Fr. Aug.

3. O. piirptlrcum, L. Stem simple ; leaves oblong-spatulate,
rather obtuse, green above, white and woolly beneath ; heads pur-
plish-tawny, or leaden color.

PURPLE GNAPHALIUM.

Perennial? plant bluish leaden color. Stem 6 to 12 or 15 inches high. Leaves
% of an inch to an inch and a half long,— the upper surface somewhat lanuginous,

150 GAMOPETALOUS EXOGENS

but bluish-green, — the Under surface densely clothed with a -white tomentum. —
Heads of flowers small, in compact axillary and terminal clusters ; involucre some-
what ventricose, lanuginous at base ; scales smooth ; florets white, with a minute
purplish limb.
Hob. Dry, open woods ; clearings, &c. : frequent. Fl. July. Fr. Aug.

Obs. Further observation has led me to doubt whether this
species be really perennial. As TORREY and GRAY remark, it cer-
tainly has the appearance of an annual.

214. AtfTEWMA^RIA, Gaertn.

[The sterile pappus resembling the Antenna of some insects.]
Heads many-flowered, dioicous or nearly so ; pistillate florets very
slender. Akenes oblong; pappus in a single series, filiform in the
fertile heads, clavate in the sterile ones. Receptacle flat, or convex,
not chaffy. Perennials: leaves sessile, entire; heads corymbose;
involucre dry and scarious, often pearly white; florets yellowish.

1. A. margaritaeea, R. Br. Stem erect, sub-simple, corym-
bose at summit; leaves lance-linear, lanuginous above, tomentose
beneath ; involucral scales obtuse, pearly white.

Gnaphalium margaritaceum. L. § Fl. Cestr. ed. 2. p. 494.
PEARLY ANTENNARIA.

Stem 1 to near 2 feet high, leafy and hoary-tomentose. Leaves 2 to 4 inches long.
gublinear, acuminate, narrowed at base. Heads of flowers rather large, roundish-
ovoid, crowded in a terminal corymb ; disk tawny ; receptacle flat, pitted.
Hob. Slaty hills, near West Chester : rare. FL Aug. Fr. Sept.

Obs. This species — so remarkable for its beautiful pearly heads — •
is occasionally found on our dry hills ; but, to me, it has the ap-
pearance of a stray plant among us.

2. A. plantagtnif dlia, Hook. Stem simple, with procumbent
runners at base ; radical leaves spatulate, or elliptic and 3-nerved ;
corymb clustered; involucral scales greenish.

Gnaphalium dioicum, and var. L. $ Fl. Cestr. ed. 2. p. 494-5.
PLANTAIN-LEAVED ANTENNARIA. White Plantain. Cat-foot.

Stem 2 or 3 to 8 or 10 inches high, hoary with a bluish tinge, — often with 2 or 3
procumbent offsets from the base, which are nearly as long as the upright scape-
like stem. Radical leaves 1 to 2 or 3 inches long, obvate-spatulate, or oval and
strongly 3-nerved, narrowed to a margined petiole ; stemleaves small, lanceolate. —
Heads of flowers few (3 to 6 or 8), oblong or subturbinate, in a dense terminal
cluster. Receptacle convex, pitted.
Hob. Sterile knolls, in low grounds : frequent. Fl. April. Fr. May.

Obs. This species, as now constituted, certainly presents two
strongly marked varieties, — one of which nearly approaches the A.
dioica, of Europe, in appearance.

215. FIL.AVGO, Tournef.

[Latin, Filum, a thread; from the cottony hairs that cover it.]
Heads many -flowered ; central florets apparently perfect, but abor-
tive, — the others pistillate. Akenes oblong; pappus of the central
florets capillary, — of the outer ones mostly wanting, or caducous. —
Receptacle columnar or turbinate, naked at summit, chaify at base,

the chaff resembling involucral scales, each covering a pistillate
floret. Annuals : leaves sessile, entire ; heads in capitate clusters.

1. F. Germdnica, L. Stem mostly dichotomous ; leaves linear-lance-
olate, erect ; heads in terminal and dichotomal clusters ; involucral
scales cuspidate, woolly at base.

Gnaphalium Germanicum. L. $ Fl. Cestr. ed. 2. p. 493.
GERMAN FILAGO. Common Cud-weed.

Stem 6 to 9 inches high, woolly, mostly dichotomous above, or with 2 or more
proliferous spreading branches arising from the central clusters of woolly heads, —
sometimes branching from near the root. Leaves half an inch to three quarters
in length, woolly on both sides, somewhat clasping. Heads of flowers small, in dense
roundish-ovoid clusters.
Hob. Dry hills ; roadsides, &c. Nat. of Europe. Fl. July. Fr. Aug.

Obs. This seems clearly to be an introduced plant, — and has only
found its way, as yet, into the northern portion of the County.

SUBTRIBE 6. SENECICMEAK

Heads discoid, or radiate, never di&icous; marginal florets pistillate; anthers
without tails at base ; pappus capillary, often soft and white ; receptacle mostly nak-
ed. Leaves generally alternate.

216. ERECHTrTES, Rafin.

[The ancient Greek name of some species of Senecio.']

Heads many-flowered, discoid, — the florets all fertile. Involucre cyl-
indric-oblong, smooth ; scales in a single series, linear, acute, with
subulate bractlets at base. Akenes oblong, tapering at apex ; pappus
copious, soft and silky, very white. Coarse annuals : leaves undi-
vided ; heads corymbose-paniculate ; florets whitish, very slender.

1. E. hieracifolia, Rafin.' Smoothish; stem striate-sulcate,
often virgate ; leaves lance-oblong, acute, sessile, — the upper ones
auriculate at base and somewhat clasping, unequally dentate,
Senecio hieracifolius. L. $ FL Cestr. ed. 2. p. 498.

HlERACIUM-LEAVED ERECHTITES. Fire-WCed.

Stem 2 to 4 or 5 feet high, stout, succulent and tender when young, planiculate-
ly branchedj or occasionally subsimple and virgate. Leaves 3 to 6 or 8 inches long.
Heads of flowers in small cymose corymbs terminating the paniculate branches.
Hob. Moist grounds ; recent clearings, <fcc. : common. JV.'July. Fr. Sept.

Obs. This plant is remarkable for its prevalence, in and around
spots where brush-wood has been burned; — whence its popular
name of "fireweed."

CACAXIA, L.

[An ancient Greek name, of uncertain meaning.]

Heads few- or many-flowered, discoid ; florets all perfect. Involucre
ovoid-oblong ; scales in a single series, with a few bractlets at base.
Akenes oblong, smoothish ; pappus of numerous roughish hair-like
bristles. Receptacle flat, naked, or sometimes with a conical cluster
of concrete chaff in the centre. Smooth perennials : leaves often
petiolate ; heads in flat corymbs ; flowers whitish.

1. C. atriplicif t»lia, L. Lower leaves broad-cordate, sinuate*

152 GAMOPETALOUS EXOGENS

angled and dentate, — upper ones rhomboid and cuneate, coarsely
dentate ; heads about 5-flowered.
ATRIPLEX-LEAVED CACALIA. Indian Plantain.

Stem, 3 to 5 or 6 feet high, striate, often purplish, but glaucous withal. Leaves,
conspicuously nerved, pale or yellowish green above, glaucous beneath, — the radi-
cal ones 4 to 6 inches in length, and about as wide as long, on striate petioles 3 to 6
or 8 inches long, — stem-leaves gradually smaller, the uppermost often oblong and
entire, and the petioles gradually shorter. Heads of flowers small, numerous. —
Receptacle with an acute membranous column in the centre, longer than the
akenes, and apparently formed of connate chaffy scales.
Hob. "Woodlands, and moist shaded grounds : frequent. Fl. July. Fr. Sept.

218. SEIVEVCIO, L.

[Latin, Senex, an old man ; the pappus resembling a white beard.]
Heads many-flowered, — either discoid with the florets all perfect, or
radiate with the ray-florets pistillate. Involucre subcylindric ;
scales in a single series, or with bractlets at base. Akenes oblong,
ribbed; pappus of numerous soft slender hairs. Receptacle flat,
naked. Heads mostly corymbed ; florets chiefly yellow.

f Heads discoid : Annuals.

1. S. vulgaris, L. Leaves pinnatifid and dentate, — the lowest petio-
late, the upper clasping ; heads nodding.
COMMON SENECIO. Groundsel.

Stem 6 to 12 or 15 inches high, paniculately branching, angular, mostly smooth-
ish. Leaves 1 to 3 inches long, — the upper ones somewhat auricled and clasping, —
the lower ones on petioles % an inch to an inch in length. Involucre somewhat
conical, smooth ; scales often sphacelate, or blackish, at apex, bracteolate at base.—
Akenes pubescent on the ribs.
Hob. West-Chester. Nat. of Europe. Fl. July, Fr. Sept.

Obs. This homely little weed was detected in the streets of West
Chester, in 1846, by Mr. PENNOCK PASSMORE; and in 1850 was ex-
ceedingly multiplied in the same locality, — though scarcely to be
seen, the succeeding year. Prof. DE CANDOLLE says it has migrated
almost every where, with European men; but whether it is likely to
become troublesome to our farmers, is not yet ascertained.

f f Heads radiate : Perennials.

*£. S. Siureu$? L. Radical leaves roundish-cordate, obovate, or
lance-oblong, — stem-leaves lyrate, ox lanceolate and pinnatifid;
corymb umbel-like.

AUo, S. obovatus, and Balsamitae. Muhl. $ Fl. Cestr. ed. 2. p. 497.
GOLDEN SENECIO. Rag-wort. Squaw-weed.

Stem 1 to 2 feet high, striate, smoothish, or floccose-woolly when young. Radi-
cal leaves 1 to 3 inches long, varying from cordate to obovate, and lanceolate ; petio-
les 1 or 2 to 6 or 8 inches long ; stem-leaves sessile and often clasping. Heads of
flowers on peduncle-like subumbellate branches.
Hob. Banks of streams, and moist grounds : frequent. Fl. May. Fr. July.

Obs. TORREY and GRAY have reduced two of MUHLENBERG'S
species (along with 2 or 3 others) to the grade of varieties ; which
may be well enough, whenever practicable, in a genus that com-
prises near 600 species.

COMPOSITAB 153

219. ARNICA, L.

[Name supposed to be corrupted from Ptarmica.]

Heads many -flowered, radiate ; ray-florets pistillate. Involucre cam-
panulate; scales somewhat in 2 series, lanceolate, equal. Akenes
tapering downwards, somewhat ribbed ; pappus a single row of
rough bristles. Receptacle flat, fimbrillate. Perennials : leaves op-
posite; heads large, single, or few and loosely corymbed; flowers
yellow.

1. A. nudicaftlis, Ell. Hirsute ; stem scape-like, with a pair
of lance-ovate sessile leaves near the middle ; radical leaves ovate-
oblong, clustered, decussate.
NAKED-STEM ARNICA. Leopard's Bane.

Stem 1 to 2 feet high, simple, with a few peduncle-like branches at summit.—
Radical leaves 2 to 4 inches long, sessile, nearly entire, usually 3 or 4 pairs, spread-
ing on the ground, strongly nerved. Heads of flowers large. Akenes sparsely pi-
lose, nearly black when mature.
Hab. Moist meadows ; Penn township : rare. Fl. June. Fr. July.

Obs. Prof. GRAY seems to haye overlooked this species, when
preparing his Manual. It appears to be truly indigenous, in the
locality named.

TRIBE 5. CYNA'REAE.

Heads discoid, usually large, sometimes diaicous; involueral scales imbricated In
many series ; style, in the perfect florets, often nodosely thickened near the sum-
mit ; branches distinct, or concrete, puberulent externally, — the stigmatic lines
extending to their apex, and there confluent.

220. CEtfTAURITA, L.

[Named from the Centaur, Chiron ; who, it is said, used the plant.]
Heads many-flowered ; florets unequal, — the marginal ones mostly
enlarged, or falsely radiate, and neutral. Involucre roundish-ovoid ;
scales variously margined, or appendaged. Akenes compressed ;
pappus one or more series of rough bristles, or sometimes wanting.
Receptacle bristly. Leaves alternate ; heads solitary.

1. C. Cy^anus, L. Hoary-lanuginous ; leaves lance-linear, sessile>
entire, or toothed at base ; involueral scales fringe-margined ; pap-
pus very short.
BLUE CENTAUREA. Blue-bottle. Ragged Robbin. Blue Bonnets.

Annual. Stem 18 inches to 3 feet high, much branched. Leaves 2 to 6 inches
long, sometimes pinnatifid near the base. Heads of flowers pedunculate ; florets.
mostly blue,— the marginal ones obsoletely pistillate, enlarged and funnel-form,
with a long tube. Akenes with a lateral areola.
Hob. Gardens, and waste places. Nat. of Europe. Fl. July, Fr. Aug.

Obs. Partially naturalized; and, if not attended to, may become
a troublesome weed, — as it is in Europe.

221. CYtfA^RA, Vaill.

[Gr. Kyon, kynos, a dog; the involucral spines resembling dog's teeth.]
Heads many-flowered; florets all equal. Involucre ovoid; scales
coriaceous, produced into a lanceolate appendage which is spines-
cent at apex. Anthers with an obtuse appendage. Style-branches

154

GAMOPETALOUS EXOGENS

entirely concrete. Akenes compressed, obovate, smooth, — the areola
broad, and somewhat oblique; pappus in several series, long,
plumose. Receptacle flat, fimbrillate. Spinose perennials: leaves
alternate, mostly pinnatifid-lobed, not decurrent ; heads very large,
with a thick fleshy receptacle; florets bright violet-purple.

1. C. SCOLYMUS, L. Stem stout; leaves deeply bipinnatifid, sub-
spinose, tomentose beneath; involucral scales ovate, thick and
fleshy at base.
French Artichoke.

Stem 3 to 5 feet high, hranching above, striate and tomentose. Leaves 1 to near
2 feet long. Heads 2 to 3 inches in diameter; styles conspicuously exserted,— the
concrete branches bright purplish-blue.
Hob. Gardens. Nat. country uncertain. Fl. Aug. FT. Sept.

Obs. Cultivated occasionally, by the curious, for the sake of the
fleshy receptacle, and bases of the involucral scales.

222. CIR'SIITM, Tournef.
[Gr. Kirsos, a swelled vein ; for which it was a supposed remedy.]

Heads many-flowered ; florets all similar and perfect, or rarely im-
perfectly dioicous. Involucre roundish-ovoid ; scales mostly tipt with
a spine. Anthers with a linear-subulate appendage ; .filaments often
hairy. Style^branches concrete nearly to the apex. Akenes oblong,
compressed ; pappus of many hairs united in a ring at base, plumose
to the middle. Receptacle fimbrillate. Leaves alternate, mostly
sessile, often pinnatifid and prickly; heads usually large, termina-
ting the branches ; flowers generally purplish.

' f Involucral scales all tipt with a spreading spine.

1, C. lanceolatum, Scop. Leaves pinnatifid, decurrent, forming a
prickly winged stem, prickly-hispid on the upper surface, cobwebby
beneath, the segments lanceolate.

Carduus lanceolatus. L. $ Fl. Cestr. ed. 2. p. 436.
LANCEOLATE CIRSIUM. Common Thistle.

Biennial. Stem 2 to 4 feet high, stout, branching. Leaves 4 to 8 or 12 inch es
long, — the radical ones (as is usual with biennials,} much larger than the caidine.
Heads ovoid, about an inch in diameter; florets purple ; anthers yellowish.
Hob. Pastures; roadsides, &c. : Nat. of Europe. Fl. June. Fr. July.

Obs. A troublesome foreigner, — delighting in a rich soil; and
requiring some attention to keep it in subjection.

f f Inner scales unarmed, appressed ; filaments hairy.
* Leaves white-wootty beneath.

2. C. dis'COlor, Spreng. Leaves all pinnatifid, smoothish and
green above, densely tomentose and bluish-white beneath.
Carduus discolor. Nutt. $ FL Cestr. ed. 2. p. 437.
TWO-COLORED CIRSIUM.

Biennial. Stem 2 to 5 feet high, with rather slender spreading leafy branches,
pubescent with crisped membranous hairs. Leaves 3 or 4 to 12 or 15 inches long,
those on the branches small. Heads ovoid-oblong, 1 to 2 inches in length ; florets
reddish-purple ; anthers whitish.
Hdb. Old fields; borders of thickets: frequent. Fl. Aug. Fr. Sept.

COMPOSITAE

155

3. C. nlf is simnm. Sprang. Radical leaves pinnatifid, petio-
late, stem-leaves undivided, lance-oblong, dentate, roughish above,
hoary -tomentose beneath.

Carduus altissimus. L. $ Fl. Cestr. ed. 2. p. 439.
TALLEST CIRSIUM.

Perennial f Stem, 3 to 6 or 8 feet high, branching and slender above, roughish-
pubescent. Radical leaves 12 to 18 inches long, and 3 to 5 or 6 inches wide, den-
ticulate, and ciliate with spinescent bristles. Heads oblong-ovoid, about an inch in
diameter, with linear-lanceolate spinescent-ciliate bracts at base; involucral scales
of a livid color near the apex, terminating in a subulate spine. Florets purple,
often palish.
Hob. Borders of thickets; fence-rows, &c.: not common, Fl. Aug. Fr. Sept.

* * Leaves green on both sides, or loosely lanuginom beneath ; pinnatifid.

4. C. iiiiiticiim, MX- Stem tall, with slender paniculate rather
naked branches; heads subglobose; involucral scales unarmed,
closely appressed, viscid and cobwebby.

Carduus muticus. Nutt. $ FL Cestr. ed. 2. p. 438.

MUTIC, OB POINTLESS ClRSIUM.

Perennial f Stem 3 to 5 or 6 feet high, rather slender, angular-sulcate and stri-
ate, pubescent; branches virgate, few-leaved. Leaves 4 to 12 inches long ; segments
lanceolate, spinulose. Heads half an inch to an inch in diameter ; florets purple.
Hob. Low grounds ; swampy thickets : frequent. Fl. Aug. Fr. S«pt.

5. C. pilmilum, Spreng. Stem low, stout; leaves partly clasp-
ing, with irregular undulate very prickly segments; heads few,
large, conspicuously bracteate ; outer involucral scales with short
spines; florets pale red.

Carduus pumilus. Nutt. $ Fl. Cestr. ed. 2. p. 437.
DWARF CIRSIUM.

Biennial f Plant pale greyish-green. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, thick and sparingly
branched, striate and hairy. Leaves 4 to 12 or 15 inches long (the radical ones
large), densely hairy on the midrib beneath. .Heads usually 1 to 3, roundish-ovoid,

1 to 2 inches in diameter, with large pinnatifid spinose fcrocteatbase ; florets often

2 inches in length, pale reddish-purple, with whitish anthers.

Hob. Sterile old fields, and low grounds : frequent. Fl. July. Fr. Aug.

Obs. The flowers of this species are quite fragrant, and the heads
rather handsome, — being the largest of any of our native thistles.

<J. C. horridulurA, MX. Stem stout; leaves partly clasping, acutely
lobed, very spinose with yellowish prickles ; heads few, large, with
a verticil of pectinately-spinose bracts at base ; involucral scales
scarcely spinose ; florets pale yellow.
Carduus spinosissimus. Fl. Cestr. ed. 2. p. 438.
RUGQED CIRSIUM. Yellow Thistle.

Perennial f Stem 18 inches to 2 or 3 feet high, mostly simple, striate, lanugi -
nous. Leaves 4 to 10 inches long. Heads often solitary, sometimes as large as in
the preceding species ; bracts about as long as the involucre : involucral scales ta-
pering to a subulate point.
Hob. Fields ; Londongrove : rare. Fl. July. Fr. Aug.

Ofa. This repulsive plant may be indigenous to the U. States, —
but it is evidently a stranger in this County ; and our farmers would
do well to keep it such.

156 GAMOPETALOUS EXOGENS

f f t Involucral scales att unarmed: heads small, imperfectly dioicous.
•7. C. arvtnse, Scop. Rhizoma creeping; stem slender, paniculate at
summit; leaves simiate-pinnatifid, ciliate-spinose, undulate; heads
numerous, ovoid.

Carduus arvensis. Sm. $ Fl. Cestr. ed. 2. p. 439.
FIELD CIRSIUM. Canada Thistle.

JRhizoma perennial,— creeping horizontally 6 or 8 inches below the surface of the
ground, and sending up erect biennial branches, or aerial stems, which are 18 inches
to 3 feet high. Leaves 4 to 8 or 10 inches long, slightly decurrent, the radical
(mes curled or wavy. Heads about half an inch in diameter, subpedunculate ; in-
volucral scales smoothish, minutely ciliate ; florets pale lilac-purple ; anthers whit-
ish, filaments nearly smooth. Akenes linear-oblong, slightly 4-cornered ; pappus
finally longer than the florets.
Bab. Fields, &c. Nat. of Europe. Fl. July. Fr. Aug.

Obs. This foreigner (which, from the common name, seems to
have reached us by way of Canada,) is justly regarded as one of the
vilest vegetable pests that has yet invaded our country. It is, hap-
pily, yet rare in Chester County; and ought to be most vigilantly
watched, and promptly extirpated whenever it makes its appear-
ance.

223. :LAP'PA, Tournef.

[Gr. labein, to lay hold; from its hooked tenacious involucres.]
Heads many-flowered ; florets all similar and perfect. Involucre
globose; scales coriaceous, appressed at base, spreading and ab-
ruptly subulate above, with a rigid incurved point. Anthers with
bristly appendages or tips, and subulate tails at base. Style-branches
free and divergent. Akenes oblong, compressed, transversely
rugose ; pappus of numerous short rough deciduous bristles. Re-
ceptacle bristly. Biennials ? leaves alternate, petiolate, large ; heads
rather small ; florets purple, with bluish anthers.

1, L. major, Gaertn. Lower leaves cordate-oblong, upper ones
ovate; involucre smoothish, or loosely cobwebby.
Arctium Lappa. L. # FL Cestr. ed. 2. p. 436.
GREATER LAPPA. Burdock.

Stem 2 to 4 or 6 feet high, paniculately branching, roughish-pubescent. Leaves
green and roughish above, paler and cobwebby-tomentose beneath, — radical ones
1 to 2 feet long, wavy and erosely dentate on the margin (sometimes pinnatifid, or
deeply and coarsely dentate) ; petioles 9 to 18 inches in length ; stem-leaves gradual-
ly smaller, and more or less ovate. Heads roundish-ovoid, % an inch to % in
diameter, on short peduncles, terminal and axillary.
Hal>. Waste places. Nat. of Europe. Fl. July. Fr. Sept.

Obs. Every body, that has been in contact with its burs, knows
this coarse homely weed; but every body does not take care to keep
it in due subjection. The remarkable variety, with pinnatifid leaves,
is quite frequent about the streets of West Chester.

SUBORDER II. LIGULAEFLOVRAE.

Florets all ligulate and perfect, disposed in a radiatiform head.

TRIBE 6. CICHORA^CEAE.

Style-branches slender, rather obtuse, uniformly pubescent ; stigmatic lines term!-

COMPOS1TAB 157

nating near the middle. Herbs with a mUky juice! leaves alternate; receptacle
generally naked.

224. CICHOVRIU]*I, Tournef.
[Formed from CMcouryeh, — the Arabic name of the plant.]
Heads many-flowered. Involucral scales in 2 series, — the outer
about 5 in number, short and spreading— the inner 8 or 10. Akenes
turbinate, striate, smooth ; pappus crown-like, formed of numerous
minute chaffy obtuse scales.

1. C. Intifbus, L. Radical leaves runcinate, hispidly scabrous on
the midrib, — stem-leaves oblong, sinuate-dentate or entire, partly
clasping ; heads axillary, subsessile, mostly in pairs.

Wild Succory. Chicory.

Perennial. Stem 2 to 4 feet high, with virgate roughish-pubescent branches.—
Radical leaves 4 to 8 or 10 inches long; sternrleaves smaller, inconspicuous on the
branches. Heads of flowers axillary on the side of the stem and branches, in
pairs, or often solitary ; florets blue, or purplish, sometimes white.
Hab. Fields, and meadows. Nat. of Europe. Fl. Aug. Fr. Sept.

Obs. This foreigner is becoming frequent in the northern side of
our County, — and is justly ranked among the unprofitable intruders.

2. C. ENDIVIA, Willd. var. SATIVA, DC. Radical leaves obovate-

oblong, sinuate-dentate, or pinnatifid, smoothish, stem-leaves

auriculately dilated at base ; heads aggregated in twos and fours in
the axils of the upper leaves, or solitary on elongated branches. 4
Garden Succory. Endive.

Biennial, or sometimes annual. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, somewhat branched, fistu-
lar, smoothish, or sparsely hirsute. Radical leaves 6 to 12 inches long, tapering
to the base, toothed, or pinnatifid with the margin curled and lacerate. Outer in-
volucral scales hispid-ciliate ; florets violet-purple, sometimes white.
Hab. Gardens. Nat. of India. Fl. July. Fr. Sept.

Obs. This is cultivated for the young radical leaves, — which are
etiolated or blanched by the exclusion of light, and then used as a
Salad. The sort with crisped leaves is considered as the best for the
table.

225. KRIG'IA, Schreber.
[Named in honor of David Krieg; a German Botanist.]

Heads several- (15- to 20-) flowered. Involucral scales several,
somewhat in a double series. Akenes turbinate, striate-angular ;
pappus double, — the outer of 5 rounded chaffy scales — the inner of
as many alternating slender bristles. Small annuals : leaves mostly
all radical ; heads solitary, small, on naked elongating simple scapes ;
florets yellow.

1. K. Virginica, Willd. Leaves mostly lyrate, smooth and
glaucous, — the earlier ones rounded or spatulate.
VIRGINIAN KRIGIA. Dwarf Dandelion.

Leaves 1 to 2 or 3 inches in length, often lanceolate and sinuate-dentate, nar-
rowed to a petiole at base. Scape 3 to 9 inches high, slender, usually 2 to 4 or 5
from the root, sometimes solitary. Involucral scales linear-lanceolate, nearly equal,
spreading. Akenes reddish-brown, crowned with 5 cuneate-obovate membranous
scales, and 5 scabrous white bristles.
Hab. Dry, sandy ground; roadsides, Ac. : frequent. Fl. May. Fr. June.

158 GAMOPETALOUS EXOGENS

Obs. This little plant varies considerably, in the different stages
of its progress to maturity. •

226. CYtf'TIIIA, Don.

[Probably from Mount Cynthus ; which was sacred to Apollo & Diana.]
Heads many-flowered. Involucral scales somewhat in 2 rows. —
Akenes oblong, striate ; pappus double, — the outer of numerous
minute chaffy scales — the inner of many elongated deciduous hairs.
Smoothish glaucous perennials : leaves chiefly radical ; heads few,
terminal, rather large ; florets deep yellow.

1. C. Virginica, Don. Stem mostly bifid or trifid at sum-
mit, few-leaved ; radical leaves lanceolate, entire, sessile and clasp-
ing.

C. amplexicaulis. Beck, and Fl. Cestr. ed. 2. p. 441.
VIRGINIAN CYNTHIA.

Stem 12 to 18 inches high, often 2 or 3 from the root, somewhat dichotomously
branched at summit, or often with 3 slender naked upright peduncles, and with a
clasping leaf at the forks, Radical leaves 3 to 6 inches long, narrowed to a petiole at
base. Involucral scales lance-linear, united at base, arranged alternately somewhat
in a double series.
Bab. Meadows, on the slaty hills : not common. Fl. May. Fr. July.

22t. TRAGOPOVCK>]V, Tournef.
[Gr. Tragos, a goat, and Pogon, a beard ; in allusion to the pappus.]
Heads many-flowered. Involucral scales 8 to 16, in a nearly single
series, somewhat united at base, finally reflexed. Akenes striate,
scabrous, terminating in a long continuous beak ; pappus in several
series, all plumose except the outer ones, which are longer than the
rest. Leaves sublinear, with parallel nerves.

1. T. PORRIFOVLIUM, L. Root fusiform, fleshy ; leaves lance-linear,
acuminate, very entire, sessile and clasping ; heads on terminal
clavate fistular peduncles.
LEEK-LEAVED TRAGOPOGON. Oyster-plant. Salsify.

Plant smooth and somewhat glaucous; biennial f Stem 3 to 4 or 5 feet high,
somewhat dichotomously branching. Leaves 6 to 12 or 15 inches long, distichously
arranged, ovately dilated at base, and tapering to a long slender acumination. —
Involucral scales lanceolate, longer than the florets, which are violet-purple with a
fuscous or greenish-brown tinge. Akenes lance-oblong, tapering to a smooth slen-
der beak about an inch in length, with the pappus at summit.
Hob. Gardens. Nat. of Europe. Fl. June. Fr. July.

Obs. Cultivated for its fleshy root, — which, when properly cook-
ed, has something of the flavor of fried Oysters ; whence one of its
common names.

228. HIERAXCIUIH, Tournef.

[Gr. Hierax, a hawk ; being supposed a sharpener of that bird's vision.]
Heads many-flowered. Involucre ovoid-oblong ; scales more or less
imbricated. Akenes oblong, striate, not beaked; pappus a single
series of tawny fragile bristles. Perennials: leaves entire, or den-
tate, usually crowded at the base of the stem ; heads panicled, or
single ; florets yellow.

COMPOSITAE 159

1. H. sctUn-mn, MX. Stem rather stout, leafy, hirsute; leaves
obovate or oval; panicle oblong; peduncles thickish, divaricate,
glandular-hirsute.

H. Gronovii, var. b. foliosum. MX. $ Fl. Cestr. ed. 2. p. 447.
SCABEOUS HIERACIUM. Rough Hawkweed.

Stem 2 to near 3 feet high, mostly simple, racemose-paniculate at summit—
Leaves 1 to 5 inches long,— the lower ones tapering almost to a petfofe at base;
stem-leaves sessile. Heads of flowers rather small; involucre nearly cylindrical,
glandular-hirsute. Akenes not tapering at summit.
Hob. Woodlands, and borders of thickets: frequent. FL Aug. Fr. Sept.

2. II. Grondvii, L. Stem virgate, leafy and very hairy below,
nearly leafless above; leaves lance-oblong; panicle corymbose;
peduncles rather slender, glandular-pilose.

H. Gronovii, var. a. nudicaule. MX. # Fl. Cestr. ed. 2. p. 447.
GRONOVIUS' HIERACIUM.

Stem 1 to 2 or 3 feet high. Leaves 2 to 6 inches in length,— the radical and low-
er ones somewhat spatulate or obovate-oblong, on petioles about an inch long ; up-
per stem-leaves sessile and partly clasping. Heads of flowers small. AJcenes taper-
ing at summit.
Hob. Open woods ; sterile meadows : frequent. Fl. Aug. Fr. Sept.

Obs. This, and the preceding species, are nearly related, — and
have been regarded as varieties, by respectable Botanists. They
seem, however, to be nearly as distinct as this larSt is from the fol-
lowing.

3. H. y ciit»Sillll, L. Stem scape-like, mostly leafless, smooth ;
leaves obovate and ovate-oblong, purple-veined; peduncles smooth-
ish.

VEINED HIERACIUM. Rattle-snake weed.

Stem 1 to 2 feet high, naked or with few leaves, corymbose-paniculate at sum-
mit. Leaves mostly all radical, 2 to 4 or 5 inches long, tapering almost to a petiole
at base, sometimes nearly veinless. Heads of flowers in a loose paniculate corymb,
rather large ; involucre smoothish. Akenes linear-oblong.
Hob. Open woods; clearings, &c. : frequent. Fl. June. Fr. July.

Obs. Some years since, this plant was announced as an antidote
to the poison of the Rattlesnake ; but it seems to have shared the
fate of all such antidotes.

4. II. paniculsktlim, L. Stem slender, leafy, loosely and
paniculately branched ; leaves lanceolate, thin and smooth ; pedun-
cles very slender, diverging.

PANICULATE HIERACIUM. Panicled Hawkweed.

Stem 2 to 3 or 4 feet high, slender and diffusely branched. Leaves 1 to 3 or 4
inches long, acute at each end, remotely denticulate, sessile. Heads of flowers
email, on minutely bracteate pedicels ; involucre smooth. Akenes short, not taper-
ing.
Hob. Woodlands ; old meadows, &c. : frequent. Fl. Aug. Fr. Sept

229. tfAB/ALlTS, Cassini.

[Perhaps from the Gr. Nabla, a harp ; in allusion to its sometimes lyrate leaves.]
Heads usually few-flowered, and nodding. Involucre cylindric;
scales 5 to 14, in a single series, with a few braciletsat base. Akenes

160 GAMOPETALOUS EXOGENS

linear-oblong, striate, not beaked ; pappus in several series of rough
tawny bristles. Perennials : leaves petiolate, very variable ; heads
in racemose-paniculate fascicles ; florets greenish- white, or ochroleu-
cous, often tinged with purple.

1, IV. ctlbllS j Hook. Rather stout, purplish and glaucous ; leaves
angular-hastate, palmate-lobed, and sinuate-pinnatifid, the upper
ones ovate; heads purplish, 8- to 12-flowered.

Prenanthes alba. L. $ Fl. Cestr. ed. 2. p. 444.
WHITE NABALUS. Lion's foot. Rattlesnake-root. Gall of the earth.
Stem 2 or 3 to 5 or 6 feet high, smooth, sometimes nearly simple, often much
branched. Leaves 2 to 6 or 8 inches long, and often as wide as long, varying from
triangular-hastate to palmate-lobed and pinnatifid, — the radical ones large;
petioles 4 to 8 or 10 inches long. Florets ochroleucous, often with purplish tinge.
Halt. Woods, clearings, and copses : frequent. Fl. Aug. Fr. Sept.

Obs. The root of this is said to be intensely bitter, — and is one of
the many Indian, or frontier, remedies for the bite of snakes.

2. HT. altlSSimus, Hook. Rather slender, greenish; leaves del-
toid, sub-cordate, and ovate, dentate, thin; heads greenish, about
5-flowered.

TALLEST NABALUS.

Stem 3 to 5 feet high, paniculately branched, smooth. Leaves 2 to 5 or 6 inches
long ; petioles 3 to 6 or 8 inches in length. Heads of flowers slender, in small ax-
illary and loose terminal fascicles, forming a long leafy panicle ; florets yellowish.
Hob. Moist woods, and copses : frequent. FL Aug. Fr. Sept.

. TARAXACUM, Halter.
[Gr. Tarasso, to stir, or disturb ; in allusion to supposed active properties.]
Heads many-flowered. Involucral scales in two series, — the outer or
lower ones short, the upper ones long, linear and erect. Akenes
oblong, ribbed, muricate on the ribs and at summit, the apex finally
produced into a long filiform beak, which bears at summit a copious
white capillary pappus. Stemless perennials : leaves, consequently,
all radical, pinnatifid or runcinate ; heads large, solitary on fistular
scapes ; florets yellow.

1. T. Dens-lebnis, Desf. Leaves lance-oblong, unequally and acutely
runcinate ; involucral scales not corniculate at apex, the outer ones
reflexed; akenes spinellose at summit.
Leontodon Taraxacum. L. $ FL Cestr. ed. 2. p. 443.
LION-TOOTH TARAXACUM. Dandelion (from Dent de Lion].

Plant at first pubescent, at length smooth. Leaves 4 to 10 or 12 inches long.—
Scapes several from the root, 4 to 12 inches high (elongating), terete. Involucre
oblong, — the inner scales appressed, with scarious margins — the outer reflexed,
slightly ciliate, — finally the entire involucre reflexed. Akenes terminating in a
glender beak, which is short at first, then suddenly elongating about % of an inch,
and diverging, with the pappus at summit, so as to form a globose head.
Hob. Pastures; roadsides, &c. Nat. of Europe. Fl. April. Fr. May.

Obs. This foreigner — although not a very obnoxious weed — is
more abundant than welcome ; and is, moreover, difficult to get rid
of, — as myriads of seeds are annually wafted over the country by
means of the pappus. The young radical leaves, when blanched,
are said to make a good substitute for Endive, as a salad.

COMPOSITAE 161

231. L.ACTITCA, Tournef.
[Latin, Lac, milk; in reference to its milky juice.]

Heads several-flowered. Involucre subcylindric ; scales unequal,
imbricated in 2 to 4 series. AJcenes flatly obcompressed, abruptly
contracted into a filiform beak, which bears a copious and fugacious
pappus of fine white soft hairs. Smooth leafy-stemmed herbs ; heads
small, numerous, paniculate ; florets of various colors — yellow, blue,
purple or changeable.

Florets mostly yeUow.

1. It, t'lonariitfl, Muhl. var. a. longifolia, Torr. $• Gr. Lower
leaves runcinate-pinnatifid, clasping, — upper ones linear-lanceolate,
entire, sessile; heads racemose-paniculate.

ELONGATED LACTUCA. Wild Lettuce.

Biennial t Stem 3 to 6 or 8 feet high, sparingly branched. Lower leaves 6 to 12
Inches long, variable in form— runcinate, sublyrate, or long-lanceolate with 2 or 3
conspicuous lanceolate divaricate segments on each side near the middle ; upper
leaves gradually smaller. Heads of flowers in a long racemose panicle. Scenes
oval, rather longer than the beak.
Hob. Fence-rows ; thickets, &c. : frequent. Fl. July. Fr. Aug.

2. L. SATIXVA, L. Leaves entire, — radical ones erect, oval, wavy,—
stem-leaves cordate, clasping; heads corymbose-paniculate.
CULTIVATED LACTUCA. Garden Lettuce. Common Salad.

Annual; yellowish-green and glaucous, — sometimes fuscous, and tinged with
dark puiple. Stem 2 to 4 feet high ; branches clothed with numerous small leaves,
Lower leaves 4 to 6 or 8 inches long ; upper ones gradually smaller. Heads of flow-
ers terminal. Akenes lance-obovate, about half as long as the leak.
Hob. Gardens. Nat. of India. Fl. July. Fr. Aug.

. Obs. This plant— called "Salad," par excellence — is universally
known, and cultivated. The forms known as " Curled," and "Head "
Salad, are considered as distinct species, by Prof. DE CANDOLLE.

232. MUI,GEVDIUM, Cassini.

[Latin, mulgeo, to milk; in reference to its copious milky juice.]
Heads many-flowered. Involucre, &c. nearly as in Lactuca ; scales
often tinged with dark purple. Akenes ancipitally compressed,
ribbed, contracted at summit to a very short thickish beak, which is
expanded at apex into a ciliate disk bearing a copious deciduous
pappus of soft yet rather brittle hairs.

t Pappus white; florets Urn.

1. M. ac'iimintitiini, DC. Radical leaves slightly runcinate;
stem-leaves ovate, acuminate, sinuate-denticulate, petiolate.
Sonchus acuminatus. Willd. $ Fl. Cestr. ed. 2. p. 446.
ACUMINATE MULGEDIUM.

Biennial. Stem 3 to 6 feet high, terete, smooth, paniculate at summit. Leaves
3 to 6 inches long, sometimes nearly deltoid, abruptly contracted at base to a
•winged tapering petiole 1 or 2 inches in length. Heads of flowers email, in a rather
loose panicle, sometimes racemose on the branches.
Hob. Woods, and thickets: frequent Fl. Aug. Fr. Sept,

162 GAMOPETALOUS EXOGENS

f f Pappus tawny ; florets pale blue, or ochroleucous.

2. IH. leucopll&eiim, DO. Leaves irregularly pinnatifid,—

radical ones on long petioles, cauline sessile or contracted to winged

petioles.

Sonchus Floridanus. Ait. $ Fl. Cestr, ed. 2. p. 445. not of L.

WHITISH-BROWN or GREY MULGEDIUM.

Biennial. Stem 4 to 8 or 10 feet high, smoothish, paniculate at summit. Leaves
3 to 9 or 12 inches long,— radical ones on petioles 2 to 5 or 6 inches in length ; stem-
leaves sessile, or the lower ones contracted to winged petioles. Heads of flowers
rather small, in an oblong terminal panicle ; involucre ovoid-oblong.
Hob. Fence-rows; thickets, &c.: frequent. FL Aug. Fr. Sept.

233, SOUJKCHUS, L.

[An ancient Greek name, of obscure meaning.]

Heads many-flowered, tumid at base. Involucral scales more or less
imbricated. Akenes compressed, ribbed, not beaked ; pappus copi-
ous, of very white soft fine silky hairs. Smoothish and glaucous
herbs; florets yellow.

1. S. oleraceus, L. Leaves runcinate-pinnatifid, dentate, sagittate
and clasping ; akenes transversely rugose.

POTHERB SONCHUS. Common Sow-thistle.

Annual. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, branched, fistular, tender, glandular-pilose above.
Leaves 3 to 6 or 8 inches long, — the lower ones runcinate, on petioles 1 to 2 inches
in length,— Cupper ones clasping. Heads of flowers in terminal and axillary cymose
panicles; peduncles thickish, clothed when young with a loose flocculent white to-
mentum ; involucre tumid and orbicular at base, abruptly contracted above to an
acumination.
Hub. Gardens, and lots. Nat. of Europe. Fl. Aug. Fr. Sept.

2. S. dsper, Vill. Leaves lance-oblong, wavy, or slightly runcinate,
spinulose-dentate, auriculate-clasping ; akenes margined, 3-nerved
on each side, smooth.

S. spinulosus. Bigel. $ Fl. Cestr, ed, 2. p. 445.
SHARP SONCHUS.

Annual. Stem about 2 feet high, branched, slightly glandular-pilose above.—
Leaves 2 to 6 or 8 inches long, with numerous and somewhat prickly teeth on the
margin, — the lower ones sometimes pinnatifid, on petioles 1 to 2 inches in length, —
upper ones with rounded auricles at base, clasping the stem. Heads of flowers in
terminal subumbellate panicles.
Hob. Banks of the Schuylkill: rare. Fl. Aug. Fr. Sept.

Obs. This is supposed to be indigenous — at least in the South ;
but it is unquestionably, I think, a stranger in Chester County.

ORDER LIT. LOBELliCEAE.

Herbs, often with milky juice ; leaves alternate, without stipules; flowers scattered
(i. e. not in heads) ; calyx-tube more or less adherent to the ovary; corotta tubular,
irregularly 5-lobed, mostly slit longitudinally nearly or quite to the base; stamens
5, free from the corolla,— with the anthers completely, and the .filaments more or
leaa, united into a tube; seeds numerous, with fleshy albumen.

LOBELIACEAB 163

234. M> it i ; r 1 1 . L.

[Dedicated to Matthias de Label, a Flemish Botanist.]

Calyx 5-cleft, — the sinuses sometimes aurieulate ; tube short, tumid.
Corolla sub-bilabiate; upper lip smaller, 2-lobed and erect; lower
lip spreading, 3-lobed ; tube slit on the upper side. Style 1 ; stigma
mostly 2-lobed, fringed with a pilose ring. Capsule half superior,
2-celled, thin, opening at the top. Seeds minute, oblong, scabrous.
Leaves (of the following) subsessile; flowers usually in terminal
bracteate racemes.

t Flowers bright crimson.

1 . \*. csirdiiialf s, L. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute at each
end, denticulate ; raceme elongated, rather secund, leafy below.
CARDINAL OR CHIEF LOBELIA. Cardinal-flower.

Perennial. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, usually simple but growing in bunches, pu«
bescent. Leaves 3 to 6 inches long. Raceme 6 to 12 or 15 inches long ; flowers
rather large, very brilliant, opening in succession, or few at a time ; anthers grey-
ish-blue ; pedicels hirsute.
Hub. Along swampy rivulets : frequent. Fl. July. Fr. Sept.

Obs. This superb plant would be in the collection of every ama-
teur gardener, if it had to be imported at a high price ; whereas
now — like most of our native floral beauties — it is generally neg-
lected.

ft Flowers mostly bright Uw, and large.

2. I*. Nypllilit lea, L. Hairy ; leaves oblong or ovate-lanceo-
late, acute, sinuate-serrulate; calyx-lobes short, the auricles reflexed,
shorter than the tube.

SYPHILITIC LOBELIA.

Perennial. Stem 1 to 3 or 4 feet high, angular, nearly simple. Leaves 2 to 4
inches long. Raceme 4 to 10 or 12 inches long; calyx-segments bristly-ciliate, with
the margins of the sinuses folded back. Corolla nearly an inch long, sometimes
tinged with purple, rarely milk-white.
Hob. Moist grounds ; along rivulets : frequent. FL Aug. Fr. Octo.

Obs. This is also a showy plant, when in bloom, — next in rank,
among our indigenous species, to the preceding. It was, formerly,
a famous Indian Nostrum, — and had such repute, that the secret was
purchased of the Aborigines : but, when once known, it soon shared
the usual fate of purchased Nostrums ; and possibly — like all exag-
gerated reputations — its character may have been, thereafter, un-
duly disparaged.

3« L. pub^rula, MX. Pubescent ; stem simple ; leaves ovate-
oblong, mostly obtuse, glandular-denticulate ; calyx-lobes long, the
auricles scarcely reflexed, about as long as the densely hairy short
tube.

PUBERULENT LOBELIA.

Perennial. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, striate, rather slender, strictly simple. Leaves
1 to 2 inches long, varying from obovate to lance-ovate, the upper ones smaller
and acute. Raceme 2 to 6 or 8 inches long; caly&segments about as long as the
tube of the corolla; corolla % to % of an inch in length, often tinged with purple.
Hab. Moist meadows ; Penn Township : not common. Fl. Aug. Fr. Sept.

164 GAMOPETALOUS EXOGENS

Obs. This species appears to be confined to the South Western
portion of the County. It is quite abundant in some of the moist
meadows of Penn Township.

f f t Flowers pale blue, and smatt.

4. 1«. iilflilta. L. Hirsute; stem paniculately branched; leaves

lance-ovate, crenate-dentate ; calyx-lobes without auricles ; capsule

inflated.

INFLATED LOBELIA. Indian Tobacco.

Biennial? lactescent. Stem 9 to 18 inches high, sometimes wing-angled by the
decurrence -of the leaves ; branches axillary. Leaves 1 to 2 or 3 inches long, rather
acute. Racemes leafy ; flowers rather inconspicuous ; capsules ovoid, or oval, thin
and membranaceous, smoothish.
Hob. Pastures ; roadsides, &c. : frequent. Fl. July. Fr. Aug.

Obs. This harsh, acrid plant, is somewhat noted for the use made
of it by a tribe of modern Empirics, — whose successful impostures,
at this time of day, would almost excuse the impatient adage — si
vulgus vult decipi, decipiatur !

5. Ij. spicsita, Lam. Pubescent, or sometimes smoothish; stem
simple and slender ; leaves oblong, the radical ones often spatulate ;
raceme somewhat spiked, virgate and naked.
L. Claytoniana. MX. $ Fl. Cestr. ed. 2. p. 154.
SPIKED LOBELIA.

Perennial. Stem 1 to 2 or 3 feet high, somewhat angular-sulcate, often 2 or 3 from
the root. Leaves 1 to 2 or 3 inches long, — the radical ones nearly entire, — the
upper ones smaller, acute and denticulate. Raceme 6 to 10 or 12 inches long;
bracts lance-linear.
Hob. Fields, meadows, and open woods : frequent. Fl. June. Fr. Aug.

ORDER LIIL CAMPANULACEAE.

Herbs, with a milky juice ; leaves alternate, without stipules ; flowers scattered ;
calyxJube adherent to the ovary ; corolla more or less campanulate, regularly 5-
lobed, valvate in the bud ; stamens mostly 5, free from the corolla, and from each
other; seeds numerous, with fleshy albumen.

235. CAMPAtf'IJI^A, Tournef.

[Latin, diminutive of Campana, a bell; from the shape of the corolla.]
Calyx 5-cleft. Stamens distinct; filaments dilated connivent and
valve-like at base. Stigmas mostly 3 ; capsule with as many cells,
each cell opening by a lateral parietal valve, which lifts upward.

1» C. aparinoides, Pursh. Stem slender, weak and straggling,
acutely angular ; angles retrorsely scabrous ; leaves linear-lanceo-
late ; pedicels terminal, filiform ; flowers small.
APARINE-LIKE CAMPANULA.

Annual? /Stem 12 to 18 inches long, somewhat 3-angled, branching, limber and
straggling, supported by other plants. Leaves % an inch to 1% inches in length,
sessile. Pedicels % an inch to an inch long ; flowers whitish, with purple veins ,
nodding ; style about as long as the corolla.
Hob. Swamps, and wet thickets : frequent. Fl. July. Fr. Aug.
2. C. Americana, L. Stem erect, virgate ; leaves ovate-lance-
,olate, acuminate; flowers in a terminal leafy raceme; pedicels
short, clavate.

CAMPANULACEAE 165

AMERICAN CAMPANULA.

Perennial? Stem 2 to 4 feet high, sometimes branched. Leaves 2 to 5 inches
long,— upper ones contracted and tapering at base to a kind of winged petiole near
an inch long. Flowers rather distant, in a long terminal raceme, which is leafy
below, and often with 2 or 3 flowers in the axil of a leaf ; corolla pale purplish blue,
spreading ; style much exserted.
Hob. Woods, and moist shaded grounds : frequent. Fl. July. Fr. Aug.

236. SPECUlcANRIA, Heister.

[From Speculum Veneris; the ancient name of an European species.]
Calyx 5- (rarely 3- or 4-) lobed. Corolla subrotate. Stamens 5,
distinct ; filaments dilated and connivent at base, hairy, shorter than
the anthers. Stigmas 3. Capsule oblong, prismatic, 3-celled, each
cell opening by a lateral valve. Annuals : flowers axillary, sessile.

1. S. perfoliAta, Alph. DC. Stem simple, angular; leaves
roundish or reniform-cordate, crenate-dentate, clasping and con-
cave.

Campanula amplexicaulis. MX. $ Fl. Cestr. ed. 2. p. 156.
PERFOLIATE SPECULARIA.

Stem 9 to 18 inches high, rarely branched; angles hispid with spreading or re-
trorse bristles. Leaves % an inch to % in length, and nearly an inch wide. Flow-
ers bluish-purple, 1 to 3 or 4 in the axil of each leaf. Seeds lenticular.
Hob. Pastures, and grain-fields: frequent. Fl. June. Fr. July.

ORDER LIV. ERICACEAE..

Chiefly shrubs ; leaves mostly alternate, without stipules ; flowers regular, or nearly
so ; corolla 4- or 5-lobed (rarely 4- or <j-petaled) ; stamens as many, or twice as many,
as the lobes or petals ; anthers often with awn-like appendages, and frequently
opening by pores at summit ; style 1 ; ovary 4- to 10-celled ; fruit a berry, or cap-
sule ; seeds with fleshy albumen.

This is an interesting Order,— comprising some plants of a medicinal character,
and a number that are exceedingly beautiful — especially the Azaleas, Rhododen-
drons, Kalmias, and many species of the multitudinous genus (Erica} which is the
type of the Family. The Rhododendrons recently collected on the Himalaya
mountains, by that enterprising and accomplished Botanist, Doctor J. D. HOOKEB,
are among the most magnificent of ornamental trees and shrubbery.

,&§=" The prevailing under-shrubs in our forests,— namely, the Gaylussacias, Vac-
ciniums, and Andromedas,— seem to take the place, on this Contineni>-and may
be regarded as the Phytognostic Equivalents — of the Ericas of the Eastern hemis-
phere.

SUBORDER I. VACCINIFAE.

Galyoc-tube adherent to the ovary, which becomes a berry, or berry-like fruit,
crowned with the calyx-teeth.

237. GAYIUSSAC'IA, H. B. K.

[Dedicated to M. Gay-Lussac; a French Chemist, and Savant.]
Corolla ovoid, or campanulate, 5-cleft. Stamens 10; anthers awn-
less, — the cells tapering and tubular above, opening by a pore, or
chink, at summit. Ovary 10-celled, with a single ovule in each
cell, fruit a drupe-like berry, containing 10 nutlets. Leaves mostly
deciduous, entire, and, with the flowers, resinous-dotted; flowers
racemose.

166 GAMOPETALOUS EXOGENS

1. €r. dllttlosa, Torr. $ Gr. Somewhat hairy and glandular;
leaves obovate-oblong, nmcronate, green on both sides, thickish and
shining when old ; racemes elongated ; bracts oval, longer than the
pedicels ; pedicels with a pair of lanceolate bractlets above the mid-
dle ; corolla campanulate ; ovary glandular-hirsute.
BUSHY GAYLUSSACIA. Dwarf Huckleberry.

Stem often creeping at base, bushy-branched; branches 12 to 18 inches high. —
Leaves % of an inch to an inch and half long, roughish, the margin entire, slightly
revolute, and pubescent-ciliate, rounded at apex, or often rather acute, somewhat
cuneate at base, subsessile. Flavors white. Berries rather large, black and
shining when mature.
Hob. Sandy woodlands ; West Nottingham : rare. Fl. June. Fr. Aug.

Obs. My Chester County specimen — for which I am indebted to
the kindness of an acute and sagacious observer (Mr. NATHAN MIL-
NEB,) — was received while this edition was passing through the press.
It appears to be the var. hirtella, of GRAY ( Vaccinium hirtellum, Ait.

2. €r. froildosa, Torr. $ Gr. Smooth ; leaves obovate-oblong,
obtuse, glaucous beneath ; pedicels long, bracteolate near the mid-
dle ; corolla ovoid-campanulate.

Vaccinium frondosum. L. $ FL Cestr. ed. 2. p. 256.

LEAFY GAYLUSSACIA. Blue-tangles. Huckleberry. Dangle-berry.

<SUcm 3 to 5 feet high, branching; branches rather slender. Leaves 1 to 3 inches
long, tapering at each end, but rather obtuse at apex, cuneate at base, on very
short petioles. Racemes lateral, loose and few-flowered ; pedicels half an inch to
an inch long, with 2 minute subulate sub-opposite bractlets near the middle ; corolla
white, tinged with red. Berries rather large, globose, dark blue with a glaucous
"bloom, when mature.
Hob. Moist woods, and thickets : frequent. Fl. May. Fr. July.

Obs. The berries of this, and most of the other species, are escu-
lent and palatable ; but rather uncomfortable to eat, on account of
the nutlets,* — being what are commonly called "seedy Huckle-berries."

3. G. resinusa, Torr. $ Gr. Pubescent while young; leaves
oblong-oval, at first ciliate and viscid; pedicels short, bracteolate
near the base ; corolla ovoid-conical.

Vaccinium resinosum. Ait. $ Fl. Cestr. ed. 2. p. 256.
RESINOUS GAYLUSSACIA. Black Huckleberry.

Stem 18 inches to 3 feet high, much branched. Leaves 1 to 3 inches long, thickly
sprinkled with atoms, and flat shining patches, of yellow resinous matter beneath;
petioles short, but distinct. Racemes numerous, with the flowers crowded ; pedicels
1 to 3 lines long, with very small lanceolate bractlets at or near the base ; corolla
mostly reddish, with tinges of pale yellowish-green. Berries depressed-globose,
smaller than the preceding, black and shining when mature.
Hob. Dry woods; slaty hills: frequent. Fl. May. Fr. July.

238. VACCIIV'IIJM, L.

[An ancient Latin name, of obscure etymology.]

Corolla campanulate, or ovoid-oblong, 4- or 5-cleft, the lobes more
or less revolute. Stamens 8 or 10; anthers sometimes 2-awned on
the back, — the cells separate and tubular above, opening by a pore
at summit. Berry 4- or 5-celled; cells several-seeded.

ERICACEAE 16?

21. Leaves evergreen; corolla deeply ^-parted ; anthers awnUss; berries red, acid.
CRANBERRY*

1. T. marrocftrpon, Ait. Stems slender, creeping, with as-
cending branches ; leaves oblong, obtuse ; peduncles lateral.
Oxycoccus macrocarpus. Pcrs* $• fL Ceftr. ed. 2. p. 241.
LARGE-FRUITED VACCINIUM. American Cranberry*

Stem 1 to 2 or 3 feet long, sending up short slender branches. Leaves about
half an inch long, slightly revolute on the margin; petioks very short. Peduncks
about an inch long, 1-flowered, bi-bracteolate near the nodding flower. Corolla pale
purple ; lobes linear-lanceolate, reflexed or revolute. Berry globose, half an inch
in diameter.
Hob. Wet, or swampy meadows: rare. Fl. May. Fr. October.

Obs. Well known, and highly prized for its fine acid fruit, — which
experience shows may be cultivated to advantage. I have followed
Dr. GRAY, and others, in reducing this to a section of Vaceinium, —
though I think there are many admitted Genera, based on more
slender foundations.

§ 2. Leaves deciduous: f Corolla campanulate, 5-Zo&erf; anthers Pawned; berries
greenish, mawkish. DEER-BERRY. BILBERRY.

2. V. staiiiiiiciun. L. Bushy; leaves lance-oval, acute, glau-
cous beneath; anthers conspicuously exserted; racemes leafy;
berries large.

STAMINEOUS VACCINIUM* Squaw Huckleberry*

Stem 2 to 3 feet high, diffusely branching. Leaves 1 to near 3 inches long ;
petioles very short. Flowers in lateral leafy pubescent racemes 2 to 3 inches in
length; pedicels % of an inch long, naked; corolla white, spreading; lobes ovate;
anthers each with 2 subulate spreading awns at the back. Berries often near half
an inch in diameter, bitterish and inedible*
Hob. Moist woodlands, and thickets: frequent. FL May. Fr. Aug.

ft Corolla ovoid-oblong, b-toothed; anthers awnless; berries bluish-Mack, with a
glaucous bloom, sweet or subacid. BLUE-BERRY.

3. V. PennsylV&niCUin, Lam. Dwarfish; branches yellow-
ish-green; leaves lance-oblong, mucronate-serrulate, smooth and
shining; racemes subfasciculate.

PENNSYLVANIAN VACCINIUM. Sugar Huckleberry.

Stem 1 to 2 feet high, much branched; branches more or less angular, with a
green verrucose bark. Leaves 1 to near 2 inches long, mostly acute at each end,
nearly sessile. Racemes 4- to 8-flowered, terminal and lateral, numerous, from
buds without leaves, and often on leafless branches ; pedicels 1 to 3 or 4 lines long,
with small lanceolate bracttets at or near the base ; corolla pale red, or greenish-
white tinged with red. Berries middle-sized, sweet.
Hob. Hilly woodlands, and thickets : frequent. Fl. May. Fr. July.

Obs. The fruit of this is very pleasant— comes early, and is much
sought after, in its season.

4. V. corymb jsum, L. Tall; young branches pubescent?
leaves oval or obovate, entire; racemes short, subcorymbose on
naked branchlets.

CORYMBOSE VACCINIUM. Swamp, or Tall Huckleberry. Blue-berry.
Stem 5 to 8 or 10 feet high, often stout, with irregular straggling branches,— the

168 GAMOPETALOTJS EXOGENS

young leafing branches pubescent,— the flower-bearing ones short, naked, and of
a greenish-bronze color. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, generally oval, with a short
obtuse callous point at apex ; petioles very short. Racemes half an inch to an inch
long, 6- to 10- or 12-flowered ; pedicels %to%of an inch long, with purplish bract-
lets, at base, which resemble bud scales ; corolla white, mostly tinged with purple,
nearly cylindrical. Semes rather large (often 1 third of an inch in diameter),
sub-acid, and very agreeable to the taste.
Bab. Shaded swamps, and rivulets : not common. Fl. May. Fr. Aug.

Obs. This is the ^Blue-berry so much admired in the Philadelphia
market, — -and so abundantly supplied from the swamps of New
Jersey. It is comparatively scarce in Chester County.

SUBORDER II. ERICIN'EAE.

Calyx free from the ovary; corolla sometimes nearly or quite dialypetalous ! seed-
coat mostly thin and close-fitting.

TRIBE 1. ANDROMEDEVAE.

Fruit a capsule, opening loculicidaUy.

t Calyx becoming berry-like in fruit, inclosing the capsule.

239. GAUI/nHTRIA, Kalm.

[Dedicated to Dr. Gaulthier, or Gautier; a French Botanist, of Quebec.]

Calyx 5-cleft, bibracteolate at base. Corolla ovoid-oblong, 5-
toothed. Stamens 10, included; anther-cells each 2-aumed at sum-
mit, opening by a terminal pore. Capsule depressed-globose, 5-
celled, many-seeded, inclosed in the red berry-like calyx I Suffruti-
cose humble evergreens ; flowers axillary, solitary.

1. O. procumbent, L. Stem creeping, root-like ; branches
ascending, leafy at summit; leaves cuneate-obovate, obscurely
serrate; flowers few, nodding.
PROCUMBENT GAULTHERIA. Tea-berry. Spicy Wintergreen.

Stem rhizoma-like, on or near the surface of the ground ; branches simple, 3 to 5
inches high, naked below, or with a few lance-ovate scales. Leaves few (4 to 6), an
inch to an inch and half in length, rather crowded ; petioles very short. Flowers
white, 1 to 3 or 4, in the axils of the upper leaves, on recurved peduncles % to %
an inch long ; fruit persistent.
Hob. Woods; Brandy wine hills : rare. Fl. July. Fr. October.

Obs. This spicy little plant — though rare here — is very abundant
in New Jersey ; and is much used in the preparation of medicated
syrups, and popular diet-drinks.

f f Calyx dry and unchanged in fruit.
240. EPIGAE^A, L.

[Gr. Epi, upon, and Ge, the earth ; alluding to its trailing habit.]
Calyx deeply 5-parted, 3-bracteolate at base. Corolla salver-form.
Stamens 10; anthers oblong, awnless, opening lengthwise. Capsule
depressed-globose, 5-angled, 5-celled, many-seeded. Suffruticose
trailing evergreens ; flowers in axillary clusters.

1. E. repciis, L. Hirsute; leaves cordate-oblong, entire, on
rather long petioles ; corolla-tube cylindrical, villous within.
CREEPING EPIGAEA. Ground Laurel. Trailing Arbutus.

.

ERICACEAE 169

Stem prostrate, 6 to 12 or 15 inches long, branching. Leaves 1 to near 3 inches
long, reticulately veined; petioles % an inch to an inch in length. Flowers in
gmall fasciculate racemes, very fragrant; pedicels 1 or 2 lines long; coroUa pale
red or reddish-white, the tube ^ to half an inch in length.
HaJb. Hilly woods, of northern exposure : frequent. Fl. April. Fr. July.

241. AlVDROM'EDA, L.

[So named, in allusion to the classic story of Andromeda.]
Calyx 5-parted, sometimes bracteolate at base. Corolla ovoid, or
subcylindric, mostly 5-toothed. Stamens usually 10, included; an-
thers awnless, or awned, opening by terminal pores or slits. Cap-
sule 5-celled, many-seeded. Shrubs : leaves (of the following species)
deciduous ; flowers racemose, or fasciculate.

g 1. Calyx without bractlets ; anthers awnless.
f Corolla globular ; capsule subglobose.

1. A, liarustriiia, Muhl. Leaves obovate-oblong, acuminate;
racemes paniculate, mostly naked ; flowers small.
PRIVET-LIKE ANDROMEDA. Pepper-bush.

Stem 3 to 6 or 8 feet high, with numerous rather erect branches. Leaves 1 to
near 3 inches long, obscurely serrulate; petioles 1 to 3 lines in length. Racemes
% an inch to an inch and half long, often a little compound, arranged panicujately
on the terminal branches of the preceding year ; pedicels %to%of an inch long,
often in fascicles of 2 to 5; corotta white.

Hob. Moist woods, and thickets i frequent. Fl. June. Fr. Sept.
f f Corolla ovoid-oblong ; capsule pyramidal.

2. A. Mariana, L. Leaves oval, entire, thickish and subco-
riaceous ; racemes short, sessile ; pedicels fasciculate ; flowers
rather large.

MARYLAND ANDROMEDA. Stagger-bush.

Stem 2 to 3 or 4 feet high, with erect branches, and a cinereous black-dotted bark.
Leaves 2 to 3 inches long, shortly and bluntly mucronate ; petioles about }£ of an
i nch in length. Flowers fasciculate on the old branches, from terminal and lat-
eral buds, unaccompanied with leaves ; pedicels about half an inch long (of the
fruit, near an inch), with ovate bracts, like bud-scales, at base ; corolla white, or
tinged with pale red.
Hob. Hilly woodlands : not common. Fl. June. Fr. Aug.

Obs. This shrub is somewhat rare, here ; but is very common in
New Jersey, — where the farmers think it is injurious to sheep, when
eaten by them.; — producing a disease called the staggers.

g 2. Calyx bibracteolate ; anthers tipt with 4 erect awns.

3. A. racemosa, Lf Leaves oval-lanceolate, serrulate, thin ;
racemes longish, secund, mostly simple.

RACEMOSE ANDROMEDA.

Stem 3 to 5 feet high, with slender straggling branches, and a cinereous exfolia-
ting bark. Leaves \% to 3 inch.es long, mucronate, rather obtuse at base; petioles
about a line in length., Racemes numerous, 2 to 3 or 4 inches long, leafless, t*»
minal on short spreading branchlets ; flowers nodding, or ranged along the under
aide, on short ihick&h pedicels ; 'calyx purple; coroUa white (purple in the bud)i
nearly cylindric; capsule small, depressed-globose, umbilicate.
Hob. Moist thicket*: not common. Fl. June. Fr.

170

GAMOPETALOUS EXOGENS

242. CUEVTHRA, L.

[Klethra, the Greek name for the Alder ; which it resembles.]
Calyx 5-parted. Corolla of 5 obovate-oblong distinct petals ! Sta-
mens 10, often exserted ; anthers inversely sagittate, reflexed in the
bud, opening by terminal pores, or chinks. Style slender ; stigmas
3. Capsule 3-celled, 3-valved, inclosed by the calyx. Shrubs:
leaves deciduous ; flowers racemose, white.

1. C. <ll iiif'olia, L. Leaves cuneate-obovate, acute, coarsely
serrate, green on both sides; racemes mostly simple, bracteate,
hoary -tomentose.
ALDER-LEAVED CLETHRA. Sweet Pepper-bush. White Alder.

Stem 4 to 6 or 8 feet high, branched. Leaves 2 to 3 inches long; petioles % to %
of an inch in length. Racemes 3 to 6 inches long, sometimes with 2 or 3 branches
from the base, bearing numerous fragrant flowers : pedicels short, each with a
lance-linear bract at base longer than the pedicel.
Hob. Wet thickets; E. Marlborough : not common. Fl. July. Fr. Octo.

TRIBE 2. RHODO^REAE.

Fruit a capsule, opening septicidaUy.

243. AZAXEA, L.

[Gr. azaleas, arid; from a mistaken idea that it belongs to a dry soil.]
Calyx 6-parted, minute and hairy. Corolla funnel-form, irregularly
5-lobed, the lobes spreading. Stamens 5, with long exserted fila-
ments, which are declined, or curved, along with the similar style ;
anthers short, opening by terminal pores. Capsule oblong, 5-celled,
6-valved, many-seeded; seeds minute, scale-like. Shrubs: leaves
deciduous ; flowers in umbelled clusters, from large ovoid terminal
buds.

1. A. Vise lisa, L. Young branches bristly; leaves oblong-
obovate ; flowers glandular-hairy and very clammy, appearing after
the leaves ; stamens a little exserted
Rhododendron viscosum. Torr. $ Fl. Cestr. ed. 2. p. 263.
CLAMMY AZALEA. Sweet Wild Honeysuckle.

Stem 4 to 6 feet high, with short spreading and often crooked branches above. —
Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, the margins and midrib bristly ; petioles 1 to 2 lines in
length. Corolla white,— the tube much longer than the lobes.

Hob. Rocky woods; N. Valley-hill; New Red Lion: not common. Fl. June. Fr.
Obs. This species is readily known by its white, clammy, sweet-
smelling flowers. The large terminal buds, which are formed in
autumn, on the Azaleas, and some other members of this family,
contain the flowers of the ensuing year, perfectly formed — though in
miniature. Something like this seems to be the fact, in all trees in
which the branches have a definite annual development of wood,
leaves, and flowers ; such as the Horse-Chestnut, &c. The buds of
the Firs, also, contain the undeveloped branches of the succeeding
year, with all their tiny leaves completely formed, and closely
packed together. The phenomenon is happily noticed by the Poet,
COWPER: —

" The beauties of the wilderness are His,
That make so gay the solitary place,
Where no eye sees them. And the fairer forms,
That cultivation glories in, are His.

ERICACEAE 171

HE sets the bright procession on Its way,

And marshals all the order of the year;

HE marks the bounds which Winter may not pass,

And blunts his pointed fury ; in its case

Russet and rude, folds up the tender germ,

Uninjured, with inimitable art ;

And ere. one flowery season fades and dies,

Designs the blooming wonders of the next"

2. A. micliflura, L. Young branches hairy; leaves lance-
oblong ; flowers somewhat hairy and slightly clammy, rather pre-
ceding the leaves; stamens much exserted.
Khododendron nudiflorum. Torr. £ Fl. Cestr. ed. 2. p. 262.
NAKED-FLOWERED AZALEA. Wild Honeysuckle.

Stem 2 to 4 or 6 feet high, much branched toward the summit. Leaves 2 to 3
inches long, crowded at the extremities of the branches, margins hairy, pubescent
beneath ; petioles % to % an inch in length. Corotta varying firm pale flesh-color
to pink, and bright purple, — the tube scarcely longer than the lobes.
Hob. Moist woods, and thickets: common. Fl. April. Fr. June.

Obs. This pretty shrub is a striking ornament of our forests, in
spring. It was rather carelessly stated, in the preceding edition of
this Flora, that "the leaves" of this shrub "are subject to large
green succulent excrescences, produced by the puncture of insects." —
In 1842, Mr. BENJAMIN V. MARSH, then of Haverford School, Del.
County, satisfied me that I was incorrect, and that those "excres-
cences" are formed of the flowers of the plant, instead of "the
leaves." A closer observation has also led me to doubt whether
"insects" have any agency in their production. I find those suc-
culent masses invariably to consist of what seem to be a sort of
dropsical enlargement of calyx, corolla, stamens and pistil, — by which
the floral organs are all consolidated, or blended together; and
their original individuality, and character, entirely lost, — except
some vestiges of anthers and stigma.

244. RHODODENDRON, L.

[Gr. Rhodon, a rose, and Dendron, a tree ; the flowers being in rose-colored clusters.]
Calyx deeply 6-parted. Corolla subcampanulate, somewhat irreg-
ularly 5-lobed. Stamens mostly 10, declined, scarcely exserted;
anthers, &c, as in Azalea. Capsule ovoid-oblong. Often stout
shrubs, or low trees : leaves evergreen, entire ; flowers in dense ter-
minal corymbs, — or thyrsoid, or globose clusters.

1. R. maximum, L. Stout; leaves oblong, acute, thick, cori-
aceous and glabrous, with somewhat revolute margins.
LARGEST RHODODENDRON. Mountain Laurel. Rose-Bay.

Stem 6 to 10 or 12 feet high, with stout irregular branches. Leaves 3 to 6 inches
long, with a short acumination, often cuneately tapering at base, green above,
pale or ferruginous beneath ; petiole* thick, half an inch to an inch in length. —
Flowers in dense thyrsoid or corymbose racemes ; pedicels an inch to an inch and
half long ; corolla pale rose-color, with greenish tinges, and yellow or orange-colored
epots.
Sab. Banks of Schuylkill : rare. Fl. June. Fr.

Obs. This is a noble shrub ; but LINNAEUS was unfortunate in
calling it maximum, — inasmuch as Dr. J. D. HOOKER has found a
species, in the Himalaya mountains, 40 to 60 feet in height.

172 GAMOPETALOUS EXOGENS

245. KAL.IU'IA, L.

[Dedicated to Peter Kalm,—a Swedish Botanist.]

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla between rotate and campanulate, 5-lobed,
furnished with 10 depressions, in which the 10 obliquely bifid an-
thers are severally held until they begin to shed their pollen. Cap-
sule depressed-globose, 5-celled, 5-valved; seeds numerous, minute.
Evergreen shrubs: leaves entire; flowers in umbel-like corymbs.

1. EL. latif olia, L. Leaves scattered and ternate, oval-lanceo-
late, green on both sides ; corymbs terminal.

BROAD-LEAVED KALMIA. Common Laurel, Calico-bush.

Stem 3 or 4 to 8 or 10 feet high, with irregular crooked straggling branches. —
Leaves 2 to 3 inches long, and about an inch wide ; petioles %to% of an inch in
length, flowers rather large, pale red (sometimes white), in spreading corymbs;
pedicels about an inch long, viscid-pubescent, with 3 bracts at base.
Hob. Shaded, rocky hills; along streams: frequent. Fl. May. Fr. Sept.

Obs. KALM says the Swedes called this "Spoon tree," — because
the Indians made spoons from its wood. With great deference to
the decision of LINNAEUS, this genus of beautiful Evergreens is the
one which, in my humble opinion, ought to have commemorated
the merits of JOHN BARiRAM,-r-the Botanical Patriarch of our
country.

2. K. ail£listif olia, L. Leaves opposite and ternate, linear-
elliptic, paler or slightly russet beneath ; corymbs lateral.
NARROW-LEAVED KALMIA. Sheep Laurel. Dwarf Laurel.

Stems about 2 feet high, slender, somewhat branching. Leaves 1 to 2 inches
long, and about half an inch wide ; petioles % to % an inch in length. Flowers
small, bright deep crimson, in lateral corymbs, in the axils of the ternate leaves,
and thus appearing verticillate ; pedicels filiform, % to % of an inch in length,
with 3 unequal bracts at base.
Hob. Woods, and thickets ; Great Valley : rare. Fl June. Fr. Octo.

SUBORDER III. PYROLEVAE.

Calyx free from the ovary, 5-parted, persistent; petals 5, distinct! or nearly so,
concave, deciduous; capsule 3- to 5-celled, loculicidally dehiscent; seed-coat loose,
cellular and translucent. Suffruticose humble Evergreens.

246. PYR'Ol-A, L.

[Lat. diminutive of Pyrus,thQ pear-tree; from a fancied resemblance in the foliage.]
Petals more or less converging, obovate or oblong. Stamens 10 ;
filaments subulate, naked ; anthers partly 4-celled, inverted in the
bud, opening by 2 pores at the scarcely 2-horned summit. Style
long, mostly declined or curved; stigmas 5, — often with a distinct
ring beneath, — or confluent with the ring, and peltate. Capsule de-
pressed-globose, 5-celled, 5-valved from the base upward, many-
seeded; valves woolly on the edges. Leaves mostly radical; flowers
racemose, on a scaly-bracted scape.

f Style curved; stigmas exserted beyond the ring.

1. P. rotuiicli folia, L. Leaves orbicular, thick, coriaceous
and shining, usually shorter than the margined petiole.
ROUND-LEAVED PYROLA.

ERICACEAE 173

Leaves 1 to 2 inches in diameter, obscurely serrulate, reticulately veined. Scape
5 to 10 inches high, with clasping bracts at base, and 2 or 3 distant ovate-lanceolate
ones above; raceme 2 to 3 inches in length; pedicels % of an inch long, with a
lanceolate bract at base of the same length; flowers white, often with a reddish
tinge, nodding, fragrant.
Hob. Rich woodlands : frequent. Fl. Juno, Fr. August.

2. P. elliptica, Nutt. Leaves oblong-oval, thinnish and not
shining, usually longer than the winged petiole.

ELLIPTIC PYROLA. Shin-leaf.

Leaves 1% to near 3 inches long, plicately serrulate, decurrent on the petiole.—
Scape 4 to 6 inches high, acutely angular, naked, or with a single slender bract:
raceme 1 to 2 inches long; pedicels 2 or 3 lines in length, shorter than the subulate
bract at base; flowers white, with a greenish tinge.
Hob. Woodlands: common. Fl. June. Fr. August.

Obs. The leaves are a popular application to sores, — as the com-
mon name would indicate.

tf Style straight; stigmas confluent with (lie peltate ring.

3. P. scciuula, L. Leaves ovate, thinnish, about twice as long
as the narrow petiole ; raceme secund.

ONE-SIDED PYROLA.

Root stoloniferous. Stem decumbent, 1 to 2 or 3 inches high, leafy above, with
pmall lanceolate scales below. Leaves an inch to an inch and half long, mucro-
nate, serrate. Peduncle terminal, scape-like, 3 to 6 inches in length, with 2 or 3
lanceolate bracts at base, and distant appressed ones above ; raceme 1 to 2 inches
long ; pedicels 2 to 3 lines long, all turned to one side, each with a lanceolate bract
at base scarcely as long as the pedicel; flowers greenish white ; petals oblong.
Hob. Hilly woodlands : not common. Fl. July. Fr. Sept.

247. C HIM A'PHIL-A, Pursh.

[Or. Cheima, winter, &ndphileo, to love; being bright green all winter.]
Petals spreading, broadly and roundish-obovate. Stamens 10 ; fila-
ments dilated, hairy ; anthers 2-celled, inverted in the bud, somewhat
2-horned at apex. Style very short, obconic, immersed in the de-
pressed summit of the ovary ; stigma peltate, broad, orbicular, with
the margin 5-lobed. Capsule depressed, orbicular, 5-celled, 5-
valved from the summit downward, many-seeded ; valves not woolly
on the edges. Leaves crowded at or near the summit of the stem,
coriaceous and shining ; flowers terminal, corymbose.

1. C. umbellata, Nutt. Leaves cuneate-oblong, acute at base,
sharply serrate, of a bright uniform green.
Pyrola umbellata. L. $ Fl. Cestr. ed. 2. p. 260.
UMBELLATE CHIMAPHILA. Pipsissawa. Winter-green.

Stem ascending, 3 to 6 inches long. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, subverticillat*
(often in 2 or 3 verticils), tapering at base to a short petiole. Peduncle terminal,
mostly solitary, 3 to 4 or 5 inches in length, bearing an imperfect or corymbose
umbel of 4 to 6 flowers; pedicels about % an inch long; petals reddish white, with
a tinge of violet.
Hob. Hilly woods, of northern exposure : frequent. Fl. June. Fr. Bept

Obs. This half-shrubby little Evergreen is moderately bitter and
• astringent, — and has been long noted as an Indian medicine, under
the aboriginal name of Pipsissawa.

174 GAMOPETALOTTS EXOGENS

95. C. liiaculiita, Pursh. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, obtuse at
base, incised-dentate, whitish-maculate above, purplish beneath.
Pyrola maculata. L. $ Fl. Cestr. ed. 2. p. 267.
SPOTTED CHIMAPHILA. Spotted Winter-green.

Stem 2 to 4 inches high. Leaves 1 to near 3 inches long, tapering to an acute
point, dull green above, and marked with a whitish line along the midrib and
nerves; petioles 1 to 2 or 3 lines in length. Peduncle terminal, mostly solitary, 3
to 4 or 5 inches long, bearing 2 or 3 flowers (sometimes but 1) ; pedicels % an inch
to 1% inches in length, often with a minute subulate bract near the middle; petals
white, with a tinge of purple.
Hob. Woodlands : common. FL June. Fr. Sept.

SUBORDER IV. MONOTROVPEAE.

Calyx free, 5-parted, — or of distinct (!) bract-like deciduous sepals; corolla mostly of
distinct persistent petals ; capsule 4- or 5-celled, 4-or 5-valved, loculicidally dehiscent,
many-seeded ; seed-coat loose, arillus-like. Fleshy herbs, p arasitic on roots, never
green ; stems simple ; leaves mere scales ; flowers the color of the plant, in a ter-
minal raceme, or solitary.

248. HYPO'PITYS, Dillen.

[Gr. Hypo, under, and Pitys, a Pine tree ; often its place of growth.]
Calyx of 4 or 5 bract-like sepals. Petals 4 or 5, fleshy, erect, with
a nectariferous pit at base. Stamens 8 or 10; anthers reniform, be-
coming 1-celled, opening by a continuous line into 2 very unequal
valves. Stiff ma disk-like, with a bearded margin. Capsule roundish-
ovoid, 4- or 5-celled.

1. H. laimginosa, Nutt. Plant tawny, softly pubescent ; flow-
ers racemose, secund, nodding, finally erect.
Monotropa lanuginosa. MX. $ FL Cestr. ed. 2. p. 267.
WOOLLY HYPOPITYS. Pine-sap. False Beech-drops.

Whole plant tan-color, and of a musky odor; perennial? Stems 4 to 6 (sometimes
12 or 15) inches high, growing in clusters, smoothish below : scales lance-ovate,
crowded and imbricated at base, more distant above, becoming bracts to the pedi-
cels, in the raceme at summit. Racemes 1 or 2 to 6 inches long, at first recurved or
oircinnate, erect in fruit ; pedicels 1 line to an inch or more in length ; stamens
mostly 8.
Hob. Moist woodlands : frequent. Fl. July. Fr. Sept.

249. MOIVO'TROPA, Gronov.

[Gr. monos, one, and trepo, to turn; the flower being turned, or bent on one side.]
Calyx none, or of 2 to 4 scale-like bracts a little distant from the
corolla. Petals 5, fleshy, erect, narrowed below, with a nectarifer-
ous pit at base. Stamens 10 ; anthers short, 2-celled, opening by
transverse chinks. Stigma orbicular, not bearded. Capsule ovoid,
5-angled, 5-celled.

1. M. tin iilora, L. Plant white, smooth ; flower solitary, ter-
minal, nodding; fruit erect.
ONE-FLOWERED MONOTROPA. Indian Pipe.

Whole plant white, fleshy, and scentless; perenniall Stem 5 to 8 or 12 inches
high, often growing in clusters ; scales lance-ovate. Flower large ; petals concave,
spatulate-cuneate, truncate, gibbous at base. Stigma overtopping the stamens,
concave.
Bab. Rich woodlands: frequent. Fl. June, Fr. Sept.

AQUIFOLIACEAE 175

I ORDER LV. AQUIFOLIACEAE.
or shrubs; leaves (in our genera) alternate ; stipules none ; flowers axillary,

small, of 4 to 6 parts, often pdygamodioicous ; calyx minute, free from the ovary ;
petals nearly distinct ; stamens as many as the petals, and attached to their base;
fruit a berry -like drupe, with 4 or 6 nutlets; albumen fleshy.

250. IXEX, L.

[The ancient Latin name of the Holly Oak; applied here.]
Dioicously polygamous: Flowers tetramcrous, — i. e. the parts in
fours. Petals ovate-oblong, obtuse, slightly connected at base. —
Drupe with 4 or 5 striate or grooved nutlets. Leaves mostly coria-
ceous, evergreen, and spiny-toothed.

1. I. op&ca, Ait. Leaves oval, the margins wavy and sharply
spinose-dentate ; flowers scattered, or loosely fasciculate, along the
base of the young branches.
OPAQUE ILEX. Holly. American Holly.

Stem 15 to 30 feet high; branches spreading. Leaves 2 to near 3 inches long;
petiole* % of an inch in length. Flowers whitish ochroleucous, small ; pedicels
with minute bracts at base. Berries small, roundish-ovoid, red when mature, per -
sis tent.
Hdb. Woods ; Brandywine ; slaty hills : rare. Fl. June. Fr. Sept.

Obs. This becomes a handsome little tree under cultivation ; but
is small, and scarce, in its wild state, here. The European Holly
(/. aquifolium, L.) is a more showy species, — with the leaves and
berries of which, says SirW. J. HOOKER, " our houses and churches
are adorned at Christmas, a relic probably of Druidism." Dr.
DARWIN thus notices the formidable character of its foliage, in his
Botanic Garden: —

" Four of the giant brood with ILEX stand,
Each grasps a thousand arrows in his hand ;
A thousand steely points on every scale
Form the bright terrors of his bristly mail."

251. PRriVOS, L.

[The ancient Greek name of the Holly.]

Dioicously polygamous : Flowers hexamerous, or the parts mostly in
sixes. Corolla subrotate, deeply lobed. Drupe with 6 smooth nut-
lets. Leaves mostly deciduous, serrate.

1. P. verticill£tos, L. Leaves oval and obovate, acuminate;
flowers on short peduncles, — the sterile subumbellate, the fertile
in subsessile clusters ; berries red.
VERTICILLATE PRINOS. Black Alder. Winter-berry.

Stem 6 to 8 feet high, much branched. Leaves 2 to 3 inches long; petioles about
half an inch in length. Flowers greenish white, — the sterile umbels pedunculate,
the fertile clusters smaller, and nearly sessile; pedicels about % of an inch in
length. Berries globose, in small axillary clusters (2 or 3, often 1, in an axil.)
appearing somewhat verticillate, bright red when mature, persistent.
Hob. Low, swampy grounds, and thickets : frequent. Fl. June. Fr. October.

Obs. An evergreen species, with black fruit (P. glaber, L.), is
common !JQ New Jersey ; but has not been found in Chester County.
This genus is nearly allied to Ilex, — and Mr. ELLIOTT suggested the
propriety of uniting them. ENDLICHER uses nearly the same words,

176 GAMOPETALOUS EXOGENS

in describing the two, — and DE CANDOLLE asks, under Prinos, "an
ab llice satis differt?" — The bark of the species here described, used
in decoction, has long been a popular remedy for ill-conditioned
sores, — administered both externally and internally.

ORDER LVI. EBENACEAE.

Trees, or shrubs; leaves mostly alternate and entire, without stipules ; flowers
regular, often pdlygamo-dioicous ; calyx free from the ovary ; stamens twice, to four
times, as many as the corolla-lobes ; fruit a several-celled berry; seeds 1 in each
cell, large and flat, with hard albumen.

252. DIOS'PYROS, L.

[Gr. Dis,dios, Jupiter, and Pyros, fruit; a rather fanciful name for such fruit.]
Dioicously polygamous: Calyx 4- 6-parted. Corolla urceolate, 4-
6-lobed. Stamens, in the sterile flowers, usually 16, — in the fertile,
8 imperfect ones. Berry 4- to 8-celled, large, globular, — the per-
sistent calyx mostly adhering to its base. Flowers axillary, sub-
sessile, — fertile ones solitary, sterile ones mostly in threes,

1. D. Vi rt^i n i alia , L. Leaves ovate-oblong, obtusely acuminate ;
parts of the flower chiefly in fours ; corolla subcoriaceous.
VIRGINIAN DIOSPYROS. Persimmon. Date Plum.

Stem 20 to 50 or 60 feet high, irregularly hranched. Leaves 2 or 3 to 5 inches
long, subcoriaceous ; petioles % an inch to near an inch in length* Corotta
jochroleucous, obtusely 4-angled. Berry about an inch in diameter, reddish-orange
when mature.
Hob. Low grounds; along streams: frequent. Fl. June. Fr. November.

Obs. The fruit, when ripe, is sweet and luscious, after being sub-
jected to the action of frost, — but is remarkably harsh and astrin-
gent, in its green state. The bark of the tree is astringent and
tonic. The well-known hard black wood, called Ebony, is furnished
by D. Ebenum, and some other species of this genus.

ORDER LVII. PLANTAGINACEAE.

Chiefly stemJess herbs; leaves mostly all radical and rosulate, strongly ribbed;
flowers spiked, on naked scapes, regular, — the parts usually in fours; calyx free
from the ovary; corolla membranaceous and dry; stamens inserted on the corolla-
tube, alternate with its lobes; capsule membranaceous, circumscissed, 2-cclled;
cells 1- or several-seeded ; seeds with fleshy albumen.

253. PL.AN TAVGO, L.

[The Latin name of the Plantain ; meaning obscure.]

Sepals persistent, slightly connected at base, the margins scarious.
Corolla tubular, with reflexed lobes, marcescent. Stamens 4, much
exserted. Flowers whitish or ochroleucous, small, bracteate.

t Capsule 6- S-seeded.

1. P. major, L. Leaves oval or ovate, on long channelled petioles ;
scape terete, smooth ; spike long, cylindric.
GREATER PLANTAGO. Common, or Great Plantain.

Perennial. Leaves 3 to 6 or 8 inches long, 5- to 7-ribbed, with an elastic filament
ta each rib, generally smoothish (sometimes quite hairy) ; petiole about as long a«
the leaf. Scapes usually several, 6 to 18 inches high (including the spike of flow-

TLANTAGINACEAB 177

ers, which varies from 2 to 12 or 15 inches in length). Brads lanceolate, keeled,
appressed, shorter than the calyx. Stamens twice the length of the corolla.
JIab. Moist grounds; along foot-paths, &c. Nat. of Europe. Fl. June. Fr.Aug.
Obs. A naturalized foreigner, — remarkable for accompanying
civilized man; growing along his footpaths, and flourishing around
his settlements. The leaves are a convenient and popular dressing
for blisters, and other sores ; a fact which seems to have been known
in the time of SIIAKSPEARE, — as we may learn from his Romeo and
Juliet, Act 1. Sc. 2.

"Rfm. Your Plantain Ifnf is excellent for that.
lien. For what, I pray thee ?
Rom. For your broken shin.''

The Plantain leaf continued in vogue, for that purpose, from the
Elizabethan age down to our own times, — when a substitute vfus fur-
nished by the officious Empirics who undertook to reform and regu-
late our national Currency !

f f Capsule 2- f ceded.

«£. P. lanceolata, L. Leaves lanceolate ; scape snicate-angled, long
and slender; spike short, ovoid-cylindric, dense-flowered.
LANCEOLATE PLANTAGO. English Plantain. Buckhorn Plantain.

Perennial. Leaves 4 to 8 or 10 inches long, about 5-ribbed, hairy, narrowed
gradually at base to & petiole 2 to 5 or 6 inches in length. Scapes several, 1 to 2
feet high ; spike of flowers 1 to 2 inches long, — at first ovoid-oblong, finally nearly
cylindric. Bracts ovate, acuminate, — the slender point finally reflexed. Calyx
apparently of 3 sepals, — two being united into one. Stamens several times longer
than the corolla ; anthers greenish-white. Xeeds oblong, convex on one side, con-
cave on the other, shining, brown or amber-colored.
JIab. Pastures, &c. Nat. of Europe. FL May. Fr. July.

Obs. This species, also, is extensively naturalized,— and more
abundant than welcome, in our upland meadows and pastures. Al-
though eaten by Stock, generally, it is much disliked by the farm-
ers: yet, I apprehend, it will be found a very difficult plant to get
rid of, where once fully introduced.

3. P. Virginica, L. Hoary -pubescent; leaves obovate-oblong,
on short margined petioles ; spike cylindric ; flowers rather distant.
VIRGINIAN PLANTAGO.

Anniutl f Leaves 2 to 3 inches long, 3- to 5-ribbed ; petioles 1 to 2 inches in length.
Scajtes 4 to 6 or 8 inches high, very hairy ; Kptte at first short, finally elongated to
2, 3, or 4 inches. Bracts lanceolate, about a« long as the calyx. Corolla yellowish, —
in fruit the lobes involute, converging into a sort of beak. Stamens rather longer
than the corolla; anthers mostly large. Capsule ovoid.
JIab. Sterile, stony old fields : frequent. Fl. May. Fr. August.

ORDER LVIII. PRIMULACEAE.

Htrbt; Itavet simple, often verticillntc. or opposite, without stiputeg; flowers regu -
lar, perfect; culyx mostly free from the imtry; stamens as many as thefofe* of the
corolla, and inserted opposite them on the tube; capsule 1-celled, opening by
talves, or circumscissed ; seals several, with fleshy albumen.

TRIBE J. PRIMULFAE.

Capsule opening by taleet; tienu leafy ; corolla rotat*.

178 GAMOPETALOUS EXOGENS

254. TRIElVTAi;iS, L.

[Latin, Triens, the third of a foot; referring to the height of the plant.]
Calyx mostly 7-parted; segments lance-linear. Corolla mostly 7-
parted. Filaments united in a ring at base ; anthers oblong, revo-
lute after flowering. Capsule few-seeded. Low, smooth perennials :
stem simple, very slender ; leaves collected at summit ; peduncles ax-
illary, few and filiform.

1. T. Amcricsiiici, Pursh. Leaves lanceolate, tapering at each
end, subverticillately aggregated; corolla-lobes acuminate.
AMERICAN TRIENTALIS. Chickweed Wintergreen.

Stem 4 to 8 inches high. Leaves 2 to 3 inches long, mostly acuminate (sometimes
obtuse and emarginate at apex), subsessile, aggregated in a terminal whorl, with
2' or 3 small straggling ones on the stem. Peduncles an inch to an inch and half
in. length; powers white.
Nab. Shaded rivulets, on slaty hills : rare. Fl. May. Fr. July.

255. L,YSOIAVCIIIA, L.

[Gr. Lysis Mache, literally loose strife; application obscure.]
Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 5-parted. Filaments often united in a
ring at base. Capsule globose, mucronate, 5- to 10-valved, few- or
many-seeded. Perennials : leaves entire ; flowers racemose, or axil-
lary, mostly yellow, often streaked with purple.

g 1. Leaves opposite, or verticillate, subsessile, dotted ; filaments forming a ring at
base, without interposed sterile ones.

1. Li. stricta, Ait, Smooth; leaves opposite, lanceolate, acute
at each end ; flowers in a loose terminal raceme.
UPRIGHT LYSIMACHIA.

Stem 1 to 2 feet high, somewhat 4-angled, with a few axillary branches. Leaves
about 3 inches long, marked with oblong blackish dots, often bearing bulbs in the
axils. .Raceme 4 to 6 or 8 inches long ; pedicels nearly an inch in length, with
each a lance-linear bract at base.
Hob. Low, swampy grounds: not common. Fl. June. Fr. Sept.

"2. Li. quadrif olia, L. Somewhat hairy ; leaves verticillate,
ovate-lanceolate; peduncles long, axillary and solitary.
FOUR-LEAVED LYSIMACHIA. Loose-strife.

Stem 1 to 2 feet high, simple. Leaves 2 to 3 inches long, marked with oblong
dark purple dots, in verticils of 3 to 6, but usually in fours or fives. Peduncles
long and slender, but shorter than the leaves.
Hob. Low grounds; fence-rows, thickets, &c.: common. Fl. June. Fr. Aug.

$ 2. Leaves mostly opposite, on ciliate petioles, not dotted; filaments with, interposed
sterile rudiments.

3. It. ciliiYtil, L. Leaves lance-ovate, acuminate, subcordate at
base ; peduncles axillary, mostly in pairs.
CILIATE LYSIMACHIA.

Stem 2 to 3 feet high, square, grooved, with a few axillary branches. Leaves 3
to 6 inches long; ftctioles an inch to an inch and half in length, conspicuously cili-
ate. Flowers somewhat nodding ; filaments short, with intermediate teeth en the
ring ; anthers linear, finally recurved.
Ifdb . Borders of woods ; along rivulets, &c.: frequent. Fl. June. Fr. Aug.

PEIMULACEAE 179

4, L. lanceolata, Walt. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute, nar-
roAved at base to a short petiole; peduncles axillary, solitary.
L. hybrida. MX. $ Fl. Cestr. ed. 2. p. 125.
LANCEOLATE LYSIMACHIA.

Stem about 2 feet high, angular and grooved, branching from the axils. Leaves
2 to 3 inches long, mostly opposite, those near the ends of the branches sometimes
in fours ; petioles % to ^ an inch in length, somewhat margined and ciliate. Pe-
duncle* 1 to 2 inches long.
Hob. Swamps, among the slaty hills : not common. FL July. Fr. Sept.

Obs. This plant seems very much like a hybrid, as MICHAUX (or
rather RICHARD) supposed; and presents some striking varieties,
with long sublinear leaves.

TRIBE 2. ANAGALLID'EAE.

Capsule circumscissed,— the top falling off like a lid.

256. AN AGAI/LIS, Tournef.
[Gr. Anagelao, to laugh ; from its supposed exhilarating virtues.]
C'lJifx 5-parted. Corolla rotate, deeply 5-parted; lobes broad. —
Filaments hirsute. Capsule globose, many-seeded. Mostly procum-
bent smooth annuals: leaves chiefly opposite; peduncles axillary,
solitary.

1. A. arvensis, L. Leaves ovate, sessile, blackish-dotted beneath,
shorter than the peduncles; petals obovate, obtuse, crenulate and
srlandular-ciliate, longer than the stamens.
FIELD ANAGALLIS. Red Chickweed. Scarlet Pimpernel.

Stem 6 to 12 inches long, branching near the root, acutely 4-angled, or slightly
winged. Leaves about % of an inch long. Flowers orange-red, or brick-dust
color, with a purplish centre ; filaments purple, — the hairs (under a lens) jointed,
or uioniliform.
ll.ib. Fields ; roadsides, Ac. Nat. of Europe. Fl. June. Fr. Aug.

Obs. This humble foreigner is gradually extending itself through
our country. It has been remarked, in Europe, that if the flowers
are expanded in the morning, the day will prove fine, — if shut, the
contrary ; and hence it has been named the " Shepherd's Weather*
glass." Popular credulity has given to this inert little herb some
notoriety, as a medicine. It is one of the old specifics for Hydropho-
bia ; and so late as the year 1802, grave Senators of Pennsylvania
requested their Speaker to present the thanks of the Senate to an
aged German, for communicating to that body sundry particulars
about the plant, and its virtues, which had been published to the
world, over and over again — in that Farrago of Trumpery, the
Jfnteria Medica of the olden lime — long before any of those worthies
were born!

TRIBE 3. SAMOLEVAE.

Calyx-tube adherent to the base of the ovary ; capsule opening at summit by valves .

257. SADf'OLITS, L.

[From the island of Samos; where it is said to have been first found.]
Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla subcampanulate, 5-lobed, with a sterile fila-
at each cleft. Stamens included, inserted on the short tube of

180 GAMOPETALOUS EXOGEXS

the corolla. Capsule 5-valved at summit, many-seeded. Smooth
sub-agruatics : leaves alternate, entire; flowers racemose, white.

1. S. floribundUS, Kunth. Leaves obovate-oblong, or spatu-

late ; racemes long, loose, paniculate ; pedicels bracteolate near the

middle.

S. Valerandi. L. $ FL Cestr. ed. 2. p. 595.

MANY-FLOWERED SAMOLUS. Water Pimpernel.

Perennial. Stem 8 to 12 or 15 inches high, with slender spreading brunches. —
Leaves half an inch to 2 inches long, varying from obovate to spatulatc-oblong, and
rhombic-lanceolate, slightly fleshy in texture, — those on the stem and branches
sub-sessile, the radical or lower ones petiolate. Flmvers small, in slender racemes
(2 to 4 or 5 inches in length) terminating the branches ; pedicels % an inch to %
in length, filiform, with a minute subulate bractlet above the middle.
Jfab. Wet, low grounds ; Great Valley: rare. FL July. Fr. Aug.

Obs. This is now considered sufficiently distinct from the S. Vale-
randi, of Europe.

ORDER LIX. LENTIBIJLAVCEAE.

Small aquatics, or marsh herbs ; leaves mostly radical, often much dissected ; calyx
2-lipped, free from the ovary; corolla personate, or 2-lipped, spurred at base; sta-
mens 2 ; anthers 1-celled ; capsule 1-celled, bursting irregularly ; seeds numerous,
•without albumen.

258. 1TTRICUL,AVRIA, L.

[Latin, Utriculus, a little bottle; from the bladdery sacs on the leaves.]
Calyx-lips nearly equal, entire. Corolla personate, — the palate
prominent; upper lip erect. Leaves submersed, or floating, often
capillaceously dissected, and bearing little air-vessels ; scapes emerg-
ing, ascending; flowers racemose.

1. I . VHlif ill-is, L. Stem submersed; leaves decompound, seg-
ments capillaceous ; bladders numerous; scape many-flowered.
U. macrorhiza. Le Conte, $ FL Cestr. ed. 2. p. 7.
COMMON UTRICULARIA. Bladder-wort. Hooded Milfoil.

Perennial. Stem 1 to 2 or 3 feet long, leafy, immersed and slightly attached by
radicles to the mud, at bottom. Leave* 1 to 2 inches long, pinnately decompound.
teapes 5 to 10 inches long; fancer* yellow, with brown stripes on the palate, 4 to 8
or 10 in a raceme; pc.dicf.l-s about % of an inch in length, bracteate at base.
Jfab. Pools, and sluggish streams: not very common. Fl. June. Fr.

Obs. The views of Major LE CONTE— that the multifid append-
ages to the stem are genuine roots, and that our plant is specifically
distinct from the U. vulgaris of Europe — do not appear to be
adopted by later writers.

ORDER LX. OROBANCHAVCEAE.

ffrsbis, destitute of verdure (n>ftt-para*itcg) ; leurt* and bract* mere scales ; JJmvers
didynamous; calyx free from the ovary, persistent; corolla ringent. withering-
persistent; capsuJc. 1-celled, 2-valved; valvei each bearing 1 or 2 phicentw; seeds
numerous, with transparent albumen.

OROBAXCHACEAE 181

t Flowers monoicously polygamous.

259. EPIPIIITGUS, Nutt.

[Gr. Epi, upon, and Phegos, the beech ; because it grows on the roots of that tree.]
Flowers racemose on the branches; upper ones abortive, with a com-
pressed bilabiate corolla, long filaments and style ; lower ones fer-
tile, the corolla rarely opening, but pushed off by the growing
ovary. Calyx 5- toothed. Capsule obovoid, obtuse, or truncate.

1. E. Virgilliilll<l, Bart. Purplish brown; somewhat pubes-
cent in lines ; much branched ; flowers rather distant, subsessile.
E. Americanus. Nutt. $ Fl. Cestr. ed. 2. p. 376.
VIRGINIAN EPIPHEGUS. Beech-drops. Caneer-root.

Perennial f Boot tuberous, fleshy, with numerous short coarse fibres inter-
mingled with scales. Stem 6 to 12 or 15 inches high, angular, striate, with nu-
merous slender branches. Flowers in the axils of lance-ovate scales ; corolla of the
abortive ones about half an inch long, whitish, with purple stripes, — of the fertile
ones, short, not opening, apparently circumscissed below. Stamens of the abortive
flowers free, — of the fertile ones short, the anthers cohering with the stigma, in the
apex of the unexpanded corolla.
Hob. Wood-lands, under Beech trees : frequent. FL Sept. Fr. Octo.

Obs. This singular plant is remarkable for being found (like VIR-
GIL'S Shepherd) "sub tegmine Fagi" — and seems to be confined to
the roots, or immediate vicinity, of Beech trees. MICHATJX says of
its habitat — "inradice FAGI, nee aliae plantae"; nor have I ever
seen it growing elsewhere. It is considerably astringent, — and
was formerly in some repute, in the hands of cancer Doctors, and
other dealers in infallibles.

f f Flowers all perfect.
260. COIVOPH'OMS, Wallrotn.

[Gr. Konos, a Fir-cone, and Pholis,& scale; from its imbricated scales.]
Flowers in a thick scaly-bracted spike : Calyx irregularly 5-cleft,
with 2 bractlets at base. Corolla ventricose below, unequally 5-
lobed, and ringent; upper lip arched. Stamens exserted. Capsule
with 4 placentae, which are approximated in pairs on each valve.

1. C. Americana, Wallr. Yellowish brown; smooth; stem
simple, thick, covered with ovate-lanceolate imbricated scales.
Orobanche Americana. L. $ Fl. Cestr. ed. 2. p. 376.
AMERICAN CONOPHOLIS. Squaw-root.

Perennial. Stem 1 to 3 or 4 inches in length, mostly in clusters, thick and
fleshy, bearing a thick dense spike 2 to 5 inches long ; flowers subsessile, in the
axils of lance-ovate acuminate bracts; corolla dirty white, or pale brown.
Hub. Rich woodlands; along Brandy wine: not common. Fl. June. Fr. July.

261. APIIYI/LOHr, Mitchell.

[Gr. a, privative, and Phyllon, a leaf; from its naked stalks.]
Flowers solitary, on long scape-like peduncles: Calyx regularly 5-
cleft, without bractlets. Corolla with a rather long curved tube,
somewhat bilabiate, — the upper lip deeply bifid, the lobes similar
to the 3 of the lower lip. Stamens included. Capsule with 4 equi-
distant placentae.

182 GAMOPETALOUS EXOGEXS

1. A. llllifluruni, Torr. 4" Gr. Pale tawny; pubescent; stem
very short, rhizoma-like, scaly; scapes 1 to 3, slender, naked.
Orobanche uniflora. L. $ FL Cestr. ed. 2. p. 377.
ONE-FLOWERED APHYLLON. Naked Broom-rape.

Perennial? Stem half an inch to an inch and half long, often branched, or sev-
eral from the same root, covered -with a few oblong scales. Peduncles scape-like, 2
to 4 or 5 inches high, mostly 2 or 3 on each short stem. Corolla yellowish white,
veined, tinged with purple; palate with 2 yellow ridges, and corresponding grooves
beneath.
Hob. Hilly woodlands: frequent. Fl. May. Fr. July.

ORDER LXI. BIGNONIA^CEAE.

Woody, or sometimes herbaceous plants; haves mostly opposite; stipules none;
flowers didynamous (sometimes diandrous, by abortion) ; calyx 2-lipped, or 5-cleft;
corolla subcampanulate, unequally 5-lobed, deciduous; ovary free, 2-celled by the
projection of the placentae; capsule coriaceous, or woody, 2-valved, many-seeded;
seeds large, flat, often winged, destitute of albumen.

SUBORDER I. BIGNONIEVAE.

Capsule coriaceous, dehiscent; seeds winged. Trees, or woody vims.

262. CATAI/PA, Scop.

[A name said to have been derived from our Southern Indians.]
Calyx deeply 2-lipped. Corolla somewhat ventricose, sub-bilabiate.
Stamens mostly 2 perfect, and 3 abortive. Capsule very long and
slender, nearly cylindrical, 2-celled, — the partition contrary to the
valves. Seeds in a single row in each cell, winged and fringed at
each end. Trees : flowers in terminal panicles.
1. C. bignonioldes, Walt. Leaves cordate, acuminate, entire, petio-
late; panicles pyramidal.

C. cordifolia. Duham. # Fl. Cestr. ed. 2. p. 363.
BIGNONIA-LIKE CATALPA. Catawba. Bean tree.

Stem 15 to 25 feet high, with irregular spreading branches. Leaves 4 to 6 or 8
inches in length, and nearly as wide as long, opposite or ternate, pubescent be-
neath ; petioles 2 to 6 inches long. Panicles trichotomously branched, rather large ;
corolla whitish, tinged with violet-purple, the throat spotted with purple and yel-
low. Capsule 6 to 12 inches in length, and about half an inch in diameter, pendu-
lous and persistent.
Hob. Roadsides; about houses, &c.: not common. Fl. June. Fr. Octo.

Obs.. This tree is showy and handsome, when in flower,— and has
become naturalized in several localities ; though I think it is clearly
not indigenous, here, — but was probably introduced from the South,
as an ornamental shade-tree.

SUBORDER II. SESAMEVAE.

Capsule sometimes fleshy and finally woody, or of a drupaceous structure, imper-
fectly dehiscent, somewhat 4-celled; seeds not winged. Herbs; upper leaves often
alternate.

263. MARTYIV'IA, /,.

[Dedicated to John Martyn, Prof, of Botany at Cambridge, England.]
Calyx 5-cleft, with 2 or 3 bractlets at base. Corolla irregular, cam-
panulate, gibbous at base. Stamens mostly 4, didynamous. Cap-

BIGNONIACEAE 183

sule woody, with a fleshy or coriaceous deciduous con t, ovoid-oblong,
with a long beak which splits into 2 hooked claw-like horns; seeds
covered with a spongy coat, finally tuberculate-rugose.
1. M. PROBOSCID'EA, Gloxin. Viscid-pubescent; leaves orbicular-
cordate, entire, petiolate; beak longer than the capsule.
LONG-BEAKED MARTYXIA. Unicorn Plant.

Plant pale green, fetid, annual. Stem leaning or sem {procumbent, 1 to 2 feet
long, branching, fistular. Leaves 2 to 5 inches long; petioles 2 to 6 inches in length.
Flowers axillary, large ; peduncles 1 to 3 inches long; corolla ochroleucous, with
orange-colored and brownish spots within. Capsule 2 to 3 inches long, somewhat
sulcate in front, with a bipartible crest along the suture in the broad shallow
groove, tapering to a beak which is 2 to 4 inches long, finally *plit, and rigidly in-
curved.
Hob. Gardens, &c. Nat. of the S. Western States. Fl. July. FT. Sept.

Obs. This plant is cultivated for its singular fruit,— which, in
its young state — before it becomes hard and woody — is used for
making pickles.

ORDER LXIL ACANTHA^CEAE.

Chiefly Tierbs; leaves opposite, pimple, without stipules ; flowers diandrous, or di-
dynamous; corolla irregularly 5-lobed, more or less bilabiate, the lobes convolute
in the bud; stamens inserted on the tube of the corolla; capsule 2-celled, loculi-
cidal, few-seeded ; seeds without albumen.

264. DIANTTIIITRA, Gronov.

[Gr. dis, double, and anthera; the separated cells appearing like 2 anthers.]
Calyx 5-parted, with 2 or 3 bractlets at base. Corolla deeply bila-
biate; upper lip erect, notched, — lower Up 3- parted, spreading. —
Stamens 2 ; anther-cells separated, not opposite each other. Capsule
compressed, tapering to a short stipe at base, 4-seeded. Perennial
subaquatics : flowers in axillary pedunculate heads, or short spikes.

1. I>. Americana, L. Glabrous; leaves linear-lanceolate j
spikes oblong, dense-flowered, on long peduncles.
Justiciapedunculosa. MX. § Fl. Cestr. ed. 2. p. 591.
AMERICAN DIANTHERA.

Rtem about 2 feet high, rather slender, simple, or sparingly branched from the
axils. Leaves 3 to 6 inches long, narrowed at base to a short petiole. Spikes % to
% of an inch long, on slender peduncles 1 to 4 inches in length; corolla pale violet-
purple. Capsule about half an inch long.
Hob. Margins of streams ; Schuylkill : rare. Fl. June. Fr. Aug.

ORDER LXIII. SCROPHULARIA^CEAE.

Chiefly herbs; leaves alternate, opposite, or verticillate, without stipules ; flowers
pentandrous, didynamous, or diandrous; corolla irregularly 5-lobed, subrotate,
personate, or bilabiate, — the lobes imbricated in the bud ; stamens inserted on the
tube of the corolla; capsule 2-celled, mostly 2-valved, usually many-seeded; pla-
centae united in the axis ; embryo small, in copious albumen.

This Order comprises nearly 150 genera,^affording many curious and rather
handsome powers — some troublesome weeds — and a few plants of considerable me-
dicinal power, especially the purple Ibxglove (Digitalis purpurea, L.). The Fau-
lotvnia imperialis, of SIEBOLD and ZUCCARJNI — recently introduced from Japan, as

184 GAMOPETALOUS EXOGEXS

an ornamental sliade-tree — belongs here; though its general habit, or aspect, would
lead one to look feu it beside the Catalpa. It is scarcely, yet, entitled to a place in
our Flora.

SUBORDER I. ANTIRRHINID'EAE.

Upper lip of the corolla outermost, covering the lobes of the lower, in the bud;
capsule usually septicidal.

f Corolla subrotate ; leaves all alternate.

265. VERB AS'CIIM, L.

[Quasi Barbascum: Latin, Burba, beai-d; from its bearded, or woolly habit.]
Calyx 5-parted. Corolla nearly equally 5-lobed, concave-spread-
ing. Stamens 5, declined; filaments unequal, all (or the 3 upper
ones) hairy. Capsule ovoid, or globose; seeds rugose- pitted. —
Chiefly biennials : flowers in dense spikes, or paniculate racemes.

1. V. Thdpsus., L. Densely hoary-tomentose ; stem stout, simple;
leaves lance-oval, entire, the cauline ones decurrent; flowers in a
thick dense terminal spike; 2 lower filaments smooth.

THAPSUS VERBASCUM. Common Mullein.

Plant pale greyish-green ; pubescence much branched. Stem 3 to 6 feet high. —
Radical leaves 6 to 12 inches long, entire, subsessile; stem-leares smaller. Spike 6
to 12 or 15 inches long, cylindric, about an inch in diameter; flowers subsessile,
bracteate, bright yellow.
Hab. Neglected fields ; roadsides, &c. Fl. June. Fr. Aug.

Obs. This foreigner (common throughout Europe, though named
as if originating in the isle of Thapws,) is abundantly naturalized
in all our older settlements ; and its prevalence is one of the certain
signs of a negligent slovenly farmer. The plant seems apt to hy-
bridize,— or, at least, subject to some remarkable varieties; as I
have occasionally found it with the spike less dense, the bracts
larger, the stem-leaves ovate and acuminate, with one or more
pedunculate flowers in the axil of nearly every leaf: possibly a cross-
breed from V. Lychnitis, L. which is frequent around Philadelphia.

2. V. Blattaria, L. Smoothish and green; stem rather slender,
often branched; leaves oblong, serrate, not decurrent; flowers ra-
cemose ; filaments all hairy.

MOTH VERBASCUM. Moth Mullein.

Biennial? Stem 2 to 4 feet high, angular. Learns 2 to 4 or 5 inches long,— the
loioer ones petiolate, often sinuate-pinnatifid, the upper ones sessile and clasping.
Kacune 6 to 18 inches long, leafy or bracteate, glandular-pubescent; pedicels % an.
inch to an inch in length ; flowers greenish-white with a tinge of purple, or bright
yellow.
Hjb. Pastures; road sides, &c. Nat. of Europe. FL June. Fr. Aug.

Obs. The variety with whitish, purple-tinged flowers, has become a
common weed in Chester County ; the other is more rare. It ap-
pears, by the Bartram Correspondence, that about the year 1735,
PETER COLLINSON sent the seeds of the " Yellow Moth Mullein" to
JOHN BARTRAM, as a curiosity — among many others; and that is no
doubt the way the yellow variety came to be so common around
Philadelphia. This species was named under the notion (which
requires confirmation,) that it possessed the virtue of expelling
Moths from among clothing.

SCROPHULARIACEAE 185

ft Corolla personate, with a spur, or sac, at base; capsule opening ly chinks, or

266. UL\AVRIA, Tournef.
[Latin, Linum, flax; from a resemblance, in some species.]
Calyx 5-parted. Corolla with a prominent palate closing the throat ;
upper lip bifid, the lobes folded back. Stamens 4, didynamous, with
a minute rudiment of a fifth. Capsule ovoid, or globose, thin, open-
ing by 1 or 2 chinks, and by several teeth at apex ; seeds often mar-
gined. Leaves mostly alternate ; Jloieers racemose.
1. L. vulgaris, Mill. Smooth and glaucous; stem erect, slender,
often simple; leaves, lance-linear, acute, numerous; raceme termi-
nal, crowded; corolla spurred at base.
COMMON LINARIA. Toad-flax. Ranstead-weed. Butter-and-eggs.

Perennial. Root creeping, subligneous. Stem 1 to 2 or 3 feet high, terete, leafy,
sometimes branched, especially near the summit, usually growing in bunches or
small patches. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long. Flowers in a bracteate raceme termi-
nating the stem, and branches; corolla pale greenish-yellow, — the palate bright
orange-color; throat villous; spur subulate, about half an inch long. Capsule
ovoid-oblong; seeds with a dilate! orbicular margin.
Hub. Pastures; fence-rows, Ac. Nat. of Europe. .FZ.June. Fr. Aug.

Obs. This showy, but worthless, and prevalent weed, is said to
have been sent from Wales, as a garden flower, to a Mr. Ranstead,
of Philadelphia. JOHN BARTRAM, writing of the troublesome plants,
in Pennsylvania, near a century since, says — "The most mischiev-
ous of these, is the stinking yellow Linaria. It is the most hurtful
plant to our pastures that can grow in our northern climate. Neith-
er the spade, plough, nor hoe, can eradicate it, when it is spread in
a pasture. Every little fibre that is left, will soon increase prodigi-
ously; nay, some people have rolled great heaps of logs upon it,
and burnt them to ashes, whereby the earth was burnt half a foot
deep, yet it put up again, as fresh as ever, covering the ground so
close as not to let any grass grow amongst it; and -the cattle can't
abide it," This is rather stronger testimony than I am prepared to
bear against the plant ; but it is certainly a monopolizing and most
unwelcome intruder, on our farms, — and requires persevering efforts
to get rid of it. Specimens of that remarkable form of the flower,
known by the name of Peloria — with a regular 5-lobed corolla, 5
spurs, and 5 perfect stamens — are occasionally to be met with. —
They are frequently, if not always, late flowers, — situated at the
summit of the raceme of full-grown capsules, and apparently the
latest floral developments of the plant. Sometimes these Pelorias
are tetranierous ; i. e. the corolla is 4-lobed, with 4 spurs, and 4
stamens. Altogether, the phenomenon is an interesting illustration
of the curious metamorphoses to which the organs of plants are sub-
ject.

•f- f f Corolla more or less bilabiate, witliout spur or sac at base ; capsule 2- to -i-valwd.
* Stamens i perfect, mostly wiUi a conspicuous riulimtnt of a fifth.

SCROPHUXA^RIA, Tournef.

[So named from its supposed virtue in curing ficrujj/nila.']
Calyx 5-parted. Corolla-tube globular-ventricose ; border irregu-

186 GAMOPETALOUS EXOGENS

larly bilabiate, — the upper lip longer, 2-lobed, — lower lip 3-lobed,
the middle lobe reflexed. Stamens didynamous, with a scale-like ru-
diment of a fifth at the base of the upper lip. Capsule ovoid, acute ;
seeds ovoid, rugose. Leaves mostly opposite; flowers cymose, in a
contracted oblong terminal panicle.

1. S. 11O«1 v*Sfcl, L. Smoothish; stem square, tall, branched above;

leaves lance-ovate, acute, incised-serrate, rounded at base.

S. Marilandica. L. $ FL Cestr. ed. 2. p. 370.

NODOSE SCROPHULARIA. Fig-wort. Carpenter's Square.

Perennial. Stem 3 to 5 or 6 feet high, with a slight wing or ridge on the angles,
by the decurrence of the petioles. Leives 3 to 5 inches long, the upper ones lance-
olate; petioles % an inch to 2 inches in length. Panicle 9 to 18 inches long (those
terminating the branches shorter), sprinkled with glandular or capitate hairs;
corolla dull purplish-brown tinged with green, contracted at throat; stamens con-
spicuous in the throat of the corolla, — the abortive one a green spatulate scale.
Hob. Woods; fence-rows, &c.: frequent. Fl. June. Fr. Aug.

Obs. This is now regarded as not sufficiently distinct from the S,
nodosa, of Europe.

268. CHELOWE, Tournef.

[Gr. Chelone, a Tortoise; the flower resembling the head of that animal.]

Calyx of 5 imbricated sepals. Corolla inflated-tubular, — the upper
lip broad and arched, emarginate, — lower lip villous within, 3-lobed
at apex. Stamens didynamous, with a fifth sterile filament shorter
than the others ; filaments woolly ; anthers cordate, very woolly. —
Capsule ovoid; seeds membranaceously margined. Smooth perenni-
als: leaves opposite; flowers imbricated in crowded bracteate
spikes.

1. C. glftlfora, L. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, serrate, subcoria-

ceous, on very short petioles.

GLABROUS CHELONE. Shell-flower. Tortoise-head. Snake-head.

Stf.m 2 to 3 feet high, obtusely 4-angled, simple or sparingly branched. Leaves
2 to 4 or 5 inches long. Spikes 1 to 2 or 3 inches in length, thick and crowded ;
bracts ovate-oblong ; flowers white; sterile- filament smooth at summit.
Hdb. Along swampy rivulets: frequent. Fl. Aug. Fr. Octo.

269.

[Gr. Pente, five, and Stemon, a stamen; from the fifth abortive stamen.]
Calyx of 5 nearly distinct sepals. Corolla inflated-tubular, con-
tracted below; upper lip 2-lobed, loiocr lip 8-cleft. Stam ens didyna-
mous, smooth, declined at base, with a fifth sterile filament usually
as long as the others, and the upper half often bearded on one side,
Capsule ovoid, acute ; seeds angular-ovoid, not margined. 2'erenni-
als : leaves opposite ; flowers in a terminal thyrsoid panicle.

1. IP. putltSCens, Soland. More or less hairy; radical leaves
ovate-oblong, petiolate ; stem-leaves lanceolate, sessile or clasping.
PUBESCENT PENTSTEMON.

Stem 9 to 15 inches high, erect or decumbent, nearly simple, or branching from
the base. Leaves 2 to 4 or 5 inches long, tapering to the apex, but rather obtuse,
serrulate, or nearly entire. Panicle di- or tri-chotomous, viscid-pubescent; corolla
about an inch long, palish violet-purple, pubescent,— the tube contracted below,

SCROPHULARIACEAE 187

inflated above; sterile filament longer than the others, densely bearded on the up-

per side from the apex more than half way to the base.

JEIab. Hills, along Schuylkill : not common. FL June. Fr. Aug.

Obs. The P. laevigatus, of SOLANDER, is now regarded as a variety
of this; though, as I have been accustomed to see it, in gardens,
it appears to be pretty distinct, — and every way a much finer
plant.

* * Stamens 4 perfect, and no rudiment of a fifth.

270. MIM'iriJJS, L.

[Or. Mimo, an Ape; in allusion to its grinning flowers.]
Calyx tubular, prismatic, 5-angled, 5-toothed. Corolla tubular,
somewhat personate; upper lip 2-lobed, reflexed at the sides, — lower
lip 3-lobed, with the palate prominent. Stamens didynamous, in-
cluded. Stigma 2-lipped. Capsule lance-ovoid ; seeds acute at each
end. Mostly smooth perennials: stem square; leaves opposite;
flowers on axillary solitary peduncles. A species from Oregon (M.
moschatus, Dougl.) is remarkable for exhaling a strong odor of
musk.

1. M. ringens, L, Leaves sessile, lanceolate; peduncle longer
than the flower; calyx-teeth lance-ovate, acuminate.

GRINNING MIMULUS. Monkey-flower.

Stem 12 to 18 inches high, somewhat branched. Leaves 2 to 4 or 5 inches long.
sharply serrate, somewhat clasping. Peduncles an inch to an inch and half in
length. Calyx-tube about half an inch long. Corolla pale violet-purple. — the tube
% to yA longer than the calyx.
Hub. Moist, low grounds: frequent. Fl. Aug. Fr. Septem.

2. M. alatus, Ait. Leaves petiolate, oblong-ovate; peduncle
shorter than the flower ; calyx-teeth rounded, mucronate.
WINGED MIMULUS.

Stem 1 to 2 or 3 feet high, slightly winged on the angles, sparingly branched.—
Leaves 2 or 3 to 5 or 6 inches long, somewhat obtusely sinuate-serrate, or dentate,
thin, tapering at base to a petiols, % an inch to an inch in length. Peduncles % to
half an inch long. Corolla, pale violet>purple.
Hob. Low grounds ; along rivulets : frequent. Fl. July. Fr. Sept.

* * * Stamens only 2 perfect, posterior, included; often with rudiments of otliers.

271. GRATTOL-A, L.

[Latin, Gratia, grace, or favor; from its supposed medicinal virtues.]
Calyx 5-parted; segments narrow, nearly equal; mostly 2 bractlets
at the base of the calyx. Corolla tubular, sub-bilabiate. Sterile
filaments anterior, simple, sometimes wholly wanting. Capwle 4-
valved, many-seeded. Leaves opposite ; peduncles axillary, 1 -flow-
ered.

1. O. Yirginlana, L. Stem terete; leaves lance-oblong, nar-
rowed at base, sessile; sterile filaments wanting.
VIRGINIAN GRATIOLA. Hedge Hyssop. /

Annual f Stem 4 to 8 or 10 inches long, decumbent or oblique, branching from
the base. Leaves % of an inch to 1% inches long, varying from lance-oblong to

188 GAMOPETALOUS EXOGENS

epatulate, often nearly entire, somewhat clasping. Peduncles % an inch to an

inch long; corolla pale yellow, with tinges of red.

JIab. Miry places; along rivulets : frequent. FL June. Fr, July.

212. IL.YSA1VTII1ES, Rafin.

[Gr. Ilys, mire, and anthos, a flower; from, its usual place of growth.]
Calyx nearly equally 5-parted, naked at base. Corolla tu-
bular, bi-labiate ; upper lip short, erect, 2-lobed. Sterile filaments
anterior, forked, — one branch obtuse and glandular, the other
acute, short and tooth-like. Capsule ovoid-oblong, 2-valved? —
Smooth annuals : leaves opposite ; peduncles axillary, 1 -flowered.

1. I. gratiololdes, Benth. Stem square; leaves ovate and ob-
ovate, narrowed at base, the upper ones partly clasping.
Lindernia attenuata. Muhl. $ FL Ccs-tr. ed. 2. p. 364.
GRATIOLA-LIKE ILYSANTHES. False Pimpernel.

Stem 4 to 6 or 8 inches high, erect, or decumbent and radicating at the lower
nodes, often diffusely branching. Leaves ]/z an inch to an inch long, the lower
ones obovate, or spatulatc, nearly entire, narrowed almost to a petiole at base. —
Peduncles shorter (or the upper and later ones often longer) than the leaves, 4-
angled ; corolla pale bluish-purple, about twice as long as the calyx.
HaJb. Low, swampy grounds : not very common. FL. July. Fr. Aug.

SUBORDER II. RHINANTHID'EAE.

Lateral lobes of the corolla, or one of them (never the upper lip), outermost in the
bud; capsule mostly loculicidal.

a. Corolla with the lobes spreading and flat.

273. VERONICA.

[Etymology obscure; perhaps the flower of St. Veronica."]
Calyx 5- or 4-parted. Corolla tubular with a spreading border, or
sub-rotate, unequally 4-lobed, — the lateral lobes, or the lower one,
usually narrower. Stamens 2, one on each side of the upper or pos-
terior corolla-lobe, exserted ; anther-cells confluent at apex. Capsule
ovoid, or obcordate and compressed at apex, 2-celled, many- or few-
seeded.

§ 1. PERENNIAL, f Leaves verticillate. ; flowers in dense terminal spttes ; corolla-tube
longer than the calyx ; capsule ovoid.

1. V. Virgintca, L. Stem tall and straight; leaves on short

petioles, lanceolate, serrate; spikes long, panicled or aggregated;

stamens much exserted.

Leptandra Virginica. Nutt. $ FL Cestr. ed. 2. p. 6.

VIRGINIAN VERONICA. Tall Speedwell.

Stem 2 to 5 or 6 feet high, simple, obtusely angled. Leaves 3 to 6 inches long,
tapering to a sharp point, glaucous beneath, and hairy along the nerves, — usually
in verticils of 4 or 5, — occasionally 6, and sometimes only 3. Spikes 3 to 6 inches
long, on peduncles 2 to 3 inches in length ; flowers white, subsessile ; bracts small,
acuminate.
Hob. Low grounds ; borders of woods : frequent. FL July. Fr. Sept.

Obs. This plant is now referred back to Veronica, by the high
authority of BENTIIAM, DE CANDOLLE, and A. GRAY; though it
seems to me, that many genera are permitted to stand on quite as
blender a foundation as Mr. NUTTALL'S Leptandra.

SCROPHULARIACEAE 189

tf Leaves opposite; corolla rotate; capsule mostly obcordate.
* Flowers in opposite axillary racemes.

2. V. Anagftllis, L, Stem erect, rooting near the base ; leaves
lanceolate, acute, denticulate, sessile and clasping.

Water Speedwell.

Stem 12 to 18 inches high, simple, rather coarse and fleshy, somewhat roughish-
pubesrent, with verticils of slender radicle* from the lower nodes. Leaves 2 to 3
inches long. Racemes 2 to 4 inches long, on stout succulent peduncles 1 to 2 inches
in length; bracts linear-lanceolate, as long as the pedicels; corolla pale blue with
purple stripes ; capsule tumid.
Hub. Brooks, and ditches: not common. Fl. June. Fr. August.

3. V. Americ&na, Schweinitz. Stem decumbent at base ; leaves
lance-ovate, or oblong, serrate, on short petioles.

V. Beccabunga. L. $ FL Cestr. ed. 2. p. 4.
AJIERICAN VERONICA. Brooklime.

"Whole plant glabrous. Stem 9 to 15 inches long, simple, radicating from the
lower nodes. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, rather acute, of Urn subcordate at base ;
jx-tioles 1 line to ]/2 an inch in length. Ifacemcs 2 to 4 inches long, on peduncles
about an inch in length ; corolla bright blue.
Hal). Muddy springs, and rivulets: frequent. FL June. Fr. Aug.

Obs. Allied to F. Beccalunga, of Europe; but probably suffi-
ciently distinct.

* * Flowers in alternate arittary racemes.

4. V. SClltell&ta, L. Stem ascending, slender; leaves lance-
linear, acute, denticulate, subsessile ; racemes slender, loosely few-
flowered.

SHIELD-LIKE VERONICA. Scull-cap Speedwell.

Plant smooth. Stem 8 to 15 inches long, often branched. Leave* 2 to 3 inches
long, narrow, sometimes nearly entire. Racemes 1 to 3 or 4 inches long, flaccid,
on pelunde* 1 to 2 inches in length; pedicels filiform; corolla, purplish- blue, or
flesh-colored.
JIab. Low, swampy grounds: not common. FL June. Fr. July.

5. F. cffficinitlis, L Stem prostrate; leaves ovate and cnneate-
obovate, serrate, oil short petioles; racemes assurgent, densely
many-flowered.

OFFICINAL VERONICA. Common, or Male Speedwell.

Plant hairy. Stem (5 to 12 inches long, diffuse, with ascending branches. Leaves
% of an inch to an inch and half long, pale green, or somewhat hoary. Racemes
2 to 4 inches in length, on peduncles about an inch long: flowers nearly sessile;
arrolla pale blue, with darker veins; ctipsule pubescent, yellowish.
Hub. Dry banks; open woodlands : frequent. Fl. June. Fr. Aug.

Obs. This species is supposed to be indigenous on the Southern
Mountains ; but I think our plant has been introduced from Europe.

* * * Flowers in a terminal raceme, — t)u. lower bracts retemUiHg the stem-leares.

6. F. serpifllifblia, L. Smooth: stem prostrate nt base: branches
ascending; leaves roundish-ovate; racemes conspicuously bracteate.
THYMK-LHAVKD VERONICA. Paul's Betony.

,y/-.?H o to C or 8 inches long (including the raceme), radicating at the prostrate

190 GAMOPETALOUS EXOGENS

diffusely branching base. Leaves % to half an inch long, somewhat fleshy in tex-
ture, — the lower ones on short petioles. Raceme erect, rather loose ; flowers solitary,
in the axils of elliptic leaf-like bracts; corolla pale blue (sometimes nearly white),
with deeper blue stripes; capsule broadly obcordate, ciliate.
Hab. Moist, grassy grounds. Nat. of Europe. Fl. May. Fr. June.

g 2. ANNUALS : lower leaves opposite, upper alternate.
f Flowers subsessile, in the axils of leaf -like, bracts.

T. T'. peregrina, L. Smooth ; stem erect ; leaves orate, and obleag,
rather obtuse, dentate-serrate; capsule orbicular, slightly notched.
FOREIGN VERONICA. Purslane-leaved Speedwell. Neckweed.

Stem 3 to 6 inches high, often branched at base. Leaves half an inch to near an
inch long, fleshy, — tipper ones sessile, lower ones petiolate. Calyx-lobes resembling
the small upper leaves, or bracts. Corolla white, small and caducous, — the lobes
nearly equal.
Iftb. Gardens, and lots. FL May. Fr. June.

Obs. Mr. BENTHAM (in DC. Prodr.) seems to think this is an
American plant, and has been carried hence to Europe. However
that may be, it has every appearance of a stranger, in Chester
County. It \vas, at one time, supposed to possess medicinal vir-
tues, in scrofulous affections, — which acquired for it the name of

S. V. arvensis, L. Hairy; rather erect; lower leaves cordate-ovate,
incised-crenate, petiolate, — upper ones lanceolate, entire, sessile;
capsule broadly obcordate, much compressed, ciliate.
FIELD VERONICA. Corn Speedwell.

Stem 2 or 3 to 6 inches high, erect or assurgent, simple or often much branched
at base. Leaves % to half an inch long. Calyx-lobes unequal. Corolla pale blue,
shorter than the calyx.
Hab. Dry banks; roadsides, &c. Nat. of Europe. Fl. May. Fr. June.

t f Flowers pedunculate, axillary and solitary.

5). I", hcderaefolia, L. Hairy; prostrate; leaves roundish-ovate,
8- or 5-lobed, petiolate; peduncles longer than the leaves.
IVY-LEAVED VERONICA.

Mem 5 to 10 inches long, flaccid, diffuse, pnbesccntin lines. Leaves half an inch
in length, and as wide as long; lowest pair (primordial? or seminal?) roundish-
oval. entire, on long petioles ; lower stem-leaves mostly 5-lobed. upper ones 3-lobed.
Cffralla blue, shorter than the calyx. Capsule turgid, rugose.
Hab. Banks of Ridley creek. Nat. of Europe. FL April. Fr. May.

Obs. This pretty little species is yet quite rare, with us. Two
other procumbent species are partially naturalized in the U. States.
viz: V. agresti^ L. in the South, — and V. JBuxbaumii, Ten. in and
around the old Bartram Garden', but they have not yet reached
Chester County.

274. BUCIIIVE^RA, L.

[Dedicated to John Gottfried ttuc/tncr ; an early German Botanist.]
Calyx ovoid-tubular, o-toothed. Corolla salver-form; tube slender,
slightly curved; border nearly equally o-lobed; lobes cuueate-obo-
vate. Stamens didynanious, included; anthers 1-celled. Style clu-

SCROPHULARIACEAE 191

vate, entire at summit. Capsule ovoid-oblong. Roughish-hairy
perennial*, — turning greyish-black in drying: leaves opposite, or the
upper ones alternate; flowers opposite, in a terminal bracteate spike,
with lateral bractlets.

I. 15. Amerir.iiisi, L. Stem simple; lower leaves obovate-
oblong, the others oblong and lanceolate, denticulate, sessile ; spike
elongating, interrupted.

AMERICAN BUCHNERA.

Stem 1 to 2 feet high, slender, terete, virgate at summit. Leaves 1 to 2 Inches
long, scabrous with hairs enlarged at base. Spike finally 2 to 4 inches in length ;
liruds ovate-lanceolate, ciliate; corolla deep purple, the tube twice as long as the
calyx, hairy. Capside somewhat oblique and gibbous at base, compressed at apex.

II. ib. Meadows, and moist sterile banks : not common. Fl. Aug. Fr. Octo.

GERARD 14, L.

[Dedicated to John Gerard; an early English Botanist.]

Calyx campanulate, 5-toothed, or 5-cleft. Corolla sub-campanulate,
or somewhat funnel-form, unequally 5-lobed. Stamens didynamous,
hairy, included; anthers 2-celled; cells parallel, often pointed at
base. Capsule ovoid, acute. Leaves mostly opposite, entire, or
pinnatifid; flowers large, axillary, often racemose, or spiked, purple,
or yellow.

§1. ANNUALS: flowers purple ; anthers pointless; leaves sm#e.
f Calyx-teeth sliort ; leaves narrow, entire.

1 . G. tenuif olia, Vahl. Smoothish, slender and bushy; leaves
linear ; peduncles filiform, longer than the flowers.
SLENDER-LEAVED GERARDIA.

Stem. 9 tg 12 or 15 inches high. Leaves % °f an *ncn to 1% inches long, very
narrow, somewhat scabrous on the upper surface. Calyx with minute teeth. Co-
rnlht palish purple.
Hal. Woodlands, and old fields: common. FL Aug. Fr. Octo.

•-2. Cr. purpftrea, L. lloughish; branches spreading, rigid;
leaves lance-linear; peduncles subclavate, shorter than the flowers.
PURPLE GERARDIA.

to 2 feet high, somewhat 4-angled. Leaves % of an inch to \% inches
long, very scabrous on the upper surface. Culyx with subulate teeth. Corolla
deep purple; lobes villose-ciliate.
//«/>. Swampy, low grounds : frequent. FL Aug. Fr. Octo.

ft Calyx 5-deft; leaves broadi&h, auriculate-lobed at base.

3. G. ciiiriciiB.'il&i, MX. Rough-hairy; stem nearly simple;

leaves ovate-lanceolate, the upper ones with lance-oblong lobes at

base.

AURICULATE GERARDIA.

Xicm 9 to 18 inches high, terete, retrorsely hirsute. L".avts an inch to 1% inches
long, scabrous on both sides. Flowers axillary, forming an interrupted leafy spike.
Ciilyx-xegments ovate-lanceolate. Corolla purple (rarely milk-white) ; lobes ciliate.
Hal. Fields, and low grounds; W. Chester: rare. FL Aug. Fr. Octo.

Obs. This species is remarkable for making a transient appear-
ance, here, at long intervals. It was first discovered in 1810; neit

192 GAMOPETALOUS EXOGENS '

in 1827, when it was rather abundant; but it has been rarely seen,
since.

2 2. PERENNIALS: flowers yellow; anthers awn-pointed at base; leaves all, or tJte
lower one f, pinnatifid, more or less petiolate.

4. G. 11 siva, L. Finely pubescent; stem mostly simple, "Father

tall ; leaves lance-oblong, — the lower ones sinuate-dentate, w pin-

natifid.

YELLOW GERARDIA.

Stem 2 to 3 or 4 feet high, sub-terete, clothed with a short cinereous 'pubescence.
Leaves 2 to 5 or 6 inches long, roughish-pubescent,— upper ones lanceolate, sub-
sessile and nearly entire, the lower ones lance-oblong, often somewhat pinnatifid,
narrowed at base to a distinct petiole. Flmvers opposite, subsessile, op$¥oximated
in a terminal leafy spike 4 to 6 or 8 inches in length.
Hub. Hilly woodlands : common. Fl. July. Fr. SeptenK

«5. G. quercif vliSly Pursh. Smooth and glaucous; stem usual-
ly tall and branching ; leaves oblong-ovate,— thfe lower ones deeply
pinnatifid.

G. glauca. Eddy. $FL Cestr. ecL 2. p. 806.
OAK-LEAVED GERAUDIA.

Stem 3 to 4 or 5 feet high, obtusely 4-angled, often purplish, but bluish-glaucous
withal. Leaves 2 to 6 or 7 inches long, conspicuously veined ; lower ones sometimes
bipinnatifid; upper ones lanceolate, toothed, or entire; all narrowed at base to a
distinct slender petiole. Flmvers on subclavate peduncles % to near ]/2 an inch
long.
Hab. Rich, rocky woodlands: not common. Fl. Aug. Fr. Octo.

6. O. pedicul&ria, L. Pubescent; stem bushy-branched;
leaves lance-oblong, all pinnatifid, or doubly incised- serrate.
PEDICULARIS-LIKE GERARDIA. .

Stem 1 to 3 feet high, subferete, paniculately branching, glandular and viscid-
pubescent at summit. Leartv 1 to 3 or4 inches long, subsessile; segments crcnatt- ly
incised-serrate. P&ltincles \£ to % of an inch long, subclavate, glandular-villous;
calyx-segments foliaceous, crenately incised, longer than the tube.
Hab. Woodlands, on slaty hills: frequent. FL Aug. Fr. Octo.

Obs. This, and the preceding species, are handsome enough to
claim a place in our flower-gardens, and borders.

b. Corolla ringent,—the upper lip erect, arched, including the. stamens.
f Anther-cells unequal, and separated.

276. CASTIUJETJA, Mmi*.

[Dedicated to a Spanish Botanist, at Cadiz, named flistillrjo.}
Calyx ovoid-tubular,— the border compressed, bifid, or 4-cleft. Co-
rolla-tube included in , the calyx; upper Up long, linear, laterally
compressed; lower lip short, 3-lobed. Stamens didynamous ; anther-
cells oblong-linear, — the outer one fixed by the middle, the inner one
pendulous. Capsule compressed, elliptic-ovate, many-seeded. Seeds
pyriform; seed-coat loosely reticulated. Leaves mostly alternate,
deeply incised, or entire, the floral ones (bracts) often colored at
summit; flowers in a terminal leafy epike.

SCROPHULARIACEAE 193

1. C. COCCiliea, Spreng. Hairy; stem simple; leaves linear-

oblong, sessile, pinnatifidly incised ; bracts trifid, crimson at sum-

mit; calyx bifid.

Euchroma coc^inea. Nutt. $ Fl. Cestr. ed. 2. p. 375.

CRIMSON CASTILLEJA. Painted cup. Ked Robin.

Annual? Stem 9 to 18 inches high, erect, often several from the same root, fre-
quently dark purple. leaves 1 to 2 inches long, — the radical ones often spatulate-
linear, entire on the margin, and incised at apex, — the stemrleaves linear, with 2
or 3 long linear diverging segments on each side. Bracts cuneate, villous an£
ciliate, crowded at, the summit of the stem. Calyx-segments tipt with crimson. —
Corolla dull greenish-yellow.
Hob. Low grounds: margins of swamps: frequent. Fl. April. Fr. June.

f f Anther-cells equal. * Capsule several-seeded.

PEI>ICUI,4VRIS, Tournef.
["Latin, Peflicuhts, a louse; from a supposed efficacy in destroying those insects.]
Calyx ovoid-tubular, or campanulate, 2- 3- or 5-cleft. Corolla with
the upper lip arched, laterally compressed, often toothed at apex;
lower lip erect at base, 2-crested above, 3-lobed, the middle lobe
narrower. Stamens didynamous ; anthers transverse ; cells pointless.
Capsule compressed, obliquely ovate, or lanceolate. Perennial* :
leaves chiefly alternate, often pinnatifid ; flowers in terminal bracte-
ate spikes.

1. P. CanadsnsiS, L. Hairy; stems clustered, oblique; leaves
lance-oblong, pinnatifid; calyx obliquely truncate; upper lip of
the corolla with 2 setaceous teeth at apex.

CANADIAN PEDICULARIS. Wood Betony. Common Louse-wort.

(Stems 6 to 12 inches long, mostly decumbent, simple. Leaves 1 to 4 or 5 inches
long, villous when young, finally smoothish; petioles half an inch to 2 inches in
length (radical petioles 2 to 5 or 6 inches long). Fpikes capitate, leafy at base,
finally elongating; bracts oblong, crenate-dentate at apex. Corolla yellowi.-h,
often tinged with brownish purple, fltpsule with a long ensiform acumination.
Jfab. Woods; knolls in swamps, <fec.: frequent. FL May. Fr. June.

2. P. laraceol^ta, MX. Smoothish; stem erect; leaves sub-
opposite, lanceolate, doubly and crenately incised; calyx-segments
foliaceous, rounded ; upper lip of the corolla with a short truncate
beak.

P. pallida. Punk. £ FL Cestr. ed. 2. p. 374.
LANCEOLATE PEDICULARIS. Tall Louse-wort.

Stem 1 to 2 feet high, somewhat branched, terete below, obtusely 4-anglod above.
lAiave-S 2 to 4 inches long, subeoriaceous, rugose-veined; ]/eHnlc* ^ to^ of an inch
in length, fiirii'sex 1 to 2 inches in length ; Irract-st lance-ovate, crennte-scrrate, often
incised below the middle, ami fringed with membranaceous cilia. Corolla pale
greenish-yellow. C,tpi>ulc short, ovate.
7/,i&. Low grounds; thickets, &c.: frequent. Fl. Aug. Fr. Octo.

** Capsul

, Tournef.

[Gr.Mt'lnx. black, and /'//m<, wheat; the seeds resembling grains of wheat.]
Calyx 4-cleft ; segments slender, bristly-pointed. Corolla-tube en-
larging above ; upper Up laterally compressed, with the margins

13

194 GAMOPETALOUS EXOGENS

folded back; lower lip grooved, nearly equally 3-lobed. Stamens
didynamous ; anthers nearly vertical ; cells minutely pointed at base.
Capsule membranaceous, compressed, oblique, 1- to 4-seeded; seeds
cylindric-oblong. Annuals: leaves opposite; flower* axillary, in
terminal leafy racemes.

1* M. pratense, L. var. Americanum, Benth. (in DC). Leaves

lance-ovate, and lance-linear, — the floral ones setaceously sinuate-

dentate at base.

M. Americanum. MX. $ Fl. Cestr. ed. 2. p. 373.

MEADOW MELAMPYRTJM. Cow-wheat.

Stem 8 to 15 inches high, sub-terete, brachiately branching, pubescent in linee.
Leaves 1 to 2 Inches long, smoothish ; lower ones sub-linear, obtuse, entire, — those
above, ovate-lanceolate, mostly entire, acuminately tapering, — the floral ones ovate-
lanceolate, whitish at base, with a few slender divaricate teeth on each side ; peti-
oles ^s to J^ of an inch in length. Corolla ochroleucous, with tinges of yellow and
purple.
Hob. Dry woods ; slaty hills : frequent. Fl. June. Fr. Aug.

ORDER LXIV. VERBENACEAE.

Herbs (or shrubs, and even trees, within the tropics) ; leaves mostly opposite, with-
out stipules; corolla irregular, often bilabiate ; stamens mostly didynamous ; ovary
free, entire, with the style terminal ; fruit dry (sometimes drupaceous), 1- to 4-
celled, usually splitting into as many 1-seeded nutlets; seeds with little or no albu-
men. — An Order furnishing but few and unimportant plants, in this region. —
though comprising many that are highly interesting to the florist ; such as the
showy Verbenas, the fragrant Lantanas, &c. The tree which supplies the " ever-
during Teak," of India(Tecfo«a grandis, L.f.} — so celebrated in ship-building — also
belongs to this Order.

. VERBENA, L.

[The Latin name for the leaves of any sacred herb ; etymology obscure.]
Calyx tubular, 5-toothed, — one tooth often shorter. Corolla tubu-
lar, often curved, salver-form, — the border rather unequally 5-lobed.
Stamens included, — the upper pair sometimes without anthers. —
Fruit splitting into 4 nutlets. Flowers in terminal, often paniculate,
bracteate spikes.

1. V. liastata, L. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, doubly
incised-serrate, — the lower ones often hastate-lobed ; spikes fasci-
cled or corymbose-paniculate, dense-flowered.
HASTATE VERBENA. Blue Vervain. Simpler's Joy.

Perennial. Stem 3 to 5 feet high, roughish-pubescent, mostly purple, with
rather short erect axillary branches above. Leaves 3 to 5 inches long; petioles
half an inch to an inch in length. Spikes 1 or 2 to 5 inches long, erect, thickish,
purple; flowers somewhat imbricated; bracts ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, shorter
than the calyx; corolla bluish purple, pubescent.
Hab. Swampy meadows ; along streams : frequent. FL July. Fr. Octo.

Obs. There is a variety of this, — with longer, more slender and
spreading spikes — the flowers smaller and less crowded, — which oc-
curs along the Brandywine.

fc. T. urticaef olia, L. Leaves limce-ovate, acute, coarsely

VERBENACEAB 195

serrate; spikes loosely paniculate, very slender, elongating; flow-
ers rather distant, small.
NETTLE-LEAVED VERBENA. Common Vervain.

Perennial. Stem 2 to 3 or 4 feet high, hirsutely pubescent, with slender axillary
spreading branches above. Leaves 2 to 4 inches long, abruptly narrowed at base
to a, petiole % an inch to % in length. Spikes 1 or 2 to 5 or 6 inches long, green,
filiform and rather flaccid; flowers distinct, and finally a little distant; brads
lance-ovate, shorter than the calyx. CoroUa white, very small, the throat filled
with a delicate white villus.
Hob. Pastures, road sides, Ac.: common. Fl. July. Fr. Sept.

Obs. Towards autumn, this plant generally becomes covered 'with,
a glaucous pulverulent matter, resembling mould. It is regarded
as a weed, in our pastures ; and Dr. GRAY suggests that it may
have been introduced. It is true, I have never observed it, except
in our old cultivated settlements, where foreign weeds are chiefly
naturalized; but I cannot learn that it has been found in any other
country.

3* V, ailgustifolia? MX. Leaves linear-lanceolate, tapering to
the base, remotely toothed ; spikes few or solitary, the flowers at
first crowded, rather large.
NARROW-LEAVED VERBENA.

Perennial. Plant scabrous with short hairs. Stem 9 to 18 inches high, simple
or sparingly branched. Leaves often somewhat crowded above, 1 to 2 or 3 inches
long, narrow, tapering gradually almost to a petiole at base. Spikes 1 or 2 to 5 or
6 inches long; bracts subulate-lanceolate, as long as the calyx; corolla purplish
blue.
Hob* Sandy grounds ; E. Marlborough : rare. Fl. July. Fr. Sept.

Obs. Collected by Mr. BENJAMIN F. PASKER, in 1849.
280. PHRYvTtt A, L.

[A name of unknown derivation.]

Calyx bilabiate ; upper lip of 3 subulate teeth j lower lip of 2, shorter.
Corolla bilabiate; upper lip short, emarginate; lower Up much
longer, 3-lobed. Stamens included. Fruit oblong, 1-celled, 1-seeded!
Perennial : flowers opposite, in slender terminal spikes ; fruit re-
flexed.

1. P. leptostachya, L. Leaves ovate, acute, coarsely crenate-
serrate, on rather long petioles.
SLENDER-SPIKED PHRTSMA. Lop-seed.

Stem 2 to 3 feet high, obtusely 4-angled, pubescent, with a few opposite axillary
vtrgate branches above. Leaves 3 to 6 inches long, thinnish, rounded at base, or
abruptly contracted to & petiole half an inch to 2 inches in length. Spikes 3 to 6
or 8 inches in length ; flowers with 3 small subulate ciliate persistent bracts at
base; corolla pale rose-color, small ; fruit inclosed in the closely retlexcd calyx.
Hub. Borders of woods ; copses, &c. : frequent. FL July. Fr. Aug.

281. MP'PJA, L.

[Dedicated to Augustin Lippi; a French Naturalist, of Italian descent.]
Calyx 2- to 4-toothed, often compressed, and becoming bilabiate.-*-
Corolla unequally 5-lubod, more or less bilabiate. Stamens inclu-

196 GAMOPETALOUS EXOGEXS

ded. Style slender ; stigma obliquely capitate. Fruit 2-celled, 2-
eeeded. Flowers in axillary bracteolate pedunculate heads, or spikes.

1. It. HOdifl«>ra, MX. Procumbent and radicating; appressed-
hairy; leaves cuneate-ovate, serrate above, subsessile; spikes cap-
itate, 'solitary, on long slender peduncles.
Zapania nodiflora. Lam. $ Fl. Cestr. ed. 2. p. 604.

KXOT-FLOWERIXG LlPPIA.

Perennial? (annual, DC.} Stem 6 to 10 or 12 inches long, branching, obtusely
4-angled and striate-sulcate. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, varying from lanceolate
to cuneate-obovate, coarsely serrate above the middle, tapering below to a very
short petiole. Flowers closely imbricated with cuneate-ovate bracts, in conical or
roundish heads, on peduncles 1 to 3 inches long. Corolla bluish or purplish white,
the tube as long as the bracts.
Hob. Margin of Schuylkill : rare. Fl. July. Fr. Sept.

Obs. The L. citriodora, Kunih. (Verbena triptiylla, L'Herit.), — a
shrubby species, native of South America, — is often and deservedly
cultivated, for the delicious fragrance of its leaves.

ORDER LXY. LABIATAE.

Chiefly herbs; stems square; leaves simple, opposite, or sometimes verticillate,
generally aromatic; stipules none ; jtoivers in axillary cymules, or aggregated in
terminal spikes; corolla more or less bilabiate; anthrr-cdls parallel, or often
divaricate,— sometimes separated by a long filiform connective, ; m-ary 4-lobed,— Tic-
coming, in fruit, 4 little seed-like nutlets, surrounding the base of the style, in the
bottom of the persistent calyx ; each lobe, or nutlet, containing a single *w7.
with little or no albumen.— An interesting and valuable Order,— remarkable for
the aromatic fragrance, and stomachic properties, of many of the species.

TRIBE 1. OCIMOPDEAE.

Corolla sub-bilabiate; lobes of the upper lip flat; stamens declined, didynamou*.—
the lower pair longer.

2S2. O'CIMIiaf , L.

[Supposed from the Or. ozn, to smell ; in reference to its fragrance.]
Calyx 5-cleft, the upper segment broad, orbicular-ovate. Corolla
with the upper Up 4-lobed,— the lower lip scarcely longer, declined,
fiattish, entire. Stamens mostly exserted. Nutlets ovoid, often
minutely punctate. Flowers in terminal interrupted racemes.
1. 0. BASII/ICUM, L. Leaves ovaie-oblong, subdentate, smooth, with
ciliate petioles; calyx reflexed after flowering.
ROYAL OCIMUM. Sweet Basil.

Annual Stem 6 to 12 inches high, often much branched. Leaves half an inch
to an inch long; petioles % to % of an inch in length. Bracts ovate, acuminate,
petiolate. Corolla bluish white.
Hob. Gardens. Nat. of India. Fl. July. Fr. Sept.

Obs. Usually cultivated for culinary purposes.

. UL,A, Tonrnef.

[Latin, larare, to wash; the distilled water being used for that purpose.]
Calyx ribbed, ovoid-tubular, with 5 short teeth, — the upper <>m>
sometimes dilated. Corolla with the upper lip 2-lobed, — loiar /')< o-

•17 LABIATAE 197

lobed ; lobes all nearly equal, and spreading. Stamens included. —
Nutlets adnate to 4 fleshy scales on the margin of the disk. Peren-
nials : often suffniticose ; flowers in terminal spikes.

1. L. VERA, DC. Suffruticose ; hoary; stem leafy below, naked

above; leaves lance-linear, entire, with revolute margins; spikes

interrupted.

L. Spica. Fl. Cestr. ed. 2. p. 112.

TRUE LAVAXDULA. Garden Lavender.

Plant clothed with a short hoary tomentum. Stem branching from the base ;
branches erect, 12 to 18 inches high. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, crowded near the
base of the branches, often with fascicles of young leaves in the axils. Spike
about an inch in length, with 1 or 2 distant cymules below. Corolla blue.
Hob. Gardens. Nat. of Southern Europe. Fl. July. Fr. Sept.

Obs. The compound tincture of this herb (or, as the good ladies
term it, "Lavender Compound") is deservedly popular, for its cor-
dial and stomachic properties. The distilled water is also highly
esteemed for its pungent and grateful fragrance.

TRIBE 2. SATUREJEXAE.

Corolla 4- or 5-lobed ; lobes mostly flat, and spreading ; stamens 4, or 2, straight,
diverging, or connivent under the upper lip.

gl. MENTHOIDEAE : corolla with the lobes nearly equal ; stamens diverging.
a. Fertile stamens 4, scarcely didynamous.

2S4. MEUDTHA, L.

[From Mintlie ; a nymph, fabled to have been changed into the plant.]
Calyx campanulate, or tubular, nearly equally 5-toothed. Corolla
with a short included tube ; border campanulate, 4-cleft, — the upper
lobe broader and usually emarginate (being probably 2 united lobes).
Stamens nearly equal. Perennials : spreading by creeping rhizomas ;
cymules many-flowered, in terminal spikes, or axillary.

f Cymules in terminal spikes.

1. M. viridis, L. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, subsessile ; spikes some-
what panicled, elongated, tapering upward to a point.
GREEN MENTHA. Spear-Mint. Common Mint.

Smoothish, and rather pale green. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, branching. Leaves 1
to 2 or 3 inches long, very acute, incised-serrate. Spikes of cymules 2 to 4 inches
long, often numerous ; corolla pale purple.
. Hob. Moist grounds. Nat. of Europe. Fl. July. Fr. Sept.

Obs. This pleasant aromatic herb is extensively naturalized,
about old settlements, — and is valuable as a domestic medicine, in
relieving nausea, &c. It is the species employed in the preparation
of that seductive beverage, known as the "Mint Julep" of old Vir-
ginia,— in which its value is more equivocal.

a. M. PIPERI^TA, L. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, petiolate ; spikes sol-
itary, rather short, cylindric and obtuse.
PEPPERY MEXTHA. Pepper-mint.

Smoothish, and purplish. Stem 1 to 2 feet long, decumbent, branching. Leavci
1 to 2 inches long, rather acute, serrate; petioles % to % &a incl1 in length.

198 GAMOPETALOtTS EXOGENS

half an inch to an Inch in length, — the cymules crowded, except the lower pair

which are often a little distant ; corolla purple.

Hob. Gardens, &c. Nat. of Europe. Fl. Aug. Fr. Sept.

Obs. This most grateful aromatic is generally allowed a place in

gardens, or about houses, — and is apparently naturalized, in many

localities. The essential oil, and distilled water, are well known

for their stomachic properties, and deservedly held in high esteem.

f f Cymules axillary .

3. M. arvtnsis, L. Stem mostly erect ; leaves ovate-oblong, rounded
or often cuneate at base ; bracts subulate.

FIELD MENTHA. Corn Mint.

Plant hirsute. Stem 9 to 15 inches high, brachiately branching, retrorsely hairy.
Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, serrate, punctate; petioles % to % an inch long.
Cymules on common peduncles shorter than the pedicels ; flavors often sterile;
corolla pale bluish-purple.
Hob. Road side, near West-Chester: rare. Nat. of Europe. Fl. July. Fr. Sept.

Obs. This has been long naturalized, at an old settlement, near
West Chester. It has a general resemblance to the following na-
tive species; but is remarkable for its peculiar odor, — which has
been compared to decaying cheese.

4. M. Canadensis, L. Stem ascending, or decumbent ; leaves
oval-lanceolate, tapering at each end ; bracts lance-linear.
CANADIAN MENTHA. Wild Mint.

Plant greyish-green, pubescent. Stem 9 to 18 inches long, simple, or often with
numerous long branches, retrorsely hairy on the obtuse angles. Leaves 1 to 3
inches long, serrate, resinous-dotted; petioles % to % of an inch in length,
slightly margined. Oymules on common peduncles 1 to 3 lines long ; corolla pale
purple, or purplish white.

Hob. Moist grounds ; Brandy wine : frequent. Fl. Aug. Fr. Sept.
b. Fertile stamens 2.

285. LiY'COPtTS, L.

[Gr. Lykos, a wolf, & Pous, a foot ; from a fancied resemblance in the leaves.]
Calyx tubular-campanulate, 4- or 5-toothed. Corolla tubular,
scarcely longer than the calyx, nearly equally 4-lobed. Stamens
with the upper pair either sterile rudiments, or wholly wanting. —
Nutlets obliquely truncate, smooth, with thickened margins. Pe-
rennials : cymules axillary, dense ; flowers small.

1. L,. VirginicUS, L. Stem obtusely 4-angled, producing slen-
der runners at base ; leaves broad-lanceolate, serrate-dentate; calyx-
teeth 4, blunt.
VIRGINIAN LYCOPUS. Bugle-weed.

Stem 12 to 18 inches high, simple, or sparingly branched, roughish-pubescent.
Leaves 2 to 4 inches long, coarsely serrate, with a long tapering entire base,
snioothish, and, with the stem, often dark purple. Corolla white. Nutlets, when
mature, projecting above the calyx.

Hob. Moist, shaded places : frequent. Fl. July. Fr. Sept.
$. JL. Slnuatus, Ell. Stem sharply 4-angled; leaves oblong-
lanceolate, sinuate-dentate, or pinnatifid ; calyx-teeth 5, spinescent.
SINUATB LYCOPUS. Water Horehound.

LABIATAE

199

SUm 1 to 2 feet high, branching, smoothish. Leaves % an inch to 3 inches long,
tapering to a petiole at base, punctate. Corolla white, often tinged with purpl*.
ffuttets triquetrous-cuneate, shorter than the calyx.
Hob. Moist, low grounds : frequent. Fl. July. Fr» Sept.

2 2. TUYMEAE : corolla more or Uss bilabiate ; stamens distant, or diverging.
a. Fertile stamens 2.

286. CUffri^A. L.

[A name borrowed from the ancient Roman Naturalists.]
Calyx ovoid-tubular, 10- to 13-nerved, equally 5-toothed, hairy in
the throat. Corolla with the upper lip erect, flattish, emarginate ;
lower lip spreading, nearly equally 3-lobed. Stamens erect, ex-
serted, distant; sterile filaments none. Perennials: cymules corym-
bose, axillary and terminal.

1. C. Mariflna, L. Stems tufted, corymbosely branched ; leaves
ovate, serrate, subsessile.
MARYLAND CUNILA. Dittany.

Stems 8 to 12 inches long, erect or ascending, mostly purple. Leaves about an
inch long, rounded and often subcordate at base, pellucid-punctate. Pedicels
trichotomous, with subulate bracts at base; calyx resinous-dotted; corotta pale
purple, nearly twice as long &s the calyx.
Hob. Dry, slaty, woodland hills : frequent. Fl. July. Fr. Sept.

Obs. The infusion of this herb is a popular and pleasant bever-
age, in fevers. In the beginning of winter, after a rain, very curious
ribbands of ice may often be observed, attached to the base of the
stems, — produced, I presume, by the moisture from the earth rising
in the dead stems by capillary attraction, and then being gradually
forced out horizontally, through a slit, by the process of freezing.
The same phenomenon has been observed in other plants. See
obs. on Helianthemum, p. 27»

b. Fertile stamens 4, more or less didynamous.

28?. PYCtfAtf'THEMUM, MX.

[Gr. Pyknos, dense, and Anthemon, a flower; from its dense cymosc heads.]
Calyx ovoid-oblong, about 13-nerved, sub-bilabiate, or equally 5-
toothed; throat naked. Corolla with the upper Up nearly flat and
entire ; lower lip 3-lobed. Stamens distant, the lower pair rather
longer; anther-cells parallel. Perennials: floral leave* often whi-
tened ; flowers in terminal cymose heads, with many involucre-like
bracts.

f Calyx bilabiate, the 3 upper teeth somewhat united ; leaves petiohte.

1. P, iiicsiiunii, MX. Leaves ovate-oblong, hoary-pubescent, —
the upper ones whitened on both sides; cymules compound, pedun-
culate, rather loose ; bracts subulate-linear.
HOARY PYCNANTHKMUM. Mountain Mint.

Stem 2 to 4 feet high, mostly several from the same root, branching above, Tery
pubescent, especially at summit. Leaves 2 to 3 inches long, sparingly serrate ;
petioles %to%&n inch in length. Bracts longer than the calyx, bearded at the
points. OalyxJeeth acuminate. Corolla whitish, or pale red, with purple spote.
Stamens exserted. Nutlet* hispid at apex.
Hob. Woodlands; slaty hills: frequent. JH.July. JV.Sept.

200

GAMOrETALOUS EXOGENS

ft Calyx nearly equally 5-toothed; leaves subsessile.

2. P. Biikticum, Pers. Leaves ovate-lanceolate,— the upper
ones hoary-pubescent; cymules rather dense; bracts lanceolate.

MUTIC, OE AWNLESS PYCXANTHEMUM.

Stem 2 to 3 feet high, paniculately branched at summit. Leaves 1 to 3 inches
long, denticulate, or sometimes entire. Flmvers in terminal heads, sometimes
with a compact verticil in the first axil below. Bracts ciliate. Calyx-teeth short.
Corolla reddish white, with purple dots. Stamens included. Nutlets smooth.
Hab. Hilly woodlands : frequent. Fl. July. Fr. Sept,

3. P. laiiceolsituin, Pursh. Stem pubescent; leaves lanceo-
late, and lance-linear, penninerved; cymules compact, terminal
and sub terminal.

LANCEOLATE PYCNANTHEMUM.

Stem 2 to 3 feet high, corymbosely branched, often purplish. Leaves 1 to 2 or 3
inches long, sometimes quite narrow, mostly entire. Flowers in dense flattish
heads. Bracts imbricated, linear-lanceolate, sharply acuminate, rigid, hirsute-
ciliate. Corolla reddish white, with dark purple dots. Stamens scarcely as long
as the corolla.
Hab. Borders of thickets; old fields, &c.: frequent. Fl. Aug. Fr. Sept.

4. P. linif olilim, Pursh. Stem smoothish ; leaves narrowly
linear, crowded, 3- to 5-nerved; cymules compact, hemispherical,
terminal.

FLAX-LEAVED PYCXANTHEMUM. Virginia Thyme.

Stem 1 to 2 feet high, often purple, with erect branches forming a compact corymb.
Leaves % an inch to 2 inches long, often in small axillary fascicles. Bracts im-
bricated, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, rigid, pubescent-ciliate. Corolla white, or
slightly tinged with red, and dark purple dots within. Stamens a little exserted.
Hab. Thickets; exsiccated swamps : frequent. Fl. July. Fr. Sept.

288. ORIGANUM, L.

[Gr. Oros, a mountain, and Ganos, delight ; alluding to its native locality.]
Calyx ovoid-campanulate, about 13-nerved, nearly equally 5-toothed,
or bilabiate with the upper lip entire or 3-tootned, the lower lip 2-
toothed, truncate, or wanting. Corolla sub-bilabiate; upper lip
emarginate; lower lip longer, 3-lobed and spreading. Stamens
exserted, somewhat didynamous ; anther-cells diverging, or divari-
cate. Mostly perennials : flowers in dense corymbose clusters, or ob-
long spikes, imbricated with colored bracts.

1, 0. vulgcire, L. Corymbosely branched at summit ; leaves round-
ish-ovate ; flowers in corymbose-paniculate clusters ; bracts lance-
ovate, longer than the calyx.

COMMON ORIGANUM. Wild Marjoram.

Stems 12 to 18 inches high, usually growing in bunches. Leaves % an inch to
an inch long, entire, dark green above, paler beneath ; petioles }/± to near % an
inch in length. Calyx pubescent, with 5 equal lance-ovate segments; throat hairy .
Corolla pale purple.
Hab. Sandy banks. Nat. of Europe. Fl. July. Fr. Sept.

Obs. This foreigner is yet rare, in Chester County. It is plenti-
ful on the road side, about 7 miles west of Philadelphia.

2. 0. MAJORANA, L. Somewhat branched; leaves elliptic-obovate ;

LABIATAE

201

flowers in terminal oblong clustered spikes; bracts orbicular-ovate,

about as long as the calyx.

Majorana hortensis. Moench. $ Fl. Ccstr. ed. 2. p. 347.

Sweet Marjoram.

Annual, in gardens (perennial in its nathe localities. Senth.). Stem 9 to 15
inches high, subterete. Leaves YA of an inch to an inch long, entire, downy and
canescent; pdiolts % to % an inch long. Spikes Y± to half an inch in length,
obtusely 4-cornered, iu sessile terminal clusters of threes, or on short axillary
peduncle-like branches. Bracts quadrifariously and closely imbricated, — the mar-
gins, at base, involute. Calyx resinous-dotted; upper lip (or sepal?) dilated,
obtuse, mostly denticulate at apex, narrowed below, with the margins intlexed ;
lower lip (or sepal?) very small, ovate. Corolla white.
Hob. Gardens. Nat. of Africa and Asia. Fl. July. Fr. Sept.

Obs. One of the fragrant culinary Herbs, commonly cultivated.
289. THYNMU§, L.

[The ancient Greek name; from thyo, to burn perfumes.]
Calyx ovoid-tubular, 10- to 13-nerved, bilabiate; upper Up trifid ;
lower lip bifid; throat hairy. Corolla short, sub-bilabiate; upper
Up straight, flattish, emarginate; lower lip spreading, 3-lobed, — the
middle lobe larger. Stamens mostly exserted, sub-equal, or didy-
namous; anther-cells finally diverging. Suffruticose, humble,
spreading perennials: leaves small, entire, veiny, punctate, the mar-
gins often revolute.

1. T. VULGARIS, L. Erect, or decumbent; leaves lance-ovate, with
the margins slightly revolute; cymules in terminal interrupted
leafy spikes.

COMMON THYMUS. Garden Thyme. Standing Thyme.

Stems 4 to 8 or 10 inches long, numerous, roughish-pubescent, branching and
matted together at base. Leaves l/i^o]/2 an inch long, tapering at base to upetiolt
whirh is scarcely a line in length, and somewhat ciliate with long hairs. Calyx
hirsute, strongly ribbed, corolla pale purple.
Hob. Gardens. Nat. of Southern Europe. Fl. June. Fr. Aug.

Obs. This well-known, and highly fragrant plant, is to be seen in
almost every well-ordered kitchen garden.

2. T. Serpyl'lum, L. Procumbent, with ascending flowering
branches; leaves elliptic-ovate, obtuse, flat; cymules crowded in
ovoid-oblong terminal heads.

Wild Thyme. Creeping Thyme.

Stem 4 to 6 or 8 inches long, slender, branching and entangled at base, retrorsely
pubescent on the angles. Leaves % to near half an inch long, on short jietioles, —
the fcase and petiole more or less ciliate. Calyx hairy. Corolla purple, with red
and white spots.
Hob. Dry, sandy banks. Nat. of Europe. Fl. June. Fr. Aug.

Obs. Nearly allied to the preceding, in appearance and proper-
ties,— and naturalized in many places. There is a silly old notion,
still entertained by some ignorant and unthinking people, that this
plant springs up, spontaneously, in spots where human blood has
been spilled by any casualty, or violence !

202 GAMOPETALOUS EXOOENS

5 3. MEUSSEAB: Corolla bilabiate; stamens ascending, diverging at summit, or con-

nivent under the upper lip.
a. Fertile stamens 4, didynamous.

290. SATITREVJA, L.

[A name supposed to be derived from the Arabic.]

Calyx tubular-campanulate, 10-nerved, nearly equally 5-toothed,
or obscurely bilabiate ; throat naked, or nearly so. Corolla with
the upper Up erect, flat ; lower Up spreading, nearly equally 3-lobed.
Stamens diverging, scarcely exserted.

1. S. HORTE'NSIS, L. Stem erect, much branched; leaves oblong-
linear, acute, entire; cymules axillary, pedunculate, few-flowered,
snb-secund, remote, or the upper ones somewhat spiked.
GARDEN SATUB.EJA. Summer Savory.

Annual. Stem 6 to 12 inches high, branched so as to appear bushy, roughish-
pubescent, mostly dark purple. Leaves half an inch to an inch long, narrow,
tapering at base to a very short petiole. Cymules about 3-flowered. Corolla pale
violet-purple.
Hob. Gardens. Nat. of Southern Europe. Fl. July. Fr. Sept.

Obs. Much cultivated as a culinary herb.

5591. CAL-AMIIV'TIIA, Benth.

[Gr. Kalos, beautiful, and Mintfie, Mint ; an ancient name.]
Calyx tubular, 13-nerved, bilabiate; upper lip 3-toothed; lower Up
bifid. Corolla mostly inflated in the throat ; upper lip erect, Cat-
tish; lower lip spreading, 3-parted, — the middle lobe usually broad-
est, Anthers approximated in pairs, — the cells diverging.

1. C. Clinopddium, Benth. in DC. Hoary-villous ; leaves oblong-
ovate, obtuse, petiolate ; cymules in dense flat-topped involucrate
heads, terminal and subterminal.

Melissa Clinopodium. Benth. Lab. $ FL Cestr. ed. 2. p. 351.
BED-POST CALAMINTHA. Wild Basil. Field Thyme.

Perennial. Stem 12 to 18 inches high, mostly several from the same root, simple,
or sparingly branched. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, denticulate, or nearly entire ;
petioles % to % an inch in length. Cymules few, very hairy, mostly terminal, in
compact orbicular flat heads about an inch in diameter ; bracts subulate. Corolkt
pale purple, or rose-color,— the tube longer than the calyx.
Hob. Sandy banks. Nat. of Europe. Fl. July. Fr. Sept.

MEMS'SA, Tournef.
[Gr. Melissa, the honey-bee; the flowers being a favorite with that insect.]
Calyx tubular-campanulate, slightly gibbous at base, 13-nerved,
bilabiate. Corolla-tube recurved-ascending, dilated above, $ta-
mens connivent; anther-cells finally divaricate. Cymules axillary,
loosely few-flowered, pedunculate.

1. M. OFFICINALIS, L. Stem erect, more or less pubescent; leaves
ovate, coarsely crenate- serrate, petiolate ; cymules secund.
OFFICINAL MELISSA. Common Balm.

Perennial. Stems 1 to 2 or 3 feet high, numerous from the root, branching.
Leaves 2 to 3 or 4 inches long ; petioles % an inch to 1>£ inches in length. Cymutes

LABIATAB 203

3- to 6-flowered. Calyx dry, hairy. Cbrotta -white, or ochroleucous,— sometimes

tinged with purple.

Sab. Gardens, Ac. : Nat. of Southern Europe. PL July. Fr. Sept.

Obs. This popular medicinal herb has strayed from the gardens,
and become partially naturalized, in some localities. Dr. DARWIN,
in his Botanic Garden, makes the following allusion to its didyna-
mous character: —

" Two knights before thy fragrant altar bend,
Adored MELISSA! and two squires attend."

b. Fertile stamens 2, (by abortion).

293. HEDEOVIHA, Penoon.

[Greek, Hedeia Osme, a pleasant odor; from its fragrance.]
Calyx ovoid- tubular, 13-nerved, gibbous on the lower side near the
base, bilabiate ; throat hairy. Corolla with the upper lip erect, flat,
emarginate; lower lip spreading, nearly equally 3-lobed. Stamens
2, ascending, — the upper pair being mere rudiments, or wanting.

1. H. pulegioides, Pers. Leaves oblong-ovate, sub-serrate,

narrowed at base, petiolate ; cymules axillary, each about 3-flow-

ered.

PULEGIUM-LIKE HfiDEOMA. American Penny-royal.

Annual. Stem 6 to 12 inches high, hoary-pubescent, branched. leaves % an
inch to an inch long; petioles % to % an inch in length. Cymules somewhat ap-
proximated in terminal leafy racemes; bracts linear-lanceolate, scarcely as long as
the pedicels; corolla pale blue, with purple spots. Stamens scarcely exserted,—
the sterile filaments tipt with abortive anthers.
Hob. Slaty hills; old fields, &c.: frequent. Fl. July. Fr. Sept.

Obs. A warmly aromatic little herb, — in frequent use as a popu-
lar diaphoretic, carminative, &c. This is not the "Penny-royal,"
of Europe ; but has been so called because of its resemblance to
that plant, — which is a species of Mint — viz. Mentha Puleaium, L.

\ 4. ANOMALOUS GENERA, f Stamens didynamous.

294. HYSSONPUS,

[Latinized from Ezob ; an ancient Hebrew name.]

Calyx tubular, 15-nerved, equally 5-toothed ; throat naked. Corolla
bilabiate; upper lip erect, flat, emarginate; lower lip spreading, 3-
lobed, — the middle lobe larger, bifid. Stamens exserted, divergent,
the lower pair longer; anther-cells linear, divaricate.

1. H. OFFICINALIS, L. Leaves linear-lanceolate, sessile; cymulo
secund, racemose, or approximated in a terminal spike.
OFFICINAL HYSSOPUS. Garden Hyssop.

Perennial. Stem 18 inches to 2 or 3 feet high, shrubby and much branched at
base; branches virgate. Leaves % of an inch to 1% inches long. Cymules sub-
sessile, crowded above : Cbrotta bright blue, or sometimes purplish.
ffab. Gardens. Nat of Southern Europe. Fl. July. Fr. Sept.

Obs. Often cultivated as a medicinal herb, — and used as a popu-
lar febrifuge.

ft Stamens mostly 2 (by abortion).

204 GAMOPETALOUS EXOGENS

295. COLM^S©V1¥IA, L.

[In honor of Pder CoUinsmi, of London; an eminent promoter of Natural Science.]
Calyx declined in fruit, ovoid-campanulate, about 10-nerved, bila-
biate; upper lip flattisk, truncate, 3-toothed; lower lip bifid; throat
somewhat hairy. Corolla elongated, dilated at throat, sub-bilabi-
ate ; upper Up nearly equally 4-lobed ; lower lip longer, declined,
dentate, or lacerately fringed. Stamens usually 2, much exserted,
diverging, — the upper pair being shorter and imperfect, or wholly
abortive. Nutlets often solitary by abortion, and then globular and
rather large. Perennials: leaves large; flowers solitary, in panicu-
late racemes.

1. C. CaiaadeilSis, L. Leaves ovate, acuminate, coarsely ser-
rate, petiolate, thin and smoothish; racemes elongated, many-flow-
ered ; flowers pedicellate, axillary and opposite.
CANADIAN COLLINSONIA. Knot-root. Horse-Balm.

Stem 2 to 3 feet high, somewhat branched, smoothinh below, pubescent above.
Leaves 4 or 5 to 8 or 10 inches long, and 3 to 5 inches wide, resinous-dotted beneath ;
petioles 1 to 3 or 4 inches long,— the leaves at the base of the panicle smaller, and
sub-sessile. Flowers loosely racemose; pedicels % to % an inch long, with
minute lance-ovate acuminate brads at base; cm-olla greenish yellow,— the lower
lip fringed.
Halt. Rich woodlands: frequent. Fl. July. Fr. Sept.

Obs. The root of this was formerly a popular febrifuge. The
odor of the flowers has much resemblance to that of Hops, — a fact
which was noticed by JOHN BARTRAM, in his Appendix to SHORT'S
Medicina Britannica, a century since. This interesting plant, — which
commemorates one of the most diligent correspondents of LINNAEUS,
and the early, indefatigable, and devoted friend of JOHN BARTRAM, —
is thus fancifully referred to, in Dr. DARWIN'S Poem, the Botanic
Garden: —

" Two brother swains, of COLLIN'S gentle name,
The same their features, and their forms the same,
With rival love for fair COLLINIA sigh,
Knit the dark brow, and roll the unsteady eye.
With sweet concern the pitying beauty mourns,
And soothes with smiles the jealous pair by turns."

TRIBE 3. MONA^RDEAE.

Corolla mostly bilabiate ; stamens 2 (the upper pair usually wanting, or mere
rudiments ;) anther-cells widely separated by a long connective, — or divaricate, with
an inconspicuous one.

296. SAI/VIA, L.

[Latin, salvare, to save ; on account of supposed medicinal properties.]
Calyx subcampanulate, bilabiate; upper lip mostly 3-toothed, the
lower bifid ; throat naked. Corolla ringent ; upper lip erect, straight,
or falcate. Anther- cells separated by a long linear thread-like con-
nective, which is transversely articulated with the filament. Cymules
in interrupted racemes.

1. S. OFFICINALIS, L. Suffruticose ; hoary-tomentose ; leaves lance-
oblong, crenulate, rugose ; upper lip of the corolla as long as the
lower, and somewhat vaulted.
OFFICINAL SALVIA. Garden Sage.

LABIATAE 205

Perennial Stems 1 to 2 foot high, proving in bunches, branching from the
base, leafy. Leaves 1 to 2 or 3 inches long, rather obtuse, sometimes lobcd near
the base, greyish green. — the upper or floral leaves sessile, the others on petioles
about an inch in length. Cy mutes 3- to 6-flowered; corolla mostly violet-purple.
ILib. Gardens. Nat. of Southern Europe. Fl. May. Fr. July.

Obs. Generally cultivated, for culinary purposes. The in/union
of the leaves is a popular and useful gargle, in cases of sore mouth.

2. S. lyrata, L. Herbaceous; somewhat hairy; leaves chiefly
radical, lyrate, or sinuate-dentate ; upper lip of the corolla short,
and straight.
LYRATE SALVIA. Meadow Sage.

Perennial. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, nearly leafless, square, with concave sides
nnd obtuse angles, retrorsely hairy, somewhat branched near the summit, and at
the root. Radical Iwtrt'.g '2 to 4 inches long, on hirsute petioles 1 to 3 inches in
length; stem-leav/'s mostly a single subsessile pair, near the base of the raceme.
Cy nudes about 3-flowered, distant, in a terminal raceme 4 to 8 or 10 inches long ;
cnrntta bluish, or violet-purple, pubescent, the tube much exsertcd.
Hub. Meadows; woodlands, &c. : frequent. /'/.May. Fr. July.

Obs. This is often abundant on dry meadow banks, — where it is
regarded as a worthless weed.

297. MONAR'DA, L.

[Dedicated to Xickokis Mi»tardeJ!\ a Spanish Botanist.]

Ct'tlijx tubular, elongated, 15-ncrved, nearly equally 5-toothed;
throat usually villous. Corolla ringent; upper lip linear, entire, or
emarginate, erect, embracing the filaments; lower lip broader, re-
flexed, 3-lobed; tube elongated, the throat slightly dilated. Anther-
cdis divaricate, confluent at their contiguous points. Cymules ill
Hat-topped compact terminal heads, with involucre-like bracts.

1. M. fistttll^sa, L. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, acute, dentate,
petiulate; bracts somewhat colored; calyx slightly curved, very
hairy in the throat.
FISTULOCS MOXARDA. Horse Mint. Wild Burgamot.

Perennial. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, branched, mostly hairy, sometimes solid with
pith. Leaves 2 to 3 or 4 inches long, hairy, punctate beneath ; petioles half an
inch to an inch in length. Heads of Jlnwvrts 1 to near 2 inches in diameter, some-
times proliferous; bracts ovate-lanceolate to lame-linear, partially colored, purplish,
or often greenish-white; corolla varying from violet-purple to flesh-color, and
greenish white.
Hab. Borders of thickets ; fence-rows, &c. : frequent. Fl. July. Fr. Sept.

Obs. This pleasantly odorous plant presents several rather striking
varieties, here ; but they arc all referred, by Mr. BEXTHAM, to the
above-named species.

. RLEPIZIL'IA, Rafm.

[Or. Rlrpltnris. tin eye-lash: in reference to the t-iiiate bracts.]
Culjix ovoid- tubular, 13-nerved, bilabiate; upper lip with 3 bristle-
pointed teeth; lower lip shorter, bidendate; throat naked. Corolla
inflated in the throat, ringent; lips nearly equal ; upper lip erect,
oblong, entire; lower lip spreading, 3-lobed, — the middle lobe nar-
rower, oblong, emarginate. Anther-cells as iu Monarda. Peren-

206 GAMOPETALOUS EXOGENS

nials : cymules in axillary globose clusters, distinct, but somewhat
approximated into a terminal leafy spike ; flowers rather small, pale
bluish purple.

1. lit ciliata, Rafin. Leaves oblong-ovate, often narrowed at

base, subsessile ; outer bracts ovate, ciliate, colored, as long as the

calyx.

CILIATE BLEPHILIA.

Stem 1 to near 2 feet high, simple, often geveral from the same root, hairy at the
nodes, and retrorsely pubescent on the angles. Leaves 1 to 2 or 3 inches long,
serrate-denticulate, — the upper ones subsessile, the lower ones on petioles near
half an inch in length. Cymules opposite, approximated into a spike above,— the
lower pair distant ; bracts greenish white ; corolla violet or bluish-purple.
Hob. Fields, and roadsides ; near W. Chester : rare. Fl. June. Fr. Aug.

Obs. This plant looks like a stranger, here; and I incline to
think it must have been introduced into Chester County, from the
West.

TRIBE 4. NEPETE\A.E.

Calyx 15-nerved, tubular,— the orifice obliquely (or sometimes equally) 5-toothed;
corolla bilabiate,— the upper Up somewhat vaulted, lower lip spreading, throat
mostly inflated; stamens ascending, or diverging, didynamous, — the upper pair
longer !

299. IrfOPHAlV'THUS, Benth.

[Gr.LopTios, a crest, and Anthos, a flower; in allusion to the flowers.]
Calyx tubular-campanulate ; upper teeth rather longer. Corolla
with the upper lip nearly erect, 2-lobed; lower lip 3-lobed, — the
middle lobe broader and crenate. Stamens exserted, — the upper
pair declined, the lorver ascending; anther-cells nearly parallel, or
finally somewhat diverging. Stout branching perennials: cymules
crowded in terminal cylindric spikes.

1. JL. SCropimlariaef olillS, Benth. Stem pubescent, obtuse-
angled; leaves cordate-ovate, crenate-serrate ; petioles ciliate;
spikes purplish.

SCROPHULARIA-LEAVED LOPHANTHTJS. Giant HySSOp.

Stem 3 to 5 or 0 feet high, often half an inch in diameter, mostly dark purple
Leaves 3 to 6 inches long ; petioles 1 to 2 inches in length. Spikes 2 to 6 inches
long, interrupted at base ; bracts ovate, acuminate. Corolla pale purple.
Hob. Thickets ; fence-rows, Ac. : frequent. Fl, Aug. Fr. Sept.

2. Li. nepetoides, Benth. Stem smooth, acute-angled; leaves
lance-ovate> acutely serrate; petioles smooth; spikes yellowish-
green.

NEPETA-LIKE LOPHANTHUS.

Stem 4 to 6 feet high, pale green. Leaves 2 to 4 or 5 inches long ; petioles 1 to 2
inches in length. Spikes 2 to 5 inches long, somewhat interrupted at base; bracts
lance-ovate, conspicuously acuminate. Corolla pale greenish-yellow.
Hob. Borders of woods; fence-rows, &c. : frequent. FL July. Fr. Sept.

300. WE'PETA, L.

[Supposed to be named from Wepete, — a tcrwn in Italy.]
Calyx tubular, sometimes ovoid, often incurved, obliquely 5-toothed.
Corolla with the upper lip erect, eomewhat concave, bifid; lower

LABIATAE 207

lip spreading, 3-lobed, — the middle lobe largest. Stamens ascend-
ing under the upper lip ; anthers approximated in pairs, — the cells
diverging, finally divaricate, sometimes presenting the figure of a
cross. Perennial herbs.
2 1. CATAKIA : Cymules densely many-flowered, in interrupted terminal raceme.

1. N. Catdria, L. Erect; hoary-villous ; leaves oblong-cordate,
coarsely crenate-serrate ; racemes paniculate ; calyx ovoid-tubular.
CAT NEPETA. Cat-mint. Cat-nep.

Stem 2 to 3 feet high, somewhat branched, mostly several from the same root.
leaves 2 to 4 inches long ; petioles % an inch to 1% inches in length. Bracts
small, subulate. Corolla ochroleucous, with a reddish tinge and purple dots.
Hob. Fields, fence-rows, &c. Nat. of Europe. Fl. June. Fr, July.

Obs. Becoming a rather too common weed, on our farms. The
dried Herb, in infusion, is a highly popular medicine, with the
good ladies who deal in simples. DE THEIS, in his Glossaire de Bo~
tanique, has the following: — "Le gout des Chats pour cette plante
est tres-remarquable ; ils la mordent, 1'arrachent, et se roulent des-
gus avec transport. II est cependant singulier qu'ils ne s'attaquent
qu'a celle que Ton plante, et nullement a celle qui n'a point 6t6
deplace'e. De la le proverbe anglois —

" If you set it, the Cats will eat it ;
If you sow it, the Cats wont know it."

I doubt, however, whether our American Cats have yet learnt to
make the distinction, — or even acquired "le gout pour cette plante."

§ 2. GLECHOMA: Cymules loosely few-flowered, axillary and distant.

St. N. Glechbma, Benth. Procumbent; retrorsely hairy; leaves
cordate-reniform, rounded, crenate; calyx cylindric.
Ground Ivy. Ale-hoof. Gill.

Stem 6 to 18 inches long, slender, radicating ; flowering branches ascending, 4 to
8 or 10 inches high, flaccid. Leaves % of an inch to 1]^ inches in length, and
rather wider than long ; petioles 1 to 3 inches long. Floral leaves similar in form
to the cauline. Corolla purplish-blue (rarely white). Anther-cells presenting the
figure of a cross.
Hob. Waste places. Nat. of Europe, FL May. Fr. July.

Obs. Naturalized about many old settlements. The Herb was
employed, in England, to clarify and give a flavor to Ale (whence
one of its common names), until the reign of Henry VIII,- — at which
period Hops were substituted.

TRIBE 5. STACHYDE'AE.

Calyx usually campanulate, 5- to 10-nerved, — the orifice regular, or oblique, 3- to 10-
toothed, or sometime* bilabiate; corolla bilabiate,— the upper lip arched, or flat,
entire, or emarginate,— lower lip variously 3-lobed ; stamens ascending, didynam-
ous,-~the upper pair shorter ; nutlets erect, free at base.

g 1. SCCTELLARIEAB : Calyx bilabiate, not inflated ; lips dosed in fruit.

3O1. BRUNEI/LA, Benth, in DC. [Prunella, L.~\

[German, Brunelle, from Die Braeune, the quinsy ; said to be relieved by it.]

Calyx tubular-campanulate ; upper lip flat, broad, truncate, 3-

toothed; lower Up bifid. Corolla with the upper lip erect, arched,

208 GAMOrETALOUS EXOGEXS

entire; lower lip depending, 3-lobed, — the middle lobe rounded,
concave, crenulate; tube, a little contracted at throat. Filaments
bidentate at apex, — the lower tooth bearing the anther. Peren-
nials: cymules few-flowered, crowded into imbricated oblong termi-
nal heads, or spikes.

1. B. vulgflris, L. ktem erect, or ascending; leaves petiolate, ovate-
oblong, entire, or dentate, sometimes piunatind.
Prunella vulgaris. L. $ Fl. Cestr. ed. 2. p. 352.
COMMON BRUXELLA. Heal-all. Self-heai.

Sftm 8 to 12 inches long, somewhat branching, especially at base, usually
purplish brown. Leaves 1 to 3 inches long; petioles % an incn *° - inches (those
of the radical or lower leaves often 3 or 4 inches) in length. Spikes 1 to 3 inches
long; bracts orbicular-cordate, or sub-reniform, with a short abrupt acuminatiou,
hairy and ciliate; corolla violet-purple — rarely pale purple, or whitish.
Ifab. Roadsides; &c. Nat. of Europe. FL June. Fr. Aug.

Obs. The virtues, indicated by the common names, are not recog-
nized at the present day. It may seem rather late to be rectifying
the orthography of the generic name ; but perhaps the high author-
ity of Mr. BEXTHAM can accomplish it.

3O2. SCUTEUL.ViriA, L.

[Latin, Scutella, a little dish ; from the form of the appendage to the calyx.]
Calyx campanulate, gibbous, finally dividing to the base ; lips en-
tire, — the upper one with a concave galeate process on the 'back,
deciduous. Corolla with an elongated tube, dilated at throat ;
upper lip arched, nearly entire; lower lip dilated, convex, — the lat-
eral lobes often connected with the upper lip. Stamens ascending
under the upper lip; anthers approximated in pairs, ciliate, — those
of the lower pair halved. Chiefly perennials : bitter instead of aro-
matic; flowers racemose, or solitary, terminal, or axillary. This
remarkably natural genus is easily recognized, by the concave disk-
like, or galeate, appendage of the calyx.

j" Flowers in terminal racemes.

1. S. pi! ">sa, MX. Hairy; leaves rhombic-ovate, crenate-serrate ;
raceme mostly simple, rather short; bracts elliptic-ovate.
HAIRY SCUTKI.LARIA. Scull-cap.

Stem 12 to 18 inches high, nearly simple, more or less hairy, often purplish.
Lea res 3 to 5 distant pairs, 1 to 2>£ inches long, cunentely tapering to a jwtinle at
base. Raceme few-flowered ; pclicds hirsute; corolla purplish-blue, the tube nearly
white.
Jf.ib. Open woodlands ; clearings, &c.: common. Fl. June. Fr. Aug.

"2. S. Integra Olia, L. Minutely hoary pubescent; leaves lance-
oblong, or sublinear, mostly entire ; racemes often branched ; bracts
lanceolate; flowers large.
ENTIRE-LEAVED SCUTELLAUIA. Large-flowered Scull-cup.

Stem\ to 2 feet high, nearly simple, — the lower axils often with short abortive
branches bearing a tuft of small leaves. LAWS 1 to 'J indies long, tapering at base
to a short petiole. Racemes loose, terminal and subterminal ; branches and pedi-
ceJs densely hoary-pubescent; corolla about an inch long, bright blue at summit,
pale below.
Hab. Meadows, and moist thickets: fre-iuent. Fl. June. Fr. Aug.

LABIATAE 209

Obs. This rather showy species is intensely bitter, — and, no
doubt, might be usefully employed as a tonic.

f f Flowers axillary, and mostly solitary.

3. S. galerlculata, L. Leaves lance-ovate, crenate-serrate,
rounded or subcordate at base, subsessile; flowers rather large,
and turned to one side.

CAPPED, OR HELMETED SCUTELLARIA.

Stem. 12 to 18 inches high, with slender spreading branches above, slightly
pubescent. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, on very short petioles, resinous-dotted
beneath. Flowers mostly solitary, opposite, but turned to the same side; pedicels
rather longer than the petioles; corolla, about half an inch long, much dilated
above, blue at summit, paler below.
Hob. Marshy grounds ; Wynn's meadows : rare. Fl. July. Fr. Sept.

4. S. nervosa, Pursh. Lower leaves roundish-cordate, petiolate ;
middle ones broad-ovate, crenate-dentate, sessile ; upper ones lance-
ovate, entire.

NERVED SCUTELLARIA.

Stem 9 to 15 inches high, square, with angles acute and almost winged, often
decumbent, sparingly branched, slender and smooth ish. Leaves % an inch to
1% inches long, prominently nerved, — the lower ones purplish beneath. Pedicels
solitary, pubescent, longer than the calyx ; galeate appendage of the calyx finally
much enlarged; corolla pale blue, % to % an inch long; nutlets rugose-tubercu-
late, elevated on a common pedicel.
Hob, Banks of Schuylkill: rare. FL May. Fr. July,

5. S. |» I r villa, MX. Stem slender, decumbent and spreading;
leaves ovate, or lance-ovate, prominently nerved, mostly entire,
subsessile; flowers small.

DIMINUTIVE SCUTELLARIA.

Rhizoma creeping, moniliform, with verticils of radicles. Stem 4 to 8 or 10
inches long, generally branched from the base, purplish, finally rather rigid,
angles minutely scabrous. Leaves % to % of an inch long, margin mostly entire
and revolute, under surface often dark purple ; lower leaves roundish-cordate, on
short petioles, — upper ones oblong-ovate, sessile. Pedicels as long as the calyx;
galeate appendage prominent ; corolla violet-purple, about % of an inch long.
Hob. Serpentine ridge, West Chester: rare. FL May. Fr. July.
Iff Flowers in axillary leafy racemes.

6. S. laterlfldra, L. Stem rather erect, much branched; leaves
ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, coarsely serrate, petiolate.
LATERAL-FLOWERED SCUTELLARIA. Mad-dog Scull-cap.

Stem 1 to 2 feet high, smooth, angles slightly scabrous, sides concave. Leaves
1 to 3 inches long, diminishing as they ascend, thin and smooth, on petioles % an
inch to an inch in length. Flowers small, in leafy racemes which terminate th«
slender axillary branches; pedicels solitary, opposite, in the axils of the small
leaves, each with a minute filiform pubescent bract at base ; corolla % to % of an
inch long, pale violet-purple (rarely milk white); nutlets tuberculate.
Hob. Swamps ; ditch banks, Ac. : frequent Fl. July. Fr. Sept.

Obs. Some years since, this plant had much notoriety, in conse-
quence of the assertions of Empirics, and some of their partizan
newspaper-editors, that it was a sovereign remedy for Hydrophobia •
and those contemporaries who ventured to doubt, were unsparingly

210 GAMOPETALOUS EXOGENS

denounced for their want of faith. Like its numerous predecessors,
of similar pretensions, the vaunted Specific had its day of importance
among the credulous, — and then sank into the oblivion which neces-
sarily awaits all such preposterous claims upon the public confi-
dence.

\ 2. MELITTEAE : Calyx inflated after flowering.

303. PHYSOSTEVGIA, Smth.

[Gr. Physa, a bladder, and Stege, a covering ; alluding to the inflated flowers.]
Calyx nearly equally 5-toothed, — at first tubular, finally inflated-
campanulate. Corolla-tube much exserted, — the throat inflated;
tipper lip nearly erect, entire; lower lip spreading, 3-lobed, — the
middle lobe larger and emarginate. Stamens ascending under the
upper lip ; anthers approximated in pairs, naked, — the cells parallel.
Smooth perennials: stem virgate; leaves sessile; flowers large, in
terminal, mostly crowded, leafless spikes.

1. P. Virginiana, Smth. Leaves linear-lanceolate, and obo-
rate-lanceolate, serrate above the middle; bracts lance-ovate, acu-
minate, shorter than the calyx.
VIRGINIAN PHYSOSTEGIA. False Dragon-head.

Stem 1 to 3 feet high, simple, or sparingly branched. Leaves 1 to 3 or 4 inches
long, tapering and entire at base, often pellucid-punctate. Flowers in dense four-
rowed spikes (pr sometimes rather distant, and racemose), of 2 to 6 or 8 inches in
length ; corolla % an inch to an inch long, pale purple, or flesh-colored, sometimes
variegated ; nutlets smooth.
Hob. Banks of Schuylkill : rare. Fl. July. Fr. Sept.

g 3. MABKUBIEAE : Stamens included in the tube oftJie corolla.

3O4. MARRITBIUM, L.

[Said to be derived from the Hebrew, Marrob ; meaning a bitter juice.]
Calyx tubular, 5- to 10-nerved, nearly equally 5- or 10-toothed, —
the teeth subspinose, finally spreading. Corolla-tube included;
upper Up erect, flattish, often bifid ; lower lip longer and spreading,
3-lobed. Anther-cells divergent. Hoary-tomentose perennials:
leaves rugose ; cymules axillary, mostly dense and many-flowered.

1. M. vulgare, L. Stems ascenling; leaves roundish-ovate, crenate-
dentate, petiolate ; calyx with 10 subulate recurved teeth.
COMMON MABRUBIUM. Common Hoar-hound.

Stem 9 to 18 inches high, cespitose, or branching from the base. Leaves about 2
inches long; petioles % an inch to an inch in length. Cymtdes distant, sessile;
bracts linear, as long as the calyx, with a smooth subulate recurved point. —
Corolla white, small.
Hob. Stony banks. Nat. of Europe. Fl. July. Fr. Sept.

Obs. This has been introduced as a medicinal Herb, — and is par-
tially naturalized, about many old settlements. It is a valuable
tonic; and is much employed in the preparation of medicated
syrups and candies.

§ 4. LAMIEA.E : Stamens exserted from the tube of the corolla.
t Nutlets obtuse, not truncate at apex*

1ABIATAB 211

305. STA^CHYS, L.

[Or. Stachys, a spike ; in reference to its mode of flowering.]
Calyx tubular-campanulate, 5- or 10-nerved, 5-toothed, or the 3
upper teeth united into a lip. Corolla not dilated at throat; upper
lip erect, often arched; lower Up longer and spreading, 3-lobed. —
Stamens ascending under the upper lip, often reflexed over the sides
of the throat after flowering. Cymules few- or many-flowered, in
the axils of the upper leaves, — often forming terminal leafy racemes,
or spikes.

1. S. dspera, MX. Stem retrorsely hispid on the angles ; leaves

oblong-lanceolate, serrate, on short petioles; cymules about 3-

flowered.

Also ? S. sylvatica. Fl. Cestr. ed. 2. p. 360.

ROUGH STACHYS. Hedge-Nettle.

Perennial. Stem 1 tg 2 or 3 feat high, more or less branched. Leaves 2 to 4 or 5
inches long, often rounded or subcordate at base, more or less hairy ; petioles % to
% of an inch in length. Bracts subulate, ciliate. Calyx more or less hirsute on
the nerves,— the teeth often ciliate, finally spinescent. Corolla purple, or pale
violet, often spotted, pubescent externally, and with a hairy ring within the tube.
Hob. Moist thickets; along streams: frequent. Fl. July. Fr. Sept.

Obs. There seems to be some varieties of this, which are calcula-
ted to puzzle a young Botanist ; but I am not satisfied that we have
more than one species, here.

f f Nutlets truncate at apex.

306. L-EOJVinEUJS, L.

[Gr. Lean, a lion, and Oura, a tail ; from a fancied resemblance.]
Calyx turbinate, 5-nerved, — the border truncate, 5-toothed; teeth.
subulate, finally spinose and spreading. Corolla with the upper Up
oblong, entire, somewhat arched; lower lip 3-lobed, — the lateral

lobes oblong, the middle one entire, or sometimes obcordate.

Anthers approximated in pairs, incumbent; cells mostly parallel,
opening transversely by little valves ; valvelets naked on the mar-
gin. Nutlets triquetrous, with the angles acute. Mostly perennials:
leaves incisely lobed ; cymules dense and closely axillary.

1. L. Cardiaca, L. Lower stem-leaves palmate-lobed, upper ones
ovate- and cuneate-oblong, mostly trifid; corolla longer than the
calyx-teeth,— the tube with a villous ring within at base; upper
lip flattish, densely villous above ; lower lip spreading, with the
middle lobe entire.
CARDIAC LEOXURUS. Mother-wort.

Stem 2 to 4 feet high, branched at base, and above, retrorsely pubescent, with a
hairy ring at the nodes, often purple at base. Leaves 2 to 4 inches long, rugose,—
the lower or radical ones nearly orbicular in the outline ; petioles 1 to 2 inches in
length. Oymidf-s 3- to &• or 8-flowered, sessile, forming a terminal interrupted
leafy spike 6 to 12 or 15 inches long; bracts subulate; ctrroUa pale purple.
Hob. Waste places. Nat. of Europe. Fl. June. Fr. Aug.

Obs. This worthless weed is completely naturalized ; and is apt
to occupy the farm-yards, waste places, and fence-rows, of all
slovenly farmers.

212 GAMOPETALOUS EXOGENS

2. L. Marrubidstrum, L. Stem-leaves oblong-ovate, coarsely serrate ;
corolla shorter than the calyx-teeth, — the tube naked within; upper
lip somewhat arched, the lower rather erect.
MARRUBIUM-LIKE LEONURUS.

Stem 2 to 4 feet high, with long ascending branches, clothed with a short retrorse
cinereous pubescence. Leaves 2 to 3 inches long, gradually smaller above; radical
leaves ovate, crenate, on long petioles ; lower stem-leaves deeply and coarsely serrate,
on petioles 1 to 2 inches in length ; upper or floral leaves lanceolate, sparingly in.
cised-dentate. Cymules many-flowered, subsessile, forming interrupted leafy
spikes 6 to 18 inches long ; bracts terete, needle-like ; corolla whitish, tinged with
red.
Bab. Roadsides. Nat. of Europe. Fl. July. Fr. Sept.

Obs. This foreigner has probably escaped from the Garden of the
late HUMPHRY MARSHALL ; and seems likely to become one of those
unprofitable additions which Botanic Gardens do sometimes make
to the vegetation of a country. In truth, some caution is required,
in introducing worthless plants into Agricultural districts, — other-
wise much mischief may be done.

307. 1,AVMIIJM, L.

[Gr. Laimos, the throat ; in allusion to its gaping corolla.]
Calyx tubular-campanulate, about 5-nerved, with 5 subulate teeth.
Corolla dilated at throat, ringent ; upper lip oblong, arched ; lower
lip with the middle lobe broad, obcordate, sub-stipitate, — the lateral
lobes small, at the margin of the throat. Stamens ascending under
the upper lip ; anther-cells divergent. Cymules axillary, compact.

1. L. amplexicaule, L. Leaves rounded, crenately incised, — the
lower ones petiolate, upper ones sessile and clasping.
STEM-CLASPING LAMIUM. Dead Nettle. Hen-bit.

Annual'. Stems several, or much branched from the base, decumbent, or ascend-
ing, 6 to 12 inches long, smoothish and generally purplish. Leaves half an inch
to 3 quarters in length, and mostly wider than long, — the lower ones on petioles %
an inch to an inch long. Cymules many-flowered, — lower ones distant, upper ones
rather approximated. Corolla bright purple ; tube naked within ; upper lip nearly
entire, clothed with a purple villus. Anthers hirsute.
Hob. Gardens, Ac. Nat. of Europe. FL April. Fr. June.

Obs. This little weed is abundantly naturalized in gardens and
cultivated lots, — often flowering in midwinter, when the weather is
mild. The corolla in the lower cymules is often minute, or Avanting.

2. L. purpureum, L. Leaves roundish, or oblong-cordate, crenate-
serrate, all petiolate, upper ones crowded.

PURPLE LAMIUM.

Annual. Stem 4 to 6 or 8 inches high, branched at base; branches ascending,
retrorsely scabrous, dark green, or purplish. Leaves half an inch to an inch long,
rugose, hairy; lower ones orbicular-cordate, onpetiolesl orl% inches long; upper
ones oblong-cordate, on shorter petioles. Cymules approximated in a sort of leafy
head, — sometimes the lower pair a little distant. Corolla violet-purple, the lower
lip spotted ; tube, with a hairy ring at base within; lateral lobes toothed. Antfiert
hirsute.
Hob. Gardens, &c. Nat. of Europe. FL April. Fr. June.

LABIATAB

213

Obs. This foreigner is yet rare; but is naturalized in a few
localities.

TRIBE 6. AJUGE'AE.

Corolla, with the upper Up sometimes very short,— sometimes deeply cleft, with the
lobes depending,— rarely erect and arched ; lower lip elongated ; stamens mostly
didynamous, and much exserted; nutlets reticulately rugose, obliquely affixed, and
eubconnate at base.

SOS. TRICHOSTEW A, L.

[Or. Thrix, trickos, hair, and Sterna, stamen ; from its long hair-like stamens.]
Calyx depressed-campanulate, oblique, resupinate, unequally 5-
cleft; the 3 tipper teeth (becoming the lower ones, by the twisting of
the peduncle) elongated, and partly united ; the lower (finally upper)
teeth very short. Corolla 5-lobed ; lobes oblong, declined. Stamens
much exserted, declined and then curved upward ; anther-cells
divergent, finally confluent. Annuals: leaves entire; flowers axil-
lary, — the inflorescence finally elongated into brachiate leafy racemes.

1. T. dicliotomuni, L. Stem bushy; leaves lance-oblong, or
rhombic-lanceolate, rather obtuse, petiolate; flowers solitary, in
the axils of leaf-like bracts.
DICHOTOMOUS TRICHOSTEMA. Bastard Pennyroyal. Blue Curls.

Stem 6 to 12 inches high, brachiately branched, clothed with a short cinereous
ronghish pubescence. Leaves 1 to near 2 inches long, tapering at base to a petiole
% to % an inch in length. Flowers on peduncles % to % an inch long, — the ter-
minal ones di- or tri-chotomous ; bracts lanceolate, shorter than the peduncles;
corolla bright blue, rarely purplish.
Hob. Sandy old fields : frequent. Fl. Aug. Fr. Sept.

Obs. This herb has a resinous odor, much resembling that of the
ripe kernels of the Jualans niara, or black Walnut.

309.

[From Teucer, King of Troy ; who, it is said, first used one of the genus.)
Calyx tubular, slightly ventricose, nearly equally 5-toothed, or the
upper ones a little broader. Corolla with the 4 upper lobes nearly
equal, oblong and declined, — the lower lobe largest, mostly concave.
Stamens exserted from the fissure on the upper side of the corolla ;
anther-cells confluent. Cymules few-flowered, in a terminal rather
crowded greyish-green spike.

1. T. Canadense, //. Greyish-pubescent; leaves ovate-lanceo-

late, acute, serrate, on short petioles.

CANADIAN TEUCRIUM. Wood Sage. American Germander.

Perennial. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, simple, or sparingly branched, square with the
sides concave and the angles obtuse, retrorsely pubescent. Leaves 3 to 5 inches
long; petioles % to % of an inch in length. Cymules 2- or 3-flowered. in a simple
tpteate raceme 2 to 6 inches in length (often an opposite pair of such racemes from
the axils of the first leaves beneath) ; bracts about as long as the calyx ; coroOa
pale purple.
Bab. Moist, shaded grounds : frequent Fl. July. Fr. Aug.

Obs. An intelligent practical farmer, a few years since, brought
to me specimens of this plant, — as one which he had found to be a
very pernicious weed, and difficult to get rid of. Whether others

214 GAMOPETALOUS EXOGENS

have had a similar experience of it, I am not informed. So far as
I have observed, the plant is generally confined to fence-rows, and
the low shaded grounds along streams.

ORDER LXVL BOR'AGINACEAE.

Chiefly hirsute herbs; stems round; leaves alternate, entire, not aromatic ; stipules
none; flowers usually regular, and nearly symmetrical, mostly in one-sided
racemes, or spikes, which are revolute (circinnate, or scorpioid) before development ;
calyx 5-parted ; coroUa 5-lobed, with 5 stamens inserted on the tube ; ovary deeply
4-parted, becoming in fruit 4 seed-like nutlets, surrounding the base of the style ;
seeds single, pendulous, with little or no albumen.

An order, for the most part, of rough homely plants, — some of them very ob-
noxious weeds. Several species have showy flowers; and some of the Heliotropt*
are admired for their fragrance.

g 1. Nutlets fixed to the receptacle (free from the base of the style.')
f Corolla irregular.

310. EXCHIUM, Tournef.

[Gr. Echis, a viper ; the nutlets somewhat resembling a viper's head.]
Corolla subcampanulate, unequally and obliquely lobed; throat
expanded, naked. Stamens mostly exserted, unequal. Nutlets
rugose or tuberculate, with a small flat scar at base. Flowers in
panicled spikes, at first purplish, finally bright violet-blue.

1. E. vulgdre, L. Stem tuberculate-hispid ; leaves linear-lanceolate ;

flowers in short lateral spikes.

COMMON ECHIUM. Blue-Weed. Viper's Bugloss.

Biennial. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, branched above. Radical leaves 5 to 8 inches
long, petiolate; stem-leaves smaller, acute, sessile. Spikes axillary, numerous.—
Nutlets subovoid, angular on the inner side, keeled on the back, acuminate and a
little incurved, rough with greyish-brown tubercles.
Sab. Fields, &c. Nat. of Europe. Fl. June. Fr. Aug.

Obs. This showy, but pernicious weed, is gradually making ita
way into various sections of our County. It was detected in the
vicinity of West Chester, during the past summer (1851), by Misa
HARRIET HARLAN, a Teacher of Botany in PRICE'S Female Seminary.
The Farmers — as well as the Lady Botanists — will do well to keep a
vigilant eye upon it.

f f Corolla regular. * Nutlets excavated at base.

311. SYM'PHYTIJM, Tournef.
[Gr. Symphyo, to join; from its supposed healing virtues.]
Corolla tubular, with short revolute lobes ; throat ventricose, closed
by 5 lanceolate scales. Stamens included; anthers elongated.—
Coarse perennials: flowers in nodding hispid racemes, yellowish-
white.

1. S. OFFICINALE, L. Stem winged above by the decurrence of the
sessile leaves ; lower leaves ovate-lanceolate, tapering to a petiole.
OFFICINAL SYMPHYTUM. Garden Comfrey.

Stem 2 to 3 feet high, branched, grooved or angular, and hispidly pilose. Learea
8 to 12 inches long, rugose and scabrous ; petioles of the lower ones 3 to 5 inches in

BOBAGINACEAB 215

length. Racemes without bracts,-* the flowers rather crowded ; Corolla ochroleucous,
rarely purplish ; scales of the throat glandular-dentate.
Hub. Gardens. Nat. of Europe. Fl. June. Fr. Aug.

Obs. This was formerly found in many of our gardens, — and is
yet, occasionally, to be seen, — for the sake of its mucilaginous
root, — which was reputed medicinal, for wounds, and internal com-
plaints. It is, doubtless, about as sovereign as "Parmaceti, for an
inward bruise."

* * Nutlets with a small flat scar at base.

312. OtfOSMO'DIVM, MX.

[So named, from its resemblance to Onosma, — a kindred genus.]
Corolla tubular, with erect, or connivent, acute lobes ; throat naked.
Anthers sagittate, subsessile, included. Style much exserted. —
Nutlets ovoid, glabrous. Hirsute perennials : flowers ochroleucous,
in terminal one-sided leafy racemes.

1. O. Virgin! stnum, Alph. DC. Plant clothed with appressed
bristles; leaves lance-oblong, nerved, sessile, — the lower ones
narrowed at base ; corolla-lobes subulate-lanceolate.

0. hispidum. MX. $ Fl. Cestr. ed. 2. p. 119.
VIBGINIAN ONOSMODIUM.

Stem about 2 feet high, branched. Leaves 2 to 3 inches long. Racemes at first
recurved and nodding, finally erect ; corolla rather longer than the calyx ; nutlets
with numerous depressions on the surface, grey, shining.
Hob. Great Valley: not common. Fl. June. Fr. Aug.

313. MTHOSPERM1JM, Tournef.

[Or. Lithos, a stone, and Sperma. seed; from the stony hardness of the nutlets.]
Corolla funnel-form, or salver-form, with rounded lobes; throat
naked, but mostly with 5 small gibbous projections. Anthers oblong,
subsessile, included. Style not exserted. Nutlets ovoid, rugose, or
smooth. Flowers axillary, crowded at summit in leafy racemes, or
clusters.

a. Corolla funnel-form, white: nutlets rugose.

1. L. arvSnse, L. Hairy ; branched from the base ; leaves lance-
linear, rather acute, nerveless; flowers small, — the lower ones
rather distant.

FIELD LITHOSPERMTJM. Stone-weed. Gromwell.

Annual. Plant greyish-green, with short appressed hairs. /Stems 12 to 18 inches
high, often branched near the summit. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, with a midrib
but no lateral nerves, sessile. Flowers solitary, subsessile; nutlets brown when
mature.
Hob. Fields. Nat. of Europe. Fl. May. Fr. June.

Obs. A worthless little weed, — extensively naturalized,
b. Corolla salver-form, orange-yellow : nutlets smooth.

2. L<. caiiesceiis, Lehm. Villous; stem nearly simple; leaves
lance-oblong, rather obtuse; flowers rather large, clustered at
summit.

Batschia canescens. MX. $ Fl. Cestr. ed. 2. p. 118.
HOABY LITHOSPEBMUM. Puccoon. Alkanet.

216 OAMOPETALOUS EXOGENS

Perennial. Root large, red. <Sfem about a foot high, several from the same root,
Sometimes trichotomously branched above, hoary with spreading hairs. Leave*
•bout an inch and half long, clothed with appressed hairs. Cm-Ma with a slight
pubescent ring on the inside, at bottom.
Hob, Great Valley : rare. Fl. May. Fr. June.

Obs. This pretty little plant is quite rare, here. The root was
used, by the Aborigines, for staining red.

314. MYOSOVTIS, L

[Gr. Mys, myos, a mouse, and ous, otos, an ear ; from the form of the leaves.]
Corolla salver-form; lobes rounded, convolute in the bud! tub*
about as long as the calyx ; throat with 5 short arching appendages
opposite the lobes. Stamens included. Nutlets smooth, somewhat
compressed. Flowers small, in terminal racemes, mostly without
bracts.

1. IH. liixa, Lehm. Biennial ; stems ascending, rooting near the
base, terete, branching ; leaves lance-oblong, rather obtuse ; pedicels
about twice as long as the calyx.

M. palustris. Fl. Cestr. ed. 2. p. 120. not of Withering.
LOOSE MYOSOTIS. Scorpion-grass. Forget-me-not.

Stem 1 to 2 feet long, slender, smoothish. Leaves 1 to 3 inches long, — upper ones
geefiile, lower ones often petiolate. Racemes terminating the branches, sometimes
in pairs, elongating, secund, at first recurved. Corolla bright blue, the throat
closed with yellow connivent scales ; border nearly flat.
Hob. Swampy rivulets, and springs: frequent. Fl. May. Fr. July.

Obs. This seems to have been generally mistaken for the M.
palustris, With, or true " Vergiss mein nicht," of the Germans, — to
•which, indeed, it bears a close resemblance.

2. lH. Stricta, Link. Annual ; stem erect, nearly simple ; leaves
oblong, or oval-lanceolate, rather acute ; pedicels about as long as
the calyx.

M. arvensis. Fl. Cestr. ed. 2. p. 120.
UPRIGHT MYOSOTIS.

Plant greyish-pubescent. Stem at first nearly simple, at length branching, 3 *o
6 (and finally sometimes 12) inches high. Leaves half an inch to an inch long,
sessile, scabrous, — the lower ones often lance-obovate, obtuse, and petiolate. —
Racemes terminal, at first short, and the flowers crowded, finally much elongated,
bifarious (not secund). Corolla very small, white, or sometimes pale blue; border
somewhat erect.
Hob. Dry hills, and serpentine rocks : not common. Fl. May. Fr. July.

Obs. This species is usually very diminutive, when the flowers
begin to appear; but the racemes finally stretch up — sometimes to
the height of 12 or 15 inches.

315. MERTEtfS'IA, Roth.

[Dedicated to Prof. F. C. Mertens, of Bremen.]

Corolla trumpet-shaped, much longer than the calyx, the border
obscurely lobed; throat naked, or with 5 small folds therein. —
Stamens and style rather shorter than the corolla. Nutlets ovoid,
smoothish, fixed obliquely by the internal angle. Smooth perennials :
flowers purplish-blue, large, in terminal (at first corymbose) racemes.

BORAGINACEAE 217

1. M« Yirgfnica, DC. Stem nearly erect; upper leaves lance-
oblong, lower ones finally roundish-obovate ; racemes elongated in
fruit ; corolla naked in the throat.
Pulmonaria Virginica. L. $ Fl. Cestr. ed. 2. p. 117.
VIRGINIAN MERTENSIA. Virginia Cowslip. Smooth Lung-wort.

Stem 1 to 2 feet high, angular, succulent, a little branched at summit. Lower
leaves 3 to 6 inches long, on petioles 2 to 5 inches long; upper leaves gradually
smaller, and becoming subsessile. Corolla, near an inch long, with an annular tuft
of hairs on the inside, near the base. Disk hearing 2 glands as long as the ovaries.
Hob. Low grounds; along streams: frequent. Fl. April. Fr. June.

Obs. This plant — glabrous among the asperifoliae ! — is rather
showy, and pretty, — often finding a place in flower-gardens,
g 2. Nutlets affixed laterally to the base of the style.

316. CYtfOGL-OS'SIIM, Tournef.
[Or. Kyon, a dog, and Gtossa, a t9ngue ; from the form of the leaves.]
Corolla funnel-form; lobes rounded; tube about as long as the
calyx ; throat closed by 5 obtuse scales. Stamens included. Nutlets
depressed, or convex, more or less covered with short barbed or
hooked prickles. Flowers mostly in paniculate, or corymbose, naked
racemes.

f Racemes not bracteate,

1. C. offidnale, L. Softly pubescent; stem paniculate above, leafy;
tipper leaves lanceolate, sessile ; nutlets depressed.

OFFICINAL CYNOGLOSSUM. Hound's-tongue.

Biennial. Stem about 2 feet high. Radical leaves 9 to 12 inches in length, lance-
oblong, petiolate ; stem-leaves 3 to 6 inches long. Pacemes 2 to 5 inches long, mostly
erect, secund ; pedicels % to % an inch in length ; corolla reddish or purplish'
brown (sometimes milk white).
Hob. Waste places. Nat. of Europe. Fl. May. Fr. Aug.

Obs. Naturalized about old settlements. The disagreeable odor
of this species has been compared to that of nests of young mice.

2. C. VirginiCUIIl, L. Hirsute ; stem simple, few-leaved ;
stem-leaves oblong, clasping, and sub-auriculate at base; racemes
corymbed, on a long naked peduncle.

VIRGINIAN CYNOGLOSSUM. Wild Comfrey.

Perennial. Stem about 2 feet high, rather slender, mostly leafless for 6 or 8
inches below the corymb. Radical leaves about 6 inches long, oval or lance-obovate,
narrowed at base to & petiole about 3 inches in length ; stem-leaves 1 or 2 to 6 inches
long, diminishing as they ascend. Flowers few, in a terminal corymbose panicle,
of 2 or 3 principal pedunculate racemes 1 to 2 or 3 inches in length; pedicels % to
% of an inch long ; corotta pale blue, or rather bluish-white.
Bah. Rich woodlands : common. Fl. May. Fr. Aug.

Obs. The root of this is a popular medicine, — similar to that of
the Garden Comfrey, — and about as efficacious.

f f Racemes bracteate, but the pedicels extra-axillary.

3. C. 91 orisunl, DC. Stem hairy, leafy, divaricately branched
above ; leaves ovate-lanceolate ; racemes slender, paniculate, forked.
Echinospermum Virginicum. Lehm. $ Fl. Cestr. ed. 2. p. 121.
MORISON'S CYNOGLOSSUM. Beggar's Lice.

218 GAMOPETALOU8 EXOGEN8

Annual. Stem 2 to 4 feet high. Leaves 3 or 4 inches long, acute at each end,
scabrous, — the lower ones petiolate, upper ones subsessile. Racemes pedunculate,
1 to 2 or 3 inches long, terminating the slender divaricate branches, mostly dichotom-
ous ; pedicels about as long as the fruit ; corolla bluish-white ; nutlets convex,
densely covered with barbed prickles.
Hob. Borders of thickets; fence-rows, &c. : frequent. Fl. July. Fr. Octo.

Obs. This troublesome weed is well known to the farmers, — by
reason of its adhesive bur-like fruit entangling and matting the
manes of their horses, and the fleeces of their sheep.

ORDER LXVII. HYDROPHYLLACEAE.

Herbs; leaves mostly alternate, and lobed, without stipules; flowers regular,
pentamerous and pentandrous ; corolla-lobes convolute in the bud ; stigma bifid ;
ovary entire, ovoid, mostly hairy, 1-celled, with 2 parietal placentae; capsule globose,
2-valved, few-seeded; seeds reticulated or pitted ; embryo minute, in cartilaginous
albumen. ''/ • '

317. IIYDROPHYI/MJM, L.

[Gr. Hydor, water, and Phyllon, a leaf; the application not obvious.]
Calyx 5-parted, rarely with a small appendage in each sinus. —
Corolla campanulate, 5-cleft, — the tube with 5 linear grooved ap-
pendages inside, opposite the lobes. Stamens exserted; filaments
more or less hairy. Ovary with the placentae expanded so as to
line the cell, like an interior pod. Capsule spherical, 1- to 4-seeded.
Perennials : flowers in cymose clusters.

1. H. Virginicum, L. Leaves pinnately dissected; lobes
oval-lanceolate, deeply serrate, the lowest ones distinct.
VIRGINIAN HYDROPHYLLUM. Water-leaf.

Stem 12 to 18 inches high, often dichotomously branched near the base, nearly
naked, with one or two leaves at summit. Leaves irregularly dissected, about 5-
lobed, the 2 lower lobes distinct, and somewhat distant ; petioles of the radical and
lower leaves 4 to 6 or 8 inches long,— those at summit shorter. Flowers in clus-
tered corymbs; common peduncles 2 to 5 inches long, axillary, or opposite to the
petioles of the upper leaves; calyx-segments hispid-ciliate, — the sinuses without
appendages; corolla white, with purplish veins.
Hob. Moist, shaded grounds: frequent. Fl. May. Fr. June.

ORDER LXVIII. POLEMONIACEAE.

Eerbs; leaves alternate, or opposite, without stipules ; powers regular, pentamerous
and pentandrous; corolla-lobes convolute in the bud; s^Ze 3-lobed ; capsule 3-celled,
3-valved, loculicidal,— the valves usually breaking away from the central column;
seeds few, or many, with copious albumen.

A small Order; but comprising some plants which are admired by Florists,—
such as the Cobaea scandens, Cav. and several species of Phlox, and Gttia.

318. POMMO^IUM, Tournef.

[Gr. Polemos, war; an ancient name, of obscure meaning.]
Calyx loosely campanulate. Corolla sub-rotate-campanulate. —
Stamens declined; filaments with the base dilated, ciliate, connivent
and valve-like. Capsule roundish-ovoid, several-seeded. Leaves
odd-pinnately dissected ; fiowers in terminal corymbose clusters.

POLEMONIACEAE 219

1. P. reptaiis, L. Smooth, and succulent; branched and

leaning; leaflets 6 to 11, lance-ovate, acute; corymbs few-flowered,

nodding.

CBAWLINO POLEMONIUM. Jacob's Ladder. Greek Valerian.

Perennial. Stem 12 to 18 inches long. Leaflets usually 7 or 9, about an inch
long, mostly opposite,— the terminal one lance-obovate; common petiole half an
Inch to 2 inches in length below the leaflets, slightly -winged, pubescenteiliate.—
Corolla blue, about 3 times as long as the calyx,— the lobes short, obovate, rounded.
Capsule on a short stipe, in the enlarged, persistent, veined, green, and somewhat
membranous calyx.
Hob. Moist, low grounds : frequent. Fl. May. Fr. June.

Obs. Our plant so much resembles the European species (P.
caeritieum, £.), that it has received the same common names.

319. PHL.OX, L.

[Gr. Phlox, a flame of fire ; from the color of the numerous flowers.]
Calyx 5-ribbed, somewhat prismatic. Corolla salver-form; tube
slender, more or less curved; lobes cuneate-obovate. Stamens
included, unequally inserted on the corolla-tube. Capsule ovoid;
cells 1-seeded. Mostly perennials : leaves generally opposite, sessile,
entire; flowers usually purple, or pink, more or less corymbose-
paniculate.

f Flowers in a thyrsoid or oblong corymbose panicle.

1. P. maculata, L. Stem roughish, spotted with dark purple;
upper leaves ovate-lanceolate, acuminate; lower ones linear-
lanceolate.

SPOTTED PHLOX. Wild Sweet- William.

Stem about 2 feet high, mostly simple. Leaves 1 to 4 or 5 inches long, usually
opposite, rarely ternate. Bracts subulate-linear, near an inch long. Corotta bright
purple, rarely white; the tube near an inch long.
Sab. Low grounds; margins of rivulets: frequent. Fl. June. Fr. Aug.

f f Flowers in terminal corymbs. * Corolla-lobes entire.

2. P. pilosa, L. Slender, villous, and slightly viscid; leaves
lance-linear, acute; calyx-teeth slender, subulate, with awn-like
points.

P. aristata. Fl. Cestr. ed. 2. p. 123. not of MX.
HAIRY PHLOX.

Stem 12 to 18 inches high, sometimes branched. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, — the
Tipper ones occasionally somewhat ovate-lanceolate. Bracts subulate, or lanceo-
late, about half an inch in length. Corolla pale red, — the tube % of an inch long,
nearly straight.
Hob. Borders of woods, and thickets : frequent. Fl. May. Fr. July.

3. P. reptan§9 MX. Stem erect, with procumbent runners at
base bearing roundish-obovate and rather fleshy subsessile leaves ;
upper stem-leaves ovate-lanceolate; corymb few-flowered.
CRAWLING PHLOX.

Stem 4 to 6 or 8 inches high; runners branching off in all directions from the
base, 2 to 4 or 5 inches in length. Leaves about an inch long, more or less pilose
and ciliate, — the lower ones spatulate-obovate, tapering to short margined petioles.

220 GAMOPETALOUS EXOGENS

Corolla deep purplish-red, — the tube about an inch long, a little curved.
Hub. Woodlands; nearPcwZi: very rare. Fl. May. Fr. July.

Obs. This pretty species is occasionally seen in the gardens of
persons of taste. I have not met with it, myself, growing wild.

* * Corolla-lobes emarginate.

4. P. divariCiYta, L. Stems ascending, loosely branched from
the base; leaves lance-oval or oblong, acute, thinnish; corymb
loosely paniculate.

DIVARICATE PHLOX.

Stems 9 to 15 inches long, numerous, straggling,— some of them nearly procum-
bent and runner-like, with erect branches. Leaves 1 to \% inches long, the upper
pairs distant, subcordate and clasping at base, — those on the runner-like branches
nearly acute at base, becoming thick and coriaceous. Corymb di- or tri-chotomously
and somewhat divaricately branching; corotta pale lilac, or bluish-purple,— the
tube % of an inch long, slightly curved.
Hob. Damp thickets ; along Schuylkill : rare. FL May. Fr. June.

5. P. Sllblllata, L. Stems prostrate, with numerous short
assurgent branches ; leaves subulate-linear, rigid.

SUBULATE PHLOX. Mountain Pink. Ground Pink.

Stems 8 to 12 or 18 inches long, — the assurgent branches 2 to 4 inches high.—
Leaves about half an inch long, cuspidate, crowded, with axillary clusters of
smaller ones. Corymbs 3- to 6-flowered; corolla pink-purple, with a dark purple
centre,— the tube about % an inch long, a little curved ; sometimes the flowers are
white.
Hob. Rocky hills; Serpentine ridges : abundant. Fl. April. Fr. July.

Obs. This species is chiefly confined to the Serpentine rock, with
ns ; and when it is in full bloom, the hills, at a distance, appear as
if covered with a sheet of flame.

ORDER LXIX. CONVOLVULA^CEAE.

Mostly trailing or twining herbs, often with a milky juice; leaves alternate (rarely
none!), entire or lobed, without stipules ; flowers regular, often large; calyx of 5
Imbricated persistent sepals ; corotta 5-plaited, or 4- or 5-lobed, twisted or convolute
in the bud ; stamens mostly 5 ; capsule 1- or 2- to 4-celled, often septifragal, few-
seeded; seeds with a little mucilaginous albumen; cotyledons sometimes (i. e. in the
leafless plants) wanting!

An interesting and rather anomalous Family of plants ; comprising some valu-
able,— some nuisances, — a number beautiful, — and several which are singularly
curious in their structure and habit.

SUBORDER I. CONVOLVULEVAE.

Green and leafy plants ; cotyledons large and foliaceous, crumpled or corrugated ;
eoroUa large, plicate, obscurely lobed.

320. CAL.YSTE\GIA, R. Br.

[Gr. Kalos, beautiful, and Siege, a covering ; in allusion to the bracts.
Calyx covered by 2 large opposite subcordate bracts. Corolla
campanulate. Stamens included. Stigmas 2, oblong. Ovary im-
perfectly 2-celled. Capsule 1-celled, 4-seeded. Perennials: leave*
entire, sagittate-cordate at base ; flowers solitary, on long axillary
peduncles.

CONVOLVULACEAE 221

1. C. sepiuili, R. Br. Stem long, trailing or twining, smoothish;
leaves sagittate, with the lobes obliquely truncate.
Convolvulus sepium. L. $ Fl. Cestr. ed. 2. p. 130.

HEDGE CALYSTEQIA. Hedge Bind-weed.

SUm 3 to 5 or 6 feet long, nearly smooth. Leaves 2 to 4 inches long, oblong, or
often somewhat triangular; petioles 1 to 3 inches long. Peduncles 4 to 6 or 8
inches long ; bracts oblong-cordate, nearly % the length of the corolla, and almost
twice as long as the calyx; corolla about 3 inches long, white, tinged with rose-
color.
llaJb. Meadows, along the Brandy wine : not common. Fl. June. FT. Aug.

Obs. This is generally regarded as an indigenous plant ; but its
localities seem to be quite restricted, and it looks like a stranger, in
Chester County.

2. C. spitliamaea, Fursh. Stem short, erect, or oblique,
pubescent ; leaves oblong, auriculate-cordate at base.
Convolvulus spithamaeus. L. $ Fl. Cestr. ed. 2. p. 130.
SPAN-LONG CALYSTEGIA.

Perennial f Stem 8 to 12 inches long, erect and simple, or sometimes nearly pro-
cumbent, with assurgent branches. Leaves 2 to 3 inches long, often rounded at
apex, sometimes acute or acuminate; petioles % to % of &n inch in length. —
Peduncles 2 to 4 inches long ; bracts cordate-ovate, about % longer than the calyx ;
corolla about an inch and half in length, white.
Hob. Dry, hilly woodlands : frequent. Fl. June. Fr. Aug.

Obs. This species (of the perennial character of which, I am not
quite satisfied) presents two pretty striking varieties, in habit and
features ; but they are probably nothing more than varieties.

321. COIVVOI/VUL.US, L.

[Latin, convolvo, to entwine, or wind about ; descriptive of the plant.]
Calyx naked (the bracts being remote from the flower, and small).
Corolla campanulate, or funnel-form. Stamens mostly included. —
Stigmas 2, rarely 3, linear, globular, or capitate. Chiefly trailing
or twining plants, — often with milky juice: leaves more or less cor-
date; peduncles axillary, 1- or few-flowered; flowers usually large.

g 1. CONVOLVULUS PROPER : Stigmas 2, linear.

1. C. arvSnsis, L. Stem procumbent, or sometimes twining, rather
short; leaves ovate-oblong, obtuse, hastate-sagittate at base.
FIELD CONVOLVULUS. Field Bind-weed.

Perennial. Stem about 2 feet long, slender, branching, angular and ptriate,
somewhat hairy. Leaves 1 to 1% inches long, — the smaller ones rather acute —
the larger ones obtuse, and often emarginate, — all with a minute cusp at the end
of the midrib ; petioles half an inch to an inch in length. Peduncles 1 to 2 or 3
inches long, with 2 small bracts situated % an inch to an inch below the flower ;
cnrnUa about % of an inch long, pale red, or reddish-white,
//aft. Cultivated lots. Nat. of Europe. Fl. June. Fr. Aug.

Obs. This foreigner is gradually extending itself among us, — and
will probably give our farmers much trouble, if they do not care-
fully guard against it. Incessant vigilance is said to be the condition,
on which alone the rights of Freemen can be maintained; and I

222 GAMOPETALOUS EXOGENS

believe the Farmer will find a similar condition annexed to the
preservation of his premises from the inroads of pernicious weeds.
This plant has proved to be a most obstinate nuisance, in the culti-
vated grounds of England; and I may add, that I have not yet
Seen it thoroughly extirpated from any locality, here, — where it had
once got possession of the soil.

g2. IPOMAEA.: Stigmas 2, globular, or united in one.

2. C. pandur&tus, L. Stem trailing, long ; leaves cordate,
acuminate, — or often fiddle-shaped ; flowers white, with pink tube.
FIDDLE-FORM CONVOLVULUS. Wild Potato-vine.

Perennial. Stem 4 to 6 or 8 feet long, smoothish. Leaves about 3 inches long,
varying from roundish-cordate, to broadly sinuate and sub-lobed, on the sides,
approaching a fiddle-shape; petioles 1 to 2 inches in length. Peduncles 2 to 4 or 5
Inches long, often branched at summit, generally bearing 2 or 3 to 5 flowers, in
fascicles ; bracts at the base of the peduncles, small, resembling stipules ; corotta
about 2 inches long.

Hob. Old fields, and borders of woods : frequent Fl. July. Fr. Sept.
3* C. BATATAS, L. Rhizomas thick, oblong, terete, tapering at each
end; stems creeping; leaves subhastate-cordate, often somewhat
3-lobed.
POTATO CONVOLVULUS, Sweet Potato.

Perennial. Rhizomas 4 to 8 inches long, and 1 to 2 or 3 inches in diameter,
purple, or yellowish-white, externally, — yellowish within. Stems several, 4 to 8
feet long, slender, pilose, prostrate and often radicating,— sometimes remarkably
dilated, forming a kind of monstrosity. Leaves 2 to 4 inches long; petioles about
2 inches in length. Corolla purple (fide CHOISY, in DC.).
Sab. Gardens, and lots. Nat. of the Indies. Fl.

Obs. This plant is cultivated to some extent, in Chester County,
for its sweet tuberous rhizomas ; but the sandy soil of New Jersey
seems best adapted to their perfection. I believe it has never
/Lowered, in this region, — but is always propagated by cuttings, or
buds, of the tuberous rhizomas. It is said to be the Potato, spoken
of by writers of the Elizabethan age ; the Solanum tuberosum, L.
or "Irish Potato," so called (and now so common), being then
scarcely known in the old world. KALM states, — "that species of
Convolvulus which is commonly called .Batatas, has here [viz. Penn-
sylvania,, in 1748,] the name of Bermudian Potatoes." That name
is certainly, now (1852), quite obsolete. CHARLES BRYANT, in his
Flora Diaetetica, published in 1783, says — "The Batatas is a native
of both Indies, but has been a long time cultivated in Spain and
Portugal, whence the roots are annually imported." And he adds,
"these are certainly the same species of roots as those which
COLUMBUS'S Sailors were treated with by the inhabitants of Cuba,
and which they said were very sweet, and when boiled tasted like
Chestnuts."

g 3. PHARBITIS : Stigmas mostly 3, united and subcapitate..

4. C. purpiireus, L. Stem twining ; leaves roundish-cordate, acumi
nate ; peduncles 2- or 3-flowered ; pedicels clavute.
PURPLE CONVOLVULUS. Morning Glory.

CONVOLVULACEAE 223

Annual. Stem 6 to 12 or 15 feet long, hairy. Leaves 2 to 6 inches in length, and
as wide as long; petioles 2 to 5 inches long. Peduncles 1 to 3 inches long (some-
times very short and 1-flowered), with 2 or 3 subulate bracts at the base of the
pedicels; calyx conspicuously hairy; corolla about 2 inches long, purple, blue,
variegated, or entirely white ; capsule globose, mucronate, 3-celled.
Hob. Gardens, Ac. Nat. of S. America. Fl. July. Fr. Aug.

Obs. This rather ornamental plant is naturalized in almost every
garden ; and is quite a favorite for training about humble doorways,
and arbors.

SUBORDER II. CUSCUTFNEAE.

Plants parasitic, smooth, orange-colored ; stems twining (against the aun), filiform ;
leaves none, or represented by minute -scales ; flowers clustered; corolla 4- or 5-lobed ;
embryo filiform ; cotykdons none !

CtTS'CITTA, Tournef.
[A name of uncertain derivation ; supposed to be Arabic.]
Calyx 4- or 5-cleft. Corolla globose-urceolate. Stamens 4 or 5,
attached to the tube, and alternate with the lobes, of the corolla, —
each with a scale-like fringed appendage at base. Capsule 2-celled,
4-seeded, circumscissed, or indehiscent, rarely bursting irregularly.
Chiefly annuals : flowers small, whitish, cymose-clustered.

1, C. epilinum, Weihe. Stem very slender; flowers sessile, in small
dense clusters; stigmas acute.

C. Europaea. FL Cestr. ed. 2. p. 167.
FLAX CUSCTJTA. Flax- Vine. Dodder.

Stem 2 to 3 or 4 feet long, twining, branching, and much entangled. Flowers in
email capitafe clusters. Scales at the base of the stamens small. Stigmas elongated.
Capsule circumscissed near the base.
Hob. Among Flax. Nat. of Europe. Fl. June. Fr. July.

Obs. This was formerly a great pest among the Flax crops, —
entangling and spoiling large quantities ; but since ilidt culture has
declined, here, it has become quite rare.

2. C. Gronuvii, Willd. Stem thickish-filiform \ flowers pedun-
culate, in cymose clusters; stigmas capitate.

C. Americana. FL Cestr. ed. 2. p. 166.
GRONOVIUS'S CUSCUTA. Love-vine.

Stem 2 to 5 or 6 feet long, branching, fleshy, reddish-orange color, — twining
round other plants, and attaching itself by radicating processes or tubercles, when
it dies at the root, and loses its direct connection with the earth. Flowers tn
numerous subumbollate or cymose clusters. Ssab>* oblong, conspicuously fringed.
Capsule indehiscent, with the remains of the corolla persistent at the base,
Hob. Moist, low grounds; along streams: frequent. FL Aug. Fr. Octo.

Obs. This remarkable parasite — somewhat resembling copper
wire, in appearance, — seizes upon any herb within its reach ; but is
most usually found clinging to such neighbors as Imp aliens, Lycopus,
Boehmeria, and Mentha viridis. The Genus comprises a number of
species, — and has been ably investigated by that acute and learned
Botanist, Dr. GEORGE ENGELMANN, of St. Louis, Missouri.

224 GAMOPETALOUS EXOGENS

ORDER LXX. SOLANA^CEAE.

Mostly herbs ; with a watery juice ; leaves alternate, without stipules ; flowers regular,
chiefly pentamerous and pentandrous, on bractless pedicels; coroUa plicate, or
infolded-valvate in the bud; stamens inserted in to the corolla, as many as its lobes,
and alternate with them; fruit a many -seed berry, or capsule; seeds with fleshy
albumen.

An Order affording many powerful narcotics, and stimulants,— as well as some
valuable esculents ; several of which are here enumerated.

f Corolla tubular, or funnel-form ; stamens separate.
* Fruit a berry.

323. I,YVCIUM, L.

[Named from Lycia, in Asia Minor; the native place of one species.]
Calyx irregularly 2- or 3- to 5-cleft, persistent. Corolla tubular-
funnel-form; border mostly 5-lobed, spreading. Stamens usually
exserted; filaments bearded. Berry 2-celled. Seeds reniform. —
Shrubby vines : leaves entire ; peduncles extra-axillary, solitary, or
in pairs.

1. L. Bdrbarum, L. Somewhat spinose ; branches elongated, flaccid
and dependent; leaves oblong-lanceolate, often clustered; calyx
mostly 3-cleft.
BARBARIAN LYCIUM. Bastard Jasmine. Matrimony-Vine.

Perennial. Stem 10 to 15 or 20 feet long, slender, much branched, with indura-
ted points, or spinose rudiments, at the axils or base of the leaves. Leaves 1 to 3
inches long, tapering at base to a petiole about half an inch in length. Peduncles
about an inch long, slender, often 2 or 4 together; corolla greenish-purple; berry
oval, orange-red when mature.
Hal. About houses. Nat. of Northern Asia. Fl. June. Fr. July.

Obs. This straggling half-vine kind of shrub is partially natu-
ralized in many places ; and being rather difficult to get rid of,
when once established, is often something of a nuisance.

* * Fruit a capsule.

324. WICOTIAV]VA, L.

[Named after John Nicot ; who is said to have introduced it into France.]
Calyx ventricose-tubular, persistent. Corolla tubular, with the
border spreading, plicately 5-lobed. Stamens included. Stigma
capitate. Capsule covered by the calyx, septicidally 2-valved at
apex, — often finally loculicidal. Seeds minute, very numerous. —
Mostly clammy-pubescent annuals : leaves entire, often large ; flow-
ers paniculate.

1. N. TABXCUM, L. Leaves lance-ovate, acute or acuminate, sessile
and decurrent; corolla-lobes acuminate, — the throat inflated. ,
TOBAGO NIGOTIANA. Tobacco. Common Tobacco.

Stem 4 to 6 feet high, stout, finally almost woody at base, paniculately branched
at summit. Leaves 1 to 2 feet long, smaller as they ascend. Calyx about % the
length of the corolla, — the segments lanceolate, erect. Corolla about 2 inches long,
—the border rose-colored, tube pale greenish-yellow. Capsule, ovoid, sulcate on
each side ; seeds reniform, rugose.
Hob. Gardens, and lots. Nat. of Southern America. Fl. July. Fr. Sept.

SOLANACEAE 225

Obs. This plant — which became known to Europeans about the
year 1560 — though sparingly cultivated in Chester County, is a
staple article among the Planters of several Southern and Western
States. The commercial importance which this nauseous and pow-
erful narcotic has acquired, — together with the modes, and extent,
in which it is employed to gratify the senses, — certainly constitutes
one of the most remarkable traits in the history of civilized man. —
Were we not so practically familiar with the business, we should,
doubtless, be disposed to regard the whole story of the Tobacco
trade — and of the uses made of the disgusting herb — as an absurd
and extravagant fable. In view of the facts and circumstances, it
does seem like sheer affectation, on our part, to pretend to be as-
tonished at the indulgence of the Chinese, and other Asiatics, in
the use of Opium. The habitual use of Tobacco is always more or
less injurious to the system — especially the nervous system; and
in many instances it is highly deleterious. I speak from long ob-
servation, and personal experience, — having smoked and chewed the
herb, until its pernicious effects compelled me to es-chew it altogether.

325. DATITRA, L.

[Supposed to be from Tatorah, — the Arabic name of the plant.]
Calyx tubular, prismatic, separating transversely above the base,
in fruit. Corolla funnel-form, — the border plicately 5-toothed.— -
Stamens included. Stigma 2-lipped. Capsule oval, or subgloboee,
mostly prickly, 4-valved, 4-celled at base, 2-celled at summit. —
Seeds subreniform, roughish-dotted. Coarse annuals, fetid when
bruised: leaves somewhat in opposite pairs; flowers large, solitary,
axillary or dichotomal, on short peduncles.

1. D. Stramdnium, L. Smooth; stem dichotomously branching;
leaves ovate, angulate, or sinuate-dentate, petiolate; capsule mn-
ricate, erect.

Jamestown (corruptly Jimsori) Weed. Thorn-apple.

Stem 2 to 5 feet high, rather stout, terete, pale yellowish-green (brownish-purple
In var. Tatula). Leaves 4 to 6 or 8 inches long ; petioles 1 to 3 or 4 inches in length.
Calyx prominently 5-angled, nearly half as long as the corolla, deciduous, leaving
the persistent base orbicular. Corolla about 3 inches long, ochroleucous (pale
Ttolet-purple in var. Tatuld). Capsule about an inch in diameter.
Hob. Waste places : introduced. Fl. July. Fr. Sept.

Obs. The variety, Tatula — with dark purple stems, and purplish
flowers, — is the one which prevails in Chester County ; though the
other is common in and around Philadelphia, — and is gradually
extending in this direction. It is generally put down as a native of
America ; but I strongly suspect it is of Asiatic origin, — and am
very confident it is a stranger in this region. The herb, and seeds,
are powerfully narcotic poisons, — and therefore, no doubt, potent
medicines, when properly administered ; but the plant is regarded,
and treated, as an obnoxious weed, by all neat farmers.

tf Corolla campanvlate, or rotate ; stamens connivent; fruit a berry.

* AnUiors opening longitudinally.

15

226 GAMOPETALOUS EXOGENS

3'16. 1VICAHFDRA, Adans.

[Dedicated to Nicander; a sort of Natural-History Poet, of Colophon, in Ionia.]
Calyx 5-parted, acutely 5-angled ; segments sagittate-ovate, enlarged
in fruit, and inclosing the 3- to 5-celled globular dry berry. Corolla
spreading-campanulate, with the plicate border nearly entire. —
Annual : smooth ; leaves like those of Datura ; flowers solitary, on
extra-axillary and terminal peduncles.

1. N. physaloides, Gaertn. Stem branching ; leaves oblong-ovate,
sinuate-angled, — the upper ones often opposite.
PHYSALIS-LIKE NICANDRA. Apple of Peru.

Stem 2 to 4 feet high ; branches angular, spreading. Leaves 3 to 5 or 6 inches
long, decurrent on the petioles, which are 1 to 2 inches in length, ttduncles 1 to 2
inches long ; calyx-segments cuspidate-acuminate, membranous, reticulately veined ;
cardla pale blue, whitish at bottom and marked with 5 radiating blue spots.
Sab. Gardens. Nat. of Peru. Fl. July. Fr. Sept.

Obs. This plant seems to be naturalized in many of our gardens.

. PIIY'SAMS, L.

[Gr. Physa, a bladder, or bag ; in allusion to the inflated calyx.]
Calyx 5-cleft, enlarging after flowering, becoming much inflated,
and including the 2-celled globular fleshy berry. Corolla spreading-
campanulate, — the plicate border somewhat 5-lobed. Leaves some-
what in pairs ; peduncles extra-axillary, 1-flowered.

1. p. viscasa, L. Divergently branching; leaves sub-cordate-
ovate, repand-dentate ; flowers nodding.
CLAMMY PHYSALIS. Ground-Cherry.

Plant viscid-pubescent ; perennial f Stem 12 to 18 inches high, branched some-
what dichotomously. Leaves 2 to 4 inches long, varying from lance-ovate and
aoute, to roundish-ovate or subcordate and obtuse ; petioles 1 to 2 inches long. —
Cbrotta greenish-yellow, with fuscous or purplish-brown spots at base, about twice
as long as the calyx. Berry greenish-yellow, or sometimes orange color, when
mature, clammy. Peduncles of the fruit about an inch long.
Hob. Roadsides, fields, and fence-rows: frequent. Fl. July. Fr. Sept.

Obs. The P. lanceolata, of the preceding edition, being somewhat
uncertain, — and having never found it, myself, — I prefer leaving it
for some future investigator to determine whether it really belongs
to our Chester County flora.

CAPSICUM. Tournef.
[Gr. Kapto, to bite ; in allusion to its hot or biting quality.]

Calyx angular, 5- or 6-cleft, persistent. Corolla sub-rotate; bor-
der plicate, 5- or 6-lobed. Stamens 5 or 6, exserted. Berry
inflated, with a fleshy rind, or nearly dry, polymorphous, incom-
pletely 2- or 3-celled ; seeds compressed, reniform.

!• C. XNNUUM, L. Herbaceous; leaves ovate, acuminate, entire,

glabrous; peduncles solitary, axillary.

ANNUAL CAPSICUM. Red Pepper. Cayenne Pepper.

Stem 1 to 2 feet high, angular, branching above. Leaves 2 to 4 inches long ;
ptttoles 1 to 3 inches in length, semi-terete, slightly channelled above.

SOLAXACBAB 227

about an inch long; calyx^cgmentt short; corolla white, with ovate-oblong spread.
ing lobes. Berry hollow, terete and slender, ovoid-oblong, or depressed-globost'i
angular or torose, usually red when mature.
2lab. Gardens. Nat. of S. America. Fl. July. Fr. Octo.

Obs. Cultivated for its fruit, — which is powerfully stimulant,
and much used as a condiment.

329. IVrCOPER'SICUM, Tournef.

[Gr. Lykos, a wolf, and Persikon, a peach ; having reference to the fruit.]
Calyx 5- to 10-parted, spreading, persistent. Corolla rotate ; border
plicate, 5- to 10-lobed. Stamens 6 or 6, exserted; anthers oblong-
conical, cohering by an elongated membrane at summit, opening on
the inner side. Berry 2- or 3-celled ; seeds reniform, pulpy -villous.
Leaves odd-pinnately dissected ; flowers in lateral racemose clusters.

1. L. KSCUL&VTUM, Milhr. Leaves interruptedly pseudo-pinnate, —
the leaflets lance-ovate, incised-serrate, petiolulate ; fruit mostly
depressed, orbicular and torose.
Solanum Lycopersicum. L. $ Fl. Cestr. ed. 2. p. 137.
ESCULENT LYCOPERSICUM. Tomato. Love-apple.

Annual ; greyish-green, viscid-pubescent, and rather fetid. Stem 2 to, 4 feet long,
branching, straggling and procumbent unless supported, flowers yellow. —
Berries 1 to 3 or 4 inches in diameter (sometimes globular and smaller), usually
red, or reddish-orange, when mature.
Halt. Gardens. Nat. of Spanish America. FL June. Fr. Aug.

Obs. Well known, and extensively cultivated for its fruit, — which
is used as a vegetable sauce.

** Anthers opening by terminal pores.

330. SOL,AvJVU!tt, L.

[A name of uncertain derivation, and obscure meaning.]
Calyx mostly 5-parted, spreading, persistent. Corolla rotate;
border plicate, usually 5-lobed. Stamens exserted, often slightly
cohering. Berry mostly 2-celled. Leaves various; flowers mostly
in pedunculate cymose clusters.

2 1. Stem and leaves unarmed.

1. S. TUBEROVSUM, L. Rhizomas tuberous, oblong, or roundish;
leaves interruptedly pseudo-pinnate,— the leaflets ovate, entire;
fruit globular, rather small, greenish-yellow.
TUBEROUS SOLANUM. Common Potato. Irish Potato.

Stem herbaceous and annual, 2 to 3 feet high, simple, angular, thickish, finally
decumbent,— the base and roots producing numerous fleshy rhizomas. Flowers
in terminal nodding cymes, on a common peduncle 3 to 5 inches in length; pedicels
articulated; corolla bluish-white; berries about half an inch in diameter.
/ZoA. Gardens, and fields. Nat. of S. America. Fl. June. Fr. Sept.

Obs. This most important plant is known, and cultivated for its
esculent tuberous rhizomas, by every occupant of land. It has be-
come one of the indispensable crops, for a family. Long culture
lias, of course, produced tubers of various color and quality. —
BBYAST (in his Flora Piaetetica, 1783,) says, "the com-

228 GAMOPETALOUS EXOGENS

mon Potato is a native of Peru, in South America. It has been
introduced into England about a century and a half, but was
amongst us a long time before much attention was paid to it, nor
did it come into use in the families of the higher class of people,
till within a few years past."

^J. S. rilarum, L. Leaves ovate, obscurely repand-dentate ; flowers
in lateral umbel-like cymes ; fruit globose, small, black.
BLACK SOLANUM. Common Night-shade.

Annual. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, much branched, angular, or slightly winged. —
leaves 2 to 3 inches long ; petioles about an inch in length. Umbel-like cymes
few-flowered, extra-axillary, nodding. Corolla white, small. Berries about % of
an inch in diameter.
Hub. Waste places. Nat. of Europe. Fl. July. Fr. Sept.

Obs. The books enumerate a var. Virginicum, — as though it were
indigenous ; but I am pretty well satisfied that our plant is a natu-
ralized foreigner. It is a worthless, disagreeable weed — reputed
poisonous, withal, — and ought to be expelled from the vicinity of
all dwellings.

3. S. Dulcamara, L. Somewhat shrubby and climbing; leaves
cordate-ovate, — the upper ones often hastate, or auriculate-lobed
at base; flowers in lateral cymes; fruit oval, small, red.
BITTER-SWEET SOLANUM. Bitter-sweet. Woody Nightshade.

Perennial. Stem 4 to 6 or 8 feet long, flexuose, smoothish. Leaves 2 to 4 inches
long; petioles % an inch to an inch in length. Cymes opposite the leaves, nod-
ding; pedicels half an inch long, clavate; common peduncle about 2 inches in
length ; corolla Tiolet-purple, — the lobes spreading or reflexed, each with 2 green
dots, or tubercles, at base. Berry near % an inch long.
Hob. About houses, &c. Nat. of Europe. Fl. July. Fr. Sept.

Obs. This has become naturalized in many places. The berric*
are poisonous ; and as their bright red appearance, when ripe, may
tempt children to eat them, the plant is not a desirable one, about
houses, or gardens.

§2. Stem and leares more or less prickly.

4. S. MELONGENA, L. Tomcntose; leaves ovate, sinuate-lobed,
unequal at base ; flowers 5- to 7- or 10-parted, pendulous, on lai>-
eral thickened solitary peduncles ; fruit ovoid, or oval, white, or
dark purple, mostly very large.

5. insanum. L. $• FL Cestr. ed. 2. p. 187.
Egg-plant. Mad Apple. Jews' Apple,

Annual. Plant clothed with a whitish stellate tomentum. Stem about 2 feet
high, becoming somewhat woody at base. Leaves 4 to 8 or 9 inches long; petioles
1 to 3 inches in length. Peduncles sometimes dichotomous, bearing 2 flowers.—
GcfroUa Tiolet-purple, pubescent. Berries 3 to 6 or 8 inches in diameter. * ...
Hab. Gardens. Nat. of India. Fl. July. Fr. Sept.

Obs. Cultivated for the fruit. Long culture, as usual, has pro-
duced several striking varieties. The var. ovigerum, or true Egg-
plant, is nearly destitute of prickles, and bears a smaller white
berry, which exceedingly resembles an Egg : while tlie var. esculen-

SOLANACEAE 229

turn (which is most generally cultivated) is quite prickly, and bears
a dark purple berry, which sometimes attains to an enormous size,
and is roundish, or obovoid.

5. S. Carolinense, L. Stem suffruticose, branching ; leaves ovate-
oblong, acute, sinuate-angled and often subhastate, prickly on both
sides ; flowers in loose simple lateral racemes ; fruit globose, small,
orange-yellow.
CAROLINIAN SOLANUM. Horse-Nettle.

Perennial. Stem 1 to near 2 feet high, annual, but firm and almost shrubby,
armed with sharp spreading prickles. Leaves 4 to 6 inches long, stellately hirsute ;
petioles half an inch to 1% inches long. Racemes opposite to and often longer than
the leaves ; pedicels about half an inch in length ; corolla purplish or bluish-white.
Berries *4 to % of an inch in diameter.
Hob. Pastures, &c. Nat. of the Southern States. FL July. Fr. Octo.

Obs. This is an exceedingly pernicious weed, — and the roots so
tenacious of life that, when once fully introduced, it is almost im-
practicable to get rid of it. It was probably introduced from the
South, by the late HUMPHRY MARSHALL, into his Botanic Garden
at Marshallton, — whence it has gradually extended itself round the
neighborhood ; and strongly illustrates the necessity of caution, in
admitting mere Botanical curiosities into good agricultural districts.

ORDER LXXI. GENTIANACEAE.

Smooth herbs, with a colorless bitter juice; Zeaves mostly opposite, entire and sessile ;
stipules none ; flowers regular ; stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla, and
alternate with them ; anthers opening on one side; ovary formed of 2 united carpels,
1-cellcd, or half 2-celled, with parietal placentae; capsule 2-valved, septicidal,
many-seeded; seeds with fleshy albumen.

An Order containing many beautiful species, — and some of them valuable for
their medicinal properties.

SUBORDER I. GENTIA^NEAE.

Corolla-lobes, in the bud, twisted against the sun (i. e. to the left, if you look into
the centre of the flower); seed-coat membranaceous, cellular.

f Style distinct, slender, deciduous ; anthers curved, or spiral.
331. SABBAT'IA, Adam.

[Dedicated to Liberatus Sabbati ; an Italian Botanist.]

Calyx 5- to 12-parted. Corolla sub-rotate, 5- to 12-lobed. Anthers
at first erect, finally recurved. Style 2-parted, — the branches stig-
matiferous, at length spirally twisted. Slender biennials ? flowers
in a terminal corymbose panicle.

1. S. aiiarularis, Punk. Stem acutely 4-angled; leaves oblong-
ovate, clasping; calyx 5- or 6-parted, — the segments lance-linear.
ANGULAR SABBATIA. American Centaury.

SUm 12 to 18 inches high, often much branched and bushy above ; branches
opposite and erect. Leaves about an inch long, rather acute. Corolla twice the
length of the calyx, pale red. Capsule oblong-ovoid, mucronate, with a keeled
suture on each side.
Hob. Sterile old fields ; serpentine-rocks : frequent. FL July. Fr. Sept.

23f) GAMOPETALOTTS EXOGENS

Obs. This pretty plant is intensely bitter, and deservedly popular
as a tonic. The books speak of this, and all the other species, as
biennials, — and they may be so; but I confess that our plant always
appeared to me like an annual,

332. ERYTHRAEVA, Persoon.

[Gr. Erythros, red; in allusion to the color of the flowers.]
Calyx 2- or 5-parted ; segments slender, appressed. Corolla funnel-
form, slender; border 4- or 5-lobed, withering and twisting on the
capsule. Anthers exserted, erect, becoming spirally twisted.- —
Stigma 2-lipped, or sometimes capitate. Capsule sub-linear. An-
nuals : flowers in a dichotomous bushy panicle.

1. E. ramosissima, Pers. var. pulchella, Griseb. Dichotomously
branched; leaves ovate-oblong ; flowers all pedunculate.
E. pulchella. Hook. # Fl. Cestr. ed. 2. p. 126.
MOST-BRANCHED ERYTHRAEA.

Stem 2 to 6 inches high, 4-angled and slightly winged, sometimes brachiately
branched, rarely simple. Leaves about half an inch long, rather acute. Flowert
axillary, solitary, or terminating the branches in pairs, — generally one in the
forks of the stem «r branches, on angular peduncles % to near half an inch in
length ; calyx 5-angled, 5-parted ; segments subulate, at first nearly as long as the
corolla-tube, finally little more than half as long ; corolla, with the border bright
red, the lobes mostly erect, the tube yellowish-green, near half an inch long.
.Bofc. Great Valley. Nat. of Europe. 1*1. July. Fr. Aug.

Obs. This delicate little plant is naturalized, in a few localities,
in Chester, and the adjoining county of Lancaster.

f f Style (if any) and stigmas persistent ; anthers straight.

BARTOVJVIA, Muhl.

[Dedicated to Prof. B. S. Barton, of the University of Pennsylvania.]
Calyx deeply 4-parted, appressed. Corolla subcampanulate, 4-
parted, destitute of folds, fringes, or glands. Stamens short. Ovary
tapering into a very short style ; stigma 2-lobed, — the lobes decur-
rent on the style. Small smooth annuals: stems filiform; leave*
scale-like, or subulate; flowers terminal, subpaniculate.

1. B. tenella, Muhl. Stem paniculate above; leaves subulate,

appressed; peduncles opposite.

B. paniculata. FL Cestr. ed. 2. p. 111.

DELICATE BARTONIA.

Plant yellowish-green. Stem 3 or 4 to 10 or 12 inches high, angular by the
decurrence of the leaves, often twisted. Leaves scarcely % of an inch in length. —
flowers often terminating the branches in threes ; peduncles about % of an inch
long, bracteate at base; corolla pale greenish-yellow, longer than the calyx. —
Capsule oblong, compressed, 1-celled, 2-valved, with sutural placentae ; seeds num-
erous, minute, reddish.
Sab. Moist, low grounds ; clearings, &c. : frequent. Fl. Aug. Fr. Octo.

334. GEtfTIAWA, L.

[Named from Gentius, king of Illyria; who, it is alleged, first used it.]
Calyx 4- or 5-cleft. Corolla 4- or 5-lobed, — usually with interme-
diate plaited folds, which bear appendages at the sinuses. Stamtns

GENTIANACEAE 281

included. Style none, or a mere point of the ovary; stigmas 2>—
Capsule oblong. Flowers solitary, or cymose, large.

§1. CROSSOPETALUM : Corolla subcampanulate, 4rlob«d, without plaited folds; lobes
fringed; anthers incumbents seeds oblong, scaly-hispid. Annuals, or biennials.

1. G. crinlta, Froelich. Leaves ovate-lanceolate ; flowers solitary,
on long terminal naked peduncles ; calyx acutely 4-angled.
HAIEED GENTIANA. Fringed Gentian.

Annual t smooth. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, terete, branched; branches opposite,
axillary, erect, 4-angled and slightly winged. Leaves 1 to 2 or 3 inches long,
closely sessile. Corolla about 2 inches long, bright blue, and beautifully fringed.
Seeds curiously echinate, or hispid.
Sab. Hilly open woodlands ; o^d fields, &c. : frequent. Fl. Octo. Fr. Noyem.

Obs. I have long suspected this autumnal beauty to be an annual ;
but was not aware, until recently, that PETER COLLINSON had en-
tertained the same suspicion, nearly a century before me. Authors
generally regard it as a biennial : which is it ?

J 2. PireiTMONANTftE : Corolla subcampanulate, or clavate, btobed, it>ith intermediate
plaited folds; anthers erect, sometimes cohering; seeds usually flat, and mar-
gined. Perennials.

2. €r. Sapoiiaria, L. var. pube*rula, Torr. $ Gray. Roughish-
puberulent; leaves narrow, sub-linear; corolla open, subeampami-
late.

SOAP-WORT GENTIANA (puberulent narrow-leaved variety).

Stem 12 to 18 inches high, rather slender, but rigid. Leaves I to 2^ inches
long, varying from oblong-lanceolate to narrowly linear, often broader at base. —
Flowers clustered at summit, and more or less so in the axils; corolla, blue, about
an inch, or inch and half long ; anthers at first cohering, finally free ; seeds nar-
rowly margined.
Hob. Sandy grounds ; near New London : rare. Fl. Sept. Fr. Octo.

Obs. There has been much confusion respecting two or three of
our Gentians. The true G. Saponaria, of Linn, it appears, is a
Southern plant, — and is the G. Catesbaei, of Walter. Of this, there
are two varieties ; of which the puberula, of MX. is now regarded as
one. It was collected in the locality above named, in 1848, by Mr.
VINCENT BARNARD, an active and intelligent young Naturalist of
this County. The G. Saponaria, of FL Cestrica, ed. 2. is now G.
Andrewsii, of GRISEBACH — which see.

3. G> alba, Muhl. Smooth; leaves elliptic-lanceolate, and obo-
vate, closely clasping and slightly decurrent; corolla ventricose-
campanulate, finally open, — the lobes short and broadly ovate.

G. ochroleuca. Fl. Cestr. ed. 2. p. 165. not of FROELICH, nor GRAY.
WHITE GENTIANA.

Stem 9 to 15 inches high. Leaves 1 or 2 to 4 inches long, indistinctly 3-nerved,
Bubcoriaceous. Flowers mostly in a terminal bracteate cluster ; calyx-tube about
% an inch long, — the segments linear-lanceolate, % of an inch in length ; corolla
about an inch and half long, yellowish-white,— with tinges of pale green, or some-
times of purplish-blue ; outer lobes entire, inner ones serrate-dentate ; anthers finally
free ; seeds rather broadly margined.
Hob. Fields, and woodlands: not common. Fl. Sept. Fr. Nov.

232 GAMOPETALOUS EXOQENS

Obs. This has long been confounded with, or mistaken for, G.
ochroleuca; but Dr. GRAY has finally determined its character.

4. €r. Andre wsii, Griseb. Smooth; leaves ovate-lanceolate,

acute ; corolla ventricose-clavate, — the lobes and appendages con-

nivent, closing the mouth.

G. Saponaria. FL Cestr. ed. 2. p. 165. not of L.

ANDREWS'S GENTIANA. Closed Gentian.

Stem 1 to 2 feet high. Leaves about 3 inches long, subconnate by a sheathing
membrane, 3-nerved, roughish on the margin. Flowers chiefly in a dense ter-
minal sessile fascicle, with' bract-like leaves at base, — often with few-flowered
pedunculate fascicles in the axils below ; calyx-tube half an inch long, — the seg-
ments lance-ovate, minutely ciliate, about half the length of the tube ; corolla 2
inches long, contracted and nearly closed at sunftnit, bright blue, paler in the
folds ; outer lobes very short, or obsolete, — the inner ones lacerate-serrate ; anthers
cohering ; seeds broadly margined.
Hob. Low grounds ; margins of Swamps : frequent. Fl. Sept. Fr. Nov.

Obs. This pretty species has long passed for G. Saponaria, among
the Botanists of the northern and middle States ; and, in fact, it
more nearly resembles Saponaria officinalis, in habit, than the one
named for it, by LINNAEUS.

SUBORDER II. OBOLARIEVAE.

Calyx 2-leaved; corolla-lobes imbricated in the bud; ovules covering the whole
inner surface of the ovary !

335. OBOLA'RIA, L.

[Gr. Obolos, a small Athenian coin ; from the form of the leaves.]
Calyx of 2 distinct, spatulate, bract-like sepals. Corolla tubular-
campanulate, 4-lobed, withering and persistent. Stamens inserted
at the sinuses of the corolla, short. Style short, persistent; stigma
2-lipped. Capsule ovoid, partly 2- to 4-celled; seeds numerous,
very minute. A low, smooth, purplish-green perennial? flowers
axillary and terminal.

O. Virglnica, L. Leaves somewhat fleshy, cuneate-obovate, or
sub-rhomboid, often truncate, sessile and slightly decurrent.
VIRGINIAN OBOLARIA. Penny-wort.

Stem 3 to 6 or 8 inches high, often several from the same root, simple, or with a
few axillary branches above. Leaves % to % an inch long, somewhat crowded
above, — the lower ones in distant pairs, and very small. Flowers opposite, or ter-
minal in threes, subsessile ; sepals resembling the leaves; corolla pale purple, or
sometimes nearly white.
Hob. Kich woodlands, among dead leaves : frequent. Fl. April. Fr. June.

ORDER LXXII. APOCYNACEAE.

Plants with a milky juice; leaves entire, mostly opposite, without stipules ; flowers
regular, pentamerous and pentandrous ; corolla-lobes convolute and twisted in the
bud; stamens alternate with the lobes ; filaments mostly distinct; pollen granular;
fruit usually & follicle, with the seeds comose, sparingly albuminous.

336. APO'CYMJIrl, Tournef.

[Gr. Apo, far from, and Kyon, a dog; being thought destructive of that animal.]
Calyx 5-parted. Corolla campanulate, 6-lobed, with 5 triangular

APOCYNACEAE 233

appendages in the throat, opposite the lobes. Stamens inserted at
the base of the corolla, short; anthers sagittate, connivent, slightly
adherent to the stigmas. Ovaries 2, oblong, surrounded at base by
6 glands. Follicles in pairs, rigid, long and slender; seeds imbrica-
ted, linear, with a silky tuft (coma) at apex. Perennial herbs:
flowers in axillary or terminal paniculate cymes.

1. A. androsaemifolium, L. Leaves ovate, rounded at
base ; cymes few-flowered ; corolla-tube longer than the calyx, —
the lobes recurved.

ANDROSAEMUM-LEAVED APOCYNUM. Dog's-bane.

Stem 2 to 3 feet high, smooth, purple, erect, with spreading branches. Leaves 2
to 3 inches long, acute, mucronate ; petioles about ^ of an incn in length. Cymes
mostly terminal; pedicels with subulate bracts at base; calyx-segments lance-ovate,
about half as long as the corolla-tube; corolla pale red, or whitish with purple
stripes. Ovaries distinct; stigmas united, large. Follicles about 4 inches long,
terete, attenuated at apex; seeds % of an inch in length, very narrow, truncate at
apex.
Hob. Copses; fence-rows, &c.: frequent. Fl. June. Ft: Sept.

2. A. caiiiiabiuuili, L. Leaves lance-oblong, acute at each
end ; cymes many-flowered ; corolla-tube the length of the calyx, —
the lobes erect.

HEMP APOCYNUM. Indian Hemp.

Stem 2 to 4 feet high, smooth, purplish and a little glaucous, with rather erect
branches. Leaves 2 to 4 or 5 inches long, varying from ovate-lanceolate to linear-
oblong, acute, or conspicuously mucronate; petioles %to%&n inch in length.—
Cymes somewhat paniculate, one frequently dichotomal near the summit ; pedicels
with lance-linear bracts at base ; calyx-segments lanceolate, about as long as the
corolla-tube ; corolla mostly greenish-white, sometimes tinged with red. Follicles
as in the preceding, but more slender.
Ifab. Borders of woods; slaty hills: not common. Fl. Aug. Fr.

Obs. The bark of this species is said to afford a strong fibre, like
that of hemp : whence its common name.

ORDER LXXIII. ASCLEPIADACEAE.

Perennial herbs, mostly with a milky juice; leaves entire, usually opposite (some-
times verticillate, rarely scattered), stipules none ; flowers regular, pentamerous
and pentandrous ; corollarlobes mostly valvate in the bud ; filaments mostly dilated,
and connate in a tube, inclosing the pistils, — the tube augmented by a crown of 5
lobes, or scales, at summit ; anthers erect, united in a pyramidal 5-angled mass
which is truncate at apex, — each 2-celled ; cells opening perpendicularly, or trans-
versely ; pollen in waxy masses, which are attached, in pairs, to 5 small processes
at the angles of the stigma; ovaries 2; styles distinct, coalesced at summit, form-
ing a 5-angled stigma common to both; fruit & follicle; seeds imbricated, com-
pressed, mostly margined and comose ; albumen thin.

An Order remarkable for the peculiar structure of the flowers (well illustrated
in Prof. GRAY'S admirable Botanical Text Book), — and containing a number of
plants interesting to the curious ; though but few of any economical value.

337. ASCL,EVPIAS, L.

[The Greek name of ^Esculapius ; to whom the genus is dedicated.]
Cdy% deeply 5-parted, persistent; segments lanceolate, spreading.

234 GAMOPETALOUS EXOGENS

Corolla 5-parted, reflexed, deciduous. Crown of 5 hooded lobes,
each containing a subulate or horn-like incurved process. Anthers
adherent to the stigma, tipt with membranaceous appendages, — the
cells opening perpendicularly, with rigid projecting wing-like mar-
gins ; each cell containing a flattened pyriform waxy pollen-mass, —
the two contiguous pollen-masses of adjacent anthers forming pairs,
which hang by their slender summits from 5 small black shining
cloven tubercles, or glands, at the angles of the stigma. Ovaries
in pairs, one of them usually abortive. Follicles somewhat ventri-
cose, acuminate, soft; seeds numerous, each with a tuft of silky
hairs at the hilum. Flowers in simple pedunculate umbels, terminal
and lateral.

§1. Follicles muricate with flexible points ; leaves opposite.

1. A. Cornikti, Decaisne. Leaves elliptic-ovate or oblong, acute,
tomentose beneath ; umbels subterminal.
A. Syriaca. L. $ Fl. Cestr. ed. 2. p. 169.
CORNUTUS'S ASCLEPIAS. Silk-weed. Wild Cotton.

Stem 3 to 4 feet high, rather stout, simple or nearly so, smoothish. Leaves 6 to
8 inches long, acute, or with a small acumination ; petioles about half an inch in
length. Umbels 2 to 4, axillary near the summit of the stem ; common peduncles 2
to 3 inches long ; pedicels 1 to 1% inches in length, with lance-linear bracts at
base ; flowers numerous, rather large, sweet-scented, many of them abortive ;
corolla greenish-purple; follicles few, 3 to 5 inches long; seeds ovate, or pyriform.
Hob. Low grounds; along streams: frequent. Fl. June. Fr. Sept.

Obs. This coarse species appears to have been named, by LIN-
NAEUS, under the mistaken impression that it was a Syrian plant;
but, being exclusively American, it has been deemed expedient to
correct the misnomer, of Syriaca, and substitute that of the man
who first noticed it in a history of Canadian plants.

§ 2. Follicles not muricate. f Leaves mostly opposite.
* Stems simple or nearly so.

2* A. pliytolaccoides, Pursh. Leaves ovate, or oval-lanceo-
late, acuminate ; umbels mostly lateral, long-pedicelled and loose.
PHYTOLACCA-LIKE ASCLEPIAS. Poke-leaved Swallow-wort.

Stem 3 to 4 or 5 feet high, rather slender, somewhat pubescent in lines. Leaves
6 to 9 inches long, acute at each end ; petioles about half an inch in length. —
Umbels sometimes terminal as well as lateral ; common peduncles 2 to 3 inches
long; pedicels 1 to 1% inches in length, slender and flaccid, with subulate-linear
bracts at base ; corolla greenish-white ; crown with tinges of purple at base ; follicles
4 to 6 inches long, minutely pubescent.
Hab. Copses ; fence-rows, &c. : frequent. Fl. June. Fr. Sept.

3. A. purpiiriiscens, L. Leaves elliptic, or ovate-oblong,
rather obtuse and mucronate ; umbels terminal, erect.
A. amoena. MX. $ FL Cestr. ed. 2. p. 169.
PURPLISH ASCLEPIAS.

Stem 2 to 3 feet high, somewhat corymbosely branched above, mostly marked
with 2 pubescent lines. Leaves 4 to 6 inches long, sometimes acute, or with a
small abrupt acumination ; petioles %to%&n inch in length. Umbels numerous ;
common peduncles 1 to 2 inches long ; pedicels near an inch in length, with subulate

ASCLEPIADACEAE 235

bracts at base ; cordla bright purple; crown pale red; follicles 4 or 5 inches long.
Hob. Fence-rows ; old fields, Ac : frequent. Fl. June. Fr. Sept.

4. A» variejjata, L. Leaves ovate, oval, or obovate, sub-
glaucous beneath ; umbels subterminal, rather dense-flowered.
VARIEGATED ASCLEPIAS.

Stem 2 to 3 feet high, sub-eimple, often with a short horizontal branch at sum*
mit, nearly smooth. Leaves 3 to 5-inches long, mostly rather acute, and mucronate,
the lower ones rounded and emarginate ; petioles % an inch to % in length. —
Umbels few (1 to 3 or 4) ; common peduncles % an inch to 1% inches long ; pedicels %
an inch to % in length, with setaceous bracts at base ; corolla greenish externally,
white within; crown white, purple at base; follicles 4 to 5 inches long.
Hab. Woodlands; slaty hills: frequent. Fl. June. Fr. Sept.
ft. A; ciuaclrif itlia, Jacq. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, acuminate,
— the middle ones in a whorl of 4; umbels terminal, loose.
FOUR-LEAVED ASCLEPIAS.

Stem 18 inches to 2 or 3 feet high, slender, smooth, with a pubescent line. Leaves
2 to 5 inches long, all opposite except a whorl of 4 at the middle of the stem, thin
and membranous ; petioles % to % an inch in length. Umbels mostly 2, sometimes
solitary ; common peduncles 1 to 2 or 3 inches long ; pedicels about an inch long,
flaccid, with subulate caducous bracts at base ; corolla white ; crown whitish, with
a tinge of purple at base ; fottides 3 to 5 inches long, slender, smooth.
Hob. Eich woodlands ; fence-rows, &c.: frequent. Fl. May. Fr. Aug.

6. A. Obtusif 61ia, MX. Leaves ovate-oblong, or elliptic, obtuse,
sessile and somewhat clasping ; umbel mostly solitary, on a long
terminal peduncle.
OBTUSE-LEAVED ASCLEPIAS.

Stem 2 to 3 or 4 feet high, smooth. Leaves 4 or 5 inches long, often emarginate,
mucronate, wayy on the margin and somewhat auriculate at base, smooth,
glaucous beneath. Umbel many-flowered, on a common peduncle 6 or 8 inches in.
length ; pedicels about an inch long, with lance-linear ciliate bracts at base ; corolla
greenish-purple ; crown purple, — the hoods truncate, somewhat 5-toothed ; foUicUs
4 or 5 inches long, smoothish.
Hob. Dry, slaty hills : not very common. FL June. Fr. Aug.

•y. A. riibra, L. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, acuminately tapering

to a sharp point, subsessile ; umbels terminal (often solitary), on

long peduncles.

A. laurifolia. MX. $ Fl. Cestr. ed. 2. p. 171.

RED ASCLEPIAS.

Stem 1% to 2 feet high, slender, smooth, with a pubescent line. Leaves 3 to 5
inches long, in distant pairs, smooth, scabrous-ciliate on the margin ; petioles
scarcely ^ of an inch long. Umbel usually solitary,— sometimes 1 or 2 subter-
minal additional ones ; common peduncle 2 to 3 inches long; pedicels about an inch
in length, with subulate bracts at base; corolla yellowish-green externally, red-
dish-purple within ; crown purple, tinged with greenish-orange ; fottides 3 to 4
inches long, nearly smooth.
Hob. North Valley Hill : rare. Fl. July. Fr. Sept.

** Stems paniculately branching.

8. A. i iicarnata, L. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute, obtuse
at base, petiolate ; umbels numerous, terminal and subterminal.
FLESH-COLORED ASCLEPIAS.

236 GAMOPETALOUS EXOGENS

Stem 2 to 4 feet high, with somewhat corymbose branches above, smoothish,
•with pubescent lines, or sometimes coarsely tomentose-pubescent. Leaves 3 to 6
Inches long, often almost truncate at base; petioles % to %an inch in length.—
Umbds rather small ; common peduncles I to 2 inches long, often densely pubescent;
pedicels % an inch to % in length, with lance-linear caducous brads at base ;
corolla reddish-purple; crown palish purple, or flesh-colored; follicles about 3 inches
long, pubescent.
Hob. Low grounds ; along streams : frequent. Fl. July. Fr. Sept.

f f Leaves alternate, — or the lower ones opposite.

9. A. tllberosa, /. Hirsute; juice not milky; leaves oblong,
and lance-linear, subsessile; umbels numerous, in a terminal
corymb.

TUBEROUS ASCLEPIAS. Butterfly-weed. Pleurisy-root.

Stem, about 2 feet high, usually oblique or leaning, with spreading or recurved
branches. Leaves 2 to 4 inches long, varying from lance-linear to oblanceolate,
acute or obtuse, on very short petioles. Umbels often forming corymbs on the
curved branches ; common peduncles % an inch to an inch in length, or sometimes
wanting ; pedicels about % of an inch long, with subulate bracts at base ; corolla,
greenish-orange ; crown bright orange color ; follicles about 4 inches long, tomen-
tose-pubescent.
Hob. Sandy old fields; fence-rows, &c.: frequent. Fl. July. Fr. Sept.

Obs. This showy species is worthy of a place in the flower-garden.
It is the only one, with us, which is not lactescent. Though formerly
reputed medicinal, it is now neglected.

f f t Leaves mostly verticillate, and numerous.

10. A. verticillslta, L. Leaves narrow-linear, with revolute
margins ; umbels axillary and terminal.

VERTICILLATE ASCLEPIAS.

Stem 1 to 2 feet high, nearly simple, slender, sometimes decumbent, pubescent
in lines. Leaves about 2 inches long, and scarcely a line wide, abruptly acute,
sessile, crowded below, sometimes in semi-verticils, or opposite, near the summit.
Umbels several, rather small ; common peduncles % an inch to an inch long ; pedi-
cels about half an inch long, with subulate-linear bracts at base ; corolla greenish-
white, with tinges of purple; crown white; follicUs about 2 inches long, slender,
somewhat ventricose, smooth.
Hah. Sterile hills; on serpentine rock: frequent. Fl July. Fr. Sept.

Obs. This species is rather local, here, — being pretty much re-
stricted to Serpentine banks, where it is frequent.

338. ACERATES, Elliott.

[Gr. a, privative, and Keras, a horn ; the hoods of the crown being without horns.]
Characters nearly as in Asclepias ; but the corolla not reflexed, —
the pollen-masses more slender, suspended by longer stalks, — and
the hooded lobes of the crown destitute of the horn-like process. —
Leaves usually opposite; umbels simple, on short extra-axillary
peduncles.

1. A. virirtiflora, Ell. Leaves various, — ovate, roundish-
obovate, lanceolate, and linear; umbels subterminal, globose,
nearly sessile.

ASCLEPIADACEAE

237

Asclepias viridiflora. Rafin. $ Fl. Cestr. ed. 2. p. 174.
GREEN-FLOWERED ACERATES.

Stem 1 to 2 feet high, simple, rather stout and suffruticose, tomentose-pubesccnt.
Leaves 2 to 3 inches long, often emarginate, mucronate, thickish and coriaceous;
petioles % of an inch in length. Umbels 2, 3, or 4, dense, nodding; common pe-
duncles *4 to % an inch long; pedicds about ^ an inch in length, with linear-
lanceolate bracts at base; corolla pale green; crown greenish-white; /oHtcfej 3 or 4
inches long, ventricose, tomentose-pubescent.
Hob. Great Valley, and near Marlboruugh-villc : rare. Fl. July. Fr. Sept.

339. GOIVCVL.OBUS, MX.

[Or. Gonia, an angle, and Lotos, a pod ; from its ribbed, or angular follicles.]
Calyx 5-parted. Corolla rotate, deeply 5-parted, — the lobes convo-
lute in the bud. Crown a small fleshy wavy lobed ring, in the
throat of the corolla. Anthers partly hidden under the flattened
pentagonal stiguia, opening transversely; pollen-masses 5 pairs,
horizontal. Follicles ventricose, more or less ribbed, softly muri-
cate ; seeds comose. Stem twining ; leaves opposite ; flowers in
axillary pedunculate cymose umbels.

1. G. macropliyl'lUS, MX. Leaves orbicular-cordate, abruptly
acuminate, petiolate ; peduncles mostly longer than the petioles.
LARGE-LEAVED GONOLOBUS.

Stem 4 to 6 feet long, slender, hirsutely pubescent, climbing over shrubs. Leaves
3 to 5 inches long, thinnish, finely pubescent ; petioles 1 to 2 or 3 inches in length,
hairy. Umbels loose ; common peduncles 1 or 2 to 4 inches long ; pedicds % an ^nc^
to an inch and half in length ; corolla greenish and pubescent externally, dark
dingy-purple on the inner surface; follicles 2 to 4 inches long.
Ilab. Hilly woodlands ; near Pughtown : rare. Fl. July. Fr. Sept.

ORDER LXXIY. OLEA^CEAE.

Trees, or shrubs, with opposite branches; leaves opposite, simple, or odd-pinnate;
stipules none; flowers paniculate, or racemose, perfect and complete, — or some-
times dioicous and apetalous ; calyx 4-cleft, — the teeth sometimes obsolete; coroUa
(when present) 4-lobed, or of 4 petals, valvate in the bud; stamens usually 2;
urary 2-celled; fruit various, — baccate, drupaceous, samaroid, or capsular, by
abortion often 1-celled, and 1- or 2-seeded ; seeds mostly in hard fleshy albumen.

A small but interesting Order. Olives, and Olive oil, are afforded, by the drupes
of the genus (Olea) which is the type of the Family, — the fleshy pericarp chiefly
(" mcmorabili inter vegetabilia exceptione," DC.) yielding the oil. The Manna, of
tho shops, is obtained from a species of Ash (Fraxinus rotundifolia, Lam.).

a. Leaves simple, f fruit a Berry.

34O. MGIIS'TRCM, Tourntf.
[The classical Latin name ; said to be formed from ligare, to tie.]

Calyx 4-toothed, deciduous. Corolla funnel-form, 4-lobed; lobes
ovate, obtuse. Stamens included. Style short; stigma 'bifid. Fruit
a globose 2-seeded berry. Shrubs : leaves entire ; flowers in terminal
thyrsoid panicles.

1, L. vulaare, L. Leaves elliptic-lanceolate, mucronate, smooth, on
short petioles ; panicles compact.
COMMON LIGUSTRUM. Privet. Prim.

238 GAMOPETALOUS EXOGENS

Stem 6 to 10 feet high, with numerous opposite branches. Leaves 1 to 1 J^ inches
long, yarying from lanceolate and acute, to oblanceolate and obtuse, hardy anil
persisting green through half the winter; petioles %to% of an inch in length. —
Corolla white, — the tube longer than the calyx. Berries black (sometimes whitv,
or greenish).
Bab. Roadsides. Nat. of Europe. PL June. Fr. Octo.

Obs. This shrub was brought from England, by the early settlers
of Chester County, for the purpose of hedging; but it did not
answer. I recollect numerous vestiges of those early hedges, about
the close of the last century; but they have now (1852) all disap-
peared. The shrub, however, is naturalized to some extent.

341. CIIIOJVAtf'THUS, L.

[Gr. Chion, snow, and anthos, a flower; from Its snow-white blossoms.]
Calyx very small, 4-parted, persistent. Corolla of 4 long linear
petals, slightly connected at base. Stamens 2 (sometimes 3 or 4),
very short. Stigma emarginate. Drupe oval; nut striate, 1-seeded;
seed without albumen! — Small trees: buds remarkably 4-cornered
and pyramidal ; leaves entire ; flowers in loose pendulous trichotomous
racemes.

1. C. VIrginIca, L. Leaves oval, or obovate-lanceolate, sub-
coriaceous, smoothish; racemes terminal and axillary.
VIRGINIAN CHIONANTHTJS. Fringe-tree.

Stem 10 to 20 feet high, with spreading branches. Leaves 4 to 6 inches long, acute
at each end; petioles about half an inch in length. Racemes 3 or 4 inches long,
gomewhat paniculate, — the terminal pedicels by threes. Petals white, nearly an
inch long. Drupes of a livid blackish color when mature.
Sab. Banks of West Brandy wine : rare. Fl. June. Fr.

Obs. The singular beauty of this ornamental little tree is begin-
ning to be appreciated, by our people; and it is, consequently,
making its appearance in the yards, and lawns, of all persons of
taste. The mature fruit has a remarkably disagreeable bitterish
taste, — and therein shows its affinity to the type of the Order. —
"Ripe olives," says Sir J. E. SMITH, in his Correspondence, "are
purple like a damson, but of the most abominable bitter taste."

b. Leaves odd-pinnate; fruit samaroid.

342. FRAX'KVITS, Tournef.
[The classical Latin name ; meaning rather obscure.]

Polygamo-dioicous: Calyx 4-cleft, or obsolete. Corrolla of 2 or 4
oblong petals, — or (as in the North American species,) wholly
wanting. Stamens mostly 2. Style single ; stigma bifid. Fruit a
1- or 2-celled Samara, compressed, winged at apex. Trees: flowers
(dioicous in the U. States) small, in crowded panicles, or racemes,
from the axils of last year's leaves, — the staminate ones in dense
dark-brown clusters.

t Calyx present, 3- or ^toothed ; leaflets 7 to 9, petioltdate, nearly or quite entire.

1. F. Americana, L. Leaflets oblong-ovate, somewhat pjubes-

OLEACEAB 239

cent and glaucous beneath ; petioles and young branches smooth.
F. acuminata. Lam. $ FL Cestr. ed. 2. p. 8.
AMERICAN FRAXINUS. Ash. White Ash.

Stem 50 to 80 feet high ; young branches smooth, marked with white dots. Leaflet*
3 to 5 inches long, acuminate, slightly dentate ; petioles about 3 inches in length,
below the leaflets. Samaras 1 to 1% inches long spatulate-linear, obtuse, tapering
and terete at base, in long loose racemes.
Hob. Borders of woods, and low meadow grounds: common. FL May. Fr.

Obs. The timber of this tree is highly valued by wheel-wrights,
coach-makers, £c. while the offal wood makes excellent fuel.

2. P. pubescens, Walt. Leaflets elliptic-lanceolate, densely
pubescent beneath ; petioles and young branches velvety-pubescent.
PUBESCENT FRAXINUS. Red Ash.

Stem 40 to 60 feet high. Leaflets 2 to 5 or 6 inches long, acuminate, subserrate;
petioles 2 to 3 inches in length. Samaras about 2 inches long, narrowly lanceolate-
epatulate, often with an abrupt point, tapering and almost acute at base.
Hob. Low grounds; along Brandy wine : frequent. FL May. Fr.

Ob». A smaller tree, and less valuable than the preceding,
ft Calyx obsolete,' leaflets 9 to 11, sessile, serrate.

3. F. sambucif olia, Lam. Leaflets ovate-lanceolate, some-
what rounded and unequal at base, the midrib hirsute beneath.
SAMBUCUS- or ELDER-LEAVED FRAXINUS. Black Ash. Water Ash.

Stem 30 to 50 feet high ; young branches smooth, green, marked with black
elliptic dots, or warts. Leaflets 3 to 4 or 5 inches long, acuminate, rugose and
shining above, with a villous tuft at base, and in the axils of the nerves beneath ;
petioles 2 to 4 inches long, below the leaflets. Samaras about an inch long,
elliptic-oblong, broadish, obtuse at both ends.
Hob. Low grounds ; along rivulets : not very common. FL April. Fr.

Obs. This is the least common, the least in size, and the least
valuable, of the three species here enumerated. The Syringa vul-
aaru, L. or Lilac — a well-known and much cultivated ornamental
shrub, with cqpsular fruit — belongs here.

240 APETALOUS EXOGENS

DIVISION III. APET'ALOUS EXOGENOUS PLANTS.

Corolla usually none*; ike floral envelopes being mostly in a single
series (Calyx), — or sometimes wanting altogether.

ORDER LXXY. ARISTOLOCHIA^CEAE.

Herbs, or suffruticose plants, — sometimes nearly stemhss, sometimes twining and
dimbing; leaves alternate, simple, entire, more or less cordate at base, petiolate,
often with leaf-like stipules; calyx-tube more or less adherent to the ovary, — the
border mostly 3-lobed, valvate in the bud ; stamens 6 to 12, epigynous ; anthert
adnate, extrorse; ovary mostly 6-celled; stigmas radiate; fruit a fleshy or coriace-
ous capsule, 3- to 6-celled, many-seeded; seeds with a large raphe; embryo minute,
In fleshy albumen.

343. AS' ARUM, Tournef.

[Gr. a, privative, and Seira, a cord ; being anciently rejected from garlands.]
Calyx campanulate ; border 3-parted, persistent ; tube wholly adhe-
rent to the ovary. Stamens 12 ; filaments subulate, inserted on, or
cohering with, the summit of the ovary, produced above the anthers
into a slender point. Styles united into a very short thick column,
bearing 6 radiating crested stigmas at summit. Capsule fleshy,
crowned with the persistent calyx-lobes, opening irregularly. —
Perennial herbs: stem very short, from a creeping pungently aromatic
rhizoma ; flower terminal, pedunculate, and solitary, between the
long petioles of the only pair of leaves.

1* A. CanadeilSC, L. Leaves broad-reniform, glossy-green

above; capsule ovoid, woolly.

CANADIAN ASAKUM. Wild Ginger. Colt's-foot.

Stem assurgent, 1 to 2 inches long; leaves '2 to 4 inches long, and 3 to 5 inches
wide; petioles 4 to 6 or 8 inches in length. Flower large, often concealed under
dead leaves, nodding in the fork of the petioles, on & peduncle 1 to 1% inches in
length ; calyx-lobes lanceolate, acuminate, dark brownish-purple inside, often re-
flexed.
Hob. Rich woodlands : frequent. Fl. May. Fr. June.

344. ARISTOL,OVCHIA, Tournef.

[A Greek name ; having reference to reputed medicinal virtues.]
Calyx tubular, ventricose above the ovary, bent, or straight ; border
deciduous, oblique, 2- or 3-lobed, — the lower lobe sometimes ex-
tended to a lip. Stamens 6, inserted on an epigynous disk ; anthers
subsessile, wholly adnate to the short style and angular radiating
G-lobed stigma. Capsule coriaceous, not crowned, septicidally 6-
valved. Erect, or twining perennials: flowers pedunculate, sub-
radical, or axillary.

*If exceptions prove rules, the student will find, In the preceding groups, numer-
ous supports of the regulation which governs ffiis division of the Exogenous Tribe!
The Dialypetalous division contains many plants which are apetalous, — as may
bo seen in the Orders RANCNCULACEAE, CISTACEAE, CARYOPHYLLACEAE, ACERACEAE,
BHAMNACEAE, ROSACEAE, ONAGRACEAE, CRASSULACBAE, and SAXIFRAGACEAE. The
GAMOPETALOUS division, also, presents some which are destitute of Petals, — as in the
Order OLEACEAE.

Oil the other hand, a corolla, or Its analogue, is sometimes found among the
ApetaLcrut Families,— as in the orders EOPHOBBIACKAE, and JUOLAKDACEAK.

ABISTOLOCHIACEAE 241

1. A. Serpent&ria. L. Herbaceous ; stem nearly erect, slender
and flexuose; leaves lance-oblong, auriculate-cordate at base;
flowers subradical ; calyx-tube much bent.
SNAKE-ROOT ARISTOLOCHIA. Virginia Snake-root.

Stem 9 to 15 inches high, rather leaning, simple, or somewhat branched from
the base, leafy above, with minute abortive leaves below. Leaves 2 to 5 inches
long, sometimes hastate-sagittate ; petioles l/£ to near an inch in length. Flowers
rather large, few, dull purplish-brown, often concealed under leaves ; peduncles I
to 2 inches in length ; bracts small, ovate, alternate; capsule turbinate, % an inch
to % in length, somewhat fleshy, pubescent.
Hub. Rich woodlands : frequent. Fl. June. Fr. August.

Obs. The root is a well-known and very valuable aromatic stimu-
lant.

ORDER LXXVI. PHYTOLACCACEAE.

Herbs, or suffruticose plants ; leaves alternate, entire, without stipules ; flowers
racemose ; calyx of 4 or 5 petal -like slightly connected sepals ; stamens as many,
or twice as many, as the sepals; ovary mostly composed of 10 verticillate con-
fluent 1-ovuled carpels, with the styles, or stigmas, distinct; fruit baccate, or dry ;
embryo forming a ring round mealy albumen.

345. PHYTOL-AC'CA, Tournef.

[Or. Phyton, a plant, and Lachanon, a pot-herb; the young shoots being so used.]
Flowers mostly perfect: Sepals 5, roundish-ovate, persistent. Sta-
mens 10 ; anthers incumbent. Fruit a depressed-globose compound
5- to 10-celled berry. Perennial herbs : leaves petiolate, large ; flow-
ers in lateral racemes.

I. 1*. clcciiiiclrsi, //. Stout; smooth, and often purple; leaves
ovate-oblong; berries 10-celled, juicy, dark purple.
DECANDROUS PHYTOLACCA. Poke. Poke-weed. Pigeon-berry.

Stem 4 to 6 or 8 feet high, branching, terete, or obtusely ridged. Leaves 5 to 10
inches long, acute, or acuminate, thin ; petioles half an inch to 2 inches in length.
Racemes usually opposite th« leaves, 3 to 6 inches long, simple; pedicels about half
an inch in length, each with a subulate bract at base, and usually 2 smaller sub-
opposite bracts near the middle. Sepals white.
Hob. Rich banks; borders of woods: common. Fl June. Fr. Aug.

Obs. The young shoots of this plant afford a very tolerable sub-
stitute for Asparagus, — rwhile the coarse root is said to be an active
emetic. KALM, in his Travels, calls the plant by the name of
American Nightshade.

ORDER LXXVII. CHENOPODIANCEAE.

Chiefly coarse weed-like herbs; leaves mostly alternate, more or less fleshy ; stipules
none; flowers inconspicuous, destitute of bracts.— sometimes dioicous, or polygam-
ous; calyx mostly free from the ovary, 2- or 3- to 5-lobed, imbricated in the bud,
persistent, embracing the fruit; stamens usually as many as the calyx-lobes, and
opposite them; ovary 1 -celled, becoming a 1-seeded utricle, or akenc, la fruit;
embryo peripherical, coiled round the farinaceous albumen.

16

242 APETALOUS EXOGENS

gl. Flowers perfect; seeds mostly horizontal.

346. CHEIVOPOXDIUM, L.

[Gr. Chen, a goose, and Perns, podos, a foot; in allusion to the form of the leaves.]
Calyx 5-parted, — the lobes finally often keeled. Ovary depressed ;
styles 2, very short. Utricle membranaceous, included in the con-
nivent 5-angled calyx. Seed horizontal, lenticular, with the margin
rather acute ; embryo forming a complete ring round the albumen.
Plants smooth, and more or less glaucous-mealy ; flowers greenish,
sessile, in spiked, racemose, or panicled clusters.

1. C. dlbum, L. Leaves glaucous beneath, rhomboid-ovate, sinuate-
dentate, cuneate and entire at base ; racemes compact, pulverulent,
somewhat leafy.
WHITE CHENOPODIUM. Lamb's-quarters. Goose-foot.

Annual. Stem 3 to 5 or 6 feet high, angular, branched, often striped with green
and yellow, sometimes purplish. Leaves 1 to 3 inches long, — the lower ones often
larger; petioles 1 to 2 or 3 inches in length. Flowers in clusters; calyx depressed,
5-angled by the prominent keels of the incurved lobes ; seed dark purple, or nearly
black, smooth and shining, lens-shaped, with a small notch on one side.
Hob. Gardens, &c. Nat. of Europe. Fl. July. Fr. Octo.

Obs. A rank, troublesome weed, in our gardens. The young
plants are sometimes used as greens, in the spring.

*fc. C. hy'bridum, L. Leaves green on both sides, cordate-ovate,
acuminate, angularly and remotely dentate ; racemes loosely pani-
culate, leafless.
HYBRID CHENOPODIUM. Maple-leaved Goose-foot.

Annual. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, rather slender, angular and striate, branched. —
I/eaves 2 to 4 inches long, thin, bright green; petioles 1 to 2 inches in length.
Flowers paniculate,— the sub-divisions cymose; terminal panicle long and loose,
with divaricate branches. Seed rather large, nearly black, slightly punctate and
striate.
Sab. Along Schuylkill. Nat. of Europe. Fl. June. Fr. Aug.

Obs. Naturalized on the banks of the Schuylkill, — but still rare.
The G. rhombifdlium, enumerated in FL Cestr. ed. 2. is now regarded
as a var. of C. firbicum, L. and is, moreover, a doubtful plant, in
our Flora.

34?. AMBRrtf A, Spach.

[Etymology not ascertained.]

Flowers nearly as in Chenopodium, — but the calyx-lobes not Jceeled,
the seed sometimes vertical, and the embryo, instead of forming a
complete ring round the albumen, curving merely in the form of a
horse-shoe. Styles often 3. Seed with an obtuse margin. Somewhat
glandular-pubescent and viscid (never mealy), and often exhaling a
strong balsamic odor; flowers greenish, racemose. All the species
here enumerated, if not foreigners, are evidently strangers in Chester
County.

1. A. Bbtrys, Moquin. Leaves oblong, sinuate-lobed or pinnatifid ;
racemes cymose-paniculate, divergent, leafless.
Chenopodium Botrys. //. $ Fl. Cestr. ed. 2. p. 177.
Jerusalem Oak. Feather-Geranium.

CHENOPODIACEAB 243

Annual. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, branched. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long ; petioles ^
to % of an inch in length. Flowers in numerous rather short axillary branching
racemes, — forming altogether an oblong slender panicle ; usually a single sessile
flower in the forks of the peduncles. Seed small, dark purplish-brown.
ffab. Roadsides. Nat. of Europe. Fl. July. Fr. Sept.

Obs. This is partially naturalized in some few localities, — and is
occasionally seen in gardens ; but is not common. It is a fragrant
herb ; but, unlike the following two, the odor is dissipated in dry-
ing.

2« A. anthelmintica, Spach. Leaves lance-oblong, narrowed at base,
unequally sinuate-serrate ; racemes long, spike-like, leafless.
Chenopodium anthelminticum. L. $ Fl. Cestr. ed. 2. p. 177.
WORM-DESTROYING AMBRINA. Worm-seed.

Perennial. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, angular, grooved, branched. Leaves 1 to 2 or ,
3 inches long, resinous-dotted beneath ; petioles % to % of an inch in length. —
Flowers in small clusters, disposed in slender naked racemes, or spikes. Styles 3,
united at base.
Hob. Roadsides; gardens, &c. Fl. July. JFV.Sept.

Obs. This is said to be a native of our hemisphere, — and even of
our Southern States. The herb has a strong unpleasant odor; and
the^seeds yield the well-known worm-seed oil, — a most unpalatable
but effective vermifuge; for which the plant is sometimes cultivated.

3. -A. ambrosioldes, Spach. Leaves oblong, acute at each end, re-
motely dentate; racemes interrupted, leafy.
Chenopodium ambrosioides. L. $ Fl. Cestr. ed. 2. p. 175.
AMBROSIA-LIKE AMBRINA. Mexican Tea.

Annual. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, much branched, angular. Leaves 1 to 2 inches
long, — those on the stem narrowed to a petiole, those on the branches and racemes
lance-linear, mostly entire, subsessile. Flowers in interrupted sessile clusters, on
slender axillary leafy branches.
JJab. Roadsides, Ac. Nat. of both Hemispheres. Fl. Aug. Fr. Octo.

Obs. This has a strong persistent odor, much resembling that of
the preceding ; and, I think, is often mistaken for it> by those who
use the plant medicinally.

348. BE'TA, fournef.

[Celtic, bett, red : or, from its fruit resembling the Greek letter B (Beta).']
Calyx urceolate, 5-clef t, — the base adherent to the ovary, and finally
indurated, the lobes remaining unchanged. Ovary depressed ; stig-
mas 2. Utride immersed in the base of the calyx, and covered by
the lobes ; seed horizontal. Root large and fleshy, formed of con-
centric zones ; flowers clustered in leafy spikes.

1, B. VULGARIS, L. Smoothish ; greenish-purple ; lower leaves
ovate-oblong, wavy, upper ones lance-ovate ; flowers in sessile
axillary clusters.
COMMON BETA. Garden Beet.

Biennial. Root large (sometimes 5 or 6 inches in diameter, and more than a foot
long), of various forms and colors, — usually deep crimson, or pale yellow. Stem 2
to 4 feet high, sulcate-angled, somewhat paniculately branching. Radical leaves
* to 12 inches long ; petiole* 4 to 8 inches in length. Calyx purplish-brown, fleshy

244 APETALOUS EXOGENS

at base, finally indurated or externally suberose, — 'the lobes keeled, incurred and
sub-saccate at apex. Seed depressed, loosely farinaceous.
Hob. Gardens, &c. Nat. of Europe, FL July. Fr. Septem.

Obs. The variety, called "Sugar Beet," — with a pale yellowish
root — is extensively cultivated, on the continent of Europe, for the
purpose of making Sugar,^- -and has been partially tried, in thia
country : But, while we have the Sugar Maple and Sugar Cane to
supply us, it is not probable the Beet will be much relied upon, for
that object. A large white-rooted variety, called Mangel Wurtzel,
or Scarcity root (B. Cicla, L.), is sometimes cultivated as food for
Milch Cows, and other Stockr

§ 2. Flowers dioicous ; seeds vertical.

349. SPI1VAVCIA, Tournef.

[Latin, Spfna, a thorn; the covering of the fruit being often spinulose.]
STAMINATE FL. Calyx 4- or 5-parted; lobes equal. PISTILLATK
FL. Calyx ventricose-tubular, unequally 2- to 4- toothed. Ovary
ovoid; styles 4, elongated, capillary; stigmas the terminal super-
ficies. Akene compressed, included in the indurated tube of the
calyx, which is sometimes 2- or 3-horned on the back. Embryo
forming a ring round the albumen. Annuals : flowers greenish,—
the pistillate in axillary clusters, the staminate in racemose-paniculate
clusters.

1. S. OLERACEA, Miller. Leaves petiolate, hastate-lanceolate, in-
cised at base, or sagittate and entire.
POT-HERB SPINACIA. Spinach.

Stem 18 inches to 2 feet high, somewhat branched, or often simple. Leaves 2 to
4 inches long, often cuneately tapering at base ; petioles 1 to 3 or 4 inches in
length. Fruit inclosed in the subglobose persistent calyx, which is often un-
armed.
Hob. Gardens. Nat. of the East. Fl. June. Fr. Aug.

Obs. This well-known pot-herb is said to have been first brought
into Spain, by the Arabs ; thence diffused over Europe.

ORDER LXXVIII. AMARANTHACEAE.

Weed-like herbs; characters nearly as those of the preceding Order, — but the
flowers imbricated with dry scarious persistent bracts, which are usually colored ;
calyx of 3 to 5 sepals, dry, scarious and persistent; stamens as many as the sepals,
and opposite them ; fruit a utricle, 1- or several-seeded, bursting irregularly ; seeds
lenticular-reniform, often vertical; embryo curved round farinaceous albumen.

35O. AMARAWTHUS,* L.

[Gr. a, not, maraino, to fade, and anthos, a flower ; the flowers not fading.]
Monoicously polygamous : Calyx of 3 or 5 sepals, mostly colored,

* Several modern authors (as LINDLET, ENDUCHER, and MOQXJIN-TANDON) ar»
endeavoring to restore the orthography of RAY, — who, in his Historia Plantartfat
(fide MOQCIK, in DC. Prodr.), says " Amarantus maid cum th scribitur Amaranth** :
n»m graece est amarantos, Ac." But, as HOOKER, GRAY, and others, adhere to th«»
orthography which has been long established in our own language, — and whh
which we have become so familiar,— I have concluded to follow their example.

AMARANTHACEAE

245

and slightly connected at base. Stigmas 2 or 3. Utricle circum-
scissed, or indehiscent, 1-seeded; embryo forming a half circle round
the albumen. Coarse annuals : flowert minute, in axillary or ter-
minal spiked clusters.

1. A. dlbus, L. Pale green and smooth ; much branched ; leaves
gpatulate-oblong, retuse, setaceously mucronate; flowers whitish,
triandrous, in small axillary clusters.
WHITE AMARANTHUS.

Stem 1 to 2 or 3 feet high; principal branches from near the base, spreading.—
Leaves half an inch to 1% inches long, entire, narrowed at base to a slender petiok.
% of an inch to 1% inches in length. Bracts subulate-lanceolate, spinescently
acuminate, longer than the flowers.
Hdb. Waste places; barn-yards, &c. : frequent. Fl. Aug. Fr. Sept.

Obs. The books give this as a native of Virginia and Pennsylvania ;
but, to me, it has decidedly the appearance of a naturalized stran-
ger, in this County.

«8. A, hy'bridus, L. Roughish-pubescent; sparingly branched; dull
green; leaves lance-ovate; flowers green, pentandrous, clustered
in dense compound ovoid-oblong spikes.
HYBRID AMARANTHUS.

Stem 2 to 4 or 5 feet highk Leaves 2 to 5 inches long, tapering to the apex, but
the point rather obtuse, emarginate and setaceously mucronate, the base abruptly
narrowed to a petiole 1 to 3 inches in length. Flowers sometimes becoming pur-
plish, the staminate and pistillate intermixed. .
Hob. Gardens, and cultivated lots: abundant. Fl. Aug. Fr. Octo.

Obs. This, also> is given as a native of our continent; but I am
pretty well satisfied it is not indigenous, in Chester County. It is a
troublesome weed, in gardens, if not kept in due subjection.

3. A. spinbsus, L. Smoothish; bushy-branched; often purplish;
leaves rhomboid-lanceolate; axils spinose; flowers pentandrous,
clustered in compound oblong terete spikes.
THORNY AMARANTHUS.

Stem 18 inches to 2 or 3 feet high. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, rather obtuse,
mucronate, roughish-dotted, with glaucous blotches beneath; petioles about as
long as the leaves, with 2 subulate spines at base % to % an inch in length.
Hob. Waste places. Nat. of India. Fl. Aug. Fr. Octo.

Obs. This is a vile pest, — which has found its way to our sea-
ports, and is gradually extending itself into the country. It cannot
be too sedulously guarded against.

ORDER LXXIX. POLYGONAVCEAE.

Mostly herbs, with nodose stems; leaves alternate, usually entire, with stipules
commonly sheathing the stem, above the leaves ; flowers generally perfect; calyx
of 3 to 6 sepals more or less connected at base, and persistent ; stamens 4 to 12,
inserted on the base of the calyx ; ovary 1-celled ; fruit akene-like, — lenticular
when there are 2 styles, triquetrous when there are 3 styles ; embryo curved, or
fctraightish ; albumen mealy.

351. POL,YG'0]VU]*I, L.

[Or. Poly, much, or many, & Gonu, a knee, or joint; the stem being much jointed.]
Calyx mostly 5-parted, often colored, embracing the fruit. Stamens

246 APETALOUS EXOGENS

5 to 9, mostly 8, — arranged singly, or in pairs, opposite the calyx-
lobes. Styles 2 or 3, — and the akene, consequently, either lenticular
or triquetrous ; embryo in a groove of the albumen, and curved half
way round it. Flowers fasciculate, often with sheathing bracts;
pedicels articulated.

$1. Stems more or less erect.
f Flowers in terminal racemes or spikes. * Styles 2, and akene lenticular.

1. P. orient&le, L. Tall ; hairy ; leaves ovate, acuminate ; stipules
herbaceous., salver-form, ciliate; stamens 7.

ORIENTAL POLYGONUM.

Annual. Stem 4 to 6 or 8 feet high, paniculately branched above. Leaves 4 to
6 inches long, often subcordate at base; petioles 1 to 2 inches in length, somewhat
winged by the decurrence of the leaves ; stipules tubular, with the border spread-
ing, or reflexed. Racemes numerous, 2 or 3 inches in length, nodding, on hirsute
peduncles; Flowers bright purple, rather large, crowded; pedicels rather longer
than the ciliate sheathing bracts.
Hob. Gardens, Ac. Nat. of Asia. Fl. July, Fr. Sept.

Obs. This showy species has become naturalized about our gar-
dens, and cultivated lots. JOHN BARTRAM probably refers to it, in
a letter to Miss GOLDEN, where he says — "The species of Persicary
thee mentions, is what TOURNEFORT brought from the three churches,
at the foot of Mount Ararat."

2. R. IVimsylvfiHM um< L. Leaves lanceolate; stipules
scarious, smooth, not ciliate ; peduncles glandular-hispid ; stamens
5 or 8.

PENNSYLVANIAN POLYGONUM.

Annual. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, — smooth below, and geniculate, with tumid
joints, — paniculately branched and glandular-hispid above. Leaves 3 to 6 inches
long ; petioles % of an inch to an inch in length ; stipules tubular, truncate. —
Racemes numerous, 1 to 2 inches in length, often somewhat nodding; flowers
bright rose-color, in crowded fascicles; pedicels rather longer than the smoothish
sheathing bracts.
Hob. Moist, low grounds ; road-sides, &c. : common. Fl. July. Fr. Sept.

3. P. Persic&ria, L. Leaves lanceolate, usually marked with a dark
lunate or triangular spot near the middle ; stipules hairy, ciliate ;
peduncles smooth ; stamens 6.

PEACH-LEAVED POLYGONUM. Spotted Knot-weed. Lady's-thumb.

Annual. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, somewhat branching, smooth, often purplish.
Leaves 2 to 4 inches long, tapering to petioles 1 'line to % of an inch in length ;
stipules tubular, fringed with bristles about % the length of the tube. Racemes
about an inch long; flowers purple, or bright crimson, on pedicels about as long as
the sheathing bracts.
Hob. Waste places. Nat. of Europe. Fl. Aug. Fr. Sept.

Obs. This has become a common weed, among us.

4. P. am phi hi ii m. L. Leaves lance-oblong, subcordate at
base ; stipules not ciliate ; peduncles glandular-hispid ; stamens 5.
AMPHIBIOUS POLYGONUM.

POLYGONACBAE 247

Perennial. Stem 12 to 18 inches long, nearly simple, striate, smooth below,
hirsute near the summit, decumbent at base, radicating at the lower nodes.—
Leaves 4 to 6 inches long, sometimes ovate-lanceolate,— the upper ones subsessile,
the lower ones on. petioles 1 to 3 inches in length; stipules tubular, — the lower ones
smooth, upper ones hirsute, Racemes few, dense-flowered, 2 to 3 inches long;
flowers bright purple; pedicels shorter than the hirsute sheathing bracts.
Hob. Margin of the Schuylkill: rare. Fl. Aug. Fr. Octo.

Obs. There are 1 or 2 pretty distinct varieties of this semi-aquatic
species, — partly, perhaps, owing to their places of growth ; being
found sometimes floating in pools, — at others radicating on the
mud, along their margin.

5. !"• V i rtf ill i Jill mil, L. Leaves lance-ovate, acuminate ;
stipules ciliate ; raceme spike-like, virgate, slender ; flowers sub-
solitary and distant; calyx 4-parted; stamens 5.

VIRGINIAN POLYGONUM.

Perennial. Stem 2 to 3 or 4 feet high, fimple, striate-ribbed, hairy above, near
the nodes. Leaves 3 to 6 inches long; petioles % to % of an inch in length;
stipules tubular, very hairy. Raceme 12 to 18 inches long, simple, — sometimes 1
or 2 shorter ones from the axils of the upper leaves ; flowers greenish-white, or
often purplish, mostly solitary, a little recurved, conspicuously articulated to short
pedicels which proceed from tubular bristly-ciliate bracts.
Hob. Rich woods; borders of thickets: frequent. Fl. July. Fr. Sept.

** Styles mostly 3, and akene triquetrous; stamens 6 or 8.

6. P. Hydroplper, L. Very acrid ; leaves lanceolate, pellucid-punc-
tate, wavy-margined ; stipules ciliate with shortish bristles ; racemes
filiform, flaccid and nodding ; fascicles few-flowered, rather distant ;
calyx glandular-dotted.

P. punctatum. Fl. Cestr. ed. 2. p. 248. not of Ell. (/^ENGELMANN).
WATER-PEPPER POLYGONUM. Water-Pepper. Smart-weed.

Annual. Stem 12 to 18 inches high, slender, more or less branched, sometimes
decumbent, smooth, often purplish. Leaves 2 to 4 inches long, acute at each end,
eubsessile; stipules tubular, somewhat inflated, hairy, fringed with bristles % to
% the length of the tube. Racemes 2 to 4 inches long, slender and interrupted, at
first nodding, finally erect; fascicles 2- to 4- flowered; flowers greenish, with white
edges ; pedicels proceeding from bristly-ciliate sheathing bracts. Styles sometimes
2. Akenes opaque and roughish-dotted.
Hab. Moist waste grounds: introduced? Nat. of Europe. Fl. Aug. Fr, Sept.

Obs. I have a suspicion that this is but a naturalized weed, among
us. It would seem to be distinct from the P. punctatum, of ELLIOTT, —
with which I have heretofore confounded it. Dr. ENGELMANN,
writing to me, in October, 1847, says — Polygonum Hydropiper and
P. punctatum are two well-distinguished species; known from a
distance already by the heavy pendulous green spikes of the former,
and the light more distant-flowered erect whitish spikes of the lat-
ter ; this has, also, amongst other distinguishing characters, shining
smooth nuts, — the other opaque rough ones, &c. Both grow here
[St. Louis, Missouri] common."

7. P. hydropiperoides, MX. Not acrid; leaves linear lanoeo-

248 APETALOUS EXOGEXS

late ; stipules ciliate "with long bristles ; fascicles rather crowded ;

calyx not glandular-dotted.

P. mite. Pers. $ FL Cestr. ed. 2. p. 249.

HYDROPIPER-LIKE POLYGONUM. Mild Water-Pepper.

Perennial. Stem 1 to 2 feet long, often decumbent and radicating at the lower
nodes, smoothish, somewhat branched above. Leaves 2 to 4 inches long, sessile,
roughish- (not pellucid-) punctate ; stipules tubular, hirsute, fringed with bristles
nearly as long as the tube. Racemes few, chiefly terminal, 1 to 2 inches in length ;
flowers mostly purple, with pale red or whitish edges ; pedicels in fascicles of 2 or 3,
short, from green, or often purple, bristly-ciliate sheathing bracts. Styles rarely 2.
Akenes smooth and shining.
Hob. Wet places ; margins of rivulets : frequent. Pi. Aug. JV. Sept.

t f Flowers axillary (1, 2, or 3), subsessile; styles 3, and akene triquetrous.

8. 1", teiitie, MX. Stem erect, angular; leaves lance-linear, cus-
pidate, erect; stipules ciliate; flowers mostly solitary; stamens 8.
SLENDER POLYGONUM.

Annual. Stem 6 to 12 or 15 inches high, slender, sometimes simple, generally
with upright flexuose branches, often much branched from near the base, with
acute scabrous angles. Leaves an inch to inch and half long, narrow, 3-nerved,
sessile; stipules dark chestnut-brown, tubular, with several lance-linear segmente
ending in long setaceous points, flowers green, with whitish edges, sometimes
in pairs, on very short pedicels.

Hob. Dry, sandy banks; slaty hills: frequent. Fl. July. Fr. Sept.
9. P. aviculare, L. Stems procumbent, terete ; leaves elliptic-lanceo-
late, narrow, spreading; stipules lacerate; stamens usually 5.
Also, P. erectum. L. $ Fl. Ceatr. ed. 2. p. 247;
BIRD POLYGONUM. Knot-grass. Door-weed.

Annual. Stem, 6 to 12 inches long, much branched and spreading, smooth.—
Leaves half an inch to an inch long, sessile ; stipules white. Flowers green, edged
with white, and often tinged with purple, small, subsessile, in clusters of 2 or 3.
Hob. Yards ; foot-paths, &c. Nat of Europe. Fl. June. Fr. Aug.

Obs. This humble weed is thoroughly naturalized, about our
dwellings. The P. erectum, L. $ Fl. Cestr, ed-. 2. p. 247. is now
generally regarded as a variety, — though pretty distinct in habit,
and of much larger growth. It is nearly erect, 1 to 2 or 3 feet high,
with oval petiolate leaves 1 to 2 inches in length, and yellowish-green
flowers. This variety has also been introduced from Europe ; and
inclines more to moist shaded grounds.

g 2. Stems clambering, or twining.

f Stems clambering, retrorsely aculeate ; flowers in pedunculate clusters,
* Styles 2, and akene lenticular.

J.O. I*. arifY»Iiuiii, L. Leaves hastate, acuminate, on long
petioles; clusters racemose, few-flowered; peduncles glandular-
hispid; stamens 6.
ARUM-LEAVED POLYGONUM. Halbert-leaved Tear-thumb.

Annual. Stem 3 to 6 feet long, rather coarse, branching, sulcate-angled, often
purplish. Leaves 2 to 6 inches long; petioles % an inch to 3 inches in length;
stipules ovate, clasping, ciliate. Flowers purple, with paler edges ; calyx mostly
4-parted; bracts hirsute.
Hob. Swamps; along sluggish rivulets: common. Fl. Aug. Fr. Sept

POLYGONACEAE 249

Obs. This, and the next following species, usually grow in com-
pany,— clambering over other plants, and forming entangled
bunches. Both are worthless, unwelcome weeds, in meadows, —
especially among second crop hay.

* * Styles 3, akenes triquetrous.

11. P. sagittsttum, L. Leaves sagittate, acute, on short peti-
oles ; clusters capitate ; peduncles smoothish ; stamens mostly 8.
SAGITTATE POLYGONUM. Arrow-leaved Tear-thumb.

Annual. Stem, 2 to 4 feet long, slender, branching, 4-angled. Leaves 1 to 3
inches long; petioles % to % of an inch in length ; stipules lanceolate, clasping, or
fheathing, smooth. Flowers pale red, with the edges nearly white.
Hob. Swampy thickets, and low wet grounds : coirimon. Fl. Aug. Fr. Sept.

f f Stems twining, not aculeate: flowers in racemes; styles 3, and akenestriquetrouf.

12. P. Convolvulus, L. Leaves oblong, subhastate-cordate ; calyx-
lobes keeled, but not winged.

BIND-WEED POLYGONUM. Wild Buckwheat. Black Bindweed.

Annual. Stem 2 or 3 to 6 feet long, branching, roughish. Leaves 1 to 2% inches
long ; petioles % an inch to 2 inches in length ; stipules short. Flowers green,
edged with white, or tinged with purple, in slender interrupted leafy racemes;
pedicels articulated above the middle.
Hob. Cultivated grounds. Nat. of Europe. Fl. July. Fr. Sept.

13. P. tlumetiirum, L. Leaves broadish-cordate ; calyx-lobes
winged on the keel, — the wings decurrent on the pedicels,

P. scandens. L. $ Fl. Cestr. ed. 2. p. 252.

BUSH, OR THICKET POLYGONUM. Climbing Buckwheat.

Annual. Stem 8 to 12 feet long, branching, smoothish. Leaves 2 to 3 inches
long; petioles 1 to 2 inches in length; stipules short. Flowers greenish, edged
with white, or purplish, fasiculate, in interrupted racemes 1 to 3 Inches in length ;
pedicels articulated below the middle.
Hob. Moist thickets : frequent. Fl. August. Fr. Septem.

06«. This is thought to be identical with the European P. dume-
torum.

352. FAGOPY^RIJM, Tournef.
[So named, from its fruit resembling that of the Fagus, or Beech.]
Calyx nearly equally 5-parted ; lobes petal-like, withering. Stamens
8, alternating with as many hypogynous glands. Styles B ; stigmas
capitate. Akene triquetrous, embraced at base by the persistent
calyx ; embryo large, in the centre of the albumen which it divides
into 2 parts; cotyledons broad, foliaceous, plicate and twisted. An-
nuals : stems finally purple; flowers white, fasciculate, in paniculate
racemes.

1. F. ESCULE'NTUM, Moench. Stem erect, paniculately branched,
sulcate-angled, smoothish; leaves triangular-sagittate, or subhastate,
acute, petiolate ; racemes compound, terminal and axillary.
Polygonum Fagopyrum. L. $ Fl. Cestr. ed. 2. p. 252.
ESCULENT FAGOPYRUM. Common Buckwheat.

Stem 2 to 4 feet high. Leaves 2 to 3 or 4 inches long ; petioles 1 to 2 or 3 inche§
in length; stipules often large, clasping, smooth, not ciliate. Ftowert in rather

250

APETALODS EXOGENS

efdwded fascicles, sometimes imperfect; pedicels 1 to 2 lines long, obscurely arti-
culated above the middle. Akenes equally triquetrous, smooth, dark brown, often
etriately clouded.
Hob. Fields. Nat. of Asia. Fl. Aug. Fr. Sept.

Obs. Extensively cultivated for its seeds, — the farinaceous albu-
men of which affords a savory article of food, in winter, when
properly managed. The English Botanists speak of it merely as
"an excellent food for poultry"; but, in Pennsylvania, we have
amended the statement, by substituting People for "Poultry." —
The glandular nectariferous flowers are a favorite resort of the
Honey-Bee.

353. RIPMEX, L.

[The ancient Latin name ; which seems to be of undetermined meaning.]
Flowers sometimes dioicous: Calyx of 6 sepals, — the 3 inner ones
larger, valvately connivent, often bearing a grain-like tubercle on
the back. Stamens 6, in pairs opposite the outer sepals. Styles 3 ;
stigmas pencil-tufted. Akene triquetrous, free, not winged ; embryo
slightly curved, lying along one side of the albumen. Coarse peren-
nials: petioles somewhat sheathing at base ; flowers mostly green,
verticillate, in paniculate racemes.

f Flowers perfect. * Inner sepals entire, and all 3 graniferous.

1. R. crispus, L. Radical leaves lance-oblong, rather acute, wavy
or curled on the margin ; verticils crowded.
CURLED RUMEX. Sour Dock. Curled i'ock.

(Stem 2 to 4 feet high, sulcate-angled, smoothish^somewhat paniculately branched
above. Radical leaves 8 to 12 or 15 inches long, and 1 to 2 or 3 inches wide ; petioles
2 to 4 inches in length ; stemrleaves smaller, linear-lanceolate. Flowers in crowded
verticillate fascicles, with scarious involucres at base; inner sepals much larger
than the outer ones, entire or obsoletely denticulate near the base, — each with an
ovoid acuminate excrescence, or grain, on the back.
Hob. Moist grounds. Nat. of Europe. Fl. May. Fr. July.

Obs. The Docks, of this County, are all homely troublesome
weeds, and are extensively naturalized on the grounds of slovenly
farmers. The radical leaves of this species are often used as a pot-
herb, or early " Greens."

* * Inner sepals dentate, one principally graniferous.

£. R. obtusifdlius, L. Radical leaves subcordate-oblong, obtuse,
crenulate; verticils loose and rather distant.
OBTUSE-LEAVED RUMEX. Bitter Dock. Broad-leaved Dock.

Stem 2 to 4 feet high, sulcate-angled, roughish, paniculately branched. Radical
leaves 8 to 12 inches long, and 4 to 6 inches wide; petioles 3 to 6 inches long. —
Flowers in interrupted verticillate fascicles; inner sepals with long acute teeth
near the base, and one of them bearing a large grain on the back.
Hob. Meadows, &c. Nat. of Europe. Fl. June. Fr. Aug.

ft Flowers dioicous, finally purple; sepals not graniferous.

3. R. Acetosella, L. Lower leaves lanceolate-hastate, — the lobes
acute, spreading ; inner sepals entire.
Sheep Sorrel. Field Sorrel.

POLYGONACEAE 251

Stem 6 to 12 or 15 inches high, slender, branching, somewhat angular and fur-
rowed. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long,— the lower ones mostly all hastate, and on
petioles as long or longer than the leaves,— the upper ones on short petioles, and
not hastate. Verticils of flowers halved, 6- to 8- flowered. Pistillate plants mostly
taller than the staminate.
Hub. Sandy grounds. Nat. of Europe. Fl. May. Fr. Aug.

Obs. This little weed (well known for its acid juice,) is often so
abundant as to be a nuisance on the farm.

354. RHEVUM, L.

[Named from Rha, the ancient name of the river Volga,— its native region.]
Calyx of 6 sepals, withering and persistent. Stamens 9, — in pairs
opposite the outer sepals, single opposite the inner ones. Styles 3,
short; 'stigmas large, multifid, Akene triquetrous, winged at the
angles; embryo straight, in the centre of the albumen. Stout
perennials : leaves chiefly radical, very large ; flowers fasciculate,
racemose-paniculate.

1. R. RHAPONTICUM, Ait. Leaves cordate-ovate, rather obtuse, —
the sinus at base dilated ; petioles with a shallow channel above,
rounded at the edges.
RHAPONTIC RHEUM. Pie Rhubarb.

Soot tuberous, large, reddish-brown, yellow within. Stem 3 to 5 feet high, stout,
Btriate-sulcate, smoothish, fistular, paniculately branched above. Radical leaves
1% to 2 feet long ; petioks 5 to 10 or more inches in length, thick and fleshy ;
stipules large, membranaceous, sheathing. Flowers greenish, with white edges;
pedicels % to % an inch long, articulated near the middle. « '

nab. Gardens. Nat. of Seythia. Fl. May. Fr. July.

Obs. Cultivated for its stout acid petioles, — which are used by
the pastry cook, in early spring, as a substitute for fruit.

ORDER LXXX. LAURA^CEAE.

Aromatic trees, or shrubs ; leaves alternate, simple, without stipules ; flowers clus-
tered, often polygamo-dioicous; calyx of 4 to 6 colored sepals, imbricated in 2 rows
in the bud; stamens definite, usually more numerous than the sepals; anthers
introrse, 2- to 4-celled, opening by uplifted persistent valves! style single; fruit a
fterry, or drupe ; seed solitary, destitute of albumen.

The tropical plants of this Order are interesting,— affording Cinnamon, Cassia,
and Camphor ; and also that species of Laurus (L. nobilis, L.) of which the Ancients
formed their Laurel wreaths, or crowns.

355. SASSAFRAS, Nets.

[Altered from Salsafras,— the popular Spanish name.]

Flowers dioicous: Sepals 6, united at base. STAM. FL. Stamens
9, in 3 series, — the 3 innermost each with a pair of stipitate glands
at base ; anthers 4-celled. PISTILLATE FL. with 6 rudiments of
stamens. Drupe ovoid, on a clavate fleshy peduncle. Trees : leaves
often lobed, but the margins entire ; flowers greenish-yellow, coaeta-
neous, in terminal bracteate corymbose racemes.

1. S. officinsUe, Nees. Leaves ovate, or some of them 2- or 3-

252 APETALOUS EXOGENS

lobed and cuneate at base ; drupe dark blue ; peduncle purple.
Laurus Sassafras. L. $ FL Cestr. ed. 2. p. 254.
OFFICINAL SASSAFRAS. Sassafras.

Stem 20 to 40 or 50 feet high, and 6 to 12 inches (sometimes near 2 feet) in diame-
ter, — branches, while young, yellowish and pubescent. Leaves 3 to 5 inches long.
silky-pubescent when young, finally smooth ; petioles % an inch to an inch in
length, flowers from the same buds, and contemporaneous, with the leaves;
pedicels % to % an inch long, silky-villous.
Hob. Woods; old fields, and fence-rows: frequent. Fl. April. Fr. Sept.

Obs. The bark, both of the stem and root, is a powerful yet
pleasant aromatic stimulant, — which acquired for it at an early
day, in Europe, an exaggerated reputation for medicinal virtues. —
The pith of the young branches contains much mucilage, — said to
afford a salutary wash for sore eyes; and MICHAUX alleges that
bed-steads made of the wood "are never infested with insects."

356. BEtf ZOvItf , Nees.

[A name said to be derived from the Arabic, — expressive of perfume.]
Flowers polygamo-dioicous : Sepals 6, united at base. STAM. FL. —
Stamens 9, in 3 series, — the 3 innermost lobed at summit, and
gland-bearing at base ; anthers 2-celled. PISTILLATE FL. with 15
to 18 alternating filiform and spatulate rudiments of stamens. Drupe
oval ; peduncle not clavate. Shrubs : flowers yellow, preceding the
leaves, in small lateral fascicles with a deciduous involucre.

1. IJ. oclorif 'eruin, Nees. Leaves obovate-oblong, mostly acute,
often cuneate at base ; drupe red, or finally dark purple.
Laurus Benzoin. L. $ FL Cestr. ed. 2. p. 253.
ODORIFEROUS BENZOIN. Spice-wood. Wild- Allspice. Fever-bush.

Stem 6 to 8 or 10 feet high; branches virgate, brittle. Leaves 2 to 4 inches long,
sometimes with a short acumination, occasionally obtuse and rounded at apex;
petioles about half an inch long. Flowers in clusters of 3 to 5 from a bud, which
is distinct from the leaf-buds ; pedicels smooth, about 2 lines in length.
13ab, Moist, low grounds ; about springs : frequent. Fl. April. Fr. Sept.

Obs. A strongly aromatic shrub, — of the twigs of which a decoc-
tion was formerly in great vogue, as a medicinal drink for horned
Cattle, in the spring of the year.

ORDER LXXXI. THYMELEA^CEAE.

Shrubs, not aromatic; leaves alternate, entire, without stipules ; jtow&rs perfect;
calyx regular, corolla-like, more or less tubular ; stamens usually twice as many ae
the calyx-lobes; ovary free; fruit a berry-like drupe; seed solitary, with little or

357, MR'CA, L,

[OJr. Dirke, the name of a fountain, near Thebes; applied to this genus.]
Calyx tubular-campanulate, truncate, — the border obscurely 4-
toothed. Stamens 8, exserted, unequal. Style filiform, longer than
the stamens ; stigma capitate ; drupe oval. Flotvers pale greenish-
yellow, preceding the leaves, in small terminal and lateral fascicles
(sometimes solitary, often in pairs), on deflected peduncles.

THYMELEACEAE 253

1. D. palustris, L. Bushy; leaves obovate-oblong, acute at
each end, subsessile ; buds densely villous, 1- 2- or 3-flowered.
MARSH DIRCA. Leather-wood.

Stem 2 to 4 or 5 feet high, slender, much branched from the hase,— the branches
apparently jointed, flexible, the wood soft and brittle, but with a very tough
greyish-yellow bark. Leaves 3 or 4 inches long, often subrhomboid, on very short
petioles. Flowers sometimes solitary, usually 2 or 3, on short thickish pedicels,
which are united below in a common peduncle. Drupe about ^ of an inch In
diameter, reddish or orange-color when mature.
Hob. Shaded rirulets, on the slaty hills : not common. Fl. April. Fr. June.

Obi. The soft pliable branches of this shrub are rendered so
tough and strong, by the bark, that they may be used as ligatures, —
whence the common name, Leather-wood.

ORDER LXXXII. SANTALAVCEAE.

Herbs, shrubs, or trees; leaves alternate, entire, without stipules ; calyx-tube adherent
to the ovary ; border 4- or 5-cleft, valrate in the bud; stamens as many as the
calyx-lobes, inserted opposite them into the edge of a fleshy disk at their base ;
ovary 1-celled, with 2 to 4 ovules suspended from the apex of a free central placenta ;
ttyle, 1 ; fruit always 1-seeded, indehiscent; embryo at the apex of copious albumen.
This order is chiefly remarkable for containing the fragrant Sandal-wood,— afforded
by species of Santalum.

358. COMAtf'DRA, Nutt.

[Or. Rome, hair, and Andres, for stamens; from the tufts attached to the anthers.J
Flowers perfect: calyx campanulate, 5-cleft, lined above the ovary
with a disk which has a 5-lobed free border, — the lobes of the disk
alternating with the calyx-lobes. Stamens inserted between the
disk-lobes ; anthers attached to the calyx-lobes by a tuft of yellow
filaments ! Fruit dry and somewhat nut-like, free at apex, crowned
with the persistent calyx-lobes. Perennial herbs : flowers whitish,
in terminal corymbulose clusters.

It C. miibcllata, Nutt. Smoothish and somewhat glaucous ;

leaves ovate, or obovate-oblong, subsessile ; calyx-tube longer than

the ovary, finally urceolate.

Thesium umbellatum. L. $ FL Cextr. ed. 2. p. 163.

UMBKLLATE COMANDRA. Bastard Toad-flax.

Stem 9 to 15 inches high, often branched near the summit. Leaves an inch to an
i nch and half long, rather obtuse, sometimes acute, or mucronate. often narrowed
at base to a very short petiole. Flowers in small umbels, or fascicles of 3 to 5, with
involucral bracts at base, — the whole forming a corymbose panicle.
Hub. Dry, sterile, rocky banks : frequent. Fl. June. Fr. Sept.

ORDER LXXXIII. NYSSACEAE.

Trees; leaves alternate, entire, without stipules; flowers polygamo-dioicous; calyx-
tube (of the fertile flowers) adherent to the ovary ; border 4- or 5-lobed, yalvate in.
the bud ; stamens usually as many (sometimes twice as many) as the calyx-lobe?,
and opposite them ; ovary with a single ovule, suspended from the top of the cell ;
fruit a berry-like drupe ; seed with but little albumen.

359, WYS'SA, L.

[The name of a Water Nymph ; applied to this genus.]

Polygamo-dioicous : Calyx 5-parted. Stamens, in the STERILE FLOWER,

254 APETALOUS EXOGEKS

5 to 10, inserted round a disk in the bottom of the calyx. FERTILE
FLOWER with the border 5-parted, deciduous; stamens 5. Drupe
oblong-oval. Flowers greenish, small, axillary, solitary, or in little
pedunculate clusters.

1. HT. Iliultiflfira^ Wangenh. Leaves oval and obovate, often
acuminate; fertile peduncles about 3-flowered; drupe black.
MANY-FLOWERED NYSSA. Sour Gum. Black Gum. Pepperidge.

Stem 40 to 60 or 70 feet high ; branches numerous, horizontally spreading, and
often a little drooping. Leaves 2 to 4 inches long, dark green and shining above,
paler and pubescent beneath, — becoming a bright crimson in autumn ; petioles %
an inch to an inch in length, often margined, conspicuously villous-ciliate. —
Staminate flowers pedicellate, 2 to 5 or 6 in a loose cluster, on a slender common
peduncle about an inch long. Fertile flowers sessile, mostly 3 in a dense involu-
crate cluster (sometimes 2, or only 1), on a clavate common peduncle, which at first
is about half an inch — finally 1 to 1% inches — in length. Drupe near half an inch
long, bluish-black and succulent when mature ; nut striate-angular.
Hob. Moist woods, and low grounds : frequent. FL May. Fr. Sept.

Obs. The woody fibres of this tree are remarkably curled, or
oblique and interlocked, — so as to render the timber very difficult
to split; on which account it is much used for making naves, or
hubs, for heavy carriage wheels, and also hatters' blocks. A striking
variety — with leaves and fruit more than twice the usual size — was
observed near London Grove Meeting House, during the past sum-
mer (1851), by Mr. JOSHUA HOOPES.

ORDER LXXXIV. LORANTHA\CEAE.

Shrubby plants, parasitic on trees; leaves mostly opposite, entire, coriaceous, with-
out stipules; flowers dioicous, or monoicous; calyx-tube (of the fertile flowers)
adherent to the ovary ; border obsolete, or 3- or 4- toothed ; petals usually 4, free,
or connected ; stamens as many as the calyx-lobes ; ovary 1-celled, with a single
ovule suspended from the apex of the cell ; fruit a 1 -seeded berry ; seed with fleshy
albumen,

36O. YIS'CUM, L.

[The Latin name for glue, or birdlime ; from its viscid or glutinous fruit.]
Flowers mostly dioicous, — the staminate apetalous: Calyx subcoria-
ceous, — in the staminate flowers 3- or 4-parted, with triangular lobes
valvate in the bud, and each lobe with a sessile anther on its inner
face, — in the pistillate flowers with an obsolete border, and 4 petals.
Stigma sessile. Berry globular, with a gum-like viscid pulp. Stem
and branches jointed; flowers greenish, in short axillary spikes.

1. T« flav6scens, Pursh. Yellowish-green; leaves elliptic-
obovate, obtuse, on short petioles ; berries pearly white.
YELLOWISH VISCUM. Mistletoe.

Stem 9 lo 18 inches high, terete, much branched,— the branches opposite and
decussate, with a cellular bark which appears to be transversely incised, or sulcat*
(as if articulated), at the ramifications. Leaves % of an inch to 1% inches long,
3-nerved beneath, smooth, fleshy or subcoriaceous, narrowed at base to a thickish
terete petiole 1 or 2 lines in length. Flowers small, sessile, verticillate, or clustered
on short interrupted spikes,— the staminate flowers mostly 3-parted.
Bab. Branches of trees (mostly Nyssa) : very rare. Fl. May. Fr. Novem.

LORANTHACEAE 255

Obs. This remarkable parasite is becoming so rare amongst us,
that it may be regarded as one (or soon to be one) of the extinct
plants of Chester County. It is, however, rather abundant in New
Jersey,— and frequent, also, in the adjoining States of Delaware
and Maryland. Doctor DARWIN thus refers to the Mistletoe, in his
imaginative Poem: —

" Oh ! stay, bright habitant of air, alight,

Celestial VISCA, from thy angel-flight!—

Scorning the sordid soil, aloft she springs,

Shakes her white plume, and claps her golden wings;

High o'er the fields of boundless ether roves,

And seeks amid the clouds her soaring loves!"

ORDER LXXXV. ULMA^CEAE.

Trees, or shrubs; leaves alternate, simple, serrate, roughish, with deciduous stipules;
flowers perfect, or polygamous ; calyx campanulate, persistent, 4- to 8-cleft,— the
lobes imbricated in the bud ; stamens usually as many as the calyx-lobes, and
opposite them; ovary 1- or 2-celled, with a single suspended ovule in each cell;
styles or stigmas 2; fruit 1-celled, 1-seeded, indehiscent, — either a samara, or ft
drupe; albumen none, br scanty.

SUBORDER I. UL'MEAE.

Flowers perfect, fasciculate; fruit a samara; albumen none; embryo straight.

361. UI/MUS, L.

[The ancient name, in the Latin Classics.]

Calyx about 8-cleft, membranaceous. Ovary compressed, ovate,
2-celled; styles 2, diverging, stigmatic along the inner edge. Samara
with a broad membranaceous margin all round, by abortion 1-celled,
1-seeded. Flowers in lateral fascicles, preceding the leaves, pur-
plish brown.

1. IT. Americana, L. Leaves oblong-ovate, smoothish above ;
flowers conspicuously pedicellate; samara oval, densely villous-
ciliate on the margin.

AMERICAN ULMUS. White Elm. Weeping Elm.

Stem 60 to 80 feet high ; branches long and spreading, often rather drooping.—
Leaves 3 to 5 inches long, acuminate, unequal at base, serratures uncinately
acuminate; petioles % to % an inch in length, smoothish ; stipules smooth. Styles
pubescent, nearly white. Samara bifid at apex, with the segments incurved so ai
to leave an apparent foramen through the margin.
Hob. Low grounds; along streams: not very common. Fl. April. Fr. June.

Obs. This is a noble shade tree, for streets and avenues, — and is
much used for that purpose, in New England; but is too much
neglected in Pennsylvania.

2. U. fwlva, MX. Leaves obovate-oblong, very scabrous above;
flowers subsessile; samara orbicular, naked on the margin.
TAWNY ULMUS. Slippery Elm. Red Elm.

Stem 30 to 50 feet high ; young branches virgate. Buds clothed with a fulvous
tomentum. Leaves 4 to 6 or 8 inches long, conspicuously acuminate, subcordate
at base ; petioles about % of an inch long, pubescent ; stipules hairy. Calyx often
7-cleft, clothed and ciliate with a reddish-tawny pubescence. Styles glandular-
pubescent, purple, ft imam cleft at apex, with the segments so incurved and over-
lapped as to give the margin the appearance of being entire.
Halt. Rich, low grounds; fence-rows, &c. : frequent Fl. April. Fr. June.

256 APETALOUS EXOGENS

Obs. The inner bark of this species is so abundant in mucilage,
that it has been added to the materia medica, in our shops. Being
of smaller size, and the branches rather straggling, it does not
answer for a shade tree so well as the preceding.

SUBORDER II. CELTID'EAE.

Flowers monoicously polygamous ; subsolitary ; fruit a drupe ; albumen scanty ;
mbryo curved.

362. CEI/TIS, Tournef.
[An ancient name of the Lot MS,— applied to this genus.]

Calyx deeply 5- or 6-parted. Ovary ovoid, 1-celled ; stigmas elon-
gated and acuminate, spreading or recurved, glandular-pubescent.
Drupe with thin flesh, globular, smooth. Flowers axillary, solitary
or in pairs, dull greenish-yellow.

1. C. OCCident&lis, L. Leaves obliquely lance-ovate, acumi-
nate, sharply serrate ; drupes yellowish-green.
WESTERN CELTIS. Hack-berry. Sugar-berry. Nettle-tree.

Stem 20 to 60 feet, or more, in height. Leaves 2 to 4 or 5 inches long, roughish
and somewhat coriaceous ; petioles % to % of an inch in length. Flowers small ,
on pedicels % an inch to % in length. Drupes about % of an inch in diameter, of
a sweetish taste.
Hob. Great Valley, and slaty hills: rare. FL May. Fr. Sept.

Obs. There is a small form of this, occasion aly found on our
slaty hills, — which seems to be the C. pumila, of PURSH. There is
also one of large size, — with larger and coarser leaves, — which has
been taken for C. crassifolia, of LAMARCK ; but that species does
not appear to be very distinctly denned. Perhaps they may both
be nothing more than varieties of C. occidentalis.

ORDER LXXXVI. SAURURACEAE.

Herbs, aquatic or marsh ; stems jointed; leaves alternate, entire, with sheathing
stipules adnate to the petioles ; flowtrs perfect, destitute of calyx, or other envelopes ;
gtamens 3 to 6, or more; anthers introrse; ovaries 3 to 5, more or less connate;
ttigmas recurved; seeds few; embryo minute, cordate, in a little sac at the apex of
the albumen.

363. SAURITRUS, L.

[Or. Sauros, a lizard, and Oura, a tail ; in allusion to the tail-like raceme.]
Stamens 4 to 8, usually 6, naked, hypogynous ; filaments long and
distinct. Fruit follicular, — the carpels somewhat fleshy, united at
base, indehiscent, or opening along the ventral suture ; seeds ascend-
ing, usually solitary. Perennial: flowers pedicellate, each from the
axil of a small bract, and crowded in a subterminal virgate pedun-
culate white raceme.

1. S. cernuus, L. Leaves sagittate-cordate, acuminate, petio-
late ; summit of the raceme at first nodding.
NODDING SAURURUS. Lizard's Tail. Breast-weed.

Rhizoma creeping, thick and porous. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, leafy, forked above,
angular, emoothish. Leaves 4 to 6 inches long, glaucous beneath ; petioUs 1 to
2 inches in length, somewhat clasping at base. Jtaceme 3 to 6 inches long, very

SAURURACEAE 257

pubescent, on a naked peduncle 2 to 4 inches In length, inserted opposite a leaf, on
one of the divisions of the stem; pedicels short, with colored, sheathing, and some-
what spatulate bracts, at base.
Jlab. Margins of pools, and streams: not common. Fl. June. JFV. Sept.

Obs. It appears, by the correspondence of PETER COLLINSON with
JOHN BARTRAM, more than a century since, that this plant was then
known by the name of Aristolochia, — probably from the resemblance
of its leaves to those of the Virginia Snake-root ; and that the
bruised rhizoma was regarded as a salutary application to sore
breasts, — an opinion which prevails among the good ladies, who
deal in simples, at this day.

ORDER LXXXVIL CERATOPHYLLA^CEAE.

Aquatic herbs ; leaves verticillate, rather rigid, finely and dichotomously dissected,
without stipules ; flowers monoicous, axillary, solitary, inconspicuous, destitute of
calyx, but with an 8- to 12-clef t involucre. STAM. FL. Anthers sessile, indefinite
(12 to 20). PISTILLATE FL. Ovary 1-celled, with a single suspended ovule; style
filiform, oblique, persistent ; stigma simple ; fruit a beaked akene ; seed " filled by
a highly developed embryo with 4 cotyledons! and a conspicuous plumule." —
A. GRAY. [" Wife 2 cotyledons and a many-leaved plumule." HOOKER & ARNOTTJ.
Albumen none.

364. CERATOPHYI/L.UM, L.

[CFr. Kerafy a horn, and Phytton, a leaf; in reference to the rigid leaves.]
e Generic Character the same as that of the Order.

1. C. edlinsttum, A. Gray. Akene elliptic, with a terminal

and 2 short lateral spines, — the slightly winged margins of which

are armed with blunt teeth that finally elongate and equal the lateral

spines.

C. demersum. FL Cestr. ed. 2. p. 527. not? of L.

ECHINATE, OR PRICKLY CERATOPHYLLTJM. Horn-Wort.

Perennial? deep green. Stem 6 to 12 or 18 inches long, filiform, branching,
smooth, procumbent or floating under water. Leaves in verticils of 6 or 8, half an
inch to near an inch long, fistular or cellular near the base, once or twice dicho-
tomous,— the segments linear, capillary, finely serrulate, and mostly with 2 minute
teeth at apex. Fruit oblong, with a terminal spine formed of the indurated style,
and shorter spreading ones towards the base.
Hob, Brandy wine, Schuylkill, and their tributaries : frequent. Fl. June. Fr. Aug.

ORDER LXXXVIII. CALLITRICHA^CEAE.

Slender flaccid aquatic herbs; leaves opposite, entire, without stipules; flowers
monoicous, associated in the axils of the upper leaves, destitute of calyx, but
usually between a pair of small fistular whitish bracts ; stamen 1 ; anther reniform;
ovary 4-lobed 4-celled ; styles 2, subulate ; fruit a fleshy-membranous indehiscent
4 lobed 4-celled capsule ; seeds 4, solitary and suspended, filling each cell; embryo
in the axis of fleshy albumen.

365. C 4I,M 'TR 1C II C. L.

[Or. Kalos, beautiful, and Thrix, hair; from its delicate hair-like stems.]

fgg* The Generic Character the same as that of the Order.
1, C. verna, L. Upper leaves spatulate-obovate, crowded and

258 APETALOUS EXOGENS

stellate, floating, — the immersed ones linear; fruit subsessile be-
tween 2 falcate bracts, — the lobes parallel in pairs, bluntly keeled
on the back.
VERNAL CALLITRICHE. Water Star- wort.

Annual. Stem 1 to 2 feet long, bifistular, branching, and throwing out radicles
from the nodes. Leaves % to % of SB. inch long, sessile, somewhat clasping,
punctate. Staminate and pistillate flowers sometimes solitary, more commonly
associated and closely approximated in the axils of the leaves,— the staminaU being
next the stem, the pistillate, exterior, each with 2 bracts.
Hob. Pools, and sluggish rivulets : frequent. Fl. April. Fr. July,

Obs. This plant presents some varieties, which are doubtless pro-
duced by the circumstances of their locality, — especially one which
is often seen, prostrate and radicating, in muddy places from which
the water has retired ; but I am not sure that we have more than
one species. The plant is thus noticed in DARWIN'S Botanic Gar-
den :-— -

" Thy love, CALLITRICHE, two Yirgjns share,

Smit with thy starry eye and radiant hair ; —

On the green margin sits the youth, and laves

His floating train of tresses in the waves;

Bees his fair features paint the streams that pass,

And bends forever o'er the watery glass."

ORDER LXXXIX. PODOSTEMACEAE.

Submersed coriaceous aquatics, — adhering to stones, with the aspect of an aquatic
moss, or small sea-weed; leaves alternate, multifid, with sheathing stipule-like
processes at the base of the petioles ; flowers mostly perfect (or perhaps diclinous,
and associated in the spathe-like involucre}, destitute of proper calyx,-*~- but bursting
from a sac-like spatfie ; stamens 2 or 3, collateral, with the filaments between sub-
ulate brac&ets, and united at base, forming a pedicel; stigmas 2; fruitb capsule,
2-celled ; seeds numerous, without albumen.

366. PODOSTEMUM, MX.

[Gr. Pints, a foot, and Stemon, stamen ; the stamens being on 5 common footstalk.]

e Generic Character the same as that of the Order.

1. p. cerJitopliyl'liim, MX. Leaves dichotomously dissected,
somewhat crowded above ; peduncles axillary, solitary.
HORN-LEAVED PODOSTEMUM. River-weed.

Annual f Plant olive-green. Root none,— the stem 1 or 2 to 4 inches long, creep-
ing, branching, and adhering to pebbles by fleshy processes, — or, in deep water,
often erect. Leaves with flatted sublinear segments ; petioles fleshy. Flowers en-
Teloped in a coriaceous sac, without seam or natural opening, which is lacerated
irregularly when the stamens burst forth ; stamens usually 2, — the filaments united
below into a pedicel. Ovary oblong-ovoid, with 2 opposite grooves, and several
purple stripes ; stigmas curved towards the anthers. Before the sac, or spathe, is
ruptured, the stamens are bent over, and repose on each side of the stigmas.
nab. Pebbly shallow streams ; Brandywine : frequent. Fl. Aug. Fr. Octo.

ORDER XC. EUPHORBIACEAE.

Plants (herbs, in Chester County,) often with a milky acrid juice ; leaves mostly
simple; stipules small and deciduous, or wanting; flowers commonly monoicous;
calyx usually valvate in the bud, sometimes wanting (and sometimes with added

EUPHOBBIACEAE 259

petals .') ; stamens definite, or indefinite ; fruit capsular, lobed, or composed of 2, 3,
or many united carpels ; feed suspended, mostly caruncled; embryo in fleshy
albumen.

This large and Taried — yet essentially natural — Family, comprises a number of
plants possessing very active properties, — or otherwise curious and interesting. —
Of such may be mentioned, the Oroton Tiglium, L. which yields the powerful
Croton Oil, or OH of Tiglium ; the Ricinus oommunis, L. or Castor OH Bean ; the
Jatropha Manihot, L. which affords the Cassava and Tapioca ; the Crozophora tine-
toria, Jnss, yielding Turnsol ; the Siphonia elastica, Pers. affording the true Caaut-
cltouc or Gum elastic; the Buxus sempervireng, X. affording the beautiful fine-
grained Box-wood ; the Ifura erepitans, L. or tree that bears the curious sand-box-
like fruit, Ac. &c.

36T. EirPHOR'BIA, L.

[Named after Euphorbus, physician to king Juba, of Mauritania.]
Flowers included in ft cup-shaped 4- or 5-lobed involucre resembling
a calyx or corolla, with glands at its sinuses. STAM. FLOWERS nu-
merous, lining the base of the involucre, each from the axil of a
little bract, and consisting of a single stamen jointed on a pedicel;
anther-cells globular, separate. PISTILLATE FL. solitary, in the
middle of the involucre, consisting of a naked 3-lobed 3-celled
pedicellate ovary ; styles 3, bifid. Capsule separating into 3 carpels,
which severally split elastically into 2 valves. Seeds 1 in each
carpel. Polymorphous herbs, with an acrid milky juice ; peduncles
often umbellate-clustered.

g 1. Leaves alternate, uriihovt stipules, f Involucres subsesstte.

1. E. Darlington!!, A. Gray. Stem-leaves lance-oblong and
oblanceolate, pale and softly pilose beneath, secondary floral leaves
orbicular-dilated, all entire ; fruit obscurely warty ; seeds smooth.
E. nemoralis. FL Cestr. ed. 2. p. 518. not of KITAIBEL.
DARLINGTON'S EUPHORBIA.

Perennial. Stem 2 to 4 or 5 feet high, often several from the same root, rather
stout, smooth, simple, or with slender peduncle-like axillary branches. Leaves 3
or 4 inches long, sessile. Umbel terminal, 5- to 8-rayed, — the rays once or twice
subdivided. Lowest set of floral leaves oval, very obtuse; all the rest rounded,
broader than long, almost truncate at base, and closely sessile; glands obliquely
oval, sessile. Ovary warty, often becoming nearly smooth in fruit.
Hob. Woodlands, and moist thickets : not very common. Fl. May. Fr. July.

Obs. This species has been found, growing very luxuriantly in
thickets, along some of the rivulets among our slaty hills, — and in
Londongrove. The Rev. M. A* CURTIS also met with it on the
mountains of North CaroUna ; and Mr. JOHN M'MiNN informs me,
that he finds it in abundance along Spring Creek, near Bellefonte,
in Centre County, Penn'a. It is rather remarkable, that a plant of
its size should have been so long overlooked, by the Botanists.
ft Involucres conspicuously pedunculate.

2. E. corollata, L. Leaves linear-oblong, obtuse, smooth,—
the upper ones subverticillate ; floral leaves small, ovate-oblong;
involucre with white obovate petal-like appendages ; fruit smooth,'
rather small.

COROLLATE EUPHORBIA. Flowering SpUTgC.

260 APETALOUS EXOGENS

Ptrennial. Stem 1 to 3 feet high, slender, smooth, nearly simple. Leaves 1 to
2% inches long, varying from ovate-oblong to linear and spatulate-oblong, — the
longer ones often narrow; petioles scarcely a line in length. Umbel 5- or 6-rayed,
—the rays di-and-tri-chotomous ; involucres with minute incurved true lobes, and
conspicuous accessory lobes, or white appendages, — each with a greenish oval gland
at base.
Nab. Sandy banks ; fence-rows, &c. : frequent. Fl. Aug. Fr. Sept.

§2. Leaves opposite, without stipules; involucres nearly sessile.

3. E. Ldthyris, L. Leaves linear-lanceolate, rather acute, entire,
decussate; floral leaves lance-ovate and subcordate, nmcronate;
fruit smooth, rather large.

Mole-tree. Caper Spurge.

Biennial. Smooth. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, stout, mostly simple. Leaves 2 to 4
inches long, sessile, numerous, pointing 4 ways. Umbel 3- or 4-rayed,— the rays
dichotomous ; a single involucre subsessile in the centre or bosom of the rays. —
Glands of the involucre lunate, 2-horned, — the horns dilated and obtuse.
Hob. Gardens, &c. Nat. of Europe. Fl. July. Fr. Octo.

Obs. This foreigner has become naturalized about many gardens, —
having been introduced under a notion (imported with it,) that it
protected them from the incursions of Moles.

§3. Leaves opposite, with stipules; involucres dichotomal, or axiUary.

4. E. macillata, L. Flatly prostrate, and diffusely branched;
hairy; leaves obliquely oval, serrulate, often spotted; fruit hairy;
seeds reddish-grey.

SPOTTED EUPHORBIA. Milk Purslane.

Annual. Stem 6 to 12 inches long, much branched from the base, and lying
close to the ground. Leaves ^ to % an inch long, often with a dark purple spot above ;
petioles scarcely a line in length; stipules minute, subulate. Involucres small}
axillary, on short lateral branches, crowded so as to form leafy clusters; glands on
very small petal-like appendages, which are white, or often purplish.
Hob. Cultivated grounds; Indian Corn fields: frequent. Fl. July. Fr. Octo.

5. E. hypericif olia, L. Stem rather oblique or leaning, with
divergent branches; smoothish; leaves obliquely oblong, or sub-
falcate, serrate ; fruit smooth ; seeds blackish.
HYPERICUM-LEAVED EUPHORBIA.

Annual: often purplish. Stem 9 to 18 inches high, slender; branches somewhat
dichotomous, mostly pubescent on one side. Leaves % an inch to 1% inches
long, linear-dotted, often stained with blotches along the midrib ; petioles about a
line in length ; stipules scale-like. Involucres axillary and dichotomal, pedicellate,
forming small corymbose clusters at the extremities of the branches ; glands on
small roundish subsessile petal-like appendages, which are white, or purple edged
with white.
Hab. Thin pastures; roadsides, Ac: frequent. FL July. Fr. Sept.

Obs. My friend Dr. ENGELMANN remarks (in Litt.), that "the
Seeds, of these stipulated Euphorbiae, appear to be amongst the best
characteristics ; and E. hypericifolia is the only one amongst them
with blackish seeds. All the others have reddish-grey seeds, of
different sizes, shapes, and covering."

EUPHORBIACEAE 261

368. PIIYL.L.Atf'THIJS, L.

[Gr. Phyllon, leaf, and Anthos, flower; the flowers often borne on apparent leaves.]
Floioers monoicous: Calyx 5- or 6-parted, alike in all. Stamens
mostly 3 ; filaments united in a column, surrounded by 5 or 6 glands,
or a 5- or 6-lobed glandular disk. Ovary seated on a glandular
disk, 3-celled; cells 2-ovuled; styles 3, mostly bifid. Capsule sepa-
rating into 3 carpels, which split into 2 valves. Leaves alternate,
simple, with small stipules ; flowers ochroleucous, minute, in axillary
clusters.

1. P. Carolinensls, Walt. Stem slender, smooth; leaves
clliptic-obovate, obtuse, entire, on short petioles.
CAROLINA PHYLLANTHUS.

Annual. Stem 6 to 12 inches long, terete, rather rigid, often dark purple,
branching, or nearly simple, — the alternate spreading branches, and leaves,
uistichously arranged. Leaves %to%of an inch long ; petioles scarcely a line in
length ; stipules minute, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, flowers subsessile, 2 to 4
in each axil, staminate and pistillate intermingled.. Capsules depressed-orbicular.
Hub. Moist grounds ; Londongrove : rare. Fl. July. Fr. Sept.

369. ACAL/YPIIA, L.

[An ancient Greek name for the Nettle ; applied here.]

Flowers monoicous, axillary, surrounded by a conspicuous persis-
tent involucre-like bract. STAM. FL. very small, in an interrupted
pedunculate little spike, with a pistillate flower mostly at its base. —
Calyx 4-parted. Stamens 8 to 16, very short, united at base. PIS-
TILLATE FL. Calyx 3-parted; lobes connivent, persistent. Ovary
3-celled; cells 1-ovuled; styles 3, fringed. Capsule 3-lobed, separa-
ting into 3 globular carpels. Leaves alternate, stipulate.

1. A. Virginica, L. Leaves oblong-ovate, or subrhomboid,
obtusely serrate, petiolate; involucre-like bract roundish-cordate,
acuminate, concave, unequally lobed.
VIRGINIAN ACALYPHA. Three-seeded Mercury.

Annual. Stem 9 to 18 inches high, often a little angular and striate, more or
less pubescent, branching, — the branches' sometimes with the leaves and bracts
crowded, like a leafy raceme, and dark purple. Leaves 1 to 3 inches long ; petioles
% of an inch to 2 inches in length ; stipules minute, subulate. Staminate spike
usually longer than the involucre-like bract, and inserted at its cordate base.
Hob. Pastures; open woods, &c. : common. Fl. July. Fr. Sept.

ORDER XCI. JUGLANDA^CEAE.

Trees, with a resinous, sweet, or watery juice; leaves alternate, odd-pinnate, with-
out stipules ; flowers monoicous, — the staminate ones in aments, with an irregular
calyx, — the pistillate with a regular calyx adherent to the ovary (and sometimes
•with small petals /) ; fruit a kind of dry drupe, with a woody or bony endocarp
(or nutshell) containing a 4-lobed seed, without albumen ; cotyledons fleshy and
oily, sinuate-lobed.

An Order consisting chiefly of Walnuts and Hickories,— valuable for their wood,
and some of them for their fruit.

370. JITGLANS, L,

[From the Latin, Jovis Olans, the nut of Jupiter ; by way of eminence.]
STAM. FL. Amente single, lateral, from buds without leaves. — •

262 APETALOUS EXOGENS

Calyx scale-like, 3- to 6-parted, adnate to an entire 1-flowered bract.
Stamens 8 to 40, very short. PISTILLATE FL. terminal, solitary, or
few and clustered. Calyx 4-toothed, with 4 small petals alternating
with the calyx-teeth. Styles 2, very short ; stigmas elongated,
recurved and fringed. Fruit drupaceous, — the epicarp (or hull)
somewhat fleshy, fibrous within, not opening; nut woody, rugose
and irregularly furrowed. Juice resinous-aromatic ; pith separated
into transverse laminae or plates ; young branches brittle.

1, J. REGIA, L. Leaflets 7 to 11, oval, nearly entire, smooth; fruit
roundish-oval; nut subcompressed, smoothish.
ROYAL JUGLANS. English Walnut. Madeira Nut.

Stem 30 to 50 feet high, branched. Leaflets 2 to 5 or 6 inches long, acute, or
sometimes rounded and emarginate at apex; — the terminal one largest, the lower
pair smallest. Aments ovoid-oblong, 2 to 3 inches in length. Pistillate flowers
in small terminal clusters of 2 or 3, on a rather short common peduncle. Drupe
oval, or subglobose, mucronate, about 2 inches long, and 1 or 2 inches in diameter,
"with a smoothish subcoriaceous epicarp ; nut oval, subcompressed, smoothish, or
somewhat corrugated.
Hob. Yards, &c. Nat. of Persia. Fl. May. Fr. Octo.

Obs. This oriental species is usually called English walnut, — in
consequence of having come to us by way of the mother country.
Such misnomers are not unfrequent among our cultivated plants. —
The young fruit of this is much esteemed, as a material for making
pickles.

%• J. cilierea, L. Leaflets 15 to 17, oblong-lanceolate, rounded
at base, serrate, softly pubescent beneath; fruit ovoid-oblong,
viscid-pubescent ; nut oval, acuminate, deeply sculptured.
CINEREOUS JUGLANS. White Walnut. Butter-nut.

Stem 20 to 30 or 40 feet high, with numerous branches, and a smoothish cinere-
ous bark. Leaflets 2 to 4 or 5 inches long, sessile. Aments 3 to 5 inches long. —
Pistillate flowers 3 to 5 or 7, in a terminal spike, rather distant, on a long common
peduncle. Drupe 2 to 3 inches long, and 1 to near 2 inches in diameter, with u
short tapering protuberance at apex, — often slightly compressed and obscurely
angular, softly hairy and clammy, the epicarp thinnish and somewhat coriaceous.
Hob. Bottom lands ; along streams : frequent. Fl. May. Fr. Sept.

Obs. The young fruit of this species — collected about the last of
June — makes good pickles, — though inferior to the preceding. The
ripe seeds are rather rancid, and scarcely eatable. The bark affords
an extract, which, in the form of pills, is a convenient and popular
cathartic.

3. J. iiispra, L. Leaflets 15 to 21, ovate-lanceolate, subcordate
at base ; fruit globose, roughish-dotted, more or less spongy when
mature ; nut subglobose, rugose-sulcate.
BLACK JUGLANS. Black Walnut.

Stem 40 to 60 or 80 feet high, with spreading crooked branches,— often forming
a broad roundish and rather open top, when growing solitary. Leaflets 2 to 4
inches long, serrate, eubsessile, — the terminal one often starved, or abortive. —
Aments about 2 inches long. Pistillate flowers in small terminal clusters of 2 to 4,
on a short common peduncle. Drupe 1% to 2J^ inches in diameter,— the epicwp

JUGLANDACEAE

(or hull) thickish and spongy, (sometimes oblong-ovoid, with a thinner epicarp,)

greenish-yellow when mature.

Hob. Rich woods ; fence-rows, Ac. : frequent. Fl. May. Fr. October.

Obs. The wood of this noble tree, when fully grown, is dense and
fine-grained, of a reddish-brown with darker shades ; and for beauty,
and value, rivals the celebrated Mahogany, in articles of furniture.
The seeds, though somewhat oily, are eatable, and generally esteemed*

371. CA'RYA, Nuttall.

• [Greek, Karya,— an ancient name for the Walnut]

STAM. FL. Aments mostly in threes, slender, lateral, from buds
with leaves. Calyx scale-like, 2- or 3-parted, adnate to an entire
1 -flowered bract. Stamens 3 to 6; anthers subsessile, hairy. PIS-
TILLATE FL. terminal, in small clusters. Calyx 4-cleft ; petals none.
Stigmas sessile, discoid, 4-lobed. Fruit drupaceous,^the epicarp
coriaceous, or finally subiigneous, opening more or less completely
by 4 valves ; nut bony, smooth, usually somewhat 4-angled. Juice
watery, or often sweetish and syrup-like ; pith continuous ; young
branches tough and pliable ; leaflets acuminate ; pubescence stellate.

f Valves of (he hull completely separating ; seed large and sweet.

1. C. :ill>a. NutL Leaflets mostly 5, obovate-lanceolate, sharply
serrate; aments smoothish ; fruit depressed-globose; nut compressed,
broad-oval, 4-angled, whitish and thin-shelled.

WHITE CARTA. Shell-bark, or Shag-bark Hickory.

Stem 60 to 80 feet high,— the outer bark exfoliating in long rigid scales or plates,
•which generally adhere in the middle, while one or both ends are elevated, making
the surface very rugged and shaggy. Leaflets 3 or 4 to 6 or 8 inches long, — the
terminal one usually largest, and the lower pair much smaller. Aments at the
base of the young growth, 2 to 4 inches long, triple or 3-parted on a common
peduncle, pendulous, with a linear-lanceolate bract at the base of each lateral
ament; stamens mostly 4. Pistillate flowers mostly 2 or 3 together, sessile on a
common peduncle. Fruit somewhat umbilicate at both ends, sulcate along the
sutures of the valves ; epicarp thick and subcarnosely coriaceous ; nut about an
inch long, — the shell thin and frangible.
Hob. Low grounds ; along streams : frequent. Fl. May. Fr. Octo.

Obs. The nuts of this tree are well known, and highly esteemed.
There are some varieties, — with the bark less shaggy, the fruit with
a thinner epicarp, the nut with a thicker shell, and a kernel, or
seed, of inferior quality. The whole genus is believed to be peculiar
to this continent, — and is celebrated for affording a superior quality
of fire- wood.

f f Valves of the hull partially separating, *;Seed small, but edible,

2. C. toineiitosa, Nutt. Leaflets mostly 7, oblong-lanceolate,
slightly serrate ; aments tomentose ; fruit oval ; nut rather large,
somewhat 6-angled, pale brown and thick-shelled*

TOMENTOSE CAKYA. White-heart Hickory. Mocker-nut.

Stem 60 to 80 feet or more in height,— the bark with the fibres interlocked and
not exfoliating. Leaflets 4 to 8 inches long, roughish-pubescent beneath, and
sprinkled with dark-purple particles among the stellate pubescence. \Aments 4 to
6 inches long. Pistillate flowers mostly iu pairs, sessile on a short thick bracteate

264 APETALOUS EXOGENS

common peduncle. Fruit about 2 inches long; epicarp thick and coriaceous,
finally hard and woody,— the valves opening more than half way to the base; nut
6-angled near the apex, thick and bony.
Sab. Rich woodlands : common. FL May. Fr. October.

^Obs. There are several varieties of this, — one (var. maxima, Nutt.)
with remarkably large fruit, in Montgomery County, near the Schuyl-
kill, — and possibly in this County, also. 'This species has the wood
white to the centre, — and is regarded as the best of all, for fuel. —
It is replete, in early summer, with a sweet syrup-like sap ; and
when cut, at that season, is much preyed upon by worms. •

3. C., inicrocarpa, Nutt. Leaflets 5 to 7, oblong-lanceolate,
serrate; aments smooth; fruit roundish-ovoid; nut small, some-
what 4-angled, thin-shelle,d.

SMALL-FRUITED CARYA.

Stem 60 to 80 feet high, with a close bark. Leaflets 4 to 8 inches long, nearly
smooth on both sides,— the under surface sprinkled with dark-purple particles.—
Aments 2 to 3 or 4 inches long. Pistillate flowers 2 or 3 together, sessile on a com-
mon peduncle ; calysp teeth rather conspicuous. Fruit about % of an inch in length ;
fpicarp thin, with the sutures prominent.
Hob. Moist woodlands : frequent. FL May. Fr. October.

Obs. This species seems to be intermediate between C. alba, and
C. glabra ; and, I think, presents several varieties.

4. C. glabra, Torrey. Leaflets about 7, lanceolate, serrate:
aments smoothish ; fruit pyriform or subglobose ; nut smooth and
even, thinnish-shelled but hard.

C» porcina. Nutt. $ FL Cestr. ed. 2. p. 546.
SMOOTH CARYA. Pig-nut Hickory. Broom Hickory.

Stem 40 to 60 or 80 feet high, with a close bark, and tough twiggy branches.—
Leaflets, (sometimes 5, or 9,) 3 to 6 inches in length, generally smooth, and sprinkled
with purple particles beneath. Aments 2 to 4 inches long, occasionally in pairs.
Pistillate flowers solitary, or 2 or 3 together, sessile and rather distant, on a common
peduncle ; calyx-teeth long, linear-lanceolate. Fruit about an inch long ; epicarp
thin, opening but partially. « ..;

Hob. Low, moist woods : frequent, FL May. Fr. Octo.

Obs. The young saplings of this species were formerly much
used for making splint brooms, — on account of the toughness of its
woody fibres ; and the sprouts, or seedling plants, are often em-
ployed, for the same reason, in rural economy, as a kind of rude
ligatures, under the name of Hickory Withes. The mature wood is
preferred, by wheel-wrights, for making the axles of carts and
wagons.

* * Seed small, and intensely bitter.

5» C. am ara, Nutt. Leaflets 7 to 9, oblong-lanceolate, serrate ;
aments pubescent ; fruit roundish-ovoid, acuminate ; nut obcordate,
small, thin shelled and fragile.
BITTER CARYA. Swamp Hickory. Bitter-nut.

Stem 60 to 80 feet high, with twiggy branches and yellow buds,— the bark at
first close and even, finally more or less fissured. Leaflets 2 to 5 or 6 inches lon^.
slightly pubescent beneath. Aments 1 to 2 inches long, sometimes in pairs.—

JUGLAXDACEAE

265

Pistillate flowers solitary, or in pairs, pedunculate. Fruit % of an inch long,
thickly sprinkled with yellow resinous particles,— the epicarp thin, with 4 ridged
or prominent sutures at summit, partially opening.
Hob. Low grounds ; along streams : frequent. Fl. May. Fr. Octo.

Obs. This has a general resemblance to the preceding; but the
rule — "by their fruits shall ye know them" — applies well, here.

ORDER XCII. CUPULIF'ERAE.

Trees, or shrubs; leaves alternate, simple, penninerved, with deciduous stipules;
flowers monoicous, — the staminate ones mostly in cylindric (rarely globose) aments,
the pistillate furnished with an involucre which forms a kind of cupule, or covering,
to the (by abortion) 1-celled 1-seeded indehiscent nut ; calyx-tube adherent to the
2- to 7-celled ovary,— the minute calyoc-leeth crowning its summit; embryo without
albumen,— the cotyledons thick and fleshy. A highly important and valuable Order,
—as will appear by the plants here enumerated.

A. Anthers ^-celled. a. Cotyledons hypogaean in germination.

372. QUER'ciis, L.

]The ancient Classical name.]

STAM. PL. An\enU several from the same scaly bud, simple, slen-
der, pendulous, — the florets clustered, destitute of bracts. Calyx
6- to 8- (mostly 5-) parted; stamens 6 to 10 or 12. PISTILLATE
FL. in small clusters, sometimes on a long common peduncle. In-
volucre 1 -flowered,. — formed of numerous little imbricated scales
(or bracts] united into a cup, and becoming woody, or bark-like. —
Calyx 6-toothed. Ovary about 3-celled, — each cell with a pair of
collateral suspended ovules ; stigmas as many as the cells. Nut (or
Acorn) ovoid, or oblong, mucronate, surrounded at base (sometimes
nearly included) by the enlarged indurated involucre, or cupule. —
Mostly trees : flowers greenish, — the pistillate ones quite inconspic-
uous; all appearing in May, and the fruit generally mature in
October. In about half the species, the acorns are biennial, — i. e.
2 years in coming to maturity. The Oaks constitute a noble genus, —
being emphatically (as ENDLICHER says of the Order,) "sylvarum
decora " — the pride and ornament of our American forests.

§1. FKUIT ANNUAL; clusters mostly pedunculate; leaves not mucronate; cupule

hemispherical or bowl^shaped.
t White-Oak group ; leaves obtusely sinuate — or pinnatiJlcUobed.

1. Q. Obtusiloba, MX. Leaves tawny-pubescent beneath, obo-
vate-oblong, cuneate at base, irregularly sinuate-lobed, — the upper
lobes dilated, retuse ; acorn roundish-ovoid, rather small.
OBTUSE-LOBED QUERCUS. Post Oak. Barrens White-oak.

Stem 20 to 40 or 50 feet high ; branches irregular, spreading, densely pubescent
while young. Leaves 4 to 6 inches long, subcoriaceous. mostly with 3 unequal
angular sinuses,— the upper surface finally smoothish and shining, the under
clothed with a ferruginous or tawny stellate pubescence; petioles about half an
inch in length. Acorn about half an inch long, often depressed or umbilicate at
apex,— the lower half embraced by the scaly hemispherical cupule, which is sessile,
or the fruit often in small clusters on a common peduncle.
2Iab. Dry sterile hills; on Serpentine rock : frequent.

266 APETALOUS EXOGENS

Obs. The wood of this, often rather scrubby-looking species, is
valued for its durability ; and is also esteemed as fuel.

2. Q. alba., L. Leaves oblong-oval, or obovate, regularly pin-
natifid-lobed, — lobes small, oblong, obtuse, mostly entire, the sinuses
narrow; cupule tuberculate ; acorn ovoid-oblong.

WHITE QUERCUS. Common White-Oak.

Stem 60 to 100 feet high, and 2 to 4 or 5 feet in diameter, with a whitish or light
grey bark. Leaves 4 to 6 inches long, usually with 3 to 5 lobes on each side (some-
times cuneate and 3-lobed); petioles % an inch to an inch in length. Acorn of
medium size (near an inch long), seated in a shallowish bowl-shaped pubescent
cupule, — the fruit generally in pairs, sessile on a common peduncle about half an
inch in length.
Hob. Woodlands : every where common.

Obs. This is one of our finest and most valuable forest trees, —
often attaining to an enormous size, and not less entitled than its
English congener, to the epithets employed by COWPER: —

" Lord of the woods, the long-surviving Oak."

The timber is firm and durable, and much used in the various
mechanic arts. The keels of some of our largest national vessels
have been obtained from this Oak. The bark is astringent and
tonic, — while the acorns are sweet and nutritious, affording a favor-
ite food for swine. A variety (or hybrid), with more deeply-lobed
leaves, and considerably larger fruit, has been observed near the
South Western border of our County, by my vigilant friend, Mr.
JOSHUA HOOPES.

f f Chestnut-Oak group ; leaves coarsely and obtusely sinuate-dentate.

3. Q. l>icolor, Willd. Leaves oblong-obovate, unequally den-
tate, densely villous and olive-green beneath ; acorn ovoid-oblong.
TWO-COLORED QUERCUS. Swamp White-Oak.

Stem 40 to 60 or 70 feet high. Leaves 4 to 6 inches long, varying from broad-
ovate to obovate ; petioles about half an inch in length. Fruit in pairs (or often
single), sessile on an axillary common peduncle 1 or 2 to 4 inches long; acorn
rather large, — the cupule dentate on the margin.
Hob. Low grounds ; along streams, Ac. : frequent.

Obs. This is every way inferior in value to the preceding.

4. Q. IHOlltaiia, Willd. Leaves broadly obovate, nearly equally
dentate, pubescent and subglaucous beneath ; cupule subturbinate
at base ; acorn elliptic-oblong, large.

MOUNTAIN QUERCUS. Rock Chestnut-Oak.

Stem 40 to 60 or 70 feet high,— when old, the bark thick and deeply furrowed.
Leaves 4 to 8 inches long, sometimes roundish-obovate, unequal at base, — the
teeth short, broad, and somewhat mucronate, with a callous point; petioles % an
inch to an inch in length. Fruit on short common peduncles ; acorn about an inch
and quarter long, and % of an inch in diameter.
Sab. Hilly, rocky woodlands : frequent.

Obt. The wood of this is considered valuable, — and the bark is
prized by Tanners. The acorns, also, are nutritious, and sought
after by swine.

CUPULIFEEAE 267

5. Q. l'i inns. L. Leaves obovate-oblong, acute, nearly equally
and obtusely dentate, green above ; acorn ovoid, large.

Swamp Chestnut-Oak.

SUm, 60 to 90 feet high. Leaves 5 to 8 inches long, conspicuously penninerved,
vtth a coarse tooth for each nerve, and a small callus at apex of each ; petioles I to
near 2 inches in length. Fruit in pairs (1 often abortive) on a common peduncle
about half an inch long; acorn rather thicker than the preceding, but not quite
BO long.
Hob. Great Valley : not very common.

Obs. This species — which is often a fine tree, affording valuable
timber: — presents some varieties; while the whole group have such a
general resemblance, that the elder MICHAUX reduced them all to
modifications of Q. Prinus*

6. O. Castaiica, Willd. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, acuminate,
equally and rather acutely dentate, yellowish above ; acorn roundish-
ovoid, rather small.

CHESTNUT QUERCUS. Chestnut-Oak. Yellow Oak.

Stem 50 to 80 feet high. Leaves 3 to 6 inches long,— the points of the teeth (and
along the whole edge of the leaf) callous ; petioles % an inch to an inch long. Frutt
sessile, or on what seems designed for a short common peduncle* Acorn sweetish
and nutritious.
Hob. Great Valley; near Brooke's Mill : not common.

Obs. This is also variable ; but, generally, the leaves^- both in size
and figure — have a striking resemblance to those of the Chestnut-tree.

"S* Q» prinoides, Willd. Dwarf; leaves obovate and lance-
oblong, obtuse or acute, coarsely (or often obsoletely) sinuate-
dentate, acute at base ; acorn ovoid, small.
Q. chinquapin. MX. $ Fl. Cestr. ed. 2. p. 536.
PRINUS-LIKE QUERCUS. Dwarf Chestnut-Oak. Chinquapin-Oak.

Stem 2 to 4 or 5 feet high, slender and much branched. Leaves 3 to 5 or 6 inches
long, — the teeth mostly obtuse, often nearly obsolete, or the margin merely
repand; petioles 14 to % an inch in length. Fruit sessile, often abundant.
Hob. Dry, slaty hills : frequent.

Obs. There seems to be two varieties of this shrub ;— the leaves of
one looking like a dwarf specimen of Q. montana, — and of the
other, like a miniature Q. Castanea.

§2. FRUIT BIENNIAL; clusters sessile
f 1 1 Black and Red-Oak group ; leaves setaceoudy mucronate, repand, or acutely

sinuate-lobed.
* Cupule subturbinate at base.

8. Q. iiiif ra, L. Leaves broadly cuneate, dilated at apex, and
repand or obscurely 3- or 5-lobed at the end, rusty-puberulent
beneath ; cupule very scaly ; acorn roundish-ovoid, rather small.
BLACK QUERCUS. Black-Jack.

Stem 20 to 30 or 40 feet high, with a thickish furrowed dark-colored bark.—
Leaves 5 to 8 inches long, and 4 to 6 inches wide at apex, narrowed rapidly towards
the obtuse base, so aa to be almost triangular, coriaceous,— the bristle-like points
somewhat deciduous; petioles about half an inch in length.
Hob. Thin soils; West Nottingham: rar«.

268

APETALOUS EXOGENS

Ob*. This species— which is chiefly valued for fuel— is abundant
in the adjacent districts of Maryland; but has only been found
within the present year (1852), in our County, by the active re-
searches of Mr. JOSHUA HOOPES.

9. Q. ilicifolia, Wangenh. Dwarf; leaves cuneate-obovate,
angulate-lobed, cinereous-tomentose beneath; fruit small, in nu-
merous clusters on the branches ; acorn roundish-ovoid.

Q. Banisteri. MX. $ FL Cestr. ed. 2. p. 533.
ILEX-LEAVED QUERCUS. Black Scrub-Oak. Bear-Oak.

Stem, 3 to 6 or 8 feet high, with numerous crooked spreading branches. leaves
2 to 3 or 4 inches long, often 3-lobed at apex, others angularly 5-lobed and some-
what fiddle-shaped ; petioles half an inch to an inch in length. Acorns striped.
Hob. Sterile, slaty hills : frequent.

Obs. This worthless little species is abundant on our Barrens ;
but is rarely seen on good land.

10. Q. tinctoria,, Bartram. Leaves obovate-oblong, sinuate-
lobed, more or less rusty -puberulent beneath ; cupule scaly, thick ;
acorn ovoid, rather small.

DYER'S QUERCUS. Black-Oak. Quercitron.

Stem 60 to 80 or 90 feet high, and 2 to 4 feet in diameter, with a thickish fur-
rowed dark-colored outer hark, and a spongy yellow inner bark. Leaves GOT 8
inches long, obovate in their outline, more or less deeply sinuate-lobed (usually 3
principal lobes on each side),— the under surface loosely clothed with little fascicles
of short hairs, which give it aroughish powdery appearance; petioles 1 to 2 inches
in length.
Hob. Rich upland woodjs : common.

Obs. The wood of this fine tree is not so valuable as that of some
others; but the inner bark is a considerable article of commerce,
under the name of Quercitron. It is employed in dyeing yellow ;
and has nearly superseded the use of Weld (Reseda luteola, L.), in
the manufactories of Europe, in calico printing.

11. Q. COCCiliea, Wangenh. Leaves oval in outline, deeply
sinuate-pinnatifid, with broad and open sinuses, smooth and shining
green on both sides; cupule conspicuously scaly; acorn roundish-
ovoid, depressed at apex.

CRIMSON QUERCUS. Scarlet-Oak.

Stem 50 to 80 feet high. Leaves 4 to 6 or 8 inches long, with 3 or 4 principal
narrowish divergent lobes on each side, the sinuses deep, rounded and wider at
bottom, — becoming a showy crimson in autumn : petioles 2 to 4 inches in length.
Hob. Hilly woodlands : frequent.

Obs. The bark of this tree is much sought after by our Tanners,
who (not being acquainted with the Q. falcata) erroneously call it
" Spanish Oak"; and give it the preference over all the other Oaks,
that are common here, for their business. The crimson leaves of
this species, where it abounds, impart a gorgeous and magnificent
appearance to our forests, in autumn; and it is really marvellous,
that a tree so handsome at all seasons, should be so rarely seen in
the lawns and pleasure grounds of persons of any pretensions to
taste.

CUPULIFERAB 269

12. Q. falcsfcta, MX. Leaves lobed toward the apex, the lobes
elongated, and the lateral ones more or less falcate, — the under
surface clothed with a short greyish-tawny pubescence; cupule
shallow ; acorn roundish-ovoid.

FALCATE QUERCUS. Spanish-Oak.

Stem 50 to 80 feet high, — the young branches often tawny-pubescent. Leaves 4
to 8 or 9 inches long, obtuse at base, with 2 or 3 distant and mostly falcate lobes
on each side, — those on small trees, or young branches, often dilated and 3-lobed
at apex ; petioles about an inch in length, densely pubescent when the young
branches are. Cupule on a short peduncle.
Hob. Woods, on the North Valley hill : very rare.

Obs. Although abundant in Delaware, and Maryland, this species
was not detected, in our County, until the present season (1852), —
when specimens were brought to me, from the above named locality,
by my friend JOSHUA HOOPES — whose vigilant and quick-discerning
eyes, few such natural objects, within the circuit of Ms walks, are
permitted to escape. The bark of this, which is the true Spanish
Oak, is believed to be the best of the genus, for the purpose of tan-
ning hides.

* * Cupule flat at base, sJiattow and saucer-shaped.

13. <J. rftbra, L. Leaves pale beneath, sinuate-lobed, the sin-
uses rather shallow ; acorn oblong-ovoid, rather large.

RED QUERCUS. Red Oak.

Stem, 60 to 90 feet high. Leaves 5 to 8 or 9 inches long, and 3 to 6 inches wide,
oblong or obovate, with short incised-dentate lobes (usually 3 principal lobes, and
2 or 3 smaller ones, on each side) ; petioles 1 to 2 inches in length. Cupule with
the scales so compact as to present a smoothish, or nearly even, outer surface ;
acorn a little turgid, or plump, about an inch long.
Hob. Hilly woodlands : frequent.

Obs. Justice to myself, and to the truths of Natural History — as
well as to Mr. EMERSON, author of the admirable Report on the
Forest trees and Shrubs of Massachusetts — requires that I should
here rectify a misapprehension under which I labored, when com-
piling the little work entitled Agricultural Botany. I had always
understood (of course, from others — having no personal knowledge
of the subject,) that the bark of this species was in high repute with
the Tanners, — and so stated : But, on a more careful and particular
inquiry of intelligent practical men, in that business, I learn that
it is regarded as being much inferior in value to the bark of Q.
cocdnea, — and am now satisfied that Mr. EMERSON is substantially
correct in the statement, that it is "almost worthless for the use
of the Tanner." The timber of this tree is also of inferior value.

14. Q. paltistris, Du Roi. Leaves smooth and green on both
sides, deeply sinuate-pinnatifid, with broad rounded sinuses and
divaricate lobes ; acorn subglobose, small.
MARSH QUERCUS. Pin-Oak. Water-Oak.

Stem 40 to 60 or 70 feet high ; branches numerous, rather slender, horizontal or
drooping, often nearly covered with diseased knobs. Leaves 4 to 6 inches long, usual-
ly with 3 narrow divaricate lobes on each side; petioles 1 to 2 inches in length.—

270 APETALOUS EXOGEN8

Cujnfa nearly even on the outer surface, often abruptly tapering from the fiat

base ; acorn scarcely half an inch long.

Hah. Wet, low grounds ; along streams : frequent.

Obs. The wood of this species is very firm, — and is much em-
ployed by wheelwrights, and other mechanics. It would seem that
this, and the Q. falcata, are severally pretty much confined to
opposite sides of Mason and Dixon's line; the Q. palustris being
chiefly northern, and the Q. falcata southern.

313. CASTAVIVEA, Tournef.

[Named from a City of Thessaly (Castanea), — famed for Chestnuts.]
STAM. FL. interruptedly clustered in long naked cylindrical spike-
form aments. Calyx 5- or 6-parted. Stamens 8 to 15. PISTILLATE
FL. usually in threes, within ovoid squarrose solitary or clustered
involucres. Calyx urceolate, — the border 5- or 6-cleft, crowning the
3- to 8-celled ovary. Abortive stamens 5 to 12, Stigmas bristle-like,
as many as the cells of the ovary. Nuts (by abortion) 1 -seeded,
coriaceous, 1, 2, or 3 together, inclosed in the globose prickly in-
volucre, which opens by 4 valves at maturity. Cotyledons thick,
somewhat plicate and cohering together, sweetish and farinaceous.
Flowers appearing after the leaves.

1. C. Tesca, L. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, sinuate-
serrate, smooth and green on both sides; nuts usually 2 or 3 in
each involucre.
EATABLE CASTANEA. Chestnut-tree.

Stem 60 to 80 or 90 feet high, and 2 to 4 or 5 feet in diameter. Leaves 6 to 9
inches long ; petioles % an inch to % in length. StaminaU flowers whitish, in
dense bracteate clusters, on axillary aments 4 to 8 inches in length; stamens long.
Pistillate flowers in threes, in an ovoid involucre which is solitary, or often in
clusters of 3 or 4, subsessile, enlarging, finally globose, about 2 inches in diameter,
thickly covered or armed all over with sharp compound or coalesced prickles
(modified &rac&), and densely villous within. Nuts 3 (by abortion often 2, or 1),
reddish-brown, smooth below, the upper half covered with a greyish-tawny pubes-
cence ; the middle nut flatted on both sides, the lateral ones plano-convex, — and
when the lateral ones are both abortive, the central one becomes roundish-ovoid.
Hob. Woodlands ; slaty hills, abundant. FL June. Fr. Octo.

Obs. The American Chestnut-tree scarcely differs from the Eu-
ropean, except in the size and flavor of the fruit. Our native nuts
are smaller, and the seeds much sweeter, than those of the European
variety. The wood of this tree is light, but very durable, — not
esteemed for fuel, but highly valued for making fences.

2« C» pillllila, MX. Dwarf; leaves obovate-oblong, acute, serrate

or denticulate, whitish-tomentose beneath j nut solitary, ovoid,

small.

DWARF CASTANEA. Chinquapin.

Stem 6 to 10 feet high (much larger under culture). Leaves 2 to 6 inches long ;
petioles about half an inch in length. Aments of staminate flowers 1 or 2 to 4 inchea
long, slender and numerous. Involucres of the pistillate flowers in spikes, or
clustered on short tomentose axillary common peduncles, finally globose, an inch
or inch and half in diameter, armed all over with the prickly bract*. Nut (by

CUPULIFERAE 271

abortion?) constantly solitary, small, ovoid, acute, dark brown, pubescent at

summit.

Ifab. Thin soils; near the Maryland line. Fl. June. Fr. Octo.

Obs. This shrub is rare, north of Maryland, — in some portions of
which State it is very abundant. The seeds are sweet, and pleasant,
— but are scarcely half the size of our chestnuts ; while both (and
especially the chinquapins) are very subject to be preyed upon by
worms.

b. Cotyledons epigaean in germination.

374. FAVGFS, Tournef.

[Latin — from the Greek, phago, to eat ; the fruit being esculent.]
STAM. FL. in globose long-peduncled pendulous clusters, with de-
ciduous scale-like bracts. Calyx campanulate, 5- or 6-cleft. Stamens
8 to 12. PISTILLATE FL. usually in pairs, within an ovoid pedun-
culate involucre, which is formed of numerous coalesced subulate
flexible bracts. Calyx urceolate, — the border elongated, and cleft
into 4 or 5 subulate segments. Ovary 3-celled, with 2 ovule* in
each cell [A. Gray. "Ovula in loculis solitaria," Endl."]; styles 3,
filiform ; stigmas lateral. Nuts ovoid-triquetrous, usually 2 in the
coriaceous flexibly-muricate 4-valved involucre. Cotyledons thick,
plicately folded. Trees, with a thin smooth cinereous bark, hori-
zontal branches, long terete acuminate buds, and greenish-yellow

Leaves oblong-ovate, acuminate, more
or less dentate, ciliate ; the flexible-armature, or bracts, of the in-
volucre spreading, or recurved.

F. sylvatica. L. $ Fl. Cestr. ed. 2. p. 538. not of Linn.
FERRUGINOUS FAOUS. Beech-tree.

Stem 40 to 60 or 70 feet high. Leaves 3 to 5 inches long, penninerved, plicate
along the nerves while young, and silky-pilose, finally smoothish above; petiole*
% to % an inch in length ; Stipules long, linear, membranaceous, tawny, caducous.
Aments of staminate flowers loosely subglobose, numerous, on slender peduncles 1
to 1% inches long. Involucres of pistillate flowers fewer, on rigid axillary peduncles
about half an inch in length.
Hob. Low moist woodlands : frequent. FL May. Fr. Sept.

Obs. The wood of this tree, from its density and uniform texture,
is much valued for many purposes ; and the oily Mast, or seeds,
afford a nutritious food for swine.

The Beech — although a symmetrical and handsome tree — has been
unaccountably neglected, in this country, as an ornamental shade-
tree: and yet it would seem, from VIRGIL'S Pastorals, that in the
land of sweet do-nothing ("dolce far niente"), the Italian Peasant,
of ancient times, found an enviable enjoyment under its spreading
branches —

"patulae recubant sub tegmine FAGI."

Our Aborigines, however, think they have improved upon the
luxurious indulgence of the Italians,— judging by the following re-
mark of an Indian Chief to Col. BUTLER — as reported and rendered
by ST. JoHNDECaivECOEUR:— "Ah! mon frere, * * * tune con-

272 APETALOUS EXOGENS

noitras jamais comme nous le bonheur de nepenser a rien et de ne
rien faire : Apres le sommeil, c'est ce qu'il y a de plus delicieux 1"

B. Anthers 1-cellcd; staminate flowers imbricated in simple, cylindric aments.

375. CO'RYILUS, Tournef.
[Gr. Korys, & helmet, or cap ; in reference to the Involucre.]

STAM. FL. calyx of 2 collateral scales beneath the bract, and all three
united at base. Stamens 8, subsessile; anthers bristly at apex.—
PISTILLATE FL. in terminal bracteate clusters. Ovary 2-celled, with
1 ovule in each cell ; stigmas 2, filiform. Nut bony, roundish-ovoid,
subcompressed at apex, solitary or separately inclosed in the en-
larged leathery foliaceous bilabiate lacerate-dentate involucre. —
Shrubs: the staminate aments preceding the leaves, yellowish-green
when in flower.

1. C. AVELLANA, L. Leaves orbicular-cordate, acuminate; stipules
ovate-oblong, obtuse ; involucre about the length of the fruit.
AVKLLAN CORYLUS. Filbert. Hazel-nut.

Stem 6 to 10 feet high, branching from the base. Leaves 3 to 4 or 5 inches long,
often obovate-cordate, doubly serrate ; petioles*% to % of an inch in length. Pistil-
late flowers few, in squamose clusters,— the scales (or bracts) enlarging, uniting
and forming the involucres. Stigmas purple. Nuts rather large.
Hob. Yards, &c. Nat, of Asia Minor. FL March. Fr. Sept.

Obs. The Filbert, or Hazel-nut, of the old world, is now becoming
known among us, — and not unfrequently cultivated. "The bushes
were originally imported into Italy from Pontus, and [the fruit]
known among the Romans by the appellation of Nux pontica, —
which, in the progress of time, was changed into that of Nux Avel-
lana ; from the place \_Avella, near Naples] where they had been
most successfully propagated." The young forked twigs of this
shrub constitute the celebrated divining-rod (Virgula divinitoria),
with which certain impostors beyond the Atlantic pretend to dis-
cover the localities of precious metals, and subterranean fountains.
The imposture, and the credulity on which it operated, have both
reached our shores; but the Filbert not being indigenous here, a
capital substitute, or phytognostic equivalent, was discovered in the
Witch Hazel (Hamamelis) \ The twigs of Peach trees, also, have been
found to answer the purpose nearly as well as Witch Hazel ; and
thus the occult sciences df Ore-finding, and Water-smelling, have
been enabled, in some degree — even in this "progressive" age — to
keep pace with the sublime mysteries of Clairvoyance, and Spiritual
Rappings; as well as with the lucrative manufacture of Panaceas,
and Indian Specifics! It is, indeed, both humiliating and discourag-
ing, to contemplate the facility with which a large portion of man-
kind can be made the dupes of such miserable trumpery.

2. C. Americana, Marshall. Leaves obovate-cordate, acumin-
ate; stipules ovate; involucre about twice as long as the fruit,
Yentricose at base, the border dilated and compressed.
AMERICAN CORYLUS. Wild Hazel-nut.

Stem 4 to 6 feet high, slender, branching,— the young branches virgate, pubes-
cent and glandular-hispid. Leaves 3 to 6 inches long, dentate-serrate; petioles %

CUPUUFEBAE 273

of an inch to an inch in length. Pistillate, flowers several (often 6 or 8), in pedun-
culate squamose clusters,— the scales enlarging , uniting and forming the glandular-
hispid involucres. Nuts % an inch in length, rather wider than long.
ffab. Borders of thickets: frequent. FL March. Fr. Sept.

Obs. This shrub is well known, for its fruit, — which, however, ia
inferior to that of the preceding species.

3. C. rostr ata, Ait. Leaves oblong-ovate, acuminate ; involucre

contracted into a tubular beak, and extended much beyond the

fruit.

BEAKED CORYLUS. Dwarf Filbert.

Stem 2 to 4 or 5 feet high, slender, branching, smoothish. Leaves 2 to 3 inches
long, truncate or slightly cordate at base, doubly serrate; petioles % to ^ an inch
in length. Pistillate flowers few (about 3), in pedunculate clusters, sometimes
solitary. Involucres hirsute, about 3 times as long as the fruit,— the base ovoid,
half an inch in diameter — the beak about an inch long, nearly cylindrical, sulcate-
striate, 2-parted half its length.
Hob. Along Brandy wine, near Coatesville : rare. FL April. Fr. Octo.

Obs. This curious little species was detected in the above locality,
in 1841, by Mr. JOHN M'MiNN, a zealous Naturalist, — then of
Chester, now of Centre County, Penn. % ,

376. CARPrWUS, L.

[The ancient Classical name.]

STAM. FL. Aments lateral, with simple ovate scale-like bracts, — the
florets destitute of a proper calyx. Stamens about 12, at the base
of the bract ; anthers hairy at apex. PISTILLATE FL. in pairs, with
small deciduous bracts, and enlarging foliaceous halved or 1-sided
involucres, arranged in terminal loose ament-like racemes. Calyx
urceolate, — the border cup-like, denticulate. Ovary 2-celled; stig-
mas 2, filiform. Nuts in pairs, small, ovoid, subcompressed, striate-
ribbed, pedicellate, — each with a lateral enlarged open and leaf-
like involucre. Shrubs, or small trees : stems obtusely and irregularly
ridged, with thin smooth cinereous bark; flowers preceding the
leaves.

1. C. Americana, MX. Leaves ovate-oblong, acuminate, doubly
serrate ; involucres 3-lobed, sub-hastate, unequally incised-dentate
on one side.
AMERICAN CARPINUS. Horn-beam. Water-Beech.

Stem 10 to 20 feet high, often branched from the root, or growing in clusters.—
Leaves 2 to 3 or 4 inches long ; petioles % to J^ an inch in length. Pistillate amentt
2 to 3 inches long, loosely imbricated, or racemose,— each pair of florets subtended
by an ovate acuminate deciduous bract. Involucres finally about an inch long.—
Nuts about 8-ribbed, smoothish, dark brown.
Hob. Margins of rivulets, and swamps: frequent. FL April. Fr. Sept.

. OS'TRYA, Micheli.
[Gr. Ostreon, a shell; from a fancied resemblance in the involucres.]
STAM. FL. nearly as in Carpinus. PISTILLATE FL. solitary, or in
pairs, arranged in short slender terminal aments, with small cadu-
cous bracts ; each floret (or pair of florets) inclosed in a sac-like
involucre (composed of 2 membranous scales united by their mart

18

274 APETALOUS EXOQENS

gins), — and these involucres, becoming enlarged and imbricated,
finally form a sort of strobile, or cone, resembling that of the com-
mon Hop. Calyx somewhat urceolate, — the border tubular, nearly
entire, ciliate. Ovary 2-celled; stigmas 2, filiform, elongated. —
Nuts solitary, compressed, lance-oblong, smooth. Slender trees,
with brownish slightly-furrowed bark : flowers appearing with the
leaves.

1. O. Vir^inica, Willd. Leaves oblong-ovate and obovate,
acuminate, doubly serrate; involucres thickly beset with tawny
bristles at base.
VIRGINIAN OSTRYA. Hop-Hornbeam. Iron-wood.

Stem 20 to 40 feet high ; branches slender, pilose while young. Leaves 2 to 4
laches long, subcordate and often unequal at base ; petioles about % of an inch in
length. Pistillate aments 1 to near 2 inches long, mostly solitary, finally oyoid-
oblong, pedunculate and rather pendulous.
Hob. Woodlands ; along Brandywine : not common. Fl. April. Fr. Sept.

Obs. The wood of this tree is remarkably hard and firm, — and
hence one of its common names.

ORDER -XC HI. MYRICACEAE.

tfirubs; kaves alternate, simple, resinous-dotted and aromatic, mostly stipulate ;
Jiowers monoicous, or dioicous, all amentaceous,— the pistillate aments globose, or
ovoid; ovary 1-celled, with a single erect ovule, surrounded by hypogynous persis-
tent scales ; fruit a dry nut,— or sometimes drupaceous, and covered with a waxy
secretion ; embryo without albumen.

378. COMPTOOTA, Solander.

[In honor of Henry C'ompton, Bishop of London, — a collector of Plants.]
Monoicous: STAM. FL. Aments cylindric, with imbricated reniform-
cordate acuminate 1-flowered bracts, each bract with 2 bractlets. —
Stamens 3 to 6 ; anthers 2-celled. PISTILLATE FL. Aments globose ;
bracts 1-flowered, each with 2 bractlets. Ovary surrounded by a
sort of involucre consisting of 5 or 6 subulate persistent scales.
which give a bur-like appearance to the globular cluster; stigmas 2,
elongated. Fruit an ovoid-oblong indehiscent smooth nut. Slender,
humble bushes, with narrow fern-like foliage.

1, C. asplenifolia, Ait. Leaves linear-lanceolate, crenatelj
pinnatifid, subsessile ; stipules semi-cordate, acuminate.
ASPLENIUM-LEAVED CoMPTONiA. Sweet Fern.

Stem 18 inches to 3 feet high, much branched, — the young branches pubescent.
Leaves 1 to 4 inches long, rather acute at each end. Staminate aments % to 1%
inches long. Pistillate aments % an *ncn *° % *n diameter, resembling small
globular burs.
Hob. Dry, slaty woodlands, and hill-sides : frequent. Fl. April. Fr. Sept.

Obs. The bruised leaves have a resinous aromatic odor, — and
are reputed medicinal, in dysentery, and some other complaints.

ORDER XCIV. BETULACEAE.

Trees or shrubs; leaves alternate, simple, with deciduous stipules ; flowers monot-
cous, all amentaceous; bracts 3-lobed, 2- or3-flowered; stamens definite; ovary 2-

BETULACEAB 275

celled; cells 1-ovuled ; fruit compressed, often winged, dry and indehiscent, by
abortion 1-celled, 1-seeded ; seed destitute of albumen.

379. BET'UL,A, Tournef.

[The ancient Latin name.]

STAM. AMENTS with the bracts peltate, — each bract with 2 bractlets,
and 3 florets. Calyx a scale, with 4 stamens at base (or 12 to each
bract); anthers oblong, 1-celled, subsessile. PISTILLATE AMENTS
with the bracts 3-lobed, imbricated. Calyx none. Ovaries 3 under
each bract ; stigmas 2, filiform. Fruit a lenticular winged nut, or
samara, by abortion 1-celled, 1-seeded; feed pendulous. Mostly
trees, with a smooth reddish-brown (sometimes white) bark which
exfoliates in thin laminae.

1. K. iiiafra, /A Leaves rhombic-ovate, acute; fertile amenta
oblong; bracts villous, — the lobes sublinear, obtuse.
BLACK BETULA. Black Birch. Red Birch. River Birch.

Stem 50 to 70 feet high, — young branches virgate, with a cinnamon-colored bark.
Leaves 2 to 4 inches long, sometimes roundish- or deltoid-ovate, doubly serrate;
petioles % to % of an inch in length. Pistillate aments about an inch long, % to
% an inch in diameter, obtuse, on short peduncles ; bracts 3-cleft two thirds of
their length. Nuts compressed, ovate, with a ciliate margin which is widest
toward the base.
Hob. Low grounds; along streams: not common. Fl. April. Fr. Aug.

Obs. The timber of the Birches is not particularly valuable, —
though sometimes converted into lumber. The virgate branches were
famous instruments in the hands of Pedagogues, of the olden time,
in promoting good order, and a close attention to study, among the
rising generation; to which fact the Poet PHILIPS refers, when he
sings of

" afflictive Birch,

"Curs'd by unlettered, idle youth."

But the " march of mind," in our age of progress, has rendered such
auxiliaries nearly "an obsolete idea"! The flexible twigs of this
species — instead of being used to regulate and stimulate unruly
and idle boys — are now chiefly employed in the manufacture of
coarse brooms, for sweeping streets, and stable-yards, in our cities.

5B« B. Iriita. L. Leaves cordate-oblong, acuminate, fertile aments
elliptic-ovoid; bracts hairy, — the lobes ovate-lanceolate, rather
acute, prominently veined.
SOFT, OR PLIANT BETULA. Sweet Birch. Cherry Birch.

Stem 30 to 60 feet high ; branches numerous, slender, pliable, dotted with small
white scars. Leaves 3 or 4 inches long, thinnish, unequally and sharply serrate;
•petioles about half an inch in length. Pistillate, aments about an inch long, and %
of an inch in diameter, obtuse, subsessile; bracts 3-cleft nearly half their length.
Nut compressed, elliptic-obovate, acute at each end, with a margin somewhat
ciliate, and wider toward the summit,— but narrower throughout, and smoother,
than in the preceding species.
Hob. Along rivulets, on the slaty hills : rare. Fl April. Fr. Aug.

Obs. The wood of this is said to be rose-colored and fine-grained, —
valuable for cabinet-work. The bark, and young twigs, are pleas-
antly aromatic, — and sometimes employed in domestic brewings,
and diet-drinks.

276 APETALOUS EXOGENS

380. AI/WUS, Tournef.
[The ancient Latin name for the Alder.]

STAM. AMENTS subfasciculate, cylindric, flaccid and pendulous;
bracts peltate, — each with 5 bractlets, and 1 to 3 florets. Calyx 4-
parted. Stamens 4, inserted at the base of the calyx-lobes, and
opposite them ; anthers ovoid, 2-celled. PISTILLATE AMENTS ovoid-
oblong, with the bracts imbricated, fleshy, somewhat 3-lobed. Calyx
of 4 scale-like sepals, adnate at base to the bracts, all persistent
and becoming woody in fruit. Ovaries 2 under each bract ; stigmas
2, filiform. Fruit a compressed angular nut, rarely winged. Mostly
shrubs, — the aments produced in autumn, for the next spring.

1* A. ser I'Ulilta, Ait. Leaves obovate, subacuminate, denticu-
late-serrulate, smooth and green on both sides; stipules oval,
obtuse.
SERRULATE ALNUS. Common Alder. Candle Alder.

Stem 6 to 10 feet high, with numerous crooked branches. Leaf-buds pedicellate,
covered with a single scale. Leaves 2 to 4 inches long, strongly nerved and sub-
plicate ; petioles J^ to ^ an inch in length. Pistillate aments half an inch to near
an. inch in length, oblong, rigid, dark purplish-brown, persistent, and often some-
what clustered, on short lateral branches below the staminate ones, — when in
flower, bristled with the dark-purple exserted stigmas. Nuts not margined.
Sab. Margins of rivulets, and swamps : common. Fl. March. JFV. Octo.

Obs. A variety of this — with the leaves thinner, less plicate, and
in every way full one-third larger than usual — was collected on
the N. Valley Hill, in 1851, by Mr. JOSHUA HOOPES.

ORDER XCV. SALICACEAE.

Trees, or shrubs ; leaves alternate, simple, mostly stipulate ; stipules scale-like and
deciduous, or foliaceous and persistent 5 powers dioicous, all amentaceous; bracts
1-flowered ; cafa/xjnone, or a subturbinate disk ; stamens 1 to 12, or more, sometimes
monadelphous ; anthers 2-celled; ovary 1-celled, or imperfectly 2-celled, many-
ovuled ! stigmas 2, subsessile, each 2- or 3-lobed ; fruit a follicular kind of capsule,
opening at apex by 2 valves ; seeds ascending, numerous, minute, the funiculus
splitting into a silky coma ! albumen none.

381. SAVMX? Tournef.
[The Ancient Classical name.]

Aments with the scales, or bracts, entire. Calyx none, — or replaced
by 1 or 2 little glands, between the stamens, or pistil, and the
rachis. STAM. FL. Stamens 1 to 5 or 6; filaments sometimes
united. PISTILLATE FL. Stigmas 2-lobed ; ovules on parietal pla-
centae near the base of the ovary. Trees, or shrubs — rarely herba-
ceous: branches numerous, terete and twiggy; buds covered by a
single scale; leaves usually rather long and narrow, entire, or glan-
dular-serrate.*

* In revising our Native Willows, I have been under great obligations to JOHN
CAREY, Esq. of New York,— the acute and able Botanist who elaborated that difficult
family for Prof. A. GRAY'S Manual; — and who was so kind as to examine my
Chester County specimens, and to determine them in accordance with the said
Manual.

SALICACEAE 277

gl. Amenta precocious, lateral and sessile; stamens 2; ovary pedicellate.
t Amenta ovoid, or shortrcylindric ; leaves entire, or obscurely wavy-toothed, hairy, or
woolly, margins revolute.

1. S. trist is. Ait. Leaves subsessile, oblanceolate, or cuneate-
oblong, acute, or the lower ones obtuse ; ovary with a long tapering
beak, silvery -pilose ; style short.

S. longirostris. MX. ? $ Fl. Cestr. ed. 2. p. 658.
SAD, OR DARK SALIX. Dwarf Grey Willow.

Stem 1 to 2 feet high, often decumbent, slender, much branched, with a dingy
dark-green bark, — the young branches clothed with a short cinereous pubescence ;
terminal buds often enlarged into truncated cones, or more frequently turbinated.
Leaves % to 1% inches long; petioles scarcely a line in length. Pistillate aments
i^ to J^ an inch long; scales obovate, silky-pilose, blackish at apex; ovaries on
pedicels nearly twice as long as the scales.
Hob. Woodlands, and thickets; on slaty hills: frequent. FL April. Fr. May.

Obs. The student who undertakes to master this formidable
genus, will find it necessary to note various minute features which
would escape a common observer; and he should, moreover, at-
tend to the characters as exhibited, at different stages of the plants,
both by the fructification, and the foliage. Great care is requisite,
also, to prevent confusion in the Herbarium, — which is apt to result
from the collections being made at different times, and then mixing
together aments, and leaves, belonging to different species. My
amiable and lamented friend, the late Rev. Mr. SCHWEINITZ, used
jocularly to say, that if a Botanist were to commit a very grave
penitentiary offence, his punishment should be, to prepare a com-
plete monograph of the Solidagines I I incline to the opinion, how-
ever, that it would be a much severer sentence, to require a perfect
monograph of the Salices.

2. S. IHI ill i I is. Marshall. Leaves petiolate, lance-oblong, and
obovate-lanceolate, acute, or obtuse with an abrupt point; ovary
acuminate, pubescent ; style manifest.

S. conifera. Fl. Cestr. ed. 2. p. 558.
HUMBLE SALIX. Bush Willow.

Stem 3 to 6 feet high, much branched, with a dark greenish-brown bark,— the
young branches densely clothed with a soft cinereous tomentum. leaves strongly
veined and tomentose beneath, 1% to 4 or 5 inches long, and an inch wide, in the
large forms,— while in the small forms, they closely approach those of the preced-
ing species ; petioles 1 line to % of an inch long. Pistillate aments about an inch
in length, often recurved; capsules tawny ; coma of the seeds long and copious,
Hob. Low grounds; borders of thickets : frequent. FL April. Fr. May.

Obs. This is, doubtless, the S. conifera, of PURSH. Several species,
however, bear cones at the extremities of the branches,
t f Aments cylindric, large ; ovaries densely sillcy ; leaves smooth and shining above ;
glaucous beneath, finally smooth.

3. S. discolor, Mukl? Leaves obovate-lanceolate, and lance-
oblong, irregularly serrate, or entire; scales ovate, or oblong,
obtuse, nearly black, very hairy, [not S. discolor, of Fl. Cestr.
ed. 2.]

S. recurvata. Fl. Cestr. ed. 2. p. 557.
TWO-COLORED SALIX. Glaucous Willow.

APETALOUS EXOGENS

SUm 2 or 3 to 8 or 10 feet high, branched ; branches finally smooth. Leaves %
an inch to 2% inches long, often cuneate-obovate and very entire; petioles about
a line in length. Pistillate aments elongating, 1 to finally 2% inches long; coma
long and copious.
Hob. Woodlands; slaty hills: not common. Fl. April. Fr. May.

Obs. This seems to be very nearly allied to S. eriocephala, of
MICHAUX. My specimens (which are imperfect) have also some
resemblance to S. rostrata, of RICHARDSON.

tttAments ovoid, or cylindric, with a few small leaf -like bracts at base; leaves
finely and evenly serrate, silky glaucous-gray beneath, drying black,

£• S. NOricea, Marshall. Leaves lanceolate, acuminate; pistil-
late aments narrowly cylindrical, closely flowered; ovaries ovoid-
oblong, densely silky.

S. grisea. Willd. $ FL Cestr. ed. 2. p. 561. also, S. discolor. Fl.
Cestr. ed. 2. p. 559. not of Muhl.
SILKY SALIX.

Stem 4 to 8 or 10 feet high, with slender greenish-brown branches which aw
cinereous-pubescent when young, and brittle at base. Leaves 2 to 4 inches long;
petioles 2 lines to half an inch in length. Pistillate aments % to \% inches long.—
Staminate aments about half an inch long ; anthers greenish-brown.
Hob. Low grounds; swampy thickets: frequent. Fl. April. Fr. May.

Obs. Specimens of this were made to represent two species in the
2nd Edition of Fl. Cestrica.

5. S. pet i olaris? Smith. Leaves lanceolate, acute, smooth
above, slightly silky beneath, finally smooth; pistillate aments
ovoid- cylindric, loosely flowered ; ovary oblong, silky.
PETIOLED SALIX.

Stem 4 to 6 feet high. Leaves 2 to 3% inches long; petioles % to % an inch in
length. Pistillate aments about an inch long*
Hob. Low grounds; margins of swamps. Fl. April. Fr. May.

Obs. This was collected on the East border of my farm, in West-
Chester, in 1843, — and I have not attended to it sufficiently to
ascertain if it be distinct from the preceding.

g 2. Aments sometimes precocious, often coaetaneous, lateral, with 4 or 5 leafy bracts
at base; ovary sessile, usually smooth (minutely granular, under a lens),— some-
times pubescent.

6. S. cordata, var. myricoides, Carey, in Gr. Man. Leaves lan-
ceolate, tapering, and rather acute (instead of cordate, or truncate)
at base, subglaucous beneath ; stipules obliquely ovate, denticulate ;
ovary tapering to the summit, often pubescent.

CORDATE SALIX, var. myrica-like.

Stem 2 to 6 feet high. Leaves 2 to 4 inches long; petioles about Y2 an inch in
length. Pistillate aments 1 to 2 inches long.
Hob. Along streams ; North side of the County : rare. Fl. April. Fr.

Obs. Collected by D. TOWNSEND, Esqr. Judging from indifferent
specimens, I should rather incline to consider this as specifically
distinct from the original £ cordata, Muhl.

SALICACBAE 279

£3. Amenta coaetaneous, long and loose, at the summit of short lateral leafy branches ;

ovaries smooth; scales greenish-yellow, deciduous ; branches brittle at base.

•(•Ovary sessile.

7. S. dlba, L. Leaves elliptic-lanceolate, acuminate, denticulate^
silky-glaucous beneath ; stipules lanceolate ; styles short.
WHITE SALIX. White Willow. [See S. vitellina, L. Fl. Cestr. ed.
2. p. 562.]

Stem 30 to 50 or 60 feet high, much branched; branches rather erect, with a pale
greenish-yellow bark. Leaves 2 to 3 or 4 inches long, the lower teeth glandular;
petioles 1 to 2 lines in length. Pistillate aments 2 to near 3 inches long, greenish.
Ilab. About hoilses ; low grounds. Nat. of Europe. FL April. Fr.

Obs. The white 'willow, if I mistake not, is the one which is pre-
ferred, and cultivated, by the manufacturers of Gun-powder, for
the purpose of making charcoal. It was introduced as a shade-tree,
about our old settlements; but is now generally superseded by the
Weeping Willow. It is, however, partially naturalized in some
localities. The S. vitellina, L. with more spreading orange-yellow
branches, and rather shorter and broader leaves (which Mr. CAREY
reduces to a var. of this) — is also occasionally seen, as a shade-
tree, and partially naturalized. I think we have none but the pis-
tillate plants, of both varieties. The twigs of the var. vitellina, or
golden Osier, are much used, in Europe, for making baskets. In
WATSON'S Annals of Philadelphia, we are told that the Yellow Wil-
low, in this State, came originally from some wicker-work found
sprouting, in Dock Creek. It was seen by Dr. FRANKLIN, who
took it out and gave the cuttings to CHARLES NORRIS ; who reared
them on the grounds now the site of the Custom House, or late
Bank of the U. States.

f f Ovary pedicellate.

8. S. frdgilis, var. Russelliana, Carey, in Gr. Man. Leaves lanceo-
late, acuminate, serrate-dentate with the teeth incurved, subglaucous
beneath, and slightly silky while young ; stipules semi-cordate ;
styles conspicuous.

S. Russelliana. Smith, $ Pi. Cestr. ed. 2. p. 56L
BRITTLE SALIX. Bedford Willow.

Stem 30 to 50 feet high ; brandies rather erect, with a greenish-brown smooth
bark, somewhat pubescent when young, remarkably brittle at base. Leaves 2 to
4 inches long, acute at each end, finally smooth ; petioles 2 lines to % an inch in
length, glandular and somewhat pubescent. Pistillate. aments 2 to 2% inches lo ng;
capsules tawny-green.
Hob. Low grounds. Nat. of England. Fl. May. Fr.

Obs. This species is abundant on the Brandywine, about Wistar's
Bridge ; and has been advantageously propagated, inr that vicinity,
in localities where few other trees would grow. I have seen none
but pistillate plants.

5). S. niarra, Marshall. Leaves narrow-lanceolate, 'tapering and
acute at each end, smooth and green on both sides, with the petiole
and midrib pubescent; stipules small, caducous; stamens 3 or 4
to 6 ; styles short.
BLACK SALIX.

280 APETALOFS EXOGENS

Stem 15 to 20 feet high, often crooked, or leaning, with a dark-colored rong&
bark; branches somewhat pubescent, and mostly dark purple, when young.—
Leaves 2 to 3 inches long ; petioles 1 to 2 or 3 lines in length, often very pubescent,
sometimes smoothish. Staminate aments 1% to 2 inches long, rather slender,
tomentose ; stamens usually about 5. Pistillate aments about an inch long.

Var. falcata, Carey, in Gr. Man. Leaves 3 to 6 inches long, more
or less falcate, tapering gradually to the apex, and often obtuse at
base; petiole and midrib smooth ; stajtwZesreniform-eordate, reflexed,
large and persistent on young branches.
S. Purshiana. Spreng. $ Fl. Cestr. ed. 2. p. 560.
Sab. Low grounds; along streams : frequent. FL May. Fr. June.

Obs. Since the 2nd Edition was published, I have seen handsome
trees, of the var. falcata, in the adjoining County of New Castle, 25
to 30 feet in height ; and have received beautiful specimens from
the banks of the streams among the Allegheny Mountains, from my
industrious and observing friend, Mr. JOHN M'MiNN.

1O. S. liicicla, Muhl. Leaves ovate-oblong, oval, or lanceolate,
often coriaceous, conspicuously acuminate, glandular-serrate, smooth
and shining on both sides; stipules oblong, toothed; stamens
about 5.
SHINING SALIX.

Stem 8 to 12 or 15 feet h igh ; branches smooth, with a shining yellowish-brown
bark. Leaves 2 to 6 inches long, and % to 2 inches wide; petioles %to % of an
inch in length, glandular near the leaf. Staminate aments 1 to 1% inches long.—
Pistillate aments 1 to 2 inches long. Coma of the seeds long and copious.
Ifab. Banks of the Brandy wine, near Downingtown : rare. Fl. May. Fr.

Obs. I have received, since the last Edition, specimens from the
mountains, by Mr. JOHN M'MiNN, of Clinton County, with leaves
quite as large as those figured by MICHAUX, thick and coriaceous,
with a remarkable acumination.

XL S. BABYLONICA, L. Young branches very slender, flaccid, and
pendulous; leaves linear-lanceolate, acuminate, usually sharply
serrate-dentate, smooth, glaucous beneath; stipules ovate, acumi-
nate, glandular-dentate, revolute ; aments recurved.
BABYLONIAN SALIX. Weeping, or Drooping Willow.

Stem 30 to 50 feet high, with a wide-spreading top ; young branches greenish,
numerous, long and perpendicularly pendent. Leaves 2 to 4 or 5 inches long;
petioles 1 or 2 lines in length. Pistillate aments about an inch long, mostly curved
or turned upward on the pendulous branches.
Hob. About houses. Nat. of the East. FL April. Fr.

Obs. This picturesque and elegant species is deservedly admired,
and much cultivated, as an ornamental shade-tree. TOURNEFORT
thus defines it: — "S. orientalis, flagellis deorsum pulchre penden-
tibus." LINNAEUS, adopting the idea of RAUWOLF, gave it the
specific name which it now bears, — in allusion to the 137th Psalm: —
"By the rivers of Babylon, there we sat down, yea, we wept, when
we remembered Zion. We hanged our harps upon the Willows in
the midst thereof." According to Mr. WATSON, the Annalist of
Philadelphia, the first Weeping Willows were introduced by Gov.
JOHN PENN, for his Garden, in South third street. None but the

I 8ALICACKAE 281

pistillate plant has yet been seen, — either here, or in Europe. A
singular variety (annularis, or Ring-leaved Willow), with small
curled leaves, has been introduced within a few years. Several of
the Willows afford good material for Basket-work; but the species
most highly prized, for its pliable twigs, is the Common Osier (Salix
vimindlis, L.), — which is said to be well worthy of culture, as a
profitable business. I think I have not yet seen that species in our
County ; though its introduction would probably pay, at this time,
better than Morus multicaulis.

382. POP'UL,US, Tournef.

[Latin, Populus, the people; being used to shade the People's, or public, walks.]
Aments with the bracts laciniately incised at apex. Calyx a sub-
turbinate cup-shaped disk, — the border obliquely lengthened in,
front, entire, surrounding the stamens, or pistil. Stamens 8 to 12,
or more; filaments distinct. Stigmas large, 2- or 3-lobed. Trees:
branches more or less angular, often stoutish ; bud-scales numerous,
imbricated, coated with resinous varnish ; leaves often broad, sub-
cordate or ovate, on long laterally compressed petioles ; aments pre-
ceding the leaves, — -the bracts and calyx similar in both kinds.

1. P. tremulQides, MX. Leaves cordate-orbicular, abruptly
acuminate, denticulate ; bracts deeply 3- or 4-lobed ; lobes linear.
TREMULA-LIKE POPULUS. American Aspen.

Stem 30 to 60 feet high, (tall and slender, when crowded,— shorter and round-
topped, when single), with a smoothish cinereous bark. Leaves about 2 inches in
length (on young plants, much larger), and rather wider than long ; petioles 2 to 3
inches long, slender, laterally much compressed (or vertically dilated) near the
leaf, — which compression subjects the leaf to a tremulous motion from the slightest
breeze. Pistillate aments 3 to 4 or 5 inches in length. Bracts deeply incised, and
fringed with long grey hairs. Stigmas dark purple.
Bab. Low grounds ; Brandy wine : not common. Fl. April. Fr. May.

Obs. This is sometimes cultivated, as an ornamental shade-tree;
and its bark is a popular tonic. The Quaking Aspen, of Europe (P.
tremula, X.)-^which ours resembles — is scarcely known, here.

2. P. grandidentata, MX. Leaves roundish-ovate, acute,
coarsely sinuate-dentate; bracts dentate, or 5- or 6-lobed; lobes
small, unequal.

LARGE-TOOTHED POPULUS.

Stem 30 to 50 feet high,— when growing singly, tUe top rather large and round-
ish ; bark smooth, greenish-gray. Leaves 3 to 4 or 5 inches long, and about as
wide as long ; petioles 2 to 3 inches in length. Pistillate aments 2 to 3 inches long.
Bracts slightly fringed, or somewhat coarsely dentate.
Sab. Moist woodlands: becoming rare. FL April. Fr. May.

3. P. lieteropliyl'la, L. Leaves roundish-oblong, or deltoid-
ovate, obtuse, uncinately serrate, often auriculately subcordate at
base with the sinus small, densely and softly tomentose while young.
VARIOUS-LEAVED POPULUS.

Stem 30 to 50 feet high, with a greyish-brown bark. Leaves 3 to 6 or 8 inches
long, and 2 to 6 inches wide; petioles 2 to 4 or 5 inches in length,— at first densely
clothed, like the leaves, with a soft cinereous (or often slightly tawny) tomentum.
Hob. Moist woods; E. Marlborough: rare. Fl. April. Fr.

*o* APETALOUS EXOQENS

4. P. GRAECA, Ait. Leaves cordate-ovate, acuminate, uncinately
serrate.

GREEK POPULUS. Athenian Poplar.

Stem 30 to 50 feet high, with irregular and rather spreading branches. Leaves
4 to 6 or 8 inches in length, and about as wide as long; petioles 1% to 3 inches
long. Pistillate aments 3 to 6 inches in length.
Hob. Streets, and yards. Fl. April. Fr. May.

Obs. This species was introduced, here, as a shade tree, early in
the present century; but it was not generally adopted,— and is now
nearly superseded by more eligible ones. We have only the pistil-
late plant ; and the cottony coma, from the bursting capsules, is so
abundant as to render the tree objectionable, in the immediate
vicinity of dwellings. It is stated in SELBT'S History of British
Forest Trees (1842), that the North American Continent is probably
the "real native country" of this Poplar, If so, AITON'S specific
name (Graeca,) was an unfortunate misnomer: a mistake, however,
not uncommon in vulgar names.

5. P. DILATXTA, Ait. Leaves much dilated, nearly deltoid, acumi-
nate, serrate, smooth on both sides.

DILATED POPULUS. Lombardy Poplar. Italian Poplar.

Stem 60 to 80 feet high ; branches numerous, nearly erect, forming a close
conical-oblong symmetrical top. Leaves 2 to 3 inches in length, and rather wider
than long; petioles about 2 inches in length. Staminate aments 2 to 3 inches long,
the bracts finely fringed.
Hob. Streets, and avenues, FL April. Fr.

Obs. This was a favorite ornamental tree, for a number of years ;
but is now (1852) nearly obsolete. Mr. WATSON, in his Annals of
Philadelphia, says it was introduced from England, in 1784, by
WILLIAM HAMILTON, Esqr., of the "Woodlands," near that City. —
The Botanical Editor of REES'S Cyclopaedia, however, thinks they
have only the pistillate plant in England, — whereas it was the stam-
inate plant that was introduced by Mr. HAMILTON ; and he may
have procured it from the Continent. SELBY, in his British Forest
Trees, says this Poplar was probably brought into Italy, from Per-
sia. It is called P. fastigiata, by DESFONTAINES ; and SELBY uses
the term fastigiate in its original sense of taper-pointed, conical or
pyramidal, — instead of level- or flat-topped, which is the meaning
attached to it by most modern Botanists.

6. P. ALBA, L. Leaves roundish-cordate, or often 3-lobed, coarsely
dentate, smooth and green above, mostly white and densely tomen-
tose beneath.

WHITE POPULUS. Silver Poplar. Abele-tree.

Stem 30 to 60 feet high, with spreading branches and a smooth greyish-white
bark. Leaves 2 to 3 inches long,— -when old, sometimes glabrous on both sides ;
petioles 1 to 2 inches in length. Aments 1 to 2 inches long,— the bracts finely
laciniate and ciliate with white hairs.
Bab. Streets, and yards. Nat. of Europe. Fl. April. Fr.

Obs. This is becoming somewhat frequent, as a cultivated shade
tree, — though its tendency to send up suckers, all around it, renders

SALICACEAE 288

it rather troublesome, It is this species to which that delightful
Poet of Nature, COWPER, refers, — where he mentions the
" Poplar, that with silver lines his leaf."

ORDER XCVI. PLATANACEAE.

Trees, with a watery juice; leaves alternate, petiolate, palmately nerved and lobed,
with sheathing intrapetiolar stipules, — the petioles tumid and hollow at base, con-
oealing the young buds; flowers monoicous, minute, densely crowded in separate
naked globose long-peduncled pendulous aments; calyx none: STAMINATE FLOWERS
in small deciduous heads ; stamens numerous, mixed with subclavate scales (of
ataminodia ?) : PISTILLATE FLOWERS in larger persistent heads ; ovaries numerous,
filiform-clavate, mixed with spatulate scales (abortive ovaries?); styles rather
lateral, simple, subulate ; fruit a 1-celled 1-seeded clavate coriaceous little nut^
which is invested at base, with tawny pappus-like hairs ; seed pendulous, with
fleshy albumen.

383. PI-AT'AWUS, L.

[Gr. Platys, broad; in allusion to the ample shade of its foliage.]
$g^ The Order consisting of a single Genus, the character of both
is necessarily the same. Large frees, with cinereous exfoliating
bark. .

1. P. occidental!*, L. Leaves roundish-pentagonal, sinuate-
lobed and dentate, clothed with a branching deciduous pubescence.
WESTERN PLATANUS. Button-wood. Plane-tree.

(Stem 60 to 100 feet high, and 3 to 5 feet, or more, in diameter, — with large spread-
ing branches, and a smoothish cinereous bark, which exfoliates in broad thinnish
plates. Leaves 4 to 6 or 8 inches in length, and rather wider than long, — the base
at first truncate, finally subcordate ; peiioUs 1 to 3 intb.es in length ; stipules some-
what salverform, sheathing the young branches immediately above the petioles,-—
the border foliaceous, coarsely and unequally toothed. Staminate heads small, on
peduncles 1 to 2 inches long. Pistillate heads about an inch in diameter, on
peduncles 3 to 5 inches long. Nuts about % of an inch in length, slender, sub-
terete, clavate. mucronate, the base acute.
Hob. Banks of streams, and roadsides : frequent. Fl. April. Fr. October.

Obs. This stately tree — originating from a very small seed — often
attains to a larger size than any other, east of the Rocky Mountains.
For a number years past, it has been affected with some disease,
which has materially impaired its luxuriant growth, — the nature,
or cause of which affection, seems not to be well ascertained.

ORDER XCVII. URTICA^CEAE.

Trees and shrubs with a milky juice,— or herbs with a watery juice ; leaves alternate,
or opposite, often stipulate; flowers monoicous, dioicous, or polygamous, furnished
with a regular calyx, — sometimes arranged in ament-like spikes, or fleshy heads;
gfamens as many as the calyx-lobes, and opposite them ; ovary free from the calyx,
mostly 1-celled, with a solitary ovule ; fruit an akene, or utricle, — often inclosed in
the fleshy calyx, and clustered so as to form a compound berry, — or all contained
in the cavity of the general receptacle ; embryo curved, or straight, — with, or with-
out albumen.

This is a comprehensive and important, though rather heterogeneous, order, —
comprising 4 subdivisions, which ENDUCHER has erected into as many distinct

284 APETALOUS EXOGENS

Orders, designated as the Bread-fruit, Mulberry, Hemp, and Nettle families. It
certainly contains plants of remarkably dissimilar aspect and properties ; such as
the Nettle and the Mulberry — the bitter Hop and the luscious Fig — the nutritious
Bread-fruit (Artocarpus ina'sa, i.) and the reputed deadly Upas (Antiaris toxicaria,
Leschtn). The celebrated Cow-tree, or Palo de Vaca (Brosimum Galactodendron,
Don), of South America — " which yields a copious supply of rich and wholesome
milk" — belongs to this Order; as also does the yellow-dye wood, called Fustic
(Madura tinctoria, Don), the wide-spreading Banyan tree (Ficus religiosa, Z.) of
India, &c.

SUBORDER I. MORE^AE. *

Trees, or shrubs, with a milky juice; leaves alternate, with deciduous stipules;
staminate and pistillate flowers sometimes intermixed, but usually in separate
epikes, or heads, — and occasionally (as in the Fig) included in the hollow recep-
tacle; the calyx, or receptacle, of the pistillate flowers, becoming succulent in fruit;
Stigmas 2 ; embryo curved, in copious albumen.

384. MACL.ITRA, Nuttall.

[Dedicated to William Maclure, — a munificent Patron of Natural Science.]
Flowers dioicous : STAM. FL. racemose. Calyx 4-parted. PISTIL-
LATE FL. densely crowded, and coalesced, on a globose receptacle.
Sepals 4, in opposite pairs, oblong, somewhat cucullate and fleshy.
Ovary 1-celled, sessile; style terminal, bifid, — one branch large,
much exserted, stigmatic on the inner side, — the other small, or
abortive. Akenes 1 -seeded, embraced by the sepals, and all coa-
lesced into a large compound globose lactescent yellowish-green
berry, with a glabrous, but uneven, irregularly tessellated surface.
Small trees, — the branches armed with very sharp slender spines.

1. M. AURANTIACA, Nutt. Leaves lance-ovate, acuminate, entire,
smooth and shining above, puberulent beneath ; berry subsessile,
axillary, solitary.
ORANGE-LIKE MACLURA. Osage Orange. Bow-wood.

Stem 20 to 30 feet high, with a much-branched spreading or bushy top, — the
branches virgate, but often inclined to droop or curve downward, armed with small
and very sharp spines, Leaves 4 to 6 inches long, subcoriaceous, mucronate;
petioles 1 to 2 inches in length ; stipules oblong, somewhat cucullate, caducous.—
Principal style-branch near an inch long, villous, purplish. Fruit coalesced in a
solid globose head which is 2 to 3 inches in diameter.
Hob. Yards; hedges, <fcc. Nat. of Arkansas. FL May. Fr. Oct.

Obs. The roots of this are of a bright orange color, — and so abun-
dant, and extensive, as to be troublesome, in gardens. The wood
shows an affinity with that of the Mulberry, — and therefore is
probably durable. It is said to have been highly valued for making
Bows, by the aboriginal hunters and warriors. I have observed
that Silk- worms feed greedily on its leaves ; and the young plants,
properly managed, promise to make a very neat and effective hedge, —
though I apprehend the roots would exhaust the soil to an injurious
extent on each side, in cultivated grounds.

*We have no plant belonging to the Suborder ARTOCARPEAE, or Bread-fruit
division, growing in this County. The nearest approach to the structure and
appearance of the Bread-fruit, is in the fruit of the Madura, or Osage Orange,—
which has been introduced from the South West.

t URTICAOEAB 285

385. ItlCTRVS, Tourmf.
[From Morea, — the Greek name of the Mulberry.]

Flowers mostly monoicous: calyx 4-parted. STAM. FL. in loose
ament-like spikes, — the spikes sometimes androgynous. PISTILLATE
FL. in short dense spikes. Ovary 2-celled, — one of the cells smaller,
and disappearing ; styles 2, filiform, stigmatic on the inner side. —
Akene compressed, ovate, covered by the persistent succulent calyx,
— the whole spike thus becoming a compound terete oblong berry. —
Leaves often lobed ; flowers greenish.

1. M. rrtbra, L. Leaves cordate-ovate, acuminate, sometimes 2-
or 3-lobed, scabrous above, pubescent beneath ; fruit dark purple.
RED MORUS. Red Mulberry.

Stem usually 15 to 25 feet high, with numerous spreading branches. Leaves 4
to 6 or 8 inches long, dentate-serrate, often lobed on young plants ; petioles 1 to 3
inches in length. Flowers numerous, in axillary pedunculate ament-like spikes,
— often androgynous, sometimes dioicous. Staminate spikes 1 to near 2 inches
long. Pistillate spikes about an inch long, — becoming juicy, sweet, and pleasantly
esculent when mature.
Hob, Rich woodlands ; fence-rows, &c. : frequent. FL May. Fr. July.

Obs. The wood of this small tree is very durable ; and the fruit
preferred to that of any other species, known here.

2. M. dlba, L. Leaves obliquely cordate-ovate, acute, somewhat
lobed, smoothish and shining ; fruit usually yellowish- white.
WHITE MORUS. White Mulberry.

Stem 10 to 20 or 25 feet high, branched, and spreading at top. Leaves 2 to 4
inches long (in young plants, much larger), unequally crenate-serrate, yellowish-
green; petioles % an inch to an inch in length. Pistillate spikes shorter and
smaller than in the preceding. Fruit straw-color, when mature, — rarely dark
purple or nearly black.
Sab. Fence-rows, &c. Nat. of Asia. FL May. Fr. July.

Obs. The White Mulberry was introduced into this County, nearly
a century since, with a view to the Silk-culture. The project, how-
ever, was soon abandoned ; for, in that early stage of the Colony —
with all manufacturing pursuits discountenanced by the Mother
Country — the sparsely settled Agriculturists soon found it more
profitable to attend to mammiferous animals, rather than Insects.—
But the tree became partially naturalized, — and is yet to be seen
about a number of old settlements. About fifteen years ago, a
variety of this species — of smaller stature and much larger leaves
(well-remembered by the name of Morus multicaulis] — was intro-
duced, as being still better adapted to the feeding of Silk- worms ;
and soon thereafter, a scene of speculation and infatuation was
exhibited, thoughout the U. States, which — like some of its Euro-
pean prototypes — bade defiance to all the suggestions of reason and
common sense. There was a sort of wild enthusiasm, or furor, so
universal and vehement, that it became positively ludicrous; and
was scarcely exceeded, in absurdity, by the nearly contemporaneous
epidemic, which led our excitable people, in a fit of political delirium, to
wage a destructive war upon their own currency. During the preva-
lence of the Moro-mania, every body was eagerly engaged in prop-

286 APETALOUS EXOGENS

agating myriads of trees to sell — without stopping to inquire whew
they could be sold, or who would be likely to buy ! Of course, it
was not very long until the bubble burst; — and the curious incident^
of the hallucination now only serve

" To point a moral, or adorn a tale."

At some future day, and under different circumstances, it is quite
possible that a portion of our population may find the Silk-culture
an eligible business, and the Morus multicaulis a valuable little tree.

386. BROUSS01VEVTIA, Vent.

[Dedicated to P. N. V. Broussonet,— a French Naturalist.]
Flowers dioicous : STAM. FL. in loose ament-like spikes? bracteate. —
Calyx 4-parted. PISTILLATE FL. in dense capitate clusters, mixed
with hairy scales. Calyx urceolate, 3- or 4-toothed. Ovary 1-
celled, pedicellate; style 1, filiform,, eccentric, stigmatic on one side.
Akene softly fleshy, elevated on the baccate pedicel, which is sup-
rounded at base by the calyx.

1. B. PAPYRIF'ERA, Vent. Leaves roundish-ovate, or subcordate,
acuminate, serrate, often lobed, roughish above, pubescent beneath.
PAPEB-PBODUCING BBOUSSONETIA. Paper Mulberry.

Stem 15 to 20 or 25 feet high, with spreading hranches, and tough bark on the
twigs. Leaves 3 to 6 or 8 inches long ; petioles 1 to 3 inches in length. Staminate
spikes about 2 inches long. Pistillate flowers densely crowded on a globose
receptacle.
ffab. Streets, and yards. Nat. of Japan. Fl. May. F.r.

Obs. The staminate plant was introduced, here, some 60 years
since, as a shade tree ; but it is inferior to many others in beauty, —
and so prolific in troublesome suckers, that it is now becoming ob-
solete. The pistillate plant (especially in fruit) is said to be a
handsomer tree ; but it has been introduced so recently, that its
character is scarcely known among us.

SUBORDER II. CANNABIN'EAE.

Herbs, with a watery juice; erect and annual, — or twining and perennial.
leaves usually opposite, and stipulate ; flowers dioicous, — the staminate ones race-
mose, or paniculate, with 5 sepals imbricated in the bud, — the pistillate ones
clustered, either with single bracts, or with numerous bracts imbricated in stro_
bile-like aments; stigmas 2, elongated; fruit a nut, or akene; embryo curved,
destitute of albumen,

387. CAflT'STABIS, Tournef.
[An ancient Greek name,— of obscure etymology.]

STAM. FL. in axillary compound racemes. PISTILLATE FL. spicate-
clustered, with single bracts. Calyx urceolate, acuminate, — con-
sisting of a single membranaceous sepal folded round the subglobose
ovary. Fruit a nut (or caryopsis), ovoid, 1-celled, 2-valved, inde-
hiscent, inclosed in the persistent calyx. Stem erect; upper leaves
often alternate ; flowers greenish.

1. C. SATIXVA, Leaves digitate, petiolate ; leaflets 5 to 7, lanceolate,

serrate.

CULTIVATED CANNABIS. Common Hemp.

URTICACEAB 287

Annual. Stem 5 to 8 or 10 feet high, obtusely angular and sulcate, roughish-
pubesceut, often branched. Leaflets 3 to 5 inches long ; common petioles 1 to 3
inches in length. Staminate flowers in loose pedunculate axillary clusters, rather
crowded in a kind of dense panicle at summit. Pistillate flowers axillary, sessile;
mostly in pairs. Stigmas long, slender, densely pubescent, somewhat tawny.
flab. Fields, &c. : very rare. Nat. of Persia. Fl. June. Fr. Aug.

Obs. This plant — so important in Commerce and the Arts — was
formerly one of the regular crops, with many of our farmers; but
it is now scarcely entitled to be enumerated among the cultivated
plants of Chester County.

388. HITUUJMIS, L.

[Latin, Humus, mould, or moist earth ; in allusion to its place of growth.]
STAM. FL. in loose oblong axillary panicles. PISTILLATE FL. in
short axillary and solitary strobile-like aments ; bracts foliaceous,
imbricated in several rows, each 2-flowered. Calyx a single mem-
branaceous scale-like enlarging sepal, — its folded margin embracing
the ovary. Akene 1-celled, invested with the enlarged calyx, which
is sprinkled with orange-colored resinous atoms, and, together with
the bracts, forming a membranaceous cone, or ovoid-oblong ament.
Stem twining (with the sun — or E. S. West) ; upper leaves often alter-
nate ; flowers greenish.

1. H. LU^PULUS, L. Stem retrorsely aculeate ; leaves mostly 3-lobed,
cordate at base, petiolate, very rough.
LITTLE-WOLF HUMULUS. Common Hop. Hop-vine.

Perennial. Stem 10 to 15 or 20 feet long, several from the same root (or rhizoma),
slender, somewhat angular and twisted, branched above. Leaves 3 to 5 inches
long ; petioles 1 to 3 inches in length. Pistillate cones proverbially numerous and
crowded (" as thick as hops"), pendulous, 1 to 2 inches in length, at maturity ;
bracts broadly ovate, acuminate.
Sab. Gardens, &c. Fl. July. Fr. September.

Obs. This plant — though cultivated (i. e. the pistillate one) in
almost every garden — is undoubtedly indigenous along our streams.
The uses and value of the cones (or rather of the bitter resinous
atoms, with which they abound,) are well known. The pistillate
plant, in cultivation, being usually remote from the staminate, I
think the ovaries are commonly abortive.

SUBORDER III. URTPCEAE.

Herbs, with a watery juice, — often armed with stinging hairs; leaves opposite, or
alternate, stipulate. ; flmoers monoicous, dioicous, or polygamous, paniculate, spiked,
or clustered; style single, or none; fruit an akene, or nut (caryopsis), usually
embraced by the persistent calyx ; embryo straight, in fleshy albumen,

389. URTTCA, Tournef.

[Latin, uro, to burn, and tactus, touch ; from the effect in handling it.]
Flowers chiefly monoicous : STAM. FL. Sepals 4 or 5, valvate in the
bud. PISTILLATE FL. Sepals 4, in opposite pairs, — the outer pair
smaller, sometimes abortive. Stigma pencil-tufted, or subulate. —
Akene somewhat compressed, ovate-oblong. Plants mostly armed
with stinging hairs ; flowers greenish.

288 APETALOUS EXOGENS

f Leaves opposite; flowers spiked; stigma penc&tufted.

1, U. diolca, L. Leaves cordate-ovate, conspicuously acuminate^
deeply and acutely serrate; flowers mostly dioicous ; spikes longer
than the petioles.

DIOICOUS URTICA. Stinging Nettle.

Perennial. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, obtusely 4-angled, branching. Leaves 2 or 3
to 5 inches long; petioles % an inch to 2 inches in length. Flowers small, in in-
terrupted clusters, on slender axillary branching hispid spikes.
Hob. Waste places. Nat. of Europe. FL June. Fr. Aug.

Obs. A naturalized nuisance, — often seen about the houses of
slovenly farmers. Dr. DARWIN thus notices it: —

" Wide o'er the madd'ning throng URTICA flings
Her barbed shafts, and darts her poison'd stings."

ff Leaves alternate; flowers paniculate; stigma subulate.

2. 17. C'aiiarteiisis, L. Leaves ovate, acuminate, obtusely ser-
rate ; panicles loosely and divaricately branched.

CANADIAN URTICA.

Perennial. Hispid, and more or less stinging. Stem 2 to 5 feet high, rather
stout, terete, branching. Leaves 3 to 6 inches long, often inclining to elliptic,
thinnish; petioles 1 to 3 inches in length, slender. Panicles often nearly as long
as the leaves,— the lower or early ones mostly sterile, the upper or later ones
fertile. Fruit smooth, larger than the sepals, obliquely orbicular-ovate, with the
elongated stigma deflected along one margin.
Hob. Miry, shaded grounds : frequent. Fl. July. Fr. Sept.

390. PIMTA, Lindley.
[Latin, Pileus, a cap ; from the form of the calyx-lobes, or staminodia.]

Flowers monoicous, — both kinds often intermixed in the same panicle,
bracteate : STAM. FL. Sepals 3 or 4. PISTILLATE FL. Calyx with
3 unequal lobes, and an incurved scale (staminodium) before each.
Stigma sessile, pencil-tufted. Akene compressed, ovate, minutely
warty. Flowers greenish, minute, in paniculate corymbs.

1. P. piimilci? A. Gray. Stem smooth, succulent and translu-
cent; leaves opposite, rhombic-ovate, acuminate, crenate-serrate,
petiolate ; corymbs shorter than the petioles.
Urtica pumila. L. $ FL Cestr. ed. 2. p. 523.
DWARF PILEA. Kich-weed. Smooth Nettle.

Annual. Plant yellowish-green. Stem 6 to 18 inches high, simple, or branched
from the base, obtusely 4-angled. Leaves 1 to 3 inches long, somewhat hairy ;
petioles 1 to 3 inches in length, slender, smoothish. Fruit sprinkled with brownish
oblong wart-like dots.
Hob. Moist shaded places: frequent. FL July. Fr. Sept.

391. KOEIIMtrRIA, Jacquin.
[Named after George Rudolph JBoehmer, — a German Botanist.]
Flowers chiefly dioicous, — sometimes intermixed, on simple axillary
spikes : STAM. FL. in small bracteate clusters, on slender interrupted
spikes. Sepals 4 or 5. PISTILLATE FL. bracteate, in shorter and
thicker continuous spikes. Calyx tubular-ventricose, entire, or

URTICACBAE 289

4-toothed, inclosing the ovary. Style subulate, villous, or stigmatic
on one side. Akene compressed, elliptic-ovate, invested by the
persistent calyx. Plants more or less hairy, but not stinging ;
flowers greenish.

1. B. cylindrica, Willd. Leaves mostly opposite, lance-ovate,
acuminate, dentate, on long petioles ; pistillate spikes cylindrical.
CYLINDEIC BOEHMERIA. False Nettle.

Perennial. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, mostly simple, obtusely 4-angled, with a groove
on each side. Leaves 3 to 5 inches long ; petioles 1 to 3 inches in length. Spikes 1
to 3 inches long, usually with 2 or 3 small leaves at the summit,— the staminate
spikes generally longer than the pistillate ones; when the spikes are androgynous
they are somewhat interrupted. Fruit with a thick pubescent margin, and acu-
minate with the pubescent style.
Hob. Moist thickets; along streams: frequent. Fl. July. Fr. Sept.

392. PARIETAVRIA, Tournef.

[Latin, Paries, a wall ; one species often growing on old walls.]
Flowers polygamo-monoicous, — both kinds intermixed, in axillary
cymose involucrate (or bracteate) dusters: STAM. FL. with a 4-
parted persistent calyx, and an abortive ovary. PISTILLATE (or often
PERFECT) FL. Calyx tubular-campanulate, 4-cleft; lobes acute,
keeled. Stamens (when present) incurved at first, then bending
back with an elastic force. Stigma subsessile, pencil-tufted. —
Akene (or caryopsis) subcompressed, oval, smooth and shining, in-
closed in the persistent calyx. Leaves mostly alternate ; lobes of
the involucre (or bracts) sublinear, hispid-ciliate ; flowers finally
reddish-brown.

1. P. Peimsj lys'aiiica, Muhl. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, rather
obtuse, entire, petiolate; involucre longer than the flowers.
PENXSYLVANIAN PARIETARIA. Pellitory.

Annual. Stem 4 to 12 inches high, simple, or sometimes with opposite branches
near the base, roughish-pubescent. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, ciliate, somewhat
hairy, thinnish and rough with elevated dots, tapering at base to a slender ciliate
petiole % an inch to % in length. Clusters of flowers sub-divided, so as to present
the appearance of a 2- or 3-leaved involucre to each flower.
Hob. Banks of Schuylkill: rare. FL May. Fr. July.

SUB-CLASS II.

GYMNOSP^RMOUS EXO'GENOUS PLANTS.

Pistil represented by an open scale (or carpellary leaf) — or sometimes
entirely wanting, — the ovules, and seeds, consequently naked (i. e.
without a proper pericarp) ; of course, there is neither style nor
stigma, — and the pollen is applied immediately to the ovules; coty-
ledons often more than two.

ORDER XCVin. CONIF'ERAE.

Trees, or shrubs, with resinous juice ; leaves fascicled (by reason of the suppression
of branches, or internodes), or scattered, mostly linear, needle-shaped, or subulate,
and evergreen ; flowers monoicous, or dioicous, — usually amentaceous and destitute
of both calyx and corotta ; staminate flowers consisting of one or more (often mona-
dclphous) stamens, arranged in a kind of loose ament; anthers mostly covered at

290 GYMNOSPERMOUS BXOGENS

apex by a dilated scale-like connective ; fertile flowers usually in cones (or strobiles'),
with the ovules at the base of the scales, — or sometimes the ovule is partly immersed
in & fleshy disk ; embryo in the axis of fleshy and oily albumen.

A valuable and very interesting Order, of peculiar Botanical character, — com-
prising some of the most magnificent trees known, and yielding various balsam* .
resins, and resinous fluids, of great importance.

SUBORDER I. ABIETIN'EAE.

Flowers chiefly monoicous ; fertile aments consisting of numerous persistent im-
bricated carpellary scales — each scale subtended by a bract, — in fruit, forming an
ovoid or oblong strobile, with the scales more or less woody, and finally opening ;
ovules 2, adherent to the base of each carpellary scale, inverted (i. e. the orifice
turned downward) ; buds scaly,

393. PrtfUS, Tournef.
[The Classical Latin Name.]

STAMINATK AMENTS clustered in terminal spikes. Stamens numerous ,
inserted on the axis; anthers subsessile, 2-celled; cells opening
lengthwise. FERTILE AMENTS terminal, solitary, or clustered, —
the carpellary scales with deciduous bracts. Strobile with the scales
•woody, thickened at apex, and often tipt with a short spine, — each
scale with an excavation at base containing the 2 nut-like seeds. —
Seeds winged by an adhering portion of the lining of the scale ; wing
deciduous. Cotyledons 3 to 12, linear. Trees: leaves in fascicles of

2 to 5, needle-shaped, evergreen, — the fascicles sheathed at base by
the scarious bud-scales ; flowers tawny, or purplish, appearing in
May, — and the fruit, it is said, does not reach maturity until the
autumn of the second year.

1. P. loops. Ait. Leaves usually in pairs, rather short ; strobiles
oblong-ovoid, often curved; spines of the scales slender and straight.
POOR, OR DESTITUTE PiNus. Scrub Pine.

Stem 15 to 30 or 40 feet high, with straggling branches. Leaves 1% to near 3
inches long, sometimes in threes. Staminate aments oblong-ovoid, violetrpurple.
Strobiles 2 or 3 inches in length.
Hab. Sterile hills, and old fields : not common.

«J. p. riglda, Miller. Leaves mostly in threes ; strobiles ovoid.
often in clusters ; spines of the scales stout and recurved.
RIGID PINUS. Pitch Pine.

Stem 30 to 60 feet high, rugged and knotty from the bases of fallen branches.—
Leaves 2 to 4 inches long, rarely in fours, from very short sheaths. Strobiks 2 to
4 inches long.

Hab. Slaty hills: not common.

3. P. Strdbus, L. Leaves in fives, rather long and slender;
strobiles cylindric-oblong, nodding ; scales without spines.
White Pine. Weymouth's Pine.

Stem 60 to 80 or 100 feet high (often much taller in the interior of the State),
straight and with a smoothish bark ; brandies verticillate, rather slender. Leaves

3 to 5 or 6 inches long. Strobile 3 to 5 inches long, somewhat curved,— the scales
slightly thickened at apex, loosely imbricated.

Hab. Rich woods; old field, &c.: not common.

Obs. This is one of the most useful of our northern Pines, — and
the lumber it affords, in its best localities, is of immense value. —

CONIPKRAB 291

The whole genus, however, is scarce, and of very moderate size, in
Chester County.

394. A HIES, Tournef.
[The Classical Latin name.]

STAMINATE AMENTS scattered, or clustered near the ends of the
branchlets. FERTILE AMENTS lateral, or terminal, somewhat clus-
tered, or solitary, — the carpellary scales with persistent, or evanes-
cent bract*. Strobile with the scales rounded, thin and without any
spine at apex, and not excavated at base. Seeds with a terminal
membranaceous persistent wing. Cotyledons 3 to 12. Trees : leaves
evergreen, solitary, short and rather rigid, scattered, or distichous.

gl. Strobiles lateral, erect; bracts persistent; anther-cells opening transversely;
le&vesfiat, scattered, finally Ufarious.

1. A. BALSAMEA, Marshall. Leaves narrowly linear, glaucous be-
neath; strobiles oval-oblong; bracts obovate, mucronate, serrulate,
slightly projecting, appressed,

BALSAMIC ABIES. Balsam Fir. Balm of Gilead.

Stem 30 to 40 feet high, with symmetrical branches forming a conical top,— the
bark smoothish, containing numerous small sacs, or blisters, filled with a trans-
parent balsam. Leaves about % of an inch long, light green above. Strobiles 3 or
4 inches long, violet-purple, — the scales broad and rounded, thin and handsomely
imbricated.
Hab. Yards, and lawns. Nat. of the Mountains. Fl. May. Fr.

Obs. Though not well calculated for shade, this is much cultiva-
ted about houses, as an ornamental tree.

2. A. PIVCEA, Lindley. Leaves linear, often emarginate, silvery
white beneath ; strobiles subcylindric,

PITCHY ABIES. Silver Fir.

Stem 40 to 60 feet high, with horizontal branches, and a smooth whitish bark.—
Leaves about an inch in length, sometimes acute, deep glaucous-green and shining
above. Strobiles 3 or 4 inches long, reddish-green, finally brown.
Hab. Yards, and lawns. Nat. of Europe. Fl. May. Fr.

Obs. This is a larger and finer tree than the preceding, — and is
becoming frequent on the grounds of persons of taste.

2 2. Strobiles terminal, pendulous ; bracts evanescent ; anther-cells opening lengthwise.
t Leaves fiat, or slightly Wangled, more or less Ufarious.

3. A. Canaden§is, MX. Young branches slender, drooping ;
leaves flat, denticulate near the apex, obtuse; strobiles elliptic-
ovoid, small.

Pinus Canadensis. L. $ Fl. Cestr. ed. 2. p. 548.
CANADIAN ABIES. Hemlock-Spruce. Hemlock.

Stem 40 to 60 feet high, tapering much above; branches long, horizontal, or often
rather depending. Leaves % an inch to % in length, shining green above, bluish-
glaucous beneath. Staminate aments roundish-ovoid, pedunculate, racemosely
arranged round, and near the ends, of the flaccid branches. Srobdes about an
inch long, bluish-glaucous when young, finally pale brown ; scales obovate, — the
apex rounded, thin, and entire.
Hab. Rocky banks of streams; Brandy wine : not common. Fl. May. Fr.

292 GYMNOSPERMOUS EXOGENS

Obs. This tree — though somewhat rare in Chester County — is so
generally diffused throughout North America, that it has been
adopted as emblematic, in Vignettes on Maps, and other devices,
having reference to this Continent. The timber is often cut into
lumber; but is much inferior in value to the White Pine. The
bark is used in tanning leather, — and MARSHALL says, the Aborigines
employed it to dye their splints, for baskets, of a red color. The
young plants, properly managed, make a very beautiful (though
not very effective) evergreen hedge.

4. A. EXC^LSA, DC. Branchlets pendulous; leaves somewhat 4-
angled, or keeled on both sides ; strobiles cylindric-oblong, large.
TALL, OR LOFTY ABIES. Norway Fir.

Stem 60 to 80 feet, or more, in height, with spreading branches, and pendulous
branchlets. Leaves about an inch long, scattered round the branches, but bifar.
iously inclined. Strobiles 5 to 9 inches long, nearly cylindrical, light brown ; scales
rhomboid, flattish, rigid, thin and somewhat wavy on the edge, slightly lacerate-
notched at the tapering apex. Seed with one edge of the wing a little thicker,
like a Maple Samara.
Hah. Yards, and lawns. Nat. of Northern Europe. Fl. May. Fr.

Obs. This stately, solemn-looking tree, with its numerous dark-
green waving branchlets, is becoming frequent in ornamental
grounds. The Burgundy Pitch, of the shops, is said to be afforded
by this species.

ft Leaves needle-shaped) Wangled, thickly scattered all round the branches.

5« A. XLBA, MX. Branchlets rather slender and drooping; leaves

slender, spreading, light bluish-green; strobiles oblong; scales

entire.

WHITE ABIES. White Spruce. Single Spruce.

Stem 30 to 60 feet high, with a light-colored bark. Leaves % to % of an inch
long, somewhat incurved. Strobiles 1 to near 2 inches in length, nearly cylindri-
cal, pale brown ; scales obovate, wavy on the edge.
Hob. Yards, &c. Nat. of Northern States. Fl. May. Fr.

Obs. Cultivated as an ornamental tree.

6. A. NIVGRA, Poiret. Young branches stout and erect; leaves
short, erect, rigid, dark green; strobiles ovoid-oblong; scales cre-
nulate at apex.
BLACK ABIES. Black Spruce. Double Spruce.

Stem 30 to 60 feet, or more, high, with a handsome conical top. Leaves about
half an inch long, numerous, and appressed, all round the branches. Strobiles 1 to 2
inches long; scales wavy on the edge, and denticulate at apex.
Hob. Yards, and lawns. Nat. of Northern States. Fl. May. Fr.

Obs. Becoming frequent as an ornamental shade tree. The young
branches are employed to give the flavor to Spruce Beer.

395. I,AVRIX, Tourmf.

[The ancient name.]

STAMINATB AMENTS lateral and scattered, bud-like, or the stamens
in capitate clusters. FERTILE AMENTS on different branches, lat-
eral,— the carpellary scales with colored persistent bracts. Strobile

CONIPEBAK 293

erect, ovoid, — the scales as in Abies, but somewhat excavated at
base. Seeds with a persistent wing. Cotyledons 2. Trees : leaves
at first fasciculate or pencil-tufted, finally scattered, — either rigid
and evergreen, or soft and deciduous.

t Leaves rigid and evergreen.

1, L. CEDRUS, Miller. Leaves rather few in the fascicles, needle-
form, acuminate ; strobiles oval, obtuse, rather large.

CEDAR LARIX. Cedar of Lebanon.

Stem 30 to 50 or more feet high. Leaves % an inch to an inch In length.—
Strobiles 3 to 4 inches long ; scales broad, truncate, closely appressed.
Hob. Yards, and lawns. Nat. of Syria. FL Fr.

Obs. This noble tree — so well known for the references to it, in
the sacred volume — has been recently introduced, and bids fair to
become common, among us. The Deodar Cedar — a graceful Ever-
green, with drooping branches, less rigid and rather longer bluish-
green glaucous leaves — has been also introduced ; and apparently
belongs to this section.

f f Leaves soft and deciduous.

2. L. EUROPXEA, DC. Leaves numerous in the fascicles, flattish,
linear, rather obtuse ; strobiles oblong-ovoid, small.

EUROPEAN LARIX. Larch. White Larch.

Stem 60 to 80 or more feet high. Leaves an inch in length, proceeding from
obtuse, scarious or thin-scaled buds, in beautiful pencil-like tufts, — finally often
scattered by the elongation of the branches, or internodes. Strobiles about an inch
long, purple while young, finally reddish-brown; scopes orbicular, slightly reflexed
and jagged on the margin.
Soft. Yards, Ac. Nat. of Europe, FL May. Fr.

Obs. This beautiful tree is becoming quite frequent, on the
premises of persons of taste. It is said to be very valuable for its
timber. It also affords the Venice Turpentine, and a substance
called Manna of Brianqon. We have a native species (L. Americana,
MX.), on our mountains, which is likewise a handsome tree.

SUBORDER II. CUPRESSINNEAE.

Flowers nwnoicous, or dioicous; fertile aments consisting of few carpettary scales,
without bracts; ovules 1, 2, or several, at the base of the scales, erect (i. e. the
orifice upward) ; fruit a roundish strobile, the scales opening, or sometime coalescent
and drupe-like ; buds naked.

t Flowers monoicous ; strobile dry, opening at maturity.

396. THITJA, Tournef.
[The ancient Greek name of some resinous tree.]

Aments terminal, ovoid, small, — the two kinds on different branches.
STAM. FL. with the scale-like connective bearing 4 anther-cells. —
FERTILE AMENTS with the carpellary scales imbricated, fixed by tho
base, each bearing 2 ovules. Seeds oblong, each with a membranous
emarginate wing. Cotyledons 2. Trees: leaves evergreen, very
short, ovate-rhombic, appressed, and mostly imbricated in 4 rows
on the young flatted branches.

294 GYMNOSPERMOUS EXOGENS

1. T. OCCIDENTALS, L. Branches spreading; leaves closely op-
pressed, rhombic-ovate, convex on the back ; strobiles ovoid-oblong,
upward-recurved on the pedicels ; scales obtuse, nearly pointless.
WESTERN THUJA. American Arbor-vitae.

Stem 30 to 50 feet high, with a conical top; young branches 2-edged, diverging
horizontally. Strobiles yz of an inch long, in racemose clusters on the recurrea
branchlets; scales 1-seeded; seed broadly winged.
Hob. Yards; cemeteries, &c. Nat. of Northern States. Fl. May. Fr.

Obs. Cultivated as an ornamental Evergreen. In the North it is
regarded as a valuable tree, for its timber. The strobiles of this
are much smaller, and paler green, than in the following.

Sfc. T. ORIENTALIS, L. Branches erect; leaves slightly sulcate in
the middle; strobiles roundish-ovoid or obovoid, erect; scales
acute, with conspicuous recurved or spreading points.
EASTERN THUJA. Chinese Arbor-vitae.

Stem 10 to 20 feet high, usually of a ehrub-like habit, with numerous erect
branches from near the base, — especially while young; branchlets diverging
vertically, or fan-like, with the edges up and down. Strobiles about half an inch
long, subsolitary, deep green and glaucous.
Hob. Yards,' &c> Nat. of China, and Japan, Fl. May. Fr.

Obs. This is a smaller tree, and of a brighter deeper green, than
the preceding. It is often used for an ornamental hedge ; and is
decidedly better for show than service, when so employed.

397. TAXOVI>IUM, Richard.

[Gr. Taxos, the yew, and eidos, form; from a resemblance in the foliage.]
Aments in clusters, — both kinds on the same branches. STAM. AMENTS
numerous, in a terminal pyramidal spike; stamens few, — the fila-
ments produced into a scale-like excentrically peltate connective,
bearing 2 to 5 anther-cells. FERTILE AMENTS roundish-obovoid,
usually in pairs at the base of the staminate spike, — the carpellary
scales acute, recurved-spreading at apex, each with 2 ovules at base.
Strobiles subglobose, formed of angular sub-peltate woody scales,
scarcely opening. Seeds 2, angular ; cotyledons 6 to 0. Trees : pro-
ducing singular hollow knobs, or exostoses, on the superficial roots;
leaves pinnately distichous, linear, delicate and deciduous.

1. T. DIS/TICHUM, Richard. Leaflets flat, pinnately arranged on

slender herbaceous deciduous branches, which resemble common

petioles.

DISTICHOUS TAXODIUM. Cypress. Bald Cypress.

Stem 60 to 100 feet high, somewhat fastigiately branched. Leaflets % to % an
inch in length, on a common rachis, or herbaceous petiole-like branch, which is 1
to 2 or 3 inches long, — often solitary, and scattered on the woody branches ; in one
variety (imbricaria, Nutt.), the leaflets are frequently imbricated, " after the man-
ner of the Junipers."
Hob. Lawns, &c. Nat. of Southern swamps. Fl. May. Fr.

Obs. This stately tree — which is much admired for its light
feathery foliage (that turns to a bright copper-color, in autumn) —
is beginning to find a place in lawns, and other appropriate places.
The noblest specimen in Pennsylvania, is in the Jiartram Garden, —

CONIFERAK 295

planted by the hands of its venerable Founder, more than a cen-
tury ago. The wood of this tree is soft, fine-grained, and exceed-
ingly durable ; for which quality, while plentiful, it was preferred,
and much used for making shingles, wherewith to roof houses,
ft Flowers mostly dioicous; strobile drupe-like, not opening.

398. JIWIP'ERIJS, L.

[The Classical Latin name.]

STAMINATE AMENTS axillary or subterminal, ovoid, very small; fila-,
ments short and thick, bearing a scale-like excentrically peltate
connective; anther-cells 3 to 6, attached to the lower edge of the
scale. FERTILE AMENTS axillary, ovoid, consisting of 3 to 6 fleshy
1- to 3-ovuled coalescent carpellary scales. Fruit globular, small,
scaly-bracteate at base. Seeds I to 3, angular, bony ; cotyledons 2.
Shrubs, or trees : leaves evergreen, rigid, subulate, or scale-like.

1. J. commitnis, L. Leaves verticillate in threes, linear-subulate,
cuspidate, spreading, concave and glaucous above.

COMMON JUNIPERUS. Juniper.

Stem 6 to 8 or 10 feet high, with numerous erect branches, — or sometimes with,
low spreading straggling branches. Leaves % an inch to % in length, pungently
acuminate, keeled and shining green beneath. Staminate aments 2 to 3 lines in
length, russet-color. Strobiles (called berries) about 2 lines in diameter, bluish-
black and glaucous when mature.
Hob. Rocky woods. Nat. of Europe. PL April. Fr.

Obs. This is often seen in gardens, — and is partially naturalized.
It is also sometimes used, on a small scale, for ornamental hedges.
The alcoholic liquor called Gin, or Geneva, derives its flavor from
the drupe-like fruit of this shrub.

2. J. Virginian a, L. Leaves in four rows,— on the young
branches ovate, acute, appressed — on the older ones, subulate and
somewhat spreading, green.

VIRGINIAN JTINIPERUS. Red Cedar.

Stem 30 to 50 feet high, often with longitudinal obtuse ridges. Leaves mhrate, —
those on the young branches scarcely a line in length, opposite and decussate, im-
bricated, and making the branches 4-angled ; those on the older branches 3 to 5 or
6 lines long, and cuspidate. Strobiles (or berries) about 2 lines in diameter, tuber-
culate with the points of the scales, dark blue when mature, and covered with a
bright bluish-glaucous bloom.
Hob. Fence-rows ; neglected fields, &c. : frequent. Fl> April. Fr. Octo.

Obs. The wood of this tree is reddish and fine-grained, — very
durable, and valuable.

SUBORDER III. TAXm'EAE.

Flowers dioicous; fertile fiowers solitary, destitute of carpellary scales, sessile, in a
bracteate disk, or concaTe peduncle; ovule naked, erect, ripening into a nut-like
teed, which is partly immersed in the centre of the thickened fleshy cup-like disk ;
bvdt scaly.

399. TAX/ITS. Tournef.
[Probably from the Gr. Taxon, a bow; the wood being used for bows.]

STAMINATE AMENTS axillary, globular, small, exserted from scaly

296 GYMNOSPEKMOUS EXOGENS

buds ; anther-cells 3 to 8, clustered under a peltate and somewhat
lobed connective. FERTILE FLOWERS scaly-bracteate at base, con-
sisting merely of a solitary naked ovule, seated in a cup-shaped disk
which finally becomes pulpy and berry-like, — sometimes nearly in-
closing the seed. Cotyledons 2, very short. Shrubs (trees, in Europe) :
leaves evergreen, linear, rigid, mostly distichous; pulp of the disk
orange-red.

l.T. Canatleiisis, Willd. A diffusely branching shrub; leaves
mucronate, with recurved or slightly revolute margins, distichous.
CANADIAN TAXUS. American Yew.

Stem 2 to 4 feet high, with straggling branches. Leaves % an inch to % in
length, smooth, entire, green on both sides, narrowed at base to a very short peti-
ole.
Hob. Banks of the Schuylkill; Black Rock: rare. Fl. April. Fr. Octo.

2. T. BACCATA, L. A low tree, finally* with large trunk; leaves
acute, nearly flat, deep green, distichous, or sometimes crowded
round the branches.
BACCATE TAXUS. Common Yew.

Stem seldom, as yet, seen more than a few feet high, among us ; branches nu-
merous and spreading. Leaves % to 1^ inches long, mostly bifarious, subsessile.
Hob. Yards, and Cemeteries. Nat. of Europe. Fl. April. Fr. Octo.

Obs. Becoming frequent in Church-yards, and rural Cemeteries.
It was this densely branching Evergreen which the Gardeners, in
old times, clipped and trimmed into so many fantastic shapes, by
way of what they considered ornament. There has been recently
introduced a very distinct variety, — with compact branches, and
densely crowded leaves, — called Irish Yew, — which, when properly
planted, may be trimmed into a very neat hedge, round a yard, or
garden ; though not calculated to be a substantial protection to the
premises.

400. SAMSBITRIA, Smith.

[Dedicated to Richard Anthony Salisbury ; an English Botanist.]
STAMINATE AMENTS axillary, filiform, pedunculate ; anthers several,
2-celled, — cells pendulous from the lacerated scale-like connective,
opening longitudinally, finally divaricate. FERTILE FLOWERS ter-
minal, solitary, on simple or fasciculately branching peduncles;
ovule naked, seated in a cup-shaped disk, in the thickened concave
apex of the peduncle, — the disk finally becoming fleshy, embracing
the base of the nut-like seed. Cotyledons 2, linear, elongated. —
Trees: leaves plicately involute in the bud, deciduous, alternate, or
somewhat fasciculate, on long petioles, fan-shaped and striate-
nerved, more resembling phyllodia than true leaves.

1. S. ADIANTIFOLIA, Smith. Leaves broadly cuneate and truncate,
or inversely deltoid, often bifidly incised at apex, coriaceous, and
striate with diverging nerves.
ADIANTUM-LEAVED SALISBURIA. Gingko, or Ginkgo.

Stem 40 to 60 or 80 feet high, with a light-grey bark, and branching, with some-
thing of the habit of a Populus, or Aspen. Leaves 2 to 3 inches long, and 3 to 4
inches wide at apex ; petioles about 3 inches in length.
Hob. Yards, and lawns. Nat. of Japan. Fr. FL

CONIFERAE 297

Obs. This anomalous stranger is becoming frequent, as an orna-
mental shade tree, on the grounds of the curious. The finest speci-
mens in this country, are probably those introduced by the late Mr.
HAMILTON, at the "Woodlands," near Philadelphia.

CLASS II. ENDOGENOUS OR MONOCOTYLE'DO-
NOUS PLANTS.

STEMS not distinguishable into bark, wood, and pith; leaves mostly
parallel-veined, alternate, and entire ; embryo with a single cotyle-
don.

ORDER XCIX. ARACEAE.

Mostly herbaceous, and stemless,— with acrid or pungent juice; leaves radical,
sometimes dissected ; petioles sheathing at base ; flowers dioicous, monoicous, or all
perfect, crowded on a spadix, which is frequently surrounded by a spaffie ; sepals
4 to 6, or often none ; petals none ; fruit usually a berry ; seeds with fleshy albumen,
— or sometimes a large fleshy embryo without albumen.

§ 1. Spadix with a surrounding spathe.
f Flowers dioicous, or monoicous; sepals none; ovaries distinct.

401. ArRUM, L.

[An ancient name; of obscure etymology.

Flowers monoicous, with the pistillate ones below, on the same spadix, —
or often dioicous. Spadix naked at summit. Stamens crowded,
somewhat verticillate ; anthers subsessile, 2- to 4-celled. Ovaries
numerous, crowded, 1-celled; stigma subsessile. Berries 1- or
several-seeded ; seeds subglobose, albuminous. Perennial herbs, with
a tuberous rhizoma; leaves dissected, scarious when dry; petioles
elongated ; spadix on a scape ; berries orange-red.

1. A. triphLyL'lum, L, Leaves mostly in pairs, ternately dis-
sected; leaflets elliptic-ovate; spadix clavate, shorter than the
cucullate spathe.

THREE-LEAVED ARUM. Indian Turnep.

Rhizoma turnep-shaped, rugose, 1 to 3 inches in diameter. Leaflets 3 to 6 inches
long, sessile, often purplish ; common petioles erect, 9 to 18 inches in length. Scape
6 to 15 inches high,— the base inclosed by the sheathing petioles. Spathe 3 to 5
inches long,— the lower half convolute, the upper half a little dilated, flat, ovate-
lanceolate and cucullately incurved, variegated with purple, and yellowish stripes.
Spadix generally dioicous, obtuse at apex. Berries in an ovoid-oblong cluster.
Hub. Rich, shaded grounds : frequent. Fl. May. Fr. Aug.

Obs. The turnep-shaped rhizoma (called a Cormus,} is very acrid,
when recently gathered ; but that quality is dissipated, in great
measure, by boiling, or drying.

2. A. Dracdntium, L. Leaf mostly solitary, pedately dis-
sected ; leaflets lance-oblong ; spadix subulate, longer than the
convolute spathe.

DRAGON ARUM. Green Dragon.

Rhizomas clustered, tuberous, rather small. Leaflets 7 to 11 or 13 in number
and 3 to 6 inches in length, subsessile ; common petiole 12 to 18 inches long,

298 ENDOGENOUS PLANTS

—often dichotomous at summit, with the branches divaricate; each branch
bearing 3 to 5 or 6 leaflets, and always a dichotomal one in the centre, or division
of the petiole. Scape 6 to 12 inches high, rather slender. Spathe 1 to 2 inches
long, rolled into a tube, with a short erect acumination. Spadix mostly dioicous,
terminating in a slender tapering acute point. Berries in an ovoid cluster, round
the base of the spadix.
Hob. Low grounds; along the Brandy wine: frequent. Fl. May. Fr. Sept.

402. PEI/TAtf'DRA, Rafin.

[Gr. Pette, a target, and Aner, stamen ; from the peltate stamens.]

Flowers monoicous, entirely covering the tapering spadix, which is
staminiferous at summit. Spathe elongated, convolute. Anthers
sessile, with 5 or 6 cells surrounding the margin of a thick peltate
connective, opening by a terminal pore. Ovary 1-celled; stigma sub-
sessile. Berries 1- to 3-seeded; seeds obovoid, Without albumen. —
A stemless perennial herb : leaves on long petioles ; stapes several.

1. P. Virginica, Rafin. Leaves oblong, mostly hastate-sagittate,
acute, — the lobes obtuse ; spadix finally subglobose, closely invested
by the spathe.

Rensselaeria Virginica. Beck. $ Fl. Cestr. ed. 2. p. 530.
VIRGINIAN PELTANDRA.

Plant deep green. Root of " thick tufted fibres." A. GRAY. Leaves 6 to 12 or
15 inches long, and 2 to 5 or 6 inches wide; petioles 9 to 15 inches in length. Scapes
9 to 18 inches high ; spathe 2 to 3 inches long, at first subcylindric, acuminate, —
the upper portion, and the staminate part of the spadix, at length rotting away,
and leaving the oval cluster of green berries embraced by the fleshy base of the
ppathe.
Hob. Miry places; Wynn's Meadows : rare. FL June. Fr.

Obs. KALM says, "the roots often grow to the thickness of a
man's thigh" (which, I presume, must be an exaggeration); and
that the Indians eat them. I have not had an opportunity to see
them.

1 1 Flowers perfect ; sepals 4 ; ovaries coalescing.

403. SYMPL,OCAR'PITS, Salisbury.
[Gr. Symploke, connection, and karpos, fruit; from the coalescing ovaries.]
Spathe conch-shaped, acuminate. Spadix on a short peduncle-like
scape, oval, densely covered and tessellated with flowers. Stamens
4, opposite the fleshy cucullate sepals. Ovary 1-celled ; style 4-
sided, tapering to a minute stigma. Fruit an oval fleshy berry-like
mass, coalesced with the base of the persistent sepals, and imbedded
in the spongy receptacle. Seed globular, destitute of albumen. Pe-
rennial stemless herbs, with a strong blended odor (when bruised)
of skunk and garlic ; rhizoma thick ; leaves radical, enlarging ; spathe
subsessile, preceding the leaves, spotted with purplish-brown, and
yellow.

1. S. foetidus, Salisb. Leaves at first orbicular-cordate, finally

cordate-oval, on short petioles; spadix much shorter than the

spathe.

FETID SYMPLOCARPUS. Swamp Cabbage. Skunk-weed.

AKACEAB 299

Leaves finally near 2 feet long, entire, smooth ; petioles 2 to 4 inches in length ;
stipules expanding, ovate-oblong, acuminate, or often spatulate. Spadix about an
inch in diameter.

g 2. Spadix vnthout a proper tpatiie ; flowers perfect ; sepals 4 to 6.
404. OROtf'TIUM , L.

[Etymology obscure; supposed to be from the river OronUs.']
Spadix terminating a terete clavate scape, covered with flowers, — the
lower ones with 6 concave sepals, the upper with 4. Stamens as
many as the sepals, and opposite them. Ovary 1-celled, with a
single ovule; stigma minute, sessile, fruit a green utricle. Seed
without albumen. An aquatic stemless perennial: leaves oblong,
petiolate, floating, very smooth, deep velvety green above ; flowers
yellow.

1. O. aqililf icum, L. Leaves lance-oblong, or obliquely ovate-
lanceolate, pale and somewhat glaucous beneath.
AQUATIC ORONTIUM. Golden Club. Floating Arum.

Leaves enlarging, finally 8 to 12 inches long, entire ; petioles 2 to 5 inches in
length. Spadix 1 to 2 inches long, on a scape 6 to 12 inches in length, — the spadix
and upper part of the scape yellow. Utricle naked, subglobose, one third of an
inch in diameter.
Hob. Pools; along the Brandy wine : not very common. Fl. May. Fr. Aug.

Obs. This plant is very abundant in the sluggish streams of New
Jersey ; but rather uncommon, here. KALM says the Indians, and
Swedes of that day, called it "Taw*-kee;" and that the Indians
plucked the seeds, and kept them for mating.

405. A'CORUS, L.

[Gr. a, privative, and kore, the pupil of the eye; a supposed remedy for sore eyes.]
Spadix lateral, sessile (emerging from the side of a scape, the upper
portion of which closely resembles the leaves), densely covered and
tessellated with flowers. Sepals 6, concave, each with a stamen in-
serted on its base ; anthers reniform, 1-celled, opening transversely.
Ovary trigonous, 3-celled ; ovules several, pendulous ; stigma sessile,
minute. Capsule somewhat baccate, indehiscent; seeds few, albu-
minous, nestling in a gelatinous matter. Sub-aquatic smooth peren-
nial: rhizoma creeping, pungently aromatic; leaves narrowish-
ensiform; spadix terete, slightly tapering; flowers yellowish-green.

1. A. Calamus, L. Scape sub triquetrous at base, dilated ancipital

and leaf-like above the spadix.

REED ACORUS. Calamus. Sweet Flag.

Rhizoma about half an inch in diameter, throwing out fibrous roots verticillately.
Leaves 2 to 3 feet long, and % an inch to % wide. Scape as long as the leaves,
—the upper foliaceous portion considered, by some, as an open spatfte. Spadix 2 to
3 inches in length.
Hob. Swampy springs. Nat of India. FL May. fr. Sept.

Obs. This well-known, pungent aromatic, is thoroughly established
in many localities; and, in such cases, not easily eradicated.

300

ENDOGENOUS PLANTS.

ORDER C. LEMNAVCEAE.

Minute stemless herbaceous aquatics, floating free on stagnant pools ; leaves, as well
as stem, substituted by a flat/rond, which produces 1 or 2 monoicous florets from a
chink at the edge, or upper surface, — and a few pendulous radicles from the under
surface; stamen 1 ; fruit utricular; embryo straight, in the axis of fleshy albumen.
Of this remarkable Order, Prof. A. GRAY observes: "Fructification much as in the
Arum Family, of which these plants are minute and greatly reduced forms."

4O6. LEM'tfA, L.

[An ancient Greek name; of uncertain meaning.]

Flowers 3 together, in a cleft in the edge of the frond, bursting
through a thin membranaceous urceolate spathe; two of them con-
sisting of single stamens (one preceding the other), with thread-like
filaments, and 2-celled anthers; the third floret a 1-celled ovary ;
ovule mostly solitary, erect; style elongated, recurved; stigma fun-
nel-form. Utricle 1 -seeded, indehiscent. Annuals. Fronds laterally
proliferous by a kind of buds formed in the chinks, as well as prop-
agated by seeds ; roots with a sheath-like appendage on the end ;
flowers microscopic, rarely found (never yet, in this country. Prof.
A. GEAY).

t Fronds learing single roots; ovule solitary.

!• tj» minor, L. Fronds roundish-obovate, or oval, sessile, thick-
ish, proliferous from near the base.
LESSER LEMNA. Duck's-meat. Duck-weed.

Fronds about a line, or line and half, in length, slightly convex beneath, some-
what succulent, green. Soot a solitary fibre, from the centre of the frond, rather
elongated.
Hob. Pools, and stagnant waters: frequent. Fl. Fr.

Obs. These singular little plants, as ENDLICHER remarks, are
"nemini non cognitae" — known to every body, — especially this
species; but they are so minute, that their organs are seldom seen,
and are imperfectly understood.

%. I*, trisulca, L. Fronds elliptic-oblanceolate, petiolate, thin,
denticulate at apex, proliferous from the sides.
THREE-FURROWED LEMNA.

Fronds % to % of an inch long, nearly pellucid, finally elongated and narrowed
at base to a slender tail, or petiole, obtuse at apex, proliferous from near the mid-
dle of the sides, so as to form crosses. While these lateral fronds remain sessile,
they present the appearance of a 3-lobed leaf.
Hob. Stagnant waters ; New Garden : not common. Fl. Fr.

ff Fronds learing a fascicle of roots; ovules 2.

3. IL. polyrliiza, L. Fronds roundish-obovate, thickish, pal-
mately veined, proliferous from near the base.
MANY-ROOTED LEMNA.

Fronds 2 to 4 lines in length, of a rather firm texture, and often dark purple
beneath, with a little cluster of radicles from near the centre.
Hob. Stagnant pools; along Schuylkill : not common. Fl. Fr.

TTPHACEAB 301

ORDER CL TYPHACEAE. ,* 7

Marsh herls: leaves sessile, sheathing at base, narrow-ensifonn, or linear; flower*
monoicous. in a dense oylindric spadix-like spike, or glomerate in Twads, destitute
of proper floral envelopes; fruit nut-like, or a sort of dry drupe, indehiscent,
mostly 1-seeded; seed suspended; embryo straight, in copious albumen.

401. TYVPHA, Tournef.
[Or. Tiphos, a bog, or marsh; from its place of growth.]
Flowers in a long dense terminal cylindric interrupted spike, or
spadix, with an intervening caducous spathe, — the upper portion
consisting of stamens only, intermixed with simple hairs, — the lower
consisting of ovaries surrounded by numerous clavate bristles ; style
simple ; stigma unilateral, tongue-shaped. Nutlets minute, pedicel-
late. Smooth perennials: rhizoma creeping; stems, or culms, sim-
ple, without nodes (except at base, where the leaves originate) ;
leaves narrow-ensifonn, or linear, thickish, erect, about as long as
the culm.

1. T. latifolia, L. Leaves ensifonn-linear, nearly flat; stami-
nate and pistillate portions of the spike contiguous.
BROAD-LEAVED TYPHA. Cat-tail. Cooper's Keed. Heed-mace.

Oulm 4 or 5 feet high, terete, leafy at base. Leaves % to % of an inch wide,
tapering at apex, but obtuse. Staminate spike 6 to 8 inches long, and near an inch
in diameter, yellowish-brown,— the sheathing bract, or spathe, membranaceous, as
long as the spike. Pistillate spike 4 to 6 inches long, % an inch to % in diameter,
greenish-brown.
Hob. Borders of pools: frequent. Fl. June. Fr. Sept.

Obs. The leaves of this plant were formerly used, by Coopers, to
secure the joints in the heads of casks from leaking; and the hairy
fruit, from the mature spikes, is sometimes collected by poor people
to fill their beds. It is, however, a miserable substitute for feath-
ers, or hair, — and even for clean oats chaif, corn-husks, or cut straw.

2. T. ailgnstif olia, L. Leaves narrowly linear, channelled
near the base ; staminate and pistillate portions of the spike a little
distant.

NARROW-LEAVED TYPHA. Small Cat-tail.

(Mm 3 to 5 feet high, slender. Leaves Y& to % of an inch wide, nearly linear
throughout. Staminate and pistillate spikes %to% of an inch in diameter, and
separated by a naked space of 1 to 2 inches between them.
Hab. Pools, and wet places; near Unionville : rare. Fl. June. Fr. Sept.

Obs. These species appear to be common to both hemispheres.

4O8. SPARGAUTIUM, Tournef.
[Gr. Sparganon, a fillet, or band; from its ribbon-like leaves.]
Flowers in dense globose heads, which are scattered along the stem
near the summit, in the axils of leaf-like bructs, — the upper heads
consisting of stamens, with minute scales interposed, — the lower
heads larger, consisting of sessile pistils, each surrounded by 3 to
6 calyx-like scales. Fruit a sort of dry drupe, turbinate and acu-
minate. Smooth perennials : root fibrous ; leaves linear, obtuse.

1. S. Americanuin, Nuttall. Stem mostly simple; leaves tri-

302 ENDOGENOUS PLANTS

angular at base, the sides flat ; stigma conical, oblique, about half

as long as the style.

AMERICAN SPARGANIUM. Bur-reed.

Stem 9 to 18 inches high, flexuose, terete, sometimes with 2 or 3 short axillary
branches at summit. Leaves 6 to 24 inches long (mostly overtopping the stem),
and % to J^ an inch wide. Staminate heads 4 or 5 to 9, somewhat contiguous in
twos or threes. Pistillate heads 2 to 5 (usually 3), yellowish green, % an inch to %
in diameter, the lowest one often pedunculate.
Hdb. Sluggish rivulets ; ditches, &c.: frequent. Fl. July. Fr. Sept.

Obs. This appears to be very nearly allied to £ simplex, of Eu-
rope. I have specimens from Wynn's Meadows, near the head
•waters of the Brandywine, which are every way so much smaller,
that they might constitute — if not a species-^&i least a variety, pumi-
lum.

ORDER GIL NAIADA^CEAE.

Immersed aquatics ; stems nodosely jointed, often radicating ; leaves cellular, with
sheathing stipules, or bases ; flowers mono-dioicous, axillary, naked and inconspicu-
ous, — or perfect, and with a calyx, in pedunculate spadix-like spikes; ovaries
solitary, or 2 to 4 contiguous, yet distinct, 1 celled, 1-ovuled; seed without
albumen.

$1. Flowers mono-dioicous, axillary, naked, monandrous.

409. tfArAS, L.

[Gr. Naias, a Water-nymph ; from its place of growth.]

STAM. FL. a single stamen, inclosed in a membranous spathe; anther
at first subsessile, the filament finally elongated. PISTILLATE FL.
a single ovary, tapering into a short style : stigmas 2 to 4, subulate ;
ovule erect. Fruit a seed-like nutlet, inclosed in a loose epicarp. —
Annuals.'' stems slender, dichotomously branching; leaves opposite
and verticillate ; flowers sessile.

1. 1V» flexilis, Rostkow. Leaves mostly verticillate in six,es, lin-
ear, membranaceous, denticulate near the apex.
Caulinia flexilis. Willd. $ FL Cestr. ed. 2. p. 519.
FLEXIBLE NAIAS.

Stem 6 to 12 or 18 inches long, filiform, jointed, smooth. Leaves half an inch to
an inch long, aggregated or Bubverticillate in fours or sixes, sometimes opposite,
very narrow, dilated and sheathing at base. Seed oblong, shining, pale straw-
color.
.Hod. Ponds, and sluggish streams : frequent. Fl. July. Fr. Sept.

41O. ZAffUTICHEI/MA, Micheli.

[Dedicated to John Jerome Zannichelli; a Venetian Botanist.]
Flowers sessile, usually both kinds in the same axil. STAM. FL; a
single stamen, with a slender filament bearing a 2- to 4-celled anther,
PISTILLATE FL. usually of 4 sessile pistils in the same cup-shaped
involucre ; stigma somewhat peltate, often 2-lobed. Fruit an oblong
coriaceous nutlet, beaked with the short style ; seed pendulous. —
Annuals: stems very slender, branching; leaves opposite, or alter-
nate, linear and entire, with sheathing membranous stipules.

NAIADACEAB 303

1. Z. palusl ris, L. Fruit somewhat compressed, sometimes
pedicellate ; style half the length of the fruit.
MARSH ZANNICHELLIA.

Stem 6 to 15 inches long, floating. Leaves 1 to 2 or 3 inches in length. Flowers
green ; antfier tawny. Fruit blackish, rugged or dentate on the back.
Hah. Pools, and slow streams : rare. Fl. July. Fr.

Obs. This aquatic was detected in White Clay Creek, near Avon-
dale, in the S. Western part of the County, in 1849, by my friend
EZRA MICHENER, M. D. whose attainments in Zoology, and success-
ful researches in Cryptogamy, and other difficult branches of Botany,
have placed him in the front rank of our Chester County Natural-
ists.

§2. Flowers perfect, on pedunculate spikes; stamens 4, opposite as many sepals.

411. POTAflfOGE^TOtf, Tournef.
[Gr. Potamos, a river, and Gfiton, a neighbor; from its place of growth.]
Sepals rounded, valvate in the bud. Anthers subsessile, 2-celled. —
Ovaries 4, free ; ovule ascending ; stigma subsessile. Fruit consist-
ing of 5 sessile fleshy or coriaceous nutlets ; seed hook-shaped. P6-
rennials : stems jointed, often creeping or radicating ; leaves opposite,
or alternate, pellucid when immersed, — the upper ones sometimes
floating on the surface^ opaque, and coriaceous ; spikes axillary and
terminal ; flowers dull green.

f Upper leaves floating, often opposite, on long petioles.

1. P. ii at a its, L. Immersed leaves lance-linear, often imperfect;
floating ones elliptic-oblong, sometimes rounded or cordate at base.
SWIMMING POTAMOGETON. Floating Pond-weed.

Stem 9 to 18 inches long, usually simple. Floating leaves 2 to 3 inches long ;
petioles 3 to 6 inches in length. Immersed leaves 2 to 6 inches long, — sometimes
abortive, or nothing more than a petiole. Spike emerged, about an inch long, on
an axillary peduncle 2 to 3 inches in length.
Hob. Pools, and sluggish streams: frequent. Fl. July. Fr. Sept.

f f Leaves all immersed and similar, mostly alternate.

£. P. lilcens, L. Leaves varying from lance-linear to oblong-
and oval-lanceolate, acute, tapering to a petiole at base; spike
rather long.
SHINING POTAMOGETON.

Stem 2 to 4 feet long, slender, somewhat branched. Leaves netted-nerved, mem-
branaceous and shining, — the upper ones 3 or 4 inches long, on petioles about an
inch in length, — the lower ones often imperfect. Spike 1 to 2 inches long, — the
flowers somewhat distant, greenish-brown ; peduncle of the spike 2 or 3 to 6 inches
in length.
Hob. Flowing streams; Brandywine: frequent. Fl. Aug. Fr. Octo.

3. P. perfolisttus, L. Leaves oblong-ovate, mostly obtuse,
sessile, and clasping by a cordate base ; spike short.
PERPOLIATE POTAMOGETON.

-Stem 1 to 3 feet long, numerous from the root, branching somewhat dichotom-
ously. Leaves about an inch long, sometimes rather acute, obscurely 5-nervedj

304 ENDOGENOUS PLANTS.

slightly wavy on the margin. Spikes oblong, few-flowered, about % of an inch In
length, on lateral peduncles an inch long ; sepals reddish-brown.
Bab. Flowing streams; Brandy wine : frequent. Fl. Aug. Fr. Octo.

4. P. pauciflurus, Pursh. Stem very slender, flattish; leaves
narrowly linear and grass-like ; spike capitate, few-flowered.
FEW-FLOWERED POTAMOGETON.

Stem 6 to 12 inches long, much branched, diffuse and suspended in the water. —
Leaves 2 to 3 inches long, acute, somewhat keeled, — the lower ones alternate, the
uppermost nearly opposite, or often subverticillate in fours. Spike about 4-flowered,
on a subclavate peduncle about half an inch long, in the axil of the upper leaves ;
sepals greenish-brown.
Hob. Pools, and sluggish rivulets : not very common. Fl. May. Fr. July.

ORDER CIII. ALISMA^CEAE.

Marsh herbs; stems scape-like; leaves sheathing at base; flowers perfect, or monoi-
cous, not on a spadix, f urnishsd with both calyx and corolla ; sepals and petals each
3, distinct ; stamens 6, or many, hypogynous ; ovaries 3, or many, — becoming as
many 1- or 2-seeded#ocZs,or akenes; seeds ascending, or erect, without albumen.

STJBOEDER ALISME^AE.

Calyx green and persistent; corolla white and deciduous; embryo curved like a
horse-shoe; leaves radical, mostly with a lamina or blade, and along petiole.

412. AMS'MA, L.

[Said to be named from the Celtic, Alis, water; its usual place of growth.]
Flowers perfect. Petals roundish, involute in the bud. Stamens 6 ;
anthers introrse. Ovaries numerous, verticillate on a flattened re-
ceptacle, or disk, becoming angular coriaceous akene-like carpels, in
fruit. Smooth perennials : roots fibrous ; leaves several-nerved, with
connecting cross-veinlets ; scape with verticillate panicled branches ;
flowers rather small.

1. A. PlantagO, L. Leaves lance-oblong, or oval, about 9-
nerved, abruptly acuminate, often rounded, or subcordate, at base ;
carpels obtusely triangular.
PLANTAIN ALISMA. Water Plantain.

Leaves 4 to 6 inches long ; petioles 6 to 9 inches in length. Scape 1 to 2 feet high,
trigonous, fistular; panicle 12 to 15 inches long, pyramidal, with involucre-like
frrocfe at the base of the verticillate branches; pedicels, near an inch long, slender,
mostly in terminal verticils of 3 or 4.
Hob. Muddy rivulets, and miry places: frequent. FL July. Fr. Sept.

06s. This belongs to a notable tribe of inert medicinal plants,
which — once in an age, or so — dabblers in quackery have the address
to impose upon the credulous, as being endowed with marvellous
virtues, in incurable or desperate stages of disease. Some years
ago, — after Anagallis, and Scutellaria, had become rather obsolete,
as Newspaper cures for that terrible malady, Hydrophobia, — the
Alisma was proclaimed, through the Gazettes, as a certain remedy;
and persons who ventured to express a doubt, were scarcely tolera-
ted, by the editorial fraternity ! This specific, however, soon shared
the fate of its predecessors ; and will probably be no more heard of,
until a future race of Empirics, in the cycle of "Progress," shall
again bring it forward.

ALISMACEAE

805

413. SAGITTAXRIA, L.

[Latin, Sctffitta, an arrow; from the prevailing form of the leaves.]
Flowers monoicous, — the staminate ones above. Petals orbicular,
imbricated in the bud. Stamens numerous; anthers extrorse. —
Ovaries many, in depressed-globose heads, — becoming flatted winged
nkenes, in fruit. Smoothish perennials; roots often tuberiferous ;
leaves polymorphous, usually sagittate ; scape simple ; flowers in
verticils of 3, pedicellate and bracteate.

1. S. varicibiliM, Engelmann. Leaves varying from broad-ovate,
or linear, and sagittate, to narrow-lanceolate and not sagittate.
H. sagittifolia. L. $ Fl. Cestr. ed. 2. p. 528.
Alto, S. heterophylla, Purth. $ FL Cestr. ed. 2. p. 529.
VARIABLE SAGITTARIA. Arrow-head.

Tubers (or rhizomas) ova!, 1 to 2 inches in diameter. Leaves 3 or 4 to 10 or 12
inches long, usually more or legs ovate; petioles 4 to 12 or 15 inches in length,
tapering upwards. Scape 9 to 18 inches high. Verticils of flowers numerous. —
Heads of fruit ^ to % of an inch in diameter.
Jfab. Swampy springs ; ditches, &c. : frequent. Fl. July. Fr. Sept.

Obs. Hogs are fond of the tubers of this plant, — and soon dis-
figure a meadow, where they abound, by rooting for them. KALM
says, the Indians and Swedes called the plant "Katniss;" and that
the tubers were sometimes "as big as a man's fist:" that when
roasted, they tasted well, but were rather dry. See Travels. VoL
2,^96-7.

ORDER CIV. HYDROCIIARIDACEAE.

Aquatic Jierbs ; leaves sometimes verticillate, or opposite, usually radical ; flowers
l>olygamous, or dioicous, regular, often on scape-like peduncles from a kind of
rpathe ; floral envelopes mostly double, — in the pistillate flowers coalesced into a
tube, and adherent to the ovary; stamens 3 to 12, distinct, or monadelphous ; fruit
utricular, coriaceous, or fleshy, indehiscent; seeds ascending; embryo straight,
without albumen.

414. « DO R A, JffuUaU.
[Gr. Hydor, or Udor, water; from its place of growth,]

Flowers polygamo-dioicous, solitary; from a sessile tubular bifid
nxillary spathe. STAM. FL. minute ; perianth 6-parted (viz. tepals
and petals each 3, oval, and nearly alike colored); anthers 9, oval,
tmbsessile. PERFECT FL. perianth extended beyond the ovary into
;i long and very slender tube, — the lobes (or sepals and petals) obovate,
•spreading; anthers usually 3, oblong, opposite the outer lobes of
the perianth. Ovary 1-celled, with 3 projecting parietal placentae ;
tfyle capillary, coherent with the tube of the perianth ; stigmas 3,
large, 2-lobed, exserted. Fruit oblong, coriaceous, few-seeded. —
Annual? smooth; stem filiform, dichotomously branched; leaves
verticillate, or opposite, immersed and pellucid.

1. U. Canadensis, Nutt. Leaves mostly verticillate in threes,
ovate-oblong, or lance-linear, finely serrulate.
CANADIAN UDORA.

Stem 3 or 4 to 8 or 10 inches long (varying with the depth of water), diffusely
branching. Leaves 2 to 6 lines long, nerveless, light green and shining,— the

306 ENDOGENOUS PLANTS

verticils generally numerous, giving the plant the appearance of an aquatic moss.
fertile flcnoers emerging, — the perianth flesh-colored with a leaden tinge; tube %
an inch to near an inch long, very slender and thread-like.
Hob. Sluggish rivulets : frequent. Fl. July. Fr.

Obs. I have not yet had occasion to observe the staminate flowers.
Doctor GRAY says, they "break off, as in Vallisneria, and float on
the surface, where they expand and shed their pollen to fertilize the
stigmas, which are raised to the surface by the excessively pro-
longed calyx-tube."

415. VAL,MStfEvRIA, Micheli.

[Dedicated to Antonio Vallimeri ; an Italian Botanist.]

Flowers strictly dioicous. STAM. FL. numerous, crowded on a
conical receptacle, and included in a 3-valved spathe, which is on a
very short scape. Perianth 3-parted. Stamens mostly 3, alternating
with the perianth-lobes. PISTILLATE FL. solitary, in a tubular bifid
spathe, which is on a very long slender flexuose scape. Perianth-
tube not extended beyond the ovary ; border 3-lobed, — with 3 small
linear petals (or staminodia?) alternating with the oval lobes. Ovary
1-celled; stigmas 3, large, 2-lobed; ovules numerous on 3 parietal
placentae. Fruit elongated, cylindrical, fleshy. Stemless perennials ;
leaves radical, dark-green, long, linear and grass-like.

1, V. spir&lis, L. Leaves obtuse, thin and ribbon-like, obscure-
ly serrulate, somewhat nerved and netted veined.
SPIRAL VALLISNERIA. Eel-grass. Tape-grass. Channel-grass.

Leaves 9 to 18 inches or 2 feet in length, and % to near % an inch wide, obscurely
3-nerved, striate, smooth. Pistillate flowers on interfoliaceous scape-like peduncles
9 to 18 inches, or more, in length (varying with the depth of water), a little
thickened at summit, floating, with the flower at or near the surface. Spatfie about
?/£ an inch long, membranaceous, embracing the ovary. Perianth whitish, with
tinges of purple. Ovary about % of an inch long, sublinear, somewhat compressed,
Rncipital, with keel-like margins.
Hob. Slow-flowing streams ; Brandy wine : frequent. Fl. Aug. Fr.

Obs. I have never met with the staminate plant. Dr. GRAY says,
"the staminate clusters being confined to the bottom of the water
"by the shortness of the scape, the flower-buds themselves spontane-
ously break away from their short pedicels and float on the surface,
where they expand and shed their pollen around the fertile flowers,
which are raised to the surface at this time." The fertile scapes
then "coil spirally and draw the ovary under water to ripen." —
WILSON, in his Ornithology, says the root is a favorite food of the
Canvass-back Duck, — to which the peculiarly delicate flavor of the
flesh of that bird has been ascribed. The bunches of long dark-
green leaves, which are usually procumbently floating, afford a
hiding-place for Eels, — whence one of its common names. In refer-
ence to this plant, Dr. DARWIN indulges in the following imagina-
tive strains : —

" As dash the waves on India's breezy strand,

Her flush'd cheek press'd upon her lily hand,

VALUSNER sits, upturns her tearful eyes,

Calls her lost lover, and upbraids the skies ;

Tor him she breathes the silent sigh, forlorn,

Each setting day ; for him each rising morn :—

HYDROCHARIDACEAE 307

Bright orhs, that light yon high ethereal plain,
Or batfce your radiant tresses in the main;
Pale moon, that eilver'st o'er night's sable brow ;
For ye were witness to his parting vow !
Ye shelving rocks, dark waves, and sounding shore,—
Ye echoed sweet the tender words he swore ! —
Can stars or seas the sails of love retain?
0 ! guide my wanderer to my arms again ! "

My excellent Friend, E. I>URAND, has sent me the following Lines
by a French Poet and Botanist, which may be appropriately annexed
to the preceding : —

" Le Rhdne impgtueux, sous son onde Scumante,
Durant six mois entiers nous derobe une plante
Dont la tige s'allonge en la saison d'amour,
Monte au dessus des flots et brille aux yeux du jour.
Les males dans le fond jusqu'alors immobiles,
De leurs liens trop courts brisent les noeuds debiles,
Toguent vers leur amante, et libres dans leurs feux,
Lui forment sur le fleuve un cortege nombreux :
On diralt une fete ou le dieu d'hym6nee
Promene sur les flots sa pompe fortunSe ;
Mais les temps de Venus une fois accomplis,

La tige se retire en rapprochant ses plis,

Et va murir sous 1'eau sa sentence feconde." —

ORDER CV. ORCHIDACEAE.

Perennial herbs ; roots often bulb- or tuber-bearing, — sometimes fascicled, thick-
ened and fleshy ; stems or scapes mostly simple, often leafless or with mere sheaths ;
leaves alternate, parallel-nerved, entire, sheathing at base, often subradical and
crowded ; flowers perfect, irregular ; perianth adherent below to the ovary, — the
lorder of 6 divisions, in 2 sets ; the 3 outer (sepals) of the same petal-like appear-
jmce as the 3 inner (petals),— of which inner set, the upper, or posterior one— hut,
by the twisting of the ovary, or peduncle, generally appearing to be the lower, or
anterior one— differs more or less in shape or direction from the others, is often
spurred or appendaged, and is called the Up ; stamens normally 3, with but 1, or
rarely 2, perfect, gynandrous (i. e. adherent to the style, and forming together the
central column); potten either in waxy masses, or in loose granular, or mealy
clusters (pollinid) ; ovary 1-celled, with 3 parietal placentae ; fruit a £valved cap-
sule ; seeds numerous, minute, resembling fine saw-dust, destitute of albumen.

An Order comprising many curious and beautiful plants, — the flowers often pre-
senting the most fantastic forms. The fragrant Vanilla, of the shops, is the fleshy
fruit of one or two West India species (Vanilla aromatica, and V. claviculata, of

gWARTZ).

DIVISION I. Anther single (the 2 lateral ones abortive).

TRIBE I. MALAXID'EAE.

Polkn cohering in definite (usually 4) waxy masses (pottinia'), without any caudi-
cle, or tail-like prolongation.

21. Plants with leaves, and green ; sepals spreading;

416. MICROS'TYMS, Nuttall.

[Gr. micros, little, and stylos, a column ; from its slender central column.]

Petals linear, filiform. Lip auriculate or hastate at base, not tuber-
culate. Column very email, terete, with 2 teeth, or auricles, at

308 ENDOGENOUS PLANTS

summit. Pollinia 4, collateral, cohering by pairs at apex. Bulb
solid ; scape bearing 1 or 2 leaves ; flowers in a terminal raceme,
greenish.

1. M. OphlogloSSOides, Nutt. Leaf solitary near the middle
of the scape, ovate, clasping ; raceme short ; pedicels longer than
the flowers.
OPHIOGLOSSUM-LIKE MICROSTYLIS.

Plant yellowish-green. Scape 3 or 4 to 9 inches high, angular, smooth, sheath-
ed at hase. Leaf 1 to 2% inches long, mostly rather acute. Raczme 1 to 2 inches
in length, ohlong, obtuse, — many of the flowers abortive ; pedicds % to % an
inch long, rather crowded at the summit ; bracts small, lance-ovate. Lip of the
flower erect, obtusely auricled at base, 3-toothed at summit. Capsule about % of
an inch long, obovoid-oblong, on a slightly clavate angular pedicel.
Hob. Moist low grounds, and thickets : not very common. Fl. July. Fr. Oct.

417. MP'ARIS, Richard.

[Gr. Liparos, fat, or shining ; from the unctuous shining leaves.]
Petals sub-linear, narrow. Lip dilated, often bearing 2 tubercles
above the base. Column elongated, incurved, margined. Pollinia
4, collateral. Bulb solid ; leaves 2, radical, opposite ; scape naked ;
flowers racemose, purplish, or yellowish-green.

1. L. liliif'jliil, Rich. Leaves elliptic-ovate, shorter than the
scape; lip cuneate-obovate, abruptly acuminate, brownish-purple.
LILY-LEAVED LIPARIS. Tway-blade.

Leaves 2 to 6 inches long, spreading. Scape 3 to 6 inches high, angular, the
angles often margined. Flowers rather large, in a loose oblong terminal raceme ;
lip as long as the straw-colored perianth-lobes. Capside oblong, angular, about
% of an inch in length.
Ifdb. Moist woodlands : frequent. Fl. June. Fr. Sept.

*!. Ij, I^tJeseli i. Rich. Leaves lance-oblong, as long as the scape ;
lip oblong, rnucronate and incurved at apex, yellowish-green.
L. Correana. Spreng. $FL Cestr. ed. 2. p. 512.

LCESELIUS'S LlPARIS.

Leaves 3 to 6 inches long, rather erect. Scape 3 to 6 inches high, sulcate-angled,
with the angles often margined. Flowers rather small, erect, or almost appressed,
ia a terminal raceme; lip shorter than the perianth-lobes. Capsule elliptic-ob-
long, erect, about % an inch in length.
Jfab. Moist meadows ; East Goshen : rare. Fl. June. Fr. Sept.

§ 2. Plants leafless, or with a single radical leaf, purplish-tawny; sepals and petals
nearly alike, connivent and somewhat ringent.

418. CORALJLORHrZA, Hatter.

[Gr. Korallion, coral, and Rhiza, root; from its coral-like roots.]
Lip recurved-spreading, 2-ridged, more or less produced at base
into a spur-like protuberance which is adnate to the summit of the
ovary. Anther terminal, opening transversely, 2-lipped ; pollinia
4, obliquely incumbent. Rhizoma branching and coral-like ; scape
with sheaths instead of leaves ; flowers racemose, small, brownish
and white, with purple spots.

G

OBCHIDACEAE 309

1. C. mil It iflttra, Nutt. Raceme many-flowered; lip cuneate-
oval, 3-lobed ; spur rather manifest ; capsule elliptic-oblong.
MANY-FLOWERED CORALLORHIZA. Large Coral-root.

Scape 9 to 15 inches high, stoutish ; flowers 15 to 30 in a terminal raceme, rather
largo; bracts small, often broad and very obtuse; perianth-lobes purplish-brown;
lip whitish, tinged with purple, and spotted; spur tawny. Capsule often obovoid,
% of an inch long, smooth, refiexed.
Hob. Rich woods, about roots of trees : frequent. Fl. July, Fr> Oct.

2. C. ill 11 ill a, R. Br. Raceme few-flowered; lip oblong, 2-
toothed near the base ; spur obsolete ; capsule obovoid-oblong.

C. verna. Nutt. $ FL Cestr. ed. 2. p. 510.
INNATE CORALLORHIZA. Early Coral-root.

Scape 6 to 12 inches high ; flowers 5 to 10, rather small, and distant; bracts very
small, acute ; Up nearly white, mostly without spots, but with a small incised
tooth on each margin near the base.
Hob. Rich, moist woodlands: not very common. Fl. Mayi Fr.

3. C, odo 11 torli iza, Nutt, Raceme several-flowered ; lip oval,
or obovate, crenulate ; capsule roundish-oval, or globose.
TOOTH-ROOTED CORALLORHIZA. Small late Coral-root.

Scape 4 to 8 or 10 inches high, slender; flowers 10 to 15, small, somewhat pen-
dulous; bracts subulate; lip dilated, obtuse, white, spotted with purple; spur ob-
solete. Capsule small, nodding on a short pedicel.
Hob. Woodlands, about roots of trees: frequent. Fl. Aug. Fr.Oct

Obs. There is much general resemblance in the aspect of these
three species.

419. APL-EC'TRtntl, Nuttall.
[Qr. a, privative, Plektron, a spur, the lip not being spurred.]
Lip 3-ridged, with a short claw, and no trace of a spur at base. —
Anther subterminal (i. e. slightly below the apex of the column) ;
pollinia 4, oblique. Rhizoma a globular solid bulb, or corm, con^
nected with an exhausted one ; scape sheathed, with a solitary leaf
inserted on the bulb ; flowers racemose, dingy purplish-brown.

1. A, liyeili iUe, Nutt. Leaf elliptic, acute at each end, petiolate,
green, sub-plicate, striate with many white nerves.
WINTER APLECTRUM. Adam and Eve. Putty-root.

Bulbs half an inch to an inch, or more, in diameter, generally in pairs (some-
times 4 or 5,) connected by a coarse fleshy horizontal fibre. Leaf 3 to 6 inches
long,— the white nerves converging at each end ; petiole 2 to 3 inches in length,
inserted on the bulb a little distant from the scape. Scape 9 to 15 inches high,
purplish-brown, with about 3 loose striate sheaths,— the lowest one proceeding from
the bulb. Flowers subsessile in a terminal bracteate raceme; bracts linear-lance-
olate, small. Capsule ovoid-oblong, smooth, rather large.
Hob. Rich woodlands : not very common. FL May. Fr. Oct.

Obs. The arid silvery-nerved leaf lives through the winter, — and
serves, at all times, to distinguish the plant, at a glance, from the
Corallorhizas — to which, in its scape and inflorescence, it has much
resemblance.

TRIBE 2. OPHRYD'EAE.

LW.cn of numerous waxy granitles, cohering by a cobweb-like tissue, and collect-

310 ENDOGENOUS PLANTS

ed into 2 masses, which are affixed by slender caudides, or tails, to the glands of
the stigma. Flowers more or less ringent; lip with a spur at the base underneath.

420. OR CIIIS, L.

[An ancient Greek name of the plant.]

Sepals and petals nearly equal, — 4 of them converging upwards, and
arching over the column. Lip anterior, adnate to the base of the
column, spurred below. Anther-cells vertical, contiguous and par-
allel ; pollinia 2 (1 filling each anther-cell), attached by the caudides
to the 2 glands of the stigma, — which glands are contained in a little
pouch, or hooded fold. Roots fascicled and fleshy ; leaves radical,
usually a single pair ; flowers pale pink-purple, in a bracteate spiket
on a 5-angled scape.

1. O. spectabilis, L. Leaves, oblong, or roundish-obovate,
petiolate, glabrous, bluish-green ; spur clavate, obtuse, shorter than
the ovary.
SHOWY ORCHIS. Priest in the Pulpit.

Leaves 3 to 5 inches long, somewhat fleshy ; petioles short, embraced by 1 or 2
sheaths. Scape 4 to 6 or 8 inches high ; flowers few (4 to 6 or 8) ; bracts large and
foliaceous, oblong-lanceolate,. Capsules elliptic, acuminate.
Hj,b. Rich woodlands } frequent. Fl.M&y. Fr. August.

Obs. This beautiful Genus is referred to, in the following lines of
the Botanic Garden : —

" With blushes bright as morn fair ORCHIS charms,
And lulls her infant in her fondling arms ;
Soft plays Affection round her bosom's throne,
And guards his life, forgetful of her own."

421. GYlJItf ADEOTA, R. Br.

[Gr. Gymnos, naked, and Aden, a gland ; descriptive of the plant.]
flowers nearly as in Orchis : Anther-cells parallel, — but the ap-
proximate glands of the stigma are naked (i. e. not contained in a
pouch, or fold). Roots fascicled, — the fibres few and fleshy; stem
slender, with 3 or 4 bract-like leaves above, and a single larger one
at base.

1. G. 4i'idciitsita, Ldndley, Principal leaf oblanceolate ; lip
cuneate-oblong, 3-toothed at apex; spur longer than the ovary j
flowers yellowish-green.

Habenaria tridentata. Hooker, $ Fl. Cestr. ed. 2. p. 507.
THREE-TOOTHED GYMNADENIA.

Stem 6 to 12 inches high, angular. Lower leaf 3 to 5 inches long, rather acute;
upper leaves much smaller and bract-like. Flowers small, 6 to 12 or 15, in an ob-
long terminal rather compact spike, 1 to 2 inches in length ; bracts ovate-lance-
olate, about half as long as the ovary. Capsule % of an inch in length, ovoid-ob-
long, with a short acumination.
Hob. Moist thickets ; on the slaty hills : not very common. Fl. July. Fr. Sept.

422. PI,ATA]¥THEVRA? Richard.
[Gr. Platys, wide, and aner, for anther; descriptive of the organ.]
Flowers nearly as in Orchis, — but the anther-cells diverging at base,
and the 2 naked glands of the stigma widely separated. Roots fascicled
and fleshy j flowers on a scape (with bract-like leaves), or leafy
stem.

OECHIDACBAE , 311

g 1. Flowers in a loose raceme, on a scape 2-Uaved at bate.

1. I*, orhiciilatil, Lindley. Leaves roundish-oval, large, flat
on the ground ; lip entire; spur twice as long as the ovary; flowers
greenish-white.

ORBICULAR PLATANTHERA.

Leaves 4 to 6 inches long, and 3 to 5 inches wide, fleshy, smooth, bluish-green ,
subsessile. Scape 9 to 18 inches high, somewhat angular, bearing about 3 small
bracMike leaves. Flowers numerous, in a terminal bracteate raceme 4 to 6 inches
in length : bracts lanceolate, nearly as long as the pedicel and ovary ; ovary
oblong, angular, spirally twisted.
Hob. Moist woodlands : rare. FL June. Fr.

\ 2. Flowers in a terminal spike, on a leafy stem.
fLip entire, or merely toothed; bracts mostly longer than the flowers.

2. I*. toi'JictesYta, Torrey. Lower leaves obovate, — upper ones
oblong, and lanceolate ; lip 2- or 3-toothed at apex ; spur short,
saccate and somewhat 2-lobed.

Habenaria bracteata. R< Br. $ FL Oestr. ed. 2, p. 506.
BRACTEATE PLATANTHERA.

Stem 6 to 9 inches high. Leaves about 3 in number, 1% to near 3 inches in
length. Spike 2 to 3 inches long ; bracts Itnear-lanceolate, — the lower ones about
twice as long as the flowers, the upper scarcely longer; flowers pale green, small.
Hob. Great Valley ; near Brooke's Mill : rare. FL May. Fr.

3. P. HitVcl, A. Gray. Leaves lance-oblong, and linear-lance-
olate ; lip with a tooth on each side at base, and one on the palate ;
spur slender, clavate.

Habenaria herbiola. 5. Br. $ Fl. Oestr. ed. 2. p. 506.
YELLOW PLATANTHERA.

Stem 12 to 18 inches high, somewhat angular and flexuose. Leaves about 3 in
number, 3 to 6 inches in length. Spike 3 to 6 or 8 inches long; bracts lanceolate,
acuminate, — the lower ones 2 or 3 times as long as the flowers, the upper one^
scarcely as long ; flowers rather small, greenish-yellow.
Bab. Moist, or swampy thicket*: frequent. Fl. June. Fr. Sept<

ft Lip fringed, but not lobed ; bracts shorter than the flowers.

4. P. Cillaris, Lindley. Leaves obi ong- lanceolate ; spike ob-
long, rather dense ; lip lanoe-oblong, pinnatifidly lacerate-ciliate ;
spur filiform, longer than the ovary.

Habenaria ciliaris. JR. Br. $ Fl. Cestr. ed. 2. p. 507.
CILIATE PLATANTHERA.

Stem 1 to 2 feet high angular. Leaves several, 3 to 6 inches long, — usually 2 or
3 larger ones below, and some smaller bract-like ones above. Spike 2 to 4 inches
long; bracts lanceolate, shorter than the ovary; flowers rather large, bright
orange-yellow.
ffab. Swamps, among the slaty hills : not common. Fl. July. Fr. Sept.

Obs. This handsome species is well worthy of a place in the
flower-garden, for the sake of its showy spikes.

312 ENDOGENOUS PLANTS

f f f Lip deeply 3-parted,—the lobes more or less fringed.
* Flowers pale greenish-wJiite.

5. P. lucera, A. Gray. Leaves spatulate-oblanceolate, and
lance-oblong ; spike rather slender and loose ; lobes of the lip nar-
row, deeply and lacerately fringed.

Habenaria psycodes. Sprengel. $ Fl. Cestr. ed. 2. p. 509.
RAGGED PLATANTHERA.

Stem 18 inches to 2 feet high, angular. Leaves about 3 principal ones, and a few
smaller bract-like ones above,— the larger ones 3 to 6 or 8 inches long, the smaller
ones 1 to 2 inches in length. Spike 3 to 6 inches long ; bracts lanceolate, about as
long as the ovary ; flowers medium size.
Hob. Moist woods, and thickets : not very common. FL June. Fr.

Obs. There has been sad confusion in the synonymy of this, and
the following species, ever since the days of LINNAEUS ; of which,
see an interesting and lucid exposition, by Prof. A. GRAY, in
SILLIMAN'S Journal, Vol. 38. p. 306.

* * Flowers purple ; lobes of the lip broadly cuneate.

6. P. psyctkles, A. Gray. Leaves oblong, and lanceolate;
spike long, cylindrical, and densely flowered ; petals cuneate-ob-
ovate, dentate above ; lobes of the lip with a rather short fringe, or
sometimes merely bifid and dentate.

Habenaria fimbriata, R. Br. $ FL Cestr. ed. 2. p. 508.
Also ? H. fissa. Fl. Cestr. I. c. not of R. Br.

Stem 2 to 3 feet high, rather stout, angular, fistular. Leaves 3 to 6 inches long,
nerved, sessile and sheathing,— usually 3 or 4 large ones below, and several small
lance-linear bract-like ones above. Spike 4 to 6 inches long, compact, an inch to
an inch and a half in diameter ; flowers medium size, bright-purple.
Hob. Along swampy rivulets : not very common. Fl. July. Fr.

Obs. This beautiful species — so long known as the Orchis fimbriata,
of LINNAEUS — appears really to have been his 0. psycodes.

71. P. fimbriata, Lindley. Leaves oval, and lance oblong ;
spike oblong, rather loosely flowered ; petals oblong, fringe- toothed
down the sides ; lobes of the lip with a deep capillary fringe.
Habenaria grandiflora. Torr. $ FL Cestr. ed. 2. p. 509.
FRINGED PLATANTHERA.

Stem about 2 feet high, rather stout, angular and fistular. Leaves 3 to 6 inches
long, broader than the preceding, sessile and sheathing, — usually 4 larger ones
below, and 2 or 3 small ones above* Spike 3 to 5 or 6 inches long, rather open, or
loose, 2 to 2% inches in diameter ; flowers large, pale purple.
Hob. Along rivulets, on the slaty hills : rare. Fl. June. Fr.

Obs. A superb plant, — nearly allied to the preceding ; and both,
well entitled to a place in flower-gardens.

TRIBE 3. ARETHITSEAE.

Pollen pulverulent, of angular loosely cohering granules, forming 4 or 2 maflBcs
(poUinia) ; anther terminal, opening like a lid.

ORCHIDACEAB 313

fPollinia 4.
423. ARETIIITSA, Gronoviut.

[Poetically named from Arethusa, a nymph of Diana.]

flowers somewhat ringent, — the sepals and petals nearly alike,
united below, ascending and arching, over the column. Lip dilated,
recurved-spreading towards the summit, bearded inside. Column
adherent to the lip below, dilated and petal-like at apex. Anther
of 2 approximate cells; pollinia 2 in each cell. Root fibrous, bear-
ing a scape with a solid globose bulb at base, and a single large pur-
ple flower at summit ; leaves mostly none, but mere loose sheaths.

1. A. Inill> »s;i. L. Upper sheath of the scape sometimes pro-
ducing a spatulate-linear leaf.
BULBOUS AEETHUSA.

Scape. 3 or 4 to 9 inches high, striate, bearing 3 or 4 loosely sheathing scales, — a
leaf sometimes protruding from the upper sheath. Flower mostly solitary, an
inch or more in length, with 2 unequal bracts at base.
Hob. Sphagnous swamps ; Great Valley : rare. Fl. May. Fr.

Obs. This little Beauty is very rare, with us ; but quite abundant
in New Jersey, — especially at Quaker Bridge,
ft Pollinia 2.

424. POGCraiA, Jussieu.

[Gr. Pogon, a beard ; from the bearded lip of the original species.]
Sepals and petals distinct. Lip beard-crested, or 3-lobed and not
bearded. Column free, elongated, clavate, not winged. Anther
stipitate ; pollinia 1 in each cell. Root fibrous, or sometimes tuber-
iferous ; scape, or stem, 1- to 5-leaved ; flowers pale purple, or
dingy greenish-brown.

f Sepals and petals nearly equal and alike — -pale purple, or pink.

1. P. OplliOglO§§Oides, Nultall. Root coarsely fibrous; scape
1 -flowered, with a lance-ovate leaf near the middle, and a bract
near the flower ; lip crested and fringed.
OPHIOGLOSSUM-LIKE POGONIA.

Scape 9 to 15 inches high, slender. Leaf 1 to 4 inches long,— sometimes, though
rarely, a solitary oblanceolate leaf, 3 or 4 inches in length, at the base of the
Bcape. Flower mostly solitary, rather large, pale purple, or pink. Capsule elliptic-
oblong.
Hab. Swamps, among the slaty hills : not very common. Fl. June. Fr. Aug.

2. I", pendula, Lindley. Root bearing oblong tubers ; stem
mostly with 3 or 4 alternate ovate clasping leaves, and as many
axillary pedunculate nodding flowers ; lip not crested, 3-lobed.
Triphora pendula. Nutt. $ FL Cestr. ed. 2. p. 504.
PENDULOUS POGONIA.

Tubers succulent, cylindric-oblong, often an inch In length, <$fem 3 to 6 inches
high, simple (frequently growing in clusters), slightly angled by the decurrent
leaves, fleshy, generally purplish. Leaves 3 to 5 or 7 in number, and % to % of an
inch in length. Flowers few (1 to 3 or 4), generally pale violetrpurple, with tinges
of green— rarely milk-white ; lip spatulate, a little rough, but not crested; pedun-
•k* 1/3 to K an inch loni- Odumn spatulate. Captule obo void-oblong, acuminate-
Hab. Rich, rocky woodlands : frequent. Fl. Aug. Fr. Octo.

314 ENDOGENOUS PLANTS

f f Sepals greenish-brown, much longer than thepetals, and unlike them.

3. P. verticill&ta, Nuttall Root of fleshy fibres ; scape with
a verticil (mostly of 5) obovate-oblong sessile leaves at summit, 1-
flowered ; sepals sublinear, tapering to a point ; lip short, 3-lobed.
VERTICILLATE POGONIA.

Scape. 9 to 15 inches high, terete, succulent, often of a dingy purple color and
somewhat glaucous. Leaves alternate, but crowded into a verticil, 2 to 3 inches
long, acute at each end, often with a short abrupt acumination. Flower mostly
solitary, terminal, somewhat nodding (many scapes bear no flower) ; sepals 1 to 2J^J
inches in length, the margins involute toward the apex; petals oblanceolate,
obtuse ; Up papillosely crested along the middle. Gapsuk elliptic-oblong, erect, 1
to 1% inches in length.
Hob. Moist woodlands: frequent. Fl. May. Fr. July.

Obs. The whorled leaves resemble those of Medeola. JOHN BART-
HAM, in 1760, speaks of it as so like that plant, that he hardly
knew the difference ; yet there is no affinity whatever, in the flower
and fruit. The long attenuated sepals remind one of the beards of
a cat-fish.

425. CAt,0PONGOJV, R. Brown.

[Gr. Kalos, beautiful, and Pogon, beard; alluding to the bearded lip.]

Sepals and petals distinct, spreading, nearly alike. Lip (the peduncle
being not twisted) on the upper side of the flower ! erect, unguiculate,
bearded in front. Column free, declined, winged at summit. —
Anther sessile ; pollinia 1 in each cell. Scape from a solid bulb,
with a single sub-radical leaf, and a spike of red fragrant flowers.

1. C. piilcliellus, R. Br. Leaf ensiform, or linear-lanceolate,
striate-nerved ; flowers bracteate, in a flexuose spike.
HANDSOME CALOPOGON.

Scape 12 to 18 inches high. Leaf 6 to 9 inches long. Flowers 4 to 8 or 10 ;
bracts ovate-lanceolate, shorter than the ovary. Lip bearded [conspicuously with
whitish and orange-colored clavate hairs.
Hob. Swamps, among the slaty hills : not very common. Fl. June. Fr. Aug.

Obs. This is a very elegant, as well as fragrant plant, when in
flower.

TRIBE 4. NEOTTIE^AE.

Poll-en as in the preceding tribe ; pollinia % affixed to a common gland; anther erect,
parallel with the column.

426. SPIRAW'THES, Richard.

[Gr. Speira, & twisted cord, and anthos, a flower ; the flowers being spirally arranged.]
Flowers somewhat ringent; lateral sepals oblique at base, and nearly
under or opposite the lip, — the upper one adhering to the petals — all
rather erect. Lip oblong, concave, embracing the column below,
with 2 callous processes near the base. Column arching; stigma
ovate, with a short-pointed and finally 2-cleft beak. Anther dorsal ;
pollinia clavate. Root fasciculate, fleshy ; scape naked, or leafy at
base; flowers white, in a spirally twisted spike, or obliquely re-
curved.

OECHIDACEAB 315

t Scape merely bracteatc ; leaves (if any) radical, and soon disappearing.

1. S. gracilis, Bigelow. Leaves, when present, elliptic-lanceolate,
petiolate; spike slender, smoothish; flowers unilateral, spirally
twisted.

S. tortilis. Rich? Fl. Cestr. ed. Z.p.bQl. and var. gracilis. Ibid. I.e.
SLENDER SPIRANTHES. Ladies' Tresses.

Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, thinnish. Scape 9 to 15 inches high, slim, sheathed with
acuminate scales. Spike 2 to 4 inches in length; flowers small ; bracts elliptic, or
ovate-oblong, acuminate. Capsule smooth.

Hah. Moist grounds ; meadows, &c. : frequent. Fl. July. Fr. Sept.
f f Scape leafy near the base.

2. S. cerima. Rich. Leaves linear-lanceolate, elongated, sessile ;
spike dense, pubescent ; flowers not unilateral, obliquely cernuous.
NODDING SPIRANTHES.

Leaves 3 to 10 or 12 inches long, somewhat fleshy. Scape 6 to 15 inches high,
stouter than the preceding, bearing loosely sheathing scofcs, or sometimes leafy. —
Spike 2 to 6 inches long ; flowers rather large, crowded ; bracts lance-ovate. Cap-
sule pubescent.
Hob. Moist thickets, and low grounds : frequent. Fl. Aug. Fr. Octo.

Obs. The flowers vary from greenish-white to ochroleucous.
427. GOODYE'RA, R. Brown.

[Dedicated to John Goodyer ; an English Botanist.J

Lateral sepals not oblique at base. Lip saccate at base, without
callous processes, — the apex acuminate and channelled. Column
straight. Pollinia of angular grains loosely cohering by a web. —
Rhizoma somewhat creeping ; leaves radical ; scape bracteate ; flowers
spiked, greenish-white.

1. G. pub&scens, R. Br. Leaves spatulate-ovate, petiolate,
reticulated with broad bluish- white veins; spike crowded, glandular-
pubescent.
PUBESCENT GOODYERA. Rattle-snake Plantain.

Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, acute, mostly 5-nerved, — the upper surface dark green,
whitish along the midrib and nerves, tapering at base to a flat petiole about an
inch in length. Scape 6 to 12 inches high, terete, pubescent; spike 2 to 4 inches
long ; bracts ovate-lanceolate, pubescent and ciliate, a little longer than the ovaries ;
flowers small.
Hob. Woodlands, and shady thickets : frequent. F 1. July. Fr. Sept.

DIVISION II. Anthers 2 (the middle or front one abortive).

TRIBE 5. CYPRIPEDIEVAE.

Pollen pulpy-granular; abortive anther dilated and petal-like.

428. CYPRIPEWUM, L.

[Gr. Kypris, Venus, and Podion, a sock, or slipper; in allusion to the lip.]
Sepals spreading, the 2 anterior ones mostly united. Petals similar
but usually narrower. Lip a large inflated sac, somewhat mocasln-
shaped. Column short, 3-lobed, — the lateral lobes each bearing a
2-celled anther beneath, — the middle one (abortive anther) dilated,
thickish, incurved. Root of many matted fibres; leaves many-

316

ENDOGENOUS PLANTS

nerved and somewhat plicate ; flowers few, or solitary, large and
showy.

1. C. pubescens, Willd. Stem leafy, 1- to 3-flowered ; sepals
and petals longer than the lip, stained with purplish-brown; lip
pale yellow, convex and gibbous above ; abortive anther triangular.
PUBESCENT CYPRIPEDIUM. Noah's Ark. Mocasin-flower.

Stem. 1 to 2 feet high, simple, often flexuose, pubescent. Leaves 3 to 6 inches
long, alternate, elliptic-lanceolate, acuminate, pubescent, sessile and sheathing. —
Flower mostly solitary and terminal, with a foliaceous bract at base ; petals wary
and curled ; lip an inch to an inch and a half long, inflated and saccate. Capsule
oblong, tapering at each end.
Hob. Rich, moist woodlands : formerly frequent. Fl. May. Fr. Aug.

2. C. acaiile, Alton. Scape naked, 1-flowered, 2-leaved at base ;
sepals and petals shorter than the lip, greenish, stained and spotted ;
lip purple, drooping, obovoid, with a fissure in front; abortive
anther rhomboid, acuminate.

STEMLESS CYPRIPEDIUM. Lady's Slipper.

Leaves 3 to 6 inches long, opposite, oval, mostly acute, at first rather erect,
finally spreading. Scape 6 to 12 inches high ; flower solitary and terminal, with a
foliaceous ovate-lanceolate bract at base. Lip \}/2 to 2 inches long. Capsule ellip-
tic-oblong, an inch and half in length.
Hob. Woods ; North Valley hills : not common. FL May. Fr. Aug.

Obs. Both these remarkable plants are beginning to be rather
scarce, in this region.

ORDER CVL AMARYLLIDACEAE.

Herbs, — with roots chiefly bulbous, and scape-bearing; leaves radical, flat and
linear ; flowers perfect, with a regular 6-parted perianth, not scurfy, nor woolly,—
the tube adherent to the ovary ; stamens 6 ; anthers introrse ; style single ; stigmas
3 ; fruit a 3-celled loculicidal capsule ; seeds numerous ; embryo straight, in the
axis of fleshy albumen*

This order comprises some curious, and beautifully flowering plants. The famous
Pulque, an intoxicating drink of the Mexicans, is the fermented juice of a species
of Agave.

429. HYPOXVIS, L.

[Gr. Hypo, beneath, and oxys, sharp; the capsule being pointed at base.]
Perianth persistent, spreading, — the 3 outer lobes green externally.
Capsule crowned with the withered perianth-lobes, not opening by
valves. Seeds globular, laterally beaked. Stemless hairy perennials,
with grass-like leaves, and yellow Jtowers.

1. H. Crecta, L* Leaves longer than the umbellately 3- or 4-

fiowered scape.

ERECT HYPOXIS. Star of Bethlehem.

Soot a solid bulb, with many coarse fibres. Leaves 9 to 15 inches long, keeled,
tapering to a subulate point. Scape 4 to 10 inches high, slender; pedicels % au
inch to an inch in length, silky-villous, with subulate bracts at base.
Hob. Open, grassy woodlands : common. FL May. Fr.

Obs. I think this plant rarely perfects its fruit. Common as it
is, — and familiar as I have been with it, for more than half a
century, — I have never observed a full-grown capsule.

HAEMODORACEAE 317

ORDER CVII. HAEMODORACEAE.

Herbs,— withflbrous-roots ; leaves sometimes lanceolate and stellate, often ensiform,
distichous and equitant; flowers perfect and regular, scurfy, or woolly, outside,—
the tube of the 5-lobed perianth either adherent to the lower part, only, or to th«
whole surface, of the ovary ; stamens 6, or 3 ; anthers introrse; stigmas 3 ; fruit a
3-celled loculicidal 3- or many-seeded capsule, crowned or inclosed by the wither-
ing persistent peri a nth; embryo straight, in hard or fleshy albumen.

430. ALETTRIS, L.

[Or. Aleiar, meal ; the flowers having a rough mealy appearance.]
Perianth tubular, rough externally with scurfy points, — the tube
adherent to the base, only, of the ovary. Stamens 6, included,
inserted at the base of the lobes. Style subulate, finally 3-parted.
Stemless smooth perennials: leaves radical, stellately spreading;
scape simple, tall ; flowers racemose, white, or yellowish.

1. A. r;irinv»sa, L. Leaves linear-lanceolate, acuminate, thin

and arid ; perianth whitish, ovoid-oblong, rugose-muricate and

mealy-looking.

MEALY ALETRIS. Star-grass. Colic-root.

Leaves 3 to 6 inches long, pale yellowish-green. Sczpe 2 to 3 feet high, with a
few small remote bract-like leaves; raceme 6 to 12 inches long; pedicels very short,
with 1 or 2 subulate bracts at base. Capsule coated with the persistent perianth.
Hob. Open, moist, grassy woodlands : frequent. Fl. July. Fr. Septem.

ORDER CVIII. IRIDACEAE.

Herbs, — with creeping rhizomas, or merely fibrous roots ; leaves distichous and
equitant, ensiform, or grass-like; flowers perfect, regular (or sometimes irregular),
with spathe-like bracts, — the tube of the corolla-like perianth adherent to the
ocary ; stamens 3, distinct, or monadelphous ; anthers extrorse ; style single; stigmas
; fruit a 3-celled loculicidal many-seeded capsule ; embryo straight, in fleshy albu-
tnen. The Orris-root, and Saffron, of the shops, are afforded by plants of this
order, — the former (i. e. Orris or Iris root), being the rhizoma of Iris florentina,
WiUd. and the latter the dried orange-colored stigmas of Crocus sativus, L.

431. THIS, L.

[The varied hues of its flowers resembling those of the 7m, or rainbow.]
Perianth with the 3 outer lobes reflexed, and often bearded at base, —
the 3 inner ones smaller and erect. Stamens distinct, inserted on the
base of the outer perianth-lobes. Stigmas dilated and petal-like,
arched over the stamens. Capsule coriaceous, 3- to 6-angled; seeds
flat, margined. Perennials : rhizoma, often large and fleshy ; leaves
mostly ensiform ; flowers racemose, large, purplish-blue and varie-
gated,— the Chester County species on leafy stems, and not bearded.

I.I. versiCOlor, L. Stem rather stout, angled on one side ;
leaves ensiform ; ovary obtusely 3-angled, with flat sides ; capsule
oblong, turgid.
COLOR-CHANGING IRIS. Wild Flag.

Stem 2 to 3 feet high, rather taller than the leaves. Flowers 2 to 6 in a ter-
minal raceme ; lobes spatulate, — the outer ones variegated with yellow at base,
inner ones paler.
Hub. Margins of ponds, and miry places : frequeni. Fl. June. Fr.

318 ENDOGENOUS PLANTS

2» I. Virginica, L. Stem slender, terete; leaves narrowly
lance-linear; ovary with the sides 2-grooved; capsule acute at
both ends.
VIRGINIAN IRIS. Slender blue Flag.

Stem 1 to 2 feet high, marked with a prominent line on opposite sides, but not
ancipital. Leaves usually overtopping the stem. Flowers 3 to 6 or 8 in a ter-
minal raceme, smaller and more yellow than the preceding.
Hob. Wet meadows; along Brandy wine : rare. Fl. June. Fr.

Obs. Collected in 1838, by Mr. ALBERT TOWNSEND.
432. SISYRUV'CHIUM, L.

[Or. Sys, a hog, and Rhynchos, a snout; hogs being supposed fond of rooting it up.]
Perianth with the 6 deeply-parted lobes alike, and spreading. —
Stamens monadelphous. Stigmas involute-filiform, acute, alternat-
ing with the stamens. Capsule membranaceous, roundish-obovoid,
slightly trigonous ; seeds sub-globose. Grass-like perennials: roots
fibrous; stems slender, cespitose, winged or ancipital; leaves chiefly
radical ; flowers blue, small, in umbellate clusters of 3 to 6, from 2
spathe-like bracts.

1. S. Ilcrimidiana, L. Stem winged, nearly leafless, often
branched above ; bracts shorter than the peduncles.
S. anceps. Cavan. $ FL Cestr. ed. 2. p. 13.
BERMUDIAN SISYRINCHIUM. Blue-eyed Grass.

Stem 9 to 18 inches high, compressed, with a broad margin on each side, and a
sheathing leaf at the base of the branches. Leaves 3 to 12 inches long, linear,
ensifbrm, acute. Bracts nearly equal, lanceolate, 2- to 5-flowered.

Var. mucronatum, A. Gray. Stem ancipital, simple, leafless; bracts unequal,
colored, — the outer one cuspidate, longer than the peduncles.
S. mucronatum. MX. and Fl. Cestr. ed. 2. p. 12.
Hob. Low grounds ; meadows, and thickets : frequent. Fl. May, June. Fr. July .

Obs. The S. mucronatum of MX. which is every way more slender
and delicate than the other, is reduced to a var. by Prof. A. GRAY.

ORDER CIX. DIOSCOREA'CEAE.

Mostly Jierbs; rhizomas tuberous, or nodose; stems slender and twining; leaves
chiefly alternate, ribbed, netted-veined, petiolate, without stipules ; flowers dioi-
cous, regular; perianth 6-cleft: STAM. FL. with 6 stamens, inserted on the base of
the perianth-lobes ; anthers introrse : PISTILL. FL". with the perianth-tube adherent
to the 3-celled ovary; styles 3, distinct ; fruit a membranaceous 3-winged few-seeded
capsule— or sometimes baccate; seeds compressed and margined,— or subglobose ;
embryo in cartilaginous albumen.

433. DIOSCORITA, L.

[Dedicated to the ancient Greek Naturalist, Dioscorides.]
Generic character nearly that of the Order: Capsule 3-celled, loculi-
cidally 3-valved by splitting through the prominently winged angles.
Seeds 1 or 2 in each cell, flat and margined. Perennials: stem
volubile ; flowers pale green, in axillary panicles and racemes.

1. D. villdsa, L. Herbaceous; leaves cordate, acuminate, pubes-

DIOSCOBEACEAE 319

cent beneath, — the upper ones sometimes nearly opposite, or in

verticils of four.

VILLOUS DIOSCOREA. Wild Yam.

Stem 6 to 12 feet long, Blender, mostly simple, twining (W- S. E.), or clamber-
ing over bushes and fences. Leaves 2 to 4 inches long, 9- to IX-nerved ; petioles 1%
to 2^ inches in length. Capsules about % of an inch in length, and nearly as
wide as long,— the angles dilated into 3 broad compressed semi-oval wings, which
are greenish-tawny, with a narrow dark-brown margin. Seeds orbicular, with a
thin white shining membranaceous margin.
Hab. Thickets ; fence-rows, &c.: frequent. Fl. June. Fr. Octo.

Obs. I have observed, in the pistillate flowers, 6 abortive stamens,
or staminodia ; but do not know whether they are constant. The
fine tuberous rhizoma, known as the Yam, in tropical countries, is
afforded by a species of this genus (D. saliva, L.).

ORDER CX. SMILACEAE.

Herbs, or climbing shrubby plants ; leaves alternate, or verticillate, ribbed and netted-
reined, — sometimes with tendrils in place of stipules ; flowers regular, dioicous, or
perfect, — the perianth mostly 6-parted, free from the ovary ; stamens as many as
the perianlh-lobes ; anthers introrse; ovary 3- to 5-celled; styles or stigmas as
many, and distinct; fruit a few- or many-seeded berry; embryo minute, in hard
albumen.

SUBORDER I. TRUE SMILAX3EAE.

Chiefly shrubby; leaves alternate, cirrhose-stipulate ; flowers mostly dioicous,
axillary, — the perianth uniform ; stigmas subsessile ; seeds few.

434. SMIXAX, Tournef.
[The ancient Greek name; meaning obscure.]

Perianth of 6 nearly distinct deciduous sepals. Stamens as many ;
anthers linear, fixed by the base. Stigmas 3, thick and spreading.
Berry globular, bluish-black, 1- to 3-celled, 1- to 3-seeded; seeds
globose. Perennials: often evergreen and prickly; climbing by
tendrils on the petioles ; flowers greenish-yellow, in axillary pedun-
culate simple umbels.

§1. Stem shrubby and prickly; leaves thicldsh; ovules solitary.

1. S. rotundifdlia, L. Leaves roundish-ovate, with a short
acumination, subcordate at base, glaucous beneath.
ROUND-LEAVED SMILAX. Green-Brier. Rough Bind- weed.

Plant yellowish-green, smooth (as to [pubescence). Stem 10 to 20 or 30 feet long,
mostly terete, flexuose, somewhat branched, armed with straight sharp prickles.
Leaves 2 to 8 inches long ; petioles % to % of an inch in length, margined at base,
and with a simple filiform but strong tendril, on each side, at the summit of the
margin. Umbels globose, on peduncles scarcely longer than the petioles. Berries
with a glaucous bloom.

Far. Caduca, A. Gray. Stem somewhat angular, shorter and more slender,
seldom climbing ; leaves ovate, mucronate.
S. caduca. L. and Fl. Cettr. ed. 2. p. 506.
Hab. Thickets ; moist woods ; old fields : frequent. Fl. May, June. Fr. Octo.

Obs. Prof. GRAY has reduced the S. caduca, L. to a variety. It
is chiefly found in old fields ; while the other occurs in wet woods,

320 ENDOGENOUS PLANTS

and thickets, — where its rugged vines are often a great annoyance
to the wood-man.

£2. Stem herbaceous, not prickly ; leaves thin; ovules in pairs.

2. S. herb&cea, L. Leaves oblong-cordate and lance-ovate,
acuminate, pubescent beneath; flowers exceedingly fetid.
HERBACEOUS SMILAX. Carrion-flower.

Stem 2 to 4 or 6 feet long, erect, or leaning, often flaccid at summit and nodding,
mostly simple, angular, frequently purplish. Leaves 2 to 3 inches long; petioles
an inch or an inch and a half in length. Umbels globose, about an inch in diam-
eter, on peduncles 3 to 5 inches long.
Hib. Meadows; fence-rows, &c. : frequent. F Z.May. Fr. Sept.

Obs. This plant is easily identified by the abominable foetor of
its flowers, — which, however, is completely dissipated by drying.

SUBORDER II. TRILLIA^CEAE.

Herbs; leaves verticillate ; flowers perfect, terminal, — the perianth often of disshni-
lar and nearly distinct parts (sepals and petals); ovary 3-celled; styles manifest;
ovules several in each cell.

435. TRII/MUM, L.

[Latin, Trilix, triple; the parts of its structure being chiefly in threes.]
Sepals 3, lanceolate, spreading, green, persistent. Petals 3, larger,
white, or purple, withering. Anthers linear, adnate, on short fila-
ments. Styles subulate, recurved, stigmatic on the inner side. Berry
trigonous-ovoid, purple, 3-celled ; seeds obovoid, horizontal. Peren-
nials : rhizoma short; stem simple, with 3 leaves in a verticil at
summit ; flower solitary, terminal, rather large.

1. T. p ''llduluill, Muhl. Leaves broadly rhomboid, acuminate,,
subsessile; flower pedunculate, pendulous ; petals recurved, white.
T. cernuum. Ph. Bigel. A. Gray, &c. not? of L.
PENDULOUS TRILLIUM. Three-leaved Night-shade.

Stem 9 to 15 inches high. Leaves 3 to 5 inches long, and 2 to 4 inches wido. —
JWunde half an inch to an inch in length. Berry % an inch to near an inch la
diameter, fleshy, dark purple when mature.
Hob. Rich, moist, shaded grounds; thickets, &c.: frequent, Fl. May. Fr. Aug.

Obs. There seems still to be some confusion in the synonymy of
this plant, — in consequence of PURSH having mistaken it for the true
T. cernuum, of Linn, which is believed to be a Southern species,
first made known by CATESBT (T. Catesbaei, Ell. T. stylosum, Nutt.),
See Dr. BALDWIN'S note, in Florul. Cestr. p. 44.

436. ME»EVOL,A, Gronomu* j

[Named aftor Medea, the Sorceress ; from its supposed virtues.]
Sepals and petals nearly alike, lance-oblong, revolute, deciduous.—
Anthers linear-oblong, incumbent. Styles long, Jn^ar, recuyved-
diverging, stigmalic on the upper side, dark-purple, deciduous.
Berry globose, dark purple, 3-celled, few-seeded, lerennial: rhizoma.
oblong, fleshy, white ; stem simple, slender, loosely floccose-put
cent, with a verticil of 5 to 9 leaves near the middle, and another ot
3 at summit ; flowers pale greenish-yellow, subumbellate, nodding

SMILACEAE 321

1. 91. Virsiiiica, L. Leaves obovate-lanceolate, and ovate,
acuminate, sessile ; peduncles 3 to 6 or 8, terminal, nodding in
flower, erect in fruit.

Gyromia Virginica. Nutt. $ Fl. Cestr. ed. 2. p. 234.
VIRGINIAN MEDEOLA. Indian Cucumber. Cucumber-root.

Plant pale green. Rhizoma a horizontal oblong tuber, 1 to 2 inches long. Stem
1 to 2 feet high. Leaves of the lower verticil 3 or 4 inches long, — of the upper
one, 1 to 2 inches in length, and^often stained at base, when the plant is in fruit.
Hah. Shaded, moist grounds ; about springs : frequent. Fl. May. Fr. Sept.

Obs. The delicate white tuber has been thought to resemble the
cucumber, in taste ; and is reputed diuretic.

ORDER CXI. LILIACEAE.

Mostly herbs ; roots often bulb-bearing ; leaves sessile, or sheathing; flowers per-
fect, regular, — the perianth mostly with 6 (rarely 4) lobes, or petal-like, parts, free
from the ovary; stamens as many as the lobes, or parts, of the perianth; anthers
iutrorse, erect, or incumbent; styles united; stigmas 3, sometimes united; fruit a
o-cclled loculicidal capsule, or sometimes a berry ; seeds few, or several ; embryo in
fleshy albumen. A large and interesting Order, — some of the genera vying with,
the Rosaceae, in beauty.

TRIBE 1. ASPARAGE^AE.

Hoot fleshy and fascicled, or fibrous ; fruit a berry, 2- or 3-celled, and few-seeded.

f Stem branching ; leaves numerously fasciculate.

437. ASPAR'AGUS. L.

[The ancient Greek name.]

Perianth deeply 6-parted ; lobes linear-oblong, spreading at apex, —
with the filaments partly adnate to their base ; anthers peltate. —
Style short; stigmas 3. Berry globose, red when mature. Perennials:
unarmed, or aculeate ; rhizoma much branched and matted ; flowers
axillary, or lateral.

1. A. OFFICIN\LIS, L. Unarmed; bushy; leaves setaceous and flexi-
ble ; peduncles mostly in pairs.

OFFICINAL ASPARAGUS. Asparagus (corruptly, "Sparrow-grass").
Plant smooth ; stem, 3 to 6 feet high, the turions, or young shoots, at first simple,
stout and fleshy, with appregsed scales instead of leaves — finally much branched.
leaves unequal, % of ar inch to an inch, or more, in length, in fascicles of 3 to 10 or
1 2 (often 6). Peduncles about % an inch long, articulated above the middle, lateral
(not axillary), at the base of the alternate branches; flowers pale greenish yellow.
Hab. Gardens, Ac. Nat of Europe. Fl. June. Fr. Sept.

Obs. Generally cultivated, for the young Turions, — which afford
a favorite Vegetable dish, in the vernal season.

f f S*em simple ; leaves solitary, alternate.
438. POL,YG01¥AvTU9f , Tournef.

[Gr. Folyt, many, and i*mu, a knee; from its many-jointed rhizoma and stem.]
Perianth tubular, cylindrical, 6-lobed at summit. Stamens included.
Style slender; stigma capitate. Berry globose, bluish-black when

21

322 ENDOGENOUS PLANTS

mature ; cells 1- or 2-seeded. Perennials : rhizoma stout, creeping ;
stem leaning, or curved ; leaves somewhat clasping ; flowers axillary,
pendulous, greenish-white.

1. P. canaliculsktlim, Pursh. Leaves ovate-oblong, many-
nerved, smooth and green on both sides ; peduncles 2- to 6-flowered.
P. multifiorum. Desf. $ FL Cestr. ed. 2. p. 220.
CHANNELLED POLYGONATUM. Greater Solomon's Seal.

Rhizoma rather large, fleshy, horizontal, with the scars of former stems on its
upper side. Stem 2 to 4 feet high, somewhat angular and channelled. Leaves 3 to
5 inches long. Peduncles 1 to 2 inches long ; flowers often in pendulous fascicles ;
perianth about % of an inch long,— the lobes a little spreading, tipt with green.
Hob. Rich soils; along streams, fence-rows, &c. : frequent. FL June. Fr. Sept.

«J. p. pubescens, Pursh. Leaves lance-oblong, 3- to 5-nerved,
pubescent and glaucous beneath ; peduncles 1- or 2-flowered.
PUBESCENT POLYGONATUM. Smaller Solomon's Seal.

Plant every way smaller than the preceding. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, terete, or
grooved on one side. Leaves 2 to 3 inches long. Peduncles % an inch to near an
i nch long ; flowers often solitary, rarely more than 2 together.
ffdb. Woodlands, and rocky banks : frequent. FL May. Fr. Aug.

Obs. This is the plant referred to, in Fl. Cestrica, as a variety of
the preceding. Prof. A. GRAY regards it as specifically distinct. —
The scars left on the elongating rhizomas, by the old stems, have
been imagined to resemble the impressions of a Seal, — whence the
common name of these plants.

439. SMELACrJVA, Desfontaines.
[Diminutive of Smilax ; from a fancied resemblance to that genus.]
Perianth 6- or 4-parted, spreading, deciduous. Ovary 2- or 3-celled ;
style short and thick; stigma 2- or 3-lobed. Berry globular, 1- or
2-seeded, usually speckled with purple spots when mature. Peren-
nials : rhizoma thickish, creeping ; leaves nerved ; flowers in a ter-
minal compound, or simple raceme, yellowish, or white.

f Perianth-lobes and stamens 6 ; leaves several.

1. S. racemusa, Desf. Leaves oblong-oval, acuminate, sub-
sessile ; raceme compound, paniculate ; ovary 3-celled.
RACEMOSE SMILACINA. Wild Spikenard.

Stem 1 to 2 feet high, somewhat angular and flexuose, slightly pubescent
above. Leaves 4 to 6 inches long, contracted at base to a short margined petiole. —
Raceme 2 to 3 inches in length ; pedicels short; flowers yellowish.
JIab. Moist grounds ; ditch banks, &c. : frequent. FL May. Fr. Sept.

2. S. Stellata, Desf. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute, clasping ;
raceme simple, few-flowered ; ovary 2-celled.

STELLATE SMILACINA.

Stem 9 to 12 inches high, nearly terete, smooth. Leaves 3 to 5 inches long,
acuminately tapering toward the apex. Raceme 1 to 1% inches in length ; flowers
•white.
Uab. Meadows; along rivulets; Downingtown: rare. Fl. May. Fr.

IILIACEAE. 323

1 1 Perianth-lobes and stamens 4 ; leaves mostly 2.

3. S. bifulia, Ker. Stem low, with 2 (rarely 3) leaves near the
summit, which are cordate-oblong, acute and subsessile; raceme
simple, rather crowded.
TWO-LEAVED SMILACINA.

Stem 3 to 6 inches high. Leaves about 2 inches long. Raceme oblong, about an.
inch in length ; pedicels mostly in pairs, J^ of an inch long ; flowers white. Berry
small, globose, mucronate.
Hob. Shaded rivulets, on the slaty hills : rare. Fl. May. Fr. Aug.

TRIBE 2. ASPHODFLEAE.

Roots fascicled, or bulb-bearing; perianth-lobes more or less united below; fruit a
3-celled loculicidal capsule, mostly few-seeded.

f Roots fascicled; perianth-lobes united into a tube below.

44O. HEMEROCAI/MS, Z.

[Gr. Hemera, a day and Kallos, beauty ; the flower lasting but a day.]
Perianth funnel-form, — the short tube including the ovary, — the 6-
parted border spreading and lily-like, withering at the close of the
day. Stamens inserted in the throat ; filaments and style long and
slender, declined and ascending. Capsule trigonous, rather fleshy ;
seeds several, subglobose, black. Smooth showy perennials : leaves
radical, long, linear and keeled ; flowers large, somewhat corymbose,
on a leafy scape.

1. H. fulva, L. Perianth copper-colored or orange-tawny, — the
inner lobes obtuse, wavy on the margin.
TAWNY HEMEKOCALLIS. Day Lily.

Leaves about two feet long, and an inch wide, acute. Scape 3 to 4 feet high, corym-
bosely branched at summit, the branches bracteate at base. Perianth about 4
inches long, — the tube contracted, about an inch in length.
nab. About houses. Nat. of China. Fl. July. Fr. Sept.

Obs. This has strayed from gardens, and become naturalized in
many places. The H. flava, L. a yellow flowered species, of smaller
growth, is often seen in gardens.

ft Roots bulb-bearing; perianth-lobes sligMy united below.

441. ORWITHOG'AMJM, Tournef.
[Gr. Ornis, ornithos, a bird, and gala, milk ; an ancient whimsical name.]
Perianth-lobes almost distinct, partly colored (white), spreading,
several-nerved. Filaments dilated, subulate. Style triquetrous;
stigma obtuse. Capsule membranous, obtusely trigonous ; seeds few,
subglobose. Perennials? bulbs coated; leaves linear, channelled;
flowers racemose, or corymbose, on a naked scape.

1. 0. umbelldtum, L. Racemes corymbose; peduncles longer than
the bracts ; perianth-lobes white within, green outside, with white
margins ; filaments simple.
UMBELLATE ORNITHOGALUM. Ten o'clock.

Bulbs small, white. Leaves 6 to 12 inches long, numerous, very smooth. Scape
6 to 9 inches high, terete ; peduncles 1 to 2 inches long, alternate and rather corym-
bose than umbellate, each with a skinny acuminate bract at base.
Hob. Pastures, Ac. Nat. of Europe. Fl May. Fr. July.

324 ENDOGENOUS PLANTS

Obs. This foreigner has escaped from the gardens, in many
places, — and although it perfects but few seeds, it multiplies its
bulbs so rapidly, as to be a great annoyance to the tidy farmer.
The bulbs of this species are said to be much used for food, in the
Levant; and LINNAEUS imagined them to be the "Dove's Dung,"
which was sold so dear at the siege of Samaria, as mentioned in the
2nd book of Kings, Chap. VI. (See HOOKER & ABNOTT'S British
Flora). Some of our Agriculturists could furnish almost any quan-
tity,— and, I imagine, would gladly part with them, at a very low
price!

44*2. AI/UUM, L.

[The ancient Latin name of Garlic.]

Perianth-lobes entirely colored, 1 -nerved, becoming dry, more or
less persistent. Filaments subulate, dilated below, — the inner or
alternate ones sometimes with a slender cusp, or short tooth, on
each side. Style filiform ; stigma simple, or trifid. Capsule mem-
branaceous, trigonous, or somewhat 3-lobed ; seeds few, roundish,
black, rough-dotted. Perennials ? strong-scented ; scape and leaves
from a coated bulb ; leaves flat, or terete and fistular, distichously
arranged ; flowers in a dense terminal umbel, or head (sometimes the
flowers changed to bulblets), embraced by a membranaceous 1- or
2-valved spathe.

§ 1. Umbel often densely bidbJiearing, with or without flowers.
f Leaves flat. * Inner filaments with long lateral cusps.

1. A. SATI'VUM, L. Scape leafy to the middle; leaves lance-linear,
somewhat channelled ; spathe 1-valved, with a long acumination,
caducous.

CULTIVATED ALLIUM. English Garlic.

Growing in bunches. Radical bulbs compound, consisting of small bulbous
offsets, called cloves. Scape 1 to 2 feet high. Leaves 9 to 15 inches long. Umbel
bearing numerous small ovoid-oblong bulblets, each with a thin membranous cov-
ering. Perianth pale purple.
Hob. Gardens. Nat. of Europe. Fl. July. Fr. Sept.

Obs. Often cultivated, — as a domestic remedy for worms, in child-
ren. I suppose it to be the species so much esteemed by the
" garlic-eating Peasantry" of Spain. I incline to think these bulb-
ous herbs are all properly biennials, rather than perennials.
* * Filaments all simple.

2. A. Canadense, Kalm. Scape leafy at base only ; leaves
linear, obtuse, a little convex beneath ; spathe 2-valved.
CANADIAN ALLIUM. Meadow Garlic.

Bulb ovoid, small. Scape 12 to 18 inches high. Leaves 6 to 12 inches long.—
Umbel bearing both bulblets and flowers, — the latter on pedicels, or rays, % an inch
to 1% inches long. Perianth pale purple.
Hob. Moist meadows, and flats : frequent. FL May. Fr. August.

ft Leaves terete and fistular. * Inner filaments with lateral cusps.
3t A. vineale, L. Scape slender and subcylindric, sparingly leafy

LILIACEAE 325

to the middle ; leaves cylindrical, with a narrow channel on the

upper side ; spathe 1-valved, acuminate.

VINE (or VINEYARD) ALLIUM. Field Garlic. Crow Garlic.

Bulbs small. Scape 2 to 3 feet high. leaves 8 to 15 inches long. Umbel globes^
about an inch in diameter (smaller and densely capitate, when bearing bulbkts,—
these often vegetating while in the heads). Perianth deep purple, tinged with

Hob. Fields, and meadows. Nat. of Europe. Fl. June. Fr. Aug.

Obs. Tradition says, this species was brought by the first Welsh
Immigrants to Pennsylvania, for the purpose of supplying an early
spring pasture. It is now completely naturalized, — and, in some
districts, so abundant as to be quite a nuisance. It not only im-
parts a disgusting flavor to milk, butter, &c>, but, when the bulblets
are abundant among wheat, they seriously injure the flour, and
render the manufacture of it difficult.

* * Inner filaments obtusely toothed on each side.

4. A. CEPA, L. Scape stout, and ventricose below the middle, leafy
at base only ; leaves somewhat ventricose ; spathe 1- or finally 2-
valved, with a short acumination.

HEAD ALLIUM. Onion. Garden Onion.

Bulb depressed or turnep-shaped, large (often 2 to 3 inches in horizontal diam-
eter). Scape 2 to 3 feet high, fistular, somewhat glaucous. Leaves 6 to 12 inches
long. Umbel globose, 2 to 3 inches in diameter, rarely bearing bulblets. Perianth-
lobes white, with a green keel.
Hob. Gardens, Ac. Nat. country unknown. Fl. July. Fr. Sept.

Obs. Universally known, and cultivated, as a culinary vegetable.
The expressed juice is a popular remedy for the croup, in children.
Its stimulating quality is thus playfully referred to, by SHAKS-
PEARE : —

"And if the boy have not a woman's gift,
To rain a shower of commanded tears,
An Onion will do well for such a shift;
Which in a napkin being close conveyed,
Shall in despite enforce a watery eye." — Taming of the Shrew.

§2. Umbel bearing only flowers and capsules.
f Leaves Jlat. * Inner filaments with lateral cusps.

5. A. P6RRUM, L. Scape leafy to the middle ; leaves broadish, sub-
linear, acute ; spathe 1-valved, long-acuminate.

LEEK ALLIUM. Leek. Garden Leek.

Bulb middle sized. Scape 2 to 3 feet high, stout and solid. Leaves 6 to 12 inches
long, and about an inch wide. Umbel globose, rather dense, 2 inches, or more, in
diameter. Spathe with an acumination 4 or 5 inches long. Perianth pale violet
purple. Filaments white.
Hob. Gardens. Nat. of Europe. Fl. July. Fr. Sept.

Obs. Occasionally cultivated, in the Kitchen gardens, as an in-
gredient in soups, &c. It seems to be regarded as a sort of national
Emblem, by the Welsh ; and is thus noticed by the Poet, GAT :— r

" Leek to the Welsh, to Dutchmen butter's dear,
Of Irish swains Potato is the cheer ;
Oats for their feasts the Scottish shepherds grind."

ENDOGENOUS PLANTS

* * Filaments all simple.

6. A. tricoccum, Ait. Scape naked ; leaves broad, elliptic, or
lance-oblong, disappearing early ; spathe 2-valved.
THBEE-BERRIED (or LOBED) ALLIUM. Wild Leek.

Bulbs oblong-ovoid, acuminate. Scape 9 to 12 inches high. Leaves 5 to 8 inches
long, and 1% to 3 inches wide, acute, contracted to a petiole at base, membrana-
ceous when dried. Umbel globose, 1 to 2 in diameter. Perianth white.
Sab. Moist, shaded grounds ; Brandywine : not common- Fl. June. Fr. Aug.

ft Leaves terete, fistular; filaments all simple.

1. A. SCHCENOPRASUM, L. Scape naked, or few-leaved at base,
about as long as the filiform leaves ; spathe 2-valved.
RUSH-LEEK ALLIUM. Chives.

Growing in bunches. Bulbs small. Scape 6 to 9 inches high. Leaves erect.—
Umbel subglobose, about an inch in diameter. Spathe nerved, purplish. Perianth
purple, with a violet tinge.
Hob. Gardens. Nat. of Europe. Fl. July. Fr. Sept.

Obs. Used as a culinary herb ; and also as a kind of medicinal
food for young poultry.

TRIBE 3. TULIPAVCEAE.

Hoots bulb-bearing ; perianth-lobes quite distinct, and petal-tike ; fruit a3-celled
loculicidal many-seeded capsule.

443. MI/llJM , L.

[The Classical Latin name,— from the Greek, Leirion, a Lily.]
Perianth mostly carnpaimlate, — the petals, or petaloid lobes, either
clawed, or sessile, often recurved or revolute, with a central groove
inside near the base, deciduous. Anthers linear, versatile. Style
longer than the stamens, somewhat clavate ; stigma 3-lobed. Cap-
sule oblong, trigonous, with the angles grooved ; seeds flat, margined.
Perennials ? bulbs scaly ; stems simple, leafy ; leaves sessile, alternate,
or subverticillate ; flowers subcorymbose, large.

!•• I* Plliladelpliicum, L. Leaves linear-lanceolate, smooth,
— the upper ones usually verticillate.
PHILADELPHIAN LILIUM.

Stem 2 to 3 feet high. Leaves 2 to 3 inches long, — the upper ones in verticils of
6 or 8. Flower mostly solitary (sometimes 2 or 3) ; peduncle terminal, 1 to 3 inches
in length. Perianth reddish-orange color, with tawney or purplish spots within ;
lobes about 3 inches long, — the claws % their length.
Sab. Clearings and borders of thickets : frequent. FL June. Fr. Sept.

ft Flowers nodding,— -the lobes sessile, recurved (MAETAGONS).

&. Jj. Canadense, L. Leaves generally and remotely Yerti-
oillate, lanceolate, nerves and margins roughish-pubescent.
CANADIAN LILIUM.

Stem 2 to 3 feet high. Leaves 2 to 3 inches long, in rather distant verticils of 4
to 6. Flowers usually 3, sometimes 5, 7, or even 10 (rarely solitary), all nodding

LILIACEAE 327

on peduncles 3 to 6 inches in length. Perianth yellow (sometimes reddish-orange),
with numerous dark-purple spots inside; lobes 2 to 3 inches long, recurred from
near the middle.
Hob. Meadows, and borders of woods : frequent. FL June. Fr. Sept.

3* L.. Mil per bum, L. Leaves linear-lanceolate, acuminate,
smooth, — the lower ones verticillate ; flowers often numerous, in a
pyramidal raceme.
SUPERB LILIUM. Turk's-cap Lily.

Stem, 3 to 5 (under culture 7 or 8) feet high. Leaves 2 to 4 inches long, distinct-
ly 3-nerved, narrowed at base,— the lower ones in verticils of 6 or 8, upper ones
scattered and lance-ovate. Flowers 2 or 3 to 10, 20, or more,— when numerous,
arranged pyramidally on graduated peduncles. Perianth bright reddish-orange,
with, numerous roundish dark-purple spots inside; lobes about 3 inches long,
tapering to the apex, mostly revolute.
Hab. Moist grounds ; Brandy wine, near Delaware State : rare. Fl. July. Fr. Sept.

Obs. This species, under proper culture, is truly superb, — and
deserves a place in every flower-garden. All those Lilies, with the
lobe$ revolute, are known among Florists by the name of Martagons.

444. ERYTHROXMUM, L.

[Gr. Erythros, red; perhaps from the purple stains on the leaves.]
Perianth-lobes lanceolate, recurved-spreading, — the 3 inner ones
usually with a callous tooth on each side, near the base, and grooved
in the middle. Anthers oblong, erect. Style about as long as the
stamens, clavate; stigma somewhat 3-lobed. Capsule trigonous-
obovoid; seeds ovoid, acuminate. Perennial: bulb solid-scaly; leaves
a single pair, subradical, sheathing the 1-flowered scape.

1. E. Americ&num, Smith. Leaves elliptic-lanceolate, pale
green with purple blotches ; perianth yellow ; stigma scarcely lobed.
AMERICAN ERYTHRONIUM. Dog's-tooth Violet.

Bulb ovoid, rather deep in the ground. Leaves 3 to 6 inches long, the apex abrupt-
ly acuminate, involute and thickened. Scape 6 to 9 inches high, bearing a
terminal nodding flower. Periantii purplish externally ; lobes an inch to an inch
and a half long,— the outer ones recurved.
Hab. Moist, low grounds; thickets, &c. : common. Fl. April. Fr. June.

ORDER CXII. MELANTHAVCEAE.

Herbs; leaves alternate; powers regular, perfect, or polygamous, — the perianth of
6 similar parts, free from the ovary ; stamens usually 6 ; anthers mostly extrorse;
styles united, or distinct; fruit mostly a capsule, 3-celled, or of 3 united carpels ;
seeds several ; embryo small, in copious albumen.

SUBORDER I. UVULARIE\A.E.

Flmoers perfect ; perianth early deciduous,— the lobes distinct and petal-like ; styles
more or less united; fruit a few-seeded loculicidal capsule (sometimes a berry).

445. UVUI,AVRIA, L.

[Perhaps from the flower hanging like the uvula of the palate.]
Perianth campanulate-oblong, — the lobes spatulate-lanceolate, twice
as long as the stamens. Anthers long, linear, adnate. Style 3-cleft,
—the divisions stiymatic along the inner side. Capwle trigonous,

328 ENDOGENOUS PLANTS

3-valved from the apex; seeds obovoid. Smooth perennials: rhizoma
creeping; flowers subterminal, mostly solitary, pendulous, pale
yellow.

1. U« pcrfoliiittl, L. Leaves clasping-perfoliate, lance-oblong;
perianth granular-roughened within ; capsule truncate at apex.
PERFOLIATE UVULARIA. Bell-wort.

Stem 9 to 15 inches high, forked near the summit. Leaves 2 to 3 inches long,
varying from ovate to elliptic and oblong-lanceolate, generally rather acute. Peri-
anth about an inch long.
Hob. Moist woods, and meadows : frequent. Fl. May. Fr. Aug.

2. U. §es§ilift»lia, L. Leaves oval-lanceolate, sessile ; perianth
smooth within ; capsule acute at each end.

SESSILE-LEAVED UVULARIA.

Stem 9 to 12 inches high, slender, bifid at summit, mostly with a single flower
on. one of the branches. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, acute at each end, — the 2 lower
leaves on the flower-bearing branch nearly opposite, with the peduncle opposite
the lower one, and immediately beneath the other. Perianth % of an inch in
length.
Hob. Rich woodlands : frequent. Fl. May. Fr. August.

SUBORDER II. MELANTHIEVAE.

Flowers often polygamous, ordioicous; perianth mostly persistent, or withering,—
the lobes nearly distinct ; anthers reniform-cordate, often becoming 1-celled and
peltate; styles distinct ; fruit capsular, usually septicidal (composed of 3 separable
carpels).

446. MELiAUPTHIUM, Gronovius.

[Gr. Mdas, black, and Anthos, flower ; the flowers becoming dark-colored.]
Flowers monoicously polygamous; perianth rotate, — the lobes clawed,
roundish-ovate, with 2 glands at base. Filaments adherent to the
claws. Styles subulate, diverging, persistent. Capsule trigonous-
ovoid, formed of 3 connate separable carpels ; seeds flat, membran-
aceously margined. Tall perennials : stem simple, leafy ; leaves long
and narrow ; flowers in a terminal pyramidal racemose panicle, pale
greenish-yellow, finally brown.

1. M. Virgiiiicmii, L. Leaves lance-linear ; perianth-lobes at
first orbicular, finally hastate-ovate, or oblong, flat, — the glands
distinct.
VIRGINIAN MELANTHIUM.

Stem 3 to 4 feet high, scape-like, terete, pubescent. Leaves 9 to 15 inches long,
sessile, narrowed at base,— the lower ones sheathing. Panicle 12 to 15 inches
long; branches 2 to 6 inches long, simple, alternate, roughish -pubescent; floioerx
racemose on the branches : pedicels % to % of an inch in length, with ovate bracts
at base. Capsule about half an inch long.
Hob. Wet meadows; margins of swamps : frequent. Fl. July. Fr. Sept.

" 447. VERAVTRUM, Tournef.

[Latin, Vere atrum, truly black ; perhaps from the dark-colored root.] .

Flowers monoicously polygamous; perianth spreading, — the lobes
sessile, lance-oblong, without glands at base. Filaments free from,
and shorter than the lobes, recurved. Fruit, and seeds, nearly as
in Melanthium. Perennials : stem simple, clothed with large, elliptic,
plicate and many-nerved leaves ; flowers yellowish-green, in a ter-
minal bracteate racemose panicle.

MELANTHACEAE oJv

1. V. vi ride, Aiton. Leaves broad-oval, acuminate, sheath-clasp-
ing ; panicle pyramidal, with conspicuous foliaceous bracts at the
base of the branches.
GREEN-VERATRUM. White Hellebore. Indian Poke.

Stem 2 to 4 feet high, pubescent. Leaves 5 to 10 inches long and 3 to 5 inches
wide, almost acute at base, — the upper ones narrower and lanceolate. Panicte 8
to 12 inches long ; branches 1 to 3 or 4 inches long, compound; pedicels]^ of an
inch in length. Capsule about an inch long.
Hob. Swamps, and borders of damp thickets : frequent. Fl. May. Fr. July.

Obs. The nerves, in the broad elliptic leaves, remind one of the
meridian lines in a mapx>f the globe. The root is said to possess
active properties.

448. AMIAWTHIU]*!, A. Gray.

[Gr. Amiantos, pure, & anthos, flower; the perianth being without gland, or spot.]
Flowers perfect : perianth spreading, — the lobes sessile, oval, with-
out glands. Filaments rather longer than the lobes ; anthers white,
becoming 1-celled and peltate. Styles filiform. Fruit nearly as in
Melanthium; seeds ovoid-oblong, not margined, but with a loose
coat. Smooth perennials : stem scape-like, few-leaved ; leaves chiefly
radical, linear, keeled ; flowers greenish- white, in a dense terminal
raceme.

1. A. liiiiscactoxicuili, A. Gray. Leaves broadly linear,
elongated ; raceme simple ; carpels turgid, abruptly pointed ; seeds
with a fleshy red coat.

Helonias erythrosperma. MX. $ Fl. Cestr. ed. 2. p. 234.
FLY-POISON AMIANTHIUM.

Radical leaves 12 to 18 inches long,— those on the scape shorter and more grass-
like. Scape \% to 2 feet high, obtusely angular; raceme 2 or 3 to 6, and some-
times 9, inches long; pedicels % an -inch to an inch in length, with lance-ovate
bracts at base. Capsule reddish-brown ; seeds few, rather large, inclosed in a pulpy
coat which is purple at maturity.
Hob. Swamps, in the slaty hills : rare. FL June. Fr. Aug.

Obs. Mr. ELLIOTT says, the bulbous root is used, at the South,
for destroying flies. " The bulbs are triturated and mixed with
molasses, or honey, and the preparation is spread upon plates. The
flies are soon attracted, and the poison takes effect while they
are sipping it." But, it seems they will revive, in the course of 24
hours, if not swept into a fire or otherwise destroyed.

449. CHAMAEMR'HIM, Willd.

[Gr. Chamai, on the ground, and Leirion, a lily; the application not obvious.]
Flowers dioicously polygamous: perianth-lobes spatulate linear, with-
ering-persistent. Anthers roundish-oval, yellow. Pistillate flowers
with rudiments of stamens ; styles linear-clavate, stigmatic along the
inner side. Capsule obovoid-oblong, not lobed, loculici dally 3-
valved from the apex ; seeds numerous, linear-oblong, winged at
each end. Smooth perennial : rhizoma thickish and truncate ; stem
scape-like and leafy ; flowers in a simple virgate spiked raceme, —
the staminate yellowish, the pistillate greenish-white.

330 ENDOGENOUS PLANTS

1» C» luteuill, A. Gray. Leaves lanceolate, — the radical ones

oblanceolate ; fertile stems taller and more leafy ; pedicels without

bracts.

Helonias dioica. Pursh. $• Fl. Cestr. ed. 2. p. 233.

YELLOW CHAMAELIRIUM. Blazing Star. Devil's-bit. . ;-'

Plant yellowish green. Stem 1 to 2 (the pistillate, ones near 3) feet high, sulcatc-
Striate. Radical leaves 3 to 6 or 8 inches long ; stem-leaves gradually smaller. —
Raceme 6 to 12 inches in length,— the staminate one slender, flaccid, and mostly
nodding at apex,— the pistillate one stouter, and erect; ovaries greenish. Capsuks
about % an inch long.
Sab. Woodlands, and moist meadows : frequent. Fl. May. Fr. Sept.

Obs. The rhizoma is bitter, — and was much used as a popular
tonic, when alcoholic medicines were in vogue.

ORDER CXIII. JUNCA^CEAE.

Serbs; stems (or culms) nodose; leaves alternate, grass-like, or terete ; flowers regu-
lar, mostly perfect,— the perianth of 6 similar dry glumaceous persistent lobes (or
sepals), free from the ovary, with 2 bracts at base; stamens usually 6,— sometimes
3, opposite the outer lobes; anthers introrse; style simple; stigmas 3; fruit a cap-
sule, I- to 3-celled, 3-valved, loculicidal, 3- or many-seeded; seeds erect; embryo
inclosed at the base of hard albumen. An. order remarkable for lack of beauty,
and value.

45O. LITZIHLA, DC.

[Italian, Lucciola, a glow-worm; from its glittering spikelets, when wet with dew.]
Stamens 6. Capsule 1-celled, 3-seeded. Perennials : stems slender,
pithy; leaves grass-like, hairy; flowers in terminal subpaniculate
clusters or spikelets, tawny or chestnut-brown.

1. JL. campestris, DC. Leaves lance-linear, ciliate with long
loose hairs ; spikelets 4 to 12, oblong-ovoid, subumbellate.
FIELD LUZULA. Field Rush.

Stem 4 1& 12 or 18 inches high, often cespitose. Leaves 2 to 6 inches long.—
Peduncles unequal, half an inch to 2 or 3 inches in length; involucre of 2 or 3
unequal leaves, usually shorter than the longest peduncles.
Hob. Fields, and open woodlands: common. Fl. April. Fr. June.

Obs. This is common to both hemispheres, — if really indigenous
here.

451. JUHT'CUS, L.

[Latin, jungo, to join ; the culins being used as bands.]
Stamens 6, or often 3. Capsule 3-celled, — sometimes imperfectly so,
at maturity ; seeds numerous, oblong, sometimes with an acumina-
tion, or tail, at each end. Chiefly perennials: stems mostly simple,
scape-like, often cespitose, and filled with pith ; leaves terete, flat,
or channelled ; flowers cymose, paniculate, or clustered in heads,
greenish-brown.

f 1. Stems naked, of ten sterile (resembling terete leaves) ; panicle lateral; stamens 3.

1. J. eflYlsus, L. Stem finely striate, soft and pliant, filled with
spongy pith, furnished with leafless sheaths at base ; panicle con-
tracted, much branched.

JUNCACEAE ool

EFFUSED JUNCUS. Common Rush. Soft Rush.

Rhizomas matted. Stems 2 to 3 feet high, simple, acute at summit, cespitose,
forming tussocks. Panicle cymose, bursting from a fissure in the side of the stem,
above the middle, sessile, often proliferous; bracts lance-oblong, acuminate,
scarious.
Hob. Moist low grounds : common. Fl. June. Fr. August.

Obs. This species, if neglected, is apt to prevail to a pernicious
extent, in wet meadows, and low grounds, — forming unsightly and
unprofitable bunches, called Tussocks.

g 2. Stems leafy; panicle terminal* f Flowers in heads.
* Leaves sublerete, nodose; stamens mostly 3.

2. J. paratl oxus, E- Meyer. Stem rather stout ; heads globose,
8- to 15-flowered ; seeds conspicuously tailed at both ends.

J. polycephalus. Fl. Cestr. ed. 2. p. 228. not of MX.
PARADOXICAL JUNCUS. Button Rush.

Stem 1 to 2 feet high, fistular, about 2-leaved. Leaves 3 to 6 inches long, often
compressed and ensiform. Panicle, with 1 or 2 elongated branches. Heads 3 to 12
or 15 (usually 5 to 9), about % of an inch in diameter, densely flowered, pedun-
culate, or sessile, with lanceolate acuminate bracts at base.
Hob. Low, swampy grounds : frequent. Fl. July. Fr. Septem.

Obs. I am doubtful about the J. subverticillatus, of the 2nd edition ;
and therefore think it best to omit it.

3. J, acuiiiiiiatus, MX. Stem rather slender, terete, pliable ;
panicle subcorymbose ; heads 3- to 6-flowered ; seeds with a short
tail at each end,

ACUMINATE JUNCUS.

/Stem 12 to 18 inches high , fistular, cespitose. Leaves 2 to 6 or 8 inches long,
terete, tapering to a point, fistular, indistinctly nodose-articulate. Panicle rather
erect, generally with one principal branch overtopping the rest. Heads chesnut-
colored. Capsules triquetrous-oblong, with a short acumination.
Hab. Meadows, and moist low grounds : frequent. Fl. June. Fr. Aug.

Obs. The heads of this species are subject to a kind of monstrosity,
or disease, which gives them the appearance of being proliferous.

* * Le&vesflat and grass-like ; stamens 3.

4. J. marginatus, Rostkow. Stem compressed, nodose ; heads
3- to 6-flowered; inner perianth-lobes obtuse, margined; seeds
acute at each end.

MARGINED JUNCUS.

Stem 1 to 2 or 3 feet high, filled with pith. Leaves 4 to 12 or 15 inches long,—
the radical ones mostly shorter than those on the stem. Panicle often proliferous
and elongated (2 to 5 inches in length), mostly longer than the erect involucre at
base. Heads pedunculate, or subsessile in the forks of the branches. Capsule
obtusely trigoncus-obovoid, often dark purple.
Hab. Moist, low grounds; borders of woods: frequent. Fl. June. Fr. Aug.

ft Flowers separate; leaves narrow, channelled, or involute ; stamens 6.

5. J. tennis, Willd. Stem slender and wiry, leafy only near the
base ; two of the involucral leaves longer than the cyme.

332 ENDOGENOUS PLANTS

SLENDER JUNCUS.

Stem, 6 to 12 or 18 inches high, remarkably tough and wiry. Leaves 3 to 6 or 9
inches long, keeled. Panicle cymose, mostly with 2 principal branches, and
several shorter ones between ; flowers solitary, — 1 or 2 subsessile in the forks of
the branches, and 2 or 3 unilateral on the branches. Capsule subglobose.
Hah. Moist, low grounds ; fields, &c. : common. Fl. June. Fr. Aug.

Obs. This tough, homely little species, is apt to be abundant
along foot-paths, in moist open woodlands, and through clear-
ings, &e.

6. J. bllfonillS, L. Annual ; stem low and leafy ; one of the
involucral leaves longer than the dichotomous panicle.
TOAD JUNCUS.

Stem 2 to 6 or 8 inches high, often branched from the base, dichotomously pani-
culate above. Leaves shorter than the stem, dilated membranaceous and sheath-
ing at base. Panicle few-flbwered, usually with a solitary subsessile flower in the
forks of the branches. Capsule ovoid-oblong, yellowish.
Hob. Wet, low grounds ; margins of ponds : frequent. Fl. July. Fr. Sept

ORDER CXIV. PONTEDERIA^CEAE.

Aquatic herbs ; leaves mostly with sheathing petioles, often reduced to phyllodia ;
Jlowers perfect, more or less irregular (sometimes nearly regular), often spatha-
ceous; perianth corolla-like, tubular, free from the ovary, — the border 6-lobed,
imbricated in 2 rows in the bud, withering; stamens 6, or 3, — mostly unequal, or
dissimilar; anthers introrse ; style 1; stigma 3-lobed ; fruit a 1-seeded utricle, — or a
capsule, which is 1- ot imperfectly 3-celled, and several-seeded; embryo in densely
farinaceous albumen.

452. POtfTEDE^RIA, L.

[Dedicated to Julius 'PontMera, Professor of Botany at Padua.]
Perianth recurved, bilabiate ; upper lip flat, 3-lobed, lower lip 3-
parted ; under side of the tube with 3 slits, — the persistent base
inclosing the fruit. Stamens 6, unequal, — 3 inserted near the sum-
mit, and 3 near the base, of the tube ; anthers oval, blue. Ovary
3-celled, — 2 of the cells empty, the other with a single suspended
ovule; style subulate, shorter than the stamens. Utricle 1-celled,
filled with the single seed. Perennials: rhizoma thick, creeping;
leaves chiefly radical; flowers violet-blue, spiked, on a 1 -leafed
scape.

1. P. cordata, *L. -Leaves sagittate-cordate, petiolate; spike
dense, from a spathe-like bract.
CORDATE PONTEDERIA. Pickerel-weed.

Leaves 4 to 8 inches long, tapering to the apex but rather obtuse, smooth;
thickish and somewhat fleshy ; petioles 2 to 4 inches long. Scape 1 to 2 feet high ,
spathe oblong, sheathing the stout pubescent peduncle ; flowers sessile, aggregated
by twos or threes in a terminal spike about 3 inches in length.
Hob. Margin of the Schuylkill : rare. FL July. Fr. Sept.

453. HETERAtf THE'RA, Ruiz $ Pavon.

[Qr. Heteros, different, and Aner, for anther; the anthers being dissimilar.]
Perianth with the border nearly equally 6-parted, withering-fugaci-

PONTEDERIACEAE 333

ous. Stamens 3, dissimilar, — the 2 upper ones short, with oval
yellow anthers, — the other longer, with a larger oblong greenish
anther. Capsule oblong, somewhat trigonous, incompletely 3-celled,
several-seeded. Perennials : stem creeping ; leaves alternate, long-
petioled ; flowers white, or blue, in a slender few-flowered spike,
from a lateraj spathe.

1. H. i <• ii i 1 01 in is. R. $ P. Leaves roundish-reniform ; spathe
involute, acuminate, 3- to 5-flowered ; flowers white, fugacious.
REXIFORM HETERANTHERA. Mud Plantain.

Stem 4 to 12 or 18 inches long, prostrate, radicating, branching from the base. —
Leaves % of an inch to an inch and half in length, and wider than long, with
semicircular nerves ; petioles 1 to 2 or 3 inches in length. Spikes of flowers burst-
ing from the sheathing base, or side, of the petioles; perianth imperfectly ex-
panding.
Hob. Muddy margins of rivulets : frequent. Fl. July. Fr. Sept.

454. SCHOULEVRA, Schreber.
[Dedicated to Frederick Adam Scholler, a German Botanist.]
Perianth salver-form, — with 6 equal lance-linear lobes on a long and
very slender tube. Stamens 3, all similar and nearly equal (rarely
a fourth abortive one) ; anthers linear-oblong, sagittate. Style fili-
form. Capsule oblong, invested by the withered perianth, 1 -celled
with 3 projecting parietal placentae, several-seeded. Perennials:
stems submersed, swimming ; leaves narrow and grass-like, sessile ;
flowers yellow, floating, solitary, from subterminal axillary spathes.

1. S. graillinea, Willd. Stems cespitose, slender, dichotomously
branching; leaves long, linear, translucent.
GRASS-LIKE SCHOLLERA. Water Star-grass.

Stems 1 to 2 feet long, radicating at the lower nodes. Leaves 3 to 12 inches long,
membranaceous and somewhat sheathing at base. Spathe short, lanceolate.—
Perianth-tube about an inch in length, slightly curved.
Hob. Slow-flowing waters; Brandy wine; Schuylkill: frequent. Fl. July. Fr. Sept.

ORDER CXV. COMMELYNANCEAE.

Herbs; stems nodose, leafy, often branching; leaves alternate, sheathing at base;
flowers chiefly perfect, often irregular; perianth free from the ovary, consisting of
distinct calyx and corolla; sepals 3, persistent; petals 3, ephemeral, withering,
or deciduous; stamens 6, with introrse anthers,— 2 or 3 of them sometimes modified
and abortive; style 1; stigma undivided; fruit a 2- or 3-celled loculicidal capsule,
3- or several-seeded ; embryo small, at the apex of densely fleshy albumen.

455. COMMEI/rWA, Dillenius.
[Dedicated to John and Gaspard Commelyn ; early Dutch Botanists.]

Flowers irregular : Sepals somewhat colored, unequal, — the 2 lateral
ones partly united. Petals unequal, — the 2 lateral ones rounded,
or reniform, on long claws, — the other smaller and subsessile. —
Stamens unequal, — 3 or 4 of them abortive and smaller, with im-
perfect cross-shaped anthers; filaments naked. Capsule 3-celled, —
2 of the cells 2-seeded, the other 1 -seeded, or abortive. Stems
branching, geniculate, often procumbent, and radicating at the
nodes ; leaves flattish ; flowers mostly blue, fascicled in the folded,
cordate, spathe-like bract, — opening in succession, for a single
morning, and then shrivelling.

384 ENDOGENOUS PLANTS

1. C. angustifblia ? MX. Stem usually decumbent; leaves lanceolate,
acute, or acuminate, contracted at base into sheathing membranous
petioles ; peduncles mostly 2 within the bract, — one usually more
slender, rather erect, longer and 1 -flowered, or sterile, — the other
commonly 3-flowered; odd petal colorless, ovate-lanceolate, about
as long as the lateral sepals. .

NARROW-LEAVED COMMELYNA. Day-flower.

Plant nearly glabrous, annual? Stem about a foot long (3 or 4 feet when sup-
ported, in hedges, &c.), terete. Leaves 2 to 4 or 5 inches long, and half an inch to
an inch wide ; sheathing petioles about % a/i inch long, striate with green nerves,
pubescent along the margins. Peduncles half an inch to an inch in length, in-
closed in the recurved conduplicate bract) both before and after flowering.
Hob. Gardens; hedges, &c., W. Chester. Nat. of Southern States. Fl. Aug. Fr. Sept.
Obs. I have specimens of C> angustifolid, from the South, with
really narrow lance-linear leaves ; yet ours, with its lanceolate
leaves, seems to be referred to the same species. Three of the
anthers are completely abortive and cross-shaped, — and a fourth one
is partially so modified, or in process of metamorphosis to that
state. The authorities all appear to concur in calling the plant a
perennial : but I-am much mistaken if the one with us is not an
annual. It was accidentally introduced to this Borough, about
thirty years since, from the Garden of the late JOHN JACKSON, of
London Grove; and is gradually extending itself. Miss ABBY
KIMBER informs me, that it has also .been found at Kimberton, in
this County.

456. TRADESCAW'TIA, L.

[Dedicated to John Tradescant,— Gardener to Charles 1, of England.]
Flowers regular: Sepals herbaceous. Petals equal and alike, ovate,
sessile. Stamens all perfect ; filaments bearded. Capsule 2- or 8-
celled ; cells 1- or 2-seeded. Perennials: stems nearly simple, leafy,
replete with mucilage ; leaves keeled ; flowers in terminal or axillary
umbelled clusters.

1. T. Virglnica, L. Leaves lance-linear, elongated; umbel
terminal, sessile, with an involucre of 2 or 3 long leaves ; flowers
purplish-blue, conspicuous.
VIRGINIAN TRADESCANTIA. Spider-Wort.

Stems 12 to 18 inches high, smooth,^-often in bunches. Leaves 12 to 18 inches
long. Pedicels % an inch to an inch long, slender, pubescent, — after flowering,
parted into 2 ranks, and deflected on each side, over the base of the involucre ;
sepals lance-ovate, hairy. Filaments densely clothed with blue hairs, which appear
like beautiful necklacesj or strings of beads, under a lens.
Hob. Moist, low grounds ; meadows, &c.: frequent. Fl. May. Fr.

Obs. I think this plant rarely perfects its fruit; for, in an
acquaintance of fifty years with it, I have never observed a full-
grown capsule.

ORDER CXVI. XYRIDA^CEAE.

Rush-like herbs; leaves equitant, sheathing the base of a naked scope, which is
terminated by a scaly-bracted head, or spike of perfect flowers; stamens 3; anthers
extrorse ; calyx partly glumaceous ; corolla regular, free from the ovary ; fruit a
1-celled 3-valved loculicidal capsule ; seeds numerous ; embryo minute, at the apex
of fleshy albumen.

XYBIDACEAE 835

45?. XVRIS. L.

[Gr. JTyros, a razor; an ancient name of a plant with 2-edged leaves.]
Flowers single, in the axils of coriaceous scale-like bracts, which are
densely imbricated in an ovoid spike. Sepals 3, — the 2 lateral ones
boat-shaped, glume-like, persistent, — the anterior one larger, mem-
branaceous, inwrapping the corolla in the bud, and deciduous with
it. Petals 3, with long claws, slightly connected. Stamens 3 per-
fect, inserted on the claws of the petals, — alternating with 3 sterile
filaments, which are cleft and plumose at apex. Capsule oblong,
1-celled, with 3 parietal placentae. Perennials: leaves more or less
ensiform ; flowers yellow.

1. X. bull>r»sa, Kunth. Scape bulbous at base, slender, angular,

usually twisted and flexuose, ancipital at summit; leaves narrowly

linear.

X. Caroliniana. Fl. Cestr. ed. 2. p. 12. not of Walter.

BULBOUS XYKIS. Yellow-flowering Rush.

Scape 10 to 15 inches high, often several from the root. Leaves shorter than the
scape, flat, or sometimes twisted. Bracts chesnut-brown, orbicular-ovate, convex
externally, scale-like and closely imbricated. Lateral sepals finely ciliate on the
keel. Claws of the petals nearly as long as the bracts.
Hab. Sandy swamps, and margins of rivulets: frequent. Fl. Aug. Fr. Sept.

ORDER CXVII. CYPERA^CEAE.

Hush-like, or grass-like herbs; often cespitose ; rhizomas creeping and fibrous, some-
times tuberiferous ; sterns (or culms) solid with pith, sparingly nodose, often angu-
lar; leaves distichously alternate, grass-like, sessile, — the petioles being dilated,
and closed round the culm so as to form an entire sheath, — sometimes the lamina,
or blade, wholly wanting; flowers perfect, or monoicous (rarely dioicous), in little
bracteate clusters (called spikelets),— usually one flower in the axil of each of the
glume-like imbricated bracts, or scales; perianth (in this Order, for convenience,
termed a perigynium,) none,— except in some pistillate diclinous flowers (as Garex),
where it is a membranous or glumaceous sac,— or sometimes, in perfect flowers,
the perianth seems to be substituted by some minute scales, or by a verticil of
hypogynous&mto,* or soft hairs; stamens usually 3 ; ovary 1-celled, with a single
erect ovule,— in fruit becoming an akene, or caryopsis, which is lenticular, or trique-
trous, according as the style is bifid, or trifid ; embryo minute, inclosed in the base
of copious farinaceous albumen. An Order comprising some 50 genera,— remark-
able for their little value to the Agriculturist; and also for their prevalence being
an indication of swampy, neglected, or unpromising soil.

TRIBE 1. CYPEREVAE.

Flowers perfect; spiJceleta usually many-flowered, with the bracts (or scales) distich-
ously imbricated; perigynium mostly none,— sometimes consisting of retrorsely
hispid bristles ; styles rarely bulbous at base.

458. CYPE^iUrS, L.

[An ancient Greek name ; of obscure meaning.]

Spikelets usually compressed, variously aggregated and arranged. _
Scales often decurrent at base. Perigynium entirely wanting. _

*The distinguished Authors of the British Flora (ed. 6.) allege, that "those
bristles cannot be & perianth, because they are situated between the anther-bearing
stamens and the ovary."

386 ENDOGENOUS PLANTS

Stamens sometimes 2, or 1. Culms cespitose, triquetrous, leafy at
base, and with an unequal foliaceous involucre at summit ; peduncles
(or rays) unequal, sheathed at base.

gl. Spikelets compressed, linear- or lance-oblong, many-flowered.
f Style bifid; stamens 2.

1. C. tliJiiiclrus, Torrey. Spikelets loosely fascicled; scales
oblong, rather obtuse, brown-margined ; akene obovate, dusky.
DIANDROUS CYPERUS.

Perennial; culms 6 to 12 inches long, decumbent or reclining. Leaves few,
shorter than the culm. Longest leaves of the involucre often 6 or 8 inches in
length. Umbel sometimes without rays, — generally 1- to 3- and occasionally 5- or
6-rayed ; spikelets % to % of an inch long, much compressed, 12- to 24-flowered ;
akene minutely rugose.
Hab. Moist, low grounds ; along rivulets : common. Fl. Aug. Fr. Sept.

ft Style trifid. * Stamen 1.

2. C. inflexus, Muhl. Spikelets in 2 or 3 ovoid heads; scales
yellowish, ovate, acuminate, with the point recurved.
INFLEXED CYPERUS*

Annual f Culms 2 to 4 inches high, setaceously slender. Leaves as long as the
culm. Heads 1 to 3,— one sessile, the others pedunculate,— each head consisting
of 10 to 20 spikelets densely conglomerated. One leaf of the involucre 3 times as
long as the umbel ; spikelets 8- to 12-flowered ; akene triquetrous.
Hab. Moist places, on Serpentine rock : not common. Fl. Aug. Fr. Sept.

Obs. This little species gives out an odor, while drying, which
has been compared to that of Melilot.

** Stamens 3.

3. C. striguSUS, L. Spikelets subulate-linear, spreading all
round in loose oblong pedunculate spikes ; sheaths of the peduncles
bifid, 2-bristled ; involucre about 6-leaved.

STRIGOSE CYPERUS. Bristle-spiked Galingale.

Perennial ; culms 1 to 2 or 3 feet high, rather stout, tuberous at base. Leaves
nearly as long as the culm, keeled. Umbel 3- to 6- or 9-rayed; rays unequal, 1 or 2
to 4 or 6 inches in length, — the central one suppressed (i. e. the spike sessile). —
Hpikes 1 to 2 inches long, often compound, yellowish ; spikelets numerous (20 to 60
or 80), about % of an inch in length, 8- to 10-flowered, spreading on all sides,
finally a little reflexed; akene triquetrous, oblong, roughish-dotted.
Hab. Wet meadows, and low swampy grounds : common. Fl. Aug. Fr. Sept.

4. C. ripens, Elliott. Rhizomas fibrous, creeping, tuberiferous at
the extremities ; spikelets linear, obtuse, rather crowded in some-
what distichous spikes ; involucre 3- or i-leaved.

CREEPING CYPERUS.

Perennial ; tubers of the rhizoma about the size of a pea. Culms 1 to 2 feet high,
glabrous. Leaves 9 to 18 or 24 inches long, keeled. Umbel 4- to 6-rayed ; rays 1 to
2 or 3 inches in length. Spikes 1 to 2 inches long ; spikelets % an inch to % in
length, 10 to 14 in each spike, somewhat spreading, each 12- to 20-flowered; akene
triquetrous, minutely punctate.
Hub. Fields, and streets ; West-town ; West Chester : not common. Fl Aug. Fr. Sept

CTPERACEAE

337

Obs. This is a great pest, where it gets possession of the soil, —
and requires prompt attention, for it multiplies rapidly. It is, how-
ever, not quite so bad as the C. Hydra, of the South. Although
prevalent North and South of us, I think this C. repens is a doubt-
ful native, of our County, — as I never observed it, until within a
few years. It is now becoming rather alarmingly abundant, in
some' localities.

5. C. filiculniis, Vahl. Culms slender and wiry; spikelets sub-
terete, clustered in a dense head.

C. mariscoides. Ell. $ Fl. Cestr. ed. 2. p. 16.
THREAD-CULLED CYPERUS.

Perennial; culms 6 to 12 inches long, reclining, tuberous at base. Leaves
shorter than the culm, keeled. Heads of spikelete 1 to 4,-^rone sessile, the others
on peduncles, or rays, 1 to 2 inches long ; spikelets 3- to 7- or 8-flowered.
Hjb. Old fields; slaty hills: frequent. Fl. Aug. Fr. Sept.

§2. Spikelets terete, linear, few-flowered', styles trifid ; stamens 3.

6. C. OVUl&ris, Torrey. Spikeleis thickish, in a globose or oval
head, spreading, — the lower ones finally reflexed ; sheaths of the
peduncles obtuse.

Mariscus ovularis. Vahl. $ Fl. Ce&tr. ed. 2. $. 16.
EGG-SHAPED CYPERUS.

Perennial. Culms 6 to 18 inches high, acutely triquetrous. Leaves shorter than
the culm. Heads 3 to 5 (sometimes but 1), about an inch in diameter,— the middle
one sessile, the rest on peduncles % of an Inch to 3 inches in length ; spihekts
numerous, 2- to 4-flowered, often perfecting but 1 afcene.
Hob. »ry, slaty or rocky hills : not common. Fl. Aug. Fr. Sept.

7. C. retrofr£ctns, Torrey. Spikelets slender, in. an obovoid-
oblong head, — all becoming reflexed; sheaths of the peduncles
bicuspidate.

Mariscus retrofractus. Vahl. $ Fl. Cestr. ed, 2. p. 592.
BACKWARD-BENT CYPERUS.

Perennial. Culms 1 to 2 feet high, obtusely triquetrous. Leaves about half
the length of the culm. Heads several, % an inch to qear .an inch long, on pedun-
cles 1 to 3 or 4 inches in lengthy tpiJtdets numerous, subulate, 1- or 2-flowered in
the middle, — the uppermost ones usually spreading, the others more or less
reflexftd.
Hob. Hills, near Pugh-town: rare. FL Aug. Fr. S«pt.

459. DUMCH'IUM, Richard.

[Derivation of the name not ascertained.]

Spikelets compressed, linear, sessite, distkihously arranged in axillary
pedunculate spikes emerging from the sheaths of the leaves. Feri-
gynium of 6 to 9 retrorsely hispid bristles. Style long, bifid. Akene
linear-oblong, compressed. Perennial: culm simple, terete, nodose
and leafy to the summit.

1, D. spatbftceuin, Pert. Leaves lance-linear, flat, short,
nearly equal, pointing in three directions; spikelets 5- to 9-flowered,
spreading.

SPATHACBOUS DULICIIIUM. Sheathed Galingale.

22

338 ENDOGENOUS PLANTS

(Mm 1 to 2 feet high. Leaves 2 to 3 inches long, spreading almost horizontally .
Spikes I to 1% inches in length ; spikelets % of an inch long, alternate, on a com-
mon peduncle which is about as long as the internodes of the culm, and twice as
long as the sheaths. Bristles about 6, longer than the akene.
Hah. Swamps, and margins of ponds : common. Fl. July. Fr. Sept.

TRIBE 2. SCIR'PEAE.

Flowers perfect; spikelets mostly many-flowered, with the bracts (or scales) imbri-
cated on all sides ; perigynium consisting of rigid bristles, or long soft and flexuose
hairs, — or sometimes wholly wanting; style often dilated or bulbous at base, form-
ing a tubercle which is articulated with the apex of the akene.

DIVISION I. Perigynium of hypogynous bristles, or slender wavy hairs.

46O. EUEO'CHARIS, R. Brown.

Gr. Eleos, a marsh, and chairo, to delight in; alluding to their place of growth.]
Spikelets single, terminating the naked culm. Perigynium of 3 to 6
retrorsely hispid or rough rigid bristles. Style 2- or 3-cleft, dilated
at base. Akene crowned with the persistent bulbous base of the
style. Chiefly perennials : rhizomas matted, or creeping ; culms
cespitose, leafless, sheathed at base, — sometimes sterile.

f Akene lenticular, shorter than the bristles.

1. E. Obtiisa, Schultes. Culm sulcate; spikelet roundish-OToid,
or oblong, obtuse; akene smooth and shining ; bristles 6.
Scirpus obtusus. Willd. $ Fi: Cestr. ed. 2. p. 19.

OBTUSE ELEOCHARIS. Club-rush.

Culms 4 to 18 inches high, subterete, somewhat attenuated below the spikelet,
•with about 2 mucronate sheaths at base. Scales of the spikelets ovate, very obtuse,
dark brown. Akene brown, compressed, with a marginal ridge on each side ;
tubercle broad at base, acute.
Hob. Swamps, and margins of ponds : frequent. Fl. June. Fr. July.

2. E. pallistris, R- Brown. Culm evenly smooth, striate; spike-
let oblong-lanceolate, acute ; akene somewhat punctate-rugose ;
bristles 3 or 4.

Scirpus palustris. L. $ Fl. Cestr. ed. 2. p. 19.

MARSH ELEOCHARIS.

Culms 1 to 3 feet high, subterete, not sulcate, embraced by along sheath near the
base. Scales ovate-oblong, reddish-brown. Akene yellowish ; tubercle conical.
Hab. Swampy meadows ; near Pughtown : rare. Fl. June. Fr. July.

f f Akene more or less triquetrous, mostly longer than the bristles.

3. E. t£nilis. Schultes. Culm slender, 4-angled with the sides
grooved; spikelet elliptic; akene transversely rugose-dotted; bris-
tles mostly 2 or 3, sometimes wanting.

Scirpus tenuis. Willd. $ Fl. Cestr. ed. 2. p. 20.
SLENDER ELEOCHARIS.

Culms 10 to 20 inches high, with a long purple truncate sheath at base. Fpikelets
at first rather obtuse, finally acute at each end; scales ovate, obtuse, dark-brown.
Akene light brown, rough-dotted ; tubercle depressed-triangular.
Hab. Swamps, and margins of ponds : frequent. -Fl. June. Fr. July.

CYPERACEAB 339

4. E. aclcul&ris, R. Brown. Culm setaceously slender, 4-
angled; spikelet ovoid-oblong, few-flowered; akene many-ribbed,
and transversely striate ; bristles 3 or 4, or wanting.
Scirpus acicularis. L. $ Fl. Cestr. ed. 2. p. 20.
NEEDLE-LIKE ELEOCHARIS.

Culms 2or3to6or8 inches high, bristle-like, glabrous, purple at base, and
closely embraced by a truncate obtuse sheath. Spikelet often perfecting but 1 or 2
akenes ; scales ovate-oblong, greenish with purple sides. Akene obovoid, yellowish ;
tubercle conical-triangular.
Hah. Margins of ponds, and miry places : not common. Fl. July. Fr. Aug.

Obs. If I am not mistaken, the bristles are sometimes longer than
the akene.

461. SCIR'PUS, L.

["The ancient Latin name of the Bull-rush.]

Spikelets sometimes single, more commonly numerous and clustered,
or cymose-paniculate, lateral, or terminal. Perigynium of 3 to 6 rigid
rough bristles, or 6 slender smooth wavy or curly hairs. Styles 2-
or 3-cleft, not bulbous at base. Akene sometimes mucronate with
the slender base of the style. Chiefly perennials : culm triangular,
or terete, naked, or leafy; spikelets green, or brown, solitary,
clustered, or corymbose.

gl. SCIRPUS proper: Perigynium of rigid— mostly retrorsdy hispid, or pubescent—
bristles.

a. Spikelets single and terminal; style trifid, and akene triquetrous; culm leafy at

base, triangular.

1. S. pi ail if olillS, Muhl. Culms loosely cespitose ; leaves linear,
flat and grass-like, equalling the culm ; bristles 4 to 6, antrorsely
hispid.

FLAT-LEAVED SCIRPUS.

Culms 6 to 12 inches long, finely serrulate on the angles. leaves subradical, —
the lower ones short, broader and mucronate. Spikdet about 6-flowered ; scales
yellowish, with green keels and points,— the 2 lowest longish and bract-like.—
Akene triquetrous, reddish-brown.
Hob. Rich, moist woodlands : frequent. Fl. May. Fr. July.

b. Spikelets numerous, subterminal, or lateral ; culm scarcely nodose above, and

tfierefore naked, — a few leaf-bearing sheaths below.

4®=- Style bifid, and akene planoconvex. * Culm triangular.

2. S. pu listens, Vahl. Culm with 2 concave sides ; spikelets 1
to 5 or 6, ovoid, in a dense sessile cluster ; akene longer than the
bristles.

S. triqueter, MX. $ FL Cestr. ed. 2. p. 593. not of Linn.
SHARP-POINTED SCIRPUS. Chair-maker's Rush.

Cidms 2 to 4 or 5 feet high, cuspidate at summit, naked and smooth, sheathed at
base, — the sheaths often bearing a few short leaves. Scales of the spikelets orbicu-
lar-ovate, often emarginate and mucronate, russet-brown on the sides. Akene
dark brown, smooth; bristles 3 to 6, retrorsely scabrous, brittle.
Hub. Margin of the Schuylkill : rare. Fl. July. Fr. Sept.

Obs. This is the plant generally used, in the U. States, in making
the seats of rush-bottomed chairs. It grows abundantly along
brackish tide-water ; but is rare, and of smaller size, in this County.

340 ENDOGENOUS PLANTS

** Culm terete.

3. S. lacustrl§, L. Culm large, tapering above, even and
smooth ; spikelets numerous, cymose-panioled.

LAKE SCIRPUS. Bull-rush.

Culms 4 to 6 or 8 feet high, naked, glaucous, terminating in a cusp of 1 to 2
inches in length above the panicle ; sheatfis at base bearing short leaves. SpikeUts
often clustered in threes at the ends of the branches, with one or more sessile, in
the centre ; scales brown, slightly pubescent, the margins ciliate. Akene pal^
greenish-white, mucronate; bristles usually 4, retrorsely hispid, a little longer
than the akene.
JBdb. Margins of ponds, and ditches : frequent. Fl. June. Fr. Aug.

4. S. debills, Pursh. Culm slender, deeply striate; spikelets
few, in a sessile cluster.

WEAK SCIRPUS.

Culms 9 to 18 inches high, naked, glabrous, loosely sheathed at base. Spikelets
1 to 6 or 8 — generally 3— turgid, in a lateral cluster 2 or 3 inches from the summit
of the culm; scales pale green, membranous. Alcene black, shining, punctate,
mucronate ; bristles 6, retrorsely hispid, a little longer than the akene.
Hob. Wet, sandy low grounds : frequent. Fl. Aug, Fr. Sept.
c. Spikelets numerous, manifestly terminal, in a decompound cymose umbel: culm
obviously nodose and leafy, rigid, triangular; style trifid, and akene trigon-
ous ; bristles retrorsely pubescent.

5. S. atrovirens, Muhl. Spikelets densely clustered in heads
of 8 or 10 to 20, dark green; bristles the length of the akene.
DARK-GREEN SCIRPUS.

Culms 2 to 4 or 5 feet high. Leaves broadly linear, shorter than the culm. —
Involucre foliaceous, usually of 3 leaves, longer than the cymose umbel. Heads
of spikelets roundish-ovoid ; scales acute, with a distinct point, finally becoming
brownish. Akene whitish, smooth, mucronate; bristles usually 4 or 5, sometimes

6. nearly straight, not hispid, but with a minute retrorse pubescence.
Hab. Swamps, and wet meadows : frequent. Fl. July. Fr. Aug.

Obs. The spikelets range from 8 to 20, or more, in a head, — and
are sometimes viviparous. %

6. S. polyphyl'llis, Vahl Spikelets clustered in heads of 3 to
C or 8, yellowish-brown ; bristles twice the length of the akene.
S. brunneus. Muhl. $ Fl. Cestr. ed. 2. p. 22.
MANY-LEAVED SCIRPUS.

Culms 2 to 4 feet high, obtusely triangular. Leaves rather numerous, loosely
sheathing, broadish, longer than the culm. Involucre of 4 or 5 leaves. Spikeltts
rather larger than in the preceding species, commonly in clusters of 3 to 6, some-
times more ; scales rather obtuse, but slightly mucronate, at first yellowish-green,
finally reddish-brown. Akene yellowish, smooth, short-beaked ; bristles 4 to 63 a
little tortuous, or crisped, minutely and retrorsely hispidulous.
Hub. Wet, low grounds ; thickets, Ac. : rather frequent. Fl. July. Fr. Aug.

g 2. TRICHO'PHORUM : Perigynium of soft, smooth, tortuous or crisped hairs ; culm
nodose and leafy ; style trifid, and akene trigonous.

7. S. lineatllS, MX. Spikelets cylindric-oblong, solitary and
pendulous on the long filiform peduncles ; involucre of 1 to 3 short
leaves ; hairs a little longer than the scales.
LINED SCIRPUS.

CYPERACEAB 341

Culm \% to 3 feet high, triangular. Leavet numerous, shorter than the culm ;
theathsnpen at throat. Umbels terminal and axillary, loosely cymose-panicled,
drooping; scales ferruginous, with a green centraUine, or keel, the apex pointed
and subsquarrose. Akene acuminate, minutely papillose, pale-brown ; hairs 5 or
6, very slender, and somewhat crisped, a little exserted from the scales.
Hob. Swamps ; near West-town School : rare. Fl. July. Fr. Aug.

Obs. This was collected, in 1840, by Mr. JOSEPH WALTON.
8. S. Krioplioruni, MX. Spikelets ovoid, subsolitary on the
peduncles ; involucre of 4 or 5 long leaves ; hairs much longer than
the scales, curly and russet-colored.
WOOL-BEARING SCIRPUS. Brown Cotton-grass.

Culm 3 to 5 feet high, obtusely triangular. Leaves about 2 feet long. Umbel
terminal, decompound, cjmose-panicled, the upper part drooping ; scales lance-ob-
long, membranaceous, the sides brown. Akene white; hairs 6, five to eight times
ae long as the akene, crisped and entangled, — giving the spikelets a woolly appear-
ance.
Hab. Swamps, and wet places : frequent. FL July. Fr. August.

462. ERIOPH'ORUM , L.

[Gr. Erion, wool, or cotton, andp/iora, bearing ; from its cottony perigynium.J
Spikelets ovoid, mostly aggregated in a terminal head, or cymose
cluster of heads. Perigynium usually of numerous, soft, flat, elon-
gating hairs, much exceeding the scales, persistent, and becoming
a silky or cottony tuft, in fruit. Stamens mostly 3. Styles trifid,
and the akene trigonous. Perennials : culms generally leafy ; cottony
heads usually white (rarely russet).

1. E. Yirgrinlcum, L. Culm sub-terete, rather rigid ; leaves
flat, elongated ; spikelets subsessile, in a dense cluster, or head ;
cotton russet-colored.

VIRGINIAN ERIOPHORUM. Cotton-grass.

Culms 2 to 3 or 4 feet high. Leaves 12 to 18 inches long, lance-linear. Involucre
generally of 2 narrow leaves, 4 to 6 inches in length, and 1 or 2 smaller ones, dis-
tinctly serrulate on the margins. Heads 3 or 4, cymose or subumbellate, on
short peduncles ; cottony hairs about 3 times as long as the scales. Stamens. 1. —
Akene brown, trigonous-obovoid, acuminate.
Hob. Swamps, among the slaty hills : frequent. Fl. July. Fr. Sept.

2. E. Cradle, Koch. Culms rather triangular, slender ; leaves
triquetrous, channelled, short; spikelets pedunculate, finally nod-
ding ; cotton white.

E. angustifolium. Fl. Cestr. ed. 2. p. 24. not of Roth.
SLENDER ERIOPHORUM.

Culms 12 to 18 inches high. Radical leaves dying early ; those on the culm 1 to
8 inches in length. Involucre of 1 leaf, generally shorter than the spikelets. Spike-
lets 2 to 4 — usually 3 — on peduncles sometimes near an inch long ; cottony hairs %
an inch to % in length. Akene, linear-oblong.
Hob. Wet meadows ; northern parts of the county: frequent. Fl. May. Fr. June.

DIVISION II. Perigynium (viz. bristles, or hairs) wholly wanting.
463. FIJI IIRIS'TYLIS, Vahl.

[Latin, Fimbria, a fringe, and Stylus ; the style being often fringed.]
Spikelets ovoid, acute, in a small terminal cymose umbel. Stamens
1 to 3. Style 2- or 3-cleft, often ciliate, bulbous at base,— the

342 ENDOGENOUS PLANTS

bulb mostly deciduous. Culms cespitose, compressed, or triangular,
leafy at base ; umbel involucrate ; spikelets ferruginous.

t Style bifid, and akene lenticular.

1. F. laxa, Vahl. Culm somewhat compressed, grooved ; stamen
single ; akene ribbed, and transversely striate.

Scirpus Baldwinianus. Schultes. $ Fl. Cestr. ed. 2. p. 18.

LOOSE FlMBRISTYLTS.

Annual. Culms 4 to 12 inches high. Leaves about as long as the culm (some-
times much shorter), narrow-linear, striate, finely serrulate ; sheaths pubescent at
throat. Involucre about 3-leaved, — one of the leaves longer than the umbel. Umbel
mostly simple; rays few, about % of an inch long, sometimes divided. Akene
plano-convex, obovate, whitish.
Hab. Moist places; Serpentine rocks : frequent. FL Aug. Fr. Sept.

1 1 Style trifid, and akene triquetrous.

2, F. autumnalis, Roemer $ Schultes. Culm much compressed ;
leaves grass-like; stamens 2, or 3; akene smooth, or minutely
verrucose.

Scirpus autumnalis. L. $ FL Cestr. ed. 2. p. 19.
AUTUMNAL FIMBRISTYLIS.

Perennial ? Culms 2 or 3 to 12 inches long, spreading, flat and two-edged. —
Leaves shorter than the culm, serrulate near the apex. Involucre of 2 or 3 unequal
leaves, — the longest about the length of the umbel. Umbel usually decom-
pound, or subpaniculate, — the spikelets somewhat 4-sided ; often in threes at the
and of the branches, or rays. Akene trigonous-obovoid, whitish.
Hab. Sandy swamps, and low grounds : frequent. Fl. July. Fr. Sept.

3* F. capillaris, A. Gray. Culm sulcate-angular, setaceously
slender ; leaves setaceous ; stamens 2 ; akene transversely rugose.
Scirpus capillaris. L. $ Fl. Cestr. ed. 2. p. 18.
HAIR-LIKE FIMBRISTYLIS.

Annual. Culms 4 to 8 or 10 inches high, 3- or 4-angled, densely cespitose. Leaves
much shorter than the culm ; sheaths hairy at throat. Involucre of 1 or 2 seta-
ceous leaves,— one of them often longer than the umbel. Umbel of 2 or 3 rays,
which are about half an inch in length, and 1 or 2 sessile spikelets. Akene trique-
trous, white.
Hab. Sterile soils; slaty hills: not common. Fl. July. Fr. Aug.

TRIBE 3. RHYNCHOSPOREVAE.

Flowers perfect, or polygamous ; spikelets mostly few-flowered, with the bracts (or
scales) irregularly imbricated, — the Imver scaUs empty, and the upper ones often
sterile; perigynium consisting of hypogynous bristles (or sometimes wanting);
akene corrugated, beaked with the base of the style, or crowned with an articulated
tubercle.

464. RHYNCIIOS'PORA, Vahl.

fGr. Jfhynchos, a beak, and Spora, seed; alluding to the beaked akene.]
Spikelets lance-ovoid, few- or several-flowered, — the upper scales
usually with imperfect flowers. Feriyynium mostly of 6 (sometimes
more) bristles. Stamens mostly 8. Style bifid. Akene lenticular,
crowned with the dilated (tubercular) persistent base of the style.
Perennials: culms more or less triangular, nodose and leafy; spike-
lets in terminal and axillary cymose clusters, or heads.

CYPERACEAB 343

t Akene tranvertely rugose ; bristles antrorsely hispid.

1. R. cym 6sJl, Nutt. Leaves flat and grass-like ; spikelets brown,
clustered in corymbose cymes; akene twice the length of the
bristles.

CTMOSE RHYNCHOSPORA. Bog-rush.

Culms 12 to 18 inches high, acutely triangular. Radical leaves somewhat crowd
ed; upper cauline ones often overtopping the culm. Spikelets aggregated in
cymose clusters of 3 to 5, at the ends of the peduncles. Akerw pale brown ; tuber-
cle depressed-conic, whitish, about % the length of the akene.
Hob. Moist grounds ; clearings : not very common. FL July. Fr. Aug.

f f Akene smooth ; bristles retrorsely hispid.

2. R. ill Im, Vahl. Leaves setaceous ; spikelets whitish, corym-
bose-clustered ; bristles about 10, as long as the akene and tubercle.
WHITE RHYNCHOSPORA. White Bog-rush.

Culms 1 to 2 feet high, triangular above. Leaves shorter than the culm. Fasci-
cles of spikelets terminal and axillary. Scales white, finally brownish. Stamens
I to 3 — usually 2. Tubercle compressed, half as long as the akene.
Hob. Swamps, among the slaty hills : not common. FL July. Fr. Sept.

3* R. ft lonicriita, Vahl. Leaves linear, flat, somewhat keeled ;

spikelets dark brown, in small distant clusters, which are often in

pairs.

CLUSTERED RHYNCHOSPORA. Brown Bog-rush.

Culms about 2 feet high, obtusely triangular. Leaves shorter than the culm. —
f^]rik"lets in corymbose or subcapitate fascicles, on included or somewhat exserted
peduncles, terminal and lateral, often 2, or more, from the same sheath. Akene
brownish, shining; tubercle compressed, subulate, as long as the akene; bristles
nearly as long as both.
Jfab. Swamps, and bog meadows: common. Fl. June. Fr. Aug.

TRIBE 4. SCLERIE^AE.

Flowers monoicous; perigynium a lobed or ring-like disk, often obscure; pistil-
late spHcelets 1-flowered, staminate several-flowered ; akene with a bony shell.

465. SCL.ETRIA, L.

[Gr. Skleria, hardness ; from its bony or crustaceous fruit.
Staminate and pistillate spikelets in the same clusters ; scales loosely
imbricated, — the lower ones empty. Stamens 1 to 3. Style 3-cleft.
Akene globular, white, bony or enamel-like, seated in a ring-like, or
shallow saucer-shaped disk. Perennials: culms triangular, nodose
and leafy.

1. S. triglomer Ata, MX. Leaves broadly-linear ; fascicles of
spikelets few, in triple clusters, terminal and axillary, the lower
one pedunculate ; akene smooth and shining.
THREE-CLUSTERED SCLERIA. Whip-grass.

Culm 2 to 3 or 4 feet long, nearly erect, acutely triquetrous, with the angles
almost winged. Leaves 6 to 12 or 15 inches in length, 2 to 4 lines wide. Termina'
fascicle consisting of 3 distinct clusters of spikelets, each with a foliaceous bract at
base. Perigynium, annular, or obtusely triangular. Akene bluish when young.
Jfnlt. Moist ravines, on Serpentine ridge : not common. Fl. June. Fr. July.

344 ENDOGENOUS PLANTS

2. 8. pane i flora . JfwW. Leaves narrow-linear ; spikelets in
pairs, in 2 or 3 clusters; akene tuberculate-rugose.
FEW-FLOWERED SCLERIA.

(Mm 9 to 18 inches high, erect. Leaves 3 to 6 or 8 inches in length ; sheaths
pubescent. Fascicles few-flowered, — the lateral ones usually 2 in number, on long
slender peduncles, — the lower from a sheath near the base of the culm. Bracts
ciliate. Perigynium a wary ring, supporting 6 rounded tubercles.
Hob. Serpentine Banks; West Chester: not common. Fl. June. FT. July.

TRIBE 5. CARFCEAE.

Flowers usually monoicous— either in the same spikelet (when they are termed
androgynous) — or in separate spikekts, — rarely dioicous ; proper perianth none ;
perigynium (or envelope of the ovary) mostly a membranous or glumaceous sac,
formed of 2 united scales.

466. CANREX, L.

[A classical name, — of obscure etmology.]
Spikelets several- or many-flowered, — the staminate and pistillate
florets either in distinct spikelets on the same plant (rarely on different
plants) — or in different portions of the same spikelets (i. e. androgynous).
Scales of the spikelets 1-flowered, imbricated on all sides. Stamens
mostly 3. Ovary included in a membranous (often urceolate,
beaked, and inflated) sac, or perigynium ; stigmas 2, or 3, long,
exserted from the orifice of the perigynium. Akene lenticular,
or triquetrous (according as the stigmas are 2, or 3), more or less
beaked with the base of the style. Perennials : culms usually cespi-
tose, triangular, often nodose and leafy ; spikelets terminal and
axillary, mostly bracteate at base. *

A. Spikelet solitary, androgynous, staminate at summit : stigmas 3 ;
bracts small, scale-like, colored.

1. C. polytrichoides, Muhl. Culm capillary; spikelet very
small; perigynia oblong, compressed-triangular, obtuse, twice the
length of the ovate scale.

POLYTRICHTJM-LIKE CAREX.

Culms 9 to 18 inches high, naked above, longer than the leaves. Leaves mostly
subradical, very narrow, becoming convolute when dry. Spikelet linear oblong ;
staminate florets 4 to 8 ; pistillate florets about 5 ; perigynia green.
Hob. Open woodlands, and low grounds : frequent. Fl. May. Fr. June.

IS. Spikelets several, subpaniculate, mostly androgynous, sessile;
stigmas 2.

gl. Spikelets approximated; staminate and pistillate florets variously situated.

2. C. bromoides, Schkuhr. Spikelets 4 to 6, lance-oblong, some
of the middle ones wholly pistillate ; perigynia erect, acuminate,
longer than the lanceolate scale.

BROMUS-LIKE CAREX.

* It may be well to caution the inexperienced Herborizer, that the Carices— like
the Umbettiferae— should be gathered for examination, and for the Herbarium,
when the/rurt is full grown ; but not so old as to be easily detached, or shattered
off. They cannot be always determined— and never so well— while in flower.

CYPERACEAE 345

Culms 1 to 2 feet high, slender, rough above, leafy toward the base. Leaves
narrow, linear, — at first longer, finally shorter than the culm. Spikelets 2 to 6,
usually 4, — the lower ones somewhat distant, the upper ones a little crowded ;
perigynia somewhat distichously and loosely arranged ; brad at the base of the
lowest spikelet glume-like, lanceolate, terminating in a scabrous awn.
Sab. Swamps, and low grounds : frequent. Fl, May. Fr. July.

§ 2. Spikelets staminate at summit.
f Perigynia small, with a short 2-toothed beak.

3. C, Ylllpinoidea, MX. Spikelets 8 to 12, clustered in an
oblong interrupted compound spike; perigynia broadly ovate, ab-
ruptly acuminate, finally diverging, rather shorter tlian the ovate
cuspidate scale.

C. multiflora. Muhl. $ Fl. Cestr. ed. 2. p. 29.
VULPINA-LIKE CAREX.

Culms about 2 feet high, leafy. Leaves lance-Hnear, channelled,— the upper
ones taller than the culm ; sheaths tranversely rugose opposite the leaves. Spike
2 to 3 inche-i long ; spikdets crowded into clusters a little separated from each
other ; bracts under the spike, and principal dusters, often long, and leaf-like, —
those at the base of the spikdets, short and setaceous.
Hob. Swamps, and low grounds : frequent. Fl. May. Fr. July.

t fPerigynium on short pedicels, not margined, with along tapering 2-toothed beak,
yellow at maturity.

4. C. stipata, Muhl. Spikelets 6 to 12 or 15, aggregated,— the
lower ones often distinct ; perigynia tapering from a truncate base,
much longer than the ovate scale.

CROWDED CAREX.

Culms 1 to 3 feet high, rather stout and succulent, leafy. Leaves about as long
as the culm (longer while young), broadish lance-linear ; sheaths striate, some-
what loose. Spike 1 to 2% inches long, densely compound. Spikdets sessile, with a
subulate bract at the base of each, — all shorter than the spikelets, except tho
lower one.
Hob. Swamps, and low grounds : frequent. FL April. Fr. June.

f 1 1 Perigynia sessile, more or less margined) with, a short 2-toothed beak, greenish at
maturity.

5. C. sparsranioides, Muhl. Spikelets 6 to 10, ovoid,— the
upper ones crowded, the lower distinct and more or less distant ;
perigynia ovate, acuminate, nerveless, about twice as long as the
ovate mucronate scale.

SPARGANIUM-LIKE CAREX.

Culms about 2 feet high, leafy toward the base. Leaves about as long as the
oulm,— those at base short; sheaths loose, often whitish. Spike 1% to 3 inches
long. Bracts lance-linear, sometimes longer than the spikelets.
Hob. Swampy low grounds: frequent. Fl. May. Fr. July.

6. C. cephalophora, Muhl. Spikelets 3 to 6, densely crowded
in a short ovoid head ; perigynia ovate, somewhat nerved outside,
scarcely longer than the ovate subaristate scale.
HEAD-BEARING; CAREX.

346 ENDOGENOUS PLANTS

Culms 1 to 2 feet high, naked above, leafy near the base. Leaves often very
long, channelled, with a rounded and prominent midrib. Spike }/2 an inch to %
in length, somewhat 3-lobed at base. Bracts, at the base of the spike, 2, subulate,
or filiform, scarcely equalling it in length, generally spreading or recurved.
ffab. Hilly, grassy woodlands : frequent. Fl. May. Fr. July.

7. C. Muhlenbergll, Schk. Spikelets 5 to 7, roundish-oval,
closely approximated in an oblong head ; perigynia orbicular-ovate,
nerved on both sides, rather shorter than the ovate mucronate scale.
MUHLENBERG'S CAREX.

Calms 1 to 2 feet high, leafy below. Leaves about as long as the culm,— the
lowest ones short ; sheaths scarious, and often transversely rugose, opposite the
leaves. Spike about an inch long. Spikelets rather clustered, — the uppermost
often almost entirely staminate ; the others with each an ovate-lanceolate bract at
base, ending in a scabrous awn longer than the spikelet.
Sab. Hill sides; foot of Serpentine ridge: not common. Fl. May. Fr. July.

8. C. rosea, Schk. Spikelets 3 to 6, — the 2 uppermost approx-
imated, the others mostly remote ; perigynia few (8 or 10), oblong-
ovate, at length widely and rosaceously diverging, nearly twice as
long as the broadly ovate obtuse scale.

HOSE-LIKE CAREX.

Culms 9 to 18 inches high, slender, leafy near the base. Leaves narrow-linear,
often as long, or longer than the culm,— the lower sheaths often without laminae,
or with very short ones. Lower spikelets nearly an inch apart,— the lowest one
•with a setaceous bract often overtopping the culm; perigynia with acute margins,
•which are somewhat incurved.
Hob. Moist woodlands, and low grounds : frequent. Fl. May. Fr. July.

§3. Spikelets pistillate at summit.
f Spikelets small ; perigynia with rigid narrow margins.

9. C. stellillata, Gooden. Spikelets 3 to 5, distinct, obovoid ;
perjgynia ovate, subcordate at base, finally diverging, longer than
the ovate acute scale.

STAR-LIKE CAREX.

Culms 6 to 12 and 18 inches high, leafy toward the base. Leaves generally
longer than the culm, linear and erect, — the lower ones short. Uppermost spikelets
etaminate at base, so as to give it a turbinate, or clubshaped appearance,— the
lowest one bracteate at base.

ffab. Woodlands, and meadows : frequent. Fl. May. Fr. July,
ft Spikelets rather large, mostly straw-colored; perigynia with broadish membrana-
ceous margins.

10. C. SCOparia, Schk. Spikelets 5 to 8 or 10, obovoid, finally
ovoid, crowded in a dense subclavate head; perigynia lanceolate,
tapering to a long beak, longer than the lanceolate acuminate scale.
BESOM-LIKE CAREX.

Culms 1 to 2 feet high, leafy below. Leaves narrow, shorter than the culm.—
Spike (or cluster) 1 to 1% inches long, somewhat nodding, brownish straw-colored
at maturity. Lowest spikelet with a deciduous bract as long as the spike,— the
others with glume-like bracts, terminating in long setaceous points.
Hab. Swamps, and wet meadows : frequent. Fl. May. Fr. July.

11. C. lagopodioides, Schk. Spikelets 10 to 15 or 20, oval,
approximated in an oblong spike ; perigynia ovate-lanceolate, nearly
twice as long as the ovate-oblong rather obtuse scale.

CYPERACEAE 347

HARESFOOT-LIKE CAREX.

Culm about 2 feet high, sulcate-striate, leafy to half its height. Leaves mostly
longer than the culm, pale green. Spike 1 to 2 inches long. Spikelets sometimes
clustered into an ovoid head, — under the lowest a foliaceous deciduous bract,
which often overtops the spike; perigynia with somewhat diverging points, and
rather narrow ciliate-serrulate margins.
Hab. Swamps, and low grounds : frequent. Fl. May. Fr. July.

Obs. This has been sometimes reduced to a var. of the preceding.
Indeed, there is a strong family resemblance among the whole four
species, of this subdivision, — from number 10 to 13, inclusive.

12. C. festucacea. Schk. Spikelets 5 to 8, obovoid, or clavate,
— the lower ones distinct; perigynia ovate, acuminate, rather
narrow-margined, longer than the lance-ovate acute scale.
FESTUCA-LIKE CAREX.

Culms 2 to 3 (and sometimes 4) feet long, often decumhent, smooth, sulcate-stri-
ate, leafy. Leaves shorter than the culm. Spike 1 to 2 or 3 inches long. Spikelets
sometimes rather distant,— at first oval, then obovoid from being staminate at
base, and finally subglobose. Bracts lanceolate, shorter .than the spikelets. Peri-
gynia striate, — the margins serrulate.
Hab. Meadows, and open woodlands: frequent. Fl. May. Fr. July.

13. C. straminea, Schk. Spikelets 3 to 6 (usually 5), roundish-
ovoid, approximated; perigynia orbicular-ovate, abruptly acumi-
nate, broadly margined, a little longer than the lanceolate slightly
mucronate scale.

STRAW-LIKE CAREX.

Culms 1 to 2 feet high, roughish, leafy. Leaves shorter than the culm,— the
lower ones abbreviated. Spike 1 to 1*^ inches long. Spikelets each with an ovate
cuspidate bract at base, — the setaceous points of the two lower bracts sometimes
longer than the spikelets. Akene much smaller than its envelope.
Hab. Moist, low grounds : frequent. Fl. May. Fr. July.
C. Spikelets more or less stalked, wholly staminate and pistillate (or
occasionally somewhat androgynous), separate on the same culm, — the
etaminate ones constantly above : stigmas mostly 3.

a. Perigynia with a minute, or short point, — not prolonged into a beak.

gl. Perigynia not (or but slightly) inflated; staminate epikelets 1 to 3,—w t7ie ter-
minal one androgynous.

14. C. Stricta, Lam. Pistillate spikelets 2 to 4, cylindric, slender,
— the upper ones sessile, often staminate at summit; perigynia
ovate, acute, about as long as the lanceolate scale.

C. acuta. Muhl. $• FL Cestr. ed. 2. p. 41. not of L.
UPRIGHT CAREX. Tussock Sedge.

Culms 1 to 2 feet high, rather slender, deeply striate, very acute and scabrous on
the angles, leafy at base, remarkably cespitose. Leaves linear, keeled, often
longer than the culm, — radical ones very numerous ; sheatfis striate, sometimes
filamentous. Stam. spikelets 2 or 3 (often solitary), % an inch to near 2 inches in
length. Pistillate spikelets % to 1% inches long, — the lowest on a very short
peduncle ; scale* reddish brown, with a green keel , variable in length and acute-

Hab. Swamps, and low grounds: common. Fl. April. Fr. June.

348 ENDOGENOUS PLANTS

Obs. This is the species so remarkable, and well known, for
forming large dense tufts, or tussocks, in neglected swamps.

15. C. criilita, Lam. Pistillate gpikelets about 4, cylindrical,
Jong, pendulous on exserted peduncles, often staminate at apex ;
perigynia somewhat inflated, keeled on each side, much shorter
than the lance-linear roughly-awned scale.

HAIRED, OR CHAFFY CAREX.

Culms 2 to 4 feet high, rather stout, leafy below. Leaves lance-linear,— the
lower ones shorter than the culm, with loose, striate sheaths, — the upper ones, or
bracts, surpassing the culm, without sheaths. Stam. spikdets mostly 2, linear, 1 to
2 inches long, sometimes pistillate at summit. Pistillate spikelets 2 to 3 inches
long, on shortish peduncles, — the lower ones gradually longer.
Hob. Swampy margins of rivulets : frequent. Fl. May. Fr. July.

§ 2. Perigynia slightly inflated, nerved, scarcely beaked, smorfk.
t Upper pistillate spikelets subsessile; staminate one solitary and subsessite.

16. C. granularig, Muhl, Pistillate spikelets 3 or 4, cylindri-
cal> densely flowered, — the lowest on a long stalk, remote or low
down the culm; perigynia roundish-ovoid, longer than the ovate
acuminate scale,-— the beak very short, and bent or recurved.
GRANULAR CAREX.

Culms 9 to 15 inches high, slender, leafy. Leaves erect, rather glaucous, — the
lower ones shorter than the culm, — the upper ones, or bracts, surpassing the culm ;
sheaths membranaceous and white opposite the leaves. Stam. spikelets % an inch
to an inch long, sometimes pedunculate. Pistillate spikeUt % an inch to an inch
in length, — the 2 upper ones (when there are 4) approximated and sessile.
Hob. Wet meadows: frequent. PL May. Fr. July.

17. C. grisea, Wahl. Pistillate spikelets 3 to 6, often 4, oblong,
loosely flowered,-— the lowest distant ; perigynia ovoid-oblong, rather
longer than the ovate cuspidate scale.

C. laxiflora. Fl. Cestr. ed. 2. p. 38. not of Lam.
GRIZZLY CAREX.

Plant glaucous. Culms 12 to 18 inches high, leafy. Leaves flat, — the upper
ones, or bracts, surpassing the culm ; sheaths membranaceous and white opposite
be leaves. Stam. spikelets about an inch in length, inconspicuous. Pistillate
spikelets % an inch to near an inch long, rather few-flowered, — the 2 upper ap-
proximated, with the staminate one between them, the lower ones distant, the
lowest on a long peduncle.
Hob. Shaded swamps, and wet meadows : frequent. Fl. May. Fr. July.

t f Spikelets all on exserted filiform stalks, — Gie upper one staminate at base ; the
rest all pistillate. {

18. C. Davisii, Schiv. $ Torrey. Spikelets mostly 4, oblong-
cylindric ; perigynia ovoid-oblong, rather acute at each end, about
as long as the oblong conspicuously awned scale.

C. Torreyana. Dewey, $ FL Cestr. ed. 2. p. 33.
DAVIS' s CAREX.

Culms 1 to 2 feet high, leafy. Leaves flat, striate, slightly pubescent,— the upper
ones a little longer than the culm ; sheaths pubescent. Spikelets ltol% inches
long, rather loose-flowered, the rachis somewhat flexuose.
Hah. Low grounds ; along Brandy wine : frequent. Fl. May. Fr. July.

CYPERACEAE

349

19. C. grracillima, Schw. Spikelets about 4, slender and linear,
nodding; perigynia oblong, obtuse and slightly oblique at apex,
longer than the oblong mucronate scale.

VERY SLENDER CAREX.

Culms 18 inches to 2 feet high, slender but mostly erect, leafy. Upper leaves
equalling the culm ; Imoer ones abbreviated, and often with purple sheaths. Spiles-
lets % of an inch to 2 inches long, generally 4 near the summit, and sometimes
an additional lateral one, — about % of the terminal one staminate below.
Sab. Moist meadows, and woodlands : frequent. Fl. May. Fr. July.

§ 3. Perigynia slightly inflated, ribbed, not beaked, often hairy, — ifie upper spikelet
androgynous, and clavate by being staminate below; the rest att pistillate.

20. C. aestivalis, Curtis. Spikelets 3 to 5, very slender, loose-
flowered, somewhat erect, — 4he lower and uppermost one peduncu-
late, the intermediate ones subsessile ; lower bracts foliaceous, the
upper ones setaceous; perigynia trigonous-ovoid, acutish at base
and apex, obsoletely nerved, smooth, twice as long as the ovate
obtuse (or sometimes mucronate) scale ; sheaths of the lower leaves
pubescent.

SUMMER CAREX.

Culms 12 to 18 inches high, very slender, triquetrous, striate, smooth. Leaves 6
to 12 or 15 inches long, sometimes overtopping the culm, narrow, striate, scabrous
on the margin. Spikelets 1 to 2 inches long, the lower florets distant ; pedunde of
the lower, and upper one, half an inch to an inch in length.
Hob. Slaty hills, near West Chester : not common. Fl. June. Fr. July.

Obs. Specimens of this were collected, June 17, 1828, by DAVID
TOWNS END, Esq. and myself, during an herborizing excursion on
Pokono mountain, in this State, — we supposing them, at the time,
to be a variety of O. gracillima, I gave some to the late Rev. Mr.
SCHWEINITZ — who placed them in his Herbarium, under the name
of C. Darlingtoriii,^-&s I learn from my friend, Dr. PICKERING. —
The species was afterwards found, by D. TOWNSEND, on the slaty
hills, near West Chester ; and also by the Rev. M. A. CURTIS, and
Dr. GRAY, on the mountains of North Carolina. The last named
gentleman published a description of it in SILLIMAN'S Journal of
Science, Vol. 42. p. 28v

21. C. Virescens, MM. Spikelets 2 to 4, mostly 3, oblong,
erect, on short peduncles ; perigynia ovoid, roughly pubescent,
rather longer than the ovate mucronate scale.

GREENISH CAREX.

Culms 1 to 2 feet high, rather slender, leafy. Leaves tapering to a filiform point,
erect, overtopping the culm, pubescent; sheaths villous, those at the base of the
culm often dark purple. Spikelets % of an inch to near an inch in length, all
approximated, — all except the terminal one entirely pistillate, nearly sessile, with
each a lance-linear foliaceous bract at base.
ffab. Borders of woods, and hill sides : frequent. Fl. May. Fr. July.

22. C. triceps, MX. Spikelets mostly 3, rarely 4, ovoid-oblong,
approximated ; perigynia roundish-ovoid, obtuse, smooth, about as
long as the ovate abruptly acuminate scale.

C. hirsuta. Wittd. $ Fl. Cestr. ed. 2. p. 32.

350 ENDOGENOUS PLANTS

THREE-HEADED CAREX.

Culms 12 to 18 inches high, leafy. Leaves about as long as the culm, the upper
one often overtopping it, mostly hairy ; sheaths thickly clothed with strigose
pubescence, — the lower ones purple. Spikelets % to % of an inch long, — the lower
ones on short peduncles, and each with a lance-linear foliaceous bract at base.
Hob. Moist meadows, and borders of woods: frequent. jPZ. May. Fr. July.

g 4. Perigynia not inflated, smooth ; staminate spikelet solitary, pedunculate,
t Pistillate spikelets all on filiform exserted peduncles.

23. C. platypliyria, Carey. Pistillate spikelets 3, loosely 3-
or 4-flowered ; perigynia small, longer than the oval acute scale.
C. oligocarpa, var. latifolia. A. Gr. $ Fl. Cestr. ed. 2. p. 38.
BROAD-LEAVED CAREX.

Culms 9 to 18 inches long, very slender, and naked above. Leaves pale whitish
or glaucous green, about half an inch wide, and 6 to 12 inches in length. Stam.
spikelet % of an inch long. Pistillate spikelets about % an inch in length,— the lower
one on a long peduncle ; bracts green,— the upper one about equalling the spikelets,
the lower rather exceeding them.
Hob. Hilly woodlands: frequent. FL May. Fr. July.

24. C. cliffitiilis, Willd. Pistillate spikelets about 3, loosely 5-
to 9-flowered, — the lower ones on long peduncles ; perigynia tri-
quetrous, striate, longer than the ovate acute scale.

C. oligocarpa. Schw. $ Torr. $ FL Cestr. ed. p. 37. not of Schkuhr.
FINGER-LENGTH CAREX.

Culms 6 to 12 inches long, slender, somewhat decumbent, leafy. Leaves thin,
narrow, dark green, — upper ones (or bracts) surpassing the culm, the lower ones
abbreviated. Stam. spikelets % an inch to % in length, from the same sheath
with the upper pistillate one. Pistillate spikeUts %to%of an inch long, — the
lowest often on a subradical peduncle ; bracts long, sheathing, resembling leaves.
Hub. Hilly woodlands : frequent. Fl. May. Fr. July.

fj- Upper pistillate spikelet on an included peduncle.

25. C. anceps, Willd. Pistillate spikelets 2 or 3, distant, loosely
flowered, with a flexuose rachis; perigynia ovoid, rather longer
than the ovate cuspidate scale.

TWO-EDGED CAREX.

Culms 9 to 18 inches high, acutely triangular with the sides of unequal width,
sometimes nearly ancipital above, leafy. Leaves variable, — radical ones lance-
olate, 4 to 9 or 12 inches long, and some of them nearly an inch wide, glaucous,
living through the winter ; those on the culm much narrower, with thin white
sheatfis. Stam. spikelets % an inch to % in length, with a compressed peduncle,
from the same sheath with the upper pistillate one. Pistillate spikelets 2 to 5,
usually 2, % of an inch to an inch long, — the upper one nearly sessile, the others
on ancipital peduncles, supported by the sheaths of leaf-like bracts.
Hob. Hilly rich woodlands : frequent. Fl. April. Fr. July.

b. Perigynia with a distinct beak.

g5. Perigynia not inflated, hairy ; staminate spikelet solitary ; bracts short ; leaves
all radical.

26. C. Pennsylvanlca, Lam. Staminate spikelet usually
pedunculate; pistillate spikelets 1 to 3, mostly 2, approximated,

CYPERACEAE 351

ovoid-oblong, closely 4- to 8-flowered ; perigynia roughish, roundish-
ovoid, with a short abrupt beak, about as long as the ovate acumin-
ate reddish-brown scale.
PENXSYLVANIAN CABEX.

Culms 4 to 12 inches high, slender, with a few short narrow leaves at base.—
Radical leaves annual, linear, about as long as the culm. Slam,, spikelets % an
inch to near an inch long, erect, on a peduncle % to J^ an inch in length, inserted
at the base of the upper pistillate one. Pistillate spikelets % to % of an inch long,—
the lower one often with a linear or setaceous bract at base, longer than the
spikelet.
Hak. Dry, hilly woodlands : common. Fl. April. Fr. June.

Obs. The C. Varia, Muhl. — with "wider, shorter, and more rigid
glaucous leaves," — is so nearly allied to this, that I have not dis-
tinguished it sufficiently to be warranted in giving it a place in our
Chester County Flora.

WV. C. pub^scens, Muhl. Staminate spikelet subsessile ; pistil-
late spikelets about 3, oblong, or cylindric, erect, rather loose-
flowered; perigynia densely pubescent, trigonous-ovoid, with an
abrupt slender beak, about as long as the ovate-oblong mucronate
white scale.
PUBESCENT CAREX.

Culms 12 to 20 inches high, erect or sub-decumbent, pubescent, leafy below. —
Leaves shorter than the culm, lance-linear, flat, and, with the sheatfis, softly pub-
escent. Stam. spikelets % an inch to an inch long. Pistillate spikelets % to % of
an inch in length, — the upper ones approximated, nearly sessile, each with a short
lanceolate brad, — the lower one rather distant, on a short peduncle, with a foliar
ceous bract nearly equalling the culm.
Hab. Woodlands ; along Brandywine : frequent. FL May. Fr. June.

2 6. Perigynia slightly inflated ; bracts long and leaf-like ; culms tall and leafy.

28, C. liiiliacea, Muhl. Staminate spikelet sub-clavate, pedun-
culate, often pistillate at summit; pistillate spikelets mostly 3,
long, slender, nodding on filiform peduncles ; perigynia smooth and
thin, rather longer than the oval, obtuse or emarginate, mucronate,
white scale.

MILLET-LIKE CAREX.

Culms 1 to 2 feet high, slender, leafy. Leaves nearly as long as the culm, nar-
rowish. Stam. spikelet about an inch long. Pistillate spikelets 1 to 2 inches long,
somewhat approximated, rather loose-flowered, — occasionally solitary ; bracts sur-
passing the culm, with short or nearly obsolete sheaths.
Hob. Moist meadows, and low grounds : frequent. Fl. May. Fr. July.

29. C. scabrata, Schw. Staminate spikelet on a rigid scabrous
peduncle ; pistillate spikelets 3 to 5, often 4, — the lowest one distant
and long — pedunculate ; perigynia oblong-ovoid, scabrous and thick-
ish, rather longer than the ovate-lanceolate brown scale.

ROUGH CAREX.

Whole plant scabrous. Culms 1 to 2J^ feet high, rather stout, striate, leafy.—
Leaves 1 to 2]4 feet long, and often % an inch wide. Stam. spikelet 1 to 1% inches long,
on & peduncle % of an inch to 2 inches in length. l*i$tillate spikelets 1 to 2 inches
long, rather dense-flowered, — the upper one nearly sessile, the others peduncu-
late ; bracts very long, nearly without slteaUis.
Hab. Shaded swamps; Birmingham : not common. Fl. May. Fr. July.

852 ENDOGENOUS PLANTS

Obs. I have only met with this in a swamp, near a cold shaded
Spring, in the meadow of the farm where I was born ; in which
locality it is abundant, and of luxuriant growth.

g7. Perigynia slightly inflated, smooth and shining; staminate spikelet solitary;
pistillate spikelets all pendulous on slender peduncles.

30. C. debilis, MX. Staminate spikelet narrow-linear, on a
short filiform peduncle ; pistillate spikelets 3 to 5, often 4, loose-
flowered, with a flexuose rachis ; perigynia oblong, tapering at each
end, about twice as long as the ovate-lanceolate mucronate scale,—
the beak slender, bifid.

C. flexuosa. Muhl. $ Fl. Cestr. ed. 2. p. 39.
WEAK CAREX.

Culms 1 to 2 feet long, slender, weak, and often procumbent in age, leafy. Leaves
narrow, — the upper ones, or bracts, equalling the culm, the lower ones shorter. —
Ktam. spikelet 1 to 1% inches long, rarely with a few pistillate florets at summit. —
P siittate spikelets 1% to near 3 inches in length,— ^usually 3 somewhat approxima-
ted near the summit, and 1 or 2 distant below.
Sab. Moist woods, and low ground: frequent. F^June. Fr. Aug.

§8. Perigynia slightly inflated, rough, or woolly ; staminate spikelets usuaUy2,or
more.

31. C. 1 aim Jjiii lisa, MX. Pistillate spikelets 2 or 3, cylindric-
oblong, rather distant, the tipper ones sessile; perigynia ovoid,
abruptly beaked, densely roughish-pubescent, about as long as the
lance-ovate cuspidate scale.

C. pellita. Muhl. $ Fl. Cestr. ed. 2. p. 41.
WOOLLY CAREX,

Culms \% to 2 feet high, striate, leafy. Leaves rather narrow,, nearly flat, erect,
long-acuminate, about as long as the culm. Stam. spikelets 2 or 3 (rarely 1), % to
an inch and a half long,— the upper one pedunculate. Pistillate spikelets 1 to near
2 inches in length, erect, — the upper one sessile, the lowest on a short — or some-
times rather elongated — peduncle ; bracts foliaceous, surpassing the culm. Beaks
cf the perigynia short, bicuspidate at apex.
Hab. Moist grounds ; Serpentine bank : not common. Fl. May. Fr. July.

$ 9. Perigynia usually inflated,, sm'wth, witfi a long tapering beak ; staminate spike-
let solitary.

f Bracts foliaceous, with short, or obsolete sheaVis.

32. C. hystricina, Wittd. Pistillate spikelets 2 or 8, cylin-
dric-oblong, dense-flowered, the upper one on a short peduncle, —
the lower ones finally nodding on long slender peduncles ; perigynia
ovoid- oblong, spreading,, twice as long as the oblong emarginate
awned scale, — the beak with smooth teeth.

PORCUPINE-LIKE CAREX.

Plant pale or yellowish green. Culm 1% to 2 feet high, leafy. Leaves laneo.
linear, — the upper ones, or bract*, surpassing the culm. Stam. fpikelet about an
inch and half long, with a subulate-linear bract at base, and &ped-uncU 1 to 2 or 2
inches in length. Pistillate spikelets 1 to 2 inches long, and half an inch in diam-
eter,— the lowest on a peduncle 2 to 4 inches long.
Hab. Wet meadows, and low grounds : freiueat. FL May. Fr. July.

* CTPEBACEAB 853

33. C. tentaculata, Muhl. Pistillate spikelete 2 or 3, cylin-
dric-oval, or oblong, dense-flowered, — the upper ones approxi-
mated, sessile, — the lowest a little distant, on a short scarcely
exserted peduncle ; perigynia ovoid, ventricose, spreading, about
twice as long as the linear-oblong awned scale, — the beak wifh
minutely serrulate teeth.

TENTACULATE, OR MANY-BEAKED CAREX.

Plant yellowish green. Culms 12 to 18 inches high, leafy. Leaves lance-linear,
— the upper ones, or bracts, very long. Slam, spikdet % to an inch and a half long,
with a filiform or lance-linear bract at base, and on & peduncle % an inch to % in
length. Pistillate spikelets 1 to 1% inches long, diverging somewhat horizontally.
flab. Swamps, and wet low grounds : common. Fl. June. Fr. Aug.

Obs. This, and the preceding species, have much general re-
semblance ; but the pedunculate, nodding spikelets, of the former,
will readily distinguish it from this one.

34. C. intlimescens, Rudge. Pistillate spikelets 1 or 2, sub-
globose, loosely few-flowered, — when 2, closely approximated, the
upper one sessile, the lower on a short peduncle ; perigynia conic-
ovoid, much inflated, erect-spreading, about twice as long as the
lance-ovate cuspidate scale.

SWELLING, OR INFLATED CAREX.

Culms 1 to 2 feet high, rather slender, leafy. Leaves lance-linear,— the tipper
ones, or bracts, much surpassing the culm. Stam. spikelet \% inches long, slender,
on a peduncle 1 to 2 inches in length. Pistillate spikelets % of an inch long, and
as much in diameter, 5- to 8-flowered ; perigynia about % an inch long.
Hab. Wet, miry places : frequent. Fl. June. Fr. Aug.

t f Bracts cvnspicuouxly sheattnng.

35. C. Sllbulata, MX. Pistillate spikelets 3 to 5, distant, on
included peduncles, loosely few-flowered, often staminate at sum-
mit ; perigynia subulate, finally reflexed, about 3 times as long as
the lanceolate acute scale.

C. Collinsii. Nutt. $ FL Cestr. ed. 2. p. 36.
SUBULATE CAREX.

Culms usually about 1 foot high (sometimes 2 or 3 feet, and then very slender,
and flaccid), smooth. Leaves flat, much shorter than the culm. Stam. spikelet
about % an inch long, terminal, on a short peduncle. Pistillate spikelets usually
4, 2- or 3- to 6- or 8-flowered, the perigynia half an inch long, — the upper spikelet
eubsessile at the foot of the staminate one, with a lanceolate, awned, scabrous
bract at base, as long as the spikelet,— the others lateral, on more or less exserted
peduncles. Beaks of the perigynia bicuspidate, with the slender points abruptly
reflexed, or barbed.
Hab. Swamps, among the slaty hills : rare. Fl. June. Fr. July.

36. C. I ii pill ilia, Muhl. Pistillate spikelets 2 to 5, ovoid-oblong,
— the upper ones approximated, on short peduncles, — the lower
ones on exserted peduncles ; perigynia ovoid, much inflated at base,
acuminate, about 3 times as long as the lance-ovate acuminate
scale.

HOP-LIKE CAREX.

354 ENDOGENOUS PLANTS

Culms 2 to 3 feet high, leafy to the top (including the very long foliaceous
bracts'). Leaves much longer than the culm, broad and flat, with loose striate
sheaths. Stam. spikelet 1 to 2 inches long, with a lance-linear bract longer than
itself, and sometimes with a smaller sessile spikelet at its base; peduncle. 1 to 2
inches in length. Pistillate spikelets usually 3 or 4, an inch to an inch and a half
long, and % of an inch in diameter, nearly cylindric.
Hob. Swamps, and miry places : frequent. Fl. June. Fr. Aug.

§10. Perigynia much inflated, obconic with an abrupt long beak;
spikelets androgynous, staminate at base, often solitary.

31?. C. Squarri>sa, L. Spikelets solitary and terminal (some-
times 2, rarely 3), oval, or ovoid-oblong, densely flowered, rigidly
erect; perigynia turbinate, acuminate, finally horizontal, longer
than the lance-oblong acute scale.
SQUARROSE CAREX.

Culms about 2 feet high, rather slender, leafy. Leaves lance-linear, nerved, 3 or
4 of the upper ones surpassing the culm. Spikelet about an inch long, and half
an inch in diameter, very obtuse or rounded at summit, slender at base, where
the staminate florets are ; when more than one spikelet, the additional ones are
smaller, erect, and axillary on short peduncles near the summit.
Hob. Moist, low grounds: frequent. Fl. May. JV.July.

Obs. This pretty and rather remarkable species, was at one time
so rare, in European collections, that many applications were made
to Dr. MUHLENBERG for specimens, — which, he not being able to
furnish, led to the conclusion, with some, that no such plant existed.
It is, however, quite abundant in some localities in this County.

§11. Perigynia much inflated, with a tapering beak; staminate spikelets 2 or 3.

38. C. Montle, Tuckerman. Staminate spikelets mostly 3 ; pistil-
late, 2 or 3 (rarely solitary), long-cylindrical, loosely flowered,
distant, — the lowest pedunculate and often nodding; perigynia
ovoid, acuminate, longer than the narrow-lanceolate scale.
NECK-LACE CAREX.

Culms 1% to 2 feet high, rather slender, leafy. Leaves surpassing the culm.—
Stam. spikelets usually 3, — the upper one about 2 inches long, the two lower about
an inch in length, — all on a common peduncle 1 to 3 inches long. Pistillate spike-
lets 1% to 3 inches long, bright straw color, — the upper one often staminate at
summit.
Hob. Wet grounds; Brandy wine; New Garden : not common. Fl. May. Fr. July.

Obs. Collected by Mr. JOSHUA HOOPES, in 1838; and again by
Dr. E. MICHENER, in 1850.

ORDER CXVIII. GRAMIN'EAE.

TRUE GRASSES: chiefly herbaceous; often cespitose; rhizomas slender, creeping,
ramifying, with filiform radicles ; culms terete, nodose and leafy, mostly hollow
between the nodes; leaves entire, with parallel nerves, distichously alternate,
apparently sessile, — the petioles being dilated, and sheathing the culm, but slit on
the side opposite the lamina, or blade, down to their origin at the nodes (i. e. their
margins are not united, as in the Cyperaceae) ; stipules axillary, adnate to the
petiole, with the scarious summit often free, and known as the ligule; flowers
perfect, polygamous, or monoicous (rarely dioicous), in little spikelets at the ends

GBAMINEAB 355

of the branches, and these spikelets disposed in loose panicles, or condensed into
racemes, or spikes ; spikelets 1- 2- or many-flowered, formed of distichously imbri-
cated chaffy bracts (stunted or modified sheaths of abortive leaves)*,— of which the
outer, or lower ones, are called glumes, and the two that immediately inclose each
floret are termed paleae (the inner, or upper palm usually 2-ribbed, and supposed
to consist of 2 united paleae) ; proper perianth none ; stamens 1 to 6, or more —
usually 3 ; anthers versatile ; ovary 1-celled, 1-ovuled, — usually with 2 minute
fleshy scales at base, somewhat analogous to the bristles or hairs (perigynium), in
the Cyperaceae ; styles or stigmas 2, plumose, or pencil-form, mostly with simple
hairs ; fruit a seed-like grain (called a caryopsis), free, or sometimes adherent to
the paleae, — the pericarp thin, and for the most part closely adnate to the seed ;
embryo at the base, and on the outside, of copious farinaceous albumen.

This vast Order is probably the most generally diffused, and the most important
to Man, of all the families of plants. The seeds, and herbage, furnish a principal
portion of the food of the human race, and of the more valuable domestic ani-
mals : Or, as it is expressed in the terse and classical Latinity of ENDLICHER— >
"Gramina ubique terrarum sociatim vigent, laeta praebent pecudibus pascua et
humano generi annonam,"

DIVISION I. POAVCEAE.

Spikelets 1- to many-flowered ; the florets all alike and perfect) — or the uppermost
one, abortive or rudimentary ; sometimes monoicous.

TRIBE 1. ORY'ZEAE.

Spikelets 1-flowered, sometimes monoicoils; glumes often wanting, or obsolete; in-
ner palea 3-nerved; stamens 1 to 6; hypogynous scaUs 2.

467. L-EERS'IA, Solander.
[Dedicated to John Daniel Leers ; a German Botanist.]

Flowers perfect ; spikelets compressed, disposed in one-sided race-
mose panicles, articulated with the short pedicels. Glumes wanting.
Paleae chartaceous, compressed-carinate, awnless, bristly-ciliate on
the keels, — the lower one much broader, and boat-shaped, inclosing
the flat grain. Stamens 1 to 6 — usually 2 or 3. Scales membrane
aceous. Stigmas plumose, — the hairs branching. Perennials: culms
and sheaths retrorsely scabrous.

1. l<. oryzoides, Swartz. Panicle diffusely branched, often
partly sheathed; spikelets rather spreading, elliptic-oblong, whit-
ish; stamens 3.
RICE-LIKE LEEESIA. Cut-grass. Wild Rice.

Oulm 3 to 5 feet high. leaves 6 to 12 inches long, ciliate on the margin ; sheaths
sulcate-striate, with retrorse prickles in the grooves. Paleae pectinate-ciliate on
the keel.
Hob. Swamps, and along sluggish rivulets : common. JFl. Aug. Fr. Sept.

Obs. A very rough, white-panicled grass, — common along slug-
gish streams ; rather a nuisance, than otherwise.

* The glumes and paleae (or what is called Chaff) of the Grasses are the crowded
vestiges of the sheaths of leaves. The awns, often found on the paleae, are the
midribs, or slender remains of the laminae, or blades of the leaves ; and when
these awns are apparently inserted more or less distant from the apex of the
paleae (or dorsal, as it is termed), it is probably owing to the extension and per
sistency of the ligult of the sheath,— which ligule thus becomes a portion of the
paleae.

356 ENDOGENOUS PLANTS

». I* Virginica, Willd. Panicle simple, slender, exserted;
spikelets appressed, somewhat imbricated, greenish ; stamens 2.
VIRGINIAN LEERSIA.

Culms 2 to 3 feet long, slender and leaning, branched, smoothish. Leaves 3 to 6
inches long. Panicle somewhat secund ; branches few and solitary. Lower palea
remarkably keeled and boatshaped, sparingly ciliate.
Hob. Moist woodlands : frequent. Fl. Aug. Fr. Sept.

Obs. A remarkably slender-panicled, delicate-looking grass ; but
of no agricultural value.

468. ZIZAKT'IA, Gronovius.
[The ancient Greek name of some plant now doubtful.]

Flowers monoicous, — the staminate and pistillate spikelets in the same
panicle. Glumes wanting, — or, in the pistillate spikelets, rudimen-
tary and cup-shaped. Paleae herbaceous, convex, — awnless in the
staminate florets, but in the pistillate ones the lower palea is tipt with
a straight awn. Stamens 6. Stigmas pencil-form. Stout aquatic
grasses.

1. Z. aquatica, L. Panicle pyramidal ; lower branches spread-
ing, and staminate, — upper ones erect, pistillate ; pedicels clavate ;
awns long.
AQUATIC ZIZANIA. Water-Oats. Reed. Indian Rice.

Perennial f Culm 4 to 8 or 10 feet high, smooth. Leaves 1 to 2 or 3 feet long,
serrulate on the margin ; sfieaths smooth, striate ; ligule rather large. Panicle 1 to
2 feet long; branches verticillate. Pistillate spikelets about an inch in length,
needle-like, racemose on the branches ; awn as long as the spikelet.
Sab. Swampy rivulets ; along Brandywine : rare. Fl. Aug. Fr. Sept.

Obs. This stout grass is rare, here ; but is abundant along tide-
water, — and well known as the favorite resort of the delicious
Ortolan, or Heed-bird (Emberiza Oryzivora, .Z/.), in autumn.

TRIBE 2. AGROSTID'EAE.

fipikdets 1 -flowered, perfect (sometime with the abortive rudiment of a second
floret above), panided, or sometimes in a dense spike; stamens not more than 3 ;
stigmas usually plumose.

A. PHLEOIVDEAE : Inflorescence densely spiked; glumes equal, strongly
keeled.

469. PHI^UM , L.

[An ancient Greek name ; meaning obscure.]

Paleae 2, membranaceous, shorter than the mucronate or awned
glumes, — the lower palea truncate, usually awnless, — the upper
one 2-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Culms somewhat wiry ;
spike very dense, and rather harsh.

1, P. PRATE"NSE, L. Spike cylindric, elongated; glumes truncate,

tipt with a short awn ; keel ciliate ; anthers bluish purple ; stigmas

white.

MEADOW FULEUM. Timothy. Cat's-tail Grass.

GBAMINEAE 357

Perennial. Culm 2 to 4 feet high, smooth, often a little bulbous at base. Leaves
6 to 12 or 15 inches long, roughish, glaucous. Spike 3 to 6 or 8 inches in length,
green. Paleae concealed in the glumes.
Sab. Fields, and meadows. Nat. of Europe. Fl. June. Fr. July.

Obs. This valuable grass is now extensively naturalized ; but it
is also diligently cultivated, by every thrifty Farmer. In New
York, and throughout New England, it is known by the name of
Herd's Grass, — a name which, in Pennsylvania, is applied ex-
clusively to Agrostis vulgaris, L.

B. TRUE AGROSTID'EAE : Inflorescence not strictly spiked, often
loosely panicled ; spikelets usually small; glumes often unequal.

f Glumes and paleae, neither owned, nor mucranate ; florets naked at base.

4?O. VIL/FA, Adanson.

[One of the arbitrary names, coined by Adanson,— probably without meaning.]
Spikelets in a contracted spike-form panicle. Glumes 1-nerved, or
nerveless, — the lower one smaller. Paleae usually longer than the
glumes, and of similar texture. Stamens mostly 3. Culms wiry;
leaves involute, — the sheaths often inclosing the lateral panicles.

1. V. vaginaeflura, Torrey. Culms ascending, geniculate ;
paleae about the length of the glumes.

Agrostis Virginica. Muhl. $ Fl. Cestr. ed. 2. p. 57. not of L.
SHEATH-FLOWERING VILFA.

Annual t Culms 6 to 12 or 15 inches long, nearly simple, cespitose, spreading.—
Leaves 2 to 3 inches long, subulate at apex ; sheaths smooth, hairy at throat, often
loose, and tumid with the inclosed panicles. Stamens often wanting, in the lateral
panicles.
Hob. Dry banks; road sides, Ac.: frequent. FL Aug. Fr. Sept.

ft Glumes, or the lower palea, usually awned, or mucronate; florets often hairy at
base.

411. AGROS'TIS, L.

[Or. Agros, a field; its usual place of growth.]

Spikelets in an open panicle. Glumes nearly equal, often longer
the paleae, pointless. Paleae very thin, pointless, naked at base, —
the lower one sometimes awned on the back, — the upper one often
minute, or wanting. Stamens usually 3. Chiefly perennials : culms
slender, cespitose.

§ 1. TRICHODIUM : upper palea obsolete, or wanting.

1. A. pereiinailS, A. Gray. Culms geniculate, decumbent at
base; panicle pale green, — the spikelets rather scattered on the
shortish branches.

Trichodium scabrum. Muhl. $ Fl. Cestr. ed. 2. p. 54.
ENDURING AGROSTIS.

Culm 1 to 2 feet high. Leaves 4 to 6 inches long ; sJieaths generally closed, smooth.
Sptitdets not clustered; glumes with scarious margins; palea, generally awnless,—
sometimes with a conspicuous awn on the back.
Hob. Dry, open woodlands: common. Fl. July. Fr. Sept.

358 ENDOGENOUS PLANTS

2. A. SC'.itora, Willd. Culm erect, very slender ; panicle pur-
plish, — the spikelets clustered at the ends of the long capillary
branches.

Trichodium laxiflorum. MX. $ FL Cestr. ed. 2. p. 54.
ROUGH AGROSTIS. Hair-Grass.

Culm 1 to 2 feet high. Lower leaves 3 to 6 inches long, becoming involute and
almost filiform ; upper ones, 1 to 3 inches long, flat, scabrous ; sheaths rather open,
roughish. Panide very loose ; branches verticillate, — the lower ones in fives or
sixes, the upper in threes, — sharply scabrous, long, and hair-like ; palea awnless.
Hob. Old fields ; Serpentine ridge : frequent. Fl. June. Fr. Aug.

§ 2. AGROSTIS proper : Upper palea manifestly present.

3. A. vulgaris, With. Culms mostly erect ; panicle ovoid-oblong in
its outline, usually purple ; ligule truncate, very short.

COMMON AGROSTIS. Herd's-Grass (of Pennsylvania]. Red-top.

Culms 6 inches to 2 feet high, slender, cespitose. Leaves 3 to 6 or 8 inches long,
roughish. Panide with the branches alternatingly semi-verticillate, spreading,
finally divaricate. Paleae awnless, — the lower one twice the size of the upper.
Hjb. Moist meadows, and pastures. Nat. of Europe. Fl. July. Fr. Aug.

Obs. This was formerly cultivated, here : but it was not much
esteemed, — and is now generally neglected. It is, however, very
thoroughly naturalized. It should be borne in mind, by dealers in
Seeds, that this is not the " Herd's-Grass" of New York, and New
England. The Phleum pratense is so called, in those States ; and
the confusion has sometimes led to mistakes, and litigation. I am
not quite satisfied that we have the A. alba here, — and therefore
omit it from our Flora, for the present.

CIIV'JVA, L.

[A name of uncertain derivation.]

Spikelets compressed, crowded in a large flaccid panicle. Glumes
lanceolate, acute, with scarious margins, and hispid-serrulate keel,
— the lower one rather smaller. Florets stipitate, smooth, naked at
base; lower palea longer than the upper, short-awned on the back.
Stamen 1, opposite the 1-nerved upper palea! Perennial, and
rather stout, woodland grasses: culms simple; panicle terminal,
compound.

1. C. arimdiliacea, L. Panicle spreading below, contracted
or tapering at summit ; lower glume one fourth shorter than the
lower palea.
REED-LIKE CINNA.

Culm 2 to 4 or 5 feet high, erect, smooth. Leaves a foot or more in length ;
sheaths smooth, striate ; ligule membranaceous, elongated, lacerate. Panide 6 to
12 inches long, somewhat nodding,— the branches somewhat in fours; spikelets
glaucous-green, or sometimes purplish.
Hab. Moist woodlands and thickets : frequent. FL Aug. Fr. Sept.

4?3. MUHL.ENBERG'IA, Schreber.

[Dedicated to Rev. Henry Muhlenberg, D. D.; a distinguished American Botanist.]
Spikelets mostly in contracted panicles. Glumes acute, or bristle-
pointed, persistent, — the lower one rather smaller, sometimes very

GRAMINEAB 359

minute. Florets subsessile, usually hairy at base; paleae often
equal, deciduous with the inclosed grain, — the lower one 3-nerved,
mucronate, or awned at apex. Stamens 3. Chiefly perennials:
rhizomas creeping; culms often much branched, sometimes erect
and rigid ; leaves rather short.

* Lower palea barely mucronate, or sharp-pointed.

1. M. gobollfera, A. Gray. Culm rather erect, sparingly
branched ; panicle simple and very slender ; glumes nearly equal.
Agrostis sobolifera. Muhl. $ Ft. Cestr. ed. 2. p, 66,

SOBOLIFEROUS MUHLENBERGIA.

Culm about 2 feet high, slender; nodes not swelling; branches erect and filiform.
Leaves 4 to 6 inches long, narrowish, rough; sheaths open, smooth. Panicles
resembling very slender spikes, — the branches alternate, or in pairs, appressed ;
spikelets crowded.
Ifab. Open, rocky woodlands : frequent. Fl. Aug. Fr. Sept.

2. M. urloilicrutel, Trin. Culms upright, sparingly branched
or simple; panicle oblong-linear, contracted into an interrupted
glomerate spike, long peduncled, the branches sessile ; glumes awn-
pointed, nearly equal, and (with the bristle-like awn) often twice
the length of the unequal very acute paleae.

GLOMERATE MUHLENBERGIA.

Culms 1 to 2 feet high, compressed, smooth, rigid, — often branching from the
lower nodes, and somewhat geniculate. Leaves 3 to 5 inches long, narrow, erect
and rather rigid, scabrous; sheaths closed, striate, smooth ; ligule very short. —
Panicle terminal, 2 to 3 inches long, interrupted below, — the spikelets, crowded
in dense, oblong, subsessile, and often purplish clusters, which are about % an
inch in length, and appressed into a spike-form panicle ; glumes terminating in
scabrous bristles, which vary in length,
Hob. Slaty hills : not common. FL Aug. Fr. Octo.

Obs. Collected by JOSHUA HOOPES, September, 1852. The dense
terminal panicles of this species (which has been hitherto over-
looked,) have much resemblance to those of the following.

3* M. Mexicans!,. Trinius. Culms ascending, much branched ;

panicles terminal and lateral, contracted, dense-flowered ; glumes

unequal.

Agrostis lateriflora. MX. $ FL Cestr. ed. 2. p. 56.

MEXICAN MUHLENBERGIA.

Culms 18 inches to 3 feet long, with numerous swelling nodes, much branched
and leafy above, often naked below. Leaves 2 to 5 inches long ; sheaths compressed,
smooth, and but partially embracing the culm. Panicles numerous, — the lateral
ones partly sheathed at base; lower palea sometimes terminating in an awn.
Hob. Moist grounds; fence-rows, Ac.: common. FL Aug. Fr. Sept.

* * Lower palea bristle-awwd from the tip.

4. IH. sylvatica, Torr. $ Gray. Culms ascending, diffusely
branched ; panicles contracted, densely many -flowered ; glumes
nearly as long as the lower palea.
Agrostis sylvatica. Torrey. $ FL Cestr. ed. 2. p. 57.

WOOD MUHLEXBERGIA.

360 ENDOGENOUS PLANTS

Culms 2 to 3 feet long, smooth; nodes swelling. Leaves 4 to 6 inches long;
tTteaths smooth, open. Panicles slender, with the spikelets often densely clustered
on the branches; glumes with a slender acumination, nearly equal; lower palea
ending in an awn, which is often purple, and 4 or 5 times as long as the spikelet.
Hob. Borders of woods ; clearings, &c. : frequent. Fl. Sept. Fr. Octo.

5. M. Willcleiluvii, Trinius. Culm erect, nearly simple;
panicle slender, loosely-flowered; glumes about half as long as the
lower palea.

Agrostis tenuiflora. Willd. $ FL Cestr. ed. 2. p. 57.

WlLLDENOW's MUHLENBERGIA.

(Mm about 3 feet high, sometimes with a few appressed branches, retrorsely
pubescent near the nodes. Leaves 6 to 9 inches long, broadish, rough ; sheaths
roughish-pubescent. Panicle with long, rather remote, filiform, erect branches.
Lower palea terminating in an awn which is 3 or 4 times as long as the
epikelet.
llab. Open, rocky woodlands : frequent. Fl. Aug. Fr. Sept.

6. SI. diffusa, Schreber. Culms diffusely branched, slender ;
panicles rather slender, often purplish; glumes minute, — the lower
one obsolete.

SPREADING MUHLENBERGIA. Drop-seed Grass.

Culms 6 to 12 and sometimes 18 inches long, decumbent, geniculate, compressed,
smooth, very slender and rather wiry. Leaves 1 to 2 or 3 inches in length, divar-
icate, roughish ; sheaths smooth, rather open, pubescent at throat. Panicles ter-
minal and lateral, 3 to 6 or 8 inches long, — the branches alternate, rather distant,
appressed ; spikelets racemose, pedicellate ; lower palea terminating in a very
elender awn, which is generally purplish, and a little longer than the palea.
Hob. Pastures; yards, Ac. : common. FL Aug. Fr. Sept.

Obs. This delicate little grass is rather abundant, in autumn;
but neither has it, nor any of the species here described, much
agricultural value.

4?4. BRACHYEI/YTRIJM, Beauvois.

[Gr. Brachys, short, and Elytron, a cover ; alluding to the very short glumes.]
Spikelets few, in a simple racemose panicle, — each spikelet with a
filiform pedicel of an abortive second florest. Lower glume obsolete ;
the upper one subulate, persistent. Paleae involute, scabrous, — the
lower one 5-nerved, terminating in a long straight awn, — the upper
one 2-pointed, the sterile pedicel lodged in the groove on its back. —
Stamens 2. Perennial : rhizoma creeping ; culms simple ; spikelets
long.

1. IS. aristatuin , Beauv. Culm erect, retrorsely pubescent ;
leaves rather broadly lance-linear, rough, with pubescent sheaths.
Muhlenbergia erecta. Schreb. $ Fl. Cestr. ed. 2. p. 58.
AWNED BRACHYELYTRUM.

Culm 2 to 3 feet high. Leaves 4 to 6 inches long, scabrous, somewhat hairy,
ciliate on the margins. Panicle erect; spikelets all pedicellate, half an inch long ;
paleae strongly nerved, scabrous, the lower one terminating in an awn, which is
more than twice as long as the palea. Seed linear, grooved on one side, with a
long white pubescent acumination.
Sab. Rocky woodlands : frequent. Fl. July. Fr. Aug.

GRAMINEAE 361

| ft Glumes and paleae not bristle-pointed ; florets turrounded by a tuft of hairt at
base.

415. CALAJIAGROS'TIS, Adanson.

[Or. Kalamos, a Reed, and Agrostis ; from its afllnity to both.]
Spikelets in an open, or contracted (sometimes spiked), panicle, —
each with a rudimentary pedicel of an abortive second floret. Glumes
nearly equal, keeled, acute, longer than the floret, which is invested
at base by, a tuft of white hairs. Lower palea mostly awned on the
back, — the upper shorter, with the rudimentary pedicel, at its base,
often pencil-tufted. Stamens 3. Perennials: culms simple, rigid,
and rather tall.

1. C. COarctata, Torrey. Panicle densely contracted and some-
what spikeform, glaucous; lower palea shorter than the glumes,
with a rigid awn above the middle.
CONDENSED CALAMAGRGSTIS.

Culm 2 to 4 or 5 feet high, erect. Leaves 6 to 12 inches long, somewhat hairy
and rough, with white keel and nerves. Panicle, terminal, ohlong, stiffly erect ;
branches short, aggregated ; glumes with a subulate acumination, the margins
often purple.
Hob. Moist woods, and thickets : frequent. Fl. Ang. Fr. Sept.

Obs. The C. Canadensis, Beauv. may perhaps be regarded as a
doubtful Chester County plant; and I therefore omit it, for the
present.

C« STINPEAE: Inflorescence racemose) or panicled; spikelets usually
rather large; paleae coriaceous, mostly shorter than the glumes, 1- to
3-awned at apex ; scales mostly 3.

476. ARIS'TIDA, L.

[Latin, Arista, an awn, or beard ; characteristic of the genus.]
Glumes unequal, membranaceous, often cuspidate. Florets stipitate.
Paleae mostly 2, — the lower one involute, 3-awned at apex, — the
upper one much smaller, or obsolete. Stamens mostly 3 ; filaments
adnate at base to the stipe of the ovary. Scales 2. Culms wiry,
branching ; leaves narrow, often involute ; panicle racemose.

4S?* Awns distinct, and not articulated with the palea,— the middle one bent back~
ward, and sometimes contorted.

1. A. dichotoma, MX. Culms oblique, somewhat dichotom-
ously branched; lateral awns minute, — the middle one about ao
long as the palea, and contorted.

FORKED ARISTIDA. Poverty-Grass.

Annual t Culms 9 to 15 inches long, oblique or decumbent, geniculate, smooth.
Leaves 2 to 8 inches long, flat, with setaceous points : sheaths very short, open,
hairy at throat. Spikelets elongated, slender, on clavate peduncles.
Hob. Dry, slaty hills: frequent. FL Aug. Fr. Sept.

2. A.grracili§, Ell. Culms erect, branched at base, very slender;
lateral awns as long as the palea, — the middle one twice as long,
bent back but not contorted.

A. stricta. Fl. Cestr. ed. 2. p. 53.
SLENDER ARISTIDA. Poverty-grass,

362

ENDOGENOUS PLANTS

Annual. Culms 6 to 12 or 15 inches high, smooth. Leaves 1 to 6 inches long,
setaceously narrow, erect, involute toward the apex; sheaths short, with long
hairs at throat. Spikelets acicular, in a very slender erect racemose panicle.
Hob. Sterile old fields, and dry banks : frequent. Fl. Aug. Fr. Sept.

Obs. These dry slender grasses are remarkably worthless, to the
Farmer, — as their common name would indicate.

TRIBE 3. CHLORID'EAE.

Spikelets rarely 1- usually several-flowered, with the upper or terminal floret im-
perfect, disposed in one-sided racemose or digitate spikes ; glumes persistent,— the
upper one appearing as the outer one; rachis not jointed; stamens 2 or 3.

gl. Spikelets strictly l-flowered,— in pedunculate pendulous spikes.

477. SPARTTV]VA, Schreber.
[Gr. Spartin, or Spartine, a cord ; from its long tough leaves.]
Spikelets much compressed, closely imbricated in 2 rows on the
outer side of a triangular rachis. Glumes unequal, acute, or bristle-
pointed, serrulate on the keel, — the upper one larger. Paleae
membranaceous, awnless, shorter than the upper glume. Stamens 3.
Perennials : rhizomas extensively creeping ; culms simple, reed-like ;
leaves long, and sublinear; spikes racemose, smooth.

1. S. cy IIOSH roitlcN, Willd. Culms rather slender ; leaves nar-
row, tapering to a point; spikes 5 to 10, scattered; glumes bristle-
pointed.

CYNOSURFS-LIKE SPAEUNA. Cord-grass.

(Mm 3 to 5 feet high. Leaves 2 feet, or more, in length, and less than half an
inch wide, inclining to become involute. Spikes 1% to 3 inches long, alternate,
on peduncles half an inch to 2 inches in length. Anthers pale yellow. Styles
united to near the summit : stigmas white. Seed compressed.
Hob. Margin of the Schuylkill : rare. FL Aug. Fr. Sept.

§2. Spikelets 1%-flowered ; i. e. with 1 (rarely 2 or 3) perfect, and I imperfect, or
rudimentary floret.

478. BOtrTEL,OITA,, Lagasca.

[Probably named after some Spanish Botanist.]

Spikelets crowded and closely sessile in a short spike, on one side of
a flat rachis, — the spikes in a simple raceme. Glumes keeled, — the
lower one shorter. Lower palea of the perfect floret 3-nerved, 3-
toothed at apex, — the upper palea 2-nerved and 2-toothed, the
nerves projecting in mucronate points; while in the pedicellate
abortive floret, the nerves of the lower palea are extended into bristle-
like awns. Stamens 3. Perennial : culms cespitose, erect, wiry ;
leaves and sheaths hairy ; spikes short, sub-secund, often purplish.

1. K. raccin 6sa, Lag. Spikes numerous, distichously alternate,
on short flat peduncles, spreading, finally deflected and turned to
one side.

Atheropogon apludoides. Muhl. $ FL Cestr. ed. 2. p. 81.
RACEMOSE BOUTELOUA.

Culms 1 to 3 or 4 feet high, often geniculate at base. Leaves 6 to 12 inches long,
attenuate toward the apex, and inclining to became involute. Spikes 20 to 40,—

GRAMIXEAE

363

each about half an Inch in length, and containing 6 or 8 gpikekts, which are ar-
ranged in two rows on the under side of the spreading or reflected rachis. Perfect
florets sessile; anthers bright red.
Hob. Dry banks ; Serpentine rocks : not common. Fl. Aug. Fr. Sept.

Obs. This remarkable, and rather pretty grass, seems to be
almost entirely restricted to Serpentine rocks, in Chester County.
It has but little agricultural value.

§3. Spikelets several-flowered; pericarp loose, like a utricle.

. ,, Gaertner.

[From Eleusis; where Ceres, the Goddess of harvests, was worshipped.]
Spikelets 2- to 6-flowered, with a terminal naked rudiment, closely
imbricate-spiked on one side of & flatfish rachis, — the spikes digitate
or fascicled. Glumes unequal, shorter than the florets, keeled,
pointless. Paleae membranaceous, awnless, — the lower one ovate,
keeled, — the upper one smaller, 2-keeled. Stamens 3. Pericarp
thin and membranaceous, loose on the transversely rugose seed.
Annual : culms low and spreading ; spikes 2 to &, or 6 (rarely soli-
tary), pale green.

1. E. Indica, Gaertner. Culms branched at base, ascending, com-
pressed ; spikelets lance-ovate, about 5-flowered.
INDIAN ELEUSINB. Dog's-tail Grass.

Culms 6 to 12 or 18 inches long, oblique, or nearly procumbent, smooth. Leaves
2 to 12 inches long, rather crowded at the base of the culm, linear ; sheaths loose,
pilose at the throat. Spikes 1 or 2 to 4 inches in length, smooth. Grain trian-
gular-ovoid, dark brown.
Hob. Farm-yards, &e. Nat. of India. Fl. Aug. Fr. Sept.

Obs. This is extensively naturalized, here, — and in the latter
part of summer, makes a fine green carpeting for yards, and lanes,
that had been previously naked and muddy. Cattle and hogs are
fond of feeding on it.

TRIBE 4. FESTUCIN'EAE.l

Spikdets several- (few- to many-) flowered, often with the uppermost (rarely the
lowest) floret imperfect, or abortive,— usually disposed in open panicles ; paleae
pointless,— or the lower one sometimes tiptwith a straight awn, or bristle; stamens
Itu3; scoZes2.

§ 1. Grain free in the paleae, and smooth.
A. Lowest floret of the spikelet imperfect.

480. PIIR iC;>II TES, Trinius.
[Gr. Phragmos, a partition, or hedge ; from its alleged use, as such.]
Spikelets lance-linear, 3- to 5- or 7-flowered ; florets rather distant,
on conspicuously silky-bearded pedicels, — all perfect and triandrous,
except the lowest, which is sessile, and either neutral, or monandrous,
and naked at base. Glumes shorter than the florets, very unequal,
keeled, paleae slender, unequal, — the lower one much longer, with a
long involute awn-like acumination. Perennials : culm simple, tall
and stout; leaves broad; panicle terminal, large.

364 ENDOGENOUS PLANTS

1. P. COinnninis, Trin. Culm terete, smooth ; leaves lance-
olate ; panicle loosely expanded ; spikelets 3- to 5-flowered.
Arundo Phragmites. L. $ Fl. Cestr. ed. 2. p. 61.
COMMON PHRAGMITES. Reed-Grass.

Oulni 8 to 12 feet high, and often an inch or more in diameter, at base. Leavet
1 to 2 feet long, and about 2 inches wide at base, attenuated at apex, glaucous,
scabrous on the margins ; sheaths closely embracing the culm. Panicle much
branched, — the branches semi-verticillate, long and slender, with a tuft of soft
hairs at base; spikelets usually 3-flowered, — the lowest florets staminate, — the ped-
icels of the upper florets finally clothed with white silky hairs which are nearly as
long as the florets (though scarcely perceptible on the young panicle).
Sab. Swamps; Wynn's meadows, Brandy wine: rare. Fl. Aug. Fr. Sept.

Obs. This stout grass — which attains to the usual size of Broom,"
corn — seems to be common to both hemispheres. It is, however, of
little value in agriculture. A nearly allied plant (Arundo Donax, L.)
is often seen in the yards and gardens of the curious, under the
name of cane.

B. Lower florets perfect, — the terminal ones abortive.

a. Lower palea 2- or 3-pointed at apex.

481. TRICUS'PIS, Beauvois.

[Latin, — meaning 3-pointed ; in reference to the lower palea.]
Spikelets subterete, 3- to 12- (usually 4- or 5-) flowered, — the ter-
minal one abortive. Glumes unequal, mucronate. Rachis of the
epikelet bearded below each floret. Paleae chartaceous, — the lower
one much larger than the upper, convex, hairy on the back, 3-
nerved, tricuspidate at apex by the projection of the nerves, — the
upper palea emarginate, 2-keeled. Stamens 3. Stigmas plumose,
dark purple. Perennials : culms erect, hard and smooth ; panicle
very loose, and spreading, usually purple.

1. T. SCSlerioides, Torrey. Points of the nerves, in the lower
palea, scarcely exceeding the intermediate membranous teeth, — the
apex thus appearing 5-toothed.
SESLERIA-LIKE TRICUSPIS. Tall Red-top.

Culm 3 to 4 or 5 feet high. Leaves 6 to 15 inches long ; sheaths bearded at throat,
— upper ones smooth, those below often quite hairy. Panicle somewhat nodding,
— the branches alternate, or in pairs, long, flexuose, smooth, pilose in the axils. —
Spikelets on short peduncles, alternate and rather distant on the upper part of the
branches, usually 4-flowered. Seed oval, a little gibbous, 2 horned at apex.
Sab. Sandy banks, and old fields : frequent. FL Aug. Fr. Sept.

Obs. This grass — though lauded by PURSH — is certainly of very
little agricultural value.

b. Lower palea 1-pointed, or mucronate.

482. DAC'TYLIS, L.

[Gr. Daktylos, a finger ; in reference to the form, or size, of the spikes.]
Spikelets 3- to 5-flowered, compressed, crowded in dense one-sided
paniculate clusters. Glumes unequal, acuminate, ciliate-scabrous on
the keel. Paleae nearly equal, acuminate, — the lower one emargin-
ate, cuspidate, 5-nerved, — the upper one 2-keeled, bifid at apex.

OBAMINEAB 365

Stamens 3. Scales bifid. Grain lance-oblong, acute at each end.
Perennials: culms cespitose, rather stout; the clustered spikelet*
pale green.

l.£ D. GLOMERATA, L. Rough and glaucous ; panicle distantly
branched ; spikelets clustered at the ends of the branches.
CLUSTERED DACTYLIS. Orchard-Grass. Rough Cock's-foot Grass.
Culms 2 to 3 or 4 feet high. Leaves 6 to 18 inches long; sheaths striate; ligule
elongated, lacerate. Panicle racemose at summit, rather one-sided; branches 3 to
5, solitary, erect, subdivided toward the extremity ; spikelets about 4-flowered.
Hob. Fields, orchards, &c. Nat. of Europe. FL May. Fr. June.

Obs. Cultivated to some extent, and naturalized among us. It is
more valued for pasture, than for hay. It is of quick growth, and
is speedily reproduced after being cut, or eaten down by Stock : so
much so, that we may almost literally apply to it the lines of
VIRGIL —

" Et quantum longis carpent armenta diebus
Exigua tantum gelidus ros nocte reponet." — Georg. 2.

or, as SOTHEBY renders them —

" Cool dews restore beneath night's transient hours,
All that the herd each live-long days devours."

c. Lower palea mostly pointless. J Glumes very dissimilar.
483. REBOITL.EA, Kunth.

[Named from Eugene de Rebmtl^—yo. Italian Botanist.]

Spikelets usually 2-flowered, with an abortive pedicel-like rudiment
of a third, in a contracted slender panicle. Glumes nearly equal in
length, rather shorter than the florets, — the lower one narrowly
linear, 1-nerved and keeled, — the upper one obovate, 3-nerved. —
Lower palea oblong, obtuse, chartaceous, — the upper one very thin
and hyaline. Stamens 3. Grain linear-oblong, not grooved. Per-
ennials : culms slender ; leaves and sheaths more or less pubescent.

1. R. Peiiiisy Ivaiiica, A. Gray. Panicle long and slender,
rather loose ; spikelets a little compressed, shining ; upper glume
barely obtuse.

Koeleria Pennsylvanica. DC. $ Fl. Cestr. ed. 2. p. 65.
PENNSYLVANIAN REBOULEA.

Oulms 2 to 3 feet high. Leaves 2 to 6 inches long ; sheathe sometimes smoothish .
Panicle 4 to 6 or 8 inches long, very slender; spikelets not crowded, pale yollowieli-
green.
Sab. Moist woodlands, and low grounds; frequent. Fl. May. Fr. July.

2. R. obtusata, A. Gray. Panicle oblong, rather dense, some-
what interrupted ; upper glume rounded-truncate, roughish.
Koeleria truncata. Torrey. $ Fl. Cestr. ed. 2. p. 66.

BLUNTED REBOULEA.

Oulms about 2 feet high. Leaves 3 to 8 Inches long; sheaths striate, usually
softly pilose. Panicle 3 to 4 or 5 inches long, contracted, — the branches short and
nearly erect; spikelets crowded, glaucous or ash-colored, — appearing somewhat
acuminate, by reason of the paleae projecting beyond the glumes.
Bab. Fields and open woodlands : not very common. Fl. June. Fr. July.

366 ENDOGENOUS PLANTS

JJ Glumes nearly similar, though often unequal.
•H- Lower palea convex, not keeled.

484, GL,YCEVR1A, R. Brown.

[Gr. GlyJceros, sweet; alluding to the sweet taste of the seeds.]

Spikelets several- or many-flowered ; florets oblong, sessile, early
deciduous with the joints of the rachis, leaving the persistent mem-
branaceous glumes behind. Paleae nearly equal, naked, somewhat
chartaceous, — the lower one mostly 7-nerved, usually scarious at
apex, — upper one 2-keeled. Stamens 3, or 2. Scales 2, truncate,
more or less connate. Stigmas plumose, the hairs dichotomous ;
grain oblong. Perennial, smooth, semi-aquatic grasses : culms sim-
ple, often tall ; leaves flat ; sheaths nearly entire, or united round the
culm.

•f- Spikelets ovate ; upper palea entire, and very obtuse ; stamens 2-.

1. Cr. CanadensiS, Trinius. Panicle oblong-pyramidal, finally
spreading ; spikelets 6- to 8-flowered, drooping, becoming broad ;
glumes purplish.

CANADIAN GLYCERIA.

Culm 2 to 3 or 4 feet high. Leaves 6 to 15 inches long, roughish and somewhat
glaucous; sheaths smooth; liguU ovate. Panicle 6 to 9 inches long, — the branches
virgate, at length much spreading ; spikelets ahout two lines long ; glumes much
shorter than the florets ; grain oblong, brown.
Hab. Margins of swamps: not common. Fl. July. Fr. Aug.

Obs. Collected on the northern side of the County, in 1841, by
Mr. JOHN M'MiNN. The G. elongata, Trin. — (inserted in the 2nd
Edition, as Poa elongata, Torrey — ) seems yet to be- an uncertain
plant, of the County ; and therefore is now omitted.

t f Spikelets ovate-oblong, diffusely panicled; upper palea 2-toothed at apex; sta-
mens 3.

2. €r. nervata, Trin. Spikelets numerous, 3- to 5- or 7-flowered,
nodding on the very slender branches ; paleae oval, obtuse, nearly
equal, — the lower one prominently nerved.

Poa nervata. Willd. $ FL Cestr. ed. 2. p. 76.
NERVED GLYCERIA.

Culm 3 to 4 feet high, slender. Leaves 6 to 15 inches long, rough on the upper
surface; sfieaths striate, roughish; ligule oblong-orate. Panicle with the loose
spreading branches by twos or threes, subdivided, angular and scabrous ; florets
caducous ; glumes very small ; upper palea subcoriaceous, concave above ; grain
ovate, acute, dark brown.
JIab. Swamps, and along muddy rivulets : frequent. Fl. June. Fr. July.

tttSpikelets linear, appressed on the branches of a racemose elongated panick ;
ligule long ; stamens 3.

3. G. fliiitans, R. Brown. Spikelets 7- to 13-flowcred; lower
palea oblong, obtuse, erosely dentate at apex, longer than the upper
one.

FLOATING GLYCERIA. Manna-grass.

GRAMINEAE 367

Oulm 4 to 6 feet high, erect, or ascending, compressed. Leaves 4 to 10 inches
long, lance-linear, scabrous on the margins and upper surface; sheaths nerved,
smooth ; ligule very large, oblong. Panicle 9 to 15 inches long, partly concealed
in the sheath of the upper leaf ; branches mostly simple ; spikelets about an inch
long ; anthers large, yellow ; scales subcordate ; grain linear-oblong.
Hob. Shallow ponds, and wet places : frequent. Fl. June. Fr. July.

•i- H- Lower palea usually compressed) or keeled; panicle generally open.

485. POVA, L.

[An ancient Greek n ame for herbage, or pasture.]

Spikelets ovate, or oblong, compressed, few- or several-flowered.-—
Glumes mostly shorter than the florets, — the lower one smaller.
Lower palea herbaceous, with a scarious margin, keeled, or convex,
pointless, 5-nerved, — the nerves often clothed at base with cobweb-
like hairs; upper palea rather smaller, membranaceous, 2-keeled,
deciduous with the lower one. Stamens 2, or 3. Stigmas simply
plumose. Grain oblong. Culms cespitose.

f Panicle-branches mostly I or 2 at a node.
* Branches smooth and sliort ; florets not webbed at base.

1. P. dnnua, L. Culms short, spreading, compressed; leaves short;
spikelets 3- to 7-flowered, on short pedicels, rather crowded.
ANNUAL POA. Early, or Dwarf Meadow-grass.

Culms 3 to 9 inches long, often nearly procumbent, geniculate, glabrous. Leaves
1 to 3 inches long ; sheaths loose, smooth ; ligule oblong, dentate. Panicle often
rather secund,— the branches solitary, subdivided.
Hab. Yards ; along foot-paths, &c. Nat. of Europe. Fl. April. Fr. June.

Obs. I incline to think this humble species is not indigenous,
here. STILLINGFLEET says, it "makes the finest of turfs. It grows
every where by way sides, and on rich commons (in England). It
is called in some parts the Suffolk Grass."

* * Panicle-branches long, roughish; florets webbed at base.

£« I", pfmg'ens, Nuttall. Culms compressed; radical leaves
long, linear, — those of the culm few, short, and cuspidate; spike-
lets 3- to 5-flowered, crowded at the ends of the branches.
PUNGENT POA.

Perennial. Culms 1 to 2 feet long, glabrous, somewhat cespitose. Leaves 2 to 9
inches in length,— usually 2 on the culm; sheaths striate, roughish, rather loose;
ligule truncate, lacerate, sometimes abruptly acuminate. Panicle nearly simple,
small, spreading below, contracted and almost racemose at summit ; branches in
twos or threes ; grain oblong, 2-horned at apex.
Hab. Hilly woodlands, along Brandywine : not common. Fl. April. Fr. May.

Obs. This early-flowering species (which by a singular misnomer
has been also called P. autumnalis,) is frequent in woodlands along
the Brandywine ; but I have rarely met with it elsewhere.

t f Panicle-branches in semi-verticils of 3 to 5, or more; spike] ets subsessile, crowded
on tfie branches; florets more or less webbed at base.

3. P> trivialis, L. Culms sub-terete and, with the sheaths, retrorsely
scabrous; ligule elongated, acuminate; spikelets 2- to 3-flowered ;
florets slightly webbed.

368 ENDOGENOUS PLANTS

TRIVIAL (OR WAT-SIDE) POA. Rough Meadow-grass.

Perennial. Culms 1 to 2 or 3 feet high, often declined at base, geniculate, stolon-
iferous. Leaves 3 to 6 or 8 inches long; sheaths striate-nerved ; UguLe remarkably
large and whitish. Panicle loose, expanding.
Hob. Moist places. Nat. of Europe. Fl. June. Fr. July.

Obs. This has considerable resemblance to the following one, —
but is decidedly inferior in value. The features mentioned will
readily serve to distinguish them.

4» P.pratensis, L. Culms erect, terete and, with the sheaths, smooth ;
ligule short, truncate; spikelets 3- to 5-flowered; florets conspicu-
ously webbed.
MEADOW POA. Smooth Meadow-grass. Green-Grass.

Perennial. Culms 1 to 2 or 3 feet high. Radical leaves often very numerous,
and very long (1 to 2 feet, or more, in rich soils), scarcely a line wide, and exactly
linear, terminating abruptly in a boat-shaped or keeled point, deep-green, — culm
leaves shorter than the sheaths. Panicle at first rather contracted, finally expand*
ing and pyramidal.
Sab. Fields, meadows, &c. Nat. of Europe. Fl. May. Fr. July.

Obs. This varies greatly, in size and appearance, when growing
in different soils and situations. It is believed to be a foreigner ;
but is thoroughly naturalized. In our best soils, the radical leaves
are very luxuriant, — when it is known by the name of "Green-
Grass." It is the profusion of the nutritious radical leaves, which
constitutes the chief excellence of this grass, — which is, indeed, the
most valuable known in our pastures. The slender culms afford a
good material for the manufacture of Leghorn hats.

5. P. compressa, L. Culms ascending, much compressed and, with
the sheaths, smooth ; panicle contracted, somewhat one-sided.
COMPRESSED POA. Blue-Grass. Wire-Grass.

Perennial. Rhizwnas branching and creeping. Culms 9 to 18 inches long,
oblique and geniculate, often procumbent and radicating at base. leaves 2 or 3 to
5 or 6 inches long, linear, keeled, and, with the culm, of a bluish-green, or glau-
cous hue. Panicle at first almost spicate, finally expanding; spikelets 5- or 6-flow-
ered, often purplish.
Sab. Fields, and pastures. Nat. of Europe. FL June. Fr. July.

Obs. This species is also thoroughly naturalized, and is universally
known, here, by the name of Blue-grass, — though, in Kentucky, that
name is given to the preceding (our Green- Grass). It affords much
less pasture than the Green-Grass, — and therefore is less valuable;
but what there is, is believed to be even more nutritious. The
rhizomas are exceedingly tenacious of life, — which renders the grass
rather troublesome, in cultivated grounds, among other crops.

486. ERAGROS'TIS, Beauvois.

[Perhaps from the Gr. Era, the earth, and Agrostis ; being sometimes procumbent.]
Spikelets nearly as in Poa, few- or many-flowered, in an open panicle.
Glumes unequal. Lower palea 3-nerved, not webbed at base, — the
upper one persistent on the rachis. Chiefly annuals: culmt often
branching, geniculate and oblique, or sometimes creeping j ligult
ehort, often bearded.

GRAMINEAE 369

1. E, megasttichya, Link. Panicle-branches single, or in pairs,
mostly naked in the axils; spikelets 8- to 30- or 40-flowered,
usually lead-colored.

Poa Eragrostis. L. $ Fl. Cestr. ed. 2. p. 79.
LARGE-SPIKED ERAGROSTIS.

GuLms 6 inches to 1 or even 2 feet long, somewhat decumbent, smooth. Leaves 3
to 6 inches in length, lance-linear; sheaths striate, smooth, somewhat pilose at
throat. Panicle pyramidal,— the branches flexuose, scabrous, the subdivisions
often bearing 2, 3, or 4 ovate-oblong spikelets; grain roundish-ovoid, brown.
Hob. Gardens, roadsides, &c. Nat. of Europe. FL Aug. Fr. Sept

Obs. This grass, when fresh gathered, emits a peculiar and rather
unpleasant odor, — as if scorched.

2. E. pildsa, Beauvois. Lower panicle-branches subverticillate,
hairy in the axils ; sheaths with long white hairs at throat ; spike-
lets 5- to 12-flowered ; glumes very unequal.

Poa pilosa. L. $ Fl. Cestr. ed. 2. p. 78.
HAIRY ERAGROSTIS.

Ctdms 6 to 12 inches long, often decumbent and geniculate at base, slender,
smooth. Leaves 1 to 3 or 4 inches in length. Panicle loose; branches flexuose ;
spikelets sub-linear ; grain oblong, brown.
Hob. Gardens, roadsides, &c. Nat. of Europe. FL July. Fr. Sept.

3. E. caplllslris, Nees. Panicle-branches very slender, naked
in the axils ; spikelets about 3-flowered, green, on long capillary
pedicels.

Poa capillaris. L. $ Fl. Cestr. ed. 2. p. 77.
CAPILLARY, OR HAIR-PANICLED ERAGROSTIS.

Culms 6 to 12 inches long, oblique, or erect, somewhat compressed, much branch-
ed at base, smooth. Leaves 3 to 6 inches in length ; sheaths rather loose, often
ciliate along the margins. Panicle long (often longer than the culm), loose, much
branched; spikelets ovate, sometimes 5-flowered; glumes nearly equal; grain oval,
gibbous at base, reddish-brown.
Bab. Sandy soils; slaty hills : not very common. FL Aug. Fr. Sept.

Obs. A variety of this, — with an erect culm, long radical leaves, and
a large capillary panicle, with spikelets 1- to 3-flowered, — occurs
on our slaty hills.

4. E. §pect£blli§, A. Gray. Panicle-branches rigid, finally
divaricate, bearded in the axils ; spikelets 5- to ID-flowered, mostly
purple.

Poa hirsuta. Fl. Cestr. ed. 2. p. 78, not of MX.
SHOWY ERAGROSTIS.

Culm 9 to 18 inches long, rather stout, mostly simple and smooth. Leaves 6 to
15 inches long; sheaths loose, longer than the internodes,— the lower ones hairy,
upper ones smooth ; ligule densely bearded. Panicle 8 to 15 inches long, much
branched ; spikelets lance-oblong ; glumes nearly equal ; grain minute, purple.
Hob. Sterile, sandy fields; roadsides, &c.: frequent. FL Aug. Fr. Sept.

Obs. This handsome, showy grass, has no agricultural value;
and the same may be said of all the preceding species.

24

370 ENDOGENOUS PLANTS

22. Grain mostly adherent to the upper palea, hairy at summit; lower palea cflorta-
ceous, or coriaceous.

48?. FESTtTCA, L.

[An ancient Latin name.]

SpiMets oblong, subterete, rather dry and harsh, 2- 3- or many-
flowered, panicled, or racemose; florets not cobwebby at base. —
Glumes unequal, mostly keeled, shorter than the florets. Lower
palea subcoriaceous, convex, nerveless, not scariously margined,
either awned, mucronate, or pointless. Stamens mostly 3.
f Florets awned from the tip; panicle contracted, racemose.

1. F. tcnclla, Willd. Culm filiform ; leaves setaceous ; panicle
somewhat secund ; spikelets 3- to 9-flowered.
TENDER, OR LITTLE FESTUCA.

Annual. Culm 6 to 12 inches high, often growing in bunches. Leaves 1 to 3
inches long, setaceously linear ; sheaths slightly pubescent. Panicle 2 to 4 inchef
long, — the lower branches in pairs ; spikelets usually 5- to 7-flowered, becoming
brown when old ; grain linear, grooved on the upper side.
Hob. Dry, sterile banks : frequent. Fl. June. Fr. July.

f f Florets pointless, or merely mucronate ; panicle open ; grain sometimes fret.

£. F. elatior, L. Panicle spreading, and somewhat nodding ; spike-
lets 4- to 6-flowered ; lower palea somewhat mucronate.
TALLER FESTUCA.

Perennial. Culm 3 to 4 or 5 feet high. Leaves 9 to 15 inches long; sheathi
smooth; ligule very short. Panicle 5 to 10 inches long, generally nodding:
branches mostly in pairs. Grain oval, concave on the upper side.
Sab. Wet meadows. Nat. of Europe. Fl. June. Fr. July.

Obs. This is partially naturalized, — but is much less common,
and also less valuable, than the next following ; to which, however,
it is nearly allied.

3. F. pratensis, Hudson. Panicle rather erect and secund ; spike-
lets 7- to 9-flowered ; lower palea never mucronate.

MEADOW FESTUCA. Fescue-Grass.

Perennial. Culm 2 to 3 feet high, smooth. Leaves 4 to 8 and 12 inches long,
lance-linear, tapering to a point, smooth and shining, yellowish-green, — the radi
cal ones numerous ; sheaths smooth ; ligule very short or obsolete. Panicle 4 to £
inches long; branches generally single, often subdivided; spikelets racemose on
the branches, frequently purplish.
Sab. Fields, waysides, &c. Nat. of Europe. Fl. June. Fr. July.

Obs. This is a valuable grass, — and has become thoroughly
naturalized in all our good lands.

4. F. nutans, Willd. Panicle of several long slender naked
branches, which are mostly in pairs ; spikelets subterminal, pedicel-
late, finally nodding, about 3-flowered.

NODDING FESTUCA.

Perennial. Culm about 3 feet high, rather slender, smooth ; nodes blackish.—
Leaves 6 to 12 inches long, deep green; sheaths nerved, often pilose; ligule short,
gerrate. Panicle very loose ; spikelets few, 2 to 5 flowered ; florets rather tumid.
Bab. Moist woodlands : frequent. Fl. June. Fr. July.

GRAMINEAE 371

488. BROVMUS, L.

[Or. Brana, food ; Bromos was an ancient name for Oats.]
Spikelets ovate- or oblong-lanceolate, somewhat compressed, 3- or 5-
to many-flowered, in a loose panicle. Glumes unequal, — the lower,
1- to 5-nerved, — the upper, 3- to 9-nerved. Lower palea convex,
bifid at apex, usually awned a little below the tip ; upper palea
pectinate-ciliate on the two keels, finally adhering to the groove of
the linear-oblong grain. Stamens 3. Coarse grasses, with rather
large spikelets, which are finally nodding.

1. B. ci 1 hit UK, L. Panicle compound, with elongated branches ;
spikelets lanceolate; florets pubescent, and conspicuously ciliate,
rather longer than the straight awn.

B. pubescens. Muhl. $ FL Cestr. ed. 2. p. 70.
CILIATE BROMUS. Wild Brome-grass.

Perennial. Culm 3 to 4 feet high, smooth above ; nodes black. Leaves 6 to 12
inches long, pilose on the upper surface ; sheaths nerved, — the lower ones retrorsely
pilose, the upper ones smooth. Panicle very loose, — the branches in pairs, or 3 to
5, slender, subdivided, flexuose and sharply scabrous ; spikelets about 10-flowered ;
tower glume smaller, almost subulate, 1-nerved, — the upper one 3-nerved. Lower
palea 7-nerved, clothed with appressed hairs.
Hob. Woodlands i frequent. FL June. Fr. July.

2. B. secaltnus, L. Panicle-branches nearly simple ; spikelets ovate-
oblong, somewhat turgid ; florets smooth, distinct, longer than the
flexuose awn.

BYE BROMUS. Cheat. Chess.

Annual. Culm 3 to 4 feet high, smooth; nodes pubescent. Leaves 6 to 12 inches
long, rough and pilose on the upper surface; sheaths smooth; ligule oblong, lacin-
iate-dentate. Panicle 4 to 8 inches long, — the branches semi-verticillate ; rough
and pubescent; spikelets 8- or 10-flowered ; tower glume shorter, 5-nerved, some-
times mucronate,*— the upper one 7-nerved, obtuse, or emarginate. Lower palea,
obscurely 7-n«rv«d, slightly pubescent near the apex,— the awn sometimes want-
ing, or a mere rudiment. Grain closely embraced by the lower palea,— the upper
palea doubled in the groove, and adherent.
Hob. Grain-fields, and pastures. Nat. of Europe. Fl. June. Fr. July.

Obs. This foreigner is a well-known intruder among our crops of
Wheat and Rye, — and often appears in the same fields, for a year
or two, after those crops ; but, being an annual, it is soon choked
out by the perennial grasses. The vulgar error, that this plant is
transformed Wheat, came to us with the earliest Immigrants, — and,
notwithstanding the boasted "march of mind," it yet prevails among
a certain class of our farmers, to a considerable extent. Any one,
however, who has had an opportunity to observe the uniformity and
constancy of the Laws which govern the development of living
bodies, and yet persists in believing in the transmutation of genera
and species, may be fairly placed in the category of him who be-
lieves in equivocal generation, — of whom it is said, in the Amoenitates
Academicae, "certe fungum habet pro cerebro."

3. B. mtUis? L. Panicle erect, somewhat spreading; spikelets
ovate-lanceolate, compressed ; florets pubescent, closely imbricated,
about as long as the straight awn.
B. arvensis. L? $ Fl. Cestr. ed. 2. p. 69.

372 ENDOGENOUS PLANTS

SOFT BROMUS.

Biennial? Culm about 2 feet high, smooth; nodes nearly Mack, retrorsely
pubescent. Leaves 6 to 12 inches long, hairy on both sides; sheaths retrorsely
and softly pilose ; ligule ohlong, lacerate. Panicle-brancfies often simple, some-
times subdivided, rough ; spikdets about 7-flowered.
Hob. Moist meadows ; pastures, &c, Nat. of Europe. Fl. June. Fr. July.

Obs. I am not quite certain, as to this species ; but I now incline
to think it may be the B. mollis, of the European Botanists. ,

TRIBE 5. HORDEIN'EAE.

Spilcelets several- (rarely 1-) flowered, sessile on opposite sides of a flexuose toothed
rachis, forming & solitary spike, — the terminal or lateral florets often abortive;
glumes sometimes collateral, occasionally wanting; paleae awned, or awnless;
stamens mostly 3.

§1, Spikelets single at each joint of the rachis, several-flowered.

489. TRIT'ICUM, L.

[Latin, tritus, a rubbing, or grinding ; the grain being so treated.]
Spikelets 3- to several-flowered, compressed, with the flat side against
the rachis ; florets distichous. Glumes nearly equal and opposite.
Lower palea very like the glumes, convex, awned, or merely mucron-
ate; the upper one flat, bristly-ciliate on the two keels, free, or
adherent to the groove of the grain. Ovary pubescent at summit.
Annuals, or perennials,— -the former yielding bread-corn.

fANNUAi: Spike ^sided; glumes ventricose, obtuse. [GENUINE TRITICTJM].
1. T. VULGARE, Villars. Spike imbricated, with a tough rachis ;
spikelets 4- or 5-flowered, broad-ovate, obtuse ; florets mucronate,
or often awned ; grain free.
T. sativum. L. # Fl. Cestr. ed. 2. p. 86.
COMMON TRITICUM. Wheat. Winter, and Spring Wheat.

Culm 2 or 3 to 5 feet high, terete, smooth ; nodes striate, pubescent. Leaves 6 to
15 inches long ; sheaths smooth ; ligule truncate, dentate. Spike 3 to 5 inches in
length ; rachis flat and broad, hirsute on the margins ; spikelets sessile, compress-
ed at apex ; florets usually 3 fertile and 2 abortive,— the penultimate one pistillate,
the terminal one neutral, and pedicellate; grain ovoid-oblong, grooved on the
upper side, whitish, pale yellowish, or brown.
Hob. Fields. Native Country uncertain. FL June. Fr. July.

Obs. Long culture, in various soils and climates, has produced
numerous varieties of this most important grass ; in some of which
the chaff is awnless, and the grain nearly white, — in others, the
lower palea terminates in a long awn, and the grain is reddish or
dark brown.

ft PERENNIAL: Spike distichous; glumes lanceolate, often acuminate.
[COUCH GRASSES].

*J. T. repens, L. Rhizomas creeping ; spike compressed ; spikelets
4- to 8-flowered, lance-oblong, acute ; florets mostly awnless.
CREEPING TRITICUM. Couch-grass.

Rhizomas jointed, white. Plant sometimes bluish-glaucous. Oulms about 2
feet high, smooth. Leaves 4 to 12 inches long; sheaths smooth; ligule short,
truncate. Spike 3 to 5 inches long; rachis flexuose, flat, mostly scabrous on the

GRAMINEAK 373

margins ; glumes acuminate, keeled, strongly 6- or 7*nerved, roughish,— the outer
margin broader ; lower palea acuminate, or mucronate, 5-nerved, smooth.
Hob. Pastures, and Lots. Nat. of Europe. Fl. July. Fr. Aug.

Obs. This species— which is quite distinct in habit from the
geniune Wheat — is gradually extending itself over the County ; and
will no doubt become troublesome, in our cultivated grounds, by
reason of the great tenacity of life in its rhizomas, or creeping sub-
terranean stems.

490. SEC AXE, L. >-••',"

[Latin, secare> to cut; or perhaps from the Celtic Sega, a sickle.]
Spikelets 2-flowered, arranged as in Trilicum. Glumes sub-opposite,
keeled. Lower palea awned at apex, keeled, with unequal sides, —
the outer side broader and thicker; upper palea shorter, 2-keeled.
Grain free, pubescent at summit. A tall, annual, bluish-glaucous
grass; florets long-awned.

1. S. CEREXLE, L. Spike compressed, linear ; glumes subulate ;
lower palea bristly-ciliate on the keel and outer margin.
HARVEST SECALE. Bye. Common Rye.

Culm 4 to 6 feet high, hairy near the spike. Leaves 6 to 18 inches long ; sheaths
membranaceous, smooth ; ligvle, short, dentate. Spike 4 to 6 inches long, 2-sided
and flattish ; spikelets mostly 2-flowered, with an awh*like rudiment of a third. —
Grain oblong, subcylindrical, grooved on the upper side, dusky brown.
Hob. Fields. Nat. of the East. Fl. June. Fr> July.

Obs. Being in quality decidedly inferior to Wheat, this grain is
only partially cultivated) and that on our thin slaty soils, where it
succeeds best.

491. LO'UITM, L.

[The ancient Latin name.)

Spikelets many-flowered, alternate, distichously arranged in a simple
terminal spike, — with the edge of the spikelets to the common rachis.
Glumes (except at the terminal spikelet) only one, and that on the
outer side; for the rest, much resembling the Couch Grasses. —
Grain adherent to the Upper palea, smooth.

1. L. perenne, L. Spikelets compressed, longer than the glumes,
about 7-flowered; florets mostly awnless.
PERENNIAL LOLIUM. Rye- or Ray-grass* Darnel.

Perennial. Culm 1 to 2 feet high, smooth. Leaves 4 to 10 inches long, shining
green; slieaths smooth; liguLe truncate. Spike about 6 inches long; rachis flex-
uose, channelled or concave opposite the spikelets. Spikelets 12 to 20, a little dis-
tant,—each sessile in the axil of a single glume, which resembles a short rigid
leaf.
Hob. Meadows, and Lots. Nat. of Europe. Fl June. Fr* July*

Obs. This has been introduced, as suitable for Lawns, &c. and
has become partially naturalized ; but it does not seem to command
the attention of our farmers — either for pasture, or hay. STILLING-
FLEET says, "many are tempted by the facility of procuring the
seed of this grass to lay down grounds near their houses, where
they want to have a fine turf with it ; for which purpose, unless
the soil be very rich, a worse grass cannot be sown, as it will
certainly die off in a very few years intirely."

374 ENDOGENOUS PLANTS

g 2. Spikelets 2 to 4 at each joint of the rachis; glumes collateral, or wantittg.
492. E'L-YMUS, L.

[An ancient Greek name, of obscure derivation.]

Spikelets mostly 2 at each joint of the rachis, all fertile, each 2- to
7-flowered, — the terminal floret abortive. Glumes nearly equal,
placed side by side in front of the spikelets, rarely wanting. Paleae
coriaceous, — the lower one convex, usually awned at apex. Grain
adherent to the involving paleae, pubescent at summit. Perennial
grasses, — often with spikes somewhat resembling those of Barley,
or Rye.

f Glumes unequal-sided, rigid, nerved and awned.

1. E. Yirginicus, L. Spike erect, straight, dense and thick-
ish ; spikelets about 3-flowered ; glumes linear-lanceolate ; florets
smoothish.

VIRGINIAN ELYMUS. Wild Rye. Lyme-Grass.

Culm 2 to 3 feet high, smooth. Leaves 6 to 12 inches long, broadish, scabrous;
sheaths nerved, sometimes pubescent ; spike 3 to 5 inches long ; rachis Bmoothish.
Hob. Moist, low grounds ; along streams : frequent. Fl. July. Fr. Sept.

2. E. Caiiadeiisis, L, Spike rather loose, curving or some-
what nodding ; spikelets 2- to 5-flowered ; glumes lance-subulate ;
florets hairy.

CANADIAN ELYMUS.

Ctdm 3 or 4 feet high, rather stout, smooth. Leaves 6 to 12 inches long, rough-
ish, green, and sometimes glaucous; sheaths smooth. Spiked to 8 inches long;
rachis hirsute.
Hob. Low grounds ; along streams : frequent. Fl. Aug. Fr. Sept.

3. E. strisitais, Willd. Spike rather dense, but slender, some-
times nodding ; spikelets 1- to 3-flowered ; glumes subulate ; rachis
and florets hispidly pilose.

E. villosus. Muhl. $ Fl. Cestr. ed. 2. p. 84.
STRIATE ELYMUS.

Culm 2 to 3 feet high, rather slender, striate, smooth. Leaves 6 to 8 inches long,
pubescent on the upper surface, scabrous on the margins ; sheaths hairy, or the
tipper ones smoothish . Spike 2 to 3 inches long, at first erect, finally loose and
somewhat nodding ; rachis villous.
Hob. Along streams : frequent. Fl. July. Fr. Sept.

f f Glumes mere rudiments, or wanting; when present, awn-like.

4, E.Hys'trix, L. Spike erect, open ; spikelets about 3-flowered,
distant, diverging; florets smoothish, long-awned.
PORCUPINE ELYMUS. Bottle-brush Grass.

Culm 2 to 4 feet high, smooth. Leaves 4 to 8 inches long, rough on the tipper
surface, often glaucous ; sheaths smooth. Spike 3 to 6 inches long ; rachis smooth-
ish, serrulate on the margins ; spikelets finally spreading almost horizontally, —
often 3 at each joint of the rachis ; glumes generally wanting, or mere callous
rudiments,— or sometimes the upper and lower spikelets have one or two subulate
glumes, as long as the fiorets.
Hob. Moist, rocky woodlands: frequent. Fl. July. Fr. Aug.

Obs. The expanded bristly spike of this species somewhat re-
sembles an Apothecary's bottle-brush.

GRAMINEAE 375

493. HOR'DElTlftl. L.

[The ancient Latin name.]

Spikelets 1 -flowered (with a subulate rudiment of second floret),
arranged in threes at the joints of the rachis, but the lateral ones
often abortive. Glumes collateral, lance-linear, rigid, subulate-
awned. Paleae herbaceous, — the lower or front one convex, long-
awned at apex. Stamens included. Grain oblong, pubescent at
summit, usually adherent to the paleae.

1. H. VULGXRE, L. Spikelets all fertile, and awried, — arranged so
as to form a 4- (or somewhat 6-) sided spike.

COMMON HORDEUM. Four-rowed Barley.

Annual. OulmZto 3 feet high, smooth. Leaves 6 to 15 Inches long; sheaths
smooth, auriculate at throat. Spike about 3 inches long ; rachis pubescent on the
margins.
Hob. Fields. Nat of Sicilly and Tartary. Fl. May. Fr. June.

2. H. DIS'TICHUM, L. Lateral spikelets abortive and awnless, — the
fertile ones distichous, forming a 2-sided spike.

DISTICHOUS HORDEUM. Two-rowed Barley.

Annual. Oulm 2 to 3 feet high, smooth. Leaves 6 to 15 inches long; sheaths
smooth, auriculate at throat. Spike 3 to 4 inches in length; rachis hirsute on the
margins.
Bub. Fields. Nat. of Tartary. Fl. June. Fr. July.

Obs. Both species were formerly much cultivated, in this County ;
but, of late, the culture seems to be transferred to western New
York.

TRIBE 6. AVEVNEAE.

Spikelets 2- or several-flowered, panicled, — the terminal floret mostly abortive;
glumes and paleae membranaceous, or chartaceous, — the lower palea mostly bear-
ing a bent or twisted awn on the back ; stamens 3.

g 1. Lower palea 3- to ^nerved, thin and membranaceous.

494. AI'RA, L.

[An ancient Greek name, for another grass.]

Spikelets 2-flowered, in an open diffuse panicle; florets small, both
perfect (often with an abortive third one), sometimes equalling, but
usually shorter than the membranaceous shining glumes. Paleae
nearly equal, hairy at base, — the lower one 3- to 5-nerved, lacerate-
toothed at apex, awned on the back below the middle. Grain
oblong, smooth. Dry, wiry, slender grasses, with smooth culms,
and lead-colored glumes.

1. A. caespltosa, L. Leaves flat, roughish ; lower palea 4-
toothed at the truncate apex ; awn short, and mostly straight.
CESPITOSE AIRA.

Perennial. Culms 2 to 3 feet high, growing in tussMks. Leaves 6 to 15 inches
long, narrow, scabrous on the upper surface ; sheaths smooth ; ligide, elongated,
acuminate. Panicle oblong, at first contracted, finally diffuse ; branches semi-ver-
ticillatc, capillary, sharply scabrous ; florets as long or rather longer than the
bluish glumes. Grain free, not grooved.
HJ^I Moist places, on Serpentine rock : frequent there. Fl. May. Fr. July,

376 ENDOGENOUS PLANTS

Obs. This is not generally diffused, — but seems to be restricted
to Serpentine banks. The A. flexuosa is so uncertain, as a Chester
County plant, that I think it best to omit it, for the present.

495. TRISE^TUM, Persoon.
[Latin; meaning three bristles ; a feature of the lower palea.]
Spikelets 2- to several-flowered, usually in a contracted panicle.
Lower palea keeled, bicuspidate at apex, and awned below the tip:
otherwise nearly as in Air a. Slender perennials, — intermediate
between Aira and Avena.

1. T. pal list re, Torrey. Smooth; panicle long and slender,

somewhat nodding, yellowish-green; spikelets much compressed,

2- to 3-flowered.

Avena palustris. MX. $ Fl. Cestr. ed. 2. p. 67.

MARSH TRISETUM.

(Mm 2 to 3 feet high; nodes contracted. Leaves 2 to 4 inches long, roughish;
tigule oblong, lacerate. Panicle 5 or 6 inches long, often somewhat secund;
frrcmc/iesseini-verticillate; spikelets all pedunculate; glumes nearly equal, rather
shorter than the florets; upper floret on a hairy pedicel, with the awn of the lower
palea contorted, or bent, as long as the floret ; lower floret often awnless,-- the
lower palea merely bicuspidate. Grain compressed, free.
llab. Swampy meadows : frequent. Fl. June. Fr. July.

g 2. Lower palea 7- to many-nerved, chartaceous, or subcoriaceous.

496. DAWTHCraiA, DC.

[Named after M. Danthoine, — a French Botanist.]

Spikelets 2- to 7-flowered, in a racemose panicle. Glumes nearly
equal, awnless, loose, longer than the imbricated florets. Paleae
hairy at base, — the lower one bifid at apex, with a flattish twisted
awn (composed of the 3 middle nerves,) between the segments.
Grain smooth and free.

1. 0. spicata, Beauvois. Leaves short, involute-subulate ; panicle
simple, rather secund ; spikelets about 7-flowered.
SPICATE DANTHONIA. Wild Oat-grass.

Perennial. Culms 12 to 18 inches long, slender, somewhat cespitose, often a little
decumbent at base. Lower leaves 3 to 6 inches long ; culm leaves short, erect,
subulate ; sheaths pilose at throat, and near the nodes ; ligule very short. Panicle
short, erect, sometimes the lower branches divided ; spikelets 3 to 5, — occasionally
10 or 15. Grain oblong, compressed, incurved, longitudinally striate, — the apex
slightly 2-horned.
Hob. Dry banks; borders of woods : common. Fl. June. Fr. July.

497. AVE'WA, L.

[The Classical Latin name.]

Spikelets 2- to 5-flowered, in a loose, large, and somewhat nodding
panicle ; florets rather distant, — the terminal one abortive. Glumes
nearly equal, awnless, loose and membranaceous, often longer than
the florets. Lower palea convex, mostly bifid at apex, with a bent
or twisted awn on the back (proceeding from the middle nerve,
only). Stamens included. Grain oblong, grooved on the upper
side, hairy at summit.

GRAMINEAE 377

1. A. SATIVA, L. Panicle regular ; spikelets 2-flowered, pendulous ;
florets shorter than the glumes, naked at base.
CULTIVATED AVENA. Common Oats.

Annual, Culm 2 to 4 feet high, smooth, and rather soft. Leaves 6 to 15 inches
long, rough; sheatlis smooth, somewhat loose; ligule lacerate. Spikelets all pedun-
culate ; lower floret mostly awned near the bifid apex ; upper floret awnless, — with
a pedicel at the base of the upper palea, bearing at its summit membranaceoua
rudiments of a third floret. Grain closely invested by the smooth, shining, sub-
coriaceous paleae, and slightly adherent to the upper one.
Hob. Fields. Native Country uncertain. Fl. July. Fr. Aug.

Obs. The great English Lexicographer defined Oats as being the
food of Horses, in England, — and of People, in Scotland. Dr. DARWIN,
also, seemed by the following couplet, to regard the plant as some-
what Scottish, in its associations: —

" Two Sister-nymphs, the fair AVENAS, lead
Their fleecy squadrons on the lawns of Tweed."

The Founders of the Edinburgh Review had reference to the same
Johnsonian idea, when they thought of adopting for a motto —
" Tenui Musam meditamur Avend."

And it was, doubtless, while those Reviewers were supping their
thin Parritch, that the interesting inquiry occurred to them — "Who
reads an American Book?"* On our side of the Atlantic, the
Avena is cultivated almost entirely as a pabulum for Farm Stock, —
and has, as yet, very little connection with our Literature.

DIVISION II. PHALARID'EAE.

Spikelets more or less panicled, somewhat 3-flowered, with the middle floret, only,
perfect, — the lower and terminal ones (or the apparently lateral ones) imperfect —
either staminate, rudimentary, or neutral ; or sometimes the terminal floret, per-
fect, and the two lower ones imperfect.

Jl. Middle floret perfect.
498. ARRHEtf ATHEVRIJM, Beauvois.

[Gr. Arrhen, male, and At her, awn ; the staminate floret being awned.]
Spikelets 2-flowered, with the rudiment of a third, terminal one ;
middle floret perfect, — the lower palea convex, with a short awn near
the slightly bifid apex ; lowest floret staminate only, — the lower
palea convex, bearing a long twisted awn on the back, below the
middle ; otherwise nearly as in Avena.

1. A. AVENACEUM, Beauv. Leaves flat; panicle linear-oblong, con-
tracted, finally spreading ; glumes unequal, — the lower one shorter
than the florets.

Avena elatior. L. $ Fl. Cestr. ed. 2. p. 66.
OAT-LIKE ARRHENATHERUM. Tall Oat-grass.

Perennial. Rhizoma nodose, creeping. Culms about 3 feet high, smooth. Leaves
4 to 8 or 10 inches long, rough on the upper surface ; sheaths smooth ; ligule short,
retuse. Panicle 6 to 9 inches long, finally somewhat nodding.
Hab. Meadows, and lots : cultivated. Nat. of Europe. FL May. Fr. July.

* Since that inquiry was made, however, it js believed that gome American
Books have been read ; and, it is said, some curious people have even been seen
going to look at an "American Statue."

378 ENDOGENOUS PLANTS

Obs. This has been introduced, and occasionally cultivated, under
the absurd misnomer of " Grass of the Andes;" but it is not likely
to become a favorite, with our farmers. It is partially naturalized,
in some neighborhoods.

499. HOI/CUS, L.

[An ancient Greek name, — of obscure meaning.]

Spikelets 2- to 3-flowered, — the florets pedicellate, so as to appear
side by side, shorter than the membranaceous glumes. Lowest floret
neutral, or obsolete ; middle one perfect, chartaceous, and awnless ;
upper one staminate only, awned near the tip. Grain free, smooth.

1.77. landtus, L. Softly hoary-pubescent; panicle oblong, rather

contracted ; awn of the staminate floret recurved, included in the

glume.

WOOLLY HOLCUS. Feather-grass. White Timothy.

Perennial. Culms \% to 2 feet high. Leaves 3 to 6 inches long; liguLe -white,
truncate, dentate. Panicle 2 to 4 inches long, somewhat dense, whitish, tinged
with purple ; glumes roughish-pubescent ; florets smooth and shining.
Hob. Moist meadows. Nat. of Europe. Fl. June. Fr. July.

Obs. Extensively naturalized ; but not esteemed by our Farmers.
§2. Terminal floret perfect, and awnless, — sometimes diandrous.

5OO. AtfTHOXAlVTIIUM, L. <K

[Or. Anfhos, flower, and anthon, of flowers ; flower of flowers', fide A. Gray.']
Spikelets in a condensed, oblong, spike-form panicle, — each spikelet
somewhat 3-flowered, but the lower two (or apparently lateral) florets
neutral, consisting merely of a narrow palea, which is hairy, and
awned on the back ; the terminal (or central) floret diandrous, with
2 short, smooth, shining paleae. Glumes very unequal, thin, acute,
keeled. Grain smooth, closely embraced by the paleae.

1. A. odordtum, L. Spikelets somewhat fascicled on short peduncles ;

paleae of the neutral florets ciliate.

FBAGRANT ANTHOXANTHUM. Sweet-scented Vernal-grass.

Perennial. Cidms 9 to 18 inches high, slender. Leaves 2 to 6 inches long,
pubescent; sTieaths nerved; ligule elongated. Panicle a sort of loose spike, 1 tOs
2 or 3 inches in length, becoming yellowish when mature.
Sab. Moist grounds. Nat. of Europe. Fl. May. Fr. July. fc».^ -

Obs. This has been much noticed, in Europe, as a fragrant
meadow-grass ; but it seems to affect a thin, moist soil, — and is by
no means regarded, here, as a grass of superior value. When cut,
and partly dry, it emits an agreeable odor — often remarkable in
new-mown hay. The culms have been used in the manufacture of
imitation Leghorn hats. This is the grass so fancifully referred to,
by Dr. DARWIN, in the following lines of the Botanic Garden.

" Two gentle shepherds, and their sister-wives,
With thee, ANTHOXA ! lead ambrosial lives ;
Where the wide heath in purple pride extends,
And scatter'd furze its golden lustre blends,
Clos'd in a green recess, unenvi'd lot !
The blue smoke rises from their turf-built cot ;
Bosom'd in fragrance blush their infant train,
Eye the warm sun, or drink the silver rain."

GRAMINEAE 379

501. PHAI/ARIS, L.

[Or. Phalos, shining; alluding to the shining florets, or paleae.]
Spikelets in a dense panicle (sometimes spiked), — each spikelet con-
sidered as 3-flowered, but the two lower (or lateral) florets mere
neutral rudiments, at the base of the perfect one. Glumes nearly
equal, boatshaped, nerved. Paleae shorter than the glumes, finally
coriaceous, and shining, closely investing the smooth grain.

1. P. arundin&cea, L. Panicle oblong, with the spikelets
clustered, and somewhat secund, on the branches ; glumes obtusely
keeled ; neutral rudiments hairy.
HEED-LIKE PHALARIS.

Perennial. Culm 3 to 5 feet high. Leaves 3 to 12 inches long, lance-linear,
keeled, deep green ; sheaths smooth ; liguU ovate, obtuse. Panicle erect, finally a
little spreading, glaucous ; glumes acute, or acuminate, 3-nerved, whitish, with
green nerves ; paleae, pilose with appressed hairs ; anthers yellow ; grain, obovate,
dark brown.
Hob. Swampy rivulets, and ditches : frequent. Fl. June. Fr. July.

Obs. This is a fine-looking, deep-green grass, — but is not regarded
as of much agricultural value. Is it really native ? The foreign
var. picta, with striped leaves — called Ribbon-grass — is often seen in
gardens. The P. Canariensis, L. with ovate spikes, is also some-
times cultivated, for the seeds, to feed birds.

DIVISION III. PANFCEAE.

Spikelets 2-flowered, but the lower floret always imperfect (either staminate, or
neutral),— often reduced to a single empty palea, or glume ; grain compressed, —
or sometimes grooved on the back, with the embryo at the bottom of the groove ;
flowers often polygamous, or monoicous.

TRIBE 7. PANFCEAE PROPER.

Paleae of the fertile florets coriaceous, or chartaceous, awnless, not keeled, em-
bracing the smooth grain, flattened parallel with the herbaceous glumes.

A. Spikelets appearing simply \-flowered, from, Vie suppression of ttie lower glume
(an empty palea occupying its place).

502. PAS'PAL,IJ]Tl, L.

[Gr. Paspalos ; said to be an ancient name for Millet.]
Spikelets racemose-spiked, usually in 2 rows, on one side of a
flattened continuous rachis, jointed with their very short pedicels,
plano-convex, and nearly orbicular. Glume and empty palea few
nerved. Perennials : culm erect, smoothish ; spikes single, digitate,
or racemed.

1. P. setaceimi, MX. Culm slender; leaves hairy; spike mostly
solitary, on a long terminal peduncle.
SETACEOUS PASPALUM.

Culm 1 to 2 feet high, setaceously slender, often purplish below, and somewhat
hairy. Leaves 2 to 6 inches long, hairy on both sides; sheaths smooth, pilose at
throat. Spike 2 to 4 inches in length, very slender,— often with another on a
short peduncle from the same sheath,— sometimes others from the lower eheatha,
Hob. Sandy fields, and roadsides : frequent. Fl. Aug. Fr. Sept.

380 ENDOGENOUS PLANTS

2. P. la&ve, MX. Culm rather stout ; leaves generally smooth ;
spikes 2 to 6, alternate and approximated at the summit of the
culm, or long naked peduncle.

SMOOTH PASPALUM.

Culm 1% to 3 feet high, green. Leaves 3 to 9 inches long, pilose at base. Spikes
2 to 4 inches long, with a few long white hairs at base; rachis flat on the back,
flexuose ; spikelets broader than the rachis.
Hob. Grassy flats, and moist grounds : frequent. FL Aug. Fr, Sept.

B. Spikelets manifestly 1%- or 2-flowered (the lower floret neutral, or staminate),-—
the lower glume being mostly present.

503. PAWICtJM. L>

[Supposed from the Latin, Pants, bread ; which some species afford.]
Spikelets sometimes spiked, or racemose, — usually panicled. Glumes
unequal, — the lower one short, or minute, sometimes wanting. —
Lower floret neutral, or staminate, rarely awned, — mostly consisting
of a single palea, which resembles the upper glume. Upper floret
perfect, coriaceous, inclosing the free and grooveless grain. Stamens

3. Stigmas plumose, usually purple.

gl. DIGITARIA: Annuals: Spikelets crowded 2 or 3 together, in simple one-sided
digitate-fascicled spikes; neutral floret with a single palea; lower glume
minute, or wanting.

1. P. sanauinale, L. Culms geniculate, decumbent and radicating at
base ; spikes 4 to 8 or 10 ; upper glume shorter than the floret.
Digitaria sanguinalis. Scop. $• FL Cestr. ed. 2. p>. 44.

BLOODY (OR PURPLE) PANIOUM. Crab-grass. Finger-grass.

Culms 1 to 2 feet long, ascending, geniculate, smooth, somewhat branching
from the sheaths. Leaves 2 to 6 or 8 inches long, softly pilose; sheatfis strigose-
ly hairy ; ligitle short. Spikes 2 to 6 inches in length, often in 2 fascicles, usually
becoming purple.
Hob. Gardens, and lota. Nat. of Europe. FL July. Fr. Aug.

Obs. The Grasses of this Section (Digitaria) are probably all
introduced, — at least into this region. This is a very troublesome
one, in the latter part of summer, in Gardens and cultivated lots ;
and, like the most of the Panicums, is little worth, in an agricul-
tural point of view.

2. P. glabrum, Gaudin. Culms procumbent and spreading, rarely
radicating ; spikes 2 or 3 to 6 ; upper glume nearly as long as the
floret.

Digitaria glabra. Roem. $ Schultes. $ FL Cestr. ed. 2. p. 594.
SMOOTH PANICUM.

Oulms 6 to 12 inches long, often closely prostrate. Leaves 1 to 2 or 3 inches in
length; sheaths smooth, a little pilose at throat. Spikes 1 to 3 inches long, seldom
more than 3 in number ; spikelets greenish purple.
Sab. Cultivated grounds. Nat. of Europe. Fl. Aug. Fr. Sept.

Obs. Naturalized in all our cultivated lots, and Indian-Corn fields ;
but not so troublesome as the preceding.

3. P. filiforme, L. Culms erect, very slender ; spikes 2 to 4 or 6
(rarely single), filiform ; lower glume wanting.

Digitaria filiformis. Ell. $ FL Cestr. ed. 2. p. 44.

GRAMINEAE 381

FILIFORM PANICUM.

Culm I to 2 feet high. Leaves 3 to 6 inches in length, slightly hairy; lower
sheaths hairy,— upper ones smooth. Spikes 1 to 3 inches long, usually 2 or 3 in
number ; spikelets in twos, or threes, on pedicels of different length.
Uab. Sandy fields, and roadsides. Nat. of the South. Fl. Aug. Fr. Sept.

Obs. This is said, in the books, to be a native of our Southern
Country ; but I suspect it is a stranger, here.

§2. PANICUM proper : Spikelets scattered in panicles.

a. Sterile floret neutral, f Panicle elongated ; spikelets racemose.

* Neutral floret with 2 paleae.

4. P. anceps, MX. Culms ancipital; spikelets ovate-lanceolate,
acuminate, with the point a little curved ; upper glume 7-nerved.
TWO-EDGED PANICUM.

Perennial. Culm 2 to 4 feet high, smooth, somewhat geniculate at hase. Leaves
1 to 2 feet long, keeled, hairy on the upper surface ; ligvle obsolete. Panides
terminal and lateral ; branches erect ; spikelets somewhat secund, in interrupted

Hub. Fields, and meadows : frequent. Fl. July. Fr. Sept.

5. P. agrostoides., Sprengel. Culms compressed ; leaves elon-
gated; panicles pyramidal; spikelets ovate-oblong, acute; upper
glume 5-nerved.
AGEOSTIS-LIKE PANICUM.

Perennial. Culm 1 to 3 feet high. Leaves 6 to 15 inches long, usually forming
a large tuft at the root, smooth; ligvle very short, truncate. Panicles mostly
dark purple, terminal and lateral, — the lateral ones on long compressed peduncles ;
branches slightly flexuose, finally spreading horizontally ; spikelets in somewhat
eecund racemes, crowded, on short pedicels, often with slender setaceous bracts at
base.
Hob. Moist meadows ; borders of swamps : frequent. Fl. July. Fr. Sept.

* * Neutral floret with a single palea.

G. P» proliferum, Lamarck. Smooth; culms rather stout
and succulent, geniculate, ascending, or procumbent; spikeleta
lance-oval, appressed.
PROLIFEROUS PANICUM.

Annual. Culms 1 to 2 feet long, branching. Leaves 3 to 12 inches long ; sheaths
loose ; ligvle, ciliate. Panicles terminal and lateral, spreading ; branches straight,
scabrous ; spikelets pale green ; lower glume short and broad, clasping, — upper one
7-nerved, acute.
Hob. Wet meadows ; roadsides : frequent. Fl. Sept. Fr. Octo.

ff Panicle capillary, large and loose; neutral floret with a single palea.

7. P. capillare, L. Sheaths hirsute ; panicle-branches finally
divaricate ; spikelets lanceolate, acuminate.
HAIR-LIKE PANICUM. Old-witch Grass.

Annual. Culm 6 inches to 1 or 2 feet high, rather erect, often branching.—
Leaves 3 to 10 inches in length, lance-linear, hairy ; ligule beard-like. Panicle 6 to
12 inches long, pyramidal ; spikelets small, on long hispid peduncles, often purple,
£06. Sandy grounds ; Indian-corn fields, &c. : common. Fl. Aug. Fr. Sept.

882 ENDOGENOUS PLANTS

Obs. In autumn, the dry culms of this worthless grass break off,

and the divaricate panicles are rolled over the fields, by the winds,

until they accumulate in great quantities, along fences and hedges.

t>. Sterile floret mostly staminate, with Zpaleae-.

f Panicle elongated, compound.

8. P. Virgatlim, L. Glabrous; culms tall; panicle-branches
virgate, finally spreading, and somewhat nodding ; spikelets ovate,
acuminate.

VIRGATE, OR LONG-PANICLED PANICUM.

Perennial: often purple : Culms 3 to 5 feet high. Leaves 1 to 3 feet long, pilose
at base ; liguk fringed with long white hairs. Panicle 1 to 2 feet long ; spikdets
rather large, scattered ; sterile floret staminate,'— the upper palea membranaceoue
and white, infolding the purple stamens.
Hob. Along streams ; Brandy wine : not common. Fl. Augv Fr. Sept.

ft Panicle short, simple; leaves broad.

9. P. latifolium, L. Culms simple; nodes retforsely hairy;
leaves ovate-lanceolate ; sheaths usually smoothish.
BROAD-LEAVED PANICUM.

Perennial. Culm 1 to 2 feet high. Leaves 3 or 4 inches long, and about an inch
•wide, clasping; sheaths ciliate, sometimes pubescent. Panicle 2 to 3 inches in
length, generally exserted; spikelets oblong-ovoid, pubescent, large ; sterile Jkfet
with 3 perfect stamens.

Hob. Shaded ditch banks; thickets, &c.: frequent. FL June. Fr. Aug.
c. Sterile floret neutral, with 2 paleae.
f Culm-leaves broad, several-nerved.

10. P, clanclCNtimiin, L. Culms branching ; nodes smooth ;
leaves cordate-lanceolate ; sheaths hispid, inclosing the short lateral
panicles.

CLANDESTINE, OR HIDDEN-FLOWERED PANICUM.

Perennial. Culm 1 to 3 feet high, leafy at summit, — one or two upper branches
finally much elongated. Leaves 3 to 6 inches long, ciliate at base ; sheaths deeply .
striate, strigosely hairy in the grooves. Panicles lateral, few-flowered, nearly
concealed in the sheaths ; spikdets oblong-ovoid, rather obtuse, large, pubescent.
Hob. Moist, low grounds ; along rivulets : frequent. Fl. July. Fr. Sept.

11. P. microcarpon, Muhl. Culms simple ; sheaths smooth ;
leaves lanceolate, ciliate at base; panicle rather large; spikelets
small, ovoid, or obovoid.

SMALL-FRUITED PANICUM.

Perennial. Culm \% to 3 feet high, smooth; nodes glabrous. Leaves 3 to 9
inches long, roughish on the upper surface,— the radical ones ovate, acute; sheaths
smooth, deeply striate; ligule none. Panicle 3 to 6 inches in length, much branch-
ed, somewhat pyramidal, on a long terminal peduncle ; spikelets numerous, at the
ends of the branches, nearly smooth; perfect floret bluish white.
Sab. Moist woodlands, and low grounds : frequent. Fl. July. Fr. Aug.
t f Culm-leaves narrow, few-nerved.

12. P. dicliotomum, L. Culms at first simple, finally dicho-
tomous, with fascicled leafy branches, — or often a few elongated
ones ; panicles capillary, slender.

Also, P. nitidum. Lam. $ Fl. Cestr. ed. 2. p. 46.

GRAMINEAE 383

DICHOTOMOUS PANICUM.

Perennial. Culm I to 2 feet high; nodes often villous, sometimes smooth.—
Leaves 1 or 2 inches long,— the short ones numerous on the fascicled branches,
hairy, or smooth; sheaths often hairy; ligule bearded. Panicles terminal and
lateral,— the former on long peduncles,— the latter few-flowered, simple, on short
peduncles; spikelets small.
Hob. Dry woods ; clearings, &c. : common. FL June. Fr. Sept.

Obs. This assumes many forms ; and I have had occasion fully
to verify Prof. A. GRAY'S remark, that P. dichotomum is the
autumnal state of several slender varieties of Panicum, observable in
the earlier part of the season, — and which have heretofore ranked
as species.

13. P. depauperatum, Muhl. Culms simple, cespitose;
upper leaves elongated ; panicle terminal, simple, few-flowered, —
the branches erect and flexuose.

P. rectum. R. $ S. $ FL Cestr. ed. 2. p. 45.
IMPOVERISHED PANICUM,

Perennial. Culms 6 to 15 inches high, roughish ; nodes hairy. Leaves 3 to 6
inches long, erect, involute at apex, more or less pilose, — the upper one overtop-
ping the panicle ; sheaths pubescent with long hairs. Panicle-branches somewhat
in pairs,— one of then longer and bearing 2 spikelets ; spikelets rather large,
smooth, all pedunculate.

Hob. Dry hills; Serpentine ridge: abundant. FL May. Fr. July.
2 3. ECHINOCHIXH : Spikelets imbricate-spiked on paniculate branches ; sterile floret

neutral, (sometimes staminate), with 2 paleae, — the lower one awned, or TOM-

cronate.

14. P. Crus-gdlli, L. Culms stout, smooth; spikes alternate,
secund; glumes, and lower palea of the neutral floret, hispid;
rachis hirsute.

COCK'S-FOOT PANICUM.

Annual. Culm 2 to 5 feet high. Leaves 9 to 15 inches long, broadish, serrulate on
the margins; sheaths rather loose, compressed, smooth; ligule none. Panicle
pyramidal, with the spikelets crowded in dense spike-form, compound racemes ;
spikelets ovoid, plano-convex, echinate, awned, or sometimes awnless.
Sab. Moist places ; Barnyard drains. Nat. of Europe. Fl. Aug. Fr. Sept.

Obs. This coarse, weed-like grass, is usually stated to be indi-
genous in all the four quarters of the globe ; but I believe it to be a
naturalized foreigner, in Chester County.

5O4. SETA'RIA, Beauvois.

[Latin, Seta, a bristle; from the involucre-like bristles of the spikelets.]
Spikelets as in Panicum proper, — awnless, but with short peduncles
(abortive spikelets?) produced beyond them into solitary, or clus-
tered bristles, resembling awns. Inflorescence a dense spiked panicle, —
or sometimes apparently a cylindrical spike. Annuals : introduced
from Europe, and are all naturalized weeds, — except the last, which is
occasionally cultivated.

f Bristles single, or in pairs, retrorsely scabrous.

1« S. vertidllata, Beauv. Spike pale green, nearly cylindrical, some-
what interrupted ; spikelets subverticillate; bristles in pairs, rather
short, adhesive.

384 ENDOGENOUS PLANTS

VERTICILLATE SETARIA.

Culm about 2 feet high, rather slender, smooth. Leaves 3 to 9 inches long;
sheaths smooth ; ligule bearded. Spike 2 to 3 inches in length ; rachis angular,
eulcate, scabrous ; spikelets clustered on short pedicels ; bristles about twice as long
as the spikelets, yellowish-green, sometimes purplish ; paleae of the perfect floret
roughish-dotted, or papillose.
Hab. Gardens, and lots : not yet very common. Fl. July. Fr. Aug.

Obs. The adhesive bristles of this species are calculated to make
it something of a nuisance, if it becomes abundant.

f f Bristles in clusters of 4 to 8 or 10, antrorsely scabrous.

2. S. fflauca, Beauv. Spike tawny, quite cylindrical ; bristles 6 to
10 in a cluster, long ; paleae of the perfect florets transversely
rugose.

GLAUCOUS SETARIA. Fox-tail Grass.

Culm 2 to 3 feet high, smooth, sometimes branching, often several from the
same root. Leaves 6 to 15 inches long, somewhat glaucous ; sheaths smooth ; ligvle
short, fringed. Spike 2 to 6 inches in length ; rachis pubescent ; bristles 2 or 3
times as long as the spikelets ; perfect florets plano-convex — the paleae firm and
almost horn like, wavy-wrinkled.
Hab. Stubble fields, orchards, Ac. : common. Fl. Aug. Fr. Sept.

3. S. viridis, Beauv. Spike green, subcylindrical, or oval-oblong,
somewhat compound ; bristles 4 to 10 in a cluster, longish ; paleae
of the perfect florets striate lengthwise, puncticulate.

GREEN SETARIA. Bottle-grass.

Culm 1 to 2 or 3 feet high, often branching near the base. Leaves 3 to 8 inches
long ; sheaths smooth ; ligule fringed. Spike 1 to 4 inches long, often so compound
as to be swelling in the middle; rachis hirsute with short hairs; bristles 3 or 4
times as long as the spikelets.
Hab. Cultivated grounds ; roadsides, &c. : frequent. F Z.July. Fr. Aug.

4. S. ITA"LICA, var. GERMANICA, Kunth. Spike yellowish, ovoid-
oblong, compound, interrupted at base ; bristles 4 to 8 in a cluster,
short ; paleae of the perfect floret smooth, minutely striate-punctate.
ITALIAN SETARIA (GERMAN VARIETY). Millet. Bengal-grass.

Culm 2 to 4 or 5 feet high. Leaves 6 to 18 inches long, broadish ; sheaths striate;
ligule beard-like. Spike (or rather densely contracted panicle) 3 to 6 inches in
length ; rachis densely hirsute with longish hairs ; bristles about as long as the
spikelets. sometimes longer.
Hab. Fields : cultivated. Nat. of Europe, and India. Fl July. Fr. Aug.

Obs. This is sometimes cultivated, to eke out the hay-crop ; but
it is not likely to become general, — as a crop of Oats can be as
easily raised, and is more valuable,

505. CEIV'CHRIIS, L.

[Gr. Kenchros, the ancient name of Millet.]

Spikelets as in Panicum, — awnless, but inclosed (1 to 5 together,) in
a globular, bristly, or spinose involucre, which becomes coriaceous,
forming a deciduous bur, in fruit. Involucres sessile, in a terminal
spike. Scales none. Styles united below. Grain free, included in
the paleae.

GRAMINEAB 885

1. C. tribuloldes, L. Culms branched at base, geniculate, ascending,
or procumbent ; spike oblong ; involucre spinose, pubescent, split
on one side.
TEIBULUS-LIKE CENCHRUS. Bur-grass. Hedgehog-Grass.

Annual. Culms 9 to 18 inches long, smooth. Leaves 3 to 8 inches long; sheaths
loose, smooth ; ligule beard-like. Spike terminal, consisting of 6 to 12, or more,
alternate involucrate heads, or clusters ; rachis angular, flexuose, slightly sca-
brous; involucre urceolate, or subglobose, laciniate, armed externally with rigid,
subulate, scabrous spines, villous within, embracing 1, 2, or 3 spikelets ; sterile
floret mostly staminate.
Hob. Old fields. Nat. of the South, fl. Aug. Fr. Sept.

Obs. This pestilent grass is, happily, yet rare in our County;
but is gradually extending itself, — and, if not vigilantly watched,
will one day be found a great nuisance, around our dwellings. It
is very abundant in the sandy districts of New Jersey ; but whether
indigenous there, I cannot say.

TRIBE 8. SACCHA^REAE.

Paleae of the fertile florets membranaceous, always thinner and more delicate
than the (often indurated) glumes, — frequently awned at apex ; spikelets usually
in pairs, or threes, spiked, or panicled, some of them entirely sterile (m&noicous,
or polygamous).

§ 1. SPIKELETS MONOICOUS : Pistillate spikelets imbedded in the rachis of the contin-
uous spike, or in its separable joints.

506. ZEXA, L.

[Gr. Zao, to live; from the sustenance it affords to animal life.]
STAMINATE SPIKELETS in terminal, fascicled, spicate racemes, 2-
flowered; glumes herbaceous, pubescent; paleae membranaceous,
awnless ; stamens 3 ; anthers linear, erect ; scales 2, collateral, fleshy,
glabrous. PISTILLATE SPIKELETS sessile, 2-flowered (the lower one
abortive), in dense continuous spikes, which terminate short, nodose,
axillary branches, — the spikes enveloped by the sheaths of abortive
leaves, called husks; glumes fleshy-membranaceous, very broad,
ciliate, — the lower one emarginately 2-lobed; paleae fleshy-mem-
branaceous,— the abortive floret with 2 paleae. Ovary roundish-
ovoid ; style capillary, very long, exserted from the envelopes of the
spike,!" pubescent at summit, and mostly bifid (stigmas?). Grain
usually crowded, and then compressed, cuneate, or roundish-
reniform, with a shallow groove on the upper side containing the
embryo, — the base imbedded in the persistent glumes and paleae.
Annual : culm stout, solid with pith ; pistillate spikelets in 8 to 12
longitudinal rows, on the thick subcylindric rachis, the rows always
in approximated pairs, before the spaces are filled by their growth ;
spikes (or ears) 1 to 3 or 4 (rarely more — usually 2) on a culm.

1. Z. MXvs, L. Leaves flat, linear-lanceolate, acuminate, with a
broad midrib channelled above.
Indian Corn. Maize.

Culm 4 to 15 feet high, and about an inch, or inch and a half, in diameter, sim-
ple (often producing branches, or suckers, at base), nodose, semi-terete, or with a
broad shallow channel, on alternate sides, between the nodes. Leaves 2 to 3 feet

25

386 ENDOGENOUS PLANTS

long, and 2 to 4 inches wide, pubescent above, smooth beneath ; slieaths smooth,
pubescent along the margins ; ligule short.
Hub. Fields. Nat. of Southern America. Ft. July. Fr. Sept.

Obs. Long culture has produced several varieties of this noble
Grass, — with grains of differant form and color. There is also a
remarkable vanity— fre^nt, I believe, in the South west — in which
a kind of hu^k, or involucre, is developed around every grain, or
sp'kelet, on the receptac'e. The Goethean theory of the modification
of leaves, at the successive stages of the vegetable progress, from
cotyledons to flowers, is well illustrated by the envelope, or " husk,"
of an Etr of Indian Corn. Few heedless observers would be apt to
recognize the fact, that the several portions of that envelope are
the sheaths of abortive leaves : and yet nothing is more obvious, when
we examine them by the light of that theory. The spike of pistil-
late flowers is supported on a short axillary branch, with numerous
nodes, and very short internodes. As nodes are the points at which
leaves originate, we accordingly find a leaf — or rather the sheathing
petiole of an imperfect one^-at each node of this short flowering-
branch ; and as the nodes are very close together, the sheaths
necessarily over-lap one another,— and thus furnish a manifold
wrapper to the spike of flowers and fruit (i. e. the "Ear"). That
these several layers of the envelope are the sheathing portions of
abortive leaves, is demonstrated by the laminae, more or less de-
veloped, at their summits, — and which, indeed, are sometimes seen
expanded to nearly half the size of an ordinary full-grown blade. —
The sam3 doctrine applies to the chaff, or floral coverings, of all the
Grasses;* as it does, in fact, to those of all the flowering tribes.

507. TRIP'SACUHI, //.

[Gr. tribo, to rub ; perhaps in reference to the polished fertile spike.]
Rpikelets sessile, in terminal and subterininaiyomtee? spikes, — which
spikes are solitary, or often digitate in twos or threes, the staminate
part above. STAMINATE SPIKELETS in pairs on each triangular joint,
longer than the joint, collateral, 2-flowered, — the florets each witli
Zpaleae, and 3 stamens; anthers orange-colored, opening by 2 pores
at summit. PISTILLATE SPIKELETS single, 2-flowered (the lower one
neutral), deeply imbedded in each oblong joint of the cartilaginous
thickened rachis, and occupying a boat-shaped cavity which is
closed by the polished cartilaginous ovate outer glume ; inner glume
much thinner, boat-shaped. Paleae very thin, hyaline, and closely
packed together. Stifle long; stigmas very long, plumose, dark
purple. Grain ovoid, free. Perennial: culms cespitose, tall, branch-
ing, hard and smooth, solid with pith ; leaves very long, sublinear,
acuminate ; spikes separating at the articulations spontaneously, at
maturity.

1. T. dactyloldes, L. Spikes usually 2 together, with the
contiguous sides flat, the upp3r half staminate.
FINGER-LUCK TRIPSACUJI. Gama Grass. Sesame Grass.

Culms 3 to 6 feet high, the internodes broadly channelled on alternate sides ;

* " Perigonia gramiuum sunt vaginae foliorum superstites,'' — LISK.

GRAMTXEAE 387

nodes smooth. Leaves 2 to 4 feet long, and about an inch wide, sharply scabrous
on the margins, striate-nerved ; midrib keeled, channelled and white above;
Hgule very short, ciliate. Spikes 4 to 8 inches long,— when single, the pistillate
portion is terete,— when in pairs, semi-terete as if split down.
Hob. Moist meadows ; Great Valley : rare. Fl. July. Fr. Sept.

Obs. This stout and remarkable grass was at one time extolled
as an article of fodder, for Stock; but I think it can never take the
place of the present cultivated grasses.

g 2. SPIKELETS POLYGAMOUS : Fertile spikclets with 1 perfect, and one sterile floret ;
lower palea of the perfect floret owned.

508. ,

[Greek; literally Man's beard,— in allusion to the hairy spikelets.]

Spikelets 2-flowered, in pairs upon each joint of the slender raehist
spiked, or racemose, — one of the spikelets pedicellate and sterile,
often a mere rudiment, — the other sessile, with the lower floret
neutral and of a single palea, the upper one perfect, of 2 thin hyaline
paleae, which are shorter than the subcoriaceous glumes. Stamens
1 to 3. Grain free, enveloped by the glumes and paleae. Perennials :
culms rigid ; nodes smooth ; spikes terminal and lateral, digitate,
simple, or clustered, the rachis hairy, or plumose-bearded.

t Spikes digitate; sterile spikelets staminate (3 stamens), awnless.

1. A. furc&tus, Muhl. Spikes hairy, often purple, — usually in
threes or fours at the summit of the culm, in pairs on the branches.
FORKED ANDROPOSON. Finger-spiked Indian-Grass.

Calm about 4 feet high, smooth, terete below, semi-terete above. Leaves 6 to 12
inches long; sheaths smooth; ligule obtuse, fringed. Spikes 2 to 3 inches in
length.
Hob. Slaty hills, and sterile low grounds : frequent. Fl. Aug. Fr. Sept.

Obs. This, and all the following, are remarkably worthless
grasses.

1 1 Spikes simple ; sterile spikelet neutral, the lower glume owned.

*i. A. sfopiirius, MX. Culms paniculate above with long slender
branches ; spikes terminal, loose and slender, on long peduncles.
BROOM ANUROPOGON. Indian-Grass. Wood-Grass.

Culm 3 or 4 feet high, rather slender, smooth, somewhat compressed ; branches
in lateral fascicles, sometimes in pairs, often subdivided. Leaves 6 to 12 inches
long; sJieatfis roughish ; ligule truncate ; spikes about 2 inches long ; rachis plano-
convex, pilose at the edges.
Hob. Sterile banks ; old fields, &c. : common. Fl. Aug. Fr. Sept.

f ft Spikes clustered; sterile spikelet reduced to a mere plumose pedicel; fertile
florets monandrous.

3. A. Virginicus, L. Culms with remote short branches above ;
sheaths compressed, smooth ; spikes 2 to 3, in distant appressed
clusters.

VIRGINIAN ANDROPOGON.
Cukn about 3 feet high, smooth, sparingly branched,— the brancJut partly con-

000 ENDOGENOUS PLANTS

cealed by the sheaths. Leaves 3 to 12 inches long ; ligule short, ciliate. Spikes
about an inch long, in scattered lateral fascicles on the short slender branches ;
rachis filiform, pilose with long white silky hairs.
Jfifo&. Sterile hills; dry swamps: frequent. Fl. Sept. Fr. Octo.

4. A. iiicicroiiriitt, MX. Culms rather stout, corymbosely
bushy-branched at summit; sheaths roughish ; spikes in pairs, on
sheathed peduncles.
LARGE-TAILED AND.ROPOQON. Cluster-flowered Indian-Grass.

Culm 1% to 3 feet high, smooth. Leaves 3 to 12 inches long ; sheaths rather
open; ligule short, truncate, minutely fringed. Spikes scarcely an inch long, part*
ly concealed in the compressed boat-shaped sheaths ; rachis filiform, clothed with
long white silky hairs.
Hah. Swampy sterile grounds : frequent. Fl. Sept. Fr. Octo.

509. SORGHUM, Persoon.
[The ancient name of a cultivated species.]

Spikelets 2 or 3 together, on the branches of a mostly loose and
open panicle, — the lateral ones sterile, or often mere rudiments, —
the middle (or terminal) one, only, fertile. Glumes coriaceous, some*
times awnless. Stamens 3. For the rest, as in Andropogon.

f Culm slender, fistular.

1* S. nutaiis, A. 6fray. Leaves lance-linear ; ligule elongated,
truncate; panicle narrowly oblong; fertile spikelets russet-brown.
Andropogon nutans. L. § FL Cestr. ed. 2. p. 88.
NODDING SORGHUM. Oat-like Indian-Grass.

Perennial. Culm 3 to 5 feet high, simple, terete, smooth; nodes bearded with
white appressed hairs. Leaves 6 to 18 inches long, roughish. Panicle 6 to 9
inches in length,— the pedicels of the upper spikelets plumosely hairy; perfect
spikelets clothed with tawny hairs, shorter than the twisted awn, finally drooping.
Hob. Sterile soils ; neglected old fields : frequent. Fl. Aug. Fr. Sept.
tfCulm stout, solid with pith.

%. S. SACCHARATUM, Pers. Leaves linear-lanceolate ; ligule short,
ciliate ; panicle with long verticillate branches, loosely expanding.
SUGAR SORGHUM. Broom-Corn.

Annual. Culm 6 to 9 feet high, half an inch to an inch in diameter ; nodes
tumid, with a ring of short appressed hairs at the base of the sheaths. Leaves
about 2 feet long, and 2 inches wide. Panicle 1 to 2 feet long,— the branches num-
erous, nearly simple, long and slender; spikelets mostly in pairs (the terminal
ones in threes), in racemose clusters near the extremities of the branches, clothed ,
with glossy appressed hairs; stigmas greenish-yellow.
Hob. Fields and gardens. Nat. of India. Fl. Aug. Fr. Octo.

Obs, Cultivated for the panicles, — of which brooms and brushes
are made; According to Mr. WATSON'S Annals, CHARLES THOMSON,
the Secretary of the Revolutionary Congress, said he well remem-
bered the first introduction of Broom Corn into our Country. Dr.
FRANKLIN chanced to see an imported Corn Whisk in the possession
of a Lady, and while examining it, as a novelty, spied a grain of it
still attached to the stalk. This he took and planted.

GRAMINEAE 389

3. S. VULGARE, Pers. Panicle erect, somewhat contracted; glumes
of the fertile spikelets pubescent.

COMMON SORGHUM. Indian Millet.

Annual. Culm 5 to 9 feet high ; nodes pubescent. Leaves 9 to 18 inches long.~
ranide 6 to 12 inches in length.
Hob. Gardens. Nat. of India. Fl. Aug. Fr. Octe.

Obs. This is sometimes cultivated ; fewt rather as a curiosity,
than for any important object. There is a variety (bicolor,) called
Chocolate Corn, — with a spreading panitdt, and glumes smoothish,
•with fringed margin, — which has also been cultivated, and the
grains used as a poor substitute for coffee.

4. S. clsRNUCM, Willd. Panicle densely contracted, oval, mostly
rigidly recurved or nodding; glumes villous, fringed.
DROOPING SORGHUM. Guinea-Corn.

Annual. Culm, 5 to 8 feet high; lower nodes emitting verticillate radicles.—
Leaves 12 to 18 inches long. Panide 4 to 6 inches long ; florets villous, fringed }
scarcely awned.
Hob. Fields, and Gardens. Nat of India. -Fl. Aug. Fr. Octo.

Obs. Occasionally cultivated, as food for poultry ; but more as a
curiosity. I sometimes observe a very similar plant, in the gardens,
with the dense oval panicle erect, — perhaps only a variety.

390 ACROQENOUS PLANTS

SERIES II.

CKYPTOG'AMOUS OR FLOWERLESS
PLANTS.

VEGETABLES destitute of proper flowers (stamens and pistils), and
producing seeds of homogeneous structure (called spores), in which
there is no embryo or plantlet manifest, before germination.

CLASS III.

ACKO'GENOUS OR APEX-GROWING
PLANTS.

Cryptogamous Plants with a distinct axis (stem and branches], growing
from the apex only, — containing woody fibre and vessels, and usually
with a distinct foUage.

ORDER CXIX. EQUISET.VCEAE.

Leafless plants, with rush-like hollow articulated stems,, rising from creeping
rhizomax, and terminated by the fructification, which is in the form of a cone, or
spike, composed of peltate pedicellate scales bearing the sporanges (or spore-cases)
underneath.

510. EQUISErTUIwr, L.

[Latin, Eqmis, a horse, and Seta, a bristle ; resembling a horse-tail.]
Sporanges 6 or 7, adhering to the under side of the angular scales of
the cone, 1 -celled, opening down the inner side and discharging the
numerous loose spores. Spores embraced by 4 hygrometric clavate
filaments (called elaters), which relax or uncoil when dry. Stems
striate-grooved ; joints separable, embraced by sheaths which are
toothed at summit; branches, when present, verticillate.

§1. Stems annual, — the fertile stems different from the sterile ones.
•f Fertile stems never branching.

1. E. arvense, L. Sterile stems with simple ascending 3- or
4-angled branches ; sheaths of the fertile stems remote.

FIELD EQUISETUM.

Fertile stems appearing first, 6 to 9 inches high, with an ovoid-oblong brownish
spike about 2 inches in length ; sheaths large, loose, with long acute teeth, dark
purplish-brown, whitish at base. Sterile stems 9 to 15 inches high, with a verticil
of slender articulated branches from the base of the sheaths ; branches 4 to 8
inches long, scabrous, green,— each branch with its own sheath at base, and sheath-
ed at each articulation.

Hob. Moist grounds ; borders of thickets : frequent. Fr. April, May.
ft Fertile stems producing branches after fructification.

2. E. syl vat iciim, L. Sterile and fertile stems both branch-
ing; branches compound, curved downward.

WOOD EQUISETUM. Horse-tail.

Stems 9 to 18 inches high, — the joints invested with loose sheaths which are divid-
ed at summit into several broad lanceolate tawny-ferruginous teeth, or sometimes
parted into 2 or 3 lance-oblong segments ; fertile stems with verticils of rather short,
divaricate, or deflected branches, from the base of the 3 or 4 uppermost sheaths,
and terminating in an oblong-ovoid brownish S2>ike about an inch in length ; stcr-

EQUISETACEAE 391

ik stems usually taller and more slender, — the joints nearly all furnished with
verticils of branches which are longer, and considerably subdivided.
Hub. Low grounds ; borders of woods : frequent. Fr. Mny.

g 2. Stems evergreen, all alike, and mostly branchless.

3. E. hyemsile, L. Steins rather stout, very rough; sheaths
short, close, whitish, with small blackish deciduous teeth at sum-
mit.
WINTER EQUISETUM. Scouring Rush.

Stems 1 to 2 feet high, glaucous (purplish-black at base), terminating in an
ovoid blackish spike about half -an inch in length ; shettths whitish, with a purplish
black band at base, and at summit a ring of small blackish teeth, which soon
fall off, leaving the sheath truncate and entire.
Hub. Margins of Swamps :• frequent. Fr. June.

ORDER CXX. FILTCES. FERNS.

Plants consisting chiefly of horizontal rhizomas, and stipitute leaf-lile expansions,
called fronds, which are mostly circinate in the bud, and bearing on the veins of
their lower surface, or along, the margips, the simple Jructijication, which consists
of 1-celled sporanges, opening in various ways, and discharging the numerous
minute spores.

SUBORDER I. POLYPODIN'EAE.

Sporanges collected in dots, lines, or variously shaped clusters (called sori), on
the back or margins of the frond,or its divisions, reticulated and pellucid, pedi-
cellate, surrounded by an. elastic vertical ring, and which by straightening at
maturity ruptures the sporange tranversely on the inner side, discharging the
spores ; sort often covered by a membrauaceous scale, or modified margin of the
frond, which is termed the indu&ium.

§1. POLY PODIEAE : Sori without a special indusium, orbicular.

511, POL.YPOWUIH, L.

[Gr. Poly, many, and Pous, a foot ; from its numerous stipes.]

Sort scattered irregularly on the back of the frond ; veins simple,

forked, or pinnate. Rhizoma covered with tawny chaff-like scales.

f Fronds simply pinnatifid, evergreen ; sori large.

1. P. Ylllg&re, L. Fronds lance-oblong, smooth, deeply pin-
natifid ; pinnae linear-oblong, obtuse, crenate-serrulate.
COMMON POLYPODIUM.

Fronds 4 to 8 or 10 inches long, and 1 to 2 inches vdde; stipe (or petiole) naked
and smooth, flattish and somewhat channelled on the upper side. Sori in 2 rows
on the back of each segment, distinct, or finally in contact.
Hub. Rocky woodlands : frequent. Fr. July.

f f Fronds bipinnatiful, annual ; sori small.

2. P. hexagonopterum, MX. Fronds broadly triangular;
lower divisions connected by an oblong hexagonal wing.
HEXAGONAL-WINGED POLYPODIUM.

Fronds 6 to 9 inches long, and about the same width, at base,— forming, in their
outline, a nearly equilateral triangle; pinnae lanceolate, pinnatifid; stipe 8 to 12
or 15 inches long, slender, naked. Sori distinct, somewhat in 2 rows, but often,
irregular, on the back of the \&nce-ob\on% pinnules.
Ifab. Moist woodl ands, and thickets : frequent. IV. July.

392 ACROGENOUS PLANTS

g 2. PTERIDEAE : Sori covered by a special indusium, which is marginal, and laterally
continuous, or sometimes interrupted.

512. PTE^RIS, L.

[Gr. Pteron, a wing; a name given to Ferns, on account of their -winged fronds.]
Sori linear, continuous laterally in a line which borders the divisions
of the frond, — the indusium fixed at the very margin, with the inner
edge free ; veins forked and free, bearing the sporanges at their apex.
Fronds subcoriaceous, pinnately dissected.

!• I", aquilina, L. Frond 3-parted, on a tall erect stout stipe;
branches bipinnate; pinnules lance-oblong; indusmm narrow.
AQUILINE PTERIS. Brake, or Bracken.

Fronds 1 to 3 feet long, decompound, spreading; pinnae oblong-lanceolate;
Stipe, 1 to 2 feet high, angular, smooth, tawny. Sori resembling a narrow russet
border, or hem, along the edge of the pinnules, on the under side.
Hob. Moist woodlands, and thickets : frequent. Fr. July, Aug.
2. I". at ropurpikrca, L. Frond simply pinnate, or sub-
bipinnate, on a short dark purple stipe ; pinnae obliquely truncate,
or subcordate, at base.
DARK-PURPLE PTERIS.

Fronds 3 to 6 or 8 inches long, and 1 to 3 or 4 inches wide across the lower divi-
sions, which are often ternate, or odd-pinnate in fives or sevens; pinnae and pin-
nules subsessile, varying from oval to linear-oblong; stipes 2 to 4 inches long,
terete, often numerous, with a dense tuft of tawny-ferruginous chaffy hairs at
base.
Hob. Limestone rocks; Great Valley: rare. Fr. July.

513. AIMTAIVT'IJM, L.

[Gr. a, not, and diaino, to moisten ; its surface repelling rain-drops.]
Sori oblong, of somewhat lunate, interrupted, occupying the edge
of the pinnae, or lobes of the frond,— 4he indusium appearing as a
reflexed portion of its margin, bearing the sporanges on its under
side, on the free ends of the simply forking veins. Stipe and rachis
black and polished.

1. A. pedatum, L. Frond forked, the forks pedately branch-
ing ; divisions pinnate ; pinnae semi-rhomboid, stipitate, — the upper
margin incisely lobed.
PEDATE ADIANTUM. Maiden's Hair.

Fronds 6 to 9 inches long, and 9 to 12 inches wide, glabrous, pale bluish-glaucous
green ; pinnae % of an inch to an inch long, entire on the lower margin, as if
halved ; stipes 6 to 12 or 15 inches high, slender, compressed, chaffy at and near
the base.
Hob. Rich, rocky woodlands: frequent. Fr. July.

514. CHEttAtfTIIES, Swartz.

[Gr. Cheitos, a lip, and anthos, a flower; from the shape of the indusium.]
Sori roundish, solitary, or contiguous, on the margins of the pinnule-
lobes; indusium usually reniform, fixed to the margin at the point
where the sporanges arise, free along the inner edge. Frond bi- tri-
pinnatifid; stipe roughish-hairy.

1. C. vestita, Willcf. Fronds bipinnate, hairy on both sides ;

PILICES 393

pinnae subsessile ; pinnules short, pinnatifid, the lobes roundish ;
son finally crowded, or confluent.
CLOTHED CHEILANTHES.

Fronds 3 to 6 inches long, and about an inch wide, lance-oblong in their out-
line; pinnae about half an inch long, ovate-lanceolate,— the tower ones distant,
pinnate (the upper ones only pinnatifid) ; pinnules oblong, obtuse, crenately pin-
natifid; stipe 1 to 3 inches in length.
Hob. Rocky banks : frequent. Fr. July, Aug.

23. ASPLENIEAE : Sori elongated, oblique to the midrib, — each covered with a special
indusium,free along one side.

a. Veins reticulated, except next the margin.

515. CAMPTOSOVRUS, Link.

[Gr. Kamptos, bent, and Soros, fruit-dot; descriptive of the sori.]
Sori linear, irregularly scattered on the reticulated veins of the
simple frond,— often approximating in pairs by their free margins, —
or becoming confluent at their ends, and forming crooked lines.

1. C. rfeizopIiyl'lUS, Link. Fronds auriculate-cordate at base,
lanceolate, with a long slender acumination which often takes root
at apex.

Asplenium rhizophyllum. L.<$ Fl. Ceslr. ed. 2. p. 580.
ROOTING-LEAVED C.vMPTOSORUS. Walking-Leaf.

Frond 3 to 9 inches long, and % of an inch to an inch wide, evergreen, some-
times bifid, with 2 acuminations ; stipe 1 to 4 inches long, slightly margined
above, smooth. Son often % of an inch in length.
Hob. Rocky woodlands : frequent. Fr. July.

Ob*. The rooting apex of the runner-like frond, often gives rise
to new fronds,— and those again to others.

b. Veins forked, free,— none of them reticulated.

516. ASPL,EV]«IUM, L.

[Gr. a, privative, and Spkn, the spleen ; from supposed remedial virtues.]
Sori linear-oblong, oblique, never in pairs, all attached lengthwise
to the upper side of the simple, forked, or pinnate, free veins; in-
dusium opening along the side toward the midrib.

f Indusium straight, fixed by Hie whole length.

1* A. Ruta-mttr^riSI,, L. Fronds bipinnate at base, simply
pinnate above ; pinnae rhomboid-cuneate, stipitate, small.
WALL-RUE ASPLENIUM.

Fronds 1 to 2 inches long, and 'half an inch to an inch wide, smooth, dingy
green; pinnae 2 to 4 lines long, dentate or partially lobed, above the middle;
Stipe 1 to 2 inches long, flat, smooth. Sori finally confluent, of a dark ferruginous
color.
Hub. Limestone rocks, and cliffs; Great Valley: rare. Fr. July.

a. A. Tricll6manes, L. Fronds spreading, simply pinnate;
pinnae subsessile, roundish-obovate, obliquely cuneate at base;
stipe dark purple.

Fronds 2 to 4 inches long, and % to ^ an inch wide, lance-linear in their outline,
often procumbent ; pinnae 2 to 3 lines long, crenate at apex, entire at base, and
often a little auriculate on the upper edge ; stipe 1 to 2 inches long, semi-terete,
ulightly margined, smooth and polished. Sori finally oval.
Sab. Shady rocky banks : frequent. Fr. July.

894 ACROGENOUS PLANTS

3. A. ebciieum, Aiton. Fronds erect, simply pinnate ; pinnae
sessile, lance-oblong, sub-falcate, auriculate on the upper edge ;
stipe black.
EBONY ASPLENIUM.

Fronds 6 to 12 inches long, and % of an inch to 1^ inches wide ; pinnae % to
% of an inch long, serrate, sometimes a little cordate at base; stipe 1 to 3 inches In
length. Sori oblong, finally confluent.
Hob. Rocky woodlands : frequent. Fr. July.

4» A. thelypterotdes, Mb\ Fronds pinnate, with the pinnae
deeply pinnatifid ; lobes oblong, obtuse, crenulate.
THELYPTERIS-LIKE ASPLENIUM.

Fronds 12 to 18 inches long, and 4 to 6 inches wide, — in their outline oblong-
lanceolate, acuminate, rather flaccid, smoothish, and pale glaucous-green ; pinnan
2 to 5 inches long, acuminate, pinnatifid, — the- acumination crenate-serrate ;
common rachis slender, slightly pubescent; stipe 6 to 10 inches long, slender,
slightly chaffy. Sori acute at each end ; indusium convex, thickish.
Hab. Moist woods ; shaded banks of streams : frequent. Fr. July.

ium./naKy lunate, or reniform, free at the ends.

5. A. FiliiX-foemilia, R. Br. Fronds bipinnate; pinnae
lanceolate ; pinnules lance-linear, incised-serrate, confluent at base ;
sori oblong, lunate, at first straight.
Aspidium asplenioides. Wttld. J- FL Cestr.. ed. 2. p. 579.

Fronds 12 to 18 inches long, and 4 to 8 inches wide; pinnae 2 to 4 inches long,
subsessile ; pinnules oblong, doubly and unequally incised-serrate ; common rachis
3-grooved above, naked, and. smoothish; stipe 6 to 12 inches long, smooth. Sori
short, in a double row, near the midrib of the pinnules,— the indusium bursting
along the convex margin.
Hab. Moist woodlands: frequent. Fr. July.

§4. DICKSONIEAE: Sori round and dot-like, marginal, with a kind of double, or 2-
lobed indusium.

517. DICKSOWIA, L'-Heritier.
[Dedicated to James Dickson ; an English Eotanist.]

Sori globular, small, — each placed on the apex of a free vein, or
fork, and inclosed in a little 2-lipped sac,, consisting of a reflexed
and modified lobelet, or tooth of the frond, united by its edges with
those of a nearly similar proper indusium, which is fixed along its
base on the inner side ; the receptacle elevated.

1. D. pimctilolmlcl, Hooker.. Fronds thin and pale green,
bipinnately dissected ; pinnae lanceolate, bipinnatifid, and incised-
serrate ; sori solitary, one at the upper margin of each lobe.
D. pilosiuscula. Willd. $ FL Cestr. ed. 2. p. 584.

DOTTED-LOBED DlCKSONIA.

Minutely glandular and hairy, somewhat odorous. Fronds 1 to 2 feet long, and
4 to 6 inches wide, lance-oblong in their outline; pinnae 3 to 4 inches long, most-
ly alternate, sessile; pinnules about half an inch in length, pinnatifid, the lobes
with 2 to 4 teeth ; stipe 4 to 8 inches long, hairy, pale green, or reddish tawny.
Hab. Moist shaded grounds : frequent. Fr. July.

FILICE8.

395

2 5. AspmiEAE : Sori mostly orbicular,— rarely ollwg, and then placed across tl*
vein; im.lu.-ium orbicular, reniform, or hooded.

a. Yeins all free, none, reticulated.
•M- Indusium inflated, fixed by half, or all, the margin.

518. WOODS'IA, R. Brown.
[Dedicated to Joseph Woods; an English Botanist.]

Sori globular, borne on the back of simply forked veins ; indusium
thin, attached all round the receptacle, open, or early bursting, at
the top, or centre,-^-thQ orifice jagged,, and often fringed with hairs
which involve the sporanges.

f Indusium soon spreading open, larger than the, sorus, and appearing as if placed
under it,jagged-lobed, but not fringed with hairs.

1. W. obt lisa, Torrey. Fronds sub-bipinnate, glandular-hairy ;
pinnae rather remote ; pinnules oblong, very obtuse, crenately
pinnatifid.

W. Perriniana. Hook $ Grev. $ FL Cestr. ed. 2. p. 580.
OBTUSE WOODSIA.

Fronds 3 to 6 or 8 inches long, and 1 to 2 or 3 inches wide, lance-oblong in their
outline ; pinnae % an inch to 1% inches long, subsessile ; common rachis slightly
chaffy above ; stipe 2 to 3 inches long, chaffy. Sori near the margin of the lobes,
finally almost confluent; indusium sub-hemispherical, at length resembling a
calyx, with small spreading denticulate segments.
Hab. Rocky banks ; along streams : frequent. Fr. July.

f t Indusium minute, soon opening flat, and concealed under the sorus, except itt
marginal fringe.

2, W. 11 veil sis, R. Br. Fronds pinnate, thickly clothed beneath
with russet bristle-like chaff; pinnae crowded, deeply pinnatifid,
the lobes obscurely crenate.

ELBA WOODSIA.

Fronds 2 to 4 inches long, and about an inch wide, oblong-lanceolate in their
outline ; pinnae % to % of an inch long, subsessile ; common rachis chaffy ; stipe
1 to 3 or 4 inches long, chaffy, with a tuft of tawny chaff at base. Sori finally
confluent ; sporanges slightly pedicellate.

Hab. Rocky banks of streams; Schuylkill : not common. Fr. July.
«-«• *+ Indusium flat, reniform, or orbicular and umbtticate, opening round the whoh
margin.

519. DRYOP'TERIS, Adanson.

[Gr. Drys, an oak, and Pteris, a fern ; from their growing usually in woods.]
Sori roundish, borne on the back, or near the apex, of the simple
and free pinnate veins, or their forks. Indusium flattish, roundish-
reniform, fixed at the sinus, opening round the margin. Fronds
thinnish, simply, or bi- tri- pinnate.

f Veins simple and straight, or simply forlced; stipes nearly naJ<ed; fronds pinnate.

1. D. Thelyp'terls, A. Gray. Fronds lanceolate ; pinnae linear-
lanceolate, deeply pinnatifid, — the lobes nearly entire, withrevolute
margins; sori soon confluent.

396

ACROGENOUS PLANTS

Aspidium Thelypteris. Willd. $ Fl. Cestr. ed. 2. p. 577.

Fronds 6 to 12 inches long, and 3 or 4 inches wide ; pinnae 1 to 2 inches long,
subsessile, slightly pubescent; stipe 9 to 15 inches long. Son commencing in
small marginal dots, finally confluent, and usually covering the under surface of
all the lobes of the frond.
Hob. Swamps, and wet thickets : frequent. Fr. July.

3« I>. NoveboraceilSiS, A. Gray. Fronds oblong-lanceolate ;

pinnae lance-oblong, pinnatifid, — the lobes flat, ciliate; sori never

confluent.

Aspidium Noveboracense. Willd. $ Fl. Cestr. ed. 2. p. 677.

NEW- YORK DRYOPTERIS.

Fronds 9 to 18 inches long, and 3 to 5 inches wide ; pinnae 2 to 3 inches long,
thin and delicate, pale green ; stipe 3 to 6 inches long, slender, channelled above.
Sori small, marginal, in 2 rows on each lobe ; the fronds, however, are often sterile.
nab. Moist woodlands : frequent. Fr. July.

ff Veins more than once forked, or somewhat pinnately branching ; stipes cliaffy.
* Fronds sub-tripinnate (i.e. the pinnules pinnatijid).

3* D. intermedia, A. Gray. Fronds ovate-oblong ; pinnae
lance-oblong ; pinnules oblong-linear, distinct, incisely pinnatifid, —
the lobes mucronate.

Aspidium dilatatum. Fl. Cestr. ed. 2. p. 578. not of Sw. and Willd.
INTERMEDIATE DRYOPTERIS.

Fronds 12 to 20 inches long, and 5 to 8 or 9 inches wide, elliptic-lanceolate In
their outline ; pinnae 3 to 5 inches long, and 1 to 2 inches wide ; common rachis
somewhat chaffy ; stipe 6 to 15 inches long, clothed with large brownish-tawny
chaffy scales. Sori rather large, numerous ; indusium orbicular-reniform, umbili-
cate in the centre.
Hob. Moist woodlands : frequent. Fr. July.

* * Fronds bipinnate only, with the pinnules (or sometimes only lobes) merely incised, or
tootJied ; stipes somewhat chaffy.

4. U. cristata, A. Gray. Fronds linear-oblong; pinnae short,
triangular-ovate, subcordate at base, deeply pinnatifid ; lobes oblong,
obtuse, incised-serrate at apex.

Aspidium Lancastriense. Fl. Cestr. ed. 2. p. 577.
CRESTED DRYOPTERIS.

Fronds 18 inches to 2 feet long, and 3 or 4 inches wide, smoothish, deep green ;
pinnae 1% to 3 inches long, sub-opposite, — the lower ones stipitate, the upper
ones sessile and confluent : stipe 8 to 12 inches long, rather slender, often smooth-
ish,— the chaff being deciduous. Sori medium size, distinct, dark-brown, in 2
rows, generally confined to the upper half of the frond ; indusium orbicular-reni-
form.
Hob. Moist woodlands : not very common. Fr. July.

5. I>. inargllialis, A. Gray. Fronds ovate -oblong ; pinnae
lanceolate, broad at base, deeply pinnatifid ; lobes oblong, crenate-
serrate, — the lower ones nearly distinct; sori marginal.
Aspidium marginale. Willd. $ Fl. Cestr. ed. 2. p. 578.
MARGINAL DRYOPTERIS.

Fronds 9 to 15 inches long, and 4 to 6 inches wide ; pinnae 2 to 4 inches long,
sub pinnate,— the acumination crenate; stipe 4 to 8 inches long, clothed with a

FILICES. 397

tawny membranaceous chaff, especially at base. Son medium size,— one at each
notch in the lobes of the upper pinnae, — the lower ones being mostly sterile ;
induiium orbicular- reniform.
Huh. Rocky woodlands : frequent. Fr. July.

520. POLiYS'TICHUM, Roth.

[Gr. Poly, many, and StMtos, a row, or line; the sori sometimes in close lines.]
So-ri round, borne on the back of pinnately-forked veins. Indusium
orbicular, umbilicate (i. e. fixed by the depressed centre), opening
all round the margin. Fronds subcoriaceous and evergeen, simply,
or bi- tri-pinnate ; pinnae auricled at base, on the upper edge ; stipe
chaffy.

1. P. aCFOSticllOides, Schott. Fronds lance oblong, simply
pinnate ; pinnae lance-linear, sub-falcate, bristly-cuspidate ; sori
finally confluent.
Aspidiuin acrostichoides. Willd. $ FL Cestr. ed. 2. p. 576.

ACROSTICHUM-LIKE POLYSTICHUM.

Fronds 9 to 18 inches long, and 2 to 4 inches wide; pinnae 1 to 2 inches long,
alternate, finely serrate, the serratures bristly-mucronate ; rachig clothed with
lance-linear chaff ; stipe 2 to 5 inches long, chaffy. Sori in a single, or more com-
monly in a double row, near the midrib of the smaller pinnae toward the summit
of the frond, at first distinct.
2Iab. Rocky woodlands : common. Fr. July.

b. Yeins of the sterile frond finely reticulated.

521. OSTOCLE'A, L.

[An ancient Greek name; applied to this genus.]

Fertile frond bipinnate, much contracted, — the pinnules short and
revolute, usually rolled up into closed berry-like involucres filled
with sporanges, and forming a one-sided spike, or raceme. Sori one
on the middle of each simple primary vein, round, soon all confluent.
Indusium very thin, hood-like, lateral, fixed by its lower side, free
on the upper (i. e. toward the apex of the pinnule). Sterile frond
rising separately, pinnate.

1. O. sensibiliS, L. Sterile fronds oblong- triangular ; pinnae
lanceolate, — the lower ones distinct, pinnatifid-dentate, — the upper
confluent, repand-dentate, or entire.
SENSITIVE OXOCLEA.

Sterile froruls 6 to 15 inches long, and 5 to 12 inches wide at base ; lower pinnae

3 to 6 inches long ; stipe 6 to 10 inches long, slender, angular, naked. Fertile fronds

4 to 8 or 10 inches long; pinnae 1 to 3 inches long, nearly erect; pinnules triangu-
lar-globose, smoothish, dark brown, resembling berries in 2-rowed unilateral spikes ;
stipes 8 to 12 inches long, rather stout, terete, naked.

Hob. Moist woodlands : frequent. Fr. July.

SUBORDER II. OSMUNDIN'EAE.

Sporanges variously collected, destitute of any proper ring, cellular-reticulated,
opening length-wise by a regular slit,— sometimes striate-rayed on the top.

522. OSBHWDA, L.

[A name supposed to be of Celtic origin.]

Sporanges globose, stipitate, naked, entirely covering the fertile

398 ACROGENOUS PLANTS

pinnules (which are contracted to the mere rachis), thin and reticu-
lated, not striate-rayed at summit, opening by a slit across the top
into 2 valves. Spores green. Fronds tall and upright, bipinnate, or
simply pinnate ; veins forking and free.

•f Fronds bipinnate, — the pinnules substipitate, serrulate.

1. O. Specttifoilis, Willd. Smooth; sterile pinnules lance-
oblong, oblique but not auricled at base ; fertile pinnules forming
a terminal racemose panicle.

SHOWY OSMUNDA. Flowering Fern.

Fronds 3 to 4 feet high, branching, pale greyish green; sterile pinnules 1 to 2
inches long, the veins a little prominent; fertilt pinnules contracted, covered with
clusters of small capsules, which are. at first, pale greenish-tawny, finally ferrugi-
nous ; panicle oblong, 4 to 8 inches in length.
Hob. Moist meadows, and thickets : frequent. Fr. July,
f f Fronds pinnate, — the fertile portion bipinnate; sterile pinnae merely pinnatijuf.

2. O, Claytoiliaiia, L. Loosely woolly when young, soon
smooth ; pinnae oblong-lanceolate, some of the middle ones fertile ;
sporanges brownish.

0. interrupta. MX. $ Fl. Cestr. ed. 2. p. 5&5.
CLAYTON'S OSMUNDA.

Fronds! to near 2 feet long, and 3 to 6 inches wide, lance-oblong in their out-
line; pinnae 2 to 4 inches long. Fertile pinnae in 2 to 4 pairs, near the middle of
the frond ; common radds channelled above ; stipe 6 to 9 inches long, channelled,
smoothish, chaffy-tomentose at base.
Hob. Moist low grounds, and thickets : frequent. Fr. June, July.

3. O. cinnamoiiiea, L. Clothed with tusset wool when
young, — the sterile fronds finally snlooth ; fertile fronds separate,
contracted, racemose, covered with clfinamon-cotared sporanges.
CINNAMON-COLORED OSMUNDA.

Sterile and fertile fronds growing together in bunches, "but distinct,— the sterile
ones most numerous, 1 to 2 feet in length, and 5 to 10 inches wide, lance-oblong in
their outline ; pinnae 3 to 6 inches long ; stipe 9 to 18 inches long. Fertile fronds
9 to 18 inches long, and about an inch wide ; pinnae all fertile 1 to 1% inches
long, erect, lanuginous; pinnules crowded, covered with clusters of minute cap-
pules; stipe 1 to 2 feet long, rather stout, and, with the rachis, clothed with a
long loose membranaceous reddish tomentum.
Hah. Moist low grounds : frequent. Fr. July, Aug.

SUBORDER III. OPHIOGLOSS'EAE.

Kporanges spiked, in double rows, naked, coriaceous and bpaque, not reticulated,
destitute of a ring, opening by a transverse slit into 2 valves, discharging the
copious dust-like sulphur-colored spores. Fronds straight, never circinate in the
bud.

523. BOTRYCO'IITM, Swartz.

[Gr. Botrys, a cluster of grapes ; in allusion to the fructification.]
Frond rising straight from the clustered roots, with the sterile and
fertile portions distinct, — the lateral portion sterile, spreading,
ternately divided, with forking free veins, — the terminal portion
wholly fertile, erect, contracted into pinnately panicled spikes. —
Sporanges. clustered, but distinct.

FILICES 399

1. H.^luiiarioldes, Sw. Sterile division of the frond near the
base of the stipe, biternately dissected, stipitate.

B. fumarioides. Willd. Also, B. dissectum, Muhl. $ Fl. Cestr. ed.

2. p. 587.

LtJNARIA-LIKE BOTRYCHIUM. Moon-WOrt.

Sterile portion of the frond about 3 inches long, and 4 inches wide, triangular in
the outline, sub-divisions, or leaflets, varying from obliquely lance-ovate to cun-
eate-oblong and linear, finely crenate, or incised-dentate, connected with the base
of the upright fertile portion by a partial stipe, or petiole, 2 to 3 inches in length .
Fertile portion on a scape-like ere ct stipe 6 to 9 in ches high, in a tawny compound
ppike 2 to 4 inches in length.
Hub. Moist low grounds : frequent. Fr. July, Aug.

2. B. Tirafiiiicwin, Sw. Sterile division of the frond about
the middle of the stipe, ternately divided to the base, sessile.
VIRGINIAN BOTRYCHIUM. Rattlesake Fern.

Somewhat hairy. Sterile portion of the frond 3-parted ; the divisions 4 to 6
inches long, broad-ovate, or somewhat deltoid, in their outline, bipinnatifid, green ;
pinnae 1 to 3 inches long, deeply pinnatifid, the lobes cuneate-oblong, incised-
dentate at apex. Fertile portion on an erect stipe 9 to 18 inches high, in a reddish-
tawny compound spike 2 to 5 inches in length.
Hob. Rich hilly woodlands : frequent. Fr. June, July.

524. opmoGL-oss'irui, L.

[Or. Ophis, a serpent, and Glossa, a tongue; from the form of the spike.]
Frond erect and scape-like, bearing a lateral sterile portion in the
form of an oblong-ovate entire leaf with finely reticulated immersed
veins, and a terminal, simple spike, on which the sporanges are closely
packed, and more or less coherent together.

1. O. vulffiitmii, L. Sterile division sessile near the middle of
the stipe, obtuse, shorter than the spike.
COMMON OPHIOGLOSSUM. Adder' s-tongue.

Sterile portion of the frond 1% to 3 inches long, and 1 to 2 inches wide, some-
what clasping at base, smooth, light green. Fertile portion on a scape-like erect
stipe, 4 to 10 inches hi.jh, in a compressed lance-linear 2-rowed spike 1 to 1% inches
in length. Sporanges partially imbedded in the rachis, at first connate, finally
distinct, pale tawny.
Hab. Moist low grounds ; woods, and thickets : frequent. Fr. Jun e.

ORDER CXXI. LYCOPODIACEAE.

Jlum'ilf, evergreens, usually of Moss-like aspect ; stems solid, and often woody,
thickly clothed with simple sessile lanceolate or subulate leaves, and bearing the
2- to 4-valved sporanges sessile in their axils.

525. I/rCOPOvDIUM:, L.

[Gr. Li/\-ox, a Wolf, and P.iux, a foot; from some fancied resemblance.]
Sporanges of only one kind, resembling those of Ophioglossum,
coriaceous, flattened and usually reniform, 1 -celled, opening by a
tran sverse line round the margin, thus 2-valved, discharging the
minu te spores in the form of a copious sulphur-colored inflammable
powder. Leaves 1-nerved, imbricated or crowded in several ranks.

400 ACROGENOUS PLANTS

2 1. SELAGO : Sporanges scattered in the axils of the uniform (dark-green, sinning,
rigid, and %-ranked) leaves.

1. l<« lucidlllum, MX. Stems ascending, tliickish, bifid, or 2
or 3 times forked; leaves lance-linear, acute, denticulate, spreading,
or reflexed.
BRIGHTISH LYCOPODIUM.

Stem 6 to 12 inches long, nearly erect, or sometimes decumbent and radicating
near the base. leaves % to near % an inch long. Sporanges subreniform, or
semi-orbicular, palish yellow, seated in the axils of the leaves about an inch from
the summit of the stem, or branches ; also in interrupted series, below, — these lower
series being the persistent sporanges o f preceding years.
Hob. Moist woods, and low grounds : frequent. Fr. July.
§2. LTCOPODIUM proper: Sporanges borne only in Hue, axils of tJie upper, or bracteal
leaves, — thus forming terminal spikes.

a. Leaves of the stem and brandies — and those of tJie simple spike — all alike, and

many-ranked.

2. 1L. i ii 11 ii «1 at mil , L. Sterile stems creeping, flaccid, forking ;
fertile ones erect, solitary, bearing a short thick spike.
FLOODED LYCOPODIUM.

Sterile stems 4 to 8 inches long ; fertile ones 1 to 4 inches high. Leaves }/±\&%
an inch in length, lance-subulate, spreading. Spike an inch to an inch and half
in length.
Hob. Wet, sandy places ; New London : rare. Fr. Aug.

Obs. This was collected, in 1848, by Mr. VINCENT BARNARD, —
an intelligent and enterprising young Naturalist, of this County.

b. Leaves (bracts) of the ament-like spikes scale-like, imbricated, ovate, yellowish, —

unltice those of the sterile branches.

f Spikes sessile (or Hie branches equally leafy up to the spikes').

3. L. dendroideuni, MX. Stem erect, simple below, bushy-
branched at summit, — the branches spreading, fan-like ; leaves 4-
to 6-ranked; spikes mostly several.
TREE-LIKE LYCOPODIUM. Ground Pine.

Stem 6 to 9 inches high, terete, flexuose. iearesabout2 lines long, those on the
branches somewhat 4-rowed, obliquely subulate-linear, deep-green. Spikes mostly
several (1 to 6), about 2 inches long, erect, terete, a little tapering to the summit.
Hob. Woodlands, and shaded thickets : frequent. Fr. July.

Obs. This pretty species — of unfading verdure (together with L.
complanatum, L.} — is much employed in making garlands, and
festoons, wherewith to decorate Country parlors ; and is, moreover,
regularly sought after, by those who venerate pleasing ancient
usages, for the purpose of trimming Churches, at Christmas,
f f Spikes pedunculate (i. e. (lie leaves very minute on tJie fertile branches).

* Leaves homogeneous and equal, many-ranked; stems terete.
41. l<. Clav&tuni, L. Stems creeping extensively, with similar,
short, ascending branches; spikes mostly in pairs, on terminal
peduncles.
CLAVATE LYCOPODIUM. Club-Moss.

Stem 2 to 4 or 6 feet long, rather stout, prostrate and somewhat radicating

LYCOPODIACEAE 401

branches 1 to 4 or 5 inches long, alternate, often subdivided, very leafy. Leaves
3 to 5 lines in length, pale green, incurved-spreading, subulate-linear, with a long
hair-like point, forming a hairy tuft at the summit of the branches. Spikes (some-
times 1— rarely 3,) % an inch to nearly an inch in length, yellowish, erect on an
ascending leafy branch-like peduncle 2 to 4 inches long ; scales ovate, setaceously
acuminate.
Hob. Woodlands, and thickets : frequent. Fr. July.

** Leaves of 2 farms and unequal, few^ranked; stems or branches flattened.

5. I*, complanatum, L. Stems trailing extensively ; brandies
ascending, dichotomously and pedately subdivided, spreading and
fan-like; spikes several.
FLATTED LYCOPODIUM.

Stem 2 to 6 or 8 feet long, rather slender, somewhat leafy, procumbent (some-
times rhizoma-likc, and more or less buried) ; branches 1 to 3 or 4 inches long,
erect or ascending, yellowish-green, somewhat pedately divided at summit, and
these divisions dichotomously subdivided into numerous spreading flatted branchlets
with winged serrated margins. Peduncles 4 to 6 inches long, slender, terete, with
a few remote subulate leaves, dichotomously subdivided at summit 2 or 3 times,
so as to bear 4 to 8 pedicellate spikes each about an inch in length; scales orbicu-
lar-ovate, acuminate.
Hob. Borders of woods, and thickets : frequent. Fr. Octo.

Obs. My friend, JOSHUA HOOPES, finds specimens on our slaty
hills, which he regards as almost specifically distinct, — having the
trailing stems mostly buried and rhizoma-like, the branches of a
brighter green, the ultimate branchlets not so coarse, and twice as
numerous, while the spores are matured 2 or 3 months earlier than
on the common form.

526. SEL,AGIffEL/L,A, Beauvois.

[Diminutive of Selago, an ancient name of Lycopodium.]
Sporanges of two kinds, — one, like those of Lycopodium, but very
minute and oblong, or globular, containing powdery orange-colored
spores, — the other, of 3- or 4-valved tumid vesicles (by way of dis-
tinction, termed sporocarps,) filled by a few much larger globose-
angular spores ; these latter either intermixed with the former in
the same axils, or solitary in the lower axils of the leafy, 4-ranked,
sessile spike.

f Leaves all alike, equally imbricated.

1. S. rupestris, Spring. Stem creeping ; branches ascending,

rather rigid ; leaves subulate, bristle-tipt, densely appressed-imbri-

cated, greyish-green.

Lycopodium rupestre. L. ^ Fl. Cestr. ed. 2. p. 589.

ROCK SELAGINELLA.

Stem \ to 3 inches long, much subdivided ; branches % an inch to an inch long,
ascending, terete. Leaves serrulate-ciliate, — their membranaceous hair-like points
forming a bluish-white pencil-tuft at the summit of the branches. Spikes % to
half an inch long, somewhat 4-angled, sessile and terminal on the branches ;
scales ovate-lanceolate.

Hab. Rocky banks ; Chester Creek : not common. Fr. July.

26

402 ACROGENOUS PLANTS

ft Leaves of two sorts, appearing ^-ranked.

2* S. SipllS, Spring. Stem nearly prostrate, flaccid, much branched :

leaves obliquely ovate, pellucid, spreading, with 2 rows of smaller

appressed ones.

Lycopodium apodum. L. $ Fl. Cestr. ed. 2. p. 589.

FOOTLESS SELAGINELLA.

Plant pale green, smooth, resembling a Moss. Stem 1 or 2 inches long, filiform.
Leaves less than a line in length, distichous, with smaller acuminate ones, mostly
appressed, on the upper side of the branches, nearly opposite the lateral ones.
Spikes % an inch to an inch in length, terminal and sessile,— apparently a mere
continuation of the branches.
Sab. Moist, rocky, shaded spots : frequent. Fr. July, Aug.

ORDER CXXII. HYDROPTERIDES.

Cryptogamous aquatics, of diverse habit; the fructification borne either at the
bases of the leaves, or on submerged branches, — consisting of two sorts of organs,
contained in indehiscent or irregularly bursting involucres, called sporocarps.

SUBORDER I. ISOETIN'EAE.

Apparently stemless perennials, — growing in and mostly under water ; sporocarps
in the axils, and immersed in the inflated base, of the somewhat grass-like or
rather chive-looking leaves (clustered subulate-linear fronds).

. ISOVETES, L.

[Gr. Isos, equal, and -Bios, year ; having the same appearance all the year.]
Stem a mere disk-like succulent rhizoma, rooting from beneath, and
covered above with the dilated imbricated bases of the elongated
sub-terete cellular fronds. Sporocarps ovoid, and plano-convex,
rather large, sessile in the axils of the fronds, adherent to their
excavated dilated bases and covered by an interior thin membran-
' aceous scale, indehiscent, traversed internally by filaments forming
a kind of partitions ; those of the central fronds filled with minute
powdery spores, — the exterior ones filled with larger roundish-quad-
rangular spores.

1. I. lacustris? L. Rhizoma broad and depressed; fronds
mostly submersed, dark green ; spores roughish-granulated, scarce-
ly reticulated.
LAKE ISOETES. Quill-wort.

Fronds numerous, 4 to 12 or 15 inches long, whitish at base, and imbricated in
a dense tuft, semi-terete and angular above the base, composed of longitudinal
tubes which are jointed, or interrupted by transverse partitions.
Hob. Shallow ponds, and shaded wet places : not very common.

Obs. There is some doubt whether our plant may not prove to
be the /. Engelmdnni, Braun; but I have not had an opportunity to
determine the matter, satisfactorily. In the last edition of his
valuable Text Book, Prof. A. GKAY intimates that this Suborder should
rather be appended to the preceding Family of LYCOPODIACEAE ;
in which case, perhaps, the Selaginellas, or some of them, might be
arranged in the same Suborder with Isoetes.

MUSCI 403

CLASS IV.

AN'OPHYTES.*

Cryptogamous acrogenous plants, composed of cellular tissue only,
but with the general type or habit of the superior orders, — growing
upward by an axis or stem, emitting roofs downward, and usually
furnished with distinct leaves (sometimes the stem and foliage con-
fluent into a frond).

ORDER CXXIII. MUS'CL

Low tufted plants, mostly perennial, -with a stem and distinct (sessile) leaves, — pro-
ducing spore-cases (or capsules) which usually open by a terminal lid (operculum),
and contain simple spores only.^

SUBORDER I. BRYA^CEAE.

Calyptra, circumscissed at base ; fruit terminal, or lateral ; lid opening elastically,
or sometimes indehiscent ; orifice of the capsule naked, or more commonly with
aperistome; columetta manifest.

DIVISION I. ACROCAKPI : Pedicel or fruitstalk terminal.

* For the Mosses and Hepaticae of Chester — so far as they are yet known — I am
indebted to my friend THOMAS P. JAMES, of Philadelphia, — an acute and zealous
Bryologist, who (as his other engagements permitted,) has diligently explored the
ANOPHTTES of our ancient Bailiwick ; and has, morever, prepared and presented to
the CJiester County Cabinet of Natural Science, an elegant Collection of those in-
teresting little plants. The intelligent reader will perceive that the descriptions
are chiefly derived from the Contributions of that eminent Botanist, WILLIAM S.
SULIJVANT, Esq. to GRAY'S MANUAL.

t The reproductive organs of the MOSSES are of two kinds:—"!. The sterile flower ,
consisting of numerous (4 — 20) minute cylindrical sacs (antheridia), which dis-
charge from their apex a mucous fluid filled with oval particles, and then perish.
2. The fertile flower, composed of numerous (4—20) flask-like bodies (pistittidid),
each having a membranous covering (calyptra), terminated by a long cylindrical
funnel-mouthed tube (style). The ripened pistillidium (seldom more than one in
a flower maturing,) becomes the capsule, which is rarely iudehiscent, or splitting
by 4 longitudinal slits, but usually opens by a lid (operculum) : beneath the lid,
and arising from the mouth of the capsule, are commonly either one or two rows
of rigid processes (collectively the peristome), which are always some multiple of
4; those of the outer row are called teeth — of the inner, cilia. An elastic ring of
cells (annules) lies between the rim of the capsules and operculum. The powdery
particles filling the capsule are spores. The thread-like stalk (pedicel, or seta,)
supporting the capsule is inserted into the elongated torus (vaginula) of the
flower. The pedicel continued through the capsule forms the columella; enlarged
under the capsule it sometimes forms an apophysis. The calyptra, separating
early at its base, is carried up on the apex of the capsule ; if it splits on one side it is
hood-shaped or cuculliform, — if not, it is mitre-shaped or mitriform. Intermixed
with the reproductive organs are cellular jointed filaments (paraphyses). The
leaves surrounding the antheridia are called the perigonial leaves, those around
the pistillidia or pedicel the perichaetial leaves."— GRAY'S Manual.

404 ANOPHTTES

TRIBE 1. PHASCAVCEAE.
528. PHAS'CVM, L. Earth-Moss.

[Gr. Phaskon ; the ancient name for some Moss.]

Calyptra mitriform, or cuculliform. Capsule indehiscent (lid persist-
ently closed). Fructification monoicous, or dioicous. Very diminu-
tive Mosses.

1. P. Crassinervilim, Schwaegr. [Thick-nerved']: Stemless;
leaves lance-linear, or subulate, denticulate, erect-spreading, rigid,
the broad nerve excurrent ; calyptra mitriform ; capsule globular,
subsessile. Moist grounds.

2. P. CUSpidatlllll, Schreb. [Cuspidate]: Stem simple, or
forked-branched; leaves erect, ovate-lanceolate, entire, — the nerve
excurrent; calyptra cuculliform; capsule immersed, roundish. —
Clay soil ; old fields.

3. P. Cl'i spum, Hedw. [Curled]: Stems usually branched;
leaves lance-subulate, entire, flexuose, crisped when dry ; capsule
nearly spherical. Old fields.

4. P. a He r 11 i folium, Bruch $ Schimper. [Alternate-leaved] :
Stems erect, branched ; leaves lanceolate, spreading, the nerve ex-
current. Old fields.

5. P. lliuficillll, Schreb. [Pointless]: Stemless; leaves broadly
ovate, concave, serrate, conuivent, the nerve reaching to the point.
Old fields ; Coventry. Decem. 1850.

<>. P. Siilmlatiiin,/'. [Subulate]: Leaves subulate-setaceous,
straight, the nerve disappearing below the summit. Old fields.
April, 1850.

529. BRITCH'IA, Schwaegr.
[Named for Prof. Bruch • a distinguished Bryologist.]

Calyptra mitriform, laciniate at base. Capsule oval, beaked, in-
dehiscent. Fructification dioicous. A very minute Moss, with straw-
colored stems and fruit.

1. B. flexuosa, B. $ S. [Flexuose] : Stems mostly simple ;
leaves oblong-ovate, the nerve continued into a long flexuose point;
capsule oblong-pyriform, with a short acute beak. Damp ground.

TRIBE 2. POTTIA^CEAE.

530. APHAtfORECnUA, Sulliv.

[Greek ; literally an imperceptible seam, or place of rupture.]

Calyptra bell-shaped, awl-pointed, 4- 5-laciniate at base. Capsule
spherical. Peristome none. Lid hemispherical, apiculate. Fructi-
fication monoicous.

1. A. serrata, Sulliv. [Serrate]: Stems simple, or branched;
leaves oblong-lanceolate, spreading, serrate, the nerve failing near
the apex ; capsule separating transversely by an indistinct suture.
Damp grounds; Coventry.

MUSCI 405

TRIBE 3. FUNARIA^CEAE.

531. FUJ¥AVRIA, Schreb. Cord-Moss.
[Latin, Funis, a cord ; from the long twisting pedicel.]

Calyptra cuculliform, ventricose, with a subulate beak. Capsule
pyriform, nodding, the orifice oblique. Peristome double, — the outer
of 16 lance-subulate teeth coherent at apex, the inner of 16 cilia
opposite the teeth. Lid plano-convex. Monoicous. Paraphyses
clavate.

1, F. liyarroinetrica, Hedw. [Hygrometric] : Leaves oval-
lanceolate, concave, imbricated, the nerve reaching to or beyond
the point ; capsule annulate, when dry grooved, — the orifice with a
red border; pedicels 1 to 1£ inches long, twisting and incurved,
very hygrometrical. Old walls ; burnt grounds, &c.

532. PHYSCOMIT'RIUM, B. $ S.

[Gr. Physkon, something inflated, and Mitrion, a little cap.]
Calyptra mitriform, lobed at base, or inflated-cuculliform, beaked.
Capsule symmetrical, pyriform. Peristome none. Lid convex, with
or without a point. Monoicous.

1. P. pyrif orme, B. $ S. [Pyriform'] : Leaves spatulate-
lanceolate, serrate, spreading, the nerve nearly percurrent ; capsule
roundish-pyriform, or obovoid, on an exserted pedicel £ to J an
inch in length; lid with a short point; calyptra mitriform, torn at
base. Wet banks.

TRIBE 4. WEISSIAXCEAE.

533. WEISS'IA, Hedw.
[Dedicated to Frederick William Weiss,— a German Botanist.]

Calyptra cuculliform. Capsule regular. Peristome single, of 16
lanceolate entire erect equidistant teeth. Lid beaked. Monoicous.

1. "W. COIltrov^rsa, Hedw. [Disputed] : Leaves lance-linear,
with involute margins, crisped when dry; nerve strong, excurrent;
capsule ovoid-elliptical; pedicels very slender, £ to J of an inch
long. Waste fields : very common.

534. DII>Y]JI'ODO]V, Hedw.
[Gr. didymos, twin, and Odous, a tooth ; the teeth being in pairs.]

Calyptra cuculliform. Capsule regular. Lid conical, or beaked.
Peristome single, of 16 or 32 teeth approximated in pairs or united
at base.

1. D. cylindriCUS, var? Wilson. [Cylindrical"]: Stems tufted,
somewhat elongated ; leaves linear-acuminate, flexuose and crisped ;
capsule nearly cylindrical ; pedicels very slender, ^ to f of an inch
long. Shaded bank, near Judge SHAFER'S, Coventry. Dec. 1850.

Obs. Mr. JAMES gives the Weissia tenuirostris, Hook. $ Taylor, as
a synonym of this, — and adds, "possibly sp. nova."

406 ANOPHYTES

TRIBE 5. GRIMMIAVCEAE.

535. GRIMM'IA, Ehrh.
[Named for F. C. Grimm ; a German Botanist.]

Calyptra mitriform, lobed at base. Capsule regular. Peristome of
16 equidistant lanceolate teeth, which are entire or perforated,
rarely 2- or 3-cleft at apex. Monoicous, or dioicous. Sterile fl.
axillary.

1. Cc. Pennsylvania, Schwaegr. [Pennsylvanian] : Leaves
elongated-lanceolate, with a long diaphanous point ; capsule oval,
immersed ; lid conical, pointed. On rocks ; common.

2. Cr. apoc Jirpa, Hedw. [Fruitful] : Leaves ovate-lanceolate,
recurved-spreading, rather diaphanous at apex ; capsule oval, im-
mersed; teeth of the peristome entire or sparingly perforated,
bright purple. On rocks, along streams.

3. Cr. Mllhlenbergii, Brid. [Muhlenberg 's] : Leaves linear-
lanceolate, obtuse, concave, when dry incurved, the nerve vanishing
below the point; pedicel exserted; capsule erect, oval; teeth of
the peristome linear, deeply cleft ; lid subulate from a conic base ;
calyptra large, mitriform, longitudinally plicate, crenate-lacinate
at base. Dry rocks.

4. G-. trichopliyl'la, Grev. [Hair-leaved] : Stems elongated,
loosely tufted; leaves lax, wavy, lanceolate, gradually tapering
into a diaphanous point, the margins recurved; pedicel flexuose
and curved ; capsule elliptic-ovate, sulcate ; lid beaked. On rocks,
in streams. April, 1851.

536. RACOMIT'RIUM, Brid.

[Gr. rdkos, a shred, and mitrion, a little cap ; from the torn calyptra.]
Calyptra mitriform, or campanulate-subulate, laciniate at base. Cap-
sule regular. Peristome of 16 filiform and deeply 2- or 3-cleft teeth.
Lid conical, subulate. Dioicous.

1. R. Ui i C roc ar poll, Brid. [Small-fruited] : Stems ascend-
ing, branched ; leaves spreading, lanceolate, acuminate, — the upper
ones with the points diaphanous and somewhat dentate. Moist
rocks.

537. IIEDWIG'IA, Mrh. not of Hook.

[Dedicated to Prof. J. G. Hedwig ; a German Botanist.]

Calyptra conical. Capsule globose. Peristome none. Lid plano-
convex. Monoicous. Sterile fl. axillary.

1. H. Ciliata, Hedw. [Ciliafe]: Leaves spreading, sometimes
secund, ovate-lanceolate, the apex diaphanous and erose-denticu-
late ; perichaetial leaves ciliate ; calyptra minute, smooth, or hairy.
On rocks : common. Plant glaucous green ; stems 1 to 3 or 4
inches long, branching. The Hedwigia of HOOKER (English Flora),
belongs among the PLEUROCARPI.

MUSCI 407

TRIBE 6. ORTHOTRICHAXDEAE.
538. ORTHO'TRICHUItt, Hedw. Bristle-Moss.

[Or. orthos, straight, & Thrix, hair ; the calyptra often clothed with straight hairs.]
Calyptra campanulate, plicate, usually hairy. Peristome double, or
single, — the outer of 16 teeth approximated in pairs, when dry
reflexed, — the inner of 16 or 8 horizontal cilia (sometimes wanting).
Lid elongated-conical. Monoicous, or dioicous.

t Peristome double; cilia 8.

1. O. crispum, Hedw. [Curled']: Leaves spreading, linear-
lanceolate, when dry very much crisped; capsule elongated, clavate,
grooved; calyptra very hairy. On trees : common.

2. O. Hlltchinsiae, Hook. $ Tayl. [Miss Hutchins's] : Leaves
dark green, lanceolate, erect, when dry appressed ; capsule exserted,
grooved; calyptra hairy. On shaded rocks.

3* O, Llldwigli, Schwaegr. [Ludwig's] : Leaves erect-spread-
ing, yellowish-green, lanceolate, acuminate, crisped when dry;
capsule exserted, pyriform, smooth, grooved only at summit, the
orifice much contracted; calyptra hairy, laciniate at base. On
trees.

f f Peristome single.

4, O. Strangulatum, Beauv. [Strangulated] : Leaves lance-
olate, obtuse, straight when dry, and tawny brown ; capsule im-
mersed, grooved ; teeth of the peristome never recurved ; calyptra
plicate-ribbed, smooth, or slightly hairy. On trees: very common.

539. »RUMMO]VDVIA? Hook.

[Dedicated to Thomas Drummond; a Scotch Botanical Collector.]
Calyptra large, cuculliform, beaked, ventricose and somewhat plicate
at base. Capsule exserted. Peristome of 16 very short truncated
teeth. Lid convex-beaked.

1. D. € lave Hal si, Hook. [Clubbed] : Stems prostrate and
creeping, with crowded erect branches ; capsule ovoid, pedicellate ;
leaves oblong, acuminate, densely imbricated, the nerve vanishing
near the apex ; beak of the lid long, oblique from a convex base. —
On trees, forming large dark-green patches.

TRIBE 7. TETRAPHID'EAE.

54O. TE'TRAPHIS, Hedw. Four-toothed Moss.

[Gr. Tetra, four, and phys, brought forth ; alluding to the 4-toothed peristome.]

Calyptra mitriform, plicate, and rather lacerated at base. Peristome

single, of 4 equidistant erect 3-sided-pyramidal teeth, ribbed on the

back, not articulated. Lid conical. Monoicous.

1. T. pel like id a, Hedw. [Pellucid]: Stems sparingly branched ;
lower leaves minute, — upper ones lance-ovate and oval, acuminate,
nerved to near the apex ; capsule oblong-cylindrical ; pedicel about
£ an inch long. Woodlands ; on rotten stumps.

408 ANOPHTTES

TRIBE 8. TRICHOSTOMA^CEAE.

541. TRICHOS'TOMITM, Hedw. Fringe-Mass.
[Gr. Thrix, hair, and Stoma, mouth; from the hair-like teeth of the peristome,]
Calyptra cuculliform. Peristome of 32 slender capillary teeth ap-
proximated in pairs. Lid elongated-conical.

1. T. pal lid H 111, Hedw. [Pale] : Monoicous,' stems short;
leaves setaceous from a lanceolate base, the nerve excurrent,
denticulate at apex; capsule oblong, erect, or slightly curved;
pedicel 1 to 2 inches long, straw-colored ; lid conical, short-beaked.
Open woods, on the ground.

2. T. tortile, Schrad. [Twisted]: Dioicous; leaves spreading,
lance-subulate, channelled, denticulate at the apex of the excurrent
nerve ; capsule erect, oblong-elliptical ; pedicel £ to f of an inch in
length ; teeth of the peristome somewhat oblique. Clay grounds ;
roadsides, &c.

542. BAR'BUXA, Hedw. Beard-Moss.

[Latin, diminutive of Sarba, a beard ; in reference to the capillary peristome.]
Calyptra cuculliform. Peristome of 32 filiform spirally-twisted teeth,
Lid elongated-conical.

1. B. imguicul&ta, Hedw. [Clawed']: Dioicous; stems elon-
gated, dichotomous; leaves erect-spreading, oblong-lanceolate, ob-
tuse, pointed by the excurrent nerve, the margins revolute ; capsule
cylindrical ; pedicel about £ an inch long ; lid long-beaked, subulate.
Clay grounds.

2. B. caespitjsa, Schwaegr. [Tufted]: Monoicous; stems
short; leaves pale green, crowded, linear-oblong, taper-pointed,
mucronate by the excurrent nerve, wavy; capsule cylindrical,
slightly curved, yellowish ; pedicels J an inch to an inch long ;
teeth of the peristome long, and, with the lid, red. Dry woods, at
the base of trees.

TRIBE 9. DICRANAVCEAE.

543. CERAT'ODON, Brid.

[Gr. Keras, a horn, and Odous, a tooth ; the teeth nodulose, like a goat's horn.]
Calyptra cuculliform. Capsule oblong, somewhat strumose. Peri-
stome single, of 16 lanceolate teeth 2-cleft nearly to the base, their
articulations prominent. Lid conical-beaked. Dioicous.

1. C. purpureilS, Brid. [Purple] : Stems tufted, fastigiately
branched; leaves keeled, oblong-lanceolate, nerved to the apex,
the margins reflexed ; capsule cylindrical, nodding, striate ; pedicel
f of an inch long, and, with the capsule, dark shining purple. Old
roofs ; and on the ground : common.

544. »ICRAVI¥UM, Hedw. Fork-Moss.

[Gr. Dikranon, a flesh-fork; the peristome-teeth cleft, or forked.]

Calyptra cuculliform. Peristome single, of 16 equidistant teeth

which are 2- or 3-cleft nearly to the middle, the lobes equal and

parallel. Lid beaked.

MITSCI 409

«ft0. [Broom]: Stems 2 inches long, ascend-
ing, branched ; leaves falcate, secund, lance-subulate, channelled,
serrulate ; capsule subcylindric, rather nodding ; pedicel 1£ inches
long; lid long-beaked. Woodlands; on the ground, and decayed
logs.

2. D. undulatum, Ehrh. [ Wavy] : Stems about an inch
long ; leaves subsecund, lanceolate, nearly flat, thin, serrulate, trans-
versely undulate ; capsule subcylindric, curved ; pedicels fascicled
(2 to 5 from the same perichaeth), 1J inches in length. On the
ground.

«J. I>. Scliradori, Web. $ JHohr. [Schrader's]: Stems erect;
leaves crowded, erect, not secund, linear-lanceolate, acuminate,
slightly denticulate, when dry somewhat rugose ; capsule oblong ;
pedicel 1, or 1J inches long. Damp woods.

4. D. flagellare, Hedw. [ Whip-like] : Stems erect, near 2
inches high, densely crowded, emitting from near their summits
slender and rigid innovations furnished 'with minute imbricated
leaves ; stem-leaves linear-subulate, secund ; capsule subcylindric,
erect ; pedicels about an inch long. Damp woods; decayed logs.

5. H. longifolilim, Ehrh. \Long-leaved~\-. Stems ascending,
branched; leaves falcate, secund, elongated, bristly-subulate, slightly
serrulate, the nerve very broad; capsule oblong, erect; pedicel
about an inch long. Hilly woodlands.

6. D. beteromallum, Hedw. [Part-villous]: Stem erect,
nearly simple ; leaves falcate, secund, subulate from a broad base,
slightly serrulate ; capsule obovoid-oblong, slightly nodding ; pedi-
cel £ an inch to f in length, and, with the capsule, reddish-brown ;
lid with an oblique subulate beak. Shaded banks.

•?. I>. variiim, Hedw. [ Various] : Stems short, nearly simple ;
leaves erect-spreading, sometimes secund, lance-subulate; capsule
obovoid, rather oblique ; pedicel £ to £ an inch long ; lid conic,
with a short beak. Moist grounds. Whole plant reddish-brown.

TRIBE 10. LEUCOBRYA^CEAE.

545. I.EtJCO^BRYUM, Hampe.
[Gr. Leukos, white, and Bryon, Moss ; from its pallid color.]
Calyptra cuculliform. Capsule oblong. Peristome single, of 1C slen-
der 2-cleft densely-jointed teeth, — the lobes equal, divergent. Lid
with a subulate beak.

1. Ij. vulgare, Hampe. [Common]: Stems erect, 2 inches high,
divided above, fastigiate, fragile ; leaves closely imbricated, erect,
ovate-lanceolate, channelled, rather obtuse, nerveless, entire; cap-
sule slightly strumose and curved, striate when dry ; pedicel about
£ an inch long. Wet woods ; growing in dense glaucous-green tus •
socks.

TRIBE 11. FISSIDENYTEAE.

546. FISS'IDENS, Hedw. Split-tooth Moss.

[Latin, Jissus, split, and dens, tooth ; the teeth of the peristome being cleft.]

Calyptra cuculliform, rarely conic-mitriform. Pedicel sometimes

410 ANOPHYTES

lateral, or from the root. Peristome single, of 16 linear-lanceolate
2-cleft teeth, the divisions unequal, divergent. Lid conic-beaked.
Frond-like plants; leaves bifarious, vertical, — "their proper lamina
infolded-boat-shaped, producing from the keel an equitant blade
which forms the principal portion of the leaf."

t Pedicel terminal.

1. F. miniltulllS, Sulliv. [Very small]: Dioicous; stems sim-
ple ; leaves lance-linear, margined by a transparent rather wavy
border; capsule erect, oval; pedicel 1 to 2 lines long; lid elongat-
ed-conic. On stones in brooks ; very diminutive.

£• F. bryoides, Hedw. [Bryum-like]: Monoicous; stems near-
ly simple, ascending ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, margined, minutely
pointed by the excurrent nerve ; capsule oblong-oval ; pedicel J to
£ of an inch long, lid conic-pointed. Moist places,
ft Pedicel lateral.

3. F. adiailtoidcs 1 Hedw. [Adiantum-like] : Stems much
branched; leaves oblong-lanceolate, serrulate, the marginal cells
transparent, the nerve percurrent ; capsule oblique ; lid with a long
beak. Shaded, moist places, on the ground ; 1 to 2 inches high. —
Inflorescence as in F. bryoides.

Obs. This has not been found in fruit, within the County,
t f t Pedicel arising from the root.

4. F. taxlfolius, Hedw. [Yew-leaved]: Stems short, tufted;
perichaetial leaves ovate, sheathing, convolute, pointed ; capsule
oblong; pedicel £ to ^ an inch long; lid conic-pointed. Moist
places.

54?. COffOMIT'RHIM, Montague.
["Gr. Konos, a Cone, and mitrion, a cap ; in reference to the Calyptra.]
Calyptra conic-mitriform, wavy at base. Capsule terminal upon
axillary branches. Peristome of 16 short and truncated irregularly
divided or perforated teeth. Lid conical, minutely beaked. Monoi-
cous. Sterile fl. axillary.

1. C. Jlllianiim, Mont. [Julian] : Stems 2 to 5 inches long,
filiform, floating, much divided; leaves distant, narrowly lance-
olate, acute, the nerve extending to near the apex; capsule obconic,
tapering to a short pedicel ; lid conic, with a long erect beak, which
alone is covered by the calyptra, — the latter fleshy and sometimes
throwing out rootlets from it base. Immersed in springs and brooks.

TRIBE 12. POLYTRICHA^CEAE.
548. A'TRICIIUM, Beauv. Smooth-cap Moss.

[Gr. a, privative, and Thrix, hair ; from the smooth calyptra.]
Calyptra narrowly cucullate, naked, spinulose at apex. Capsule
elongated-cylindraceous, slightly curved. Peristome single, of 32
short ligulate teeth, incurved and adhering by their summits to the
margin of the disk-like apex of the columella. Lid subulate-beaked.
Sterile fl. cup-shaped.

MTJSCI

411

1. A. iiiHluliitillil , Beauv. [ Wavy] : Monoicous ; steins about
2 inches high, erect, mostly simple ; leaves long, ligulate-lance-
olate, undulate, spinulose-toothed, narrowly margined, the nerve
with 2 to 4 narrow lamellae ; capsule about J of an inch long ;
pedicel 1 to 1| inches in length. Moist grounds.

2. A. angustatum, Beauv. {Narrowed] : Dioicous; stems
shorter and more slender than the preceding ; leaves narrower, not
denticulate below the middle, the nerve with more and broader
lamellae ; pedicel £ an inch to near an inch long. Shady woods ;
along fences, &c.

549. POGOIVA^TUIH , Beauv. Hair-cap Moss.

[Gr. Pogon, beard ; in allusion to the hairy calyptra.]

Calyptra cuculliform, densely hairy. Capsule cylindrical. Peri-
stome single, of 32 teeth, adherent by their summits to the mem-
branous-dilated apex of the columella. Lid beaked. Dioicous. Sterile
fl. cup-shaped.

1. P. brcvicaikle, Brid. [Short-stemmed'] : Stems about 1
line long; leaves few, crowded and appressed, subulate from a
membranaceous base, denticulate ; lid with a short oblique beak ;
capsule smooth; pedicel about an inch long; calyptra apparently a
dense web of hoary hairs. Moist clayey banks: "the ground
around is always covered by a green stratum of confervoid fila-
ments."

550. POLYTRICHUM, L. Hair-Moss.

[Gr. Polys, many, and Thrix, hair; the calyptra consisting chiefly of hairs.]
Calyptra cuculliform, densely hairy. Capsule 4- or 6-sided, with a
discoid apophysis. Peristome single, of 64 teeth, adherent by their
summits to the membranous-dilated apex of the columella; other-
wise as in Pogonatum.

1. P. font lit line, L. [Common] : Stems simple, nearly erect,
1 to 2 inches high ; leaves spreading or recurved, linear-lanceolate,
serrate on the margins and back; capsule oblong, 4-sided, the
angles acute ; lid short-beaked from a convex base ; pedicels 2 to 3
inches long. Shady moist places.

2. P. fbrillosimi, Hedw. [Handsome']: Nearly allied to the
preceding; capsule longer and slightly curved, with the angles
obtuse ; apophysis smaller and tapering into the pedicel ; lid conical.
Woods, at the base of trees.

3. P. juniperiniim, Hedw. [Juniper-like'] : Stem 1 to 2
inches high, simple, or divided ; leaves lance-linear, awn-pointed,
the margins involute, entire ; capsule and lid as in No. 1 ; pedicel
about 1 £ inches long. On high ground.

TRIBE 13. BUXBAUMIA^CEAE.

551. DIPHYS'CIUM, Web. $ Mohr.

[Gr. dis, twice, and Physke, a bladder; from the two membranes of the capsule.]
Calyptra conic-mitriform. Capsule immersed, ovoid-ventricose, ob-
lique at base. Peristome double ; the exterior of 16 minute crena-

412

ANOPHTTES

tures; the' interior a white plicate cone-shaped membrane. Lid
conical. Monoicous. Sterile fl. terminal.

1. D. fbliosum, W. $ M. [Leafy] : Stems about a line high ;
lower leaves ligulate, upper ones ovate-lanceolate, somewhat laciniate
at apex, with a long excurrent nerve ; capsule remarkably large,
slightly pedicellate. Shady woods.

TRIBE 14. BARTRAMIA^CEAE.
552. BARTRAMVIA, ffedw.

[Dedicated to John Bartram, — the Botanical Patriarch of our Country.]
Calyptra cuculliform. Capsule subglobose, unequal at base, ribbed
and grooved. Peristome double; the outer of 16 lanceolate teeth;
the inner a membrane divided into 16 two-cleft divisions. Lid small,
depressed-conic.

1. B. pom i form is. ffedw. [Apple-shaped]: Stems some-
what elongated (£ an inch to an inch), fork-branched, — the branches
fastigiate; leaves spreading, subulate-linear, longish, serrulate,
crisped when dry, the nerve excurrent ; pedicel ^ an inch to f in
length ; sterile and fertile fl. together. Moist banks, in woods ;
"grows in large cushion-like patches of a light-green color."

2» B. foil la 11 a, Brid. [Fountain]: Dioicous; stems much
elongated (2 or 3 inches),^ — the branches rather short; leaves
glaucous-green, closely imbricated, oval, pointed, or elongated-
lanceolate, rigid, often secund, serrulate, the nerve extending to the
apex ; capsule obliquely ovoid ; pedicel 1 to 1 % inches long, lateral
from innovations. Sterile fl. disk-like, or cup-shaped. In springy,
wet places.

TRIBE 15. BRYE^AE.
553. BRYVUM, L. Thread-Moss.

[Gr. Bryon, — an ancient name for Moss.]

Calyptra cuculliform. Capsule smooth. Peristome double ; the outer
of 16 lanceolate teeth ; the inner a membrane divided into 16 pro-
cesses,— often with ciliolae, or filiform segments, between them: annu-
lus mostly present.

§1. Innovations proceeding from near the summit of the stem.
f Ciliolae smooth.

1. B. piilclivlliini, Hedw. [Pretty]: Dioicous; small; leaves
lanceolate, serrulate at apex, nerved to the summit; capsule nod-
ding, short-pyriform or obovoid, not annulate ; pedicel £ an inch
to f in length ; lid convex, apiculate. Clay banks ; New-Garden.

2. B. Walllenbergii, Schwaegr. [Wahlenberg's]: Leaves
yellowish-green, glossy, ovate, lanceolate, serrulate at apex, with a
nearly percurrent nerve ; capsule short-pyriform or turbinate, in-
clined or drooping, not annulate; pedicel f to an inch long; lid
convex-mammillate ; sterile fl. conspicuous, disked-shaped, on a
separate individual. Springy places ; New-Garden.

MUSCI 413

•f-fCiliolae with appendages at their articulations.

3. B. pyriforilie, Hedw. [Pear-shaped] : Stem nearly sim-
ple; leaves setaceous-subulate, serrulate, the nerve broad, excur-
rent ; capsule inclined, ventricose-pear-shaped ; pedicel 1 or 1£
inches long, and, with the capsule, reddish orange-color when
mature. Damp shaded places.

4. B. billl mil, Schreb. [Biennial] : Stems elongated ; leaves
ovate-lanceolate, with reflexed margins, mucronate by the excurrent
nerve, — obsoletely denticulate at apex ; capsule oblong-pyriform,
drooping ; pedicel 1 to 2 inches long. Woods, and wet places.

5. B. caespitltium, L. [Turfy']: Dioicous; stems short,
much branched by innovations, forming dense tufts ; leaves ovate-
lanceolate, slightly denticulate at apex, the margins revolute, the
nerve excurrent ; capsule oblong-pyriform, drooping ; pedicel about
an inch long, reddish orange-color. Dry woods ; old walls, &c.

6. B. argrenteuill, L. [Silvery"]: Dioicous; stems and branches
crowded, short, subcylindric ; leaves closely imbricated, broadly
oval, short-pointed, the nerve vanishing at the apex ; capsule oval-
oblong, nodding ; pedicel £ to f of an inch long, dark purple. Old
roofs; roadsides, &c., common. The color of the leaves varying
from glaucous green to silvery white.

§ 2. Innovations proceeding from, the base of the stem.
4®^ Ciliolae (except in B. roseum) smooth, f Leaves margined.

I. B, punctatuni, Hedw. [Dotted]: Dioicous; stems elon-
gated ; leaves large, distant, roundish-obovate or oval, narrowed at
base, wavy-dotted, entire, with the margin thickened, the nerve
disappearing below the summit ; capsule oval, rather pendulous :
pedicel about f of an inch long ; lid nearly conic, short-beaked ;
sterile fl. discoid. Wet places.

8. B. liorillim, Hedw. [This year's]: Dioicous ; stems elon-
gated; leaves oblong-lanceolate, erect-spreading, spinulose-serrate,
and spinulose on the back, the nerve vanishing near the apex ; cap-
sule ovoid-elliptic, nodding; pedicel about 1 finches long; lid hem-
ispherical-conic, apiculate. Damp shady places.

9. B. cuspidal Hill, Hedw. [Cuspidate]: Stems elongated;
leaves obovate, acute, and pointed with the excurrent nerve, nar-
rowed at base, the margins thickened and wavy -denticulate ; cap-
sule oval, nodding ; pedicel f of an inch long ; lid conic-hemispher-
ical, often obtuse. Damp woods.

10. B. affme, End. [Kindred] : Dioicous ; stems elongated :
leaves oval-lanceolate, and ligulate-lanceolate, wavy, sharply ser-
rate, the nerve excurrent ; capsule elongated-oval, nodding ; pedicel
1 to 1J inches long, often 2 or more together; lid hemispherical-
mamillate. Damp situations.

II. B. roseum, Schreb. [Rosaceous]: Dioicous; stems £ of
an inch to 1£ inches long, nearly leafless below; leaves large, deep
green ; crowded and rosulate at the summit of the stem, spatulate,

414 ANOPHYTES

flat, acute, or cuspidate, the nerve reaching to the point; capsule
ovoid-oblong or subcylindric, slightly curved; pedicel about an
inch long ; lid as in the preceding. Moist woods, at the roots of
trees.

f f Leaves not margined.

12. B. stellare, Hedw. [Starry'] : Leaves oval-oblong, point-
ed, irregularly serrate, the nerve vanishing considerably short of
the apex ; capsule oval, horizontal ; lid hemispherical, without any
apiculus. Woods. Dioicous: sterile fl. discoid.

554. AFJLACOIWraiOIV, Schwaegr.

[Gr. Avlax; a furrow, and muion, a name for Moss; the Capsule ribbed and grooved.]
Calyptra small, cuculliform. Capsule ribbed when dry, annnulate.
Peristome double; the outer of 16 lance-subulate teeth; the inner
a membrane divided into 16 processes, with ciliolae interposed. Lid
convex-beaked.

1. A. heterosticlmm, Br. $ Sch. [One-sided]: ^ Monoicous ;
leaves obovate-oval, strongly serrate, turned to one side, the nerve
proceeding nearly to the summit ; capsule cylindric-oblong, slightly
curved; pedicel about f of an inch long; lid obliquely beaked;
sterile fl. axillary. Woods ; hill sides, &c.

2. A. palu§tre9 Schwaegr. [Marsh] : Dioicous ; leaves elon-
gated-lanceolate, denticulate at apex, the nerve failing below the
summit; capsule oblong, strongly ribbed and grooved, drooping;
pedicel 1 to 1^ inches long ; lid conical ; sterile fl. discoid. Borders
of swamps.

DIVISION II. PLEUROCAB/PI : Pedicel or fruitstalk lateral.
TRIBE 16. PTEROGONIAVCEAE.

555. PTEROGOV1VIUM , Swarte.

[Gr. Pteron, a wing, and gonos, a shoot; from the winged branches.]
Calyptra cuculliform, smooth, or hairy, Peristome double; the
outer of 16 lanceolate teeth ; the inner a delicate membrane lining
the inner face of the teeth, or divided into 16 free processes. Lid
conic-beaked. Monoicous. Sterile fl. axillary.

1. P. illlricsitiim, Hedw. [Tangled]: Stems creeping, the
branches entangled; leaves imbricated, ovate-lanceolate, secund,
nerveless ; capsule erect, oblong-ovoid ; pedicel % an inch to f in
length ; lid with a short oblique beak. On the bark of trees.

2. P. ripens, Schwaegr. [Creeping]: Stems creeping, much
branched ; branches erect, crowded ; closely imbricated, oval, short-
pointed, with a short forked nerve at base, the margins reflexed ;
capsule erect, ovoid-cylindrical ; pedicel about f of an inch long. —
On old logs, &c.

3. P. subcapillatlim, Hedw. [Somewhat hairy]: Stems mnt-
ted together ; leaves imbricated, lance-linear, acuminate ; capsule
inclined, cylindrical-oblong ; pedicel minutely muricate, ^ to J an
inch in length ; calyptra sparsely hairy ; lid rather long, beaked. —
On trees. Resembles P. intricatum, but smaller.

MUSCI

415

4. P. Iiirtellum, Hedw. [Roughish-haired] : Stems creeping,
throwing up densely-crowded cylindrical branches; leaves closely
imbricated, deltoid, pointed, minutely fringed on the margins,
nerveless ; capsule oblong, slightly ventricose at base ; teeth of the
peristome long and white ; pedicel about £ an inch long. "Woods,
investing the bases of young trees (particularly of Hickory § Horn-
beam) with dense glaucous-green mats."

556. L-EPT'ODOIV, Weber.

[Gr. Leptos, slender, and odous, tooth ; in reference to the peristome.]
Calyptra large, cuculliform, hairy. Capsule oblong. Peristome
double; the outer of 16 linear-lanceolate teeth; the inner as in
Pterogonium. Lid conic, somewhat beaked.

1. Li. tricllOIllitrlOIl, Mohr. [Hairy-cap] : Main stem creep-
ing, leafless, throwing out pinnate branches ; leaves when moist
erect-spreading, oblong-ovate, pointed, nerveless, the margins re-
flexed ; perichaetial leaves large, scarious, convolute, as long as the
pedicel ; capsule ovoid-cylindrical. On trees.

557. USUCTODOIV, Schwaegr.

[Gr. Leufcos, white, and odous, a tooth ; in reference to the peristome.]
Calyptra cuculliform, large, rather ventricose, plicate at base. —
Capsule roundish-oval or oblong-ovoid. Peristome double ; the outer
of 16 linear-oblong perforated teeth ; the inner as in Pterogonium.
Lid small, depressed-conic, rather short-beaked.

1. I* jiilsiceus, Hedw. [Ament-like~\ : Main stem creeping,
leafless ; branches crowded, erect, simple, cylindrical ; leaves densely
imbricated, ovate, nerveless, spreading horizontally when moist;
perichaetial leaves large, scarious, convolute, f the length of the
pedicel. Woods, on trees.

3. 1L. bracliypus, Brid. [Short-pedicel] : Allied to the pre-
ceding, but the branches longer, more slender and recurved ; leaves
elongated, when moist erect-spreading, secund; capsule oblong-
ovoid, on a very short lateral pedicel. On trees and rocks.

' TRIBE 17. NECKERA^CEAE.
558. JVECKE'RA, Hedw.

[Dedicated to N. J. Necker,— a German Botanist.]

Calyptra halved-mi triform. Peristome double; the outer of 16 linear
teeth ; the inner 16 cilia arising from a very narrow membrane. —
Lid conic, more or less beaked. Monoicous. Sterile fl. axillary.

1. JV. pennata, Hedw. [Feathered] : Stems decumbent ; branches
nearly pinnate, flat; leaves bifarious, lance-ovate, slightly wavy,
membranaceous ; capsule ovoid, erect, short-pedicelled, immersed
in the large perichaetial leaves. On trees.

TRIBE 18. LESKEAVCEAE.

559. ISOTHEVCIU!«, Brid.
[Or. Jsos, equal, and Thekion a little case; from the symmetrical capsule.}

Calyptra cuculliform. Capsule erect, annulate. Peristome double ;

416 ANOPHYTES

the outer of 16 linear teeth ; the inner 16 cilia, connected at base
by a very narrow membrane. Lid conic, more or less beaked. —
Monoicous. Sterile fl. axillary.

1. 1. Cladorrllizans, Hedw. [Branch-rooting] : Stems pros-
trate ; branches sub-pinnate, much compressed ; leaves imbricated,
concave, oblong-ovate, apiculate, shining ; capsule erect, cylindri-
cal ; pedicel about f of an inch long ; lid elongated-conic. On old
logs, forming large mats.

2. I. COmpreSSlim, Hedw. [Compresed] : Allied to the pre-
ceding, but smaller and more delicate, of a lax mode of growth ;
stems more regularly pinnate ; leaves less densely imbricated ; lid
taper-beaked ; fruit less copious.

3. T. seductrix, Hedw. [Seductive] : Allied to the preceding,
but the branches cylindrical ; leaves more closely imbricated ; fruit
more abundant, pedicels reddish-brown, Margins of swamps;
roots of trees, &c.

4. I, breviS^tum, Wils. $ Hook. [Short-bristled] : Branches
short, crowded, thick, not compressed ; leaves rather loosely im-
bricated ; acuminate, pale green ; pedicels about an inch long,
brownish yellow. On stumps, &c.

5. 1. vitiCUl&SUlll, Hedw. [ Vinelef] : Stems creeping, loosely
branched ; branches nearly erect, elongated, simple, terete ; leaves
deep green, ovate-oblong, obtuse, crowded, spreading; capsule
cylindric ; lid conic, pointed. On trees, at the base ; old logs, &c.

56O. UES'KEA, Hedw.

[Dedicated to N. G. Leske,—& German Botanist.]

Catyptra cuculliform. Capsule erect, or inclined. Peristome double ;
the outer of 16 teeth ; the inner of 16 cilia arising from a broad
keeled membrane. Lid conic, more or less beaked. Monoicous. —
Sterile fl. axillary.

1. li. attenuata, Schreb. [Attenuated] : Stems creeping, much
branched, — the branches often attenuated at apex ; leaves ovate,
rather obtuse and one-sided, spreading at apex, the strong nerve
vanishing near the point ; capsule erect, cylindric ; pedicel £ an
inch to f long: lid conical, obtusely pointed. Shaded rocks, and
damp places.

2. It. imforicatula, Hedw. [Imbricated] : Stems creeping ;
branches crowded, attenuated; leaves closely imbricated, erect-
spreading, ovate and lanceolate, acuminate, pale green and shining,
the serrulate margin somewhat reflexed; capsule erect, cylindric;
pedicel about J an inch long. Woods, on old stumps. Very variable.

3. L<« ol>SCllra? Hedw. [ Obscure] : Leaves dark green, opaque,
ovate, rather obtuse, the nerve extending to near the apex ; capsule
erect, oblong-elliptic ; pedicel \ an inch to f in length ; lid conic.
Wet banks, on trees. Fruit copious.

417

4. I*, rosf rata, Iltdw. [Beaked]: Stems ascending, variously
divided ; branches very crowded, short, erect, terete ; leaves pale
green, ovate-lanceolate, attenuated, the strong nerve percurrent;
capsule ovoid-oblong ; pedicel about £ of an inch long ; lid obliquely
beaked from a conic base. Woods, at roots of trees.

5. I*. deiltiClllata, Sulliv. [Denticulate'] : Stems creeping
and fastigiately branched ; branches erect, crowded, a little com-
pressed ; leaves palish green, densely imbricated, ovate, concave,
pointed, denticulate, nerveless; capsule oval-oblong; lid obliquely
short-beaked. On rocks, and roots of trees. Fruit very rare.

6. L,. Iiil^ilis, Hook. $ Wils. [Fragile]: Stems creeping,
irregularly divided ; branches filiform, rigid and very fragile ;
leaves deep green, minute, appressed when dry, ovate-lingulate,
rather acute, nerved to the middle. On trees. Fruit not seen.

TRIBE 19. HYPNA'CEAE.
561. IIYP'WUM, L. Feather-Moss.

[An ancient Greek name for some MOBS.]

Calyptra cuculliform. Capsule nodding, unequal (the upper side
more convex), with an oblique orifice. Peristome double; the outer
of 16 lanceolate teeth; the inner a keeled- furrowed membrane
divided into 16 entire, or perforated cilia, with ciliolae interposed.
Lid various. Fructification monoicous, or dioicous.
$1. Stems and branches flat; leaves bifarious.

1. II. syliiiticiim, L. [Wood]: Stems tender and fragile;
branches lance-linear, frond-form, tapering, loose, sometimes root-
ing at apex; leaves broadly lanceolate, pointed, with narrowly
reflexed margins, decurrent, shining; capsule oblong, erect-nod-
ding ; pedicel near an inch long ; annulus large ; peristome white ;
lid elongated-conic, acute. Crevices of moist rocks.

2. H. deplanatum, Br. $ Sch. [Flatted] : Stems tough,
much divided; branches obtuse, rather short, rooting along their
whole length ; leaves slightly serrulate ; capsule short, oblique, or
somewhat horizontal. Woods, on roots of trees, &c.

3. II. Silesiacum, Beauv. [Silesian]: Stems decumbent;
leaves lanceolate, with an attenuated flexuose point, serrulate ;
capsule cylindrical, erect-nodding ; annulus large ; pedicel £ to £
an inch long ; lid hemispherical-conic, apiculate. At roots of trees.

4. H. riparium, L. [Bank] : Stems procumbent, extended,
branched ; branches divided, flaccid ; leaves distant, divergent,
ovate-lanceolate, flat, entire, nerved half-way up ; capsule oblong,
rather nodding ; pedicel near an inch long ; lid conic, mammillate.
On logs in swamps : Variable in size.

5. II. serrulatum, Hedw. [Serrulate]: Stems creeping,
irregularly divided ; leaves distant, lanceolate, acuminate, serrulate,
the nerve extending above the middle ; capsule oblong, nodding ;
annulus none ; pedicel about f of an inch long ; lid conic, long-
beaked. Dry woods, on the ground.

27

418 ANOPHYTES

§2. Stems and branches elongated, flaccid, rather compressed ; leaves loosely placed ;
pedicels minutely roughened.

6. H. llians, Iledw. [Gaping] : Stems prostrate, much ex-
tended, vaguely branched ; branches ascending; leaves spreading,
shining, ovate-cordate, serrulate, the nerve of uniform size, stop-
ping about midway ; lid beaked, as long as the nodding capsule ;
pedicel about an inch long. Woods, among decayed leaves, &c.

g 3. Stems procumbent, fasciculately branched, the terete branches turgid ; leaves
cordate-ovate, lurid green.

*y.H.ru§cif61ium?-iV<?c&. [Ruscus-leaved]: Stems and branches
floating, 1 to 3 or 4 inches long ; leaves sometimes bifarious, spread-
ing, loosely imbricated, concave, acute, serrulate, the nerve vanish-
ing below the apex ; capsule ovoid, nodding ; pedicel about f of an
inch long ; lid long-beaked. On wood and stones, in swift water.

§ 4. Branches terete, plumose ; pedicels smooth, or rough.

Su H. pseudo-plum i>SUlll, Brid. [False-plumose] : Stems
Variously branched ; leaves erect-spreading, imbricated, ovate-
lanceolate, entire, not striate, the nerve reaching to the middle ;
capsule ovoid-oblong, oblique ; pedicel f to an inch long, muricate-
roughened above ; lid conic, acute. On rocks, in running water.

9. II. Rutabllllim, L. [Poker] : Stems vaguely branched ;
leaves ovate, acuminate, concave, serrulate, nerved halfway ; cap-
sule ovoid, gibbous, oblique, annulate ; lid conic ; pedicel about an
inch long, rnuricate-roughened its whole length. "Wet, springy
places.

10. H. salebrosum, Ilo/m. [Rugged]: Stems procum-
bent or ascending, variously branched ; leaves pale green, nearly
entire, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, more or less striate, the nerve
extending above the middle; capsule oblong, nodding; lid conic-
acuminate ; pedicel purple, about an inch long. On the ground,
and decayed logs, &c. variable.

§5. Stems elongated, flaccid; branches turgid, terete', leaves densely imbricated,
obtuse ; pedicels smooth.

11. H. Boscii, Schwaegr. [Base's] : Stems rather fasciculately
branched; branches elongated, obtuse; leaves greenish-yellow, shin-
ing, ovate, apiculate, concave, serrulate, slightly auricled at base,
nerve running f the length ; lid conic, beaked ; pedicels near an
inch long. Rocky banks.

g6. Stems ascending ; branches short, pinnately disposed; leaves shining, appressed,
convolute at the pointed tips of the branches.

12. H. Sclireberi,, Willd. [Schrcber's] : Branches rather com-
pressed, tapering; leaves ovate, concave, entire, faintly 2-nerved
at base; capsule oblong-ovoid, nodding; lid conic, acute; pedicels
aggregated, slender, reddish, 1 to 1 J inches in length. On dry hills,
and banks.

MTJSCI 419

g7. Stems bi-tri-pinnately branched; branches spreading, rigid, attenuated; leaves
minute, fragile ; pedicels aggregated.

13. II. tamariscinum, Hedw. [Tamarix-like] : Steins pro-
cumbent, tripinnately branched; leaves appressed when dry, cordate-
ovate, acute, crenulate-serrate, papillose on the back, not shining ;
capsule oblong, nodding ; pedicel an inch and half long ; annulus
distinct ; lid conic, with a long curved beak. On the ground ; old
logs, &c.

14. H. ill in ill ilium, Hedw. [Little] : Allied to the preced-
ing, but smaller throughout ; stems not so compound ; leaves less
evidently papillose, more crisped when dry. On dry ground.

15. H. gTiicile, Br. $ Sch. [Slender] : Stems procumbent,
rooting ; divisions simply and densely pinnate ; leaves as in If.
lamariscinum ; capsule obovoid-oblong, nodding ; pedicel an inch or
inch and quarter long; lid hemispherical-apiculate. Woods, and
damp places.

16. H. scitiilil, Beauv. [Goodly?] : Mode of growth of No.
15, and the foliage of No. 13; but the capsule cylindrical, almost
erect ; lid conic, beaked. On the base of trees.

17. H. splendens, Hedw. [Glittering']: Stems ascending,
bipinnate, the branches interruptedly crowded ; leaves loosely im-
bricated, spreading, cordate-ovate and ovate-lanceolate, acuminate,
shining; pedicels clustered, % of an inch long; capsule obovoid,
nodding ; lid conic, beaked. Hilly woods.

g 8. Stems prostrate, the divisions erect, naked below, fasciculately branched at sum-
mit (tree form).

18. H. slrigo§um, Hoffm. [Strigose] : Leaves cordate-ovate,
more or less elongated, rather obtuse, serrulate above, the strong
nerve nearly percurrent ; capsule ovoid, oblique, nodding ; pedicel
£ an inch to £ long ; lid conic, with an acute incurved beak. On
the ground, in hilly woods.

§9. Stems irregularly branched; leaves squarrose, or erect-spreading (mostly larger
and robust species.)

19. H. triqu^trum, L. [Three-sided] : Stems 3 to 5 inches
high, nearly erect, sparingly divided, firm, the divisions thickened
at their tips, pinnate ; branchlets somewhat recurved, attenuated ;
leaves squarrose, triangular-lanceolate, acuminate, serrulate, stri-
ate, 2-nerved at base ; capsule oblong-ovoid, nodding ; pedicel about
J of an inch long ; lid conic, apiculate. Woods, on the ground.

{j 10. Leaves rather squarrose, stellately expanding at the summit of the branches.

SO. II. Stellalum, Schreb. [Stellate]: Stems procumbent,
the branches ascending ; leaves yellowish-brown, ovate-lanceolate,
long-acuminate, entire, nerveless or nerved halfway ; capsule nearly
cylindrical, curved, nodding; pedicel about £ of an inch long; lid
conic, mucronulate. Wet ground.

420 ANOPHYTES

91. II. hispiduluin, Srid. [Somewhat hispid]: Stem and
branches closely entangled; leaves distant, cordate-ovate, pointed,
minutely crenate-denticulate, the point entire ; capsule oblong,
nodding; pedicel about an inch long; lid conic, acute. Woods, and
rocky hills, on the ground. Fruit abundant, and, with the pedicels,
reddish-brown.

§11. Stems vaguely branched; leaves erect-spreading, elongated, acute.

92. H. S6rpens, L. [Creeping']: Leaves loosely placed, ovate-
acuminate and linear-lanceolate, entire, the nerve vanishing below
the apex; capsule rather large, cylindric, curved, erect-nodding;
pedicel 1 to near 2 inches long, reddish-orange; lid convex-conic,
acute. Wet places. Variable.

23. H. adn&tlim, Hedw. [Adnate]: Stems creeping ; branches
crowded, terete; leaves closely imbricated, ovate-lanceolate, con-
cave, entire, nerveless; perichaetial leaves erose-denticulate at
apex ; capsule small, ovoid, nodding, annulate ; pedicel very slender,
about £ an inch long ; lid short-conic, obtuse. Woods; on rocks, &c.

$12. Stems mucti elongated, irregularly Irranched; leaves hooked, or curved (swamp
species).

94. II. aduncum, L. [Claw-like] : Leaves falcate, secund,
lance-subulate, entire, nerved beyond the middle, the margins of
the upper portion involute ; capsule nearly cylindrical, nodding
lid depressed-conic, acute. Swamps.

95. H. imcinsttlim, Hedw. [Hooked] : Leaves bright green,
or pale yellow, shining, setaceous-subulate, falcate, secund, striate,
serrulate, the nerve vanishing below the summit ; capsule cylindric,
curved ; pedicel about an inch long ; lid conic, apiculate. Wet
places.

? 13. Sterna pinnately brancJied, or nearly so; leaves generally more or less falcate,
and secund.

26. H. imp5nens? Hedw. [Imposing] : Stems creeping, di-
vided, pinnate ; leaves pale green, lanceolate, pointed, nearly entire ;
perichaetial leaves long, reflexed, strongly serrulate ; capsule slen-
tler, cylindrical, nearly regular, almost erect ; pedicel about an inch
long; lid elongated-conic, acute. Woods, on old logs.

27. H. recurvans, MX. [Recurving] : Stems creeping, pin-
nately branched ; leaves tawny-yellowish-green, shining, lanceolate,
pointed, the point strongly serrulate, margins narrowly reflexed;
capsule obovoid-oblong, small, nodding ; pedicel about £ of an inch
long ; lid conic, long-pointed. Old logs, and rocks.

<J8. H. curvifolium, Hedw. [Curved-leaved]: Stems pros-
trate, pinnately branched; leaves ovate-lanceolate, long-pointed,
nearly entire; perichaetial leaves large, convolute, whitish, striate;
capsule oblong, curved, ribbed when dry ; lid hemispherical-conic,
acute. Woods, on decayed logs.

MUSCI 421

29. H. Haitian ianimi, Grev. [Haitian's]: Stems pros-
trate, rather pinnately branched; branches long, compressed ; leaves
broadly lanceolate, pointed, entire, not falcate nor secund ; capsule
elongated-cylindrical, erect-nodding; pedicel about an inch long;
lid conic, with a long curved beak. Wet woods.

30. II. Crista-castrensis, L. [Camp- Crest]: Stems ascend-
ing, simply pinnate and plume-like ; branches crowded ; leaves
pale green, imbricated, secund, strongly falcate, lance-subulate,
striate, serrulate; capsule subcylindric, curved, nodding; pedicel
about 2 inches long ; lid conic, acute. Cold woods, on the ground.

31. H. Ill olB li scum, Hedw. [Soft] : Stems procumbent, di-
vided, simply pinnate, the plume-like branches revolute at their
tips ; leaves imbricated, falcate, serrulate, smooth ; capsule oblong-
ovoid; pedicel £ to f of an inch long; lid conic, acute. Shady
woods, on the ground.

562. CL,IMAVCIUM, Web. $ Mohr. Tree-Moss.
[Or. Klimakion, a small ladder; from the appearance of the inner peristome.]
Calyptra cuculliform. Capsule equal and symmetrical. Peristome
double; the outer of 16 linear-lanceolate teeth; the inner of 16
keeled processes splitting along the keel, arising from a very nar-
row membrane. Lid conic-convex, short-beaked. Dioicous. Sterile
fl. axillary.

1. C. dendroides, W. $ M. [Tree-like]: Stems creeping,
subterranean, throwing up erect tree-like branches (innovations),
which are about 3 inches high, nearly naked below, with the sub-
divisions or branches clustered above ; leaves crowded, erect-spread-
ing, ovate-lanceolate, concave, plicate, the upper half denticulate,
nerved to near the apex ; capsule erect, long and cylindrical ; pedicel
1 to 1 J inches long. Woods, and borders of swamps.

TRIBE 20. FONTINAVLEAE.
563. FOJVTIIVAXIS, L. Fountain-Moss.

[Latin, Fans, a fountain; from its place of growth.]

Calyptra mi triform, somewhat lacerate at base. Capsule sessile,
immersed. Peristome double ; the outer of 16 linear-lanceolate
teeth ; the inner a conical tessellated membrane. Lid conic, pointed.
Dioicous. Sterile fl. axillary.

1. F. Sqiiamusa, L. [Scaly] : Stems floating, about 6 inches
long, flexible, vaguely branched ; leaves trifarious, elongated-lance-
olate, concave, not infolded-keeled. In rivulets.

564. DICIIEL,YXMA, Myrin. Brook-Moss.

[Or. dicliao, to halve, and Elyma, a covering ; from the halved calyptra.]
Calyptra cuculliform, entire at base. Capsule pedicellate, emergent,
or immersed. Peristome double ; the ouier of 16 linear teeth; the
inner of 16 free cilia, — or as in Fontinalis. Lid conic, short-beaked.

422 ANOPHYTES

1« D. Capilliireiim, Myrin. [Hair-like] : Steins elongated,
sparingly branched; branches squarrose; leaves secund, subulate
by the long excurrent nerve from an ovate base ; capsule oblong,
on a short pedicel. In rivulets.

SUBORDER II. SPHAGNAVCEAE.

Calyptra bursting in the middle, persistent ; fruit on short terminal pedicels ;
lid opening elastically; orifice of the capsule naked; columella at maturity obso-
lete.

565. SPHAGNUM, Dillen. Peat-Moss.

[From Sphagnos, the ancient Greek name.]

Calyptra irregularly torn. Capsule sessile on the pedicel-like torus
(vaginula). Peristome none. Lid deciduous. Monoicous. Soft,
flaccid, pale-colored or whitish Mosses, growing in bogs, or very
wet places; — affording an excellent envelope for the roots of plants,
which are to be removed to a distance.

1. S. cymbi folium, Ehrh. [Boat-leaved'] : Stems elongated
(6 to 12 inches); branches cylindrical, turgid; leaves ovate, or
oblong, obtuse, concave, closely imbricated. Swamps, &c.

2. S. iU-lltiOliiim, Ehrh. [Acute-leaved]: Leaves ovate-
lanceolate, involute at apex, acute, crowded. Bogs, and wet places.
Smaller than the preceding.

ORDER CXXIV. HEPAT'ICAE.

Moss-like plants, perennial, or annual, of a loose cellular texture, usually procum-
bent and emitting rootlets from beneath ; the calyptra not- separating from the
base, but usually rupturing at apex; the capsule not open ing by a lid, containing
spores usually mixed witfi elaters (thin thread-like cells, containing one or two
spiral fibres which uncoil elastically at maturity).*

SUBORDER I. JUNGERMANNIAVCEAE.

Annual, or perennial; frondose, or distinctly leafy, often stipulate (i. e. with
amphigastria); antheridia scattered, free, stipitate or immersed ; pistillidia solitary,
or rarely several, in involucres immediately arising from the stem, or frond, calyp-
trate; capsule mostly 4-valved, pedicellate; spores mixed with elaters, — the elaters
usually with 2 spiral fibres.

TRIBE 1. JUNGERMANNID'EAE.

* The Vegetation of the HEPATICAE is " sometimes frondose, i. e. the stem and
leaves confluent into an expanded leaf-like mass; sometimes foliaceous, when the
leaves are distinct from the stem, as in true Mosses, entire or cleft, 2-ranked, and
often with an imperfect or rudimentary row (amphigastria) on the under side of
the stem. Reproductive organs of 2 kinds, viz. antheridia and pistillidia, much as
in Mosses (which see), variously situated. The matured pistillidium forms the
capsule, which is either sessile or borne on a long cellular pedicel, and dehiscent
by irregular openings, by teeth at its apex, or lengthwise by 2 to 4 valves. A
columella is rarely present. The perianth is a tubular organ inclosing the calyptra,
which directly includes the pistillidium. Surrounding the perianth are involucral
leaves of particular forms. The antheridia in the foliaceous species are situated in
the axils of pcrigonial leaves."— GRAY'S Manual.

HEPATICAE 423

566. PLAGIOCIHXA, Nees # Mont.

[Gr. Playios, turned to one side, and Chtios, herbage; descriptive of the plant.]
Fructification terminal or lateral. Involucral leaves 2, larger than
the cauline. Perianth compressed at right angles to the plane of
the stem ; the mouth truncate, entire or ciliate-toothed. Pistillidia
numerous. Calyptra membranaceous. Antheridia covered by small
and ventricose-imbricated perigonial leaves. Stem-leaves succubous,
with the dorsal margin decurrent and reflexed, often turned to one
side.

f Amphigastria none; orifice of the perianth cUMe-toothed.

1. 1*. «isplen ioidcs, N. $ M. [Asplenium-like'} : Leaves some-
what imbricated, oblique, spreading, rounded-obovate, entire or
denticulate ; perianth terminal. Banks of rivulets.

ft Amphigastria fugacious, 2- to 3-deft.

«J. P. porelloides, Lindenberg. \_Porella-like'\ : Stems divided ;
the branches ascending ; leaves rather imbricated, convex-gibbous,
rounded-obovate, — those at and near the summit of the stem repand-
denticulate, the others entire; perianth oblong, the mouth denticu-
late. Among moss, at the base of trees.

56?. SCAPAflTIA, Lindenberg.
[Gr. Skapane, a shovel ; from the shape of the leaf-lobes]
Fructification terminal. Involucral leaves 2, larger than the cauline.
Perianth compressed, parallel to the plane of the stem, — the mouth
entire, or ciliate-toothed. Pistillidia few. Calyptra membranaceous.
Antheridia in the angles of small saccate equally 2-lobed perigonial
leaves. Stem-leaves succubous, complicate- 2-lobed, — the dorsal lobe
smaller. Amphigastria none.

1. S. neniori>sa, Nees. [Grove"] : Stems ascending, crowded ;
leaves ciliate-toothed, each lobe convex, obtuse ; the ventral obovate,
oblique, twice as large as the other. Moist banks. Variable.

568. JUNGERIttAHWIA, L. Scale-Moss.

[Dedicated to Ludurig Jungermann ; a German Botanist.]
Fructification terminal. Involucral leaves free, like or unlike the
stem-leaves. Perianth membranaceous, tubular, plicate-denticulate
at apex, — the mouth 3- to 6-cleft. Calyptra included, rarely pro-
jecting. Antheridia in the base of inflated perigonial leaves. —
Stem-leaves succubous. Amphigastria present, or absent.

f Leaves 2-cleft ; amphigastria none.

1. J. COnniven§, Dickson. [Connivent]: Stems creeping, flex-
uose ; leaves nearly orbicular, with a broad decurrent base, distant,
a little wider than the stem, 2-cleft to | or £ of their length, the
sinus obtuse ; segments acute, connivent ; reticulations large ; in-
volucral leaves 3- to 5-cleft ; perianth slender, the mouth lacerate-
ciliate. On rotten wood.

424 ANOPHYTES

2. J. Clirvifolia, Dicks. [Curve-leaved]: Fruit-bearing branch
short; stems creeping; leaves imbricated, ascending, nearly or-
bicular, inflated at the ventral base, lunately 2-cleft, — the segments
long-linear, inflexed ; involucral leaves erect, 2- 3-cleft, serrate ;
perianth narrow, plaited-triangular, the mouth denticulate. Rotten
logs, &c.

f f Leaves nearly orbicular, undivided; amphigastria differing from the leaves, or
obsolete.

3. J. Scliradori, Mart. [Schrader '«] : Stems creeping, flexuose ;
leaves elliptic-orbicular, ascending; outer involucral leaves large,
elongated, entire, or emarginate, spreading at apex; the inner
smaller, more or less laciniate ; amphigastria obsolete ; perianth
oval-obovate, — the mouth plicate-lobed, the lobes ciliate. Old logs,
&c. Foliage often dark purple.

569. SPIIAGWICOEVTIS, Nees. Peat Scale-Moss.

[Gr. Sphagnos, peat-moss, and Koitis, a little bed ; from the appearance & growth.]
Fructification terminal, upon a short proper branch arising from the
ventral side of the stem. Involucral leaves small, few, incised. — •
Perianth ascending, terete, 3-angled at apex,— ^the mouth denticu-
late. Calyptra membranaceous. Capsule oblong. Stem-leaves suc-
cubous, orbicular. Amphigastria none, except upon the gemmiferous
branches. Stems furnished with runner-like rootlets.

1. S. COllimiinis, Nees. [Common] : Stems creeping; leaves
elliptic-orbicular, entire, ascending. On Moss, and decayed wood.

5TO. I^PIIOCO^EA, Nees.

[Gr. Lophos, a crest, and Xoleos, a sheath ; from the crested calyptra.]
Fructification terminal on the main stem or primary branches. In-
volucral leaves 2 to 4, large. Perianth tubular below, acutely tri-
angular above, 8-lobed, — the lobes tooth-crested. Calyptra short,
membranaceous, circumscissile at base, or rupturing irregularly at
apex. Capsule pedicellate, oval. Antheridia in the saccate bases
of small imbricated perigonial leaves. Stem-leaves succubous, nearly
horizontal, decurrent on the dorsal side of the stem, flaccid, 1- to
several-cleft at apex. Amphigastria 2- to 4-parted, — the divisions
more or less incised.

1. Ei. bidentata, Nees. [Two-toothed]'. Stems elongated, spar-
ingly branched ; leaves ovate-triangular, spreading, loose, pale, 12-
toothed ; teeth oblique, acute, with a crescent-like sinus ; involucral
leaves acutely 2-cleft and somewhat toothed. Moist places, among
Mosses, &c.

5*1. CHIL,OSCYNPHFS, Corda.

[Gr. Chilos, herbage, and Skyphos, a cup ; from the herbaceous calyptra.]
Fructification terminal upon a short lateral branch. Involucra Heaves
2 to 6, different from and smaller than the stem-leaves. Perianth
usually short, deeply 2- or 3-cleft. Calyptra globose, or subclavate,
slightly chartaceous, often longer than the perianth, rupturing

-

HEPATICAE 425

irregularly at apex. Capsule pedicellate. Perigonial leaves like the
cauline, concealing antheridia in their saccate dorsal bases. Stem-
leaves succubous, decurrent on the back of the stem, rather hori-
zontal ; rootlet* from the base only of the deeply 2-cleft amphi-
gastria.

1. C. pOlyimtllOS, Corda. [Many-flowered] : Stems procum-
bent ; leaves ovate-quadrate ; involucral leaves 2, slightly 2-toothed ;
perianth 3-lobed, the lobes short and nearly entire. Rocks, &c.

TRIBE 2. GEOCALYCEXAE.

5T2. GEO'CALYX, Nees.

(Gr. Gea, the earth, and Galyx ; the fructification becoming subterranean.]
Involucral leaves none. Perianth fleshy, glabrous, attached by one
side of its mouth to the stem, pendulous. Calyptra membranaceous,
free. Capsule pedicellate, 4-valved, — the valves narrow, straight
(not twisted), striate, finally spreading. Antheridia on spike-like
lateral branches, in th« axils of scale-like perigonial leaves. Stem-
leaves succubous.

1. €r. graveolens, Nees. [Strong -scented] : Leaves light green,
ovate-quadrate, 2-toothed ; amphigastria oval-lanceolate, 2-cleft to
the middle ; perianth subterranean. On the ground.

TRIBE 3. TRICHOMANOFDEAE.
5T3. CALYPOGErA, Raddi,

[Or. Kalyx, flower- or fruit-cup, & hypogaia, under ground; descriptive of plant.]
Involucral leaves none. Perianth oblong, saccate, truncate, fleshy,
hairy, attached by one side of its mouth to the stem, pendulous. —
Calyptra membranaceous, partly connate with the perianth. Capsule
pedicellate from the bottom of the perianth, oblong, twisted, — the
valves narrow and contorted. Antheridia on short lateral capitate
branches, one in each of the scale-like perigonial leaves. Stem-leaves
incubous, entire or 2-toothed. Amphigastria 2-cleft.

1. C. Triclioimillis, Corda, [Fern] : Leaves roundish-ovate,
obtuse, spreading, imbricated; perianths imbedded in the soil. —
Moist, springy places. Foliage delicate, pale glaucous-green.

574. >IASTIGOXBRYUM, -Nee*. Great Scale-Moss.

[Gr. Mastix, a whip-lash, and Bryon, Moss; from its rootlet-like runners.]
Fructification terminal, on short proper branches, arising from the
axils of the amphigastria. Involucral leaves small, narrow, acutely
incised at apex. Perianth elongated, triangular, the mouth 3-toothed.
Calyptra membranaceous. Capsule pedicellate. Antheridia on short
branches from the axils of the amphigastria, 2 in each perigonial
leaf. Stem-leaves incubous, imbricated, oblique, usually 3-toothed
at apex. Stems 2 to 3 inches long, forked and sparingly branched,
the branches obtuse ; rootlet-like runners, furnished with minute
leaves, proceeding from the axils of the amphigastria.

1. M. trilob&tum, JVeea. [Three-lobed]: Leaves olive-green
and brownish-yellow, ovate, antrorsely gibbous at the dorsal base,
broad and acutely 3-toothed at apex ; amphigastria 4- to 6-toothed,
the teeth denticulate. On damp ground.

426 ANOPHYTES

TRIBE 4. PTILID'IA.

575. TRICIIOCO'UEA, Nees. Downy Scale-Moss.

[Gr. Thrix, hair, and Koleos, a sheath ; from the hairy involucre.]
Fructification dichotomal. Involucral leaves numerous, coalescent
into an oblong truncate coriaceous hairy tube. Perianth and calyp-
tra none. Capsule pedicellate from the bottom of the tube. —
Antheridia on the upper side of the stem in the axils of leaves.
Leaves incubous, palmately divided, the divisions laciniate.

1. T. Tomentella, Nees. [Down] : Stems forked, bi- tri-
pinnately branched ; divisions of the leaves capillary-many-cleft ;
amphigastria setaceously many-cleft. Moist places, in large patches.
Foliage pale green, soft-hairy.

576. PTIMD'IUM, Nees. Fringed Scale-Moss.
[Gr. Ptilon, a downy feather, and Eidos, form ; from the fringed foliage."]
Fructification terminal on short branches. Involucral leaves 2 to 4,
four-cleft. Perianth terete, obovate, — the mouth connivent, plicate,
denticulate. Pistillidia numerous. Calyptra pear-shaped, coriaceous,
style-bearing. Capsule pedicellate, ovoid, 4-valved to the base. —
Dioicous. Antheridia covered by closely imbricated perigonial leaves.
Stem-leaves bifarious, incubous, complicate 2-lobed, each lobe di-
vided. Amphigastria 4- or 5-lobed.

1. P. Ciliiire, Nees. [Fringed] : Stems crowded together, rather
pinnate ; leaves 4-cleft and amphigastria both lacerately ciliate, —
the fringe long and setaceous. On rotten logs.

TRIBE 5. JUBULE^AE.

. RHAD'UL.A, Nee*.

[Gr. Rhadalos, soft or pliant; descriptive of the plant.]

Fructification terminal on short branches, or dichotomal. Involucral
leaves 2, deeply 2-lobed. Perianth compressed, or nearly terete, —
mouth dilated. Pistillidia numerous. Calyptra pear-shaped, per-
sistent, with a style, opening below the apex. Capsule pedicellate,
oval, 4-parted, — the valves erect spreading, within nodulosely stri-
ate. Elaters attenuated at both ends. Spores large, globose. —
Monoicous. Antheridia in the ventricose base of minute perigonial
leaves. Stem-leaves bifarious, incubous, 2-lobed, — the small in-
flexed ventral lobe producing rootlets. Amphigastria none.

1. R. COItlpl£ina,ta,, Dum. [Even, or planed] : Stems flat,
irregularly and somewhat pinnately branched, flaccid ; leaves im-
bricated; dorsal lobe roundish, — the ventral much smaller, tri-
angular-ovate, appressed ; perianth oblong, compressed. On trees.

578. MADOTIIEVCA, Dum. Free Scale-Moss.

[Gr. Mados, bald, and tfieke. capsule; the elaters falling from the valves.]
Fructification lateral, nearly sessile. Involucral leaves 2 or 4, 2-lobed.
Perianth ovate, biconvex, the mouth 2-lipped, incised, or entire. —
Pistillidia numerous. Calyptra globose, persistent, rupturing below
the apex. Capsule short-pedicelled, globose, 4-parted, — the valves

HEPATICAE 427

erect, incurved. Elaters free, attenuated at both ends. Spores
large, rather angular. Dioicous. Antheridia in the saccate base of
closely imbricated 2-lobed perigonial leaves. Stem-leaves bifarious,
incubous, deeply and unequally 2-lobed. Amphigastria large, decur-
rent.

1. M. platypliyl'la, Dum. [Broad-leaved] : Stems irregularly
bipinnate ; dorsal lobe of the leaf roundish-ovate, the basal margin
more or less undulate; ventral lobe smaller, oblique, cordate-oval,
the margins reflexed ; amphigastria round-obovate ; mouth of the
perianth nearly entire. On trees, and rocks. Variable.

2. M. Porella, Nees. [Little pore] : Stems 2 to 3 inches long,
bi- tri-pinnate, — the forked branches divergent; leaves distant;
dorsal lobe oblong-ovate, obtuse, — the ventral much smaller, ap-
pressed to the stem, oblong, flat ; amphigastria quadrate ; mouth of
the perianth crenulate. Stones, and roots of trees subject to in-
undation.

579. FRUM-AUTIA, Raddi.

[Said to be a personal name.]

Fructification terminal on proper branches. Involucral leaves 2 or 4,
2-lobed, not auriculate. Perianth oval, or obovate, terete, or 3- or
4-angled, mucronate at apex by a tubular mouth. Pistillidia 2 or 4.
Calyptra pear-shaped, persistent, with a style, rupturing below the
apex. Capsule pedicellate, globular, 4-cleft halfway down, — the
valves erect-spreading. Elaters truncate at both ends, with one
spiral fibre, adherent to the valves, erect. Spores large, irregular,
minutely muricate. Dioicous. Antheridia in the saccate base of
closely imbricated 2-lobed perigonial leaves. Stem-leaves bifarious,
incubous, 2-lobed, the lower lobe usually an inflated helmet-shaped
appendage (auricle). Amphigastria entire, or 2-toothed, throwing
out rootlets from their base.

1. F. Cilrayaiia, Mont. [Gray's"]: Stems creeping, simply
pinnate ; leaves glossy, deep purplish-brown, nearly orbicular,
concave ; auricle oblong-clavate ; amphigastria oblong ; perianth
3-sided, obtusely keeled beneath. On trees, and rocks.

2. F, Tirgillica, Lehm. [ Virginian] : Stems creeping, vaguely
branched ; leaves green, nearly ovate, entire, concave ; auricle
sometimes expanded into a lanceolate lamina ; amphigastria round-
ovate ; perianth compressed, tuberculate, 4-keeled beneath, 2- 4-
keeled on the back, — the keels crested. Rocks and trees.

3. F. Eboraceiisls, Lehm. [York] : Stems creeping, fascic-
ulately branched; leaves roundish-ovate, — the cauline loose, the
rameal imbricated ; amphigastria ovate ; perianth smooth, slightly
compressed and repaud, obtusely keeled beneath, and gibbous near
the apex. On trees.

4. F, aeolotis, Nen. [Various- auricled]: Stems procumbent,
vaguely or pinnately branched; leaves half vertical, spreading,
obliquely cordate-ovate ; auricle usually an ovate-lanceolate lamina ;
amphigastria ovate or obovate ; ventral lobe of the involucral leaf
incised. Trees. Allied to the preceding.

428 ANOPHYTES

580. L-EJEUITIA, Lib.

[Dedicated to A. L. S. Lcjeune,—& French Botanist.]

fructification lateral, or terminal, on proper branches. Involucral
leaves 2, deeply 2-lobed. Perianth oval or obovoid, terete or angular,
winged or ciliate-crested on the angles, the mouth 3- or 4-lobed.
Pistillidium single. Calyptra obovoid, persistent, with a style,
rupturing below the apex. Pedicel short, jointed in rings, when
dry zigzag. Capsule globose, membranaceous, pale, 4-cleft to the
middle, the valves connivent. Maters persistent, adherent to the
tips of the valves, erect, the upper end truncate-dilated, with a
single spiral fibre. Spores large, irregular. Dioicous. Antheridia
on proper branches lodged in the ventricose base of imbricated 2-
lobed perigonial leaves. Foliaceous : stem-leaves bifarious, incubous.

1. I«. crl.vpciltil, Schwein. [Bucklered] : Stems procumbent,
somewhat pinnately branched; leaves very pale green, with the
upper lobe round-obovate and deflexed, the lower oblong, quadrate;
amphigastria orbicular, approximated; perianth lateral, sessile,
obovoid, obtusely keeled on the back, 2-keeled beneath, the margin
rather compressed. On old trees, &c.

TRIBE 6. FRONDO^SAE.
581. PEM7IA, Radd,

[A personal name.]

Fructification proceeding from the back of the frond, near the apex.
Involucre cup-shaped, short, the margin lacerate. Perianth none. —
Calyptra oval, membranaceous, longer or shorter than the involucre.
Capsule globose, pedicellate, 4-valved. Elaters long, free, with 2
fibres. Monoicous. Antheridia globose, immersed in the upper
surface of the broad indeterminate midrib of the frond.

1. P. epipliyl'la, Nees. [Epiphyllous] : Frond dark olive-
green, rather membranaceous, sparingly divided ; divisions oblong,
somewhat cuneate, repand-lobed $ calyptra exserted, smooth. —
Moist shady places, on the ground, forming large patches.

582. AtfEU'RA, Dumortier.
[Gr. a, privative, and Neuron, a nerve; the frond being nerveless.]

Fructification arising from the under side near the margin of the
frond. Involucre cup-shaped, very short and lacerate, or none. —
Perianth none. Calyplra ascending, nearly cylindrical, fleshy. —
Capsule pedicellate, oval or oblong. Elaters adherent to the apex
of the valves, containing a single broad spiral fibre. Inflorescence
mouoicous. Antheridia immersed in the upper surface of receptacles
proceeding from the margin of the frond, which is fleshy and des-
titute of a midrib.

1. A. S6s§ilis, Sprengel. [Sessile] : Fronds 1 to 2 inches long,
and 3 to 5 lines wide, irregularly lobed ; involucre none ; calyptra
papillose at apex ; pedicel 9 to 12 lines high ; sterile receptacles
elongated and tapering deflexed processes. Rotten logs.

Obs. Specimens have been found (though, as yet, only in a sterile
state,) which agree well with the description of A. multifida,
Dumort,

HEPATICAE 429

583. METZGEVRIA, Radd.

[Dedicated to G. B. Metzger,—* German Botanist.]

Fertile fructification arising from the lower surface of the midrib. —
Involucre 1-leaved, scale-like, finally ventricose and 2-lobed. Peri-
anth none. Calyptra ascending, oblong-obovoid, rather fleshy. —
Capsule pedicellate, ovoid, dehiscing by 4 equal valves. Elaters
with one spiral fibre, adherent to the tip of the valves. Dioicous.
Antheridia 1 to 3, inclosed by a 1-leaved involucre on the under
side of the midrib.

1. M. I ill-cat a, Nees. [Forked']: Fronds linear, thin and
inembranaceous, forking, or proliferous, sprinkled with white
pellucid hairs. Woods ; mostly on rocks.

SUBORDER II. MARCHANTIA^CEAE.

Frondose perennials, growing in moist places ; frond lobed, often porous; an-
theridia, or sterile receptacle, sometimes immersed in the frond, sometimes disk-
form and sessile, — occasionally peltate and pedicellate; pistittidia, or fertile re-
ceptacle, raised on a peduncle, capitate, or radiate, bearing pendent calyptrate
capsules from the under side, which open variously, not 4-valved ; spores mixed
with elaters, which are usually with 2 spiral fibres.

584. FIMBRIAVRIA, Nees.

[Latin, Fimbria, a fringe ; in allusion to the perianth.]

Fertile receptacle hemispherical, concave beneath, expanded at the
margin into 4 large pendent campanulate truncate involucres. —
Perianth oblong oval, projecting for half its length beyond the rim
of the involucre, — the projecting portion splitting lengthwise into
8 to 12 fringe-like segments. Calyptra with a long style, fugacious.
Capsule sessile, globose, dehiscing by an irregular cireumscissile
line near the middle. Monoicous. Antheridia immersed in the
substance of the frond, not collected into disks. Frond thickened in
the middle, with a keel-like midrib.

1* F. tenella, Nees. \_Delicate~]: Frond elongated-cuneate,
nearly simple, emarginate, green above, purple on the margins and
underneath ; peduncle 1 to 2£ inches long. Shaded places, on the
ground.

585. REBOtJIL/MA, Raddi.

[A personal name; inconveniently near Reboulea, otKunth.]
Fertile receptacle conic-hemispherical or flattened, 1- to 5-lobed,
peduncled. Involucres 1 to 5, opposite to and coherent with the
lobes of the receptacle on the under side, 2-valved. Perianth none.
Calyptra minute, lacerate, persistent at the base of the capsule.
Capsule globose, nearly sessile, rupturing irregularly at the apex.
Spores muricate. Inflorescence monoicous A ntheridia immersed in
sessile crescent-shaped disks. Frond rigid ; the midrib broad,
strong, and distinct.

1. R. horn i s pli :ic ri r a , RaddL [Hemispheric] : Frond forking
and growing by joints from the extremities, green above, purple
beneath ; the peduncle bearded at its base and apex ; fertile recep-
tacle papillose on the summit. Shady, moist places.

430 ANOPHYTES

586. FE€cATEI/L,A, Raddi. Great Liverwort.

[Believed to be a personal name.]

Fertile receptacle conical-mitriform, membranaceous, peduncled. —
Involucres 5 to S, tubular, 1 -flowered, suspended from the apex of
the peduncle, and coherent with the interior surface of the recep-
tacle, opening by a longitudinal slit. Perianth none. Catyptra
persistent, bell-shaped, opening at the apex by 2 to 4 lobes. —
Capsule globular, dehiscing by 5 to 8 revolute segments, deciduous
with its short pedicel. Inflorescence dioicous. Antheridia immersed
in sessile roundish disks near the apex of the forking frond. Mid-
rib distinct, narrow.

1. F. coiiica, Corda. [Conic'] : Fronds 3 to 6 inches long, 5
to 9 lines wide. Springy places. The largest of our Hepaticae ;
seldom in fruit.

587. MARCHAIV'TIA, L. Brook Liverwort.

[Dedicated to Nicholas Marchant, — a French Botanist.]

Fertile receptacle radiated. Involucres alternate with the rays, 2-
valved, lacerate, inclosing 3 to 6 4- or 5-cleft perianths. Calyptra
opening at the apex, persistent. Capsule globular, pendulous, ex-
sertly pedicellate, dehiscing at apex by several revolute segments.
Dioicous. Sterile receptacle pedicellate, peltate, lobed or radiate,
papillose on the upper surface by the apices of the immersed
antheridia. Lentil-shaped buds (gemmae) in cup-like receptacles on
the back of the frond. Frond expanded, forking, with a broad dif-
fused midrib.

1. M. polymorplia, L. [Many-form]-. Fertile receptacle
deeply divided in a star-like manner, — the rays 8 or 10, terete ;
peduncle an inch to an inch and half long. Moist, shaded places.

SUBORDER III. ANTHOCEROVTEAE.

Terrestrial annuals; mostly frondose, with the fruit protruded from the upper
surface of the frond; perianth none; capsule pod-like, 1- or 2-valved, \vith a free
central columetta ; elaters imperfect, or wanting.

588. AlVTHO'CEROS, Mich.

[Gr. Anthos, a flower, & keras, horn ; from the shape of the involucre and capsule.]
Involucre tubular. Calyptra conical, with a nearly sessile stigma.
Capsule narrowly linear, silique-like, 2-valved, pedunculate. —
Elaters flexuose, the spiral fibre imperfect, or wanting. Spores
minutely muricate. Monoicous. Antheridia sessile in a cup-shaped
involucre, on the back of the frond. Vegetation frondose, orbicular,
radiate, with dark-green grains (gemmae) scattered within its sub-
stance.

1. A. Ia&viS? L. [Smooth'] : Surface of the frond smooth ;
mouth broadly scarious. Wet, shaded places. The curious erect
linear-subulate half-bifid fructification 1 to 2 inches high.

589. tfOTOTHYXAS, Sulliv.

[Or. notos, back, and thylas, bag ; in reference to the involucre.]
Involucre a protrusion of a portion of the upper stratum of the frond,
opening irregularly at apex. Calyptra none ? Capsule included in

HEPATIC AE 431

the involucre, oblong, spheroidal, flattish, or ovoid-cylindrical,
slightly pedicellate, dehiscing in a 2-valved manner from the apex
halfway down by a suture, or rupturing irregularly. Columella
linear. Elaters wanting. Spores produced in Ifours. Monoicous.
Antheridia globular, immersed in the frond, — which is orbicular,
laciniate, tender, undulate-crisped on the margin, with gemmae as
in Anthoceros.

1. HT« valvata, Sulliv. [ Valvate'] : Involucre horizontal, elon-
gated, tapering-deflexed ; capsule elongated-cylindrical, somewhat
curved, with a dark-colored suture ; spores light yellowish-brown.
Moist grounds.

SUBORDER IV. RICCIAVCEAE.

Frondose'annuals, mostly floating ; the fructification of both kinds immersed in the
frond ; involucre, perianth, and elaters, all wanting ; capsule bursting irregularly.

59O. RIC'CIA. Mich. Floating Liverwort.

[Dedicated to Pietro Francesco Ricci,—& Florentine Botanist.]

Fruit immersed in the lobed or cleft frond. Calyptra adherent to

the sessile globose capsule, crowned with the persistent style. —

Spores angular. Monoicous, or dioicous.

•j- TERRESTRIAL : Frond witfiout air-cavities.

1. R. uj a 11 €«i , L. [ Glaucous] : Frond somewhat stellate-lobed ;
divisions linear-obovate, emarginate-lobed, channelled, dotted, glau-
cous, membranous along the margin. Moist grounds.

f t FLOATING (in still waters') : Frond with large air-cavities.

2. R. fliiitaiis, L. [Floating] : Frond pale or yellowish-green,
radiately expanding from a centre ; divisions narrowly linear, re-
peatedly forking, nearly membranaceous, — the apex thickened,
emarginate and cavernous. Ditches, &c.

CLASS V.

THAL'LOPHYTES.*

VEGETABLES composed of parenchyma alone, of congeries of cells,
or of seperate cells, — often vaguely combined in a thallus, never
exhibiting a marked distinction into root, stem, and foliage, or into
axis and leaves; fructification of the simplest kinds, — the spores
often termed sporules and sporidia.

ORDER CXXV. LICHENES.

PERENNIAL plants, often spreading over the surface of the earth, or of rocks, or
trees, in the form of a lobed and foliaceous, or hard and crustaceous, or leprous

*The Chester County Plants of this obscure Class have been investigated with
singular diligence and success, by my ingenious friend EZRA MICHENER, M. D. to
whose kindness I am indebted for the following account of them ; the Lichens
being arranged in conformity with the excellent work of EDWARD TUCKERMAN, A. M.

432 THALLOPHYTES

substance, called a thattus.* Some beautiful and valuable Dyes are affor Jed by
plants belonging to this order.

*Tbe following definitions, and cbaracteristic details, are from TUCKEKMAN'S
valuable Synojisis: —

" Perennial, aerial Algae, vegetating only under the influence of moisture,
which is imbibed by the whole surface, propagated by spores (sporidia), and also
by the cells (gonidia) of the green layer.

Thallus (universal receptacle, Ach.) composed of three layers, viz : the cortical,
the medullary, and the gonimous ; evolved from a hypothallus (the elementary
state in which the layers are confused, and discernible afterwards as cylindrical
cells, and also as fibres on the under side of foliaceous Lichenes, and forming the
base, closely adnate to the matrix, in crustaceous ones), typically horizontal or
vertical. The horizontal thallus is either crustaceous (often somewhat lobed at the
circumference or squamulose). or foliaceous (becoming sometimes in degenerate
states crustaceous). The vertical thallus is either compressed (sub foliaceous), or
terete (fruticulosR) ; of both of which the filamentous thallus and the pendulous
thallus are degenerations. In Cladouia and Stereocaulon a vertical thallug
(podetium) arises from the primary horizontal thallus, and is itself often be-
sprinkled with a kind of secondary horizontal thallus in the form of leaf-like scales.

Lichenes are reproduced in two ways; 1. by gonidia, the (normally green) cells
of the green (gonimous) layer, which appear on the surface as irregularly shaped
powdery masses (soredia), and propagate either on the original thallus, forming
foliaceous or squamulose expansions, — or external to the original thallus, forming
new individuals of the parent thallus; and 2. by sporidia, consisting of subglo-
bose or elliptical cells, which are either naked or contained in other elongated more
or less vertical cells (asci), and immersed in the thalamium (or fructification proper),
and propagate new individuals of the species. The thalamium is either rounded,
gelatinous-waxy, and the asci converging (nuclei form), — or flattened at length into
a rigid, persistent, or afterward collapsing lamina (subdisciform), — or originally
disciform (open) ; and is itself contained in a receptacle (exciple), either of the same
color with and like the thallus (thalline exciple), or of different color and nature
(proper exciple). The whole fructification constitutes the apothecium, which is
typically round, though also occurring normally oblong and linear (lirellaeform,)
and is either excavated with a contracted margin (urceolate), — or slightly concave
with an elevated margin (scutettaeform), — or very concave-scutellaeform (cyalhi-
form), — or very concave-scutellaeform and pervious (infundibuliform, — a term
applied also to the pervious cup-bearing podetia of Cladoniae), — or goblet-shaped
and stipitate (crateriform), — or dilated, flat, and without prominent margin
(peltaeform, of which the reniform is a variation). — or convex with repressed mar-
gin (cephaloid), — or between scutellaeform and peltaeform (disciform), — or between
gcutellaeform and cephaloid (tuberculate). When the thalline exciple is prolonged
below into a footstalk, it is said to be pedicellate ; a proper exciple in like manner
prolonged is said to be stipitate. When the proper exciple is originally and typi-
cally closed, the apothecium receives the name of perithecium. In the ANGIOCARPI,
several thalamia are sometimes contained in the same exciple (composite apothecia) ;
and in the GYMNOCARPI, in like manner, several disks are sometimes confluent
(symphycarpeous apothecia). The colors of the thallus in Lichens are disposed by
I'RIES In four series: — 1. from pale green becoming glaucous; 2. from yellowish
green becoming ochroleucous ; 3. from dark green becoming fuscous or olivaceous ;
4. from pale yellow-green becoming lemon -colored. Each series has its peculiar
variation.". The glaucous runs into pale green, ceruleseent, and white; the
fuscous into dark green, olivaceous, cinereous, greyish-fuscous, and dark chestnut;
the ochroleucous into yellowish green and albescent; the lemon-colored into pale
yellow, orange-red, and vermilion-red."

IICHENES 438

SUBORDER I. GYMNOCARP1.

Apothecia, open, discifbrm; txcipU thalline, or proper; disk ascigerous, persistent.

TRIBE 1. PARMELIAVCEAE.

ApotlKcia rounded, from concave becoming explanate, scutellaeform, or rarely
peltate; disk somewhat waxy, contained in a thalline exciple.

SUBTRIBE 1. USNEE^AE.

Disk open; thallus subvertical, or pendulous-sarmentose, centripetal, without
apparent hypothallus.

591. USffE'A, Dillen.

[A name derived from Arabic authors.]

Apothecia subterminal, orbicular, peltate, radiate-ciliate, seated on
the medullary stratum. Thallus suffruticulose, cartilagineous, pale,
filiform-ramose; medulla thread-like, elastic, subdiscrete. Plant
suberect, or pendulous.

l.U. barbuta, Fr. [Bearded}- Thallus terete, irregularly
branched, becoming annulate-cracked, glaucous ; apothecia discoid,
nearly immarginate, pale. We find the following Vara.

Tar. a. florida, Fr. much branched, scabrous, sub-erect, divergent, fibrillose ;
apothecia large, long-rayed.

Far. b. strigosa, Ach. small, everywhere thickly fibrillose-strigose.

Far. c. nibiyinea, MX. small, suberect-spreading, ferruginous.

Far. d. hirta, Fr. dwarfish, much branched, slender, hirsuto-fibrillose, often
pulverulent-scabrous.

Far. e. plicata, Fr. elongated, pendulous, dichotomously branched, smooth, pale.

Far. f. dasypoga, Fr. elongated, pendulous, sub-simple, divaricate-fibrous.
Hoi). Vars. a. b. e. and f. mostly on trees ; c. and d. on fences : common.

Obs. These varieties, except a, mostly sterile with us.

2. 17, anglllata, Ach. [Angled'] : Thallus elongated, pendul-
ous, flexuose, sparingly branched, angular, — the angles acute,
scabrous ; fibres horizontal, simple, short, terete-attenuate.
Hob. Trunks of trees : rare. Sterile with us.

592. EVER'WIA, Ach. '

[Gr. Eu. well, and Ernos, a branch; the species being much branched.]
Apothecia scutellaeform, marginal, seated upon the medullary layer.
Thallus sub-erect, terete-fruticulose, or coinpressed-foliaceous, fist-
ular, or containing a cottony medulla.

t Thallus terete-JUamentous.

1. E. jubiita, />. [Maned]: Thallus smooth, divaricate-branched,
dark-fuscous, sometimes paler, apices simple; apothecia innate-
sessile, entire, of the same color with the thallus.

Far. b. cTialybeiformis, Ach. sub-filamentous, decumbent, apices paler, often
White-sorediiferous.
Bab. Old rails, Ac. common. Sterile. We have only the Far.

ft Thallus compresscd-foliaceous, channelled beneath.
28

434 THALLOPHYTES

2. E. furfurftcea, Mann. [Scurfy'] : Thallus laciniate-foliace-
ous, linear, dichotomous, channelled and becoming black beneath ;
apothecia pedicellate ; disk rufescent.
Hob. Old fences, Ac. rather rare. Mostly sterile.

Obs. Sometimes remarkably cinereous-furfuraceous.

593. RAHALIWA, Ach.

[Latin, Ifamcde, a dead branrh ; from a fancied resemblance.]
Apothecia scutellaeform, thick, pedicellate-subpeltate, open, scat-
tered above and beneath; disk open, placed upon the gonimous layer.
Thallus erect-spreading, ramose-laeiniate, of the same substance and
color throughout.

1. R. C'SUiniris, FT. [Cup-like]: Thallus ramose-foliaceous,
cartilagineous, rigescent, lacuno'-e, glaucous ; apothecia plane with
an elevated margin, pale. The following vars. occur: —

Var. &.fraxinea, Fr. laciuiae long, expanded; apoth'%cia lateral.

Var. To.fastigiata. Fr. laciniae shorter, fasligiato; apolheda subterminal.

Var. c. canaliculata, Fr. laciniae linear, attenuated, channelled beneath; apoth-
cia subterminal.

Var. a. farinacea, Schaer. laciniae linear-attenuate, rugose-lacunose, sorediifer-
ous ; apothecia scattered.
Hob. On trunks of trees ; fences, &c. : common.

2. R. polymorplia, Ach. [Many-form]: Cespitose; thallus
cartilagineous, rigid, longitudinally costatc-rugose, glaucous, often
sorediiferous and the soredia termin; tl-capituliform ; apothecia sub-
terminal, margin elevated, disk pale.

Sab. On rocks; Buck Run: rare. Smaller than the preceding.

594. CETRAVRIA, Ach.

[Latin, Cktra, an ancient buckler; from the form <>f the apothecia.]
Apothecia scutellale, subpcltate, seated obliquely on the apices of
the thallus. Thallus cartilagineous-nicmbranaceous, ascendant,
smooth beneath; lobes subt<:rcte, or foliaceous and somewhat con-
cave above.

JB^F" Thallus coriaccous-membranaceous.

1, C. glattca, Ach. [Glaucous]: Thallus membranaceous,
foliaceous, sinuate-lobed, ascendant, glaucous, becoming black
the under side ; apothecia dark reddish-chestnut.

Var. b. sterilis, Fr. laciniae short, broad, rather deprc**ed, fuscous-black beneatl
Hob. On trunks of trees; fences, &c.: common. The var. only has yet been fbun

2, C. C'iliiiris, Ach. [Fringed']: Thallus foliaccoas, rcticulat
lacunose, glaucous-green passing to fuscous ; under side whitish
fuscescent; lobes crisped, oil iate, or black-denticulate; apotheci
elevated, crenate, dark-fuscous.

Hob. On trees, and fences : common.

3, C. lactmusa, Ach. [Pitted"] : Thallus cnrtilagineous-cor
aceous, foliaceous, round-lobed, rugose or reticulate-cellulose, glai;
cescent, under side whitish, or spotted with white ; lobes crenatt
crisped, black-denticulate ; apothecia elevated, large, entire, dar
reddish.

LICHENES 435

Far. b. Atlantica, Tuckerm. gubmembranaceous, lacunoee-rcticulatc, apothecia
becoming perforate.
JIa.lt. On rails and trunks of trees : common. The var. only, found.

4. C. aur£sccns, Tuckerm. [Golden] : Thallus subcoriaceous,
foliaceous, plane, sinuate-lobed, yellowish-green ; beneath whitish
with pale fuscescent fibres ; margins of the lobes elevated, crisped,
black-denticulate ; apothecia large, elevated, chestnut, with a thin
crenulate margin.
Hob. On fences, &c. : rare.

Obs. In the specimen before me, the apothecia are small (imper-
fect?), the thallus lacunose beneath, and the fibres mostly white.

SUB-TRIBE 2. PARMELIE^AE.

DitJc at first closed, linaily becoming discoid-open; Viullus horizontal, centrifugal,
with a hypctbailus.

595. X EPII'RODIA. Ach.

[Gr. Ncphros, n kidney, and nmos, like ; from the shape of the apothecia.]
Apothecia reniform, adnate to the under side of the thallus, plane,
with an elevated thallinc margin. Thallus membranaceous, soft,
subvilluuj beneath.

1. HT. rcsupln^ium, Ach. [Resupinate]: Thallus cartilagin-
eous-membranaccoua, smooth, glaucous becoming fuscescent, pale
and downy beneath, with scattered whitish soredia ; apothecia
rufous-fuscous.

Hab. Trunks of trees (often on Mountain Ash); rocks, Ac.

2. W. IlelVt'tfClim? Ach. [£wtw]: Thallus cartilagineous-
membrauaceous, rigid, glaucous-fuscescent ; underside tomentose,
becoming black; margins of the thallus and apothecia fimbriate-
toothed; apothecia blackish.

Hob. On mo-sHy trunks of trees, and rocks.

Obs. I have only seen a small sterile form, — which renders the
species somewhat uncertain.

596. PEI/TI'GERA, Iloffm.

[Latin, Pdla, a shir-Id, uud gc.ro, to bear; descriptive of the plant.]
Apothecia orbicular, peltacform, plane, subterminally adnate to the
upper side of elongated thalline lobes, with a thin thalline margin.
Thallus coriai eous-membrauaceous, venous beneath.

1. P. aplitll jsa, Iloffm. [Aphthous~\: Thallus coriaceous, smooth,
sparsely verrucose, bright green varying to glaucescent ; under
side reticulate with blackish veins, and fibrillose ; apothecia ascen-
dant, large, round, with the margin lacerate-crenate.

Hob. Mossy rocks, and shaded banks; common.

2. P. cailina, Iloffm. [Canine]: Thallus membranaceous,
flaccid, scrobiculate, subtomentose, fuscous-green, sometimes ciner-
ascent, and hoary ; under side whitish, reticulated with pale fus-
cous veins ; apothecia ascendant, rounded, revolute, vertical.

Hab. Among moss, on the earth, rocks, and trunks of trees : common.

436 THALLOPHTTES

3* P. polydactyla, Hoffm. {Many-fingered} : Thallus papyr-
aceous, very smooth, shining, rufescent, or plumbeous- virescent ;
under side nearly naked, reticulated with spongy fuscous veins ;
fertile lobules suberect ; apothecia numerous, revolute.
Sab. On mossy rocks; trunks of trees, &c.: common.

59?. STICTA, Ach.

[Gr. Stiktos, dotted; from the depressed spots under the thallus.]
Apothecia scutellaeform, centrally adnate either to the disk, or mar-
gin of the thallus, oblique, nucleiform, becoming elevated and ex-
planate. Thallus coriaceous-cartilagineous, villous beneath, with
small urceolate cavities (cyphellae}, or soredia, or discolored naked
spots.

1* S. aurata, Ach. {Gilded}: Thallus subcoriaceous, reddish
brick-colored ; under side lanuginous, with the margin reddish-yel-
low; cyphellae yellow, often sorediiform ; lobes rounded, wavy,
sinuate-cut, crisped, yellow-pulverulent ; apothecia marginal, plane,
fuscous-red, margin inflexed.
Sab. On mossy trunks of trees : not common. Infertile.

2. S. sylvatica, Ach. [ Wood } : Thallus eoriaceous-membran-
aceous, lacunulose, laciniate-lobed, greenish-fuscous ; under side
tomentose, pale fuscous, with small whitish urceolate cyphellae ;
lobes rounded- truncate, crenulate; apothecia marginal, peltate,
rufous-fuscous.

Sab. On rocks, among mosses : common. Infertile.

3. S. Plllmonaria, Ach. {Lungwort} : Thallus coriaceous,
lax, lacunose-reticulate, dark green, or olivaceous ; under side
tomentose, with large white naked spots ; lobes elongated, sinuate-
laciniate, retuse-truncate ; apothecia sub-marginal, rufous.

Sab. On trunks of trees, and rocks : very common. Infertile.

4. S. glomerulifera, Delis. {Glomerule-bearing} : Thallus
coriaceous-cartilagineous, thick, orbicular, appressed, smooth, pale
glaucous-green ; under side villous, — the excavated cyphellae often
wanting; lobes elongated, sinuate; apothecia large, scattered, dark
chestnut, with a rugose persistent margin.

Sab. On trunks of trees, and rocks : common. Fertile.

598. PARMEXIA, Ach.

[Qr. Panne, a small shield, and eileo, to surround ; the apothecia being bordered.]
Apothecia scutellaeform, orbicular, adnate horizontally to the disk
of the thallus, with an equal thalline margin ; disk at first conni-
vent-closed, somewhat waxy. Thallus expanded horizontally from
a centre, two-sided, of various form, upon a hypothallus.

SECTION 1.

Thallus foliaceous ; hypothallus fibrillose, adnate to the thallus, discrete from the
matrix.

SUBSECTION 1. IMBRICXRIA.

Apothecia elevated, subpedicellate ; disk very thin, naked, seated on the gonimons
ayer; thallus imbricate-foliaceous, often black-dotted.

LICHENES 437

SERIES 1. GLAUCESC£NTES.

1. P. crinita, Ach. [Haired] : Thallus submembranaceous,
glaucous-fuscescent, and with the apothecia beset with isidioid (or
coral-like) granules and branchlets ; under side black, smoothish,
with here and there black fibres ; lobes plane, erose-crenate, ciliate ;
apothecia large, marginal, cyathiform, imperforate ; margin thin,
inflexed, finally explanate.

Hob. On trunks of trees, and rails : common.

2. P. perforata, Ach. [Perforated] : Thallus membranaceous,
smooth, greenish-glaucous; under side black, with dark fibres;
lobes rounded, ascendant, subcrenate, ciliate ; apothecia large, fun-
nel-form, rufous, perforate, very entire.

ffab. On trees, and fences : very common.

3. P. SCortea, Ach. [Leathery] : Thallus subcoriaceous, orbi-
cular, smooth, glaucous-white ; under side black, hispid-fibrillose ;
lobes rather long, appressed, sinuate-crenate, incised ; apothecia
rufous-fuscous, sub-entire.

Hob. On trunks of trees, and rocks : frequent.

Obs. This too nearly approaches the following, — with which.
FRIES unites it.

4. P. tilisicea, Ach. [Linden] : Thallus membranaceous, orbi-
cular, smoothish, glaucous-cinerascent ; under side blackish-fus-
cous, with black fibres ; lobes sinuate-lacinate, rounded, crenate ;
apothecia subfuscous, crenate, or very entire.

Hob. Trunks of trees, &c. : very common.

5. P. Borr£rl, Turn. [Borrer^s]: Thallus cartilagineous-
membranaceous, orbicular, smoothish, glaucous-cinerascent (with
round, marginate soredia) ; under side fuscescent, fuscous-fibrillose ;
lobes rounded at the apices, naked ; apothecia chestnut, the margin
inflexed, entire.

Far. b. rudecta, Tuckerm. MS. soredia immarginate ; the whole thallus beset with
isidioid granules and branchlets.
Hob. On trunks, &c. We have the var. only.

6. P. saxatili§, Ach. [Rock]: Thallus subcartilagineous,
reticulate-lacunose, glaucous-cinerascent; under side black and
fibrillose ; lobes sinuate, sub-retuse ; apothecia dark-chestnut, at
length crenulate.

Hob. Rocks ; trees ; rails, &c. : common.

7. P. aleurites, Ach. [Mealy] : Thallus membranaceous, orbi-
cular, continuous, rugose-plicate, becoming furfuraceous, glauces-
cent ; under side pale, with fuscous fibres ; lobes discrete at the
circumference, rounded, cut-crenate ; apothecia dark-fuscous, finally
crenulate.

Hob. Trees; rails, and rocks : common. Often sterile.

8. P. pliySJtles, Ach. [Bladder-like]: Thallus somewhat
inflated, glaucous- white ; under side naked, black-fuscous; lobes
loosely imbricate, linear, convex, sinuate-multifid ; apothecia red-
dish-brown, with an inflexed entire margin, finally explanate.

TJab. Rocks ; trunks, and dead wood: frequent. Infertile with us.

438 THALLOPHYTES

9. P.colpodes, Ach. [Bosom-like]: Thallus somewhat inflated,
suborbicular, greenish-glaucescent ; under side black and spongy ;
lobes somewhat plane, ramose-multifid, irregularly dentate ; apothe-
cia chestnut-color, elevated, margin iufiexed, entire.

Hob. Trunks of trees: -very common.

SERIES 2. OLIVACEO-FTJS'CAE.

10. P. Olivarea I Ach. [Olive-colored']: Thallus membrana-
ceous, smooth, rugulose (elevated-punctate, or granulate-farinose),
olivaceous-fuscous ; under side paler, subfibrillose ; lobes oppressed,
radiate, rounded, crenate ; apothecia dark-olive, with an inflexed,
and finally crenate, margin.

Hob. Trees : somewhat rare. Small.

SERIES 3. OCHROLEUVCAE.

11. P. caperala, Ach. [Wrinkled]'. Thallus submembrana-
ceous, orbicular, rugose, or granulosc-pulvcrulcnt, ochrolcucous ;
under side blackish, sparingly fibrlllose ; lobes sinuatc-laciniate,
rounded and subcntire at apex ; apothecia fuscous-red, with a tumid
incurved rugose-crenate margin.

Sab. Trunks ; rails ; stones, &,c. : very common. Seldom fertile.

12. P. COIlSpersa, Ach. [Sprinkled]: Thallus membrana-
ceous, smooth, polished (or oftcncr sprinkled with black dots),
greenish-straw-colored ; under side fuscous and blnck-fibrillose ;
lobes fiexuose, sinuate, somewhat plane ; apothecia dark-che.stnut,
sub-entire, mostly numerous.

Var. b. stenophylla< Ach. lobe? elongated, linear, pinnatifid, imbricate complicate.
Bab. Rocks, and stones : very common. Fertile.

13. P. centriflisrn, I Ach. [Centrifugal]: Thallus sub-mem-
branaceous, orbicular, groonish-straw-colcr, or ochrolcucous; under
side white and fibrillose (the crust-like centre often falling away,
and leaving a concentrically disposed circumference) : lobes linear,
convex, concrete, rugose ; apothecia rufous-fuscous, sub-entire.
Hob. Rocks: not common.

SERIES 4. CITRI\NAE.

14. P. pariettna, Fr. [ Wall] : Thallus membranaceous,
foliaceous, or squamulosc, imbricate, sublobiitc, yellow ; under side
paler and obsoletcly fibrillose ; apothecia with elevated very entire
margins. Polymorphous. Wo find the following varieties :

Var. &.foli<2cea, Fr. thallua foliaceous, greenish passing to yellow ; lobe? appress-
ed, explanate.

Var. b. rutilans. Fr. thallus foliaceous subcrustaceous, imbricate-oom plicate,
irregularly laciniate.

Var. c. laciniosa, Fr. thallus lacerate-dissected, pquamulope; lobes ascending,
naked.

Var. A, polycdrpa, Fr. thallus smaller, conglomerate; lobes complicate; apothe-
cia very numerous.

Var. e. citrinella, Fr. thallus wholly dissolved into a yellowish-green dust.
Hob. Rocks; old walls; trunks, dead wood, Ac.: common.

LICHENES

439

15. P. Clirysoplltll'llllia, Ack. [Golden-eyed]: Thallus
subfoliaceous, cartilagincous-tnembranaceous, lacerate-ramose. red-
dish-yellow becoming whitish ; under side whitish ; lobes pinnatifid,
plano-convex with the margins fibrillose ; apothecia dark-orange,
fibrillose-ciliate, or naked.

Far. b. exilis, Fr. lobe« very narrow ; apothecia with the margins naked.
Hub. Trees, and shrubs : frequent.

SUB-SECTION 2. PHYS'OIA.

Apothecia at first closed, at length dehiscent; disk thickish, waxy, placed upon the
medullary layer; thall^s ascendant, or stellate-appressed.

16. P. leucomela, Ach. [White $ black]: Thallus car-
tilagineous, whitish ; lobes narrow-linear, dichotomous-divaricate,
beneath very white, powdery, channelled ; lobes sparingly ciliate
with very long simple black fibres.

Hob. On mostly rocks, and trunks.

Obs. This beautiful little species is exceedingly rare, — and has
not been found in fruit, with us.

lY. P. dctoiisa, Fr. [Shorn] : Thallus cartilagineous, sub-
stellate, glaucous-fusccscent and fuscous ; under side whitish, with
black fibres ; lobes narrow, linear, gubconvex, digitate-multifid,
crowded, imbricate, often semi-terete ; apothecia subsessile, the
margin finally creiiato and leafy ; disk plane, becoming dark-
fuscous.
Hab. Rocks, and tree* : common.

IS.P.pUlVCrulenlaj-fV. [Powdery]: Thallus cartilagineous,
substellate, pruinosc-cinercous ; under side black, hispid-tomentose ;
lobes linear, multifid ; apothecia sessile ; disk plane, black-fuscous,
subpruinose, — the margin tumid, entire, or squamulose-foliose.
Hob. Rockp, and ioo*py trunks: frequent.

19. P. hypolcwca, Muhl. [ While-beneath] : Thallus cartila-
gineous, sub.-itcllatc, glabrous, naked, glaucous-vircscent or whitish ;
under side very white, with dark fibres ; lobes sublinear, multifid,
plano-convex, — the margins naked ; apothecia elevated ; disk black,
naked, margin inflexed, crenulate, or foliose.

Hob. Trunks of trees: common. Fertile.

20. P. spcciv*sa, Ach. [Elegant]: Thallus cartilagineous-
membranaceou.*, substellate, glabrous, greenish-glaucous, or whit-
ish; under side very white, with pale fibres; lobes linear, incised-
rainose, crenate, ciliatc-fibrillose, — the margins often green-pul-
verulent; apothecia elevated; disk rufous-fuscous, nearly naked;
margin incurved, crenate.

Far. b. gzlactop'tyUa, Tu:kKrm. MS. [P. ciliaris, b. galactophyUa, Tuckerm.—
Synopsis]: very deliraie, the lobes less crowded, very white and powdery beneath.
Jfab. Trees, and among mosses : frequent. Infertile.

21. P. Stellftris, Wallr. [Star-like] : Thallus snbcartilagin-
eous, naked, glauccscent; under side whitish, with dark fibres;
lobes sublinear, multifid ; apothecia sessile ; disk fuscous-black,
subpruinose ; margin thickish, sub-entire.

440 THALLOPHY.TES

Var. a. stettarirexpama, Fr. thallus stellate-expanded, fibres shorter.

Var. b. tribracia, Fr. lobes squamulose, ascendant, sparingly fibrillose,— the
apices pulverulent.
Hob. Roots, rocks, Ac., among mosses : frequent.

22. P. pliaea, Tuckerm. MS. [Fuscous] : Thallus subcartila-
gineous, naked, glaucous-white; beneath whitish and sparingly
ciliate with short black fibres ; laciniae linear, many-cleft ; apothe-
cia appressed ; disk convex, naked, a little shining, rufous-fuscous ;
margin not elevated, at length granulated.

Hab. On quartz rock : very rare.

Obs. The species is established on a single plant. Should more
perfect specimens be obtained, they may render some modification
of the characters necessary.

23. P. Obscftra, ,Fr. [Obscure]: Thallus submembranaceous,
greenish, becoming livid-fuscous when dry ; under side black and
fibrillose; lobes sublinear, incised-multifid, often sorediiferous, or
the margins pulverulent ; apotheeia sessile, very entire, naked, black-
fuscous.

Var. b. ulotiirix, Fr. lobes linear, sub-cfliate; apotheeia fibrillose beneath.
Sab. Trunks of trees ; dead wood, &c. : frequent.

24. P. fibrdsa, Fr. [Fibrous] : Thallus suborbiculate, the lacer-
ate laciniae concrete and subcrustaceous at the centre, those of the
circumference flat, from green becoming more or less yellow, be-
neath cinereous-fibrous ; apotheeia crowded, ve»y entire, orange,
fibrose-radiate beneath.

Var. b. stdlata, Tuckerm. MS. laciniae discrete, stellate.
Sab. On shrubbery, and the branches of small trees.
Obs. We have only the var. b. here.

SECTION" 2.

ThaUux subfoliaceous, st length subgranular,— arising from a fifcrfllose hypo-
tlsallufl, which is adnate to th« matrix.

SUBSECTION Z. PYX'IKE.

Apothetia erunrpent, closed, palish, becoming patellaeform, and, witli tie altered!
thallfoe margin, black; finally cephaloid, excluding the margin.

25. P. MOrediata, Tuckerm. [Sorediate]: Thallus swbcrusta-
ceous-foliaceous, laciniate-multifid, green becoming glaueescent and
cinerascent; under side black, with crowded greenish-nigrescent
fibres ; lobes linear, channelled, incised, obtuse, imbricate and con-
crete at the centre, often sorediiferous ; apotheeia at first pale, and
concave, becoming black, convex, finally proliferous-papillate and
irregular.

Hab. Trunks, and rocks. Often sterile.

Obs. A variable species ; but not presenting any well-marked
varieties.

SUBSECTION 4. AMPHILO^MA.

Apotheeia erumpent, subcoronate, with an accessory thalline margin ; disk waxy,
thickish, naked ; thallus foliaceous, submonophyllous, rounded, becoming crus ta-
ceous at the centre; hypothallus spongy-pannose.

LICHENE8 441

36. P. C rollia, Tuckerm. [Saturnine]: Thallus orbicular,
membranaceous, smooth, radiant, dark bluish becoming pale lead-
color, with elevated darker margins, and sprinkled with blackish
points, and isidioid branchlets; hypothallus determinate, dark-
caerulescent.
Hob. Mossy rocks: rare. Small and infertile.

SUBSECTION 5. PSORO'MA.

Apothecia either adrmtc, arising from the thallus, with a crenate thalline margin;
or immersed, arising from the hypothallus, with an entire proper margin; disk
Waxy; thallus of discrete foliaceous squamules, often forming a subgranulose
crust.

27. P. triptophyl'la, Fr. [Worn-leaved']: Thalline scales
membranaceous, livid-fuscescent, stellate-expanded and lacerate-
ilissected, at length granulose-coralline ; hypothallus bluish-black ;
apothecia somewhat immersed ; disk plane, rufous-fuscous, with an
«rect persistent margin.

Hob. On rocks ; roots of trees, Ac, Sterile with us.

28. P. leucosticta. Tuckerm. MS. [White-dotted] : Scales of
the thallus membranaceous, at first expanded and imbricate, linear-
multifid, glaucous-fuscescent, or at length dark fuscous ; hypo-
thallus black; apothecia rather immersed; disk convex, • from
rufous becoming blackish, with a persistent granulate margin.
Hab, On rocks, and bases of trunks, among mosses, Ac.

Obs. This species has been heretofore confounded with the pre-
ceding, and some other allied forms.

SECTION 3.

Thallus crustaceous, lobate at the circumference, or wholly squamulose and
«ffigurate.

SUBSECTION 6. PLACO^DIUM.

Apothecia plano-scutellaeform, elevated; disk without proper margin, naked;
tha&vA as above (thalline, margin often colored like the disk.)

29. P. saxicola, Ach. [Rock] : Thallus cartilagineous, ap-
pressed, areolate-squamulose, pale-greenish ; the circumference of
somewhat plane radiose-lobate concrete laciniae; apothecia ap-
pressed; disk yellowish-fulvous; margin thin, at length crenate.
Hab. On rocks and stones.

30. P. clirysomelaeiia, Ach. [Gvlden+black]: Thallus
crustaceous, areolate, yellow; areolae flat, submembranaceous,
somewhat lobate, here and there discrete; apothecia appressed;
disk plane, sanguineous-black ; thalline margin elevated, subrugose,
at length flexuose.

Hab. On rocks, near Pierce's Paper Mill, Kennett.

SECTION 4.

Thattus crustaceous, uniform. Circumference similar, or the hypothallus some-
times fibrillose-radiaut.

SUBSECTION 7. PATELLA^RIA.

Apothecia sessile, scutellaeform, margin persistent; disk somewhat plane, without
proper margin, not caesious-pruinoee ; thattus adnate to an indeterminate, mostly
black, hypothallus.

442 THALLOPHYTES

31. P. pallcSCCIlS, Fr. [Pale] : Crust subtartareous, rugose-
granulate, glaucesccnt; hypothalius pale; apothecia tumid; disk
pale, innate-pruinose, the margin erect, entire, persistent.

Hub. Trunks, rails, and stones.

32. P. fartarea, Ach. [Tartar- -like]: Cr :st tnrtarcous. granu-
late-conglomerate, giaiu'csecnt ; hypoth'Jlu- pa) ; : poilucia adnate;
disk plai.c, r«:gu. :.se, pale-yelk whh-flesh-jolorca. the margin in-
flexed, e<,ar».

Var. b. frigida, Ach. crust finally granulate, whitish; hypothallus undis-
tinguishiible ; apoUtecia small. n-dJisli.
Hob. On rock*. The ear. incrusiioj.' Mossc?. twigs. Ac. but alw.iys sterile, with us.

Obs. This .'pecies, in common with many others, is employed to
produce, valuable dyes. The " Cudbear,1" of the shops (said k^be
so called, after a Mr. CUTHBKUT, who fr t brought it into use), is a
European name of this plant, — which is employed to produce a
purple for dyeing woollen yarn. The crustaceans spcc'es abound in
red, the fo'iacc-uus ones in brown, colorii g matter.

33. P. slllifVisca, Fr. [Brownish]: Crust cnrtilagineous,
smooth, at T-rat continuous, becoming chinky and granulate, glau-
cescent; hypothallus m-iculate ; apothecia Jidnnte; disk plano-con-
vex, subfuscors, whitish within, the margin erect, colored like the
thallus.

Var. a. digcnl/r, Ft: disk thicki.sh, naked, either red, rufous, fuscous, or black, —
the margin entire, or }»e<*oniin^ ru^o.--e.

Var. b. ttistttns, Fr. disk thin, at first pruinose, pale, becoming naked, — the
margin elevated, rrcnulate.
Hob. On trunks, ro«ks, &c. : common, and extremely variable.

34. P. ill1> Ha, Ach. [Whitish]: Crnst cartilagineous, milk-
white; apothecia orbiculate, tumid, pale flesh-color, whitish-prui-
nose; margin very entire, s« b evanescent.

Hob. ('n trunks of trees.

35. P. Caesio-rill), lla, Ach. [Grey-reddish]: Crust thin,
softish, white; apothecia blattered, rather large; disk plane, be-
coming somewhat tumid, pale reddish and iuscescent, at first
caesious-pruinosc, equalling the tumid entire margin.

Sab. On smooth trunks (Maple, &c.).

36. P. Cinerca, Fr. [Ash-colored]: Crust subtartareous,
areolate-rimose, glaucous-cinereous; hypothallus black; apothecia
innate ; disk naked, nigrescent, pale within, with a black obtuse
sub-elevated thalline margin.

Hob. On rocks and stones: frequent.

3T. P. b'idia, Fr. [Liver-brown] : Crust cartilagineous, rimose-
areolate, subsquamulose, dark olive ; hypothallus black ; disk naked,
polished, fuscous-black, with an entire persistent thalline margin.

Var. b. endocarpaea, Tuckerm. MS. areolae dispersed, squamaceoue, with sub-im-
mersed punctiform (imperfect) apothecia.
Hub. On rocks and stones : not frequent. The Var. b. occurs here.

LICHENES

443

38. P. v:i E-ia . Fr. [ Various'] : Crust cartllagineous, areolate-
verrucose, yellowish-green, becoming ochroleucous: hypothallus
smooth, macular; apothecia sessile; disk polished, yellowish-flesh-
colored, or discolored, with a thin erect entire margin.

Sab. On fences, stones, &c.: very common.

39. P. Vitcllimi, Ach. [Yvtk-of-cyg}: Crust tartarcr ,.<•», sranu-
lose-coacervate, dark reddish -ye', low ; hypothallus m.-vcular, white;
apothecia sessile: disk yeilow becoming fuscous, margin simple,
thin, erect, entire, at length of the same color.

Hob. On dead x'ood, and rocks.

40. P. < i iiMitUm ilia. Ach. [Cinnabar-colored'} : Crust sub-
cartilagineous, smooth, rimosc-artolate, or-inge-rul, covering a
black hypotha'lus; apothecia somewhat immersed: disk immargin-
ate, dark orange-red, thalliue margin entire, persistent.

Hob. On rocks (diullage, Ac.); Serpentine barrens; along with the preceding.

41. P. Cerlfia, Ach. [Waxy}: Crust continuous, becoming
granulate, cinereous, upon a bbiish-black hypothalius ; apothecia
sessile; disk immargirr.tc, somewhat wax-colored, with a thin
equal opake entire th.nllJno margin.

Hob. On trunks, rocks, ic. : frequent.

SUBSECTION 8. URCKOLARIA.

Apothecia innate in the cru«t. or immersed in prctuLcrant warts; lamina of the
disk urceolate, or ]>rotubcr:int, A crrucuefonn, blaci i:'h, normally caesious-pruinose,
margined ; hypothallus whitish.

42. P, calcarca? Ach. [Calcareous]: Crust subcartilagineous,
areobite-vcrrucose, glauccsccnt (often mealy and white) : dis.k im-
mersed in the areolae, from crncavc bccom're; plane, blackish,
caesious-pruinose, with a thin, at length discrete, proper margin ;
thallinc margin somewhat prominent, sub-entire, or rugose- crenate.
Ifab. On limestone rocks.

43. P. scr«lp%sa, Snmmcrf. [Rugged}: Crust tartareous,
rugose-granulate, glaucous-cinerasccnt; hypothallus white; apo-
thecia immersed; disk urccoiate, cacsious-black, with a connivent
cinereous-blackish proper nutrgin, which is at first covered by the
crenate thalline margin.

Hub. On rocks, stones, dead wood, and on the earth.

TRIBE 2. LECIDCA'CEAE.

Apothecia rounded, a perfii.-tent disk contaire I in un op«n proper exciple, which it
finally covers, and becomes convex, cephaloid, and immarginate.

509. CI,AWO\\IA. Uoffm.

[Or. h'lados, a branch ; the rauiiiieutions being often copious.]
Apothecia orbiculate, sub-marginate, becoming inflated, cephaloid,
and immarginate, empty; disk open, at length protuberant and re-
flexed, concealing the proper exciple. Horizontal lhallus squamulose-
foliaceous, or crustaceous, from which arises a vertical caulescent
cartilagineous fistular thallus (podelium).

SERIES 1. FUSCESC^NTES.
Podetia greenish-fuscous and cinerascent ; apotliecia fuscous.

444 THALLOPHYTES

* SCYPHIFERAE : Podetia passing into a terminal scyphtis, closed with a diaphragm.

1. C. C^e§pititia, Floerk. [Turfy']: Thallus cespitose, squa-
mulose, laciniate, pale green; podetia very short, glabrous, dilated
above, or sometimes wanting ; apothecia fuscous.

Hob. On mossy rocks, and roots : frequent.

2. C. pyxidata, Fr. [Box-like] : Thallus squamulose ; pode-
tia cartilagineous-corticate, verrucose or furfuraceous, green-ciner-
ascent, the scyphiferous ones turbinate ; scyphi cyathiform, dilated ;
apothecia fuscous.

Sab. On the earth. Often sterile.

3. C. Mltl'Hla, Tuckerm. MS. [Little Mitre] : Thallus of rather
thick erectish light-green crenate-laciniate scales ; podetia short,
simple, cartilagineous-corticate, verrucose; scyphi obsolete; apo-
thecia light-fuscous, symphycarpeous.

Bab. On dry sterile banks; old logs, Ac.

4. C. gradlis, Fr. [Slender] : Thallus squamulose ; podetia
cartilagineous-corticate, polished ; scyphi somewhat plane ; apothe-
cia fuscescent.

Var. a. verticiUdta, Fr. podetia all scyphiferous; scyphi dilated, plane, mostly
proliferous from the centre.

Var. b. cervicomis, Auct. podetia larger and longer, mostly proliferous from
the margin.
Hob. On the earth. "Most perfect in high mountains."— Tuckerm.

5. C, fimbrlata, Fr. [Fringed] : Thallus squamulose ; pode •
tia cylindrical, the membranaceous epidermis deliquescing into a
fine glaucous-candicant dust; scyphi cupulaeform, with an erect
margin.

Var. b. radidta, Fr. podetia elongated, subulate; scyphi proliferous-subulate,
or radiate-fimbriate.
Sab. On the earth.

6. C. COrnuta, Fr. [Horned] : Thallus squamulose ; podetia
cylindrical, subventricose, the epidermis cartilagineous below,
membranaceous and becoming powdery-deliquescent above ; scyphi
narrow, 'with an incurved subentire margin; apothecia fuscous.
Hob. On mossy logs, &c.

**PERVUE: Scyphi not closed; apices and axils dilated-funnelform, or simply per-
forate.

?. C. sqnaiiiosa, Hoffm. [Scaly] : Thallus squamulose, dis-
sected, often pulverulent; podetia branched, lacunose, becoming
decorticate and exasperate-squamaceous ; axils pervious, denticu-
late ; apothecia cymose, fuscous.

Var. a. ventricosa, Fr. podetia ventricose : axils and apices dilated funnel-form-
Var. b. attenudta, Fr. podetia more slender ; axils perTious ; apices subulate.
Sab. On the earth, and among mosses.

8. C. fiircata, Floerk. [Forked] : Thallus squamulose, some-
what dissected; podetia dichotomous-fruticulose, cartilagineous-
corticate, polished, greenish-fuscous ; axils and fertile apices per-
vious ; apothecia pedicellate, pale, becoming fuscous.

LICHENES 445

Var. a. crispdta, Floerk. turgid; axils and apices funnelform.

Far. b. cristdta, Fr. somewhat turgid; obliquely dilated and fimbriate-cristate
at the axils ; apices cristate-ramulose.

Far. c. racemosa, Floerk. podetia elongated, turgescent, ramose, and, as well as
the axils gaping ; branches recurved or erect, the fertile ones explanate.

Far. d. subuldta, Floerk. podetia more slender, with subpertuse axils; apices of
the fertile ones cloven; branches erectish, recurved, or divergent.
Hob. On the earth : common.

9. C. rangif crina, Hoffm. [Rein-deer"} : Thallus crustaceous,
evanescent; podetia fruticulose, trichotomously and very much
branched, subtomentose, cinerascent; axils subperforate ; sterile
apices nodding, fertile ones erect, cymose.

Far. b. sylvdtica, Fluerk. slender, smoother, pale straw-color.

Far. c. alpestris, Floerk. soflish; branches densely thyrsoid-entangled.
Hah. On the earth.

Obs. We probably have all these allied forms. This Lichen is
noted, as constituting the principal food of the Rein-deer, in Lapland.
"It is this," says Sir W. J. HOOKER, "which for the greater part
of the year, and especially in winter, is the support of the vast
herds of Rein-deer, — wherein consists all the wealth of the Lap-
landers. No vegetable, LINNAEUS tells us, grows throughout Lapland
in such abundance as this, — especially in woods of scattered pines,
where for very many miles together, the surface of the sterile soil
is covered with it, as with snow. On the destruction of forests by
fire, when no other vegetable will find nutriment, this Lichen
springs up and flourishes, and, after a few years, acquires its full
size. Here the Rein-deer are pastured ; and whatever may be the
depth of snow, during the long winters of that climate, these crea-
tures have the power of penetrating it, and obtaining their necessary
food."

SERIES 2. CocciFERAE.
Podetia greenish, becoming fulvescent at base; apothecia scarlet.

* Podetia cartUagineous-corticate, never finely pulverulent.

10. C. CO I'll licopioi ties, Fr. [Cornucopia-like]: Thallus
squamulose ; podetia glabrous, becoming verrucose, or granulate-
eubpulverulent, yellowish, finally cinereous-green, the scyphiferous
ones elongated-turbinate, attenuate below; scyphi cyathiform,
dilated.

Hob. On the earth : common. Often sterile.

11. C. Floerfeeana, Fr. [Floerke's]: Thallus squamulose ;
podetia cylindrical, slender, glabrous, becoming granulate-ver-
rucose, or squamose-decorticate, greenish and pallescent, nigrescent
at base ; scyphi passing into somewhat digitate fastigiate branches.
Sab. On the earth, logs, fences, &c. : very common.

* * Podetia wiUt the epidermis membranaceous, and dissolving into a fine dust.

12. C. macilenta, Iloffm. [Thin, or lean]: Thallus squamulose ;
podetia cylindrical, slender, membranaceous-corticate above, becom-
ing hoary-pulverulent ; scyphi narrow, tubaeform with an erect
margin, or obsolete.

446 THALLOPHYTES

Far. &.JHiformis, Fr. podetia very slender; scyphi narrow, entire, or obliterated
by a symphycarpeous apothecium.
Sab. On decaying logs, rocks, &c.

Obs. I have not observed the other var. Sometimes the podetia
become exasperate with green thalline scales. Au ochrocarpous
state, of some of the Lichens of this Series, often occurs, — with
pale ycUoiviish apothecia.

GOO. BAEOMY^ES, Fr.

[Gr. Baios* small, and Myke&, :i fungu.--; ihc plant resembling a minute fungus.]
Apothecia globose from the first, immarvcrinate, velate, finally empty
and araucous within, the base closely surrounding a stipe. Thallus
crustacoous, uniform, protruding fertile stipes which are destitute
of a cortical stratum.

1. B. rv*SCHS, Pers. [Rose-colored^ : Crustverruco.se, glaucous;
stipes short, cylindrical ; apotheciu subglobose, flesh-colored.
Hub. Sterile clay soils; road sides, ic. : common.

601. BIATOXRA. Fr.

[ ]

Apothecia at first margined by a waxy thalline exciple converted
into a proper one, becoming hemispherical or globose, sub-immar-
ginate, ^olid, and ccphaloid; disk placed on a- .•substratum often
paler, never coal-black, at length dilated, turgid, concealing the
paler margin. Thallus horizontal, arising from a hypothallus,
crustacoous. cffigurate, or uniiorm. Podetia vv anting, but the apo-
thecia sometimes stipitate.

SECTION 1.
Thallus squamose, or lobed at tlie circuinforence.

4J^=" Apothecia sessile.

1. B. Micltcntri, Tuckerm. MS. \_Miehener' s]: Thallus orbi-
cular, submonophyllous, livid lead-colored, tips of the lobes rounded
and crenate ; hypoth.illu.-i tomentose, dark-green; apothecia naked,
sub-immarginato, rufoui, becoming convex and black.
Hob. On trunks: exceedingly rare.

«J. B. rufi)-!! ij?ra, Tuckerm. [Reddish-black^ : Thallus squa-
mose, imbricate, from pale rufous becoming blackish ; scales irreg-
ularly suborbiculate, a.sccnding, crenate -lobcd ; apothecia adnate,
plane, obtusely margined, atro-rufous, at length convex, black.
Hob. On rocks.

SECTION 2.

ThaUus effuse, uniform.

3. B. sangllineo-fttra, Fr. [Sanguineous-black] : Crust thin,

membranaceous, effuse, whitish-cinereous, becoming granulose ;

apothecia sanguineous, with an obscure paler margin, at length

black.

Hob. On rocks, and trunks, growing oyer mosses.

LICHENES 447

4. B. ScllWCinitzii, Fr. MS. [Schweinitz1 »} : Crust of crowd-
ed scale-like — or, at length, coraline-branched — greenish-glaucous
granules, on a white hypothallus ; apothccia sessile, the opaque
disk ai length convex, from pale livid-flcsh-color becoming blackish,
the margin rather thick, incurved, pale.
Hob. On old trunks. (Frvu-ima, &c.)

b. B. spatlicr:a, Ach. [Chestnut-brown'] : Crust cartilagineous,
membranaceou:-, granulate, glauecseent; apothccia thick, the mar-
gin very finely rugulose; disk at length convox, and, excluding the
margin, light-chestnut, becoming blackish, within of the same color.
Sab. On truuka of trees.

6. B. FUSSllla, Ach. not of Tuckerm. Syn. [Carnation}: Crust
subcartil.'igincous, from rimo.c<%-aroolate at length granulatc-verru-
cose, slauccsccnt (often .irrccui.sh); apothecia sessile, glabrous,
somewhat tamid, dark-re-!, tho disk finally surpassing the entire
thin pal r margin.
Hob. On smooth trunks; dead wood, &c.

T, B. SUfTiiMl, Fr. [Suffused}: Thallus eiTuse, rurnlcse-gran-
ulose, iccrusti»»g, glaucous; apothccia dilated, flat, the margin
fuscous (rufrsceut wiicn moist), wh:tc-pruinose.
Sab. On rough trunks, — especially Nyssa mullijlura.

8. B. CXi^lia, Chaub. [Little} : Crust of minute confluent gran-
ules, smooth, oartilajrincous, ciiKrcous-greonish, dcrue=satod bylines
of the black hypothallus ; apothccia submarginatc, pale yellowish,
becoming fuscou.s.

Hob. On smooth bark.

9. B. Cliloropliolis, Tuckerm. MS. [Green-scale} : Crust of
small rounded brijrht-givn granules: apothccia very small, some-
what immersed, the ual;ed opaque flattish disk finally surpassing
the very thin obtu.-:o margin, from white becoming at length dark
fuscous, and black.

Hob. On ston-'.s; old iHmp -wrvllp, mortnr, &c.

10. B. auranliiical Fr. [Orange-colored}: Cnist cartila-
gineous, uncvon, granulate, lutescent, innate in a black hypothallus ;
apothccia somewhat Hcv.xtod, with a crcnulate evanescent spurious
margin ; disk dark orange, and fuscescent, with a thin proper mar-
gin.

Sab, On trunks, rtcnd wood, and rocka.

11. B. fcrruginra, Fr. [Rust-colored} : Crust subcartilagin-
eous, at first continuous, at length vcrruoosc, whitish, or, when the
black hypothallus predominates, becoming ash-colored; apothecia
flattish ; disk opaque, from orange becoming blood-red, but always
more or less ferruginous, bordered by a paler, somewhat polished,
margin.

Sab. On trunks, and dead branches.

602. LECIDIM, Ach.

[Or. Lechis, a small shield, and Eidos, form ; in reference to the apothecia.]
Apothecia margined at first by a very black carbonaceous proper
exciple, becoming scutellaeform, or hemispherical, solid ; disk at

448 THALLOPHYTES

first punctiform-impressed, always open, often horny, and placed
upon a carbonaceous stratum. Thallus horizontal, arising from a
hypothallus, somewhat crustaceous, effigurate, or uniform.

SECTION 1, Thallus effuse, uniform.

SUBSECTION 1. AREOLATAE.

Crust innate, originally areolate or becoming so ; hypotltallus black.
* SAXICOLAE.

1. Jit. albo-eaerillescens, Fr. [White-bluish']: Crust at
first continuous, bluish becoming whitish ; apothecia produced from
the crust ; margin of the annular exciple thin ; disk waxy, black,
caerulescent-pruinose, white within.

Far. b. immersa, Fr. crust very than and whitish, or wanting; apothecia small,
often immersed.
Hob. On rocks, and stones : Far. b. on limestone.

2. L.. lapicida, Ach. [Stone-cutting'] : Crust at length areo-
late-verrucose, from glaucous becoming cinereous-white; apothecia
superficial, produced from the cortical layer, sessile, not pruinose,
horny and cinerascent-black within, with an even naked disk, and
a thin, at length flexuose margin (or, the margin disappearing,
finally confluent and irregular).

Sab. On rocks and stones.

3. It. atro-alba, Ach. [Mack and white"] : Crust somewhat
areolate (the areolae commonly discrete, verrucaeform), opaque,
fuscous and greyish-white ; apothecia produced from the hypothallus,
(small,) the obtuse margin scarcely discrete from the naked, at
length somewhat umbonate, disk.

Sab. On rocks, and stones.

* * CORTICICOLAE.

4. li. parasfcma, Fr. [Counterfeit*]: Crust somewhat leprous,
glaucescent, becoming verrucose-areolate, limited by the black
hypothallus; apothecia sessile, opaque; exciple cupular, with a
thin margin ; disk horny, naked, very black.

Sab. On trunks, and dead wood: very common.

5. JL. enteroleftca, Fr. [Internally white} ; Crust at first
continuous, glaucescent, deliquescing, limited by the black hypo-
thallus ; apothecia adnate ; exciple annular, with a thin margin ;
disk somewhat wavy, often hyaline, or caerulescent, whitish within.
Sab. On smooth trunks.

TRIBE 3. GRAPHIDAVCEAE.

Apothecia of various form ; an altered thalline carbonaceous proper exciple, or an
originally proper exciple margining a gyrose and proliferous-papillate, or canalicu-
late disk.

603. UMBIL,ICA;RIA, .

[So named from the umbilicated Thallus.]

Apothecia superficial, the closed thalline exciple becoming a carbon-
aceous proper exciple, more or less open, and of various form ;
disk horny, ascigerous, finally chinky, or gyrose-plicate, with an
incurved margin. Thallus horizontal, cartilagineous, foliaceous,
eubmonophyllous, afiixed by a central point.

LICHBNB3 449

SECTION 1. PATELLATAB.

Apothecia, orbiculato-patellaeform ; disk at length clunky, plicate, or proliferous
papillate.

1. V. OillOllii, Tuckerm. [Dillenius's]: Thallus coriaceous,
rather rigid, smooth, glaucous-fuscescent becoming dark-fuscous,
under side black, and closely hirsute with short black crowded
fibres ; apothecia convex, at first orbicular and concentrically
plicate, finally lirellate, with a thin channelled margin.
Hob. On rocks, in mountainous districts.

Obs. I have not yet met with this species within our limits ; but
have seen a specimen obtained near the Schuylkill. It, and several
other species, are abundant a few miles further north. This genus
furnishes the celebrated " Tripe de roche" (Tripe of the Rocks), of
the Canadian and Western Hunters,— to which they are often
obliged to resort, when other means of subsistence fail. When pro-
perly prepared for the table, it is said to be a tolerable substitute
lor "Tripe," — which it also somewhat resembles.

6O4. OPE'GRAPHA, Humb.

[Or. Ope, hollow, and graphe, writing; from the lines of the apothecia.]
Apothecia somewhat lirellaeform, margined by a free, somewhat
carbonaceous, proper exciple ; disk channelled, at first closed by
the inflected-connivent margin, becoming open, indurated and horny.
Thallus crustaceous.

gl. Apothecia superficial, destitute of a thalline margin.

1 . O. atra, Pers. [Black] : Crust innate in the matrix ; apothe-
cia emergent-superficial, slender, shining, acute; margin of the
subentire exciple thin; disk linear, channelled, naked, horny
within.

Var. b. abbrevidta, Fr. apothecia abbreviated, irregular, often radiately disposed.

Var. c. maculdris, Fr. apothecia dilated into somewhat radiate immarginatc
maculae, and confluent.
Hab. On trees.

§2. Apothecia erumpent, coronate for the most part with a thalline margin.

2. O. script a, Ach. [ Written] : Crust innate, becoming ex-
posed, uneven, pulverulent; apothecia immersed, erumpent, with
a raised thalline margin, — the proper margin tenuescent, smooth ;
disk linear, at first caesious-pruinose.

Var. a. Umitdta, Schaer. apothecia emergent, scattered, various.

Var. b. recta, Schaer. apothecia immersed, straight, parallel, somewhat dilated.

Var. c. serpentina, Schaer. apothecia immersed, long, flexuous,— the thallioe
margin tumid, evanescent.

Hab. On trees : Var. c. frequent on Cherry-trees — where the elongation of th«
apothecia seems to be occasioned by the transverse expansion of the almost horny
outer bark.

3. O. polymorpha, Ach. [Many-form]: Crust somewhat
pulverulent, whitish-cinerascent, or very white ; apothecia rounded,
or oblong, irregular, without apparent proper margin, from plan*
becoming tumid and elevated-punctate, angulate, or stellate-ramulose,
caesious-pruinose, with more or less thalline margin.

Setb. On trunke of Ash ( Fraxinus sambucifctia).

450 THALLOPHYTES

TRIBE 4. CALICIA^CEAE.

Apothecia, orbiculate, or globose, always open, margined by a proper exciple, the
disk collapsing into naked sporidia ; or immarginate, and the sporidia capituli-
form-compact.

605. TRACHYI/IA, Fr.

[Gr. Traehys, rough ; the apothecia being scabrous with naked spores.]
Apothecia sessile, discrete from the thallus, orbiculate ; disk some-
what compact, ascigerous, margined by the innate carbonaceous
proper exciple, or the exciple obsolete. Asci oblong. Thallus crusta-
ceous.

1. T. Stigonella, Fr. [Small-dotted] : Parasitic ; exciple cupu-
lar, innate, disk plack, black-pulverulent, equalling the thin erect
black margin.
Hob. On the crust of Pertusaria pertusa : rare.

606. CAM'CIVM, Per*.

[Gr. Kalykion, a little cup ; in reference to the Apothecia.]
Apothecia crateriform, the carbonaceous proper exciple margining a
compact or powdery disk, composed of coacervate naked sporidia. —
Thallus crustaceous.

SECTION 1. Apothecia stipitate.
GLAUCESCBNTIA : Extiple more or less whitish-cinereous-pruinose.

1. C. Subtile, Pers. [Delicate] : Crust filmy, leprous, white-
glaucescent; stipes filiform, flaccid, black; apothecia lentiform-
globose, naked, black, the margin at length reflected.
Hob. On old decaying wood; fences, &c.

SUBORDER II. ANGIOCARP'I.

jApathecia closed, nucleiferous, pertuse and with an ostiole, or irregularly dehiscent,
—the nucleus included, subglobose, ascigerous.

TRIBE 1. ENDOCARPAX2EAE.

ApotJiecia immersed in the thallus, globose, the thalline exciple attenuated into a
neck, and terminated by a discrete heterogenous papillaeform ostiole; nucleus
deliquescent ; ViaUus horizontal, foliaceous, or crustaceous.

607. EffDOC ARP'OIV, Hedw.

[Gr. Ihtdon, within, and Karpos, fruit ; descriptive of the fructification.]
Apothecia included in the thallus, globose ; a membranaceous thin
pale thalline exciple inclosing a gelatinous colored deliquescent
nucleus ; ostioles somewhat prominent. Thallus horizontal, cartila-
gineous-foliaceous, subpeltate.

1. E. Mulileiibersrii, Ach. [Muhlenberg's] : Thallus cartila-
gineous-coriaceous, thick, from greenish-glaucous becoming fusees-
cent, very finely rugose and somewhat chinky ; under side fuscous-
black ; ostioles convex.
Hob. On dry Serpentine rocks ; Smedley's Barrens.

LICHENES

451

2. E. flu vKitile, DC. [River} : Thallus cartilagineous-mem-
branaceous, flaccid, lobed, green, becoming fuscescent when dry ,
lobes rounded, auriculate-lobulate ; under side naked, reticulate-
rugulose, pale fuscous becoming black ; ostioles rather prominent,
black.

Hob. On wet and frequently inundated rocks.

3. E. pus 1 11 11 III, Hedw. [Little] : Thallus cartilagineous,
squamulose-foliaceous, smooth, brownish-olivaceous, pale on the
under side, arising from a black fibrillose hypothallus; ostioles
black, somewhat prominent, pertuse.

Hob. On naked clays ; Newlin Barrens : very rare.

4. E. arbftrcuni, Schweinitz, MS. [Tree]: Thallus squamulose,
foliaceous, subcoriaceous, from glaucous becoming fuscous ; scales
closely imbricate, often concave, black and downy beneath ; ostioles
black, scarcely prominent.

Hob. On trunks, &c.

Obs. An extremely rare species. I have only once found it, on
the detached bark of an old black-oak stump.

60S. PERTITSA^RIA, DC.

[Latin, pertusus, punched, or bored through ; descriptive of the plant.]
Apothecia verrucaeform, formed from the thallus, including naked
waxy-gelatinous colored nuclei. Thallus crustaceous, often passing
into soredia and isidia.

1. P. pertusa, Ach. [Perforate] : Crust cartilagineous, glaucous-
white; apothecia depressed-hemispherical, irregular; ostioles de-
pressed, discrete, the perfect ones black-papillate.

Far. a. sorediifera, Fr. crust sterile, sorediiferous.

Far. b. areoldta, Fr. crust thicker, rimose-areolate, often sterile and soredi-
iferous.

Fur. c. leucostoma, Fr. ostioles white, the black papillae being deficient.
Hob. On trunks ; sometimes on stones : frequent.

2. P. faginea, Tuckerm. [Beech]: Crust tartareous-cartila-
gineous, cinereous-white, the circumference zonate, often thin,
polished, bluish ; apothecia hemispherical, bursting into mealy
eoredia.

Far. b. orbiculata, Tuckerm. apothecia explanate; nuclei expanded into asub-
membranaceous denudate flesh-colored disk.
Hob. On trunks, rails, and rocks: common.

3. P. globulari§ 1 Ach. [Globular]: Cnist of very numerous
eubglobose, and ramulose, glaucescent granules ; apothecia (in-
frequent) globose, smooth, with a solitary impressed punctiform
black ostiole.

Hab. On Mosses, &c. : rare.

TRIBE 2. VERRUCARIAXCEAE.

Apothecia rounded, a closed proper exciple (perithecium) becoming pertuse with an
t>stiole, or at length open; nucleus gelatinous, subhyaline, deliquescent; thallus
cnutaceous.

452 THALLOPHYTES

6O9. VERRICA RIA, Pers.

[Latin, Fferruca, a wart; from the wart-like processes on the thallns.]
Perithecia hemispherical-globose, solitary, horny, black, closed,
with a simple or papillaeform ostiole, — sometimes becoming sub-
scutellaeform, or rarely inclosed in a thalline verruca.

1. V. elaeochroa? Tuckerm. [Olive-colored]: Crust ap-

planate, rimose-areolate, olivaceous ; perithecia with a wide base,

globose, emerging and conical at apex, becoming depressed and

umbilicate.

Hob. On limestone rocks : frequent.

Obs. There seems to be some obscurity about this plant ; but I
cannot tell where else to place it. Perhaps it may prove to be
V. nigrescens, Pers.

%. T. CestrenslS, Tuckerm. MS. [Chester'] : Crust conspicu-
ous, chinky, dark blackish- green ; perithecia dimidiate, the base
inflexed, much covered by the thallus, but prominent, globose-
hemispherical ; nucleus globose, whitish.
Sab. On trunks of Fagus ferrttginea.

Obs. This fine new species appears to be quite rare, here.

3. V. 11 it id a, Schrad. [Shining]: Crust smooth, greenish -
olivaceous, or fuscous ; perithecia entire, covered, at length some-
what prominent, persistent, the ostioles subpapillate ; nucleus
fluxile.

Hah. On trunks,— especially Beech (Fagus ferrugined).

4. V. alba, Schrad. [ White] : Crust innate in the matrix, be-
coming at length denudate, white; perithecia subglobose, entire,
denudate, persistent, immersed at the base, ostiole papillate, or
pertuse.

Hob. On trunks.

ft. V. greinmata, Ach. [Budded]: Crust innate, effuse, smooth-
ish, white-hoary; perithecia hemispherical, dimidiate (not im-
mersed at base), persistent ; nucleus whitish.
Hob. On trunks.

6. T. punctinVrmis, Pers. [Dot-like'] : Crust innate in the
matrix, or obsolete ; perithecia innate-superficial, semiglobose, sub-
dimidiate, the base inflexed ; nucleus globose.
Sab. On trunks with smooth bark.

1, T. lactea, Ach. MS. [Milky] : Crust innate, effuse, white;
perithecia innate-sperficial, dimidiate, sub-conoidal, inflexed at
base.
Sab. On trunks of trees.

Obs. This is a Southern Lichen, and appears to be very rare in
our district.

TRIBE 3. TRYPETHELIA'CEAE.

Apoihecia verrucaeform, formed of the thallus, ostiolate-pertuae, containing >u
ono or more perithecia a deliquescent nucleus.

LICHENES 453

610, TRYPETHEXIUIH, Spreng.
[Or. Trypa, foramen, and Thele, papilla ; descriptive of the plant.]

Exciple double, — the outer one of the substance of the thallus and
wart-like, including the perithecia or interior exciples. Nucleus
gelatinous, deliquescent. Thallus crustaceous, subcartilagineous.

1. T. por >sum, Ach. [Porous] : Crust palish-white ; warts
of the apothecia somewhat prominent, broad, irregular, confluent,
of the same color ; within whitish.

Hob. On smooth trunks; Beech, Ac.

Obs. Our plant has generally passed for a form of Verrucaria
nitida. SCHWEINITZ called it V. composita.

2. T. virens, Tuckerm. MS. [Green]: Crust effuse, waxy-
cartilagineous, smooth, green, becoming glaucescent when dry;
warts rather prominent, rounded-irregular, confluent, of the same
color with the crust ; ostioles minute, not prominent, black ; peri-
thecia globose (10 — 20), superficial; sarcothecium from fulvous at
length white.

Hob. On smooth trunks ; Fagus, Acer, &c.

Obs. The term, Sarcothecium, has been employed by FEE, to
denote the medullary substance of the warts, in which the peri-
thecia nestle. It varies in color and intensity with the species, and
affords an obvious character.

We probably have other Trypethelia ; but they have not yet been
determined. It is chiefly a Southern genus.

TRIBE 4. LIMBORIAH3EAE.

Apothecia rounded, — the carbonaceous proper exciple closed, at length variouely
dehiscent ; nucleus subccraccous, rigescent ; thallus crustaceous.

611. GYROS'TOMUItt, Fr. [Conotrema. Tuckerm. Syn.]

[Gr. Gyros, a circle, and sioma, mouth ; descriptive of the plant.]
Perithecia mostly solitary, horny, black, at first pertuse, becoming
open, with a coarctate inflexed margin, including a depressed nucleus
which is elevated at the centre into a somewhat marginate disk. —
Thallus crustaceous.

1. G. lirceoldtum, Fr. [Urceolate]: Crust thin, smooth,

rugose-rimose, glaucous-white, bordered by a black line ; perithecia

scattered, at first covered, finally superficial, conoidal, white-prui-

nose.

I lab. On trunks, and branches : common.

SUBORDER III. COLLEMAVCEAE.

Filamentous or foliaceous gelatinous-conglutinate plants, without discrete layers;
sporidia included in asci, and immersed in a thalamium, which Is contained either
in a thalhne exciple, or a proper exciple.

TRIBE 1. COLLEMFAE.

Thallus gelatinous-conglutinate, caulescent or foliaceous.

454 THALLOPHYTES

612. MYRIAUPGIUM, Berlc. <j- Mont.

[Gr. Myrios, innumerable, and Angeion, a vessel, or cell ; descriptive of the plant.]
Apothecia, tuberculiform, at first closed, then open, plane, immar-
ginate. Hymenium thick, many-celled, each cell containing one
spherical ascus. Sporidia oblong, multiseptate. Thallus pulvinate,
swelling when wet, unequal, tuberculate.

1. IH. Curtisii, Mont. [Curtis' a] : Irregular, confluent, dull,
blackish.

Hob. On smaller branches of Hickory, and Sour Gum.

Obs. Common with us, — but considered to be a Southern species.
I have received it from the gentleman whose name it bears, from
South Carolina. TUCKERMAN remarks, that it is "new to the
North."

613. COULE'MA, Hoffm.

[Gr. Kolle, gluten; from the gelatinous nature of the plant.]
Apotheda subglobose, becoming discoid-open and scuttellaeform,
with a thalline exciple. Thallus corneous-gelatinous, somewhat
pulpy, of a moniliform-filamentous texture, variously lobed.

f Thallus imbricate-plicate, becoming thick and turgid when wet.

!• C. pulp5sum9 Ach. [Pulpy"] : Thallus thick, suborbicular,
compact, blackish-green ; lobes numerous, rather erect and entire,
or repand-crenate, — those of the circumference larger and some-
what appressed ; apothecia crowded, slightly concave, rufous, with
an elevated irregular margin.
Sab. On mos&y rocks; limestone, Ac.

2. C. fascicillare, Ach. [Fascicled] : Thallus suborbicular,
olive-green ; lobes dilated upward, waved, — those of the circumfer-
ence rounded, cut-crenate ; apothecia marginal, elevated-subpedi-
cellate, fasciculate ; disk convex, rufous.

Hob. On trunks, and rocks.

f f Thallus thin, foliaceous, gelatinous-membranaceous, lobed principally at the c«V-
cumference.

3* €)• Hi el aen 11 in, Ach. [Black] : Thallus foliaceous sub-
stellate, blackish-green, the lobes elongated, radiant, multifid, with
elevated waved and crisped crenate margins ; npothecia submar-
ginal, somewhat plane, at length rufescent, with a subgranulate
margin.
Hob. On mossy rocks, and trunks.

4. C. flaccidum, Ach. [Flaccid] : Thallus foliaceous, mem-
branaceous, smooth, flaccid, blackish-green; lobes somewhat ascend-
ing, rounded, rather entire, undulate-plicate ; apothecia small,
scattered, somewhat plane, rufous.
Hob. On rocks, and trunks.

Obs. A conspicuously foliaceous species, which often presents a
radiate or centrifugal appearance.

LICHENES 455

5. C. pule lU'Iluili, Ach. [Handsome] : Thallus membrana-
ceous, orbicular, round-lobed at the circumference, plicate-papulose
and dark-green above, under side paler and deeply lacunose ; apo-
thecia crowded, elevated ; disk urceolate, pale, — the margin thin,
coarctate, very entire, finally rugulose.

Hab. On trunks, &c.

6. C1. s;it ii i ii in ii 111, Ach. [Lead-colored]: Thallus rosulate,
blackish-green, — the under side glaucous and subtomentose ; lobes
broad, oblong, rounded, wavy, very entire; apothecia scattered,
somewhat plane, rufous, the margin thin, entire.

Hab. On trunks, and rocks : frequent.

614. L,EPTOVGHJUI, Fr.

[Or. Leptos, slender, thin, or delicate ; characteristic of the genus.]
Apothecia rounded, becoming discoid — open and scutellaeform, sub-
pedicellate, with a proper exciple. Thallus gelatinous-membrana-
ceous, subdiaphanous, texture cellulose.

1. L«. tremelloldes, Fr. [Tremella-like]: Thallus foliaceous,
very thin, smooth on both sides, or powdery above, lead-colored ;
lobes oblong, rounded, very entire ; apothecia scattered, elevated,
plane, rufous-fuscous, with a paler margin.

Hab. On rocks, and trunks: common.

2. I* lace rum, Fr. [Torn]: Thallus foliaceous, membrana-
ceous, very thin, glaucous-fuscescent ; lobes small, subimbricate,
lacerate-laciniate, denticulate-ciliate ; apothecia small, scattered,
subsessile, somewhat concave, rufous, with a paler margin.

Hab. On mossy rocks, and bases of trees : common.

3. L«. I'ulvillus, Tuckerm. MS. [Little cushion] : Thallus pul-
vinate, fruticulose, much branched, blackish-green ; branches terete,
flexuose, entangled, more or less denticulate with short fibrillose
branchlets ; apothecia not seen.

Hab. On rocks ; Serpentine ridge, near Unionville.

Obs. This species has not yet been found in fruit ; and our plant
may possibly prove to be specifically distinct from the one to which
the name was originally given.

TRIBE 2. EPHEBIDEVAE.

Thallus filamentous, not gelatinous.

615. THERMUTIS, Fr.

Apothecia an orbiculate marginate sessile proper exciple, formed by
the coupling of several fibres of the thallus. Thallut composed of
entangled opaque blackish fibres.

1. T. pamiosa, Fr. [Ragged]: Thallus blackish-green, of
terete very delicate entangled fastigicate short branchlets ; apo-
thecia minute, concave, obtusely margined, but becoming convex,
and, excluding the margin, of the same color with the thallus.
Hub. On long-exposed disintegrating Limestone rock&

456

THALLOPHYTES

Obs. The foregoing Catalogue of Chester County Lichen*, and
Collemas, contains about twenty species never before published in
this country,^ — one half of which are entirely new. For the deter-
mination and description of the most of these, the writer has availed
himself of the kind assistance of his friend E. TUCKERMAN, of
Cambridge, Mass, whose long and assiduous attention to this much-
neglected portion of Cryptogamic Botany has intitled him to be
called THE AMEEICAN LICHENIST.— *E. M.

457

CORRIGENDA & ADDENDA.

Maculae, quas aut incuria fudit,
Ant humane parum cavit natura.

The reader will please make, or refer to, the following corrections,
with a pencil, in the pages and places indicated.

PAGE 8. In connection with the MAGNOLIAS, it should have been
stated, that in our American species (and remarkably
in M. glauca, L.) the flower-buds are closely and com-
pletely invested by a membranous hairy caducous spathe-
like bract.

" 24. line Zfrom the top: for "oblonga," read vulgaris.

" 27. line 10 from the bottom: add L. after "DRbsERA."

" 34. line 19/rom the bottom: for "MULLUGO," read MOLLUGO.

"44. 7 lines from the top: add to Rhu* glabra,

Obs. A few years since, Messrs. R. KILVINGTON and
DAVIS GARRET, jr. detected a small and very remarkable
shrub, in Willistown, Chester County, which seems evi-
dently to be a Rhus, — but with bipinnate leaves about a
foot long, the pinnae 3 or 4 inches long, and the pinnules
1 to 2 inches in length, linear-lanceolate, more or less
falcate, entire or rarely incised-toothed, glaucous beneath,
the terminal one deeply incised or pinnatifid. Messrs.
KILVINGTON and GARRETT (both of them intelligent and
experienced Florists) are of opinion that the shrub is a
variety of Rhus glabra. If so, it is a curious monstrosity,
or sport of Nature. Although carefully cultivated by
those gentlemen, since its discovery, it has not yet pro-
duced either fruit or flowers ; but Mr. K. informs me,
that it propagates freely by the root.

" 52. Before Polygala sanguines: insert (as No. 1.),

1. P. in< arnuta, L. Glaucous; stem slender, sim-
ple or sparingly branched above ; leaves linear-subulate,
few and small; spike oblong; wings much shorter than
the conspicuously crested corolla; claws of the petals
united in a long and slender cleft tube ; caruncle longer
than the funiculus.
FLESH-COLORED POLYGALA.

Stem 9 to 12 or 15 inches high, subterete, or often angulate-Bukate,
emooth. Leaves scattered, % to % an inch long, erect. Spike ter.
minal, % an inch to an inch and half in length, rather loose-flowered;
flowers purplish-flesh-color, sometimes pale.
Hob. Sandy grounds; E.Nottingham: rare. Fl. Aug. Fr.

458

CORRIGENDA AND ADDENDA.

Obs. Collected by Mr. EVAN PUGH, Sept. 1851 ; but
made known too late to be inserted in its proper place,
in this edition.

PAGE 54. line 5 from the top: for "or slender," read on slender.
" 55. before Vicia Cracca, insert

1 1 PERENNIAL : peduncles elongated; calyx-teeth very unequal.
" 72. line 22 from the bottom: after "flowers" add white.

90. line 22 from the bottom: for "CracsEA," read CIRCAEA.
" 92. after the description of Lagenaria vulgaris, add

Hob. Gardens, &c. Nat. of tropical regions. Fl. July. Fr. Octo.
" 95. line 10 from the top: for "sepals imbricated &c." read
sepals persistent, more or less connected at base ; petals
imbricated &c.

" 98. line 19 from the bottom: for "28 species," read 27 species.

" 256. To " Obs." on CELTIS, add

My friend, JOSHUA HOOPES, is very confident that the
form of Celtis, known as crassifolia, is a distinct species
from C. occidentalis ; and, after a more careful observa-
tion and comparison, I now incline to his opinion.

" 271. line 23 from the bottom: erase "L. &," next after "F.
sylvatica." Specimens of the European F. sylvatica,
received from my amiable and lamented friend Dr.
BROMFIELD, of the Isle of Wight, England, clearly
show it to be distinct from our F. ferruginea.

' " 286. Urn 3 from the bottom: after "C. SATIVA," add L.
" 299. After 3rd line from the top: add

Hdb. Wet, low grounds : common. Fl. March. Fr. Sept.

" 326. line 7 from the top: after "1 to 2," add inches.

" 345. line 21 from the top : for "Perigynium," read Perigynia.

" 357. line § from the bottom: after "A. perennans," for "A.
Gray," read Tuckerman. The latter gentleman had
previously (viz. 1843,) so named it, in SILLIMAN'S
Journal, vol. 45.^?. 44.

" 414. line II from the top: for Muion, read Mnion.
" 403. line 10 from the bottom: for "annules," read annulus.
" 450. line 12 from the top: for "plack," read plane.
" 490. last line, second column: transfer "Ilvensis" to WOODSIA.
•" 491. last line, first column : transfer "palustns'' to ZANN

" xxxvi. (PRELIMINARY DISCOURSES) line 13 from the bottom:

for " sous nel'avonn," read nous ne 1'avons.
xxxvii. last line: for « 1853," read 1852. >f

LIV. line 10 from the bottom, second column: for ' -covered,
read 4-cornered.

NUMBER AND CHARACTER OF CHESTER COUNTY PLANTS 459

This FLORA comprises 615 Genera, and 1393 Species, of Plants of

Chester County.
Of these Species, about 1104 are indigenous, 157 are naturalized,

and 132 CULTIVATED ; as set forth in the following statement.

Phaentigamous.

Species.

Genera. Nat. Natur'd. Cult'd. Total.

Dialypetalous Exogens 172 227 — 42 — 60 = 329

Gamopetalous " 170 264 — 63 — 28 = 355

Apetalous " 50 79 — 21 — 14 = 114

Gymnospermous " 8 6 — 1 — 12 = 19

Endogenous Plants 109 211 — 30 — 18 = 259

Cryptfyamous.
Ferns and Fern-like
Mosses
Hepaticae
Lichens

509 787 157 132 = 1076 Phaenogams.

18 39— « — " = "
38 120— " — " = "
25 33 — " — " = "
25 125— ««_«'= «
=317 Cryptogams

Genera 615 1104 —157 —132 = 1393 species.

THE FOLLOWING IS A CLASSIFIED LIST OF THE NATURALIZED AND
CULTIVATED PLANTS OF CHESTER COUNTY.

J8@° The names of those introduced plants which are generally
regarded as intrusive Weeds, or nuisances, are printed in italics; and
those which are EMINENTLY PERNICIOUS, or troublesome, in SMALL
CAPITALS.

Naturalized Plants. Cultivated Plants.

ORDER I. RANUNCULA^CEAE.

Genus. Genus.

5. Ranunculus sceleratus.

" bulbosus.

" acris.

8. Delphinium Consolida.

ORDER II. MAGNOLIA^CEAE.

12. Magnolia acuminata.

ORDER VIII. PAPAVERAVCEAE.

20. Papaver dubium.

21. Argemone Mexicana.

22. Chelidonium majus.

460 NATURALIZED AND CULVIVATED PLANTS

ORDER IX. FUMARIA^CEAE.

27, Fmnaria officinalis.

ORDER X. CRUCIF'ERAE.

28. Nasturtium officinale. 34. Brassica oleracea.

32. Barbarea vulgaris. " campestris.

33. Sisymbrium officinale. " Rapa.

" Thalianum. 35. Sinapis alba.

35. Sinapis nigra. 37. Cochlearia Annoracia.

38. Camelina sativa. 39. Lepidium sativum.

39. Lepidium campestre. 41. Raphanus sativus.

40. Capsella Bursa-pastoris.

ORDER XV. HYPERICAVCEAE.

48. Hypericum perforatum.

ORDER XVI. CARYOPHYLLAXTEAE.
51. Saponaria officinalis.

53. LYCHNIS GITHAGO.

54. Arenaria serpyllifolia.

55. Stellaria media.

56. Cerastium vulgatum.

" viscosum.

ORDER XVII. PORTULACAX2EAE.

59. Portulaca oleracea.

ORDER XVIII. MALVACEAE.

62. Abutilon Avicennae. 65. Althaea officinalis.

63. Sida spinosa. 66. Hibiscus esculentus.

64. Malva rotundifolia.
66. Hibiscus Trionum.

ORDER XIX. TILLVCEAE.

67. Tilia Europaea.

ORDER XX. LINA^EAE.

68. Linum usitatissimum.

ORDER XXIV. TROPAEOLAVCEAE.

72. Tropaeolum majus.

ORDER XXVI. XANTHOXYLA^CEAE.

74. Ailanthus glandulosa.

ORDER XXVIII. ACERA^CEAE.

76. Acer Pseudo-Platanus.
" platanoides.

ORDER XXIX. SAPINDA^CEAE.

78. Aesculus Hippocastanum.

ORDER XXXII. VITAVCEAE.

• 83. Vitis vinifera.

NATURALIZED AND CULTIVATED PLANTS 461

ORDER XXXIV. LEGUMINO^SAE.

88. Vicia sativa. 86. Cicer arietinum.

" hirsute. 87. Faba vulgaris.

98. Robinia Pseud-Acacia 89. Ervum Lens.

100. Trifolium arvense. 90. Pisum sativum.

44 repens. 91. Phaseolus vulgaris.

" agrarium. " lunatus.

" procumbens. 100. Trifolium pratense.

102. Medicago lupuliua. 101. Melilotus leucantha.

102. Medicago sativa.

108. Gymnocladus Canadensis.

109. Gleditschia triacanthos.

ORDER XXXV. ROSA'CEAE.

119. Potentilla Norvegica. 110. Persica vulgaris.

122. Rosa rubiginosa. " laevis.

123. Crataegus oxyacantha. 111. Armeniaca vulgaris.

" dasycarpa.

112. Prunus domcstica.

" Chicasa.

113. Cerasus avium.

" vulgaris.

120. Fragaria vesca.

121. Rubus strigosus.

" Idaeus.

123. Crataegus cordata.

124. Pyrus communis.

" Malus.

125. Cydonia vulgaris.

ORDER XXXIX, GROSSULA^CEAE.

135. Ribes Uva-crispa.

" rubrum.
" nigrum.

ORDER XL. CUCURBITAX3EAE.

136. Lagenaria vulgaria.

137. Cucumis Melo.

.i'*'t sativus.
" Anguria.

138. Citrullus vulgaris.
140. Cucurbita Pepo.

" Melopepo.

" verrucosa.

ORDER XLIV. UMBELLIF'ERAE.

151. DAUCUS CAEOTA. 151. [Daucus Carota, Far.]

158. Bupleurum rotundifolium. 153. Pastinaca sativa.
168. Ooiiiuiu maculatum. 162. Apium graveolens.

163. Petroselinum sativum.

164. Carum Carui.

165. Foeniculum vulgare.
169. Coriaudrum sativum.

462 NATURALIZED AND CULTIVATED PLANTS

ORDER XLVIII. RUBIAVCEAE.
178. Galium Aparine.

ORDER XLIX. VALERIANAVCEAE.

183. Fedia olitoria.

ORDER L. DIPSA^CEAE.

184. Dipsacus sylvestris. 184. Dipsacus Fullonum.

ORDER LI. COMPOS'ITAE.

197. Inula Helenium. 203. Helianthus tuberosus.

200. Xanihium strumarium. 208. Anthemis nobilis.

" SPINOSUM. 212. Artemisia Dracunculus.

203. Helianthus annuus. " Abrotanum.

207. Maruta Cotula. " Absinthium.

208. Anthemis arvensis. 221. Cynara Scolymus.

209. Achillea Millefolium. 224. Cichorium Endivia.

210. LEUCANTHEMUM VULGARE. 227. Tragopogon porrifolium.

211. Tanacetum vulgare. 231. Lactuca sativa.

212. Artemisia vulgaris.
215. Filago Germanica.
218. Senecio vulgaris.
220. Centaurea Cyanus.

222. Cirsium lanceolatum.

" horridulum.

" ARVENSE.

223. Lappa major.

224. Cichorium Intybus.
230. Taraxacum Densleonis.
233. Sonchus oleraceus.

" asper.

ORDER LVII. PLANTAGINAVCEAE.
253. Plantago major.

" lanceolata.

ORDER LVIII. PRIMULA^CEAE.

256. Anagallis arvensis.

ORDER LXI. BIGNONIAVCEAE.
262. Catalpa bignonioides. 263. Martynia proboscidea.

ORDER LXIII. SCROPHULARIArCEAE.
266. VEBBASCUM THAPSUS.
" Blattaria.

266. LlNARIA VULGARIS.

273. Veronica officinalis.
" serpyllifolia.
4< peregrina.
" arvensis.
" hederaefolia.

ORDER LXV. LABIAVTAE.

284. Mentha viridis. 282. Ocimum Basilicum.

«« arvensis. 283. Lavandula vera.

NATURALIZED AND CULTIVATED PLANTS 463

288. Origanum vulgare. 284. Mentha piperita.

289. Thymus Serpyllum. 288. Origanum Majorana.
291. Calamintha Clinopodium. 289. Thymus vulgaris.

300. Nepeta Cataria. 290. Satureja hortensis.

" Glechoma. 292. Melissa officinalis.

301. Brunella vulgaris. 294. Hyssopus officinalis.
304. Marrubium vulgare. 296. Salvia officinalis.

306. Leonurus Cardiaca.

" Marrubiastrum.

307. Lamium amplexicaule.

" purpureum.

ORDER LVI. BORAGINA^CEAE.

310. ECHIUM VULGARE. 311. Symphytum officinale.

313. Lithospermum arvense.
316. Cynoglossum officinale.

ORDER LXIX. CONVOLVULAVCEAE.

321. CONVOLVULUS ARVENSIS. 321. Convolvulus Batatas.

" purpureus.

322. Cuscuta epilinum.

ORDER LXX. SOLANA^CEAE.

323. Lycium Barbarum. 824. Nicotiana Tabacum.

325. Datura Stramonium. 328. Capsicum annuum.

326. Nicandra physaloides. 329. Lycopersicum csculentum.
330. Solanum nigrum. 330. Solanum tuberosum.

" Dulcamara. " Melongena.

" CAROLINENSE.

ORDER LXXI. GENTIANA^CEAE.

332. Erythraea ramosissima.

ORDER LXXIV. OLEArCEAE.
340. Ligustrum vulgare.

ORDER LXXVII. CHENOPODIA^CEAE.

346. Chenopodium album. 348. Beta vulgaris.

" hybridum. 349. Spinacia vulgarig.

347. Ambrina Botrys.

" anthelmintica.
" ambrosioides.

350. Amaranthus albus.

" hybridus.

" SPINOSUS.

ORDER LXXIX. POLYGONA^CEAE.

351. Polygonum orientale. 352. Fagopyrum esculentum.

'* Persicaria. 354. Rheum Rhaponticum.

" Hydropiper.

" aviculare.

" Convolvulus.

853. Rumex crispus.

«' obtusifoliui.

" Acetotella.

484 NATUKALIZED AND CULTIVATED PLANTS

ORDER XC. EUPHORBIAVCEAE.
367. Euphorbia Lathyris.

ORDER XCI. JUGLANDAH2EAE.
370. Juglans regia.

ORDER XCII. CUPULIF'ERAE.

375. Corylus Ayellana.

ORDER XCV. SALICA^CEAE.

381. Salix alba. 381. Salix Babylonica

" fragilis. 382. Populus Graeca.

" dilatata.
" alba.

ORDER XCVII. URTICA^CEAE.

285. Morus alba. 384. Maclura aurantiaca.

389. Urtica dioica. 386. Broussonetia papyrifera.

387. Cannabis sativa.

388. Humulus Lupulus.

ORDER XCVIII. CONIF/ERAE.
398. Juniperus communis. 394. Abies balsamea.

" picea.
" excelsa.
" alba.
" nigra.

395. Larix Cedrus.

" Europaea.

396. Thuja occidentalis.

" ori entails.

397. Taxodium distichum.
390. Taxus baccata.

400. Salisburia adiantifolia.

ORDER XCIX. ARA'CEAE.
403. Acorus Calamus.

ORDER CXI. LILIAVCEAE.

440. Hemerocallis fulva. 437. Asparagus officinalis.

441. ORNITHOQALUM UMBELLA- 442. Allium sativum.

TUM. " Cepa.

442. Allium vineale. " Porrum.

" Schoenoprasum.

ORDER CXV. COMMELYNA^CEAE.
455. Commelyna angustifolia?

ORDER CXVIL CYPERAX3EAE.
458. CTPBEUS BEPENS,

ORDER CXVIII. GRAMIN^EAE.
471. Agrostis vulgaris. 469. Phleum pratense.

479. Eleus'ine Indica. 482. Dactylis glomerata.

NATURALIZED AND CULTIVATED PLANTS

465

485. Poa annua.

" trivialis.
" pratensis.
" compressa.

486. Eragrostis megastachya.

" pilosa.

487. Festuca elatior.

" pratensis.

488. Bromus secalinus.

" mollis?

489. TRITICUM REPENS.
491. Lolium perenne.

499. Holcus lanatus.

500. Anthoxanthum odcratum.
603. Panicum sanguinale.

" glabrum.
" filiforme.
" Crus-galli.

504. Setaria verticillata.

" glauca.
" viridis.

505. CENCHRUS TRIBULOIDES.

489. Triticum vulgare.

490. Secale cereale.
493. Hordeum vulgare.

" distichum.

497. Avena sativa.

498. Arrhenatherum avenaceum.
504. Setaria Italica, var.

506. Zea Mays.

509. Sorghum saccharatum.

" vulgare.

" cernuum.

Of these CULTIVATED PLANTS,
there are used chiefly as

Species.

Esculents, or Food for Man, 53
Food for Domestic Animals, 10
Condiments, 26

Medicinal, 1 1

Economical (Domestic & Rural), 7
Ornamental Shade Trees, 25

132

From this list of introduced and naturalized Plants, it appears
that about 55 are found to be objectionable and rather annoying
weeds ; while some 12 or 14 of them are eminently pernicious, or trou-
blesome.

30

4C7

INDEX

OF THE

ORDERS, GENERA AND SPECIES.

[Synonyms in Italics.]

ABIES

PAGE.

291

AGROSTEMMA

alba

292

Githago

balsamea

291

AGROSTIS

Canadensis

291

lateriflora

excelsa

292

perennans

nigra

292

scabra

picea

291

sobolifera

ABUTILON

36

sylvatica

Avicennae

36

tenui/lora

ACALYPHA

261

Virginica

Virginica

261

vulgaris

ACANTHACEAE

183

AILANTHUS

ACER

44

glandulosa

dasycarpum

46

AIRA

eriocarpum

46

caespitosa

Negundo

46

ALETRIS

platanoides

45

farinosa

Pseudo-Platanus

44

ALISMA

rubrum
saccharinura

46
45

Plantago
ALISMACEAE

ACERACEAE

44

ALLIUM

ACERATES

236

Canadense

viridiflora

236

Cepa

ACHILLEA

146

Porrum

millefolium

146

sativum

ACORUS

299

Schoenoprasum

Calamus

299

tricoccum

ACTAEA

7

vineale

alba

7

ALNUS

racemosa

8

serrulata

ACTINOMERIS

143

ALTHAEA

Bquarrosa

143

officinalis

ADIANTUM

392

AMARANTHACEAE

pedatum
ADLUMIA

392
14

AMARANTHUS

albus

cirrhosa

14

hybridus

AESCULUS

47

spinosus

Hippocastanum

47

AMARYLLIDACEAE

AGRIMONIA

76

AMBRINA

Eupatoria

76

ambrosioides

PAGE.

31
81
357
359
357
858
359
859
360
367
358
42
42
875
f>75
317
317
304
804
304
824
324
325
325
824
326
326
824
276
276
37
37
244
244
245
245
245
316
242
243

468

INDEX OP THE

anthelmintica

Botrys
AMBROSIA

artemisiaefolia

elatior

trifida

AMELANCHIER
* Botryapium

Canadensis
AMIANTHIUM

muscaetoxicum
AMMANNIA

humilis
AMPELOPSIS

hederacea

quinquefolia
AMPHICARPAEA

monoica

ANACARDIACEAE
ANAGALLIS

arvensis
ANDROMEDA

ligustrina

Mariana

racemosa
ANDROPOGON

furcatus

macrourus

nutans

scoparius

Virginicus
ANEMONE

nemorosa

Virginiana
ANEURA

sessilis
ANGELICA

atropurpurea

triquinatct
ANONACEAE
ANTENNARIA

margaritacea

plantaginifolia
ANTHEMIS

arvensis

Cotula

nobilis
ANTHOCEROS

laevis
ANTHOXANTHUM

odoratum

PAGE. I

243IANYCHIA

242| dichotoma

138 APHANOREGMA

139

139 APHYLLON

138

serrata

uniflorum

86 APIOS

tuberosa
86 APIUM

329

329 APLECTRUM

hyemale
APOCYNACEAE

androsaemifolium

cannabinum
AQUIFOLIACEAE
AQUILEGIA

graveolens

87
87
51
61
51
67
57
43
179 ARABIS

169
169
169
169 ARACEAE

laevigata
lyrata

887 ARALIA

387 hispida
388

388 racemosa
387 ARALIACEAE
387 ARCHANGELICA

428

atropurpurea

2 ARCHEMORA

rigida

serpyllifolia

42SARCTIUM
102 Lappa
102;ARENARIA
102
9

150 stricta
150ARETHUSA
150 bulbosa
146JARGEMONE
146J Mexicana
145ARISTIDA
146
430

430

378ARISTOLOCHIA
378| Serpentaria

gracilis

PAGE.

34

34

404

404

181

182

57

57

105

105

309

309

232

232

233

233

175

6

6

17

18

17

18

17

297

108

109

109

108

108

101

101

102

101

101

156

156

31

32

31

31

313

313

13

13

361

361

361

361

240

241

ORDETIS, GENERA AND SPECIES.

469

ARISTOLOCHIACEAE

PAGE.

240

ebeneum _

ARMENIACA

71

Filix-foemina

dasycarpa

72

rhizophyllum

vulgaris

71

Ruta-muraria

ARNICA

153

thelypteroides

nudicaulis

153

Trichomanes

ARRHENATHERUM

377

ASTER

avenaceum

377

cordifolius

ARTEMISIA

148

corymbosus

Abrotanum

148

ericoides

Absinthium

149

laevis

Dracunculus

148

macrophyllus

vulgaris

148

miser

ARUM

297

Novae Angliae

Dracontium

297

nudiftorus

triphyllum

297

paniculatus

ARUNDO

364

parviflorus

Phragmites

364

patens

ASARUM

240

prenanthoides

Canadense

240

pxmiceus

ASCLEPIADACEAE

233

Radula

ASCLEPIAS

233

sagittaefolius

(tmoentt

234

salicifolius

Cornuti

234

simplex

incarnata

235

tenuifolius

laurifolia

235

undulatus

obtusifolia

235

ATHEROPOGON

phytolaccoides

234

apludoides

purpurascens

234

ATRICHUM

quadrifolia

235

angustatum

rubra

235

undulatum

Syriaca

234

AULACOMNION

tuberosa

236

heterostichum

variegata

235

palustre

verticillata

236

AVENA

viridiftora

237

elatior

ASCYRUM

28

palustris

Crux-Andreae

28

sativa

ASIMINA

9

AZALEA

triloba

10

nudiflora

ASPARAGUS

321

viscosa

officinalis

321

BAEOMYCES

ASPIDIUM

396

roseus

acrostichoides

397

BALSAMINACEAE

asplenioides

394

BAPTISIA

dilatatum

396

tinctoria

Lancastriense

396

BARBAREA

marginale

396

vulgaris

Noveboracente

396

BARBULA

Thdypteris

396

caespitosa

ASPLENIUM

393

unguiculata

PAGE.

394
394
393
393
394
393
126
128
126
128
127
127
129
130
127
128
129
127
130
129
127
128
129
129
128
128

410

411

411

414

414

414

376

377

376

377

170

171

170

446

446

40

67

67

18

18

408

408

408

470

INDEX OP THE

BARTONIA

PAGE.

230

peltata

paniculata

230

BRASSICA

tenella

230

campestris

BARTRAMIA

412

oleracea

fontana

412

Rap a

pomiformis

412

BROMUS

BATSCH1A

215

arvensis ?

canescens

215

ciliatus

BENZOIN

252

xnollis ?

odoriferum

252

pubescens

BERBERIDACEAE
BETA

10

243

secalinus
BROUSSONETIA

vulgaris

243

papyrifera

BETULA

275

BRUCHIA

leuta

275

flexuosa

nigra

275

BR.UNELLA

BETULACEAE

274

vulgaris

BIATORA

446

BRYUM

aurantiaca?

447

affine

chloropholis

447

argenteum

exigua

447

bimum

ferruginea

447

caespititium

Micheneri

446

cuspidatum

rufo-nigra

446

liornum

russula

447

pulchellum

sanguineo-atra

446

punctatum

Schweinitzii

447

pyriforme

epadicea

447

r,oseum

suffusa

447

stellare

BIDENS

143

Wahlenbergii

bipinnata

144

BUCHNERA

chrysanthemoides
connata

144
144

Americana
BUPLEURUM

frondosa

144

rotundifolium

petiolata

144

CABOMBACEAE

BIGNONIACEAE

182

CACALIA

BLEPHILIA

205

atriplicifolia

ciliata

206

CALAMAGROSTIS

BOEHMERIA

288

coarctata

cylindrica

289

CALAMINTHA

BORAGINACEAE

214

Clinopodium

BOTRYCHIUM

398

CALICIUM '

dissectum

399

subtile

fumarioides

399

CALLITRICHACEAE

lunarioides

399

CALLITRICHE

Virginicum

399

verna

BOUTELOUA

362

CALOPOGON

racemosa

362

pulchellus

BRACHYELYTRUM

860

CALTHA

aristatum

360

palustris

BRASENIA

11

CALYPOGEIA

ORDERS, GENERA AND SPECIES.

471

Trichomanis
CALYSTEGIA

sepium

spithamaea
CAMELINA

sativa
CAMPANULA

Americana

amplexicaulis

apnrinoides
CAMPANULACEAE
CAMPTOSORUS

rhizophyllus
CANNABIS

sativa

CAPPARIDACEAE
CAPRIFOLIACEAE
CAPSELLA

Bursa-pastoris
CAPSICUM

annuum
CARDAMINE

hirsuta .

rhomboidea

rotundifolia
CARDUUS

alti&simus

arvensi*

discolor

lanceolatus

muticus

pumilm

spinosi&simus
CAREX

acuta

aestivalis

anceps

bromoides

cephalopkora

Collinsii

crinita

Davisii

debilis

digitalis

festucacea

flexuosa

gracillima

granularis

grisca

hirsuta

hystricina

PAGE

PAGE.

425

intumcscens

353

220

lagopodioides

346

221

lanuginosa

352

221

laxiftora

348

22

lupulina

351

22

miliacea

351

164

Monile

354

164

Muhlenbergii

346

165

multiflora

345

164

oligocarpa

350

164

pellita

852

393

Pennsylvanica

350

393

platyphylla

350

286

polytriclioides

344

286

pubesceus

351

24

rosea

346

112

scabrata

351

23

scoparia

346

23

sparganioides

345

226

squarrosa

354

226

stellulata

346

16

stipata

345

16

straminea

347

17

stricta

347

16

subulata

353

154

tentaculata

353

155

Torreyana

348

156

triceps

349

154

virescens

349

154

yulpinoidea

345

155

CARPINUS

273

155

Americana

273

155

CARUM

106

344

Carui

106

347

CARYA

263

349

alba

263

350

amara

264

344

glabra

264

345

microcarpa

264

353

porcina

264

348

tomentosa

263

348

CARYOPHYLLACEAE

30

352

CASSIA

68

350

Chamaecrista

68

347

Marilandica

68

.">o2

nictitans

69

349

CASTANEA

270

348

pumila

270

348

vesca

270

349

CASTILLEJA

192

352

coccinea.

193

472

INDEX OF TIIK

PAGE

CATALPA

182

CHAMAELIRIUM

bignonioides

182

luteum

cordifolia

182

CHEILANTHES

CA ULINIA

302

vestita

flexilis

302

CHELIDONIUM

CAULOPHYLLUM

10

majus

thalictroides

11

CHELONE

CEANOTHUS

49

glabra

Americanus

49

CHENOPODIACEAE

CELASTRACEAE

47

CHENOPODIUM

CELASTRUS

48

album

scandens

48

ambrosioides

CELTIS

256

anthelminticum

occidentalis

256

JBotrys

CENCHRUS

384

hybridum

tribuloides

385

CHILOSCYPHUS

CENTAUREA

153

polyanthos

Cyanus

153

CHIMAPHILA

CEPHALANTHUS

118

maculata

occidentalis

119

umbellata

CERASTIUM

32

CHIONANTHUS

arvense

34

Virginica

nutans

33

CHR YS ANTHEM UM

oblongifolium

33

leucanthemum

tenuifoliunt

34

CHRYSOPSIS

villosum

33

Mariana

viscosum

33

CHRYSOSPLENIUM

vulgatum

33

Americanum

CERASUS

73

CICER

avium

73

arietinum

obovata

74

CICHORIUM

ptimila

73

Endivia

serotina

75

Intybus

Virginiana

74

CICUTA

Virginiana

75

maculata

vulgaris

74

CIMICIFUGA

CERATODON

408

racemosa

purpureus
CERATOPHYLLACEAE

408
257

CINNA
arundinacea

CERATOPHYLLUM

257

CIRCAEA

demersum

257

Lutetiana

echinatum

257

CIRSIUM

CERCIS

67

altissimum

Canadensis

67

arvense

CETRARIA

434

discolor

aurescens

435

horridulum

ciliaris

434

lanceolatum

glauca

434

muticum

lacunosa

434

pumilum

CHAEROPHYLLUM

106 CISTACEAE

procumbens

107ICITRULLUS

OEDEES, GENEEA AND SPECIES.

473

vulgaria
CLADONIA

caespititia ^

cornucopioides

cornuta

fimbriata

Floerkeana

furcata

gracilis

macilenta

Mitrula

pyxidata

rangiferina

squamosa
CLAYTONIA

Virginica
CLEMATIS

Viorna

Virginiana
CLETHRA

alnifolia
CLIMACIUM

dendroides
COCHLEARIA

Armoracia
COLLEMA

fasciculare

flaccidum

melaenum

pulchellum

pulposum

saturninum
COLLINSONIA

Canadensis
COMANDRA

umbellata
COMMELYNA

angustifolia ?
COMMELYNACEAE
COMPOSITAE
COMPTONIA

asplenifolia
CONIFERAE
CONIUM

maculatum
CONOCLINIUM

coelestinum
CONOMITRIUM

Julianum
CONOPHOLIS

Americana

PAGE.
93

CONOTREMA

443

urceolatum ?

444

CONVOLVULACEAE

445

CONVOLVULUS

444

arvensis

444

Batatas

445

panduratus

444

purpureus

444

sepium

445

spithamaeus

444

CORALLORHIZA

444

innata

445

multiflora

444

odontorhiza

35

verna

35

CORIANDRUM

2

sativum

2

CORNACEAE

2

CORNUS

170

alternifolia

170

florida

421

paniculata

421

sericea

21

CORYDALIS

21

aurea

454

glauca

454

CORYLUS

454

Americana

454

Avellana

455

rostrata

454

CRASSULACEAE

455

CRATAEGUS

204

coccinea

204

cordata

253

Crus-galli

253

oxyacantha

333

parvifolia

334

punctata

333

CROTALARIA

121

sagittalis

274

CRUCIFERAE

274

CRYPTOTAENIA

289

Canadensis

107

CUCUMIS

107

Anguria

125

Citrullm

125

Melo

410

sativus

410

CUCURBITA

181

Melopepo

181

Pepo

PAGE.

453

453

220

221

221

222

222

222

221

221

308

309

309

309

309

108

108

110

110

110

111

111

111

15

15

15

272

272

272

273

95

82

83

83

83

82

84

84

66

66

15

104

104

92

93

93

92

92

94

94

94

31

474

INDEX OP THE

verrucosa

CUCURBITACEAE
CUNILA

Mariana
CUPHEA

viscosissima
CUPULIFERAE
CUSCUTA

Americana

epilinum

Europaea,

Gronovii
CYDONIA

vulgaris
CYNARA

Scolymus
CYNOGLOSSUM

Morisoni

officinale

Virginicum
CYNTHIA

amplexicaulis

Virginica
CYPERACEAE
CYPERUS

diandrus

filiculmis

inflexus

mariscoides

ovularis

repens

retrofractus

strigosus
CYPRIPEDIUM

acaule

pubescens
DACTYLIS

glomerata
DANTHONIA

spicata
DATURA

Stramonium
DAUCUS

Carota
DELPHINIUM

Consolida
DENTARIA

laciniata
DESMODIUM

acuminatum

bracteosum

PAGE.

94

91

199

199

87
87
265
223
223
223
223

153
154
217
217
217
217
158
158
158

336
337
336
337
337
336
337
336
315
316
316
364
365
376
376
225
225
100
100

canescena

ciliare

cuspidatum

Dillenii

Marilandicum

nudiflorum

paniculatum

paucinorum

rigidum

rotundifolium

viridiflorum

223 DIANTHERA
85 Americana
85 DICENTRA
Canadensis
Cucullaria

DICHELYMA
capillaceum

DICKSONIA
pilosiuscula
punctilobula

DICRANUM
flagellare
heteromallum
longifolium
Schraderi
scoparium
undulatum

vanum
DIDYMODON

cylindricus
D I ELYTRA

^Cucullaria,

eximia

DIERVILLA
Canadensis
trifida

DIGITARIA
filiformis
glabra
sanauinalis
DIODIA

teres
DIOSCOREA

villosa

DIOSCOREACEAE
17 DIOSPYROS
17 Virginiana
58 DIPHYSCIUM
58 foliosum
60 DIPLOPAPPUS

OKDERS, GENERA AND SPECIES.

475

PAGE.

amygdalinua

132

EPIGAEA

cornifolius

132

repens

linariifolius

132

EPILOBIUM

Marianus

136

angustifolium

umbellatus

132

coloratum

DIPSACEAE

120

palustre

DIPSACUS

120

squamatum

Fullonum

121

EPIPHEGUS

sylvestris

120

Americanus

DIRCA

252

Virginiana

palustris

253

EQUISETACEAE

DRABA

21

EQUISETUM

verna

21

arvense

DROSERA

27

hyemale

rotundifolia

27

sylvaticum

DROSERACEAE

27

ERAGROSTIS

DRUMMONDIA

407

capillaris

clavellata

407

megastachya

DRYOPTERIS

395

pilosa

cristata

396

spectabilis

intermedia

396

ERECHTITES

marginalis

396

hieracifolia

Noveboracensia

396

ERICACEAE

Thelypteris

395

ERIGERON

DULICHIUM

337

annuum

spathaceum

337

bellidifolium

EBENACEAE

176

Canadense

ECHINOSPERMUM

217

heterophyllus

Virginicum

217

Pb.iladelpb.icum

ECHIUM

214

pulchellus

vulgare

214

strigosum

ELEOCHARIS

338

ERIOPHORUM

acicularis

339

angustifolium

obtusa

338

gracile

palustris

338

Virginicum

tenuis

338

EROPHILA

ELEUSINE

863

vulgaris

Indica

863

ERVUM

ELODEA

29

hirsutum

Virginica

29

Lens

ELYMUS

874

ERYTHRAEA

Canadensis

374

pulchella

Hystrix

374

ramosissima

Btriatus

374

ERYTHRONIUM

villosus

374

Americanum

Virginicus

374

EUCHROMA

ENDOCARPON

450

eoccinea

arboreum

451

EUONYMUS

fluviatile

451

Americanus

Muhlenbergii

450

atropurpureus

pusillunx

451

EUPATORIUM

PAGE.

168

168

87

88

88

88

88

181

181

181

390

890

390

891

890

368

369

869

869

869

151

151

165

130

131

131

130

131

131

131

131

841

841

841

841

21

21

55

65

55

230

230

230

827

827

193

193

48

49

48

123

476

INDEX OF

ageratoides

PAGE

124

bryoides

aromaticum

125

minutulug

coelestinum

125

taxifolius

perfoliatum

124

FLOERKEA

pupureum

123

proserpinacoides

rotundifolium

124

uliginosa

sessilifolium

124

FOENICULUM

teucrifolium

124

vulgare

trifoliatum

123

FONTINALIS

verbenaefolium

124

squamosa

EUPHORBIA

259

FRAGARIA

corollata

259

vesca

Darlingtonii

259

Virginiana

hypericifolia

260

FRAXINUS

Lathyris

260

acuminata

maculata

260

Americana

nemoralis

259

pubescens

EUPHORBIACEAE

258

sambucifolia

EURYBIA

126

FRULLANIA

corymbosa

126

aeolotis

macrophylla

127

Eboracensis

EVERNIA

433

Grayana

furfuracea

434

Virginica

jubata

433

FUMARIA

FABA

• 64

officinalis

vulgar! s

64

FUMARIACEAE

FAGOPYRUM

249

FUNARIA

esculentum

249

hygrometrica

FAGUS

271

GALAClIA

ferruginea

271

glabella

sylvatica

271

GALIUM

FEDIA

120

Aparine

olitoria

120

asprellunx

FEGATELLA

430

boreale

conica

430

circaezans

FESTUCA

370

lanceolatum

elatior

370

pilosum

nutans

370

tinctorium

pratensis

370

trifidum

tenella

370

triflorum

FILAGO

150

GAULTHERIA

Germanica

151

procumbens

FILICES

391

GAURA

FIMBRIARIA

429

biennis

tenella

429

GAYLUSSACIA

FIMRRISTYLIS

341

dumosa

autumnalis

342

frondosa

capillaris

342

resinosa

laxa

342

GENTIANA

FISSIDENS

409

alba

adiantoides ?

410

Andrewsii

PAGE.
410

410

410

42

42

42

106

106

421

421

78

78

78

238

239

238

239

239

427

427

427

427

427

15

15

14

405

405

57

57

116

116

116

118

117

118

117

117

117

117

168

168

89

89

165

166

166

166

230

231

232

ORDERS, GENERA AND SPECIES.

477

crinita

ochroleuca,

Saponaria

Saponaria
GENTIANACEAE
GEOCALYX

graveolens
GEBANIACEAE
GERANIUM

Carolinianum

maculatum
GERARDIA

auriculata

flava

glauca

Pedicularia

purpurea

quercifoliaj

tenuifolia
GEUM

rivale

Virginianum
GILLENIA

trifoliata
GLEDITSCHIA

triacanthos
GLYCERIA

Canadensis

fluitans

nervata
GNAPHALIUM

dioicum

Germanicum

margaritaceum

polycephalum

purpureum

uliginosum
GONOLOBUS

macrophyllus
GOODYERA

pubescens
GRAMINEAE
GRATIOLA

Virginiana
GRIMMIA

apocarpa

Muhlenbergii

Pennsylvanica

trichophylla
GROSSULACEAE
GYMNADENIA

PAGE.

PAGE.

231

tridentata

310

231

GYMNOCLADUS

69

231

Canadensis

69

232

GYROMIA

321

229

Virginiea

321

425

GYROSTOMUM

453

425

urceolatum

453

39

HABENARIA

310

89

bracteata

311

40

ciliaris

311

40

fimbriata

312

191

fasa

312

191

grandiflora,

312

192

herbiola

311

192

psycodes

312

192

tridentata

810

191

HAEMODORACEAE

317

192

HAMAMELACEAE

97

191

HAMAMELIS

68

77

Virginiea

98

77

HEDEOMA

203

77

pulegioides

203

76

HEDYOTIS

119

76

caerulea

119

69

longifolia

119

70

HEDWIGIA

406

366

ciliata

406

366

HELENIUM

145

366

autumnale

145

366

HELIANTHEMUM

26

149

Canadense

26

150

HELIANTHUS

141

151

annuus

143

150

dccapetalus

141

149

decapetalus

142

149

divaricatus

141

149

frondosus

142

237

giganteus

142

237

mollis

142

315

strumosus

142

315

tuberosus

142

354

HELIOPSIS

140

187

laevis

140

187

HELONIAS

330

406

dioica

330

406

erythrosperma

329

406

HEMEROCALLIS

323

406

fulva

323

406

HEPATICA

3

90

triloba

3

310

HEPATICAE

422

478

INDEX OF THE

PAGE.

HERACLEUM

100

deplanatum

lanatum

100

gracile

HETERANTHERA

332

Haldanianum

reniformis

333

hians

HEUCHERA

96

hispidulum

Americana

96

imponens

HIBISCUS

37

minutulum

esculentus

37

molluscum

Trionum

37

pseudo-plumosnm

HIERACIUM

158

recurvans

Gronovii

159

riparium

paniculatum

159

ruscifolium

scabrum

159

Rutabulum

venosum

159

salebrosum

HOLCUS

378

Schreberi

lanatus

378

scitum

HORDEUM

375

serpens

distichum

375

serrulatum

vulgare

375

Silesiacum

HUMULUS

287

splendens

Lupulus

287

stellatum

HYDRANGEA

97

strigosum

arborescens

97

sylvaticum

vulgaris

97

tamariscinum

HYDRASTIS

7

triquetrum

Canadensis

7

uncinatum

H YDROC H ARID ACE AE

305

HYPOPITYS

HYDROCOTYLE

99

lanuginosa

Americana

99

HYPOXIS

ranunculoides

99

erecta

HYDROPELTIS

11

HYSSOPUS

purpurea

11

officinalis

HYDROPHYLLACEAE

218

ILEX

HYDROPHYLLUM

218

opaca

Virginicum

218

ILYSANTHES

HYDROPTERIDES

402

gratioloides

HYPERICACEAE

28

IMPATIENS

HYPERICUM

28

fulva

Canadense

29

pallida

corymbosum

29

INULA

mutilum

29

Helenium

perforatum

28

IRIDACEAE

punctatum

29

IRIS

quinquenervium
Sarothra

29
29

versicolor
Virginica

Virginicum

29

ISNARDIA

HYPNUM

417

alternifolia

adnatum

420

palustris

aduncum

420

ISOETES

Boscii

418

lacustris ?

Crista-Castrensis

421

ISOTHECIUM

CUTYifolium

420

brevisetum

PAGE.
417

419
421
418
420
420
419
421
418
420
417
418
418
418
418
419
420
417
417
419
419
419
417
419
419
420
174
174
816
816
203
203
175
175
188
188
41
41
41
137
137
317
317
317
318
89
89
90
402
402
415
41G

ORDERS, GENERA AND SPECIES.

479

cladorhizans

compressum

seductrix

viticulosum
JUGLANDACEAE
JUGLANS

cinerea

nigra

regia

JUNCACEAE
JUNCUS

acuminatus

bufonius

effusus

marginatus

paradoxus

polycephalus

tenuis
JUNGERMANNIA

connivens

curvifolia

Schraderi
JUNIPERUS

communis

Virginiana
JUSTICIA

pedunculosa
KALMIA

angustifolia

latifolia
KOELERIA

Pennsylvania

truncatd
KRIGIA

Virginica
KUHNIA

Critonia

eupatorioides
LABIATAE
LACTUCA

elongata

eativa
LAGENARIA

vulgaris
LAMIUM

amplexicaule

Purpureum
LAPPA

major
LARIX

Cedms

PAGE.

416

Europaea

416

LAURACEAE

416

LAURUS

416

Benzoin

261

Sassafras

261

LAVANDULA

262

Spica

262

vera

262

LECHEA

330

major

330

minor

331

villosa

332

LECIDEA

330

albo-caerulescens

331

atro-alba

331

enteroleuca

331

lapicida

331

parasema

423

LEERSIA

423

oryzoides

424

Virginica

424

LEGUMINOSAE

295

LEJEUNIA

295

clypeata

295

LEMNA

183

minor

183

polyrhiza

172

trisulca

172

LEMNACEAE

172

LENTIBULACEAE

365

LEONTICE

365

thalictroides

365

LEONTODON

157

Taraxacum

157

LEONURUS

123

Cardiaca

123

Marrubiastrum

123

LEPIDIUM

196

campestre

161

sativum

161

Virginicum

161

LEPTANDRA

92

Virginica

92

LEPTODON

212

trichomitrion

212

LEPTOGIUM

212

lacerum

156

Pulvillus

156

tremelloidea

292

LESKEA

293

attenuata

PAGE.

293

251

252

252

252

196

197

197

27

27

27

27

447

448

448

448

443

448

355

355

356

63

428

428

300

300

300

300

300

180

11

11

160

160

211

211

212

22

23

22

23

188

188

416

415

455

455

455

455

416

416

480

INDEX OF THE

PAGE.

denticulata

417

LITHOSPERMUM

fragilis

417

arvense

imbricatula

416

canescens

obscura

416

LOBELIA

rostrata

417

cardinalis

LESPEDEZA

61

Claytoniana

capitata

62

inflata

frutescens

62

pnbemla

hirta

62

spicata

Nuttallii

61

syphilitica

polystachyct

62

LOBELIACEAE

procmnbens

61

LOLIUM

reticulata

61

perenne

aessiliflora

61

LONICERA

Stuvei

61

grata

Tiolacea

61

parviflora

LEUCANTHEMUM

147

LOPHANTHUS

vttlgare

147

nepetoides

LEUCOBRYUM

409

scrophnlariaefolius

ralgare

409

LOPHOCOLEA

LEUCODON

415

bidentata

brachypus

415

LORANTHACEAE

julaceus

415

LUDWIGIA

LIATRIS

122

alternifolia

scariosa

122

palustris

spicata

122

LUPINUS

LICHENES

431

perennis

LIGUSTRUM

237

LUZULA

vulgare

237

campestris

LILIACEAE

321

LYCHNIS

LILIUM

326

Githago

Canadense

326

LYCIUM

Philadelphicum

326

Barbarum

superbum

327

LYCOPERSICUM

LIMNANTHACEAE

42

esculentum

LINACEAE

38

LYCOPODIACEAE

LINARIA

185

LYCOPODIUM

vulgaris

185

apodum

LINDERNIA

188

clavatum

attcnuata

188

complanatum

LINUM

38

dendroideum

usitatissimum

39

innndatum

Virginianum

38

lucidulum

LIPARIS

308

rupestre

Correana

308

LYCOPUS

liliifolia

308

sinuatus

Loeselii

308

Virginicus

LIPPIA

195

LYSIMACHIA

nodiflora

196

ciliata

LIRIODENDRON

9

hybrida

tulipifera

9

lanceolata

PAGE.

215
215
215
163
163
164
164
163
164
163
162
373
373
112
112
113
206
206
206
424
424
254

90
67
67
330
430
31
31
224
224
227
227
399
399
402
400
401
400
400
400
401
198
198
198
178
178
179
179

ORDERS, GENERA AND SPECIES.

481

PAGE

quadrifolia

178

arvensis

stricta

178

Canadensis

LYTHRACEAE

86

piperita

MACLURA

284

viridis

aurantiaca

284

MERTENSIA

MADOTHECA
platypliylla

426
427

Virginica
METZGERIA

Porella

427

furcata

MAGNOLIA

8

M1CROSTYLIS

acuminata

9

ophioglossoides

glauca

8

MIKANIA

MAGNOLIACEAE

8

scandens

MA JO RAN A

201

MIMULUS

horiensis

201

alatus

MALVA

36

ringens

rotundifolia

36

MITCHELLA

MALVACEAE

35

repens

MARCHANTIA

430

MITELLA

polymorplia

430

di.pl) vl la

MARISCUS

837

MOLLUGO

ovularis

337

verticillata

relrofractus

337

MONARDA

MARRUBIUM

210

fistulosa

vulgare

210

MONOTROPA

MARTYNIA

182

lanuginosa

proboscidea

183

uoiflora

MARUTA

145

MORTIS

cotula

145

alba

MASTIGOBRYUM

425

rubra

trilobatum

425

MUHLENBERGIA

MEDEOLA

320

diffusa

Virginica

321

erecta

MEDICAGO

66

glomerata

lupulina

66

Mexicana

sativa

66

sobolifera

MELAMPYRUM

193

sylvatica

Amencanum

194

Willdcnovii

prat en se

194

MULGEDIUM

MELANTHACEAE

327

acuminatum

MELANTHIUM

328

leucophaeura

Virginicum

328

MUSCI

MELASTOMACEAE

86

MYOSOTIS

MELILOTUS

65

arvensis

leucantha

65

laxa

MELISSA

202

palustris

Clinopodium

202

stricta

officinalis

202

MYRIANGIUM

MENISPERMACEAE

10

Curtisii

MENISPERMUM

10

MYRICACEAE

Canadense

10

NABALUS

MENTHA

197

albus

32

PAGE.

198
198
197
197
216
217
429
429
307
308
125
125
187
187
187
119
119
96
97
34
34
205
205
174
174
174
285
285
285
358
360
360
359
359
359
359
360
161
161
162
403
216
216
216
216
216
454
454
274
159
160

482

INDEX OF THE

altissimus

PAGE.

160

ORIGANUM

NAIADACEAE

302

Majorana

NAIAS

302

vulgare

flexilis

302

ORNITHOGALUM

NASTURTIUM

16

umbellatum

officinale

16

OROBANCHACEAE

NECKERA

415

OROBANCHE

pennata

415

Americana

NEGUNDO

46

uniflora

aceroides

46

ORONTIUM

NEPETA

206

aquaticum

Cataria

207

ORTHOTRICHUM

Glechoma

207

crispum

NEPHROMA

435

Hutchinsiae

Helveticum ?

435

Ludwigii

resupinatum
NICANDRA

435
226

strangulatum
OSMORRHIZA

physaloides

226

brevistylis

NICOTIANA

224

longistylis

Tabacum

224

OSMUNDA

NOTOTHYLAS

430

cinnamomea

valvata

431

Claytoniana

NUPHAR

12

interrupta

advena

12

spectabilis

NYMPHAEACEAE

12

OSTRYA

NYSSA

253

Virginica

multiflora

254

OXALIDACEAE

NYSSACEAE

253

OXALIS

OBOLARIA

232

stricta

Virginica

232

violacea

OCIMUM

196

OXYCOCCUS

Basilicum

196

macrocarpus

OENOTHERA

88

PANAX

biennis

88

quinquefolium

fruticosa

89

trifolium

OLEACEAE

237

PANICUM

ONAGRACEAE

87

agrostoides

ONOCLEA

397

anceps

sensibilis

397

capillare

ONOSMODIUM

215

clandestinum

hispidum

215

Crus-galli

Virginianum

215

depauperatum

OPEGRAPHA

449

dichotomum

atra

449

filiform e

polymorpha

449

glabrum

scripta

449

latifolium

OPHIOGLOSSUM

399

microcarpon

vulgatum

399

nitidum

ORCHIDACEAE

307

proliferum

ORCHIS

310

rectum

spectabilis

310

sanguiualc

ORDERS, GENERA AND SPECIES.

483

PAGE.

virgatum

382

laeve

PAPAVER

12

setaceum

dubiura

12

PASTINACA

PAPAVERACEAE

12

sativa

PARIETARIA

289

PEDICULARIS

Pennsylvanica

289

Canadensis

PARMELIA

436

lanceolata

albella

442

pallida

aleurites

437

PELLIA

badia

442

epiphylla

Borreri

437

PELTANDRA

caesio-rubella

442

Virginica

calcarea ?

443

PELTIGERA

caperata

438

aphthosa

centrifuga?

438

canina

cerina

443

polydactyla

chrysomelaena

441

PENTHORUM

chrysophthalma

439

sedoides

cinerea

442

PENTSTEMON

cinnabarina

443

pubescens

colpodes

438

PERSICA

conspersa

438

laevis

crinita

437

vulgaris

Cronia

441

PERTUSARIA

detonsa

439

faginea

fibrosa

440

globularis ?

hypoleuca

439

pertusa

leucomela

439

PETROSELINJJM

leucosticta

441

sativuin

obscura

440

PHALARIS

olivacea ?

438

arundinacea

pallescens

442

PHASCUM

parietina

438

alternifolium

perforata

437

craBsinervium

phaea

440

crispum

physodes

437

cuspidatum

pulverulenta

439

muticum

eaxatilis

437

subulatum

saxicola

441

PHASEOLUS

scortea

437

helvolus

Bcruposa

443

lunatus

sorediata

440

perennis

Bpeciosa

439

vexillatus

Btcllaris

439

Tulgaris

sub fuse a

442

PHLEUM

tartarea

442

pratense

tiliacea

437

PHLOX

triptophylla

441

aristata

varia

443

divaricata

vitellina

443

maculata

PASPALUM

379

pilosa

PAGE.

380

379

101

101

193

193

193

193

428

428

298

298

435

435

435

436

95

95

186

186

70

71

70

451

451

451

451

105

105

379

379

404

404

404

404

404

404

404

56

56

66

66

66

56

856

356

219

219

220

219

219

484

INDEX OF THE

PAGE.

reptans

219

nervata

subulata

220

pilosa

PHRAGMITES

863

pratensis

communis

364

pungens

PHRYMA

195

trivialis

leptostachva

195

PODOPHYLLUM

PHYLLA.NTHUS

261

pel ta turn

Carolinensis

261

PODOSTEMACEAE

PHYSALIS

226

PODOSTKMUM

vi^cosa

22G

cerittophyllnm

PHYSCOMITRIUM

405

POGONATUM

pyriforme

405

brevicatile

PHYSOSTEGIA

210

POGOMA

VivginUvna

210

opJiioglossoides

PHYTOLACCA

241

pendula

decandra

241

vet ticiliahi

PHYTOLACCACEAE

241

POL AN I SI A

PILEA

288

jvi'aypolens

pumila

288

POI.EMOMfACEAE

PINUS

290

POLEMONIUM

Canadensis

291

reptans

inops

290

POT, YG ALA

rigida

290

ambigua

Strobus

290

craciata

PISUM

55

incarnala

sativum

65

pnuclfolia

PLAG10CHILA

423

purpurea

asplenioides

42?,

sanguinea

porelloides

423

Senega

PLANTAGINACEAE

17G

verticillata

PLANTAGO

176 POLYGALACEAE

lanceolata

377

POLYGONACEAE

major

176

POLYGONATUM

Virginica

177

canal iculatum

PLATANACEAE

283

^ ' mulliflorum

PLAT ANT HERA

310

pubescens

bracteata

311

POLYGONUM

ciliaris

311

amphibium

fimbriata

312

arifolium

flava

311

aviculare

lacera

312

Copvolvjiius

orbiculata

311

dumetorum

psycodes

312

e.rpclum

PLATANUS

283

Fagopyrum

occidentalis

283

Hydropiper

POA

367

hydropiperoides

annua

367

mite

capillaris

369

orientale

compressa

368

Pennsylvanicum

Eragrostis

369

Persicaria

hirsute*

369

punctatum

PAGE.

366

369

368

367

367

11

11

258

258

258

411

411

313

313

313

3J4

24

24

218

218

219

51

52

52

457

53

52

52

52

52

51

245

321

322

322

322

245

246

248

248

249

249

248

249

247

247

248

246

246

246

247

ORDERS, GENERA AND SPECIES.

485

PAGE.

sagittatum
scandens

249
249

atropnrpnrea
PTEROGONIUM

tenue

248

hirtellum

Virginiauura

247

intricatum

POLYMNIA

137

rep ens

Canadensis

137

subcapillatum

Uvedalia

138

PTILTDIUM

POLYPODIUM

391

ciliare

hexagonopterum

391

PULMONARIA

vulgare

391.

Virginica

POLYSTICHUM

397

PYCNANTHEMUM

acrosticlioidcs

397

incanum

POLYTRICBUM

411

lanceolatum

commune

411

linifolium

formosum

411

mutieum

junipertnum

4.11

PYROLA

PONTEDER1A

332

elliptica

cor data

332

maculala

PONTEDERIACEAE

332

rotundifolia

POPULUS

281

secunda

alba

282

umbeltala

dilatata

282

PYRUS

Graeca

282

arbutifolia

grandidentata

281

communis

heterophylla

281

coronaria

tremuloides

281

Mains

PORTULACA

34

QUERCUS

oleracea

35

alba

PORTULACACEAE

34

JBanisteri

POTAMOGETON

803

bicolor

lucens

803

(.^astanea

natans

303

Chinquapin

pauciflorus

304

coccinea

perfoliatus

803

falcata

POTENTILLA

77

ilioifolia

Canadeusis

78

montana

Norvegica

77

nigra

simplex

78

obtusiloba

PRENANTHES

160

palustris

alba

160

prinoides

PRIMULACEAE

177

Prinas

PRINOS

175

rubra

verticillatus

175

tinctoria

PRUNELLA

• 207

RACOM1TRIUM

vulgaris

208

tnicrocarpon

PRUNUS

72

RAMALINA

Americana

72

calicaris

Chicasa

73

polymorpha

domestica

72

RANUNCULACEAE

PTERIS

392

RANUNCULUS

aquilina

392

abortiyus

PAGE.

392
414
415
414
414
414
426
426
217
217
199
199
200
200
200
172
173
174
172
173
173
84
85
84
85
84
265
266
268
266
267
267
268
269
268
266
267
265
269
267
267
269
268
406
406
434
434
434
1
4
6

486

IXDEX OP THE

acris
aquatilis
bulbosus ^
fascicularis
Flammula
pusillus
recurvatus
repens
reptans
sceleratus
BAPHANUS

sativus
BEBOUILLIA

hemisphaerica
BEBOULEA
obtusata
Pennsylvanica
RENSSELAERIA

Virginica
BHADULA

complanata
BHAMNACEAE
BHEUM

Bhaponticum
BHEXIA

Virginica

BHODODENDBON
maximum
nudiftorum
viscosum
BHUS
copallina
glabra
radicans
toxicodendron
typhina
venenata

BHYNCHOSPOBA
alba
cymosa
glomerata
BIBES
floridum
nigrum
rubrum
TJva-crispa
BICCIA
fluitans
glauca
BOBINIA
Pseud-acacia

PAGE

ROSA

Carolina

lucida

parviflora

rubiginosa

BOSACEAE

BUBIACEAE

BUBUS

Canadensis

cuneifolius

2'<

hispidus

2

Idaeus

429

obovatus

429

occidentalis

^65

odoratus

365

strigosus

365

trivialis

298

villosus

298

BUDBECKIA

426

fulgida

426

hirta

49

laciniata

251

BUMEX

251

Acetosella

86

crispus

86

obtusifolius

171

SABBATIA

171

angularis

171

SAGITTABIA

170

heterophylla

43

sagitlifolia

43

variabilis

43

SALICACEAE

44

ALISBUBIA

44

adiantifolia

43

ALIX

44

alba

342

Babylonica

343

conifera

343

cordata

343

discolor

91

fragilis

91

grisea

91

humilis

91

longirostris

91

lucida

431

nigra

431

petiolaris ?

431

Purshiana

63

recurvata

63

Russelliana

PAGE.
81

81

82
82
82
70
116
79
81
80
81
79
81
80
79
79
81
80
140
141
141
140
250
250
250
250
229
229
305
305
305
305
276
296
296
276
279
280
277
278
277
279
278
277
277
280
279
278
280
277
279

ORDERS, GENERA AND SPECIES.

487

sericea

tristis

vitellina
SALVIA

lyrata

officinalis
SAMBUCUS

Canadensis

pubens
SAMOLUS

floribundus

Valerandi
SANGUINARIA

Canadensis
SANGUISORBA

Canadensis
SANICULA

Canadensis

Marilandica
SANTALACEAE
SAPINDACEAE
SAPONARIA

officinalis
SASSAFRAS

officinale
SATUREJA

hortensis
SAURURACEAE
SAURURUS

cernuus
SAXIFRAGA

Pennsylvania

Virginiensis
SAXIFRAGACEAE
SCAPANIA

nemorosa
SCHOLLERA

graminea
SCIRPUS

acicularis

atrovirens

autumnalis

JBaldwinianus

brunneus

capillaris

debilis

Eriophonun

lacustris

lineatus

obtusus

palustris

PAGE

PAGE.

278

planifolius

339

277

polyphyllus

340

279

pungens

339

204

tennis

338

205

triqueter

339

204

SCLERIA

343

114

pauciflora

344

114

triglomerata

343

114

SCROPHULARIA

185

179

Marilandica

186

180

nodosa

186

180

SCROPHULARIACEAE

183

13

SCUTELLARIA

208

13

galericulata

209

76

imtegrifolia

208

76

teteriflora

209

99

nervosa

209

99

parvula

209

99

pilosa

208

253

SECALE

373

47

cereale

373

30

SEDUM

95

30

ternatum

95

251

SELAGINELLA

401

251

apus

402

202

rupestris

401

202

SENECIO

152

256

aureus

152

256

JSalsamitae

152

256

hieracifolius

151

96

obovatus

152

96

ralgaris

152

96

SERICOCARPUS

126

95

conyzoides

126

423

solidagineus

126

423

SETARIA

383

333

GeTtnanica

384

333

glauca

384

339

Italica

384

339

verticillata

383

840

viridis

384

342

SICYOS

93

342

angulatus

93

340

SIDA

86

342

Abutilon

36

340

spinosa

36

341

SILENE

30

340

antirrhina

30

340

stellata

30

338

SINAPIS

20

338

alba

21

488

nigra
S1SYMBRYUM

arabidoides

c.'inescens

officinale

Thaliaoum
SISYRINCHIUM

anceps

Bermudiana

mucronatum
SIUM

latifolium
SMILACKAE
SMILACINA

bifolla

racemosa

si el la ta
SMI' LAX

caduca

herbacea

rotundifolia
SOLANACEAE
SOLANUM

Carolinense

Dulcamara

insanum

L'/copersicum

Melongena

nigrum

tuberosum
SOLEA

concolor
SOLIDAGO

aULssima

argot a

bicolor

caesia

Canadensis

cilia rig

jlexicaulis

ffiffantea

lauceolata

latifolia

Muhlenbergii

nemoralis

odora

patula

puberula

serotina

speciosa

INDEX OP THE

PAGE.

20

squarrosa

18

ulmifolia

17

SONCHCS

19

actiminatus

18

asper

19

fioridanus

318

oloraceus

318

spinulotus

318

SORGHUM

318

cevnuum

104

nutans

104

saccliaratum

319

vulgare

322

SPARGANIUM

323

America num

32i>

SPA K TINA

322

cvno.suroides

319

SPECULARIA

339

pei-foHata

320

SPHAGNICOETIS

319

commutris

224

SPHAGNTJM

227

acuti folium

229

try mbi folium

228

SP1NACIA

228

oleraeea

227

SPJ.RAEA

228

opulifolia

228

gal 5 ci folia

227

SP1RANTHES

24

cernua

24

gi'ii^ilis

132

tortiiis

185

STACHYS

1^

a-r-peva

135

si/lvaiica?

133

STAPHYLEA

13>

trifolia

136

STKLLARIA

134

aqualica

13*

borealis

106

long! folia

136

media

133

pubera

135

STICTA

135

aurata

135

glomerulifera

134

Pulmonaria

134

sylvatica

186

STYLOSANTHES

134

elatior

PAGE.

133

135

162

161

162

162

162

162

388

389

388

388

389

301

301

362

362

165

165

424

424

422

422

422

244

244

75

75

75

314

315

315

315

211

211

211

48

48

32

32

32

32

32

32

436

436

436

436

436

62

62

ORDERS, GENERA AND SPECIES.

489

SYMPHYTUM

officinale
SYMPLOCARPUS

foetidus
TALINUM

teretifolium
TANACETUM

vulgare
TARAXACUM

Dens-leonis
TAXODIUM

distichum
TAXUS

baccata

Canadensis
TEPHROSIA

Virginiana
TETRAPHIS

pellucida
TEUCRIUM

Canadense
THALICTRUM

anemonoides

Cornuti

dioicum

rugosum
THASPIUM

aureum

barbinode
THERMUTIS

pannosa
TIIESIUM

umbellatum
THUJA

occidentalis

orientalis

THYMELEACEAE
THYMUS

Serpyllum

vulgaris
TILIA

Americana

Europaea

glabra

TILIACEAE
TRACHYLIA

Stigonella
TRADE3CANTIA

Virginica
TRAGOPOGON

porrifolius

PAGE.

214

IRICHOCOLEA

214

Tomentella

298

TRICHODIUM

298

laxiflorum

35

scabrum

35

TRICHOSTEMA

147

dichotomum

148

TRICHOSTOMUM

160

pallidum

160

tortile

294

TRICUSPIS

294

seslerioides

295

TRIENTALIS

296

Americana

296

TRIFOLIUM

63

agrarium

63

arvense

407

pratense

407

procumbens

218

repens

213

TRILLIUM

3

cernuum

8

pendulum

3

TRIOSTEUM

o

angustifolium

q
o

perfoliatum

102

TRIPHORA

102

pendula

102

TRIPSACUM

455

dactyloides

455

TRISETUM

253

palustre

253

TRITICUM

293

repens

294

sativum

294

vulgare

252

TROPAEOLACEAE

201

TROPAEOLUM

201

majus

201

TRYPETHELIUM

38

porosum

38

virens

38

TYPHA

38

angustifolia

37

latifolia

450

TYPHACEAE

450

UDORA

334

Canadensia

334

ULMACEAE

158

ULMUS

158

Americana

PAGE.

426

426

357

358

357

213

213

408

408

408

364

364

178

178

63

65

64

63

65

64

320

320

320

113

114

113

313

313

386

386

376

376

372

372

372

372

41

41

41

453

463

453

301

301

301

301

305

305

255

255

255

490

INDEX OP THB

PAGE.

fulva

255

peregrina

UMBELLIFERAE

98

scutellata

UMBILICARIA

448

serpyllifolia

Dillenii

448

Virginica

UBTICA
Canadensis

287

288

VERRUCARIA
alba

dioica

28.8

Cestrensis

pumila

288

elaeochroa ?

TJRTICACEAE

283

gemmata

USNEA

433

lactea

angulata

433

nitida

barbata

433

punctiformis

UTRICULARIA

180

VIBURNUM

macrorhiaa

180

acerifolium

vulgaris

180

dentatum

UVULARIA

327

Lentago

perfoliata

328

nudum

sessilifolia

328

prunifolium

VACCINIUM

166

VICIA

corymbosum

167

Americana

frondosum

166

Cracca

hirtellum.

166

hirsuta

macrocarpon

167

sativa

Pennsylvanicum

167

VILFA

resinosum

166

vaginaeflora

stamineum

167

VIOLA

VALERIANACEAE

120

blanda

VALERIANELLA

120

cucullata

radiala

120

Muhlenbergiana

VALLISNERIA

306

Muhlenbergii

spiralis

306

ochroleuca

VERATRUM

328

ovata

viride

329

palmata

VERBASCUM

184

pedata

Blattaria

184

primulaefolia

Thapsus

184

pubescens

VERBENA

194

sagittata

angustifolia

195

sororia

Lastata

194

striata

urticaefolia

194

VIOLACEAE

VERBENACEAE

194

VISCUM

VERNONIA

121

flavescens

Noveboracensia

122

VITACEAE

praealta

122

VITIS

VERONICA

188

aestivalis

Americana

189

cordifolia

Anagallis

189

Labrusca

arvensis

190

vinifera

Beccabunga

189

WEISSIA

hederaefolia

190

controversa

officinalis

189

Ilvensis

OEDEES, GENERA AND SPECIES.

WOODSIA

obtusa

Perriniana
XANTHIUM

spinosum

strumarium
XANTHOXYLACEAE
XYRIDACEAE
XYRIS

bulbosa

Caroliniand

palustris

PAGE.

395

ZANNICHELLIA

395

ZAPANIA

395

nodiflora

139

ZEA

139

Mays

139

ZIZANIA

42

aquatica

334

ZIZIA

335

aurea

335

cordata

335

iutegerrima

303

491

PACK.

302
196
196
385
385
356
356
103
102
103
103

r - '**

***

493

INDEX

OP

COMMON ENGLISH NAMES.

PAGE

PAGE

PAGI

Abele-tree 282

Beauty. Meadow 8

Bower. Virgin's 2

Adam and Eve
Adders -tongue 39!

" Spring 35
Bedstraw. Ladie* 11

Bowman's-root 76
Bow-wood 284

Agrimony 76

Beech. Water 27

Box-Elder 46

Alder. Black 175

Beech-drops 18

Brake, or Bracken 392

" Candle, Common 278

" False 174

Bramble 80

" White 170

Beech-tree 271

Breast-weed 256

Ale-hoof 207

Beet. Garden 243

Breeches. Dutchman's 14

Alexanders. Heart-

Beggars-Lice 217

Breeches-flower 14

leaved 103
Alkanet 215

Beggar-ticks 144
Bell-wort 328

Brier. Common 80
" Green 319

All-spice. Wild 252

Bennet. Herb 77

" Running 81

Alum-root 96

Berry. Choke 85

« Sweet 82

Anemone. Rue

" June 86

Broccoli 20

Apple. Common &

" Partridge 119

Brome-grass 371

" Crab 85

" Pigeon 241

Brook-lime 189

« Custard 10

" Service 86

Broom-corn 388

« Hog, May 11

" Tea 168

Broom-rape. Naked 182

« Jews', Mad 228

Bethlehem. Star of 316

Buckwheat. Climbing 249

Apple of Peru 226

Betony. Paul's 189

" Common 249

Apricot. Black 72

" Wood 193

" Wild 249

« Moor-park 71

Bilberry 167

Bud Red 67

Arbor- Vitae. American 294

Bind-weed. Black 249

Bug-bane g

« Chinese 294

" Field 221

Bugle-weed 198

Arbutus. Trailing 168

" Hedge 221

Bugloss. Viper's 214

Ark. Noah's 316

" Rough 319

Bull-rush 340

Arrow-head 305

Birch. Black, Red, River 275

Bur-dock 156

Arrow-wood 115
« Maple-leaved 115

" Cherry, Sweet 275
Bishop's-Cap 97

Burgamot. Wild 205
Bur-grass 335

Artichoke. French 154
" Jerusalem 142

Bitter-nut (Hickory) 264
Bitter-sweet 228

Bur-marygold 144
Burnet 77

Arum. Floating 299

Bitter-weed 139

Burning-Bush 48

Ash. Black, Water 239

Blackberry. Common 80

Bur-Reed 302

« Red 239

Sand 80

Butter and Eggs 185

« White 239

" Swamp 81

Jutter-cups 6

Asparagus 321
Aspen. American 281

Black-Jack (Oak) 267
Bladder-Ketmia 37

Butterfly-weed 236
Jutter-nut 262

Avens. Purple, Water 77

Bladder-nut 48

Jutter-weed 130

« White 77

Bladder-wort 180

iutton-Bush 119

BALM. COMMON 202

Blazing-Star 330

tatton-weed 118

« Horse 204

Blue 122

Button-wood 283

Bane-berry 7
Bane. Leopard's

Blue-berry 167
Blue-bonnets 153

CABBAGE. Bulb-stalked 19
" Curled 19

Barley. Four-rowed 375

Blue-bottle 153

" Head 19

« Two-rowed 375

Blue-Curls 213

" Savoy 19

Basil. Sweet 196

Bluets 119

" Swamp 295

« Wild 202

Jlue-eyed-Grass 318

" Tree 19

Bass-wood 38

Blue-tanglea 166

" Turnep-rooted 20

Bay. Sweet 8

Blue-weed 214

" York 19

Bean. Bunch, Pole,

Bog-rush 343

Calabash 92

String 66

" Brown 343

ialamus 299

Bean. Horse, Windsor 54

« White 343

Calico-bush 172

« Lima, Carolina 57
" Magothy-bay 60

Bone-set 124|Campion. Four-leaved 30
Bottle-Gourd 92|Campion. Rose 31

« Wild Kidney 56

Bottle-Grass 3841 Cancer-root 181

Bean-tree 182tfiouncing-Bet SOlCantaleupe ~y2

494

INDEX OF

PAGE.

PAGE.

, PAGE.

Cap. Bishop's 97

ockle-hur 139

Dandelion. Dwarf 157

Caraway. Common 106

offee. Wild 113

Dangle-berry 166

Cardinal-flower 163

offee-Pea 54

Darnel 373

Carpenter's- Square 186

offee-tree 69

Date-Plum 176

Carpet. Water 97

Cohosh. Blue 11

Day-Flower 334

Carpet-weed 34

" White 7

Day-Lily 323

Carrion-flower 320

jolic-root 317

Dead-nettle 212

Carrot. Garden, Wild 100

Colts-foot 240

)eer-berry 167

Catawba 182

Columbine, Wild 6

)eer-grass 86

Catch-fly 30

Comfrey. Garden 214

Devil's-bit . 330

Cat-foot 150

" Wild 217

Dew-berry 81

Cat-gut 63

Cone-flower. Jagged-

Dittany 199

Cat-mint. Cat-nep. 267

leaved 140

Dock. Bitter, Broad-

Cat-tail 301

Cooper's- reed 301

leaved 250

« email 301

Coral-root. Early 309

Dock. Bur 156

Cat's tail-Grass 356

" Large 309

" Curled, Sour 250

Cauliflower 20

" Late, small 309

" Spatter 13

Cedar. Deodar 293

Coriander 108

Dodder 223

« Red 295

Corn. Broom 388

)og's-bane 233

Cedar-of-Lebanon 293

" Guinea 389

)og's-Fennel 145

Celandine 13

" Indian 385

Dog-wood. Common 111

Celery 105

« Squirrel 15

" Pond 119

Centaury. American 229

Cotton. Wild

" Swamp 111

Chamomile. Fetid 145

Cotton-grass 341

" White 111

« Garden 146

" Brown 341

Door-weed 248

« Wild 146

Cow-bane 101

Dragon. Green 297

Channel-Grass 306
Cheat. Chess. ' 371

Cow-parsnep 100
Cowslip. Virginian 217

)ragon-head. False 210
)uck's meat. Duckweed.300

Cherry. Choke 7<

3ow-wheat 194

Dutchman's Breeches 14

" English, &c. 73

Crab-apple 85

EEL-GRASS 306

« Ground 226

Cranberry. American 167

Egg-plant 228

« Morello 74

Cranesbill. Carolina 40

Elder. Box 46

« Mountain 73

« Spotted 40

Slder-bush. Common 114

" Red, Sour 74

Creeper. "Virginian 51

Elder. Red-berried 114

" Sand 73

Cress. Bitter If

Elecampane 137

« Wild 75

" Indian 41

Elm. Red, Slippery 255

Chervil. Wild 10"

" Mouse-ear 19

" Weeping, White 255

Chestnut. Horse 47

" Rock (American) 17

Endive 157

Chestnut-oak 267

" « (Hairy) 17

Everlasting. Life 149

Chestnut-tree 27i

« " (Smooth) 18

FENNEL. DOG'S 145

Chiccory 157

« Spring 17

" Garden 106

Chick-Pea 5'

" Water 16

Fern. Flowering 398

Chickweed. Common 82

" " (Amerlcan)16

" Rattlesnake 399

" Forked 84

« Winter 18

" Sweet 274

« Great 32

^row-foot (Geranium) 4(

Ferns 391

« Indian S4

Crow-foot (Ranunculus) 6

Fescue-grass 370

" Mouse-ear 33

" Celery-leaved f

Fever-bush 252

« Red 17

" Early - $

Fig-wort 186

Chinquapin 27

" River 4

Filbert 272

Chives 32

" Tall ". ' *

" Dwarf 273

Choke-berry 8

Cucumber. Common 92

Fir. Balsam 291

Choke-cherry 7

" Indian 321

" Norway 292

Cicely. Sweet 10

" Jerusalem,

" Silver 291

Cinquefoil 7

Prickly 93

Fire-weed 151

Cleavers. Common 11

Cucumber. Single-seeded 93

Five-finger 78

Clot-weed 13

Cucumber-root 32"

Flag. Slender blue 318

" Thorny 13

Cucumber-tree 1

" Sweet 299

Clover. Bokhara, Tree 6

Cudweed. Common 15

« M'ild 317

" Bush 6

" Marsh 149

Flax. Common 39

" Common red &

Currant. Black 91

" Mountain 52

" Dutch, white 64

« Red 91

« Toad 185

« Dwarf Yellow 6

" Wild black 91

« Wild (CdmeUna) 22

« French 6

Custard-apple K

" " (Linum) 38

* " Stone, Welsh 6

Cymling 9-

Flax-vine 223

« Yellow, Hop 6

Cypress. Bald 294

Flea-bane 131

Club. Golden 29

DAISY (Erigeron) 131

Flower-of-an-hour 37

Club-rush S3

" Ox-eve 14"

Foot. Lion's 160

Cockle SllDandelion 160

Forget-me-not 216

COMMON ENGLISH NAMES.

495

PAGE.

PAGE.

PAGE.

Foxtail-Grass 384

Grass. Meadow (Rough) 368

Horse-balm 204

Fringe-tree 238

,' " (Smooth)368

florse-Bean 64

Frost-weed 26

" Oat (Tall) 377

Horse-chestnut 47

Fumitory. Climbing 14

" " (Wild) 376

Elorse-gentian 113

" Common 15

" Old-witch 381

Horse-mint 205

GALTNGALE. Bristle-

« Orchard 365

Horse-nettle 229

spiked 336

" Poverty 361

[torse-radish 21

Galingale. Sheathed 337

" Ray, or Ryo 373

Horse-tail 390

Gall-of the Earth 160

" Reed 364

[lorse-weed 130

Gama-Grass 386

" Ribbon 379

tloundstongue 217

Garavance 54

" Sesame 386

House leek. Purslane-

Garlic. Crow, Field 325

" Vernal (Sweet-

leaved 95

" English 324

pcented) 378

Huckle-berry. Black 166

" Meadow 324

" Whip 343

« Dwarf 166

Gentian. Closed 232

•« Wire 368

" Squaw 167

« Fringed 231

« Wood 387

« Sugar 167

" Horse 113

jrrass-of-the-Andes 377

" Swamp. Tall 167

Geranium 39

Greek-valerian, 219

Hydrangea. Wild 97

" Feather 242

Green-brier 319

Hyssop. Garden. 203

Germander. American 213

Grromwell 215

" Giant 206

Gilead. Balm of 291

Ground-cherry 226

" Hedge 187

Gill 207

5round-Ivy 207

INDIAN-PHYSIC 76

Ginger. Wild 240

Ground-nut 57

Indigo. Wild 67

Gingko, or Ginkgo 296

Groundsel 152

[nnocence 119

Ginseng 110

Guinea-corn 389

[ron-weed 122

« Dwarf 110

Glum. Black, Sour 254

Iron-wood 274

Glory. Morning 222

HACK-BERRY 256

Ivy. American ' 51

Goat's rue 63

Hair. Maiden's 392

" Ground 207

Golden-club

Haw. Black 115

" Poison 44

Golden-rod 133

Hawk-weed. Panicled 159

JACOB'S LADDER 219

Goose-berry 91

" Rough 159

Jack. Black (Oak)

Goose-foot 242

Hawthorn. English 82

Jamestown-weed 225

" Maple-leared 242

Hazel-nut 272

Jasmine. Bastard 224

Goose-grass 116

« Wild 272

Jerusalem-oak 242

Gourd. Bottle 92

Hazel. Witch «.i*

Jews-apple 228

"Gram" 54

Heal-all 208

Jimsan-wf.ed 225

Grape. Chicken. Winter 51

Heaven. Tree of 42

Joy. Sampler's 194

« Fox 50

Hedge-mustard 19

" Traveller's

" Summer 50

Hedge-nettle 211

Indus-tree 67

« Wine 49

Hellebore. White 329

June-berry 86

Grass. Bengal 384

Hemlock. Poison 107

Juniper 295

« Blue 368

" Water 104

KETMIA. BLADDER 37

" Blue-eyed 318

Hemlock-Spruce 291

Kidney-bean. Wild £6

« Bottle 384

Hemp. Common 286

Knot-grass 248

" Bottle-brush 374

" Indian 233

Knot-root 204

« Brome 371

Hemp-weed. Climbing 125

Knot-weed. Spotted 246

«< Bur 385

Hen-bit 212

LADDER. JACOB'S 219

« Cat's-tail 356

Herd's-Grass (Agrostis) 358

Lady's-slipper 316

'< Cock's-foot 365

" (Phleum) 357

Lady's-thumb 246

« Cord 362

Hickory. Bitter-nut,

Lady's-tressea 315

« Couch 372

Swamp 264

Lamb's-quiirters 242

« Crab 380

Hickory. Broom,Pignut 264

Larch. White 293

« Cut 355

" Shell-bark 263

Lark-spur 7

" Dog's-tail 363

" White-heart 263

Laurel. Common 172

" Dropseed 360

Hoar-hound. Common 210

•' Dwarf. Sheep 172

" Feather 378

" Water 198

" Ground 168

« Fescue 370

Hog-apple 11

'• Mountain 171

" Finger 380

Holly. American 175

Lavender. Garden 197

« Foxtail 384

Hone-wort 105

Leaf. Walking 393

« Gama 386

Honey-Locust 70

" Water 218

« Green 368

Honeysuckle (Azalea) 170

Leather-flower 2

« Hair 358

" (Lontcera) 112

Leather- wood 2f3

" Hedge-hog 385

Honeysuckle. Bush 113

Lebanon. Cedar of 29li

« Herd's 358

Hop. Common 287

Leek. Carden 325

" Indian 387

Hop-hornbeam 274

" Wild 326

« Lyme 374

Hop-vine 287

Lentil. Common 55

" Manna 366

Horn-beam 273

Leopard's-bane 153

« Meadow (Dwarf)367

Horn-wort 257

Lettuce. Garden lul

496

INDEX OP

PAGE.

PAGE.

1 _j FAGS'

Lettuce. Lamb'a 120

Mitre-wort 97

Oats. Common 377

« Wild 161

Mocasin-flower 316

" Water 356

Lice. Beggar's 217

Mocker-nut 263

Okra 37

Life-everlasting 149

Monkey-flower 187

Old-man 148

Lily. Day 323

Moon-seed 1C

Onion. Garden 325

" Turk's-cap 327

Moon-wort 399

Orange. Osage 294

Lime-tree. Linden. 38
Linden. Linn. 38

Morning-glory 222
Moss. Club 400

Oyster-plant • 158
PAINT. INDIAN 13

Lion's-foot 160

" Reindeer

Painted-cup 193

Liquorice. Wild 117

Mosses 403

Papaw 10

Liver-leaf. Liver-wort. 3

Mother-wort 211

Pappoose-root 11

Lizard's-tail 256

Mouse-ear 33

Parsley 105

Locust. Honey 70
Locust-tree 63
Loose-strife 178

Mug-wort 148
Mulberry. Paper 286
" Red 285

Parsnep. Cow 100
" Garden 101
" Meadow 102

« Bastard 89

" White 285

" Water 104

Lop-seed 195
Louse-wort. Common 193

Mullein. Common 184
Moth 184

Partridge-berry 119
Pea. Chick, coffee 64

« Tall 193

Musk-melon 92

" Garden 54

Love-apple 227
Love-vine 223

Mustard. Black 20
Hedge 19

« "Hamoos" 54
" Hoary 63

Lucerne 66

" White 21

" Milk 57

Lung-wort. Smooth 217

NASTURTIUM 41

" Partridge,Sensitive69

Lupin. Wild 67

Neck-weed 190

Peach. Peach-tree. 70

MAD-APPLE 228

Nectarine 71

Pea-nut. Hog 58

Madeira-nut 262

Needles. Spanish 144

Pear. Pear-tree. 84

Magnolia. Mountain 9

Nettle. Dead 212

Pellitory 289

Mahogany. Kentucky 69

" False 289

Pencil-flower 62

Maiden's-hair 392

" Hedge 211

Pennyroyal. American 203

Maize 385

" Horse 229

" Bastard 213

Mallow. Indian 36

" Smooth 288

Pennywort 232

" Marsh 37

« Stinging 288

" Marsh 99

« Running 36

Nettle-tree 256

Pepper. Cayenne, Red 226

Maple. Ash-leaved 46

New-Jersey Te.a " 49

" Water ' 247

« Greater 45

Nightshade. Common 228

Pepper-bush 169

" Norway 45

" Enchanter's 90

" Sweet 170

f« Red, Swamp 46

« Three-leaved 320

Pepper-grass 22

« Silver-leaved,

" Woody 228

Wild 23

White 46

Nine-bark 75

Pepperidge 254

« Sugar 46

Nit-weed 29

Perpermint 197

Marjoram. Sweet 201

Noah's-ark 816

Persimmon 176

Wild 200

Vone-such 66

Peru. Apple of 226

Martagons 326

Nut. Bladder 48

Physic. Indian 76

Marygold. Bur 144

" Butter 262

Pickerel-weed 332

« Marsh 6

« Hazel 272

Pigeon-berry 241

Matrimony-vine 224

" Madeira 262

Pimpernel. False 188

May-apple 11

« Mocker 263

" Scarlet 179

Meadow-Beauty 86

OAK. BARRENS

" Water 180

Meadow-rue 3

WHITE 265

Pin-weed 27

Meadow-sweet 75

" Bear, Black scrub 268

Pine. Ground 400

Melon. Musk 92

< Black, Quercitron 268

« Pitch 290

« Water 93

' Black-Jack 267

" Scrub 290

Mercury. Three-seeded 261

< Chestnut (Dwarf) 267

" Weymouth's, White 290

Milfoil. Common 146

« " (Rock) 266

?ine-sap 174

" Hooded 180

' " (Swamp) 267

Pine-weed 29

Milk-Pea 57

« " (Yellow) 267

Pink. Dwarf 119

Milk-wort • 52

" Chinquapin 267

" Ground, Mountain 220

Millet 384

" Jerusalem 242

" Richardson's 145

" Indian 389

" Pin, Water 269

Pipe. Indian 174

Mint. Cat 207

" Post 265

Pipeshank. Indian 75

" Common 197

" Red 269

Pipsissawa 173

« Corn 198

" Scarlet 268

Plane-tree 283

« Horse 205

" Spanish 269

Plantain. Common 176

« Mountain 199

" White (common) 266

" English,

" Pepper 197

" " (Swamp) 266

Buckhorn 177

" Spear 197

« Yellow 267

« Indian 152

" Wild 19£

Oat-grass. Tall 377

« Mud 333

Mistletoe 254

« Wild 376

« Poor Robert's 131

COMMON ENGLISH NAMES.

497

PAGE

PAGE.I PAGE.

Plantain. Rattlesnake 315
« Water 304

Robin. Ragged 153 Skunk-weed 298
" Red 193 Smart-weed

« White ]50

Robin-run-the-hedge 116

Snake-head 186

Pleurisy-root 236

Rocket. Yellow 18

Snakeroot. Blackball 8

Plum. Chicasaw 73

Rock-rose 26

" Button 122

" Common, Dam-

Rod. Golden 133

" Seneka 52

ascene, Gage, &c. 72

« Red 111

" Virginia 241

" Date 176

Rose. Dwarf, Wild 82

Snapweed. Pale 41

« Red, Yellow 72

" Swamp 8]

Spotted 41

Pod. Sickle, Turkey 18

Rose-bay 171

Sneeze-weed 145

Poison-Ivy 44
Poison-vine 44

Rose-campion 3i
Rue. Goat's 63

Soap-wort 30
Solomon's-seal. Greater 322

Poke. Poke-weed. 241

" Meadow

« Smaller 322

Poke. Indian 329

Rue-anemone 1

Sorrel. Field, Sheep 250

Pond-lily. Yellow 12

Rush. Bog 343

« Wood 40

Pond-weed. Floating 303

«• Bull 340

Southern-wood

Poplar. Athenian 282

" Button 331

Sow-thistle. Common 162

" Italian, Lombardy 9.82

" Cbairmaker'a 339

Spanish-needles 144

" Silver 282

" Club 338

Spatter-dock 12

" Tulip 9

" Common, Soft 831

Spear-wort • 4

Poppy. Field 12
Prickly 13

« Field 330
" Scouring 891

Speedwell. Common 189
" Corn 1£0

Potato. Sweet 222

" Yellow-flowering 335

" Purslane-leaved 190

" Common, Irish 227

Rutabaga 20

« Scull-cap 189

Potato-vine. Wild 222

Rye. Common 373

•« Tall 188

Priest-in-the-Pulpit 310

Rye. Wild 374

" Water 189

Prim. PriTet. 237

Rye-grass 373

Spice-wood 252

Primrose. Evening 88

SAGE. GARDEN 204

Spider-wort 334

Puccoon 215

" Indian 124

Spikenard 109

Pumpkin 94

" Meadow 205

Wild 322

Purse. Shepherd's 23

Wood 223

Spinach, or Spinage 244

Purslane. Common 35

Saint»John's-wort 28

Spindle-tree 48

« Milk 260

Saint-Peter's-wort ?8

Spring-Beauty 3.3

" Water 90

Salad. Common 16]

Spruce. Black, double 292

Putty-root 30&

" Corn 120

« Hemlock 291

QUERCITRON 268

Salsify 158

« White, Single 292

Quill-wort 402

Sand-cherry 73

Spurge. Caper 2CO

Quince-tree 86

Sand-wort. Common 31

" Flowering 259

RABBIT-FOOT 64

Rock 31

Square. Carpenter's 186

Radish. Garden 23

Sanicle 99

Squash. Long-necked 95

" Horse 21

Sarsaparilla 109

" Round 94

Ragged-Robin 153

Sassafras 252

Squaw-root 181

Rag-weed 139

" Swamp 8

Squaw- weed 152

Rag-wort 15i>

Savory. Summer 202

Squirrel-corn 15

Ranstead-weed 18E

Saxifrage. Early 9€

Staff-tree. Climbing 48

Raspberry. Antwerp 7C

" Golden 97

Stagger-bush 169

" Black, Wild 8t

Swamp, Tall 9f

Star. Blazing S30

" Red 7P

Scorpion-grass 21C

Star-grass 3 1 7

" Rose-flowering 7S

Scull-cap 208

" Water 333

Rattle-box 6f

" Large-flowered 208

Star-of-Bethlehem 316

Rattlesnake-root 16C

« Mad-dog 209

Star-wort. Water 258

Rattlesnake-weed 15<

Seal. Solomon's 322

Stitch-wort 32

Ray-grass 37 £

Sedge 344

" Water 32

Red-bud 67

Seed-box 89

Stone-crop 95

Red-rod 111

Self-heal 208

Tirginian 95

Red-root 13

Senna. Wild 68

Stone-weed 215

Red-top. Common 358

Sensitive-plant. Wild 69

Strawberry. Garden 78

" Tall 364

Service-berry 8€

« Wild 78

Reed 35f

Sesame-grass 386

Strawberry-tree 49

" Bur 30i

Shad-bush 86

Succory. Garden 157

" Cooper's 301

Shell-bark-Hickory 263

" Wild 167

Reed-grass 364

Shell-flower 186

Sugar-berry 256

Reed-mace 301

Shepherd's-purse 23

Sumach. Chinese 42

Rhubarb. Pie 251

Shield. Water 11

" Common, Smooth 44

Rice. Indian 35(

Shin-leaf 173

« Dwarf 43

« Wild 35f

Sickle-pod 18

" Poison, Swamp 44

Rich-weed 28?

Silk-weed • 234

" Stag-horn 43

River-weed 258

SimplerWoy 194

Sun-dew 27

498

INDEX OP COMMON NAMES

PAGE.] PAGE.

PAGE.

Sun-drops 89 Tongue. Adder's 399
Sun-flower. False 140 Tongue-grass 22

Water-pepper 247
Water-Plaintain 304

" Garden 143

Tooth-wort. Cut-leaved 17

Water-shield 11

" Wild 142

Tortoise-head 186

Wax-work 48

Swallow-wort. Poke-

Touch-me-not 41

Wheat. Cow 194

leaved 234
Sweet-Bay 8

Traveller's-Joy 2
Tree-of-Heaven 42

" Spring S72
" Winter 372

Sweet-Brier 82

Trefoil. Spanish 66

Whip-grass 343

Sweet-Cicely 107

Tresses. Lady's 315

White-weed 147

Sweet-William. Wild 219

Tulip-Poplar P '.Vhite-wood 38

Sycamore. (Acer) 45

Tulip-tree 9 [Whitlow-grass 21

TANSEY 148

Turkey-pod 18

Willow. Bedford 279

Tape-grass 306

Turk's-cap Lily 327

" Bush 277

Tare 54

Turmeric 13

" Dwarf grey 277

Tarragon 148

Turnep. Common 20

" Glaucous 277

Tea. Mexican 243

" Indian 297

" WTeeping 280

" New-Jersey 49

" Swedish 20

« White 279

Tea-berry 168

Tway-blade 308

« Yellow 279

Tear-thumb 248

UNICORN-PLANT 183

Willow-herb 88

Teazel. Fullers' 121

VALERIAN. GREEK 219

Wind-flower 2

" Wild 120

Velvet-leaf 36

Windsor-bean 54

Ten o'clock 323

Vervain. Blue 194

Pinter-berry 175

Thimble-berry 80

" Common 195

Winter-green 173

Thistle. Canada 156

Vetch. Common 54

Winter-green. Chick-

" Common 154

" Hairy 55

weed 178

" Yellow 155

« Tufted 55

Winter-green. Flowering 53

Thorn. Cockspur 83

« Wild 55

" Spicy 168

" Dwarf 84

Vine. Flax 223

" Spotted 174

" Virginian 83

" Grape 49

Witch-hazel 98

" Washington 83

" Poison 44

Wood. Leather 253

" White 83

Violet. Arrow-leaved 25

Woodbine. American 112

Thorn-apple 225

" Bird's-foot 26

WooJ-sage 213

Thorough-stem 124

" Dog's-tooth 327

Wood-Sorrel. Violet 40

Thorough-wax 103

« Hood-leaved 25

" Yellow 40

Tnyme. Creeping 201

« Spreading 26

Worm-seed 243

" Field 202

« Sweet, White 25

Worm-wood 149

" Garden 201

« Yellow 26

Wort. St. John's 28

" Virginia 200

Virgin's-Bower 2

« St. Peter's 28

Timothy. Common 356

WALKING-LEAF 393

YAM. WILD 319

" White 378

Walnut. Black 262

Yarrow 146

Toad-flax 185

" English 262

Yellow rocket 18

" Bastard 253

« White 262

Yellow-root . 7

Tobacco. Common 224

Water-carpet 97

Yew. American. 296

" Indian 164

Water-cress 16

" Common 293

Tc iato 227

Water-leaf 218

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14 DAY USE