n

3/xtbit (farter <l3rr>rtm
<L‘thrani

Ptonm fSuttrcrstht

t

FLORA DIMTETICA:

O R,

HISTORY

O F

ESCULENT PLANTS,

Both Domestic and Foreign.

IN WHICH

They are accurately defcribed, and reduced to their
Linn^ean Generic and Specific Names.

WITH

Their English Names annexed, and ranged under

Eleven General Heads,

viz.

i

i

i •

Esculent

<

5

6

7

8

9

10

1 1

Roots,

Shoots, Stalks, &c.
Leaves,

Flowers,

Berries,

Stone-fruit,

Apples,

Legume ns.

Grain,

Nut sr.

Funguses.

and

A particular Account of the Manner of nfino; them ; their
native Places o! Growth; their feveral Varieties, and
Phyfical Properties ; Together with whatever is other-
wife curious, or very remarkable in each Species.

the whole

So methodized, as to form a llion Introduction to the
SCIENCE OF BOTANY.

By CHARLES BRYANT, of Norwich.

L O N D O N:

Printed for B. White, at Horace’s Head, in Fleet ftreet

M.DCC.LXXXIII.

St

h

T O

■v i

JAMES CROWE, Efq;

, O F

TUCK’s WOOD, NEAR NORWICH,

THIS HISTORY

O F

esculent plants
**

Is, with all due SubmiiTion, Infcribed,

His raoft Obedient
Humble Servant,

C. BRYANT.

f .

\

i

I

PREFACE.

/

HETHER we view Mankind
in a natural or civilized ftate,
we fhall find that the principal part
of his daily food, and alfo mod of
the articles neceffary to his Com¬
fortable enjoyment of Life, are
drawn from the vegetable kingdom ;
every endeavour therefore to point
out with precifion and accuracy the
Species of Plants, immediately a-
dapted to the ufe of man, mud carry
with it its own recommendation ;
for, by furnifhing him with the
means of diftinguifhing the different
Species of plarlfs clearly, he is there¬
by enabled to choofe fuch as are moft
wholefome, and belt fuited to his
palate and conftitution, and of re¬
jecting fuch as are difagreeable and
hurtful. Now this can never be
anfwered by any method fo well, as

A 3 /by

HBHH

VI

PREFACE.

by that of calling plants alter their
generic and trivial Names, for thefe
once acquired, any particular Spe¬
cies may be as certainly difeourfed
upon, as any lingle letter in the Al¬
phabet. By thefe, Botany is re¬
duced to a permanent and univerfal
language, which may be adopted by
all people and nations ; but without
thefe, the moll laboured deferiptions
often prove ineffectual, and the
meaning liable to be miftaken. The
truth of this is evident from the
writings of many travellers, who
have endeavoured to deferibe the
plants peculiar to the feveral coun¬
tries they have paffed through ; but
though they have taken much pains
to be underftood, yet it is frequently
out of the power of the moil expert
Botaniit, to be certain of many
plants they mention, for want of
their deferiptions being delivered
according to the language of Bo¬
tany ; or, if the plants were fuch

as

PREFACE.

• +
vii

as are id Linnreus, their not fpeaking
of them by their generic and trivial
names. Thefe names would be all
the defcriptions neceflary to a fcien-
tific Botanifl, and this method
would have Inch travellers a great

\D

deal of time, but for want of pro¬
ceeding in this way, their labours
become almoft ufelefs, and the (Eco¬
nomy of human lire is often robbed
of many advantages. Hence, a-
mongffc other inftances, Botany be¬
comes a fcience of the firfl confe-
quence, and claims the mold liberal
encouragement, as when it is pro¬
perly underftood and applied, it
may be productive of the greateft be¬
nefits to mankind. All Gentlemen
then that travel with the public good

n . 1 tD

in view, mould previoufly acquire
iuch a flock of the Linnaean fyftem
as will enable them to reduce plants
to their Genera and Species. Nor
is a competent knowledge of this
Science lefs neceflary to the flationed

A 4 Gentleman ;

/

P R

vm

E F A C E.

Gentleman ; for furely it ill fuits
with the character of a perfon of a
polite education, to adopt the vul¬
gar ifms of the unlearned. And yet
for the moft part this is the cafe,
there being nothing more frequent
than for people in a high ftation of
lire, to converfe about their fruits
and fallads, under the barbarous
names they may have heard them
called by, and which are often local.
Gardeners and Murferymen too
ought to be well acquainted with
the Linnaean names of the plants
they cultivate and deal in, the want
of which knowledge many times ren¬
ders their language unintelligible
even among themfeives, efpecially if
they have been brought up. in dif¬
ferent places. The utility of the
following Manual then mu ft imme-

O

diately appear, as by it any one
may furnifti himlejf with the Lin-
ntean names of moft of the efculent
plants in ufe throughout the known

I ID

parts

PREFACE.

IX

a1*. , .r-, A ■ * ' *

parts of the globe, and that with
very little trouble ; lor it being
portable in the pocket, and fuffi-
cient in itfelf for the purpofe, Gen¬
tlemen and Ladies not at all ac¬
quainted with Botany, may amufe
themfelves in their gardens, and ex¬
amine the greatefl part ol their ve¬
getables fcientifically, without the
latigue of regularly fludying the
Science, as all fuch terms as were
unavoidable in true defcription, are
explained at the beginning of the
work. Under this view, likewife,
it muft become direCtly ufeful to
thofe who travel, as they will be
hereby enabled to fatisfy themfelves
in regard to the edible plants they
may meet with abroad, and in their
writings be capable of giving the
country names in conjunction with
the true botanical ones, a thing of
no final! conlequence in Hiftory.

Some time paft, Mr. Hugh Rofe,
Apothecary of Norwich, for his

own

\ V '

X

P R E F A C E.

own information,

fet iiimfelf about

collecting the Linnaean names of the
Efculeni Plants ; his lift coming into
my hands, I made as many additions

to it as I could, have defcribed all

the plants, except fitch as are ge¬
nerally known ; and have digefted
and divided the whole into eleven

i

general Heads, with Subdiviftons of
them, that the defcriptiqns of the
plants might immediately follow
every fmaft parcel of names. Thefe
descriptions I have delivered in as
plain and fimple language as poftible,
being fenftble, that a work chiefly
intended to bring, into general ufe
the fcien'tific names of a particular
fet of plants only, could not be ex-
orefled in too familiar a ftyle. I
nave like wife aimed at brevity, as
well as plainnefs, not unirecpiently
making one plant fubfervient to the
defcription of another, by only con-
traftim/ their difference. As to fuch

- O

Exotics as could not come under my

infpection,

P; R E F A C E.

xi

infpe&ion, I have deliberately con-
fulted the bed: botanic writers upon
them, and by comparing their fe-
veral defcriptions, have formed fuch
as I hope will be found to give the
molt accurate ideas of the plants
defcribed. Knowing alfo, that many
readers are very folicitous about the
virtues of plants, I have added the
mod; general phyfical properties of
the greateft part of thefe, as far as
could, with propriety, * be deduced
from their material compofitions,
and perceivable effects upon the or¬
gans of fenfation. .

Having pointed out the principal
defign, it remains to mention but
one circumftance more refpedting
the fucceeding pages ; which is,
that feveral plants inferted there
were never yet generally introduced
- into the kitchen, but all of them
have been privately tried, and found
to be equal, nay even to furpafs many,
whofe ufes have been long eftablifh-

ed_

/

•*•31

4i

PREFACE.

ed. This muff prove of public ad¬
vantage, in particular feafons, as out
of fuch a number, if fome fhould
fail, others will be in perfection ;
and furely no one will objeCt to
increafing the Efculent Plants, from
an opinion of its tending to promote
luxury, efpecially it he reflect that
human health and vigour can never
be fupported fo well, as by a fre¬
quent ufe of vegetable diet, and that
by having a great variety to choofe
from, both the palates and pockets
of different people will be the more
agreeably accommodated.

TERMS

[ xiii ]

terms explained.

*. . V I *

S it was impojjible to deliver a work of this kind,
with any tolerable propriety , without making ufe
of fome of the terms pecidiar to the fcience , %t will be
necejfary for fuch readers as may be entire fir angers to
Botany , to get a perfect idea of the few general ones
following , before they confidt the defer ip lions of the
plants , otherwife they will not be able clearly to com¬
prehend them, as thefe words are conjiantly occurring .

1 Annual

2 Biennial.

3 Perennial

4 Seffile.

5 Serrated.

6 Crenated.

7 Pinnated, or winged.

8 Peduncle.

9 Spike,
io Spiculn,

4 1 Panicle.

12 Spadix.

13 Racemus.

14 Umbel.

1 A plant is laid to be Annual when it dies,
root and branch, in the courfe of the year in
which it vegetated ; as Common Barley.

7 \

2 A Biennial plant is that which totally perifhes
the fecond year after it vegetated; as Garden
Clary.

15 Calyx.

16 Catkin.

17 Petal. 1

18 Glume.

1 9 Arifta, or Awn.

20 Floret.

2 1 Germen, or Seed-bud.

22 Pericarpium.

23 Capfule.

24 Stamina.

25 Styles.

26 Stigma.

27 Summit.

)

2

3' A Fere «

xiv TER M S EXPLAINED.

3 A Perennial plant is fuch whofe root continues
alive in the ground for many years; as feveral
forts of Mint.

4 A leaf or flower is faid to be Sejfile when it
has no foot- ftalk; as the leaf and flower of the
Garden Purflane.

5 A ferrated leaf is fuch as hath its margin cut
into teeth like thofe upon the edge of a faw 5 as
in the Rofe leaf.

6 A leaf is faid to be crenated when its margin
is cut into femicircular teeth ; as the leaf of Ground
Ivy.

7 A pinnated or winged leaf hath feveral leflfer
leaves placed on each fide a common foot-ftalk *
as the leaf of the Afh.

8 A Peduncle is the ftalk that fupports a flow¬
er, and is fo called to diftinguifh it from the ftalk
that fuftains a leaf.

9 A Spike is formed by many feffile flowers
ftanding on both, or on all fides a common pe¬
duncle'* • as a fpike of Lavender.

10 A Spicula is a partial fpike; in Wheat, the
main fpike is compofed of a number of fpiculae.

1 1 A Panicle is formed by the flowers being

varicufly branched from the extremity of a com¬
mon ftem, upon feparate peduncles ; as in the
Oar. ,

1 2 A Spadix is a fiower-ftem that is protruded
out of a fheath ; as that of the Common Arum.

13 A Racemus is a long bunch of flowers, each

d • . i J . . /

* This fort of peduncle Linnssus more properly calls a

Receptacle.

o of'

/

T fe R M S EXPLAINED. xv

of which is fupported on a diftin<5l peduncle,
which fprings from the fide of a common pedun¬
cle as in the Currants. ' ’ ,

14 An Umbel is a bunch of flowers, in which
many common peduncles, riling to an equal
height, proceed from a point at the extremity of
a Item, and fupport the flowers in froall clutters;

as in Common Parfle'y.

» ■ ,• - :

^ '■*. - \

15 A Calyx is the leaf or leaves that enclofe

and protect the other parts of a flower before
they expand. '

16 A Catkin is a fort of compound calyx, con-
fitting of a great many feales, ranged along a
common receptacle, and has obtained its name
from its refembling a cats-tail; as in the Willow.

*7 The Petal or Petals of a flower, are the leaf
or leaves placed within the calyx, and are of va¬
rious fnapes and colours, according to the nature
of the plant.

1 8 Glume * is a term which ought to be applied
only to grafs-leaved plants, and fhould be confin¬
ed to point out the chaffy leaf that immediately
furrounds the feed.

1 g An Arifta or Awn, is a fort of beard that
fprings from iome part of a hufk or feed of the
grafs-leaved plants *, as the beard of Barley.

20 A Floret is a partial flower; a compleat

* Gluma, a hujk , has not hitherto had any definite mean¬
ing in Botany, which has caufed fome confuiion even in the
works of Linnaeus ; for in deferibing the grafs-leaved plants,
he fometimes ufes it for the calyx, and fometimes for the pe¬
tals, or chaff that furround the feed, whereby it is not al¬
ways pofiible to underftand his meaning. The propriety of
confining it to the petals therefore mull immediately appear.

flower

I

xvi TERMS EXPLAINED.

Sower of the Dandelion is compofed of a number
of florets.

21 The Germen is the rudiment of the fruit, or

feed-vefTel. /

22 A Pericardium is a feed-vefiel arrived at ma¬
turity.

23 A Capfule is a dry hollow feed-veflel, that

cleaves or iplits in fome certain manner ; as a
Poppy-head. 7

24 The Stamina are the little threads Handing

within the petals, and are called the male organs
of generation. v *

25 The Styles are fmall pillars, moftly placed in
the centre of the ftamina, and are the female or¬
gans of generation.

26 The Stigma is the top of the ftyle, and is
varioufly formed.

* * * • l

27 The Summits are the tops of the ftamina.

HISTORY

r\ r

HISTORY

O F

ESCULENT PLANTS.

CHAPTER I.

ESCULENT ROOTS.

SECTION I.

Roots now or formerly made ufe of as Bread .

i ARUM colocafia. Egyptian Arum

or Colocafia.

2 Arum efculentum. Eatable Arum.

3 Arum peregrinum. Edders.

4 Calla paluftris. Water Dragons.

5 Convolvulus batatas. Spanijh Potatoes .

6 Diofcorea fativa.

7 Diofcorea alata.

8 Diofcorea bulbifera. j

9 Jatropha maniot. CaJJava or Indian

Bread.

ro Nymphasa lotus. Egyptian Lotus.

1 1 Sagittaria fagittifolia. Common Arrow -

head.

12 Solan um tuberofum. Common Potatoes .

13 Yucca gloriola. Adam's Needle.

R 14 Polygonum

1

t ROOTS.

14 Polygonum divaricatuni. Eaftern Buck¬
wheat.

1 Arum colocafia. Lin. Sp.pl. 1368.

Arum maximum Egyptium, quod vulgo
Colocafia. Bauh. Bin. 195.

Great has been the controverfy amongft
ancient Botanifts concerning this plant ; fome
infilling that it was the Baba Egyptia of
Diolcorides and Theophraflus, and others
denying it, contending with good reafon that
it was the feed of the Fab a Egyptia that
was eaten, and not the root. This plant no
doubt is the true Colocafia of the ancients,
and the fame which is mentioned by Virgil
in his Eclogues *. It grows in Crete, Cy¬
prus, Syria, and Egypt, propagating itfelf
chiefly by its roots ; for it flowers fo late,
that it can perfedf its feeds only in particu¬
lar feafons. This laft circumftance induced
many travellers to believe it was not natural
to thefe parts, but had been introduced there,
and was the means of leading them into
miflakes about the plant, the general habit
of which fomewhat agreeing with that of
the Baba Egyptia, and fome affecting that
the root of the latter was eaten, they im¬
plicitly pronounced the former to be the
Baba Egyptia, the root of which had been
affirmed by fome to be the true Colocafia.

Dr. HafTelquifl met with the Arum coloca-
fia both in the fields and gardens of Egypt.

* Eclog. iy. v. 20,

It

)

ROOTS.- 3

It hath a large tuberous root covered with
a brownifh fkin, but when cut is white
within, and of a lharpifh acrid tafte.

The leaves come immediately from the

root on long, thick footftalks ; they are

large, and fomewhat of the fbape of thofe

of the Butter bur, of a dark fhining green

colour, and have their footftalk inferted
*

near their centre.

Among the leaves rifes the fiower-ftalk,
which is round, of a pale green, and ter¬
minated by a large fheath including a peftle,
or clapper, like that of our Wake-Robin,
but longer, thinner, and fet round at the
bottom with red berries.

The roots of mod of the fpecies of this
genus are intolerably acrimonious, but this
is of a milder nature, and much efteemed
by the inhabitants of the Eaft for its nu¬
tritious quality. What pungency it has is
taken out by foaking it in water for fume
hours, after w'hich, it is dried and is then
fit for table. Sometimes, however, they are
boiled or roafted, and eaten as potatoes. A
root or two of Colocajia with aglafs of good
wine is a pleafant regale.

2 Arum efculentutn. Ratable Arum.
Lin. Sp. pi. 1 369.

Arum minus, nymphajaefolio, efculentum.
Sloan. Jam. 62.

This is a native of America. Tt is a
much fmaller plant than the former, and

B 2 - has

m

t '& :

4

ROOT S.

has leaves refetnbling our Water Lily. The
inhabitants of the fugar iilands cultivate it
in plenty, as food for their Haves. It has
a mild root, and not only this is eaten, but
the leaves alfo, which are a favourite fallad
among the Indians, and on that account
they are called Indian Kale. This circum-
itance probably induced Linnseus to give it
the trivial name of efculentum, the better to
diftinpuilh it from thole Arums , whofe roots

i ° '

only are eaten.

g Arum peregrinum. Ldders. Lin. Sp.

pl- i369- .

This is likewife a native of America, and
is cultivated for the roots in the fame man¬
ner as that juft mentioned. It differs from
the efculentum , in having leaves between the
form of an heart and that of a fpear. The
roots of both the fpecies are eaten the fame
as are potatoes with us, and the Edders are
very pleafant.

There are fome others of this genus,
whofe roots are elculent, as thofe of the
fagittifolium, but they are not fo generally
cultivated.

4 Calla paluflris. Water Dragons. Lin.

Sp. PJ. 1 373 •

Dracunculus aquatilis. Dod. plant. 330.^

The roots of this are faid to be eaten, but

o

in what manner I cannot learn. It is a na¬
tive

ROOTS. 5

tive of the northern parts of Europe, and
grows in the marfhes. The root is thick,
flelhy, and jointed. It creeps in the mud,
and fends up in clufters many fiftulous italics,
fupporting heart-fhaped, deep green leaves.
The flower-items rife in the midlt of the
tufts of leaves, to about eight inches high ;
they are round, thick, of a pale green, and
are furrounded by the bafes of the leaves.
Each Item terminates with a light green,
plain fpatha, which is fnipped at its bale,
and includes a club-ihaped fpadix, fur-
rounded with hermaphrodite, whitifh, chivy
flowers, having neither calyx, nor petals,
but are fucceeded by red globular berries,
ftandi ng round the fpadix, as they do in
common Arum. The fpatha is permanent,
and remains with the fruit.

5 Convolvulus batatas. Spanijh Pota¬
toes. Li n, Sp. pi. 220.

Convolvulus indicus vulgo Patates didtum.
Rail Hi/1. 728.

The Batatas is a native of both Indies,
but has been a long time cultivated in Spain
and Portugal, whence the roots are annually
imported.

It puts forth many long, trailing ftalks,

„ 1 * O ' O J

vvnich are very rough, and as they run on
the ground they ftrike fibres, and produce
large, irregular, tuberous roots. The ftalks
are furnilhed with aimed fpear-ftiaped

B 1 leaves.

ii

If

ROOT S,

leaves, of a dark green colour, with five
prominent veins running through each,
The flowers are produced at the fiofoms of
the leaves, on long peduncles ; they are bell—
fhaped, fpread open at the top, and contain
five ftamina and one ftyle each, crowned
with a forked ftigma.

The root is firm, of a pale brown on the
outfide, white within, very fweet, and is
the only one at prefent known, in all this
copious genus, to be efculent, thofe of the
reft of the fpecies being either very pungent
or violently cathartick. It is a plant that
■well repays the time and labour of the cul¬
tivators, for one bufhel of the roots generally
yields fifty; but we cannot reap this benefit,
as our climate is not warm enough to pro¬
duce the plant to perfection.

Thefe are certainly the fame fpecies of
roots as thofe which Columbus’s failors were
treated with by the inhabitants of Cuba,
and which they faid were very fweet, and
when boiled tailed like chefnuts.

6 Dioscorea fativa. Tams. Lin. Sp.
pi. 1463.

Volubilis nigra, folio cordato nervofo.
Sloane Jam. 46. liiji. I. p. 140.

This is a native, of both the Indies, and
is cultivated in all the fugar iflands in the
Weft, where the roots are the principal food
of the Negroes.

It

ROOTS. 7

It fends forth many weak, fmootb, flender
flalks, which fix themfelves to any fupport
near them, in the manner of our Briony,
fome of them running to the length of
twenty feet •, they are blackifh, are furnifhed
with heart-fhaped leaves, ending in acute
points, and each has five longitudinal veins,
which take their rife at the bale, and diver ge
towards the fides, but meet again at the
apex. The flowers come out in a racemus
at the footftalks of the leaves ; they have no
petals, but confifl of a fmall calyx cut into
fix parts, and are male and female in diflindt
plants. The male flower has fix hairy fta-
mina, and the female a three cornered ger-
men, crowned with three fiyles, and be¬
comes a caplule of three cells, each con¬
taining two membranous feeds.

. ' i

7 D xoscorea alata. Tams. Lin. Sp.
pi. 1462.

Volubilis rubra, caule membranulis ex-
tantibus alato, folio cordato nervofo. Sloan.
Jam. 46. Hijl. I. p. 140.

This too grows fpontaneoufly in both the
Indies, and is cultivated in manner of the
former. It differs from the J'ativa in being
a fmaller plant, in the flalks being red, tri¬
angular, and winged, and fometimes putting
out bulbs at their joints, as they trail on
the ground.

B 4

8 Dios^

8

ROOTS.

8 D lose ore a bulbifera. Tams. Lin.
Sp.pl. 1463.

Rhizophora Zeylanica, fcammonii folio
fingulari, radice rotunda. Herm. Par. 217.
t. zip.

This differs from both the former in the
roots being rounder. Its leaves refemblc
thofe of Scammony in their fhape, but they
are war ted.

The roots of all thefe three fpecies are
promifcuouHy eaten, by the name of Tams j
they differ greatly in colour, fize, and fhape;
fome being blueifh, fome brownifh ; and as
to fhape, fome are round, others irregularly
oblong. With refpedt to fize, they weigh
from a pound to ten and upwards. They
are of a very nutritious nature, eafy to digeft,
and when dreffea, are preferred to the belt
wheaten bread. The tafte is fomewhat like
the potatoe, but more lufeious. For negroe
food they are generally boiled, and then
beaten into a math. The white people grind
them to flour, and make bread and puddings
of them. In order to have the benefit of
them the year through, upon digging them
up, they are expofed in the fun to dry, in
the manner of our onions, and when fuffi-
ciently weathered, they are preferved in dry
fand, garrets, or cafks, and if kept from
moifiure, will continue feveral feafons, and
lofe nothing of their primitive goodnefs.

. /

■ " 9 Jatropha

ROOTS. 9

o Jatropha maniot, Cafl’ava. Lin,
Sp. pi. 1429.

Arbor fucco venenato, radice efculenta.
Baub. Bin. 5 12.

The C a [Java is a native of the warmer
parts of America. It is a fhrubby plant,
lending up feveral ftalks feven or eight feet
high, which are covered with a thin bark,
of different hues, according to the age ot
the Hems, it being grey, red, or blue. The
ftalks and branches are furnifhed with
frnooth, hand-fhaped leaves, confuting of
five or feven lance-fhaped lobes each. The
flowers come out in bunches at the tops of
the ftalks, fome being male and others fe¬
male. The male has no calyx, but is com-
pofed of a bell-fhaped petal, containing ten
ftamina, forming a column. The female
alio has no calyx, and confifts of five whitifh
petals, furrounding three bifid ftyles, and
is fucceeded by a capfuie of three cells, con¬
taining one feed each. The principal root
is about half a yard long, and two or three
inches thick; almoft cylindrical, red or
greyifh on the outlide, white within, of a
farinaceous fubftance, mixed with a milky
juice, and every part of it is a fatal poifon
when raw ; but notwithstanding this, tbefe
roots furnifh a very great part of the daily
food of the inhabitants of all denominations
in the Weft Indies.

When thefe roots are full grown and fit
for ale, it requires no great labour to get

them

io

ROOTS.

them up, for they do not penetrate far into
the ground, and therefore the method ufed
by the negroes, is, to pluck up the whole
tree, roots and all, and if any of the offsets
chance to feparate, which is fometimes the
cafe, they draw thefe up with a hoe. In
order to prepare them for food, they pare
oft the outer bark with a coarfe knife ; then
the loots ai e tubbed on large copper graters
to reduce them to meal, which much re-
fembles the fawings of fome white grained
wood. When a fufficient quantity of meal
is obtained, it is put into a prefs, and the
watery part fqueezed from it, and carefully
fet by in veflels kept at hand for the purpofe.
The fubftantial part is then taken from the
prefs, and if immediately wanted for bread,
it is made into cakes, and baked upon iron
plates over a flow fire, till they become
brown ; after which they will keep fweet
for feveral months. The plates are about
two feet broad, and half an inch thick, and
are placed either upon ftones, or an iron
trivet. A fire is made underneath, and
when the iron is properly heated, which
they try by touching it with their fingers,
they lay the meal on equally over the whole
plate, till they have covered it about two
inches thick. As it roads, the perfon that
attends it, gently paffes a fmooth piece of
wood over the lurface, which caufes the
mafs to incorporate and fubfide, till it be¬
comes not above the eighth of an inch thick.

When

I

ROOTS. II

When -baked enough, it is taken off, and
laid a few hours in the fun, that if any
tnoifture yet remains, it may be dilfipated,
and thereby prevent the cake from con¬
tracting a mould. This bread is eafy to
digeft, very nourifhing, though but coarfe
in the mouth. A piece of it dipped in
water or other liquor, will foon fwell to fe-
veral times the thicknefs it was before it was
put in. When Cajfava is intended to be
laifl up as a Rock to have recourfe to occa-
fionally, or for the convenience of packing
it up to fend about the country, it is then
cured in the following manner: They put
a parcel of the meal into a pan over a flow
fire, and to prevent it from burning, or
Ricking to the pan, they continue Rirring
it about with a wooden inflrument made for
that purpofe. By this operation it is brought
into granules, and when dry enough, it is
taken out and laid by in fome convenient
place, and by now and then expofing it to
the fun, or the warmth of a Rove, it may
be preferved fweet for feveral years. What¬
ever offal may happen to be made in any
preparation of the root, is carefully faved,
and dried in a Rove. This is often ufed to
thicken their foups ; but more generally, it
is afterwards roafied very brown, and being
fermented with the roafled roots of the
Convolvulus batatas and melaffes, an ine¬
briating liquor, called ouycou, is prepared
from it, and is a favourite drink of the na¬
tives.

*

I

' • „ ;' N\

M

x 2

ROOT

tives, and with which they moftly get into¬
lerably intoxicated at their feafts and public
entertainments. No part of this extraor¬
dinary root is wafted, for the juice, though
a perfedt poifon crude, is boiled up with
meat, pepper, and other fpices, as occafion
requires, into a moft agreeable and whole-
iome ioup; and they are very careful to
preferve it for this purpofe. Sometimes,
however, their hogs and poultry find means
to get at it, and drink it, which is inftant
death to them ; yet the creatures fo poi-
ibned, are eaten with the fame fafety and
unconcern, as if they had been properly
butchered.

Dr. Bancroft mentions another fort of
CaJJava ufed by the Indians, which he calls
the fwtjet CaJJava , and they Camanioc , and
fays it differs little from the former, but in
that it is not poifonous. This poffibly may
be the root of a fpecies of this genus, but it
certainly can never be a variety of the fame
plant. Notwithftanding its innocent quality,
its roots are not regarded by the natives as
equal to the others, they yielding lefs meal
in proportion to their ftze, and that more
ipungy and lefs nutritive.

10 Nymph.® a lotus. Egyptian Lotas.
Lin. Sp. pi. 729.

Nymphasa folds amplioribus profunde
crenatis fubtus areolatis. Brown, jam. 343.

This is an aquatick plant, and a native of

both

y

v v

ROOTS. 13

both the Indies. It fends up feveral large
leaves, Handing fingly on long footilalks ;
thefe are heart-fhaped, deeply cut at their
bafe, of a light green colour, and fharply
dentated on their edges. The flower-ftalks
come immediately from the root ; they are
long, and each is terminated by one large,
white double flower, of an agreeable fmell, .
and like that of our white Water Lily, but
it is not quite fo full oi petals. T. he calyx
conlifts of four permanent leaves, in the
centre of which is placed the germen ; this
turns to a bottle - fhaped feed - vefiel, of
many cells, containing roundifh feeds.

The root is conical, firm, about the fize
of a middling Pear, covered with a blackfill
bark, and fet round with fibres. It has a
fweetifh tafte, and when boiled or roafled,
becomes as yellow within as the yolk of an
Egg. The plant grows in abundance on the
banks of the Nile, and is there much fought
after by the poor people, who in a fhort
fpace of time colledt enough to fupply their
families with food for feveral days.

xi Saqittarxa fagittifolia. Common
Arrowhead. Lin. Sp. pi. 1410.

Sagitta aquatica minor latifolia, Bauh .
Pin. 194.

This plant grows common in rivulets and
water ditches, and often varies much .in the
fize and form of its leaves. Ofbeck, in his

*4 ROOTS,

bulbis oblongis cultivated in the fame field
with Rice and Nymphaa Nelumbo ; it re-
fembled the European Sagittaria, but wa3
larger, which might be owing to the cul¬
ture : the roots of the Chinefe fort are the
fize of a clenched fift, and are oblong, and
the Swedifh are round, and not much larger
than peas. We change the quality of the
ground, he remarks, by draining the water,
and other arts, till we make it agreeable to
our few forts of corn ; but the Chinefe make
ufe of fo.manv plants for their fubfiftence,
that they can fcarce have any fort of ground,
but what will fit fome one of them. Thus
they do not improve the field for the feed,
but chufe the feed for the field.

The Sagittifolia fends down into the mud'
many long, ilender, brittle fibres, with a
bulb fufpended at the end of each, which in
Auguft is about the fize of an Acorn, and of
a fine blue colour, ftreaked with yellow.
The in fide is white, firm, of a farinaceous
tafte, but a little muddy. From the crown
of this bunch of fibres, fhoot many long,
fpungy ftalks, fupporting large arrow-lhap-
ed leaves, of a fine green colour, and glofly
furface. Arnidfl thefe rife the flower-ftems,
higher than the leaves, fuftaining at their
joints three or four white flowers, on long
peduncles, each confiding of three roundifh
petals, which fpread open. The upper-
inoft flowers are all male, with many awl-

I

ROOTS. 15

fhaped Aamina ; the lower ones all female,
with petals like the male, furrounding many
comprelfed feed-buds, collected in a head,
having very fhort ftyles, with acute ftigma-
ta. Thefe flowers are fucceeded by rough
heads, containing many fmall feeds.

I cured fome of the bulbs of this plant,
in the fame manner that Saloop is cured,
when they acquired a fort of pellucidnels ;
and on boiling them afterwards they broke
into a glutinous meal, and tailed like old
peas boiled.

12 Solanum tuberofum. Common Po¬
tatoes. Lin. Sp. pi. 265.

Solanum tuberofum efculentum. Bauh.
Pin. 1 67.

The common Potatoe is a native of Peru,
in South America. It has been introduced
into England about a century and half, but
was amongft us a long time before much at¬
tention was paid to it, nor did it come into
ufe in the families of the higher clafs of
people, till within a few years paft. The
Irifh feem to have been the fir ft general cul¬
tivators of it in the weftern parts of Europe,
and it is fo extended now as to form a prin¬
cipal part of the winter food, both of the
Irifh and Englifh. There are two forts, the
red and the white roots, which are only fe-
minal variations ; and there are alfo feveral
varieties of thele. Potatoes abound with an
3 inflpid.

I

M

1 6 ROOTS.' “

iniipid, phlegmatic juice, which induces
many to think they are not nutritious ; and
indeed i'u c 1 1 torts as hreak into a watery
meal in the boiling, can afford but very little
nourifhment, as they are always found to
prove very diuretick, and greatly to in-
creafe the quantity of urine. On the con-
t!aiy, thole Kinds which cut firm when
thoroughly boiled, efpecially the white
forts, mull: be nutritive, as they contain a
more mucilaginous juice, than thofe that
eafily break, which thickening in the boil-
mg, is toe occafion of the parts cohering.
Of equal' quantities of the powder of Pota¬
toes and the flour of Wheat, a good fort of
bread may be made; and ftarch and hair

powder may alfo be obtained from thefe
roots.

1 3 Yucca gloriofa *. Adam’s Needle,
Lin. Sp. pi. 456.

Cordyline foliis pungentibus integerri-
mis. Roy. Lugd. Bat. 22.

This is a native of the fame place as the
former. There are feveral fpecies of the
genus, all natives of America, but moft of
them are to be met with in the gardens and
green-houfes of the curious in England.
The Gloriofa differs from the reft, in having

* 1 ptant that flowered at Coflefey, near Norwich, in
3pf2, and winch was affirmed to be the Succotrine Ahe , was
only one of this fpecies ; but it was a very llrong plant, and
the Item rofe to above fix feet hffih.

o

2

>

the

V

Roots,

the margins of its leaves entire. In old
plants the leaves are about eighteen inches
long, and two broad, of a dark green co¬
lour, and each ends in a {harp ItifF fpine.
They are thickly fet round the bottom of
the Item to a fpan or more upward, whence
iffues a round, rigid, purplifh-green ftalk,
to the height of three feet or more, and
which is fet round with branches to the
very top. At the bafe of each branch Hands
a fmall red leaf, with a green apex. The
branches are lparedly fet with bell-fhaped
flowers, which hang downwards ; they are
white, with purplifh ftripes on the outiide,
and confift of fix petals each, joined toge¬
ther by their bafes. In the center of the
flower are fix fhort, reflexed {lamina, and an
oblong, three cornered germen, which be¬
comes an angular capfule, of three cells,
filled with comprefled feeds.

The root is thick and tuberous, and is
ufed by the Indians for bread, being firft re¬
duced into a coarfe meal but this is only
in times of fcarcity, and when more grate¬
ful roots fail them. In like cafes the peo¬
ple of England have been glad to fupport
life with the roots of the Spiraea. jilipendula,
(Dropwort) the Scirpits maritimus, (Baftard
Cyperus) and even with thole of th<? Triti-
cum repens, (Dogs-grafs) and alfo of thofe
of the Common Brake, or Fern.

14 P OLY"

18 ROOTS.

14 Polygonum divaricatum. E ajiern
Buckwheat. Lin. pi. 520.

Perficaria alpina, folio nigricante, floribus
albis. All. Pedem. 41. t. 8.

This grows in Siberia and the Ifland of
Corfica, in the Mediterranean. ’Tis a pe¬
rennial plant, with a creeping root, com-
pofed of many tough fibres. The ftalk rifes
near half a yard high, breaking into many
fpreading branches, which are moftly bent
at their joints, and are furniihed with nar¬
row, fmooth, light green, fpear-fhaped
leaves, ending in an acute point. The flowers
are produced in loofe fpikes at the ends oi'
the branches ; they have no calyx, are fmall
and white, confifl: of one petal each, cut at
the brim into five fpreading fegments, and
contain eight ftamina and three ftyles.
When the flower fades the petal enwraps a
roundilh, fharp-pointed feed.

The roots (reduced into coarfe meal) are
the ordinary food of the Siberians, as they
are alfo of the mountain-rats. Thefe ani¬
mals are provident enough in the winter to
lay up a proper {lore for the fummer, which
being known to the natives, and they being
too indolent to dig for them, ramble in quefr
of the rats, granaries, and having hit upon
them, make no Icruple to carry away the
produce of all their induftry.

SECT.

#

R O O T.S. 19

SECT. II.

* f * ' 4 *•*' •

"■ 1 ' • \ ' r ^ "" l

Roofs occafionally eaten as Condiments , or for

other Family PurpoJ'es.

1 A MO MUM zingiber. Common Gin-
1 X

2 Allium cepa. Common Onion.

3 Allium afcalonicum. Shallot , or Ffcha-

lot.

4 Allium fcorodoprafum. Rokambole .

• 5 Apium petrofelinym. Common Parjley.
- latifolium. Large-rooted Parfley.

6 Bunium bulbocaftanum. Earth-nut , or

Pis' -nut.

o

7 Beta rubra. Red Beet.

8 Braffica rapa. Common Furnep.

— - rapa punicea. Purple - rooted

Turnep.

- - — — rapa favefcens. Yellow- rooted

Turnep.

— - rapa oblonga. Long-rooted T ur-

nep.

9 Campanula rapunculus. Rampion.

10 Cochlearia armoracia. Horfe Radijlo.

1 1 Carum carui. Caraway.

12 Cyperus efculentus. Rujh-nut .

13 Daucus carota. Wild Carrot.

14 Eryngium maritimum. Sea Holly.

C 2 15 Guilan-

/

20 ROO T S.

15 Guilandina moringa. Ceylon Guilan-

uina.

16 Hel ianthus tuberofus. y erufalem Arti¬

choke.

17 Ixia chinenfis. Spotted Ixia.

18 Ixia crocata. Greater Africa?! Ixia.

1 9 Ixia bulbifera. Bulb-bearing Ixia .

20 Lathyrus tuberofus. Peas Earth-nut »

21 Orobus tuberofus. Heath Peas.

22 Orchis mafcula. Male Orchis.

23 Paftinaca fativa. Phe Parfnep.

24 Raphanus fativus. Radi [Id.

29 Scorzonera hifpanica. Viper s Grafs •

26 Sium Sifarum. Skirrets.

CLiiiurn martagon. Martagon Lily.
^Tulipa gefneriana. Common Pulip .

28 Tragopogon pratenfe. Yellow Goats -

beard.

29 Tragopogon porrifolium. Purple Goats-

beard.

1 Amomum zingiber. Common Ginger.
Lin . Sp. pl.i. Zingiber. P/tf. 35.

This is a native of both the Indies, and
furnifhes a coniiderable article of trade to
the inhabitants of each. It is a perennial,
and the roots fpread in the ground in digi¬
tated clufters. From thefe rife feveral reea-
like ftalks, near a yard high, having a few
narrow, graffy leaves towards their tops.
Among thefe come forth the flower-ftems ;

they are naked all the way up, and termi-

/ nated

ROOTS. 21

nated by fcaly, oval fpikes of fmall blue
flowers, confuting of one irregular petal,
having a fhort tube j this is cut into four
fegments at the brim, and includes one fla-
men and one flyle. The germen becomes a
three-cornered capfule, containing many
feeds.

Ginger is an excellent ftomachick, and a
powerful expeller of flatulencies. The green
frefli root preferved as a fweetmeat, is pre¬
ferable to any other. The Indians flice the
green root among their fallad herbs, in or¬
der to render them more grateful to the pa¬
late, and make them fit eafier on the fto-
mach.

2 Allium cepa. Common Onion. Ltn.
Sp.pl. 431. Cepa vulgaris. Bauh. Pin. 71.

From whence this was firfl: brought into
Europe is not known, but that it is natural
to Africa is beyond a doubt, it being evi¬
dent that Onions were eaten by the Egyp¬
tians above two thoufand years before
Thrift, and they make a great part of their
conftant food to this day in Egypt. Dr.
Haflelquift fays it is not to be wondered at
that the Ifraelites * fhould long for them,
after they had left this place, for whoever
has tailed Onions in Egypt muff allow, that
none can be had better in any part of the

* Numbers, chap. xi. ver, 5.

C univerfe :

I

univerfe: here, he goes on, they are fweet,
in other countries they are naufeous and
ftrong ; here they are foft, whereas in the
north and other parts they are hard, and
their coats fo compadt, that they are diffi¬
cult to digeft. They eat them roafted, cut
into four pieces, with fome bits of roafted
meat, which the Turks call kebab-, and
with this diffi they are fo delighted, that
they wifh to enjoy it in Paradife. They
likewife make a foup of them in Egypt,
which Haffelquift lays is one of the beft:
difhes he ever eat. The many ways of
drefting Onions in England are known to
every family, but in regard to wholefome-
nefs, there is certainly no method equal to
boiling, as thus they are rendered mild, of
eafy digeftion, and go off without leaving
thofe heats in the ftomach and bowels,
which they are apt to do any other way.
Their nature is to attenuate thick, vifcid
juices, confequently a plentiful ufe of them
in cold phlegmatick conftitutions muft
prove beneficial. Many people fhun them
on account of the ftrong, difagreeable fmell
they communicate to the breath ; this may
be remedied by eating a few raw Parfley
leaves immediately after, which will ef¬
fectually overcome the fcent of the Onions,
and caufe them to fit more eafy on the fto-
tnach.

t

ROOTS. 23

3 Allium afcalonicum. LJchalot. Lin.
Sp.pl. 429. Cepa fieri lis. Bank. Pin. 72.

This was found wild in Palefline, by
Dr. Haflelquift. The root is conglobate,
confilfing of many oblong roots, bound to¬
gether by thin membranes. Each of tbefe
fmall roots fends forth two or three fiftu-
lous, long, awl-fhaped leaves, ifiuing fiom
a (heath, and are nearly like thole of the
common onion. *1 he flower -Item Ihoots
from a membranaceous (heath , is round, al-
moft naked, and terminated by a globular
umbel of flowers, which have erect, pui-
plifh, lance-fhaped petals, of the length of
the ftamina.

The root of this fpecies is very pungent,
has a ffrong, but not unpleafant fmell, and
therefore is generally preferred to the Onion,
for making high-flavoured foups and gra¬
vies. It is alfo put into pickles, and in the
Eaft-Indies they ufe an abundance of it for
this purpofe.

/ 5-

4 Allium fcorodoprafum. Rokambole.
Lin..Sp. pi. 425.

Allium ftaminibus alterne trifidis, capite

«

bulbifero, fcapo ante maturitatem contorro.

Hall.. all. 2.

This grows naturally in Denmark and
Sweden. It' hath a heart-fliaped, folid root,
which (lands fide- ways of the ftalk. The
leaves are broad, and are a little crenated 04

C 4 their

\

I *

24

ROOTS

i 1

r!

their edges. The flowers are of a pale pur¬
ple colour, and collected into a globular
head.

Linnaeus makes the Rokambole , defcribed
above by Haller, to be only a variety of this,
and it differs from the original, in having
the top of the ffalk twilled circularly before
the flowers open, and alfo in the head pro¬
ducing bulbs. The roots are ufed for the
fame purpofes as thofe of the former.

5 Apium petrofelinum. Common Parjley .
Lin. Sp. pi. 379.

Apium hortenfe, petrofelinum vulgo.

Baub. Pin. J53.

The Common Parjley is known to every
one. There are two varieties of it ; the
curled and the broad-leaved Parjley, the
roots of which lafl: are frequently brought
to the markets, efpecially the London ones.
This variety has been cultivated in Holland
a long time, and the roots are produced
there to the fize of our fummer Carrots,
which the gardeners tye up in bunches like
Radilhes, and lend them to market, where
they are readily bought by the people, who
are very fond of them. They drefs them
different ways, but the principal ufe they
put them to is to make what they call Wa-
tcr-Soucbe. Parfley roots have a brilk diu-
retick quality, and therefore are not prope
2 food

t.

ROOTS. 25

food for fuch as have any debility in the uri¬
nary paffages. The plant is a native of the

I .(land of Sardinia.

6 Bun ium bulbocaftanum. Earth Nut.
Lin. Sp.pl. 349.

Bulbocaftanum majus, folio apii. Bauh.
Pin. 162.

This is a native of our woods and low
paftures. The leaves, as to their general
form, fomewhat refemble thofe of Parfley,
and thofe which come from the root lay flat
on the ground. The ftalk rifes to about
half a yard, is round, channelled, folid,
naked below, and divided upwards into
many branches, at each of which hands a
fmall leaf, in fhape like thofe at the bot¬
tom. The flowers come out at the ends of
the branches in umbels ; they are white,
and confift of five heart-fhaped petals each,
turning inwards, and furrounding five fta-
mina, with an oblong germen below, which
becomes an oval fruit containing two feeds.
The roots, which are of a dirty brown co¬
lour, and a little bigger than Hazel-nuts,
are as pleafant as a Chefnut, whence the
name of Bulbocajlanum. Pigs are exceed¬
ingly fond of thefe roots, therefore they are
called Pig-nuts; and indeed nature feems to
have intended them for the life of thefe
creatures rather than for man, by reafon they
cannot be improved by cultivation, as Pota¬
toes

#

26

ROOTS.

- *

■i

toes and other efculent roots are, for they
will not thrive in tilled land. The root has
a fliptick quality, and has been deemed fer-
viceable againll laxity of the urinary paf-

fages.

7 The Beta rubra , Red Beet, is only a va¬
riety of the Beta vulgaris, originally obtained
by culture, and now there are fome varieties
of this ; as the common red Beet, the turnep-
rooted red Beet, and the greenifh-leaved red
Beet. This laft is the moil efteemed fort,
the roots being larger and tenderer than the
others. All thefe varieties are well known

I

among gardeners, and the ufe of their roots
among cooks ; to defcribe them farther,
therefore, would be ufelefs. They are plea-
fant enough to the palate, but are faid to be
prejudicial to the Itomach, to afford little
nourifhment, and on that account are but
feldom eaten to what they were formerly.

3 Brassica rapa. Common Turnep. Lin.
Sp. pi. 931. Rapa fativa rotunda. Bauh.
Pin. 89. is a native of England, and may
be met with wild on the borders of fields.
No plant exhibits a more flunking inftance
of the benefits of cultivation than this, for
in its wild llate it is worth little either to
man or beaft ; but under the management of
the hulhandman, it not only affords food for
the hitman fpecies, but becomes a moll ad¬
vantageous

ROOTS. 27

1

' vanta^eous crop to the cultivator, by fur-
ni filing the principal winter food ioi hr^
cattle. The Scotch eat the yellow-rooted
turneps, when lmall, as we do Radilhes ;
and in France and Holland they boil the
lon^-rooted one in ,moft of their flews and
gravies.

Turneps are an wholefome aperient food,
and the liquor prefled from them when
boiled is cooling and diuretick. I he Tur-
nep itfelf, malhed with bread and rmlk,
is an excellent poultice.

9 Campanula rapunculus. Hampton. .
Lin. Sp. pi. 232. Rapunculus efculentus.
Baub.Pin. 92. ,

The Campanula rapunculus grows wild in
the county of Surrey, and fome other parts
of England. It is a biennial plant with a
carrot-lhaped root, which fends forth many
elliptical leaves ; among thele riles a firm,
ered, ftriated ftalk, to the height of two
feet, furnilhed with narrower leaves than
thole from the root, Handing irregularly.
Towards the top of the Hern, and at the bo-
l'oms of the leaves, rife feveral ciofe panicles
of blue, bell-lhaped flowers, cut into five
iegments, and containing live ftamina and
one ftyle each. The whole plant abounds
with a ladefcent juice. It is much culti¬
vated in France for the rootsy which are

boiled

boiled and eaten as fallads ; but in England
it is now little regarded.

10 Cochlearia armoracia. Horje-radijh .

Lm. Sp. pi, 904. Raphanus rufticanus.
Baub.Pin. 97.

The root of the blorfe-radijh is perhaps
one of the belt condiments to frefh beef,
that the vegetable kingdom is capable of
producing; for by its warmth and activity
it promotes digeftion, and ftrengthens the
tone of the ftomach. Frequently eaten, or
otherwife ufed, it ftimulates’the folids, at¬
tenuates the juices, fcours the glands, and
thereby becomes ferviceable in fcurvies, and
all diforders proceeding from a vifcid hate
of blood. The expreffed juice put into
fkimmed milk makes an excellent cofrnetic.
There is a compound water of Horfe-radifh
kept in the Ihops, which is elbeemed a good
antifcorbutic. The plant grows naturally
on the banks of rivers and ditches in Eng¬
land, and is too common to need a de-
fcription.

V

1 1 Carum carui. Caraway. Lin. Sp.
pi. 378.

Carum pratenfe, Carui ofHcinarum. Baub.

Pin. 1 c8.

The Caraway is a biennial plant, and
grows wild in our meadows and pastures.

It

1

ROOTS. 29

It hath a carrot fhaped root,. which runs
deep in the ground, and which, on being
broken, emits a ftrong aromatic fmdl.
From this comes up two or three iolio,
channelled ftalks, to about two feet high,
fet with frefh green, winged leaves, on long
footftalks, and more finely cut than thole ol
the carrot. The ftalks break into branches
upward, each of which is terminated by a
bunch of fmall umbels, having white pen-
tapetalous flowers, containing five hairy fta-
mina and one ftyle.

The roots of the cultivated Caraways were
formerly in great efteem when boiled ; how
they have fallen into negledt is not ealv to
guefs, as they certainly merit a place at
table, as much as fome that come there, by
reafon they have the faculty of warming
and comforting a cold weak ftomach. . The
ufe of the feeds is well known both in the
kitchen and fhops. 1 here is an eflential
oil and fpirituous water drawn from the
feeds, which are excellent Carminatives.

12 Cyperus efculentus. Ri/JhNuf. Lt>u
Sp. pi. 67.

Cyperus rotundus efculentus angufti-

folius. Bauh. Pin. 14.

This is a native of Italy, and a perennial.
Immediately from the root (hoot up many
long, narrow, grafly, three-fquare, Iharp-

pointed leaves, (landing almoft upright, and

having

M

ROOT S.

having a fharp, longitudinal ridge running
down the back of each. Amidft thefe rife
feveral, fmooth, three-fquare fiower-ftems,
two or three feet high, each terminated by
five narrow leaves, fpreading horizontally,
from the centre of which comes an umbel
of flowers, compofed of four or five loofe
kind of panicles or rays, regularly difpofed,
bearing fmail, chaffy flowers, clofely crouded
together on each fide the midrib, and hav*
ing three ftamina and one ftyle each.

The root is a collection of long fibres, fet
at fmail dirtances with oval bulbs, which
are about the fize of nutmegs, of a reddifh
colour on the outfide, white within, firm,
and of a more delicate and pleafant tafte than
a chefnut. Thefe bulbs are greatly eiteemed
in Italy and fome parts of Germany, and
are frequently brought to table by way of
defert.

13 Daucus carota. ‘The Carrot. Lin.
Sp. pi. 348.

Paftinaca tenuifolia fvlveftris Diofcoridis.

J

Bauh. Pin. 1 4 1 . .

The cultivated Carrot is well known to
every one, but there are many uninformed
of its being only a variety of the daucus ca¬
rota, or wild carrot, fo common in our fields
and hedges. This, like the Turnep, is
worth little in its wild llate, its root being
fmail, tough, and ftringy; yet when ma-
2 nured

ROOT S. 31

mired it becomes large, fucculent, and of a
pleafant flavour. But even in its improved
il;ate, unlefs eaten very young, it is hard of
digeftion, and conlequently lies in the llo-
mach, and breeds flatulencies.

Both flowers and ieeds of the wild Carrot
were kept in the (hops. T. he latter are a
powerful diuretick, and have often Deen
found a fovereign remedy in the jaundice,

dropfies and gravel.

*

j 4 Eryngium maritimum. Sea Holly .
Lin. Sp. pi. 33 7.

This grows upon the fea coafts in diverfe
parts of "England. It is a perennial, with a
long, tough, creeping root, which fends
forth feveral roundifh, plicated, bluiih,
prickly leaves, {landing on long footftalks,
and moftly lodged on the ground. The
Items rife" about half a yard high, dividing
into many fpreading branches, which are
let at their joints with leaves like thofe from
the root, but they are fmaller, and clafp
the (talks with their bafe. The flowers are
produced at the ends of the branches in
roundifh, prickly heads, the bottoms of
which are furrounded with narrow, prickly
leaves, ranged in the form of a ftar. Each
flower confifts of five fmall, oblong, light-
blue petals, furrounding five (lender (la¬
mina and one ftyle. The germen becomes

an

/

ROOTS.

32

an oval fruit, divided into two cells, each
containing one oblong feed.

The roots have a pleafant, fweetifh tafte,
mixed with a flight degree of warmth and
acrimony. They are candied by the con¬
fectioners, and eaten in this manner they
are deemed excellent for diforders of the
bread: and lungs.

15 Guilandina moringa. 'Ceylon Gui-
landina. Lm. Sp. pi. 546.

Lignum peregrinum aquarn caeruleam
reddens. Baub. Pin. 416.

This grows in Egypt, the Ifland of Cey¬
lon, and on the coaft of Malabar. It is a
lhrubby tree, and the only one of the genus
that has no fpines ; the others, four in num¬
ber, being all armed with prickles. -This
rifes with a flrong Item, covered with an
alh-coloured bark, to near twenty feet. The
young branches are covered with a green
bark, and fet at their bafe with trifoliate
leaves, but upon the branches the leaves are
decompounded, breaking into leveral divi-
flons, which are again divided into fmaller
ones, having five pair of oval lobes each,
and terminated by an odd one. Thefe are
of a light-green colour, and a little hoary
on their under fide. The flowers are pro¬
duced from the fides of the branches, in
loofe bunches ; they are vellow, cornpofed

of

riv:

33

HOOTS.

of an unequal number of petals, fome hav¬
ing five and others ten, and ftand in a bell-
fhaped calyx, which is cut at the brim into
five equal parts. The ftamina are awl-
fhaped, ten in number, and furroUnd an
oblong germen, which becomes a rhom-
boidal pod, with one cell, including feveral
hard, oval feeds.

The root is thick, full of knobs, and
when young, is fcraped and ufed by the in¬
habitants in the fame manner, and for the
fame 'purpofes, as we do Horfe-radilh, it
having the like pungent tafte, as have alfo
the flowers. The wood of this tree dyes a
beautiful blue colour. ;

16 Helianthus tuberofiis. ‘Jerufalem
Artichoke. Lin. Sp.pl. 1277.

Helenium indicum tuberofum. Bauh.
Bin. 277.

The Jerufalem Artichoke is a native of
Brazil, but has for ages been cultivated in
the Englith gardens. It is a perennial, and
fends up many round, hairy, fluff ftalks,
eight or ten feet high, which are fet with
yellowifh green, oval heart- fhaped leaves,
fomewhat like thofe of the common Sun¬
flower, but narrower. A farther defcription
of it will be needlefs, it being pretty well
known among gardeners; for where it has
once been planted, it is no eafy matter to
root it out again. The roots have fome re-

D femblance

I £

femblance to Potatoes, but their tafte is
more fulfome, and like that of Artichoke
bottoms. They abound with a phlegmatic
juice, which is apt to generate wind, and
caufe unealy griping pains in the bowels.
This is the chief reafon they are not fo
much cultivated now as they were for¬
merly.

J t

1 7 Ixia chinenlis. Spotted Ixia. Lin~
Sp. pi. 52.

Bermudiana iridis folio majori, flore cro-
Ceo eleganter pundlato. Krauf. bort.,2 5.

t.

25-

This is a perennial, and a native of India.
It hath a thick, fiefhy, jointed root, fur-
nilhed with fibres. This fends up a fmooth,
jointed ftalk, fet with pointed leaves, near
a foot long, and an inch broad, with fur¬
rows running their whole length, and clafp-
ing the ftalk with their bafe. Some way
up, the ftalk divides into two, and a pe¬
duncle fhoots from the centre of the par¬
tition, fupporting one flower ; thefe two
branches divaricate again into peduncles,
about two inches long, each fuftaining a
flower as the former. The flower conlifts
of fix equal petals, of a deep gold colour on
the outlide, but of a light yellow within,
mixed with red fpots j in the centre are
three Ifamina and one inclining ftyle. The
germen is oval, three cornered, and ftands

below

ROOTS* 35

below the flower; this turns to a capfule
with three cells, filled with roundifh leeds.

The inhabitants where the plant grows
naturally, boil the roots, and cut them a^
we do potatoes.

» 4

1 8 Ixia crocata. Greater African Ixia •
Lin. Sp. pi. 52.

Ixia foliis gladiatis glabris, floribus co-
rymbofis terminalibus. Mill. ic. 156 .f. 1.

' This hath a flattifh, bulbous root* fending
forth three or four thin, narrow, lword-
ftiaped leaves, near a foot long, among
which rifes the flower-ftem juft above them.
The ftem is very {lender, naked, and ter¬
minated by a fpike of yellow flowers, cotn-
pofed of fix large, oblong, concave petals,
of a glaffy hue at their bafe, where each has
a large, blackhh fpot on the infide.

19 Ixia bulbifera. Bulb - bearing Ixia.
Lin. Sp. pi. 51.

This from a bulbous root fends forth fe-
veral narrow, fword-ftiap.ed leaves, about
half a foot long. Among theie rifes a
jointed ftem, to near half a yard, which is
furniftied with a fmall leaf at each of its
lower joints, clafping the ftem with fts
bafe, and ftanding eredt. At the bofoms
' of thefe leaves bulbs are produced, which
if planted will vegetate, and produce corn-
pleat plants. The flowers come out alter-

D 2 nately

f

M

36 - ROOTS,

nately at the upper part of the ftem, which
bends at the joints where they fpring from ;
they are compofed of fix whitifh oval petals
each, ilriped with blue on their outlides.
The germen l'upports a long, flender Ifyle,
crowned with a trifid ftigma, and turns to a
roundith capfule, having three cells, filled
with fmall roundifh feeds.

Thefe two laft fpecies are natives of the
Cape of Good Hope, where the roots are
eaten by the inhabitants, and greatly
efteemed. There are feveral more of this
genus, and it is probable the roots of all
of them might be ufed in the fame manner.

' til *

20 Lathyrus tuberofus. Peas Earth
Nut. Lin. Sp. pi. 1033.

Lathyrus arvenfis repens tuberofus. Bauh.
Pin. 344.'"

In the corn-fields of France and Germany
the Peas Earth Nut grows naturally, and is
a very troublefome weed to the farmers. It
is a perennial, and ftrikes forne of its fibres
very deep into the earth, whilft others run
obliquely near the lurface, having thick
knobs, or irregular bulbs at their ends.
From the crown of the bundle of fibres
come feveral trailing ftalks, three or four
feet long, and furnifhed with oval, feffile
leaves in pairs, with a clafper between
them. The flowers are produced from the
arm-pits of the leaves, three or four upon a
• , - long

ROOTS. 37

long peduncle ; they are of the pea kind,
of a light purplilh colour, and are iucceeded
by flender, curved pods, containing final],
round feeds.

This plant, though a weed in France, is
cultivated in Holland for the roots, which
are carried to the markets there for fale.
They have an agreeable pleafant tafte, much
refembling that of the Sweet Chefnut.

21 Orobus tuberofus. HeatbPeas. Lin.
Sp. pi. 1028.

Aftragulus fylvaticus, foliis oblongis gla-
bris. Bauh. Pin. 351.

This grows plentifully on the heaths in
Scotland, and alfo on the like places in
fome parts of the north of England. This
too is a perennial plant, having a more
woody root than the Lathyrus above-men¬
tioned. It fends up a Ample Item, about a
foot high, furnifhed with winged leaves,
generally compofed of two pair of oblong-
oval, fmooth, fharp-pointed lobes each, and
a fort of triangular fdipula at the bafe of the
footfdalk, which embraces the Idem. From
the joints of the Idem Ipring the peduncles,
each fupporting three or four flowers of the
pea kind, which turn to a deep purple before
they fall.

The roots of this when boiled are faid to
be nutritious. They are held in great
eldeem by the Scotch Highlanders, who

D 3 chew

/

s8 ROOTS.

chew them as we do Tobacco, and thus
often make a meal of them ; for being of a
fedative nature, they pall the appetite, and
allay the fenfation of hunger, the fame as
Tobacco does, /

i ’ i

22 Orchis mafcula. Male Orchis. Liu.

Sp- PL 1 333-

Orchis foliis feflilibus non maculatis.

^ v *

Baub. Pin. 82. ■

This is very common in our woods,
meadows, and paftures, and the powdered
roots of it are faid to be the Saloop, which
is lold in the Ihops ; but the (hop roots
come from Turkey. The flowers of moll
of the plants of this genus are indifcrimi-
nately called Cuckoo-flowers by the country
people. Though it has been affirmed that
Saloop is the roots of the mafcula only, yet
thofe of the morio , and of fome other fpecies
of Orchis , will do equally as well, as I can
affirm from my own experience ; confe-
quently to give a defcription of the mafcula
in particular will- be ufelefs. As mod
country people are acquainted with thefe
plants, by the name of Cuckoo-flowers , it
certainly would be worth their while to
employ their children tocolledt the roots for
fale; and though they may not be quite fo
large as thole that come from abroad, yet
they may be equally as good, and as they
are exceedingly plentiful, enough might an-
‘T ~ • ■' nually

it-.* J9 (

ROOTS. 39

nually be gathered for our own confumption,
and thus a new article of employment would
be added to the poorer fort of people. 1 he
time for taking them up is when the feed is
about ripe, as then the new bulbs are fully
grown j and all the trouble of preparing
them is, to put them frefh taken up into
Raiding hot water for about half a minute ;
and on taking them out to rub off the outer
lkin •, which done, they muff be laid on
tin plates, and fet in a pretty fierce oven for
eight or ten minutes, according to the fize
of the roots ; after this, they ihould be re¬
moved to the top of the oven, and left there
till they are dry enough to pound.

Saloop is a celebrated reftorative among
the Turks, and with us it ftands recom¬
mended in confumptions, bilious cholics,
and all diforders proceeding from an acri¬
mony in the juices. Some people have a
method of candying the roots, and thus
prepared they are very pleafant, and may be
eaten with good fuccefs againft coughs and

inward forenefs.

\ .

23 Pastinaca fativa. The Parfnep .
Lin. Sp. pi. 376.

Paftinaca fylveffris latifolia. Bauh. Pin.
*55- ... ; * /

The Pajhnaca is found wild upon banks
and the mere-balics of fields, and differs
from the garden Parfnep only in the fize of

D 4 its

v

ROOTS.

4°

its root, and the hairinefs of its leaves, the
cultivated one having a larger and more
flefhy root, and fmoother leaves. The roots
of the garden Parfnep feem to claim the
preference to all other efculent roots, of
Englifh growth, they being very agreeable
to mod palates, eafy of digestion, and afford
excellent nourishment. In the northern
parts of Ireland the poor people obtain a
fort of beer from thefe roots, by mafhing
and boiling them with hops, and then fer¬
menting the liquor. The feeds of the wild
Parfnep are Slightly aromatic, and are often
kept in the Shops.

24 Rapivanus fativus. TbeRadiJh. Lin.

S?-Pl-91S-

Raphanus minor oblongus. Bauh. Pin. 96.

This was originally brought from China,
and by cultivation there are now in the gar¬
dens here feveral varieties of it; for besides
the long-rooted black Spanish Radifh, we
have two or more forts with round roots.
Radishes abound with alnioft an infipid wa¬
tery juice, which is apt to breed flatulencies.
The outer fkin has a brilk pungency, and
therefore Should never be fcraped off, as this
much corrects the phlegmatic part.

RadiShes boiled are fcarcely to be excelled
by Afparagus. For this purpofe they ought
to be rather Small and frefh drawn, and then
dreiled in the fame manner that AS'paragus

■ is.

ROOTS. 41

is. They are a long time before they be¬
come tender; it moftly taking an hour to
boil them fufficiently.

25 Scorzonera hifpanica. Viper sGrafs.
Lin, Sp, pi. 1 1 12.

Scorzonera latifolia finuata. Bauh. Pin.

275- . ,

Spain and Siberia are the native places of
the Viper s Grafs . It is a perennial, and hath
a tap-lhaped root, about the thicknefs of one’s
finger, blackilh without, and white within,
of a bitterifh fub-acrid tafte, and abounds
with a milky juice, as does the whole plant.
The firft leaves are large, finuated on their
edges, and end in a long acute point.
Among thefe riles the idem to near three

o

feet. This is fmooth, much branched to¬
wards the top, and irregularly fet with long,
narrow leaves, whofe bafe partly embrace it.
Each branch of the Item terminates with a
long, fcaly head, compofed of many narrow,
tongue-fhaped, hermaphrodite florets, laying
over each other, and of a bright yellow
colour, fomewhat refembling the yellow
Goat’s-beard. The florets are fucceeded by
oblong, whitifh, rough feeds, crowned with
feathery down.

The root is not only an article of cook¬
ery, but alfo of confectionary, it being
preferved with fugar in the manner of

It

Eryngo

f

42

ROOTS.

It was formerly a celebrated alexiphar-
mick, and in great efleem for ftrengthening
the ftomach, and promoting the fluid l'ecre-
tions. The juice too has been deemed a
counter poifon to the bite of the Viper,
hence the plant obtained the name of Viper’s
Grafs.

26 Sium Sifarum. Skirrets. Lin. Sp.pl.
36 1. 1 *

Sifarum germanorum. Bauh.Pin. 155.

This is a native of China, but has been a
long time cultivated in moft parts of Eu¬
rope, and particularly in Germany. The
root is a bunch of flefhy fibres, each of
which is about as thick as a finger, but
very uneven, covered with a whitifh, rough
bark, and has a hard core or pith running
through the centre. From the crown of
this bunch come feveral winged leaves, con¬
fining of two or three pair of oblong, dentated
lobes each, and terminated by an odd one.
The italic riles to about two feet, is fet with
leaves at the joints, and breaks into branch-
es towards the top, each terminating with
an umbel of fmall white flowers, which are
fucceeded by ftriated feeds like thofe of
Parfley.

Skirrets come the neareft to Parfneps of
any of the elculent roots, both for flavour
and their nutritive quality. They are ra¬
ther Tweeter than the Parfnep, and there-
2 fore

I

ROOTS. 43

fore to fome few palates are not altogether
fo agreeable.

It is evident from experiments which have
been made on this and fome other vegeta¬
bles, that bounteous nature has not confin¬
ed fugar to the Indies only, but has liber¬
ally blended it in the c o it ii 1 1 u y

European plants, ^nd which may, by pro¬
per management, be extracted from them of
equal quality, and perhaps nearly as copioui-
ly as from, the celebrated Sugar-cane. The
ingenious Chymift, M. Margraaf, has given
fome experiments he made on the roots ol
the Beet and Skirret , in order to obtain this
valuable commodity from them ; and as he
found the latter to yield it in the greateft
quantity, and by reafon too it is a matter
both curious and important, I fhall here
give his procefs in as concife a manner as
the fubjedt will admit.

He took a quantity of frefh Skb~ret-roots
well cleaned, and having cut them into
fmall pieces, beat them to a mafh in an iron
mortar ; then tying them up in a linen bag,
he committed them to a prefs, and fqueez-
ed them till the juice would run no long¬
er. Water was then poured upon the fame
xnafhed roots, and they were put into the
prefs in a bag the fecond time, and preifed
as before : the liquor obtained by thefe two
operations was kept in a cool place for forty
eight hours, when it became clear, and had

precipi-

44 ' ROOTS.

i

precipitated a mealy fubdance to the bottom
of the veil'd in which it was contained.
Finding the fasces thus fettled, he poured
the clear liquor through a fine linen cloth
into a frelh veflel. To this drained liquor
he added fome whites of eggs, and then
boiled the whole together in a copper pan,
frequently Humming it, till no fasces ap¬
peared on' the lurface, but the liquor be¬
came as tranfparent as the pureft clarified
wine. It was then again boiled in a fmaller
pan, till a confiderable part was evaporated;
and the fame operation was continued till
the original thin liquor was become of the
confidence of common fyrup. The boiling
being compleated, he fet the thickened li¬
quor in a warm place for fix months, at the
end of which time the fugar was Ihot in the
form of cry dais about the fides of the veil'd.

To feparate and purify this fugar was the
next and main operation, and in order to
this he immerfed the velfel in warm water,
thereby to break the tenacity of the liquor,
and render it more fluid. This done, he
pours the whole into an earthen pot, hav¬
ing a wide mouth, and narrow bottom
pierced with holes, and placing this within
another pot, fet both of them in a temperate
warmtn jor lometime. By this contrivance,
the liquid part fell gradually through the
perforations of the firlt pot, into the iecond,
and left the crydals remaining in the fird.

This

ROOTS. 45

This fugar was coarfe and clammy, and
therefore to bring it more pure, he wrapped
it up in a piece of blotting paper, and then
gently preifed it with his hand ; the eftedt
was, that the paper fucked up much of the
vifcid moifture that had adhered to the fu-
gar, and thereby left the latter more neat.
Having thus divefted it of its groffeft impu¬
rities, he again boiled it up with lime-water
till it became ropy, and taking it oft' the
fire, kept ftirring it till near cold, when he
poured it off into a conical earthen veffel,
flopped with wood. This he placed in ano¬
ther veffel as before, and in the fpace of
about eight days, the fyrup had all dropped
through the firft vefi'el, and left the cryftals
behind. Thefe he purified ftill farther by
means of blotting paper, as before, and a
parcel of neat fugar was procured, equal in
goodnefs to the beft produced from the Su¬
gar-cane. The liquid that was faved in the
laft pot too, had all the properties of com¬
mon melaft'es.

It muft be confefl’ed that this procefs of
Margraaf’s, to extradl the fugar from plants,
is both flow and tedious ; but neverthelefs,
it points out how copioufly fome of our ve¬
getables are ftored with a faccharine fait,
whi ch might be drawn from them in abun¬
dance by proper management, or an efta-
blifhed method of bufinefs, as they have for
the Sugar-cane ; and that if it fhould ever

happen,

46 ROOT S.

happen, that we were entirely deprived of
this valuable article from abroad, yet the
means of furnifhing ourfelves with it exifts
in our own country. By a fhorter, but
more expeniive procefs, the fame gentleman
extradted fugar from feveral other roots, as
Carrots , Parfrieps, &c. and from the Beet
and Skirret he has fet down the qualities as
follow : from

| fb. of White Beet root, £ oz. of pure
Sugar, £ ib. of Red Beet root, 1 oz.
of pure Sugar, £ lh. of Skirret root,
if oz. of pure Sugar.

Of thefe, he fays, the fugar obtained
from the White Beet was the beft, that
from the Skirret was next in goodnefs, and
confequently the Red Beet afforded the worft
of all.

Lilium martagon. Lin. Sp. pi.

< 435- . .

] Tulipa gefneriana, Ltn. Sp. pi.

438- .. . . ,

I have placed the Liltum martagon and
the Tulipa gefneriana together, for the con¬
venience of fpeaking upon them under one
head. The firPc is a native of Hungary and
fome places of Siberia, and the latter grows
fpontaneoufly in Alia Minor. Linnaeus fays
that the roots of the Martagon Lily make
part of their daily food in Siberia, and that
thofe of the Tulip are eaten in leveral parts

of

V > - .

ROOT

S

47

of Italy. This may feem ftrange to thofe
who never had heard of fuch an ufe being
made of them, but there are feveral other
roots which were formerly made ufe of in
diet, that are now totally neglected. Some
fpecies of Ornithogalum furnifhed a conftant
difh for the poorer people, where the plants
grew fpontaneoufly, and the root of the la-
tifolium in particular was deemed excellent.
I prefume a great many bulbous roots of
plants in the Hexandria Clafs, might be in¬
troduced into diet with fafety and advan¬
tage ; el'pecially fuch as have little fmell
and tafte, for that great matter of nature,
ProfelTor Linnasus, has laid it down as a
rule; that fuch plants as are no ways offen-
five to the palate and organs of fmell, are of
themfelves of a harmlefs nature. And on
the contrary, that thofe that are immediate¬
ly difgufting to thefe two faculties, ought
to be rejected as hurtful and pernicious.
Fhe firft part of this rule is confirmed by
daily experience, for all the forts of grain
conftantly introduced into human food,
have nothing in them, even in their crude
fate, that is obnoxious to either of thefe
fenfes. And in refpedf to roots, we find
nothing disagreeable in the flavour or fmell
oi raw Purneps, Parfneps, Potatoes , and
others, and when drefled they prove both
, pleafant and nutritious. As to the fecond
part of the rule, I conceive Linnaeus’s mean-

in o-
£>

\ i

48 ROOTS.

ing to be this ; that fuch plants as affect
the organs with a very uneafy fenfation, are
improper for conftant food; for if he in¬
tended they muft not be eaten at all, expe¬
rience thews the contrary. Onions , Garlick,
and many more, whofe iinell is difagreeable
to fame, are occafionally ufed in diet, and
in a general way are found to be wholefome.
The roots of the Crown Imperial have a
very naufeous fmell, yet are frequently ftew-
ed in Coups, without yielding any noxious
quality to the liquor perceiveable in the
quantity ufed ; but this does not by any
means prove, that they may be generally
eaten with fafety.

t

28 Tragopogon pratenfe. TellowGoats-
beard. Lin. Sp.pl. 1109.

Tragopogon pratenfe luteum rnajus.
Baub. Pin. 274.

This is a biennial plant, and grows very
common on the borders, and mere-balks of
our corn-fields. It hath a tap-fhaped root,
which fends forth a few narrow, graffy
leaves, ending in an acute point, and doub¬
led, fo as to make their edges nearly meet.
The ftalk rifes more than half a yard high,
let at its joints with leaves like thofe at the
bottom, and embracing the ftalk with their
bate. Sometimes, near the top, the ftalk
breaks into two or three branches, each be¬
ing terminated with a long, green, conical
2 ° bud

ROOTS, ,49

bud, which on its breaking fpreads hori¬
zontally, and difplays numerous yellow,
tongue-ihaped, hermaphrodite florets, cut
into five teeth at their points, and laying
over each other like tiles. Thefe are nearly
equal irt length to the rays of the empale-
ment, and are fucceeded by oblong, point¬
ed feeds, crowned with long, feathery down,
the whole forming a regular globe of two
or three inches diameter.

The plant is known by the country peo¬
ple under the name of Go to bed at noon , or
Sleep at noon, it being peculiar to the flow¬
ers to clofe themfelves in the middle of the
day. They dig up the roots when young
and drefs them as Parfneps, to which they
prefer them.

29 Tragopogon porrifolium. Purple Goats-
beard. Lin . Sp. pi. mo.

Tragopogon purpuro-CEeruleum, portfo¬
lio, quod artefi vulgo. Bauh. Pin. 274.

This too is a biennial, and is found wild
in Cornwall, and fome other places in Eng¬
land. It is a much larger plant than the
former, and has leaves fomewhat refem-
bling thofe of Leeks j but they are of a
lighter green colour, and each has a white
longitudinal line running through its centre.
The ftalk is terminated with a large, beau¬
tiful purple flower, having the rays of the
empalement much longer than the florets ;

E and

I

5o ROOTS.

and juft below the flower, it fwells fo as to
become thicker than in the other parts.

This plant is cultivated in gardens by the
name of Salfafy, and its roots are drefled and
ferved up at table in a variety of forms.
They are of a pleafant, nutritious nature,
but though thefe are at prefent in the great-
eft efteem, they are much inferior to thofe
of the pratenfe.

\

CHAP.

i

1

t

/

1

3 -

c

FI A

P.

f \ .

II.

ESCULENT

9 \ * •

SHOOTS,

STALKS,

SPROUTS

AND PITHS.

SE CT. I.

Fir ft Shoots and Stalks.

1 A SPARAGUS officinalis. Afpa~

jE\ ragus. ■' ,

2 Anethum azoricum. Sweet Azorian

Fennel.

3 Angelica archangelica. Angelica.

4 Ardtium lappa. Common Burdock.

5 Afclepias Syriaca. Greater Syrian Dogf-

bane.

6 Apium graveolens. Smallage.

- - dulce. Garden Celery.

7 Campanula pentagonia. ' Thracian Bell-

jiower.

8 Cynara cardunculus. Cardoon, or Cloar-

do on.

9 Carduus marianus. Milk Fhijlle.

io Cnicus cernuus. Siberian nodding Cni-
cus.

xi Chenopodium bonus Henricus. Fnglifh
Mercury.

12 Con-

\

E 2

52 SHOOTS and STALKS.

i 2 Convolvulus foldanella. Sea Bindweed,
o Cucubalus behen. Spatling Poppy .

^ _ >i i * fL* C 1* T) /' .

14 Epilobium anguftifolium. Rofebay Wil¬

low-herb.

15 Humulus lupulus. Wild Hops.

1 6 Onopordum acanthium. Cotton Yhiflle.

17 Rheum rhaponticum. Rhapontick Rhu¬

barb.

18 Smyrnium olufatrum. Common Alex -

- anders.

19 Smyrnium perfoliatum. Round-leaved

Alexanders .

20 Saccharum officinarum. Sugar-cane.

21 Sonchus alpinus. Mountain Sow-thijile.

22 Tamus communis. Black Briony.
fTragopogon pratenfe. Yellow Goats-
\ beard.

2 3 1 Tragopogon porrifolium. Purple

L Goats-beard.

1 Asparagus officinalis. Lin. Sp. pi.
448. •

Afparagus maritimus, craffiore folio.
Bauh. Pin. 490.

The wild Afparagus differs little from
the garden, except in the fineneis of the
leaves. The latter is fo generally cultivated
as to require no deferiptson, and the agree-
ablenefs of its young fhoots, as a failad, need
not be mentioned. They certainly promote
the appetite, but are laid to afford little
nourilhment. By the flro’n-g, fa:tid lmell

they

I

2

. --V'* T MT**

Si

SHOOTS and STALKS. 53

they communicate to the urine, foon after
eaten, it is evident they are diuretick; but
'the plant in its wild date is faid to be
more powerfully fo, than in its manured
one. It is a native of England, and grows
in the marfhes near Briftol.

2 Anethum azoricum. Sweet Azorian
Fennel.

Though this is made a diftindl fpecies
of Fennel by fome writers on Botany, yet
it certainly is no other than a variety of the
Anethum fceniculum of Linnaeus, which is
the common Fennel. It was originally
brought from the Azorian Iflands, in the
Atlantick ocean, hence the trivial name azo¬
ricum. The plant is much cultivated by
the Italians, under the name Finochio. It is
low, compared with the common Fennel,
and differs from it too in the nature of its
ftalks, which, inflead of running up, begin
to fpread as foon as they get above the fur-
face of the ground, till they become four
or five inches broad, very flefliy, and fome-
times near two inches thick.

The ftalks have a fweet, fulfome tafte,
mixed with an aromatic, and are eaten ei¬
ther raw with oil and vinegar, or dewed in
loups and gravies.

3 Angelica archangelica. Angelica.
Lin. Sp. pi. 360.

Angelica fativa. Bauh. Pin. 155,

E 3 Lapland

54 SHOOTS and STALKS.

Lapland is the native country of this
plant, where it grows in great plenty upon
the banks of the rivers.

The root confifts of a parcel of thick
flefhy fibres, fending forth feveral large,
compound winged leaves, of a lightifh green
colour, having broad flefhy footftalks, and
are compofed of oblong, ferrated, fhaip-
pointed lobes. Among thefe rifes a round,
fiftulous, jointed ftal k, to the height of five
or fix feet, and let with leaves at the joints,

whofe membranous bafes embrace it. To-

/ * * * ' 1 *

w'ards the top the ftem breaks into many
branches, each terminated by a compound
- umbel, the rays of which are angular, and
fupport globular heads of whitifh flowers,
containing five ftamina and one flyle each.
Thefe are fucceeded by greenifh feeds,
ilanding by pairs.

The dlalks were formerly blanched and
eaten as Celery, and the young fhoots are
at prefent in great efteem among the Lap¬
landers. The plant is one of the fined; aro¬
matics Europe produces. Gardeners who
have water running through their grounds
cultivate it for the roots, which they fell to
the confectioners to be made into a fweet-

. f *

meat. This confection is one of the moll
warm and agreeable that can be ; is good to
expel wind and firengthen the llomach,
and is furpalfed only by that of Gi nger.

i 4. Arctium

I , ;

SHOOTS and STALKS. 55

4 Arctium lappa. Common Burdock.
Lin. Sp. pi. 1143- '

Lappa major five ardtium diofcoridis.
Bnuh. Pm. 198.

The ArBium lappa is a biennial plant,
and is very common in wafte grounds and
by road lides.

It hath a long, thick, brown root, fending
out many exceeding large heart - fhaped,
greyilh-green leaves ; among which rifeth a
purplifb, tough, ftriated ftalk, divided into
feveral branches, furnilhed with fmalier
leaves. At the extremities of the branches
come the flowers in bunches ; they con lift
of a multitude of purple, hermaphrodite
florets, included in a fcaly empalement,
thickly let with long, llender, incurved
lpines.

Many people cut the tender ftalks of this
plant, and having ftripped off the outer
ikin, boil and drefs them like Afparagus.
They have not a very pleafant flavour, but
the plant being aperient and fudorific, a
frequent eating them in this manner would
certainly do good fervice in fcorbutic habits.
A decodtion of the roots has been found to
be very beneficial againft the rheumatifm,
gout, and other diforders bordering upon
thefe. I myfelf have lately been a witnefs to
their good effcdts this way. If the boiled
ftalks, or a decodtion of the roots, fhouki be
difagreeable to any, who may be defirous

it 4 01

56 SHOOTS and STALKS.

of ufing them for the above complaints,
they may preferve either with fugar, and eat
them as a fweetmeat, but they will not

prove altogether fo efficacious.

«

5. Asclepias Syriaca. Greater Syrian
Jdogjbanc . Lin. Sp. pi. 313.

Apocynum majus fyriacum redtum. Corn .
canad. 90.

The Afclepias Syriaca is a native of Vir¬
ginia, but has been a long time planted in
the Engliffi gardens, both on account of its
beinp- an exotic, and for the fweet l'mell of
its flowers, which are nearly as fragrant as
thofe of the Hefperis trijlis, or Garden
Sweet Rocket.

From a white creeping root it fends up
many round items, four or five feet high,
at the joints whereof ffcand two feffile, bright
green oval leaves, oppofite each other.

At the tops of the ftalks, and fometimes

at the bofoms of the leaves, come forth al-

*

molt globular umbels of fmall, yet low pur-
piiffi flowers, confiding of one petal each,
divided into five oval parts, and containing
five very minute ftamina and one ftyle. In
the centre are two oval germina, which be¬
come two oblong, pointed pods, filled with
compreiTed feeds, crowned with a foft down.
The whole plant is fo full of a milky juice,
that when a leaf is taken off, the wound
will difcharge for a confiderable time after.
’•V ' ■ - ‘ ’ " This

' V. ,

SHOOTS and STALKS. 57

This plant has been always deemed a fatal
poifon to dogs, and very dangerous to the
fpecies ; notwithflanding this, a A.» * .
Wagfiaff, of Norwich, has lately made trial
of its young fhoots, by boiling and dri lling
them like Afparagus, and they proved
equally as pleafant and well tailed. Nor
did the eaters experience any bad effects
from them ; hence it may be concluded,
that either the boiling deftroyed their dele¬
terious property, or that the young (boots
did not polfefs it in a hurtful degree. That
fire will deflroy the pernicious qualities of
plants, is evident from the management of
the Jatropha maniot before mentioned, and
is alfo farther evinced by the leaves of '1'ea,
which are poifonous in their crude (late,
but by being dried over an oven, this quality
is fo diminifhed or blunted, as not to be
fenfibly felt in a moderate ufe of them. It
may reafonably be concluded then that boil¬
ing had a great fhare in rendering this plant
falubrious, and that many others which are
now deemed hurtful, might thereby become
wholefome and agreeable fallads.

As the Afclepias was found to be innocent
and palatable in alrnofl a' natural flate, if it
were put under the art and management of
the gardener, much might be expected from
it; for it being a plant that will thrive in
any foil and fituation, and as it fends out a
prodigious quantity of fuckers from the

root.

5-8 SHOOTS and STALKS.

root, its propagation would be eafy, and in
time it might be made to anfvver all the
purpofes of Afparagus, and prove a good
fuccedaneum to that celebrated, but ex¬
pen five vegetable. The down or cotton that
adheres to the feeds of this plant, and fome
others of the fame genus, and which is
called delaw ad in France, is there made ufe
of for fluffing of chairs and quilts. The
latter are extremely warm and light, and
are exceeding proper coverings for people
labouring under any infirmity of body ; for
this matter is fo elaftic, that it adds little to
the weight. A French gentleman has lately
hit upon a method of lpinning this down
into balls like iilk, for which contrivance
lie has obtained a patent from the French
council, authorizing him to fabricate it into
velvets and other fluffs.

6 Apium graveolens. Smallage . Lin.
Sp.pl. 379-

Apium pain fire five Apium oflicinarum.
Banb . Pm. i 54.

The Apium graveolens grows upon the
banks of moift ditches in England, and
lomeiimes even in the water. It is culti¬
vated in gardens by the name Apium dulcey
or Celery, in its wild ftate it is laid to
have very noxious qualities, but by 'Culti¬
vation it becomes not only wholefome, but
ferviceahle for firenethenim? the ftomach

w> O'**

and

SHOOTS and STALKS. 59

and affifting digeltion. Moft umbelliferous
plants that grow in the water, or moift
places, are poifonous, or at lead: hurtful to
the human frame; but by tranfplanting
thev lofe their evil qualities, and become
aromatic and carminative. Celery is now
fo generally known as to render a defcription
of the plant ufelefs ; nor need it be men¬
tioned, that the blanched (talks are eaten
raw, lfewed, or otherwise.

7 Campanula pentagonia. Thracian
Bell-flower. Lin. Sp. pi. 239.

Speculum veneris, flore ampliflimo, Thra-
picum. Raj. 1 iifl. 742- .

This grows in Thrace, and alfo in the
corn-fields in France. It is a low, annual
plant, feldom riling more than feven or
eight inches. The (talks are numerous,
weak, very much branched, and near their
bottom have five obfolete angles.

The leaves are linear, that is, almoft all
the way of a breadth, fharpilh pointed, and
have no footftalks.

The flowers come out both at the divi-
lions of the (talks, and the extremities of
the branches ; they are of a bluilh purple,
with a white eye in the centre; are deeply
cut at their brims into live round fegments,
and contain five fhort ftamina and one club-
fhaped ftyle each. The feed veffel is long,

triangular.

d.'-j

1 si '

6q SHOOTS and STALKS.

triangular, deeply furrowed, -and contains
many compreffed, brown feeds.

The firlt tender (hoots of this plant are a
favourite fallad among the French. They
fow it thick, and cut it when fmall as we
do creifes. It has an agreeable tafte, fome-
what like Corn Sallad, and is held to be a
good antifcorbutic. It is known in our
gardens by the name of Thracian Venus
Looking - glajs.

8 Cynara cardunculus. Cardoon. Lin.
Sp. pi. 1x59.

Cinara fpinofa cujus pediculi efitantur.
Baub. Pin. 383.

The Cynara cardunculus is a native of
Candia, formerly the Ifland of Crete, in
the Mediterranean lea. It differs from
the common Artichoke in growing much
taller, in the leaves being more finely
cut, and thicker fet with lpines, and in
having lmaller and rounder heads.

The gardeners blanch the ftalks, as they
do Celery, and they are eaten raw with oil,
pepper and vinegar; or as fancy directs
they are boiled or ftewed, and fometimes
laid upon a toafi: and cheefe.

9 Carduus marianus. Milk Thijik.
Lin. Sp. pi. 1153.

Carduus albis maculis notatus vulgaris.

Baub. Pin. 281.

This

4

\

SHOOTS and STALKS* 61

This is plentiful in wafte places, and
upon old banks. It is known to almoft
every one by its large, beautiful leaves,
which are variegated with white fpots and
veins, as if they had been fprinkled with
milk. This circumftance gave rife to r.
foolilh, monkifh tradition, that the Virgin
Mary, when fuckling our Saviour, acci¬
dentally let fall her milk upon the leaves of
this plant, which ftained all the fucceeding
ones fince. The young (hoot for leaves in
the fpring, cut clofe to the root, with part
of the {talk on, is one of the beft boiling
fallads that is eaten, and furpalfes the finelt
Cabbage.

i

io Cnicus cernuus. Nodding Cnicus.
Lin. Sp.pl. 1 1 57-

Siberia is the native country of the Cnicus
cernuus. It is a perennial plant, with a
thick, flefhy root, that breaks into many
turgid fibres.

The radical leaves are heart-lhaped, near
a foot long, and fix or feven inches broad;
they ftand upon very fhort footiialks, are
of a deep green colour on their upper fide,
whitilh underneath, and fawed on their
edges.

The ftem is reddilh, generally near fix
feet high, channelled, and furniihed v/ith
leaves more heart-lhaped than thofe at the
root. Towards the top it divides into

branches,

62 SHOOTS and STALKS,

branches, each terminated by a globular*
head of yellowifh flowers, furrounded by a
Italy, prickly empalement. The florets are
all hermaphrodite, funnel-fhaped, cut into
five fegments at their brims, and contain
five fhort, hairy (lamina and one (lyle each.

The tender (talks are firft peeled, and
then boiled and eaten as a fallad, by the in¬
habitants where the plant grows.

ii Cheno podium bonus Henricus. Eng*
lifh Mercury. Lin. Sp. pi. 318.

Lapathum unctuofum. Bauh. Pin. 11c.

The Englijh Mercury is frequently to be
met with in wafte, and rubbifhy places.
From the root, which confifts of feveral
thick fibres, come forth many arrow-fhaped,
dark green leaves. Among thefe rife the
flower - (talk, to about eighteen inches,
thickly crouded with leaves, and divided at
the top into many green ifh (pikes of flowers,
having no petals, but confift of a penta-
phyllous * calyx each, containing five (la¬
mina and one (lyle.

The young (hoots boiled are by many
efteemed beyond Spinach, and it was for¬
merly cultivated in the Englifh gardens the
fame as Spinach now is, but of late it has
been neglected, though it certainly merits
the attention of the gardener as much as

^ny fallad in prelent ufe. - \

<

* Compofed of five leaves.

The

I

S H O O T S and STALKS. 63

& ' ^ ’"*>'* •*» '' 1 ■' *

The country people call the plant All-
good, from a conceit that it will cure all
hurts ; and the leaves are now a conftant
plaifter among them for green wounds.

12 Convolvulus foldanella. Sea Bind-
•weed. Lin. Sp. pi. 226.

Soldanella maritima minor. Bauh. Pin.

295-

The Convolvulus foldanella is common
upon our fea-coafts, where the inhabitant
gather the young ihoots, and pickle them
in the manner of Samphire. They have a
^cathartic quality, for a fmall quantity of
the pickle will gently move the bowels.
They have a fait, bitterifh tafte before
•

plant hath a flender, creeping root,
which puts forth many weak, purplish,
ilriated ftalks, about half a yard long, and
trail upon the ground ; thefe are furnifhed
with kidney-fhaped leaves, fupported on
long footdalks, and fomewhat refembling

thofe of Pilewort. The flowers come out

/

at the footftalks of the leaves, on long pe¬
duncles ; they are of a deep red colour, and
bell-fhaped, like thofe of common Bind¬
weed. The whole plant abounds with a
milky juice.

13 Cu cub alus behen. Sp at ling Poppy .
Lin . Sp. pi. 591.

Lychnis

pickled

The

m. I V \ £

64 SHOOTS and STALKS;

Lychnis fylveftris, quae Behen albuni
vuigo. Bauh. Pin, 205.

This is perennial, and very common in
corn-fields and hedges. It hath a whitifh,
creeping root, compofed of many joints;
whence fpring feveral ftalks, about half a
yard or two feet long, having their bottom
parts curved, and ufually lodge upon the
ground ; thefe are very full of joints near
their bafe, and thickly fet with pea-green,
lance-fhaped leaves, Handing oppofite, em¬
bracing the ftalks with their bafe. The
lower leaves are moftly finely ciliated on
their margins. The flowers come out plen¬
tifully at the tops of the ftalks ; they are
compofed of five white bifid petals, protruded
from a bladdery calyx, with a ftamen in-
ferted in the tail of each petal, and five
Handing alternately between them, the num¬
ber of ftamina being ten. The ftyles are
uncertain, fome flowers having but three,
others four, and fome five.

Our kitchen -gardens fcarcely furnifh a
better flavoured fallad than the young, ten¬
der fhoots of this plant, when boiled. They
ought to be gathered upon tilled land, and
when thev are not above two inches long.
If the plant were under cultivation, no doubt
but it would be improved, and would well
reward the gardeners labour, by reafon it
fends forth a vaft quantity of lproots, which
might be nipped off when of a proper fize,

and

SHOOTS and STALKS; 65

and there would be a fucceffion of frefh
ones for at lead; two months. It being a
perennial too, the roots might be tranf-
planted into beds, like thofe of Afpara-
gus.

The dried roots were formerly kept in the
/hops, by the name of Beheti album , and
were deemed cordial and cephalic.

, ' V \ I !

14 Epilobium ahguftifolium. Rofebay
Willow-herb . Lin. Sp. pi. 493.

Lyfimachia chamamerion didta angufli-
folia. Bauh. Pin . 245.

This is a perennial plant, and common in
woods and meadows in the northern parts
of England. The radical leaves rife in a
tuft ; they are long, narrow, fharp-pointed,
of a deep gloify green on the upper furface,
of a filvery grey underneath, entire at their
margins, have no footftalks, and have fe-
veral tranfverfe veins running through their
fubftance. In the centre of thefe rifes a
round, firm, upright ffem, to a man’s
height, irregularly let with leaves like the
former, to near the top, where the (lem is
terminated by a long racemus of large,
beautiful, deep - red flowers, ftanding in
quadrifid calyces, and compofed of four
roundilh petals each, furrounding eight de¬
clining ftamina and one flyle. The germen
is cylindrical, placed below the flower, and

F turns

<

%

66 . S H O O T 5 and STALES.

turns to a capi'ule of five cells, filled with
oblong feeds, crowned with down.

The young tender fboots cut in the
fpring, and drelled as Afparagus, are little
inferior.

i ; Humulus lupulus. Wild Hops. Lin .•
Sp. pi. 1457.

Lupulus mas et femina. Bauh. Pin. 298.

This is the only fpecies of the genus, and
is to be found wild in our hedges. It is
male and female in diftindt plants, and is fo
well known by being generally cultivated,
as to render a defcription of it ulelefs. The
young ilioots are often gathered by the poor
people, and boiled as an efculent fallad. If
they be chofen very young they are good
andpleafantj but if too far advanced, they
are then tough, bitter, and flringy.

In regard to the medicinal virtues of the
flowers of this plant, they are one of the
mo ft agreeable and flrongeft bitters. Their
principal ufe is in malt liquors, which they
render lei's glutinous, and difpofe them to
pafs off more ireely by urine.

16 Onofordum acanthium. Cotton
Phi file. Lin. Sp.pl. 1158.

Spina alba tomentofa latifcflia fylveftris.
Bauh. Pin. 382.

This is a biennial plant, and is to be
found plentifully in uncultivated places in
1 many

s

SHOOTS and STALKS. 67

many parts of England. The root is long
and fibrous, and lends forth leveral oblong,
fharp-poin ted, whit ilh green, finuated leaves.
Covered with a cottony down, and fet with
fpines on their edges. In the midft of thefie
/hoots up a ftalk, to the height of five or fix
feet, divided towards the top into diverfe
branches, fet with leaves at their joints, and
having jagged, leafy borders running alon'g
them, edged with fpines, as has the main
ftalk alfo. Each branch terminates with a
fcaly head of reddifli purple, hermaphrodite
florets, having narrow tubes,* and cut at
their brim into five teeth; They contain
five hairy ftamtna and one ftyle, and are fuc-
ceeded by fmall oblong feeds, crowned with
down.

The tender ftaiks of this plant, peeled
and then boiled, are greatly efteemed by
many, whilft the Angular flavour they have
is difagreeable to fome few palates.

17 Rheum rhaponticum. Rhapontic Rhu¬
barb. Lin. Sp.pl. ^31.

Raponticum folio lapathi majoris glabro.
Bauh. Pin. r 16.

This is an inhabitant of the mountain
Rhodope, in Thrace, but has been a long
time cultivated in the English gardens. It
is a large, perennial plant, with a thick,
flefhy root, which divides into many parts
as big as Parfneps, running deep in the

F 2 ground.

I

r

f

68 SHOOTS and STALKS.

ground. It is of a reddilh brown colour or*
the outlide, yellow within, and fends forth
many very large, fmooth, heart-fhaped leaves,
having thick footftalks of a reddilh green
colour, which are a little channelled on
their under fide, but are flat on the upper.
When the plant grows in rich, ftrong land,
the leaves will be two feet long, and as much
broad, and they will have large, prominent
veins running from the infertion of thefoot-
italk to the borders. The footftalk tod will
be as long as the leaves, and thicker than a
man’s finger at their bale. The leaves are
of a dark green colour, (lightly waved on
their edges, and have a fubaftringent tafte,
mixed with an acid. Among thefe leaves
rifes the flower-ftem, to the height of two
or three feet ; this is of a purplilh colour,
mixed with green, and has at each joint a
final 1 feflile leaf, of the fhape of the former.
The flowers are produced at the top of the
italk, in clofe, obtufe panicles they are
very finall, have no empalements, but con-
lift of one whitilh petal each, cut into fix
fegments, and having nine (lender ftamina
inferted into it, furrounding three Ihort,
reflexed ftyles. The feeds are large, brown,
triangular, and winged.

The footftalks of the radical leaves having
an acid tafte, and being thick and lie dry,
are frequently ufed in the fpring lor making
of tarts. If they be carefully peeled they

will

f

♦

SHOOTS and STALKS. 69

will bake very tender, and eat agreeably.
Many people prefer them even to Apples.
There is another fpecies of this genus ( the
compaBum ), the italks of which I have
many times known to have been ul'ed in the
fame manner, and have been counted equally
as good ; and I am inclined to think that
the ftalks of all the fpecies might be thus
employed indifcriminately.

The Rhaponticum was introduced into
Europe in the beginning of the feventeenth
century, by Alpinus, and was then fup-
pofed to be the true Rhubarb. The root is
undoubtedly the Rhubarb of the ancients,
but it is far inferior to either of the forts
kept at prefent in the fhops, it being but
flightly cathartic, and much more aftringent.
A decodtion made from the green frefh roots
is an excellent antifcorbutic, and in this
refpeft is no way excelled, if equalled, by
a decodtion of the fo much celebrated Wa¬
ter-Dock.

18 Smyrnium olufatrum. Common Alex¬
anders. Lin. Sp. pi. 376.

Hippofelinum theophrafli, five Smyrnium
dtofcoridis. Bauh. Pin. 1 54.

Since the introduction of Celery into the
garden, tfie Alexanders is almoft forgotten.
It was formerly cultivated for fallading, and
the young fhoots or ftalks blanched were
eaten either raw or fie wed. The leaves too

were

I

70 SHOOTS and STALKS,

were boiled in broths and foups. It is %
warm comfortable plant to a cold, weak
ffomach, and was ip much effeem among
the monks, as may be inferred by its ftilj
being found in great plenty by old abbey
walls.

It is a biennial, and hath a long, white
root, which fends forth winged leaves,
fomewhat like thole of Smaljage, but much
larger, and the lobes rounder. The ftalk

O 7 < « » « *

is furrowed, rifes four or five feet high, is
divided into many branches, and furnilhed
with leaves at the joints. The branches
terminate with large umbels of greenifh
white flowers, having five fmall, inflexed,
fpear-lhaped petals each, including five {la¬
mina of the fame length, and two llyles.
The natural foil of this plant is on rocks
near the fea, and it is found in fuch places
in the north of England and Scotland.

19 Smyrniijm perfoliatum. Round-
Leaved Alexanders . Lin Sp. pi. 376.

Smyrnium peregrin am rot a ado, five ob-
longo .folio. Bauh . Pin. 1 54.

The Perfoliatum is a native of Italy. The
bottom leaves of this fpecies are exceeding¬
ly beautiful, being decompounded of many
fre£h green, fmall leaves, which are divided
into three oval, lerrated lobes each. The
ftalk rifes in the centre of thefe firft leaves
to about three feet high, and is divided near

SHOOTS and STALKS. 71

the top into two or three branches. It is
frnooth, hollow, and jointed. At each
joint (lands one large orbicular leaf, of a
yellowifh green colour, plain on the margin,
and clafps the, dal k with its bafe. This
change of the leaves, from compound wing¬
ed ones, to thofe that are round and entire,
gives the plant a verY lingular appearance.
The branches are terminated by compound
umbels of fmail, yellowifh flowers, having
the fame number of petals and ftamina as
thofe of the olujatrum .

The blanched (talks of this fpecies are far
preferable to thole of the former, they be¬
ing more pleafant and much tenderer.

r

20 Saccharum officinarum. Sugar¬
cane. Lin. Sp. pi. 79.

Arundo faccharifera. Bauh. Pin. 18.

Th is plant grows naturally in both In¬
dies, where it is alfo cultivated for that ufe-
ful part, its juice. It has a jointed root,
which fends forth feveral (hoots, that arrive
to a heighth according to the nature of the
foil. The medium one, however, is nine
or ten feet. Thefe fialks are jointed, and
each joint has a leaf two or three feet long,
which embraces the idem with its bafe to
the next joint above it, before it expands.
The (talks are of a light yellow colour, of a
brittle fubflance, and have a white fweet
pith running through them. The leaves
’ ' F 4 are

yz SHOOTS and STALKS,

are narrow, fharp pointed, fet with fine
(harp teeth on their edges,, like thofe of the
Schcenus marifcui, and have a whitilh pro¬
minent rib running from their apex to their
bafe. The flowers are produced at the tops
of the (balks, in large panicles, in the man¬
ner of our common Reed ; thefe have no
calyx, but each is compoi'ed of a bivalved,
acute-pointed glume, fuvrounded with long,
woolly down, and contains three hair-like
{lamina, of the length of the glume, toge¬
ther with an awl-fhaped germen, fupport-
i rjg two rough ftyles, crowned with Ample
iligmata,. The germen becomes an oblong,
acute-pointed feed, enclofed in the glume.

The young, tender (hoots are boiled, by

the inhabitants of the Weft-India Iflands,

with Bananas, and Spanilh Potatoes, into a,

thick pottage, there called Collulos. This is

for negroe food, and is both pleafant to the

palate, and very nourifhing. The (hoots

thus boiied top, are exceedingly agreeable,

.if eaten by themfelves.

*

Nature fcarcely produces a more valuable
plant than the Sugar-cane ; for though it is
not immediately necefiary to the fupport of
human life, yet it is capable of adding great¬
ly to its comforts and enjoyments. Befide
furnilhin£ us with feveral home made wines,
it would be impoilible to reap the benefit of
many iorts of fruit, in the manner we do, if
we were entirely deprived of the fweet, de¬
licious

SHOOTS and STALKS. 73

licious fait, called Sugar. By the mollify¬
ing qualities of this, many acid fruits are
rendered palatable and agreeable in pies,
tarts, &c. By this, feveral kinds of berries
and roots are preferved from putrefadion
from year to year, and become ufeful both
in food and medicine. Rum, which is
made from the produce of the Sugar-cane,^
is an excellent oily, nourifhing fpirit, if:
ufed phyfically, and in proper quantities.
This, Me la ties, and Sugar, furnilh a prodi¬
gious fund of trade and riches, both to the
inhabitants of the Indies, and thofe of Eu¬
rope. To lay before the reader the tedious
procefs of extrading the Sugar from the
Canes, would.be only abufing his time, as
this has been fully treated upon by feveral
writers, and it may be fuppofed he is already
acquainted with it; I mull therefore farther
jegard the immediate ufefulnels of the plant,
and obferve, that in the Indies, the tops of
the Canes are cut into fmall pieces, and giv¬
en to their domeftic cattle, to which they
prove very nourifhing food, and keep them
fat and in good fpirits.

i , i

21 Sonchus alpinus. Mountain Soiv-
thiftle. Lin. Sp.pl. 1117.

Sonchus kevis laciniatus, five Sonchus al¬
pinus cteruleus. Bank. Pin. 124.

' This Sonchus is a native of England, and
is found on the lides of hills. It is common
2 too

74 SHOOTS and STALK $,

too in Lapland, where the inhabitants eat
the young fhoots as a fallad. How they
may fait 'an Englifh palate I don’t know,
hut thole who have a mind to try may ob—
lerve the following defcription of the plant.

It is an annual, and fends up a ftraight,
round, hollow, purplifh idem, irregularly
let with jagged leaves, fomewhat like thofe
of Dandelion, but the linufes are finely ler-
rated on the edges. The flowers come out
at the top of the flem in a racemus they
are large, . and compofed of many blue, her¬
maphrodite florets, (landing in an imbricat¬
ed, bellying calyx. The feeds are like thofe
of the common Sow-thiflle, crowned with
down.

22 Tamus communis. Black Briony,
Lin . Sp. pi. 1458.

Bryonia laevis five nigra racemofa. Bauh.
Pin. 297.

The Black Briony is common in woods
and hedges in mo ft parts of England. It is
male and female in diftindt plants. The
root of either is large, tap-fhaped, flefhy,
and covered with a dark brown fkin. From
this come feveral brownifh green flalks,
which twine about any thing within their
reach, till they arrive at ten or twelve feet
in length } thefe are furnifhed at the joints
with dark green, gloffy, heart - fhaped
leaves. Banding fingly upon long foot-ftalks.

The

SHOOTS and STALKS. 75

The flowers are produced in fhort, turgid
bunches from the Tides of the (talks; thofe
of the male have fix fhort flam in a, fixed to
a fiat etnpalement, of fix jpval leaves ; the
females are compoied of a bell-fhaped calyx
or empalement, cut into fix fegments, with
an oblong, punctured gland fitting on the
infide of each, >Vhen the female flowers
are fallen, they are fncceeded by fmooth,
dark red berries, of the fize of fmall Grapes,
.containing fix round leeds each, about as
big as thofe of Grom well.

This plant h as been generally held to
have corrofive and dangerous qualities, yet
its young (boots are frequently boiled and
eaten in the fpring, the fame as thofe of
Hops, and are by many as much efteemed.'
The leaves and roots were formerly kept in
the (hops 1 the latter, fcraped and then rub¬
bed upon any part pained or fwelled with
the rheumatii'm, has in moll inftances done
much fervice. When thus ufed they ought
to be frefh taken out of the ground.

23 Tragopogon pratenfe. Yellow Goat s-
beard.

Tragopogon porrifolium. Purple Goats -
beard. ■

Both thefe were defcribed in the for¬
mer Chapter, therefore it is only to be ob-
lerved here, that their young (hoots, when
advanced to about four inches high, are

boiled

4

76 SPROUTS and PITHS.

boiled and eaten in the manner of the reft of
this order, «=* n ci tnat thole of the pratenje are
frequently preferred to Afparagus. Both
plants contain a milky juice, -have a diure¬
tic quality, and are fuppoled ferviceable
againft the gravel.

SECT. II,

Sprouts and Piths.

i ARE C A oieracea. Cabbage-tree.

~ Arundo bambos. Bamboo-cane.

3 Braffica oieracea, vel fylveftris. Sea, or

Common White Cabbage .

- ‘viridis. Green Savoy Cabbage.

1 fabauda. White Savoy Cabbage.

4 Eraltica botrytis. Cauliflower.

alba. White Cauliflower Bro-

coli.

- - '-nigra. Black Cauliflower Bro-

coli.

5 Braffica label I ica. Siberian Brocoli, or

Scotch Kale.

6 Braffica prrecox. Early Batterfea Cab¬

bage.

7 Braffica rapa. Common T urnep .

8 Cyperus papyrus. Paper Rujh.

9 Cycas circinalis. Sago Palm-tree.

10 Portulaca oieracea. Purjlane.

■ — - latifolia. Broad-leaved Garden

Purflane. ,

1 1 Smi-

SPROUTS and PITHS. *7

1 1 Smilax afpera. Red-berried rough Bind¬
weed.

v

1 Areca oleracea. Cabbage-tree . Lin,
Syjiema Naturce, 730.

This is a fpecies of Palm, and a native of
the Weft-Indies, where it grows with a
taper body to a very great height. The
leaves are large and pinnated, and the lobes
are entire. It hath male and female flow¬
ers ifluing from the fame fpatha. The male
are fupported upon a branched fpadix,
fpringing from a bivalve fpatha ; thefe have
three fharp pointed, ftiff petals each, fur-
rounding nine ftamina, three of which are
longer than the reft. The female flowers
come from the fame common fpatha, have
no ftyles, but conftft of three acute-pointed
petals each. When thefe fall off, the ger-
men fwells to an almoft oval, fibrous berry,
containing one oval feed. '

This is the only fpecies of Palm that is
mentioned by Linnams to afford efculent
leaves or buds, and it is from the pith of
th is fpecies that the Weft-India Sago is faid
to be made; but whether this is the only
one that bears what is called the Cabbage ,
is not eafily to be determined, by reafon the
defcriptions given by different writers of
this kind of tree, are very vague and uncer¬
tain. Miller, in his Dictionary, has men-
tioned two forts cf efculent Palms, one

from

SPROUTS and P

ITH

from Sloane, which he calls the Cabbage -
tree , and the other from Dr. Houftoun,'
which he names the Mountain Cabbage :
To what particular genus of the Palms ei-
th er ipecies belongs, is impoilible to be told
from Miller j and by the fmall difference in
the defcriptions * given by the above two
gentlemen of the trees, it is probable they
both meant one and the fame ipecies,
and that the Areca oleracea of Linnaeus.
But as this is a matter which cannot be
made perfcdlly clear, I ihall deicribe Mil¬
ler's Cabbage - trees in his own words,
iff. “ This tree riles to a very great height:
in the country where it grows naturally.
Ligon, in his hiftory of Barba does, fays, there
were then iome of the trees growing there,
which were more than two hundred feet
high ; and that he was informed they were
a hundred years growing to maturity, fo as
to produce feed. The items of thele trees
are feldom larger than a man’s thigh j they
are fmoother than thofe of mod other forts,
for the leaves naturally fall off entire from
them, and only leave the veftigia or marks
where they have grown.' The leaves (or
branches) are twelve or fourteen feet long;'
the fmall leaves or lobes are about a foot

* Palma altiffima non fpinofa, fru6lu pruniformi minore
racemofo fparfo. Sloan. Cat .

Palma altiffima uon fpiaofa* fru&u oblongo. Houftoun.

r

5

SPROUTS and PITHS. 79

Ion;?, and half an inch broad, with feveral

longitudinal plaits or furrows, ending in

foft acute points, and are placed alternately.

The flowers come out in long loofe bunches

below the leaves ; thefe branch out into

many loofe firings, and arc near four feet

long, upon which the flowers are thinly

placed. The female flowers are fucceeded
. .

3V fruit about the fize of a Hazel-nut, hav-

mf J

ing a yellowifh (kin, fitting clofe to the
firings of the principal footfialk.

“ As the inner leaves of this encompafs
the future buds more remarkably than rnofi
of the other fpecies, fo it is diftinguifhed by
the appellation of Cabbage-tree ; for the
centre (hoots, before they are expofed to the
air, are white and very tender, like mofi
other plants that are blanched ; and this is
the part which is cut out and eaten by the
inhabitants, and is frequently pickled and
fent to England by the title of Cabbage j
but whenever thefe (hoots are cut out, the
plants decay and never thrive after; fo that
it deftroys the plants, which is the reafon
that few of the trees are now to be found in
any of the Klands near fettlements, and
thofe are left for ornament.”

This is Miller’s account of Sloan e' s Cab¬
bage tree ; and of that defcribed by Roujloun,
he lays, “ The fruit of this kind is about
an inch and an half in length, and near two
inches in circumference. The flower-buds,

which

80 SPROUTS and PITHS;

which are produced in the centre of the
plants, are by the natives cut, and boiled
to eat with their meat,- and are by them
called the Mountain Cabbage.”

From thefe accounts of the two trees we
find, that the buds for leaves of the one are
eaten, and the flower-buds of the other,’
which l'eem to indicate, indeed, that they
are diftindt fpecies ; unlefs it may be, that
both forts of buds of the fame tree are ufed
as here mentioned. In regard to the genus
Areca, it contains only two fpecies at pre-
lent known, the oleracea, and the cathecu
from the juice of the latter the Terra Japo-
nica of the fhops is faid to be made. This
laft tree is called Faufel. Captain Dam-
pier, in his voyage round the world, met
with abundance of Cabbage-trees at the
Ifland of St. Jago, near the ffthmus of Da¬
rien, in the South Sea, where he meafured
one which reached 120 feet; the leaves or
branches were 12 or 14 feet. In the mid¬
dle of the branches, he fays, grows the
fruit, (this is, the Cabbage) about a foot
long, as thick as a man’s leg, white, and
very fweet, whether eaten raw or boiled.
Between the Cabbage and the branches
fprout many fmall twigs, about a foot long,
at the end of which grow hard, round ber¬
ries, of the fize of Cherries, which falling
off, afford excellent food for the hogs.

In the body of thefe trees there runs a

- pith.

SPROUTS and PITHS; Si

pith, which is a nutritious food to a parti¬
cular kind of worms, and in which, after
the trees are felled, they breed in great
abundance. Thefe worms or grubs are
eaten by the French in fome of the Weft
India iflands, and are efteemed a great de¬
licacy; They are nearly the fize of one’s
little finger,- and have a black head,1 equal
in thicknefs to the body. The manner of
dreffing them for table is, to firing them
upon ikewers, and hang them before the
fire, and as food as they are thoroughly
warm, to fprinkle them with fine rafpings
of cruft of bread, fait, pepper, and nutmeg,
thereby to abforb the fat; When fufficiently
roafted they are ferved up with orange or
citron fauce.

2 Arundo bamboS.- Bamboo Cane. Lin .
Bp. pi. 120.

Tabaxir & Mombu arbor. Bauh; Hijl,
I. p. 222.

This curious Reed is a native of both the
Indies, where it frequently attains the height
of fixty feet. The main root is long, thick,
jointed, fpreads horizontally, and fends out
many cylindrical, woody fibres, of a whitifh
colour, and many feet long. From the
joints of the main root lpring feveral round,-
jointed ftalks, to a prodigious height, and
at about ten or twelve feet from the ground,
fend out at their joints feveral ftalks joined

G together

82 SPROUTS and PITHS.

together at their bafe ; thefe run up in the
fame manner as thofe they (hoot out from.
If any of thefe be planted, with a piece of
the fir ft ftalk adhering to them, they will
perpetuate their fpecies. They are armed
at their joints with one or two fharp, rigid
fpines, and furnilhed with oblong - oval
leaves, eight or nine inches long, feated on
fhort footftalks. The flowers are produced
in large panicles, from the joints of the
ftalks, placed three in a parcel clofe to their
receptacles ; they refemble thofe of the
common Reed, and are fucceeded by feeds
of the fame form, furrounded with down.

The young (hoots are covered with a da'rk
green bark ; thefe when very tender are put
up in vinegar, fait, garlic, and the pods or
capflcum, and thus afford a pickle, which
is efteemed a valuable condiment in the In¬
dies, and is laid greatly to promote the ap¬
petite, and aflill digeftion. The ftalks in
their young ftate are almoft folid, and con¬
tain a milky juice; this is of a lweet nature,
and as the ftalks advance in age, they be¬
come hollow, except at the joints, where
they are Hopped by a woody membrane,
upon which this liquor lodges, and con¬
cretes into a fubftance called ‘Tabaxir, or
fugar of Momhtt , which was held in Inch
efteem by the ancients, in fome particular
diforders, that it was equal in value to its
weight in filver. The old ftalks grow to

SPROUTS and PITHS. 83

five or fix inches diameter, are then of a
ihining yellow colour, and are fo hard and
durable, that they are ufed in buildings.
Thefe, when bored through the membranes
at their joints, are converted into water-
pipes, and make excellent good ones. The
imaller (talks are ufed for walkirm-fticks,
and are called Rotang . The inhabitants of
Otaheite make flutes of them, about a foot
long, with two holes only, which they flop
with the firft finger of the left hand, and
the middle one of the right, and they blow
through their noffrils,

3 Brass ic a oleracea. Common White
Cabbage . Lin . Sp. pL 932.

This is a native of England, and is found
wild on the fea-coafts. Numbers 4, 5, and
6, are, by Linnaeus, made only varieties of
Number 3, Whether he is right in this is
hard to determine, for the number of Cab¬
bages now raifed makes it impoffible to tell
with certainty, which are fpecies and which
varieties. And this difficulty is conftantly
increafing by the mixing of the farina of
one fort with another, and thereby pro¬
ducing new variations. There is fome pro¬
bability, however, that the Cauliflower is a
diftinct fpecies, and it is certain that the
different lorts of Brocoli are varieties of the
Cauliflower. 1 hey are all too well known
to require any defcription, and their young

G 2 ih 00 is

84 SPROUTS and PITHS,

fhoots are generally acknowledged to be fu-
perior to molt other vegetables.

7 Brassica rapa. Common Turnep. Lin.
Sp. pi. 931.

Rapa fativa rotunda. Baub. Pin. 89.

This has been mentioned in the firffc
Chap, but as the fprouts are frequently eaten
in the fpring, it had a right to a place here
alio. If thefe be gathered when very ten¬
der, they are an excellent fa] lad .

8 Cyperus papyrus. Paper Rujh. Lin.-
Sp. pi. jo.

Papyrus Syriaca et Siciliana. Baub.
Pin. 19.

This is a grafs-leaved plant, growing
naturally in Egypt, Syria, and fome other
parts of the Eaft. It hath a creeping root,
from which comes forth a tuffuck of long,
flender leaves ; in the midft of thefe rife
very thick three-fquare, naked ftalks, ter¬
minated by umbels of fmall, chaffy flowers,,
laying over each other like tiles. The
fpokes or rays of the umbel are long, flender,
exceedingly numerous, Hand rather upright,
and are nearly of an equal length. Each
iffues from a fhort diftindl fheath, and to¬
wards the top is fet with awl-fhaped, feflile
fpiculaa, Handing by threes on a fhort pe¬
duncle. The flower contains three fhort
flamina, tipped with oblong fummits, and
r one

SPROUTS and PITHS. 85

,one {lender ftyle, fupporting three hair-like
{ligmata. The germen is finall, and becomes
a three-fquare, {harp-pointed feed.

The ftalk of this plant contains a fweet,
nutritious pith, which the ancient Egyp¬
tians made ufe of as bread. Of the ftalks
or leaves, it is now uncertain which, they
made their paper, but the manner of pre¬
paring it is at prefent unknown. It feems,
however, to have been the only paper in
ufe irt the time of Mofes, The Egyptians
likewife made fails and even boats of thefe
rufhes, which they caulked with dime and
pitch, and in one of thefe Mofes was con¬
cealed by his mother*'.

9 Cycas circinalis. Sago Tree. Lin.
Sp.pl. 1658.

Palma indica, caudice in annulos pro¬
tuberance diltindo. Rail Hip. 1360.

This is a fpecies of Palm, which grows
fpontaneoufly in the Eaft Indies, and parti¬
cularly on the coaft of Malabar. It runs
up with a ftraight trunk, to forty feet or
more, having many circles the whole length,
occafioned by the old leaves falling off; for
they {landing in a circular order round the
ftem, and embracing it with their bafe,
whenever they drop, they leave the marks

* Exodus Chap. ii. ver. 3. Thefe boats are ftill in ufe
in the ealiern parts of Africa, where they are kept upon the
lakes as pleafure-boats.

G 3 of

86 SPROUTS and, PITHS.

t - * ' ** v

of their adhefion behind. The leaves are
pinnated, and grow to the length of feven
or eight feet. The pinnae or lobes are long,
narrow, entire, of a finning green, all the
way of a breadth, lance-fhaped at the point,
are clofely crouded together, and hand at
right angles on each fide the midrib, like
the teeth of a comb. The flowers are pro¬
duced in long bunches at the footftalks of
the leaves, and are fucceeded by oval fruit,
about the fize of large plums, of a red co¬
lour when ripe, and a iweet flavour. Each
contains a hard brown nut, encloflng a white
meat, which taftes like a Chefnut,

This is a valuable tree to the inhabitants
of India, as it not only furnilhes a confi-
derable part of their condant bread, but
alfo fupplies them with a large article of
trade. The body contains a farinaceous
fubdance, which they extract from it and
make into bread in this manner : they faw
the body into fmall pieces, and after beat¬
ing them in a mortar, pour water upon the
mafs ; this is left for fome hours to fettle.
When fit, it is drained through a cloth,
and the finer particles of the mealy fub¬
dance running through with the water, the
grofs ones are left behind, and thrown away.
After the farinaceous part is fufticiently fub-
fsded, the water is poured off, and the meal
being properly dried, is occafionally made
into cakes and baked. Thefe cakes are faid .

to

SPROUTS and PITH S. 87

to eat nearly as well as wheaten bread, and
are the fupport of the inhabitants for three
or four months in the year.

The fame meal more finely pulverized,
and reduced into granules, is what is called
Sago, which is fent into all parts of Europe,
and fold in the fhops for a great ftrength-
ener and reftorative.

There is a fort of Sago made in the W eft
Indies, and is fent to Europe in the fame
manner as that from the Eaft ■, but the Weft
India Sago is far inferior in quality to the
other. It is fuppofed to be made from the
pith of the-^w^ oleracea, already defcribed.

10 Portulaca oleracea. Purjlane.
Lin. Sp. pi. 638.

Portulaca anguftifolia fylveftris. Bank.
Pin. 288.

This is an annual plant, and a native of
the warmer parts of Europe. It has many
round, thick, reddifh, fucculent ftalks, near
half a yard long, which generally lodge upon
the ground •, thefe break into many branches,
thickly let with fefiile, fielhy, wedge-lhaped
leaves, forne of a pale green, others of a
reddilh colour, and moftly Handing four or
more together in whorls. In the bofoms of
thefe the flowers are produced ; they are
fefiile, fmall, of a yellowilh colour, and are
compofed of five plain eredt, obtufe petals
each, with many hair-like ftamina, about

G 4 half

S8 SPROUTS and PITHS,

r ^

S, \

half the length of the petals, and one ftyle,
crowned with oblong iligmata.

This plant is frequently raifed in gardens
for fallading, and the alteration it receives
from culture is chiefly in the breadth and
fucculency of the leaves. Many admire it,
but it is of a very cold nature, and apt to
chill the blood, therefore fhould be eaten
fparingly.

ii Smilax afpera. Red-berried rough
Bindweed. Lin.Sp.pl. 1458.

Smilax afpera, fru&u rubente. Bauh.
Bin. 296.

This fpecies of Smilax is a fhrubby plant,
and grows fpontaneoufly in Spain, Italy, and
Paleftine. It hath a flefhy root, which fends
up feveral weak, brown, {lender, angular
ftaiks, armed with fhort, crooked fpines,
and are furnifhed with tendrils at their
joints or bents, by which they clafp round
any adjacent plant, and by that means rife
to feven or eight feet high. The leaves are
large, ft iff, heart-fhaped, very fharp-pointed,
of a reddith colour, have fhort reddifh fpines
on their margins, and are fupported on {len¬
der footftalks. The flowers are produced
in fmall bunches at the angles of the ftalks,
and are male and female on feparate plants.
The male flowers are compofed of a fix¬
leaved bellying calyx, containing fix {la¬
mina, crowned by oblong fummits. The

females

. • * _ _ ;

SPROUTS and PITHS

i

females too have no petals, each confifting
.of a calyx like the male, with an oval ger-
men, fupporting three flyles. . The fruit is
a frnall red berry, having three cells, con¬
taining two feeds each.

The young tender fhoots are boiled and
eaten as others of this order. There are two
or three varieties of this plant, one in par¬
ticular with a black fruit. '

■ ^ ■ '! *'■ ■ >

[ 9° 1

.

CHAP.

ESCULENT LEAVES.

SECT.

j * . *.

s>- * < <3 «

Cold Sallads .

I.

PIUM petrofelinum. Parjley.
- c r i fp u m . C urled - leaved

Parjley .

2 Allium cepa. Common Onion.

3 Allium fchoenoprafum. Cives.

4 Allium oleraceum. Wild Garlick .

3 Artemifia dracunculus. Paragon.

6 Alfine media. Common Chickweed .

7 Borago officinalis. Borage.

8 Cacalia ficoides. FVg* Marigold - leaved

Cacaha %

9 Cichorium endivia. Endive .

- - - - endiva crifpa. Curled-leaved

Endive.

10 Cochlearia officinalis. Scurvy grafs.

11 Eryfimum alliaria. Jack by the Hedge.

12 Eryfimum barbarea. Winter Crejs ,or

Rocket .

.

13 Fucus faccharinus. Sweet Fucus or Sea

Belts.

14 Fucus palmatus. Handed Fucus.

15 Fucus

wmmmmmmmmmmm

9 x

LEAVES.

15 Fucus digitatus. Fingered Fucus.

16 Fucus efculentus. Edible Fucus.

17 Hypochaaris maculata. Spotted Hawk-

weed.

18 Ladtuca fati-va. Lettuce.

19 Leontodon taraxacum. Dandelion.

20 Lepidiuni fativum. Garden Crefs.

21 Lepidiurn virginicum. Virginian Sciatic

Crefs.

22 Mentha fativa. Marf or Curled Mint.

23 Mentha viridis. Spear Mint.

24 Oxalis acetofella. Wood Sorrel.

2 5 Poterium fanguiforba. Garden Burnet.

26 Primula veris. Common Cowjlips or

Paigles. 1 -

27 Rumex fcutatus. Round-leaved Sorrel.

28 R umex acetofa. Common Sorrel.

29 Salicornia europtea. Jointed Glajjwort

or Saltwort.

30 Scand ix cerefolium. Comrfion Chervil.

31 Scandix odorata. Sweet Cicely.

32 Sed urn reflexum. Yellow Stone Crop.

33 Sedum rupeftre. St. Vincent's Rock

Stone Crop.

34 Sifymbrium nafturtium. V/ater-crefs.

35 Sinapis alba. White Mujlard.

36 Tanacetum balfamita. Cojlmary.

37 "V aleriana locufta. Lambs Lettuce,

38 Veronica beccabunga, Brooklitne,

39 Ulva ladtuca. Green Laver.

1 The ufe of the leaves of Parfley is well

known

1

LEAVES.

known in the kitchen, and the virtues of
the plant have been mentioned before; but
it may not be amifs to obferve farther, that
fome farmers cultivate whole fields of this
plant, for the ufe of their iheep, it being a
fovereign remedy to prevent them from the
rot, provided they are fed with it twice or
thrice a week. But this cannot be pradifed
where hares and rabbits abound, for thefe
creatures are fo fond of it that they will
make long excurfions to get at it ; and in a
fhort time will deftroy a large crop.

2 The Allium cepa too has been mentioned
in a former Chapter, and Hands here only
on account of its leaves being in common
ufe among other cold fallad herbs.

3 Alli um fchoenoprafum. Cives. Lin .
Sp. pi. 432.

Porrum fedivum juncifoiium. ' Bauh.
Pin. 72.

This is an inhabitant of Siberia, and is a
very fmall plant compared with the former,
the leaves and Hems leldom exceeding fix
inches in length, and the roots never pro¬
ducing any bulbs. The leaves are awl-
fhaped, hollow, and the Hem naked. It
was formerly in great requeft for mixing
with fallads in the fpring, but has been little
regarded lately. Its tafle, fmell, and virtues

are

LEAVES. 93

afe much the fame as thofe of the common
Onion.

4 Allium oleraceum. Wild Garlick .
Lin. Sp. pi. 429.

Allium montanum bicorne, flore exalbido.
Baub. Pin. 75.

This grows in the paftures and corn-fields
in Eflex, and fome other parts of England.
It hath a fmall, white, bulbous root, which
fends up a ftraight, round ftalk, about half
a yard high, furnifhed with a few rough,
pale green leaves, round on one fide, and
deeply furrowed on the other. The ftem
iffues from a horned fpatha or fheath, and is
terminated by an umbel of whitifh green
flowers, ftriped with purple.

The roots and leaves are ufed in Sweden
the fame as thofe of the common Onion are
here.

5 Artemisia dracunculus.
Lin. Sp. pi. 1 189.

Paragon.

Dracunculus hortenfis. Baub. Pin. 98.

This is a native of Siberia and other nor¬
thern parts of Europe. It hath a woody
fort of root, compofed of a multitude of
fibres, and fends up feveral round, crooked,
branched ftalks, about two feet high, irre¬
gularly fet with long, narrow, fmooth,
lance - Ihaped leaves, without footflalks ;
thefe have a tafle and fmell almoft peculiar

to

1

\

94 LEA V E S.-

to themfelves, but which are exceedingly
grateful to many. The flowers are pro¬
duced in clofe, ilender panicles at the tops
of the branches, and are of an herbaceous
colour.

The 1 eaves of this plant make an excellent
pickle, which in the opinion of many people
is not to be equalled by any other.

> i

6 Alsine media. Ghickweed. Lin. Sp
fl. 389.

This is a fmall annual plant, and a very
troublefome weed in gardens. The flalks
are weak, green, hairy,- fucculent, branched,
about eight inches long, and lodge on the
ground. The leaves are numerous, nearly
oval, fharp-pointed, juicy, of the colour of
the flalks, and fland on longifh footflalks,
having membranous bafes, which are fur-
nilhed with long hairs at their edges. The
flowers are produced at the bofoms of the
leaves on long, flender peduncles , they are
fmall and white, confifl of five fplit petals
each, and contain five ftamina and three
flyles.

The leaves of this plant have much the
flavour of Corn-Sallad, and are eaten in the
fame manner. They are deemed refrige¬
rating and nutritive, and an excellent food
for thofe of a confumptive habit of body.
The plant formerly flood recommended in
the fhops as a vulnerary.

7 Borago’

1

LEAVES. 95

7 Borago officinalis. Borage. Lin.

Sp. pi. 197.

Bugloffum latifolium, Borago. Bauh.

Bin. 259. ;

This is an annual, and grows plentifully
by road Tides, and other uncultivated places.
It alfo is cultivated in gardens, in order to
have it at hand to mix with fluffing herbs,
and to put into cool tankards, whereby the
plant is fufficiently known. The whole is
fuppofed cordial and exhilarating, but for
what reafon is difficult to guefs, as neither
the fniell or tafte countenance any fuch
properties.

( 1

8 Cacalia ficoides. Fig Marigold -
leaved Cacalia. Lin. Sp. pi. 1168.

This is a fhrubby plant, and a native of
^Ethiopia. From the root rife feveral round
flalks, to the height of feven or eight feet ;
thefe are hard and woody below, but tender
and fucculent upward, where they fend out
many irregular branches, which are fur-
nifhed with lance-fhaped, compreffed, fleffiy
leaves, ending in acute points, covered with
a whitifh farina or meal, that eafily comes
off when touched. The flowers are pro¬
duced at the extremity of the branches, in
ftnall umbels ; they are cornpofed of many
white, tubular, hermaphrodite florets, hand¬
ing in a common cylindrical calyx, are cut
at their brims into five parts, and each con¬
tains

J »Vf •• ? « » r» 1

96 LEAVE S.-

tains five fhort flender ftamina, and one
ftyie, fattened to an oblong germen, which
becomes an oblong feed, crowned with long
down.

The leaves of this plant are pickled by
the French, who efteem them much; and
in doing this they have a method of pre- -
ferving the white farina upon them, which
greatly adds to the beauty of the pickle'
when brought to table.

9 Cichorium endivia. Endive. Lin ;

Sp. pi. 1x42.

Cichorium latifolium five Endivia vul¬
garis. Bauh. Pin. 125.

The Endive and its varieties have been fo'
long cultivated in England, and other parts
of Europe, that it is impoffible to tell with
certainty what country claims it as a native.
The plant is well known in the gardens,-
and its ufes in the kitchen.

In regard to its phyfical properties it is
counted detergent, aperient, and attenuating,
tending rather to cool than heat the body.

By opening obftrudtions of the liver, it
gives relief in the jaundice ; and by its de-
terging quality, it is ferviceable in fcorbu-
tic habits.

10 Cochlearia officinalis. Scurvygrafs.-
Ltn. Sp. pi. 903.

Cochlearia folio fubrotundo. Bauh. Pin.
no. This

LEAVES, 97

This is found wild in the Marlhes near
the northern coafts of England, but it is
probable it was at firft introduced into our
gardens from Holland, where it grows very
plentifully. It is an annual plant, with a
lfnall fibrous root, from which come many
roundilh, fleihy, ftiining green leaves, a
little waved on their edges, and are iupport-
ed on long foot-ftalks. Among thefe rife
feveral pale green, round ftalks, a little
branched towards their tops, and having a
few oblong, fharp - pointed, light-green
leaves, Handing on them by pairs. The
ftalks rife to about a foot high, producing
various bunches of flowers, confifting of
four fmall white petals each, placed nearly
at right angles with each other, and fur¬
rounding fix ftamina, four of which are
longer than the reft. The germen is near¬
ly heart-fhaped, and becomes a roundilh
feed-vefie], having two cells, leparated by a
thin membrane, in each of which are con¬
tained four or five round feeds.

The leaves of this plant are exceedingly
pungent, therefore the beft way of eating
them is between bread and butter, as by
this means they are rendered lefs offenfive to
the palate, and their whole virtues, which
are very confiderable, are taken into the
ftomach. Ufed any way they divide vifcid
juices, open obftrudions, icour the glands,
and become a fovereign remedy againft the

II fcurvy ;

LEAVES.

i curvy ; all which have juftly obtained the
plant the name of Scurvy grafs. There is
a conferve, and a plain fpirit of it kept
in the lhops, both which are in great
•efteem, but they are far inferior, as anti-
Icorbuticks, to the freih leaves, eaten as
above diredted ; frequently ufed in this
manner they mutt prove beneficial in all
cold phlegmatic conftitutions, and cleanfe
the ikin of lcabs, and other cutaneous erup¬
tions.

Jack by the

plant among
It is a peren-

ii Erysimum alliaria.

Hedge. Lin. Sp . pi. 922.

Th is is a very common
bufhes and in hedge-rows,
nial, and hath a long, whkifh root, divid¬
ed into feveral parts. The radical leaves
rife in a clutter, upon long, llender foot-
ttalks ; they are heart- fhaped, of a light
yellowifh green colour, about three inches
.broad, and crenated on their edges. The
item is eredt, firm round, fometimes a little
branched, about a yard high, and furnifhed
with leaves like thofe below, but fmaller.
It terminates in a racemus of whitifh flowers,
having four petals each, including fix tta-
mina, two of which are fhorter than the
reft/ and one very fhort ttyle. The fuc-
ceeding pods are long, {lender, all the way
of a thicknefs, and contain many fmali biack-

ittr

LEAVES. 99

ifh feeds. The whole plant has the fmell
and tafte of Garlick.

The poor people in the country eat the
leaves of this plant with their bread, and on
account of the relifh they give, call them
Sauce- alone. They alfo mix them with
Lettuce, ufe them as a fluffing herb to pork,
and eat them with falt-fith. The plant was in
high efteem formerly as an attenuater, and
powerful expectorant, and held immediately
ufeful in afthmas, and diflillations of rheum
upon the lungs.

12 Erysimum barbarea. Winter-crefs.
Lin. Sp. pi. 922.

Eruca lutea latifolia five barbarea. Bauh.
Pin. 98.

The Winter-crefs grows plentifully on
moift banks and by ditches. It is a peren¬
nial, and hath along thicki fh root, furniffi-
ed with a few fibres. The bottom leaves
are cut into four or five pair of lobes, like
pinnae, with a large roundifh one at the end.
Among thefe come feveral flower-ftems,
about half a yard high, irregularly fet with
leaves like thofe from the root, but they
are fmaller. The Items divide into many
branches, terminated by loofe fpikes of
froall yellow flowers, having four petals
each, which include fix {lamina, two fhorter
than the reft, and one ftyle. The fucceed-
ing pods are long and (lender. There is a

H 2 beautiful

ioo

beautiful variety of this plant in gardens, with
a double flower, and is generally called the
yellow Rocket.

The leaves were formerly mixed with
fallad herbs, but their having rather a rank
fmell, and no very agreeable flavour, are
now negledted here, though in Sweden they
ftill retain a place at table.

The plant is a powerful antifcorbutic,
and no way inferior to the Water-crefs.

13 Fucus faccharinus. Sea Belts. Lin.
Sp. pi. 1630.

Fucus alatus live phafnagoides. Bauh.
Pin. 364.

This is a weed that grows upon rocks
and ftones by the fea-fhore. It confifts of
a long, Angle leaf, having a fhort roundilh
foot-ltalk, the leaf reprelenting a belt or
girdle.

14 F ucus palmatus. Handed Fucus. Lin.
Sp.pl. 1630.

This grows alfo in the fea, and confifts of
a thin, lobed leaf, in the form of a hand.

,, \ % x >. ..

15 Fucus digitatus. Fingered Fucus.
Hud. Flo. Ang. 579. i

Fucus arboreus polyfchides edulis. Bauh.
Pin. 364.

This grows likewife upon ftones and rocks .
in the lea near die fhore. It hath feveral

plain.

IOI

LEAVES.

plain, long leaves or finufes, fpringing from
a round ftalk, in the manner of fingers when
extended.

1 6 Fucus efculentus. Edible Fucus.
Hud. Flo. Ang. 578.

Mr. Hudfon has made this a difti ntfL fpe-
cies, but Linnaeus included it under his fac-
charinus. It grows plentifully in the fea,
near the fhores of Scotland, and alfo thofe
of Cumberland. This hath a broad, plain,
fimple, fword-fhaped leal, fpringing from
a pinnated ftalk. All thefe four lpecies are
collected by the failors, and people along
the fea-coafts, as fallad herbs, and are efteem-
ed excellent antifcorbuticks. The leaves of
the faccharatus are very fweet, and when
wafiied and hanged up to dry, will exude a
fubfiance like that of fugar.

' 17 Hypoch^ris maculata. Spotted

Hawk-weed. Lin. Sp.pl. 1140.

Hieracium alpinum latifolium hirfutia
incanum, flore magno. Bauh. Pin. 128.

This is a perennial plant, and a native of
England. The root is compofed of a mul¬
titude of fibres, from which fpring a duller
of large, oval, hairy, deep green, fpotted
leaves, having fharp teeth, fet at confider-
able diftances along their margins. The
ftalk rifes in the midft of thefe, with a
bunch of fefiile leaves near its bafej it is up-

H 3 right.

102

LEAVES

right, firm, and naked from thence to the
top, where moftly {lands only one large,
gold-coloured compound flower, having an
imbricated calyx, and confifting of herma¬
phrodite, tongue-fhaped florets, cut into
five teeth at their brims, and each contain¬
ing five fhort, hairy {lamina and one ftyle.

The leaves are eaten as thofe of Lettuce ,
and are deemed cooling; they are alfo boil¬
ed in broths, ' * ’

1 8 Lactuca fativa. Garden Lettuce ;
Lin. Sp. pi. 1 1 1 8.

This hath been fo long cultivated in gar¬
dens, that its native place of growth is not
known. The varieties of it are very nume¬
rous ; Dr. Boerhaave has given a lift of 47
that were growing in the Botanic Garden,
at Leyden, in the year 1720, and we have
near a fcore at th is time cultivated in Eng¬
land- Lettuce is a cooling, emolient, laxa¬
tive plant, but like rnoft ladlefcent ones has
a narcotic quality, as any one may per¬
ceive who eats plentifully of it.

Dandelion,

19 Leontodon taraxacum,

Lin. Sp. pi. 1122.

Dens leonis, latiore folio, Baub. Pin.
126.

This is a moft troublefome weed to far¬
mers and gardeners, for when it is once
fixed in their grounds, it is no eafy matter

to

1

s . - f

■ :: >i

-V

LEAVES. 103

to eradicate it, by reafon its downy feeds
fly to all parts and vegetate on any foil ,
hence the plant is fo well known as to ren¬
der a defcription of it ufelefs.

The young tender leaves are eaten in the
fpring as Lettuce, they being much of the
fame nature, except that they are rather
more detergent and diuretic. Boerhaave
greatly recommended the ufe of Dandelion
in moll chronical diftempers, and held it
capable of refolving all kinds of coagula¬
tions, and the mod obftinate obftruftions of
the vifcera, if it were duly continued. For
thefe purpofes the ftalks may be blanched
and eaten as Celery.

20 Lepidium fativum. Garden Crefs.
Lin. Sp. pi. 8pp.

Nalfurtium hortenfe vulgatuin. Bauh.
Pin. 103.

This is an annual plant, and a native of
Germany. The leaves are long, narrow,
and deeply cut into irregular fegments. The
ftalk is round, firm, upright, about two
feet high, of a whitifh green colour, a little
branched towards the top, and is all the way
furmfhed with many jagged leaves.

The flowers corne out in bunches at the
tops of the branches, each confifting of four
Imall, white petals, including fix ftaminn,
four longer than the reft, and one ftyle ;

II 4 thefe

* <*

aaoMi

104 • LEAVES.

thefe are fucceeded by a kind of heart-fhaped
pods, containing brown feeds.

The plant is now generally fown in gar¬
dens for a fpring fallad, and perhaps a bet¬
ter can fcarcely be cultivated. It is of a
warm, (Emulating nature, having much the
lame qualities as the Watercrefs, but is lefs
pungent. There is a variety of this with
curled leaves, which has the fame proper¬
ties with the original, but is more ufed for
garnishing dilhes than fallading.

21 Lepidium Virginicum. Virginian
Sciatic Crefs . Lin. Sp . pi. 900.

Though the Virginicum , as its name ex-
prelTes, grows in Virginia, yet it is alfo an
inhabitant of feveral of the Weft-India
Illands, and efpecially of Jamaica.

It is an annual, and fends forth a very
branched fcalk, about half a yard high, fet
with narrow, winged leaves, the lobes of
which are finely* ferrated.

The flowers come out in the manner of
thole of the fativum , but fome of them have
only three (lamina.

The people in America gather the plants,
and eat the leaves as we do thole of the
Garden Crefs.

22 Mentha fativa. Marfh , or Curled
Mint. Lin. Sp.pl. 805.

Mentha crilba veflicillata. Bauh. Pin .

4C+ J +

The

i. •• * -

(

LEAVES. 105

The Mentha fativa grows wild by marfhes
and rivulets. It is a perennial, and creeps
much by the roots, as molt of the Mints do.
The ftalks are about half a yard high,
fquare, of a purplifh colour, throw out
many fhoots from the bofoms of the leaves,
and are generally bent near their bafe.

The leaves are oval, ferrated, wrinkled,
of a pale green, and often curled at their
edges.

The flowers are purple, and come out in
whorles at the joints of the branches. The
whole plant has a very pleafant fmell.

23 Mentha viridis. Spear Mint. Lin.
Sp. pi. 804. , ' ■ : '

Mentha anguftifolia fpicata. Bank. Pin.
227.

The viridis too grows naturally by runs
of water. This is a taller plant than the
former, having a firm, fquare, upright
ftalk, two feet or more high, fending out
many branches from the bofoms of the
leaves.

The leaves are of a lively green colour,
long, narrow, fharp pointed, and deeply

ferrated at the ed^es.

The flowers ftand at the tops of the ftalks,
in flender fpikes, and are of a bright red
colour.

Though this is the fort moil cultivated
for culinary ufes, yet to many palates it is
far inferior in pleafantnefs to the former.

They

/

1 06

LEAVES,

They are much alike in their virtues, beino-
ftomachic and carminative. °

24 Oxalis acetofella. Wood Sorrel

Lin. Sp. pi. 620.

Trifolium acetofum vulgare. Banh. Pin.

33°*

The Oxalis acetofella is a neat little plant,
common in our woods. It hath a llender,
creeping, irregular root, hung with many
fibres. The leaves rile in little clutters j
they are heart-lhaped, and are joined by
their points three together at the top of a
long, weak, reddifh foot-ftalk, with their
broad ends hanging downward. Their co¬
lour is a yellowifh green, and they are a lit¬
tle hairy.

J

Among thefe, and immediately from the
root, come the flower-ftalks, each Support¬
ing a pale fleln-coiour, bell-lhaped flow'er,
Inipped into five Segments almott down to
the bale, and containing ten hairy, eredt tta-
mina, and five llender ftyles.

The leaves of this plant afford one of the
moll grateful acids of any in nature, far
preferable to that of the common garden
Sorrel, and therefore is more eligible for
mixing with fallads. They are cooling,
and Serviceable againft inflammatory disor¬
ders. Beaten with Sugar they make an ele¬
gant conferve ; and boiled with milk form a

mo ft

\

>

LEAVES. 107

ruoft agreeable whey, which is good for
opening obflrudtions of the vifcera.

25 Poterium fanguiforba. Burnet.

Lin. Sp. pi. 1 41 1 .

Pimpinella Sanguiforba minor hirfuta.
Bauh. Pin. 160.

The Poterium fanguiforba is common in
chalky grounds, and hilly paftures. It is
fo frequently cultivated in gardens, that to
deferibe it would be unneceflary; its uies in
the kitchen too are generally known. It is
counted cordial and fudorific, and on that
account is often put into cool tankards. It
evidently has an aftringent quality, and
thereby is ferviceable againfi dyfenteries.

26 Primula veris. Coufips. Lin. Sp.
pi. 204.

Verbafculum pratenfe odoratum. Bauh .
Pin. 241.

Linnaeus makes the Common Cowflip, the
great Ox lip, and the Common Primrofe ,
only variations of one and the fame fpecies,
but in this he is certainly wrong, as the
Primrofe is evidently a diftindt one. They
are all too well known to require any de-
feriptions, and their leaves may be ufed
promifeuoufiy. As to their being efculent,
they are only fo as they enter into compac¬
tion with other herbs, in the Puffing of
meat. From the flowers, indeed, of the

Cowfip

LEAVES.

Cowflip a very good wine is made, but it is
not equal to that drawn from Clary.

Round-leaved Sor-

27 Rumex fcutatus.
rel. Lin. Sp. pi. 480.

Acetofa rotundifolia hortenfis, Bauh.
Pin. 1 1 4.

The Rumex fcutatus is a native of Swit¬
zerland. It is a perennial, and hath a
creeping, fibrous root, which fends forth
many leaves on long foot-ftalks ; thefe are
hollow in the middle like a fpoon, and are
betwixt the thape of an heart, and that of
the head of an arrow.

The ftalk rifes a foot or more high, fet
with leaves till near the top, where it breaks
into flender fpikes of brownilh green flow¬
ers, containing fix ftamina and one ftyle
each.

The leaves having a very pleafant, acid
tafte, the plant is frequently railed in our
gardens to mix with fallad herbs.

28 Rumex acetofa. Common Sorrel. Lin.
Sp. pi. 481.

Acetofa pratenfis. Bauh. Pin. 14.

The Acetofa grows very common in our
woods and meadows. This too is a peren¬
nial, and from a long, yellowilh, woody
root, fends up a curved, channelled, reddilh
ftalk, about two feet high, confiding of a
few joints, with a long, arrow-lhaped leaf

5

at

'

I

I

LEAVES. 109

at each. The leaves at the bottom of the
ffalk have long foot-ftalks, but thofe to¬
wards the top ftand clofe, and embrace the
ftalk with their bafe. At the top of the
ffalk comes forth a branched panicle of fmall
reddifh flowers, refembling thofe of Dock.
There are feveral wild varieties of this
plant.

The leaves have little or no fmell, but
when chewed have a reftringent acid tafte.
Their medicinal effedts are to cool, quench
third:, and promote the urinary difcharge.
They are frequently mixed with fallad herbs
the fame as the former.

The Irifh, who are particularly fond of
acids, eat the leaves with their milk and
fith ; and the Laplanders ufe the juice
of them as rennet to their milk. The
Greenlanders cure themfelves of the Scurvy
with the juice of Scurvy grals and this
mixed ; and Dr. Boerhaave recommends a
decodtion of the leaves as an efficacious re¬
medy againff inflammatory diforders.

\ ; 4 \ •«. . , .. ,

* * •/ w ; .1 K v-

29 Salicornia europaja, vel herbacea.

‘ Jointed Glajj'wort. Lin. Sp. pi. 5,.

This is an annual plant, and grows plen¬
tifully in the fait marlhes, in many parts of
England. It varies very much in the na¬
ture of its growth, infomuch that different
writers on Botany have made three or four
different fpecies of it. It hath fucculent,

jointed.

r io

LEAVES.

»* ' * %

jointed, branched ftalks, which in fome
plants, trail upon the ground, and in others
Hand upright. The flowers are produced
at the ends of the joints, towards the ex¬
tremity of the branches $ thefe are fo fmall
as lcarce to be difcerned with the naked

eye. ■ 1

This plant is gathered by the country
people, and fold about for the true Sam¬
phire, but it is very different from that
plant. (See Cnthmum maritimum); This,
however, makes an excellent good pickle*
which renders the cheat the lefs to be re¬
gretted. They alio cut the plants up to¬
wards the latter end of fummer, when they
are full grown, and after having dried them

O O

in the fun, they burn them for their afhes,
which are ufed in making of glafs and foap.
The Sal Kali of the fhops was formerly
drawn from the allies of this plant only,
hut now from fundry forts of herbs. The
manner of obtaining the alkali , is to dig a
hole, and lay laths acrofs it ; on thefe they
pile the herbs, and having made a fire un¬
der the laths, the herbs are faltered to burn
till their liquor drops from them to the
bottom of the hole, where it hardens, and
turns of a blackilh afh colour, retains a lal-
tifh tafte, and is very fharp and corrofive.

30 Scan dix cerefolium. Common Cher -
Lin. Sp. pL 368.

2

Chsero-

LEAVES. i i i

Chisrophyllum fativum. Baub. Pin. 152.

The Scandix cerefolium is a final 1 annual
plant, with winged leaves, fomewhat re-
fembling Parfley at firft, but of a yellower
colour, and generally turning reddilh as they
grow old.

The dalks are upright, hollow, driated,
much branched, fwelled in knobs under
their joints, and have leaves on them like
thofe from the root, except being divided
into narrower fegments.

The fl owers come out in umbels at the
tops of the branches ; they are fmall and
white, and are l'ucceeded by lonmlh-oval
ihining, (harp-pointed feeds, of a dark
brown colour. It is a native of the Audrian
Netherlands.

The plant is grateful to the palate, and
is much cultivated by the French and
Dutch, who are fo very fond of it, that
they have hardly a foup or fallad but the
leaves of Chervil make part of it. The an¬
cients had the plant in the highed edeem,
and held it capable of eradicating mod: chro¬
nical didempers ; it being mild, aperient
and diuretic, working without irritation,,
yet breaking fabulous concretions, and allay¬
ing heat in the urinary padages, whereby
it proved particularly ierviceable m dr’oo-
lies and tne gravel. Some of them have
gone lo fat as to adert, that if thefe disor¬
ders would not yield to a con dan t ufe of

this

I 12

this plant, they were fcarce curable by any
other medicine.

31 Scandix odorata. Sweet Cicely. Lin.
Sp. pi. 368.

Myrrhis major, Cicutaria odorata. Baub.
Pin. 160. i .

The odorata is a perennial, and a very
large plant compared to the former. It has
a thick white root, compofed of many fi¬
bres, which have a fweet, aromatic tafte.
This fends forth feveral large, winged
leaves, bearing fome refemblance to Fern,
but they have often white fpots upon
them.

The ftalk rifes four or five feet high, is
hairy, fiftulous, and terminated by large
umbels of white flowers, having five irre¬
gular petals each. Thefe are fucceeded by
long, angular, deep-furrowed feeds, which
when chewed, have a fweet, aromatic fla¬
vour like Anife-Seeds.

The leaves have nearly the fame flavour,
and are employed in the kitchen as thofe of
the cerefolium. The green feeds chopped
fmall and mixed with Lettuce or other cold
lallads, give them an agreeable tafte, and
render them warm and comfortable to the
ftomach. The plant is a native of Italy.

- - ’ ' I

32 Sedum reflexum. Yellow Stone-Crop*
Lin. Sp. pi. 618.

Sedum

■

. ■

.

: "‘ '*r v t ■ , ,

■■■■

k- > ■: . >.1 - ■ - as - ^ . .-• .

**•>•*' ", - v^

wc-'

„

I

LEAVES

iij

\

Sedum minus luteum, folio acuto. Bauh .
Pin. 283.-

The Sedum rejlexum is common upon old
walls and rocks, where it creeps much by
the roots, fending forth many weak, (lender
fhoots, let all round with lucculent, half-
round, fharp-pointed leaves. The flower-
(talks rife from the fides of thefe (hoots to
about nine inches high, and are furnifhed
with leaves like the former, the bafes of
which turn a little upwards, and are moftly
tinged with red.

The (talks are terminated by an umbel of
yellow flowers, con filling of five fharp-
pointed petals, which Hand horizontally in

form of a liar, and contain ten awl-fhaped

.

(lamina, with five (lender (lyles each. Be¬
fore the dowers come out, the rays of the
timbel are rolled up in manner of the Ionic
volute. There is however a variety (Sedum
minus hcerftatoides ) with (Iraight rays.

The plant is cultivated by the Dutch,
who mix the leaves amongft their faliads.
They have a fiibaftringent tall<

.e 0

33 Sedum rupeftre. Sf. Vincent's Rock
Stone-crop. Lin. Sp. pi. 618.

The rupejire grows upon St. Vincent’s
rock, near Briftol. The fir ft fhoots are
branched, thickly covered with oblong,
fiefiiy leaves, and lodge upon the ground.
Among thefe rife die items to five or fix

inches

m

■

1 14 LEAVES.

inches high, fet with awl-lhaped leaves,
each having a fhort, loofe membrane at its
bale, which falls off upon being touched.
They are of a lea-green colour, and rather
rigid.

The flowers terminate the ftalks in round-
ifli bunches, and are of the form, and nearly
ol the colour of the rejlexum.

Th is plant too is cultivated by the Dutch,
who ufe the leaves and tender tops as they
do thofe of the former.

, I

34 Sisymbrium nafturtium. Water-
crejs. Lin. Sp.pl. 916.

Nafturtium aquaticum fupinum. Bauh.
Pin. 104.

The Sifymbrium najlurtium is common in
our rivulets and water-ditches, and is fo
well known and fo much in ufe, that many
families in the country have it conftantly at
their tables two or three months in the
year. It is a good diuretic, a powerful re-
l'olver of phlegmatic juices, and thereby a
fovereign remedy againft the fcurvy,

35 Sinapis alba. White Mujlard. Lin .

Sp. pl. 933.

Sinapi apii folio. Bauh. Pin. 99.

This grows fpontaneoufly on hedges and
the borders of fields. It fends up a branched
ftalk about two feet high, furnilhed with
rough leaves, deeply jagged down to the

midrib.

wmm

I

LEAVES; iij

midrib. The branches are terminated by
loofe fpikes of fmall yellow flowers, each
having four petals placed in form of a crofs.
Thefe are fucceeded by hairy, rough pods,
with long, flat beaks. The plant is now
much cultivated in gardens* for a fallad-
herb in the fpring.

In regard to its medicinal properties, it is
nearly of the nature of the Watercrefs, and
Hands recommended as good for exciting
the appetite, promoting digeftion, atte¬
nuating vifcid juices, and thereby promoting
the fluid fecretions,

j %■ •

36 TaNaceTum balfamita. Cojlmary .
Lin. Sp. pi. 1 1 84.

Mentha hortenfis corymbifera. Bank.
Pin. 226.

The Panacetum balfamita , is a perennial
plant, and a native of the fouthern parts of
Fr ance and Italy. It hath a creeping fibrous
root, which produces many oval, greyifh-
green leaves, finely ferrated at the edges,
and {landing upon long footftalks.

Among thefe rife leverai round, green,
branched Items, to above half a yard high,
with fuch leaves thereon as thole from the
root, but fmaller. The branches are ter¬
minated by bunches of yellow flowers re-
fembling thofe of Tanfey.

The whole plant has an agreeable fmell,
which to many is far preferable to any of
c ; ; J 2 the

• 1 , :

1

1 16 L E A V E S.

the Mints. It was formerly cultivated in
gardens for the purpofe of mixing with
fallads, and it is a pity it is not continued,
as from its fenhble qualities it feems fupe-
rior to many aromatic plants now in credit.

37 Valeriana locufta. Lamb's Let¬
tuce. Lin. Sp. pi. 47.

The Valeriana locujla is found wild in
fields, on banks, and old walls. It is ge¬
nerally known by being cultivated in gar¬
dens under the name, Corn-fallad. The
leaves ought to be cut young for fallading,
otherwife they have a difagreeable bitter
talfe. It is a plant that varies much by foil
and fituation. Linnaeus has fix varieties of
it, yet he has not enumerated them all.

38 Veronica beccabunga. Brooklime .

Lin . Sp. pi. 16.

The Veronica beccabunga is frequent in
fhallow waters, and by the (ides of brooks.
It hath a long creeping root, which fends
clutters of fibres into the mud. From this
come feveral weak fhoots, that ftrike root
frequently as they trail along. Thele are
round, of a pale green colour, and (pungy
fubftance, as~ are the (talks, and fet at then-
joints with thick, fmooth, oval leaves, about
an inch long, (landing oppoiite each other,
clofe to the (Falks.

The flowers come out in long, (lender
r bunches

LEAVES. 1 17

bunches only at the bofoms of the leaves,
for the main Items are always terminated by
fmall cl Lifters of leaves, not flowers. Each
flower is compofed of one fine blue petal,
which fpreads flat, and is cut at the brim
into four unequal fegments. In the centre
are two ftamina and one ftyle, and it is fuc-
ceeded by a fmall heart-fhaped pod, having
two cells.

The leaves are very pungent and bitterifh,
yet are eaten by many with bread and butter.
The plant is in the higheft efteem as an an-
tifcorbutic, and is laid even to furpafs the
Watercrefs ; this may not be conceit only,
by reafori it has the pungency of the latter,
and is much more aftringent. The juice
Hand's in the firft clafs of the fweeteners of
the blood. The country people cure green
wounds with no other application than thefe
leaves frefli gathered.

3? Ul va ladtuca. Green Laver. Lin.
Sp.pl. 1632.

Muicus marinus ladtuca? fimilis. Bauh.
Pin. 364.

The UlvalaSluca is a broad, membranaceous
leaf, or rather a collection of fuch leaves,
growing from each other. It is found on
rocks and ftones in the fea, and often upon
oyfter-fhells, and has fome refernblance to
curled Lettuce, whence the name laShica .
The Tailors and inhabitants along the coafts

I

devour

O

0

;

1 1 8

LEAVES,

devour it with great avidity, efleeming it
good againil the leurvy. It is pleafant to
the palate, and gently laxative.

SECT.

Boiling Sal lads.

II

x A MARANTHUS oleraceus, Efcultnt
^ Amaranth.

t , * t T % .

2 Arum elculentum. Indian Kale.

3 Atriplex hortenfis. Garden Orach.

- — — hortenjis nigricans. Dark green

Garden Orach.

hortenjis rubra. Red; Garden

See

Orach.

4 Anethum foenipulum. Common Fennel.
- — dulce. Sweet Fennel.

5 Braflica oleracea. &c. Cabbages.

{j Brai]Ica napus. Navew or Colewort.
y Chenopodium bonu's Henricus.

Chap. II.

8 Cnicus oleraceus. Round-leaved Meadow

‘Thijlle.

9 Corchorus olitorius. Common Jews

Mallow.

40 Crambe maritima. Sea Colewort.

1 1 Jatropha rnaniot. CaJJ'ava.

12 Malva rotundifolia. Dwarf Mallow.

43 Mentha viridis, Spear Mint. See SeCt. L

14 Phytolacca

LEAVES. 119

14 Phytolacca decandra. American Night-

15 Ranunculus ficaria. Pilewort.

16 Raphanus fativus. Common Radijh,

17 Salvia fclarea. Garden Clary.

18 Spinacia oleracea. Common Spinach.

- - oleracea glabra. Smooth Spinach.

1 9 Thea bohea. Robea Tea.

20 Thea viridis. Green Tea.

21 Urtica dioica. Common Stinging Nettle.

1 Amaranthus oleraceus. Efculent
Amaranth. Lin. Sp. pi. 1403.

Blitum album majus ? Ranh. Pin. 118.

This is a native of India, and an annual.
It fends forth many large, rough, oval,
brittle leaves, refembling thofe of the White
Beet, but more obtufe, and fnipped at their
apex. Among thefe rifes the ftalk to much
the fame height as that of the particoloured
Amaranthus , and is terminated by a pale,
glomerated fpike, which is longer than
thofe that terminate the branches. Some
few of the flowers have five ftamina, but the
much greater part have only three.

The leaves of this are boiled in India the
fame as Cabbage is here. Though Linnaeus
by his trivial name has pointed this fpecies
out in particular for an efculent one, yet the

leaves of feveral others of the genus are alfo
eaten.

I 4

A R U M

i so LEAVES.

4f

2 A r u M efc u 1 e n t u m . Indian Kale .

Th is having been defcribed in the firfl:
divifion, it remains only to obferve here,
that the Indians boil the leaves as a fallad?
and e fl.ee rn them very wholefome.

3 A t r i r l e x hortenfis. Garden Orach.
Kin. Sp.pl. 1493.

This is an annual, and a native of Tar¬
tary. It hath almoft triangular, obtufe
pointed leaves, Handing oppofite, on long,
llender footftalks. Thele are generally co¬
vered at their bafe with a mealy dull:, as is
the upper part of the ftalk alfo. It was
much cultivated in the Englifh gardens for¬
merly, but now its place is chiefly fupplied
by Spinach. The French, however. Hill
efteern it, and there are fome palates among
us that prefer it to Spinach. It is of a cool-
ins;, laxative nature, and an excellent fallad
for thofe of a coftive habit of body. The
names of its varieties are fufficient defcrip-
tions of them. ‘

4 Anethum fceniculum. Fennel Lin .

Sp.pl. 37 1- ' . ■ .

Foeniculum dulce. Bauh. Pin. 147.

This is frequently found wild in many
places; neverthelefs it certainly is not a
native here, but was originally brought hi¬
ther from Spain or Germany. The ufe of
its leaves is too well known in the kitchen
to have any thing faid about it. In regard

to

mmmm

mmmmns

LEAVES. i2r

to the virtues of the plant, it is of a warm
active nature, and good to expel flatulencies.
The variety, called fweet Fennel, differs
much from the common, its leaves being
larger, and flenderer, its dalles fhorter, the
feeds longer, narrower, of a lighter colour,
fweet, and moftly bent inwards.

This lad is greatly cultivated in Italy ancf

Germany, whence the feeds are imported.

• *

5 Brassica oleracea, &c. Cabbages .

Cabbages of all kinds are fuppofed to
be hard of digedion, to afford but little
nourifhment, and to produce flatulencies;
but they feem to have this effedt only on
weak domachs, for there are many who
will feed heartily upon them, and feel none
of thefe inconveniencies. Few plants run
into a date of putrefaction fooner than thefe,
and therefore they ought to be ufed when
frefh cut. In. Holland and Germany they
have a method of preferving them, by cut¬
ting them in pieces, and fprinkling fait and
feme aromatic herbs among them; this'mafs
is put into a tub, where it is preffed clofe,
and left to ferment, and then it is called
Sour Crout. Thus managed it is fent on
fhip- board in barrels, and proves a refrefh-
ing difh to the bailors ; or at lead, it is cer¬
tainly the means of keeping them from the
feurvy.

6 Brassica

122 LEAVES.

6 Brassica napus. Cole-wort. Lin. Sp.

f1- 93

Napus iylveftris. Bauh. Pin. 95.

This is a biennial plant, and is frequently
found wild in corn-fields. It hath a long
white root, which fends forth feveral pale
green jagged leaves. Among thefe rifes the
ftalk, to three or four feet high, irregularly
fet with lance-fhaped leaves, flightly notched
at their edges, having broad bales embracing
the item. The flowers are yellow, ftand in
tufts at the extremities of the branches, con-
fift of four petals each, and are fucceeded
by long pods.

There are many varieties of this plant
cultivated in gardens for winter and fpring
fallads, and are called Collets or Coleworts*.
In fome counties whole fields are fown with
Navew as feed for cattle, or for the feed ;
for it is from thefe feeds that the Rape oil
is drawn. All domeftic fowls, and feveral
wild ones, efpecially pheafants and par¬
tridges, are very fond of thefe feeds, and
will deilroy a great part of a crop, unlefs it
be well guarded. , . ■ ,

( ; . , . , ^ ■' "I j ' f > f [ t 1 f '•

8 Cnic-us oleraceus. Round-leaved Mea¬
dow Lhijile. Lin. Sp.pl. 1156.

* Thefe forts of Coleworts are now almoft baniffied by
the gardeners, and, inllead thereof they low the feeds of the
Yorkjhire or Sugar-loaf Cabbage , calling the young plants
thus railed, Coleworts, though very improperly.

Card u us

■■■

v. V ,

W •

I I

LEAVES. 123-

Carduus pratenfls latifolius. Baub. Pm.
376.

This plant is a native of the northern
parts of Europe, where the inhabitants boil
the leaves as we do Cabbage. It is a pe¬
rennial, and fends forth large oblong leaves,
deeply cut at their edges into various feg-
ments, which are ferrated, and furnifhed
with whitifh green, tender fpines. The
flalk rifes three or four feet high, breaking
into branches, which, nre let with leaves, at
whofe bofoms the flowers are produced on
long peduncles. There are compofed of all
hermaphrodite florets, furrounded by green,
prickly fcales, which are nipped -up. The
feeds hand fingly upon a flat, hairy recep¬
tacle, and are crowned with a feathery
down.

' • ' r - " * ' ‘ ♦ r p r" t

g Cor chorus olitorius. Common ws
Mallonjp. Lin. Sp. pi. j 46.

Corchorus Plinii. Baub. Pin. 317.

This is an annual, and a native of Afia,
Africa, and America. It rifes with a round,
ftriated, upright, branched Hal k, to near
two feet, which is furnifhed with leaves
differing in fhape ; fome being oval, lome
cut oft ftraight at their bale, and others ai¬
n't oft heart-fhaped. They are of a deep
green colour, and have a few teeth on the
margins of their bafe, that end in briftly,
reflexed, purplifh filaments. The flowers

come

1

LEAVES.

124

come out at the fides of the branches, op*-
pofite to the leaves ; they Hand fingly on
very fhort peduncles, are compofed of five
fmall yellow petals, and a great number of
Itamina, furrounding an oblong germed,
which becomes along, rough, fharp-pointed
capfule, opening in four parts, each filled
with greenifh, angular feeds,

This plant is fown by the Jews about
Aleppo, and is therefore called Jews Mal¬
low. The leaves are a favourite fallad
among thefe people, and they boil and eat
them with their meat.

10 Crambe maritima. Sea Colewort.

*

Lin. Sp. pi. 937.

Braflica maritima monofpermos. Baub.
Pin. 1x2.

This grows naturally on the fea coaft in
many parts of England. It hath a long,
thick, creeping root, divided into various
fibres, and fends up feveral fpacious, nearly
oval leaves, much jagged on their edges, of
a greyiih green colour, and fleihy fubftance.
In the centre of thefe rifes a round, whitifh,
upright ftalk, two feet or more high, di¬
viding near the top into a few branches,
having a few fefiile, oval leaves. The
branches are terminated by loofe bunches
of fmall white flowers, compofed of four
petals each in form of a crofs, and con¬
taining fix ftamina, two of which are fhorter

than

LEAVES. 125

than the reft, and one ftyle. Thefe are fuc-
ceeded by roundilh caplules, about the ftzo
of peas, each including one round feed*

The radical leaves being green all the
winter, are cut by the inhabitants where the
plants grow, and boiled as Cabbage, to
which they prefer them.

n Jatropha maniot. Cajj'ava.

The Jatropha maniot has been deferr¬
ed in the firft Chapter ; its name is repeated
here, by reafon the leaves are boiled and
eaten by the Indians, in the fame manner
as Spinach is by us.

12 Malva rotundifolia. Dwarf Mallow*
Lin. Sp. pi. 969.

Malva fylveftris, folio fubrotundo. Bauh .
Pin. 314.

This is a fmall fort of Mallow , that grows
by old walls, and rude, uncultivated places.
From a long white root it fends forth a
clufter of pale green, roundilh leaves, having
long footftaiks, and are coarfely crenated on
their edges. Among thefe ilfue many long,
flender, proftrate ftalks, plentifully fur-
nilhed with fuch-like leaves, Handing irre¬
gularly on them. The flowers come out at
the footftaiks of the leaves, and alfo at the
ends of the branches, on bending peduncles,
and each is compofed of one pale flefh-co-
loured petal, cut into five fegments down

to

■ IfL *’V '

- '■■ ;. /'%■■ ■■"■ ' ’:,v> :...’ '•

. -■ "., ■*■ >

► *T

.v;

Mn

LEAVES.

to the bale, including many flamina United
below in form of a cylinder.

The leaves of this plant "were formerly
in great efteem as a fallad that would abate
heat in the bowels, and obtund acrimonious
humours ; but at prefent it is totally neg¬
lected .

14 Phytolacca decan dra. America?i
Nightjhade. Lin. Sp.pl. 631.

This grows naturally in the province of
Virginia, in America. It hath a thick,
flefhy, perennial root, divided into feveral
parts as large as middling Parfneps. From
this rife many purpliih, herbaceous llalks,
about an inch thick, and fix or feven feet
long, which break into many branches, irre¬
gularly fet with large, oval, fharp-pointed
leaves, fupported on ihort footftalks. Thefe.
at fir IF are of a frefh green colour, but as
they grow old they turn reddifh. At the
joints, and divisions of the branches, come
forth long bunches of fmall bluifh-coloured
flowers, conlifting of five concave petals
each, furrounding ten ftamina'and ten ftyles.
Thefe are fucceeded by round depreffed ber¬
ries, having ten cells, each of which contains
a tingle fmooth feed.

In Virginia and other parts of America
tlie inhabitants boil the leaves, and eat them
in the manner of Spinach. They -are laid
to have an anodyne quality,- and the juice

of

LEAVES. 127

df the root is violently cathartic. The
Portugueze had formerly a -trick of mixing
the juice ot the berries with their red wines,
in order to give them a deeper colour ; but
as it was found to debafe the flavour, the
matter was reprefented to his Portugueze
Majelty, who ordered all the Items to be cut
down yearly before they produced flowers,

thereby to prevent any further adulteration.

# *

15 Ranunculus ficaria. Pilewort. Lin.,
Sp.pl. 774.

Chelidonia rotundifolia minor. Bauh «
Pin. 309.

This is a perennial plant, and to be met
with on moilt banks and in meadows. It
has a root compofed of many little tubercles
fufpended by fibres ■, which tubercles fome-
what refemble the outward piles, hence the
name of the plant. The leaves are trian¬
gular, heart-fhaped, of a fine glafly green,
ftreaked in the middle with blackilh and
whitilh lines. The flower-items rife four
or five inches high, having many leaves at
their bafe, and each is terminated by one
yellow flower, confiding of feveral narrow,
lharp-pointed petals *, furrounding a great
many Icamina and Ityles. 1 hefe flowers
make no little part of the variegated covering
of meadows and moilt paftures in the fpring!

* Thefe are fubjed to vary, they being roundifh in foir.e
plants, and in inch the leaves are moilly obtufe-angled.

There

128 LEAVES,

There is a variety of this plant in gardefis
with a double flower.

The leaves being ot a foft mucilaginous
nature, are boiled and eaten by iome people
as a i al lad , and are deemed good againfl: the
piles and heat in the fundament.

16 Raphanus fafivus. Common Radijh.

The leaves of this are often boiled as a

fallad, and if they be young and tender, they
eat very agreeably.

17 Salvia fclarea. Garden Clary. Lin .
Bp. pL 38.

Horminum Sclarea dictum. Bauh. Pin;
228.

This is a biennial, and a native of Italy,
but it has pofleflfed a place in the Englifli
gardens for a long time. The root is fibrous,
and fends forth l'everal large, whitilh green,
oblong, heart - fhaped leaves, which are
much wrinkled, ferrated on their edges, and
hairy on their furfaces, The ftalks are

J

fquare, hairy, greatly branched, fometimes
a little clammy, two or three feet high,
and let at their joints with pairs of leaves
like thofe from the root, but fmaller. The
branches Hand oppofite, and are terminated
by long lpikes of pale blue flowers, placed
in whorls, with two wbitilh concave, acute
pointed leaves undereach. The flower-cup
is divided into two lips, the upper one end¬
ing in three fpicula; ; and the under one in

two.

(

LEAVES. 1 29

tvVo. Lhe flower alfo has two lips, the
upper one is eredt and arched, with one ftyle
nearly of the fame length under it, and two
ftamina that are fhorter. The lower lip is
cut into three fegments. Every part of the
plant emits a very ftrong fcent.

The frelh leaves dipped in milk, and then
fryed in butter, were formerly ferved up at
table as a delicate fallad. Some people too
boiled them as a pot-herb. The plant ufed
any way is counted excellent againfl: hyfte-
rical diforders. Of the different parts of it
a wine is made, which is a high cordial,
and not to be equalled by any other home¬
made wine. The following is the moil
approved Recipe for making it.

To five gallons of cold water, put four
pounds of Lifbon fugar, and the whites of
three eggs well beaten ; boil thefe together
gently about an hour, then Ikim the liquor,
and when it is almofi: cold, add of the fmall
Clary leaves and the tops in bloflom, one
peck, and alfo half a pint of ale yeaft. This
done, put the whole into a vefiel, and ftir it
twice a day till it has done working, then
flop it clofe for eight weeks. After the
expiration of this time draw it into a clean
vefiel, adding to it a pint and half of good
Brandy. In two months it will be fit to
bottle.

K 18 Spinacia

1

I30 LEAV E S,

1 8 Spin ac i a oleracea. Spinach . Lin *
Sp. pL 1456.

Lapathum hortenfe live fpinacia femine
fpinoio. Bauh . Fin . 114.

Lapathum hortenfe live fpinacia femine
non fpinofo. Bauh . Pin . 115.

This is an annual, and is too well known
to require any defcription. What particular
country it is a native of is not certain, hut it
is known to have been cultivated in England
more than two hundred years. It hath fa-
gittated leaves and prickly feeds. Linnaeus'
makes the fmooth-feeded Spinach only a va¬
riety of this, though it differs as much in
the leaves as in the feeds, thofe of the latter
being egg-fhaped. This laft is the fort
now chiefly cultivated for the kitchen, but
it is a much more tender plant than the
former. Spinach is a good fallad for thofe
of a coftive habit of body, as it obtunds the
acrimony of the bowels, and gently relaxes
them.

19 The a bohea. Bobea “Tea. Lin.SyJl.
Nat. 365.

It mult be owned that neither Nea nor
Coffee can with ftribl propriety be placed
under any of thefe diviiions, becaufe neither
the leaves of the one or the berries of the
other can be truly called elculent ; yet' to
have entirely omitted them would have
caufed a fort of chalin in the work, by reafon

the

Mill

wmm

MM

Y'

LEAVES. 13*

the infufions of both are conftantly taiflgled
with our daily food. The leaves of Tea,
however, are often eaten by the poorer peo¬
ple after they have been infufed $ but this is
a practice not to be recommended, as they
can afford no nourifhment, and do. certainly
much injure the ftomach, and the whole
nervous lyftem. • • -

The Bobea is a fhrub that rifes about fix
or eight feet high, and divides into many
irregular branches, which are furnifhed with
oval, fmooth, glofly, ferrated leaves, ftanding
Angularly on fhort footftalks. Thefe are
from two to three inches long, one broads
with prominent veins on their under tides,'
and end in flipped obtufe points. The
flowers come out at the bofoins of the leaves,
on club-fhaped peduncles, more than half
an inch long; they conlift of fix white
roundifh, concave petals each (two of whicli
are lefs than the reft) including two or
three hundred ftamina, furrounding a very
fhort ftyle, crowned with three long; re¬
curved; awl-fhaoed ftigmata. When the
flower is fallen, the germen fwells to a fort
of triangular capful e, compofed of three
globular ceils united, each containing one
hard, roundifh feed, of a woody texture.
The fhrub is a native of China and Japan.

20 The a viridis. Green Tea, Lift .

Syji , Nat. 36$,

K i . This

i32 leaves.

This differs in nothing from the former,
but that the flower is compofed of nine
petals, and the other of but fix.

I have here given the Then as it Hands in
the Syfteina Nature of Linnaeus ; but tho'
this learned Botanift makes two diftindt fpe-
cies of it, yet it is highly probable that all
the forts of Tea are gathered from one and
the fame fpecies, and that the nine petals
in the flower is merely accidental. As to
the great differences found in the tafte,
fmell, and colour of the various kinds,
when they are fit for fale, thefe may be oc-
cafioned by the different ages of the leaves,
the time of colledting, the manner of curing
them, by fome vegetable liquid they may
be fprinkled with, or the foil and fituation

the trees may grow in.

In regard to the medicinal virtues of Tea,
fome authors make it little better than a
poifon, whilft others think it the moft
wholefome and falubrious vegetable on earth.
A very luperficial examiner will perceive it
to be "refrelhing and exhilarating, and that
it is excellent for carrying off the effedts of
a debauch; but notwithstanding thefe good
qualities, an immoderate ule of it will be
found to bring on a train of the worft of
nervous complaints ; and in fome tender
conftitutions even a cup or two is leen to
throw them into tremors and fpafmodic af-
fedtions. The green ‘leas feem to bring

LEAVES. 133

on thefe bad effeds fooner than the boheas,
but the finer either fort is, the more its
pernicious confequences are to be dreaded.

21 Urtica dioica. Common Stinging
Nettie. Lin. Sp. pi. 1396.

Urtica urens maxima. Bank. Pin. 232.

It is a common practice now, among the
ordinary people, to gather the leaves and
young lhoots of the common Stinging Nettle
in the fpring, and boil them for a fallad ;
and if the better fort were to follow their
example, they might often find a benefit by
it. Thefe leaves are not unpleafant to the
palate, are an excellent antifcorbutic, and
powerful againft all cutaneous eruptions. I
have known fome inftances where they have
been ufed in this manner once a day, by
thole all covered with blotches, and in a
month’s time their fkins have become per-
tedly fmooth, and free from any deformity.
The roots are in high efteem for flopping
the fpitting of blood, and bloody urine.
Thefe are very diuretic, and a decodion of
them drank frequently is faid to be fo
powerful, as to break the done in the
bladder.

»

V

b

F. C T.

1

■V /- -v<

-...•; ■ -V ' '

:r V. * -V. :S

8 .?

%

mi

•J&j

m

i

• j

.

, ' • •• l, .

SECT.

LEAVES.

III.

Pot - herbs .

Celery. Se$

Parjley. See

1 A PIUM graveolens

the firft Chap.

2 Apium petrofelinum.

Ditto.

^ Allium porrum. Leeks.

4 Braffica oleracea. Cabbages. See the
former SeSl.

• f * _

ij Beta vulgaris alba. White Beef.

6 Chrithmum maritimum. Rock Sam-

* r « i i

phire.

7 Hyffopus officinalis. Common Hyjfop.

8; Oxalis acetofella. Wood Sorrel . See

the firft Sett. - •

9 Gcymum bafilicum. Sweet - [cent ed Bajil.
io Origanum majorana. Common Marjo¬
ram.

tnajorana tenuifolia , Fine-

leaved Sweet Marjoram,
it Origanum heracleoticum. Winter Sweet
Marjoram.

12 Origanum onites. Pot Marjoram.

13 Picris echioides. Common Oxtongue.

14 Rofmarinus officinalis. Common Ro/e-

■

I

LEAVES. 135

*«r Rofmarinus hortenjis. Garden Rofe-
mary.

•15 Salvia officinalis. Green and Red Sage.
r- - - minor. Tea Sage.

16 Satureja hortenfis. Summer Savory.

17 Satureja montana. Winter Savory.

18 Scandix cerefolium. Common Chervil.

19 Scandix odorata. Sweet Cicely.

See the fir ft Seel.

20 Sonchus oleraceus. Common Sow-thijlle.

21 Thymus vulgaris. Common Thyme.

22 Thymus maftichinus. MaJlick Thyme .

3 Allium porrum. Leeks. Lin. Sp.
pi. 4.2 3 •

Porrum fativum latifoljum, Bauh. Pin.
72.

This plant has been fo long cultivated
that its native place of growth cannot be
traced. Jt is undoubtedly the fame as that
mentioned jn the xi Chap, of Numbers,
where it is faid the Ifraelites longed for
Leeks in conjunction with Onions. The
leaves are much of the fame nature as thofe
of the latter, and they are yet a conftant
difii at the tables of the Egyptians, who
chop them fmall and then eat them with
their meat. They are in great efteem too
with the Weiffi, and their ufe as a pot-herb
with the Englifh is well known.

*

5 The Beta alba is only a variety of the

; " K 4 ' ' red

136 LEAVE S.

red Beet, and is but rarely ufed now to
what it was formerly. It is generally mix¬
ed with favory herbs, it being too infipid to
impart much flavour of itfelf. Both the
juice and powder of the root are good to
excite fneezing, and will bring away a con-
flderable quantity of mucus,

6 Crithmum maritimum. Rock Sam -
phire. Lin. Sp. pi. 354

Crithmum, Fceniculum maritimum mi¬
nus. Baith. Pm. 288.

This is a low perennial plant, and grows
upon rocks by the fea in feveral parts of
England, It has a fpicy, aromatic flavour,
which induces the poor people to ule it as
a Pot-herb, It is alfo gathered and fold
about for the purpofe of pickling, and it is
in great efteem when thus managed. But it
mutl not be underftood here that this is the
Samphire generally pickled in Norfolk, for
that is the Salicornia europea , before de-
feribed. There is another fort of Samphire
too, commonly fold about the flreets and
markets for this Crithmum, and is generally
bought by people not {killed in plants for
the true one. This lafl: is the Inula crith-
moi(les, (Golden Samphire) which, though
it has fome little refemblance to the for¬
mer, yet it is a plant of a quite different
nature, and far interior in flavour when

pickled. In order therefore to prevent peo-
* ' pie

4B «* » *

mm

LEAVES. 137

pie being impofed on, I fhall here give a
particular del'cription of the Rock Sam¬
phire.

The root of this plant is compofed of fe-
veral tough fibres which penetrate deep into
the fifiures of the rocks. It fends forth
many green, fucculent ftalks, near half a
yard high, ornamented with deep green,
winged leaves, compofed of three or five
divifions, each of which hath three or five
fmall, thick, flefhy lobes, near an inch
long, and the bale of their common pedicle
embraces the main ftalk. The flowers are
yellowilh, and are produced in circular um¬
bels ; they are fmall, confift of five equal
petals each, with five ftamina of the fame
length, and are fucceeded by feeds like thofe
of Fennel, but they are fomewhat larger.

By a proper attention to this del'cription
the Crithmum maritimum may always be di-
ftinguilhed from the Inula crithmoides , by
fuch as are total Grangers to the knowledge
of plants, for the Inula has a flower like
that of Flea-bane, and its leaves are linear,
except juft at the apex, where they fpread a
little, and end in three jags or teeth. The
Grithmum may be propagated in gardens,
provided it be planted on a gravelly foil,
and this would be a certain way to avoid the
cheat. The medicinal virtues of this plant
are thofe of removing: obftrudtions of the
yifcera, and urinary paffages.

7 Hyssofus

fi

, ?;-

- T'r

1

7 Hyss opus officinalis. Common Hyffbp,
Lin. Sp. pi. 796.

Hyffopus officinarum caerulea five fpicata.
Bauh. Pin. 217.

Th is plant grows naturally in feveral
parts of Alia. It is a perennial, and has
been fo long cultivated in gardens, that it
is known by almolt every one. It is ex¬
ceeding grateful to the fmell, and Hands re¬
commended again ft afthmas, coughs, and all
diforders of the bread; and lungs, whether
boiled in foups or otherwife ufecf There
is a diftilled water made from it kept in the
fhops, which is deemed a good pedoral.

9 Ocimum bafilicum. Sweef-fcented
BafJ. Lin. Sp. pi. 833.

Ocimum caryophyllatum majus, Bauh.
Pin. 226.

This is an annual, and a native of Perfia;
fince it has, been cultivated in Europe, it
has produced many varieties. The hairy
Bajil, which is that commonly fown in gar¬
dens, feems to be no other than one of thefp
varieties, though made a diftimft l'pecies by
Miller and others. This fort rifes near
half a yard high, fending out branches by
pairs in oppofite directions ; thefe, and alfo
the main Items, are hairy and four fquare.
The leaves are oval, indented about their
edges, and end in a lharp point. The
flowers are of the lip kind, are white, apd
c terminate

LEAVES. 139

.terminate the ftalks and branches in long
fpikes. The /lamina are four, two longer
than the other, and the feeds lie naked at
the bottom of the calyx. The whole plant
has a ftrong fmell ot Cloves.

The French are fo infatuated with the
flavour and qualities of it, that its leaves
come into the compofttipn of almoft all their
foups and fauces.

io Origanum majorana. Sumner Sweet
Marjoram, Lin. Sp.pl. 825.

Majorana vulgaris. Bauh. Pm. 224..

The natural country of this is not known.
It is an annual, and hath oval, obtufe leaves,
and almoft round, hairy fpikes, As it lives
only one Summer, it will be beft to diftin-
guifh it by the name of Summer Sweet Mar¬
joram , the better to contraft it with the
following, 'vyhich is called Winter Sweet
Marjoram .

11 Origanum heracleoticum. Winter
Sweet Marjoram. Lin. Sp. pi. 823.

Origanum heracleoticum, Cunila gallina-
cea plinii. Bauh. Pin, 223.

This is a perennial, and a native of Greece.
It hath long fpikes growing in bunches,
and flower-leaves as long as the flower-
cups. It is hardy, and will live through
the winter in the open air in our climate ;

which

140 LEAVES.

which circumftance is alone fufficient to di-
ftinguifh it from the former.

12 Origanum onites. Pot Marjoram.
Lin. Sp. pi. 824.

Majorana major angelica. Ger. em. 664.

This too is a perennial, and has been
found wild in England. In its general ha¬
bit it is like the majorana , but the ftalks
are more woody, and furnifhed with long
hairs. The leaves are irnall, heart-fhaped,
fharp pointed, on both fldes woolly, feldom
ferra-ted, and have little or no foot-ftalks.
The fpiculas come out in clufters, as in the
Common Marjoram , but they are longer,
hairy, and ftand three upon a common pe¬
duncle, the middle one being feflile, and
all the flowers white.

The ufe of the leaves of all thefe fpecies
is well known in the kitchen, and therefore
it will be needlefs to fay any thing about it.
They are all warm aromatics, and are often
prefcribed alone, or in phyflcal compofi-
tions. Half an ounce of the tops of the
majorana , maybeinfufed in a pint of boiling
water, and drank occafionally againft head¬
aches, afthmas, and catarrhs. The powder¬
ed leaves are a good errhine, and are often
ufed for this purpofe. The onites is not
quite fo gratefully fcented as the majorana ,
but it is frequently ordered in baths for

di forders

LEAVES. 141

diforders in the head, and againft cutaneous
eruptions. This grows plentifully in Syra-
cufe, and alio in fome parts of Greece.

13 Picris echioides. Common Ox-tongue.
Lin. Sp. pi. 1 1 14.

Hieracium echioides capitulis cardui be-
nedidli. Bauh. Pin. 128.

This is a native of England, is an annual,
and may be found on the borders of corn¬
fields. It fends forth feveral dark green,
oblong oval leaves, having many protube¬
rances on their furfaces, and are thickly fet
with PtifF hairs. Among the leaves rifes a
round, green, hairy ftalk, to about two
feet, with a few leaves thereon, and break¬
ing into branches towards the top, which
are furniihed with ifnall yellow flowers,
fomewhat like thofe of the Sow-thiftle ;
thefe are fucceeded by browniih long feeds,
crowned with down.

The leaves are frequently ufed as a Pot¬
herb, and are efteemed good to relax the
bowels.

14 Rosmarinus officinalis. Rofemary.
Lin. Sp. pi. 33.

Rofinarinus fpontaneus, latiore folio.
Bauh. Pin. 217.

This fhrub grows in prodigious abun¬
dance in the fouthern parts of Europe. It
is fo common in gardens as to be known by
2 , every

1

142 LEAVES.

* t*V \ \

every one. Many people boil the leaves in
milk pottage, to give them an aromatic
flavour. The fprigs too are frequently ftuck
into beef whilft it is roafting, and they com¬
municate to it an excellent relifhV With
the flowers of this plant is made the much:
celebrated Hungary water. They are deem¬
ed excellent aromatics, and are ufed in all' i
nervous complaints, that take their rife from
too great cold and moifture in the habit of
body. They abound with a fubtile, pene¬
trating oil, which renders them fervic£able
in the jaundice and gouto1

/

i c Salvia officinalis. Green and Red
Sage. Lin. Sp. pi. 34.

Salvia major. Bauh. Pin. 237: , ,

This is a native of Auftria, and by being
long planted in gardens it comes of two co¬
lours, red and green. The fmall Pea Sage
too is only a variety of the officinalis; This
is the fort that is generally made ufe of for
culinary purpofes, it being the pleafanteft ;
but for phyfical intentions, the large kind
ought to be chofen ; and in moft cafes the
red ffiould have the preference, it being
more corroborating than the green, which
renders it immediately ferviceable in all re¬
laxations of the fibres. The ancients had
this plant in the higheft efteem, and per¬
haps not unjuftly, for it is certainly an ex¬
cellent vulnerary, and a great ftrengt-hener

I

LEAVES* T43

of all the internal parts of the body, and
particularly the lungs.

i 6 Satureja hortenfis. Lin. Spi pi.

795-

The Simmer Savory is an annual, and a
native of France and Italy. It fends forth fe-
veral {lender eredt ftalks, near half a yard
high, which put forth branches by pairs,
and are fet with leaves placed oppOlite;
thefe are ftiff, a little hairy, and yield a fine
aromatick fmell on being rubbed. The
mod diftinguifhing mark of this fpecies is,
that it has two flowers to every peduncle.

17 Satureja montana. Winter Savory.
Lin. Sp. pi. 794.

This is a perennial, is a more fhrubby
plant than the former, and it does not rife
fo high. The leaves are of a dark green
colour, and fharp pointed. The flowers are
fuflained by Angle diverging peduncles, com¬
ing at the fides of the branches. The root
is woody, and fends forth green leaves all
the winter. It is a native of France.

Thefe two plants give place to none of
the European aromatics for pleafantnefs of
fmell and flavour, nor yet in their ufeful-
nefs in the kitchen ; for befldes being ufed
as Pot-herbs, they are frequently put into
cakes, puddings, faulages, &c. They are

warm

I

144

LEAVES.

warm and difcufiive, and good againft cru¬
dities in the ftomach.

20 Sonchus oleraceus. Common Sow -
thijile. Lin. Sp.pl. 1116.

This is an annual plant, and a very trou-
blefome weed in fields and gardens. It va¬
ries fo much in different foils that fome of our
molt dil'cerning Botanifts have made feveral
diftindt fpecies of it. In fome fituations the
whole plant is fmooth, but in others it is
rough, prickly on the margins and midribs
of the leaves, and alfo on the peduncles and
calyces of the flowers. The ftalks are co-
pioufly ftcred with a ladtefcent juice.

The leaves have little tafte, except a flight
aftringency, yet they are much ufed in fome
of the northern parts of Europe as a Pot¬
herb. They were formerly kept in the
fhops by the names Sonchi afper et Sonchi
Icevis , but they had not any known virtues
fufficient to fupport their place there. The
whole plant is a favourite food of Rabbits.

21 Thymus vulgaris. Common Thyme.
Lin. Sp. pi. 825.

Thymus vulgaris, folio tenuiore et latiore.
Bauh. Pin. 219.

The L hymns 'vulgaris grows wild on the
mountainous parts of France, Spain, and
Italy. This is the broad leaved Thyme com¬
monly

1

LEAVES. 145

monly cultivated in gardens, and therefore
is well known.

l

22 Thymus maftichinus. MaftickThyme.
Lin. Sp. pi. 827.

Sampfucus, live Marum maftichen redo-
lens. - Bauh. Pin. 224.

This plant grows l'pontaneoufly in Spain.
It is a perennial,- of a tenderer nature than
the former, and differs much from it in its
general habit, which induced Miller to
place it among his Satureja. The ftalks rife
about half a yard high, breaking into flen-
der, woody branches, which are covered
with a brown bark, and fet with leaves like
thofe of the vulgaris in fhape, but they are
rather larger. The flowers come out in
whorls at the tops of the branches, and are
furrounded with a greyifh wool ; they are
white, with briftly, denticulated cups.

Both thefe plants are fine aromaticks, and
are ufed in the kitchen for the fame pur-
poles as the Savories. The dried leaves and
tops of the majlicbinus are laid to be power¬
ful againft an immoderate flow of the menfes.
A dram of the powder in a glafs of red
wine is a dofe.

\

L CHAP.

1

• * ’l-i

I

r

!

l

f ^ ~ T - ' • - .

146 ]

A

P.

IV.

N T

F L

0 W E R S

ALENDULA officinalis. Com •

j £ ^

\ j mon Marigold.

2 Caltha palulfris. Marfh Marigold.

3 Capparis fpinofa. Caper Bujh.

4 Carthamus tin&orius. Safflower.

5 Carlina acaulis. Dwarf Car line Tbiflle.

6 Cynara cardunculus. Cardoon.

7 Cynara fcolymus. Green or French Ar¬

tichoke.

— hortenfis. Globe Artichoke.

8 Cercis filiquaitrum. Common Judas-tree.

9 Elelianthus annuus. Annual Sun-flower.

10 Onopordum acanthium. Cotton Lhiflle.

11 Tropaeolum majus. Indian Crefs, or

Naflurtium.

12 Tropasolum minus. Smaller Indian Crefs.

1 Calendula officinalis. Common Ma¬
rigold. Lin.Sp.pl. 1304.

Caltha vulgaris. Bauh. Pin. 275.

This is fo very common in gardens as to
make it univerfally known. It is a native
of Spain. The flowers gathered and then
dried were formerly in high efteem among

houfe-

,

FLOWERS; 147

% J

hoiife-keepers to boil in foups and pottage.
They are deemed cordial, and a refrefher
of the animal lpirits. There are many va¬
rieties of this plant raifed in gardens, more
for ornament than ufe.

^*i

2 Caltha paluftris. Marfh Marigold.
Lin. Sp. pi. 7 84.

Caltha paluftris, flore fimplici. Bauh.
Pin. 276.

The Caltha paluftris is a perennial, and
the only plant yet known of the genus. It
is very common in our meadows, where it
fends forth many large, roundifh heart-fhaped
leaves, flightly crenated on their edges, a-
mong which rife round, hollow, green
ftalks, dividing into three or four branches
towards their top, and having a feftile leave
at each divifion. The flower is compofea of
five large oval, concave yellow petals, fur¬
rounding many (lender ftamina, and feveral
oblong, comprefled germina, or feed-buds,
which become as many pointed capfules,
containing feveral roundifh feeds. It flow¬
ers early in the fpring, when its yellow
flowers are a great ornament to the mea¬
dows. There is a variety of it in gardens
with a double flower.

The flower -buds of this plant are by
many people pickled as Capers, for which
they are a good fubftitute.

L 2 3 Capparis

t

148 F L O V/ E R S.

3 Capparis fpinofa. Caper Bujh. Lin.
Sp. pi. 7 20.

Capparis fpinofa, fru&u minore, folio ro-
tundo. Bank. Pin. 480.

This is a low fhrubby plant, and a na¬
tive of Italy. It lends forth woody flalks,
which divide into many {lender branches,
under each of which are placed two fhort
crooked (pines, and between thefe and the
branches come out round, fmooth leaves,
fingly upon fhort foot-ftalks. At the infer-
tions of the branches iiTue the flowers ;
thefe are white, and compofed of five round-
illi concave petals each, furrounding a great
many llender (lamina, and one flyle -longer
than the flamina, fitting upon an oval ger-
men, which turns to a capfule filled with
kidney- fhaped feeds. The flower when
fully expanded looks like a fingle white
Rofe.' *

The buds of thefe flowers are pickled,
and annually fent into England, and other
places, by the name of Caper's. They are
faid .to excite the appetite, promote di-
geflion, and to help obftrudtions of the li¬
ver and fpleen ; but it is probable thefe va¬
luable qualities proceed more from the in¬
gredients they are pickled in, than from the
Capers themfelves.

4 Garth am us tinGcorius. Safflower,
Lin . Sp. pi. 1162.

*

Cnicus

(

FLO W E II S. 149

Cnicus fativus, five Carthamus officina-
rum. Bank. Pin. 378.

This is an annual plant, and a native of
Egypt. It fends up a ft iff woody flalk; to
two feet'or more high, breaking into many
branches, which are furnifhed with oval,
fharp-pointed, feflile leaves, llightly jagged
on the edges, and each jag ending with a
fharp fpine. The flowers terminate the
* branches in large, fcaly heads. The fcales
are fiat, broad at their bale, and taper to a
point, where they terminate in a fharp fpine.
The florets are numerous, funneh-fhaped,
of a fine faffron colour, and ftand up above
the fcales of the empalement near an inch.
They are all hermaphrodite, and are fuc-
ceeded by white, fmooth, oblong feeds,
near as lare;e as wheat.

o

Formerly the common people ufed to put
the dried florets into their puddings, I fup-
pofe more to give them a colour, than for
any good flavour the flowers communicat¬
ed ; when this was done in large quantities,
the puddings proved purgative, whereby the
practice is now quite laid aflde.

Th is plant is cultivated in great abun¬
dance in Germany, whence the other parts
of Europe are fupplied with the flowers,
which form a. great article of trade, they
being ufed in dying and painting. If they
be neatly dried, it is difficult to diftinguifh
them from Saffron, but by the fmell. °The

L 3 feed s

■M

Z<Z4

■m-

150 FLOWERS.

* t

feeds are kept in the fhops, and have been
in repute as a good cathartic, but their
operation is flow and not always certain.

5 Ca r 1. 1 n a acaulis. Dwarf Carline
'Ihifile, Lin. Sp.pl. 1160.

Carlina acaulos, magno flore albo. Bank.
Bin. 380.

This Lbijile grows on the mountainous
parts of Italy and Germany. It hath many
large whitilh green, finuated leaves, laying
on the ground, which are fet with fmall
Iharp fpines round about their edges. In
the centre of thefe comes a large flower-
bud, without any ftalk, but is furrounded
with long, prickly, jagged leaves, adher¬
ing to its bafe. The flower is compofed of
white, hermaphrodite florets, which are fuc-
ceeded by roundilh, white feeds, crowned
with a branched, feathery down.

The central part of the flower is boiled
and eaten the fame as Artichoke bottoms.
The root is kept in the /hops ; it is of a
brown rufty colour, about an inch thick,
very porous, fo that when cut it appears as
if wormreaten. Ith as a ftrong fmell, and
a bjtterifh tafte, mixed with a flight degree
of aromatic. It was in high efteem among
the ancients as a diaphoretic.

6 The Cynara car dime ulus , or Cardoon,
was deferibed in the fecond Chapter, among

2 ' 1 the

•• / .

FLOWERS. 151

the ftalks ; I have given it a place here upon
the authority of fome travellers, who have
allured me that the heads are alfo eaten, but
I doubt they miftook the fpecies.

7 C ynara fcolymus. Green or French
Artichoke. Lin. Sp. pi. 1159.

Cynara fylveftris latifolia. Bauh. Pin.

384* .

This grows wild in the fields of Italy, and
Linnaeus makes the horteyijis only a variety
of it. The latter is that fort which is now
chiefly cultivated, by reafon the bottoms
are more flelhy, and much better tailed than
thofe of the fcolymus. The ufe they are
put to in the kitchen is fo well known,
that to fay any thing about it will be quite
unneceflary.

8 Cercis filiquallrum. Common Judas -
tree. Lin. Sp. pi. 534.

Siliqua fylveftris rotundifolia. Bauh. Pin.
402.

The Common Judas-tree grows in France,
Spain, and Italy. It rifes with a ftraight
trunk, covered with a reddilh bark, to the
neight of twelve or fourteen feet, dividing
towards the top into many irregular branch¬
es, furnilhed with roundifti heart-lhaped,
linooth leaves, having long footftalks. The
flowers come out in clufters from all fides
pf the branches, and fometimes even from

L 4 the

1

152 FLOWE R S.

the trunk itfelf ; they are of a bright purple
colour, hand upon Ihort peduncles, have five
petals each, refembling a pea- bloom, and
ten diftinct ftamina, four of which are longer
than the reit, and furround a long, {lender
germen, which becomes a long fiat pod,
having one cell, containing many roundilh
feeds.

The flowers have a (harp, acid flavour,
and are not only mixed with fallads to render
them more grateful, but are alfo pickled in
the bud, in the manner of Capers.

The wood of this tree is hard, and beau¬
tifully veined with black and green. It
will take a fine polilh, and on that account
is converted to many fanciful ufes.

9 Helianthus annuus. Annual Sun¬
flower. - Lin. Sp.pl. 1276.

Helenium indicum maximum. Baub .

Pin. 276. , ■ t

This is a native of America, but is now
fown in almoft every garden in England, on
account of its bold, large, yellow flowers,
which make a fine appearance in the autumn.
T he bottoms of thefe flowers are very flefhy,
and many people drefs and eat them, as
they do thofe of the Artichoke.

The feeds of this plant are copioufly
ftored with oil, which may be eafily ex-
prefled, and is not inferior to that drawn
from Olives. The feeds have as agreeable

5

a flavour

FLOWERS. i53

a flavour as Almonds, and are excellent food
for domeftic poultry.

10 The Onopordum acanthium, or Cotton
'T bifile, has been defcribed in a former
Chapter; it hands here by reai'on the bot¬
toms of its flowers are eaten in the manner

of thofe abovementioned.

■< *

\

11 Trop.^olum majus. Indian Crefs .
Lin. Sp. pi. 490.

Acriviola maxima odorata. Boerh. liigdb.

I. p . 244°

This is a native of Peru, and an annual.
It hath weak trailing flalks, which are fur-
niflied with fmooth, greyifh green, almofl:
circular leaves, fup ported on long footftalks,
inferted into their centre. The flowers are
produced from the fldes of. the flalks ; they
are in fome plants of a pale yellow, in others
of a deep orange colour, and are of a Angular
ftrudture, being compofed of Ave petals, the
upper two of which are broad, the three
under ones narrow, their bafes joined toge¬
ther, and lengthened into a fpur above an
inch long. They include eight declining,
awl-fhaped ftamina, and a roundiih, Areaked
germen, fupporting one eredt ftyle, crowned
by an acute trifid ftigma. The germen be¬
comes a furrowed berry, divided into three
lobes, each including one ftriated feed.

12 Tro-

\

S

i54 FLOWERS.

12 Trop^eolum minus. Smaller Indian
Crefs . Lin. Sp. pi. 490.

Nafturtium Indicum. Ger. 196.

This is a native of Peru and other parts
of South America. It differs from the for¬
mer in the leaves being entire, the other
having five ohfolete lobes ; the petals of the
flower of this are fharp-pointed and briftly,
thofe of the majus are obtufe. There is a
variety of this fort with double flowers.
Thefe plants being very ornamental, are now
annually fown in moff gardens, for they
flower a long time, and make a beautiful
appearance.

The flowers have a fragrant fmell, and a
fharp pungent tafte, like that of Garden
Crefles. In France they are not only ufed
to garniffi difhes, but are mixed with Let¬
tuce and other cold fallads, and are efteemed
both pleafant and wholefome. The berries
have a warm fpicy flavour, and make an
excellent pickle.

I

[ 155 ]

CHAP.

V,

ESCULENT BERRIES,

SECT

I.

Indigenous , or native Berries

1 jfc R BUT US uva urii. Bearberry .

2 JL\. Arbutus alpina. Mountain Straw*

berry.

3 Arbutus unedo. Common Strawberry-

tree.

4 Berberis vulgaris. Common Berberry.

5 Cratasgus aira. White Beam-tree.

6 Crataegus torminalis. Maple-leaved Ser¬

vice or Sorb.

7 Fragaria vefca, vel fylveftris. Wood

Strawberry.

- — - • northumbrienjis. Northumber¬

land Strawberry.

imperials. Royal Wood Straw¬

berry.

granulofa. Minion Wood Straw-

berry.

8 Fragaria viridis vel pratenlis. Swedijh
Green Strawberry . \

* A Berry is defined by Linnaeus to he a pulpy feed-<veJJA?
without a valve, and inclofing feveral feeds, which have no
other covering,

9 Fragaria

i

>' ' : :• '' r

_ •

£&$■

’• /. ••

• : £

BERRIES

9 Fragaria mofchata. Hautboy Strawberry,

mofchata rubra. R.ed-bloffomed

Strawberry.

mofchata her map for odk a . Royal

Hautbov.

j

jo Fragaria chinenfis. Chinefe Strawberry.
II Fragaria virginiana. Virginian Scarlet
Strawberry.

* * * ’ TT*

•virginiana coccmea. Virginian

fcarlet-blolTomed Strawberry.

virginiana campejlris. Wild

Virginian Strawberry.

12 Fragaria chiloenfis. Chili Strawberry.

chiloenfis devonenfis. Devonshire

Strawberry.

13 Juniperus communis. Common, or Eng-
’ - ‘ lijh Juniper .

arbor. Swedifh Juniper.

14 Ribes rubrum vel album. Red and

White Currants.

15 Ribes nigrum. Black Currants.

16 Ribes groffularia. Goofeberries.

17 Rofa canina. Dog’s Rofe, or Hep-bu/h.

18 Rubus idarns. Rafpberry.

- idceus albus. White Rafpberry.

- idceus Icevis. Smooth - Stalked

Rafpberry.

19 Rubus ctelius. Dewberry.

20 Rubus fruticofus. Common Bramble.

21 Rubus chamaimorus. Cloudberry.

22 Rubus ardticus. Shrubby Strawberry.

23 Vaccinium

BERRIES. 157

V '

23 Vaccinium myrtillus. Blackworts, or

Bilberry. ■ > '

24 Vaccinium vitis idasa. Redworts.

25 Vaccinium oxycoccos. Cranberry.

1 Arbutus uva urfi. Bear berry. Lin .
Sp. pi. 566.

Radix idasa putata et uva urfi. Bauh.
Hijl. I. p. 524.

This plant grows naturally in the northern
parts of England. It is a fmall fhrub, riling
little more than a foot high, breaking into
many branches, which are clofely fet with
fmooth, thick, oval leaves, entire on their
margins. The flowers are produced in
fmall bunches, near the extremities of the
branches'; they have an obtufe, quinquefid
purple calyx, furrounding a pitcher-fhaped,
white petal, cut at the brim into five teeth,
which roll backwards, and contain ten awl-
fhaped (lamina, and a cylindrical fiyle. The
germen is roundifh, and becomes an oval,
or globular berry, having five cells, filled
with fmall, hard feeds.

2 Arbutus alpina. Mountain Straw¬
berry. Lin. Sp. pi. 566.

Vitis id CEa foliis oblongis albicantibus.
Bauh. Pin. 470.

This grows upon the Alps, alfo in Lap-
land and Siberia, and has been found too in
fame parts of England. The branches are

# Cut into live parts.

(lender.

mm

158 BERRIES. ' 9

{lender, and trail upon the ground thefe are
furnifhed with oblong, rough, ferrated,
whitifh green leaves. The flowers are pro¬
duced from the wings of the leaves, upon
long, flender peduncles, and are fucceeded
by berries about the lize of black Cherries ;
thefe are green at firft, red afterwards, and
black when ripe.

3 Arbutus unedo. Common Strawberry-
tree. ~ Lin. Sp. pi. 566.

Arbutus folio l'errato. Bauh. Pin. 460. \

This tree grows very plentifully in the
woods in Ireland, but is common now in
the Englifh gardens, being a very ornamental
plant, it having ripe fruit and flowers upon
it at the fame time ; for the flowers blow in
the autumn, and the fruit that fucceed them
hang till the next autumn before they are
ripe, when a frefh fet of flowers puts forth,
and fo on. The fruit have an auftere, four
flavour, yet they are eaten by the Irifh, who
are very fond of acids, and are fold in their
markets. There are feveral varieties of this
fpecies, but thole mod: commonly cultivated
are the red flowered, and the double flow¬
ered. The fruit of the two fir ft forts are
not of a delicate flavour, yet they are eaten
by the inhabitants where the plants grow
naturally.

The leaves of thefe plants are all aftrin-

»ent, and thofe of the uva urfi have been
° faid

BERRIES. 1 59

faid to do wonders in the gravel. For this
purpofe half a dram of the powder is or¬
dered in any convenient vehicle once a day.

4 Berberis vulgaris. Common Berberry.
Lin. Sp. pi. 471.

Berberis dumetorum. Bauh. Pin. 454.

This is common in hedges in many parts
of England, and fends forth feveral Balks
eight or ten feet high ; thefe run into nu¬
merous branches, covered with a whitifli
bark, and are armed with ftiort fpines, which
generally come out by three at a place. The
leaves are egg^fhaped, obtufe, finely ferrated
on the edges, and when chewed have an
acid, aftringent tafte. The flowers are yel¬
low, and are produced in long bunches in
the manner of Currants, each confifting of
fix roundifli, concave petals, having two
glands fixed to their bafe, and include fix
iiarnina, with two fummits fattened on each
fide their apex. The germen is cylindrical,
and turns to an obtule, umbilicated berry,
of one cell, enclofing two cylindrical feeds.
There is a variety of this flirub without any
feeds in the berries.

Thefe berries have an agreeable acid tafte,
and on that account they are boiled in foups
to give them a tart flavour. They are alfo
pickled for the purpofe of ornamenting
diflies. In medicine they are chiefly ufed
in confervc, and in this form they are cool-

%

160 BERRIES.

%

ing and aftringent, good to quench thirfl^
fortify the flomach, and ftop diarrhaeas and
dyfenteries.

5 Crataegus air a. White Beam-tree*

Lin . Sp. pi. 68 1 .

Alni effigie, lanato folio major. Banh .
Pin. 452.

This grows wild in Kent, and fome other
parts of England, it arrives to the height
of thirty feet or more, with a large trunks
that divides upwards into many branches,
which fpread in the form of a pyramid, the
young twigs being covered with a brown
bark, fprinkled with a mealy down, and
garnifhed with oval leaves, of a light green
colour on their upper fide, white on their
under, unequally lerrated on their edges,
and having many prominent veins running
from the midrib to the border. I he flow¬
ers come out in bunches at the extremities
of the branches, having mealy peduncles
and empalements ; the latter are cut into
five obtufe fegments, fuftaining five fhort,
concave, white petals, which ipread open*
and furround many ilamina, and two ftyles.
When the flower falls, the germen becomes
a roundifh berry, encloiing two oblong hard
feeds.

, . r * * ’ j * i

6 CRATiEGUs torminalis. Maple-leaved
Service-tree. Lin. Sp.pl. 681.

Sarbus

BERRIES. , 161

I

Sorbus torminalis et Crataegus theophrafti.
Baub. Hijl. I. p. 63.

This grows in woods in fome parts of
Engl and ; it is a taller tree than the former,
and the young branches are covered with a
purpliih bark. The leaves are of a bright
green on the upper fide, a little woolly un¬
derneath, are three or four inches broad,
and fhaped like thofe of the Maple. The
flowers come out in large bunches near the
ends of the branches ; they are like thofe
of the Pear-tree, but fmaller, and are fuc-
ceeded by fruit refembling large haws.

The fruit of both thefe fpecies are rough
and auftere when frefh off the trees, but if
kept in the manner of Medlars, they obtain
an agreeable acid flavour. Thofe of the
torminalis are annually fold in the London
markets in autumn.

7 Frag aria vefca. Wood Strawberry ,
Lin. Sp. pi. 708.

Fragaria vulgaris. Baub. Pin. 326.

Mr. Wefton has publifhed a catalogue of
fix diftindt fpecies, and fixty varieties of
Strawberries, but Linnaeus includes them
all under the vefca, or Wood Strawberry, of
which he has two varieties, viz. the pra~
tenjis, which is the viridis of Wefton, and
the chiloenfis. — Befides thefe two Mr. Wef¬
ton has the mofchata , the chinenjis , and the
virgin: ana, which, with the vefca , make fix

M diftindt

1

V-

1 62 BERRIES.

diflintft fpecies. I have inferted thefe fix
fpecies, with fuch varieties of them, as Mr.
Wefton judges moft valuable for their fruit,
and fhall here give a fhort defcription of
each variety in his own words.

“ The nortbumbrienjis (mentioned by
Wallis in his Nat. Hift.) is a variety of the
common Wood Strawberry, growing natu¬
rally in that country ; the fruit is red, the
fhape conic, of the fize of a fmall nutmeg,
finer, he fays, than the garden kind. They
grow about twenty miles weft of Newcaftle,
at the beginning of Gofton-burn, on the
north fide, and on the ftrand of the brook
at Hatfield, by the path to Simon-burn.

The imperialis is 'a curious Strawberry,
which was raifed from the Alpine, impreg¬
nated by the Wood Strawberry. It was
procured from Lincolnlhire, and it produces
abundance of fruit, which in fize, colour,
and flavour, refemble the Alpine,

The granulofa is a fine Strawberry, which,
as well as feveral other varieties, have lately
been obtained from feed, by Monfieur Du-
chefne, one of the moft ingenious Botanifts
of the prefent age.

8 Frag aria viridis. Wejloris Botanicus

UniverJ'alis. Vol. ii. p. 325.

It grows plentifully on the hills, and in

the open fields in Sweden, and is later than

the Wood Strawberry. The flefti is firm,

*

green,

BERRIES. 163

green, and refembles the Nedarine in
flavour. The plant is rather low, and re¬
markable for loofing all its leaves in the
winter.

9 Fragaria mofchata. Wejloris Bo-
tanicUs Univerfalis. Vol. ii . p. 325.

- mofchata rnbra. This beautiful

variety flowered with me lafl: year, and is
perhaps the fame as that entitled by ]one-
quet, in his Index Onomafticus, page 49,
Fragaria Americana hirfuta, fore rubro odors
mofchi.

- mofchata hermaphrodita. This

mod curious Strawberry has been lately
railed from feeds, and merits the preference
on account of its being hermaphrodite.
There are alfo feveral other varieties of the
Hautboy, differing in fhape, colour and
tafte.

10 Fragaria chinenfis. Weftons Bo -
tanicus Univerfalis. Vol. ii. p. 325.

The leeds of this have been lately brought
to Europe •, and the plant is now firft railed
in the royal gardens at Trianon, but as vet
it is too young to produce fruit.

11 Fragaria virginiana. WeflonsBo-
tanicus Univerfalis. Vol. ii. p. 326.

- -virginiana coccinea. This un-

M 2 common

f

✓

I

164 BERRIES. ' I

common variety is faid to be growing at
Worb, in Switzerland.

- virginiana campejlns. This was

introduced into England by Mr. Young,
Botanift to his Majefty, in 1772.

12 Fragaria chiloenfis. Weftoris Bo¬
tanic us Unrccr fahs . Vol. ii. p- 326 .

- - chiloenfis devonenjis. This was

lately brought from abroad by a curious
gentleman, in Devonfhire, and fil'd: culti¬
vated in the gardens there. The fruit is
very large, firm and high-flavoured, in co¬
lour nearly approaching to that of the Scar¬
let Strawberry, and what is extremely An¬
gular, it bears bell without any cultivation,
and let run wild, except taking off a few of
the runners when in bloom. Nor does it
want to be renewed or tranfplanted nxe all
the other Strawberries, but will continue
fruitful for many years in the fame bed.”

No Englilh fruit can hand in competition
with Strawberries for wholefome and falu-
brious qualities ; even their fmeli is re-
frefhing to the fpirits, and eaten any way
they are delicious. Nor is an immoderate
ufe of them attended with any bad confe-
quences, as is the cafe with Piums, and
many other forts of fruit. Fhey abate heat,
quench third:, promote urine, and are gently
laxative. Thole affiidled with the gout have
found great benefit by eating plentifully of

r them i

■\ , ‘ \

B-E R R I E S. / 165

them ; and Hoffman fays, he has known
confumptions cured by them. So whole-
fome and plealant a fruit can never be too
generally cultivated.

The leaves of thefe plants are moderately
aftringent, and are often ufed in gargarifms
for fore mouths, quinrtes, and ulcers in the
throat.

13 Juniperus communis. Common Ju-
niper. Lin. Sp. pi. 1470.

Juniperus vulgaris fruticofa. Baub. Pin.
488.

The common 'Juniper grows naturally in
feveral parts of England, but is frequently
planted in gardens, which makes it generally
known. The Juniperus arbor , or Swedifh
Juniper, is only a variety of it, though it
grows three times as large.

The Swedes make an extract from the
berries of this tree, which they generally
eat with their bread for breakfaft, as we do
butter. Of the tops of the branches of the
Canadian pitch-tree, and Juniper-berries, a
very good and wholefome wine is prepared.

The ancient phyficians entertained an opi¬
nion of the extraordinary qualities of this
tree, that fell little fhort of enthufiafm, and
held themfelves capable of curing almoft
every difeafe incident to the human body,
by fome preparation or other of th t Juniper,
as any one may fee by carting his eye into

M 3 Gerard,

2* " j

51 ' '/fl

f*

BERRIES.

v.

Gerard, Parkinfon, and others. Though
it is evident they greatly magnified its vir¬
tues, yet it is alfo certain that it is a tree of
vaft utility, as there are feveral excellent
preparations from it hill in ufe ; as the rob,
the effential oil, and compound water of the
berries. The oil is very bitter, and will
effectually kill worms. The wood and rofin
are ufed, but the berries are fuppofed to
contain the whole virtues of the tree ; they
fortify the ftomach, diflipate wind in the
bowels, and are faid to be effectual againft
epidemical infections. The growth of thefe
trees ought to be encouraged near dwellings,
as the perfpirable matter that flows from
them is certainly a means of purifying the
ir, rendering it balfamie, and conlequently
falubrious.

14 Ribes rubrum vel album. Lin. Sp.
pi. 290.

Ribes vulgare acidum. Baub. Hljl. ii.
p. 97.

The Red Currant grows naturally in
Sweden, and other northern parts of Europe.
The white Currant is only a .variety cf it,
and was at firit accidentally produced
by culture. The fruit of this ftirub are
known by all to be grateful and cooling to
the ftomach, to quench thirft, and that they
may be eaten in confiderable quantities
without danger. The jelly made with fugar

c

3

and

- T- ‘v C-Vi * *5. •• '•

' *.* • '• -on*

I

BERRIES. 167

and the juice of this fruit is ufed many ways
at table, and is an excellent medicine for
cooling the mouth in fevers.

15 Ribes nigrum. Black Currant. Lin.
Sp. pi. 291.

Groffularia non fpinofa, fru&u nigro.
Bau/j. Pin. 455.

This is a native of England, and is com¬
mon by the edges of brooks, and in moift
woods. The berries are commonly called
Quinancy- berries, from their l'uppofed ex¬
cellence againft the Quinfy. A Rob is
made of them, which is frequently admi-
niftered for this diforder. Though they
are rough and aftringent, yet frefh off the
buffi they prove laxative to many confti-
tutions, and are often eaten for this pur-
pofe.

16 Ribes groffularia. Goofeberry. Lin.
Sp. pi. 291 .

The Goofeberry is a native of the north of
Europe. There is fcarce any fruit capable
of more improvement than this, nor any
attended with lefs expence in the cultivation.
To enumerate its varieties would be quite
tedious, and almoft impoffible, for cata¬
logues have been publifhed of near a hun¬
dred, and every year is producing new ones.
Some of thefe varieties are equal in flavour
to the moft efteemed wall-fruit.

M 4 17 Rosa

1

1 68 BERRIES.

17 Rosa canina. Dogs Rofe. Lin. Sp.
pi. 704.

Rola fylveftris vulgaris, flore odorato in-
carnato. Bauh. Pin. 483.

The Dogs Rofe is known to every one, by
being fo common in woods and hedges.
Thefe berries when mellowed by the froft
have a very grateful acid flavour, which
tempt many to eat them crude from the
bufh ; but this is a bad pradfice, for the
feeds are furrounded by a i airy, briftly fub-
ftance, which if fwallowed with the pulp,
will, by pricking and vellicating the coats of
the ftomach and bowels, many times occa-
fions ficknefs, and an itching uneafinefs in
the fundament. To avoid this therefore
the pulp fhould be carefully cleanfed of this
matter bpfore eaten. There is a conferve of
Heps kept in the fhops, which is deemed
good in confumptions and diforders of the
bread; ; and in coughs, from tickling de¬
fluxions of rheum.

Notwithstanding what has been obferved
of the bad effects often attending the (wal¬
lowing that briftly matter found in Eleps,
yet it is probable this fubftance might be
turned to advantage in fome diforders, if
judicioufly managed; for it is nearly of the
fame nature to the celebrated Cow-itch , fo
much in ufe among the Indians for killing
of worms, and which they fcrape off the
of the Dolichos nrens. Their manner

- of

J

BERRIES. 169

* ' - f

of giving the Cow-itch , is to mix a fmall
quantity of it with fyrup or honey, and then
eat it for two or three fucceeding mornings
farting; this done they take a dole of Rhu¬
barb, and if there be worms it feldom fails
to bring them away. It is plain from this
that the creatures receive their death by being
flung and pricked with the Cow-itch ; and
if this matter were given in the fame manner,
why fhould it not have the fame effetrt ? as it
is much of the fame prickly, flinging nature.

18 Rubus idsus. Rafpberry . - Lin. Sp.
pi. 706.

Rubus idaeus fpinofus. Bauh. Pin. 479.

This is a native of our woods, whence it
was tranfplanted into gardens, where it has
produced fome varieties, among which is
that with white fruit. Thefe fruits have a
fine fragrance, but are inferior to the Straw¬
berry in flavour. A fyrup is prepared from
them, and kept in the fhops ; this is pre-
fcribed in gargarifms, and is accounted good
againfi: vomiting, and laxity of the bowels.

t

19 Rubus cartius. Dewberry. Lin. Sp.
pi. yob.

Rubus repens, frudtu csfio. Bauh. Pin.
479. _ .

This too is common in our woods, and
has fome refemblance to the common Bram¬
ble, but the flalks are more weak and trail¬
ing.

1

170 BERRIES.

ing, and the whole plant is fmaller. It
may eafily be diftinguilhed from the com¬
mon Bramble by its fruit being not fo large,
compofed of fewer knobs, and their being
covered with a blue flue, like plums. Thefe
fruit have a very pleafant tafte, and fteeped
in red wine are laid to communicate to it a
moll agreeable flavour.

y 1

20 Rub us fruticofus. Common Bramble.
Lm. Sp. pi. 707.

Rubus vulgaris, live Rubus frudlu nigro.
Bauh. Pin. 479.

The Bramble is fo common that it is
known by every child. There are two va¬
rieties of it; one with white fruit, and ano¬
ther with a white double flower. The ber¬
ries of this llirub are eaten in abundance by
children, but they often receive a deal of
hurt from them ; they being apt to fwell
the llomach, and caufe great licknefs, if eat¬
en in any large quantities.

21 Rubus chamsmorus. 'The Cloud¬
berry. Lin. Sp.pl. 708.

Chama; Rubus foliis ribes. Bauh. Pin.
480.

This grows wild in Weftmoreland, and
fome other places in England ; but in Nor¬
way and Sweden it is very plentiful. It is
a fmall perennial plant, feldom riling more
than eight inches high. The ftalks are weak,

without

BERRIES. 171

without fpines, and moftly garni fhed with
two or three leaves, nearly the fhape of
thofe of the Currant. Each (talk is termi¬
nated by one purplifh flower, which is fuc-
ceeded by a blackifh berry, fomewhat re-
fembling that of the Dew-berry.

Thefe berries form an article of trade a-
naong the Norwegians, for they colledt great
quantities of them, and fend them annually
to the capital of Sweden, where they are
ferved up in deferts at table. • They are a
favourite fruit too with the Laplanders,
who, that they may have recourfe to them
at all feafons, bury them in the fnow, and
thus keep them from one year to another.

The plant is male and female in diftindt
Hems, and is perhaps one of the moft Angu¬
lar in nature, for the late Dr. Solander ob-
ferved, that the male was joined to the fe¬
male under ground, where they were united
into one plant by their creeping roots.

22 Rubus ardticus. Shrubby Strawberry.
Sp. pi. 708.

This is a fmall perennial plant, and
grows on the mofly-bogs of Norway, Sw'e-
den, and Siberia. It fends forth a few tri¬
foliate leaves, like thofe of the Strawberry,
among which rife the ftalks about four
inches high ; thefe are without fpines, but
are furnifhed with leaves like thofe from
the root, and each is terminated with a

purple

lyz

BERRIES.

purple flower, formed like the reft of the
genus, and fucceeded by a red berry, much
refembling a Strawberry in ifnell and fla¬
vour.

Linnaeus fays this is the mod excellent of
all our European fruits, both for fmell and
tafte ; its odour is of the mod grateful kind,
and as to its flavour, it has fuch a deli¬
cate mixture of the fweet and acid, as is not
equalled by the betl of our cultivated Straw¬
berries.

23 Vaccinium myrtillus.

Lin. Spl. pi. 498.

Vitis idaea foliis oblongis crenatis, fru&u
nigricante. Baub. Pin. 470.

This is a fmall thrubby plant, and is fre¬
quently found in woods and upon heaths. It
hath a creeping, woody root, furnithed with
brown llender fibres. It fends forth many
crooked, ligneous, angular, flattifli ftalks,
which are green upward, where they divide
into many irregular branches, furnithed with
oval, ferrated leaves, refembling thofe of
the fmall-leaved Myrtle; thefe hand alter¬
nately, have very £hort foot-flalks, and each
has the rudiment of a leaf at its bafe. The

flowers come out at the bofoms of the leaves,
on fhort peduncles ; they confift of one
bluth-coloured petal each, fnipped at the
brim into five tharp-pointed fegments, and
include eight ftamina, tipiped with horned

fummits

BERRIES. 173

fummits, with one ftyle in their centre,
crowned with an obtufe ftigma. The fruit
are of the fize, ihape, and colour of fmall ,
floes, but have a fort of aperture at their
apex, and are divided into four cells, con¬
taining a few fmall feeds.

Thefe berries are gathered by the inhabi¬
tants where the plants grow, who carry
them to market for fale, the buyers making
them into tarts and other devices. They
are alfo eaten raw with cream and fugar.

24 Vaccinium Vitis-idaea. Redworts,
or Whortle-Berries. Lin. Sp. pi. 500.

Vitis-idsa foliis fubrotundis non crenatis,
baccis rubris. Rauh. Pin. 470.

This is exceedingly plentiful in Scotland,
and is to be met with on mountainous heaths
in the north of England. It is a fmaller
plant than the former, and an ever-green.
The ftalks rife to about eight inches, are
branched, and furnilhed with oval leaves,
which are dotted on their underfide. Thefe
have fo much the refemblance of thofe of
the dwarf- box, that they may eafily be mif-
taken for the latter at a fmall diftance.
The flowers come out in a racemus at the
ends of the branches ; they hang nodding,
are of a pale flefh colour, and when they fall
are fucceeded by red berries, about the flze
of Currants.

Thefe berries have a more grateful acid

flavour

I

V

174 BERRIE 's.

flavour than the former, and on that ac¬
count are more eagerly fought after by the
country people, who colledt them for the
ourpofe of making them into tarts, jel¬
lies, &c. '

25. Vaccinium oxycoccos. Gran-berry.
Lin. Sp. pi. 500.

Vitis-idtea paluftris. Baub. Pin. 471.

The Cran-berry grows upon moorifh bogs
in England, and particularly at Lynn in
Norfolk, and in Lincolnfhire. This is a
more feeble plant than the Pit is- idee a, the
branches trailing upon the mofs, and are
not thicker than threads. The leaves are
oval, about the fize of thofe of Thyme, of
a glaucous green on their upper fide, but
white underneath. The flowers come from
the bofoms of the leaves, each Handing
upon a long peduncle ; they are fmall and
red, and are followed by red berries, a little

Thefe berries are preferred to either of the
former. They are collected in large quan¬
tities by the country people, who carry them
to market-towns for fale. They are either
made into tarts, or eaten raw with cream
and fugar. If they be a little dried and
then flopped clofe in bottles, they may be
preferved found from year to year.

t l -

t

SECT.

V

BERRIES.

*75

SECT. II.

Foreign Berries , often raifed in Gardens and

Stoves .

1 A NNONA muricata. Sour Sop.

2 Annona reticulata. Cujlard Apple .

3 Annona fquamofa. Sweet Sop.

4 Bromelia ananas. Pine-apple.

- ananas pyramydato fruclu. Su¬
gar-loaf Pine-apple.

5 Bromelia karatas. Phe Penguin.

6 Cadus opuntia. Prickly Pear.

7 Cadtus triangularis. True Prickly Pear.

8 Caplicum annuum. Annual Guinea

Pepper.

9 Capficum frutefeens. Perennial Guinea

Pepper.

10 Carica papaya. Phe Papaw or Popo.

1 1 Carica polopofa. Pear-Jhaped Papaw.

12 Chryfophyllum cainito, Star-apple.

13 Chryfophyllum glabrum. Sapadillo, or

Mexican Medlar.

14 Citrus medica. Common Citron.

- hmon. Common Lemon.

— — americana. The Lime-tree.

15 Citrus aurantium. Common Orange.

16 Citrus ducumanus. Shaddock Orange.

17 Crateva marmelos. Bengal Quince?

18 Diofpyros

\ ,

V,

.f -J *•. -

Li4n

frJU

176 .berries.

18 Diofpyros lotus. Indian Date Plum.

19 Dioipyros virginiana. Pijhamin Plum.

20 Ficus carica. Common Fig.
humilis. Dwarf Fig.
caprifcus. Flermaphrodite-fruited

fruSlu fufco. Brown-fruited Fig.
frudtu violaceo. Purple-fruited

2i Ficus Sycomorus. Sycamore, or Pha¬

raoh’s Fig.

22 Garcinia mangofiana. Mangojleen.

23 Morus nigra. Black-fruited Mulberry .

24 Morus rubra. Red-fruited Mulberry.

25 Morus alba. White-fruited Mulberry.

26 Mufa paradifiaca. Plant ain-tree.

27 Mufa fapientum. Banana, or f mall-

fruited Plantain.

28 Mefpilus germanica. Medlar.

29 Mamrnea americana. The Mammee.

30 Malphigia glabra. Smooth-leaded Bar-

badoes Cherry.

31 Malphigia punicifolia. Pomegranate-

leaved Malphigia.

32 Paffiflora maliformis. Apple-JhapedGra -

nadilla.

33 Paffiflora laurifplia. Bay-leaved Pafjion-

fower.

34 Piidium pyriferum. Pear Guava, or

Bay Plum.

33 Piidium pomiferum. Apple Guava.

36 Solanurn lycoperficum. Love Apple.

37 Solanum

<

berries;

i 7 i

/ /

37 Solan urn melongena. Mad Apple.

38 Solan u m fan ctu m . Palejline Plight fade.

39 Sorbus domeflica, True Service-tree.

40 Trophis americana. Red-fruited Buce-

41 Vitis vinifera. Common Grapes.

— — apyretia . Corinthian Currants.

1 An non a muricata. Sour Sop. Lin. Sp.
pi. 756.

Annona foliis oblongo-ovatis nitidis, frnc~

• tibus fpinis mollibus tumentibus obfi tis „
Broivne s jfam , 254.

1 his tree is a native of America, It rifes to
about twenty feet high, breaking into many
branches, which are but thinly furnifhed
with oblong, fmooth, lance-fhaped leaves*
of a fhining green colour. The calyx con-
lilts of three heart- fhaped, fharp pointed
leaves, furrounding fix hearMhaped petals,
three of which are fmaller than the reft.
The ftamma and ftyles are numerous, but
exceeding fbort. The berry is large, oblong
heart-fhaped, moftly bent a little near the
apex, of a glaucous green colour, and ftud-
oed with foil pointed Ipines*

This fruit contains a foft acid pulp,
which is generally eaten in feverifh difor-
oers, and is deemed a good cooler.

2 Annona reticulata.
Lnu Sp. pL 757«

* N

Cujlard Apple «
Annona

578 BERRIES.

' Annona foliis oblongis undulatis venofiy*
frudibus areolatis. Browne s Jam. 256.

This grows in the fame parts of America
as the former, blit it is taller, and generally
reaches the iize of a large Pear-tree. The
leaves are long, narrow, (harp-pointed, of
a light green colour, with feveral prominent
veins running tranfverfely. The flower

O m J ,

is compofed of fix irregular petals, fur¬
rounding many very fhort (lamina and ftyles. ,
The fruit is large, conical, of an orange
colour, with a fort of net-work on the fur-
face, and when ripe is full of a fweet, yel-
lowifh pulp, like to cuftard in confidence,
which is of a cooling, refrefhing nature,

and much efteemed bv the inhabitants.

* \

• 1 1 4

3 Annona lquamofa. Sweet Sop. Lin.
Sp. pi. 757.

Annona foliis oblongo-ovatis undulatis
venofis, floribus tripetalis, frudibus mam-
millatis. Browne's Jam. 256.

This is a lmaller tree than either of the
former, the leaves are broader, and when
rubbed have an agreeable fmell. The fruit
is roundifli, fcaly on the furface, of a pur-
p 1 i ill colour when ripe, and full of a luf-
cious fweet pulp, whence the name of Sweet-
Sop. .

4 Bromelia ananas. Pine-apple. Lin.
Sp. pi. 403.

, Carduus

J

BERRIES. 179

\ " ! • .

Carduus brafilianus, foliis aloes. Bauh*
Pin. 384.

This is a native of New Spain, and is a
very extraordinary plant in the manner of
its growth and propagation. The root fpreads
circularly in the ground, and from its cen¬
tre fends forth a tough ftalk, which is fur-
rounded at the bottom, and for a confider-
able way up, with long, green, ferrated
leaves, refembling thofe of a fmall Aloe.
At the top of the ftalk ftands the fruit,
crowned with a tuft of fine green, ffcarp-
pointed leaves. It has fome refemblance on
the outfide to the cone of a Pine, whence
the name of Pine-apple . The flowers are
produced from the protuberances of the
fruit, are funnel-ihaped, of a bluifh colour,
contain fix awl-fhaped ftamina, which are
fhorter than the petals, and one ft vie each.
When the flowers are fallen, the fruit en¬
larges, and becomes a flefhy, knobbed
berry, plentifully ft 0 red with an exquiftte
flavoured juice. The feeds are lodged in
the knobs ; they are very fmall, and nearly
kidney-lhaped. A little before the fruit
is ripe, there fhoot from the ftalk at the
bottom of the berry three or four fuckers,

' which if taken off and planted, will in
about fourteen months produce fruit. The
tuft of leaves alfo, taken from the top of
the berry, if planted, will do the fame, but
not in fo fhort a time. There are leveral

N 2 varieties

\

— 11

I

)

180 BER R IES.

varieties of the Pine-apple , but the moil
efteemed ones are the Queen -pine, the
Sugar-loaf, and the Surinam.

This fruit may juftly challenge all others,
ex'cept the Mangojleen , for the delicate and
agreeable variety of its flavour. It fhould
not ftand till it is over ripe, and ought to be
eaten almofl: as foon as cut. It has been
introduced into England but a little above
half a century.

In regard to the medicinal virtues of the
Pine-apple, it is counted very nourifhing,
to obtund acrimony, and thereby allay tick¬
ling coughs ; but Tournefort fays, that too
liberal an ufe of them has often been attend¬
ed with bad confequences, by putting the
blood into a violent fermentation; and in¬
deed this is the cafe with almofl; all the tro¬
pical fruits.

c; Bromelia karatas. Phe Penguin ,
Lin. Sp. pi. 40 3.

This is a perennial plant, and a native of
the Spanifh Weft-Indies. It fends forth a
multitude' of hard, ftiff leaves, handing
dole to the root, and when fully grown are
eight or nine feet high, two or three inches
broad, and ftudded with lharp, hooked fpines
on their margins. 1 he edges roll inward,
in the manner of fome of the Aloes, by
which means they ferve as fo many gutters

to convey the rains and dews to the root.

In

N /

%

BERRIES. 1 8i

In the centre of this large tuflbck of leaves,
and near the ground, there grows a circular
crown, of about a foot diameter, from
which comes a clutter of fruit, each when
leparated much the fuze of ones finger, but
are pointed at both ends, and are quadran¬
gular in the middle, whereby they are fo
neatly fitted to each other, that they cannot
eafily be parted, unlefs thoroughly ripe.
They are clothed with a fmooth, and al~
mod: cream-coloured hufk. Within this
hulk is contained a white pulpy fubftance,
which is the edible part, and if the fruit be
not perfedly ripe, it has fome fmall flavour
oi the Pine- apple. The juice is very auftere
in the ripe fruit, and is made ufe of to aci¬
dulate punch. The inhabitants in the Weft-
Indies make a wine from this fruit, which
is very intoxicating, and has a good flavour,
but it will not keep long before it runs into
a ftate of putrefadion.

1 he phylical virtues of the Penguin are to
cool and quench ihirft, and a moderate ufe

of them has been found highly ferviceable
in fevers.

6 Cactus opuntia. Prickly Pear. Lin .
Sp. pi. 669. '

mcus indica, folio fpinolo, frudu roaiore.
Baub. Pin . 458.

This perennial is a native of Peru and
/irginia. It here goes by the name of

N 3 Common

BERRIES.

v

Common Indian Fig . The plant in its na¬
tural ftate rifes with a thick, ftrong ftem,
hut being propagated here by felling its
leaves in the ground, the whole plant with
us is only a feries of thefe leaves, or rather
branches, fhooting out of the fides and ends
of each other. Thefe are of an oval form,
Comprefied, and fomewhat referable hatted,
green Figs. The flowers come out at the
extremities of the leaves or branches, fitting
upon the embryo of the fruit, and are com-
pofed of feveral concave petals that fpread
open in a double row ; they are of a pale
yellow colour, and include many ftamina,
tipped with oblong fummits, and one ftyle
crowned with a pointed itigma. When the
flower falls, the embryo fwells to an oblong
fruit, about the iize of a middling Plumb, of
a red purple colour within, of a pale yellow
•without, is fet with fmall fpines in clufters,
and contains many fmall roundifh feeds.

Thefe fruits are very pleafant to the palate,
and of a cooling nature. Mr. Dampier,
who experienced it upon the fpot where the
plants grew naturally, fays, that by eating
a few of them the urine will be tindtured
as red as blood. It has been generally fup~
pofed that this is the plant upon which the
in left, called Cochineal , feeds ; but this is a
miftake, for that little creature lives on the
Callus cochinillifer , fo named after the ani¬
mal.

7 Cactus

%

t

BERRIES. 183

' 7 Cactus triangularis. ‘True Prickly
Pear. Lin. Sp. pi. 669.

Caftus debilis brachiatus asqualis trique-
trus lcandens five repens, Ep inis brevifilmis
confertis, Brownes Jam. 468.

This grows both in Brazil and Jamaica,
and is there planted near their houfes for the
fake of its fruit. It hath weak, triangular,
creeping (talks, which ftrike root at their
joints, and by which they may be trained
up to a great height. Thefe divide into
many equal branches, almoft covered with
very fhort fpines in duffers. The flower is
compofed of a multitude of narrow, fharp-
pointed petals, which fpread open like thole
of the Sunflower, and when fully expanded,
form a circle of nine or ten inches diame¬
ter; but they are of fhort duration, not
laffing more than five or fix hours.

The fruit is round, red on the outfide,
about the fize of a Bergamot Pear, of a
mo ft delicious flavour, and in great efleem
among the inhabitants.

8 Capsicum annuum. Annual Guinea
Pepper. Lin . Sp. pi. 270.

Piper indicum vulgatiflimum. Bauh. Pin,
162.

The Annual Guinea Pepper is a native of
America, but on account of the beautiful
colour of its pods, or more properly berries.
At is now cultivated in almoft every garden

N 4 in

✓as

MM

m

Sr ■ . , ?

r

■a

m.

184 berries.

in England. It varies prodigiouily in regard
to the lize, form, and colour of its fruit $
lome being -very long, bent and fharp
pointed ; others are ihort, obtufe, or heart-
ihaped, and of other forms'. In refpedl to *
colour, lome are of a fine fcarlet, fome of
an orange, and others of a light yellow.

1 nis plant is cultivated greatly in the Carib-
bee Iflands, where the inhabitants, and alfo
the Negroes, ufe the pods in almoftall their
foups and fauces, and by reaion the Haves
are exceedingly fond of them, the whole

genus has acquired the name of Guinea
Pepper.

Thefe pods or berries make an excellent
pickle, and there is one variety which Mil¬
ler fays is preferable to the reft for this pur-
pofe. His words are : “The pods of this "
fort are from one inch and an half, to two
inches long, are very large, jfwelling, and
wrinkled ; flatted at the top, where they
are angular, and fonietimes Hand eredf, at
others grow downward. When the fruits of
this fort are defigned for pickling, they
finould be gathered before they arrive to their
full lize, while their rind is tender then
they mu ft be Hit down on one fide to get out
the feeds, after which they lliould be foak-
ed in water and fait for two or three days :
when tney are taken out of this and drained,
boiling vinegar mull be poured on them, in
a fufficient quantity to cover them, and

■ c'lofely

u

BERRIES, 185

elofely flopped down for two months ; then
they fhould be boiled in the vinegar to make
them green ; but they want no addition of
any fort of fpice, and are the molt whole-
fome and belt pickle in the world,” This
fort Miller calls Bell-pepper'.

9 Capsicum frutefcens. Perennial Gui¬
nea Pepper. Lin. Sp. pi. 27 i .

Piper filiquofum magnituainis baccarum
afparagi. Bauh. Hijl. 2. p. 944.

This is a fhrubby plant, and rifes four or
five feet high, breaking into many branches,
furnifhed with narrow, lance-fhaped leaves.
Tike the foregoing, it varies in the form and
colour of its fruit; they being oval, round-
ifh, or pyramidal in different plants, and of
a yellow or a red colour. Their fize is
nearly that of a Barberry. It is a native of
the Eaft-Indies, but is much cultivated in
the Weft, where they have a variety of it
with an ova], red fruit, which they call
Bird-pepper ; the berries of this variety they
pickle, but the principal ufe they put them
to, is to make the famous Cayan Butter ,
called alfo Pepper-pot. In order to this
they dry the berries, beat them to a powder.;
and mixing fome other ingredients among
them, the whole is kept and ufed occafion-
ally in their fauces, and is efteemed the beft
of all fpices, Thefe Pepper-pots are often

fent

Hi

. . .

fent to England and other places, and -ge¬
nerally meet with an equal approbation.

10 Carica papaya. Lhe Pap aw. Lin .
Sp. pi. 1466.

Carica fronde comofa, foliis peltatis j lo-
his varie finuatis. Browne's pam. 360.

This tree is a native of both the Indies,
alfo of the Gold-coaft of Africa, and is male
and female in diftindt plants. It fends up
a hollow, herbaceous Hern, to the height
of fifteen or eighteen feet, and about feven
Inches in diameter. Near the top the leaves
come out on all fides the idem, and are fup-
ported on long ioot-ftalks ; they are divid¬
ed into feveral lobes, which are again cut
into many irregular fegments. The flowers
are produced in loofe bunches from the bo-
foms of the leaves ■, thofe of the male are
white, funnel- fhaped., cut at their brims
into five parts, and have ten ftamina each,
five of which are alternately fhorter than
the reft. The female flowers are yellowith,
and compofed of five long, narrow petals,
including a very fhort ftyle, crowned by
five oblong ftigmata. Thefe are fucceeded
by fruit of different fhapes and fizes; fome
being angular, and about as big as middling
Pears ; others are comprefted at both ends,
and about the fize of a finall Squafh ; whilft
fome are globular, oval, or conical. They

contain

I

B ERRI E S.

contain numerous feeds, which are egg-
ihapped and furrowed. The fruit, and al!

of the tree abound with a
ice, which is applied for

the other parts of
milky, acrid juice

killing of ringworms.

When the roundiftt fruit are nearly ripe,
the inhabitants of India boil and eat them
with their meat, as we do Turneps. They
have fomewhat the flavour of a Pompion.
Previous to boiling they foak them for fome
time in fait and water, to extradt the corro-
iive juice ; unlefs the meat they are to be
boiled with fhould be very fait and old, and
then this juice being in them will make it
as tender as a chicken. But they moftly
pickle the long fruit, and thus they make
no bad fuccedaneum for mango. The buds
of the female flowers are gathered, and made
into a Sweet-meat; and the inhabitants are
fuch good hufbands of the produce of this
tree, that they boil the {hells of the ripe
fruit into a repaft, and the inftdes are eaten
with fugar in the manner of Melons.

The item being hollow, has given birth
to a proverb in the Weft -India Iflands ;
where, in fpeaking of a diftembling perfon,
they fay he is as hollow as a Popo.

ii Carica pofopofa. Pear-floaped Pa-
paw, Lin. Sp, pi. 1466.

Qarica fylveftris minor, lobis minus divi~

fis,.

tmm

1 88 BERRIES.

iis, caule fpinis inermibus. Browne s yam .

36o\ .

• This is a Ihrubby tree, and a native of
Surinam, in South America. The ftesn
oieaks into ieveral branches, furnifhed with
leaves fomewhat like thofe of the former,
but the lobes are fmaller, and not finuated.
1 he flowers are of a role colour, and are
lucceeded by Pear-fhaped fruit, of various
iizes, fome being near eight inches long,
and three thick, and others not above half
as large, i hey are yellow both without
and within, and of a tweeter flavour than

the common Papaw.

•*

12 Chrysophyllum cainito. Star Ap¬
ple. Lin. Sp.pl. 278.

Cainito folio fubtus aureo, fru&u mali-
formi. Plum. gen. 10.

This is a native of the warm parts of
America, and grows to the height of thirty
or forty feet, dividing towards the top into
many {lender, pendulous branches, fet with
entire, oblong-oval, ftriated leaves, covered
with a ruflet- coloured down underneath,
and handing alternately, on footftalks.
Thefe, when the fun Ibines, glifter like a
gold-coloured fattin. The flowers are pro¬
duced at the extremities of the branches, in
large bunches ; and each is compofed of a.
fmall quinquefld calyx, and a bell-fhaped
petal, cut into fl.ve fegments at their brims,.

BERRIES. 189

including five awl-fhaped ftamina, tipped
with twin fummits, together with one llyle,
crowned with a quinqu efid ftigma. The
germen is roundifh, and grows to the fize
of a frnall Apple. The fruit is fmooth, of
a purple colour, and contains four or five
black, roughifh feeds. There is a variety
of this tree with fruit the ihape of an olive.

Thefe apples, when frefh off the tree,
have an auftere, aftringent tafte ; but if laid
up fome time to mellow they acquire an
agreeable flavour, and are much efteemed.

o y

13. Chrysophyllum glabrum. Sapa-
dillo. I jin. Sp. pi. 278.

This too is a native of America, but is a
much fmaller tree than the former; the
leaves are very fmcoth on both fides, the
flowers are produced at the fides of the
branches,- and the fruit is about the fize of a
Bergamot Pear. This contains a white
clammy juice, when freih, but after being
kept a few days, it becomes fweet, loft and
delicious. Inclofed are four or five black

feeds, about the fize of thofe of a Pomkin.

%

14 Citrus medica. CommonCitron. Lin.
Sp.pl. 8 100.

Mai us medica. Bauh. Pin. 435.

The Common Citroii grows naturally in
many parts of Alia. The leaves are broad
and fid ff,. like thofe of the Laurel, and with-

2 out

\

-

190 BERRIES.

out an appendage to the footftalks, it being
linear. The flower hath a monophyllous
calyx, cut into five teeth, and five oblong
petals, which expand in the form of a Rofe.
It hath ten unequal ftamina, joined in three
bodies at their bafe, and a cylindrical ilyle,
crowned with a round ftigma. The germen
is oval, and becomes an oblong fruit, with
a thick flefhy rind, and having many cells,
containing two oval feeds each. Linnaeus
makes the Lemon and the Lime-tree only
varieties of this, but both thefe have ge¬
nerally twelve or more ftamina in their
flowers, joined in three or four bodies.
The varieties now railed by fowing the feeds
of thefe three forts are almoft numberlefs.
They are all excellent fruits, very grateful
to the ftomach, and proper for allaying
drought in fevers. The Florentine Citron,
(which is a fharp-pointed fruit, bent at the
ends, and covered with a warted rind) Mil-
ler fays, is of fuch odoriferous fmell, and
fine flavour, that a lingle fruit commonly
fold at Florence for two fhillings.

15 Citrus aurantium. Ike Orange .
■ Lin. Sp. pi. 1100.

Malus aurantia major. Bank. Pin. 436.

The Orange-tree is a native of the Eafi-
Indies. The chief fpecific differences be¬
tween this and the Citron are; the foot (talk
of the leaf of the Orange is winged at its
~ bafe.

BERRIES. 1 91

bafe, or has an heart -fhaped appendage,
whereas' that of the Citron has none, but is
all the way of a breadth ; the flower of the
Orange has many more ftamina than that of
the Citron. Thefe trees are ever-greens,
and in their native foils have blolfoms and
fruit the year round. There are many va¬
rieties cultivated of the Orange ; but as they
caniiot be produced here to perfection, with¬
out much expence, I fhall forbear fetting
them down, and only obferve that the fmall
Curasao Oranges, fold in the drops, are the
young fruit of the Seville Orange dried.

16 Citrus ducumanus. Shaddock Orange.
Lin. Syji. Nat. ^08.

Malus aurantia frudtu rotundo maximo
pallefcente caput humanum excedente.
Sloanes Jam. 212. Hiji. I. p. 41.

Linnaeus formerly made this only a variety
of the aurantium , the largenefs of the fruit
not being a fuflicient mark with him to con-
ftitute a fpecinc difference; but it has been
found that both the leaves and flowers are
larger, and that the latter are produced in a
racemus, which is a little downy. This
plant was brought from the Eaft Indies to
the Weft, where it is now much cultivated,
and fometimes produces fruit larger than a
man’s head, but they are of an harfh flavour,
and pale colour, when compared with thofe
, ■ , of

192

BERR I E S.

V

t

of India, tne flefh of which is fweet,
of a deep gold colour.

}7 Crateva marmelos. Bengal Quince.
Bin. Sp. pi. 637.

Cydonia exotica. Bauh. Pin. 435.

This is a large tree, and grows fponta-
neoully in feveral parts of India. It breaks
into many branches, armed with long, fharp
lpines in pairs, and are furnilhed with tri¬
foliate, oblong leaves, ending in an acute
point. The flowers are produced from the
tides of the branches, in fmall cl ufters of fix
or feven together, upon a common footflalk,
each flower confiding of. five acute, reflexed
petals, of a- green colour on their outfide,
but vvhite within, furrounding many fta-
mina, which are longer than the petals, and
one long, incurved ftyle. The germen is
oval, and fwells to a roundifh fruit, in¬
cluding many kidney-fhaped feeds.

The fruit is about the fize of an Orange,-
and covered with a hard bony fhell, con¬
taining a yellow, vifcous pulp, of a mod
agreeable flavour ; this is fcooped out, and

■J * • f * 1 Z’

orange, is

ana

being mixed with fugar
Drought to the tables of the grandees in
India, who eat it as a great delicacy, and
alio efteern it as a iovereign remedy againft
dylenteries.

18 Diospyros.

■

BERRIES. 193

f8 Diospyros lotus. Indian Date Plum.
Lin. Sp. pi. 1510.

Lotus africana latifolia. Bauh. Pin. 447.

This tree grows in Italy, and home other
places in the fouth of Europe, hut is fup-
• pofed to have been originally brought thi¬
ther from Africa. It rifes to a confiderable
height, dividing towards the top into many
branches, which are, furnifhed with oval,
fharp-pointed leaves, beautifully variegated
on their upper furface. Some trees bear all
hermaphrodite flowers, and others produce
only male. The hermaphrodite flowers have
a lading calyx, divided into four parts, in¬
cluding a pitcher-fhaped petal, with eight
ftamina, joined to the calyx, and a roundifh
germen in the centre, fupporting a long
ilyle, crowned with an obtufe, bifid ftigma.
The flowers come out in a Scattered order
upon the branches, and are fucceeded by
large globular berries, divided into eight
cells, each including one long, comprefled
feed. The male flowers are formed like
the others, but want the germen. There
is a variety of this tree with narrow leaves.

Thel'e Plums are grateful to the palate ;
they are by many fuppofed to be the fame
fort of fruit as thofe which tempted the
companions of UlyJ’es, and with which they
were fo infatuated, that it was with diffi¬
culty they were forced from the trees to
their ihips.

O xg Dios-

194 BERRIE S.

19D10SPYROS virginiana. PifhaminPlum >
Lin. Sp . pL 1510.

Loti Africans fimilis indica. Bank. Pin .
448. '

The trivial name of this fpeaks it to be. a
native of Virginia. It is a fmaller tree
than the former, feldom rifing more than
fourteen feet, whereas the lotus often gets
to thirty. This divides near the ground
into irregular branches, furnifhed with long,
narrow leaves, of the fame colour on both
lides.

The fruit of this fpecies are not eatable
frefh off the tree, but like Medlars mull be
kept fome time, and then they have a good
flavour.

V

20 Ficus caries. Common Fig. Lin.-

Sp.pl. 1513.

Ficus communis. Fatih. Fin. 457.

The Fig-tree is a native of Afia, but is
now cultivated almoft all over Europe,,
whereby it is fo well known as to need no
defeription. The fructification of the Fig is
exceedingly, curious, and deferves particular
notice, for here the parts of generation are
contained within the berry, which thereby
becomes both a pericarpium, and a covered
receptacle of flowers. The fruit of the
Wild Fig, called Caprificus, contains both
male and female flowers, on diltindt pedun¬
cles. The male flowers, which are but few

in

'-fj_ Y.'

Vb\

- 1,

BERRIE S. i9?

*n number, are placed in the upper part of
the fruit, each having a trifid calyx, con¬
taining three briftly ftamina. The female
ilovvers are very numerous, Hand upon fe-
parate peduncles below the males, and each
con lifts of a quadrifid calyx, having one
ftyle. Thefe wild fr uits are not eatable, for
they never perfectly ripen, but are faid to
be abfolutely neceftary for ripening the gar¬
den Fig, or rather to fecundate it, and pre¬
vent its falling off'; for the cultivated Fig
is moftJy found to contain female flowers
only, i he manner of effecting this, fe¬
cundation, as related by naturalifts, and
which is called Capnfication , is briefly as
follows :

In the Greek lflands, where they cultivate
Figs for a crop, there grow many Wild Fig -
trees, in the fruit of which breed fmall in¬
fects of the gnat kind. I hefe little crea¬
tures, in their worm date, feed upon the
kernels of the fig- feeds, ,and are nourifhed
in the fruit till they are transformed into
when piercing the coats of the Figs ,
they iilue forth, copulate, repair to other
Fig-trees, which are then in flower, and
pricking the fruit, enter by the apertures
thv, / make, range among the flowers in the
infide, and depofite their eggs. Now it is
fuppofed that thefe gnats bring with them
about their bodies the fertilizing dud of the
male flowers or the Wild Figs, and after

G z they

t I

\

i96 BERRIES.

they get an entrance, they fcatter it upon
the germina of the female flowers of the
cultivated ones, and thereby impregnate the
feeds, which caufes the fruit to Hand, and
ripen much better and fooner. Thefe effects
having been feen to happen upon the in-
tercourfe of the gnats with the different
trees, put the hulbandmen upon a method
of rendering them lublervient to their own
purpofes, and Caprification is become a main
article in the cultivation of Figs ; for, that
the growers may make lure of their crops,
they collect thefe infedts, and place them
upon the branches of their trees; or they
cut off the Figs of the wild trees and hang
them about their domeftic ones, the fruit of
which the gnats readily enter, and, as before
obferved, fprinkle the duff they brings with
them upon the female flowers in the inlide
of thefe fruits, by which means they become

fecundated. -

The varieties of the Fig are very nu¬
merous, but leveral ox thenvare not worth
cultivating. Thole mod deferving attention
in England are the following :

1 The Brown Ifchia. '7 The Brown Naples , or

2 The Black Genoa . Murrey.

3 The Small V/hite. 8 The Green Ifchia.

The Large V/hite Genoa. 9 The Brunfwick.

5 The Black Ifchia. to The Long Brown Na >

6 1 he Malta. fits.

The

BERRIES. 197

The Brown Ifchia is a very large Fig, of a glo¬
bular form, has a large eye, and is pinched in near
the footftalk. It is of a chefnut-brown colour on
the outfide, purple within, hath large grains, and
a fweet, high- flavoured pulp. It ripens early in
Auguft, and is fubjeft to bur ft.

Th e Black Genoa is alongifli Fig, with a fwelled
obtufe top, but is very (lender towards the ftalk.
It is of a black purple colour on the outfide, co¬
vered with a purple flue*, the infide is of a bright
red, and the pulp hath a high flavour. Ripe early
in Auguft.

m m #

The Small White is a roundifh Fig, with a very
fhort footftalk, and is fiattifh at the crown. The
fkin is thin, and of a pale yellow colour w hen ripe.
It is white in the infide, and the fltfh is very fweet.
In perfection in Auguft.

The Large White Genoa is a roundifh Fig, a little
lengthened toward the (talk. This too is yellowifh
when ripe, but it is red within. Ripe with the
former.

The Black Ifchia is a middling fized Fig, rather
fhort, and a little flatted at the crown. It is black
on the outfide, and of a deep red within, i he
pulp has a rich flavour. It ripens in Auguft.

The Malta is a Iniall brown Fig, much flatted
at the crown, and greatly pinched in toward the
(talk. It is brownifn both outfide and in. The
pulp or flefh is lweet and well flavoured. Ripe
with the former.

The Brown Naples is a pretty large round Fig,
of a li ght brown colour on the outfide, with a few
marks of a dirty white. The infide is nearly of
the fame colour, the feeds are large, and the flefh
is well flavoured. Ripe toward the end of Auguft.

The Green Ifchia is an oblong Fig, but is roundifh
at the crown. The outfide is green, but when

O 3 fully

*

mm***

PMMNHvmy

’

V' **

1.98 BERRIES.

fully ripe has a brownifh craft. The flefh is pur-
pie, and well flavoured.. It ripens with the former.

The Brunfwick is a pear-fhaped Fig, of a large
fize, of a brown colour on the outflde, and of a
lighter brown within. The flefh is coarfe, and
not highly flavoured. Ripe at the beginning of
September. , &

i he Long Brown Naples hath a long footftalk,
and the big is a little flatted at the crown. When
ripe the fkin is of a dark brown colour, the feeds
are large, the flefh inclining to red, and is well
flavoured. Ripe in September.

In the iflands of the Archipelago, where

Caprijication is univerfally pradifed, they

dry their Figs in ovens, to kill the infeds

and their eggs ; this much hurts the flavour

of the fruit, but neverthelefs they are the

chief lupport of the peafants and monks

there, in conjundion with Barley-bread.

*■ *

With refped to the virtues of Figs, they are
laid to inflame the blood, if eaten frefh oft*
the trees ; but dried, they are of an emol-
lient nature, and good in diflempers of the
bread, and defluxions of rheum upon the
lungs.

O

21 Ficus fycomorus. Pharaoh’s Fig. Lin.

sp.pi. 1513. _ y.

Ficus folio mori, fru&um in caudice fe-
rens. Bauh . Bin. 459.

This is a native of Egypt. It is a large
tree, dividing into maaiy ipreading branches*
plentifully Furnifhed with leaves, fhaped

like

BERRIES. j 99

like thofe of the Mulberry. The fruit are
not produced on the final! (hoots, but from
the \trunk and thick branches. They arc
fhaped like thofe of the common Fig, but
are far inferior in flavour,' and not much
efleemed.

The wood of this tree is but of a fpungy
nature, yet the ancient Egyptians made ule
of it for coffins to contain their mummies,
feme of which are ftill to be found in their
catacombs, or fubterraneous burying places,
where they are placed upright, and have
been depolited more than three thousand
years.

22 Garcinia mangoftana. The Man-
gojieen . Lin. Sp. pi. 635.

Laurifolia javanenlis. Bauh. Pin. 461.

This tree is a native of the illand of Java,
and is alfo found in the Molucca Wands.
It fends up a ftraight, tapering ftem, to
eighteen or twenty feet, having branches
coming out on all fides from near the bot¬
tom, and continuing to diminifh equally in
length to the top, whereby they form the
tree into a compleat cone. The leaves are
long, pointed at Toth ends, frnooth, of a
lucid green on their upper fide, and of an
olive colour on their back. i he flower is
compofed of four almoft round petals, nearly
refembiing the Rofe in colour. The calyx
is of one piece, and on expanding breaks
into four lobes. In the centre of the flower

O 4 (. is

200 BERRIES.

is one very Ihort ftyle, crowned , with an
odifid ftigma, and furrounded by fixteen
ered flamina, having globular fummits.
The germen is roundilh, and becomes a
berry of the fize of an Orange, covered with
a thick rind, of a brown purple, mixed
with a greyilh green on the outfide, but of
a rofe colour within, and contains eight
hairy, flefhy, angular feeds.

According to the concurring teftimonies
of all travellers, this fruit is the molt ex¬
cellent flavoured, and the moft falubrious,
of any yet known ; it being fuch a happy
mixture of the tart and the fweet, Rum-
phius fays, the flefh is juicy, white, almoft
tranfparent, and of as delicate and agrees
able a flavour as the richefl: Grapes. Both
tafte and fmell is fo grateful, that it is al-
rnoft impoflible to be cloyed with eating it;
and that when lick people have no relilh
for any other food, they, generally eat this
with great delight ; but fhould they refufe
it, their recovery is no longer expeded. It
is remarkable too, fays he, that this fruit is
eaten with fafety in almolt every diforder.
The bark, he adds, is uled with fuccefs in
the dyfentery and tenefmus ; and an infulion
of it is elteemed a good gargle for fore
mouths, or ulcers in the throat. The Chi-
nefe dyers ufe this bark for the balls of a
black colour, in order to fix it the firmer.

23 Morus nigra. Lin. Sp.pl, 1398.

Morus

✓

V

BERRIES.

201

Morus frudu nigro. Bauh. Pin. 459.

The Black Mulberry grows naturally on
the coaft of Italy. The tree is well known
by being frequent in our gardens, nor need
any thing be obferved in regard to the ex¬
cellent flavour of its fruit. Thefe furniih
the fhops with a fyrup, which is of a cool¬
ing, aftringent nature, and is much ufed in
gargarifms for fore mouths.

24 Morus rubra, Lin. Sp.pl. 1399.

The Red Mulberry is a native of Virginia.

It differs from the common Black Mulberry
in the leaves being longer and rougher, and
in the catkins being cylindrical. When the
leaves firft expand they are very hairy under¬
neath, fometimes palmated, but oftener
trilobed and a little hairy. The catkins are
about the length of thofe of the Birch-tree.

t

25 Morus alba. White Mulberry. Lin.
Sp.pl. 1398.

Morus frudu albo. Bauh, Pin. yrg.

This differs from the others not only in
the fruit being white, but its leaves are
obliquely heart- fhaped, and fmooth. It is
a , native of China, where it is cultivated
more for its leaves than its fruit, for the
purpofe of feeding Silkworms but though
this is the practice in China, yet it has been
proved by experiments, that' the leaves of
the nigra are far preferable for this ufe, and

that

mmmmmmmm wmm iibi

202

B E R R I E S.

that the worms which had been fed with
the latter, always produced much better
lilk, than thofe which were fed with the
former. Thele creatures are more fond of
the leaves of the black than of the white
Mulberry, and if they be kept any time on
the white, and then put to the black, they
will feed till thev burft.

wf

26 Musa paradifiaca. Plantain - tree,
Lin. Sp. pi. 1477.

Ficus indica, fruiftu racemofo, .folio obT
longo. Baub. Pm. 508.

The Plantain- tree grows fpontaneoufly in
many parts of India, but has (been imme-
mortally cultivated by the Indians in every
part of the continent of South America.
It is an herbaceous tree, growing to the
height of fifteen or twenty feet. Its item,
which is about eight inches thick at the
and regularly tapers to the^top, is
enwrapped with many leafy circles ; thefe
expand at the extremity of the trunk, and
foitn the footflalks, and midribs of the
leaves, which come out on every fide. The
leaves are fmooth, of an oval form, in co¬
lour like thofe of Cabbage, five or fix feet
long, and two broad, have many tranfverfe,
prominent veins, but the leafy part is fo
thin, that a flrong wind often tears them
into rags, and makes them cut an uncouth
figure. On the lirft appearance of the leaves

t h ey

BERRIES.

203

ithey are rolled up like the young fhoots of a
Brake ; but as they advance, they turn
backward, and their growth is fo quick,
that it may be almoft feen by a perfon nigh.
From among the leaves comes forth a long
fpike of flowers, in circular bunches; thofe
at the upper part of the fpike are all male,
and thole at the bottom all hermaphrodite.
Each of thefe bunches has its fpatha, of an
oblong-oval form, and a fine purple colour.
The flowers are of the lip kind, the petals
forming the upper, and the nedtarium * the
under lip. Each flower has fix flamina,
five feated in the petals, and the fixth in
the nedtarium. The germen is placed be¬
low the flower ; it is very long, nearly tri¬
angular, fupports a cylindrical ftyle, longer
than the petals, and is crowned by a roundilh
fiigma.

The fruit are nearly of the fize and fhape
of ordinary Cucumbers, and when ripe of a
oale yellow colour, of a mealy fubftance, a
kittle clammy, afweetilh tafte, and will dif-
folve in the mouth without chewing. The
whole fpike of fruit often weighs forty or
fifty pounds. When they are brought to
table by way of defert, they are either raw,
fried, or roafled ; but if intended for bread,
they are cut before they are ripe, and are
then either roaft^d or boiled. The trees

* The Nedtarium is a gland, or appendage to the Detal
and is appropriated for containing the hon'ey P ?

being:

» O

204 BERRIES.

being tall and {lender, the Indians cut them
down to get at the fruit; and in doing this
they fuffer no lofs, for the ftems are only
one year’s growth, and would die if not cut;
but the roots continue, and new items foon
fpring up, which in a year, produce ripe
fruit alfo. From the ripe Plantains they
make a liquor, called Mijlaw ; when they
make this, they roaR the fruit in their
hulks, and after having totally beat them to
a math, they pour water upon them, and as
the liquor is wanted, it is drawn off. But
the nature of this fruit is fuch, that they
will not keep long without running into a
Rate of putrefadtion, and therefore in order
to reap the advantage of them at all times,
they make cakes of the pulp, and dry them
over a flow fire ; and as they Rand in need
of Mijlaw , they malh the cakes in water,
and they anfwer all the purpofes of the frelh
fruit. Thefe cakes are exceedingly con¬
venient to make this liquor of in their
journies, and they never fail to carry them
for that purpofe. The leaves of the tree
being large and fpacious, ferve the Indians
for table-cloths and napkins.

27 Musa fapientum. The Banana. Lin,

Bp. pi. 1477.

Mufie affinis altera. Bauh. Pin. 580.

This is a native of both the Indies, and
is much cultivated in the American illands,

by

berries.

205

by the name of Banana. It differs from the
former in the ftem being marked with pur¬
ple ftripes, in the other not ; in the truit
being fhorter, ftraighter, and more obtufe.
Thefe grow in bunches from ten to fourteen
pounds. They have a fragrant fmell, and
an agreeable delicious tafte, far preferable
to the Plantain , but yet inferior to many
European fruits.

The leaves of this tree are by many au¬
thors fuppofed to be the fame fort with thofe
our firft parents made themfelves aprons.
They indeed are called in Scripture Fig
leaves ; but as thefe are larger and more
fit for the purpofe than any fpecies of
Fig, there is the greater probability in the
fuppofition ; thefe being four or five feet
long, one broad, and of a pretty tough tex¬
ture.

28 Mespilus germanica. 'The Medlar .
Lin. Sp. pi. 684.

Meipilus germanica, folio laurino non
ferrato. Bauh. Pin. 453.

This grows naturally in Sicily, but is fo
common in gardens, and orchards, as to
make it generally known. Linnasus makes
the Dutch Medlar only a variety of this,
though many think it a diftindt fpecies.
The Dutch is the fort now chiefly culti¬
vated, by reafon it produces larger and better

flavoured

2o6

berries.

flavoured fruit; but neither of them are
eatable, unlefs kept till they be rotten.

29 Mammea Americana. The Mammee.
Lin. Sp. pi. 731.

Arbor indica Mamei dida. Bauh. Pin.
417. ‘ - '

This grows naturally in Jamaica, and in
many parts of the Spanilh Weft Indies. It
riles to near feventy feet, with a ftraight
ftem, deftitute of knots and branches, ex¬
cept at the top, where it breaks into rougii
boughs, furnilhed with oblong, obtule,
ftiining green leaves, which continue the
year through. The flowers are compofed
of four concave, fpreading petals each, lur-
xounding many Ihort, hair-like ftamina,;.
having oblong fummits, and one cylindrical
ftyle, crowned with a convex ftigma. The
germen is roundiih, and becomes a globular,
yellowilh, rough fruit, about the fize of a
Quince, and contains three or four almoft
oval feeds, about as big as almonds.

Thefe fruits have a very grateful flavour,
and are much cultivated in Jamaica, where
they are generally fold in the markets for
one of the beft the ifland produces.

%

30 Malphigia glabra. Barbadoei
Cherry. Lin. Sp. pi. 609.

Malphigia fruticola ereda, foliis nitidis

s

5 ovatis'

BERRIES. 207

o'vatis acuminatis, floribus umbellatis, ra-
mulis gracilibus. Browtte’s 'Jam. 230.

This grows naturally in Jamaica, Brafil,
Surinam, and Curajoa, but it is now culti¬
vated in mod; of the Wert-India Iflands,
and particularly at Barbadoes. It fends up
a llender trunk to about fifteen feet covered
with a light brown bark. At the top it
breaks into many branches, the twigs of
which are furnifhed with oval, fmooth,
acute pointed leaves in pairs. The flowers
are produced in bunches, upon long pedun¬
cles ; they confift of five kidney-fhaped,
rofe-colour petals each, joined at their bale,
and include ten awl-fhaped, eredt ifamina,
tipped with heart-fhaped fummits. The
germen is fmall and roundifh, and fupports
three flender flyles, crowned with obtul'e
fligmata.

The berries are red, about the fize of
fmall Cherries, and are gathered and eaten
by the inhabitants, the fame as Cherries
are in England, but they are far inferior.

31 Malp'higia punicifolia. Pomegranate-
leaved Malphigia. Lin. Sp. pi. 609.

Malphigia fruticofa eredta, ramulis graci¬
libus patentibus, floribus folitariis. Brownes
yam. 230.

This is a native of Jamaica. It is afmaller
tice than the former, and grows after the
manner of a fhrub. The branches are

flender.

l

208 BERRIES,

flender, fpreading, covered with a light
brown bark, and are furnilhed with leaves
like thofe of the Pomegranate, The flow¬
ers are produced Angle in this fpecies, con¬
trary to thofe of the flrfl, which come out
in umbels. The fruit are rather more acid
than the former, but are eaten after the fame
manner.

32 Pa ss if lor a maliformis, Apple-
Jhaped Granadilla. Lin . Sp.pl. 1355.

Paffiflora foliis cordato-oblongis integerri-
mis, floribus folitariis, involucro tripartito
integerrimo. Roy. lugdb. 261.

This is a native of the Ifland of Dominica
in the Weft-Indies, and is cultivated both
for ornament and ufe in feveral of the
Iflands there. It fends forth an herbaceous,
climbing ftalk, having tendrils at every joint,
by which it faftens to the hedges for fup-
port, and runs to the length of near twenty
feet. There is alfo at each joint one ob¬
long heart-fhaped leaf, having two glands
upon its footftalk. The flowers are pro¬
duced ftngly at the footftalks of the leaves,
upon long peduncles, and each is compofed '
of a three-leafed, red cover, encloftng five
white petals and numerous blue rays, which
fpread very wide, and make a moft beautiful
appearance; but they are of fhort duration.
When the flower falls, the germen fwells to
a yellow berry, of the fize and lhape of a
v final!

BERRIES. 2dg

fmall Apple, containing a fweet pulp, and
many oblong, brownifh feeds.

Thefe berries have a pleafant flavour, and
are generally ferved up at table by way of
defert.

I

33 PassiRlora laurifolia. j Bay-leaved

Paffion-jiowert Lin. Sp.pl. 1356.

Paffiflora foliis folitariis obi ongis integer-
timis, fioribus folitariis, involucro tripartito
dentato. Roy, lugb. 532.

The laurij'otia is a native of Surinam, the
fruit of which is greatly beneficial to the
inhabitants of that hot climate. It fends
forth many tough, (lender ftalks, with clam¬
pers at their joints, by which they climb
up the trees and bullies to the height of
twenty feet or more. Thefe are furn idled
with oblong-oval, entire leaves, refembling
thofe of the Laurel, and having two glands
on their footftalks. The flowers are pro¬
duced at the joints of the ftalks, in manner
of the former. Their full-grown buds are
nearly as large as thofe of the garden Angle
Poppy, each having a cover, compofed of
three indented oval, green leaves; thefe
enclofe the flower-cup, which confifts of
five pale green, oblong leaves, with white
infides. The petals are white, fpotted with
brown, and are but little more than half
the breadth of the leaves of the calyx or cup.
1 he rays of the flowers are of a violet co-

P lour.

I

11

-

f:

'

; - '; v-. ■ -- - - ,/*j -

_

IO

lour, the column in the centre is yellowifh,
its germen at the top the fame, but the
three ftyles are purple. On the fading of
the flower, the germen fwells to a yellow,
oval berry, fomewhat refembling a Citron,
but fmoother.

The fruit of this fpecies have a delicate
acid flavour, far preferable to the former,
and are excellent for quenching thirft, abat¬
ing heat in the ftomach, encreafing the ap¬
petite, recruiting the fpirits, and allaying
the heat in burning fevers.

i

34 Psidium pyriferum. Pear Guava,

Lin. Sp. pi. 672.

This grows naturally in both the Indies,
and is much cultivated in the American
Iflands. It rifes to eighteen or twenty feet,
dividing into many branches from near the
bottom : thefe are covered with a reddifh-
gray bark, arc angular, and furnifhed with
narrow, bluntifh leaves, three or four inches
long, fupported on fhort footftalks : from
the wings of thefe the flowers are produced
fingly on peduncles, about an inch long;
each is cornpofed of five white, concave pe¬
tals, inferted in a bell-fhaped calyx, cut at
the brim into four or five teeth, and of nu¬
merous fhort ftamina, tipped with frnall,
pale yellow fummits. The germen is round-
ifh, ieated below the calyx, and fupports a
very long awl-fhaped flyle, crowned with a

2 fimple

berries.

i 1 1

Ample fligma ; it grows to a whitiflr Pear-
fhaped berry, adorned at the apex with the
remains of the calyx, and includes many
fmall feeds.

35 Psidium pomiferum. Apple Guava.
Lin. Sp. pi. 672.

Guajabo pomifera indica, pomis rotundis.
Baub. Pin. 437.

This and the former are promifcuoufly
defcribed by travellers as one fpecies only,
but Linnajus has plainly pointed out two
didindt ones. The leaves of the pomiferum
are fharp-pointed, in the pyriferum they are
rather obtufe ; the latter has only one flow¬
er on a peduncle, but the former has three.
The fruit of the pyriferum is draped like a
Pear; but that of the pomiferum like an
Apple. This lad is the fort mod cultivat¬
ed, the pulp having a fine acid flavour,

whereas the former is fweet, and therefore

*

not fo agreeable in hot climates.

Of the inner pulp of either fort the in¬
habitants make jellies ; and of the outer
rinds they make tarts, marmalades, &c.
The latter too they dew, and eat with
milk, and prefer them to any other dewed
fruits. They have an adringent quality,
which fliould forbid drangers making too
free with them, as they are apt to render
the body codive. This adringency runs
through all parts of the trees, and exids

P 2 pretty

B E R R I E S,

pretty copioufly in the leaf-buds, which are
occalionally boiled with barley and liquo¬
rice, as an excellent drink againft diarrhaeas.

Ample deco&ion of the leaves, ufed as a
bath, are laid to cure the itch, and mod:
cutaneous eruptions.

36 Solanum lycoperficum. Lin.Sp.pl.

■

■

-

J ’

Solanum pomiferurn, frudtu rotundo ftria-
to moll i. Bau/j. Pin. 167.-

The L ove Apple is an annual and a native
of America. It hath herbaceous, branching,
trailing, hairy ftems, four or five feet long,
and without fpines. Thefe are furnifhed
with pinnated leaves, of an offenfive fmell,
and each is cornpofed of four or five pair of
jagged pinnae, ending in an acute point.
The flowers come out in long racemi in
different parts of the branches; they are
yellow, monopetalous plaited, cut at
their brims into five fliarp teeth, and have
five fmall awl-fhaped itamina, clolely fur¬
rounding a {lender ftyle, which fits upon an
oval germen. As the flower withers, the
germen Iwells to a round, fmooth berry,
bigger than a large Cherry, and of various
colours on different plants; on fome it be¬
ing red, on others of a deep orange, and on
fome yellow.

* Confifting of one petal.

That

r • ' • ' ■

e .-vV . -

V.. >-,« ■ V - s • v - '

(Ai

BERRIES. 213

** 1 - *

That which is fo much cultivated by the
Portugueze Linnaeus makes only a variety
of this. They call it Lomatas, and it differs
from the original in the fruit being deeply
furrowed. Thefe berries are in fuch efteem
both among the Portugueze and the Spa¬
niards, that they are an ingredient in almoil
all their foups and fauces, and are deemed

cooling and nutritive.

' *

37 Solanum mefongena. Lin. Sp. pi.
266.

Solanum pomiferum, fruddu oblongo.
Bauh. Pin. 167.

The Mad Apple is a native of Alia, Afri¬
ca, and America. It is an annual, and lends
forth an irregular, branched, ligneous, hol¬
low ftalk, which riles about two feet high,
and is furnilhed with oblong-oval, woolly
leaves, on long downy footftalks. The flow¬
ers come out lingly from the lides of the
branches, on long peduncles ; thefe are
fhaped like thofe of the common Potatoe,
but their calyces are fet with fpines. They
are fucceeded by large egg-ihaped berries,
which are moftly of a purple colour on one
fide, and white on the other. This plant
varies much in the form and colour of its
fruit, they being conical or egg-lhaped in
fome, and in refped't to colour, are fome-
times purple, pale red, yellow, or white.
The plant is now frequently raifed in our

P 3 gardens.

1

V

214

BERRIES.

gardens, where the fruit for the moil part
come white, and referable eggs, which has
obtained it the name of Egg Plant. In the
Weft-Indies they call it Brown 'John, or
Brown Jolly.

Thefe berries are boiled in foups and fau¬
ces, the fame as the Love Apple, are ac¬
counted very nutritive, and are much fought
after by the votaries of Venus.

38 Solanum fandtum. Palejline Night -
(l:ade. Lin. Sp. pi. 269. •

Solanum ipinoium, frudtu rotundo. Bauh.
Pin. 167.

This is a fhrubby plant, and grows na¬
turally in Egypt an d Palelline. It hath a
woolly, afh-coloured ftalk, fet with fhort,
eredt, thick, yellowifh fpines. The leaves
are eggrlhaped, and have ferpentine edges ;
thefe are fpiny and woolly. The flow¬
ers come out at the fide of the ftalks, on
prickly peduncles; they are of a deep blue,
with briftly calyces, and they have a great
refemblance to the flowers of the Borrage.

Haflelquift fays this plant is known in
Egypt, by the name Meringam , and that
the fruit, which are globular, are much
eaten by the inhabitants.

39 Sorbus domeftica. Lin. Sp. pi. 6S4.

Sprbus fativa. Bauh. Pin. 415.

The ‘True Service-tree grows wild in the

warmer

BERRIES. 215

warmer parts of Europe, and it is alfo found
in Cornwall, but many doubt its being a
native of England. It becomes a large tree,
fending out many branches, covered with a
rough grayifh bark, and furnifhed with
winged leaves, refembling thofe of the com¬
mon Afh, but they are hoary underneath,
(in the young trees), and ferrated on their
edges. The flowers are produced in large,
round bunches at the ends of the branches;
they are fmall and white, conflfl: of five pe¬
tals each, furrounding many ftamina, and
three ftyles. The germen is ieated under
the flower, and becomes a foft, umbilicated
berry, incloflng three or four oblong, carti¬
laginous feeds.

The natural fize of thefe berries is that
of a fmall Medlar, but cultivation has alter¬
ed both fize and form ; fome being nearly
round, and as big as a Pippin, and others
Pear-fhaped. They have a rough, aftringent
tafte when frefh gathered, and therefore
mull be kept fome time to mellow, and
then they become pleafant.

40 Trophis americana. Red -fruited
Encephalon . Lin . sp.pl. 1451.

Trophis foliis oblongo-ovatis glabris al-
ternis, floribus mafculis fpicatis ad alas.
Browne s "Jam. 357.

This is a fhrubby plant, and, as its tri¬
vial name expreifes, a native of America,

P 4 and

216 BERRIES.

and particularly of the Bland of Jamaica.
It is male and female in dirtied plants. The
leaves come out in an alternate order, on
very fhort footftalks ; they are fmooth, of
an oblong-oval form,' fharp-pointed, and
entire. The flowers are produced in long
bunches, from the tides of the branches ;
thole of the male have no calyx, but confift
of four obtufe, fpreading petals, furround¬
ing four flender ftamina, longer than the
petals. The female flowers are compofed
of a fmall monophyllous calyx, and an oval
germen, fupporting a bipartite ftyle; and
are fucceeded by globular, rough berries,
each having one cell, containing a roundifh
feed.

Thefe fruits have not a very recommend-
able flavour, yet are frequently eaten by the
inhabitants of Jamaica.

41 Vitis vinifera. Lin.Sp.pl. 293.

The Vine is now multiplied into fo many
varieties, that to let them all down would
be ufelefs, efpecially as feveral lifts of them
have been already publifhed ; but it will
not be amifs, perhaps, to give fhort de-
fcriptions of the few following, as they are
in general efteem for their fuperior quali¬
ties, or are frequently cultivated in Eng¬
land. Thefe are :

* • 1 - - * £ . j

Vj»

* — ■

j The;

f

B E R RIES.

1 The Black Sweet Water. 8 The Black Mufcat.

2 The White Sweet IV at eTi 9 The Violet Mufcat.

3 The Golden Cbafjelas. 10 Alexandrian Mufcat .

4 The Mujky Chaffelas. 11 The Red and Black

5 The Black Clujter . Hamburgh.

6 The White Mufcat . 12 <5T Peter's Grape.

7 The Red Mufcat .

The Black Sweet Water hath fhort bunches^
fmall roundifh berries, growing clofe together.
Their fkin is thin, and their juice very fweet,
which much tempt the birds and flies to deftroy
them. Ripens early in Auguft.

The White Sweet Water hath very irregular fiz-
ed berries on the fame bunch, fome being of a
good fize, others extremely lmall. The juice has
a pleafant fugary flavour. It ripens with the
former.

The ■ Golden Chaffelas hath large bunches, and
round, different flzed berries. Thefe are of a
bright green at firft, and when ripe of an amber
colour. The juice is fweet and lugary. The
Red Chaffelas is a variety of this.

The Mufky Chaffelas hath round berries, nearly
of the fize of the former. The berries are of a
greenifh-white, and plentifully ftored with a fu-
gary, mufky, juice. It ripens in September.

The Black Clujter hath downy leaves, and fhort
bunches, clofely let with oval berries, many of
which cannot ripen, they being fo covered with
the reft. This is by many called the Burgundy .
Ripe about the time of the former.

The White Mufcat , or White Front inac, hath
large, even, conical bunches, ending in a point.
The berries are clofely Itudded together, and are
of a bright green on the fliady-fide, inclining to

2i8 BERRIES.

an amber colour on the other* and are thinly co¬
vered with a bloom. The juice has a mod excel¬
lent flavour, when the berries are perfe&ly ripe
which ieldom happens here. 5

1 he Red Mufcat , or Red Frontinac hath loner
bunches, more thinly fet with berries than the
v\mte. ^ 1 hey are large and round; before ripe,
giay with dark feripes, but when fully ripe, al~
tmoIl ot a brick red. The juice has a high, vi-
nous flavour. Ripe the beginning of Oftober.

I he Black Mufcat , or Black Frontinac , hath good
liZvd round berries, which are more diftant on the
bunches than the Red. 7. he bunches are fhort,
the berries very black, and covered with a deep
violet bloom. The juice is very rich and vinous.
Kipe about the time of the former.

^he Triolet Mufcat hath leaves relembling the
Vvhite Muicat. The berries are large, rather
long, and are covered with a deep violet bloom.

1 he juice is not excellent, but mufky and agree¬
able.

The Alexandrian Mufket , or Jerufalem Mufcat ,
oath long, regular bunches, with the berries hang¬
ing loofe upon them. There are two forts of
tins ; one with whitifh, and the other with red
berries, both of a risk, vinous flavour, but fel-
do'm ripen here.

The Red and Black Hamburgh y or War-
nc, s Grape^ has middle*-fized berries, and large
bunches. The former are rather of an oval fhape,
'ii.d contain a fugary, vinous juice. They ripen
in October. A •

i he St. Peter's Grape hath very deep-divided
leaves, fomewhat refembling thofe of the Parfley-
Jeaved Grape. Ihe bunches are very large, the

berries

***»

BERRIES. 219

berries of a deep black, of an oval form, large,
and make a fine appearance, but their juice is

not rich.

The Vine is a native of France, Spain,
Portugal, and many other places under the
fame parallels of latitude.

CHAP.

\

r

1

'

[ ’ 220 ]

f f

C H A P. VI.

* •*. r v

/

ESCULENT STONE FRUI T*.

SECT.

I.

Stone Fruit of Europe.

MYGDALUS perfica. The Peach.
_ Nuciperfca. The Nectarine.

2 Cornus maicula. Male Comely or Corne¬

lian Cherry.

3 Olea Europea. Manured Olive .

■ fylvejlris. Wild Olive.

4 Prunus armeniaca. The Apricot.

5 Prunus avium. Wild Black Cherry.

6 Prunus cerafus. Wild Red Cherry.

7 Prunus domeftica. The Plum-tree.

8 Prunus inlititia. The Bullace-tree.

9 Rhamnus zizyphus. Common Jujube.

The Peach,

1 x Amygdalus perfica.

Lin. Sp. pi. 676.

Perfica molli carne et vulgaris. Bauh .

Pin. 440.

* Linnaeus defines drupa to be a pulpy pericarpium, or
feed-veffel, without an opening, and includes a done or
nut.

The

' ’ . •• ■' V IA ' • \..V '

STONE FRUIT. 221

This is faid to be a native of Europe,
but of what part is not known. The flow¬
er is compofed of five obtufe petals, inferted
into a tubular calyx, cut into five obtule
fegments, together with above twenty flen-
der ftamina, inferted alfo into the calyx,
furrounding a roundifli germen, which
turns to a roundifli, flefliy, furrowed fruit,
inclofing a hard ftone. Cultivation has pro¬
duced many varieties of this fruit, and the
following are the moft efteemed forts.

O

' : 1 ' ; 1 1 J ‘ .

1 The White Nutmeg.

2 The Red Nutmeg .

3 The Early Purple .

4 The Small Mignon .

5 The White Magdalen.

6 The Yellow Alberge.

7 The Large French

Mignon .

8 The Beautiful Chcv-

reufe .

9 The Red Magdalen .

10 The Chancellor.

1 1 Smith's Newington ^
ii The Montauban.

1 3 The Malta.

14 The Vineufe.

15 The Belle garde*

16 The Sourdine.

17 T he Rojfanna.

18 The Admirable .

19 The Old Newington <

20 The Royal.

21 The Rambcuillet.

22 The Portugal.

23 The Late Admirable.

24 The Nivette.

25 Venus's Nipple.

26 The Late Purple.

27 The Perftque.

28 The Catharine. 1

29 The Mcnjlrous P 'avy >

30 The Bloody Peach.

The White Nutmeg is the firft Peach in feafon,
it being often in perfection by the end of July*
The leaves are doubly ferrated, the flower large,
and of a pale colour •, the fruit is white, fmall,
and round ; the flefh too is white, parts from the
ftone, and has a fugary, mufky flavour.

The

1

J v;r igg ■ fig;

V'r;

■

_ -s

fj

■fl

iff*.

: v. .
1*0

' i'i w
5 if

K*&.

STONE FRUIT.

The Red Nutmeg hath yellowifh green leaves,
with Terpentine edges, which are {lightly ferrated.
The flowers are large, open, and of a deep blufh-,
colour. The fruit is larger, and rounder than
the former, and is of a bright vermilion next the
fun, but more yellow on the other fide. The
flefh is white, except next the ftone, from which
it leparates, and has a rich, mufky flavour, Ic
ripens juft after the White Nutmeg.

The Early Purple hath fmooth leaves, terminat¬
ed in a fnarp point. The flowers are large, open,
and of a lively red. The fruit is large, round,
and covered with a fine deep red coloured down.
The flefh is white, red next the ftone, and full of
a rich, vinous juice. Ripe about the middle of
Auguft.

The Small Mignon hath leaves {lightly ferrated,
and the flowers imall and contradled. The Peach
is round, of a middling fize, tinged with darkifh
red on the fun-fide, and is of a pale yellowifh co¬
lour on the other. The flefh is white, parts from
the ftone, where it is red, and contains plenty of
a vinous, fugary juice. Ripens rather before
the former.

The White Magdalen hath long, fhining, pale-
green leaves, deeply ferrated on the edges, and
the wood is rnoftly black at the pith. The flow¬
ers are large and open, appear early, and are of a
pale red. The fruit is round, rather large, of a
yellowifh-white colour, except on the funny fide,
where it is {lightly ftreaked with red. The flefh
is white to the ftone, from which it feparates, and
the juice is pretty well flavoured. Ripe at the end
of Auguft.

The Yellow Alberge hath deep red, middle-fized
flowers the Peach is fmaller than the former, of

a yellow

STONE FRUIT. 223:

a yellow colour on the fhady fide, and of a deep
red on the other. The flefh is yellow, red at the
ftone, and the juice is lugary and vinous.

The Great French Mignon hath large, finely Ter¬
med leaves, and beautiful red flowers. The
fruit is large, quite round, covered with a fine
lattiny down, of a brownifh red colour on the
iunny fide, and of a greenifh yellow on the other.
The flefh is white, eafily parts from the fkin, and
is copioufly ftored with a fugary, high flavoured
juice. Ripe near the middle of Auguft.

The Beautiful Chevreufe hath plain leaves, and
fmall contracted flowers. The fruit is rather
oblong, of a middling fize, of a fine red colour
next the fun, but yellow on the other fide. The
flefh is yellowifh, parts from the ftone, and is
full of a rich fugary juice. It ripens a little after
the former.

The Red Magdalen hath deeply ferrated leaves,
and large open flowers. The fruit is large, round,
and of a fine red next the fun. The flefh is firm,
white, feparates from the ftone, where it is very
red •, the juice is fugary, and of an exquifite rich
flavour. Ripe at the end of Auguft.

The Chancellor hath large, flightly ferrated
leaves. The Peach is about the fize of the Beau-,
tiful Chevreufe, but rather rounder. The fkin is
very thin, of a fine red on the funny-fide ; the
flefh is white and melting, parts from the ftone,
and the juice is very rich and fugary. It ripens
with the former.

1 he leaves of Smith's Newington are ferrated,
and the flowers are large and open. The fruit is
of a middle fize, of a fine red on the funny fide ;
the flefh white and firm, but verv red at the ftone.

mmtmm

224 STONE FRUIT.

to which it (ticks clofely, and the juice has a pret¬
ty good flavour. Ripens with the former.

I he Montauban hath ferrated leaves, and laro^e
open flowers. The fruit is about the fize of the
termer, or a purplifh red next the fun, but of a
pale one on the ihady fide. The flefh is melting,
and white even to the (lone, from which it fepa-
lates. The juice is rich, and well flavoured. It
ripens a little before the former.

1 he Malta hath deeply ferrated leaves, and the
flowers are large and open. The fruit is almoft
round, of a fine red next the fun, marbled with a
deeper red, but the fhady-fide is of a deep green,
ihe flefh is fine, white, except at the ftone, °from
which it parts, where it is of a deep red ; the
juice is a little mufky, and agreeable. It ripens

at the end of Auguft, or beginning of Septem¬
ber.

' -* ' -4V

i he Vinenfe hath large, deep green leaves, and
full bright red flowers" The fruit is round, of a
middle lize ; the (kin is thin, all over red ; the
flefh fine and white, except at the ftone, where it
is very red, and the juice is copious and vinous.
Ripe in the middle of September.

1 he Bellegarde hath fmooth leaves, and fmall
contracted flowers. The fruit is very large,
round, and of a deep purple colour next the fun.
1 he flefh is white, parts from the ftone, where it
is of a deep red, and the juice is rich and excel¬
lent. It ripens early in September.

The B cur dine hath large, fine green, plain leaves,
and fmall flefh- coloured contracted flowers. The
fruit is round, of a dark red next the fun, the flefli
white, except at the (lone, where it is of a deep
red, and the juice is rich and vinous. Ripens
with the former.

The

a

STONE FRUIT. 225

The Roffanna hath plain leaves, and fmall con¬
tracted flowers. The fruit is rather longer than
the Alberge, and fome count it only a variety of
the latter. The flefli is yellow, and parts from
the ftone, where it is red ; the juice is rich and
vinous. Ripe early in September.

The Admirable hath plain leaves, and fmall con¬
tracted flowers, which are of a pale red. The
fruit is very large and round ; the flefli is firm,
melting, and white, parts from the ftone, and is
there red; and the juice has a fweet, fugary, high
vinous flavour. Ripe early in September.

The Old Newington hath ferrated leaves, and
large open flowers. The fruit is large, of a fine
red next the fun ; the flefli is white, flicks clofe
to the ftone, where it is of a deep red, and the
juice has an excellent flavour. It ripens juft after
the former.

The Royal hath plain leaves, and fmall contrac¬
ted flowers. The fruit is about the fize of the
Admirable , and refembles it, except that it has
fometimes a few knobs or warts. The flefli is
white, melting, and full of a rich juice; it parts
from the ftone, and is there of a deep red. Ripe
about the middle of September.

The Rambouillet hath leaves and flowers like
the Royal. The fruit is rather round than long,
of a middling fize, and deeply divided by a fur¬
row7. It is of a bright yellow on the fhady-fide,
but of a fine red on the other. The flefli is melt-
ing, yellow, parts from the ftone, where it is of
a deep red, and the juice is rich and vinous. Ripe
with the former.

The Portugal hath plain leaves, and large open
flowers. The fruit is large, fpotted, and of a

Q beautiful

1

\

\

**rirw*m

Ml

'*yL

@f~:Ml

*-•* •

Mi

tmm

STONE FRUIT

beautiful red on the funny fide. The flefh is firm,
white, flicks to the ftone, and is there red. The
(tone is fmall, deeply furrowed, and the juice is
rich and fugary. Ripe towards the end of Sep¬
tember.

The Late Admirable hath ferrated leaves, and
brownifh red fmall contracted flowers. The fruit
is rather large and round, of a bright red next
the fun, marbled with a deeper. The flefh is of
a greenifh-white, and flicks to the ftone, where it
hath feveral red veins; the juice is rich and vi¬
nous. Ripe about the middle of September.

The Nivette hath ferrated leaves, and fmall con¬
tracted flowers. The fruit is large and roundifh,
eft a bright red colour next the fun, but of a pale
yellow on the fhady-fide. The flefh is of a green-
ifh-yellow, parts from the ftone, where it is very
red, and is copioufly ftored with a rich juice. It
ripens about the middle of September.

Venus s Nipple hath finely ferrated leaves, and
rofe-coloured, fmall contracted flowers, edged with
carmine. The fruit is of a middling flze, and has
a rifing like a breaft. It is of a faint red on the
lbn-lide, and on the fhady one of a ftraw-colour.
The flefh is melting, white, feparates from the
ftone, where it is red, and the juice is rich and
fugary. Ripens late in September.

The Late Purple hath large, ferrated leaves,
which are varioufly contorted, and the flowers. are
fmall and contracted. The fruit is round, large,
of a dark red on the funny-fide, and yellowifh on
the other. The flefh is melting, white, parts from
the ftone, where it is red, and the juice is fweet
and high flavoured. Ripens with the former.

The Perfique hath large, very* long indented
leaves, and fmall contracted flowers. The fruit
5 ' x .is

r

STONE FRUIT. 227

Is large, oblong, of a fine red next the fun *, the
flefh firm, white, but red at the ftone, juicy, and
of a high pleafant flavour. The (talk has fre¬
quently a finall knot upon it. Ripe late in Sep¬
tember.

The Catharine hath plain leaves, and fmall
flowers. The fruit is large, round, of a very
dark red next the fun. The flefh white, firm,
flicks dole to the ftone, and is there of a deep red.
The juice is rich and pleafant. It ripens early in
October.

The Monjlrous Pavy hath large, very fiightly
ferrated leaves, and large, but rather contracted
flowers. The fruit is round, and very large,
whence its name. It is of a fine red on the funny
fide, and of a greenifli-white on the other. The
flefh is white, melting, flicks dole to the ftone,
and is there of a deep red. It is pretty full of
juice, which in dry feafons, is fugary, vinous and
agreeable. Ripe towards the end of October.

The Bloody Peach hath rather large, lerrated
leaves, which turn red in Autumn. The fruit is
of a middling fize, the £kin all over of a dull red,
and the fiefli is red down to the ftone. Thefruic
is but dry, and the juice rather fharp and bitter-
fth. It feldorn rfpens well in England, but is
well 'worth cultivating notwithftanding, for the
fruit bake and preferve excellent well.

NECTARINES. '

- Linn^us makes the NeEiarine only a va¬
riety of th c Peachy for its having a fmooth
coat was only an accident originally, There
are many varieties of it now cultivated * and

Q 2

th

228 STONE FRUIT.

the following are fome of the mofl efleemed
forts commonly planted in England.

1 The Elruge '

2 The Newington.

3 The Scarlet.

4 The Roman.

5 The Murrey .

6 The Italian.

7 The Golden .

8 The Temple's.

The Elruge hath large ferrated leaves, and final l
flowers. The fruit is of a middling fize, of a dark
purple colour next the fun, and of a greenifn
yellow on the fhady fide. The flefh parts from
the ftone, and has a foft, melting, good flavoured
juice. Ripe early in Auguft.

The Newington hath ferrated leaves, and large
open flowers. The fruit is pretty large, of a beau¬
tiful red on the funny fide, but of a bright yellow
on the other. The flefh flicks to the ftone, is
there of a deep red colour, and the juice has an
excellent rich flavour. Ripe towards the end of
Auguft.

The Scarlet is rather lefs than the former, of a
fine fcarlet colour next the fun, but fades to a
pale red on the fhady fide. It ripens near the
tifne of the former.

The Roman , or Clujler Red Nettarine , hath plain
leaves, and large flowers. The fruit is large, of
a deep red towards the fun, but yellowifh on the
fhady fide. The flefh is firm, flicks to the ftone,
and is there red; the juice is rich, and has an
excellent flavour. Ripe about the end of Auguft.

The Murrey is a middling-fized fruit, of a dirty
red colour on the funny-fide, and yellowifh on the
fiiady one. The flefh is firm, and tolerably well
flavoured. It ripens early in September.

T he Italian NeSlarine hath fmooth leaves and
£ fmali.

/

STONE FRUIT.

. /• 1

fmall flowers ; the fruit is red next the fun, but
yellowifh on the other fide-, flefh firm, adheres
to the itone, where it is red, and when ripe, which
is early in September, has an excellent flavour.

The Golden Netlarine has an agreeable red co¬
lour next the fun, bright yellow on the oppofite
fide; flefh very yellow, flicks to the ftone, where
it is of a pale red, has a rich flavour, and ripens
in September. / ■

Temple's Neclarine is of a middling fize, of a fair
red next the fun, of a yellowifh green on the other
fide; flefh white near the ftone, from which it
feparates; ripens in September, and has a high
poignant flavour.

Peaches and NeStarines are wholefome
fruits, and gently conftringe the ftomach, if
eaten when not too mellow. The flowers
of the former furnifh the fhops with an ex¬
cellent fyrup for children, to whom it proves
both gently emetic and cathartic.

2 Cornus mafcula. Cornelian Cherry.
Lin. Sp. pi. 1 71 .

Cornus fylveftris mas. Bauh. Pin. 447.

This grows wild in the woods and hedges
in Auftria. It is a fhrubby plant, dividing
into many irregular branches, covered with
a rough bark ; thefe fpread wide, and are
furni ftied with oval, veined leaves, not in¬
dented on their edges, and are fharp-pointed.
The flowers come out in the fpring before
the leaves, and at the ends of the branches,
in diftindt umbels ; they are final], yellowifh,
compofed of four petals each, with four

1 0^3 flyle.

nrnmm

,

„•> . .. i< " r.-fi.

STONE FRUI T.

ffamina longer than the petals, and' one
llyle. The germen is round, feated below
the flo.vei, and fwells to an umbilicated
oval berry, containing a nut with two cells.

Thefe fruits are about the fize of Cherries,
ci a yellovvifh red colour, and an auftere
flavour, are therefore feldom eaten frefh otf
tne bufhes, but are preierved to make tarts
and other oevices. i here is a variety of
this llirub with white fruit.

3 Olea europea. Manured Olive, Lin,

Sp. pi. 1 1 .

Olea fativa. Baub. Pin. 472.

This is an evergreen, and a native of
Auitria, but is cultivated in France, Spain,
Portugal, and Italy. It is rather of a Oirubby
nature, frequently fending forth feveral
items from the fame root, though fometimes
there is only one. The branches are round-
ifh, and furnifhed with fpear-Ihaped leaves,
of a bright green colour, and hand oppoiite.
The flowers are produced in final 1 bunches
at the footftalks of the leaves j they are
white, tubular, and cut into four fegments
at the brims. Each flower contains two
[lamina, which are much ihorter than the
petal, and one [lender llyle, crowned with a
Ample Itigma. The germen is roundiih,
and turns to an oval plum, about the fize of
a pigeon’s egg, and when ripe of a greeniih
black colour.

t

I hefe piums are pickled, and lent to dif¬
ferent

Bap gfr

■■

STONE FRUIT. 231

ferent parts of Europe ; but they are a very
indifferent condiment, the oil with which
they abound, being apt to pall and relax
the flomach. They vary very much in re¬
gard to their nature, lize, and colour, and

O

this according to the foil and climate the
trey's are planted in. Thofe raifed in Italy
are the fm all eft, have alnroft an in lipid tafte,
and therefore are worth little. Thofe pro¬
pagated in Spain are the largeft, but they
pave a rank, difagreeable fmell and flavour.
The Provence Olives are of a fize between
the two former, have a pleafant tafte, fur-
nifti the moft efteemed oil, and are the moil
valuable when pickled.

The greateft advantage ariftng from the
cultivated Olive , is the abundance of oil
that is expreffed from the fruit ; and this
oil is of three forts. The pureft and moft:
valuable is that which runs upon a flight
preffure ; the next in goodnefs from the
lame Olives more ftrongly prefled and
flightly heated ; and the laft and worft from
the fame operation more forcibly repeated.
The great utility of this oil is fufticiently
known.

4 Prunus armeniaca. The Apricot. Lin.
Sp. pi. 679.

Mala armeniaca majora. Bauh. Pin. 442.

In what particular part this grows natu¬
rally is not cnown. It rifes to a large tree,

Q,_ 4 with

vi".

232 STONE FRUIT.

with wide extending branches, furnifhed
With nearly heart-fhaped leaves. The flowers
have very fhort peduncles, and are compofed
of live roundifli petals, lurrounding twenty
or more ftamina, and one flyle. The va-
1 reties oi tiiis fruit moll generally brought
to the table, are, ' &

1 The Mafculine .

2 The Orange .

3 The AJgier .

4 The Roman .

5 The Turkey.

6 The Alberge .

7 The Breda .

8 The Bruffels.

The Mafculine is a fmall, roundifh Africot , red
on the iunny fide, and of a greenilh yellow on the
other, it puts forth a prodigious number of
flowers, and is the firfi: ripe of any.

d he Or ange is a larger fruit than the former,
and when ripe of a deep yellow colour. The
fiefh of this is not delicate, and therefore it is
more generally ufed for tarts.

The Algier is of an oval form, a little com-
prefied on the fides, and of a pale yellow, or ftraw

colour when ripe. The fiefh is dry, and but badly
flavoured.

1 he Roman is a larger fruit than the former,
and not quite fo much flatted. The colour is
rather deeper, but the fiefh is not lb dry, and
better flavoured.

The Turkey Apricot is round, and larger than
either of the former. The fiefh too is firmer, and
of a finer flavour.

h he Alberge is a final!, comprefied fruit, of a
yehow colour on the funny fide, running into a
greerufh yellow on the other.

■ The

STONE FRUIT. 233

The Breda is the beft fruit of all the forts. It
is large, roundilh, of a deep yellow colour on the
outfide, and of a gold colour within. The flelh
is foft, and full of a! high flavoured juice. The
ftone is larger and rounder than in the others.

The Bru]jels is a middling fized fruit, and fome-
what of an oval form. The fide next the fun is
red, with many dark fpots ; but on the fhady fide
it is of a greenifh yellow. T he flelh is firm, and
of a very good flavour. It is the lateft ripe of all
the Apricots.

^ PRUNUsavium. Wild Black Cherry .

Prunus umbellis feffilibus, foliis ovato-
lanceolatis conduplicatis i'ubtus pubefcen-
tibus. Lin. Sp. pi. 680.

This grows wild in the woods of Eng¬
land, where it arrives to a very large tree,
fending out many fpreading branches, the
twigs of which are furnifhed with clufters
of oval, ferrated leaves, ending in a plain,
fpear-lhaped point, and fupported by pur-
plifh footftalks, having two linear, toothed
flipulae, or leaves at the bafe of each. The
leaves are downy on the underlide, with
many prominent ribs running almoft to the
margin. The flowers are produced in fef-
file umbels, on long purplilh peduncles, and
for the mofl: part come out by threes from
the centre of feveral fmall, fcaly, oval *
concave leaves, having their upper furfaces

* Some of thefe are often cut into three lobes, both in
this and the following fpecies.

covered

234 STONE F R U I T.

covered with Ihort hairs, after the manner
of the leaves of the Sundew. Thefe ferve
as an involucrum to the umbel. Each
flower is compofed of five white, oblong,
Flipped petals, inferted into a Imall fimooth
calyx, confifting of five acute fegments,
which turn back to the peduncle, and are
of a bright purple colour at the infertion of
the petals, i he fruits are Imall, nearly egg-
lhaped, almoft black when ripe, and contain
a thick, fweet juice, which greatly tempt
the birds to deftroy them. Thefe fruits are
much ufed for making Cherry Brandy.

There is a tort growing in fome of the
woods in Norfolk, w'hich appears to be a
variety of this ; its leaves are lmaller than
the above, more finely ferrated, are not
quite fo downy underneath, but the ftipulte
and leaves of the involucrum are of the fame
form, and the infides of the latter are
equally hairy. The flowers are large, the
fruit final!, red, egg-fhaped, and bitterifh.

The nurferymen fow the ftones of the
avium for railing flocks to graft or bud the
other forts of Cherries upon ; and the ge¬
neral opinion is, that the only garden-variety
procured by lowing the ftones, is the Black
Corone.

There is a water kept in the fhops made
from the fruit of the Wild Black Cherry, and
has long been in much efteem among nurfes
as a remedy for convulfions in children, but

it

STONE FRUIT. 235

it is with good reafon now almoft laid afide $
for it has been proved, that the diiti lied
water made from the ftones of thele tiuits
will poifon brutes very fuddenly, and as the
fhop water mud imbibe feme of the per¬
nicious quality of the ftones, though pro¬
bably in a fmall degree, yet the quantity
may be fufficient to hurt the tender nerves
of infants, and thereby increafe the diforder
it was intended to cure.

6 Prunus cerafus. Wild Red Cherry.

Prunus umbellis fubfeffilibus, foliis ovato-
lanceolatis conduplicatis glabris. Lin. Sp.
pi. 679.

This too grows in our woods and hedges,
is a much fmaller tree than the former, and
the bunches of flowers and leaves are fup-
ported on fliort woody footftalks. The
leaves are but little better than half the fize
of thofe of the avium, more acute towards
the footftalk, and are fmooth and gJofiy on
the underflde, the ribs are lei's prominent,
but they are ftudded with a few whitifli
hairs. The flowers are moftly produced
four or five together ; their peduncles are
imooth, fliort, and of a Aiming green. The
fegments of the calyx are obtufe, the petals
roundifh, and very feldom fnipped. The
leaves of the involucrurn are fliort, poliflied
on the outfide, and very flightly hairv on
the inner. The fruits are round, red, to-

X

236 STONE FRUIT.

* i

lerabJy large, and of an acid flavour. Mr.
Hudion now makes the civium only a variety
of this, but whoever will attend to the de-
fcriptions juft given, will certainly conclude
he is wrong, and be fully convinced they
are diftindt l'pecies.

Linnaeus and other late writers on botany
have fuppofed the cerafus to be the parent
of all the cultivated Cherries, except the
Black Corone $ what induced them to con¬
jecture this is difficult to guefs, as feveral of
the gat den forts retain more of the original
properties of the avium , than they do of the
cerafus ; and particularly the Bleeding Heart,
the W hite Heart, the Black Heart, and the
Ox Heart, the leaves, flowers, and involucra
of which differ but very little from thofe of
the avium in its wild ftate. Whether foil,
fituation, or their being conftantly budded
upon flocks raifed from the flones of the
latter, have any fhare in producing thefe
fimilitudes, is uncertain, but if they be
diftindt fpecies, why fhould not the one be
as liable to produce varieties as the other ?
The following are the names of the forts
commonly cultivated in England.

1 The Early May Cherry .

2 ft' he May Duke .

3 The Archduke.

4 Holman's Duke ,

5 'Y\ie White Spanijh.

6 The Yellow Stxwifh.

7 The White Heart .

8 The Black Heart .

<9 The Red Heart .

10 The Ox Heart .

11 The Bleeding Heart .

12 Harrifon's Heart .

1 2 Yradefcanf s

STONE FRUIT. 237

17 The Black Corone.

18 The Large Mazard.

19 The. Carnation.

13 Tradef cant's Cherry.

14 The Late Archduke.

15 The Lukeward.

16 The Red, or Kentijh. 20 The Morello.

The fruit of moft of thefe varieties are well
known, and therefore I lhall omit their, particular

deicriptions.

*

7 Prunus domeftica. The Plum-tree.
Pin. Sp. pi. 680.

Prunus inermis, foliis lanceolato-ovatis.

Hart, cliff. 186.

This grows wild in our woods and hedges.
It is a fmaller tree than the former. The
leaves are oval, and lpear-pointed. The
flowers moftly Hand fingly, and the branches
have no fpines. The cultivated varieties are
many, and fome of them have a moft ex¬
cellent flavour, but are deemed not very
wholefome, and ought to be eaten fparingly.
The following are fome of the moft efteemed
forts ; viz.

1 The White Primordian. 9 Th e White Per digr on.

2 The Early Black Da- 10 The Bcnum-magnum.

majk. 11 The White Mogul.

3 The Little Black Da- 12 The Chejlon.

4 The Great Damajk Vi- 14 The Maitre Claude.

5 The Fotheringham. 16 The Small Queen

6 The Orleans. Claude.

7 The Black Perdigron. 17 The Large Queen

1 8 The Myrobalan*

19 The Date Plum .

20 The Cloth of Gold.

21 The St. Catharine.

22 The Royal Plum.

23 The Brignole.

24 The Emprefs.

The White Primordian is a yellow, fmall, lonmfh
Plum, covered with a white flue. It is but an
indifferent fruit, and has only its earlinefs to re¬
commend it, being ripe by the middle of July.

The Early Black Damafk is a round, middling.
fized Plum, divided with a furrow, and is ofPa
dark black colour, covered with a violet flue*
The flefh is yellow, of a good flavour, and parts
from the (tone. Ripe the beginning of Auguft.

The Little Black Damafk ripens juft after the
former. It is fmall, and covered with a light
violet bloom ; the flefh parts from the ftone, and
has a iweer, fugary juice.

The Great Damafk Violet is inclining to an oval
ape. The fkin is of a dark blue, covered with
a violet bloom. The flefh is yellow, parts from
the (tone, and the juice is richly fugared. Ripe
in the middle of Auguft.

The Fotheringham is of a blackifh red colon r7 .
is rather of an oblong form, and deeply furrowed
in the middle. The flefh is firm, parts from the
ftone, and the juice is very rich. Ripe with the
former.

The Orleans is a round, middle-fized Plum, of
a blackifh red colour on the outfide, and of a
yellowifh green within. The flefh is firm, parts
from the ftone, and has a tolerable good flavour.
Ripe with the former.

25 The Late Red Da*
majk.

16 The Wentworth.

27 The Bricette. •

28 1' he White Pear Plum,

29 The Mufcle Plum.

30 I he St. Julian.

The

wmmm

| -STONE FRUIT. 239

The Black Perdigron is an oval, middle-fized
Plum, of a very dark colour, covered with a vi¬
olet bloom. The flefh is firm, and copioufiy
ftored with an excellent rich juice. Ripe at the
end of Auguft.

'The -Violet Perdigron is a large, roundifh Plum,
of a blnifli-red colour on the outfide. The flefii
is yellowilh, flicks to the ftone, and the juice has
a moft exquifite rich flavour. Ripe with the
former.

The White Perdigron is an oval, middling-fized
fruit, of a yellow colour, covered with a white
bloom. The flefii is firm, and has an agreeable
fweetnefs. Ripe the end of Auguft.

The Red Bonum-magnum is a large, deep-red,
oval Plum, covered with a fine bloom. The flefii
is firm,' flicks to the ftone, and has an auftere,
acid flavour, on which account it is moftly ufed
tor tarts. Ripe in September.

The White Mogul is alfo a large, oval fruit, of a
yellowifli colour, covered with a white bloom,
x he fiefh is acid, and unplealant raw, but it bakes
well. Ripe juft after the former.

The Chejlon is an oval, middle-fized Plum, of
a dark blue colour, powdered with a violet bloom.
The juice is rich, and it is a great, bearer. Ripe
about the middle of September.

d lie Apricot Plum is large, round, and yellow,
and is covered with a white bloom. The flefii is
firm, parts from the ftone, and has a fweet fla¬
vour. Ripe foon after the former.

, X ne Maitre Vlauue , as it is called in England,
iS a middle-fized Plum, oi a line mixed colour
between red and yellow, and is of a roundifh
figure. X he fiefh is firm, parts from the ftone,
and has a good flavour. Ripe in September.

The

240 STONE F R U I T.

The Red Diaper is a large, round Plum, of a
redd ill. >_oiour, covered with a violet bloom. The
fleih has a very high flavour, and flicks to the
Font. Ripe about the middle of September.

The Small Queen Claude is a round, whitilh-yel-
low Plum, covered with a pearl-coloured bloom.
The flcin is thick, firm, parts from theftone, and
the jl. ce is richly fugared. Ripe with the former.

The Large Queen Claude is a middling-fized,
round, yellowilh green fruit. The flefh is firm,
of a dark green colour, parts from the ftone, and
the juice has an exceeding rich flavour. This is
orten confounded with the Green Gage, but it is a

better Plum. Ripe about the middle of Sep¬
tember.

The Myrobalan is a round, middle-fized Plum,
of a dark purple colour, powdered with a violet
bloom, rhe juice is fweet, and it is ripe early in
September.

The Date Plum too is of a middle-fize, but
rather inclining to oblong. The flcin is of a
fine yellow, and frequently marked with bright
red fpots. The fhady fide is green, with a white
bloom. Ripe in September. ■ '

The Cloth of Gold is a rounder Plum than the
former, and more Freaked with red. The flefh
is yellow, and full of an excellent rich juice. Ripe
about the middle of September.

The St. Catharine is an oval fruit, a little flatted.
The flcin is of an amber colour, covered with a
whitifh bloom ; but the fieih is of a bright yellow,
firm, flicks to the Fone, and has an agreeable,
fweet flavour. Ripe juF after the former.

The Royal Plum is a large, ova! fruit, and
pointed at the Falk. It is of a light red colour,
covered with a whitifh bloom. The flefh flicks

%

, , -TT., - X ,-■» ■

/

STONE FRUIT. 241

to the (lone, and has a pleafant, fugary juice.
Ripe towards the end of September.

The Brignole is a large, oval Plum, of a yel-
lowifli colour, mixed with red. The flefh is of a
bright yellow, is dry, but of an excellent tafle.
Ripe about the middle of September.

Th e Emprefs is rather a large, oval Plum, of a
violet colour, and thickly covered with a whitifh
bloom. The flefh is yellow, flicks to the ftone,
and has a very agreeable flavour. Ripe at the
end of September.

The Late Red Damajk is a middling- fized Plum,
of an oval form. It is of a deep red on the funny-
fide, and of a pale one on the other. The flefh is
yellowifh, melting, and of a good flavour. Ripe
late in September.

The Wentworth is a large, oval Plum, of a yellow
colour, and much refembles the Bonuyn-magniitrii
The flefh is yellow, parts from the ftone, and has
a fharp, acid tafte. It ripens at the end of Sep¬
tember, and is principally ufed for tarts.

The Bricette is a fmall, yellowifh-green Plum,
powdered with a white bloom. The flefh is yellow,
iweet, but of a fiattifh flavour. Ripe the begin¬
ning of October.

The White Pear Plum is a rather longifh, white
fruit, of an unpleafant, acid flavour, and therefore
not proper to eat raw, but is a good fruit for pre-

ferving. It comes fo late that it feldom ripens

Well.

The Mufcle is an oblong, pointed Plum, of a
dark blue colour, i he ftone is large, and the flefh
thin. There are feveral forts of the Mufcle Plum,
as the Black, the Red, and the White, but they
have all but an indelicate flavour.

The St, Julian is a fmall, dark violet-coloured

R Plum,

r

242 STONE FRUIT.

Plum, covered with a mealy bloom. The flefh
flicks to the ftone, and in fine autumns the fruit
will dry upon the trees. Thefe laft three forts
are railed more for flocks to bud upon, than for
their fruits.

8 Prunus infititia. The Bullace - tree.
Lin. Sp. pl. 680.

Pruna fylveflria prtecocia. Bauh. Pin.

444*

This grows wild in our hedges. The
flowers are moftly produced two together.
The leaves are more oval than thofe of the
domejiica, are downy underneath, and the
edges are rolled inward. The branches are
a little fpiny. The Black Bullace is too
well known to require a defcription. There
are two varieties of it, the Red and the
White Bullace.

9 Rhamnus zizyphus. Common Ju¬
jube. Lin. Sp. pi. 282.

Jujuba fylveftris. Bauh . Pin. 446.

The Common Jujube is a native of the
warm parts of Europe. It hath a ftiff
woody ftem, which divides into many ir¬
regular branches, fet with eredt fpines in
pairs. The leaves are of an oblong-oval
form, fmooth, and flightly ferrated on the
edges ; they are about two inches long, and
Rand upon fhort footftalks. The flowers
are produced by two or three at a place;

c are

*

I

m

STONE FRUIT.

are yellowitb, funnel-fhaped, have no calyx,
and are cut into five fegments at their brims.
.Each includes five awl - fhaped ftamina,
fartened to the bafe of the petal, and two
ilender fiyles, crowned with two obtufe
fiigmata. The gertnen becomes an oval
Plum, inclofing a ftone with two cells, each
having an oblong feed.

The fruit are about the fize of Olives, of
a yellowiih red colour, fweetijfh, and a little
clammy. In the winter feafon they are
ferved up at table in Spain and Italy, as a
dry fweetmeat. They were formerly kept
in the lliops, by the name of Jujubes, and
ijood recommended againlf coughs, afth-
tnas, pleurities, and heat of urine ; but are
feldom to be met with at prefent.

SECT. II.

Stone Fruit Exotic .

us icaco. Cocoa Plum.

2 Coccoloba uvifera. Sea-fule Grape,
or Sea-Jide Mangrove.

3 Cordia myxa. Clujlered Sebejten, or

AJJyrian Plum.

4 Coraia febeftena. Rough-leaved Sebejlen.

5 Corypha umbraculifera. Umbrella Palm.

6 Elais guineenfis. Oil Palm.

R 2

7 Eugenia

4

4.

♦

(• j

4) il>! •* ! j [M

: J , h, :

STONE FRUIT

7 Eugenia jambos. Malabar Plum..

8 Grias cauliflora. Anchovy Pear.

9 Laurus perfea. Avigato Pear.

10 Mangifera indica. Mango-tree.

11 Phoenix dactylifera. Common Date.

12 Rhamnus jujuba. Indian "jujube.

13 Spondias lutea. Yellow jarnaica Plum.

1 Chrysobalanus icaco. Cocoa Plum.
Lin . Sp. pi. 681.

This tree is a native of South America,
growing there in many parts near the fea.
It is a fhrubby plant, not riling more than
eight or ten feet high, and fending out
many fide branches, covered with a dark
brown bark, fpotted with white ; thefe are
furnifhed with ftift, rough leaves, which
are fnipped at their ends into the form of
an inverted heart, and Hand in an alternate
order on fhort footftalks. Both at the
wings of the leaves, and divifions of the
branches, the flowers are produced in loofe
panicles. They are fmall and white, confifl:
of a bell-lhaped calyx each, cut into five
fpreading parts at the brim, containing five
oblong petals, inferred by their bales into
the calyx. The ftamina are ten, or more,
tipped with yellow fummits j thefe furround
a long ftyle, fitting upon an oval germen,
and crowned with an obtufe ftigma.

The fruit are about the iize of fmall
Olives, and of various colours, fome being

wh i ti ill.

STONE

F R U I T.

245

whitifh, fame brown, fome blue, and others
blackiih. The ftone is fhaped like a pear,
and has five longitudinal furrows. The
Plums have a fweet lufcious tafte, and are
brought to the tables of the inhabitants
where they grow, by whom they are much
efteemed.

2 Coccoloba uvifera. Sea- fide Grape.
Lin. Sp. pi. 523.

Populus americana rotundifolia. Bauh.
Pin. 430: v

The Sea-fde Grape grows upon the fandy
fhores of moffc of the Weft India ifiands,
where it fends up many woody ftems, eight
or ten feet high, covered with a brown
fmooth bark, and furnifhed with thick,
veined, fhining orbicular leaves, five or fix
inches diameter, ftanding upon fhort foot-
ftalks. The fi owers come out at the wings
of the ftalks, in racetni of five or fix inches
long ; they are whitifh, have no petals, but
each is compofed of a monophyllous calyx,
cut at the brim into five oblong, obtufe feg-

o J o

ments, which fpread open, continue, and
furround leven or eight awl-fhaped ftamina,
and three ftiort ftyles, crowned with liir.ple
ftigmata. The germen is oval, and becomes
a flefhy fruit, wrapped round by the calyx,
and includes an oval nut, or ftone.

Thefe Plums are about the lize of Goofe-
berneSj of a purple red colour, and a tole-

R 3 rable

mm

12m

< + S/tuii > • 1'J :!>*-*

STONE FRUIT.

rable good flavour. There are Tome other
fpecies of this genus whofe fruits are eaten
by the inhabitants where they grow, but
they are fmaller, and not fo well Rafted.

3 Cor d i a myxa. AJJ'yrian Plum. Lin .
Sp. pi.

Sebeftena lylveftris et domeftica. Baub.
Pin. 446.

The Cultivated. Sebejlen grows wild in
Aflyria and Egypt, and alfo on the coaft of
Malabar. It riles to the height of a mid¬
dling Plum-tree, and its branches are fur-
nifhed with oval, woolly leaves, Handing
without order. The flowers are produced
in bunches, are white, and confift of one
tubular petal, and a like calyx, nearly of an
equal length, and both are cut into five
parts at their brims. In their centre are
five very imall Aamina, and one {lender
Ayle, crowned with an obtufe ftigma. The
germen is roundilh, and fwells to a Plum
of the lame form, and about the fi^e of a
Damfon, ol a dark brown colour, a fweet
tafte, and very glutinous.

Thefe Plums were formerly kept in the
fhops, and were accounted good for ob-
tunding acrimony, and thereby flopping
defluxions of rheum upon the lungs ; but
at prelent they are little ufed for thefe pur-
poles.

In fome parts of Turky they cultivate

this

-ex

STONE FRUIT. 247

this tree in great abundance, not only for
the fake of the fruit to eat, but to make
bird-lime of, which is a vaft article of trade
in a town called Seid.

4 Cordia febeftena. Rough-leaved Se-
bejien. Lin. Sp.pl. 271.

Cordia foliis amplioribus hirtis, tubo
floris fubaequali. Browne’s Jam. 202.

This grows naturally in both the Indies,
and fends forth feveral fhrubby ftalks eight
or ten feet high. The young leaves are
ferrated, but the full grown ones are not.
They are of an oblong-oval form, rough, of
a deep green on the upper fide, and ftand
alternately on fhort footftalks. The flowers
terminate the branches in large clufters,
are nearly of the fliape and colour of thofe
of the Marvel of Peru, and make a moft
beautiful appearance. Each has five fta-
mina, and one bifid flyle. The Plums are
much of the fliape of thofe of the myxa, and
are eaten in the fame manner.

The fruit of this tree is lefs valuable than
the wood, a fmall piece of which thrown
upon a clear fire will perfume a room with

a moft agreeable odour.

v

5 Corypha umbraculifera. Umbrella

Balm. Lin. Sp. pi. 16 57.

Palma montana, folio plicatili flabelli-

R 4 formi

\ '

s

248 STONE FRUIT.

form! maximo femel tantum frugifera,

Pali Hi/i. 1363.

This is a fpecies of Palm, and a native of
India, where it is called Codda-pana, It
riles to a confiderable height, and produces
at the top many large palmated, plaited
leaves, the lobes of which are very long,
and are placed regularly round the end of a
long lpiny footftalk, in a manner reprefent-
ing a large umbrella. The flowers are pro¬
duced on a branched fpadix, from a com¬
pound fpatha or iheath ; they are herma¬
phrodite, and each* confifts of one petal, di¬
vided into three oval parts, and contains flx
awl-fhaped ftamina, furrounding a fhort
blender ftyle, crowned with a Ample ftig-
ma. The germen is nearly round, and be¬
comes a large globular fruit of one cell, in¬
cluding a large round ftone. Thefe Plums
having a pleafant flavour are held in efteem
by the Indians,

6 Elais guineenfis. Oil Palm. Lin.
Syjt. Nat. 730.

Palma frondibus pinnatis ubique aculeatis
nigricantibus, frudtu majore. Mill. Didl.

This too is a fpecies of Palm, and grows
fpontaneoufly on the coaft of Guinea, but is
much cultivated in the Weft-Indies. It
riles to forty or fifty feet high, bearing at
the top many winged leaves, the lobes of

which

mm

\ '

STONE FRUIT. 249

which are long, narrow and flexible. The
footftalks of the leaves clafp the ftem with
their broad bafes, from which they regularly
diminifh upward, and are all the way fet
with ftrong, recurved, blackilh fpines. The
flowers are male and female in feparate
bunches, and come out between the leaves j
thofe of the male are monopetalous, cut at
their brim into fix fegments, and each has
a fix-leaved calyx ; in the centre are fix
flender Ramina longer than the petal. The
females have likewife a fix-leaved calyx and
fix diftindl petals, including three ftigmata.
The germen is oval, and fwells to a fruit
fomewhat bigger than an Olive of a yellow
colour, and contains a Rone with three
valves.

Thefe fruits are copioufly flored with a
fweet lufcious oil, which the Indians are
very fond of, and their manner of extract¬
ing it, is to roafi the fruit in the embers,
and then fuck the oil out of them. But for
the purpofe of keeping, they draw the oil
in the fame manner as the Europeans do that
of Ol ives, and ufe it in diet as we do butter.
It is of the confidence of an ointment, of an
orange colour, a pleafant tafte, of no dif-
agreeable fmell, and enters our materia me¬
dico. as an emollient, and a ftrengthener of
all kind of weaknefs of the limbs. <j It alfo
Rands recommended againfi bruifes, drains,
cramps, pains, fwellings, &c.

The

I

250 STONE FRUIT.

The Indians anoint their bodies with this
oil, not only to prevent a too plentiful per-
fpi ration, but to fupple their ftiffened fibres,
and to render their fkins foft and fleek.
The Hones of the fruit contain agreeable-
flavoured kernels, which the Negroes fcoop
out, and then firing the fhells in the manner
ol beads, in order to wear about their necks.
This is a valuable tree do the inhabitants,
for befides the benefits already mentioned to
accrue from it, they alfo extradt a liquor
from the body, which they ferment into an
intoxicating drink, called Palm-wine.

7 Eugenia jambos. Malabar Plum.
Lin. Sp. pi. 672.

Perfici ofiiculo frudfus malaccenfis ex can-
dido rubefcens.- Bauh. Pin. 441.

Thi's is a very tall tree, and a native of
India. The body is covered with a greyifh
bark, and it fends out many fpreading
branches, in the manner of the Walnut.
The leaves are oblong, entire, fharp-point-
ed, of a deep green on their upper fide,
of a pale one underneath, and are five or fix
inches long. The flowers come forth at
the ends of the twigs, on branched pedun¬
cles. Each is compofed of a monophyllous
calyx, cut into four obtufe fegments; and
four oblong, obtufe petals, twice the
length of the calyx, with many ftamina in-
ferted into them. The germen is feated

underneath %

STONE FRUIT. 251

underneath ; it is top-fhaped, fupports a
ftyle longer than the ftamina, and becomes
a fruit about the iize of a fmall Pear, hav¬
ing one cell, containing a roundifh hone.

The fruit vary in their colour from a flefh
to a dark red, and fmell like Rofes. On the
coaft of Malabar, where the trees grow plen¬
tifully, thefe plums are in great efteem.
They are not only eaten frefh off the trees,
but are preferved with fugar, in order to
have them at table at all times in the year.
Ot the flowers they make a conferve, as we
do of Rofes, which is ufed medically for
the fame purpofes as the latter is.

8 Grias cauliflora. Anchovy Pear. Lin .

Sp.pl. 72 2.

Calophylluni foliis tripedalibus obovatis,
floribus per caulem et ramos fparfis. Brownes
"Jatn. 245. <

The Anchovy Pear is a native of Jamai¬
ca. The leaves are nearly oval, and about
three feet long. It hath a ftraight Item,
upon the upper part of which come forth
the flowers, each compofed of a monophyl-
lous calyx, containing four roundifh, ft iff,
concave petals, and many briftly ftamina,
inferted into the calyx. The germen is de-
sreffed, funk in the calyx, has no ftyle,
3Ut fupports a crofs-fhaped ftigma. The
fruit is large, and contains a ftone with eight
furrows. 0

Thefe

. ■■ % - • l

. - . v . : ■■ : &

252 STONE F R U I T.

Theie fruits are eaten by the inhabitants,
but theix flavour or quality I know nothin?
of. °

9 Laurus perfea. Avigato Pear. Lin ,
Sp. pi. 529.

Pyro fimilis fruttus in Nova Hifpania,
nucleo magno. Bauh. Pin. 439.

The Avigato Pear is a native of the Weft-
India Iflanas, and is a large tree, growin /r
thirty or forty feet high. The trunk is co¬
vered with a lmooth afh-coloured bark, and
the branches are furnilhed with large leaves
like thole of Laurel, but of a tougher tex¬
ture; theie are of a deep green colour, and
continue the year through. The flowers
are moldy produced near the extremities of
the branches ; they are of a dirty yellow
colour, and agreeable fmell, have no calyx,
but each is compofed of fix oval, fharp-
pointed, fpreading petals, furrounding nine
ftamina, (three of which are often imper¬
fect) about half the length of the petals,
and one fhort fly le. The germen is Pear-
fhaped, and fwells to a large flelhy fruit of
the fame form, covered with a ftron?, tough
fkin or fliell, which is fmooth, of a beau¬
tiful green at firff, but when ripe of a yel¬
low colour, and contains a pale green pulp,
tnat melts in the mouth like marrow, which
it greatly refembles in flavour, and is very
nourifhing. Dr. Bancroft fays it is the moil
* ' nutritious

1

■MMM Ma

STONE FRUIT. 25 3

nutritious of all the tropical fruits. With¬
in is a large, roundifh, ruflet- coloured
wrinkled nut, without any kernel.

Though this tree is faid to be a native
of the Weft-Indies, yet it is probable it
was originally brought thither from New
Spain, where it grows in great abundance,
and is of great ule to the inhabitants. The
unripe fruit have but little tafte, neverthe-
lefs, they being very falubrious, and of a
refrefhing comfortable nature, are frequently
brought to table, and eaten with fait and
pepper. The failors, when they arrive at
the Havanna and thole parts, purchafe
plenty of thefe fruits, and chopping them
into fmall pieces with green Capficums and
-a little fait, regale themfelves moft heartily
with them.

As the pulp is very foft and delicious in
the ripe fruit, the inhabitants often break
the (hells and fcoop out the marrow with a
tea-fpoon ; but the moft common method
is to lerve it up to table on a plate, mixed
with fugar, rofe- water, and the juice of
Limes, which render it quite delicate, and
in this form it warms and fortifies the fto-

mach, and is counted good againft dyfen-
teries.

Of the buds of this tree a ptifan is made;
which is deemed excellent a^ainfl the vene¬
real diftafe ; ancl an infufion of them, dranlc
in a morning fading, is ftrongly recom¬
mended

254 STONE FRUIT.

mended for diflodging coagulated blood in
the ftomach, produced there by means of a
itroke or fall. The wild hogs greedily de¬
vour the fruit of this .tree, and thofe of the
Mammea, which give their fleih a moft
agreeable and lufcious flavour.

4

io Mangifera indica. Mango-tree i
hm. Sp. pi. 290.

Perficaj flmilis putamine villofo. Bauh.
Pin. 440.

The Mango-tree grows naturally on the
coafl: of Malabar, but is cultivated almofl:
all over Afia. It is a large fpreading tree,
having the branches thickly fet with long,
narrow leaves, fomewhat refembling thofe
of the Peach, but larger. The flowers come
out in compound racemi, are compofed of
flve white, fpear-fliaped petals each, fur¬
rounding five awl-fiiaped flamina, longer
than the petals, and tipped with heart-
Ihaped fummits. The germen is roundilh,
lupports one fiender ftyle, crowned with a
Ample fligma, and fwells to a kind of kid-
ney-fliaped fruit, about the flze of a Peach,
and covered with a foft downy fkin of like
nature.

Thefe fruits when ripe are juicy, of a good
flavour, and are fo fragrant, as to perfume
the air to a confiderable diftance. They
are eaten either raw, or preferved with fu-
gar.*- Their tafte is fo lufcious that they

foon

t

STONE FRUIT. 255

foon pall the appetite. The unripe fruits
are pickled in the milk of the Cocoa Nut
that has flood till four with fait, Caplicum,
and garlick, and thus managed they are eat¬
en in the manner of Mango, and are faid to
have a pleafant flavour.

11 Phoenix dadylifera. Common Date.
Lin. Sj>. pi. 1658.

Palma dadylifera major vulgaris. Sloan.
Jam. 174.

The Date- tree is a fpecies of Palm, and
grows plentifully in Africa and moll parts of
India. It hath a fort of pithy trunk, which
in fome places rifes to near an hundred feet..
This is round, ftraight, and fludded with
protuberances, which are the veftiges of de¬
cayed leaves ; for as the tree advances in
height, the old leaves fall off. When the
tree is arrived to a bearing ftate, the leaves
at the top are fix or eight feet long, extend¬
ing all round like an umbrella, and regu¬
larly bending towards the earth. They
are pinnated, with lobes near a yard long,
about an inch broad, fharpilh pointed, and
of a bright green colour. The trees are
male and female in diftind plants. The
flowers of both come out between the
leaves ; thofe of the male are produced on a
long branched fpadix, ifluing from a large
Ipatha, and are compofed of a fmall tripar¬
tite

1

256 STONE FRUIT.

... i

tite * calyx, containing three oval, white
petals, and three very fhort ftamina, tipped
with long, four-fquare fummits. The fe¬
male flowers come out in the fame manner
as the former, and much referable them,
but have a roundith germen, fupporting a
ihort ftyle, crowned with an acute ftigma.
When thefe fall they are fucceeded by fruit
about the lize of Olives, but of different
carts and colours on the outfide, and con¬
tain a yellowifh, agreeable-flavoured pulp,
in the midft of which is a round, hard rtone,
of an arti-colour, and marked with deep fur¬
rows.

Unripe Dates are rather rough and aftrin-
gent, but when they are perfe&ly matured,
they are much of the nature of the Fig.
The Senegal Dates are deemed the belt,
they having a more fugary agreeable flavour
than thofe produced at Egypt, and other
places. This tree is of ineftimable value to
the inhabitants where it grows, almoft every
part ferving fome ceconomical purpofe. Dr.
Haflelquift’s relation of it is as follows :

“ In Upper Egypt many families fubfift
almoft entirely upon Dates; in Lower E-
gypt they do not eat fo many, rather choof-
ing to fell them. The Egyptians make a
conferve with frefti Dates, mixing them

* Cut into three parts.

with

■■

STONE FRUIT. 257

with fugar ; this has an agreeable tafle.
The kernels of the Dates are as hard as
horn, and no one would imagine that any
animal would eat them. But the Egyp¬
tians break them, and grind them in their
mills, and, for want of better food, give
them to their Camels, who eat them. In
Barbary, they turn beads for pater-nofters,
of thefe Hones. Of the leaves they make
balkets, or fhort bags, which are ufed in
Turkey, on journies, or in their houfes.
In Egypt they make fly-flaps of them, con¬
venient enough to drive away thefe nume¬
rous infedts, which much incommode a man
in this country. I have likewife feen brushes
made of them, with which they clean their
foffas and cloaths. The hard boughs they
ufe -for fences round their gardens, and
cages to keep their fowls in, with which
they carry on a great traffick. They alfo
ufe the boughs for other things in hufband-
ry, inftead of wood, which they are defli-
tute of. The trunk or Hem is fplit, and
ufed for the fame purpofes as the branches;
they even ufe it for beams to build houfes,
as they are flrong enough for fmall buildings.
It is likewife ufed for firing, where there is
want of. better. The integument, which
covers the tree between the boughs, entirely
refembles a web, and has threads, which
fun perpendicularly and horizontally over
©ne another; this is of considerable ufe in

S Egypt,

. .■ r .v ,

-5&.A

vEyzjyftiffci

^■m

STONE FRUIT.

::Cj

Egypt, for of it they make all the rope they
ufe to their cifterns, &c. They have alfo
rigging of the fame kind for their fmaller
veffels it is pretty drong and lading.
They reckon in Egypt, that Date - trees
afford to their owners a Sequin * annually
of profit for each tree. It is common to
fee two, three, or four hundred fruit¬
bearing trees all belonging to one family,
and one may fometimes fee three or four
thoufand in the poffeffion of one man,
which, at the above rate, bring in a confi-
derable revenue to their owner, for the lit¬
tle fpot of ground they occupy. A full
grown Date-tree does not, at mod, take up
above four feet in diameter, fo that they
may be planted within eight feet of each
other.”

The Date-tree, as has been fhewn in the
defcription, is male and female in aidind
plants, and the hufbandry pradifed by the
cultivators of thefe trees, in order to be
fure of a crop, is one of the main pillars
that fupport the fexual fydem ; for, un-
lefs the dowers of the female be impreg¬
nated by thole of the male, the crop will be
very fcanty, and the quality of the fruit in¬
ferior, nor will the dones of fuch Dates
vegetate when fown. It greatly behoves

* A Sequin in Egypt is worth about nine (hillings fterling,
and allowing nine feet for every tree (which is one foot more
than Hafielquid mentions) an acre of land would contain
1613 trees, and produce to the owner 725 pounds annually.

female

STONE FRUIT. 259

the hufbandman, therefore, to fee that his
female trees are plentifully fupplied with
the farina of the male, and as the manner
of performing this is curious, and may be
new to many readers. Dr. Haflelquift’s re¬
lation of it may not prove unacceptable. In
a letter to Dr. Linnaeus, dated at Alexandria,

- “ The firft thing I did, fays he, after

my arrival in Egypt, was to fee the Date-
tree ; the ornament, and a great part of the
riches of this country. It had already blof-
fomed, but I had, neverthelefs, the pleafure
of feeing in what manner the Arabs affift
its fecundation, which is as follows : when
the fpadix, or receptacle of the Date, bears
female flowers, they fearch on a male Date-
tree for a fpadix, which has not yet burft,
or been protruded from its fheath 5 this they
open, take out its fpadix, and cut it length¬
ways in feveral pieces, taking care not to
hurt the flowers; a piece of this fpadix
with male flowers, is put lengthways be¬
tween the fmall branches of the fpadix with
female flowers, over which is laid a Date-
leaf. In this fituation I yet faw the greatefl
part of the fpadices, or heads of flowers,
which bore their young fruit; but the
male flowers, which were intermingled
with the female, were withered. The Arab,
who informed me of thefe particulars, gave
me likewife the following anecdotes. Firft,
unlefs they wed, and fecundate the Date-

a6o

STONE FRUIT.

tree in this manner, it bears no fruit
Secondly, they always take the precaution to
preferve tome unopened fpaths with male
flowers, from one year to another, to be
applied for this purpofe, in cafe the male
flowers fhould mifcarry, or fuffer damage.
Thirdly, if they permit the fpadix of the
male flowers to burft, or come out, it be¬
comes ufelefs for fecundation : it mart have
the maidenhead, fay the Arabs, which is
loft in the fame moment the bloffoms burft
out of their cafe. The perfon, therefore,
who cultivates Date-trees, muft be careful
to hit the proper time of alfifting their
fecundation, which is almoft the only ar¬
ticle in their cultivation.”

12 Rhamnus jujuba. Indian Jujube.
Lin. Sp. pi. 282.

The Indian Jujube is a fmaller tree than
the Zizyphus, defcribed in the laft Sect.
The branches of this are covered with a
yellowifti bark, and the fpines are bent, and
ftand fingly, whereas thofe of the Zizyphus
are ftraight, and placed two together. The
leaves are almoft round, woolly underneath,

* This muft be under flood, that it bears no fruit of a
^ood quality, and fuch as the feeds will not vegetate when
fown, by reafon they want the punSium <vitre, the fame as
eggs laid without the alMance of acock; which, though
they may appear perfect in every refpctt, yet wanting tne
fpeck of life, can never be brought one jot the forwarder by
the incubation of the hen.

and

I

STONE FRUIT. 261

and notched at the footftalks. The flowers
come out in clufters, feme having two
Ryles, others only one. The fruit are al-
2110ft globular, and have been by many fup-
pofed to be the true Sebeften of the (hops,
but Linnaeus and his difciples have amply
proved the contrary, and fhewn that the
fliop Sebeften is the fr.uit of the Zizyphus .

* s i

13 Spondias lutea. Yellow "Jamaica
Plum. Lin. Sp.pl. 613.

Spondias foliis plurimis pinnatis ovatis,
racemis terminalibus, cortice interno ru-
bente. Browne' s Jam. 229.

This tree is a native of America, and it
is highly probable it grows alfo in the Eaft
Indies. It is of fmall ftature, feldom riling
more than twelve or fourteen feet, breaking
into many branches, which are furnifhed
with pinnated leaves, compofed of a great
number of ferrated pinnae, placed alternately
along the midrib, which is terminated by
an odd one. The flowers are produced at
the ends of the branches, in long racemi,
they are of a pale yellow colour, and each
confilis of a fort of bell-fhaped calyx, cut
into five fegments, together with five oblong,
plain, fpreading petals, furrounding ten
briftly ftamina, fhorter than the petals, and
five fihort, perpendicular flyles, crowned
with obtuie ftigmata. The gerrnen is oval,
and becomes an oblong fruit, of a pafe

3 yellow

262

STONE FRUIT.

yellow colour, covered with a mealy farina,
and contains a woody, fibrous fione, having
five cells.

Thefe Plums have a fweet lufcious tafte.
but are thinly furnifhed with flefli, other-
wife they would be much more valued ;
they are, however, in general erteem among
the inhabitants of the Weft India iflands,
and are of great ufe to the hogs, being their
principal food all -the time they are in,
l'eafon.

It is probable thefe Plums were one of
the forts of Myrobalans formerly kept in
the (hops, which confifted of five different
fpecies. There is another tree of this genus,
natural to the Eaft Indies, and differs little
from this, but in the colour of the fruit,
which is purple, and therefore it is not un¬
likely but this was another of the fhop My¬
robalans, as one fort of them was of this
colour.

I %

C I-I A P.

[ 263 -] ' ■

C II A P. VII

ESCULENT APPLES*.

4

SECT. I.

Apples of Herbaceous Plants.

1

U C U M I S melo. Mujk Melon.

I - - melo albus. Spanifh

White Melon. .

- melo Icevis. Smooth, green-

fiefhed Melon.

- melo flavus. Yellow Winter

Melon.

- - ?nelo parvus. Small Portugal

Mulk Melon.

- melo pilofus. Hairy -fkinned

Melon.

— - melo reticulatus. Netted-

Ikinned Melon.

- - melo Jlriatus. Late fmall

ftriated Melon.

^ *

— ~ - - melo tuberofus. Warted Can-

taleupe.

* Linnaeus defines an Apple to be a pulpy feed-vefTel,
without a valve ; and containing within it a membranous
capfule* with feveral cells to receive the feeds.

#

Cucumis

264 apples.

Cucumis melo turbinatus . Top-lhaned
Melon. V

' tnelo virens. Green rinded

Melon.

' *" r

2 Cucumis chate. Egyptian Melon.

3 Cucumis fativus. Common prickly Cu¬

cumber.

~~ ■ fativus albus. White prickly

Cucumber. . ,

- - fativus longus. Long prickly

Cucumber.

4 Cucumis flexuofus. Green Turkey Cu¬

cumber.

- flexuofus albus. White Tur-*

key Cucumber.

5 Cucurbita lagenaria, Bottle Gourd.

6 Cucurbita citrullus. Water Melon.

7 Cucurbita pepo. Common Pompion.
- pepo oblongus . Long Pompion,

8 Cucurbita verrucofa. Warted Gourd.

9 Cucurbita melopepo. The Squaflo, or

Melon Gourd.

10 Melothria pendula. Small Creeping Cu¬
cumber.

1 Cucumis melo. Mufk Melon. Lin.
Sp. pi. 1436. •

Melo vul garis. Baub. Pin. 310.

What particular country the Mufk Melon
is a native of is not known, but it is now
cultivated in almoft every part of Europe.
The varieties mentioned in the lift are the

moft

■

•• o.--- *v.i. . -

If

*

' < APPLES. 265

f > \ 1. *

tnoft diftinguifhed ones, but Tome of them
are not worth the expence of railing. The
fmall Portugal Melon is a tolerable good
one, and is the more to be efteemed becaufe
it comes early, and is a plentiful bearer.

The Cantaleupe is a middle-fized fruit, of
a roundifh form, the outer coat is ftudded
with rough knobs, or protuberances like
warts, the flelh is generally of an orange co¬
lour, of a delicious' flavour, and may be
eaten in coniiderable quantities, without
hurt to the ftomach, which is" not the cafe
of moll of the other forts. The Dutch are
fo fond of this that they pay little regard to
any other, and by the way of pre-eminence,
call it only Cantaleupe, not joining Melon
to it. It takes its name from a place called
Cantaleupe, about fourteen miles from Rome
where it is greatly cultivated, and where
the Pope has a country-feat. But Miller
fays it was firfl: brought thither from that
part of Armenia, bordering on Perfia, in
which place it is produced in -fuch plenty,
that a horfe-load is fometimes fold for a
French crown.

' . . L : ; .... v

2 Cucumis chate. Egyptian Melon. Lin .

Sp-pl. 1437.

^ Cucumis /Egyptius rotundifolius. Bau/j.
P in . 210.

Fdis is an annual, and grows fponta-
neoufly in Egypt, It hath long procum¬
bent,

266

APPLES.

bent, obfolete angled ftalks, which put
forth clafpers, and are furnifhed with ere<ft,
pellucid, white hairs. The leaves are almoft
round, and, like the ftalks, are covered with
a plulh of foft white hairs. The fruit alio
is hairy, long, tapering, and thefteih almoft
of the fame confidence as that of other
Melons. Miller reports that it is of an in¬
lipid tafte, and not worth cultivating ; pro¬
bably it may be fo here, for want of proper
management, or a natural foil and climate ;
but in Egypt it is, in fo much efteem, as to
have obtained the name of Queen of Cucum¬
bers. The tafte is fweet, and a little wa¬
tery. Haftelquift aflerts, that the Grandees
and Europeans in Egypt, eat thefe as the
moft pleafant and refreihing fruit they have,
and thofe from which they have the leaft to
apprehend ■, that they are the moft excel¬
lent of this tribe of any yet known, .and that
the Nobles of Europe might wifh them at
their tables.

The plant is found in the fertile plains
round Cairo, after the inundation of the
Nile, and not in any other place in Egypt,
nor in any other foil.

3 Cucumis fativus, Common Cucumber.
Lin. Sp. pi. 1 437-

Cucumis fativus vulgaris. Baub. Pin.

3*°*, " . '

The Common Cucumber is another of thole

plants

.

I ■, \ ,:v *

■BMMd

I

APPLE S. 267

plants whofe native country is not known.
It is univerfallv cultivated in all the four
quarters of the globe. The methods of eat¬
ing the fruit here are too well known to
require any thing faid about them, but in
Egypt they have one perhaps peculiar to
themfelves : this is to fcoop out the chief
of the flefh, and fill the fhell with flelh and
aromatic herbs, and then boil it in the
manner of a pudding, which is faid to be
extremely palatable, and latisfadtory. In
fome parts of the Eaft they boil the fruit
whole, and eat them with fait and vinegar.
The feeds of Cucumbers, and thofe of the
Melon, are two of the greater cold feeds,
are deemed balfamic, cooling, and emol¬
lient, and are prefcribed amongft diuretics.

4 Cucumis flexuofus. Green ’Turkey
Cucumber. Lin. Sp. pi. 1437.

Cucumis oblongus. Bauh, Hijl. II.
p. 247. - .

This is fuppofed to be a native of India.
The ldalks and leaves are longer than thofe
of the former, and the fruit are fmooth,
and generally double the length of the
Common Cucumber. The variety, called the
IV bite Turkey, is lefs watery than the green,
and therefore is more generally efteemed ;
but the belt forts are counted unwhole-
fome, and by their coldnefs, apt to difpofe
the blood to putrid fermentations, and lay
6 the

268 A P P L E S.

the foundation of many of thofe malignant
fevers, which often appear in autumn. To
prevent thefe effects, therefore, they fhould
always be eaten with plenty of fait, pepper,
and vinegar. ™

5 Cucurbit a lagenaria. Bottle Gourd,
hin. Sp.pl. 1434.

Cucurbita oblonga, flore albo, folio molli.
Bauh. Pin. 313.

The Bottle Gourd is a native of America,
and is there much cultivated. This is the
moft conftant fpecies of the genus, in regard
to the form ol its fruit. When the plant
is in a foil that fuits it, the ftalks run to a
prodigious length, and are covered with a
line, l'oft, hairy down. The leaves are large,
heart-fhaped, toothed on their edges, with
two glands each at their bafe, and woolly
like the ftalks. The flowers are bell-fhaped",
are large and white, have reflexed brims,
and are fupported on long peduncles. The
fruit is pear-fhaped, moftly a little bent in-,
wards, and when ripe, the rind is woody,
and of a pale yellow colour.

In both the Indies this plant is much
cultivated, and the fruit fold in the markets
for the table. In thefe parts they make a
principal part of the food of the common
people, for three or four months fucceffively.
The inhabitants boil and eat them with vi¬
negar. 'JTe large full grown fruit they
. . • frequently

I

BHHBHBEBHHHHbH

f

APPLES. 269

frequently fcoop, and filling the lhells with
meat and rice, boil them as a pudding.
Thefe (hells being hard and ligneous, ferve
them for funnels, and many other houfhold
utenfils.

1

6 Cucurbita citrullus. Water Melon.

Lin. Sp. pi. 1 435-

Anguria Citrullus diCta. Bauh.Ptn. 3x2.

The Water Melon is a native of the fouth-
ern parts of Italy, and y

cultivated there and other parts of Europe,
but alfo in Alia, Africa and America. It is
an annual plant, and varies very much in
the fize, fhape, and colour of both its fruit
and the feeds ■, the latter are black in fome,
red in others, and the flefh yellow or red.
The leaves are cut and divided into many
parts, even almoft to the midrib. The poor
people in Perfia, and the Levant, live almoft
entirely upon thefe, Mulk Melons, Cu¬
cumbers, and milk, during the hot months.
They are cooling, diuretic, and very whole-
fome, if ufed in moderation. In Egypt,
fays Haflelquift, they furnifh the inhabitants
with meat, drink, and phyfic. When the
fruit is perfectly ripe, they make a hole in
it, where the juice foon collecting, affords
them a hearty draught; and in burning
fevers, this liquor is mixed with rofe-water,
and a little fugar, and given the patient with
great fuccefs. The unripe fruit are eaten
7 with

with bread, when in feafon, and by the
common people counted their bed; provifion,
as they are obliged to put up with worfe
fare all the remaining part of the year. Not¬
withstanding this, Grangers Should be cau¬
tious of making too free with them at firft,
efpecially in the heat of the day, as they are
apt to chill the blood too much, and thereby
occafion cholics and violent duxes.

7 Cucurbita pepo. Common Pompion.
Ltn. Sp. pi. 1435.

Cucurbita major rotunda, dore iateo,
folio aSpero. Bauh. Pin. 213.

The Common Pompion is cultivated all
over England, and the country people fre¬
quently raile it upon their dunghills, where
it often bears very good fruit. The leaves
are large, rough, and lobed, and the dowers
yellow. The fruit are roundiSh, Smooth,
and yellow, and the feeds arc Swelled, or
puffed up at their margins.

Many people eat this fruit, after they
have prepared it in the following manner:
they cut a piece from the dde, and take out
the pulp, which they clear from the feeds,
and mixing it with diced apple. Sugar, and
lpice, then fill the Shell with the compo¬
sition, and bake the whole in an oven.
When Sufficiently done it is brought to
table, where it furnishes them with a hearty

meal.

APPLES. ,271

meal. The native place of the plant is not
known.

8 Cucurbita verrucofa. War ted Gourd.
Lin. Sp. pi. 1435. • .

This is an annual, and the plant is in fo
many refpedts like the pepo , as hardly to be
diftinguilhed from it ; but the fruit is
fmaller, the fhell more woody, and ftudded
with knobs or warts. Some people boil
thefe fruits, and efteem them delicate, but
for what good qualities I know not. The
Americans, however, cultivate them on pur-
pofe for the table, and, when about half
grown, boil and eat them with their meat.
Where the plant grows naturally has not
vet been afcertained.

ml

9 Cucurbita melopepo. The Squajh.
Lin. Sp. pi. 1435.

Melopepo clypeiformis. Bauh. Pin. 312.

The Squajh is alfo an annual, has lobate
leaves like the former, but the ftalk is
moftly ftrong, bulky, and eredt. It puts
forth clafpers, although it does not climb,
nor is it procumbent. The fruit is knobby,
deprefled, or Ihield-lhaped. The native
place of the plant is not known, but it is
much cultivated in North America, where
the inhabitants boil the fruit, when about
the lize of large Walnuts, and eat them as
the former.

IO IVi.EI.OTHR I A

272 APPLE S;

io Mel or hr i a pendula. Small Creep*
ing Cucumber. Lin. Sp. pi. 49. -

I his is an annual, a native of" America,
and the only plant at prefent known of the
genus. It lends forth many trailing ftalks,
which extend to a great length, and flrike
root at every joint ; thefe are furnifhed with
angular leaves, refembling thofe of the Me¬
lon, but they are not fo large. The flowers
are of a pale fulphur colour, and each is
compofed of a bell-fhaped, monophyllous
calyx, having five teeth (the upper one of
which often falls oft) and a wheel-fhaped
petal, l'nipped at the edge into five obtufe
fegments, with three conical filaments, tip¬
ped with twin, compreftcd fummits, and
inferted into the tube of the petal. The
germen is an oblong-oval, and fupports a
cylindrical ftyle, crowned with three ob¬
long ftigmata, and becomes afmooth, black,
oval berry *, about the fize of a floe.

The inhabitants in the Weft Indies pickle
thefe berries, and ufe them as we do Capers.

* This plant ought to have been placed in the Vth Chap,
but as its general habit much refembles Tome of the plants
juft now deferibed, I judged it would be as well to fet it
after them.

SECT.

1

I

Apples. 273

sect. n.

Apples of Trees.

1 A CHRAS fapota. Oval-fruited Sa-
pot'a.

£ Averrhoa carambola; Goa Apple , or
Starry Plum.

3 Averrhoa bilimbi. Bilimbi.

4 Punica granatum. Pomegranate-tree .

5 Pyrus communis. Pear-tree.

6 Pyrus malus. IZTv Crab-tree.

7 Pyrus cydonia. Quince-tree.

) ' * *

1 Achras fapota. Oval-fruited Sapota.
Lin. Sp. pi. 470.

Anona foliis laurinis glabris viridi-fufcis,
frudtu minore. Sloane s Jam. 206. Hift. II.

This tree is a native of South America,
and is commonly planted in their gardens
there. It rifes to about thirty feet high,
breaking into many branches, which form a
regular head, and are furnithed with leaves,
fhaped like thofe of the Laurel, but are near
a foot long, two or three inches broad, and
of a brownith-green colour. The flowers
are produced from the fides of the branches.
Handing fingly, and are of a cream colour.
Each has a permanent calyx, compofed of

T fl ve

4

74

apples.

Eve oval, acute-pointed leaves, furrounding
five heart- fhaped petals, ending in an acute
point, and joined together at their bafe. In
the centre of thefe are five ihort awl-fhaped
flamina, and one ftyle, longer than the pe¬
tals, ending with an obtufe ftigma. The
germen is roundifh, and becomes an oval,
iucculent Apple, encloling two or three
oval feeds. There is a variety of this tree,
bearing top-fhaped fruit, with fharp-pointed
feeds, and having a rufl'et-coloured coat.
This laft is the cultivated fort.

The pulp of this fruit has a lufcious tafie,
refembling that of marmalade of Quinces,
whence it is called natural marmalade. The
ftones taken in emulfion are reckoned good
againft the gravel.

2 Averrhoa carambola. Starry Plum,
Lin. Sp. pi. 613.

Mala goenfia, fruftu odlangulari pomi
vulgaris magnitudine. Bauh. Pin. 433.

This grows on the coaft of Malabar,
where it gets to the fize of a fmall Apple-
tree. It puts forth many branches from
the top, from which fhoot many flexile
twigs, furnifhed with oval, fharp- pointed,
dark-green leaves, of a rough bitterilh tafte.
The flowers come out at the joints of the
twigs, upon fhort peduncles ; they have a
permanent, pentaphyllous calyx, furround¬
ing five fpear-fhaped, blufh-coloured petals,

including

V, . • . ; ■; - V* ' *

‘ s' ; A ^

■*v • ' • ' Of

I

APPLES. 2 f$

_

including ten hair-like Lamina, tipped with
roundifh fummits, and five Ifhort Lyles,
crowned with fimple Ligmata. The ger-
men is oblong, odtangular, and becomes a
yellovvilh, eight-cornered fruit, about the
fize of an hen’s egg, containing many fmall
angular feeds.

Thefe Appl es have a pleafant acid taLe^
are very cooling, and grateful to the Lo-
rnach.

3 Averrhoa bilimbi; Bilimbi, Lin ;

Sp. pi. 613.

This grows in the fame parts of India as
the former, and differs little from it except
in the angles of thefruit j they being in this
fpecies obtufe, and in .the carambola acute ;
a difference not attended to by travellers,
which occafioned their confounding them as
one.

' % r * ‘ *

4 Punic A grariatum< Pomegranate- tree*

Lin. Sp. pi. 6j6i

Malus punica fylveLris. Bauh. Pin. 438.

This is a native of Spain, Portugal, and
Italy. It hath a woody Lem, which rifes
fixteen or eighteen feet high, fending out
many branches, garnifhed with fhining-
green, fpear-Liaped leaves. Landing oppo¬
site. The flowers proceed from the ex¬
tremities of the branches, fome Landing - il|

fingly, and others three or four together,

T 2 regularly

I

APPLES.

276

regularly expanding in their turns, by which
there is a iucceffion of flowers for a consi¬
derable time. The calyx confiils of a bell-
fhaped, red, fleShy leaf, cut at the brim into
five Sharp Segments, and includes five
roundifh Scarlet petals, inferted into the
bottom of the calyx, as are the Stamina,
which are many in number, very flender,
and Surround one Style, longer than them-
fel ves. The germen is roundifh, and Swells
to a large round fruit, having a hard reddifh
rind, crowned with the remains of the ca¬
lyx, and contains many roundifh. Succulent
Seeds.

The fleSh of thefe fruits is of a yellowifh
colour, and a vinous flavour, but it is Sub¬
ject to generate wind, and cauf'e pains in the
Stomach and bowels. They Should always
be eaten cautioufly, left they throw the
blood into a State of putrefaction.

There are Several varieties of this tree
now cultivated in gardens, and two or three
with double flowers : the calyces of the
latter arc the Balauftines of the flioDs, and
are of an aftringent nature.

: Pyrus communis. Pear-tree. Lin.
Sp.pl. 686.

Pyrus fylveftris. Bauh. Pin. 439.

This prows wild in the woods and hedges
of England. The generic characters are:
the flower hath a permanent calyx of one

concave

3

PPLE S.

concave leaf, divided into five fegments at
the margin, and five concave petals, inierted
into it. The ftamina are about twenty in
number, are awl-fhaped, fhorter than the
petals, and are inferted into the calyx. The
germen is round, leated under the flower,
and fupports five erebt ftyles, crowned with
Angle ftigmata. The fruit is large, flefhy,
hath five membranaceous cells, each con¬
taining one fmooth, oblong, pointed feed.

Neither Pears nor Apples in their wild
flate are of much value, but art and in-
duflxy have obtained many varieties from
them, which can hardly be excelled by any
fruits in the world. Nor do any add more
to the oeconomy of human life than thefe ;
for befide the pleafure and refreshment they
afford when eaten raw, they furnifh ex¬
cellent pies, tarts, and other devices, and
ornament the table with the wholefome and
cooling liquors of Cider and Perry. In
fetting down the varieties of the Pear, I Shall

O <

rejed fuch as are of an ordinary quality, and
divide the reft into three Ciaftes : the firft
comprehending fuch as are adapted for the
table ; the fecond fuch as are well enough
qualified for this purpofe, but degenerate
when grafted on Quince-ftocks ; and the
]aft, thofe that are proper for baking.

CLASS

i Petit Mufcat , or Sui
preme .

12 Baftard Mujk .

3 Early Rujjet .

4 The Magdalen .

5 Great Blanquette.

6 A&/2* Blanquette .

7 Long -Jlalked Blan¬

quette.

8 Z7Z Orange .

9 Auguft Mujkat .

10 Summer Boncretien .

1 1 Swan's Egg .

12 Princes' Pear .

13 Rofewater .

14 The Red Butter .

1 3 Summer Bergamot.

16 Autumn Bergamot.

17 The Rouffeline.

1 8 The Royal Mufcat.

19 The Jargonelle.

20 The Melting Mujk ,

2 1 Red Bergamot .

2 2 «SW/} Bergamot.

23 Late Bergamot.

24 Tig- Pw.

25 German Mufcat.

26 Dutch Bergamot.

27 St. Martial.

28 67. Germain.

29 Chaumontellc Wilding*

30 The Autumn Beauty \

31 Good Lewis.

32 GV^jy Dean.

33 Winter Thorne

34 I he Royal Winter ;
3.5 1 he Marchionefs.

36 Winter Orange.

37 The Dottville.

38 Winter Rujfelet.

39 Beautiful Winter ,

40 The Sarafin.

The Z7//T Mufk> or Supreme Rear > is rather
round than long, and is generally produced in
clufters. T he (taik is ihort, the fkin yellow, the
juice a little mufky, and is belt flavoured when
not too ripe, which is early in July *.

T he Little Baftard Mujk is fhaped like the 6V- ,

# The fummer 1^82 being a very unkind one for ripening
fruit, more kind feafons may perfect fome of them a fort¬
night or more fooner than her? mentioned*

i

■■

APPLES. 179

preme , but is fmaller. It is feldom produced
in cl ufters, and the fide next the lun has a few
ftreaks of red. It ripens much at the fame time
with the former, and it is more valuable for com¬
ing early, than for its extraordinary qualities.

The Early Rujfet is a fmall top-fheaped Pear,
with a yellow (kin, dafhed with red and grey on
the funny fide ; the flefh is yellowifh, half-break¬
ing, a little ftony next the kernels, and has a
perfumed, fugary juice.

The Magdalen is a middling-fized fruit, rather
long, of a greenifh -yellow when ripe ; the flefh is
white, melting, the juice perfumed, fweet, and
mixed with a pleafant acid.

The Great Blanquette > or Bagpipe of Anjou, is "a
pretty large Pear, approaching to round. The
fkin is fmooth, of a pale green colour, and full of
- a rich-flavoured juice. The ftalk is fhort, thick,
and fpotted, and the leaf is like that of the Jar¬
gonelle. It ripens early in Auguft.

The Mufk Blanquette is a fmall fruit, much lefs
than the former, and more pinched in at the ftalk,
which is about the fame length with the other,
but flenderer. The fkin is foft, of a pale green,
the flefh tender, and full of a rich mufky juice.
It ripens rather later than the Blanquette.

The Long-Jlalked Blanquette is fhaped like the
Mufk , but it is jnore hollowed at the crown, and
has a larger eye. It is plumpifh towards the ftalk,
and a little crooked. The fkin is fmooth, of a
greenifh-white, fometimes has a rufiet tinge on
the funny fide. The flefh is white, partly break¬
ing, and plentifully ftored with a vinous, fugary,
perfumed juice, it ripens with the former.

The Red Orange is a middling-fized round Pear,
much the lhape of a Bergamot \ of a greenifh co~

T 4 lour.

i

]

2S0 APPLES.

lour, except next the fun, where it is often purT
pie, or red. 1 he ftalk is lhort, the eye very hol¬
low, the fiefti melting, and the juice fugary and
mufky.

The Augujl Mufcat, or the Royal Pear , is very
much fhaped like a Bergamot. The ftalk is long,
ftraight, a little ipotted, and the eye a little hol¬
lowed. The fkin is fmooth, of a whitifti yellow
colour, the flefh breaking, and the juice very fu¬
gary and much perfumed. It ripens at the end of
Auguft, and is efteemed one of the belt Pears
the hummer produces.

1 he Sumner Boncretien> or Good Chriftian0 is a
large oblong Pear, with a thin, fmooth, whitifti
green fkin, except on the funny fide, where it is
of a good red. I he flefh is between breaking
and tender, and is ftored with a rich juice, of a
high perfumed flavour. It ripens early in Sep¬
tember.

The Swan's Egg has its name from its fhape.
The fkin is of a green-yellow, and ftriped with a
ruffet-red and green on the fun-fide. The flefh is
firm, a little melting, the juice fugary, {lightly
mnfky, but of an agreeable flavour.

1 he Princes' Pear is a lmall roundifh, yellowifh
fruit, except next the fun, where it is of a bright
red. The flefh is between melting and breaking,
and the juice highly flavoured. It ripens in Sep¬
tember, and is the more valuable becaufe it is a
good bearer.

The Rofewater is a large round Pear, rather
flattifh, hath a very fhort ftalk, at the inlertion of
which it is hollowed like an apple. The fkin is
rough, of a brown colour, the flefh breaking, the
juice very fweet, and it becomes ripe in Septem¬
ber. • ‘ ,

The

ft

mmm

wmm

\

APPLES. 281

9 ' " % * K '

The Butter , Grey Butter , or Gm// Butter , is

of different colours, according to the ftock it hath
been grafted upon. When propagated upon a
free ftock it is brown. As to its general fhape,
it is large and long. The flefh is very melting,
full of a rich fugary juice, and it becomes ripe
about the middle of October. ,

The Summer Bergamot , or Ilemdens Bergamot , is
a pretty large, flattifh Pear, of a greenifh-yellow
colour, and hollowed at both ends like an apple.
The flefh is melting, the juice highly perfumed,
and it ripens a little before the former.

Th z Autumn Bergamot is a fmaller fruit than the
former, but much of the fame fhape. The fkin
is of a faint red on the funny fide, but of a yel-
lowifh-green on the other *, the flefh is melting,
and when ripe, which is in the beginning of Octo¬
ber, the juice is highly perfumed.

The Roujfeline , or Long-ftalked Autumn Mufcat ,
is a fmallifh Pear, having a fmooth fkin, of a
greenifh-yellow colour, except on the funny fide,
where it is red, with fome fpots of grey. The
ftalk is long, the flefh tender, delicate, and very
fweet, with an agreeable perfume. It ripens to¬
wards the end of October.'

The Royal Mufcat is a fmall top-fhaped fruit,
with a roughifh grey fkin, inclining to brown
next the fun. The flefh is white and coarfifh, but
the juice is fweet, muflcy, and tolerably agree¬
able.

The Jargonelle is a long top-fhaped fruit, of a
fine red colour next the fun, but very yellow on
the fhady fide. The flefh is white, half breaking
tolerable fine, and the juice a little muflcy.

I he Melting Mujk is alfo a long top-fhaped
Pear, of a middling fize. The tkin is even,

fmooth.

282 APPLE S.

fmooth, of a grafs-green round the apex, but of a
yellowish one near the (talk. The flelh is melt-
ing, the juice high flavoured, and very mufky.

The Red Bergamot is rather a fmallilh Pear,
top-fhaped, and flatted ; next the fun it is of a
yellow-red colour; the flelh is melting, the juice
high flavoured, and very perfumed.

1 he 1 Swift Bergamot is a roundifh Pear, with a
tough, greenifh-coioured fkin, ftriped with red.
The flelh is melting and full of juice, but is not

fo richly perfumed as the former. It ripens the be¬
ginning of O&ober.

The Late Bergamot , Colmar , or Manna Pear , is
fomevvhat like a Boncretien, but the head is flat,
the eye laige and deeply hollowed. It is thickeft
in tire middle, doping toward tne flalk, which is
Ihort, thick and a little bent. The fkin is green,
with a few yellow fpots, and fometimes it is a lit¬
tle coloured next the fun ; the flefh is tender, and
the juice greatly fugared.

The Fig Pear is a middling fized fruit, of a long
top-fhape. *1 he fkin is rather fmooth, of a brown-
ifli-green when ripe, and the flefh white and
melting. The juice is fweet, fugary, and heigh¬
tened with a pleafant fharpnefs. Ripe the begin¬
ning of October.

1 he German Mufcat is rather a long top-fhaped
Pear, much of the form of the Royal Winter, but
more contra&ed near the eye; the fkin too is of a
more ruflet colour, and red on the funny fide.
The flefh is melting, buttery, and a little mufky.

The Butch Bergamot is fhaped like the Common
Bergamot, but it is a larger fruit. The juice is
highly flavoured, the fkin greenifh, and the flefh
half buttery and tender.

The St. Martial , or the Angehck Pear , is oblong,

5 much

i

mmm

UBB

I

APPLES. 283

much the fhape of the Boncretien, but it is not fo
large, and a little flatter at the crown. The ftalk.
is very long, the fkin fmooth and yellowifh, ex¬
cept next the fun, where it is generally purplifh„
The flefh is melting, the juice very rich, and a
little perfumed. It is a late fruit, and counted
one of the bell yet produced.

The St. Germain is a large, long Pear, of a yel-
lowifh-green colour, and melting. In dry feafons
it abounds with a fweet agreeable juice, and is a
very good fruit, but in moift ones, or on damp
foils, it is roughifli and auftere. It is in eating
for about two months after Chriftmas.

The Chaumonteile Wilding is rather a large Pear,
and flatted at the crown. The Akin is roughifh,,
of a pale'green colour, except on the funny fide,
where it is purpiifh. The fiefli is melting, the
juice very rich, and a little perfumed. This is.
efteemed an excellent fruit, and is in eating from
November to January.

The Autumn Beauty is 3 pyramidal-fliaped Pear,
with a tolerable fmooth flkin, of a fine deep red
next the fun, fpeckled with grey. The fhady fide
is partly red, but not fo deep, and partly yellow,
fpeckled with fawn colour. The fiefli is white,
breaking, fomctimes half melting, the juice co¬
pious, and of a high flavour.

The Good Lewis is nearly of the fhape of the
St. Germain, but is not quite fo pointed. The
{talk is very fhort, a little bent, the fkin very
fmooth, and the eye fmall. When ripe it is of a
whitifh-green colour, and if it grow upon a dry
foil, the fleAh will be very tender, and full of a
rich fweet juice. It is in eating in December.

The Grey Bean is a middling-fized, roundifh
fear ^ the (kin fmooth, of a greeni(h-grey colour,

the

m 1

i

I

2S4 apples.

the flefli buttery, melting, and not fubjeA to be
woolly like the Yellow Dean. The juice is very

iugary, and of a tolerable good flavour. It ripens
in November.

The Winter Thorn is rather a large Pear, of a
pyramidal figure, the Ikin finooth, of a whitifh-
green at firft, but ot a pale yellow when ripe.
The ftalk is fhort and flender ; the flefn melting
and buttery, the juice very fweet, and, if the fea^
fon prove dry, highly perfumed. It ripens at the
end of December.

The Royal Winter is a large top~fhaped fruit,
with a fine fmooth, beautiful red fkin on the
iunny fide, and when ripe, yellow on the other.
It is often fpeckled with brown ipots upon the
red, and fawn-coloured upon the yellow. The
fleflh is inclining to yellow, is very fine, half
buttery, melting, and on dry foils the juice is
very fugary. It ripens in December:

The Marchionefs is a large pyramidal Pear, of a
green colour at firft, with dots of a deeper green •
but when ripe becomes yellow7, and frequently
with a flight tinge of red. The fiefh is melting,
buttery, the juice fweet, Iugary, and fometimes a
little mufky. Ripe the beginning of December.

I he Winter Orange is a middle-fized fruit, of
the fnape of an Orange. 7'he fkin is ftudded
with final 1 knobs, and is of a pale brown-green
when ripe, with fome little dots of a browner
green. 1 he fiefh is white, fine, breaking, and
the juice mufky and agreeable. Ripens in February.

The Donville is a middle-fized Pear, fharpifh at
both ends, the fkin fmooth and ftiining, of a deep
lemon colour, and fcattered with fawn-coloured
fpots on the fhady fide, but of a bright red, fpeckled
with fmall grey dots on the other. The fiefh is

inclining

APPLES. '285

inclining to yellow, it is breaking, and the juice
is highly flavoured, with a little fharpnefs, Ripens
in February.

The Winter Rujfelet is a fmall top -fh aped Pear, /
with the Akin partly greenifli and partly reddifh.
The flefh is half breaking, copioufly Acred with
juice, which is of a tolerable high flavour. Ripens
at the end of February.

The Beautiful Winter is a pretty large fruit, and
nearly round. The fkin is fmooth, and yellow on
the fhady fide, fpeckled with fawn-colour ; but 'on
the funny fide it is of a beautiful red, fpeckled
with bright grey. The flefh is tender, the juice
copious, and of a pleafant fweetnefs. It ripens in
February.

The Sarafin is the mo A valuable of all the Pears
for duration, as it will keep found both upon, or
off the tree for twelve months. It is of a middle
fize, about a third part longer than broad, the
fhady fide of a pale yellow when ripe, but the
funny fide of a brownifh red, fpeckled with grey.
The flefh is white, almoA buttery, the juice fu¬
gary, highly flavoured, and a little perfumed.

CLASS II.

,

Pears which degenerate when grafted on Quince-flocks.

1 Mefflre John .

2 The Green Sugar.

3 The Danphine.

4 The Dry Martin.

5 The Large-flaiked.

6 The Little Lard.

7 The Ronville.

8 The Gate.

9 The Eafler Bergamot.
10 1 he Winter Boner etien.

The White and Grey Mflflre John are deemed one
and the fame fruit, the difference of their colour

being

I

APPLE S.

being occafioned by the foils they may grow iti9
or the flocks they may be grafted upon. & It is a
large roundifh Pear, moftly having a brown, rough
Hein. If grafted on a free-ftock, and planted in a
in Out foil, the fiefh will be breaking, and co-
pioufly ftored with a rich fugary juice; but on a
Quince-ftock it will be harfli and ftony. Ripe in

The Green Sugar is fhaped like the Winter
Thom, described in the former Clafs, but is
imalki. T. he fkin is very fmooth, green, and the
Lm buttery, lugared, and of a good flavour;
but if grafted on a Quince-ftock, it will be (tony.
If ripens at the beginning of November*
f The Dauphine , or Lanfac , is a top-fhaped Pear,
about the fize of a Bergamot, flatted near the head,
but a little lengthened near the tail. It is fmooth,
5^ 111 -green colour on the outfide, yellow

within, the fiefh tender and melting, the juice fu-
gared, and (lightly perfumed. The eye is very
large, and the (talk long and ftraight. It ripens
in November, and if planted in a good foil, and
grafted on a free-ftock, it is one of the bed table
Pears then in feafon.

i he Dry Martin , or Champagne , is much like
the Rufielet both in (hape and colour, but it is
rather more oblong. The flefh is fine and break¬
ing, and the juice iugared, with a flight perfume,
and if grafted on a free-ftock, is an excellent
Pear. It comes in eating at the end of November.

The Large-ftalked is a yellow, roundifh Pear,
with a very thick (talk, whence it had its name*
The flellusdry, breaking, and has a mufky flavour^
it is much improved by being planted in a moift
foil, and grafted on a free-ftock, Jt comes in
eating with the former.

The

■m

APPLES.’ 287

The Little Lard, or Anjou Ruffet, alfo the Winter’s
Wonder , is a middle-fized fruit, but is apt to
vary in fhape, it being fometimes nearly oval,
and at others refembles a Bergamot. The fkin
is a little rough, greenifh at firft, but turns yel-
lowifli when ripe, and is fprinkled with little
knobs. The ftalk is long and flender, the eye
large, and deeply hollowed; the flefh fine, but¬
tery, and melting, the juice fugary, mufky, and
of an agreeable flavour, but is much hurt when
grafted on a Quince-ftock. It ripens at the be¬
ginning of November.

The Renville, or Lord Martin, is about the fize
of a large Ruflelet, but the middle of the Pear is
moftly iwelled more on one fide than on the other,
and the eye is hollowed a little. The Ikin is foft*
very fmooth, of a lively red next the fun, but
when ripe, of a yellow on the other. The flefh is
breaking, full of juice, which is very fweet, and
a little perfumed. On a Quince-ftock it is apt to
be ftony.

The Gate is a round Pear, and has a fweet,
fugary juice, a little perfumed, if grafted on afree-
ftock, and planted in a rich foil ; but in a drv

foil, and upon a Quince-ftock, it is good for
nothing.

The Eafier Bergamot is a large Pear, and nearly
round, except towards the ftalk, where it lengthens
a little. T he eye is flat, the fkin at firft green,
but turns yellow when ripe, with fmall &rown
dots, and a tinge of red on the funny fide. The
flefh is fine, inclining to yellow, and is buttery
and melting. If. grafted on a free-ftock the juice

is very fweet, fugary, and high flavoured. It
ripens in January.

The Monitor Roncretien is a very lartte Pear of a

pyramida.1

til

288 A PPLE S. '

pyramidal form, flat at the top, the fkin Very fine.;
'of a bright yellow colour, inclining to green, but
of a foft flefh-red on the funny fide. If planted
in a good foil, and grafted on a free-ftock, the
flefh will be fine, tender, full of a fweet, fugary
juice, of a perfumed, vinous flavour. Ripens in
January.

' I

CLASS III.

Pears proper for Stewing and Baking *

1 Le Befideri , or Heri . 6 The Catillac .

2 Th z Spanifh Boncretien. 7 The Double flow if*'

3 The Pound , or Lovely ing .

Pear. . 8 The Burnt Cat .

4 The Winter Citron. 9 The Pope's Pear *

5 The Golden End of 10 The Union* "

Winter .

The Le Befideri is a middling-fized round Pear*
of a pale green colour, inclining to yellow. The
ftalk is very long and (lender, and the flefh dry.
It ripens near the end of November.

The Spanij h Boncretien is a large pyramidal fruit,
of a pale yellow colour on the fhady fide, but of
a fine lively red on the other. The fkin is fmooth,
and all over fpeckled with fmall brown dots. The
flefti is white, mixed with greenifh fpots, and it is
either tender, hard, dry, or juicy, according to
the foil, (eafon, or (lock it may be grafted om
Ripe at the end of November, or beginning of
December.

The Pound , or Lovely Pear , alfo Parkinfon War -
deny is a large fruit, which commonly weighs a
pound or more. The fkin is rough, of a dull red

next

atom

■ftfl

APPLES;

2o()

ne£t the fun, but fomewhat paler on the other
fide. The (talk is very fhort, and the eye much
hollowed. Comes in feafon in December.

The Winter Citron , or Mujk Orange , is a tolerable
large Pear, nearly of the fhape, and colour of an'
Orange, It is an ordinary Pear for the tables
but will bake, well, and is in feafon with the
former.

The Golden End of Winter is a very large fruit,
almoft of a globular form. The (talk is fhort,
the fkin yellow, fpotted with red, the flefh dry/
and very apt to be ftony. Comes in fealoh in
January,

The Catillac is a large Pear, and nearly of the
Ihape of a Quince. The fkin is generally yellow,
but turns to a deep red on the funny fide. The
flefh is hard, the juice auflere, yet it bakes well.
Comes into ufe in January.

The Double -flowering Pear is a thick, fhort fruit,
with a long, ftraight (talk. The fkin is very
fmooth, of a yellowifti colour, except on the
funny fide, where it is moftly red or purple. It
is a moft excellent Pear for baking, and comes in
feafon in February. The flower having; two ranges
of petals obtained it the name it goes by.

The Burnt Cat is rather a fmall Pear, of an ob¬
long fo rm. The fkin is fmooth and fhining, red-
difh next the lun3 but of a fort of lemon colour
on the other. The flefh is tender, but dryifll, and
Requires in baking a beautiful red. It ripens in
February.

i he. Pope's Pear is or a middling fize, and com¬
mon Ihape. The fkin is roughifh, yellow, or in¬
clining to a cinnamon colour. The flefh tender,

• white, and moftly without (tones.

The Union is a large, long Pear, of a reddifh

U colour

I

290

A P P L E S.

\

colour next the fun, but of a deep green on the
other fide. It comes in feafon in January, is a
good baking Pear, and a plentiful bearer.

6 Pyrus inalus. The Crab-tree. Lin.
Sp. pi. 686.

Pyrus toiiis ferratis, pomis ball concavis.
Hort. Cliff. 189.

1 lie Crab-tree is common in every part of
England, and is the parent of all the Apple-
trees at prefent cultivated. Its varieties are
fo exceedingly numerous, that it is im-
poffibie for any one clearly to afcertain them ;
for even in its wild Hate, almoft every dif¬
ferent foil and fituation the feeds may chance
to vegetate in, produce fome fmall variation
in the form, colour, or flavour of the fruit.
It is remarkable that the Crab, or Apple-
tree, though it exactly agrees in the generic
characters of the fructification, with thofe
of the Pear and ffuince, yet it will not take
when grafted upon either of them, nor they
upon the Apple-, which feeni to indicate,
that this genus is not a natural one*, and
that nature has placed fome boundary be¬
tween the latter, and the two former, but

This was a main argument with Miller for fplitting the
genus, and it was conftantly contradicted by his own ex¬
perience as a gardener; for he acknowledges the Peach to be
a dillincl genus from the Plum , and yet it is a common
practice in the nurfery to bud the former either upon the

\

4prkot, and they are found to take very

fuch

I

1

wmtmmmtm

APPLES. 291

fucli as is beyond our penetration to dis¬
cover. Linnaeus certainly, therefore, did
right in placing them ail under one genus,
and not feparate them, as Miller and others
have done ; as in any fyflematical arrange¬
ment, vve mull always be governed by what
is plain and obvious in the flrudture of the
plants, otherwife the delign will be rendered
abortive.

In fetting down the varieties of the culti¬
vated Apple, I fhalJ deferibe only fome of
the moil valuable ones, and divide them into
two ClalTes : the fir ft to contain fuch as are

9

immediately adapted to the table, in order
to be eaten raw ; and the fecond to confift
of thofe proper for boiling, baking, &c„

' CLASS L -

1 The Summer Colville .

2 The Anife-

3 The Common Codlin .

4 Th 't Margaret.

5 The Summer P ear main.

6 Loan's Pear main,

7 '1 he Quince Apple,

8 1 he Ruffet Rennet .

9 The French Rennet.

10 The Rennet Grife.

1 1 The Red Rennet .

12 The White Colville*

13 The Red Colville.

14 The Aromatic Pippin*

1 5 1 he Golden Pippin.

16 The Violet Apple.

iy The Hollow Crown'd
Pippin .

18 The IVinter Ramhour „

19 The Great Faros*

20 The Nonpareil .

The Summer Colville is a middling- fized Apple,
of a longiih form, and the flcin is (freaked with
red and white. T he fiefli is light and dry, of no

U 2 extraordina

/

extraordinary flavour, but the fruit is etteemed
for coining early.

The Anife Apple is a middling- fixed fruit, of a
greyifh colour, and rather longer than a Golden
Pippin. The flefh is tender, and hath a fpicy
flavour like Anile-feed or Fennel.

1 he Contmon Codlin is a large, early, good-fla¬
voured Apple, and is too well known to require
any defcription.

The Margaret is a middling-fized fruit, fhorter'
than the Codlin, and the fkin on the funny fide
is of a faint red, the other fide of a pale green.
The flefii is firm, and of a plealant flavour, but
loon decays.

The Summer Pear main is an oblong Apple, and
is ftriped with red on the funny fide. The flefh
is tender, but it loon becomes mealy.

Loan's Pearmain is a middle-fized Apple, of a
beautiful red on the funny fide, and is ftriped with
red on the other. The flefh has a vinous, quick
flavour, but it foon grows mealy.

The Quince Apple has its name from its fhape,
which is like that of a Quince. It is about the
lize of a Golden Pippin, but of a longer form,
efpecially near the ftalk. It is of a reflet colour
on the funny fide, and inclining to a yellow on
the other. The flavour is very agreeable.

The Ruffet Rennet is a imall fruit. Its name
fpeaks its colour. It will keep a long time, and
the flefh has a high flavour.

The French Rennet is a large, roundifh, yellowifh-
green Apple, dotted with fmall grey fpots. The
juice is fugary, and of a good flavour. This is
an excellent fruit for keeping.

The Rennet Grife is a middle-fized Apple, and
is fh aped like the Golden Rennet * it is of a deep

grey

fa

A P

L E S.

293

grey colour on the funny fide, but mixed with
veliow on the other. The flefh is very juicy, and
of a quick flavour.

The Red Rennet is fomewhat rounder than the
former, and of a beautiful red colour, on a whitifh
ground. The flefh is firm, and the juice lugary.
It fee ms to be only a variety of the French Rennet.

The White Calville is a large, white, fquarifh
Apple. The flefh has a high flavour, without
any acid. It will keep a long time, which makes
it much efteemed.

The Red Calville is a large, red fruit, and longer
than round. The flefh of this is fometimes red-
difh, and has a fine vinous flavour.

The Aromatic Pippin is near the fize of the
Nonpareil, but a little longer. The fide next
the fun is of a bright rufiet colour. The flefh is
tender, and hath an aromatic flavour.

The Golden Pippin is a middk-fized fruit, of a
yellow-gold colour, and is rather longer than
round. It is dotted with fmall red fpots. Its
juice is fugary, and very high-flavoured.

The Violet Apple is a pretty large fruit, of a
greenifh white, ftriped with a deep red on the
funny fideo The flefh is white, very fine, and the
juice fugary, with fome faint: flavour of a violet.

The Hollow-crowned Pippin is a middling-fised-
Apple, and very hollow at the top. whence its
name.

T lie Winter Rambour is a very large fruit, and
nearly round. It is quite green, and the juice
has a (harp acid tafte.

The Great Faroe is a large, flattiih Apple,
Freaked with red. The flefh
plentifully ftored with juice.

The Nonpareil is a fmallifh fized fruit, rather

U 3 conical.

breaking, and

■

\

294 APPLES.

conical, of a rufiet-green colour, a little inclining
to red on the funny fide. The flefh has a fine
flavour, and is much efteemed.

CLASS II.

Apples proper for boiling , baking ,

x The Summer Rambour . 6 The Holland Pippin .

2 1 he Kentijh Fill Bajket . 7 T he Embroidered Apple,

3 T he Golden Rerinet. 8 The Royal Rujfet.

4 Th z Hertfordshire Pear- 9 Wheeler's Rujfet.

main. 10 Pile's Raffet .

5 The Kentijh Pippin .

1 he Summer Rambour is a very large fruit, and
' rather flatter than the Winter Rambour. The
fkin is white, with forne few ftreaks of red. It
comes early, and is an excellent Apple for (tewing.

1 he Kentijh Fill-Bajket is a large fort of Codlin*
but is longer than the Common Codlin. This is
a good baking Apple.

The Golden Rennet is proper either for eating
raw, or baking.

Th z Hertfordjhire, or Winter Pearmain , is a tole¬
rable fized fruit, rather longer than round. It is
of a fine red on the funny fide, and ltriped with
the lame colour on the fhady one. The flefh is
juicy, and it (tews well.

The Kentijh Pippin is a large,, oblong Apple, of
a pale green colour. The flefh is juicy and
breaking, of a quick acid flavour, and it boils
well.

The Holland Pippin is both a larger and longer
Apple than the former, and the fkin is of a darker

green

1

I

APPLES. 295

green colour. It is firm and juicy, and boils
well.

The Embroidered Apple is a largifh fruit, and
fomewhat refembles the Winter Pcarmain, but
the ftripes of red are broader. It is 11 fed as a
kitchen Apple.

T he Royal Ruffe t , or Leather Coat , is a large,
oblong Apple, with a deep ruflet-coloured Hein.
This is an excellent fruit for boiling, and a good
one to eat raw.

Wheeler's Rnffet is a flat, middling-fized Apple.
The fide next the fun is ot a pale ruflfrt-colour,
the other is inclining to yellow. The juice has a
very quick acid flavour, and it boils well.

Pile's Ruffe t is of an oval figure, and is a fmaller
Apple than the former. The fkin is of a ruffet-
colour on the funny fide, and of a dark green on
the other. The fiefh has a quick acid tafte, and
it is a good fruit for baking.

o o

There is a large number of valuable
Apples yet remaining, but their appellations
are fo various in different places, that it is
impoffible to deferibe them by any certain
general names. Thofe Commonly ufed for
the making Cyder are the following :

5 1 he John Apple.

6 The Everlajling
Hanger .

7 The Gen.net Moyle.

8 The Cat's Head.

/

The Quince-tree. Lin .

1 The Red Streak.

2 The Hevonfhire Royal

Wilding.

3 The Whit four.

The Hertfordshire Un¬
derleaf.

4.

7 Pyrus cydonia.
Sp. pi. 687.

4

Mai us

W™Jfc

290 APPLES.

Mai us cotonea fylveftris. Bauh. Bin. 434,
The Quince-tree grows naturally on the
hanks of the river Danube, in Hungary.
It is a rather frnaller tree than the Crab,
-hhe leaves are nearly of the fame fhape, but
have more prominent ribs, and are whiter
on their under fide. The flowers come out
hngly, and the calyx is ferrated, fpreading',
and of the length of the petals. The fruit
is very well known. The varieties of it
are, the Bear and Portugal Qitince. The
laft is deemed the belt, and is the fort now
moft generally cultivated. The flefii of this
is lefs auftere than the other, of the fineft
purple colour when hewed, and it makes
the moll agreeable and bell flavoured Mar¬
malade.

Quinces are very aflringent; employed
medically they {Lengthen the flomach, and
flop fluxes of the bowels. A fvrup is fre¬
quently made of the juice, and prefcribed
for thefe purpofes. The bruifed feeds im¬
part a very firong mucilage to any watery
iquo.r, which makes an excellent gargariftn
for lore mouths. An ounce will render

three pints of water as ropy as the whites
of Ea,gs.

mnn&Ej&Miu

■HHBHHBrt

C 297 ]

C H A P. VIII.

LEGUMINOUS* PLANT S.

j • - * ' w

.SECT. I.

* ' ' ). (n

Pods and Seeds of Herbaceous Plants .

1 A E R A C H I S hypogasa. American
JP\_ Ground Nut.

2 Cicer arietinum. The Chich Pea, or

Gravances.

* |

3 Dolichos foja. Eajl India Kidney Bean.

4 Ervuai lens. Lentil ,

5 Lotus edulis. Jncurved-podded Bird's ~

foot Trefoil.

6 Lotus tetragonolobus. Square Podded

Crimfon Pea.

7 Lupinus albus. White-flowering Lupine .
S Phafeolus vulgaris. Common Kidney Bean.

- - — coccineus. Scarlet- flowering

Kidney, Bean. &

— - — albus. White-flowering Kid¬

ney Bean.

9 Pifum fativum. Common Garden Pea .

* A Legumen is a pod with two valves, inclofing a
number of feeds that are fattened along one future oniyf

0T -r’

'rAP:':?:-:1. v‘--~ .. -

(

29§

L E G U M E N S.

P if um umbellatum. Rofe, or Crown Pea.
- quadratum. Angular-ltalked Pea.

10 Pi fum Americanum. Cape, or Lord An-

Jon s Pea. '

11 Pifum maritimum. Sea Pea. '

12 \ icia faba. Common Garden Bean.

- minor. The Horfe Beau.

\ * \

i Arrachis hypogaea. American Ground
Nut. Lin. Sp.pl. 1040.

This is an annual plant, and a native of
Brafil and Peru. The ftalks are long, trail
upon the ground, and are furnished with
winged leaves, compofed of four hairy lobes
each. The flowers are produced fingly on
long peduncles ; they are yellow, of the
pea kind, and each contains ten awl-fhaped
flam in a, nine of which are tyed together,
and the upper one (lands off. In the centre
is an awl-fhaped flyle, crowned with a Am¬
ple lligma. The gerrnen is oblong, and
becomes an oval-oblong pod, containing
two or three oblong blunt feeds.

This plant is cultivated in all the Ame¬
rican Settlements for the feeds, which make
a confiderable part of the food of the Haves.
The manner of perfecting them is very lin¬
gular, for as the flowers fall off, the young
pods are forced into the ground by a na¬
tural motion of the (talks, and there they

difcovered
without

are entirely buried, and not to be

/

LEGUMENS. 299

without digging for them, whence they have
taken the name of Ground Nuts.

2 Cicer arietinum. Chich Pea. Lin.
Sp. pi. 1040.

Cicer fativum. Bauh. Pin. 34 7.

The Chich Pea grows naturally among
the corn in Spain and Italy, and it is much
cultivated in thefe places for the table. It
is an annual, fending up feveral hairy Italics,
near two feet high, which are let with pin¬
nated leaves, compofed of eight or nine pair
of ova], ferrated pinnae, with an odd one
at the end. The dowers are final 1 and
whitilh, are of the pea kind, moftly but
one on a peduncle, have ten ftamina each,
nine of which are joined together, and the
tenth Hands off. The germen is oval, and
becomes a turgid, hairy, rhomboidal pod, '
containing two roundifh feeds, of the lize
of common peas, each having a protube¬
rance on the tide.

Though thefe Peas are common at table
in Spain and Italy, they would badly fuit
an Englilh ftomach, being far from delicate,
but are ftrong, flatulent, and hard of di-
geftion. There are two varieties of this
plant, one with red, and the other with
black feeds. It is much cultivated in Bar¬
bary, by the name of Gravances, and is
counted one of their beft forts of pulfe.

3 Dolichos

I

300 L E G U M E N S.

3 Dolichos foja. Indian Kidney Bean .
Bin. Sp.pl. 1023.

I his is a perennial, and a native of India,
It fends up an eredl, llender, hairy ftalk, to
the height of about four feet, furnifhed with
leaves much like thofe of the Common Kid¬
ney Bean, but more hairy underneath. The
flowers are produced in eredt racemi, at the
bofoms of the leaves j they are of the pea-
kind, of a bluilh white colour, and are fuc-
cceded by pendulous, hairy pods, refembling
ihofe of the Yellow Lupine, each contain¬
ing three or four ovaj, white feeds, a little
larger than peas.

^ his plant is much cultivated in Japan,
where it is called Daidju , and where the
pods fupply their kitchens for various pur-
pofes; but the two principal are with a fort

of butter, termed Mifo, and a pickle, called
Sooju or Soy.

The Mifo is made by boiling a certain
quantity of the beans for a confiderable time
in water, till they become very foft, when
they are repeatedly brayed with a large
quantity of' fait, till all is incorporated,
i 0 this mafs they add a certain preparation
of Rice, named Koos, and having well
blended the whole together, it is put into
a wooden veflel, where in about two months
it becomes fit for ufe, and ferves the pur-
poles of butter. J lie manner of preparing
the Koos is a kind of lecret bufinefs, and is

n>

in

J

legumens

.ojr

in the hands of fome certain people only,
who fell the fitfcu about the ftreets, to thole
who make Mifo.

In order to prepare Sooja they take equal
quantities of beans, wheat, or barley-meal,
and boil them to a pulp, with common,
fait. As foon as this mixture is properly
incorporated, it is kept in a warm place for
twenty-four hours to ferment ; alter which
the mafs is put into a pot, covered with
fait, and a quantity of water poured over the
whole. This is buffered to Hand for two
or three months, they never failing to ftir it
well at leaf; once a day, if twice or thrice
it will be the better ; then the liquor is
filtered from the mafs, and prefer ved in
wooden veli'els, to be ufed as occations re¬
quire. This liquor is excellent for pickling
anything in, and the older it is the better.

4 Ervum lens. The Lentil . Lin. Sp.
/»/. 1039.

Lens vulgaris. Banh. Pin. 346.

The Lentil is a common weed in the corn¬
fields in France. It is an annual, and fends
up feveral weak fiaiks, about half a yard
high, putting forth winged leaves at the
joints, each being compofed of many pair of
narrow lobes, and the midrib ending with
a tendril. The flowers come cut from the
fides of the branches, two or three together
on a Ihort common peduncle; they are

final L

i m

ij hm

■ - V ■

302 L E G U M E N S,

Imall, of the pea-kind, of a pale purple co¬
lour, contain ten ftamina each, nine of which
are united, and the tenth hands off. The
germen is oblong, and becomes a jointed,
taper pod, containing three or four round,
convex feeds.

Lentils are a ftrong, flatulent food, very
hard of digeftion, and therefore are feldom
ufed now but to boil in foups, in order to
thicken them.

5 Lotus edulis. Incurved- podded Birds -
foot Trefoil. Lin. Sp. pi. 1090.

Lotus pentaphyllos, flliqua cornuta.
Bauh. Pin. 332.

It fends forth feveral trailing flalks about
a foot long, furnifhed at their joints with
trifoliate, roundifh, fmooth leaves, having
oval Aipulre. The flowers come fingly from
the lides of the flalks, on long peduncles,
with three oval floral leaves, the length of
the flower.; the latter is fmall, yellow, and
is fucceeded by a thick arched pod, having
a deep furrow on its outflde.

The plant is an annual, and a native of
feveral parts of Italy, where the inhabitants
eat the young pods as we do Kidney Beans.

6 Lotus tetragonolobus. Square-podded
Pea. Lin. Sp. pi. 1089.

Lotus ruber, flliqua angulofa. Bauht
Pin, 332.

3 This

L E G U M E N S.

3°3

This is a native of Sicilv, and being rather

» J

an ornamental plant, has been long culti¬
vated in the Englifh gardens. It is an an¬
nual, fending out feveral decumbent ftaiks,
about a foot long, furnifhed with dark green,
trifoliate leaves, having two appendages at
the bale of their footftalks. The flowers
fpring alternately from the joints of the
ftaiks, and each is fupported on a long pe¬
duncle; they are of the pea kind, of a dark
red colour, and are l'ucceeded by long taper
pods, having four longitudinal, leafy mem¬
branes, which render them fquare.

The green pods of this plant were for¬
merly gathered, and drefl'ed in the manner
of Kidney Beans, and are ufed foftill in fome
of the northern counties of England; but
they are coarfe, and not very agreeable to
fuch as have been accuftomed to feed upon
better fare.

7 Lupinus alb us. White Lupine. Lin .

Sp. pi. 1015.

Lupinus fativus, flore albo. Bauh. Pin.

347* . - .

This grows naturally in the Levant, is
an annual, and puts forth a thick, eredtftalk,
near two feet high, which branches towards
the top, and is furnifhed with compounded
leaves, made up of feven or eight oblong,
greyilh-green, hairy lobes, joined to the
top of the footftalk by their tails, and are

CO vi

ered

)

304 LEGUMEN S.

covered with a filvery down. The branches
are terminated by looie fpikes of white
flowers, having little or no peduncles ; they
aie of the pea kind, and are followed by
itraight, comprefled, hairy pods, about three
inches long, each containing live or fix flat-
iiui white ieeds, having a fear like a navel.

J nis plant is cultivated in fome parts of
Italy, as an efculent pulfe, but the feeds
have a bitter difagreeable flavour.

8 Phaseolus vulgaris. Kidney Bean .
Lm. Sp. pi. 1016.

Smilax hortenfls five Phafeolus major.

Baub. Pm. 339.

The Common Kidney Bean is a native of
both the Indies, and is well known by being
cultivated almoft all over Europe. The va¬
rieties of it are very numerous, but to de-
feribe them all would aniwer no good pur-
pofe, as many of them are very ordinary,
and not fit for the table. Thole generally
intended lor an early crop are the White
Dwarf, the Black Dwarf, and the Liver-
coloured; but the moft valuable ones, though
but field cm cultivated, are the Scarlet-blof-
fomed, with purple feeds fipotted with black,
and the Wbite-blojfomed, with white feeds,

9 Pisum fativum. The Pea. Lin. Sp.
pi. 1026.

This is a native of England, and, like all

plants

LEGUMENS, 305

plants that are in conftant cultivation, is
now run into many varieties. The names
of thofe generally raifed for the table are,

1 The Golden Hotfpur.

2 The Charlton .

3 The Reading Hot f pur .

4 Majlers Hotfpur .

5 1 he E£'ex Iiotfpur .

6 I he Dwarf Pea .

7 The Sugar Pea .

8 T\he Spanifh Morotto.

9 The Nonpareil.

10 The Dwarf Sugar.

1 1 The Sickle Pea.

12 The Marrowfat.

13 The Rofe^ or Crown-

Pea.

14 The Rouncival.

\

10 Pi sum Americanum. Lord Anfon $
Pea.

The feeds of this Pea were brought to
England by Lord Anion’s cook, who col-
ledted them when they were at Cape Horn,
in South America. It hath weak trailing
ftalks, furniihed with compound leaves, that
have two lobes on each footftalk ; thofe be¬
low are fpear-ihaped, and ftiarply indented
on their edges, but the upper ones are
fmall and arrow-pointed. The flowers are
blue, and come out by three or four on a
common peduncle, and are fucceeded by
taper pods, containing feveral fmall peas,
about the fize of Tares.

Thefe Peas are not valuable for their
flavour, being inferior to any of our cul¬
tivated forts, but they proved very beneficial
to the failors in their voyage, who when
they met with them were' greatly afflidled

X with

\

\

306 L E G U M E N S.

with the fcurvy, and flood much in need of
l'ome forts of vegetables.

11 Pisum maritimum. Sea Pea. Lin.
Sp. pi. 1027.

Pifum marinum. Raii Hiji. 892.

The Sea Pea grows wild on our fea-coaft,
where its roots penetrate to a confiderable
depth, and all'o fpread in various directions
lor feveral feet juft under the furface. The
ftalk is angular, ufually lodges on the
ground, and grows to near a yard in length.
The leaves on the main Italics ftand by pairs,
but thole on the branches are pinnated,
having three or four pair of oval lobes
each, and their midrib is terminated with a
branched tendril. The flowers finifh the
ftalks in clufters of eight or ten on a com¬
mon peduncle j they are fmalier than thofe
of the garden Pea, and are of a pale purple,
tinged in the middle with a bluifh purple.
The Peas have a bitterifh, difagreeable tafte,
and therefore whilft more pleafant food is
to be obtained, thefe are rejected ; but in
times of fcarcity they have been the means
of preferving thoufands of families from
perifhing, the delicacy of flavour at fuch
times weighing little with a keen appetite.
Both Stowe and Camden relate, that in the
year 1555, being a year of great dearth, the
people collected large quantities of thefe
peas between Orford and Aldborough, in
c Suffolk,

L E G U M E N S; 307

Suffolk, upon a barren heath, where even
grafs would not grow ; and as they never
had obferved any inch plant as this there in
the time of their fullnefs, when the eye is
carelefs, they attributed their fpringing up
then as a pure miracle, to keep the poor
from ftarving, though in all probability
they had been growing thereabouts for cen¬
turies before,

12 Vic i a faba* The Broad Bean. Lin .

Sp.pl. 1039.

The Common Broad Bean is a native of
Egypt, and like the Pea is now run into
many varieties, which have their diftin-
guiihing appellations among the gardeners,

1 The Mazagari. *

2 The Portugal.

3 The Small SpaniJfj.

4 The Btoad Spanijh.

5 The Sandwich.

6 The Poker.

7 The JVmdfor, and

8 The Muntford.

Which laft is a fmall fort of the Windfor „
The only variety taken notice of by Lin¬
naeus is the Horje^bean , and even this now
is run into many variations/ Thefe are not
eaten in England, but our Merchants (hip
them for Africa, where they are bought as
fupport for the flarves in their voyage to the
Weft Indies.

<

The diftilled water of the flowers of
Beans has been held in great efteern as a good
cofmetic among the Ladies.'

S E C Tv

I

308 LEGUMENS.

SECT. II.

Pods and Seeds of “Trees .

1 p AS SI A filial a. Sweet Cafjia, or

Pudding-pipe .Tree.

z Ceratonia Siliqua. Carol , or St. Johns
Bread.

3 Coffea Arabica. Arabian Coffee.

4 Coffea occidentalis. American Coffee.

3 Cytifus cajan. Pigeon Pea.

6 Epidendrum vanilla. Sweet-fcented Va¬
nilla.

n Hymenaea courbaril. Bafard Locujl
Tree.

8 Tamarindus indica. The Tamarind.

i Cassia fiftula. Sweet Caffa. Lin.
Sp. pi. 54°.

Caflia fiftula Alexandrina. Bauh. Pin.

4°5-

This is a native of Alexandria, and both
the Indies. It is a large tree, fometimes
reaching to fifty feet high, having a thick
trunk, which divides into many branches,
furnifhed with winged leaves, compofed of
five pair of fmooth, fpear-fhaped lobes.
The flowers come forth in long fpikes at
the ends of the branches, fuftained on long

peduncles ;

I

L E G U M E N S. 309

peduncles ; they are yellow, and each con-
lifts of fiv.e large concave petals, lurrounding
ten ftamina, the three lower of winch arc-
long, and tipped with arched, beaked, gap¬
ing fummits. In the centre is leated a long
taper germen, which becomes a pod divided
into many cells by tranfverfe partitions, and
is from one to two feet long, with a learn
running the whole length on one fide, and
the mark of one on the other. X he par¬
titions of the pod are covered with a black
fweet pulp, which is agreeable, but pur¬
gative.

There are two forts of Ccijfia kept in the
(hops, one brought from the Eaft Indies,
and the other from the Weft. The pods or
the latter are moftly large, thick rind, and
contain a naufeous pulp ; thofe of the for¬
mer are generally Imaller, fmoother, the
pulp blacker, and of a fweet and more plea-
fant tafte. The pulp is the part ufed in
medicine, and is frequently ordered either
alone or in compofition againft coftive habits
of body. The young tender pods, when
about the fize of Imall Kidney Beans, are
preferved with fugar in the Indies, and pod,
pulp and all, eaten in the above disorders.

2 Ceratonia filiqua. Carob-tree . Lin ,
Sp.pl; 1513.

Siliqua edulis. Bauh . Pm. 400.

This tree grows naturally in many places

Xv '

JIO LEGUMENS.

of the Levant, and alio in fome parts of
Spain and Italy, as is alTerted, but this feems
doubtful. It is male and female in diftindt
trees, and grows to a large fize. The body
is covered with an alh-coloured bark, and
the branches are furnifhed with winged*
oval-dobed leaves* terminated by an odd one.
The male flowers have no petals, but each
conflfls of a large calyx, cut into five parts,
and contains five long, awl-lhaped ftamina,
tipped with large twin fummits. The fe¬
male flowers all'o have no petals, but a flefhy
germen fituated within the receptacle, which
becomes a long, flefhy, comprefled pod, di¬
vided into leveral cells, each containing one

O

large, roundifb, comprefled feed.

Thefe pods are thick, mealy, and of a
fweetifh tafte, and are eaten by the poor
inhabitants in times of fcarcity ; but they
are apt to pain the bowels, and prove pur¬
gative. They are called Sf. Johns Breads
from an affertion of fome writers on Scrip¬
ture, that thefe pods were the Locufis St.
John eat with his honey in the Wildernefs,
But Dr. Xdalielquift has fufficiently refuted
this wild conceit, he obferving that the
animals, called Locufis, are plentifully eaten
to this day in the places where St. John
was, and it is not to be doubted but they
were the food he is faid to have been fup-
poi'ted with. _

‘L E G U M E N S. 31 r

' )

3 Coffea Arabica. Arabian CoJJee.

Lin. Sp. pi. 245.

This is fuppofed to be a native of Arabia
Felix, where it is greatly cultivated. It is
but a fmall tree, feldom growing above
fifteen or eighteen feet in its natural hate,
but the planters crop it, and fcarcely fuffer
it to reach fix. The Item is covered with a
light brown bark, and the branches diverge
oppofite each other in an horizontal di¬
rection ; they are furnilhed with numerous
beautiful, fharp-pointed leaves, fomewhat
refembling thofe of the Sweet Chefnut. The
flowers are produced in clutters at the bate ,
of the leaves, fitting clofe to the branches,
and each • confifts of a funnel-fhaped petal,
having a cylindrical tube, and is cut at the
brim into five parts. They are white, have
a mott grateful fmell, but are of thort du¬
ration. In the tube of the flower are in¬
serted five awl-thaped ftamina, and below
is a roundifh germen, which turns to an
oval berry, containing two oval feeds, which
are plain on one fide, and convex on the
other.

4 Coffea occidentalis. American Coffee.
Lin. Sp. pi. 246.

Pavetta foliis oblongo-ovatis oppofitis,
ftioulis fetaceis. Browne’s Pfam. 142. t. 6.

/I-..

This is a native of America, and it differs

X 4 from

312 LEGUMENS.

from the former in the flower being cut into
four parts, and in the berry containing but
one feed.

Of thefe two forts of Coffee, the Arabian
is to be preferred, as having themoft grate¬
ful flavour when infufed. They are both
of a drying nature, and are therefore good in
diforders of the head, proceeding from
fumes and moiflure. They alio promote
digeftion, and remove drowfmefs, but their
frequent ufe is forbidden in thin hectic
conftitutions, as they are apt to dry the
nerves of fuch perfons, and bring on trem¬
blings.

1

5 Cytisus cajan. Pigeon Pea. Lin.
Sp. pi. 1041.

Laburnum humilius, filiqua inter grana
et grana jundra, femine elculento. Sloanes
ffam. 139. Hijl. 2. p. 31.

This is a native of India, but is now
cultivated in almoft all the American iflands.
It is a fhrubby tree, and feldom exceeds ten
feet in height. The leaves (land three to¬
gether upon a common footftalk, two of
which are feffile and oppofite, and the mid¬
dle one is protruded beyond them, They
are woolly, and nearly lance-fhaped. The
flowers come out in racemi from the hides
of the branches, are of the pea kind, of a
deep yellow colour, about the fize of the
common Laburnum, and are fucceeded by

hairys

I

LEGUMENS. 313

r »

hairy, fickle-fhaped pods, about three inches
long, ending in an acute point. Thefe are
of a ruffet colour, and each contains feveral
roundifh kidney-lliaped feeds, which have a
flight aftringent tatfe ; but when boiled
they afford an agreeable and nutritious food.

This tree is of great utility to the in¬
habitants of the Weil Indies, for it not only
furnifhes them with a wholefome diet, but
alfo affords a conilant fupport for their Pi¬
geons, whence the name of Pigeon Pea.

6 Epidendrdm vanilla. Sweet -fcented
Vanilla. Lin. Sp. pi. 1347.

Epidendrum fcandens, foliis eliptico
ovatis nitidiffimis fubfeffilibus, inferioribus
claviculis jugatis, fuperioribus oppoiitis.
Browne's Jam. 326.

This is a paraiitical plant, and grows na¬
turally in both the Indies, where it climbs
up the bodies of trees by means of its l'piral
tendrils, ihooting its fibres into the bark in
manner of our ivy. The leaves are oblong-
heart-fhaped, of a bright green colour on
the upper fide, of a paler one on the other,
and have feveral prominent veins running-
through them. They are produced al¬
ternately at every joint, and have no foot-
flalks. The flowers are of a yellowilh-green
colour, mixed with white ; they have no
calyx, but each is compofed of five fpread-
ing, oblong petals, included in a (heath,

fitting

Q

3H

LEGUME NS

fitting upon the germen. Thefe have top-
fliaped nedariums on their backs, and their
brims are oblique, and bifid, except the up¬
per one, which is fhort and trifid. The
germen is Lender, twifted, and feated under
the flower, fupports a fhort ftyle, having two
Lamina fitting upon it, is crowned by an
obfolete fligma, and is fattened to the upper
lip of the flower. It fwells to a long, taper,
flefhy pod, including many fmall feeds.

Thefe pods are fix or feven inches long,
of a reddifh colour, wrinkled, and very oily.
They contain a pulp that fmells like Balfam
of Peru, of an aromatic tafte, and is made
ufe of by the manufacturers of Chocolate to
give it a flavour. As thefe pods furnifh an
article of trade, the inhabitants colled them
jufl as they turn ripe, and in order to pre-
lerve them for fale, they firft lay them in
heaps for two or three days to ferment, after
which they are fpread in the fun, and when
about half dried, they flat them, and rub
them over at the fame time with the oil of
Palma Chrifti. This done, they are again
expofed to the fun, and being once nlore
rubbed* with the fame oil, they are covered
over with the leaves of the Canna Indica,
and are then properly prepared for mar¬
ket. Vanillas are deemed cordial, good to
ftrengthen the ftomach, help digeftion, dif-
fipate wind, and to fortify the brain.

y Hymenjea

L E G U M E N S. 315

!7 Hymen^a courbaril. Baftard Lo~
cujl-tree. Lin. Sp. pi. 537.

Arbor filiquofa ex qua Gummi Elemi.
Baub. Pin. 404.

This is a large tree, growing naturally in
the Spanifh Well; Indies. The trunk is
covered with a light alh-coloured bark, is
often more than fixty feet high, and three
in diameter. The branches are furnilhed
with dark green leaves, which Hand by pairs
on one common footftalk, diverging from
their bafe in manner of a pair of (hears, when
opened. The flowers come out in loofe
fpikes at the ends of the branches, and are
yellow, ftriped with purple. Each confifts
of five petals, placed in a double calyx, the
outer leaf of which is divided into five parts,
and the inner one is cut into five teeth at its
brim. In the centre are ten declining (la¬
mina, longer than the petals, furrounding
an oblong germen, which becomes a thick,
flelhy, brown pod, four or five inches long,
and one broad, with a future on both edges,
and includes three or four purplilh feeds,
fomewhat of the lhape of Windfor Beans,
but final ler. .

The feeds are covered with a light brown
fugary fubftance, which the Indians fcrape
off and eat with great avidity, and which is
very pleafant and agreeable.

At the principal roots under ground is
found collected in large lumps a yellowilh-

red,

3'i 6- LEGUMENS..

f f *> »

red, tranfparent gum, which diffolved in
r e&ified fpirit of wine affords a moil excel¬
lent varnifh, and is the gum Anime of the
{hops, not the gum Eletni

8 Tamarindus indica. ' Lhe Tamarind.
Lin. Sp. pi. 48.

Siliqua Arabica, quas Tamarindus. Baub.
Pin. 403.

The 'Tamannd is a pretty large tree, grow¬
ing naturally in both the Indies, but thofe
in the Eaft produce the bed and largeft
fruit. The trunk is covered with a brown
bark, and fpreads into many branches at the
top, plentifully furnifhed with long, flender,
pinnated leaves, the lobes of which are very
narrow, and not above half an inch long ;
thefe are of a bright green colour, a little
hairy, and fit clofe to the midrib. The
flowers are produced from the Tides of the
branches, in l'mall clufters of lix or eight
together upon a common peduncle. Each
has a calyx compofed of five equal, oval
leaves, furrounding five reddiih petals, fo
difpoled as to referable a pea-flower, but they
contain only three awl-fhaped flamina, feated
in the finufes of the calyx, and are arched
towards the upper petal. The germen is

* This gum has been generally, - though wrongfully, lup-
pofed to be the gum Elcmi , but that is the gum of a tree
called Amyrjs Elemifera, and is of a much -paler colour than
the Anime .

an

legumens.

V

an oblong - oval, and fupports a /lender
aicending ftyle, crowned by a fingle ftigma.

The pods when fully grown are frotn
three to llx, inches long, and Ailed with a
ftringy, acid pulp, furrounding feveral hard
feeds. This pulp is of a cooling laxative
nature, is good to quench third:, allay im¬
moderate heat, and is an ingredient in the
Lenitive Electuary of the {hops.

. f " :■ -.v

CHAP, IX.

ESCULENT GRAIN and SEEDS;

i .

- . * ' \ . ; ‘

SEC T., I.

The various Sorts of Wheat.

f

IINNiEUS comprehends all the forts’
_j of Wheat at prefent cultivated, under
the fix following fpecies :

. ' ;

i Tritieum ajftivum. Summer , or Spring
Wheat.

2 Tritieum hybernum. Winter , or Com¬
mon Wheat.

3 Tritieum turgidum. Short thick-fpiked
Wheat. 1

4 Tritieum Polonicum. Poland Wheat.

5 Tritieum fpelta. German, ox Spelt Wheat.
6 Tritieum monococcum. St. Peter sCorn.

Cultivation has produced fo many varieties
from thefe Jix fpecies, that the moft curious
examiner cannot fix with certainty to which
of them they individually belong ■, but fuch as
are not to be doubted, fall be mentioned after
the defeription of each fpecies.

I Triticum aeftivum. Spring Wheat .
Lin. Sp. pi. 1 26.

Triticum radice annua, fpica glabra
ariftata. Roy. lugdb. 70.

This hath four flowers in a calyx, three
of which moftly bear grain. The calyces
fhnd pretty diftant from each other on both
lides a flat, fmooth receptacle. The leaves
of the calyx are kecl-fhaped, fmooth, and
thev terminate with a fhdrt arifta. The

j

glumes of the flowers are fmooth and bel¬
lying, and the outer leaf of three of the
glumes in every calyx is terminated by a
long arifta, but the three inner ones are
beardlefs. The grain is rather longer and
thinner than the common Wheat. It is
fuppofed to be a native of fome part of Tar¬
tary. The farmers call it Spring Wheat ,
becaufe it will come to the fickle with the
Common Wheat, though it be fown in Fe¬
bruary or March. The varieties of it are :

Triticum aftivum fpica et grana rubsnte. Spring
Wheat, with a red fpike and grain.

' Triticum aftivum rubrum , fpica alba. Red Spring
Wheat, with a white fpike.

'Triticum <eftivum , fpica et grana alba. Spring
Wheat, with a white fpike and grain.

2 Triticum hybernum. Common Wheat.
Lin. Sp. pi. 126.

Triticum

Triticum radice annua,
Roy. lugdb. no.

fpica mutica.

This hath alfo four flowers in a calyx,
three of which are moftly producftive. The
calyces ftand on each fide a fmooth, flat
receptacle, as in the former fpecies, but they
are not quite fo far afunder. The leaves of
the calyx are bellying, and fo fmooth, that
they appear as if polifhed, but they have no
arifta. The glumes of the flowers too are

lmooth, and the outer ones near the top of
the fp ike are often tipped with fliort arifta.
The grain is rather plumper than the for¬
mer, and is the fort mod generally fown in
England, whence the name of Common
Wheat . Its varieties are :

' Triticum hybernum , fpica et grana rubente. Com¬
mon Wheat, with a red fpike and
grain.

! Triticum hybernum rubrum , fpica alba . Com¬
mon Red Wheat, with a white fpike.

triticum hybernum , fpica et grana alba . Com¬
mon Wheat, with a white fpike and
grain.

4

3 Triticum turgidum. 7 hick - fpike d

Wheat. Lin. Sp.pl. 126.

Triticum radice annua, glumis villofis.
Roy. lugdb. 70.

This fpecies is eafily diftinguiftied from
2 either

GRAIN. 321

cither of the former, for though it has four
flowers in a calyx after the manner oi them,
yet the whole calyx and the edges of the
glumes are covered with loft hairs. The
calyces too Hand thicker on the receptacle,
which make the lpike appear more turgid.
Some of the outer glumes near the top of
the fpike are terminated by ihort ariftae, like
thofe of the Common Wheat. The grain
is Ihorter, plumper, and more convex on
the back, than either of the former fpecies.
Its varieties are numerous, and have various
appellations in different counties, owing to
the great affinity of feveral of them. Thofe
moft eafily to be diftinguiihed are :

►

‘T riticum turgidum conicum album. White Cone
Wheat.

’Triticum turgidum conicum rubrum . Red Cone
Wheat.

‘ Triticum turgidum arifiiferum. Bearded Cone
Wheat.

‘ Triticum turgidum , /pica multiplici. Cone
Wheat, with many ears.

The third variety is what the farmers call
Clog Wheat, Square Wheat, and Rivets.
The grain of this is remarkably convex on
one fide, and when ripe the awns generally
break in pieces and fall off. This fort is
very productive, but it yields an inferior
flour to what the former two foecies do.

x

Y 4 Triticum

322

G R A I N.

4 Triticum Polonicum. Poland Wheat.
Lin. Sp.pl. 127.

This has Tome refemblance to the tur-
gidum, but both grain and fpike are longer.
The calyx contains only two flowers, and
the glumes are furnilhed v/ith very long
ariftse. The teeth of the midrib are bearded.
As this fort is feldom fown in England, there
is no telling what varieties it produces.

5 Triticum fpelta. Spelt Wheat. Lin.
Sp. pi. 1 27.

Zea dicoccos vel fpelta major. Bauh.
Pin. 22.

At firfl: view this has a great refemblance
to Earley, but it has no involucrum. The
calyx is truncated, that is, it appears as if
the ends were fnipped off, and it contains
four flowers, two of which are hermaphro¬
dite, and the glumes bearded, but the in¬
termediate ones are neuter. There are two
rows of grain as in Barley, but they are
fhaped like Wheat. It is much cultivated
in France, Germany, and Italy, but neither
the native place of this, nor of the former
three fpecies is yet known.

6 Triticum monococcum. St. Peter $
Corn. Lin. Sp. pi. 127.

Zea Briza didla live monococcos ger-
manica. Bauh. Pin. 21.

This

I

GRAIN. 323

This has three flowers in each calyx, al¬
ternately bearded, and the middle one neuter.
The fpike is fhining, and has two rows of
grain in the manner of Barley. Where it
grows naturally is not known, but it is cul¬
tivated in Germany, and in conjunction
with Spelt Wheat is there made into bread,
which is coarfe, and not fo nourishing as
that made of Common Wheat. Malt made
of any of our Wheats is often put into Beer,
and a fmall quantity of it will give a large
Brewing a fine brown, tranfparent tinCture.

Before I quit this article of Wheat, I
fhall make an obfervation or two that mav
prove of fome benefit to the generality of
Farmers. The common allowance of feed
to fow an acre, is not lefs than three bufhels,
a quantity, as Miller obferves, which is
certainly too much, but not perhaps alto¬
gether for the reafons he gives. If 'the
hufbandman has ten coombs per acre, for
his three bufhels of feed, he thinks he has
had an excellent crop, nor does he fet him-
i'elf about reflecting how much miffed com¬
ing to perfection. Now if all the grain he
towed, vegetated, and produced only two
tolerable good ears each, and each ear con¬
tained only forty grains, (which is rating
them full low) the produce of one grain
fown would be 80, and the increafe from
the three bufhels would be 240 bufliels, or

^ 2 60 coombs ;

I ' '

324 G R A I N.

»

60 coombs ; confequently when he reaps but
10 coombs, he has the profit of only half a
bufhel of h is feed. It llands the iarmer in
hand then to be careful about fowing his
feed-corn, and not throw it away to birds
and other vermin, and which he frequently
does by fowing it too late. In order to
prevent the ravages of thefe creatures, he
ought to have all his Wheat into ground by
the end of October at longed, before the
birds find a fcarcitv of food : for while there
remains any part of the lad year’s offal on
the fields, they will not trouble themfelves
much about the new town grain ; but as
loon as they feel themfelves pinched, they
repair by flights to the frefh fown lands,
and pick up all they can poffibly get at;
and though the feeds in general may have
vegetated, yet if they be not firongly rooted,
they make little difficulty of pulling them
up by their leaves, and then twitch off the
grain. Several forts of birds are dexterous
at this bufinefs, but Larks in particular are
quite adepts at it ; a fmall parcel of them
will foon make a place as bare as it was be¬
fore fown. Now this wafte never happens
when there is plenty of food for thefe ani¬
mals, nor can it be performed when the
corn is much advanced, it then requiring
more than their drength to draw it up, io
that if it be fown in time, and before thefe

creatures

»

GRAIN. 325

» (

creatures are did: re lied, it fuffers little or
nothing, but from the feverity of hard fea-
fons. From what has been obferved it mud;
appear evident, that a much lefs quantity of
feed fown early, properly fcaftered, and well
covered, will be productive of as large a
crop as the ufual allowance is ; and probably
a larger, for the grains being lefs liable to
be difturbed by the birds when ftri king root,
and their roots Handing more diftinCt, they
will be better fupplied with nourishment,
enabled to fupport their Hems, and bring
their feed to greater perfection.

SECT.

II.

i

A

' • t

Oats , Barley , and Rye.

*•

VENA fativ a. Manured Black

Oat .

- alba . Manured White Oat.

2 A vena nuda. Naked Oat , or Pile or n .

3 Hordeum vulgare. Common Barley .

— - — - — . — ccelejie. Siberian Barley.

4 Hordeum diftichon. Long- eared Barley .

- - - - nudum . Naked Barley.

5 Hordeum hexaftichon. Big, or Square

Barley .

Y

0

6 I lor-

326 G R A I

6 Hordeum zeocriton. Battledore , or

Sprat Barley ,

7 Secale cereale. Common Rye ,

— * — vernum . Spring Rye.

i Avena fativa. ^ Cto. 5*

//. 1 1 8 .

Avena nigra. Bauh, Pin. 23.

The Ch?/ was found growing wild by-
Lord Anion in the ifiand of Juan Fernandez,
at the back of the coaft of Chili, in the
South Sea ; but probably it never was na¬
tural to this place, but had been dropped
by the Spaniards, who had been here before
Anfon. .In Scotland, and fome of the nor¬
thern counties of England, Oats form the
chief bread of the inhabitants. They are
much uled likewife in Germany ■, but in
Norway, Oat-bread is a luxury among the
common people, for they fpare the grain
by mixing Fir-bark with it, and grinding
both into meal. And they do this not only
In times of fcarcity, but alfo when Oats are
plentiful, that they may be inured to it
when the latter fail them. The Fir gives
the bread a bitterifh tafle ; and therefore
lately they have generally fubftituted Elm-
bark for it, which they find much pleafanter.
Oats are very nutritive, and eafy of digeftion,
to luch as feed conlfantly upon them.

The White Oat is only a variety of the
Black, and though the former are generally

preferred

GRAIN. 327

preferred for feeding horfes, yet it has been
found on fome fair trials, that the latter are
the belt for this purpofe, and that fuch
horfes as are kept with the Black Oat, ap¬
pear inoft healthy, and fulled of fpirits.

- v ■ i • *

2 Avena nuda. Naked Oat . Lin. Sp.

pi. 1 1 8 .

This is fometimes found in our corn¬
fields, and is therefore fuppofed to be na¬
tural to England. It fo much refembles
the Tartarian Oat, in its manner of growth
and general appearance, that it may eafily
be midaken for it by any one not we 11 {killed
m plants. The difference is, this has three
flowers in a calyx, whereas the Tartarian has
only two ; and the feed of the nuda lies bare
in the hufle in the manner of Rye j but that
of the Tartarian is enwrapped in the glume.
In former ages this was the chief Oat cul¬
tivated here, for the feeds being naked was
a great inducement to its propagation, before
the method of hufking the Common Oat
became general, as when they were boiled,
they turned for the mod part into flour.

\

3 Hordeum vulgar e. Common Barley.
Lin. Sp. pi. 125.

Hordeum polydichon vernum. Bank.
Pin. 22.

This is the Barley mod generally culti¬
vated. It has three or four rows of flowers,

Y 4 two

323 G R A I N.

- )

two of which are ere<5t, and Hand in a re¬
gular order. They are all hermaphrodite,
and bearded. The fkin which covers the
iced is very thin, and confequently it is a
good fort foi the maltfter. Harley is lefs
nounlhing than Wheat, apt to purge the
body, and therefore is not made into bread
■Here, but when the latter becomes too dear
tor the pockets of the common people. In
the Gieek illands. Barley-bread is-much in
ttlu ; this and dried bigs being the principal
food of the Monks,, the fame as Wheaten
bread and cheele are here. In Scotland too
the poor people eat frequently of Barley-
bread. In many parts of India this grain is
much cultivated for their cattle, the inha¬
bitants making the meal into dough, which
they form into balls, and give them to their
Oxen and - Camels. Its native place of
growth is not known.

9 - f* f % ♦ . C T t

4 Hordeum diftichon. Long - eared
Barley. Lin.- Sp. pi. 12 c.

1 his is the Barley generally cultivated in
Norfolk and Suffolk. 1 he ears are very
long, and the grains are regularly ranged in
a row on each fide the receptacle. They are
angular, and have a very thin fkin, which
lad circumftance renders this fort alfo very
proper for malting. The French and Pearl
Barley of the fhops are faid to be prepared
from tnis Species, but as there is little dif¬
ference

GRAIN. 329

ference between the feeds of this and the
former, I imagine they are both promif-
cuoufly ufed for this purpofe. The Pearl-
barley is prepared in Holland and Germany,
byfirft fhelling the grain, and then grinding
it into round granules, which gives them a
pearly whitenefs. This boiled is very foft
and lubricating, and is either drank alone
to flake third:, and to obtund acrimonious
humours, or it is ordered in emullions. In
Scotland they prepare a deal of both forts,
and they are there boiled in broths to
thicken them.

t.t \

•/ , . * . f- . ; i ' k J •» } , • t

5 Hordeum hexaftichon. Square Barky.
Lin. Sp. pi. 125.

This goes by the feveral names of Winter
Barley , Square Barley, Bear, Big, and Clog
Barley. The flowers are all bearded, and
ranged in fix rows fo equally, as to form a
perfect iix-fided figure. In many parts of
Scotland they leldom cultivate any fort but
this, it being more hardy than the reft, and
the ears there come to a very large lize, but
the fkin being rather thickifh, the grain is
not fo good for malting as either of the
former. In Switzerland, and all'o in fome
of the Provinces of Germany, they make
bread of this, Spelt Wheat, and Oats, all
mixed together. In Egypt, where they
fow no Oats, they cultivate this as food for
their horfes.

6 Hordeum

/

$30 G R A I N,

6 Hordeum zeocriton. Sprat Barley.
Lin. Sp. pi. 125.

Zeocriton live Oriza germanica. Baub.
Pin. 22. . ■ r

This has two regular rows of feed, one on
each fide the midrib, the fame as the dijli-
chon , but the ear is fhorter and broader, the
awns are very long, the grains are clofer
crouded together, and when ripe they di¬
verge fo as to caufe the awns to fpread very
wide, and give the idea of a Battledore j
whence the name of Battledore Barley . The
grain i-s angular like the common Barley,
but it is rather fhorter, and has a thicker
bun, fo is not lo eligible for malting. It
generally yields plentifully to the grower,
but the It raw is fo coarl'e, that cattle will
.feldoin eat it, for which reafon the fanners
are not fond ot cultivating this fort. The
native country of any of thefe three laft
fpecies is not known.

7 Secale cereale. Common Rye. Lin.
Sp.pl. 124.

Secale hybernum vel majus. Bauh. Pin.

This is a native of the iiiand of Candia,
but has been cultivated in England for
many ages. About a century part. Rye made
the principal bread of the common inha¬
bitants here, but it was black, clammy,
very detergent, and confequently lefs non-

G R A I N. 331

riihing than Wheat. It is full ufed in
Wales, in conjundtion with the latter, and
in tome parts of Sweden and Norway, the
poor people feed on little elfe. Wheat-bread
hejng moftly preferved for feafts and wed-
dings.

SECT. III.

Mijcellaneous Grain and Seeds.

1 f'OlX lacryma Jobi. job's 'Tears.

2 ^ Cynofurus coracanus. Indian Cock’s-

Foot Grafs.

3 Feftuca fluitans. Flote Fefcue Grafs.

4 Holcus forghum. Guinea Corny or In¬

dian Millet.

5 Holcus faccharatus. Indian Reed Millet.

6 Nymph asa nelurnbo. Egyptian Bean .

7 Oryza fativa. Rice.

8 Panicum miliaceum. Common Millet.

9 Panicum Italicum. Indian Millet .
to Phalaris canarienfis. Canary Grafs.

11 Polygonum fagopyrum. BuckWheat.

12 Quercus efculus. Cut-leaved Italian Oak.

13 Quercus p'nellos. Carolinian Willow-

leaved Oak.

14 Sefamum orientale. Eajlern Fox-glove.

15 Sefamum Indicum. Indian Fox-glove.

16 Sinapis nigra. Black Mujlard.

17 Sinapis

17 Sinapis arvenfis. Charlock.

18 Zea mays. Turkey, or Indian Wheat.

19 Zizania aquatica. Water Zizania.

1 Coix lacryma Jobi. Job's Tears. Lin.
Sp. pi. 1378.

Lithofpermum arundinaceum. Bauh.Pin.
2^8.

This is. a native of both the Indies. It is
a perennial, and fends up two or three
crooked flalks, about two feet high, having
a long graffy leaf at every joint, at the bale
of which come out the ipikes of flowers, on
fhort footftalks. The fpikes are compofed
of all male flowers, and juft below them
are two or three females. The male has a
bivalve, bulky calyx, and a bivalve glume,
containing three flender ftamina, tipped
with oblong, four-cornered fummits. The
female flower is alfo compofed of a bivalve
calyx and glume, and contains an oval ger-
men, which becomes a hard, fmooth, round-
ilk feed, nearly like that of Gromwel.

1 His plant is cultivated in Spain and Por¬
tugal, for the lift of the poor inhabitants in
the time of fcarcity, the feeds being then
ground, and made into a coarfe fort of bread.
As they are hard and of different colours,
they are often perforated by the negroes,
ftrung upon filk, and then worn for neck¬
laces.

GRAIN. , ■ 333

2 Cynosurus coracanus. Indian Cock s-
j'oot Grafs . Ian. Sp. pi. 106.

Gramen Dadtylon iEgyptiacum. Bank .

P in . 7.

This is an annual, and a native of India.
It hath woolly gralfy leaves, among which
rile the ftems, not more than three or lour
inches high. Thefe are flattifh, eredr, and
terminated by four (lometimes lix) linear
fpikes, that fpread in the form of a crols.
The flowers are all hermaphrodite, feveral
Handing together in a bivalve, bulky calyx,
and each has a bivalve glume, containing
three flender ftamina, and two hairy reflexed
ftyles. The germen is fmall, and top-
fhaped.

The feeds are near as large as fmall Mil¬
let, and are uled by the inhabitants for the
fame purpofes that Millet is.

3 Festuca fluitans. Plate Fefcue Grafs.

Lin. Sp. pi. 111.

Gramen aquaticum fluitans, multiplied
fpica. Bank. Pin. 2.

This grows very common by ditches, and
almoft all rrioift places in England. It hath
a creeping root, which lends forth feveral
curved ftalks, a little flatted towards the
bale ; thefe are terminated by long panicles,
which are very much branched when the
plant grows in the water, or on a very moilt
place ; but in drier fituations the panicles

are

334 G R A I N.

are fcarcely branched at all. They are of a
filvery green colour, and the fpiculas are
round, linear, and beardlefs. The flowers
are hermaphrodite, and feveral of them are
common to a bivalve, bulky calyx. Each
is compofed of a bivalve glume, longer than
the calyx, and contains three flender (la¬
mina, tipped with oblong fummits, toge¬
ther with two fhort, reflexed ftyles, crowned
wi th Ample ftigmata, The feed is flender,
oblong, and hath a longitudinal furrow.

Thefe feeds are not regarded here as efcu-
lent grain, but in Poland they are yearly
colleiled, and fent into Germany and Swe¬
den, where they are fold by the name of
Manna Seeds, for the ufe of the table of
people ol the fir ft rank, and are much
efteemed for their agreeable and nourilhing
quality. Linnaeus affirms, that the bran of
this grain will kill Bots in horfes, if they
be kept from drinking fome time before it
be given them ; and that the grain itfelf
W’ill fatten Geefe fooner than any yet known;
all which clearly point out the utility of
Botany to a farmer ; for from this common
plant only, if he fhould be able to diftin-
guilh it, he may draw a medicine for his
dileafed horfes, and a profitable and nou-
rilhing food for his geefe. The poorer fort
of people too might colledt the feeds for
tale as they do in Poland, for if they are fo
pleafant and agreeable at the tables of the

German

GRAIN. 335

German and Swedifh gentlemen, why fhould
they not be fo at thofe of the Englifh ? The
plant grows prodigioufly plentiful in mod;
marfhes, and in thofe near the fea; and in
the middle of a hot day, I have feen the
fpikes quite covered with a brown fub-
fiance, as fweet as fugar.

4 Holcus forghum. Guinea Corn. Lin.
Sp. pi. 1484.

Milium arundinaceum, fubrotundo fe-
mine, Sorgho nominatum. Baub. Pin. 26.

This is an annual plant, and a native of
India. It fends up thick, flrong flalks, like
thofe of Turkey Wheat, to feven or eight
feet high, and let at their joints with large
graffy leaves, often more than two feet long,
and three inches broad in the middle, em¬
bracing the flalks with their bale. The
midrib of thefe is very depreffed on the up¬
per furface, and prominent on the back.
The flalks are terminated with large, dole,
oval panicles of chaffy flowers, feme of
which are male, and others hermaphrodite
on the fame panicle. The male flowers
have no glumes, but each conlifls of an
hairy, hufky, bivalve calyx, containing three
hairy ftamina, tipped with oblong fummits.
The hermaphrodite flowers have a like, but
larger calyx, together with a bivalve glume,
containing three hairy flarnina, and two
fmall flyles, crowned with pencil-lhapeq
2 fliemata.

336 G R A I N.

ftigmata. T he germen is roundilh, and
becomes an oval feed, wrapped in the
glume, having a fmall arifta, the bottom of
which is brown, and the top white.

5 Holcus faccharatus. Indian Reed
Millet. Lin. Sp. pi. 1484.

Frumentum indicum, quod Milium in-
dicum vocant. Bauh. Lbeatr. 488.

"I his too is a native of India, grows to the
fize of the former, and makes the like ge¬
neral appearance; but the panicle of this
fpreads open, the branches Handing nearly
horizontally upon the receptacle. The ca¬
lyces of the flowers too are fmooth, but the
feeds are much of the fame lize as the for¬
mer ; thefe vary in both with refpedt to
colour, they being white, yellow, or red-
dilh. The ftalks of this fpecies are almoft
as copioufly ftored with a faccharine iuice as
the Sugar Cane. >

Both thefe plants are cultivated in Africa
by the name of Guinea Corn, and they have
been confounded as only one fort by mod:
travellers. The grain is there made into
bread, and ot'nerwife ufed, and is deemed
wholefome food. From Africa the Negroes
carried them to the Weft Indies, where they
are both fown for their ufe, and each Have
is generally allowed from a pint to a quart
per day.

6 NymphjEa

6 Nymphjea nelUmbo. Egyptian Bean ,
Lin. Sp. pi. 73 o.

Nymphaea foliis orbicularis peltatis fubtus
raaiatis. Browne 's jam. 343. Faba flEgyptia.

This is a perennial, growing naturally in
flagnated waters, in both the Indies. It
fends forth large, orbicular leaves, which
float upon the furface of the water, and are
about half a yard diameter, having- their
footftalks, which are long and prickly, in¬
flated into their centre. From the middle
of each leaf ifl'ue a great number of large
rays or ribs, all diverging towards the mar¬
gin, breaking into many ramifications, and
making a beautiful appearance. Among the
leaves come the flowers, flupported on long
peduncles ; they are large* and confift of
many deep flefh-coloured petals, difpofed in
rows, as they are in the White Water Lily.
In the middle are numerous incurved fta-
mina, furrounding an oval germen, which
becomes a top-fhaped feed-veffel, having
many cells, that form as many holes upon,
its furface, in manner of a fand-dilh* each
containing a Angle feed;

When thefe feeds are young and green;
they are boiled and eaten by the inhabitants
of India, they being then agreeable* but
when full ripe, they are hard and bitterifh.

I knew a perfon who eat many of them raw.
as they were fent from the Weft Indies, and
they made him very ill for fo'me time after.-

GRAIN.

338

The flowers of this plant are facred in fome
heathen countries, and with them they adorn
the altars of their temples. Often too their
gods are painted fitting upon them.

The ancient writers on Botany moftly
confounded this plant with the Arum colo~
cafia , which caufed much confufion in
their accounts of both plants, and was the
means of inducing many to believe that the
Faba Mgyptia exifted only in the brains of
fuch as wrote about it. This uncertainty
feems to have arifen from fome affinity in
the leaves of the two plants, they both being
peltated, and though not exadtly of afhapc,
yet in more remote times, when this fcience
was very imperfedf, fuch differences were
not ftridtly attended to, and therefore it is
probable, that thofe who did not fee the
plants in flower, miftook the one for the
Other; which they might eafily do, as they
both grow in the fame kind of foil and
fituations.

7 Oryza fativa. Rice. Lin. Sp. pi. 475.

Rice is a native of India, and is cultivated
in almofi: every part of Afia. It is an an¬
nual, and rifes to about a yard high, with
broader and thicker leaves at the joints of
the ftalks, than thofe of Wheat. Each
ftalk is terminated by a fpreading panicle,
plentifully furnifhed with fmall flowers,
Handing flngly in a bivalve chaffy calyx.

I

GRAIN.

339

* ^ '

arid having a bivalve, boat-fhaped glume,

ending in a fpiral beard. The Aamina are
fix, of the length of the glume; and are
terminated by fummits, which fplit at their
bafe. There are two hairy, reflexed flyles,
crowned with feathered Aigmata, and placed
on a top-Aiaped germen, which becomes an
oblong comprefied feed.

This grain is the principal food of the
inhabitants in all parts of the EaA,1 where it
is boiled and eaten either alone or with their
meat. Large quantities of it are annually
fent into Europe, and it meets with a ge¬
neral efieem for family purpofes. The peo¬
ple of Java have a method of making pud¬
dings of Rice , which feems to be unknown
here, but is not difficult to put in pra&ice,
if it fhould merit attention.’ They take a
conical earthen pot,1 which is open at the
large end, and perforated all over; this they fill
about half full with Rice, and putting it into
a larger earthen pot of the fame fhape, filled
with boiling water, the Rice in the firfi pot
foon fwells and Aops the perforations, fo as
to keep out the water? by this method the
Rice is brought to a firm confidence, and
forms a pudding, . which is generally eaten
with butter, oil, fugar, vinegar, and fpices„'
The Indians eat Aewed Rice with good fuc-
cefs againA the bloody-fiux, and in mofi:
inflammatory diforders they cure themfelves
with only a deco&ion of it. The fpirituous

7j % Imuorv

I

' -V,. - - •• Si£ ■;

G R A I M,

liquor, called Arrack , is made from this
grain.

Rice grows naturally in moifl places, and
will not come to perfection when cultivated,
unlefs the ground be fometimes overflowed,
or plentifully watered. The grain is of a
grey colour when firffc reaped, but the
growers have a method of whitening it, be¬
fore it is fent to market. The manner of
performing this and beating it out in Egypt,
is thus related by Hafielquift: They have
hollow iron, cylindrical peftles, about an
inch diameter, lifted by a wheel worked
with oxen. A perfon fits between the
Defiles, and as they rife, pufhes forward the
1 Tice, w hi Iff another winnows, and fupplies
frefh parcels. Thus they continue working,
until it is entirely free from chaff. Having
in this manner cleaned it, they add one-
thirtieth part of lalt, and rub them both
together, by which the grain acquires a
whitenefs j then it is paffed through a fieve,
to feparate the fait again from it.

In the I Hand of Ceylon they have a much
more expeditious method of getting out the
Rice, for in the field where it is reaped, they
dig a round hole with a level bottom, about
a foot deep,, and eight yards diameter, and
fill it with bundles of the corn. Having
laid it properly, the women drive about half
a dozen oxen continually round the pit, and
thus they will tread out forty or fifty bufhels

I

GRAIN. 341

a-day. This is a very ancient method of
treading out corn, and is ftill p tact i fed in
Africa upon other forts of grain.

8 Panicum miliaceum. Common Millet.
Lin. Sp. pi. 86.

Milium fetnine luteo & albo. Baub.
Pin. 26.

This is a native of India. It fends up a
channelled, reed-like llalk, to the height of
about four feet, compofed of four or five
joints, and furnilhed with a large grafl'y leaf
at each, the bafe of which is covered with
foft hairs, and embraces the ftalk up to the
next joint. The ftalk is terminated by a
large loofe panicle of green flowers, each
confifting of a trivalve calyx, one part of
which is very fmall, and a bivalve glume,
containing three hairy ftamina, and two
hairy ftyles, crowned with pencil -fhaped
ftigmata. The germen is roundifh, and be¬
comes a feed of the fame form, covered with
the glume.

This plant is cultivated in moft eaftern
countries, and alfo in feveral of the warm
parts of Europe. The feeds vary in their
colour, and are white, yellow, or blackifh.
They are pretty well known here, being
frequently made ufe of for puddings.

9 Panicum ItaUcum, Indian Millet .
Lin. Sp.pl. 83.

7 ->

1

Panicum

342 GRAIN.

P^nleum Italicum five panicula majors.
Baub. Pin, 27.

This is a native of both the Indies, and
grows to much the fame height as the for^
mer ; but it has a compound fpike, not a
panicle, and the fmaller fpikes grow in
cluders, mixed with bridles, upon hairy
peduncles, and a hairy midrib. The bafes
of the leaves are covered with hairs. It is
much cultivated in Italy, and fome parts
of Germany, where they make puddings of
the feeds, and alfo boil them in mod of their

• • ^ '1 , '< % 1 v f

foups and fauces,

10 Phaj.aris canarienfis. Canary Grafs,
Jjin. Sp. pi. 79.

Phalaris major, femine albo. Bauh. Pin .
oS ' '

This is a grafs-leayed plant, and grows
naturally in the Canary Iflands. It rifes to
about two feet high, having crooked, chan¬
nelled dalles, with a leaf at each joint, the
fheath of which embraces the dalk to the
next joint. The dalk is terminated with
an egg - fhaped, compound fpike, thickly
fet with dowers, each having a bivalve,
keel -fhaped calyx, of a yellowifh colour,
driped with green, and a bivalve glume,
containing three datnina and two dyles.

The feed is well known, being the ufual
food of Canary-birds. In its native country

the

V

344 G R A I N.

fouth of France and Italy. It hath fmooth
iinuated leaves, fo deeply cut, that they
appear like lobes. Their footftalks are (liort,
and lome of the linufes end in an acute
point, others in an obtufe one. The young-
branches are covered with a purplilh bark,
and the acorns lit clofe to them. The latter
are long, llender, with very rough cups.

In times of fcarcity the poor people in
France collect thefe acorns, and grind them
into meal, of which they make bread. They
have a fweetidi tafle, but afford little noui-
rifhment,

# 1 ♦ , ; i /

1 3 Quercus phellos. Willow t leaved
Oak. L in . Sp. pL 1412.

This is an ever-green, and a native of
Virginia.- It is a v*ery large tree, often
riling upwards of forty feet high. The
wood is hard, toughy and coarfe. The
branches are covered with a grevifh bark,
and are garnifhed with oblong, fpear-fhaped
leaves, lomewhat like thofe of Sallow, but
of a thicker confidence. The acorns are
oblong, and fit in very fhort cups ; they are
fweeter than aChefnut, and are much fought
after by the Indians, in order to lay up to
regale with in Winter. They likewife draw
an oil from them, which they ufe inftead of
butter, and it is little inferior to the oil of
Almonds. In America the tree goes by the
name of Live Oak .

14. Sesamum

*

GRAIN. ' 345

14 Sesamum orientale. Ectjlern Fox -
glove . Lin . Sp.pl. 883.

Sefamum veterum. Bauh . Fin. 27.

This is an annual, and grows naturally
in the iiland of Ceylon, and on the coaft of
Malabar. It fends up a round, hairy ftalk,
about two feet high, divided into a few
branches, furnifhed with oblong-oval leaves,,
Handing oppoftte on footftalks; they are
entire on their margins, veined, and thinly
covered with a few foft hairs. The flowers

/ * ■ H

come out fingly at the bofoms of the leaves,
upon fhort peduncles they are white, and
each has a permanent calyx, cut at the brim
into five equal parts, which fpread open,
and contain a petal fhaped like that of the
Foxglove. In the centre of the tube are
four ftamina, two fhorter than the other,
and all fhorter than the petal ; thefe furround
an oval hairy germen, fupporting a ftyle
longer than the ftamina, and crowned by a
fpear-fhaped ftigma, divided into two parts.
When the flower falls, the germen becomes
an oblong capfule, having four cells, con¬
taining many fmall oval, compreffed feeds.

This plant is not only cultivated in Afia,
but alfo in Africa, and from the latter the
negroes have carried it to South Carolina,
where they raife large quantities of it, be¬
ing very fond of the feeds, and make foups
and puddings of them, as with Rice and
Millet. They parch them too over the

fire.

t

346 GRAIN.

fire, and with other ingredients, flew them
into a hearty food. The feed in Carolina
is called Oily Grain , it yielding oil very co-
pioufly. This when firft drawn has a warm
pungent tafte, and is otherwife not palatable,
but after being kept a year or two, the difa-
greeablenefs goes off, and it becomes mild
and pleafant, is then ufed in their fallads,
and for all the purpofes of Olive Oil.

15 Sesamum Indicum. Indian Foxglove.
Lin. Sp. pi. 884.

’i his too is an annual, and a native of
fome parts of India. The ftalk rifes higher
than in the former fpecies, and the lower
leaves are cut into three divifions. The
flower refembles the other, and the grain is
eaten in India in the fame manner.

16 Sinapis nigra. Black Muftard. Lin,
Sp. pi. 933. .

Sinapi rapi folio. Baub. Pin. 99.

This is an annual, and grows wild in
hedges, and on the borders of our fields. It
fends up a branched ftalk, three or four feet
high, furnifhed with varioufly jagged leaves
at the divifions of the branches ; thofe at
the lower part refemble Turnep leaves, tho’
fmaller, but towards the top they are lefs
jagged, and nearly oval. The flowers ter¬
minate the branches in loofe fpikes ; they
are yellow, and each is compofed of a calyx

5' of

GRAIN, 347

of four narrow leaves, which fpread open
in form of a crofs, and fall off when the
flower fades; and of four roundi/h petals,
Handing in the fame manner, having four
oval glands, one on each fide the ftamina
and ftyle. In the centre are fix awl-fhaped
ftamina, two fhorter than the reft;, fur¬
rounding a taper gerriien, which becomes a
fmooth four-fquare pod, about an inch long,
ending in a fharp point.

This plant is cultivated for the feed, of
which that excellent and wholefome fauce,
called Mqftard, is made.

17 Sin api s arvenfis. Charlock. Lin,

Sf.pl, 9 33-

Rapiftrum fiore luteo. Bauh. Pm. 95.

This is the Common Charlock, and it is
generally known by being a troublefome
weed among corn. It is faid the Durham
flour of Muftard is made from the feeds of
this; but the truth of it I know not. There
is another plant called Charlock, or IPallock,
by the farmers, and grows larger than the
former. This is the Raphanus raphanijlrum,
the calyx of which is /hut, or /lands up¬
right, the flower is whiti/h, and the pod is
long, round, fmooth, and has but one celR
This is a more pernicious weed among corn
than the firft Charlock.

18 Zea

\

\

343 GRAIN.

1 8 Zea mays. Indian Wheat. Lin,
Sp.pl. 1378.

Frumentum Indicum Mays diChtm,
Bauh. Pin. 25..

The Turkey Wheat is a native of America,
where it is much cultivated, as it is alfo in
ibme parts of Europe, efpecially in Italy
and Germany. There are many varieties,
which differ in the colour of the Grain, and
are frequently railed in our gardens by way
of curiofity, whereby the plant is well
known. It is the chief bread corn in fome
of the fouthern parts of America, but f nee
the introduction of Rice into Carolina, it is
but little ufed in the northern colonies. It
makes a main part too of the food of the
poor people in Italy and Germany. This
is the fort of Wheat mentioned in the Book
of Ruth, where it is fajd that Boaz treated
Ruth with parched ears of corn dipped in
vinegar. This method of eating the roafted
ears of Turkey Wheat is ffill p radii fed. in the
Eaft, they gathering the ears when about
half ripe, and having fcorched them to their
minds, eat them with as much fatisfatlion
as we do the beft flour-bread. In feveral
parts of South America they parch the ripe
corn, never making it into bread, but grind¬
ing it between two Hones, mix it with water
in a Calabafh, and fo eat it.

The Indians make a fort of drink from
this grain, which they call Cici. This li¬
quor

GRAIN. 349

quor is very windy and intoxicating, and
has nearly the tafle of four Small Beer; but
they do not ufe it in common, being too
lazy to make it often* and therefore it is
chiefly kept for the celebration of feafts and
weddings, at which times they moftly get
intolerably drunk with it. The manner of
making this precious beverage, is to deep a
parcel of the corn in a veffel of water, till
it grows four; then the old women, being
provided with Calabafhes for the purpofe,
chew fome grains of the corn in their
mouths, and {pitting it into the Calabafhes,,
empty them fpittle and all into the four li¬
quor, having previoufly drawn off the latter
into another veffel. The chewed grain foon
raifes a fermentation, and when this ceafes,
the liquor is let off from the dregs, and fet
by till wanted. In fome of the i /lands in
the South Sea, where each individual is his
own lawgiver, it is no uncommon thing for
a near relation to excufe a murderer, for a,
good drunken -bout of Cici.

19 Zizania aquatica. Water Zizania.
Lin. Sp.pl. 1408.

Arundo alta gracilis, foliis e viridi cteru-
leis, locuftis minoribus, Shane’s ’Jam. 33.

Hiji . I. /». ixo.

This is a reed-like plant, growing in the
fwampy parts of Jamaica and Virginia. The
leaves are of 4 green-purplifh colour, and

the

J

350 6 R A i ft.

the ftalks terminate in fpreading panicles of
male and female flowers in diftind cups.
The male hath no calyx, but conflfts of a
bivalve, equal glume, containing fix fmall
ftamina, tipped with oblong fummits. The
female alfo hath no calyx, but is compofed
of a bivalve glume, wrapped round the ger-
men, and having a long arifta. The germen
fupports two fmall flyles, and becomes a
fmall oblong feed.

The Indians are exceedingly fond of this
grain, and count it more delicious than
Rice. If this valuable plant were brought
into England, as is juflly obferved by a late
writer, it is probable it would fucceed well
tipon fome of our low meadows, and amply
reward the pains of fuch as might culti¬
vate it.

t H A P.

I

E 351 1

C H A

X,

ESCULENT NUTS*.

% A MYGDALUS communis. Sweet
±\. and Bitter Almond .

2 Anacardium occidentale. Cajhew Nut .

3 Avicennia tomentofa. Eaftern Anacar¬

dium, or Malacca Bean.

4 Corylus avellana. Hazel Nut.

■ - racemofa . Clufter Nut.

- maxima. Large Cob Nut.

- - rubens. Red Filbert.

alba. White Filbert.

5 Cocos nucifera. Cocoa Nut.

6 Fagus caftanea. Common Chef nut .

7 Fagus pumila. American Chef nut .

8 Juglans regia. Common Walnut.

9 Juglans nigra. Black Virginian Walnut «

10 Jatropha c ureas. Indian Phyfc Nut.

1 1 Jatropha multifida. French Phyfc Nut .

1 2 Pinus pinea. Stone, or jnanured Pine „

13 Piftacia vera. Piflachia Nut.

14 Piftacia narbonenfis. Trifoliate - leave a

Turpentine-tree.

1 5 Theobroma cacao. Chocolate Nut .

16 Trapa natans. Jefuit's Nut .

* A Nut is defined to be a hard, woody feed-velTel, in.
doling a meat or kernel*

f Amygdalus

i Amygdalus communis.
mo nd- tree. Lin. Sp. pi. 677.

'--"i ' . . - -

-i •

... 7 jrxf

P-.

s.

The AU

Amygdalus fylveftris. Bauh. Pin. 441.

This grows wild in Africa, and rifes to a
very large tree, fpreading its arms to a great
width. Thefe put forth numerous ilender
branches, furnifhed with leaves nearly like
thofe of the Peach. The flowers come out
by pairs, and have little or no peduncles ;
they refemble the Peach flowers, but are of
a lighter colour, and are fucceeded by dry,
fkinny fruit, containing the nuts called Al¬
monds.

The Almonds are of two kinds, one fweet,
the ether bitter, yet both are promilcuoufly
produced from kernels of the fame tree ;
nor does there appear any difference in the
nuts to the eye. They both yield by ex-
preflion a copious quantity of oil, which
has neither linell or any particular tafte.
This oil is of a foft relaxing nature, and is
given internally againfl coughs, heat of
urine, and inflammations. The kernels of
the Sweet Almond are eaten in abundance,
and about half a fcore of them peeled are
faid to give relief in the heart- burn.

2 Anacardium occidentale. Cajhcw'
Nut. Lin. Sp. pi. 548.

This tree grows naturally in both the
Indies, and is the only plant of the genus.
It is rather low, feldom exceeding twenty

N u T S; 353

feet* bat breaks into wide crooked branches,
which are furnifhed with oval leaves, about
the fize of thofe of the Pear-tree. The
flowers are fmall, white* and come out at
the lides of the branches ; they have a pen-
taphyllous * calyx, compofed of oval, (harp-
pointed leaves, and a bell-fhaped petal, cut
at the brim into five fegments. In the
centre are ten (lamina, and one indexed,
awl-fhaped (lyle, crowned by an oblique
ftig ma. The germen is roundifh* and be¬
comes a large, yellow, oval, flefhy fruit,
about the fize of a Lemon, fupporting at
its apex, which is the thickeft end, a fmooth,
afh-coloured nut, fhaped like a hare’s kid¬
ney, and about an inch and a half long, and
one broad.

The flefhy fruit is ftringy, and full of a
rough, acid juice, which is ufed in Ame¬
rica to acidulate punch. The fhell of the
Nut is very hard, and the kernel, which is
fweet and pleafant* is covered with a thin
film ; between this and the fhell is lodged
a thick, blackifh, inflammable liquor, of
fuch a cauftic nature in the frefh Nuts, that
if the lips chance to touch it, blifters will
immediately follow. The kernels are eaten
raw, roafted, or pickled.

The cauftic liquor, juft mentioned* is
efteemed an excellent cofmetic with the
Weft India young Ladies, but they muffc

* Having five leaves.

- A a certainly

cei tainly fuffer a great deal of pain in its
application ; and as fond as ourEnglifli fe¬
males are of a beautiful face, it is highly
probable they would never fubmit to be
flayed alive to obtain one. When any of
the former think themlelves too much tan-

^ 1 ^ e iun, they take the

Cafhevo ' kernels, and gently fcrape off the
iiim ikins with which they are furrounded j
with thete they rub their faces all over,
which caule them immediately to fwell and
grow black, but in a few days the ildn of
the whole face flakes off in pieces, and in
about three weeks a new one will be formed,
which will be as fmooth and fair as that of a
young child. I have been told by perfons
who have flood under thefe trees for {belter
in a ftorm, that by chance this liquor has
dropped on their hands from fome decaying
Nuts, and it has eaten the fkin nearly as
quick as aqua fort is.

The yellow fruit is famous for curing the
Brafllian negroes of diforders in the Aomach,
to which they are very fubjedt; but they
feldom ufe it voluntarily for this purpofe, as
their humane mafters, when they find them
much indifpofed, knowing what is good for
their health, drive them to woods abound¬
ing with Cdjhenv Nuts, and leave them there
either to peri fit by famine, or cure them-
felves. In a Abort time hunger forces them
to eat plentifully of the fruit, there being

nothing

NUTS. .355

nothing elfe to be had, and in two or three
weeks they are brought back again perfectly
found, and fit for their cuftomary labour.
The milky juice of this tree will Itain linen
of a good black, which cannot be walked
out again.

3 Avicennia tomentofa. Pcjiern Ana-
car dium. Lin . Syft. Natu. 4.26.

Bontia foJiis fubtus tomentofis. Jacq.
Anler. 23. Anacardium. Bauh. Pin. cii.

This tree is a native of both the Indies.
The leaves are oblong, entire, woolly un¬
derneath, and (land oppofite, on very fhort
thick footftalks. The flowers are produced
in long bunches, and each confifts of a per¬
manent calyx, cut into five roundifh lobes*
and containing a white bell-fhaped petal,
having a fhort tube, with its brim cut into
two lips, each of which is moflly divided
into three equal oval parts. It hath four
awl-fhaped eredt (lamina, tipped with round-
ifh, twin fummits, and one eredl ftyle,
crowned with an acute, bifid lligma. The
capfule is tough, compreued, fomewhat the .
fhape of a rhombus, and contains one large
feed of the fame figure, having four flefhy
gills.

Thefe feeds are faid to be the Malacca
Beans formerly kept in the (hops, (but this
is doubtful) the kernels of which were
eaten as Almonds.

A a 2

The

The plant is the Bontia germinans of the
Species Plantarum.

4 Corylus avellana. The Hazel. Lin.
Bp. pi. 1417.

Corylus fylveftris. Bauh. Pin. 418.

The Hazel is fo common in our woods
and hedges, that it mull be generally known.
The different kinds of Filberts , fo com¬
monly planted in gardens, are only varieties
of this. Whether the Spanilh Nut be ano¬
ther variety is uncertain, but Miller thinks
the latter is the Coryliu column.

It will be needlels to mention the manner
of eating the Nuts here, but in China they
put the meats into their Tea, and count
they give it a more grateful flavour.

5 Cocos nucifera. Cocoa Nut. Lin. Sp.
pi. 1658.

Palma indica coccifera angulofa. Bauh.
Pin. 502.

This is a fpecies of Palm, growing na¬
turally in the Eaft Indies, but it is much
cultivated in South America, and the Weft
India iflands. It rifes to fifty or fixty feet
high, the body or trunk generally leaning
on one fide; but is regularly ihaped, being
equally thick at both ends, and fmaileft in
the middle. The bark is fmooth, and of a
pale brown colour. At the top come out
from twenty to thirty branches, or rather
leaves, fome of them fifteen feet long ; thefe

are

NUTS. 357

are winged, ffraight, and tapering. The
Jobes are green, fword-fhaped, and about
three feet long towards the bafe of the mid¬
rib, but diminifh towards the extremity.
The branches or leaves are bound at their
bafe by ftringy threads, about the fize of
fmall packthread, which are interwoven like
a web. The flowers are of a pale yellow
colour, are produced in long bunches at the
infertions of the leaves, and are male and
female ifluing from the fame iheath. The
male is compofed of a fmall, three-leaved
calyx, containing three oval, fharp-pointed
petals, and fix ftamina, tipped with arrow-
fhaped fummits. The female alfo has a
three-leaved calyx, and three petals, fur¬
rounding one ftyle, crowned by a three-
lobed ftigma. The gerxnen is oval, and
fwells to a large berry, inclofing an oval nut,
with a hard (hell, having three holes at the
top, and is covered with a kind of tow,
which the Indians twift off, and make into
cordage. With this tow theylikewife make
an excellent caulking for their veflels.

Within the Nut is found a kernel, as
pieafant as an Almond, and alfo a larne
quantity of liquor refembling milk, which
the Indians greedily drink before the fruit is
ripe, it being then plealant, but when the
Nut is matured, the liquor becomes four,
uome full-grown Nuts will contain a pint or
more of this milk, the frequent drinking of

A a 3 which

N U

/

which feems to have no bad effects upon the
Indians, yet Europeans iliould be cautious
of making too free with it at fir ft, for when
Lionel Wafer was at a Ifnall ifland in the
South Sea, where this tree grew in plenty,
feme of his men were fo delighted with it,
that at parting they were relolved to drink
their fill, which they did but their appe¬
tites had like to have coft them their lives,
for though they were not drunk, yet they
were fo chilled and benumbed, that they
could not ftand, and were obliged to be
carried aboard by thofe who had more pru¬
dence than themfelves, and it was many
days before they recovered.

The fhells of thefe Nuts being hard, and
capable of receiving a poliih, they are often
cut tranfverfely, when being mounted on
ilands, and having their edges filvered or
gilt, or otherwife ornamented, thus ferve
the purpose of drinking cups. The leaves
of the tree are ufed for thatching, forhrooms,
baskets, and other utenfils; and ol the re¬
ticular web, growing at their bafe, the In¬
dian women make cauls and aprons.

* r '■ •*' : v

6 Fag us caftanea. Common Chefniit.
Lin . Sp. pL 1416.

Caftanea fylveftris. Bauh Pin. 419.

The Common Chef nut is a native of the
fouthern parts of Europe, but is much cul¬
tivated in England, where it produces as

good

Q v • >

V

V «.

NUTS.

good fruit as it does in Spain and Italy,
though they are not altogether lb large. It
is now fo common in gentlemens plan¬
tations, that it is generally known. It will
be needlefs to fpeak about the nature of the
Nuts, but it may be oblerved, that the tree
affords excellent timber, the wood beins:

•t C>

equal to the befl Oak for many purpofes.

7 Fag us pumila. American Chefnut.
bin. Sp. pi. 1416.

Fagus foliis ovato - lanceolatis ferratis,
Roy. lugdb. 79.

This is a native of America. It differs
from the former in the tree being much

fmaller j in the leaves being woolly under¬
neath, and in the catkins of flowers being
(lenderer and knotted. The Nuts are a
little bigger than Hazel-nuts, but far ex¬
ceed the Common Chefnut in fweetnefs.
The woods of South Carolina abound with
thefe trees.

8 Juglans regia. Common Walnut. Lin

Sp.pl. 1415.

Nux juglans five regia vulgaris. Betuh.

Pin. 417.

1 he Common IValnut is known to all by
being fo univerfally cultivated, but its na¬
tive place of growth has not yet been afcer-
tained. There are many varieties of it,
which are only feminal variations. The

a 4 meats

•V'

meats are fuppofed to be much of the nature
of Almonds, yet they are certainly lefs emol¬
lient, as they are apt to excite coughing.
The Chinefe candy thefe Nuts into a Sweet¬
meat, and the raw kernels they put into
their tea, as has been mentioned of the
Hazel-nuts.

9 .Juglans nigra. Black Virginian
Walnut. Lin. Sp.pl. 1411;.

This grows naturally in Virginia and
Maryland, where it arrives to a large fize,
having its branches furnifhed with leaves,-
compofed of five or fix pair of fpear-fhaped
lobes ; thefe are ferrated, iharp-pointed, and
the lower pair the lead. When rubbed they
emit a ftrong aromatic fmell, as do alio the
Nuts, which are rough, rounder than the
Common Walnut, their {hells very hard and
thick, the kernels fmall, but fweeter than
our nuts.

10 Jatropha curcas. Indian Pbyjic
Nut. Lin. Sp.pl. 1429.

Jatropha aflbrgens, ficus' folio, fiore her-
baceo. Browne’s 'Jam. 348.

This grows naturally in the Weft India
iflands, where it rifes with a ftrong Item to
about fourteen feet, divided into feveral
branches, furniihed with angular heart-
fhaped leaves, fomewhat refembling thofe
qf the Fig. The Bowers are male and fe¬
male

NUTS.

male diftindt on the fame plant, of an her¬
baceous colour, and are produced in umbels
at the ends of the branches. The females
are fucceeded by oblong-oval capfules, with
three cells, each containing one oblong
black feed.

digitatis : la-
Brownes Jam.

ii Jatropha multifida. French Phyjic
Nut. Lin. Sp.pl. 1429.

Jatropha alfurgens, foliis
ciniis anguftis pinatifidis.

348-

This is a native of South America, but
is cultivated in the Weft Indies. It is a
lower flirub than the former, and the leaves
are divided into nine or ten narrow lobes,
which are joined at their bafe, and have
many jagged teeth on their edges, ftanding
opponte. The upper furface of the leaves
are of a Ihining green, but the under fide
greyifh. The flowers are male and female
diftindt on the fame plant, and of a bright
fcarlet colour; they come out in umbels in
manner of the former, and make a beautiful
appearance, whereby the flirub is as much
cultivated for ornament, as for ufe.

The kernels of the Nuts of both thefe
fpecies are violently emetic and cathartic, as
many .European failors have experienced •
for only three or four of them, eaten by
people ignorant of the Nuts, and the effedts
of the kernels, have purged them both ways

for

362 NUTS.

for many hours after. The natives affirm
that this purgative quality con fills entirely
in a film that runs through the centre of
the kernel ; and Dr, Bancroft fays he really
believes tj?is to be the cafe, he having fre¬
quently eaten the meats when divefted of
this membrane, without feeling any of the

above erfedls, 1 he kernels have a grateful
flavour.

12 Pxnus pinea. Stone Tine. Lin. Sp.
pi. 1419.

firms officulis duris, folds longis, Batth.
Llijl. I. p. 248.

This is a large tree, and grows naturally
in France, Spain, and Italy, The leaves
grow two in a {heath, are a little ciliated,
inclining to a fea-green colour, and are ra¬
ther thinner and iliorter than thofe of the
Pineafler. The cones are roundifh, very
thick, about five inches long, and the fcales
end in an obtufe point. The feeds are near
th ree quarters of an inch long, thick, in¬
clining to an oval form, round backed, and
of a light brown colour.

The kernels of thefe Nuts or feeds have
a pleafant, agreeable tafte, and in Italy are
frequently ferved up in deferts. An oil is
drawn from them, which is equal in good-
nefs to that obtained from Hazel-nuts.
Between the wood and inner bark of this
tree, lies a loft white fubftance, which in
2 the

N U T S. 563

/

the Spring the Swedes prepare a much-
efteemed dilh from j and the bark is often
ground and mixed with Oat-meal tor bread.

13 Pistacia vera. Pijlachia Nut. Lin.

Sp.pl. 1454- -

PiRacia peregrina, frudhi racemofo five'
Terebinthina indica. Bauh. Pin. 401.

The Pijlachia grows in feveral parts of
Afia. It rifes to between twenty and thirty
feet; the young branches are covered with
a light-brown bark. The leaves are pin¬
nated, and compofed of about three pair of
oval lobes, with an odd one at the end.
The lobes emit an odour on being rubbed,
and their edges are turned backwards. It
hath male and female flowers in diflindt
plants. The males are produced in loofe
iparfed catkins. They have no petals, but
each confifls of a fmall five-pointed calyx,
containing five fmall itamina, terminated by
four-cornered fummits. The female flowers
come out in clufters from the fades of the
branches ; thefe have no petals, but each
has a large oval germen, fupporting three
j'eflexed llyles, and are fucceeded by oval
Nuts.

-X

The kernels of thefe Nuts have a fweet,
undluous take, refembling that of fweet
Almonds. They are of a healing balfamic
nature, and are deemed ferviceable in diftem-
per? of the bread.

14 Pistacia

I

364 NUT S.

14 A is facia narbonenfis. Trifoliate-
leaved Turpentine-tree . Lin. Sp.pl. 1454.

Teiebinthus indica major, frudtu rotundo.
Bauh. Hip. I. p . 277.

This grows naturally in Perfia, and fome
parts of Armenia. It is a middling-fized
tree, fending out many fide branches, fur-
mfhed with light-green winged leaves, com-
pofed.of three or five roundilli lobes, hand¬
ing on long footftalks. It is male and fe¬
male in diftindt plants, as the former. The
Nhts ai e fm all, but their kernels are eaten
in manner of the true fort.

I r* *

75 Theobroma cacao. Chocolate Nut.
Lin. Sp. pi. 1 100.

Amygdalis fimilis guatimalenfis. Bauh.
Pin. 442.

I he Chocolate Nut-tree grows naturally
upon moil parts of the ifthmus of Darien,
and feveral of the Spanilh fettlements in the
Weft Indies. It rifes to a confiderable
height in its natural ftate, but when cul¬
tivated for a crop, it is topped to keep it
low. The leaves are very large, oval, and
entire. The flower is compofed of five flefh-
coloured petals, which are irregularly in¬
dented, and furround five eredt, awl-fhaped
ftamina, and one like fhaped ftyle, crowned
with a Ample ftigma. The germen is nearly
oval, and becomes a yellow oblong pod,
about the fize of a Melon, pointed at both

ends.

\

N U -T S. 365

ends, and having five cells, filled with oval,
comprefTed, flefhy feeds.

Thefe feeds or Nuts are about the fize of
Olives, are of an oily nutritive nature, and
conftitute a principal part of what is fold
in the fliops by the name of Chocolate.

In order to cure the Nuts for fale, the
negroes cut the pods lengthways, and take
them out, at the fame time carefully di¬
verting them of the pulp which flicks about
them. This done, they are carried to a
houfe, and laid in large wooden veflels
raifed above the ground, when they are
covered with mats, upon which they place
boards with weights upon them, to prefs
the Nuts clofe. In thefe veflels they are
kept to ferment for four or five days, but
they murt be well ftirred every morning,
left the exceflive heat fhould fpoil them, and
in the end they change from a white to a
brown colour. Afterwards they are taken
out of the veflels, fpread upon cloths, and
expofed in the fun to dry, and when fuf-
ficiently weathered, they are packed up for
market,

16 Trap a natans. Jefnit's Nut. Lin.

Sp. pi. 175.

Tribulus aquaticus. Baub. Pin. 194.

This grows plentifully in the lakes and
ftagnant waters in Italy and Germany. It
hath almoft femicircular leaves, which float
6

on

_

mg:

SM, Hi

■ ? v ■■' A ■'■'

366

N It T s,

on the furface of the water ; among which
rife up fappy, round Aalks, fupporting the
flowers. Each flower hath a monophyllous
calyx, cut into four acute parts, and fur-
rounds four oval, whitifh petals, larger than
the calyx. In the centre are four Aamina,
and one ftyle, crowned with a roundifh
fnipped ftigma. The germen is oval, and
becomes a naked oblong-oval Nut, havino-
one cell, and armed with four fharp, thick-
ifh fpines, handing oppofite one another in
the middle.

Thefe Nuts are collected by the common
people, and their kernels having a pleafant
flavour, are not only eaten crude, but are
often made into bread.

CHAP,

[ 367 ]

CHAP.

XI

i 1

ESCULENT FUNGUSES,

1 A GARICUS campeftris. Comma H

__ __ Mujhroom. <

2 Agaricus pratenlis. The Champignion. '

3 Agaricus chantarellus. Cbantarelle

Agaric.

4 Agaricus deliciofus. Orange Agaric.

5 Agaricus cinnamomeus. Brown Mud -

room. '

6 Agaricus violaceus. Violet Mujhroom.

7 Lycoperdon tuber. The Truffle.

8 Phallus efculentus. The Morel. ■

As the Agarics are numerous, and generally
fuppofed to be poijonous, I Jhall dej’cribe the
above few wholefome ones as minutely as pofji-
ble, in. order to prevent any accident from
mifiaking the Jpecies.

)

i Agaricus campeftris. Common Mu fh-

room. Lin. Sp. pi. 1641. ,

Fungus campeftris albus fuperne, inferne
rubens. Bauh. Hiffl. III. p. 824.

The top or cap of this is fir ft of a dirty
cream colour, convex, and if but juft ex¬
panding,

t /

fv*i

■

36S F U N G U S E Sv

panding, the under part, or what is called
the gills, is of a bright flefh red ; this colour
lafts but a little time before it turns darker,
and when the plant is old, or has been fome
time expanded, the gills become of a dark
brown, the cap almoft flat, of a dirty colour,
and often a little fcaly. It differs much in
fize, in different plants, it being from an
inch to feven inches broad. The general
ufe of it is well known. It is found in
woods, old paftures, and by road fides, and
is in the greateft perfection in September.

There is a variety of this with a yellowifh
white cap and white gills ; this is very firm,
but feldom expands fo freely as the true
fort, and when broiled will exude a vel~

j

lowifh juice. It is probable this fort is
not pernicious, though it is always reiedted
by fuch as can diftinguifli it.

2 AgAricus pratenfis. Champignion.
Hudfon s Flo. Angl. 6 1 6 .

The Champignion is very common upon
heaths and dry paftures. A number of them
generally come up in a place, ranged in
curved lines or circles. The cap is fmall,
almoft flat, from one to two or three inches
diameter, of a pale buff colour, often crim-
pled at the edges, and when dry, tough like
leather, or a thin piece of fine cork. The
gills are of the colour of the cap, are thinly
placed, with a fhort one, and fometimes two,

coming

FUNGUSES. 369

. 1

corning from the edge of the cap between
each. The Falk or pillar is alfo of the co¬
lour of the cap; it is long, {lender, and all
the way of a thicknefs.

This plant has but little fmell, is rather
dry, and yet when broiled or ftewed, it
communicates a good flavour. In perfection
with the former.

3 Agaricus chantarellus. Chantarelle
Agaric. Lin. Sp.pl. 1639.

Fungus minimus flavefcens infundibuli-
formis. Baub. Pin. 373.

This is rather a fmaller Fungus than the
former. The cap is yellow, of different
hues in different plants, fome being of a
pale yellow, and others of an orange colour.
It is generally funk in the middle, fome-
what refembling a tunnel, and its edges are
often twifted and contorted fo as to form
finufes or angles. The gills are of a deeper
colour than the outfide, are very fine, even,
numerous, and beautifully branched. The
ramifications begin at the (talk, and are va-
rioufly extended towards the edge of the
cap. The pillar is of the fame colour as
the cap, is feldom infected in the centre,
but .rathei . fideways ; it is fliort, thickifh at
the root, and the gills moftly run down the

top, which make it aopear fmallefl in the
middle.

This plant broiled with fait and pepper

B b has

FUNGUSES.

37°

has much the flavour of a roafted cockle;
and is efteemed a delicacy by the French,
as is the former. It is found in woods and
high paftures, and is in perfedtion about the
end of September.

I . ■ * ,

4. Agaricus deliciofus. Orange Agaric.

r O o

Lin. Sp. pi. 1641.

Amanita fulvus, ladle croceo. Hall.
Hill. 2419.

The general fize of the cap of the De-
liciofus is from two to four inches broad.
Its form is circular, with the edges bent in¬
wards ; convex on the upper furface, except
in the centre, where it is a little depreffed,
fo as nearly to refemble the apex of a fmooth
Apple. The colour is a fordid yellow,
ltreaked with afh and yellowith brown, from
the centre to the edge, and when it is
broken, it emits a gold-colour juice. The
gills are of a deep yellow, and a few of them
come out by pairs at the ftalk, but divide
immediately, and run ftraight to the edge
of the cap. The ftalk or pillar is thinneft
near the middle, thickeft at the root, and
when cut tranfverfely, it is quite white in
the centre, with a fine yellow ring that goes
to the edge.

This Fungus well feafoned and then
broiled, has the exact flavour of a roafted
Mufcle. Its prime time is September, and
it is to be found in high dry woods.

5 Agaricus

FUNGUSES.

37r

Brown

5 Agaricus cinnamomeus.

Mujhroom. Lin. Sp. pi. 1642.

The Bro%vn Mujhroom has a cap the co¬
lour of frefh-tanned hides. At firft it is
hemifpherical, firm, even, and fiefliy, with
moftly a l'mall riling in the centre; but
when old it is quite flat, and then fome^
what refembles the laBiflnus , except that it
is not milky. The gills are of a yellowilh
brown, not very diftant from each other,
bent like a knee at the pillar, and have a
fhort one or two run from the edge of the
cap between each. The piliar is near the
length of a finger, firm, rather thick, brown
at the bafe, of a lordid yellow upward, and
when cut tranfverfely, of a fine white grain.
The cap in different plants is from two to
five inches broad.

The whole plant has a pleafant fmell, and
when broiled gives a good flavour. It is
found in woods, in September and Odlober.

6 Agaricus violaceus. Violet Mujhroom.
Lin. Sp. pi. 1 641 .

Fungus efcujentus bulbofus dilute pur- •
pureus. Mich. Gen. 149. t. 49./. x.

The cap of the Violet Mujhroom , when
firft expanded, is fmooth, hemifpherical,
the main furface of a livid colour, but to¬
wards the margin it is of a better blue.
When full grown or old it becomes corru¬
gated, and of a rufty brown. The gills of

B b 2 a young

372

FUNGUSES.

a young plant are of a beautiful violet
colour, and regularly placed. The pillar is
of the colour of the gills, fhort, of a conical
form, but fwelled at the bale into a fort of
bulb. Its upper part is furrounded with an
iron-coloured wool, which, in a plant juft
expanding, ftretches crofs to the edge of
the cap like a web.

This requires much broiling, but when fuf-
ficiently done and leafoned, it is as delicious
as an Oyfler. It is found in woods in Octo¬
ber, and I have met with plants from two
to fix inches broad. Hudfon’s bulbofus is
only a final 1 variation of this plant.

There are fome other fpecies of Agarics
that are frequently eaten by the country
people ; and it is probable the greateft part
of thofe with firm flefhy caps might be eaten
with fafety, provided they were chofen from
dr'/ grounds. It is well known that foil

J O . .

and fituation have a great influence upon the
properties of plants; and thefe being of a
lingular nature,' and abfolutely between that
of an animal and vegetable, may be more
powerfully affeded than a compleat fpecies
of either, by reafon they have neither leaves
nor branches to carry off the noxious damps
and vapours of a ftagnant toil, as a perfed
vegetable has ; nor have they any grofs ex-
cremental difcharges, like thofe of a living
animal. The gills no doubt do exhale fome
of their fuperfluous moifture, but their

lituation

I

FUNGUSES. 373

fituation is fuch, that any thick ileam from
the earth may lodge in them, and by clog¬
ging their excretory duds, render the plants
morbid. Thus they foon run into a hate of
putrefaction, and become a prey to worms,
flies, and other infeCts.. The common
Mufliroom, which is in general efteem,
(though we have feveral others better) is
not fafely eaten, when produced upon a
mo'ift foil. An acquaintance of mine, who
is exceeding fond of broiled flaps, as he calls
them, was taken very ill upon eating fome
he gathered off a wet cloggy land. He be¬
came very lick, with his flomach much
diftended, which induced him to think he
was absolutely poifoned ; but luckily for
him, he had fome fat mutton broth in the
houfe, of which he drank plentifully, and
his ftomach difgorgin?, he recovered. This
accident, however, did not difcourage him
from making free with his beloved diili in
future, but he has been careful ever fince to

Mu lb rooms better) on dry foils ; being
himfelf convinced, that the pernicious
quality or his flaps, was entirely owing to
the place they grew upon.

From this it is evident, that thole who
gather Mulhrooms lor fale, fhould have par¬
ticular regard to the lands they colled them
from, especially if they know they are to be

broiled ; but if they he intende >

B b 3 perhap

perhaps

374 ' FUNGUSES.

perhaps they may be lefs cautious, as the
fait and fpices, with which the juice is
boiled, may correft any evil dilpolition in
the plants. But even in this cafe, I can
from my own experience aver, that Catchup
made of Mufhrooms taken from a dry foil,
has a more aromatic and pleafant flavour,
than that which is made of thofe taken
from a moift one, and it will always keep a
great deal better.

7 Lycoperdon tuber. The Trujfle.
Lin. Sp.pl. 1653.

Tuber brumale, pulpa obfcura odorata.
Mich. Gen. 221. t. 164.

The Truffle is a folid Fungus, of a glo¬
bular figure, and grows under the furface of
the ground, fo as to be totally hidden. It
has a rough blackifh coat, and is deftitute
of fibres. The manner of its propagation
is entirely unknown. Cooks are well ac¬
quainted with its ufe and qualities. It is
found in woods and paftures in fome parts
of Kent, but is not very common in Eng¬
land. In France and Spain Truffles are very
frequent, and grow to a much larger fize
than they do here. In thefe places the
peafants find it worth their while to fearch
for them, and they train up dogs and fwine
for this purpofe, who after they have been
inured to the fmell, by their mailers fre¬
quently placing fome in their way, will

FUNGUSES. 375

readily fcrape them up as they ramble the
fields and woods.

8 Phallus efculentus. The Morel .
L in. Sp. pi. 1648.

Boletus capite tereti reticulato. Hall.
Hijl. 2247.

The Morel is a Fungus of a very fingular
conftru£tion, having an oval, or rather co¬
nical head, full of irregular pits or cells,
which in the larger plants are big enough to
receive the tip of a finger. The centre of
the bafe is fattened to a thick ftalk, about
the length of the head, and irregularly fluted
near the root. The whole plant at firft is
nearly of a buff colour, but when old it
becomes brown. It grows on moift banks,
and wet paftures, and fprings up in May.
It is ufed in the fame manner as the Truffle
for gravies, but gives an inferior flavour.

Bb4

1

APPENDIX.

[ 376

APPENDIX.

fT^HEj following plant could not with pro™
priety come under any of the general di-
vifons of the foregoing work .

Hibiscus efculentus. Fig-leaved Okra .
Lin . Sp. pL 980.

Alcea maxima, malvae rofeae folio, fru&u
decagono redo craffiore breviore efculento,
Browne s Jam. 284^ n. 3.

This is an annual, and a native of both
the Indies. It lends up a fpungy Italk ra¬
ther more than a yard high, which branches
towards the top, and is furnifhed with
hand-fhaped leaves, having five lobes. The
flowers are produced at the divifions of the
flalk; each has a double calyx, and the un¬
der one is torn on one fide. The petals are
heart-lhaped, are five in number, of a ful-
phur colour, are joined at their bafe, and
have dark purple bottoms. The itamina
are many, and are united into a column be¬
low, but expand near the top. The ger~
men is roundifh, and turns to a thick cap-
lule, three or four inches long, moftly
Handing ered, and having five cells, con¬
taining kidney-fhaped feeds.

The inhabitants of the Indies boil thefe

> . »

6 pods

APPENDIX.

377

pods in their foups. They contain a vifcous
acid juice, which communicates a thicknefs,
and alfo a pleafant flavour.

'The generic char defers of the following two
fpecies have not yet been perfectly fettled.

' t 1 - T ‘ - ■*

Gi N K G o . Mt aiden - hair T ree .

Arbor nucifera, folio adiantino. Keempf.
Amcen. Exot. 8 1 1 .

This is a native of Japan, where it is
known by the names Ginan and Itjio. The
body is covered with an afli-coloured bark,
and a full-grown tree is as large as a Wal¬
nut. The wood is brittle, having a foft
fpungy pith running through it. The
leaves are large, and expand in the form of
a Maiden-hair leaf. They are narrow at
the bafe, unequally divided upward, have
no nerves or fibres, both furfaces being alike.
The upper fide of the footftalk is flat, and
runs into the fubftance of the leaf. The
flowers are produced ip long catkins, at the
bofoms of the leaves of the young twfigs,
and are fucceeded by plums, nearly of the
fize and colour of the Damaik Plum, each
containing a whitifh, brittle ftone, refem-
bling that of the Apricot, but larger, en-
clofing a white kernel, having much the
flavour of an Almond.

In China and Japan thefe kernels always
make part of the defert at all public feafts

and

I

378 APPENDIX.

and entertainments. They are faid to pro¬
mote digedion, and to cleanfe the domach
and bowels.

Bread Fruit-tree.

This grows in all the Ladrone Iflands in
the South Sea, as is mentioned by Capt.
Dampier and Lord Anfon, and alfo at Ota-
heite, by Capt. Cooke, and is thus de¬
fer i bed :

The Bread Bruit grows on a tree about
the fize of a middling Oak. Its leaves are

O

a foot and half long, of an oblong figure,
deeply finuated like thofe of the Fig-tree,
which they refemble in confidence and co¬
lour, and in exuding a milky juice upon
being broken. The fruit is about the lize
of a child's head, and the furface is reti¬
culated, not much unlike a Truffle. It is
covered with a thin fkin, and has a core
about the lize of a fmall knife. The edible
part is between the fkin and the core; it is
as white as fnow, and lomewhat of the con¬
fidence of new bread. It mud be roaded
before it is eaten, being fird divided into
three or four parts. Its tafte is infipid,
with a flight fvveetnefs, nearly like that of
wheaten bread, mixed with Jerufalem Ar¬
tichoke.

This Fruit is the condant food of the
inhabitants ail the year, it being in feafon
eight months ; and in order to fupply the

remaining

1

f • * • V 1* t

:•>

ii

APPENDIX. 379

remaining four, they have a method of
fweating the unripe fruit, by laying them
in heaps in a hole made in the floor of the
houfe (which hole they neatly line with
grafs) and covering them with leaves, and a
layer of ftones, by which they ferment and
become four, and will then keep for feveral
months. This mafs is called Mabie, and
as it is wanted, it is taken out of the hole,
made into balls, wrapped in leaves, and
baked.

INDEX

I N D. E X

O F

LATIN NAMES.

A ,

AC HR AS fapota 273
Agaricus campeiiris 367
A^ga'ricus pratenlis 368

Agaricus cnantarellus 369
Agaricus deliciofus 370
Agaricus cinnamomeus 371
Agaricus violaceus ibid
Allium cepa - 21,92

Allium afcalonicum 23

Allium fcorodoprafum ibid
Allium fchamoprafum 92
Allium porrum - 135

Allium oleraceum 93

Alline media 94

Amaranthus oleraceus 119
Amomum zineiber 20

Arnygdalus communis 352
Amygdalus perfica 220

Anacardium occidentale 352
Anethum azoricum 53

Anethum fceniculum 120
Angelica archangelica ^3
Annona muricata 177

Annona reticulata ibid

Annona fquamofa 178

Apiurn petrofelinum 24,91
Apium graveolens 38

Arrachis hypogsea 298

Arbutus uva urli igy

Arbutus alpina - ibid

Arbutus unedo - 138

Ardtium lappa - 33

Areca cathecu - 80

Areca oleracca

77

Artemifia dracunculus 93
Arum cologafia - 2

Arum efculentum
Arum peregrinum
Arundo bambos
Afclepias fyriaca
Afparagus officinalis
Atriplex hortenfis
A vena fativa
Avena nuda
Averrhoa carambola
Averrhoa bilimbi
Avicennia tomentofa

B

Berberis vulgaris
Beta rubra
Beta alba
Borago officinalis
Braffica rapa
Braffica oleracea
Braffica botrytis
Braffica napus
Braffica febellica
Braffica prsecox
Bromelia ananas
Bromelia karatas
Bunium bulbocallanum 23

3,120

4

81

56

52

120

326

327
274
273

355

- 159

26

*35

“ „ 95
26,84

83,121

ibid

122

■ . 83

ibid

178

180

Cacalia ficoides
Cadtus opuntia
Cadtus triangularis
Calla paluftris
Calendula officinalis
Caltha palullris
C'amanioc

95

181

183

4

146

*47
iz

Campanula rapunculus 27
Campanula pentagon*^ 59

Capparis

I

INDEX.

Capparis fpinofa
Capficum annuum
Capficum frutefcens
Carduus marianus
Carica papaya
Carica pofopofa
Carlina acaulis
Carthamus tindlorius
Carum carui
Caffia fiftula
Cercis filiquallrum
Ceratonia iiliqua
Chenopodium bonus hen-
ricus 62

Chryfobalanus icaco 244
Chryfophyllum cainito 188
Chryfophyllum glabrum 189

148

i83

60

186

187

150

148

28

308

!5 1

309

Cicer arietinum
Cichorium endivia
Citrus medica
Citrus aurantium
Citrus ducumanus
Cnicus cernuus
Cnicus oleraceus
Coccoloba uvifera
Cocos nucifera
Cochlearia armoracia
Cochlearia officinalis
CofFea arabica
Coffea occidental^
Coix lacryma jobi
Convolvulus foldanella
Convolvulus batatas
Corchorus olitorius
Cordia myxa
Cordia febeftena
Cornus mafcula

299

96

189

190

191
6 1

1 22

245

356

28

96

3 1 1

ibid

33z

63

5

123

246

247
229

Corypha umbracaulifera 247

Corylus avellana - 356

Crateva marxnelos 192

Crategus aria - 160

Crataegus torminalis ibid

Crambe maritima 1 24

Crithmum maritimum 136

Cucubalus behen 63

Cucumis melo - 264

Cucumis chate
Cucumis fativus
Cucumis flcxuofus
Cucurbita lagenaria
C’ucurbita citrullus
Cucurbita pepo
Cucurbita verrucofa
Cucurbita melopepo
Cycas circinalis
Cynara cardunculus
Cynara fcolymus
Cynofurus coracgnus
Cyperus elculentus
Cyperus papyrus
Cytifus cajan

D

Daucus carota
Diofcorea fativa
Diofcorea bulbifera
Diofcorea alata
Diofpyros lotus
Diofpyros virginiana
Dolichos foja
Dolichos urens

* . E

Elais guineenfis - 248

Epilobium angu difolium 65
Epidendrum vanilla 313
Ervum lens
Eryfimum alliaria
Ervfimum barbarea
Eryngium maritimum
Eugenia jambos

265

266

267

268

269
2 70
271
ibid

, 8*

60,150

*5 1

333

29

- 84

312

3°

6

8

7

!93

194

300

168

3QI

98

99

31

Fagus caflanea
Fagus pumila
Feftuca fluitans
Ficus carica
Ficus fycomorus
Fragaria vefca
Fragaria mofchata
Fragaria chinenfis
Fragaria virginiana

250

358

359

- 333

194

iq8

i6r

163

163

ibid

Fragaria

■■■

INDEX.

* /

Fr&^aria chiloenfis
Fragaria viriclis
Fucus face bar inus
Fucus digitatus
Fucus palmatus
Fucus efculentus

G

Garcinia mangoilana
Ginkgo

G rias cauliflora
Guilandina moringa

FI

Flelianthus tuberofus
Helianthus annuus
Hibifcus efculentus
Holcus forghum
Hole us faccharatus
Hordeum vulgare
Hordeum diilichon
Flordeurn hexaftichon
Hordeum zeocriton
Humulus lupulus
Hymen aea courbaril
Hypochteris maculata
Hyffopus officinalis

J

Ixia bulbifera r
Ixia crocata
Ixia chineniis
Jatropha maniot
Jatropha curcas
Jatropha multifida
Juglans regia
juglans nigra
Jfuniperus communis

L

Laftuca fativa
Lathvrus tuberofus
Laurus per feat
Leontodon taraxacum
Lepidium virginicum
Lepidium fativum
Lilium martagon

100
ibid
ibid

101

199

377
25 1
S2

33

*52

376

335

336

3'27

328

329

330

66

3H

101

138

35

ibid

34

9,125

360

361

359

360

165

102

36

252

102
104

103
46

Lotus edulis
Lotus tetragonolobus
Lupinus albus
Lycoperdon tuber

Malphigia glabra
Malphigia punicifolia
Malva rotundifolia
Mammea americana
Mangifera indica
Melothria pendula
Mentha fativa
Mentha viridis
Mefpilus germanica
Morus alba
Morus rubra
Morus nigra
Mufa fapientum
Mula paradifiaca

Nuciperlica
Nymphasa lotus
Nympha;a nelumbo

Ocymum bafilicum
Olea europea
Onopordum acanthium 66,

lS3

Orchis mafcula - 38

Origanum majorana 139
Origanum heracleoticum ibid
Origanum onites - 140

Ornithogalum latifolium 47
Orobus tuberofus a 37
Oryza fativa 338

Oxalis acetofella - 106

Panicum miliaceum
Panicum italicum
Paffi flora laurifolia
Paffiflora maliformis
Paitinaca fativa

341

ibid

209

208

39

Phalaris

■->

. • - • •

•. ’ • • ■ ■ v. • --

id*

;:w

■dm

yljpcf

IMi

? i# $

ra f;r,i

I N D E X.

Phalaris canarienfls
Phallus efculentus
Phafeolus vulgaris
Phrenix dadtylifera
Phytolacca decandra
Picris echioides
Pinus pinea
Piftacia vera
Piftacia narbonenils
Pifum fativum
Pifum maritimum
Pil um americanum
Polygonum fagopyrum
Polygonum divaricatum
Portulaca oleracea
Potcrium fanguiforba
Primula veris
Pru nus armeniaca
Prunus avium
Prunus cerafus
Prunus domelHca
Prunus infititia
Pfidium pomifcrum
Piidium pyriferum
Punica granatuin
Pyrus communis
Pyrus malus
Pyrus cydonia

375

304

2SS
1 26

141

362

363
3°4

304

306

3°5

343

18

87

Rubus coefius
Rubus ardicus
Rubus chamaemorus
Rumex fcutatus
Rumex acetofa

S

107

ibid

23J

23^.

j

235

2 7 *7

1 ~

242
21 1
210

z75

276

290

295

, Q~

Quercus eiculus
Quercus phellos

343

344

R

Ranunculus ficaria
Raphanus fativus
Rhamnus ziziphus
Rhamnus jujuba
Rheum rhaponticum

127

40, 1 28
242
260

$7

Ribes rubrum vel album 1 66 .

• 1 » S'

Ribes nigrum
Ribes groffularia
; :]R'pfa canina
Rofmarinus officinalis
Rubus idseus
Rubus fr udicofus

167
ibid

168

141

»

169

lyo J

Saccharum officinarum
Sagittaria fagittifolia
Salicornia europaea
Salvia officinalis
Salvia fclarea
Satureja hortenfis
Satureja mo n tana
Scandix cerebellum
Scandix odorata
Scirpus maritimus
Scorzonera hifpanica
Secale cereale
Sedum reflexum
Sedum rupeftre
Sefamum orientale
Sefanum indicum
Sinapis alba
Sinapis nigra
Sinapis arveniis
Sifymbrium nadurtium
Sium fifarum
S mil ax afpera
Smyrnium olufatrum
Smyrnium perfoliatum
Solan um tuberofum
Solanum lycopcrficum
Solanum melon p-ena

O

Solanum fandum
Sonchus alpinus
Sonchus olcraceus
Sorbus domedica
Spinacia oleracea
Spiraea hlipendula
Spondias lutea

T

Tamarindus indica
Tamils communis
T ana.ee turn balfamita

169
i/i

170
108

ibid

7*

l3

log

142
1 28

M3

ibid

1 10

1 12

l7

41

33°

1 12

1 13
343
346

1 14

34^

347

1 14

42

88

69

7°

M

2 1 2

213

214

73

M4

214

130

17

26 1

316

74

llS

Thea

.

■

^ j

v J. . a - .it:.

t

INDEX.

Thea bohea - 130

Thea viridis - 13 1

Theobroma cacao - 364

Thymus vulgaris - 144

Thymus maitichinus 145
Tragopogon pratenfe 48,75
Tragopogon porrifolium 49,

75.

Trapa natans - 365

Triticum ceftivum - 319

Triticum hybernum - ib.
Triticum turgidum - 320

Triticum polonicuni 322
Triticum fpelta - ib.

Triticum monococcum ib.
Triticum repens - 17

Trophis Americana 215
Tropseolum majus - 153

Tropasolum minus - 154

C c

Tulipa gefneriana - 46

V

Vaccinium myrtillus 172

Vaccinium vitis-idaea 173

Vaccinium oxycoccos 174

Valeriana loculia - 116

Veronica beccabunga ib.

Vicia faba - - 307

Vitis vinifera - 216

Ulva la&uca - 317

Urtica dioica - - 133

Y

Yucca gloriofa - 16

Z

Zea mays - 348

Zizania aquatica - 349

i IN D E X

X N

D E

X

O F

ENGLISH NAMES*

A

ADAM’s needle - 1 6

African Syfyrinchium,
or Ixia - - 35

Alexanders, common - 69

Alexanders, round-leaved 70
All-good - -62

Almond-tree - - 332

Amaranth, efculent - 119

American nightfhade - 126

American ground-nut 298
American coffee - 31 1

Anchovy Pear - 251

Angelica - "53

Annual funflower - 152

Apple, and the forts - 290

Apple Guava - 21 1

Apple-fhaped Granadilla 208
Apricot, and the forts 231
Arabian coffee - " 3 1 1

Arrowhead - - 13

Artichoke, French - 15 1

Artichoke, Jerufalem - 33

Afparagus - 52

Affyrian plum - 246

Avigato pear - 252

Azorian fennel - 53

Bay-leaved paffion flower 209L
Bean, common
Bean, kidney
Bearberry
Beet, red
Beet, white
Bengal quince
Berberry -
Bilimbi
Blackberry -
Black muftard
Black oats
Black mulberry -
Borage -
Bohea tea
Bottle gourd
Bramble -
Bread fruit-tree
Briony, black
Brooklime
Buckwheat, eaflern
Buckwheat, common
Bucephalon
Bulb- bearing ixia
Bullace-tree
B urdock r
Burnet - - -

3°7

304

*57

26

*35

192

*59

275

170

346

326

201

95

130

268

170

378

74
1 16

18

343

215

35

242

55

io7

B

Bamboo cane - - 81

Banana - 204

Barbadoes cherry - 206

Barley, and the forts - 327

Ballard cy perns T 17

Bafil, fweet - r 138.

C

Cabbage, and the forts

83»

121

Cabbage-tree

77

Canary grafs

342

Caper bu!h\ -

148

Caraway

28

Ca

rdoon

INDEX.

Cardoon

Carline thiftle -
Carob-tree -
Carrot

Cafhew nut -
Caflava, or Caflada
Caflia -
Cauliflower
Celery -
Ceylon Guclandina
Champignion
Chantarelle -
Chardoon, or Cardoon
Charlock

Cherry, Barbadoes
Cherry, red
Cherry, black
Cherry, cornelian
Chervil, common
Chefnut, fweet
Chefnut, dwarf
Chich pea
Chickweed -
Chinquapin -
Chocolate nut -
Cicely, fweet
Citron, common
Cives

Clary, garden
Cloud berry
Cocoa nut
Cocoa plum
Cocksfoot grafs
Coffee-trees
Colewort
Common brake
Common Judas-tree
Common arrowhead
Corn, Indian
Corn fallad
Co It m ary
Cotton thiffle -
Cowflips
Crab- tree
Cranberry
Crefs, garden

Crefs, Indian -
Crown, imperial
Cucumber, common
Cucumber, fmall
Currants, common
Currants, black
Curled-leaved endive
Cuftard apple -

D

Dandelion - - io

Date plum - **19

Date-tree - - 25

Dewberry 1 6

Dogs -role - 16

Doglbane, Syrian - ^

Dogs -grafs - 1

Dragon’s, water - ,

Dropwort - ~ 1

Dwarf mallow - 12

E

Earth nut, or ground nut 2
Eaftern anacardium - 3^

Eaftem foxglove - 34.;

Eaffern buckwheat - ii

Eatable arum

Edders - _ ‘

Edible fucus - - 10;

Egyptian arum - :

Egyptian melon
Egyptian lotus
Egyptian bean -
Endive r
Englifh mercury
Efchalot

Efculent amaranth

Faufel

Fennel, common
Fennel, azorian
Fig, Pharaoh’s
Fig, common
Fig, Indian

r

Fig marigold-leaved Cacalia

95

Fig-leaved Okra - 376

Filbert - - 356

Fingered fucus - 100

Flote fefcue grafs
French artichoke
French bean -

333

I5I

304

Garden bean
Garden orach
Garden crefs
Garden purllane
Garden clary
Ginger
Ginkgo
GlafTwort
Goa apple

Gourd, and the forts •
Goatfbeard, yellow
Goatfbeard, purple
Good Henry -
Goofeberry -
Gravances
Grape, and the forts
Green Turkey cucumber 267
Green and Red Sage - 142

Green laver - 1 17

Green tea - - 1 3 1

Guava - - 210

G uinea pepper, and the forts

j83

Guinea corn - 335

3°7
1 20

103

87

128

20

377

109

273

268

48

49

62

167

299

2I7

H

Handed fucus -
Hazel nut -
Heath peas
Hawkweed, fpottcd
Hep-bulh
Hops .
Horfe-radifh
Hyffop . -

liC

100

356

37

101
168

66

28

i38

Indian date plum *
Indian wheat
Indian cocks-foot grafs
Indian crefs
Indian jujube -
Indian reed millet
Indian foxglove
Indian kidney- bean
Italian oak
Ixia, fpotted

J

Jack by the hedge
Jamaica plum
Jerufalem artichoke
Jefuits nuts
Jew’s mallow
Job’s tears
Jointed glaifwort
J udas tree
Jujube tree
Juniper

- K

Kale, Indian
Kidney-bean, Indian
Kidney-bean, common

-L V

Lambs lettuce

Large-rooted parfley -

Leeks

Lemon

Lentil

Lettuce

Lime

Live oak

LocufLtree

Lord Anfon’s pea

Love apple

Lupine, white

*93

34$

333

*53

260

336

346

300

343

34

98

261

33

365

123

332

109

242

i65

4

300

3°4

1 16
24

*35

190

301

102

190

344
3 1 5

305

212

3°3

Mad apple

M

Mi

21 3
liden-

INDEX.

c

Maiden-hair tree
Male orchis -
Malabar plum
Male cornel
Male orchis -
Mallow dwarf
Mammee
Mango- tree -
Mangofteen
Manured pine
Manured olive
Martagon lily
Marigold, garden
Marigold, mar Hi
Marjoram, fummer -
Marjoram, winter
Marjoram, pot
Mays, Indian
Meadow thihle
Medlar - -
Melon, mufk
Melon, water -
Melon, Egyptian
Mercury, Englifh
Millet, common
Millet, Indian
Millet reed -
Milk thiftle -
Mint, fpear
Mint, curled -
Morel

Mountain fow- thiftle -
Mulberry, white
Mulberry, red
Mulberry, black
Mufhroom, common
Mufhroom, violet
Mu lb room, brown
Mulk melon
Muftard, white
Mu hard, black

N

Naked oats

Nectarine, and the forts
Nettle, common

147

140

348

122

A *V —

327

*33

Nodding cnicus
Nut, chocolate
Nut, cocoa -
Nut, phyfic
Nut, Jefuit’s

; - O

Oak, cut-leaved
Oak, willow-leaved
Oat, common
Oat, naked
Oil, palm
Okra -
Olive
Onion

Orange, common
Orange, fhaddock
Orange, agaric
Orach, garden
Orchis, male
Ox-tongue

P

Palehine nightrfiade
Papaw, or Popo
Paper ruih
Parhey
Parfnep
Paflion flower
Pea, common
Pea, pigeon
Pea, Cape, or Lord

Peas, earth-nut
Peach, and the forts
Pear, and the forts
Pear, prickly
Pear, guava
Pear-fhaped papaw
Penguin
Phyiic nuts
Pigeon pea
Pilewort
Pine apple
Pine hone
Pi fh am in plum

326

12

An fon?s
305
36

o

1 80
360,361
312
1 27
178
362

achia

m

fit •:
fpil

Pi ha

INDEX.

Piftachia nut - 363

Plantain-tree - 202

Plum-tree, and the forts 237
Pomegranate-leaved malphi-

gia

Pomegranate
Potatoe, common
Potatoe, Spanilh
Prickly pear-tree
Prickly pear, baftard
Pumpion, or pompion
Purple goats-beard
Purflane, garden

207

2/5
5

181
270

4 9>75

87

Savory, fummer _

Savory, winter - ib.

Savoys - - 76

Sciatic crefs of Virginia 104

CL

Quince, Bengal
Quince-tree

Raaifh, common
Radilh, horfe
Rampion, garden
Rafp berry
Red Beet
Red-worts
Rhapontic rhubarb
Rice

Rock famphire

Rokambole

Rofemary

Rofebay willow-herb

Round-leaved forrel

Rough bindweed

Rulh-nut

Rulh, paper

Rve

Safflower
Sage, and the forts
Sago palm-tree
Salfafy

Samphire, rock
Sapota
Sappadillo
Sauce alone

3

192
- 295

40

28
27

169

26

173

67

338

136

23

141

65

108

88

29
84

330

Scurvy-grafs
Sea holly
Sea bindweed
Sea pea
Sea-fide grape
Sea belts
Sea colewort
Sebelten
Service-tree
Shadock oranp-e
Shallot, or efchalot
Shrubby ftrawberry
Siberian nodding cnicus
Skirrets
Sleep at noon
Smallage
Sorb

Sorrel, garden
Sorrel, common
Sorrel-wood
Sour fop

Sow-thiftle, common
Spanilh potatoes
Sparrow-grafs
Spading poppy
Spear mint
Spinach
Spotted ixia
Squalh

Square-podded pea
Star apple
Starry plum -
Stinging nettle
Stonecrop, yellow

96

3i

63

306

245

100

124

247

160

191

23

171
6 1
42

49

58

160

108

ib.

x77

144

5

52

63

105

x3<*

34

271

302

188

274

x33
1 1 2

St. Vincent’s 113
Strawberry, and the forts 16 1
Strawberry-tree
Strawberry mountain
Succory
Sugar-cane
Sun-flower, annual
Sweet cicely

158

x57

96

- 7X

152

1 12
Sweet

I N

D E X.

Sweet fucus

90

Sweet fop

- 178

Sweet-fcented bafil

138

Sycamore, or Pharaoh’s fig

198

Syrian dogfbane

56

T

Tamarind

3}6
“ 93

Taragon, garden

Tea, and the forts

- 130

Thiftle, cotton

66

Thiftle, carline

150

Thiftle, meadow

122

Thiftle, mountain

- 73

Thiftle, milk

60

Thracian bell-flower

59

Thyme, common

- 144

Thyme, maftic

H5

Trefoil

302

Truffle

«

374

Tulip, common

46

Turnep, common

26,84

Turpentine- tree

364

V

Vanilla

3 1 3

Vine, and the forts

- 216

Viper’s grafs

41

Virginian walnut

360

Virginian fciatic crefs

104

Umbrella palm

*47

W

Walnut, common

359

Warted gourd

271

Water melon

269

Water dragons

4

Water zizania

349

Water-crefs

114

Wheat, and the forts

3 !9

Wheat, buck

343

Wheat, Indian

348

White beet

J35

White beam-tree

160

White muftard

1 1 4

White lupine

3°3

Whortle berry

!73

Willow-leaved oak

344

Wild garlic

93

Wild hops

66

Winter crefs

99

Wood-forrel

106

Y

Yams

6

Yellow itonecrop

1

1 1 2

Yellow Jamaica plum

261

Yellow goatfbeard

43,7s

\

OS'

} 1

4 > f *

N. B. The Author not having an opportunity of feeing the

fleets , till after they were worked off, finds it necefiary to
. corredl the following - \

I.C

ERRATA.

i - * rn ! otf f JJ \ ^ ,, > * ,.A _f *

Page 17, I. 12, for fparedly, r. fparfedly.

— 18, 1. 28, take away the comma between rats and

granaries.

- 35, 1. 4, for cut, r. eat.

• - 46, 1. 8, for quantities, r. qualities.

■ - 99, 1. 27, and

- 1 15, 1. 2, for fpikes, r. racemi.

- 101, 1. 21, for hirfutia, r. hirfutie.

« — 182, 1. 22, and where elfe the expreffion occurs,

for thefe fruits, r. the fruit.

- - 189, 1. 9, for apples, r. berries.

193, 1. 26, for plums, r. berries.

308, 1. 17, for rind, r. rinded.

377, 1. 1, for pods, r. capfules.
ibid. 1. 12, for walnut, r. walnut-tree.

«

^ ----Si . V:-. .. .-

-

■>t V../W V

UkX. .