HA HA | | | ; FIS\83 Ue GREVILLE, R.K. | es Flora Edinensis CO Ne? DFNR1 aa \ o> Beep iN Mae Sx tT a9 \ ‘Sass Ropal Botanic Garden = SAIN Sioa a) g EtNEMO-ME:IMPUNE: wLodinburagb mnt pis arene o “ PS) : S£ Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2012 with funding from Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh http://archive.org/details/floraedinensisor00grev FLORA EDINENSIS: A DESCRIPTION OF PLANTS GROWING NEAR EDINBURGH, ARRANGED ACCORDING TO THE LINNEAN SYSTEM. WITH A CONCISE INTRODUCTION TO THE NATURAL ORDERS CLASS CRYPTOGAMIA, AND ILLUSTRATIVE PLATES. BY ROBERT KAYE GREVILLE, F.R.S. & F.A.S.E. MEMBER OF THE WERNERIAN NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF EDINBURGH 5 OF THE IMPERIAL ACADEMY NATURZ CURIOSORUM; OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF LEIPZIG; CORRESPONDING MEMBER OF THE NA- TURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF PARIS; HONORARY MEMBER OF THE YORK- SHIRE PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY, OF THE LIVERPOOL BOTANICAL INSTI- TUTION, AND OF THE LYCEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY AT NEW YORK, &c. EDINBURGH : PRINTED FOR WILLIAM BLACKWOOD, EDINBURGH; AND T. CADELL, STRAND, LONDON. MDCCCXXIYV. Omnes species originem familize suze primam ab ipsissima Omnipotentis: Creatoris manu numerant; creatis enim speciebus zternam legem ge- nerationis et multiplicationis intra speciem propriam imposuit Nature Auctor rebus. Linn. Crit. Bot. FIS\83 GREVILLE, R.K. Flora Edinensis DFNR1 aa P. Neirz, Printer. S Oc. Bs i ae &, iy i We TO ROBERT GRAHAM, M.D. F.R.S.E. M.W. S. PROFESSOR OF BOTANY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH, &e. Ke. &e. THIS FLORA OF THE ENVIRONS OF THE SCOTTISH METROPOLIS IS DEDICATED, WITH EVERY FEELING OF ESTEEM AND REGARD, BY HIS FRIEND ROBERT KAYE GREVILLE. PREFACE. Tus utility of local Floras has been so universally acknowledged, that it must excite a considerable degree of surprise to find that no attempt prior to the present one has been made to describe, or even to enumerate the plants growing around the Metropolis of Scotland. This feeling cannot but increase, when we teflect that Edinburgh is the seat of a University far-famed for its Medical School, in which the study of Botany holds even a legal rank. The nature of the adjacent country is besides ad- mirably calculated to repay the labours of the bota- nist. Its great variety of scenery produces a corre- sponding variety of plants. There is sufficient ele- vation in the range of the Pentland Hills to yield a vegetation characteristic of the approach to an alpine region. The shores of the Frith of Forth, a large arm of the sea, which rolls its waters within two miles of the city, contribute a vegetation equally distinct ; while the waves themselves nourish a host of interesting and beautiful Algw or Sea-weeds. In this wide field, the active Student of the present age, from the general Vi PREFACE. advancement of Science, feels, with more energy, the want of some direction to its treasures, and some descrip- tion of them when acquired. This desederatwm I have, during the last three years, been endeavouring to sup- ply, and the result is now submitted to the public. In regard to the authenticity of the species and sta- tions eontained in the work, it is only necessary to state, that those gentlemen to whom I owe communications, invariably accompanied them with their names, which will be found in their respective places. At the same time, it may be observed, that I have, with very few ex- ceptions, verified their discoveries. In this place, I trust, it will be permitted me to state, that I commenced this undertaking under peculiar disadvantages, as no one had ever examined the surrounding country with a view to ascertain the extent of its botanical riches, except Sir RogpeERrt SIBBALD, who published a catalogue of plants growing in the King’s Park, containing 381 species and varieties, as early as 1684; and Mr Y aLpDEN, who com- municated one to LiGHTFOOT from the same district, containing 313 species, excluding varieties. ‘The stations of most of the rarer Phanerogamous plants were indeed known, chiefly through the zeal of Grorcr Don, Mr Patrick NeErui, and Mr R. MaucuHan; but I had to make as full a catalogue as possible. Few Crypto- gamic vegetables had been detected, or even sought for ; and among the Hypowyla, Fungi, Gastromyci, Bys- soidee, and E’piphytce, scarcely half a dozen species were on record. In order, therefore, to produce a re- spectable Flora Edinensis, I was obliged to be con- stantly in the fields, or on the sea-shore. Many plants nevertheless remain, without doubt, to be added in a PREFACE. Vil subsequent edition. In collecting materials for the Mosses and the fresh-water Alge, I was fortunately joined by Mr WaLKER ARNOTT, and to his active re- searches I am indebted for several rare species. Cap- tain WaucH of Foxhall has an equal claim upon me for his liberal mycological contributions, and Dr R1- CHARDSON for some excellent marine Alge. 'To other individuals who have kindly favoured me with commu- nications I present my grateful acknowledgments. A\s it was necessary to confine my researches within a certain extent of the surrounding country, I have deemed it, upon the whole, desirable to limit that ex- tent to the distance of ten miles. This rule has, with very few exceptions, been adhered to; so that almost every plant introduced is attainable by the student in a morning’s walk. With a view to render the work as useful as possible, I have added a brief Introduction to the Class Crye- TOGAMIA, and illustrated it by original figures. The characters of the genera are arranged synopti- cally at the commencement of the work; and a refe- rence will be found at the end of each character, to the page where the species are described in the body of the work. R. K. G. EDINBURGH, \ January 7. 1824. ie aS ite INTRODUCTION TO THE CLASS CRYPTOGAMIA. Ty the tollowmg Introduction, we can do nothing more than give a general view of the subjects it embraces,—suflicient, never- theless, it is hoped, to enable the Student to prosecute his re- searches with comparative facility and much additional plea- sure. A more intimate knowledge, especially of the physiology of Cryptogamic Vegetation, must be sought in those works which treat the subject in detail. Linneus divided the Vegetable Kingdom into the following twenty-four Classes. I. Monanpprta, the flowers of which contain a single stamen. If. Dianprtia, 2 stamens. Tift. Trranprtia, 3 stamens. IV. Tetranpria, 4 stamens, (all of equal length). V. Pentranpria, 5 stamens, (the anthers not united). VI. Hexanprta, 6 stamens, (all of equal length). VIl. Hepranpria, 7 stamens. VILTi. Ocrannpria, 8 stamens. TX. Enneanpria, 9 stamens. X. Decanpria, 10 stamens, (filaments not united). XI. Dopecanprta, 12 or more stamens arising from the receptacle. XII. Icosanprta, about 20 stamens arising from the calyx or corolla. XIII. Poryanpria, many stamens arising from the receptacle. XIV. Dipynamia, 4 stamens, 2 being longer than the rest. (Never more than 1 pistil.) XV. TETRapyNnamia, 6 stamens, 4 being longer than the rest. (Cruci- form flowers with 1 pistil.) XVI. Monaprtpuia, filaments more or less united. (The anthers free.) XVII. DiapEtpuia, filaments forming 2 sets. (Flowers always papiliona- ceous.) XVIII. Poryvaperpnuta, filaments forming more than 2 sets. XTX. SynecEnessa, 5 stamens, the anthers united. (Compound flowers.) XS. Gynanprtia, stamens arising from the germen or style, as in the Orchidee. X XI. Monecra, stamens and pistils in different flowers on the same plant. XXL. Dimcta, stamens and pistils distinct; the former confined to the flowers of one plant, the latter to those of another. XSI. Potyeamta, stamens and pistils in the same flower, or stamens only or pistils only ; the whole on one plant or on different plants. XXIV. Cryprocamia, plants in whose fructification stamens and pistils cannot be perceived, or very imperfectly. b & INTRODUCTION TO THE These Classes contain a number of Orders, founded on the following Characters. In the first 13 Classes, they solely depend on the num- ber of pistils, and are named Monogynia, Digynia, Trigynia, Tetragynia, Pentagynia, Hexagynia, Heptagynia, Octogynia, Enneagynia, Decagynia, Dodecagynia, and Polygynia. In the 14th Class are two orders. 1. Gymmnospermia; the seeds naked, and usually 4, never more. 2. Angiospermia ; the seeds inclosed in a pericarp. Tn the 15th Class there are two Orders.. 1. Siliculosa, the shape of the fruit bemg that of a Silicula or pouch. 2. Siliquosa, the fruit forming a long pod or Siliqua. In the 16th, 17th, and 18th Classes, the Orders are named from the number of stamens, and have the same names as the first 13 Classes. In the 19th Class the Orders are five. - Polygamia equalis ; all the florets perfect, having stamens and a pistil. - Polygamia superflua ; florets of the disk perfect, those of the circumference with a pistil only. 3. Poiygamia frustranea; florets of the disk perfect, those of the circumfe- rence with an abortive pistil, or none at all. 4. Polygamia necessaria ; florets of the disk with stamens, those of the circum- ference with a pistil. 5. Polygamia segregata; ‘ several flowers, either simple or compound, but with united anthers and_a proper calyx, all included m one common calyx.” Sm. ye In the 20th Class the Orders are named according to the number of stamens, (Monandria, &c. So also are those of the 21st and 22d Classes, except. when there is a union of the fila- ments; the Orders are then named Monadelphia, &c. In the 28d Class there are three Orders. 1. Monecia ; two or all the flowers characteristic of the Class found ‘on the same: plant. 2. Diecia ; two or all the flowers divided, and found on two separate plants. 3. Triecia ; the three flowers on three separate plants. The Linnean Crders of the 24th Class are, 1. Filices. 2. Musci. 3. Alga. 4. Fungi. Two others have: been added by modern Botanists, viz. Hepatice and Lichenes. These Orders form Natural Families, and have been farther subdivided by those who have made the natural affinities of plants-their study. We shall now proceed to give a concise and general introduction to the Class Cryptogamia, and its Orders as adopted in the present. work ;—taking each: Order in succession. Cryptogamic plants differ from those of all the other Classes both in their structure and reproductive organs. In struc- ~N CLASS CRYPTOGAMIA. xi ture they are simply cellular, with the exception of the Filices, the Lycopodinee, the Marsiliaceee ? and the Equisetacca ? Most of these certainly possess longitudinal vessels, and have been pla- ced by some authors in the Monocotyledonous Class of the Natu- ral System. In their reproductive organs, Cryptogamic plants differ in wanting stamens and pistils; and in their seeds being destitute of cotyledon, radicle, and plumule, but having the power of striking root indifferently from any part of their sur- face. Such seeds have received the name of sporules, (Spo- rule) Spore, Gongyla, &c. It does not seem to be completely established that Ferns are furnished with true monocotyledo- nous seeds, though De Candolle and others support that opinion. I. FILICES. Ferns. Ferns constitute an extensive family, bearing their fructifica- tion mostly on the back of a frond, which frond, when con- sidered in relation to the main stem, appears, in many cases, to be a true leaf. Some ferns have their fructification in spikes, (Pl. I. f. 8). Many ferns have a horizontal stem, creep- ing on the surface or beneath the soil, and throwing up the fronds, which, in most species, in the young state, are circi- nate, or rolled up in a beautiful manner; others have a large tuberous mass, more or less covered with chaffy scales and | fibres, from which the stems or fronds arise. In some the stem is only a few lines long; but in certain exotic species sometimes 80 feet. ‘There is nothing peculiar in the terms used to express the different kinds of ramification, form of the frond, &c. That portion of the stem of a fern, from the commencement of the leafy part to the apex, is called the Rachis. The sur- face of the stem may be Chaffy (paleaceus ), when covered with dry membranaceous scales. Scaly (squamosus), when covered with foliaceous scales. Hairy, villose, naked, prickly, smooth, &c.; these terms are used in the same sense as in other plants. The fructification of ferns is mostly on the inferior surface, which has gained the greater number the name of Dorsiferous ferns (Fvlices dorsifera). The groupes of capsules forming the fructification are called Sort, (Pl. I. f. 13), and are variously situated. Sori are either naked, or protected by a membranaceous cover called an Involucre or an Indusiwm, (PI. 1. f.11, 12, 13). This is either Bee (alan), when lying flat ppon the capsules, Pl. I. 62 Xu INTRODUCTION TO THE Peltate (peltatwm), when more or less circular, and sup- ported on a small central pillar. Urceolate, (urceolatum), when resembling a cylindrical cup. Scale like (squamiforme), when resembling scales. Bivalve (bivalve), when divided imto two parts, (Pl. I. f. 11. a section shewing one of the valves). Continuous (continuum), when forming an uninterrupted. line. The Involucre may burst outward (extcrius dehiscens), in an opposite direction to the midrib: or burst inwards (interius dehiscens ), towards the midrib. The Involucre may also be either single or double; the lat- ter signifying that there is a cover on each side the Sorws. Fhe Capsules (thece of some authors), are furnished with an elastic ligamentous ring (Annulus), (Pl.. I. f. 14.), which sur- rounds them, or are destitute of it, (PI. I. f. 8. 9). Groups of ferns are accordingly termed Annwlate or Exannulate. Those capsules possessed of the ligamentous ring, have their dehiscence produced by its elastic action, (Pl. I. f. 14). il, LYCOPODINEAX. Club-Mosses. The plants which ferm this Order, are furnished with undi- vided small leaves, variously placed; no peculiar terms are em- ployed in their description. The fructification is-either axillary (at the inner base of a leaf, Pl. I. f..6.), or in spikes; it is very. small, and composed of roundish capsules, (Pl. I. f. 6.) which are 1-3-celled and 1-3-valved. These capsules have been called: Conceptacles (Concepiacula), and Coques: they are of two kinds; the one containing a minute pulverulent mass of gra- nules, (Pl. I. f.'7.), the other rather large corpuscules (Corpus- cula). Both kinds are sometimes found on the same plant, and De Candolle supposes that one may be the means of fertilizing the other. Hil. MARSILIACE. Very few plants are found in this Order. Their vegetation is various: they are at most a few inches high, and are more or less aquatic. In Jsoetes the leaves resemble those of Li- torella lacustris, or a young Rush. The fructification of these plants is situated at, or very near, the root, (Pl. I. f. 4. P7- lularia globulifera), and consists of a roundish izvolucre, not opening, and divided ito l-4 loculaments, (PI. I. f. 5., In- CLASS CRYPTOGAMIA: Xi wolucre of Pil. globulifera), containing small bodies, sometimes of different ee Some of these bodies have been called An- thers, and are superior; the others are Capsules, and. filled with sporules, sometimes intermixed with very minute granules. In Jsoetes the fructification is quite concealed, and contained within the very base of the leaf or frond, which only betrays its contents by being somewhat swollen at that part. i IV. EQUISETACE™. Horse-tails. An Order, containing a single Genus, and which, as weil as the two preceding Orders, were ranked -by Linnzeus among the Ferns. hese plants have a remarkable vegetation, being regularly articulated both in the stem and branches, each arti- culation arising from a tubular sheath. ‘The branches are re- gularly whorled, and wholly destitute of leaves. The fruc- tification is terminal, and forms an oblong spike, (Pl. I. f. 1.), on every side of which are arranged a number of peltate scales or disks, (PI. 1. f. 2.), with several sides or angles. From the inner surface of these scales, several wedge-shaped imvolucres project inwards, (Pl. I. f. 2. a), which burst longitudinally and discharge their contents. Each of these involucres was former- ly called a Horn-like indusiwm. ‘Their contents are not yet well understood. A number of green roundish bodies, supposed to be germens, (PI. I. f. 3.), are surrounded by minute granules, and furnished at their base with 4 elastic filaments, incrassated at their apex; when moist, the filaments are twisted spirally round the whele, but when dry, they unyoll and extend them- selves. The incrassated extremities have been considered An- thers, and the minute granules Pollen-by some, and naked Seeds by others. (PI. I. f. 3., where the filaments are shown, and some of the granules adhering to them). V. MUSCI. Mosses. ‘The mosses are very numerous, and are chiefly characterised by their seed-vessel being furnished with a lid (Operculum, Pl. I. f. 17. a. et f, 23. a.), which is protected by a veil, (Calyptra, Pl. I. f. 23. b.), in the manner of an extinguisher. The Roots of Mosses are simply fibrous, and offer nothing uliar. ‘The Stems (surculi), vary from less than a line to several feet in length, and are simple or branched, erect, creeping, pen- dulous, &e. The branches are variously arranged as in other plants, in a distichous, pinnate, bipinnate manner, &. When X1V INTRODUCTION TO THE the stem is irregularly divided or branched, it is said to be wage ramosus. When the fruit of a moss is naturally terminal, if the stem shoots past it, that shoot is called an innovation, and the fruit is then said to be lateral from innovation. 'The leaves are of two kinds, those of the stem called Cauline leaves, and those immediately surrounding the fructification, called Perichatial leaves, (P1. I. f. 25. a). The leaves differ extremely in form, and frequent observa- tion alone will enable the student to perceive their gradation, and understand the compound terms frequently used to desig- nate them. In direction they are imbricated, patent, squarrose, (the apex somewhat curved downwards, or the leaves pointing both up- wards and downwards), or secund. They are mostly concave, sometimes carinate (when the sides are more or less folded together, and the back becomes sharp) ; sometimes plane. The margin is plane, convolute, involute, or revolute, re- curved or incurved, and may be entire, ciliate, serrate, or (to- wards the apex only) laciniate. A leaf is said to be marginated when the margin is evidently thickened, as in Bryum punctatum. Leaves either possess or are destitute of a nerve. The nerve either reaches beyond the point (Nervo excurrente), to the point exactly (Nervo percur- rente), or stops short at a greater or less distance from it. When the nerve is short, there are sometimes 2, and the end of a single one is occasionally forked. In regard to insertion, leaves are bifarious, trifarious, &c., or equal on every side of the stem; it may be added that they are always alternate and always sessile. The Seed-vessel of a moss is called a Theca or Capsule, (Pl. I. f. 16, 17, 23.), and is either sessile or supported on a fruit-stalk, (Seta). When the theca is in a very young state, it is enveloped in a membranaceous covering, which is at length divided trans- versely into two portions: the upper and larger portion pro- tects and partly covers the theca for a greater or less length of time, and is called the Veil (Calyptra, Pl. I. f. 23. 6.), and furnishes important generic characters. When there is a slit passing up one side, it is called a Dimidiate Calyptra, (P1. I. f. 23. b.); when entire at the base, or with several very short clefts, it is named a Mitriform Calyptra, (Pl. I. f. 24). The surface is either even, striate, sulcate, smooth or hairy. When the Calyptra is removed, the summit of the theca is exposed, which (except in the genera Andrea, Phascum, (Fl. I. CLASS CRYPTOGAMITA. XV £. 16. and Voitia) terminates in a deciduous lid \(Operculum, (Pl. I. £17. a. and f. 23. a). This is of various forms, obtuse, mammillose, rostrate, obliquely rostrate, subulate, &c. After the lid has fallen, we percetve the mouth (Stoma) of the theca: this in some mosses is surrounded externally by an elastic ring, (Annulus, Pl. I. f. 22. aa). The mouth is either quite naked (PI. I. f. 17.) or furnished with-a single row of teeth (PI. I. f. 19. 22.), variously formed and modified ; this xow is often accompanied by a second of slender membrana- ceous teeth (Pl. I. f. 21. 6), which have sometimes slender pro- cesses (Cilie) between them. In a few instances the mouth is provided with only a conical, plicate membrane, (Pl. I. f. 20°), and im a solitary case, with nothing but a profusion of capillary filaments. Sometimes there is a oa membrane closing the mouth, even when teeth are present, as in the genus: Poly- trichum. _When the theca is divided longitudinally, a little pillar is perceived passing up the centre, this is the Columedla. The theca has, nm many Mosses, a little swelling on one side -at the base, which is named a Struma. When the theca is prolonged downwards (often also dilated), the appearance is ‘termed an Apophysis ; it is remarkably evident in the whole of the genus Splachnum. As a general rule, it may be observed, that any prolongation of the.theca below the portion which con- -tains the seeds, and which is at the same time evident external- ‘ly, becomes an Apophysis. The seeds of Mosses are called Sporules, (Pl. 1. f. 18). Vi. HEPATICH. Liver-worts. Hepatic Mosses. Most of the plants of this Order have a considerable affinity ~with the true mosses. Their structure is similar, bemg a simple cellular tissue, and their vegetation equally humble. Seven ‘genera constitute the Order, and they differ so much from each -other, that we shall touch slightly upon all. 1. Jungermannia. 'This genus has the nearest resemblance to the true mosses. The stems are simple or branched, and -as they are either furnished with leaves or form a continuous frond, the species are divided into frondose (PI. I. f. 32.), and Joliose (Pl. 1. f. 34.), Jungermannie. The leaves in almost all the species are largely reticulated, and more or less pellucid: they are always sessile, sometimes decurrent, and often semi-amplexicaul. In form they are ex- tremely various, being frequently many-cleft, and, what is more striking, often divided into two unequal lobes, which are con- XV1 INTRODUCTION TO THE duplicate or folded together. Those which contain at their base the bodies called Anthers, are called Perigonial leaves ; those which surround the calyx, Perichetial leaves. In many species there are also minute leaves or leaf-like processes, arising from the inferior surface of the stem; these are called Stipules. The seed-vessel (Theca) of the Jungermannie, which is des- titute of an Operculwm, divides, when mature, into 4 longitudi- nal valves, (Pl. 1. f. 32. e.), and is supported on a delicate mem- branaceous peduncle, (PI. I. f. 32. c). When very young, it is covered by a delicate veil, (Calyptra, Pl. I. f. 32. 6.); the whole being protected in almost every species by a single or double Calyx, (Pl. I. f. $2. a.), which varies in form, and fur- nishes excellent specific characters. When the theca has attain- ed its full size, (Pl. I. f. 32. d.), it bursts the calyptra, which remains at the base, and issues from the calyx, which usually encloses the calyptra. Within the theca are the seeds (Sporules) intermixed with elastic spiral filaments, named Elateres, (Pl. I. f. 33.), which assist in their dispersion. In most species, minute, spherical, membranaceous, reticulated bodies, supported upon short, white peduncles, have been dis- covered ; they are situated in the axils of the perigonial leaves, (which do not differ from the rest in form), and are called An- thers, how properly we know not, but Dr Hooker, in his ela-_ borate Monograph, has kept up the name. 2. Monoclea, (Hook. Muse. Exot.) contains a single species, resembling at first sight a frondose Jungermannia. There is no calyx, unless the membranaceous sheath included in the frond be considered one. (Hooker mentions a calyx in his ge- neric character, but says ‘ Calyw nadlus” in the description). The theca issues from an orifice towards the apex of the frond, and is supported on a peduncle ; it is of one valve. The spo- rules are mixed with spiral filaments (Elateres).—An exoti¢ plant. 3. Targionia, contains one species, which is frondose and lobed. ‘There is a roundish, coloured involucre which arises from beneath the frond at the apex, and opens by 2 valves. The seed-vessel (Theca) is concealed, and almost sessile with. in the involucre, globose, bursting at the apex, and discharging its seeds (Sporules) mixed with spiral filaments (Elateres). 4. Marchantia. Frondose plants of a close opake texture, deeply divided or lobed, (Pl. I. f. 26). The fructification is seated on a pedunculated receptacle, called a Common Recep- tacle of the Fructification ; this receptacle is of two kinds ; the one peltate, (PI. I. f. 26. a.), containing several capsules (T'he- cc) on its under surface, (PI. I, f. 26. b.), the other peltate also; CLASS CRYPTOGAMIA. XVil plane on the upper surface, with oblong bodies imbedded verti- cally in the disk, and which are supposed to be Anthers. In one British species the latter receptacle is sessile. The theca (Pl. I. f. 27. 6.) have very short peduncles, and are protected before maturity by a veil, (Calyptra, Pl. I. f. 27. a.), which they at length rupture, but are not much protruded. - ‘They contain seeds (Sporules) mixed. with spiral filaments (Elateres). Besides the two receptacles above mentioned, there is a third kind in the form of little open cups, sessile on the upper sur- face of the frond, and containing minute, green bodies (Gemma), which have the power of producing new plants, as well as the sporules. 5. Anthoceros. Minute frondose plants, (Pl. I. f. 28). The seed- vessel (T’heca) is linear, 2-valved, pedunculate, issuing from a calyx; when it bursts, the seeds (sporules) are seen at- tached to a central filament (Colwmella, P|. I. f. 28. a, and f. 29.), and wholly unmixed with spiral filaments. On the frond are small cup-shaped receptacles, containing minute, spherical, pe- dunculated, reticulated bodies, which have been called An- thers. (!) 6. Spherocarpus, contains a single species. The whole plant is minute, and consists of a roundish or ovate, delicate, mem- branaceous frond, bearing on its disk a cluster of obpyriform receptacles, in each of which a globose, transparent, finely mem- branaceous seed-vessel, lies filled with minute sporules unmixed with filaments. 7. Eiccia, (Pl. I. f. 30.). Minute frondose plants, not well understood, growing on moist ground, or floating on water. fructification has only been found on one British species, and appears to consist of simple, roundish seed-vessels (T'hece) im- mersed_ in the frond, tipped with a slightly exserted style, and containing minute sporules, (Pl. I. f. 31). VII. CHARACE®. Charas. A curious tribe composed of a single genus, wholly aquatic. Roots fibrous, fixed in the mud. Stems very slender, some- times articulated, and in a few species furnished with a calcare- ous crust beneath the epidermis. ‘There are no leaves, but whorls of short, simple or compound branches resembling the stem. ‘There are two kinds of fructification; the first kind is a Nucule, (Pl. II. f. 1. a.), which is sessile, oval, solitary, spi- rally striated, having a membranaceous covering (Involucre ?), and the summit indistinctly cleft into 5 segments, (the Calyx ?). Xvill INTRODUCTION TO THE The interior is filled with minute sporules. The few processes resembling short branchlets which accompany it, are named Bracteas, (Pl. Il. f. 1. c). The second kind of fructification is a Globule, (Pl. II. f. 1. 6.), or minute round body, of a reddish colour, composed externally of a number of triangular (always ?) scales, which separate and produce its dehiscence. The inte- rior is filled with a mass of elastic, transversely undulate fila~ ments. The scales are composed of radiating, hollow tubes, partly filled with minute, coloured, spherical granules, which freely escape when the tubes are injured: their nature is wholly unknown, and I believe hitherto unnoticed. VII. ALGH. Flags. We can do nothing more than give a very general idea of the plants of this extensive Order. Most of them are aquatic, growing either in the sea or in fresh water. Their Hoots are either fibrous, a mere fleshy or callous disk (a scutate Root), or altogether wanting. Some are wholly frondose, others sup- port their frond on a stem (Sttpes). The fronds are either cy- lindrical or plane, often expanded, sometimes little more than a mere membrane: the cylindrical ones are often finer than a human hair, the plane ones often several feet long, and broad in proportion. Besides these there are others which possess dis- tinct leaves, as far as they are considered in relation to the stem or branches, but, from their usual connection with the fructifica- tion, are still called Fronds. The seeds of these plants are named Sporules, sometimes Gra- nules, and are variously situated, as, for example, in distinct Capsules or Thece, (Pi. II. f. 19, 20.), or in T'ubercles, which are elther free or imbedded in the frond, (Pl. IT. f. 14, 15.), or in a leafy process of the frond, (Pl. IT. f. 8). Sometimes the tubercles are imbedded in common receptacles, (PI. II. f. 3. a). In a few instances there are naked granules sur- rounded by an open imvolucre, (PI. II. f.13). The seeds or granules are often naked, but immersed in the frond, (PI. II. f. '7.); and it often happens that two kinds of fructifi- cation occur in the same species, viz. tubercles and naked seeds, but always on distinct plants. In several species the fructifica- tion assumes the form of a pod (Si/igua). A numerous tribe are tubular, and have their sporules scattered or arranged in some determinate manner in their interior, (PI. If. f. 17, 18, 27, 28; 20). Many Algeze are articulated, (Pl. II. f. 26, 27, 28, 29.): the line of separation is then called a Joint, and the space between two joints an Articulation. - CLASS CRYPTOGAMIA: X1XK Another Organ remains to be mentioned. Many species possess Vesicles of different forms. The most common are re- -gular inflations of particular parts of the frond, filled with air. They are supposed to be of use in keeping the frond afloat, (Pl As £5: : ; The substance of the Algze has a wide range. Some are _perfectly membranaceous and pellucid, some little more than a gelatinous frond, others wiry, corneous, and elastic, while others again are coriaceous and subligneous. Almost every gradation of colour is also to be found among them, but the predominant ones are green, red, and brown. IX. CHATOPHOROIDEX®. Chetophoroids. Few genera are found in this Order, which is proposed, in this work, to include certain plants differing very materially from the Alew. Some of them are found in the ocean, others in fresh water,—very few on moist ground, rocks, or trees. They are more or less gelatinous, almost all slippery to the touch, and generally more or less firm, some indeed very hard. They are chiefly of a roundish form, often solid, some with a central cavity; a few may be termed crustaceous. Within, most of the species possess simple or articulated filaments (PI. II. f. 32. 6, and f. 31. 6, 33. 6.), either radiating from the centre to the cir- cumference (PI. II. f. 32. &. 31. 6.), or lying without order in a gelatinous nidus (PI. IT. f. 33). Some consist almost entirely of sporules (Pl. II. f. 34. 6). X. LICHENES. Lichens. An extensive Order, containing plants of a very humble growth, and widely remote from each other in habit. They are of various colours, wholly destitute of leaves, and of every inter- amediate substance between gelatinous and densely crustaceous. In form they are frequently determinate, a great number grow- ing in a radiate and circular manner. A few species are quite pulverulent, (PI. III. f. 19). Many resemble mere thin crusts, inseparable from the rocks or trees on which they grow, (Pl. ITT. f. 1.); some have a granulated surface, (Pl. III. f. 7. 8.) ; others are imbricated with foliaceous scales (Pl. ILI. f. 9.), or consist of free, lobed fronds (PI. ITT. f. 4. 10.) ; while a consider- able number resemble shrubs or corallines in miniature, and grow erect on the ground, or pendent from the trunks of trees, (Pl. IIT. #12. 13. 16. 17. 18.) The fructification is usually in the form of shields (Scztella) or tubercles. XX INTRODUCTION TO THE In the description of the Lichens in this work, all terms have deen as much as possible avoided, that might perplex the stu- dent. We shall here, however, give the principal part of the terminology established by Acharius, which is now universally used in Latin description. ‘The main substance of a Lichen is named Frond, or Thal- lus, or Universal Receptacle, (Receptaculum universale). 'The partial receptacle (Heceptaculum partiale) is the Apothectwm, or the part which immediately incloses the fructification and spo- rules (Gongyle, Sporule, &c.), and, according to circumstances, is known by the common name of Scutella, Shield (Pl. Ili. f. 8. a, f. 9. a), or Tubercle (Pl. III. f. 4. a, f. 18. a). The regular and uniform shields or tubercles are the Apothecia vera, or, simply speaking, Apothecia. Other ap- pearances, such as Pulvinuli, Soredia, &c. are named Secondary Apothecia (Apothecia accessoria). There is little doubt that the latter are capable of reproduction. Podetium is the name applied to those stalk-like processes of the thallus which bear the apothecia on their summit, (Plate III. f. 12. a, and f. 13.), as in the genus Cenomyce. The Podetia are often cup-bearing, or scyphiferous (dilated upwards into a cup, Seypha, Pl. 111. f. 12. 6.) Cyphelle are pale tubercle-lhke spots, on the under surface of the thallus; as in Sticta, (Pl. IIT. f 10. a.) Lacune are small hollows or pits on the upper surface of the thallus, (Pl. ITI. f. 10.) Soredia are little heaps or collections of free pulverulent bo- dies, mostly of a whitish colour, occurring on various parts of the thallus. Pulvinuli are spongy, excrescence-like bodies, sometimes rising from the thallus, and often resembling minute trees, &c. as in Parmelia glomulifera. Nucleus proligerus is a distinct cartilaginous body coming out entire from the apothecia, and containing the sporules. Lamina proligera, a distinct body containing the sporules, separating from the apothecia, often very convex and variable in form, and mostly dissolving into a gelatinous mass, (PI. IIT. f. 12. c, and f. 14. a.) The root-hke fibres arising from the margin and under sur- face of many lichens, are termed Fibrille. They are very striking in the genus Borrera. XI. HYPOXYLA. This order was established by De Candolle, and includes se- veral genera of plants formerly referred to the Lichens, (they CLASS CRYPTOGAMIA. XXi are so still by some botanists), and a great number of plants . which he separated from the Fungi. At one extremity the Lichens pass into the Hypoxyla through Endocarpon, and at the other into the Fungi, through the carnose species of Yyla- ria, which in habit resemble the Clavarie and Geogilossa. The Hypoxyla are divided into two sections; in the first of which the plants are mostly accompanied by a thin crust, hike that of the Lichens, and do not discharge their sporuliferous pulp spontaneously, (Pl. III. f. 3.) In the second, there is no crust whatever, and the sporuliferous pulp 1s for the most part evidently discharged. The Hypoxyla are chiefly suberose or corneous, and, with a very few exceptions, of a black colour. By far the greater proportion grow on the dead trunks and branches of trees, of- ten bursting through, and partly concealed by the bark ; a con- siderable number are found on the dead stalks of herbaceous’ plants, and living, dead, or dying leaves. A very few belong to rocks or the bare ground. Fic Almost all the Hypoayla are furnished with spherules (Sphe- rule), which contain the sporules and sporuliferous pulp. They are more or less of a roundish form (Pl. IV. f. 37. 40.), and are either free and constitute the entire plant (PI. IV. f. 377.), or seated on the surface of a corneous mass (the Receptacle or Stroma), or contained within it (Pl. III. f. 5. a, and Pl. IV. f. 42.) | When the spherules are furnished with an orifice, they are said to possess a Stoma or mouth. When there is no orifice, they are named Sphaerule astome or mouthless spherules, (Pl. IV. f. 37.) The mouth is often elongated, and then takes the name of Ostiolum, (Pl. IV. f. 40.) When the spherules are destitute of a receptacle, they are often so much imbedded in or beneath the bark, that the summit of their orifices are alone visible, like mere dots. The Sporwles are situated in the spherules, and are either naked or inclosed in slender hyaline tubes, called Theca by some authors, (Pl. IV. f. 38.); the whole mostly lyig in a whitish gelatmous pulp. In the genus Xyloma, there are no spherules. The large confluent species have something like partial receptacles, burst- ing without regularity. They are in fact confluent Perithecia, as the smaller species, which have only one opening, have their covering so termed ; though the name is not adopted by every one. In the genera Opegrapha (Pl. III. f. 3.), and Hysterium (Pl. IV. f. 43.), there is only one covering, and as it can- xxii INTRODUCTION TO THE not be called a spherule, on account of its form, which is ob- long or Imear, it is also not improperly called a Perithecium. Their sporules are contained in slender hyaline tubes or theca, (PI. IV. f. 45.) The genus Stidbospora is an anomalous one. It appears like irregular, little, black, somewhat shapeless heaps, protruding through the bark of dead branches of trees, with a tendency to become effused. ‘There are no spherules, but the sporules (spo- ridia?) ave naked, and intermixed with a black, minute sub- stance, which may be considered in the light of a receptacle. In Link’s arrangement it is placed among the Epiphyte. XII. FUNGI. Funguses. An order of plants agreeing in fructification, though differ- ing much in habit. Their structure is floccose (minutely fila- mentous); in substance they are mostly carnose, though some are coriaceous, subercse, or almost woody ; in colour extreme- ly various, but very rarely green. They grow mostly on the ground, some on trunks of trees, rotten wood, dead leaves, &e. One or two are aquatic (at least have been found growing in water). ‘Che whole plant, in a general point of view, seems little more than a receptacle for the fructification. The character of the Order, as derived from the fructifica- tion, is defined by Link to be “ sporules disposed m a series in elongated tubular cells ; the cells situated in some part of the external surface.” The surface in which the fructification is situated, is named the Hymenium, and is variously modified. We shall now describe the parts of a common Agaric, which is of more frequent occurrence than any other plant of the or- der, (Pl. IV. f. 22.) ‘The hollow base a, represented in the Plate, from which the stem rises, is called a Wrapper (Volva). In the young state it envelopes the whole plant, and is so cha- racteristic as to separate Amanita from Agaricus. The stem of all Fungi is called Sé¢pes, and, in the present case, supports a cap (Pileus, 6). The pileus is provided on the inferior sur- face with thin radiating expansions, constitutmg the Myme- niwm: these expansions are termed Gills (Lamella, Pl. IV. f. 24. a), and are generally arranged in some determinate or- der, depending on their relative lengths. . The lamellee are adnate with the stipes, when the extremities next the stipes are united with it: when not united, they are said to be ae When they are not only adnate, but carried as it were more or less down the stipes, they become decur- rent. 2 CLASS CRYPTCGAMIA. XX The internal substance of the pileus and stipes is termed the Flesh. ; Many Agarics have a delicate frmge connecting the margin of the pileus, at a certain age,.with the stipes (Pl. IV. f. 23.), or a ring-like collar surrounding the stipes (Annulus, Pl. IV. f. 22. c): this is called a Veil (Velum), and 1s either a general veil (Velum universale), when it is adnate with the surface of the pileus, but becoming obsolete in age, or it is a partial veil (Velum partiale), extending only from the margin of the pileus to the stipes. The annulus is a kind of veil, which is sometimes fixed to the stipes, at others free, and capable of being moved upwards and downwards. The terms explained above are applicable to all Fungi which possess the parts so denominated. The principal modifications of the Hymenium require to be briefly noticed. In Merulius and Cantharellus it is composed of Veins or Ruge often anastomosing or running ito each other. In Bo- letus (Pl. 1V: f. 27.) it is formed of contiguous T'ubes, sepa- rable from the pileus and from each other, (Pl. IV. f. 28.) In Polyporus, on the contrary (Pl. IV. f. 25.), it resides in mere Pores, not separable from the pileus or each other, (PI. IV. f. 26.) In Hydnum (Pl. IV. f. 29.), the hymenium is constituted of conical or subulate carnose spines (Acule?) on the inferior sur- face. In some genera the pileus becomes a mere head (Capitulune, Pl. IV. f. 85.), and is nearly wholly occupied by the hyme- nium; in others the whole plant is nothing more than a fili- form or clavate, simple or branched receptacle (Pl. IV. f. 30.),, except a small portion at the base. In Peziza (PI. IV. f. 31, 32, 33, 34.), the pileus is more or less cup-shaped (Cupuliform), always so when young, sessile or ca Uae with the hymenium only on the upper surface or disk. In Thelephora the whole external surface, which is mostly smooth, is occupied by it. The genus Phallus is placed among the Fungi in this work, on account of its general habit; the fructification, however,. does not at all agree with the Order. The pileus has a cellu- lose surface, the cells being filled with dark green slime abound- ing with naked sporules. Link has arranged it with the Gastro- myci, and considers the volva as a Sporangiwm, and the stipes: as a Columella. This situation seems to be equally erroneous. XX1V INFRODUCTION TO THE XIII. GASTROMYCI. This Order contains plants whose sporules or sporidia (little. bodies enclosing sporules) are included in one or more cover- ings (Peridia). ‘he whole is termed by Link a Sporangium (Pl. IV. f. 17. 18. 21.) ; and it generally constitutes almost the entire plant. _ In the young state many Gastromyci are soft, or even semi- fluid. Some are exceedingly minute, as the genus Lrysiphe (PI. IV. f. 21.) ; others very small, as Gictdiwm (Pl. IV. f. 11. 12.), and Physarum (f. 16.), &c. In the genus Erineum (PI. IV. f. 14. 15.), there is a near approach to the plants of the following order. Bovista, Scleroderma, Geastrum, Lyco- perdon (PI. IV. f. 18.), &c. contain very large individuals. The Peridiwm varies in form and in dehiscence; is mostly membranaceous, sometimes coriaceous, carnose, rarely obso- lete. The genera Tremella and Tuber, which are solid, the one gelatinous, the other very firm, seem to want a peridium, or it must be considered as adnate with the substance of the plant ; yet the whole plant may be properly termed a Sporan- gium, as the sporules are contained in its substance. The sporangium is sometimes furnished with a Pedicel (Pl. IV. f. 17.), or a short stipes. In many Gastromyci, the interior is more or less filled with woolly filaments (locci), imtermixed with the sporules; and some have also a small central pillar, named Colwmedla ; others are destitute of both. _ When the sporangium contains distinct bodies inclosing Sjo- ridia, the sporangium is said to contain Sporangiola. This occurs, according to Link, in Tuber, Endogene, Pisocarpium, and Cyathus, (Pl. IV. f. 19. and 20.), to which we may add Erysiphe (Pl. IV. f. 21). If, however, the Sporidia should prove to be mere sporules, the Sporangiola will then become the Sporidia. It remains to be mentioned, that the genera Uredo (Pl. IV. f. 9.), and Puccinia (f. 10.), will be found under this order in the present work, though they do not possess a true Peridium ; the epidermis of the leaves on which they grow only assumes the appearance of one. ‘They could not, however, be well se- parated from Gicidium (PI. IV. f. 11. 12.), which has a true peridium, but with which, in other respects, they have a very strong affinity. 3 CLASS CRYPTOGAMIA. XKV XIV. BYSSOIDE. All the plants belonging to this Order are filamentous, whe ther dark coloured and opake, or transparent and colourless, (Pl. IV. f. 3.=8.) The filaments (JJocci) are generally mintite, simple, or branched, mostly tubular and articulated, and produce their fructification externally. The Flocci are generally more or less tufted, and are termed Thallus by Link. ‘Thus, the thallus is said to consist of flocet of such and such a character. When the flocci are composed of a number of articulations, resembling a series of beads, it is called moniliform, (Pl. IV. f. 7.) The flocci sometimes are attached to, or clothe an elongated carnose body, as in the genera Isaria and Cephalotrichum. This body is called a Receptacle (Stroma). The Sporidia (little, mostly transparent bodies contaiming sporules) are either scattered among the flocci (PI. IV. f. 4.), ox attached to particular parts of them (PI. FV. f. 5. 6.), or ars ranged in a beaded series. ‘They are generally round or oval, and very rarely divided into two or more dissepiments. Though they are called Sporidia, it rarely happens that the microscope is able to detect the included sporules ; the student, therefore, must expect the sporidia to appear like mere spo- rules. In a few instances regular sporidia seem to be wanting, but the articulations of the flocci separate spontaneously at the joints, and supply their space. In a few other cases, neither sporidia nor any mode of reproduction have been discovered. XV. EPIPHYT. Plants of the simplest structure, composed of nothing move than naked sporidia (PI. IV. f. 1.), or sporidia mingled with a minute grumose or pulverulent mass. They grow on dead branches, or burst from the bark of trees or epidermis of leaves. The sporidia are sometimes divided into two or more dissepi- ments. . Link has brought F'usidiwm into this Order, but the flocci are so visible, that the plant resembles a minute Sporotrichum. He has also placed here Uredo and Puccinia, in which he is physiologically correct ; but surely in error when he adds Aici- dium. é bie eh ake ba hi ie aN ed The EE Oe pen Miva , ed, ( xxvii} EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. (All the Figures are magnified except when the contrary is "Fig. 1. 10. specified. } PLATE I. A spike of Equisetum sylvaticum, nat. size.—2. One of the peltate scales removed. a, The wedge-shaped involucres.—3. One of the germens, with the elastic filaments. . A portion ofa plant of Piluaria globulifera, nat. size, with invelucres. —5. An involucre vertically divided, showing the anthers at the top, and the capsules beneath. Bracteal leaves of Lycopodium selaginoides, with the receptacles or coques.—7. Granules. . A portion of the spike of Botrichium lunaria, nat. size.—9. Two of the capsules, one of which has discharged its contents. A portion of the frond of Hymenophylium Tunbrigiense, nat. size.—l1. One of the 2-valved involucres vertically divided, shewing the cap- sules attached to a cylindrical receptacle. . One vf the pinulee of the frond of an Aspidium, with involucres or in- dusia.—13. An involucre removed with some of the capsules exhi- bited.—14. A capsule burst open by the force of the elastic ring, and its contents discharged.—15. The sporules. » Capsule of a Phascum, shewing the union of the theca with the orer- culum. Theca, illustrating the genera Anictangium and Gymnostomum; a, The lid or operculum.—18. The sporules. . Shews a single peristome. . The membranaceous, plicate peristome of Diphyscium. . A portion of a double peristome removed from the theca. a the outer, 6 the inner peristome. - Summit of the theca ofa single-peristomed moss. aa, The Annus, which occurs in some mosses. - Theca of a cylindrical form. a, The lid; 6, The calyptra, which in this case is dimidiate, and smooth and even. - A mitriform calyptra, which in this case is sulcate and hairy. . A portion of the stem of a moss, with some cauline leaves. a, The perichzetial leaves, from which the seta is seen to arise. . A portion of the frond of Marchantia conica, nat. size, with a fertile receptacle of fructification. @, The receptacle; 6, The capsules or thecee.—27. One of the capsules removed, with its calyptra. a, The calyptra ; 6, The capsule discharging its sporules and spiral fila- ments, eB) &XVHi EXPLANATION OF PLATES. Fig. 28. A portion of a frond of an Anthoceros. a, The columella, or rather receptacle, to which the sporules are attached.—29. A small part of the receptacle with sporules. 30. A plant of Riccia glauca, nat. size.—31. Shews the manner in which fhe capsules are imbedded in the frond. 32. A plant of Jungermannia epiphylla, nat. size. a, Calyx; 6, Calyptra; c, Peduncle; d, Theca; e, Theca mature and burst.—33. Spiral filaments and sporules.—34. Plant of a foliaceous Jungermannia, J. bidentata, nat ste. PLATE It. Fig. 1. Fructification of the genus Chara. a, The nucule; 6, The globule ; c, The bracteas.—2. The nucule more highly magnified. 3. Segment of a frond of Fucus vesiculosus, nat. size. a, The recep- tacle in which the tubercles of the fructification are imbedded.— 4. Granules and filaments contained in the tubercles.—5. The air-vesicles of the frond. 6. Segment of a frond of Delesseria alata, nat. size.—7. One kind of fruc- tification, consisting of naked granules.—8. The second kind, a tubercle containing sporules.—9. The sporules or granules. 10. Part of a frond of Spherococcus membranifolius, nat. size.—ll. The tubercles, which are either sessile on the frond, or shortly pedicel- late on the stipes or margin.—12. The granules. 13. Portion of a frond of Péilota plumosa, shewing the fructification na- ked at the base of an involucre. 14. Summit of a frond of Gigartina subfusca, shewing the innate tu- bercles. 15. Segment of the frond of Gigartina purpurascens, with innate tubercles. 16. Portion of the frond of Ulva plantaginifolia, with granules. 17. Segment of the frond of a Gloionema. 18 Do. of that of Bangia Laminarie. 19. Portion of a filament of Polysiphonia urcéolata, with fructification. 20. Do. of Polysiphonia Brodiei with fructification. 21. Do. of Ceramium diaphanum, with fructification. 22. Do. of Callithamnion roseum, with fructification. 23. Do. of Ectocarpus littoralis, with immersed tubercles. 24. and 25. illustrate the vesicular fructification of the genus Vaucheria. 26. Filaments of an Oscillatoria. 27. Do. of Zygnema quininum ; two of the filaments united. 28. Filament of Conferva rivularis. 29. Do. of Conferva ericetorum: 30. Representation of Diatoma flocculosa. This genus, I conceive, with some other naturalists, to be of an animal nature. 31. Plant of Chetophora elegans ; a, nat. size. 6, The filaments of which it is composed. 32. Linkia ne 3 a, Nat. size. 6, Filaments of which it is chiefly com- posed. 33. Nostoc pruniforme, a, nat. size, small. 6, The moniliform filaments it contains. Fig. Fig. =<) 10. 18. 19. 1. 2: 4. w e Roe os EXPLANATION OF PLATES. XX1X . Palmella rosea, a, nat. size. 6, The sporules. . Echinella fasciculata, \ described by some botanists as vegetables, but . Echinella paradoxa, I believe them to have an animal structure. PLATE III. Lecidea parasema, nat. size. a, The shields or apothecia. . Calicium claviculare, nat. size. a, A plant magnified. Opegrapha scripta, nat. size. a, Portion of a perithecium removed and divided. , A plant of Endocarpon miniatum, nat. size. a, Shews the imbedded. tubercles. . Portion of the thallus of Porina pertusa, nat. size. a, Exhibits a sec- tion of the thallus, and an inclosed spherule. - Segment of the thallus of Variolaria amara, nat. size. a, A section of the apothecium and thallus. . Young and mature apothecia of Lecanora Perellus, with a small por- tion of the crust-like thallus. . Lecanora subfusca, nat. size. A portion magnified and divided. . Part of the foliaceous thallus of Parmelia herbacea, nat. size. a, A shield or apothecium divided. Paxt of the frondose thallus of Sticta pulmonaria, nat. size. aa, The cyphelle. %, A shield divided. . Portion of the thallus of Peltidea canina, nat. size. . Cenomyce coccifera, nat. size. a, The podetium ; 6, The cup or seypha ; ce, The fructification, (Lamina proligera of Acharius). . Cenomyce uncialis, nat. size. - Beomyces rufus, upper fig, nat. size. a, The podetium and fructifi- cation divided. - A portion of the crust of Isidium corallinum, nat. size. a, Part of the same, shewing the fructification. . Thailus of Spherophoron fragile, nat. size, in fructification. - Thallus of Ramalina frazxinea, nat. size, in fructification. a, An apo= thecium divided. A portion of the thallus of Usnea hirta, nat. size. a, represents a kind of tubercle, which is considered as fructification as well as the regular apothecia. Lepraria flava. PLATE IV. Illustrates the genus Cylindrosporium, which is composed of nothing but sporidia. Fusidium flavo-virens, nat. size, ona leaf.—3. Filaments and sporidia. Illustrates the genus Sporotrichum. Do. that of Penicillium. Do. that of Stachylidium. Do. that of Moniiia. Do. that of Helmisporium. Do. that of Uredo. a, The sporidia, XXK EXPLANATION OF PLATES. Fig. 10. Illustrates that of Puccinia. a-d, Sporidia of different forms. 11. and 12. illustrate that ef Zcidium. 13. The sporules. 14. and 15. illustrate that of Erineum. 16. Illustrates that of Physarum, nat. size.—17. The same; one of the sporangia bursting. 18. Exhibits a Lycoperdon, nat. size. 19. Cyathus crucibulum, nat. size.—20. One of the lenticular bodies re- moved (Sporangiola of Link). 21. Shews the genus Erysiphe. a, The sporangiola, or bodies containing sporidia (?). 22. Illustrates the genera Amanita and Agaricus, nat. size. a, Volva; 6, Pileus; c, Veil, which is here annular. -23. Shews the manner in which a fibrous veil attaches the margin of the pileus to the stipes. \ 24. A portion of the pileus divided vertically, to shew the gills or lamel- ‘lze (a). 25. Illustrates the genus Polyporus.—26. A piece cut out, and turned up to shew the pores. -27. illustrates that of Boletus, (smaller than nature).—28. Some of the tubes to shew that they separate from the pileus and from each -other. -29. Illustrates that of Hydnum, (somewhat reduced). The section only of part of the pileus is given. “30. Illustratesthat of Clavaria, nat. size. -31.-34. Illustrate that of Peziza, nat. size ; many are much larger, many much smaller. -35. Leotia Mitrula, nat. size. -36. Explains the genus Spheria, nat. size.-—37. Spherules 5; one.of them divided.—_38. The tubular cells which contain the sporules. 39. Cryptospheria acuta, nat. size, the epidermis under which the sphe- rules were concealed-being removed.—40. A spherule magnified. 41. Stromatospheria disciformis, nat. size.—42. A plant divided to shew the immersed spherules, some of which are filled with the gelati- neus sporuliferous pulp. A3. Hysterium Fraxini, nat. size.—44. A perithecium removed,—45. The tubular cells which contain the sporules. 4 Xxx) ARRANGEMENT OF THE GENERA. I. MONANDRIA. I. MONOGYNIA. ‘1. Saziconnta. Perianth single, ventricose, «entire. Stam. lor2. Seed 1, included.—Page 1. 2. Hirruris. -Calyx superior, forming a narrow margin to the germen. Coroll.0. Seed 1.—P. 1. (Chara belongs to Cryyz.; Zostera:to Monac.; Valeriana rubra to Trianp.; Alchemilla arvensis-to 'TETRAND.) II. DIGYNIA. (Callitriche belongs to Moneacta,) Ii. DIANDRIA. TI. MONOGYNIA. * Perianth double, inferior, monepetalous, regular. ‘3. Licustrum. Coroll. 4-cleft. Berry 4-seeded.—P. 2. ** Perianth double, inferior monopetalous, irregular. - Seeds an. a.pericarp. 4, Veronica. Coroll. rotate, 4-cleft, the lower segment nar- rower. Caps. 2-celled.—P. 8. 5. Pineuicuta: Coroli. -ringent, spurred. Cail. 4—5-cleft. Caps. 1-celled.—P. 5. “6. Urricutaria. Coroll. rmgent, spurred. -Cai. 2-leaved. Caps. 1-celled.—P. 5. *** Perianth double, inferior, monopetilous, irregular. Seeds naked. 7. Satvia. -Coroli. rmgent. Cal. 2lipped. -Filaments at- tached laterally to a pedicel.-—P. 6. **** Perianth double, superior. 8. Circea. Coroll. 2-petalled. Cal. 2-leaved. -Caps. 2-celled cells 1-seeded.—P. 2. XXX ARRANGEMENT OF THE GENERA. 2: HERES Perianth single, or none. Fraxinus. Cal. 0 or 4-cleft. Cor.0 or 4-petalled. Caps. compressed, 2-seeded, with a foliaceous expansion, /low- ers polygamous.—P. 2. 0. Lemna. Perianth single, monophyllous, membranaceous, 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. NTA 18. 19. urceolate. Caps. 1-celled, Plants minute, frondose.—P. 6. (Salicornia belongs to Monanp.) I]. DIGYNIA. AntHoxantuum. Cal. glume 2-valved, 1-flowered. Co- roll. glume double, each 2-valved, the external one awn- ed: =P. 7. Ill. TRIANDRIA. TI. MONOGYNIA. * Flowers superior. VaLERIANA. Cal. involute, unfolding into a feathery pap- pus. Coroll. monopetalous, 5-cleft, gibbous or spurred at the base. Seed 1.—P. 7. - Fepia. Cal. toothed. Ccroll. monopetalous, 5-cleft, gib- bous at the base. Frwit 3-celled, 2 mostly abortive.—P. 8. Iris. Perianth single, 6-partite, the alternate petal-like segments reflexed. Stigma petaliform.—P. 9. < ** Flowers inferior, glumaceous. Scnanvs. Cal. glumes 1-valved, imbricated on all sides, the outer ones sterile. Coroll. 0. Seed naked or with bristles at its base—P. 9. - Scireus. Cal. glumes imbricated on all sides, 1-valved, 1-flowered, outermost one sometimes sterile. Coroli. 9. Seed mostly with 6 bristles at the base.—P. 10. EriorHorum. Cal. glumes 1-valved, 1-flowered, imbrica- ted cn all sides. Coroll. 0. Seed with long silky hairs, springing from the base.—P. 12. Naropus. Cal.0. Glume of the coroll. 2-valved.—P. 13. II. DIGYNIA. * Calyx 1-flowered, (except in Arundo Phragmites ). + Corolla 1-valved. Atorecurus. Cal. 2-valved. Valves simple, and acute at the apex, united at the base. Coroll. awned at the base. =P. 14. a R17. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. ABRANGEMENT OF THE GENERA. XXX ++ Corolla 2-valved. . Putrum. Cal. 2-valved, valves mucronate. Coroll. 2- valved, awnless, included. Seed free.—P. 15. . Puataris. Cal. 2-valved, valves subequal, carinate. Co- roll. double, included. Seed invested by the inner har- dened corolla.—P. 14. . Mitium. Cal. 2-valved, ventricose. Seed invested with the hardened permanent corolla.—P. 15. . Acrostis. Cal. 2-valved, valves acute, awnless, longer than the corolla. Coroll. slightly hairy at the base. Seed free.—P. 16. . Arunpo. Cal. 2-valved, (in A. Phragmites many-flowered). Coroll. surrounded with long hairs. Seed free.—P. 17. . Rorrsortra. Cal. 2-valved, valves lateral. Flowers al- ternate on a jointed rachis.—P. 33. . Horpeum. Cal. in threes, 2-valved, valves lateral ; inter- mediate floret with stamens and pistils, lateral ones im- perfect. Coroll. 2-valved, awned.—P. 32. ** Calyx 2- or rarely 3-flowered. + Flowers perfect. Aira. Cal. 2-valved, unequal. Coroll. 2-valved, outer one mostly awned. orets with no intermediate or im- perfect ones. . Seed free,—P. 18. . Menica. Cal. 2-valved, 2-flowered, with the rudiment of an intermediate third flower. Corol/. awnless. Sced co- vered by the hardened corolla.—P. 20. ++ Flowers polygamous. Hotcus. Cal. 2-valved, 2-flowered. Coroll. 2-valved, an- theriferous one awned. S‘eed free.—P. 18. ***= Calyx many—flowcred. + Calyx 1-valved. Lotium. Cai. lateral, fixed. Coroll. 2-valved, valves lan- ceolate.—P. 32. t+ Calyx 2-valved. Poa. Coroll. 2-valved, valves ovate, subacute, awnless, Seed free, covered by the corolla.—P. 21. Briza. Coroll. 2-valved, ventricose, valves cordate, ob- tuse. Seed adnate with the corolla.——P. 24. Dacrytis. Valves of the calyx unequal, the larger one keeled. Coroll. 2-valved, awnless. Seed adnate with the hardened corolla.—P. 24. XXXIV ARRANGEMENT OF THE GENERA. 34. 30. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. Al. 44. ADS. AG. Festuca. Cail. valves opposite, unequal. Coroll. 2-valved, valves lanceolate, ext. one acuminate or awned.—P. 25. | Triticum. Cal. valves opposite, subequal. Coroll. 2- valved, ext. valve acuminate or awned.- Rachis flexuose, toothed.—P. 31. Bromus. Coroll. 2-valved, valves lanceolate; ext. one, awned below the extremity ; int. one frmged.—P. 27. Avena. Coroll. 2-valved, valves lanceolate, firmly inclo- sing the seed; ext. valve with a twisted awn on the back. —P. 30. Cynosurus. Cal. 2-5-flowered, accompanied by a pecti- nate involucre (proper receptacle, Sm.). Valves of the coroll. linear-lanceolate.—P. 25. Ill. TRIGYNIA. Montia. Cal. 2leaved. Coroll. 1-petalled. Caps. 3- valved, 3-seeded.—P. 33. IV. TETRANDRIA. I. MONOGYNIA. * Perianth double (both calyx and corolla). + Flowers monopetalous, superior, 1-seeded. Dirsacus. Jnvolucre many-leaved. Cal. double, ext. one very minute; imt. one cyathiform. Receptacle chaffy, spinous. 'rwit angular, crowned with the calyx.—P. 34. ScaBiosa. Jnvolucre many-leaved. Cal. double, int. one feathery or bristly. Receptacle chaffy or naked. Fruit crowned with the enlarged calyx.—P. 34. t+ Flowers monopetalous, superior, 2-seeded. . Gatium. Coroll. rotate, 4cleft. Fruit a dry nut, crown- ed with the calyx.—P. 35. . Aspgernuta. Coroll. infundibuliform. Fruit not crowned with the calyx.—P. 35. SuHerarpia. Coroll.infundibuliform. Fruit crowned with the calyx.—P. 34. +++ Flowers monopetalous, inferior, 2- or many-seeded. Prantaco. Coroll. 4-cleft, segments reflexed. Stam. very long. Caps. 2-celled, 2- or many seeded.—P. 37. +++} Flowers with 4 petals. Krimepium. Cal. 4-leaved, caducous. Pet. inferior, with ARRANGEMENT OF THE GENERA. XXXV an inflated nectary on the upper side. Pod 1-celled, many-seeded.—P. 38. 47. Cornus. Cal. 4-toothed. Pe. superior, without a necta- ry. Nut of the Drupe 2-celled, 2-seeded.—P. 38. ** Perianth single. 48. Panietaria. Perianth 4-cleft, inferior. Filaments elas- tic. Fruit 1-seeded, inclosed in the enlarged perianth. A few florets only pistilliferous.—P. 39. 49. Atcuemitta. Perianth inferior, 8-cleft, 4 cutermost seg- ments the smaller. SF rw2t 1-seeded, naked.—P. 39. II. DIGYNIA. (Cuscuta belongs to Pent. Dicynia.) Ill. TETRAGYNIA. 50. ILex. Coroll. rotate, 4—5-cleft. Stigmas sessile. Berry containing four 1-seeded nuts. Some flowers only anthe- riferous.—P. 40. 51. Sactna. Cal. 4-leaved. Coroll. 4-petalled. Caps. 1- celled, 4-valved.—P. 42. $2. Potamoceton. Perianth single, 4-leaved. Anthers ses- sile. Seeds 4, naked, sessilee—P. 40. 53. Rupria. Perianth 0. Seeds (Drupes, Hook.) 4, pedicel- late. (Flowers 2 on a spadix.)—P. 42. (Cerastium semidecandrum belongs to Decanp. Pentac.) V. PENTANDRIA. I. MONOGYNIA. * Flowers monopetalous, inferior, with 4 naked 1-seeded nuts. + Orifice of the corolla naked. 54. Ecuium. Coroll. irregular, orifice naked. Stigma bipar- tite. —P. 47. 55. Putmonarta. Coroll. infundibuliform, orifice naked. Cal. prismatic.—P. 45. 56. Liruospermum. Coroll. infundibuliform, orifice naked. Cal. not prismatic.—P. 44. ++ Orifice of the corolla closed with scales. + Nuts fixed to the bottom of the calyx. 5%. Boraco. Coroll. rotate, the orifice closed by five obtuse, emarginate teeth.—P. 46. 58. Myosoris. Coroll. hypocrateriform, the segments very obtuse, the orifice closed with short connivent scales.— P. 43. KXXV1 ARRANGEMENT OF THE GENERA. 59 60. 61 62 63 G4. 69. 70. Cle 72. "13. 14. 45. Lycorsts. Coroll. infundibuliform, the tube curved, ori- fice closed with convex scales.—P. 47. Ancuusa. Coroll. infundibuliform, the orifice closed with convex scales. Nuts with a cavity at their base.—P. 45. Sympuytum. Coroll. ventricose, the orifice closed with subulate scales.—P. 45. ++ Nuts fixed to a central columella. Cynoctossum. Coroll. shortly infundibuliform, the ori- fice closed with convex scales. Nuts fixed to the base of the style-—P. 45, AsvEruco. Coroll. shortly infundibuliform, the orifice closed with convex scales. Cal. segments unequal. Nuts covered with the compressed calyx.—P. 46. ** Flowers monopetalous, infcrior. Secds in a capsule. Awacattts. Cal. 5-partite. Coroll. rotate. Stam. hairy. Caps. bursting transversely all round.— P. 49. . Lystwacuta. Cal. 5-partite. Coroll, rotate. Caps. 1- celled, 10-valved.—P. 48. . Primvta. Cal. 5-toothed. Coroll. hypocrateriform, the tube cylindrical, orifice naked. Stigma globose. Caps. 1-celled, bursting at the apex, and 5-toothed.—P. 4:7. . Menyanrues. Cal. 5-cleft. Coroll. hairy. Stigma 2- cleft. Caps. 1-celled, 2-valved.—P. 48. . Hyoscyamus. Cal. 5-cleft. Coroll. infundibuliform, the lobes obtuse. Stigma capitate. Caps, 2-celled, opercu- late.—P. 53. Versascum. Cal. 5-partite. Coroll. rotate, irregular. Stam. declined, mostly hairy. Caps. 1-celled, 2-valved.— P. 33, Erytures. Cal. 5-cleft. Coroll. infundibuliform, the limb short. EB ABatrLL 77. Has. Stony places, frequent. Old quarries at Corstorphine Hill. July. Vaccinium. OCTANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. 87 Broad Smooth-leaved Willow-herb.—Root somewhat creeping. Stem very erect, 8-18 inches high, mostly simple, round, sometimes slightly downy. Leaves opposite below, alternate above, ovate, all sharply and irregularly toothed, pale green, often tinged with red, as is also the stem. Flowers few, in a leafy clustered raceme. Petals pale purplish, as long as the ca- lyx. Capsudes long, reddish. 2. VACCINIUM. (Nat. Ord. Vaccine, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 231.) 1. V. Myrtillus, peduncles 1-flowered ; leaves ovate, serrate, deciduous; stem angular. Lightf p. 200. Smith, FI. Brit. p. 414. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 118. E. B. t. 456. Has. Woods, frequent. King’s Park, Mr Bainbridge. Rosslyn and Auchindenny woods, abundant. May. : Bilberry, Blaeberry or Whortle-berry.—A low shrubby plant, seldom rising above 1 or 2 feet. Stems much branched in a tufted or bushy man- ner; branches green, angular. Leaves alternate, shortly petiolate, smooth, veined, bright green. Flowers flesh-colour, axillary, solitary, pendant, roundish, ventricose, with the margin obtusely 5-cleft. Stamens 8-10. Anthers with a pore at the apex, and 2horns, Berries large. black, glaucous, slightly acid.—The fruit is eaten, and often brought to market. 2. V. Vitis Idea, flowers in terminal drooping clusters; leaves evergreen, obovate, dotted beneath, subentire and revolute at the margin. Lightif p. 202. Smith, FI). Brit. p. 415. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 118, E. B. t. 598. Has. Moors and woods in gravelly places. Pentland Hills, Maughan. May. Red Whortle Berry.—A very low, little, shrubby evergreen plant. Stems mostly erect, 3-5 inches high, flexuose, angular. Leaves numerous, short- ly petiolate, resembling those of the common box, alternate, dark green, smooth and very shining above, the margin nearly entire or finely ser- rate. Flowers pale flesh-colour, on short simple peduncles, campanulate, 4-cleft. Anthers pointed with terminal pores, and without horns. Ber- ries fine red, acid and astringent ; very inferior to the following, but sold in the markets in Derbyshire under the name of Cowberries. 3. V. Oxycoccus, peduncles 1-flowered, terminal ; leaves ovate, evergreen, entire with revolute margins; stem creeping; cor- rolla 4-partite. Lightf: p. 202. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 416. Hook. Fl. Scot. p.119. E. B. t. 319. Has. Peat-bogs and marshes among moss. Pentland Hills, Mr Neill. West side of Otterston Loch, Fifeshire, Mr E. Maughan. June. jy. Cranberry.—Stems 6-10 inches long, filiform, creeping, radicating. Leaves very small, alternate, entire, glaucous beneath, on very short petiols. Flowers on simple peduncles, about an-inch long, bearing a few minute bracteas. Corolla deeply divided into 4 ovate, fine red, retlexed segments. Anthers prominent, furnished with terminal pores, but without horns. Berries subglobose, red, 4-celled.—_F ruit in much request for making tarts, &c. 3. ERICA. (Nat. Ord. Extcex, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 230.) 1. E. cinerea, anthers with two serrated appendages at the 838 OCTANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. - Erica base ; style somewhat exserted, stigma capitate ; leaves ternate. Lightf. p. 204. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 418. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 119. E..B. t..1015. Has. Moors and heaths, abundant. Pentland Hills, &c. July, August. Fine-leaved Heath.—Stem woody, erect, branched, bushy. Leaves linear- lanceolate, glabrous, somewhat furrowed behind. Flowers sub-whorled in Jong clustered racemes, drooping, purplish red. Corolla elliptic-globose, orifice 4-cleft. The crest-like appendage to the anthers is of itself suffi- cient to distinguish this from the other British species——Varies with white flowers. 2. E. Tetralix, anthers with two awns at the base ; style as long as the ovate ventricose corolla; leaves in fours, ciliate ; flowers capitate. Lightf p. 205. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 418. Hook. F]. Scot. p. 119. E. B. t. 1014. Haz. Heaths in rather moist places. Pentland Hills, &e. July, August. hh. ‘Cross-leaved Heath.—Stems branched, woody, erect, 6-12 inches high. Leaves ‘in fours, very shortly petiolate, spreading, the margin revolute and cili- ate. Flowers in a capitular cluster, drooping, ventricose, elegant, vary- ing from white, pale rose, to deep red, orifice small, 4-cleft. 4. CALLUNA. (Wat. Ord. Ernicex, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 230.) 1. C. vulgaris. Hook. F 1. Scot. p.119. Erica vulgaris, Lightf: p. 203. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 417. E. B. t. 1014. Has. Moors and heathy places, very abundant. June, August. h. Common Ling.—Stems very woody, tortuous, much branched and tufted, 1-2 feet high, naked below. Leaves very small, obtuse, closely imbri- cated in four rows, dark green, mostly glabrous, but sometimes hoary from a minute pubescence. Ilowers ina secund spiked raceme, small purple red, drooping, ovate. Calyx double; the outer of 4 small green leaves, the inner much larger and coloured.—Used for various economi- cal purposes. 5. DAPHNE. (Wai. Ord. THYMELEZ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 204.) 1. D. Laureola, racemes clustered, axillary, of about five flowers ; leaves lanceolate, glabrous, evergreen. Lightf p. 205. Smith, F 1. Brit. p. 421. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 119. E. B. t. 119. Has. Moist woods, rare. ~Rosslyn woods, Dr Parsons in Lightfoot, March. Spurge Laurel._Stem erect, 2-3 feet high, round, but little branched, naked below, bearing at the summit of each branch a tuft of spreading, bright green, shining and smooth leaves. Flewers yellowish green, each accompanied by a bractea, drooping. Perianth infundibuliform, the limb 4-cleft. Stamens in 2 rows. Berry ovate, black. 6. ACER. (Nat. Ord. AcERAcE®, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 272.) J. A. Pseudo-Platanus, leaves fine-lobed, unequally serrate ; Potyconum. OCTANDRIA. TRIGYNIA. 89 racemes pendulous. Lightf p. 639. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 422. Hook. F |. Scot. p. 120. E. B. t. 303. Has. Woods, hedges and plantations, frequent. May, June. h. Sycamore.—A large handsome tree, with spreading branches and luxuriant foliage. Leaves large, opposite, on long petiols, glabrous, pale beneath. Flowers in long, axillary, solitary, pendulous racemes, yellowish green ; the pedicels villose. /'rwit usually of 2 capsules, but sometimes 3, 4, and even 5, each furnished with a long membranaceous wing.—Wood chiefly used by turners. 2. A. campestre, leaves irregularly 5-lobed and cut; flowers in erect racemes. Lightf p. 640. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 422. Hook. F). Scot. p. 120. E. B. t. 304. Has. Woods and hedges, not frequent. Newbattle woods, frequent, Dr Graham. North side of Hope Park. A little wood at North Queens- ferry. May, June. fh. Common Maple.—A small tree with a very rough cleft bark, and spreading branches. Leaves small, opposite, on petiols. Racemes erect, branched, the peduncles downy. lowers greenish. Fruit with 2 large very divari- cate membranaceous wings.—Wood used by turners, and in cabinet- work. : II. TRIGYNIA. 7. POLYGONUM. (Nat. Ord. PoLyconE®, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 205.) * Leaves ovate. Flowers in a single terminal spike. (Bistorta.) 1. P. Bistorta, stem simple, bearing one spike ; leaves ovate, the radical ones on long winged petiols. Lightf p. 206. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 427. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 120. EE. B. t. 509. Has. Moist meadows, rather rare. Marshy ground at Roseburn, near Coltbridge, and banks of the North Esk, Maughan. Rosslyn woods, Mr Arnott. Bistort or Snakeweed.—_Stem 1-2 feet high, erect. Leaves entire, glabrous, somewhat flexuose, glaucous beneath. Spike dense, erect, cylindrical, delicate flesh colour, 1-2 inches long. Flowers trigynous, on short pedi- cels, with short brown bracteas at the base. Fruit triquetrous.—Leaves and petiols slightly acid, and sometimes boiled for the table. The name is derived from the tortuous root. ** Leaves lanceolate or elliptico-lanceolate. + Flowers in terminal or axillary spikes. (Persicaria.) 2. P. amphibium, flowers pentandrous, styles forked ; spike terminal, ovate; leaves petiolate, oblong-lanceolate, rough at the margin. Lightf p. 207. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 423. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 121. E. B. t. 436. a. aquaticum, leaves broad, glabrous, floating. 8. terrestre, leaves narrower, rough, with short appressed hairs ; stem nearly erect. 90 OCTANDRIA. TRIGYNIA. Potyconum. Has. Ponds, ditches, and 6 on road-sides, frequent. a. On Dudding- ston Loch. g. On the road-side a little beyond Libberton Church. July, August. 2. Amphibious Persicaria.—Root creeping. Stem 1-3 feet long, clothed with long tubular stipules, from which the leaves arise. Leaves very finely serrate. Spike terminal, pedunculate, mostly solitary, ovate or oblong, dense, rose-coloured. Fruit ovate, compressed.—A mischievous weed. 3. P. Persicaria, flowers hexandrous, styles forked; leaves lanceolate ; spikes oblong-cylindrical, erect, with smooth pe- duncles ; stipules fringed. Lightf. p. 207. Smith, FI. Brit. p. 424. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 121. E. B. t. 756. Has. Moist places, ditches and waste ground, common. July, August. Spotted Persicaria.—Stem erect, 1 to above 2 feet high, branched in an al- ternate manner, and swelling above each joint. Leaves subsessile, or shortly petiolate, entire, rough at the margin, and mostly characterised by a large blackish spot. Spikes terminal and lateral, dense, obtuse, greenish or reddish, on long, slender, smooth peduncles. 4. P. lapathifolium, flowers hexandrous, distinctly digynous ; leaves broadly lanceolate, petiolate ; spikes oblong-cylindrical, erect, with rough peduncles; stipules not fringed. Hook. FI. Scot. p. 121. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 425. E. B. t. 1382. Has. Fields, waste ground and dunghills, not uncommon. August. ©). Pale-flowered Persicaria.—Stem erect, 1-2 feet high, branched, the branches spreading, much swollen above each joint, succulent. Leaves large, ovato- lanceolate, shortly petiolate. Spikes very dense, usually larger than in the preceding, mostly of a pale green, but sometimes reddish, terminal and lateral_The whole plant is of a paler colour than the preceding, more robust and succulent. The stem is sometimes spotted, and the leaves said to be hoary beneath. 5. P. Hydropiper, flowers hexandrous, the styles forked ; leaves lanceolate, waved, spotless; spikes lax, filiform; stem erect. Lightf. p. 207. Smith, FI. Brit. p. 426. Hook. FI. Scot. p.121. E. B. t. 989. Has. Ditches and moist places. Burnstfield Links, Mr Neill. August, September. Biting Persicaria.-Stem 1-3 feet high, slender, branched, often reddish, somewhat swollen above each joint. Leaves rather pale green, acuminate and waved. Stipules striated, ciliated. Flowers not at all crowded, in lax, drooping, slender, lateral and terminal spikes. Stamens 6, very rarely 8. ++ Flowers axillary. (Polygonum.) 6. P. aviculare, leaves elliptico-lanceolate, rough at the mar- gin, nerves of the stipules distant; stem procumbent, herba- ceous. Lightf: p. 208. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 429. Hook. FI. Scot. p. 122. E. B. t. 1252. Has. Waste places and road-sides, everywhere. May, September. (©). Knot-grass.—Stems procumbent, 6-18 inches long, branched, rather strag- Paris. OCTANDRIA. TETRAGYNIA. 91 gling, furnished at short intervals with short, sheathing, scariose stipules. Leaves alternate, varying extremely in size, and somewhat in shape, very shortly petiolate, glaucous and rather fleshy when growing near the sea. Flowers 2-5, greenish or reddish, mae with white, axillary and pedun- culate. Stamens 8. Styles 3. Fruit large, triquetrous, dark, shining. *** Teaves cordate. (Kagopyrum.) 7. P. Convolvulus, leaves cordate-sagittate ; stem twining, an- gular ; segments of the perianth bluntly keeled. Lightf p. 208. Smith, F]. Brit. p.430. Hook. Fl. Scot. p.122. E. B. t. 941. Has. Corn-fields, common. July, August. ©). Climbing Buck-wheat.—Stem twining around every thing in its way, 2-5 feet high, sometimes roughish, branched. Leaves entire, smooth, acute, petiolate. Flowers drooping, whitish or reddish, forming small lax spikes. Fruit black, triquetrous.—According to Smith, it varies with 6 stamens, and 2 styles Ill. TETRAGYNIA. 8. PARIS. (Nat.-Ord. AsPARAGEX, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 183.) 1. P. quadrifoha *. Lightf. p. 208. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 481. Hook. FI. Scot. p. 122. ExeBeteels Has. Moist woods, rare. Wood about a mile south of Newbattle, near Dalkeith, Dr Parsons. May, June. 2/. Herb Paris.—Root creeping. Stem 8-12 inches high, erect, smooth, simple, with 4 (rarely 5 or 6), verticillate, large, ovate, entire, smooth veined leaves, from the centre of which arises a solitary angular peduncle, bear- ing a single flower. Calyx of 4 lanceolate green leaves. Corolla of 4, linear ones of a similar colour. Stamens bearing the anther in their center, and on their inner surface. Berry purple black.—Plant esteemed poisonous. 9. ADOXA. (Nat. Ord. SaxtrracEz, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 256.) 1. A. Moschatellina. Lightf- p. 209. Smith, F1. Brit. p. 482. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 123. KE. B. t. 453. Has. Moist woods. Opposite the bleachfield, Rosslyn, Mr Neill. Wood near the Paper-mill at Colinton, Mr D. Stuart. Between Lasswade and Rosslyn, Mr Arnott. Braid Burn; bank opposite Melville Castle, Dr Graham. Arniston woods, and at Craiglockhart, but rare. April, May. 2. Tuberous Moschatel—Root creeping, white, scaly. Stems 6 inches high, weak, slender, simple. Leaves ; radical ones 2 or 3, on long petiols, ter- nate or bi-ternate, pale green; stem-leaves 2, small and simply ternate. Flowers 5, sessile, in a pedunculate head, one being always terminal, and * One or more additional species of Paris have been recently discovered, which renders a specific character necessary ; but I have not .as yet seen any account of them. 92 ENNEANDRIA. HEXAGYNIA. Bouromus. forming a sort of square with the other 4. Stamens 8 or 10.—Plant with a musky smell, while the dew is on it ; sometimes disagreeable, like that of a mangy dog. IX. ENNEANDRIA. I. HEXAGYNIA. 1. BUTOMUS. (Nat. Ord. ButomME#, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 182.) 1. B. uwmbellatus. Lightf. p.211. Smith, F). Brit. p. 456. Hook. FI. Scot. p. 123. E. B. t. 651. Has. Ponds and ditches, rare. Duddingston Loch, Mr J. Mackay. July. Y. Flowering Rush.—Root tuberous, horizontal. Leaves all radical, 2-3 feet long, erect, linear, acuminate, triquetrous. Scape round, longer than the leaves, supporting an umbel of beautiful pink flowers, on long slender peduncles, with bracteas at their base, and a general triphyllous involucre. Leaves of the perianth alternately smaller. Anthers red.—A most elegant plant. X. DECANDRIA. I. MONOGYNIA. 1. PYROLA. (Nat. Ord. MonoTrorE#, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 232.) 1. P. rotundifolia, leaves obovato-rotundate, slightly crenate ; style bent down, much longer than the ascending stamens, the stigma with 5 erect points. Lightf p. 218. Smith, Fl. Brit. p- 444. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 127. E. B. t. 213. Has. Woods, rare. Auchindenny woods, Lightfoot. Rosslyn woods. July, September. 2/. Round-leaved Winter-green.—Root creeping. Stem short, leafy, angular, ter- minating above the leaves in a peduncle 5-8 inches high, bearing a ter- minal raceme of white flowers. Leaves alternate, petiolate, very gla- brous, larger and thicker than in the following. The best distinguish- ing mark is the style, which is “ twice as long as the fully-formed cap- sule, ” suddenly declined, and curved upwards again at the apex. Sta- mens ascending. 2. minor, “ leaves ovato-rotundate, crenate ; stamens erect*, as long as the very short straight style, the stigma with 5 diver- * The term erect is placed in opposition to ascending or descending, and sig- nifies that they project in a straight line from the flower. CurysosPpLENIuM. DECANDRIA. DIGYNIA. 93 gent rays. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 128. Laghtf p. 219. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 444. E. B. t. 158. P. rosea. E. B. t. 2543. Has. Woods. Woods near Ravelrig-toll, Auchindenny woods, and at Newhall, Maughan. Rosslyn woods, and woods above South Queens- ferry. July. Lesser Winter-green.—Root creeping. Stem short, leafy, mostly simple. Leaves shining, smooth, petiolate. Peduncle about 6 inches high, angu- lar, supporting a lax raceme of small, drooping, pale rose-coloured flowers, their pedicels shorter than the flower. Style very short, straight, with a large radiated stigma. Stamens short. Capsule rounded and depressed. —The whole genus is ornamental, and the flowers delicate. Il. DIGYNIA. 2. CHRYSOSPLENIUM. (Nat. Ord. SaxtFRaGE®, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 256.) 1. C. alternifoliwm, leaves aiternate." Lightf p.219. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 447. Hook. Fl. Scot. p.128. E. B. t. 54. Haz. Boggy and shady places. Rosslyn woods and Bilston Burn, Maughan. St Bernard’s Well, Mr J. Stewart. Newbattle woods, Dr Graham. Arniston and Auchindenny woods. March, April. 2/. Alternate-leaved golden Saxifrage—Root creeping. Stem 3-7 inches high, angular, succulent. Leaves numerous at the base, often on long pe- tiols, one or two only on the stem, rounded-reniform, crenate, slightly hairy. Flowers forming a terminal, very leafy corymb; small, yellow mostly 4-cleft, the central one 5-cleft, and decandrous. : 2. C. oppositifolium, leaves opposite. Lightf: p. 220. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 448. Hook. Fl Scot. p. 128. E. B. t. 490. Has. In the same situations as the last; and also in springy places on the mountains; very common. April, May. 2. Common golden Saxifrage.—Root creeping. Stem 2-4 inches high, sometimes branched. Leaves opposite, crowded at the base, crenate, somewhat cor- date, petiolate. Flowers in a similar corymb to the last, mostly 4-cleft, and octandrous.—Habit in all respects similar to the last. 3. SAXIFRAGA. (Nat. Ord. Sax1FRAGE”, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 255.) * Radical leaves undivided, or obtusely lobed. 1. S. umbrosa, leaves obovate, subretuse, with cartilaginous’ acutely crenate margins; scape panicled; capsule superior. Hook. F\. Scot. p.129. Smith, FI. Brit. p.450. E. B. t. 663. Has. Woods, rare. Corstorphine Hill, Maughan. Auchindenny woods, Messrs Sommerville and Kennedy. Banks of a stream. above New- battle, Dr Graham. June, July. 2. London Pride.—Leaves large, numerous, spreading, smooth, all radical, and crowded, shortly petiolate. Scape 6-12 inches high, slender, branched, reddish, and pubescent. Flowers small, numerous, pale rose-colour, dot- ted with purple. Petals obovate. Calyx at length deflexed. Capsule red, superior.—A handsome plant, well known in gardens. 2. S. granulata, radical leaves rotundato-reniform, petiolate, obtusely lobed, cauline ones subsessile, acutely lobed ; root gra- 94 DECANDRIA. DIGYNIA. SAXIFRAGA, nulated. Lightf p. 224. Smith, Fl. Brit. p.453. Hook. F). Scot. p. 129. KE. B. t. 500. Has. Dry subalpine banks and pastures. Salisbury Craigs and King’s Park, Lightfoot. Pentland Hills, and N. Queensferry, Mr Arnott. Braid and Blackford Hills, and at Craiglockhart. May, June. 2/. White Saxifraye.—Root granulated, with small clustered tubers. Stem 2-8 - inches high, somewhat branched upwards, so as to form an irregular pa- nicle when the plant is luxuriant, but it frequently gives off only 1 or 2 side clusters of flowers, with not more than one flower expanded on each at the same time. The stem is covered with a glandular pubescence. Flowers large, white, rather fragrant. Capsule half inferior.—A double variety is common in gardens. ** Leaves more or less deeply divided. 3. S.tridactylites, lower leaves mostly trifid, the segments short, linear, upper ones mostly simple, spathulate; stem branched ; petals a little longer than the calyx. Lightf p.224. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 454. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 130. E. B. t. 501. Has. Moist rocks and wall-tops, rare. King’s Park. -Top of a wall near Craiglockhart, G. Don. Links a little to the east of Cockenzie ; walls near Kirkcaldy, Maughan. Stony ground above the west end of Duddingston Loch, Dr Graham. Don’s second station is destroyed ; but it grows also on the wall immediately surrounding Craiglockhart, and on the rock itself! May, June. ©). Rue-leaved Saxifrage.—Whole plant. succulent, especially the leaves. Stem- 1-5 inches high, covered with viscid glandular hairs, reddish, and slender, but erect, and rather firm, slightly branched, particularly upwards, but rarely, so as to form any thing like a panicle. Leaves mostly trifid towards the base, sometimes 5-cleft, the upper ones chiefly undivided, often red- dish. Flowers white, very small, mostly solitary, on longish peduncles, erect. Capsule inferior, urceolate. 4. S. hypnoides, “ radical leaves 3~5-cleft, those of the long sterile shoots (mostly) linear-lanceolate, acute, all nearly gla- brous; flowering stem panicled.” Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 191. Lightf. p. 224. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 457. E. B. t. 454. Has. Mountains in moist rocky places. Arthur’s Seat, Sir J. E. Smith. Dalmahoy Hill; Habbie’s How, in the Pentland Hills, Maughan. May, June. 2. Moss Saxifrage, or Ladies’ Cushion.—“* Plants growing in crowded tufts, and throwing out long slender shoots, which have distant and mostly entire leaves, with clusters or buds of young leaves at their extremities, and fre- quently in the axils of the leaves themselves. The Jeaves nearest the root are 3—5-cleft, varying much in size and breadth, glabrous or pilose about their bases. All the points are acute, in the upper ones frequently terminated by a short bristle. Flowering stem 3-6 inches long, branched and panicled, glabrous, a little viscid above: its leaves few, trifid below, the rest undivided. Flowers 6-10, rather large. Petals obovate, 3 or 4 times as long as the calyx, cream-coloured. Calyx with acute segments, slightly viscid. _Germen almost wholly inferior.”—-A most variable plant, and I am happy in being able to give the character and description of a better authority than my own,—that of my acute friend Dr Hooker. 4. SCLERANTHUS. (Nat. Ord. ILLiciBRE#, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 260.) 1. S. annuus, segments of the perianth erect after flowering ; 9 a SaroNaRIA. DECANDRIA. DIGYNIA. 95 leaves linear-subulate; stems slightly pubescent. Light p. 225. Smith, F1, Brit. p.458. Hook. Fl. Scot. p.133. E. B. t. 351. (A biennial variety is S. perennis, Smith, FI. Brit. p. 458. & E. B. t. 352.) Has. Corn-fields and bare, sandy or gravelly places, very common. Var. 6. perennis does not grow in this neighbourhood. July, August. ©). Knawel.—Stems numerous, spreading, branched, slender, 3-6 inches, high. Leaves keeled, membranaceous at the base. Flowers very small, green, in axillary clusters. Perianth “ urceolate, ribbed, with 5 ovato-lanceo- late segments, white and membranaceous at the edge, spreading when in flower, and erect when in fruit,” (Hook.) In var. g. the stems are shorter, more or less prostrate (the flowering branches are erect), and the whole plant more dense: the only difference approaching towards a spe- cific one, is, the broader white margin of the segments of the perianth, and their less acute apex; but surely this is not sufficient to separate plants in every other respect similar. I agree, therefore, with Dr Hooker in thinking them the same. Mr Arnott and I met with var. «. in flower on a wall-top near Kincardine in May, it having survived the winter, and acquired much of the habit of g. This spring (March and April 1823), I have seen it plentifully in flower on wall-tops between Corstorphine and Kirkliston. 5. SAPONARIA. (Wat. Ord. CaRYOPHYLLE&, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 277.) 1. S. officinalis, leaves ovato-lanceolate ; calyx glabrous, cy- Iindrical. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 134. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 459. E. B. t. 1060. Has. Woods and waste bushy places. Between Dean and Ravelston. Near Rosslyn Chapel. Banks of the Esk above Coal-pits; and side of the mill-lead opposite to the old bridge at Musselburgh, Maughan. Behind Burntisland, Mr Neill. July, August. 2/. Soapwort.—Stems numerous, erect, rounded, smooth, about 18 inches high: Leaves opposite, connate, entire, glabrous, ribbed. FJowers in a roundish, terminal panicle, large, numerous, pale rese colour. Petals with obcor- date iimbs.—Produces a lather with water like soap. 6. DIANTHUS. (Nat. Ord. CaRYOPHYLLEA, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 277.) 1. D. barbatus, flowers terminal, crowded in a fascicled mar- ner ; calycine scales ovato-subulate, as long as the tube; leaves: lanceolate. Linn. Syst. ed. 14. p.17. Curt. Bot. Mag. t. 205. Has. Woods. Banks of the Water of Leith between Coltbridge and Saughtonhall, Maughan. Colinton woods, Mr E. Maughan. Near Maleny, G. Don. June, July. 2/. Sweet William.—Stems about a foot high, rounded, glabrous, sometime=: branched. Leaves tufted at the base; those of the stem distant, opposite, somewhat petiolate, but connate, entire, varying in breadth. Flowers. forming a flattish head, numerous, red, or varied with white. Petals: shortly jagged. Calycine scales ovate at the base, then subulate.—Innu- merable varieties are cultivated in gardens. Et cannot assuredly be a really indigenous plant, but I have inserted it as the student is liable to: meet with it in an apparently wild state. According to Hoffman it is a native of Germany. 2. D. deltoides, flowers solitary ; calycine scales mostly two, 96 DECANDRIA. TRIGYNIA. SILENE. lanceolate, acute ; petals notched. Lightf: p. 225. Smith, FI. Brit. p. 462. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 134. E. B. t. 61. &, calycine scales 4; flowers white. Hook. 1.c. p. 134. Smith, l.c. p. 462. D. glaucus, Lightf. p. 225. Has. Dry subalpine pastures. a. and 8. in the King’s Park, Lightfoot. Banks of Lochend. Blackford and Pentland Hills, Maughan. Braid Hill. July. 2. Maiden Pink.—Plant glaucous. Stems numerous, 5-8 inches high, slender, somewhat smooth, simple or slightly branched. Leaves linear-lanceolate, those of the barren stems obtuse, opposite, small, very slightly hairy. Flowers pedunculate, solitary, red, rarely white. Petals variously notch- ed, sometimes merely bifid at the apex. : Ill. TRIGYNIA. y 7. SILENE. 7 (Nat. Ord. CARYOPHYLLE®, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 278.) «, 4. S. inflata, flowers more or less panicled; calyx inflated, glabrous, veined ; leaves ovate. Hook. FI. Scot. p. 134. «. major, stems erect, many-flowered ; petals scarcely crown- ed, (Hook. 1. c.) Smith, Compend. p. 68. Cucubalus Behen, Lightf. p. 226. E. B. t. 164. 8. smaller, stems procumbent at the base, few-flowered ; pe- tals crowned, (Hook. |. c.) Silene amena, Lightf 227. 8S. maritima, Smith, F). Brit. p. 468. E. B. t. 95’. Has. «. Fields and road-sides, very common. £. On rocks and among stones by the sea-side. Near Caroline Park. Pettycur and Kinghorn. North Queensferry. Islands of the Frith. June, July. 5 Bladder Campion.—Plant glaucous ; highly so by the sea-side. Styles 3-5. In a. the stem is 1 or 2 feet high, branched upwards in a dichotomous manner, and forming an irregular panicle. Leaves tufted at the base, spathulate, cawline ones opposite, ovate, mostly smooth and entire, rare- ly ciliate, and rough with glandular hairs. Flowers numerous, somewhat drooping, on slender peduncles. Petals white, cloven, frequently quite destitute of a crown. Calyx finely reticulated with coloured veins. In 8. the stems are slender, more or less procumbent; the leaves much smaller, and often very minutely serrate, especially in the younger ones ; the calyx and the flower larger; the petals broader, and the limb rather obcordate than cloven. The whole plant is excessively glaucous. For a length of time I opposed the above union, which Dr Hooker, follow- ing Wahlenberg, has adopted in his Flora Scotica; but I have been com- pelled, unwillingly enough, to imitate that excellent naturalist, as I have altogether failed to discover a permanent specific difference. 2. S. nutans, flowers panicled, somewhat drooping, inclined to one side: segments of the cloven petals linear ; cauline leaves pubescent. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 135. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 466. E. B. t. 465. Has. Dry pastures and rocky places, rare. Hills near North Queens- ferry, Mr Mackay (Sm.), Mr Brown (Maughan). July. 2/. Nottingham Catchfly.—Stems about a foot high, simple, erect, viscid, espe- DB a“ Srecrarra. DECANDRIA. TRIGYNTA. : Gi cially above. Zeaves rather crowded at the base, obovate, contracting into a long stalk; cawline ones lanceolate, subsessile. Panicle slightly branched, the flowers drooping to one side. Petals white, the limb deep- ly bifid, with a cloven crown. Calyx membranaceous, ribbed. Stamens 5 longer than the rest. 8. STELLARIA. (Nat. Ord. CaRYOPHYLLE®, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 281.) 1. S. Nemorum, lower leaves petiolate, cordate, upper ones ovate, sessile; panicle dichotomous. Lightf. p. 228. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 473. Hook, Fl. Scot. p. 185. HK. B. t. 92. Has. Woods and shady places, rare. Banks of the North and South Esk, Maughan. May, June. 2. Wood Stitchwort.—Root creeping. Stems 1-2 feet high or more, weak, rounded, hollow, somewhat pilose. Leaves rather large, pale green, ten- der, entire. Panicle terminal, lax, dichotomous, leafy at the base of each division. Flowers erect, small, white. Calycine segments with white mar- gins. Petals spreading, bifid almost to the base, the segments divari- cate. Peduncles deflexed when in fruit. 2. S. media, leaves ovate ; stems procumbent, with a hairy line on one side, but alternate between each joint ; petals deeply bifid ; stamens 5-10. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 136. S'mith, FI. Brit. p. 473. E. B.t. 587. Alsine media, Lightf: p. 172. Has. Cultivated ground and waste places, very common. Almost the whole year. Common Chickweed.—Stems slender, weak, 2-12 inches long, procumbent, or erect when growing among other plants, well marked by a line of hairs on one side, which at each joint passes alternately to the opposite side. Leaves pale green, petiolate below, sessile at the top. Flowers small, white, on solitary, mostly axillary peduncles. Petals digided near- ly to the base, and shorter than the calyx.—When boiled resembles spi- nach. 3. S. holostea, stem nearly erect, leaves lanceolate-acute, fine- ly serrulate; petals ane ee somewhat bifid ; calycine seg- ments nerveless. es p- 229. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 474. Hook. ¥ |. Scot. p. nas Be toby. Has. Dry banks, hedges, ie woods, very frequent. May. 2. Greater Stitchwort.—Root creeping. . Stems decumbent at the base and very slender, becoming stouter upwar ds, quadrangular, 12-18 inches high. Leaves opposite, sessile, very acuminate, revolute at the m ar gin, glabrous. Flowers large, white, on longish plondes peduncles, and for ming a lax, erect, somewhat dichotomous panicle. Petals poronnics than in the two following species, nearly twice as long as the nerveless calyx.—aA lively flower, and very ornamental in spring, frequently growing plentifully along with Hyacinthus non-scriptus and Lychnis dioica. 4. 8. graminea, stem nearly erect ; leaves lanceolate-acute, entire ; panicle branched, divaricate ; segments of the deeply bifid petals linear ; calyx 3-nerved. Lightf | p. 229. Smith, FI. Brit. p. 475. Hook. FI. Scot. p. 136. E. B t. 803. Haz. Fields, hedges, woods, &c., very common. May, June. 2/. Lesser Stitchwort.—Smaller and more slender than the preceding. . Stem 1-2 G 98 DECANDRIA. TRIGYNIA. Apewnarium. feet high, angular, smooth, with a terminal much branched panicle. Leaves much smaller than the preceding, entire at the margin, not glau- cous. Flowers small, white, pedunculate. Petals deeply cleft, segments linear, a little longer than the calyx, the segments of which are 3-ribbed and white, and very scariose at the margin. 5. S. glauca, stems erect; leaves linear-lanceolate, entire, very glaucous ; flowers on long axillary or terminal peduncles ; petals deeply cleft, segments oblongo-linear ; calyx 3-nerved. Hook. F). Scot. p. 136. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 475. E. B. t. 825. Haz. Bogs and marshes. Lochend and Duddingston Loch, Maughan. June, July. 2/. Glaucous Marsh Stitchwort——Stems somewhat decumbent at the base, quick- ly becoming erect, slender, angular, smooth. Leaves linear-lanceolate, not very acute, quite glabrous in every part, very glaucous. Flowers; the lower ones on long axillary peduncles, but they form also an erect, terminal, slender, slightly branched panicle, the branches often in threes. In my specimens, there is no flower unaccompanied by a 2-leaved red- dish scariose involucre, the lowest involucre being properly the com- mencement of the panicle. Petals broader than the last, and narrower than in S. holostea. Calyx 3-nerved.—Habit near that of holostea.. 6. S. uliginosa, stem somewhat decumbent; leaves ovato- lanceolate, with a callous tip; flowers in irregular small pa- nicles; petals bifid, shorter than the calyx, perigonous as well as the stamens. Hook. FI. Scot. p. 186. Smith, FI. Brit. p. 476. E. B.t. 1074. 8. graminea p, Lightf. p. 229. Has. Bogs, ditches, and rivulets, common. June. ©. Bog Stitchwort—Stems mostly proeumbent, but erect when mixed with other plants, slender, angular. Leaves small, glaucous, entire. Panicles lateral and terminal, few-flowered, with lanceelate, minute bracteas. Flowers very small, white. Calyx 3-nerved.—Differs from Stellaria in the stamens and petals being perigonous, and forms the genus Larbrea of St Hilaire, Mem. du Mus. v. 3. 9. ADENARIUM, Rafinesque. (Nat. Ord. CanyorHYLLEZ (?), Hook. Scot. 2. p. 280., under Arenaria.) 1. A. Peploides. Arenaria peploides, Lightf: p. 231. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 477. Hook. F 1. Scot. p. 137. BH. B. t. 189. Has. Sandy sea-coasts. Leith, Lightfoot. Between Newhaven and Caroline Park, very abundant. July. 2. Sea-side Sandwort.—Root long, creeping. Stems numerous, prostrate, branched, thickly clothed with sessile, ovate, entire, opposite, very smooth, bright green, somewhat reflexed, fleshy leaves. Flowers in the upper divisions of the stem, small, white, solitary, almost: sessile. Calyx with 5 lanceolate, subobtuse, nerveless segments. Petals 5, small, nar- row, obovate. Stamens with small glands at their base, and inserted, as well as the petals, on the base of the 3-valved capsule. 10. ARENARIA. (Nat. Ord. CanvorHYLLEs, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 280.) * Without stipules. Leaves ovate. ¥. A. trinervis, leaves ovate, acute, petiolate, mostly 3-nerved; ArEnarta. DECANDRIA. TRIGYNIA. 99 flowers solitary ; keel of the calyx rough, obscurely 3-ribbed. Lightf. p. 230. Snuth, Fl. Brit. p. 478. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 137. E. B. t. 1483. Has. Shaded and moist places. Mavis-Bank, Dr Parsons in Lightfoot. Newbattle woods, Mr Neill. Colinton and Rosslyn woods, and hedges near Redhall, Maughan. Kinleith, Mr Arnott. May. . Three-nerved Sandwort.—Stems very slender, weak, suberect, 6-12 inches high, branched, pubescent. Leaves 3-5 nerved, ciliate, the uppermost sessile. Flowers very small, white, on long solitary peduncles, axillary from each of the upper divisions of the stem. Petals not longer than the acute calyx. 2. A. serpyllifolia, leaves ovate, acute, subsessile, roughish ; the 3 outer leaves of the hairy calyx 5-ribbed. Light. p. 230. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 479. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 138. E. B. t. 923. Has. Dry banks, walls, and waste places, frequent. Abundant in the King’s Park, Mr Bainbridge. May—July. ©. 4 Thyme-leaved Sandwort.—Plant rather rigid. Stems very numerous, spread- ing, branched, 2-6 inches high, minutely pubescent. Leaves numerous, very small, obscurely nerved. Flowers small, white, on short erect pe- duncles, forming small leafy panicles. Petals rather shorter than the calyx. Calycine leaves ovate, hairy, with a membranaceous margin; the two inner ones 3-ribbed, the three outer 5-ribbed. ** Without stipules. Leaves subulate. 3. A. verna, tufted; stems panicled above ; leaves subulate, rather obtuse ; petals obovate, longer than the remotely 3-nerved calyx. Lightf. p. 231. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 481. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 138. E. B.t.512. A. laricifolia, Lightf. p. 232. Has. Rocky subalpine pastures, rare. King’s Park abundantly, Light- foot. Blackford Hill, Maughan. May, June. 2. ; Spring Sandwort.—Stems very numerous and tufted, 3-5 inches high, erect or somewhat spreading, slightly pubescent, bearing terminal, few-flower- ed panicles. Leaves numerous, short, striated, erecto-patent, connate at their base. Flowers white, pedunculate. Petals not much longer than the calyx. Calycine leaves ovato-acute, hairy, 3-nerved, shorter than the mature subcylindrical capsule. 4. A. tenuifolia, stem somewhat branched, branches support- ing small panicles; leaves subulate, acute; petals lanceolate, much shorter than the acute 3-nerved calyx. Lightf. p. 1102. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 481. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 138. E. B. t. 219. Has. Walls, rocks, and stony places, rare. Cramond Island, Mr Yal- den in Lightfoot. Near Pettycur,G. Don. June, July. Fine-leaved Sandwort.—Stem sometimes branched from the base, or irregu- larly upwards, erect, slender, 2-8 inches high. Leaves subulate, connate at their base, striated, glabrous, short, but longer than the preceding. Flowers very small, white, on solitary very slender peduncles. Calycine leaves very acuminate, 3-ribbed, much longer than the petals. *** Stinules at the base of each pair of leaves. 5. A. rubra, stems prostrate ; leaves linear, plane, somewhat G2 100 DECANDRIA. PENTAGYNIA. SEDUM. fleshy, tipped with a minute bristle; capsule as long as the ca- lyx ; seeds compressed, angular, roughish. Lightf p. 230. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 479. Hook. ¥ 1. Scot. p.188. E. B. t. 852. Has. Sandy fields and waste places, very common. June, July. ©). Purple Sandwort.—Stems much branched, especially from the base, procum- bent, spreading, round, glabrous: Leaves numerous, very narrow, slight- ly hoary or glaucous. Stipules 2, ovate, cloven, whitish, membranaceous, sheathing the stem at their base: Flowers purple red, many, on pu- bescent, viscid, solitary: peduncles, forming very irregular panicles. Ca- fya hairy, ribless, about the same length as the ovate petals. ‘The pe- duncles are defiexed after flowering. 6. A. marina, stems prostrate; leaves semicylindrical, fleshy, not mucronate; capsule longer than the calyx; seeds com- pressed, smooth, with a broad. membranaceous border. Hook. FI. Scot. p. 189. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 480. E. B. t.958. A. ru- bra 6, Lightf. p. 230. Has. Sandy and waste places on the sea-coast, frequent. Inverkeithing, Mr Neill. Aberlady Links, abundant, Dr Graham. Queensferry. June, July. ¢. Sea-side Purple Sandwort.—This species resembles the last very nearly in habit, but differs in the more fleshy and awnless leaves; the much longer capsule (exceeding the calyx), and above all in the seeds, whose characters are specified above. EV. PENTAGY NIA. 11. SEDUM. (Nat. Ord. SrmMPERViIv£, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 282.): * Leaves plane. 1. S. Telephium, leaves ovate, serrate; corymbs leafy ; stem erect. Lightf. p. 234. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 485. Hook. FI. Scot. p. 139. E. B. t. 1319. Has. Borders of fields and in stony waste places, rare. Hedge-banks near Rosslyn, Maughan. Inverkeithing, Mr Arnott. July. 2. Orpine.—Stems numerous, 1-2 feet high, thickish, simple, glabrous, spotted. Leaves large, scattered, ovate, sessile, fleshy, smooth, glaucous. lowers purple, dense, in a terminal.corymb.—Ornamental. ** Leaves rounded, sessile, simple at their base. 2. S. dasyphyllum, leaves of the barren stems opposite, broad- ly ovate, obtuse, fleshy ; stem weak; panicle glutinous. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 140.. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 486. E. B. t. 656. Has. Walls and rocks, rare. Colinton woods, Mr Arnott. June. 2/. Thick-leaved Stone-crop.—Stems decumbent, somewhat creeping, very slen- der, in small tufts, the fertile ones 2-3 inches high, erect, viscid up- wards. Leaves very obtuse and fleshy, pale glaucous green, frequently tinged with red, alternate on the flowering stems. Panicle of very few flowers. Flowers pinkish white. Anthers dark red,—Varies with 6 pe- tals and 12 stamens; capsules also sometimes more than 5. Oxatts. DECANDRIA. PENTAGYNIA. 101 3. S. villoswm, leaves scattered, oblong, upper surface nearly plane, covered with a viscid pubescence, as well as the erect stem and panicle. Lighif p. 237. Smith, FI. Brit. p. 488. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 140. E. B. t. 394. Has. Bogs and moist subalpine rocks. Pentland ‘Hills, Dr Parsons. in Lightfoct. Near Linlithgow, Sir J. E. Smith. June, July. Hairy Stone-crop—Stem erect, mostly quite simple, 3-5 inches high, spot- ted, pubescent, especially above. Leaves scattered, fleshy, convex be- neath, generally reddish, more or less clothed with viscid hairs. Panicle of very few pinkish white flowers, on hairy peduncles. It sometimes happens that 1 or 2 small barren stems are produced at the base, on which the leaves, according to Dr Hooker, are cylindrical. *** Leaves rounded, produced below the point of insertion into a kind of spur, which is pressed to the stem. 4. S. acre, leaves ovate, fleshy, gibbous, imbricate, alternate, produced at the base; cyme subtrifid, leafy. Lighif- p. 235. Smith, F1. Brit. p. 487. Hook. F]. Scot. p. 140. KE. B. t. 839. Has. Rocks, walls, roofs of cottages, &c., frequent. King’s Park, abundant, Mr Bainbridge. June. Biting Stone-crop. Wail Pepper.—Stems tufted, branched, 1-3 inches high, entangled. Leaves dark green, very fleshy, obtuse, somewhat compress- ed, densely imbricate. Cymes leafy, few-flowered. Flowers bright yel- low. Petals ovate, acute.—Pungent and biting to the taste. 5. S. reflewum, leaves scattered, fleshy, subulate, produced at the base ; flowers somewhat cymose. Lightf p.234. Smith, F]. Brit. p. 490. Hook. F|. Scot. p. 141. E. B. t. 695. Has. Rocks, walls, and roofs, rare. Walls about Craigcrook, Maughan. Ravelston. House-tops in the village of Preston, Mr D. Stewart. July. 2. Yellow Stone-crop.—Stems 6-8 inches high, branched, with short, barren, of- ten reflexed ones at the base. Leaves crowded on the barren stems, scat- tered.on the flowering ones, succulent, glabrous, thickly subulate, erecto- patent. #Vowers terminal, numerous, bright yellow. Calyx acute. Pe- .tals mostly 6, acute, accompanied by 12 stamens. 12. OXALIS. (Nat. Ord. OXaLIDE, Hook. Scot. Z. p. 276.) 1. O. Acetosella, leaves all radical, ternate, obcordate, hairy ; scape 1-flowered; root squamose. Lightf. p. 287. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 491. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 141. E. B. t. 762. Has. Woods and hedges, extremely common. April—June. 2. Wood Sorrel. Root white, succulent, scaly. Scape 2-4 inches high, scaly, slender, 1-flowered, with 2 small bracteas above the middle. eaves on slender peduncles, bright green, sometimes purplish. Flower delicate white, beautifully veined with pink or purple, drooping.—Taste agree- ably acid. 13. AGROSTEMMA. (Nat. Ord. CanYoPHYLLEX, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 278.) 1. A. Githago, hairy; segments of the calyx much longer & 102 DECANDRIA. PENTAGYNIA. Lycunis. than the corolla; petals entire, destitute of a crown. Lightf: p. 288. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 493. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 141. E. B. t. 741. Has. Corn-fields, extremely common. June,July. ©). Corn Cockle.—Whole plant hairy. Stem 2-3 feet high, rounded, branched ; branches spreading. Leaves opposite, linear-lanceolate. Flowers solitary, terminal, large, purple. Calyx 10-ribbed, with 5 long, linear, patent segments or teeth.—Habit much that of a Lychnis. 14. LYCHNIS. (Nat. Ord. CaRYOPHYLLE®, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 278.) 1. L. Flos-Cuculi, petals 4-cleft, segments linear; capsule roundish, 1-celled. Lightf p. 139. Smith, FI. Brit. p. 493. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 141. KE. B. t. 573. Has. Moist meadows and pastures, very common. King’s Park, &c. June, July. 2. Meadow Lychnis or Ragged Robin.—Stem 1-2 feet high, angular, somewhat viscid towards the summit, rarely branched, unless at the base. Leaves labrous, linear-lanceolate, opposite, connate at the base. Panicle rather Tous slightly branched in a forked trifid manner, with bracteas at each division. Flowers rose-colour, rarely white. Calyx and peduncles pur- plish red. 2. L. Viscaria, petals slightly notched; capsule 5-celled ; stem glutinous beneath each joint. Lightf? p. 240. Simith, F]. Brit. p. 494. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 142. E. B. t. 788. Has. Subalpine rocks, rare. King’s Park, T. Willisel in Ray. Rocks by Braid Hermitage, Sir J. E. Smith. Blackford Hill, Maughan, (probably the same as the preceding). Dundas Hill, Mr Neill. June. Red German Catchfly.—Plant tufted, and fixing itself firmly in the crevices of rocks by its tough roots. Stem about afoot high, angular, dark colour- ed, and very clammy beneath the joints. Leaves lanceolate, opposite, connate. Flowers in a sort of dense cluster or panicle, handsome, large, rose-coloured. Petals furnished with an. acute cloven crown. Capsule ovate.—Ornamental, cultivated in gardens, with a double flower. 3. L. dioica, flowers dicecious; capsule I-celled. Lightf: p. 240. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 495. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 142. z. flowers red. E. B. t. 1579. g. flowers white. E. B. t. 1580. Has. Hedges, woods, thickets, &c. very common. #, rather rare about Edinburgh ; sea-side at Caroline Park, Mr Neill. May, September. 2/. Red and White Campion.—Stems 1-2 feet high, branched, hairy, very slightly viscid at the joints. Leaves hairy, ovato-lanceolate, sessile, subconnate. Calyx \0-ribbed, in the fertile flowers ovate, ventricose; in the sterile ones cylindrical. Flowers forming an irregularly-branched, loose panicle. Petals partly cleft, crowned.—The white var. ‘becomes fragrant towards evening. 15. CERASTIUM. (Nat. Ord. CaRYOPHYLLE#, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 279.) * Petals not lenger than the calyx. A. C. vulgatum, hairy, somewhat viscid, suberect; leaves CrrastiumM, DECANDRIA, PENTAGYNIA. 108 ovate obtuse; flowers subcapitate, longer than their pedicels. Lightf, p. 240. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 496. Hook. FI. Scot. p. 142. E. B. t. 789. Has. Fields, waste ground, and road-sides, not frequent. In no fixed station. May, July. ©. Broad-leaved Mouse-ear Chickweed.—Whole plant very hairy. Stems 6-10 inches high, more or less branched, especially at the base; central stem generally erect, the others mostly ascending. Leaves ovate, or even roundish, obtuse, with a very minute point, pale, rather yellowish green. Flowers in dense terminal heads or clusters. Capsule slightly curved, twice the the length of the calyx.—Plant sometimes quite destitute of viscidity. 2. C. viscosum, hairy, viscid, spreading; leaves oblongo- lanceolate, ‘‘ flowers somewhat panicled, shorter than their pe- dicels 5” Hook. Lightf: p. 240. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 497. Hook. F\. Scot. p. 142. HK. B. t. 790. Has. Fields and waste grounds, very abundant. May, September. 2/. Narrow-leaved Mouse-ear Chickweed.tWhole plant hairy. Stems 6-16 inches long, mostly spreading or procumbent, more or less viscid, espe- cially in warm weather. Leaves dark, and somewhat dull green. Slowers in a sort of panicle, and mostly, as Hooker has justly observed, shorter than the pedicels when in fruit. Capsule resembling the last, and the stamens 10, fertile in both.—Plant erect, when supported by neighbour- ing weeds. The form of the leaves I consider as the best specific distinction between these two species. ‘They vary somewhat in both; when they change in the first, it is by becoming longer, but at the same time more rounded and obtuse at the extremity, approaching to obovate: in the second the reverse takes place; the longer the leaf becomes, the more it approaches to lanceolate. _ 3. C. semidecandrum, hairy, viscid; flowers varying between 4 and 5 stamens, and the same number of petals; fruit-bearing pedicels elongated. Lightf p. 241. Smith, FI. Brit. p. 497. Hook, Fl. Scot. p. 143. E. B. t. 1630. C. pumilum, Curt. Fl. Lond. C. teérandrum, Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 498. Hook. lic. p. 148. Sagina cerastoides. EK. B. t. 166. Has. Wall-tops, dry pastures, especially near the sea. Stations for C. semidec. are Arthur’s Seat, Dr Parsons in Lightfoot. Walls about the King’s Park, Maughan. Stations for C. ¢etrand. are walls about Edinburgh, on the Calton Hill and Arthur’s Seat, Sir J. E. Smith. Inchkeith ; Inchcolm; and near Prestonpans, Dickson. Isle.of May, D. Don. May, June. ©). Small Mouse-ear Chickweed.—Plant mostly very viscid, 2-6 inches “high, slender, erect, or sometimes ascending, decumbent at the base, branched in a somewhat dichotomous manner. Leaves varying extremely in size, and somewhat in form from ovate to ovato-lanceolate, the radical ones spathulate. -FVowers panicled, pedunculate, a.solitary one often arising from the fork of the branches, and having in fruit a long peduncle, very ‘rarely indeed deflexed, even in what is called C. tetrandrum. Petals more or less bifid at the apex, 5.or 4, the stamens corresponding in number, both sometimes occurring on the same individual. After a most minute investigation, the only difference I can find between the two plants I have united, is the number of petals and stamens, which 104 DECANDRIA. PENTAGYNIA. Sprereuna. are well known not to be constant, even on the same plant. In the leaves there is none, for the two run completely into each other. My friend, Mr Arnott, thinks they bear the same relation to each other in the form of the leaves as the two first species, but though this may be the case in the extreme varieties, they do not in their change follow the rule men- tioned in the observation under C. viscosum. 'The difference of habit seems to be owing entirely to situation, which has the same effect upon it as on Stellaria media. n moist hollows, among the rocks of the King’s Park, I have seen it 8 inches long, in short, C. tetrandrwm in habit ; not 2 yards from it, in exposed sunny dry spots, frem 1-3 inches ; in short, C. semidecandrum. The earlier flowers have been observed by Mr Ar- nott to be almost all tetrandrous. * Petals longer than the calyx. 4. C. arvense, leaves linear-lanceolate, more or less pubes- cent, especially at the base; petals twice as long as the calyx. Lightf. p. 241. Smith. ¥1. Brit. p. 499. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 143. BB. 1. 92. Haz. Fields and gravelly pastures, rare. Guillon Links, Mr Arnott May, September. 2- Field Chickweed.—Root creeping. Stems 4-10 inches long, ascending, slen- der, pubescent, somewhat tufted. Leaves pubescent, but varying greatly in the degree. J'lowers terminal, few, large, white; branches of the ee viscid, pubescent. Calycine leaves, ovate, obtuse. Capsule not onger than the calyx. 16. SPERGULA. (Nat. Ord. CARYOPHYLLE#, Hook. Scct. 2. p. 279.) 1. S. arvensis, “ leaves whorled, with minute membranaceous stipules at the base; stalk of the fruit deflexed ; seeds more or less margined.” Hook. FI. Scot. p. 144. Lightf- p. 243. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 502. E. B.t. 1535. 8S. pentandra, Smith, |. c. p. 503. E. B. t. 1536. Haz. Corn-fields and cultivated grounds, very abundant. July, Au- gust. ©): Corn Spurrey.—Stems 6-12 inches high, swelling at the joints. Leaves narrow, linear, rounded, glabrous, or a little pubescent, of 2 bundles from each joint, spreading in a whorled manner. Panicle spreading, branched, cf many flowers; branches divaricate. Petals ovate, white, rather longer than the calyx. Stamens often 5. Capsule nearly twice as long as the calyx. Seeds roundish, dotted with raised points; varying extremely in the breadth of the margin.—Description nearly in Hooker’s own words. He is convinced that it does not differ from S. pentandra of Smith. I certainly have always considered them the same, but am happy to quote so good.an authority. 2. S. nodosa, leaves opposite, subulate, glabrous, connate, the upper ones clustered in the axils with young leaves; pe- tals much longer than thenerveless calyx. Lightf p.224. Smith, ¥l. Brit. p. 503. Hook. Fl. Scot. p.145. E. B. t. 694. Haz. Bogs and wet sandy places, not common. Duddingston Loch ; South Queensferry ; Cockenzie Downs, Mr Neill. Pentlands, in va- rious places, Mr Ayvnott. Near Luffness, Dr Graham. King’s Park. July, August. 2. AcrimoxtaA. DODECANDRIA. DIGYNIA. " 105 Knotted Spurrey.—Plant slightly tufted, glabrous. Stems 1-6, spreading, or suberect, very slender, but little branched, 4-8 inches high. Leaves small, numerous, subulate. IJowers few, terminal, large for the size of the plant, white, longer than the nerveless calyx. Petals obovate, ob- tuse. XT. DODECANDRIA. If. DIGYNIA. 1. AGRIMONIA. (Nat. Ord. Rosacrx, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 263.) 1. A. Eupatoria, cauline leaves interruptedly pinnate, termi- nal leaflet on a petiol; fruit hispid. Lightf p. 247. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 511. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 147. EE. B. t. 1335. Has. Fields, waste places, and road-sides, not frequent. King’s Park, Mr Bainbridge. July. Agrimony.—Stem 1-2 feet high, hairy, subangular. Leaves dark dull green, pinnate. Leaflets serrate, having much smaller ones intermediate, hairy. Flowers in a long, narrow, simple, or branched spike, deep yellow, almost sessile. Calyx furrowed. JI'ruit rough, with hooked bristles.—Employed medicinally by the country people. Ill. TRIGYNIA. 2. RESEDA. (Nat. Ord. ResEpAce®, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 204.) 1. R. Luéeola, leaves lanceolate, entire, plane ; calyx 4-cleft. Lightf. p. 248. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 512. Hook. FI. Scot. p. 147. E. B. t. 320. Has. Waste places; road-sides. About Dysart, Burntisland, and Lass- wade, Lightfoot. On coal refuse between Edinburgh and Dalkeith ; Craigleith ; Blackford Hill, Mr Neill. Road-sides around Edinburgh. July, August. ©. Dyer’s Weed.—Root fusiform. Stem 2-3 feet high, erect, taper, branched, subangular. Leaves alternate, glabrous, shining green. Flowers yellow- ish, very numerous, in long narrow spikes. Stamens numerous, hanging down. Petals 3, linear, the uppermost always 3-lobed. Nectary crenate, greenish, large, at the base of the superior petal. Capsule “ open at the top, even before it is ripe ;’” Hook.—Used in dying yellow. 2. R. lutea, leaves pmnate, the upper ones with 3 segments ; calyx 6-cleft. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 147. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 513. E. B. t. 321. Has. Waste places. Hills between Pettycur and Burntisland, Mr Neill. Near Kirkcaldy, Mr Chalmers. Near Raith, D. Don. Debris of Salis- bury Craigs (recently introduced), Mr D. Steuart. July, August. ©. Wild Mignonette ov Base Rocket.—Stems growing in a bushy manner, round- ed, 1-2 feet high. Leaves divided into linear segments, undulate more 106 DODECANDRIA. DIGYNIA. Evrnoxsza. or less at the margin. Flowers numerous, yellow, in long spikes; the pedicels longer than in the preceding. Petals 6, variously and unequally lobed. Nectary green, somewhat fringed. 3. KUPHORBIA. (Nat. Ord. EuPHORBIACE, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 203.) * Leaves linear, or linear-obovate. 1. E. exigua, umbel mostly of 3 primary rays; involucella lanceolate, entire; leaves linear, or linear-lanceolate. Lighéf: p- 250. Smith, Fl. Brit. p.515. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 148. E. B. t. 1336. Has. Dry gravelly fields and pastures, rare. Burntisland, Lightfoot. Field at the marl-pit near Muttonhole; Near Crossgate-toll, and near Musselburgh, Maughan. Fields North of Carlowrie, abundant, Mr Falconer. Field near St Germains, and corn-fields about Burnt- island, plentiful, Mr D. Steuart. July, September. Dwarf Spurge.——The smallest British species, being rarely more than 6 inches high. Stem slender, simple or branched at the base, rounded. Leaves rather erect, linear, entire, sessile. Umbel small, varying from 2-4, or even 5, primary rays. Flowers very small. Nectaries 4, round- ish, with 2 greenish horns. Capsule glabrous. 2. KE. Cyparissias, umbel of many primary rays; involucella broadly cordate, entire ; leaves linear, or linear-lanceolate, those of the sterile branches, linear-setaceous. Hook. F 1. Scot. p. 148. Smith, Fl. Brit. p.519. E. B. t. 840. Has. Woods, very rare. Colinton woods, Mr Arnott. July, August. 2/. Cypress Spurge——Root creeping. Stems numerous, a foot high. Leaves glabrous, entire, broader on the flowering stem, and less numerous than on the sterile stems; small branches often arise from the flowering stem, and sometimes produce flowers ; on these the leaves are also much narrower and more numerous. Involucella yellow green. Umbel J-15- _ rayed. Nectaries 4, tawny yellow, lunate. Capsule smooth.—Milky- juice very abundant. 3. Ii. Esula, umbel of many primary rays ; involucella broad- ly cordate; leaves uniform, entire, linear-obovate, or linear-ob- long. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 148. Smith, FI. Brit. p. 518. E. B. t. 1399. Has. Woods, rare. Wood near a rivulet at Abercorn, 13 miles west of Edinburgh, Mr J. Mackay. Near Gladsmuir Kirk, in a lane leading from the Haddington road to Elvingston ; and ina field near West Pilton, 7 miles north-west of Edinburgh, Maughan. July. %. Leafy-branched Spurge.—Stem about a foot high, erect, with numerous late- ral, leafy branches, the uppermost often. producing flowers as in the pre- ceding. Leaves all uniform, numerous on the barren stems. Umbel of 5-8 rays. IJnvolucella large, broad. Nectaries somewhat cordate, tawny brown, with 2 lateral horns. Capsule glabrous. ** Teaves more or less obovate. 4. E. Peplus, umbel mostly of 3 primary rays; involucella cordato-ovate ; leaves obovate entire; nectaries lunate, termi- Sempervivum. DODECANDRIA. DODECAGYNIA. 107 nating in@horns. Lightf p. 249. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 514. Hook. F1. Scot. p. 148. E. B. t. 959. Has. Corn-fields and waste places, frequent. Corn-fields between Edin- burgh and Newhaven, plentiful. July, August. ©. Petty Spurge.—Whole plant of a pleasant light green colour, or tinged with purple, 6-10 inches high, somewhat branched at the base. Leaves scat- tered, on very short petiols, entire, glabrous. Umbel pretty constantly of 3 primary rays. Nectaries 4, lunate, the two extremities passing into two acute horns, yellow. Capsule glabrous. 5. E. Helioscopia, umbel mostly of 5 primary rays ; involu- cella broadly obovate, serrate, as well as the obovato-cuneiform leaves; nectaries roundish, entire. Lightf p.250. Smith, FI. Brit. p. 516. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 148. E. B. t. 883. Has. Corn-fields and neglected gardens, frequent. King’s Park, and corn-fields about the Pentland Hills, Mr Bainbridge. July, August. ©). Sun Spurge.—Stem 6-14 inches high, often branched at the base, slightly hairy upwards. Leaves bright green, scattered, glabrous. IJnvolucre and involucella almost similar. Nectaries green, without horns. Capsule gla- brous.—Called Little-good by the Scotch. This and the preceding have an abundant acrid milky juice, which is used to destroy warts. IV. DODECAGYNIA. 4. SEMPERVIVUM. (Nat. Ord. SEMPERVIV#&, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 282.) 1. S. Tectorum, leaves fleshy, ciliate; offsets spreading. Lightf: p. 251. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 522. Hook. FI. Scot. p- 149. E. B. t. 1320. Haz. On walls and house-tops. In various places about Edinburgh. July. 2. House-leek.—Plant propagated by runners, which terminate in tufts of dense- ly imbricated fleshy, spreading leaves. Flowering stems 8 or 10 inches high, robust, hairy, terminating in a spreading corymb of 2 or 3 race- mose branches. Flowers subsessile, pale red. Petals lanceolate, spread- ing. In regard to the internal structure, I shall quote Dr Hooker’s valuable description. ‘ The number of stamens isin reality 24, of which 12, inserted 1 at the base of each petal, are perfect, the rest, alternately with the petals, small and abortive; some bearing anthers, open longi- tudinally and laterally, producing, instead of pollen, abortive ovules: others resembling a cuneiform pointed scale, in the inside of which, upon a longitudinal receptacle are likewise ranged abortive ovules, as in the real germen; thus exhibiting the most complete transition from stamens to germens in the same individual flower.” XII. ICOSANDRIA. I. MONOGYNIA. 1. PRUNUS. (Nat. Ord. Rosacr, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 263.) 1. P. Padus, flowers in pendulous racemes ; leaves obevate, 108 ICOSANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. PRUNUS. deciduous, with 2 glands at the union of the leaf with the foot- stalk. Lightf p. 253. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 526. Hook. FI. Scot. p. 150. E. B. t. 1383. Has. Woods. Colinton woods, and on the banks of Bevelaw Burn, Maughan. Auchindenny and Arniston woods, May. h. Bird Cherry.—A small tree, with a smooth bark. Leaves alternate, obova- to-acuminate, serrate, glabrous, deciduous. Flowers white, racemed, on short pedicels. Petals delicate, small, eroso-crenulate. Fruit a drupa, small, oval, black, bitter, the nut within rugose.—Ornamental. When er where ceuld Lightfoot have seen the fruit the ‘size of grapes ? 2. P. Cerasus, flowers in subsessile umbels; leaves ovate or ovato-lanceolate, ‘‘ subpubescent beneath.” Hook. Fl. Scot. p- 150. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 526. E. B. t. 706. P. Aviwm, Lightf. p. 254. Has. Woods. Banks of the Water of Leith near Woodhall, Maughan. Arniston woods. May. h. Wild Cherry.—A tree sometimes of large size; branches cinereous, polish- ed. Leaves varying in form, unequally and often obtusely serrate, gla- brous above, more or less pubescent beneath, especially while young. Stipules glandulose at the margin. Rays of the umbel few, long. Flowers delicate, white, large, somewhat drooping. Calyx at length reflexed. Fruit roundish, rather large, red or black.—Origin of the garden cherry. 3. P. domestica, peduncles solitary, or in pairs; leaves ovato- lanceolate, ‘ subpubescent beneath ;” branches without spines. Hook. F). Scot. p. 151. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 527. E. B. t. 1783. Has. Woods and hedges. Colinton woods, Maughan. April. h. Wild Plum-tree.—A middle-sized tree, without spines. Leaves ovate to ovato-lanceolate, on short petiols, serrate, when young pubescent on both sides. Flowers white, rather large, solitary, or in pairs, on short peduncles. Fruit large, roundish or somewhat ovate, blue-black, with a fine bloom. 4. P. insititia, peduncles mostly in pairs; leaves ovato-lanceo- late, pubescent beneath; branches ending in a spine. Lightf- p. 254. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 528. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 150. E. B. t. 841. Has. Woods and hedges. Pentland Hills, G. Don. May. h. Wild Bullace-tree.—A small and bushy tree, with the branches often ter- minating in a spine. Leaves on short petiols, serrate, subpubescent be- neath, especially at first, but sometimes becoming glabrous. Flowers mostly in pairs, but sometimes solitary, white. Petals obovate. Fruit roundish, black, with a fine blue bloom, very austere to the taste. A white variety sometimes occurs.—Used as a preserve. 5. P. spinosa, peduncles mostly solitary; leaves elliptico-lan- ceolate, glabrous beneath; branches rigid, very spinose. Lightf- p- 254. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 528. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 151. E. B. t. 842. not characteristic. Has. Woods and hedges, very common. April. h. Sloe-tree, or Black Thorn.—A bushy, rigid shrub, with crooked, very spinous branches, clothed with a blackish, smooth bark. Leaves chiefly appearing Cratacus. ICOSANDRIA. PENTAGYNIA. 109 after the flowers, more or less elliptical, serrate, petiolate. Flowers on short peduncles, smaller than the preceding, white, very numerous and. conspicuous. /'ruit small, globular, black, with a blue bloom, very au- stere, yet sometimes preserved with sugar.—Used also in adulterating Port wine. Il. PENTAGYNIA. 2. CRAT AGUS *. (Nat. Ord. RosacEs&, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 261.) 1. C. Oxycantha, branches spinose ; leaves 3 or 5-lobed, ser- rate, glabrous; flowers corymbose; styles 1 or 2. Lightf: p: 255. Hook. Fl. Scot. p.151. Mespilus Oxycantha, Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 529. E. B. t. 2504. Has. Woods and hedges, almost everywhere. June. hf. Hawthorn, or White Thorn.—A small bushy tree, with smooth bark; the wood hard. Branches rigid and spinose. Leaves petiolate dark green, shining, mostly 3-5-lobed, the lobes unequally cut, and serrate. lowers corymbose, white or tinged with red, very numerous, handsome, mostly scented. Calyx reflexed, more or less pubescent. Petals roundish, con- cave. Jruit roundish or oval, red, or yellowish._— The most approved plant for making fences as it endures clipping to any extent. 3. PYRUS. (Nat. Ord. Rosace#, Hook.-Scot. 2. p. 261.) 1. P. Malus, leaves ovate, serrate; flowers in a simple sessile umbel. Lightf. p. 258. Smith, FI. Brit. p.531. Hook. ¥F 1. Scot. p. 151. E. B. t. 179. Has. Woods and hedges, frequent. Rosslyn woods. May. h. €rab-Apple.—A small tree, with spreading knobby branches: sometimes retaining a shrubby character, when kept down in hedges. Leaves ovate, more or less acute. Flowers large, very beautiful, delicate white, tinged with rose-colour, especially on the outside. Fruit roundish, scarcely an inch in diameter, green or reddish, very austere, and acid.—Used to make Verjuice. Origin of the Garden Apple. 2. P. Aucuparia, leaves pinnate, glabrous on both sides ; flowers corymbose; styles 3-4. Hook. Fl. Scot. p.151. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 533. Sorbus aucuparia, Lightf p. 256. E. B. t. 337. Has. Woods, frequent. Inchcolm, Mr Neill. Rosslyn, Auchindenny, Arniston, and Colinton woods. Corstorphine Hill. May, June. hy. Mountain Ash, or Quicken-tree (in Scotland Roan-tree).—A middle-sized bushy tree, with handsome foliage, flowers, and fruit. Bark smooth. Leaves pinnate, with an odd leaflet ; leaflets about 5 pair. Flowers white, small, very numerous, forming a flat, broad, much branched corymb, odour considerable. Fruit orange-red, size of a pea, acid and austere.—A ce- lebrated protection against evil spirits in the Highlands of Scotland, where a jelly is also prepared from the fruit. * An excellent paper on the genera of the section called Pomacr® of the Natural Order Rosacea, by Mr Lindley, will be found in Linnean Transactions, vol. xiii. p. 88. 110 ICOSANDRIA. PENTAGYNIA. © Spinza. 3. P. Aria, leaves ovate, cut and serrate, white and downy beneath; flowers corymbose; styles 2-4. Hook. F1. Scot. p. 152. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 534. E. B. t. 1858. Crataegus Aria, Lightf: p. 255. Haz. Woods, often among rocks. Rocks in the King’s Park, near the Powder Magazine, Maughan. June. h. White Beam-tree.—A small tree, variable in habit, according to situation. Young branches tomentose. Leaves more or less deeply cut and serrate, conspicuous from their white under surface, above marked with parrallel veins. Flowers in a flattish corymb, white. Petals concave. Fruit scar- let, farinose, roundish oval, austere. 4, SPIRACA. (Nat. Ord. RosacE&, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 265.) * Shrubby. 1. S. salicifolia, leaves ovato-lanceolate, serrate, glabrous ; racemes clustered, compound, terminal. Hook. F1. Scot. p. 152. Smith, Fl. Brit. p.535. E. B. t. 1468. Has. Woods. Arniston woods, Craigiehall, and Cramond Bridge, Maughan. Scarcely wild in these stations. July. Willow-leaved Spirea.—A bushy shrub, from 2-4 feet high, with numerous erect stems, and a yellowish-tawny smooth bark. Leaves subsessile, gla- brous on each side. Flowers dense, in erect blunt clusters. Petals rose colour.—Ornamental and common in gardens. ** FHTerbaceous. 2. 8. Filipendula, leaves interruptedly pinnate, the leaflets uniform, cut; flowers paniculato-cymose; styles many. Lightf- p. 259. Smith, F]. Brit. p. 535. Hook. FI. Scot. p. 152. E. B. t. 284. Has. Dry stony pastures. Arthur’s Seat, Lightfoot. Debris of Salis- bury Craigs. July. 2/. Common Dropwort.—Root tuberous. Stem a foot high, branched upwards, and terminating in a lax, erect, cymose panicle. Leaves pinnate, the the leaflets with intermediate smaller ones. Stipules united, roundish, dentate. Flowers by no means crowded, yellowish-white, pinkish before expanding. Styles 8-12,—-Cultivated in gardens with a double flower. 1. S. Ulmaria, leaves interruptedly pinnate, serrate, pubes- cent beneath, the terminal leaflet largest, and lobed; principal cyme surmounted by 2 smaller ones; styles many. Lighif- p. 259. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 536. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 152. E. B. t. 960. Has. Moist meadows, ditch and stream-sides, very frequent. July, August. 2. Meadow-sweet.—Stems 3-4 feet high, furrowed. Leaves dark green, pin- nate, the leaflets more or less ovate-acute, unequally serrate, terminal one mostly 3-lobed, with very small intermediate ones, beneath clothed with a white down. Stipules roundish, toothed. Flowers crowded, yel- lowish-white, cymose, 2 lateral branches usually rising in-a proliferous manner above the first cyme; odour strong, agreeable. Styles 6-8. 2 = Rosa. TICOSANDRIA, POLYGYNIA. 111 II. POLYGYNIA. 5. ROSA *. (Wat. Ord. RosacE®x, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 261.) * PIMPINELLIFOLI£. Setigerous, with subuniform crowded arms, or unarmed; very rarely with bracteas. Leaflets ovate or oblong. Segments of the calyx connivent, persis- tent. Disk almost none. 1. R. spinosissima, arms unequal ; leaflets plane, without pu- bescence, simply serrate. Lindl. Monog. p. 50. Lightf. p. 50. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 537. Hook. Fl. Scot. p.154. E. B. t. 187. Has. Dry pastures, especially near the sea, and waste places. By Dud- dingston Loch, on the hill side, Lightfoot. Links near Cockenzie, with the petals red at the base (R. ciphiana, Sibbald), Maughan. Hills above N. Queensferry, and road-sides between Duddingston and Mus- selburgh. June. h. Burnet Rose.—A dwarf, compact, dark (sometimes reddish) green bush, with creeping roots. Branches short, stiff, much divided, beset by very dense, unequal prickles or sete ; some of the former being usually falcate. Leaves close together, quite free from pubescence; stipules either narrow or di- lated, of nearly equal breadth; petiols setigerous and prickly; leaflets about 7, bright green, flat, simply serrated, orbicular or nearly so. Flowers solitary, without bracteas, cyathiform, blush-coloured ; peduncles. naked, or rough with glands or setze, as are the calycine segments, which are short and entire; tube ovate, or nearly round, naked ; petals emargi- * In this most beautiful and most difficult genus, I feel that I cannot do better than follow the example of my friend Dr Hooker, and quote the words of Mr Lindley, who has assuredly done more to elucidate the Roses than any preceding botanist. I shall even give his divisions at length; for I conceive every assistance to be of importance to the student. The following parts must be explained in Mr Lindley’s own words: “« Arms is a term used to express the presence of sete and. prickles, mixed in- discriminately.” “ Sete or bristles. are little straight prickles (aculei) tipped with a gland. They are known from real glands by their rigidity, greater length, and ten- dency to pass into-prickles. They exist at some period, I believe, in all species upon the root-shoots, where they are quickly changed into prickles, , by losing their gland. On their presence on the branches depend some of my most natural divisions.” Mr Lindley finds important characters in their form and inequality. “ Glands which are perhaps better distinguished from sete by their scent than any thing else, are for the most part attached to the leaves on the un-. der surface.” “* Pubescence on the branches, peduncles or tube of the calyx, is the only in« variable character I have discovered in Roses; but just the reverse is the case with pubescence upon the leaves.” “The shape of the sepals (calycine segments) may sometimes be considered, but very rarely, their degree of division. é “« Distinctions drawn from the shape of the tube of the calyx, can in no instance be employed. All varieties of form may be found in canina and tomen= tosa.” 112 ICOSANDRIA. POLYGYNIA. Rosa. nate, concave; disk not thickened ; styles villous, distinct. Fruit ovate or nearly round, black or dark purple, crowned by the connivent or some- what spreading segments of the calyx.—Lindl. 2. R. Sabini, bristles few, and prickles unequal, distant ; leaflets doubly serrate, tomentose; calycine segments compound. Lindl. Monog. p. 59. Hook. ¥ 1. Scot. p. 155. 6. Doniana, bristles scarcely any, prickles nearly straight. R. Doniana, Woods, Linn. Trans. v. xu. p. 188. Has. Thickets and mountainous places. . Banks of the Water of Leith, near Colinton, Mr Borrer. June. hh. Sabine’s Rose.—Shrub 8-10 feet high. Branches erect, stout, dark brown, armed with distant falcate prickles, and a few setze (bristles). Leaves grey, distant ; stipules narrow, fringed with glands; petiols downy, glan- dular, armed with little prickles; leaflets 5-7, oval, doubly serrate, flat, hairy on both sides, a little glandular beneath. Flowers usually solitary, sometimes in great bunches ; peduncles and calyx very hispid; the tude round; calycine segments compound. Fruit round, scarlet, hispid with bristles.—Can this be after all a production of R. tomentosa mollis 2— Lindl. ** Vittose. Root-shoots straight. Prickles nearly so. Leaf~ lets ovate or oblong, with diverging serratures. Calycine segments connivent, persistent. Disk incrassated, closing the mouth. 3. R. tomentosa, leaflets ovate, somewhat acute; fruit his- pid or naked. Lindl. Monog. p.'77. Hook. FI. Scot. p. 158. #. vera, shoots curved ; calycine segments compound. R. ¢o- mentosa, Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 589. FE. B. t. 990. R. scabrius- cula, KE. B. t. 1896. 8. mollis, shoots quite straight; calycme segments nearly simple. R. mollis, E. B. t. 2459. - Has. Woods, brakes, waste places. a, Sea-side between Caroline Park and Cramond. £, Between Ravelston wood and Edinburgh, Messrs Borrer and Hooker. June. h. Downy-leaved Dog Rose.—Seven or eight feet high, spreading, very grey. Branches somewhat glaucous, armed with straight (rarely falcate), equal, scattered prickles, and without bristles. Leaves hoary with down; sti- pules concave, dilated, somewhat toothed, and fringed with glands; petiols slightly prickly and glandular; leafiets about 5, oblong or ovate, obtuse, doubly serrate; serratwres diverging, rarely converging ; soft and rugose, paler beneath, and sometimes slightly glandular, when bruised having a turpentine smell. Flowers 1 or more, reddish, or cup-shaped, with short stalks ; bracteas ovate or oblong, downy, longer or shorter than the pe- duncles, which are hispid with unequal bristles and glands; tube of the calyx ovate, oblong or round, usually hispid, sometimes nearly smooth ; calycine segments compound, spreading, always hispid at the back ; petals entire, obcordate, concave; disk thickened, flat; styles very hairy, dis- tinct. Fruit somewhat purple, round or obovate, or depressed, usually hispid, crowned by the converging calycine segments; but these some-~ times fall off immediately after the fruit is ripe.—Lindl. g a Rosa. ICOSANDRIA. POLYGYNIA. 113 *** Rupicinossx. Prickles unequal, sometimes lke bristles, rarely (if ever) wanting. Leaflets ovate or oblong, glan- dulose, with divergent serratures. Calycine segments per- sistent. Disk incrassated. Shoots curved. 4. R. rubiginosa, prickles hooked; leaflets rugose, opake ; calyces and peduncles hispid. Lindl. Monog. p. 86. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 157. «. vulgaris, prickles strong, very unequal; styles hairy; fruit evate or oblong. R. rudiginosa, Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 540. E. B. t.991. R. suavifolia, Lightf. p. 262. . S. inodora, prickles much hooked, nearly equal; leaflets less glandular; calycine segments deciduous before maturity. R. du- metorum, ¥. B. t. 2579. Has. Woods and hedges. «, Hedges about Redhall, Dr Parsons. Sea- side between Carolina Park and Cramond. 3%, Near Edinburgh, Mr Borrer. June. hh. Sweet-brier.—Much branched, 3-4 feet high, with a more compact habit than R. canina. Branches bright green, aout armed with numerous, hooked, unequal, scattered, strong prickles; on the roct-shoots sometimes very small, and tipped with a gland. Leaves dull, rugose, green, very sweet scented, covered beneath with numerous brown glands; stipules di- lated, minutely toothed, hairy beneath; petiols with a few strong, un- equal prickles, somewhat spoon-shaped, usually naked above, covered with hairs, and very pale and rugose beneath. Flowers 1-3 ponents concave, pale blush; bracteas pale, lanceolate, acute, concave, slightly hairy and glandular; peduncles and calyx hispid, with weak bristles; tube ovate; calycine segments reflexed, pinnate; petals obcordate; disk much thickened ; germens 30-40; styles hoary, distinct. Fruit orange-red, roundish, oblong or obovate, hispid or smooth; crowned by the ascending calycine segments.—Lindi. ***% Cantina. Prickles equal, hooked. Leaflets ovate, not glandulose, the serratures connivent. Calycine segments deciduous. Disk incrassated, closing the mouth. Larger shoots curved. 5. R. canina, leaflets rigid, ovate; germens 20-30. Lind. Monog. p. 98. Lighif p. 262. Smith, FI. Brit. p. 540. Hook. F1. Scot. p. 157. FE, B. t. 992. Has. Woods and hedges, common. June. hh. Dog Rose.—A straggling brier 6-7 feet high. The branches bright green, reddish brown on the sunny side, armed with strong, scattered, hooked, nearly equal prickles (rarely straight and then much closer together), and no bristles. Leaves distant, pale or dark green, often tinged with red, in exposed situations usually much blistered by the sun, quite free from pubescence ; stipules rather dilated, a little reflexed, acute-pointed; pe- tiol armed with a few, little, hooked prickles ; leaflets 5-7, ovate or ob- long, acute or rounded, sessile or subsessile, flat or concave, even or ru- gose, coarsely or finely, simply or doubly serrated, the serratures always acute, without glands, and converging. Cymes one or many-flowered ; bracteas ovate-lanceolate, appressed, acute, concave or flattish, finely H 114 ICOSANDRIA. POLYGYNIA. Rusus. toothed and glandular at the edge; peduncles and calyx smooth ; tube ovate ; calycine segments spreading, sharp-pointed, deciduous, somewhat divided ; petals obcordate, concave ;. disk very thick, elevated ; germens 20-30 ; styles nearly smooth, distinct, included or a little exserted. Fruit ovate or oblong; scarlet, shining, without any bloom; pericarps large, un- even.—Lindl. #eEEE Systine. Styles cohering in a lengthened column. Stipules adnate. 6. R. arvensis, shoots flagelliform ;. prickles unequal, hooked ; leaflets glaucous beneath. Lindl. Monog. p. 112. Lightf: p- 261. Smith, Fl. Bnit.. p.538. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 158. E. B. t. 188. Has. Hedges and thickets, not common. King’s Park, Mr Neill. June, July. White Field Rose.—Branches flagelliform, procumbent,. slender, dull glau- cous purple, armed with scattered, falcate, or straightish, equal prickles, those of the old shoots almost white, of the young ones smaller and red, sometimes none (in weak specimens). Leaves distant, dark green, or, on a chalky soil, yellowish ; stipules narrow, flat, naked, fringed with glands, red in the middle; petiols pubescent, with scattered glands, and little falcate, dorsal prickles ;:/eaflets 5-7, flat, ovate, somewhat waved, simply serrate, very glaucous beneath, the rib somewhat hairy. Flowers solitary on the branchlets; numerous on the root-shoots, white, with a yellow base and slight scent, at first cyathiform, afterwards more open ; peduncles rough with glands, and a very few bristles ; tube of the calyx ovate, naked ; calycine segments short, ovate, concave, a little divided, those which are so, rough with glands; petals obovate, emarginate ; stamens persistent ; disk elevated, fleshy ; pericarps 156-25; styles united into a long smooth column. Fruit scarlet, round or oblong.—Lindi. 6. RUBUS. (Nat. Ord. RosacE#, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 263.) 1. R. ideus, leaves pinnate; leaflets 3-5, whitish and very downy beneath ; petiols channelled ; stem nearly erect, prickly. Lightf. p. 263. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 541. Hook. Fil. Scot. p. 159. E. B.t. 2442. Has. Woods, abundant. King’s Park, Mr Bainbridge. Rosslyn, Auchindenny, and Arniston woods. Corstorphine Hill. June. h. Raspberry.—Stems rather shrubby, numerous, 2—4 feet high, rounded, vary- ing in their degree of hispidity. Leaves subovate, cut and serrate ; petiols pubescent, with scattered prickles. Flowers drooping, panicled, white. Petals small, plane. #ruit crimson, rendered setose from the permanent styles.—Fruit in regular request for the table. 2. R..cesius, leaves ternate, hairy beneath, the lateral leaf- lets lobed. externally ; stem prickly, prostrate, glaucous; calyx embracing the fruit. Lightf. p. 264. Smith, FI. Brit. p. 542. Hook. ¥}. Scot. p. 160. E. B. t. 826. Has. Woods and hedges, &c., rare. Between Dalkeith and Pathhead, nine miles from Edinburgh, Maughan. July. h- Dew-berry.—Stems prostrate, trailing, remarkably glaucous, not very woody. Leaflets not white beneath, but hairy, doubly serrate, the lateral ones Fracaria. ICOSANDRIA. POLYGYNIA. 115 with several lobes. lowers in prickly, few-flowered, terminal panicles. Petals white or pinkish, waved, roundish, obovate. /ruit rather large, few-grained, black, with a blue bloom, acid, agreeable. 3. R. corylifolius, leaves pinnate; leaflets 3-5, hairy be- neath ; stems diffuse, rounded, with nearly straight prickles. Hook. F\. Scot. p. 160. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 542. KE. B. t. 827. Has. Woods and hedges. Rosslyn and Auchindenny woods. Near Craigcrook. Granton woods by the sea-side. July. hh. Hazel-leaved Bramble.—Stems very long, curved and trailing, fragile, round- ed, with the prickles scattered and straightish. Leaves irregularly cut and serrate ; the lateral leaflets subsessile. Flowers panicled, white. Pe- tals waved, concave. Fruit dark or blackish violet, hemispherical, the grains large. Calyx reflexed after flowering. 4. R. fruticosus, leaves pinnate; leaflets mostly 5, petiolate, hoary with pubescence beneath; stem angular, with hooked prickles on the angles. Lightf: p. 264. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 543. Hook. F\. Scot. p. 160. E. B. t. 715. Has. Woods and hedges, very common. July. h. Common Bramble.—Stems much like the preceding, but stouter and not brittle, also obtusely angular, and having strong hooked prickles on the angles only, which is the best constant specific distinction between this and the last. Leaflets shortly petiolate, and somewhat attenuate at the base. Flowers numerous, panicled. Petals mostly tinged with pink. Fruit roundish, blackish purple, of many rather small grains. 5. R. saxatilis, herbaceous; leaves ternate, slightly pube- scent; runners creeping ; panicle few-flowered. Light. p- 265. Smith, Fl. Brit..p. 544. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 161. E. B. t. 2233. i Has. Moist rocky places, banks in alpine situations. Rosslyn woods, Maughan. Pentland Hills, near Colinton, Messrs Arnott and Gre- ville. June. 2/. Stone Bramble.—Stems slender, 8-12 inches high, erect, somewhat hairy, without prickles, or with a very few weak ones, producing 2 or 3 leaves on longish petiols. Leaflets broadly ovate, doubly serrate. Panicle 2-5 flowered. Calyx spreading, segments lanceolate. Petals very small, mostly erect, white. Frwit fine red, of a few large distinct grains or clus- tered drupes, 2-5 together. 6. R. Chamemorus, herbaceous, dicecious; leaves simple, lobed ; stem without prickles, 1-flowered. Lightf p. 266. t. 13. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 545. Hook. FI. Scot. p. 161. E. B. t. '716. Has. Banks on the mountains. Top of the eastern Cairn Hill, one of of the Pentlands, Messrs Sommerville and E. Maughan. July. 2. Cloudberry.—Root creeping. Stems 6-10 inches high, slender, bearing 2 or 3 roundish, plicate, lobed, and serrate leaves. Flower large, white. Ca- lyx with ovate segments. Fruit orange, a cluster of large subdistinct grains or drupes.—Taste agreeable. 7. FRAGARIA. (Nat. Ord. RosacE#, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 263.) 1. F. wesca, root with creeping scions ; hairs of the pedicels HR 116 ICOSANDRIA. POLYGYNIA. Potentittia. appressed and sericeous beneath the calyx. Lightf p. 267. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 546. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 162. E. B. t. 1524. Has. Woods and banks, common. May—July. 2/. Wood Strawberry.—Root throwing out long runners above ground, which radicate at intervals, and produce new plants. . Leaves radical, or nearly so, ternate, pubescent beneath. Scape 3-8 inches high, bracteated. Flowers in a panicle, white, erect. Fruit drooping, ovate, red, pulpy, studded with the small smooth pericarps.—F. elatior is distinguished by the pedicels being covered with abundant patent hairs. 8. POTENTILLA. (Nat. Ord. RosacEz, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 263.) * Leaves ternate. 1. P. Fragaria, “ leaflets obovate, deeply serrate, silky on each side (espectally beneath) ; petals obcordate, as long as the calyx ; stems procumbent.” Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 164. Fragaria sterilis, Light: p. 268. Smith, F1. Brit. p. 546. E. B. t. 1785. Has. Woods and banks, very common. March, April. 2. Barren Strawberry.—Plant 2 or 3 inches high. Flowering stems slender, 1 or 2- leaved, bearing 1-3 white flowers on pedicels. Pericarps not accompanied by a pulpy fruit, rugose. 2, P. Tormentilla *, leaves ternate, sessile; leaflets lanceo- late, inciso-serrate ; flowers 4-petalled ; stem ascending. Sibth. Tormentilla officinalis, Hook. F\. Scot. p. 164. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 552. E. B. t. 863. 7". erecta, Lightf. p. 272. Has. Dry heathy pastures, very common. June, July. 2. Common Tormentil. Root large, woody. Stems 6-12 inches long, nume- rous, slender, branched dichotomously. Leaves all sessile, somewhat hairy. Stipules deeply cleft, making the leaves appear quinate at first sight. Flowers on long pedicels, axillary, and terminal, small, golden yellow. Petals mostly 4, and calycine segments 8; but sometimes 5, and the latter 10. . ** Leaves digitate. 3. P. argentea, leaves quinate ; leaflets cuneiform, cut, white and downy beneath, margins revolute ; stem suberect. Lighif- p- 270. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 549. Hook. FI. Scot. p. 162. E. B. t. 89. Has. Barren stony pastures, rare. Craig Brae, near Dundas Castle, Mr Falconer. Blackford Hill and Binny-craig, Maughan. June. 2/. Hoary Cinquefoil.Stems spreading, 6-12 inches long, whitish and tomen- * It is not any desire of innovation that induces me to exclude the ge- nus Tormentilla. 1t may truly be said of the two species, that they are whol- ly Potentille in habit, and in every other respect, save the number of the ca- lycine segments and petals; and these are not unfrequently of the proper number to make them Potentillez. Sir J. E. Smith remarks, that 7. reptans has sometimes 5 petals in the beginning of its flowering; a fact which seems to indicate one of those anomalies which sometimes occur, but cannot be ac- tually sufficient to remove a plant from so strong a natural affinity. Porentitta. ICOSANDRIA. POLYGYNIA. 117 tose, slightly branched. Leafiets sometimes rather cleft than serrate. Flowers in irregular corymbose panicles, numerous, small, yellow. 4. P. verna, radical leaves quinate, obovate-cuneiform, with obtuse serratures, hairy beneath ; petals obcordate, longer than the calyx; stem decumbent. Lightf: p.270. Smith, F1. Brit. p. 550. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 162. E. B. t. 37. Has. Rocky pastures. SW. side of Arthur’s Seat, Lightfoot. Hills about North Queensferry, common, Maughan. Rocks at~Craiglock- hart. May, June. Spring Cinquefoil.Stems decumbent, 3-6 inches long, branched. Leaves on longish petiols, glabrous above, pubescent beneath, and at the mar- gin sharply serrate, but the serratures obtuse; cawline ones ternate. * Flowers at the end of weak leafy branches, 2 or 3 together, on long footstalks, bright yellow,” Hook. 5. P. procumbens, radical leaves quinate, petiolate, leaflets obovate-cuneiform, inciso-dentate; flowers 4-petalled ; stem prostrate. S2bth. Tormentilla reptans, Lightf: p. 273. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 553. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 164. E. B. t. 864. Has. Borders of fields and waste places. Near Kirkcaldy, Mr Stewart. June, July. 2. Procumbent Cinquefoil.—_Stems few, prostrate, 12-20 inches long, not root- ing. Leaves on long petiols, hairy ; cauline ones ternate, sessile. Flowers golden yellow, on slender branches and longish peduncles. Petals 4, broadly obcordate. Calycine segments 8. Not unfrequently the petals are 5, and the calycine segments 10. 6. P. reptans, leaves quinate, obovate-obtuse, widely serrate ; peduncles 1-flowered, axillary, longer than the leaves; stem filiform, creeping. Lightf. p. 271. Smith, FI. Brit. p. 551. Took. F1. Scot. p. 163. E. B. t. 862. Has. Fields and road-sides. Links and road-sides east of Musselburgh, Mr Arnott. Road leading up to Craigmillar Castle, immediately after leaving-the main road to Dalkeith by Prestonfield, Mr Neill, June, August. 2/. Common Creeping Cinquefoil.—Stems slender, long, resembling runners, ra~ dicating at the joints, and throwing up from the same point a few leaves and flower-stalks, the petiols of the one and peduncles of the other being long, erect, 2-6 inches in length. Flowers large, deep yellow.—Under a wall in a shaded situation I have seen the running stems 4 feet long. *** Leaves pinnate. 7. P. anserina, leaves interruptedly pinnate, serrate, ver silky beneath ; stem creeping; peduncles axillary, eaererce Lightf: p. 268. Smith, F 1. Brit. p. 547. Hook. F1. Scot. p. 162. E. B. t. 861. Has. Moist meadows and road-sides, very common. June, July. 2. Silver-weed.—Stems prostrate, radicating at the joints, and throwing up leaves and a solitary peduncle from the same point. The degree of silki- ness varies. Flowers large, handsome, delicate yellow. 118 ICOSANDRIA. POLYGYNIA. Geum. 9. GEUM. (Nat. Ord. RosacE&, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 262.) 1. G. urbanum, flowers erect ; awns naked; “ cauline leaves ternate, radical ones lyrato-pinnate,” (Hook.) Lightf. p. 278. Smith, Fl. Brit. p.554.. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 165. E. B. t. 1400. Has. Woods and hedges, very common. May—August. 2/. Common Avens.—Stems 1-2 feet high, branched upwards. Radical leaves on long petiols, with the terminal leaflet very large, the lateral ones minute cazline ones sessile. Flowers terminal, solitary, on longish erect peduncles, yellow. Petals patent, roundish, mostly shorter and rarely longer than the calyx. Awns of the fruit hooked. 2. G. rivale, flowers drooping ; awns feathery ; radical leaves interruptedly lyrato-pimnate. Lightf p. 274. Smith, FI]. Brit. p- 554. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 165. HH. B. t. 106. Has. Moist woods and marshy grounds, frequent. Habbie’s How and Newbattle woods, Dr Graham. Rosslyn, Auchindenny, and Arniston woods. Colinton woods, &c. June, July. Water Avens.—Stems about a foot high, slightly branched upwards, hairy. Radical leaves lyrate, the size and shape of the leaflets varying, the ter- minal one the largest-5 cauline ones ternate or simple. Flowers on long nodding, reddish peduncles. Caly# large, reddish or purplish, campanu- late. Petals erect, obcordate, with a longish claw, pinkish orange. Awns plumose, hooked.—F lowers sometimes yellow, and resembling a hybrid between the two. This has been found by Mr Maughan in Colinton woods, and by Dr Graham on the banks of the Esk above Newbattle. A variety with double flowers occurs also in a wild state, and has been found by Mr Neill by the Water of Leith in several places. 10. COMARUM. (Nat. Ord. RosacEa, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 264.) 1. C. palustre. Lightf: p. 276. Smith, F1. Brit. p. 566. Hook. FI. Scot. p. 165. EB: Has. Bogs and marshes, frequent. Duddingston Loch; Braid Hill marshes; Pentland Hills, &c. July. 2. Marsh Cinquefoil—Root creeping. Stems ascending, 6-12 inches long, branched, smooth. Lower leaves petiolate, pinnate ; leaflets 5-7, lanceo- late, serrate, smooth, very rarely villose; wpper ones sessile, quinate or ternate, with a pair of stipules at their base. Flowers few, terminal, in a sort of panicle, dark purple. Calyx large, spreading, with alternate large and small segments. Petals minute, acute, purple. J 7rwit conico- hemispherical, spongy, not deciduous, the pericarps partly imbedded as in Fragaria; the surface setose with the permanent styles.—The variety with villose leaves I have found in a bog above North Queensferry. ~ CuELIDoNIumM. POLYANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. 119 XIII. POLYANDRIA. I. MONOGYNIA. 1, CHELIDONIUM. (Nat. Ord. PapavERACE®, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 292.) 1. C. majus. Lightf. p. 278. Smith, FI. Brit. p. 563. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 167. E. B. t. 1581. Haz. Waste places. Ruins of Corstorphine Castle, Mr Neill. Between the eight-mile stone and Cockenzie on the Haddington road from Edin- burgh, Mr Arnott. May, June. 2/. Celadine.—Plant full of an orange juice. Stems 1-2 feet high, branched, rounded, hairy. Leaves pinnate ; leaflets mostly 5, decurrent, broadly ovate, more or less lobed, and obtusely crenato-serrate, very glaucous beneath. Flowers yellow, in long, pedunculate, axillary umbels. Calyx deciduous. Petals 4, delicate. Pod long, somewhat turgid.—Juice used to destroy warts. 2. GLAUCIUM. (Nat. Ord. PapavERACE#, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 292.) 1. G. luteum, peduncles 1-flowered ; cauline leaves amplexi- caul, sinuate; stem glabrous. Hook. F 1. Scot. p. 167. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 563. E. B. t. 8. Chelidonium glaucium, Lightf. Peg: Has. Sea-coasts; rarely inland. Near Queensferry, Lightfoot. Near Rosythe Castle; gravelly bed of the Water of Leith, beyond Colt- bridge, Mr Neill. Sandy shores near Gosford and North Queens- ferry, Maughan. July, August. ©. Yellow Horned-Poppy.—Plant spreading, very glaucous. Stems 1-3 feet long, decumbent, ascending at the ends. Radical leaves lyrato-pinnatifid, long, scabrous. Flowers large, bright yellow, numerous. Pod elongated after flowering, 6-12 inches.—Fcetid and poisonous. 3. PAPAVER. — (Nat. Ord. PapavERACES, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 292.) * Capsules hispid. 1. P. Argemone, capsule clavate, hispid; stem leafy, many- flowered. Lightf> p. 279. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 566. Hook Fl. Scot. p. 168. FE. B. t. 643. Has. Corn-fields and waste grounds. King’s Park, Mr Bainbridge. Road-sides about Lasswade. June. ©). Long Prickly-headed Poppy.—Flant hairy. Stem erect, slender, branched. Leaves pinnate or bi-pinnate, segments narrow ; ower ones on long pe- tiols. Flowers on long peduncles, small, dull scarlet, drooping before ex- panding. Petals narrow-obovate, quickly falling. ‘Stamens dilated up- wards; anthers blueish. ** Capsules glabrous: 2. P. dubium, capsules glabrous, oblong ; stem many-flowered + 5) 120 POLYANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. Nymruea. hairy ; bristles of the flower-stalks appressed ; leaves pinnatifid. Lightf. p. 280. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 567. Hook. FI. Scot. p. 168. E. B. t. 644. Has. Corn-fields and waste ground. King’s Park, My Bainbridge. Frequent in fields round Edinburgh. July. : Long Smooth-headed Poppy.—Plant hairy ; hairs of the stem spreading, those of the flower-stalks closely appressed. Stem 2 feet high, slightly branch- ed. Leaves with broader segments than the preceding. Flowers larger, scarlet. Petals broad, irregularly crenate. Stamens linear. 3. P. Rhaas, capsules glabrous, nearly globose ; stem many- flowered, bristly, bristles all spreading ; leaves pinnatifid. Lightf- p. 279. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 567. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 168. E. B. t. 645. . Has. Corn-fields, very common. June, July. ©. Common Red Poppy.—About the same size as the last, and sufficiently dis- tinguished by the hairs being patent on the peduncles as well as the stem, and by the short roundish capsule. Flowers large, deep red. Pe- tals very broad.—A troublesome weed in corn-fields. 4. P. cambricum, capsules glabrous, oblong ; stem many-flow- ered, subglabrous; leaves pinnate, leaflets petiolate, lobed. Hook. F1. Scot. p. 168. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 568. E. B. t. 66. Has. Moist woods, rare. Banks of the Water of Leith, near Woodhall, Messrs Sommerville and Maughan. Braid woods, Mr Arnott. June, August. 2/. Yellow Poppy.—Stems 12-18 inches high, leafy, branched. Leaves large, the leaflets ovato-lanceolate, a good deal lobed, and obtusely cut, tender; pale green, glaucous beneath. Flowers yellow. Petals roundish, deli- cate. 4. NYMPHA@A. (Nat. Ord. NyMpH#ACE#, Hook. Scot. 2, p. 292.) 1. N. alba, leaves cordate; calyx 4leaved ; “ stigma of 16 ascending rays.” Lightf: p. 283. Smith, Fl. Bnt. p. 570. Hook. F\. Scot. p. 169. E. B. t. 160. Has. Lakes and ponds. Lochend, Maughan. July. Y. White Water-Lily.—Plant growing in the water. Leaves on long petiols, floating, large. lowers very large, magnificent, white. Calycine leaves somewhat longer than the petals, white within. Petals numerous, gra- dually diminishing in size towards the centre, and passing into sta- mens, which, as well as the petals, are inserted upon the germen. The latter decays without opening. 5. NUPHAR. (Nat. Ord. NyMPH#ACE&, Hook. Scot.-2. p. 293.) 1. N. lutea, “ leaves cordate, their lobes approximate; calyx 5-leaved ; stigma expanded, entire, with from 14-20 rays.” Hook. F\. Scot. p. 169. Nymphaea: lutea, Lightf p. 482. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 569. E. B. t. 169. Has. Lakes and ponds. Lochend, Maughan. July. 2/. Yellow Water-Lily.—Leaves large, floating, on long petiols. lowers large, deep yellow. Calycine léaves large, roundish, yellow, very concave. Pc- AquiILecia. POLYANDRIA. PENTAGYNIA. 121 tals numerous, small, obtuse, fleshy, orange. Stamens and anthers re- curved, numerous, the outer ones somewhat the largest. Fruit “‘ flagon- shaped,” (Hook.), large, terminating in the flat, dilated stigma. Seeds numerous, large.—F lowers smelling like brandy. 6. TILIA. (Nat. Ord. Tit1acE®, Hook, Scot. 2. p, 273.) 1. T. europea, flowers without a nectary; leaves cordate, acuminate, serrate ; ‘ pericarp ribbed, woody,” Hook.- Lightf: p. 280. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 571. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 170. E. B. t. 610. : Has. Woods and hedges. Hope Park, &c. July. hh. Lime or Linden-tree.—A handsome, large tree, with a smooth bark, the young branches mostly reddish. _ Leaves numerous, petiolate, glabrous, veined. Flowers small, greenish, in drooping pedunculate umbels or cymes, which arise from the centre of a long, lanceolate, foliaceous brac- tea, of a pale yellowish green colour, and deciduous with the fruit, which is ]-celled and 1-seeded.—F lowers very fragrant. 7. HELIANTHEMUM. (Nat. Ord. CistEx, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 284.) 1. H. vulgare, somewhat shrubby, procumbent ; leaves ob- long, subpilose, whitish and pubescent beneath, revolute at the margin; stipules lanceolate. ich. in Pers. Syn. 2. p- 79. Cistus Helianthemum, Lightf: p.280. Smith, FI. Brit. p. 575. Hook. F1. Scot. p. 170. E. B. t. 1821. C. tomentosus, FE. B. t. 2208. Has. Dry pastures. King’s Park, plentiful, Lightfoot. July, August. h- Common Dwarf-Cistus.—Stems several from the same root, rather slender, 3-6 inches long. Leaves opposite, oblong or elliptic-oblong, shortly pe- tiolate, variable in regard to the breadth, the degree of hairiness, and re- volution of the margin. Flowers delicate, yellow, in terminal racemes, the petals very deciduous. Calyx of 3 large and 2 small leaves.—This plant, in common with a large group, varies from the true Cisti in having a 1-locular 3-valved capsule; assuredly sufficient to constitute a good genus. I perfectly agree with Dr Hooker in regarding C. tomentosus as the same plant we have described. Il. PENTAGYNIA. 8. AQUILEGIA. (Nat. Ord. RANUNCULACEE “, Juss.) 1. A. vulgaris, spur of the petals incurved ; capsules vil- lose ; stem leafy, mariy-flowered ; leaves glabrous; styles not longer than the stamens. De Cand. Lightf. p. 284. Smith, FI. Brit. p. 578. Hook. Fl. Scot. p.170. E. B. t. 297. Has. Woods and moist pastures. Colinton woods, Dr Parsons in Light- foot. June. 2. * This genus 1s omitted in the 2d part of Dr Hooker’s Flora Scotica. 122 POLYANDRIA. HEXAGYNIA. Srrartores. Common Columbine.—Stems 1-2 feet. high, branched, leafy. Leaves bi-ter- nate, petiolate ; leaflets irregular in form, more or less divided into ob- tuse, roundish lobes, glaucous beneath ; cauline ones sessile. Flowers large, drooping, pedunculate. Calycine leaves 5, purple, large, erect. Petals 5, purple, passing into large, hollow, spurred nectaries, which protrude be- tween the leaves of the calyx.—Liable to many variations in the colour of the flower, characters of the leaves, &c. Ill. HEXAGYNIA. 9. STRATIOTES. (Nat. Ord. HypRocHARIDE#, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 187.) 1. S. aloides, leaves ensiform, somewhat triangular, serrate, the serratures prickly. Hook. Fl. Scot. p.171. Smith, F1, Brit. p- 579. E. B. t. 379. Pay Ponds and ditches, rare. Duddingston Loch, Maughan. July. Water Soldier.—Plant growing in water, and striking long roots and run- ners into the mud, the latter throwing up young plants to succeed the old ones, which flower but once. Leaves resembling those of an Aloe, as both Smith and Hooker have observed, arranged also in the same man- ner, all arising from the base; they are rigid, 6-9 inches long, linear- lanceolate, and edged with very prickly serratures. Flower white, solitary, large, produced on a scape, and issuing from a 2-leaved spatha. Petals 3, rounded, concave. Stamens with subulate anthers. Styles mostly 6.— Flowers said to be sometimes dicecious. IV. POLYGYNIA. 10. ANEMONE. (Nat. Ord. RanuncuLacE®, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 294.) 1. A. nemorosa, leaves ternate, the segments trifid, variously cut; involucre similar, petiolate; stem 1-flowered; capsules awnless. Lightf p. 284. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 581. Hook. FI. Scot. p. 171. E. B. t. 355. Has. Woods, brakes, and moist pastures, very common. April, June. 2/. Wood Amemone.—Root black, somewhat tuberous. Plant 6-8 inches high. Leaves glabrous or subpilose, on long petiols. Znvolucre within 2 inches of the flower, large, of 3 petiolate leaves. Flower solitary, pedunculate, large, whitish, tinged on the outside with pink or purple. 11. CLEMATIS. (Nat. Ord. RanuncuwacE#, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 293.) 1. C. Vitalba, stem climbing; leaves pinnate, the leaflets cordato-ovate, inciso-lobate, acuminate ; peduncles shorter than the leaves. Hook. FI. Scot. p. 171. Smith, FI. Brit. p. 583. E. B. t. 612. Has. Woods and hedges. Colinton woods, Maughan, (certainly not truly wild.) May, June. 2. Travellers’ Joy.—Stems sarmentose, very long, much entangled, climbing by means of the twisting petiols, which act as tendrils, and do not fall TuaticrrumM. POLYANDRIA. POLYGYNIA. 123 with the leaves. Leaves opposite, spreading; leaflets variable in the lobes and serratures, rarely entire. owers in axillary panicles, white, sweet-scented. Capsules with long feathery awns, very conspicuous. 12. THALICTRUM. (Nat. Ord. RanuncuLacE#&, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 294.) 1. T’. minus, stems glaucous; leaves tripinnate, leaflets gla- brous, roundish-ovate, mostly 3-dentate, glaucous beneath ; flowers panicled, drooping ; ‘ pericarps acute at each extre- mity.” DC. Lightf p. 285. Smith, F I. Brit. p.584. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 172. E. B.t. 11. Has. Hilly pastures, and downs by the sea-side. Between Carolina Park and Cramond, G. Don. Coast west of Kirkcaldy, Messrs Ar- nott and Greville, plentiful in both stations. June, July. 2. Lesser Meadow-Rue.—Stem about a foot high, somewhat flexuose and branch- ed in a divaricate manner, covered with a glaucous bloom. Leaves spread- ing; leaflets small, varying in form, with 3-5 obtuse teeth at the apex, which is sometimes so truncate as to render the shape cuneiform. Flowers with a 4-leaved perianth. 2. T. majus, stem glaucous towards the base; leaves tripinnate, leaflets glabrous, glaucous beneath, lobed and toothed, the main lobes and teeth ovate, acute; flowers in large panicles, droop- ing; “ pericarps obliquely rounded at the base ;” DC. Hook. FI. Scot. p. 172.? Smith, FI. Brit. p.585.? E. B. t. 611. ? Has. Stony pastures and thickets. Hills about North Queensferry, Maughan. July. Greater Meadow-Rue.—Stem 2 feet high or more, flexuose, glaucous towards the base, much branched upwards; branches divaricate. Leaves twice or thrice as large as the preceding; leaflets often lobed, sometimes only toothed, lobes mostly trifid; when there are only teeth, there are 3-5 ; teeth and lobes, especially the center ones, acute, mostly so in the up- permost leaves. Besides the glaucous hue beneath, there is also a me- tallic, or bronze-like effect, produced by very minute glands? which is not present in the minus. ‘This is very strong in my dried specimens, and probably is also to be seen in living ones. I have drawn up the above description from the North Queensferry plant, but will not venture to decide that it is the majus of many authors; of E. B. I think surely not. It differs from Decandolle’s in having a glaucous bloom on the lower part of the stem; but it agrees in the lo- bules of the upper leaflets being swbmucronate, at least the margin at each side the summit is slightly revolute, so as to produce the effect. The same author’s distinction, drawn from the pericarps, I have not been able to confirm, my specimens not being sufficiently advanced *. 13. RANUNCULUS. (Nat. Ord. RaNUNCULACE, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 294.) * Petals white, with a yellow claw, and a nectiferous pore at the base. 1. R. aquatilis, stem floating ; submersed leaves, capillaceo- * Th. favum is inserted in Lightfoot as growing near North Queensferry, on the authority of Dr Parsons. There is no doubt Th. majus was mistaken for it. 124 POLYANDRIA. POLYGYNIA. Rawnuncutvs. multifid, floating ones tripartite, with cut lobes ; petals obovate, larger than the calyx; pericarps more or less hispid. Lightf: P. a see Fl. Brit. p. 596. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 173. . B. t. 101. @. All the leaves submersed, divided into capillary diverging segments, forming a small orbicular outline. R. pantothria, «. Decand. Syst. Veg. 1. p. 235. y. All the leaves submersed, divided into long capillary seg- ments. R. pantothrix, y. Decand. |. c. p. 236. Has. In shallow pondsand ditches, very common. £ and y in Dudding- ston Loch. May, June. 2. Water Crowfoot.—Stems varying in length, according to the depth of the water, branched. Leaves, when floating, varying in the form of their 3 lobes, and when submersed, in the length and compactness of their capillary segments, which are more or less divided. Flowers mostly large, lively. Petals varying in size, but always larger than the calyx, claw always yellow. Pericarps more or less hispid, rarely, yet sometimes gla- brous, when mature.-—Dr Hooker’s observations in Flora Scotica are very just on this species. R. pantothrix and tripartitus of Decandolle seem to be mere varieties. Nearly allied to this, also, is R. multifidus, Ph., but it has yellow flowers ; and equally near is the R. dacustris of Dr Beck, though a remarkable plant. 2. R. hederaceus, stem creeping; leaves subreniform, with _ 3-5 broad, entire, very obtuse, shallow lobes ; petals scarcely longer than the calyx ; stamens 5-12. Lightf: p. 294. Hook. F]. Scot. p. 173. Smith, FI). Brit. p. 595. E. B. t. 2003. Has. Ditches and marshy places, occasionally under water. Road-side near Mordun, Mr D. Stuart. King’s Park, Mr Arnott. Summer. 2/ Ivy-leaved Crowfoot.—Stems short, striking numerous roots. Leaves many, petiolate, smooth, rather fleshy. Flowers axillary, very small, on short peduncles; the petals narrow, a little longer than the calyx. Pericarps glabrous. ** Flowers yellow ; petals with a nectiferous scale at the base. + Leaves undivided. 3. R. Flammula, leaves glabrous, linear-lanceolate, or sub- ovate, subentire, the lower ones petiolate; stem more or less decumbent, radicating ; peduncles opposite to the leaves. Lightf: p- 288. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 587. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 174. E. B. t. 387. Has. Bogs and marshy places, very frequent. King’s Park, &c. July, August. 2. i Lesser Spearwort.—Stems 6-18 inches long, somewhat branched, scarcely decumbent at the base, when strong and crowded by other plants, but sometimes weak, and quite procumbent. Leaves subserrate, or nearly entire, radical ones linear-ovate, petiolate. Flowers much smaller than in the following, which the whole resembles on a smaller scale. Pericarps smooth.—R. reptans of Lightfoot, figured by him in the title-page to vol. 1, of his Flora, is a var. of this species. A powerful and speedy emetic. Ranuneutus. POLYANDRIA. POLYGYNIA. 125 4. R. Lingua, leaves lanceolate, subserrate, sessile, semi- amplexicaul; stem erect, glabrous. Lightf p. 286. Smith, F]. Brit. p. 588. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 173. TE. B. t. 100. 8. Leaves entire, and rough as well as the stem, with nume- rous appressed hairs. Has. Ditches, lake-sides. Duddingston Loch, Dr Parsons in Lightfoot. (Chiefly var. 8.) July Y. Great Spearwort.—Stems 3-4 feet high, quite erect, stout, succulent, smooth or hairy, branched; branches erect. Leaves very long, linear-lanceolate, acuminate, subserrate or entire, serratures distant. lowers large, very handsome. ++ Leaves variously divided, + Pericarps smooth. Root perennial. 5. R. auricomus, leaves glabrous, radical ones petiolate, cor- date or reniform, mostly 3-partite and lobed, caulime ones di- vided to the base, in lear, sub-entire segments; calyx pubes- cent, shorter than the petals. Lightf p. 290. Smith, FI. Brit. p. 590. Hook. Fl. Scot. p.174. E. B. t. 624. Has. Woods. River-banks, opposite Lugton woods, near Dalkeith, Dr Parsons in Lightfoot. Rosslyn woods and Habbie’s How, Mr Arnott. April, May. 2. Wood Crowfoot.—Stems a foot high or more, glabrous, slender, erect, branch- ed. Leaves; radical ones shining, variously lobed and cut, on long pe- tiols; cauline ones cleft to the base, in about 6 or 7 linear segments, which are entire or somewhat toothed. Flowers often imperfect in the petals.—Not acrid. ; 6. R. sceleratus, leaves glabrous, radical ones petiolate, 3- partite, the segments lobed, cauline ones 3-lobed ; calyx sub- villose ; pericarps forming an oblong mass. Lighif’ p. 201. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 590. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 174. E. B. t. 681. Has. Moist places, pond-sides, &c. Banks of Duddingston Loch, Mr Bainbridge. June. Celery-leaved Crowfoot.—Plant glabrous. Stem 12-18 inches high, much branched, succulent, and often thick. Leaves shining; the segments of the lower ones variously lobed and cut, the upper ones often divided to the base. Flowers small. Petals roundish, spreading. Calyx and pe- duneles mostly villose (glabrous, Decand.) Pericarps small, very nume- rous. 7. R. acris, leaves mostly pubescent, 3-partite, the lobes deeply divided into cut segments, with acute apices; upper ones linear ; stem erect, many-flowered ; peduncles not furrow- ed; calyx spreading. Lightf p. 293. Smith, FI. Brit. p. 593. Hook. ¥ 1. Scot. p. 175. E. B. t. 652. Has. Meadows and pastures, very common. June, July. 2. Upright Meadow-Crowfoot.—Stem 6-20 inches high, branched, round, mostly hairy ; hairs appressed. Leaves tripartite, but appearing almost palmate from the lobes being cleft nearly to the base; segments more or less - eut; cauline leaves divided into linear segments. Calyx pubescent or 126 POLYANDRIA. POLYGYNIA. Ficarta. nearly glabrous, not deflexed. Flowers golden yellow, shining. Peri- carps terminated by a nearly straight point.—Plant acrid. Wery dwarf on the mountains, and 1-flowered. 8. R. repens, leaves ternate, central leaflet petiolate, deeply 3-lobed and cut ; main stems prostrate, flowering ones erect ; peduncles furrowed ; calyx spreading. Lighif. p.292. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 592. Hook. FJ. Scot. p.175. FE. B. t. 516. Has. Meadows, pastures, &c. Very abundant. June, August. 2/. Creeping Crowfoot.—Plant increasing by runners, which take root and throw up new plants. Flowering stems erect, 1-2 feet high. Leaves ternate; the two lateral leaflets on very short foot-stalks, trifid; the central one on a longer foot-stalk, 3-lobed, the lobes trifid; all more or less cut; uppermost stem-leaves entire. Calyx pilose, not reflexed. 5 9. R. bulbosus, radical leaves ternate, leaflets petiolate, trifid, the segments narrow, inciso-dentate ; stem erect, bulbous at the base ; calyx reflexed. Lightf p. 292. Smith, FI. Brit. p. 591. HTook. ¥F 1. Scot. p. 175. E. B. t. 515. Has. Pastures and waste ground, very common. May. 2. Bulbous Crowfoot.—Root bulbous. Stem 6 inches—2 feet high, somewhat branched, hairy. Leaves more or less hairy; terminal lobes of the lower ones subovate. Upper leaves sessile, cleft into linear segments. Pe- duncles furrowed. Calyx refiexed, hairy.—Plant acrid. +--+ Pericarps tuberculate or muricate. Root annual. 10. R. hirsutus, radical leaves ternate, or 3-lobed, leaflets trifid, cut; central one on a foot-stalk ; calyx reflexed ; root not bulbous; pericarps margined and tuberculate. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 175. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 592. E. B. t. 1504. Has. Pastures and waste places, not frequent. Pentland Hills, Mr Arnott. June. October. ©. Pale Hairy Crowfoot. Root fibrous. Stem 3-12 inches high, erect, branch- ed, hairy; hairs spreading. Radical leaves rather small, pale, hairy ; cauline ones more or less cut into linear segments. Peduncles furrowed, hairy. Calyx reflexed, hairy ; “‘ hairs glandular at the base.” (Sm. ) 11. R. arvensis, leaves glabrous, 3-partite, each division deeply 3-cleft into linear acute segments; stem erect, many- flowered ; pericarps muricate. Lightf. p. 294. Smith, FI). Bnt. p. 594. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 175. E. B. t. 135. Has. Corn-fields, rare. Corn-field near Stockbridge, Maughan. June. Corn Crowfoot.—Stem 12-18 inches high, much branched; the uppermost branches and peduncles subvillose. Segments of all the Jeaves more or less linear; glabrous. Flowers small. Petals obovate, narrow. Pericarps large, compressed, few, very muricate.—Plant very acrid, even poison- ous. 14. FICARIA. (Nat. Ord. RanuncutacEs&, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 295. under Ranunculus.) 1. F. ranunculoides, root composed of numerous small tu- 2 Trotiivs. POLYANDRIA. POLYGYNIA. 127 bers; stem leafy, 1-flowered; leaves cordate. Decand. Syst. Veg. 1. p. 304. Ranunculus Ficaria, Lightf: p. 289. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 589. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 174. E. B. t. 135. Has. Hedge banks, woods and borders of fields, very common. April, May. 2. Pilewort.—Root of several pyriform whitish tubers, with others often scarcely larger than grains of wheat. Stem 3-6 inches high, glabrous, succulent, leafy, 1-flowered. Leaves shining, very smooth, somewhat fleshy, cordate, angulato-crenate. Calyx 3, rarely 5-leaved. Petals elliptical, 8-12, greenish on the outside before expansion. 15. TROLLIUS. (Nat. Ord. RanuNCULACE#&, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 295.) 1. T. europeus, calycine leaves 15, concave, connivent ; petals 5-10, as long as the stamens. Lightf p. 295. Smith, FI. Brit. p. 597. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 176. E. B. t. 28. Has. Moist meadows and thickets. Banks of the Water of Leith, op- posite Newmill, above Currie: Meadow-ground south of Ravelrig- toll; near Borthwick Castle, Maughan. Lugton woods, Mr Neill. Woods at Mid-Calder, Dr Macdonald. Globe-flower._Stems several, 1-2 feet high, branched upwards. Leaves smooth, dark green, 5-partite, the lobes variously divided and cut; the radical ones on long petiols. Flowers large, very handsome, golden yel- low, almost globular from the roundish connivent leaves of the calyx. Petals linear.—I have followed Decandolle and Hooker in considering the corolla of Smith as the calya; and his nectaries as petals. 16. CALTHA. (Nat. Ord. RanuNCULACEs, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 296.) 1. C. palustris, stem suberect ; leaves cordate, suborbicular, obtusely crenate. Lightf p. 298. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 599. Hook. F1. Scot. p. 176. E. B. t. 506. 8. Stem decumbent, radicating at the lower joints ;. leaves cordato-triangular. C. radicans, BK. B. 2175. Has. Marshy meadows and wet places, very common. £. Very abun- dant on the Pentland Hills. May, June. Marsh Marigold.—Stems 3-18 mches high, stout, succulent, glabrous, sul- cate, slightly branched. Leaves large, shining, glabrous, cordate, round- ed; those of the stem sessile, smaller, and acutely crenate. Flowers large, pedunculate, fine deep yellow. Perianth 5-leaved. Stamens very: numerous.—Cultivated in gardens with double flowers. 17. HELLEBORUS. (Nat. Ord. RANUNCUEACEZ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 296.) 1. H. fetidus, stem many-flowered, leafy; leaves pedate, glabrous, the segments oblongo-linear serrate ; calyx concave, conn ee Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 176. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 598. E. B. t. 613. Has. Pastures and thickets. Between Anstruther and Kepply, Mr Chalmers. April. 2/. Stinking Hellebore.—A. bushy glabrous plant, 2 feet high. Stems stout, pale, 128 DIDYNAMIA. GYMNOSPERMIA. Asvea. branched. Leaves very dark green, on long petiols; the upper ones en- tire, with a broad pale membranaceous base. lowers panicled, nume- rous, pale green. Calyx large, tinged with purple at the apex. Petals very minute, tubular, terminating in a nectiferous base. Styles 3-4.— Foetid and acrid. XIV. DIDYNAMIA. I. GYMNOSPERMIA. 1. AJUGA. (Nat. Ord. Laniat., Hook. Scot. 2. p. 214.) 1. A. reptans, glabrous; stem solitary, throwing out creep- ing scions. Lightf p. 302. Smith, FI). Brit. p. 604. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 179. E. B. t. 489. Has. Woods and moist pastures, abundant. May, June. 2. Common Bugle.—F lowering-stem solitary, erect, 4-angled, 6-12 inches high, purplish. Leaves opposite, shining, subovate ; dower ones attenuated in- to a petiol; wpper ones sessile. Flowers pale blue, whorled, axillary ; the - whorls and leaves becoming crowded towards the top. Calyx hairy. Co- rolla with the lower lip 4-lobed—Whole plant generally tinged with purple. 2, TEUCRIUM. (Nat. Ord. Lantatx®, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 215.) 1. T. Scorodonia, leaves cordate, petiolate, pubescent, cre- nato-serrate ; stem erect ; flowers in lateral and terminal secund racemes. Lighif: p. 303. Smith, FI. Brit. p. 606. Hook. F1. Scot. p. 180. E. B. t. 15438. Has. Heaths, dry woods, and stony thickets. King’s Park, Mr Yal- den. Rosslyn woods, &c. July, August. 2/. Wood Sage.—Root creeping. Stems erect, rigid, hairy, 4-angled, 1-2 feet high. Leaves opposite, very rugose. Flowers yellowish white, in pairs, very shortly pedicellate, leaning one way. Lower lip of the corolla long, concave. Stamens much exserted, red.—Plant bitter, and smelling, ex- tremely like hops, especially when bruised. 3. MENTHA. (Nat. Ord. Lantata, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 215.) * Flowers in a spike. 1. M. piperita, spikes obtuse, interrupted below; leaves ovate, subglabrous, petiolate; calyx very smooth at the base, (Sin.) kK. B. t. 687. FI. Brit. p. 613. Has. Banks of streams, rare. Near Hdinburgh, Mr Greene. Septem- ber. 2. Peppermint.—“ Stem erect, branched, a little hairy with recurved hairs, of- ten purplish. Leaves petiolate, dark green, ovate, somewhat acute, ser- rate, smoothish above, more or less hairy beneath, never downy. Lowest whorl of flowers remote, sometimes spiked. Flower-stalks either quite smooth, or a little hairy upwards. Calyx slender, furrowed, dotted, the 1 Mentuoa. DIDYNAMIA. GYMNOSPERMIA. 129 teeth dark purple, and fringed. Corol/a purplish. Stamens shorter than the segments ;”” Smith.Leaves vary in form on one side to ovate-lan- ceolate, on the other to cordato-ovate. ** Flowers capitate or whorled. 2. M. hirsuta, flowers capitate or whorled ; leaves petiolate, ovate, serrate, more or less pubescent ; calyx hairy; stem and peduncles with reflexed hairs. Lightf p.104. Hook. F1. Scot. p. 180. Smith, Fl. Brit. p.616. KE. B. t. 447. M. aquatica, Lightf: p. 305. M. sativa, KE. B. t. 448. Has. Ditch and pond-sides; marshy places, very common. Dudding- ston Loch, several varieties. August, September. 2/. Hairy Water-mint.—Root creeping, throwing up many stems. Stems 1 to near 3 feet high, 4-angled, mostly purplish, varying as well as the leaves in the degree of hairiness. Hairs of the petiols spreading. Flowers some- times all capitate or all whorled, or both on the same individual, lilac- coloured, numerous. Calyx and peduncles mostly very hairy. Stamens usually longer than the corolla.—I have seen the flowers vary so much from whorled to capitate, and vice versa, that no dependence can be placed on the latter character. 3. M. rubra, flowers whorled; leaves ovate, subglabrous, petiolate; stem flexuose; pedicels and lower part of the calyx smooth, the teeth hairy. Hook. Fl. Scot. p.180. Smith, F1. Brit. p.619. E. B. t. 1413. Has. Banks of streams and ditches, rare. Musselburgh, Mr Borrer. September. 2/. Tall red Mint.—Stem 3-5 feet high, flexuose, reddish, glabrous. Leaves petiolate, broadly ovate, ‘ dark shining green, upper ones small and ovate.” Whorls of flowers numerous; flowers reddish, rather large. Bracteas linear, ciliate. Calyx “ somewhat campanulate, dotted with re- sinous glands, its teeth always more or less hairy;” Smith. The stamens are inconstant in their length. 4. M. arvensis, flowers whorled; leaves ovate, hairy, calyx campanulate, clothed with spreading hairs. Lightf p. 306. Smith, Fl. Brit. p.623. Hook. Fl. Scot. p.181. E. B. t. 2119. M. agrestis, HK. B. t. 2120. Has. Corn-fields in damp sandy or gravelly soils, frequent. Corn-fields about Craigcrook ; and near Colinton. August, September. 2. Corn-Mint.—Root creeping. Stem 3-12 inches high, more or less branched or simple. Leaves shortly petiolate, varying in form from cordate to ovate or elliptical, hairy. Whorls of flowers, almost quite sessile. Calyx campanulate, and bristly with spreading hairs, the chief distinctive cha- racter.—Plant with a disagreeable smell, often closely resembling that of mouldy cheese. 5. M. Pulegiwm, flowers whorled ; leaves abe ee ovate, obtuse ; stem prostrate, pubescent; calyx and pedicels downy. Lightf: p. 307. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 624. Hook. FI. Scot. p.181. E.B. t. 1026. Has. Moist waste places, near villages. Sides of springs, Pentland Hills? Lightfoot. August, September. 2/. I 130 DIDYNAMIA. GYMNOSPERMIA. Gutuscuoma. Pennyroyal.—Root creeping. Stems prostrate, throwing up erect flowering ones, 6-9 inches high, slender. Leaves ovate or roundish ovate, very slightly serrate, often recurved. Whorls of flowers numerous, pale lilac. Flower-stalks and calyx clothed with downy soft hairs. Scent very strong. —Lightfoot’s station is very suspicious. 4. GLECHOMA. (Nat. Ord. Laniat£, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 215.) ¥. G.hederacea, leaves reniform, crenate. Lightf. p. 307. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 625. Hook. Fl. Scot. p.181. E. B. t. 853. Has. Hedges and waste places, common. King’s Park, Mr Yalden. April, May. 2. Ground Ivy.—Root very creeping. Stems a foot long, decumbent, 4-angled. Leaves petiolate, crenate, hairy, very veiny. Flowers axillary, in threes, fine blue. Lower lip of the corolla 4-lobed; lobes roundish.—Plant with a very powerful smell when bruised, agreeable to some people. 5. LAMIUM. (Nat. Ord. Lastat®, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 216.) 1. L. album, leaves cordate, acuminate, with large serratures, petiolate; whorls about 20-flowered. Lightf p. 308. Smith, F]. Brit. p. 626. Hook. F1. Scot. p.181. E. B. t. 768. Has. Hedges, road-sides and waste places, frequent. King’s Park, Mr Yalden. June, July. 7. White Dead-Nettle.—Root creeping. Stem erect, 1-2 feet high, 4-angled, hairy. Leaves large, hairy, spreading, opposite, on short petiols. Flowers axillary, large, yellowish-white; erect, hairy. Stamens with black anthers within the hood of the corolla. 2. L. purpureum, leaves cordate, obtuse, crenato-serrate, the uppermost crowded together ; intericr of the corolla bearded at the base. Lightf p.309. Smith, Fl. Brit. p.626. Hook. F'. Scot. p. 182. E. B. t. 769. Has. Hedges, fields and waste places, abundant. May—September. (©). Red Dead-Neitie.—Stems erect, or decumbent, subglabrous, branched at the base, 6-12 inches high, 4-angled.. Leaves hairy, the upper ones crowded, and shortly petiolate, the lower ones remote and on longer petiols. Flowers purplish, rarely white. Anthers reddish.—It varies with white flowers, and rarely with nearly entire leaves. 3. L. incisum, leaves cordato-triangular, petiolate, cut, the uppermost somewhat crowded ;: mterior of the corolla naked at the base. Hook. F 1. Scot. p. 182. E. B. t. 1933. Has. Fields and read-sides. Fields near Newhaven; and road-side be- tween Merchiston Castle and Colinton. May, June. Cut-leaved Dead-Nettle.—Stem 6-9 inches high, branched at the base, where it is also somewhat decumbent, sub-glabrous. Leaves cordate, widely triangular, quite plane, pubescent, often somewhat lobed, cut, lower ones on longish petiols, the upper ones on very short ones. Flowers fine reddish-purple. Calyx very hairy.—Certainly distinct from the preceding. 4. L. amplexicaule, floral leayes broadly cordate, sessile, am- Gateorsis. DIDYNAMIA. GYMNOSPERMIA. 131 plexicaul, crenate or cut ; lower ones petiolate. Lightf. p. 309. Smith, Fl. Brit. p.627. Hook. Fl. Scot. p.182. EE. B. t.'770. Has. Fields, road-sides, and waste places. King’s Park, Mr Yalden. Road- sides between Merchiston Castle and Colinton. April—June. ©). Hen-bit Dead-Nettle—Smaller than any of the preceding in the size of its leaves and flowers. Stems slender, suberect, 6-12 inches high. Flowers fine carmine-red, some with a long, slender, pale tube, and opening, others scarcely protruded beyond the calyx, and never expanding, yet tertile. 6. GALEOPSIS. (Nat. Ord. Lasrat«£, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 216.) 1. G. Ladanum, stem not swolien below the joints ; leaves lanceolate, more or less serrate, hairy; upper lip of the corolla slightly crenate. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 182. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 628. E. B. t. 884. Has. Dry stony places, rare. Road-side near Oxenford Castle; and at Crossgate toll, Maughan. September, October. Red Hemp-Nettle.—Stem about a foot high, 4-angled, with opposite branches, purplish. JZeaves rather small, very shortly petiolate, hairy above, the veins beneath villose. Calyx hairy, with mucronate teeth. Flowers whorled. Corolla rose-colour, with a longish tube. 2. G. Tetrahit, stem hispid, incrassated beneath the joints; leaves ovate, hispid, serrate ; corolla twice as long as the calyx, upper lip nearly straight. Lightf’ p. 310. Smith, FI. Brit. p- 629. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 182. E. B. t. 207. Has. Corn-fields and waste places, frequent. King’s Park, Mr Yalden. August. (©). Common Hemp-Netile.—Stem 1-2 feet high, very hispid, branched, 4-angled, swollen beneath the lower joints. Leaves rather large, spreading, hispid on both sides. Flowers in whorls, numerous. Calyz hispid, the teeth pungent. Corolla whitish or purplish, with a longish, white tube; lower lip 3-lobed, usually mottled with purple. 3. G. versicolor, stem hispid, incrassated beneath the joints ; leaves ovate, hispid, serrate; corolla thrice as long as the calyx, the upper lip ventricose. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 182. Smith, F'. Brit. p. 630. E. B. t. 667. G. Tetrahit, 6, Lightf: p. 310. Has. Corn-fields|5 Very common about Edinburgh, Maughan. Au- gust, September. ©). Large-flowered Hemp-Nettle—Similar in habit to the last, but larger and more robust. Stem stout, 1-2 feet ee 4-angled, branched, very hispid. Leaves large, spreading, petiolate, pale green. Corolla large, handsome, yellow, the lower lip with a large purple spot. 7. BETONICA. (Nat. Ord. Lasiat#£, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 216.) 1. B. officinalis, spike interrupted, middle segment of the lower lip notched. Lightf: p. 311. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 632. Hook, F|. Scot. p. 183. E. B. t. 1142. Has. Woods and banks. Colinton and Auchindenny woods, Maughan. July, August. 2/. 12 132 DIDYNAMIA. GYMNOSPERMIA. = Stracuys. ‘Wood Betony.—Plant rough with hairs. Stem 12-18 inches high, 4-angled. Radical leaves on Jong petiols, ovate, serrate ; uppermost ones sessile, ob- long, opposite. There is a considerable space between the uppermost pair of leaves and’ the spike; and the-first whorl of the spike is rather distant from the others, and is furnished with a pair of leaf-like bracteas. Flowers rose-colour. 8. STACHYS. (Nat. Ord. Lantat«£, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 216.) 1. S. sylvatica, whorls of 6 flowers; leaves cordate, acumi- nate, petiolate. Lightf p.312. Smith, F1. Brit. p.633. Hook. Fl. Scot..p. 183. E. B. t. 416. Has. Hedges‘and waste shaded places, not common about Edinburgh. King’s Park, Mr Bainbridge. N. Queensferry. July, August. 2. Hedge Woundwort.—Root creeping. Stem 2-3 feet high, 4-angled, very erect, hairy. Leaves dull green, hairy, spreading, thin and pliable, di- minishing in size upwards until they change into linear bracteas. Calyx hairy, with 5 acute: teeth. Corolla dingy purple, the lower lip whitish, and mottled with dark spots and lines.—Plant exceedingly foetid. 2. S. ambigua, whorls of 6 flowers; leaves oblongo-cordate, petiolate;:stem hollow.. Hook. Fl. Scot. p.183. E. B. t. 2089. Has. Fields and waste places, rare. Near Habbie’s. How, Pentland Hills, Mr Weatherhead. September. 2. Ambiguous Woundwort.—Hairy. Root creeping. Stem erect, 2-3 feet high, 4-angled, hellow according to Smith, in which it differs from the last. Leaves oblong, cordate at-the base, petiolate. Corolla purple, with the lower lip mostly but not always mottied. : 3. 8. palustris, whorls of 6 flowers; leaves linear-lanceolate, semi-amplexicaul. Lightf p. 313. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 633. Hook. F'\. Scot. p. 183. E. B. t. 1675. Has. Moist places, stream-sides. King’s Park, Mr Yalden. Ditches by the road-side SW. of Caroline Park. August. 2. Marsh Woundwort.—Root creeping. Stem about 2 feet high, hispid. Leaves serrate, pubescent above, woolly beneath, and with reticulated veins ; the lower ones petiolate, the upper ones sessile. Corolla purple, the lower lip rounded, variegated with white and purple—Odour very strong. 4. S. arvensis, whorls of 6 flowers; stem weak; leaves cor- dato-ovate, obtuse, crenate, hairy; corolla scarcely longer than the calyx. Lightf p. 313. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 634. Hook. FI. Scot. p. 183. E. B. t. 1154. Has.. Corn-fields: and waste places. Regent Road, Mr D. Steuart. August. (©). Corn Woundwort.—Stems weak, sometimes decumbent, or even prostrate, 7-16 inches long, branched, smooth or hairy. Leaves small, petiolate, subpilose on each.side. Flowers very short. 9. BALLOTA. (Nat. Ord. LasiaT&, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 217.) 1. B. nigra, leaves ovate, undivided, serrate; calyx cam- panulate, the segments broad, shortly acute. Lightf p. 314. Smith, EF). Brit. p.635. Hook. Fl. Scot. p.184. E. B. t. 46. Marrusiom. DIDYNAMIA. GYMNOSPERMIA. 138 Has. Waste places. King’s Park, Mr Yalden. Same place, with white flowers, Mr D. Steuart. July, August. 7/. Black Horehound.—Stems numerous, about 2 feet high, branched, hairy. Leaves petiolate, sometimes subcordate. Flowers in axillary whorls, pe- dicelled and bracteated, purple, rarely white. Upper lip of the corolla hairy, the lower one streaked with white, 3-lobed, central lobe obcordate. —Plant very foetid. 10. MARRUBIUM. (Nat. Ord. LaBiat£, Hook. Scot. 2.-p. 217.) 1. M. vulgare, stem erect; leaves roundish, ovate, ‘toothed, rugose ; calyx with 10 setaceous, uncinate teeth. Lightf p. 315. Smith, F1. Brit. p.636. Hook. Fi. Scot. p.184. 1s. B. t. 410. Has. Road-sides and waste places. Burntisland, Lightfoot. Fisher- row; Guillon Links; Long Niddry, Maughan. Inchcolm, Mr Neill. Road-side near Warrender House. August. 2/. White Horehound.—_Stems numerous, 12-20 inches high, 4-angled, whitish, and woolly. Leaves petiolate, very woolly beneath. Whorls villose, ‘many-flowered. Flowers small, white; upper lip of the corolla bifid ; lower lip 3-lobed, the lateral enes small, acute. 11. LEONURUS. (Nat. Ord. Laniatx, Hook. Scot. 2.p. 217.) 1. L. cardiaca, lower cauline leaves lanceolate, 3-lobed, upper ones entire. Lightf p. 216. Smith, Fl. Brit. p.637. Hook. FI]. Scot. p. 184. EK. B. t. 286. Has. Among rubbish, and waste places. Behind Fisherrow, and in in Colinton woods, Maughan. August. 2/. Motherwort.—Stem 2-3 feet high, erect, branched, 4-angled, villose. Leaves very numerous, petiolate, spreading, dull green, paler beneath, and pu- bescent, the lowest the broadest. Flowers reddish-white, in numerous whorls. Calyx stiff, the teeth sharp and spreading. Corolla downy on the upper lip. 12. CLINOPODIUM. (Nat. Ord. Lastat&, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 217.) 1. C. vulgare, leaves ovate, subserrate:; whorls hairy, the pedicels branched ; bracteas setaceous. Lightf p. 316. Smith, F1. Brit. p. 638. Hook. FJ. Scot. p. 184. E. B. t. 1401. Has. Dry waste bushy and stony places, common. Very abundant in the King’s Park, Mr Yalden. Salisbury Craigs, Mr Arnott. Au- gust. 2. Wild Basil._Stem slightly crooked, 12-18 inches high, hairy, 4-angled. Leaves rather small, petiolate, hairy. Whorls axillary and terminal, on branched pedicels, accompanied with hairy setaceous bracteas. Calyx 2-lipped, the lewer-ene of 2-teeth. Corolla purplish-red, middle lobe of the lower lip very broad, notched. 13. ORIGANUM. (Nat. Ord. Lastat«x, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 217.) 1. O. vulgare, spikes roundish, panicled, clustered, glabrous; bracteas ovate, longer than the calyx; leaves ovate entire. Lightf, p. 317. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 639. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 184. E. B. t. 1143. 134 DIDYNAMIA. GYMNOSPERMIA. Scurerrarta. Has. Dry bushy or waste places. Near Burntisland by the shore ; banks of the Water of Leith, Mr Neill. July, August. 2. Common Marjoram.—Root creeping. Stems many, hairy, purplish, 8-12 inches high. Leaves slightly hairy, dotted. Flowers rose-coloured, in numerous small spikes, which are crowded together so as to form a round- ish, clustered, terminal head. Corolla rather small. Calyx subequal.— Aromatic. 14. THYMUS. (Nat. Ord. Laziat£, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 217.) 1. T. Serpyllum, flowers capitate; stems decumbent; leaves ovate-obtuse, shortly petiolate, ciliate at the base. Lightf. p- 318. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 639. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 185. E. B. t. 1514. Haz. Dry pastures, common. King’s Park, where it also occurs with white flowers, Mr D. Steuart. July, August. 2/. Wild Thyme.—Stems spreading, procumbent, branched, slender, slightly shrubby, :pubescent, and mostly reddish. Leaves plane, small, more or less hairy, sometimes hoary. Flowers purple or white, on very short hairy pedicels. Calyx ribbed, dotted, the 2 lower teeth most acute. Lower lip of the corolla 3-lobed.—Plant very aromatic. 15. SCUTELLARIA. (Nat. Ord. Lasiat«x, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 218.) 1. S. galericulata, leaves cordate-lanceolate, crenate ; flowers axillary, in pairs. Lightf p.320. Smith, FI. Brit. p. 645. Hook. F). Scot. p. 185. E. B. t. 5238. Has. Marshes and sides of lakes. Marsh near Dundas Hill, Mr Neill. July, August. 2. Common Skull-cap.—Root creeping. Stem erect, 12-18 inches high, some- what branched, very leafy, 5-angled. Leaves very shortly petiolate, spreading, paler beneath. Flowers pubescent, blue, subsessile, solitary, or in pairs. Calyx hairy, closed in a remarkable manner after flowering. 16. PRUNELLA. (Nat. Ord. Lasiar«, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 218.) 1. P. vulgaris, leaves ovate-oblong, petiolate. Lightf p. 321. Smith, Fi. Brit. p. 646. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 185. E. B. t. 961. Has. Moist pastures and waste places, common. King’s Park, &c. July. Self-heal.—Stem mostly decumbent at the base, 6-12 inches high, 4-angled, hairy. Leaves opposite, ovate, or ovate-oblong, hairy, entire, or some- what toothed at the base, dull green. Flowers purple, in obtuse, oblong- cylindrical, solitary spikes, each whorl accompanied by a pair of broad imbricating bracteas. Calyx closed when in fruit. Corolla with the lower lip 3-lobed, and finely toothed. Stamens forked. Il. ANGIOSPERMIA. 17. BARTSIA. (Nat. Ord. ScROPHULARIN, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 219.) 1. B. Odontites, leaves lanceolate, floral ones alternate; flowers xacemed, secund ; anthers subglabrous. Hook. FI. Scot. p. 186. Evenrasta. DIDYNAMIA. ANGIOSPERMIA. 135 Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 648. E. B.t.1415. Euphrasia Odontites, Lightf. p. 324. Has. Corn-fields and waste places, abundant. August, September. ©. Red Bartsia.—Stem ‘branched, erect, 4-angled, rough with deilexed hairs. Leaves sessile, serrate, opposite, hairy. Flowers red, very numerous, in terminal secund racemes. Bracteas narrow. Calyx hairy, mostly 4-cleft. Corolla hairy, upper lip entire, lower one 3-lobed. -Anthers protruded, slightly hairy behind. 18. EUPHRASIA. (Nat. Ord. ScropuHuLaRiIn#®, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 218.) 1. E. officinalis, leaves ovate, deeply toothed, furrowed. Lightf: p. 323. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 650. Hook. Fl. Scot. p.186. E. B. t. 1416. Has. Dry pastures, very common. July. ©). Eye-bright.—Stem slightly branched, 2-6 inches high, rough with deflexed hairs. Leaves opposite, small, hairy, the-veins furrowed. Flowers axil- lary, towards the summit of the branches, whitish or pinkish, streaked with purple lines, the lower lip yellow at the orifice of the tube. Calyx 4-toothed, hairy. Corolla with the upper lip rather irregularly divided. Anthers armed with 2 spines at the base. 19. RHINANTHUS. (Nat. Ord. ScropHuLaRin#z, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 219.) 1. R. Crista-Galli, upper lip of the corolla arched ; calyx glabrous; leaves lanceolate, serrate. Lightf p. 322. Smith, ‘EI. Brit. p- 649. - Hook. F1. Scot. p. 186. E. B. t. 657. Has. Meadows and pastures, very abundant. June. ©). Yellow Rattle—Stem about a foot high, slightly branched, smooth, 4-angled, often spotted. Leaves sessile, veined. Flowers yellow, axillary, crowded towards the summit. Calyx inflated after flowering, and enlarged, 4-tooth- ed, dry and scariose when the seeds are ripe. Corolla with the lower lip 3-lobed. Anthers awnless, hairy. Seeds with a membranaceous border. 20. MELAMPYRUM. (Nat. Ord. MELAMPYRACEH, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 213.) 1. M. pratense, flowers axillary, secund; leaves in distant pairs; corolla closed, 4 times as long as the calyx, the lower lip protruded. Lightf p. 324. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 652. Hook. FI. Scot. p. 187. E. B. t. 113. Has. Woods.and thickets. Auchindenny and Rosslyn woods, Maughan. July. ©. Common yellow Cow-wheat.—Stem branched, 12-18 inches high, slender, glabrous: branches opposite, spreading. Leaves lanceolate, acuminate, patent, opposite, glabrous. Flowers in pairs, yellow, secund, in a leafy spike er raceme. Bracteas pinnato-dentate. Corolla of a paler yellow towards the base, the upper lip fringed—M. sylvaticum, with which it has often been confounded, has an open corolla,.only half as long again as the calyx, and the lower lip net protruded. 21. LATHRAA. (Wat. Ord. ORoBANCHE, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 222.) 1. L. squamaria, stem simple; flowers pendulous, the lower 1486 DIDYNAMIA. ANGIOSPERMIA. Penicutanris. lip 3-cleft. Lightf p. 326. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 654. Hook. Fl. Scot. p.187. E. B. t.50. Has. Shady woods. Mavisbank, near Lasswade, Dr Parsons in Light- foot. Arniston woods, abundant, G. Don. Woods between Auchin- denny and Rosslyn, Mr E. Maughan. Banks of the Esk at Kevock Mill, Maughan. April, May. Greater Toothwort.—Root, at least the part below ground, with a few short branches thickly clothed with large, white, fleshy, brittle, imbricating scales. Stem 3-8 inches high, scaly, whitish, thick and brittle. Flowers whitish or purplish, racemed, pointing in one direction, pedunculate, ac- companied with scale-like bracteas. Calyx large, 4-toothed. Corolla with the upper lip 2-lobed; lower one 3-lobed. Anthers hairy. 22. PEDICULARIS. (Nat. Ord. ScRopHULARIN®, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 219.) 1. P. palustris, stem solitary, branched ; calyx ovate, hairy, ribbed, 2-lobed; lobes crenate. Lightf? p.326. Smith, FI. Brit. p. 655. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 187. E. B. t. 399. Has. Bogs and marshy places, frequent. At Duddingston Loch, Mr Bainbridge. Pentland Hills. July. Marsh Louse-wort.—Stem 8-16 inches high, erect, rather stout, more or less branched, angular, hairy. Leaves scattered, sub-bipinnatifid, the leaf- lets ovate. lowers solitary, axillary, rose-coloured, shortly pedunculate, in leafy spikes. Calya# ventricose. Corolla with the upper lip arched, compressed, the lower one 3-lobed; tube white. Capsule ovate. 2. P. sylvatica, stems several, spreading; calyx oblong, an- gular, glabrous, with 5 unequally notched segments. Lightf: p-. 826. Smith, Fi. Brit. p. 656. Hook. FI. Scot. p. 188. E. B. t. 400. Has. Moist pastures and heaths, frequent. Pentland Hills. July. 2. Common dwarf Louse-wort.—Stems 3-6 inches high, often decumbent, simple, angular. Radical leaves simple, ovate, crenate; cauline ones pinnate. Flowers axillary, rose-coloured, larger than the preceding. Calya oblong, tubular, irregularly 5-cleft, and crenate. 23. ANTIRRHINUM. (Nat. Ord. ScRoPHULARIN#, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 219.) * Stems procumbent. 1. A. Cymbalaria, leaves broadly cordate, 5-lobed, alternate, glabrous; stems procumbent. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 188. Smith, F]. Brit. p. 656. E. B. t. 502. Has. Rocky places and old walls. New read to Portobello. Trinity Mains, Mr D. Steuart. Debris of Salisbury Craigs. June—Septem- ber. 2/. Ivy-leaved Toad-flaz—Stems long, filiform, very weak. Leaves numerous, petiolate, rather fleshy, often purplish beneath. Flowers solitary, on axillary, long peduncles, purplish; the palate yellow.—First introduced into England at the Apothecaries Garden, Chelsea, Neill. ** Stems erect. 2. A. repens, leaves linear, whorled or scattered ; stem pani- ScropHuLtarta. DIDYNAMIA. ANGIOSPERMIA. 187 cled ; calyx glabrous, as long as the spur. Hook. FI. Scot. p. 188. Sméth, Fl. Brit. p. 658. E. B. t. 1253. Has. In waste places, rare. Banks of the Esk, above Musselburgh, Miss Ker. July—September. 2/. Creeping-rooted Tod-flav.Root creeping and spreading rapidly, white. Stems many, erect, 12-18 inches high, glabrous, divided into flowering branches at the summit, in a panicled manner. Leaves somewhat whorled, chiefly so at the base, where they soon “‘ die away,” scattered above; nearly linear, glaucous. Flowers numerous, shortly pedunculate, pale, purplish, the upper lip striated, the palate yellow. 3. A. Linaria, leaves linear-lanceolate, scattered, crowded ; spikes terminal, flowers imbricated ; calyx glabrous, shorter than the spur. Lightf p. 328. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 660. Hook. F1. Scot. p. 188. E. B. t. 658. Has. Borders of fields and waste places. Wood near the Pentland Hills, Mr Bainbridge. Between Stockbridge and Caroline Park. August. 2. Yellow Toad-flax.—Root creeping, quickly spreading. Stems 1-2 feet high, glaucous, glabrous, mostly simple, thickly clothed with sublinear glau- cous spreading leaves. Flowers spiked, large bright yellow, with an orange, downy palate; the spur long, acute, much longer than the calyx. This species, as well as the last, is subject to a curious monstrosity, known by the name of Peloria : each flower has then 5 spurs. 24. SCROPHULARIA. (Nat. Ord. ScROPHULARIN, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 220.) 1. S. nodosa, leaves cordate, acute, serrate, glabrous, not de- current at the angles of the stem. Lightf p. 329. Smith, FI. Brit. p. 663. Hook. FI). Scot. p. 189. E. B. t. 1544. Has. Moist woods, hedges, and waste places, frequent. King’s Park, Mr Yalden. Inchcolm, abundant, Mr Neill. July. Knotty-rooted Figwort.—Root knobby. Stems 2-3 feet high, simple, 4-angled, glabrous. Leaves opposite, petiolate, dark green, shining, venose. Flowers small, in a compound, terminal panicle, accompanied with bracteas. Calyx small, with 5 obtuse teeth. Corol/a greenish-red or purple, roundish- ovate. Capsule ovate.—Fcetid when bruised. 2. S. aquatica, leaves cordate, obtuse, serrate, glabrous, de- current, winging the angles of the stem. Lighif: p. 329. S'mith, Fl. Brit. p. 663. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 189. E. B. t. 2209. Has. Banks of ditches and watery places. Rivulet near the entrance to Hopetoun House, Mr Neill. July. 27. Water Figwort.—Root fibrous. Stems 3-5 feet high, 4-angled, angles wing- ed. Leaves petiolate, glabrous, veiny, decurrent. J Vowers in a terminal, branched, elongated panicle, with bracteas ; greenish purple. Calyx, with 5 very obtuse teeth. Corol/a shorter than in the preceding. Capsule roundish. 3. S. vernalis, leaves broadly cordate, doubly serrate, pubes- cent ; peduncles solitary, axillary, dichotomous, leafy. Lightf- p: 330. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 664. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 189. E. B. t. 567. 138 DIDYNAMIA. ANGIOSPERMIA. Dreiratis. Has. Waste places, rare. Old walls near Hatton, Maughan. May. ¢. Yellow Figwort.—Stem 4, sometimes 5-angled, about 2 feet high, hairy. Leaves opposite, or in threes, petiolate, hairy, acute. Axillary peduncles many-flowered. Flowers yellow, furnished with bracteas. Calyx hairy. Corolla roundish, ventricose, mouth much contracted. Capsule ovate. 25. DIGITALIS. (Nat. Ord. ScropHuLARIN#, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 220.) 1. D. purpurea, segments of the calyx ovate, acute; upper lip of the corolla undivided; leaves downy. Lightf. p. 331. Smith, F). Brit. p. 665. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 139. EE. B. t. 1297. ' Has. Road-sides and sandy waste places,common. Craigleith Quarries, with white flowers, Mr Neill. July. ¢. Purple Foxglove.—Stem erect, 2-4 feet high, stout, mostly simple. Leaves large, the radical ones spreading, crenate; the cauline ones, alternate, somewhat decurrent, diminishing in size upwards. Flowers large, nu- merous, in a long pyramidal spike, purple, rarely white, drooping. Co- rolla tubular, above an inch long, hairy, and spotted within.—A magni- ficent plant, excelled by few exotics. Employed medicinally. 26. VERBENA. (Nat. Ord. VERBENACEZ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 213.) 1. V. officinalis, tetrandrous ; spikes slender, panicled ; leaves sublaciniate, cut; stem solitary. Lightf p.'78. Smith, FI. Brit. p. 608. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 190. E. B. t. 767. Has. Waste places. Near the gates of Inverkeithing, Dr Parsons in Lightfoot. August. 2/. Common Vervain.—Stem erect, rough, slender. Leaves petiolate below, much cut, roughish. Spikes terminal, many-flowered, filiform. Flowers small, purple, nearly equally 5-cleft, accompanied by small bracteas. “* Pericarp soon disappearing, leaving the 4 really naked seeds at the bot- tom of the calyx ;” Hook. 27. OROBANCHE. (Nat. Ord. OROBANCHE®, Hook. Scot. p. 2. 222.) 1. O. major, stem simple ; corolla tubular, upper lip entire, lower one subequally 3-lobed ; stamens glabrous ; style downy. Lightf. p. 332. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 669. Hook. FI. Scot. p- 190. E. B. t. 421. Has. Dry pastures, rare. Near Burntisland, Sibbald. June, July. 2/.? Greater Broom-Rape.—Stem 12-18 inches high, furrowed, very scaly at the base, less so upwards, pubescent, leafless. Flowers sessile, numerous, in a long rich spike, purplish, “ clothed with rusty downiness.” Calyx of 2 bifid segments. Corolla as long again as the calyx, the lower lip 3-lobed; lobes acute, the middle one somewhat the largest. Stamens shorter than the corolla. 2. O. rubra, stem simple; corolla tubular, upper lip 2-lobed, lower one equally 3-lobed, lobes obtuse ;_ stamens partially glan- duloso-pilose ; style glabrous. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 191., and Fl. Lond. New Series, t. 105. (good.) E. B. t. 1786. (bad.) Has. Banks and rocky places in basaltic districts, very rare. Near Sea- CaxitE. TETRADYNAMIA. SILICULOSA. 139 field Tower between Kirkcaldy and Kinghorn, Messrs Sommerville and E. Maughan, (supposed at the time to be O. major.) Red Broom-Rape.—Stem 6-12 inches high, rounded, roughish with viscid glands, very scaly at the thickened base, less so upwards, of a rich red- dish colour, leafless. Flowers in a rather dense oblong spike, purplish red. Calyx of 2 entire lanceolate leaflets. Corolla ventricose, slightly curved. Stamens glandulose at the base and summit, shorter than the corolla. XV. TETRADYNAMIA. I. SILICULOSA. 1. CAKILE. (Nat. Ord. CRuUCIFERz, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 286.) 1. C. maritima, articulations of the silicula 2-edged, the up- per one sagittate ; leaves pinnatifid, subdentate, fleshy. Br. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 193. Bunias Cakile, Lightf: p. 363. Smith, FI. Brit. p. 694. E. B. t. 231. Has. Sandy sea-coasts. Leith sands, Lightfoot. Coast at Caroline Park, &c. June, August. Sea-Rocket.—Plant glabrous and fleshy. Stem flexuose, with thickish, crooked, spreading branches 6-12 inches high. Leaves alternate, rather numerous. J lowers pale purple, in dense terminal corymbs, which are gradually elongated into fruit-bearing racemes. Silicuda thick, fleshy, _ becoming somewhat woody. 2. CORONOPUS *. (Wat. Ord. CrucirER”&, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 286.) 1. C. Ruellii, silicula undivided, crested with little sharp points. Br. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 193. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 690. E. B. t. 1660. Cochlearia Coronopus, Lightf. p. 345. Has. Waste places, not common. SBurntisland and Seton Harbour, Maughan. Musselburgh, Mr Arnott. August. Swine’s Cress._Stems prostrate, branched, spreading, glabrous. Leaves al- ternate, irregularly bi-pinnate; segments linear, glabrous. Flowers mi- nute, white, forming axillary, spiked corymbs. Silicula subreniform, compressed, muricate or crested with a number of sharp points, which terminate as many rugosities: cells 1-seeded. 3. THLASPI. (Nat. Ord. CruciFER#, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 286.) 1. T. arvense, leaves sagittate, oblong, toothed, glabrous, si- licula obovate-orbicular, its wings dilated longitudinally. Lightf p- 340. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 683. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 194. E. B. t. 1659. Has. Corn-fields and waste places, rather rare. Corn-fields about Edin- * This forms a part of the genus Senebiera of De Candolle, but is retained by our Jearned countryman Mr R. Brown. 140 TETRADYNAMIA. SILICULOSA. Leprrprum. burgh, Maughan. Burntisland, Mr Arnott. Queensferry, Mr D. Steuart. June, July. 5 Penny-cress.—Stem erect, about a foot high, glabrous, somewhat branched, rather naked below. Leaves glabrous. F'lowers white, small, in a spike which elongates during the flowering. Stlicula very large, with dilated wings, shorter than the pedicel. j 2. 'T. Bursa-Pastoris, silicula obcordate, without wings ; ra- dical leaves pinnatifid. Br. Lightf: p. 342. Smith, F 1. Brit. p. 687. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 194. E. B. t. 1485. Has. Waste places and road-sides, every where. Spring to autumn. (©). Common Shepherd’s Purse.—Stem 3-12 inches high, erect, rough with hairs, slightly branched. Leaves; radical ones spreading, pinnatifid, hairy ; cauline ones alternate, erect, oblong, toothed, sagittate at the base. Flowers small, white, in terminal, spiked racemes, elongated in seed. Si- licula obcordate, not winged, much shorter than the pedicel.—Varies greatly in appearance, but the flowers and siliculze are constant. 4, LEPIDIUM. (Nat. Ord. CruciFER#&, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 286.) 1. L. latifoliwm, silicula ovate, pointed with the stigma ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, undivided, subserrate, the lower ones on long petiols. DC. . Lightf. p. 838. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 682. Hook. F 1. Scot. p. 194. E. B. t. 182. Has. On the sea-coast, rare. By Weems Castle, Fifeshire, Lightfoot. July. 2. Broad-leaved Pepperwort.—Glabrous. Stem 2-3 feet high, erect, branched. Leaves sessile upwards, entire or subdentate, attenuate at each extremi- ty. Flowers small, white, very numerous, disposed in a racemose, clus- tered manner at the ends of the branches, intermixed with very small leaves. Calyx whitish. Petals obovate, longer than the calyx. 2. L. hirtum, silicula ovate, winged, emarginate, glabrous (hairy, DC.) ; cauline leaves sagittate, villose, subdentate. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 195. Thlaspi hirtum, Smith, Fl. Brit. p- 684. E. B. t. 1803. . Has. Woods, fields, road-sides, rare. ‘Woods near Rosslyn, G. Don. Corn-field at Bellsmills, Mr E. Maughan. June. Hairy Field Pepperwort.—Stem 6-10 inches high, very leafy. Leaves almost glabrous at the base, petiolate, dentate; cawline ones sessile, hoary with pubescence, oblong, sagittate, the margin dentate or subentire. Flowers white, small, in obtuse, hairy, racemes. Silicula emarginate, with a longish style-—In my specimens the siliculze are glabrous. 5. COCHLEARIA. (Nat. Ord. CructreER#x, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 287.) 1. C. officinalis, silicula ovato-globese, half the length of the pedicel ; radical leaves petiolate, cordate, cauline ones sessile, ovate, angulato-dentate. Lighif. p. 342. Smith, FI. Brit. p- 688. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 195. E. B. t. 551. Has. The sea-coast, and on mountains. Coast of the Frith, plentiful. May. ©. 4, DC. Common Scurvy-grass.—Glabrous, bright green, succulent. Stems many, Susutarta. TETRADYNAMIA. SILICULOSA. 141 angular, suberect, branched, 3-12 inches high. Leaves varying exceed- ingly in size according to situation, large on the sea-coast ; lower ones broadly cordate, or even subreniform, entire or subdentate ; cauline ones embracing the stem with their toothed base. Flowers white, in corym- bose heads, which elongate into fruit-bearing racemes.—Plant celebrated for its efficacy in removing scurvy. 2. C. Danica, silicula ovato-elliptical, as long as the pedicel ; leaves deltoid, all petiolate. Lightf p. 343. Smith, FI. Brit. p- 689. Hook. Fl. Scot. p.196. E. B. t. 696. Has. Barren stony places on the sea-coast. Burntisland and Cramond Island in the Frith of Forth, Maughan. May. Danish Scurvy-grass.—Glabrous. Stems 3-6 inches long, suberect or de- cumbent, rather slender. Leaves small, 3-5 lobed, rarely entire, all pe- tiolate or nearly so. Flowers smaller than the preceding, white, in co- rymbose racemes. Silicule reticulated with veins, tipped with a very short style. 3. C. Armoracia, silicula ovato-elliptical ; radical leaves. ob- long, crenate, cauline ones elongato-lanceolate, inciso-dentate ; root very large, carnose. Lightf: p. 1186. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 690. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 196. E. B. t. 2323. Has. Waste places, rare. Field near Craigcrook, Maughan. Dudding- ston Loch, Mr Arnott. May. 2. Horse-Radish.—Root large, white, thick, long, very pungent to the taste. Stem about 2 feet high, erect, branched upwards, angular. Radical leaves very large, oblong, veiny, glabrous; cazline ones less, either subentire or lobed, or cut at the margin. Flowers white, in elongating racemes. Silicule compressed, often not perfecting seeds, tipped with a very short style, the stigma dilated.—Root in constant use for the table. 6. SUBULARIA. (Nat. Ord. CruciFrER”®, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 287.) 1. S. aquatica. Lightf. p. 337. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 676. Hook. Fi. Scot. p. 196. E. B. t. 732. Has. The gravelly margins of alpine lakes. Otterston Loch, Fifeshire, Maughan. (I fear this station may be erroneous.) July. Avl-wort.—Leaves all radical, subulate, glabrous, not an inch long. Scape erect, 1-2 inches high, often wholly under water, simple or slightly branched. Flowers very minute, white, few, forming a raceme when in fruit. Silicule ovato-elliptical, tipped with the sessile roundish stigma. 7 DRABA. (Nat. Ord. CrucirER#, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 287.) 1. D. verna*, scapes naked ; petals bipartite ; leaves lanceo- late, somewhat cut, hairy. Br. Lightf. p. 336. Smith, FI. Brit. p. 677. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 196. E. B. t. 587. Haz. Wall tops, rocks, &c. very abundant. March—May. (©). Common Whitlow-grass.—Leaves all radical, lanceolate, spreading in a ra- diating manner, entire or unequally toothed. Scape 2-6 inches high, * This, with four other species, forms the genus Erophila of De Candolle. It differs from Draba solely in the petals being bifid. 142 TETRADYNAMIA. SILIQUOSA. Carpamtne. simple, slender, terminating in a small corymbose head of minute white flowers, which elongates into a fruit-bearing raceme. Petals bifid. Sili- cule rather distant, elliptical, compressed, glabrous. 2. D. muralis, stem branched; leaves ovate, obtuse, am- plexicaul, dentate; silicula patent, glabrous. Br. Hook. F1.Scot. p. 197. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 679. E. B. t. 912. Has. Walls. Field behind the old Botanic Garden ; Bellevue, G. Don. (Certainly not indigenous, about Edinburgh at least.) May. . Speedwell-leaved Whitlow-grass.—Stems simple or branched, 3-10 inches high, scabrous. Cauline leaves alternate, subcordate, sessile, dentate, scabrous. Flowers small, numerous, white, in elongating racemes. Pe- tals entire. Pedicels of the fruit spreading. Silicule half the length of the pedicels, obovate-oblong, glabrous. 8. CAMELINA. (Nat. Ord. CruciFER#&, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 288.) 1. C. sativa, silicula obovato-pyriform, marginate, tipped with the pointed style ; leaves subentire, Janceolate, sagittate. Hook. Fl. Scot. p.198. Myagrum sativum, Lightf. p. 336. Alys- sum sativum, Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 679. E. B. t. 1254. Has. Fields and waste places, rare. Near Inverkeithing, Mr J. Stewart. Calton Hill, Mr D. Steuart. June, July. Gold of Pleasure.—Stem about 2 feet high, rounded, branched upwards in a panicled manner. Leaves roughish, embracing the stem with their sa- gittate base. Flowers numerous, in corymbs at first, afterward racemed, small, yellow. Silicude on long pedicels, curved upwards, mucronate with the pointed style. II. SILIQUOSA. 9. CARDAMINE. (Nat. Ord. CrucIFER#, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 288.) 1. C. amara, leaves pinnate, leaflets of the radical ones roundish, those of the cauline ones dentato-angulate ; stigma acute; stem radicating at the base. Lightf p. 350. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 699. Hook. FI. Scot. p. 198. E. B. t. 1000. Has. Stream-sides and wet meadows. St Bernard’s Well, Lightfoot. Near Bellsmills and Kevock-Mill, Maughan. Rosslyn woods, Mr Ar- nott. Banks of the Esk above Dalkeith, Dr Graham. April—June. 2/. Bitter Lady’s Smock.—Stem a foot high or more, often decumbent at the base, glabrous. Leaves glabrous, the upper ones sometimes slightly pi- lose, petiolate. Flowers in a terminal corymb, large, white. Petals with a yellowish claw, the limb rounded. ). Milk Thistle—Stem 3-5 feet high, stout, glabrous, branched. Leaves, bright, shining green, beautifully variegated with broad, white, anasto- mosing veins ; the radical ones large and spreading ; cauline ones sessile, re- curved ; all armed with strong spines. Jowers terminal, solitary, large, purple. The large, terminal, recurved spines of the scales of the involucre very striking, near an inch long. 13. CNICUS. (Nat. Ord. Composit, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 238.) * Leaves decurrent. 1, Cn. lanceolatus, leaves decurrent, pinnatifid, hispid, the segments divaricate, spinose; involucre ovate, tomentose, the Cuieus. SYNGENESIA. POLYG. AEQUAL. 173 scales lanceolate, spreading. Hook. FI. Scot. p. 236. Carduus, lanceol. Lightf: p. 450. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 847. E. B. t. 107. Has. Fields and road-sides, very common. July, August. ¢. Spear Thistle.—Stem 2-4 feet high, erect, stout, branched. Leaves hispid above, tomentose beneath ; radical ones large, spreading, the lobes end- ing in a sharp long spine ;. cawline ones decurrent, and winging the stem, spinous. Flowers large, purple, solitary, terminal. 2. Cn. palustris, leaves decurrent, scabrous, pinnatifid, very spinous; flowers in termimal clusters ; involucres ovate, the scales ovate-lanceolate appressed. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 236. Carduus palust. Lightf. p. 452. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 850. E. B. t. 974. Has. Boggy meadows; moist lanes, &c. common. Rosslyn woods. July. ¢. . Marsh Thistle.—Stem 3-5 feet high, erect, branched, winged; wings an leaves with abundance of short spines. Leaves long, narrow, sinuato- innatifid, the margin fringed with spines. Flowers dark purple, small, m terminal clusters. Involucre mostly ovate, but sometimes nearly glo- bose, the scales shortly mucronate.—F lowers sometimes white. ** Leaves sessile. 3. Cn. arvensis, leaves sessile, pinnatifid, spinous; stem panicled ; involucre ovate or globose, the scales ovate-lanceo- late, mucronate, appressed. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 237. Carduus arvensis, Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 850. E. B. t. 975. Serratula arvensis, Lightf: p. 449. Has. Pastures and road-sides, very common. July. 2/. Creeping Thistle—Root creeping, very difficult to eradicate. Stems 2-3 feet high, branched, rounded. Lower leaves spreading, long, very sinu- ate and spinous; upper ones lanceolate, sometimes slightly decurrent. Flowers in clusters, somewhat panicled, small, of various purple shades, or white.—A most pernicious weed. s 4. Cn. eriophorus, leaves sessile, pinnatifid, the segments pointing alternately upwards, spinous, scabrous; involucre spherical, woolly, the scales linear, spreading. Hook. F 1. Scot. p- 237. Carduus erioph. Lightf: p. 454. Smith, FI. Brit. p. 852.. E. B. t. 386. Has. Waste places and road-sides, rare. Sea-side between Blackness and Queensferry, Sibbald? Road-side near Oxenford Castle and Ches- terhall, Maughan. July. Woolly-headed Thistle—Stem 3-5 feet high, stout, furrowed, branched. Lower leaves very large, (near 2 feet long), green and scabrous above, white and woolly beneath; wpper ones gradually smaller; the segments ending in a sharp spine. Flowers terminal, solitary, very large, purple. Involucre of great size, exceedingly woolly between the scales. 5. Cn. heterophyllus, leaves amplexicaul, lanceolate, ciliato- dentate, undivided or subpinnatifid, white and downy beneath ; flowers 1-3. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 287. Carduus heteroph. 174 SYNGENESIA. POLYG. ZQUAL. Onororpon. Lightf: p. 456. Smith, FI. Brit. _p. 853. - E. B. t. 675. Car- duus helenioides, Lightf: p. 467. Has. Marshy grounds, chiefly in woods and upland pastures. Rosslyn and Auchindenny woods, Maughan. Pentland Hills, near Currie. July. 2. Melancholy Thistle—Root creeping. Stem about 3 feet high, mostly simple, furrowed, clothed with a white woolly down. Leaves varying in form ; the lower ones mostly oblong-lanceolate, toothed, but sometimes laciniate or pinnatifid; glabrous and green above, very white beneath.- Flowers 1_3, large, purple. Involucre ovate, dark green, slightly pubescent, the scales lanceolate, erect, not spinous. 14. ONOPORDON. (Nat. Ord. Comvosit®, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 239.) 1. O. Acanthium, scales of the involucre spreading, subu- late ; leaves ovate-oblong, decurrent, sinuate and spinous, woolly on both sides. Lightf p. 458. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 856. Hook. Fl. Scot. p.. 288. Ev B..t..977. Has. Waste places. Wemyss, Fifeshire; beyond Prestonpans, Light- foot. Between Limekilns and Charlestown, Mr Neill. Near Coc- kenzie ;, Links at Port Seton, Maughan. Near Musselburgh, Mr Ar- nott. August. ¢. Cotton Thistle.—Plant clothed with a white woolly down, easily rubbed off. Stem 4-5 feet high, winged by the decurrent leaves, margin of the wings spinous. Flowers large, solitary, terminal, purple. Jnvolucre globose, de- pressed, large ; the scales very numerous, spreading, and ending in spines. 15. BIDENS. (Nat. Ord. Compostr*, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 240.) 1. B. cernua, flowers drooping, bracteas lanceolate, entire ; leaves lanceolate, serrate ; bristles of the pericarp about 4, erect. Lightf. p. 461. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 858. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 238. E. B. t. 1114. Haz. Lake-sides and ditches. ~Lochend, near the house, Mr Neill. Duddingston Loch, Dr Graham. June—August. ©. Nodding Bur-Marigold.—Stem 1-2 feet high, erect, branched, slightly his- pid. Leaves opposite, amplexicaul, undivided, acuminate, deeply and often unequally serrate. Flowers yellow, solitary, pedunculate, sur- rounded by a number of bracteas, longer than the involucre.—F lowers rarely furnished with ligulate marginal florets; these I have not obser- ved in Scotland. 16. EUPATORIUM. (Nat. Ord. Comrosit£, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 240.) 1. E. cannabinum, leaves 3 or 5-partite, the segments lanceo- late, deeply serrate. Lightf. p. 464. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 860. Hook. F\. Scot. p. 238. E. B. t. 428. Has. Marshy places and stream-sides. Among rocks below Kinghorn, Lightfoot. West of Burntisland, Mr Neill. Lasswade, Mr D. Stu- art. August. 2. Hemp Agrimony.—Stem erect, 2-3 feet high, branched, scabrous. Leaves opposite, subpetiolate, the 2 lower leaflets (when there are opener rather Anrremista. SYNGENESIA. POLYG. SUPERF. 175 remote, thus rendering the leaf somewhat pinnate. Fowers small, pink- ish, in a terminal, very crowded corymb. ‘Scales of the involucre oblong, obtuse, the outermost very small. Florets 4-6. Style exserted, deeply cleft. II. POLYGAMIA SUPERFLUA. 16. ARTEMISIA. (Nat. Ord. Compositx, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 240.) 1. A. maritima, leaves downy, pinnate, the leaflets linear, $-cleft ; flowers oblong, sessile, drooping, racemed ; receptacle naked. Lightf p. 466. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 864. excl. var. y. Hook, F 1. Scot. p. 239. E. B. t. 1706. Has. Muddy places on the sea-coast, rare. By Guillon Loch, Dr Par- sons. Banks of the Peffer Burn, near Aberlady, Maughan. Banks of a stream at Luffness Mill, Mr Neill. September. 2/. Drooping-flowered Sea Wormwood.—Stem a foot high er more, covered with a soft white cottony down, branched. Leaves with all the segments li- near, the uppermost ones undivided or irregularly cleft. Flowers in ter- minal racemes, drooping. Florets very small, few; those of the ray sometimes wanting. Scales of the involucre lanceolate, woolly. 2. A. gallica, leaves downy, pinnate, linear, radical ones ca- pillary ; flowers ovate, erect, racemed ; receptacle naked. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 239. Smith, EK. B.t. 1001. (A. maritima). Has. In similar situations to the last. Along with the preceding at Peffer Burn, and St Mary’s Isle, Maughan. September. 2. Upright-flowered Sea Wormwoed.—Plant covered with a white cottony down, and well distinguished from the preceding, by the flowers being not se regularly racemed, but gathered in a series of small clusters ; some ses- sile, all upright, and not near so long as in A. maritima. Florets of the ray sometimes wanting. 3. A. Absinthiwm, leaves bi- or tri-pinnatifid, clothed with a close silky down, the segments lanceolate ; flowers drooping, roundish ; receptacle hairy. Lightf p. 467. Smith, Fl. Brit. p- 864. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 239. EK. B. t. 1230. Has. Waste places and road-sides. About Aberlady; and Queensferry, Dr Parsons. August. 2. Common Wormwood.—Stems 1-2 feet high, somewhat tufted, branched, stri- ate. Leaves numerous, the upper ones pinnatifid, at length 3-cleft, the segments of all, obtuse. Flowers yellow, panicled, accompanied by en- tire, oblong bracteas. Style large, recurved, the stigma cloven.—Plant intensely bitter. 4. A. vulgaris, leaves pinnatifid, segments cut, whitish and downy beneath; flowers ovate, in racemed panicles; receptacle naked. Lightf. p. 468. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 866. Hook. FI. Scot. p. 240. E. B. t. 978. Has. Waste places and road-sides, very common. August. 2. Mugwort.—Stems 3-4 feet high, branched, ribbed, glabrous. Leaves very 176 SYNGENESIA. POLYG. SUPERF. Gwapnatium. dark green, and glabrous above, white, with a cottony down beneath, the segments rather broad, unequally cut. Flowers purplish, very nu- merous, in leafy, racemed, axillary and terminal spikes or panicles; sub- sessile and ovate, not drooping. ‘Scales of the involucre ovate, downy. Florets few. 17. GNAPHALIUM. (Nat. Ord. Composit#, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 241.) * Flowers dicecious. 1. G. diotcum, shoots procumbent; stems simple; flowers dicecious, few, corymbose ; radical leaves spathulate. Lightf: p- 470. t.20. Smith, Fl. Brit. p.869. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 240. E. B. t. 267. Has. Dry heathy pastures. Arthur’s Seat, Lightfoot. Pentland Hills, and hills above N. Queensferry, Mr Neill. June, July. 2/. Mountain Cudweed.—Plant throwing out leafy, procumbent shoots. Flower- ing stems 2-6 inches high, erect, leafy, terminating in a corymb of 3-6 flowers. Leaves green and glabrous above, white and tomentose beneath; cauline ones lanceolate. Flowers whitish or pinkish; the inner scales of the involucre elongate, especially in the pistilliferous flowers, which are pinkish. ** Flowers perfect (containing both stamens and pistils ). 2. G. sylvaticum, stem simple, erect, downy; flowers in a leafy spike ; leaves linear-lanceolate, downy, especially beneath. Lightf. p. 471. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 869. Hook. FI. Scot. p. 240. E. B. t. 913. B, Leaves nearly glabrous above; spike longer, more inter- rupted. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 240. G. rectum, Smith, |. c. p. 870. E. B. t. 124. Has. Woods and sandy pastures. 6, Pentland Hills; Figget Whins, Mr Neill. August. 0 Highland Cudweed.—Stem: 1-2 feet high, erect, decumbent at the base, slen- der, branched only from the base. Leaves linear-lanceolate, becoming gradually smaller upwards. Flowers in a short or very long and some- times slightly compound spike, axillary, 2 or 3 together, sessile, ovate- oblong. ‘* Scales of the involucre oblong, shining, with a broad, brown border.”—I_ heartily concur with Dr Hooker, and those botanists who consider G. sylvaticum and rectum as one species. 3. G. uliginosum, stem much branched, the branches spread- ing, woolly; leaves linear-lanceolate ; flowers in terminal, leafy, clustered heads. - Lightf. p. 473. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 872. Hook. Fi. Scot. p. 241. E. B. t. 1194. Has. Damp sandy places, and “‘ wet commons where water has stood in the winter,” frequent. August, September. (©). Marsh Cudweed.—Stem 6-8 inches high, much branched, white, with a cot- tony down. Leaves about an inch long, woolly on both sides. Flowers yellowish, small, sessile, shorter than the leaves, in the axils of which se? are situate, 2 or 3 together, and forming oblong, woolly, terminal eads. 2 Tussinaco. SYNGENESIA. POLYG.SUPERF. 177 4. G. minimum, stem erect, slender, branched upwards ; leaves lanceolate, acute, cottony; flowers ovate, in small lateral and terminal clusters longer than the leaves. Hook. Fl. Scot. p- 241. Smith, Fl. Brit. p.873. E. B. t.1157. #ilago mon- tana, Lightf. p. 502. Has. Dry sandy hills, and road-sides. Blackford Hill, Mr Neill. King’s Park, by the road-side from St Leonard’s Hill to Duddingston ; and abundantly on Musselburgh Race-ground. July, August. ©). Least Cudweed.—Stems very slender, erect, 2~8 inches high, woolly ; branch- ed, chiefly from the first cluster of flowers, sometimes quite simple. Leaves erect, almost appressed, very small. Flowers small, 3-6 together in clusters, sessile, and semetimes solitary. JInvolucres downy, the scales subulate. 5. G. germanicum, stem erect, branched in a proliferous manner upwards; leaves lanceolate, cottony; flowers small, in dense round heads, axillary and terminal. Hook. FI. Scot. p- 241. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 874. E. B. t. 946. Filago ger- manica, Lightf. p. 501. Has. Sandy pastures and waste places, not common near Edinburgh. Arthur’s Seat; and Blackford Hill, Mr Neill. June, July. Common Cudwéed.—* Stem 6-8 inches high, erect, with numerous leaves, terminated by a globular head of small ovate flowers, from beneath which, spring 3-3 or more horizontal branches, ina proliferous manner, each terminated by a similar head of flowers ;” (Hook.) Whole plant woolly. Leaves erect, small. Flowers yellowish. : 18. TUSSILAGO. (Nat. Ord. Composit.x, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 242.) 1. T. Farfara, scape 1-flowered, scaly; flowers rayed ; leaves roundish-cordate, angular, toothed, tomentose beneath. Lightf: p. 475. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 878. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 242. E. B. t. 429. Has. Fields; banks; waste places, very common. March; April. 2/. Coli’s-foot.—Scape appearing before the leaves, about 6 inches high, woolly, clothed with lanceolate scales. Leaves all radical, broad, cordate, cover- ed with a cottony substance, which soon disappears and rubs away, very tomentose and soft beneath. Flowers bright yellow, about an inch in diameter.’ Scales of the involucre linear, erect.—A pernicious weed, striking its roots sometimes to the depth of several feet. Leaves dried and mixed with tobacco by the country people. 2. 'T. Petasites, scape many-flowered, scaly ; flowers forming a thyrsus, the florets all tubular ; leaves very large, unequally toothed, the lobes of the cordate base approximate. Lighi/: p. 477. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 880. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 242. KE. B. t.431. 7’. hybrida, Lightf. p.476. Smith, |. c. p. 879. E: B. t. 430. Has. Sides of streams, very common. April, May. 2/. Common Butter-bur.—Scape flowering before the leaves appear, 4—8 inches high, elongated while flowering, thick, whitish or pinkish, and furnished with large scales and bracteas. Leaves exceedingly large, near 2 feet M 178 SYNGENESIA. POLYG. SUPERF. Sensxcio. broad, and supported by petiols often a yard in height. F/owers pinkish, in a thyrsus, at first dense, but at length lax, all the florets tubular; on some plants are found imperfect germens, but with perfect anthers, while on other distinct plants are found nothing but perfect ones, with imper- fect.anthers. Hence the two species of many authors. 19. SENECIO. (Wat. Ord. Compostt£, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 242.) * Florets all tubular. J. S. vulgaris, leaves semi-amplexicaul, sinuato-pinnatifid,. dentate ; flowers corymbose, the florets all tubular. Light/- p- 478. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 881. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 243. fe. B. t. 747. Has. Waste places and neglected gardens, very common. June—Sep- tember. Common Groundsei.—Stem about a foot high, branched. Leaves bright, shining green, linear-oblong, sometimes slightly downy beneath. Flowers small, yellow, in an irregular leafy corymb. Involuere cylindrical, glabrous, the scales linear, with their summits black. ** Flowers rayed; the ray rolled back. 2. 8. viscosus, ray revolute; leaves pinnatitid, viscid ; scales of the involucre lax, hairy. Lightf: p. 478. Smith, F 1. Brit. p- 882. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 248. E. B. t. 32. Haz. Waste places, on heaps of stony soil, &c. At Dysart, Light foot. King’s Park, Maughan. Near Newhaven, Sir J..E. Smith. Salisbury Craigs, Mr Neill. July, August. ©. Stinking Groundsel.Stem 12-18 inches high, branched, diffuse, piloso-glan- dulose, viscid as well as the leaves, which are sessile, spreading, pinnati- fid and unequally cut. Flowers yellow, in a lax, terminal corymb; the peduncles 1-2-flowered. Jnvoluere ovate, the scales linear, hairy.—Plant with a disagreeable smell. 3. S. sylvaticus, ray revolute; leaves pinnatifid, lobed and toothed; scales of the involucre very short, glabrous; stem erect, straight; flowers corymbose. Light/ p. 480. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 882. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 244. E. B. t. '748. Has. Waste places chiefly on hilly pastures. Figget Whins, and on the south side of Blackford Hill, abundant, Mr Neill. J uly. Mountain Groundsel_— Plant somewhat viscid, but with a less strong smell than the preceding. Stem 2-3 feet high, erect, branched, very straight and wand-like. Leaves spreading, rather finely divided. Flowers twice as small as the preceding, very numerous, widely corymbose, pale yellow, the ray short. *** Flowers rayed, the ray not revolute. 4. S. Jacobea, ray spreading; leaves lyrate, bipinnatifid, toothed, glabrous ; pericarps of the disk hairy. Lightf p. 480. Smith, Fl. Brit. p.885. Hook. Fl. Scot. p.244. HE. B. t. 1130. Has. Pastures, and road-sides very abundant. July, August. 2/. Common Ragwort.—Stem erect, very tough, 2-3 feet high, branched, gla- brous, or somewhat cottony. Leaves many, deep green and shining or Aster. SYNGENESIA. POLYG. SUPERF. Ag slightly cottony; the Jower ones with broad segments, the upper ones with mostly linear divisions. J'lowers forming a wide corymb, large, bright, deep yellow. Involucre glabrous, short and cylindrical_—_A common weed with remarkably showy flowers. 5. S. aquaticus, ray spreading; leaves lyrate, serrate, gla- brous, the lowermost undivided ; involucre hemispherical; pe- ricarps glabrous. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 244. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 885. E. B.t. 1131. 8S. Jacobea, 4, Lightf. p. 485. Has. Marshes; lake-sides, &c. common. July, August. 2/. Marsh Ragwort.—Stem 2-3 feet high, branched. Leaves glabrous, the lower ones varying from ovate to pinnatifid, the uppermost ones mostly pinnatifid. Flowers larger than in the preceding, not so numerous, and forming a less flat corymb. Rays of the outer florets broader. 20. ASTER. (Nat. Ord. Composit#&, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 242.) 1. A. Tripolium, leaves linear-lanceolate, fleshy, glabrous ; stem glabrous; flowers corymbose; scales of the involucre lan- ceolate, obtuse, erect, imbricate. Lightf p. 482. Smith, FI. Brit. p. 888. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 244. E. B. t. 87. Has. Salt-marshes on the sea-coast, rare near Edinburgh. Sea mill-dam, Burntisland Bay ; Inverkeithing Bay, Mr Neill. Aberlady Bay, Dr Graham. August, September. 2. Sea Starwort.—Glabrous. Stems 8 inches to 2 feet high, hollow. Leaves al- ternate, entire, obscurely 3-nerved, the lower ones only petiolate. Flowers in a leafy corymb, handsome, the disk yellow,.the rays blue or purplish, and numerous, but sometimes wanting.—This plant is the only excep- tion to the generic character, of the outer scales of the involucre spread- ing. 21. SOLIDAGO. (Nat. Ord. Comrosi7.£, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 243.) 1. S. Virgaurea, cauline leaves lanceolate, serrate ; flowers in an upright, elongate panicle. Lightf. p.482. Smith, F 1. Brit. p. 889. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 245. E. B. t. 301. Has. Woods and banks in subalpine situations, frequent. Plentiful at the waterfall at Habbie’s How, and elsewhere on the Pentland Hills, Messrs Neill and Graham. Colinton and Rosslyn woods, Maughan. July—September. 2/. Common Golden-rod.—Stem 1-2 feet high or more, erect, but often decum- bent at the base, angular, pubescent. Leaves petiolate, scabrous; the lower ones obovate or elliptical; the uppermost ones subentire, and fre- uently recurved. Flowers rayed, yellow, clustered, few, or many, in the orm of a branched thyrsus, or a panicle, the rays 5-9, oblong, spread- ing. 22. DORONICUM. (Nat. Ord. Composit®, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 243.) 1. D. Pardalianches, leaves cordate, repando-dentate, radical ones petiolate, cauline ones amplexicaul. Lightf p.485. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 896. Hook. FI. Scot. p. 245. KE. B. t. 630. m 2 iso SYNGENESIA. POLYG.SUPERF. Be tis: Has. Woods, and waste places about old buildings. Rosslyn woods, Maughan. Colinton woods, G. Don. June, July. 2/. Great Leopard’s-bane.—Plant hairy. Root creeping. Stem 2-3 feet high, slightly branched. Leaves broad, soft and pliable, scabrous. Flowers yellow, rayed, large, handsome, terminal, solitary; the rays long, linear, numerous, spreading, 5-toothed at the apex. Scales of the involucre liz near, acute, and hairy. 23. BELLIS. (Nat. Ord. Composit, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 243.) .. 1. B. perennis, scape naked, 1-flowered; root creeping; leaves obovate. Lightf p. 487. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 897. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 246. E. B. t. 424. Has. Pastures and road-sides, every where. March—October. 2. Common Daisy.—Leaves all radical, spreading, obovate, crenate, hairy. Scape 2-4 inches high, hairy. Flower with numerous white or pinkish linear, obtuse rays, the disk yellow. 24. CHRYSANTHEMUM. (Nat. Ord. Composit#, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 243.) 1. C. Leucanthemum, leaves amplexicaul, oblong, obtuse, va- riously cut, pinnatifid at the base, the radical ones petiolate, ob= ovate. Lightf p. 488. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 898. Hook. FI. Scot. p. 246. E. B. t. 601. ’ Has. Banks and pastures, common. June, July. 2. Great white Ox-eye.—Stem erect, 12-18 inches high, slightly branched, fur- rowed, somewhat hairy. Leaves subglabrous, deep green. Flowers ter- minal, large, solitary, with numerous oblong white rays, the disk bright yellow. Margin of the obtuse scales of the involucre, scariose. 2. C. segetum, leaves amplexicaul, glaucous, more or less toothed or pinnatifid; ray of the corolla obcordate (yellow). Lightf: p. 489. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 899. Hook. FI. Scot. p. 246. E. B. t. 540. Has. Corn-fields, (usually common, but, to the credit of the farmers around Edinburgh, very rare in the neighbourhood). August. ©. - Corn Marigold.—Glabrous, glaucous. Stem 1-2 feet high, branched, some- times diffuse, the branches thickening beneath the flowers. Leaves ob- long, rather acute, remotely cut towards the extremity, toothed at the base; rarely entire. Flowers large, fine, deep, bright yellow, solitary, terminal, the disk of the same colour as the rays. Scales of the involucre very broad, scariose at the margin. 25. PYRETHRUM. (Wat. Ord. Composit, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 244.) 1. P. Parthenium, leaves bipinnate, plane, petiolate, the leaf- lets ovate, cut; flowers corymbose, on branched peduncles ; stem erect. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 246. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 900. E. B. t. 1231. Matricaria Parthenium, Lightf: p. 490. Has. Waste places, chiefly near houses. Restalrig, Mr Neill. Lane near Aberlady, Dr Graham. July. 2. Common. Feverfew.—Stem erect, much branched, 2 feet high or more, fur- Marricarta. SYNGENESIA. POLYG. SUPERF. 181 rowed. Leaves more or less divided, the leaflets decurrent, slightly hoary. Flowers numerous, rather small, terminal, solitary, on branched, naked peduncles, thickened beneath the involucre; the ray short, nearly as broad as long, white, disk yellow. Involucre hemispherical, downy.— Plant very bitter and aromatic, with a strong smell 2. P. inodorum, leaves sessile, bipinnatifid, the segments ca- pulary ; stem branched, spreading ; pappus entire. Hook. FI. Scot. p. 246. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 900. E. B. t. 676. Chry- santhemum inodorum, Lightf: p. 488. Haz. Fields and waste places, very common. August—October. ©. Scentless Feverfew.—Stem about a foot high, branched, angular, glabrous, the branches diffuse. Leaves deep green, glabrous. lowers large, ter- minal, solitary ; the ray white, linear-oblong, the disk convex, yellow. Peduneles long, naked. Involucre glabrous. Receptacie quite naked, ob- tusely conical. Pappus not lobed. 3. P. maritimum, leaves bipinnatifid, the segments linear, fleshy, awnless; stem branched, diffuse ; pappus lobed. Hook. FI, Scot. p. 246. Smith, Fi. Brit. p.901. E. B.t.979. Ma- tricaria maritima, Lightf: p. 491. Has. Sandy places on the sea-coast, rare. .On Inchcolm abundantly, Mr Neill. July. 2. ; Sea-side Feverfew.—Stem 6-12 inches high, glabrous, branched, very leafy, scarcely erect. Leaves sessile, deep green, shining. Flowers solitary, terminal, smaller than the preceding (not an inch broad), the ray white, oblong, the disk yellow. Imvolucre glabrous. Pappus divided into 2-4 Igbes. 26. MATRICARIA. (Nat. Ord. Composi1t.£, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 244.) 1. M. Chamomilla, leaves glabrous, pinnate or bipinnatifid, the segments linear-capillary ; involucre nearly plane, the scales obtuse. Lightf? p. 491. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 902. Hook. FI. Scot. p. 247, KE. B. t. 12382. Has. Corn-fields and waste places, rather rare, King’s Park, Mr Yal- den. June—August. Wild Chamomile.—Stem erect, branched, about a foot high, yellow, glabrous. Leaves sessile, somewhat amplexicaul, glabrous, deep green, the leaflets narrow, linear, sometimes capillary. lowers small (ths of an inch broad), terminal, and solitary ; the ray white, spreading, truncate, the disk yellow, conical._Smell weak, and taste slightly bitter. 27. ANTHEMIS. (Nat. Ord. Comvositz, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 244.) 1. A. arvensis, leaves bipimnatifid, the segments linear, pu- bescent ; receptacle conical, its chaffy scales lanceolate, carinate ; pericarps crowned with an entire pappus. Lightfi p. 494. Smith, Fl. Brit. p.905. Hook. FI. Scot. p. 247. E. B. t. 602. Has. Corn-fields and road-sides, rather rare. Lanes about Lasswade, and on the north side of Linlithgow, Dr Parsons. Rosslyn woods, Mr Neill. July. ¢. Corn Chamomile.—Stem erect, much branched, covered with a hoary pu- 182 SYNGENESIA. POLYG. FRUSTR. Crnraurea. bescence. Leaves hoary green, the segments short, linear-lanceolate. Flowers large, terminal, solitary, the ray broad, white, at length reflex- ed, the disk yellow, at length conical. Peduncles often with small leaves, long. Scales of the involucre obtuse, the inner ones large. 2. A. Cotula, leaves bipmnatifid, glabrous, the segments li- near ; receptacle conical, its chaffy scales subulate ; pericarps without a pappus. Lightf p. 495. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 906. Hook. F 1. Scot. p. 247. E. B. t. 1772. Has. Corn-fields and waste places, not common. Near Gibbet Toll, Mr Neill. Road-sides about Rosslyn. July, August. Stinking Chamomile.—Stem a foot high or more, branched, glabrous. Leaves bipinnatifid, the segments cut, bright green, sometimes slightly pilose. Flowers rather small, terminal, solitary, the rays white, oval, “ reflexed at night” (Sm.), the disk yellow, convex.—Plant with a foetid smell, and sprinkled, according te Dr Hooker, with minute glands. 28. ACHILLEA. (Nat. Ord. Composit &, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 244.) 1. A. Ptarmica, leaves linear-lanceolate, acute, sharply ser- rate. Lightf p. 495. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 908. Hook. FI. Scot. p. 248. E. B. t.'757. Has. Moist fields and pastures, frequent. King’s Park, Mr Neill. Pentland Hills. July, August. 2/. Sneeze-wort.—Root creeping. Stem erect, 1-2 feet high, glabrous. Leaves glabrous, undivided. Flowers about half an inch in diameter, in a flat- tish, terminal corymb; the rays short, truncate, white, as is also the disk. 2. A. Millefolium, leaves long, bipinnate, slightly hairy, the segments linear, toothed, acute; stem furrowed. Lighif: p. 496. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 908. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 248. E. B. t. 758. Has. Pastures and road-sides, very common. June—August. 2. Common Yarrow.—Root creeping. Stem erect, 1-2 feet high, hairy. Leaves spreading, narrow, very much divided into linear leaflets and segments, the latter mucronate. Flowers small, white or pinkish (both the ray and the disk), numerous, in a flattish, branched, terminal co- rymb. lif. POLYGAMIA FRUSTRANKEA. 29. CENTAUREA. (Nat. Ord. Composit#&, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 239.) 1. C. nigra scales of the involucre ovate, ciliate, with erect, capillary teeth ; lower leaves angulato-lyrate, upper ones ses- sile, ovate. Lightf p. 498. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 910. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 248. E. B. t. 278. Has. Meadows and pastures, very common. July, August. 2/. Black Knapweed.—Plant tough, rigid, and scabrous. Stems 1-3 feet high, branched, angular. Lower leaves petiolate, spreading, sometimes simply Janceolate and toothed; cauline ones ovate, entire. M/Jowers without Orcuis. GYNANDRIA. MONANDRIA. 183 rays, terminal, solitary, purple, rarely white, near an inch bread. Invo- lucre globose, the scales blackish. 2. C. Cyanus, scales of the imvolucre serrate ; leaves linear, the lower ones toothed, the upper entire. Lightf: p. 498. Smith, F). Brit. p. 911. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 249. HE. B. t. 277. Has. Corn-fields, frequent. July. ©). Corn Blue-bottle—Stem erect, much branched, cottony, 2-3 feet high. Leaves alternate, distributed over the whole plant, cottony beneath. Flowers large, terminal, solitary ; the disk purple, the rays infundibuli- form, fine blue, cleft into sharp segments. Jnvolucre ovate, greenish. Peduncle thickened upwards. 3 8. C. Scabiosa, scales: of the involucre ciliate, pubescent ; leaves pinnatifid, the segments lanceolate, subdentate, pilose. Lightf. p. 500. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 911. Hook. FI. Scot. p- 249, E. B. t. 56. Has. Pastures, corn-fields, and waste places, not frequent. Common in Fife, Mr Neill. Road-side between Guillon and Dirleton; Corn- fields west of Largo, Maughan. Near Aberlady, Mr Arnott. July, August. 2. Greater Knapweed.cStem 1-3 feet high, erect, furrowed, much branched. Leaves slightly pilose on each side. Flowers large, handsome, terminal, solitary, purple. The florets of the ray elongated, and deeply cleft into linear segments. Involucre globose, the scales broad, cottony, blackish ; ‘* in time they become reflexed and censpicucus at a distance, being of a ~ most beautiful silvery hue,” (Sm.) XX. GYNANDRIA. I. MONANDRIA. 1. ORCHIS. (Wal. Ord. OncHIDEZ, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 187.) j i * Tubers 2, undivided. i. O. Morio, lip 3-lobed, lobes crenate, obtuse, the middle bne emarginate ; segments of the perianth ascending, obtuse ; spur linear-conical, ascending, shorter than the germen. Lightf- p-514. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 920. Hook. ¥1. Scot. p. 250. KE. B. t. 2059. Han. Pastures and meadows, rare about Edinburgh, June. Near Hab- bie’s How ? Mr D. Steuart. June. 2/. Meadow Orchis.—Stem 6-12 inches high, leafy. Leaves amplexicaul, lan- ceolate, shining, paler, or silvery beneath. Flowers purple, not nume- rous, in an obtuse, rather lax spike, accompanied by bracteas about equal in length to the germen. Segments of the perianth connivent ; the two outer ones greenish at the base, and striated with green. Nectary with a spur not so long as the germen, and a large Jip, whitish in the middle, and spotted with purple. 184 GYNANDRIA. MONANDRIA. Gyunapewta. _2. O. mascula, lip 3-lobed, crenulate, obtuse, the middle lobe bifid ; segments of the perianth acute, the outer ones reflexed ; spur conical, ascending, as long as the germen. Lightf. p. 515. Smith, ¥F). Brit. p.920. Hook. F1. Scot. p. 250. E. B. t. 631. Has. Woods, meadows and pastures, frequent. Hunter’s Bog in the King’s Park, Dr Graham. Rosslyn woods, &c. Sometimes with white flowers. May, June. 2. = Early Spotted Orehis——Stem 8-12 inches high. Leaves broadly lanceolate, shining, more or less spotted with purple. Flowers purple, in an oblong, obtuse, lax spike. Bracteas lanceolate, purple, rather shorter than the germen. Inner segments of the perianth connivent, the lip broad, with the lateral lobes the largest, and reflexed, white and spotted in the middle. Spur of the nectary linear-conical, longer than the germen. An- thers purple, the pollen-masses yellow. ** Tubers 2, palmate. 3. O. latifolia, lip slightly 3-lobed, the sides reflexed ; inner segments of the perianth connivent, the two outer ones reflexed ; spur conical, shorter than the germen ; bracteas longer than the flewers. Lightf p. 516. Smith, FI. Brit. p. 924. Hook. FI. Scot. p. 251. ‘E. B. t. 2308. : Has. Marshes and moist meadows, frequent. About Comely Bank, Mr Neill. Duddingston Loch, Mr Bainbridge. Hunter’s Bog, Dr Graham. Rosslyn woods, abundant. June. 2. Marsh Orchis.—Stem 12-18 inches high, leafy, hollow. Leaves long, some- what erect, acuminate, sheathing the stem nearly to the top, varying in breadth from half an inch to one inch and a halt, mostly without spots, but sometimes with faint ones. Flowers various shades of purple or pale red, rarely white, in a rather dense spike, and accompanied with long lanceolate bracteas. Lip spotted and streaked with dark purple. Spur incurved, shorter than the germen. 4. Q. maculata, lip plane, 3-lobed, crenate ; inner segments of the perianth connivent, the lateral ones patent; spur cylin- drical, shorter than the germen; bracteas as long as the ger- men. Lightf p. 517. Smith, Fl. Brit. p- 925. Hook. FI. Scot. p: 251. EB. B. t. 632. ; Has. Meadows and pastures, frequent. King’s Park, Mr Yalden. Dud- dingston Loch with red flowers, and at Figzet Whins surrounded by seedling plants with undiyided bulbs, Dr Graham. June, July. 2. Spotted palmate Orchis.—Stem 10-16 inches high, slender, leafy. Leaves lanceolate, distant, spotted with purple, becoming more attenuate up- wards, at length nearly subulate. © Flowers spotted, mostly pale whitish purple, sometimes darker, at others quite white, and free from spots, nu- inerous, in a dense, oval-pyramidal spike. Lip large, not regular in fi- gure, but the middle lobe usually the longest. Bracteas small, subulate. 2, GYMNADENIA. (Wat. Ord. OncuHIDE®, Hook. Scot: 2. p. 188.) 1. G. Conopsea. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 251. Orchis conopsea, Lightf- p. 518. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 926. E. B. t. 10. Hazenarnia. GYNANDRIA. MONANDRIA. 185 Has. Bogs and moist pastures, rare near Edinburgh. In meadow-ground south of Dalmahoy Hill, with white flowers, Messrs Sommerville and E. Maughan. Hills near the toll, North Queensferry, Mr Neill June—August. 2/. Fragrant Gymnadenia.—Stem 9-16 inches high. Leaves linear-lanceolate, ' keeled. Flowers purple, flesh-colour or (rarely) white, rather few or very numerous, in a linear-oblong spike, which, according to the number of flowers, is very lax or very dense. Bracteqs a little longer than the ger- men. The 3 upper and inner segments of the perianth connivent, the 2 lateral ones narrow and patent, or reflexed. Zip cleft into 3 equal, entire lobes, not spotted. Spur slender, as long again as the germen. “ The 2 cells of the anthers are perforated at the base, through which the naked, large, and oblong glands of the stalks of the pollen-mass ap- pear.” (Hook.) Pollen-mass green.—F lower very fragrant. 3. HABENARIA. (Nat. Ord. ORcHIDE, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 188.) 1. H. viridis, spur short, 2-lobed ; lip 3-toothed, the 2 late- ral teeth acute, the middle one very short ; bracteas much lon- ger than the flowers. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 252. Satyrium vi- ride, Lightf: p. 519. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 928. E. B. t. 94. Has. Dry hilly pastures. Caroline Park ; and Cramond Island, Maughan. By the upper reservoir on the Pentland Hills, G. Don. About Burnt- island, and on Dunearn Hill, Mr Neill. Pentland Hills, near Currie, Mr Arnott. Ravelrig-toll Moss, Dr Graham. Near St Anthony’s Chapel in the King’s Park, Mr D. Stuart. June, July. 2/. Frog Habenaria.—Stem 4-10 inches high, leafy. Lower leaves broadish and obtuse, the upper ones narrower, and somewhat acute. Bracteas lanceo- late, at least half as long again as the flowers. Flowers green, in a lax spike. Segments of the perianth connivent, brownish at the points. Lip bent downwards, linear-oblong, yellowish or brownish. Anther purplish. Pollen-mass yellow. 2. H. albida, spur obtuse, thrice as short as the germen ; lip tripartite, the segments acute, the middle one the largest. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 252. Satyrium albidum, Lightf p. 519. Smith, F]. Brit. p. 929. E. B. t. 505. Has. Hilly and alpine pastures, very rare near Edinburgh. Sreich water-side south from Whitburn, Dr Fleming. A single plant found growing along with the preceding species, on the hills above North Queensferry, by Mr Falconar and myself. July, August. 2/. Small White Habenaria.—Stem 6-10 inches high, leafy, striate. Lower leaves obtuse, spreading; wpper ones lanceolate, erect, keeled, striate. Bracteas longer than the germen. Flowers numerous, small, white, in a dense, narrow spike, about 2 incheslong. Segments of the perianth broad, subconnivent. Lip a little longer than the perianth, sgmewhat deflexed. Anther yellowish. Pollen-mass yellow. 3. H. bifolia, spur filiform, twice the length of the germen ; lip linear, entire ; radical leaves 2, oblong, attenuate at the base, Hook. ¥ |. Scot. p. 252. Orchis bifolia, Lightf p. 412. Smith, FI. Brit. p. 918. E. B. t. 22. Has. Moist meadows and pastures. About Auchindenny, Lightfoot. Guillon Links, Dr Graham. Qn the Pentland Hills, in various places. May, June. 2/. 186 GYNANDRIA.. MONANDRIA. LisTERra. Butterfly Habenaria.—Stem 12-18 inches high, leafy, ribbed. Radical leaves 2, large, oblong; cauline ones very small, lanceolate. Bracteas as long as the germen. Flowers yellowish white, rather large, in an oblong spike. The 3 upper segments of the perianth connivent, the middle one of which is cordate and obtuse ; lateral segments spreading. Zip bent downwards, long, linear-ovate to linear. Lobes of the anther very distant.—Some- times fragrant. 4. LISTERA. (Nat. Ord. ORcHIDE#, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 189.) 1. L. ovata, stem 2-leaved, the leaves ovate and opposite ; column of fructification having an appendage, in which the an- ther is placed. Hook. FI. Scot. p. 253. Ophrys ovata, Lightf: p- 523. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 923. KE. B. t. 1548. Has. Woods and moist meadows, and pastures. Swanston wood, Mr Neill. Meadow-ground south of Ravelrig-toll, Maughan. Pentland Hills, about Currie and elsewhere. June. ; Common Twayblade.—Stem 12-18 inches high. Leaves large, ovate or round- ish-ovate, ribbed, below the middle of the stem. Bracteas shorter than the pedicel. Flowers green, small, pedicellate, in a narrow, long, lax spike. Segments of the perianth spreading, the points somewhat inflexed, the two inner ones narrower than the rest. Lip long, yellowish green, slightly deflexed, bifid. : 2. L. cordata, stem 2-leaved, the leaves opposite, cordate ; lip with 2 teeth at the base, bifid at the apex ; the segments li- near-subulate. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 253. Ophrys cordata, Lightf- p. 524. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 933. E. B. t. 358. Has. Moist bushy places, and damp mossy banks, in subalpine situa- tions. Fir-wood between Woodhouslee and the Bush; peat-bog at Ravelrig-toll; and on the Pentland Hills, Messrs Somerville and E. Maughan. July, August. 2. Heart-leaved Twayblade.—Stem very slender, 3-6 inches high. Leaves small, not an inch long. Bracteas minute. Flowers brownish green, few, very small, pedicellate, in a small lax spike. Segments of the perianth spread- ing, the 2 inner ones the smallest. Lip long, the 2 segments divaricate. Capsule globose. 3. L. Nidus-Avis, stem with sheathing scales, leafless. Hook. FI. Scot. p. 253. Ophrys Nidus-Avis, Lightf: p 522. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 931. E. B. t. 48. Has. Shady woods, very rare. Auchindenny woods, Dr Parsons. Woods at Dalhousie, Maughan. May, June. 2. Bird’s-nest Listera.—Root composed of densely-fasciculated, fleshy, short fibres.. Stem 9-16 inches high, hollow, leafless. Bracteas lanceolate, longer than the pedicels. Flowers numerous, brown, in a rather lax spike. Segments of the perianth somewhat connivent. Lip longer than the perianth, of a deeper colour, somewhat deflexed, the apex bifid, the segments short, obtuse, and divaricate. Pol/en-masses oblong, farinaceous. Capsule ovate, ribbed, glandulose. 5. EPIPACTIS. (Nat. Ord. OncHIDE”, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 189.) 1. E. latifolia, leaves ovate, amplexicaul; lower bracteas ZaNnicuEttraA. MONCECIA. MONANDRIA. 187 longer than the drooping flowers; lip éntire, acuminate, shorter than the petals. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 254. Serapias latifolia, Lightf. p. 526. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 942. E. B. t. 269. Has. Woods and borders of fields. Dalhousie woods, Maughan. Broad-leaved Helleborine.—Root composed of long, fleshy, simple fibres. Stem 1-2 feet high or more, green, leafy. Leaves broadly ovate, and sheathing below, lanceolate and sessile above, at length resembling brac- teas. Lower bracteas longer than the flowers. Flowers numerous, in a long lax spike, greenish purple or purplish. Segments of the perianth more or less connivent ; the outer ones ribbed. Jip a little shorter than the perianth, broad, concave, and seeming as if jointed in the middle. Anther yellow. Pollen-masses oblong, farinaceous. Capsule pyriform, ribbed. 6. CORALLORRHIZA. (Nat. Ord. ORCHIDEX, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 190.) 1. C. innata, spur abbreviated, adnate, (apparently wanting.) Hook. F 1. Scot. p. 255. Ophrys corailorrhiza, Lightf: p. 518. t. 23. Smith, FI. Brit. p. 932. E. B. t. 154’7. Has. Moist mossy woods, very rare. Peat-bog near Ravelrig-toll, among the willows, Mr EK. Maughan. June, July. Spurless Coral-root_—Root composed of a mass of thick, whitish, fleshy, branched, and very brittle processes. Scape 6-12 inches high, striate, closely sheathed with 2 or 3 long scales. Bracteas minute. Flowers few, in a lax spike, subpedicellate, greenish. The 3 uppermost segments of the perianth connivent; the 2 lateral ones deflexed. Lip white, spotted with red, oblong, entire, deflexed. Spur wanting. -Anther “ terminal, resembling an operculum, moveable, deciduous, sessile, fixed to the pos- terior margin of the stigma.” (Hook.) Capsule oblong-pyriform, twist- ed.—1 possess a highly curious monstrosity of this plant from Ravelrig- toll. In all the flowers on one individual, the 2 outer of the 3 upper connivent segments of the perianth are converted into lips, as large as the true lip, deflexed, and beautifully spotted ; the 3 remaining segments appear between them like a triphyllous calyx, and the long column of fructification stands in the centre wholly unprotected, and terminated by the anther. XXI. MON(CECIA. I. MONANDRIA. 1. ZANNICHELLIA. (Nat. Ord. FLuviaLes, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 193.) 1. Z. palustris, anthers 4-celled, stigmas entire ; pericarps toothed, and winged on the back. Lightf p. 534. Smith, ¥'. Brit. p. 955. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 258. E. B. t. 1844. Has. Ditches and ponds. Lochend, Mr Neill. Ina small pool near Luffness. August. Horned Pondweed.—Stems long, filiform, floating, branched, glabrous. Leaves numerous, opposite, linear, entire. Bracteas membranaceous. Flowers 188 MONQGCIA. MONANDRIA. Catuitaricue. axillary, minute, the pistilliferous ones having an involucre and a very short pedicel; the stamen arising from the base without a perianth, bear- ing a 4-celled anther upon a long filament. Styles short, the stigma di- lated. 2. CALLITRICHE. (Nat, Ord. HaLoracE®, Hook, Scot. 2. p. 258.) 1. C. aquatica. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 259. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 8. E. B. t. 722. C. verna and autumnalis, Lightf: p. 10. Has. Ditches and ponds, and small streams, very common. April— October. 2. Waier Starwort.—Stems varying greatly in length according to situation, filiform and branched, rooting freely. Leaves varying also in size and shape, of all forms, between linear and obovate; when growing in deep- ish water, those beneath are narrow, those on the surface broad, and ex- panding in the manner of a star, at the summit of each branch. Flowers minute, and inconspicuous; stamenifercus ones having a single stamen, with a yellow anther on a slender white filament, issuing from a minute 2-leaved white perianth; pistilliferous ones with a similar perianth, the styles 2, capillary, reflexed. Pericarp roundish, 4-lobed, 4-celled. 3. ZOSTERA. (Nat. Ord. FLuvia.eEs, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 193.) 1, Z. marina, leaves entire, somewhat 3-nerved ; stem round- ish. Lightf. p. 580. Smith, Fl. Brit. p.'7. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 259. E. B. t. 467. Haz. Marine ditches, and forming large beds in the sea itself, frequent. Black Rocks at Leith, Mr Neill. June—August. 2. Common Grass-wrack.—Stems 1-3 feet long, rooting at the joints, and fur- nished with abundance of long, linear, bright green, floating grass-like leaves, sheathing at the base, and 1-4 lines broad. Flowers in a spadix. “¢ Spadix linear, arising from a sheathing portion of the leaf, which thus forms the spatha. Flowers all on one side of the spadix, quite destitute of perianth, in 2 rows. Pistils and anthers alternate, in general 2 anthers, and then 1 pistil; both ovate or oblong-ovate, the former tipped with a bipartite, long, filiform style; both are green. Anthers bursting ir- regularly.” (Hook.) Sir J. E. Smith says, “‘ Zostera is easiest under- stood, as a simple unilateral spike of naked flqwers disposed in 2 ranks.” —Used by the poorer classes in the north for bedding, and to pack brit- tle ware. The collecting of it is encouraged by the Highland Society for stufling mattrasses ; great quantities being imported for that pur- pose. Il. TRIANDRIA. 4. TYPHA. (Nat. Ord. ARoIDEz, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 192.) 1. T. latifolia, leaves linear, nearly plane; sterile and fertile catkins close together. Lightf: p. 538. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 959. Hook. F\. Scot. p. 259. E. B. t. 1455. Has. Sides of ponds and streams. Lochend, Maughan. July. 7. Great Cat's-tail or Reed-Mace.—Glabrous. Root creeping. Culm 3-6 feet SrarcaAnium. MON(CIA. TRIANDRIA. 189 high, simple, straight, round, leafy below. Leaves very long, erect, near an inch broad, acute. Catkins long, terminal; the upper one yellow, sterile, and furnished, with 1-3 membranaceous bracteas; the lower one greenish brown, fertile, very dense. 5. SPARGANIUM. (Nat. Ord. ARoIDE, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 191.) 1. S. ramosum, leaves triangular at the base, their sides con- cave; common flower-stalk branched ; stigma linear. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 260. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 961. E. B. t. 744. S. erec- tum, Lightf: p. 539. Has. Ponds and ditches. Duddingston Loch, Dr Graham. Lochend, Mr Neill. July. , aad Branched Bur-reed.—Glabrous. Root creeping. Stem round, 2-3 feet high, divided above into a few divaricate, short branches. Leaves long, linear ; those of the stem shorter, more or less sheathing. Flowers forming glo- bular, sessile heads ; the sterile ones above, yellow; the fertile ones green- ish, below. -Anthers on longish exserted filaments. Germens with the style at length forming prickly heads as large as a hazel-nut. 2. S. simplex, leaves triangular at the base, their sides plane ; common flower-stalk simple; stigma linear. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 260. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 962. E. B. t. 745. Has. Ponds and ditches. Ditches near Corstorphine ; and small lake on the summit of Dunearn Hill, Mr Neill. July. 2/. Simple upright Bur-reed.Glabrous ; less than the preceding. Stem 1-2 feet high, round, unbranched. Zeaves similar to the last, but not so long, and differing, in the sides of the triangular base being plane instead. of concave. Heads of flowers very similar to the last, but all sessile, on one common stalk, except the lowest one or two, which are sometimes on a very short peduncle. Prickly fruit-bearing heads also similar.—Light- foot comprehended this and the preceding under the common name of Erectum, but mentions the present species as the most common variety. 3. S. natans, leaves plane, floating; common flower-stalk simple; stigma ovate; head of sterile flowers mostly solitary. Lightf.p.541. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 962. Hook, Fl. Scot. p. 260. E. B. t. 273. Has. Ditches and ponds, chiefly in the Highlands. Loch on Dunearn Hill, Mr Neill. Peat-pits on the south side of Dalmahoy Hill, Maughan. Pentland Hills near Currie, Dr Graham. July. 2. Floating Bur-reed.Stems round, very leafy, varying much in length. Leaves very narrow, linear, grass-like, somewhat pellucid, long and floating. #Jowers in globular heads, which are all sessile, except the lowermost, which, as in the preceding, is shortly pedunculate ; fertile heads small, even when mature. Stigma short. 6. CAREX. (Nat. Ord. CypERACE®, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 174.) Div. I. Spike diacious ; simple and solitary, both on the sterile and fertile culm. 1. C. dioica, spike simple, dicecious ; fruit ascending, ovate, 190 MONCGECIA. TRIANDRIA. CaREx, striate, rough on the margin towards the apex ; leaves and culm glabrous. Lighif p.541. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 963. Hook. F1. Scot. p. 260. E. B. t. 534. Has. Bogs and heaths, common. Blackford Hill. Pentland Hills. * Ravelrig-toll moss. May, June. 2/. Straight-fruited diecious Carex.—Root creeping. Culm 4-8 inches high, slen« der, simple, triquetrous. Leaves setaceous, somewhat triquetrous, erect, shorter than the culm. Both sterile and fertile spikes oblong, small. Glumes obtuse, with a green keel, broader in the fertile spike. Stigmas 2. 2. C. Davalliana, spike simple, dicecious; fruit ovate-acu- minate, recurved and deflexed, striate, angles roughish; culm scabrous on the angles. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 260. Smith, FI. Brit. p. 964. E. B. t. 2123. Has. Bogs. Near Crossgate-toll; and by the side of Guillon Loch, Maughan. June. _ Recurved-fruited Diecious Carex.—Root not creeping. Culms 6-12 inches high, slender, rough. Leaves setaceous, much shorter than the culm. Spike linear-oblong. Glumes brown, very scariose, keeled, brown and shining, especially on the fertile spike. F'rwit recurved, as well as de. flexed. Stigmas 2._I am almost convinced that the true C. Davalliana does not grow in the annexed stations, as the plants which Mr Maughan himself communicated to me, are decidedly the preceding species, which has sometimes its fruit not only quite patent, but even somewhat de- flexed. Div. Il. Culms with a single spike, or many sessile spikelets, which contain both stamens and pistils. (C. arenaria and intermedia have distinct sterile ones.) * Spikelets sterile at their extremity. (C. pulicaris has a sim- ple, single spike.) 3. C. pulicaris, spike simple, androgynous, few-flowered ; fruit oblong-lanceolate, reflexed, remote. Lighif: p.543. Smith, Fl]. Brit. p. 965. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 261. E. B. t. 1051. Has. Bogs, common. Hunter’s Bog, in the King’s Park ; and by Hab- bie’s How, Mr Neill. Pentland Hills; and Ravelrig-toll moss. May, June. 2/. Flea Carex.—Root not creeping. Culms 4-10 inches high, filiform, erect, glabrous. Leaves setaceous, rigid, glabrous, shorter than the culm. Spike simple, linear, the fertile flowers below ; fruit deflexed, oblong, acumi- nate, glabrous. Stigmas 2. Glumes brown, ovate-acute, keeled, decidu- ous. 4. C. muricata, spikelets sterile at their apex, subcompound, collected into a more or less interrupted spike; fruit convexo- plane, ovate-acumimate, acutely margined, bifid at the apex. Took. F1. Scot. p. 262. Smith, Fl. Brit. p.974. I. B. t. 1097. C. spicata, Lightf. p. 548. Has. Marshes near Figget Whins, Mr Neill. Banks of Duddingston Loch. June. 2. 9 a Carex. MONCECIA. TRIANDRIA. 191 Greater prickly Carex.—Root fibrous. Culms 12-18 inches high, triquetrous, the angles scabrous. Leaves linear, longer than the culm. Spikelets 8-10, sometimes crowded, at others more distant, ovate or roundish, not often compound. Glumes ovate, scariose, with a green keel, a little short- er than the capsule. Bracteas short, ovate at their base, then setaceous. Fruit squarrose, varying much in the hispidity of the margin.—Dr Hooker thinks that C. divudsa, EK. B. t. 629., is only a variety of this spe- cies. 5. C. vulpina, spikelets sterile at their apex, numerous, crowd- ed, thrice compounded, obtuse; fruit convexo-plane, ovate- acuminate, squarrose; culm acutely angled. Lightf p. 547. Smith, FI). Brit. p. 976. Hook. FI. Scot. p. 262. E. B. t. 307. Has. Bogs; ditch-sides, &c. Near Figget Whins, Mr Neill. Stream- side near Luffhess, Dr Graham. . Between Pettycur and Kinghorn, on the sea-side by a spring. June. 2/. Great Carex.—Root fibrous. Culm suberect, stout, 2 feet high, very acute- ly 3-sided, the angles sharply scabrous. Leaves broad, longer than the culm, very rough at the keel and margin. Bracteas broad at their base, then setaceous, the lower one not half the length of the spike, the rest gradually smaller. Spike 2-3 inches long, crowded, sometimes interrupt- ed. Spikelets ovate. Glumes ovate-acute, with a green keel, as long as the fruit. Margin of the fruit scabrous, the apex shortly bifid. Stig- mas 2. 6. C. paniculata, spikelets sterile at their extremity, thrice compounded, so as to form a somewhat pice’, rather acute spike ; fruit patent, ovate-acuminate ; culm acutely triangular ; root forming large raised tufts. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 262. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 978. E. B. t. 1064. Haz. Bogs and marshy woods. Woods behind the village of Newbattle, Dr Graham. June. Great panicled Carex.—Plant forming large tufts, which often rise 1-3 feet above the ground, a firm mass of roots. oot fibrous. Culms 2-3 feet long, erect or spreading, acutely triangular, very scabrous at the angles. Leaves very numerous, longer than the culm, rough at the keel and mar- gin. Bracteas short, linear-lanceolate. Spike compound, somewhat branch- ed, pale silvery brown. Lower spikelets somewhat remote, ovate. Glumes ovate-acute, with a hispid keel, and a broad, white, very scariose mar- gin, which gives a silvery appearance to the whole spike, which is 2-3 inches long. 7. C. teretiuscula, spikelets sterile at their extremity, com- pounded, coarctate, ovate; fruit patent, ovate-acute; culm rounded between the angles; root not tufted. Smith, F |. Brit. p- 977. E. B. t. 1065. C. paniculata g. Hook. FI. Scot. p: 263. Haz. Open bogs and marshes. North Queensferry, Mr T. Mackay. Marsh at the foot of Dundas Hill, Mr Neill. Pentland Hills, G. Don. Ravelrig-toll moss. June. 2/. Lesser panicled Carex.—Root fibrous, never forming tufts as in the preced- ing, but throwing up the culms as it were separately. Culms 12-16 inches high, suberect, with 3 angles, but the spaces between the angles rounded ; the angles scabrous. Leaves longer than the culms, erect, rather rigid, 192 MONCECIA. TRIANDRIA. Carex. sheathing the culm for half its length, scabrous at the keel and margin. Bracteas short, setaceous. Spike aboutan inch long, reddish brown, close and compact. Glumes with a smooth keel, scariose, and witha narrow whitish margin, but not so as to give a silvery hue to the spike.—I certainly may be wrong in considering this species as distinct from the last, to which Dr Hooker has recently united it; but the character of the stem, which is constant, and, above all, the extreme differenée in habit. when growing, and the peculiarity of the one forming such immense tufts, and the other being scattered and straggling, is so striking, that I cannot avoid thinking them different. ** Upper or intermediate spikelets sterile. 8. C. arenaria, lower spikelets fertile, upper ones sterile, all crowded ; fruit ovate; marginate; culm triangular, incurved ; leaves plane. Light/ p. 545. Smith, F1. Brit. p.971. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 261. E. B. t. 928. Has. Sandy banks on the sea-coast, very abundant. Between Caroline Park and Granton, plentiful. June. 2/. Sea-side Carex.—Root creeping luxuriantly. Culms 4-12 inches high, in- curved, the angles roughish above. Leaves about the length of the culm, sometimes shorter. Lower bracteas foliaceous, not so long.as the spike. Spike 1-2 inches long, oblong. Spikelets ovate, the lower ones somewhat remote ; uppermost one sterile, and many of the intermediate ones sterile at their extremities. Glwmes ovate-acute, as long as the fruit. Fruit furnished with a membranaceous margin towards the apex, which is bifid. _ Q. C. intermedia, inferior and superior spikelets fertile, inter- mediate ones sterile; culm triangular, erect. Hook. Fl. Scot. p- 262. Smith, FI. Brit. p.972. E. B. t. 2042. C. disticha, Lightf. p. 546. Has. Bogs and marshes. Abundant in the Hunter’s Bog, King’s Park, Mr Neill. Guillon Loch, Mr Arnott. Braid and Pentland Hills; and Banks of Lochend. June, 72/. Soft brown Carex.—Root creeping. Culms erect, 12-18 inches high, acutely triangular, the angles rough. Leaves erect, subequal to the culm. Lower bracteas subfoliaceous, not so long as the spike. Spike oblong, 14-2 inches long, imbricated with the ovate spikelets ; the central spikelets not wholly sterile, but having a few fertile flowers. Glwmes ovate-acute, as long as the fruit. Fruit ovate, acuminate, with a small scabrous margin towards the extremity ; the apex bifid. **® Spikelets sterile at their base. 10. C. stellulata, spikelets sterile at their base; 2-4, subre- mote, roundish ; fruit patent, ovate-acuminate, concave on the upper surface, with roughish margins... Hook. F 1. Scot. p. 263. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 966. E. B. t. 806. C. muricata, Lightf- p. 549. ' Has. Bogs and marshes, common. Pentland Hills, Mr Neill. King’s Park, &c. May, June. 2. Little Prickly Carex.—Root fibrous. Culms 6-12 inches high, erect or spreading, triangular. Leaves forming a spreading tuft, linear, narrow, roughish at the keel and margin, about as long as the culms. Bracteas very short, setaceous, the longest not half the length of the spike. Spike 3 CanEx. MONGECIA. TRIANDRIA. 193 rarely an inch long, composed of 2-4 small, roundish, few-flowered, prickly spikelets. Frwit convex on the lower, concave on the upper surface, spreading in a stellated manner. Glwmes cordato-ovate, with a green keel, shorter than the fruit. 11. C. curta, spikelets sterile at their base, 4-6, ovate-ellip- tical, approximate, bracteas very minute, the lowest rarely so long as the spikelet; fruit broadly ovate, acute, longer than the cordate glume. Hook. FI. Scot. p. 263. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 967. E. B.t. 1886. C. canescens, Lightf. p. 550. Has. Bogs and moist low woods, not incommon near Edinburgh. North Queensferry, Mr J. Mackay. Ravelrig-toll Moss, about the willows, _. plentiful. Pentland Hills, many places, Maughan. June. 2/. White Carex.—Root fibrous. Culms 7-16 inches long, mostly ascending, triangular, rough at the angles. Leaves very narrow, nearly as long as the culms. Bracteas minute, except the lower one, which is often not half so long as the spikelet it accompanies. Spike little more than an inch long. Spikelets very pale, shining, dense, somewhat remote, imbri- cated with the short ovate fruit. Glumes broader and shorter than the fruit, keeled, scariose.—F ruit sometimes margined towards the extremi- ty, having 2 teeth at the apex, according to Dr Hooker. Goodenough and Smith describe the apex as entire, which agrees with all my speci- mens. 12. C. ovalis, spikelets sterile at their base, 5-6, oval, ap- proximate, alternate; fruit ovate-acuminate, as long as the glume, with a broad membranaceous margin, bifid at the apex. Hook. F 1. Scot. p. 263. Smith, Fl. Brit. p.968. KE. B. t. 306. C. leporina, Lightf: p. 547. Haz. Bogs and marshy meadows, frequent. Ravelrig-toll Moss. Pent- land Hills. West side of Lochend. June. 2/. Oval-spiked Carex.—Root fibrous. Culms about a foot high, triangular, rough at the angles. Leaves linear, narrow, rough at the keel and mar- gin, nearly as long as the culm. Lower bractea sometimes foliaceous at the apex, but never as long as the spike, frequently all are shorter than the spikelets, arid quite scariose. Spikelets reddish-brown when in fruit, brownish-green when in flower, so approximate as to form a spike scarce- ly more than an inch long. Lower glumes of each spikelet more scariose than the upper ones. 13. C. remota, spikelets sterile at their base, distant, the two or three lower bracteas as long or longer than the spike ; fruit ovate-acuminate, bifid at the apex, longer than the glumes. Lightf. p. 549. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 969. Hook. FI. Scot. p. 263. E. B. t. 832. Haz. Woods and moist shady places. Rosslyn and Auchindenny woods. June. 2. ‘ Remote Carex.—Root creéping. Culms 1-2 feet long, weak and slender, triangular, roughish on the angles. Leaves very narrow, long. Bracteas foliaceous, longer than the spike, narrow, very acuminate, short in the two or three uppermost spikelets. Spike 4-8 inches long, composed of 6-10 small ovate spikelets, the lower ones very distinct. Frwit convexo- plane. Glumes ovate-acute,, with a greenish keel. 14. C. avillaris, spikelets sterile at their base, remote, the N 194 MONCCIA. TRIANDRIA. Carex. lower ones subternate, the lowest bractea longer than the spike, all the rest very short; fruit ovate, acuminate, bifid at the apex. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 970. E. B. t. 993. Has. Woods, rare. Banks of the Esk, above Melville Castle, Dr Graham. June. ; Axillary Clustered Carex.—Root fibrous. Culms above 2 feet high, firm, triangular, scabrous at the angles. Leaves linear, long, broader than in the preceding, very rough at the margin and keel. Bracteas; the lowest long and foliaceous, the rest scariose, broad at the base, then setaeeous. Spike 3-5 inches long, composed of 8-10 sessile, ovate spikelets, the low- est. two er three of which are remote and more or less compound, the uppermost simple and approximate. /’rwit much resembling the pre- ceding. Glumes ovate-acute, scariose, with a green keel. Div. IIL. Sterile and fertile spikelets distinct on the same culm. (Sterile ones always terminal. J * Sterile spikelets mostly single. + Stigmas 3. + Fertile spikelets long, linear, lax. 15. C. pendula, fertile spikelets very long and drooping, ste- rile one single ; sheaths nearly as long as the peduncle; fruit ovate, rostrate, densely imbricate. Lightf p. 564. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 981. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 264. E. B. t. 2315. Has. Woods and shady banks of rivers. Rosslyn woods; and the Park at Dalkeith, Maughan. Banks of the Esk, above Melville Castle, Dr Graham. June, July. 2. Great pendulous Carex.—Root fibrous. Culms-2-6 feet long, suberect, firm, triangular, glabrous. Leaves broad, glaucous beneath, rough at the mar- gin and keel. Fertile spikelets 5~7, remote, 4-6 inches long; sterile one 3=4 inches long. Bracteas broad, long, and foliaceous. 16. C. strigosa, sterile spikelet single, fertile ones about 4, filiform, lax, suberect, at length drooping; fruit oblong, trique- trous, acute; sheaths nearly as long as the peduncles. Hook. FI. Scot. p. 264. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 982. E. B.t. 994. Has. Woods. Arniston woods, Maughan. May, June. 2/. Loose pendulous Carex.—Root fibrous. Cudms slender, 2 feet or more high, - triangular, acute, rough at. the angles, leafy, longer than the leaves. Leaves. broad, with three main nerves, which are scabrous as well as the margin. Bracteas foliaceous, broad, not so long as the culm. Fertile spikelets 14-2 inches long, the fruit rather straggling. Glumes ovate-lan- ceolate, green, with a whitish scariose margin, shorter than the fruit. 1%. C.. sylvatica, sterile spikelet mostly single, fertile ones slender, subfiliform, drooping, lax; fruit ovate, triquetrous, with a long subulate beak ; sheaths not half the length of the peduncles. Lightf p. 562. Smith, F 1. Brit. p. 983. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 264. E. B. t. 995. Has. Woods. Rosslyn and Auchindenny woods. June. 2/. Carex. MONQECIA. TRIANDRIA. 195 Pendulous Wood Carex.—Root fibrous. Culm 2 feet high or more, slender, suberect, triangular, glabrous. eaves narrow, shorter than the culm. Bracteas foliaceous, similar to the leaves, not rising above the culm. Sterile spikelet mostly single, but there are sometimes two ; fertile ones one inch to one inch and a half long, 4—6, erect when in flower, at length drooping on long peduncles, the lowest occasionally compound. Fruit remarkable from its long subulate beak, more close than in the preceding. Glumes ovate-lanceolate, whitish, scariose and silvery, with a broad, green keel, scabrous towards the apex. ++ Fertile spikelets cylindrical-oblong, ovate, or roundish. 18. C. pallescens, sterile spikelet terminal, fertile ones 2-3, ovate-cylindrical, shortly pedunculate, subpendulous ; lower bractea foliaceous, rising above the culm; fruit ovate, tumid, obtuse. Lightf p. 558. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 989. Hook. FI. Scot. p. 266.. E. B. t. 2185. Has. Boggy woods and marshes. Tavelrig-toll Moss, and Pentland Hills in many places. June. 2/. Pale Carex.—Root fibrous. Culms 8-18 inches high, erect or spreading, triangular, scabrous at the angles. Leaves narrow, acuminate, pu- bescent, shorter than the culm. Sheaths of the bracteas very short. Fertile spikelets approximate, on filiform peduncles about half an inch in length, densely imbricated with the glabrous, very obtuse fruit, and varying in form from roundish to cylindrical oblong. Glumes broadly ovate, shorter than the fruit, with a mucronate keel. 19. C. flava, sterile spikelet mostly single, fertile ones round- ish or oval, subsessile or pedunculate ; sheaths of the foliaceous bracteas half as long as the peduncle; fruit obovate, ribbed, with a long recurved beak. Lightf. p. 551. Smith, Fl. Brit. p- 990. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 266. E. B. t. 1294. Has. Bogs, heaths, marshy pastures, common. King’s Park, Mr Neill. Pentland Hills, abundant. June. 2/. Yellow Carex.—Root creeping. Culms 6-12 inches long, erect or spreading, triangular, subglabrous. Leaves about as long as the culm, bright green, broadish. Sterile spikelets sometimes 2 ; fertile ones of a yellowish colour, approximate, dense, the lower one sometimes very distant. Fruit in- flated, acutely rostrate, bifid or entire at the apex. Gdlwmes reddish- brown, shorter than the fruit.—Dr Hooker has, with great propriety, joined C. Gideri of E. B. t. 1773. to this species, from which it differs merely in the fruit being not recurved, a character to which C. flava is by no means constant. 20. C. extensa, sterile spikelets mostly single, fertile ones 3-5, approximate, or with the lowest one very distant, ovate, subsessile; sheaths of the very long foliaceous bracteas almost none; fruit ovate-acute. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 267. Smith, FI. Brit. p. 992. E. B. t. 833. Has. Bogs and marshes on the sea-coast, rare. Coast between Starley- burn and Aberdour, Mr Chalmers. June. 2. Long-bracteated Carex.—Root fibrous. Culms 8-12 inches high, obtusely triquetrous, glabrous. Leaves narrow, convolute, about as long as the eulm; the dracteas similar, but much longer. Spikelets almost sessile, nQ 196 MONCECIA. TRIANDRIA. CarEk: and often crowded together. Fruit ovate, glabrous, with a short bifid beak. Glumes broadly ovate, shorter than the fruit. 21. C. distans, sterile spikelet single, fertile ones suberect, 3-4, very remote, pedunculate, the sheaths of the foliaceous bracteas nearly as long as the peduncles; fruit ovate-acuminate, bifid at the apex; glumes mucronate. Lightf: p.561. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 992. Hook FI. Scot. p. 267. E. B. t. 1234 C. binervis, Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 993. E. B. t. 1235. Has. Moors and heaths, common. Pentland Hills, very plentiful. June. 2. Distantly-spiked Carex.—Root fibrous. Culms 1-2 feet high or more, erect, somewhat curved, triangular, glabrous except towards the top. Leavesnear- ly as long as the culm, rough at the margin and nerve. Fertile spikelets ob- longo-cylindrical, the lowest often a foot or more from the summit, 3-1 inch long, brownish-green. Fruit glabrous, triquetrous, the beak cleft at the apex into two divaricate teeth. Gdwmes broadly ovate, reddish- brown, with a green scabrous keel.—I can find no specific difference be- tween C, distans and C. binervis, and have followed Hooker in uniting them. 22. C. precox, spikelets approximate, sterile one single, fer- tile ones 2-3, ovate, very shortly pedunculate, sheaths of the foliaceous bracteas almost none; fruit ovate acute, pubescent ; glumes ovate-acute, a little shorter than the fruit: Hook. F]. Scot. p. 267. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 994. E. B. t. 1099: C. montana, Lightf. p. 551. Has. Hilly pastures, common. King’s Park, Mr Neill. May. 2. Vernal Carex.—Root creeping. Culms 3-8 inches high, triangular, gla- brous. Leaves linear, broadish for their length, acute, shorter than the culm, rough at the margin and keel. Fertile spikelets ovate, dense, erect, the lowest one furnished with a foliaceous bractea, which rarely rises higher than the culm. Fruit subtriquetrous, not bifid at the apex, pu- bescent. 23. C. pilulifera, spikelets approximate, sterile one single, lmear, fertile ones roundish, sessile, approximate; glume mu- cronate, as long as the roundish, acute, pubescent fruit ; culms weak. Light p. 554. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 995. Hook. FI. Scot. p. 267. E. B. t. 885. Has. Moist hilly pastures and moors. King’s Park, and Bevelaw Burn, Maughan. Braid Hill, Dr Graham. June. 2. Round-fruited Carex.—Root fibrous. Culms mostly weak and curved, 4-12 inches high, triangular, sometimes glabrous, at others roughish towards the top. Leaves shorter than the culm, narrow, linear. Fertile spikelets . 2-3, brownish green, ovate-acute when in flower, becoming round in fruit. Bracteas foliaceous, linear-setaceous, the lowest never so long as the spike. Fruit becoming blackish, beak short, acute, entire. 24. C. panicea, sterile spikelets single, fertile ones 2-3, re- mote, oblongo-cylindrical, pedunculate; sheaths of the foliaceous bracteas shorter than the peduncles ; fruit rather distant, ovate, inflated, obtuse, with a very minute entire beak. Lightf: Carex. MONCGECIA. TRIANDRIA. 197 p. 558. Smith, FI. Brit. p. 998. Hook. FI). Scot. p. 267. E. B. t. 1505. Has. Bogs and marshy meadows, very common. June. 2/. Pink-leaved Carex.—Root cree Culm about a foot high, erect, trian- gular, glabrous. Leaves very glaucous, shorter than the culm, linear- acuminate, roughish at the margin and keel. Occasionally there are 2 sterile spikelets. Fertile spikelets mostly 2, but not unfrequently 3, on peduncles about an inch in length, sheathed mostly about one-half, or rather less by the bracteas, the lowermost of which, rises as high as the spikelet it belongs to. Fruit rather lax, glabrous. Glumes ovate, obtuse, shorter than the fruit. 25. C. recurva, sterile spikelet single (sometimes 2), fertile ones oblongo-cylindrical, dense, pedunculate, at length pendu- lous; sheaths of the foliaceous bracteas scarcely any; fruit ovato- globose, pubescent, as long as the glumes. Hook. FI. Scot. p- 268. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 999. E. B. t. 1506. Has. Wet moors, and marshy pastures. King’s Park; and Pentland Hills, abundant. June. 2/. Glaucous Heath Carex.—Root very creeping. Culms a foot high or more, triquetrous, glabrous. Leaves very glaucous, rather broad for their length, shorter than the culm, rough at the margin and keel. Sterile spikelet an inch long, linear. Fertile ones densely imbricated with the roundish, somewhat obtuse fruit. Frwit pubescent, becoming at length nearly black, and, from being much crowded, rendering the glumes hori- zontal, the mucronate points of which give then a peculiar character to the spikelets. ++ Stigmas 2.. 26. C. cespitosa, digynous; sterile spikelet single, fertile ones 2-3, subsessile, oblongo-cylindrical, obtuse; bracteas fo- liaceous, auricled at the base; fruit persistent, broadly ellipti- cal, longer than the black glumes. Lightif. p. 560. Smith, FI. Brit. p. 1000. Hook. Fl. Scot. p.268. E. B. t. 1507. Has. Bogs and marshy pastures, very common. June. 2/. Tufted Bog Carex.—Root very creeping. Culms 8-16 inches high, slender, triangular, roughish at the angles. Leaves somewhat glaucous, erect, as long as the culm, very narrow. Sterile spikelet an inch long, linear, (some- times there are 2); fertile cnes either approximate or remote, densely im- bricated with the fruit. Fruit broad, compressed, glabrous, at first pale green, at length blackish, persistent. Glumes roundish-ovate, very ob- tuse, black, much shorter than the fruit. 27. C. stricta, digynous; sterile spikelet single (sometimes 2), fertile ones 2-3, cylindrical, subacuminate, subsessile, bracteas foliaceous, imperfectly auricled at the base; fruit deciduous, broadly ovate, compressed; culm very scabrous at the angles. Hook. F1. Scot. p. 268. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 1000. KE. B. t.914. C. cespitosa, 6, Lightf: p. 561. Has. Bogs and marshes, and stream-sides. Banks of the Water of Leith above Currie, Maughan. Marsh a httle W. of N. Queensferry, G. Don. May, June. v : 198 MONGCIiA. TRIANDRIA. Carex. Glaucous straight-leaved Carex.—Root very much creeping. Leaves 1-2 feet high or more, acutely triangular, and very scabrous. Leaves erect, nearly as long as the culm, very rough at the keel and margin. Sterile spikelet 1-2 inches long, not unfrequently there are 2; fertile ones 1-2 inches long, mostly somewhat elongate and acuminate, but sometimes cylindri- cal, and quite obtuse; this happens especially when there are no sterile flowers at the apex, which is sometimes the case. Bracteas rather short, either with small auricles at their base, or with the auricles prolonged in- to a scariose margin a short way up the bractea, or wanting altogether. Fruit and glumes much resembling the preceding, except that the latter are more lanceolate. ** Sterile spikelets several; (in C. levigata mostly solitary). + Stigmas 2. 28. C. acuta, digynous; sterile spikelets 2-3, fertile ones long, cylindrical, the uppermost mostly sterile at the apex, erect when in fruit; fruit densely imbricate, ovate-acute, entire at the apex. Hook. F\. Scot. p. 269. Smith, Fl. Brit. p.1001. E. B. t. 580. Has. Moist meadows and marshes. Duddingston Loch, on the south side, Mr Neill. Rosslyn woods. May. Slender-spiked Carex.—Root creeping. Culms erect, 1-3 feet high, triangu- lar, the angles very acute and scabrous. Leaves varying in length, as well as the stem, rather bright green, erect, drooping at the summit, rough at the margin and keel. Fertile spikelets remote, drooping while in flower, at length erect, 1-2 inches long, subsessile, or the lower one on a short peduncle. Fruit compressed, glabrous, striate. Glwmes oblong, scarcely acute, dark brown or blackish, with a green keel, shorter than the fruit. Tt Stigmas 3. 29. C. paludosa, glumes of the sterile spikelets obtuse, those of the fertile ones acutely lanceolate ; bracteas sheathless, long and foliaceous; fruit ovate-acute, very slightly bidentate at the apex. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 269. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 1002. E. B. t. 807. C. acuta, 8, Lightf: p. 566. Has. Marshes; pond and stream-sides, common. May. 2. Lesser common Carex.—Root creeping. Culm about 2 feet high, erect, tri- angular, scabrous. Leaves glaucous, broad, erect, mostly shorter than the culm, rough atthe keel and margin. Sterile spikelets commonly 3; Jertile ones about the same number, shortly pedunculate, oblong, and ob- tuse.or acute (as Dr Goodenough observes), according to the absence or presence of a few sterile flowers at the apex. Fruit very distinct from the following, in being shorter, less acuminate, and in having the apex only minutely toothed, instead of being forked. 30. C. riparia, glumes of the sterile spikelets acuminate, those of the fertile ones lanceolato-mucronate; bracteas sheath- less, long and foliaceous; fruit oblongo-acute, forked at the apex. Hook, Fl. Scot. p. 269. Smith, Fl. Brit. 1003. E. B. t. 579. C. acuta, Lightf. p. 565. Has. Marshes, and by ponds and rivers, common. May. 2. Great common Carex.—Root creeps. Culms erect, stout, 2-3 feet high, triangular, very acute at the angles, and excessively scabrous. Leaves CaREx. MONGECIA. TRIANDRIA. 199 broad, erect, glaucous, very scabrous at the keel and margin, nearly as long as the culm. Sterile spikelets robust, about 3, triquetrous, crowded ; fertile ones 2-3, robust, 4-2 inches long, oblongo-cylindrical, the 2 lower ones pedunculate, the rest subsessile. /rwit densely imbricate, the teeth at the apex mostly divaricate. 31. C. levigata, bracteas foliaceous, with sheaths shorter than the peduncles; sterile spikelets 1-2, fertile ones 3-5, somewhat drooping, oblong-cylindrical ; fruit ovate, triquetrous, with a long bifid beak; glumes all mucronate. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 269. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 1005. E. B. t. 1387. Has. Bogs and marshy meadows. Cardenden, 4 miles NW. from Kirk- caldy, Mr Chalmers. June. Smooth-stalked beaked Carex.—Root fibrous. Culms erect, 2-3 feet high, tri- quetrous, glabrous. Leaves broad, erect, bright green, glabrous. Brac- teas foliaceous, as long as the culm, scabrous at the margin towards the summits. Fertile spikelets remote, pedunculate. Fruit ovato-lanceolate, triquetrous, not inflated, attenuated to a long, deeply bifid beak. Glumes lanceolate, with a scabrous, mucronate point, as long as,.or.a little shorter than the fruit. 32. C. ampullacea, fertile spikes suberect, long, cylindrical, the upper ones subsessile, the lower ones pedunculate ; bracteas long, foliaceous, almost sheathless; fruit ovato-globose, inflated, with a subulate, minutely bifid beak. Hook. F 1. Scot. p. 270. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 1006. E. B. t. 780. C. vesicaria, Lightf: p- 566. Has. Bogs and marshy meadows, frequent. Duddingston Loch; Mea- dowbank; marsh above Queensferry, Mr Neill. Hunter’s Bog, Dr Graham. Pentland Hills, and Ravelrig-toll Moss, frequent. June. 2/. Small-fruited Bladder Carex.—Roots creeping. Culms 1-2 feet high, erect, triangular, glabrous as far upwards as the lower spikelet.. Leaves erect, narrow, longer than the culm, rough at the keel and margin. Bracteas foliaceous, rising above the culm. Sterile spikeiets 3-4, filiform, approxi- mate. Fertile ones 2-3, cylindrical, crowded with fruit, suberect, remote. Fruit yellowish, pale, patent, very dense, numerous, roundish, inflated, terminating rather suddenly in a subulate apex, which is slightly bifid. 33. C. vesicaria, fertile spikelets oblong or cylindrical, the uppermost subsessile, the lower ones pedunculate; bracteas long, foliaceous, sheathless; fruit patent, inflated, oblong, with a su- bulate, bifid beak. Hook. F1. Scot. p. 269. Smith, FI. Brit. p- 1005. E. B.t.779. C. inflata, Lightf: p. 567. Has. Bogs, and marshy meadows and woods. MRavelrig-toll Moss. June. 2. Large-fruited Bladder Carex.—Root creeping. Culms 1-2 feet high or more, acutely triangular, scabrous. Leaves very long, rising above the culm, reugh at the margin and keel; when growing in water they are broader, and sometimes twice the height of the culm, when they are also glau- cous. Bracteas rising higher than the culm. Sterile spikelets 2-3, fili- form, approximate ; fertile ones erect, 2-4, mostly oblong, but sometimes 2 inches long, and cylindrical, remote, pedunculate, except the upper- most. Fruit tawny, closely imbricate, but not so crowded as the pre- ceding, oblong, ending in an acute, subulate, bifid point. Glumes lanceo- late, as in the preceding.—I have a curious variety of this plant, with 200 MONCGECIA. TETRANDRIA. Lirroretta. 5 or G fertile spikelets, the only sterile flowers being on the terminal- spikelet at the apex; the spikelets are all approximate, and the terminal one 3 inches long; the lower bractea 2 feet long; all the leaves glau- cous. The peculiar characters of this variety were general over a large patch by the side of the lower fish-pond in the park at Ashbourne in Derbyshire. 34. C. hirta, hairy; fertile spikelets remote, oblong, erect, pedunculate; bracteas foliaceous, with sheaths half the length of the peduncles; glumes mucronate, about as long as the ovate- acuminate, hairy fruit. Lighif p. 568. Smith, Fl. Brit. p- 1007. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 270. E. B. t. 685. Has. Bogs and moist woods. King’s Park, Mr Yalden. Hunter’s Bog, Mr Neill. Leith Links, Dr Graham. Corstorphine Hill June. Hairy Carex.—Root creeping. Culms erect, 1-2 feet high, triangular, sub- glabrous up to the lower spikelet. Leaves rather broad, pubescent, rough at the margin and keel. Bracteas scarcely rising higher than the culm. Sterile spikelets 2-3, oblong, subapproximate ; fertile ones 2-3, distant. Fruit hairy, with a bifid beak. Glumes glabrous, sometimes longer, sometimes shorter, than the fruit. 35. C. filiformis, sterile, spikelets terminal, filiform, fertile ones remote, ovate or oblong, subsessile; bracteas foliaceous, setaceous, subequal to the culm ; fruit ovate-acute, bifid at the apex, very pubescent; glumes dark, mucronate. Hook. FI. Scot. p. 270. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 1008. E. B. t. 904. C. to- mentosa, Lightf. p. 553. Has. Bogs and marshes, rare. Ravelrig-toll Moss, in the watery spots, very plentiful. June. 2/. Slender-leaved Carex.—Root creeping. Culms erect, 1-3 feet high, slender, triquetrous, subglabrous. Leaves as long as the culm, erect, very nar- row, terminating in a long setaceous summit. Sterile spikelets 2-3, ap- proximate ; fertile ones 1-3, brown, erect. Glumes very dark, with a green keel, which generally terminates in a scabrous mucronate point. —A rare Carex, and found in the above station about the middle of the moss. ; iil. TETRANDRIA. ¥. LITTORELLA. (Nat. Ord. PLANTAGINE®, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 209.) 1. L. lacustris. Lightf. p. 511. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 1011. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 271. E.B. t.468. | i Has. Margin of lakes, and spots under water part of the year. Marsh on Dunearn Hill, Mr Neill. Pool on Guillon Links, Dr Graham. July, August. 2. : Plantain Shoreweed.—Glabrous. Leaves all radical, linear, semicylindrical and fleshy, 1-2 inches long. Scapes several, 1~2 inches long, bearing sterile or stameniferous flowers. Calyx 4-leaved. Corolla with the tube inflated, and a 4-partite limb. Filaments of the 4 stamens long, ‘weak. Crratorpuyttum. MONQMECIA. POLYANDRIA. 201 Fertile flowers sessile, in the axils of the leaves, the germen inclosed by a rather irregularly-3-cleft perianth. Style long, filiform. 8. ALNUS. (Nat. Ord. Saricin®, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 200.) 1. A. glutinosa, leaves roundish-cuneiform, obtuse, lobed, serrate, somewhat glutinous, downy in the axils of the veins beneath. Lightf p. 576. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 271. Betula Alnus, Smith, ¥\. Brit. p. 1013. E. B. t. 1508. Has. Moist-woods, stream-sides, and bogs, common. May. h- Common Alder.—A tolerably large tree, with a brown rough bark, and red wood. Leaves alternate, petiolate, glabrous, deep green, glutinous as well as the young branches, beneath paler, and ribbed with prominent veins. - Flowers in aments (catkins), on branched peduncles. Stamenife- rous ament cylindrical, pendulous, each floret with a calyx and corolla, the latter 4-cleft. Stamens 4, on very short filaments. Pistiliferous ament small, ovate, fine red, each floret with a simple perianth, the scales red. 9. URTICA. (Wat. Ord. UnticE#, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 202.) 1. U. urens, leaves opposite, elliptical, about 5-ribbed ; clus- ters of flowers nearly simple. Lighif! p. 578. Smith, FI. Brit. p- 1015. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 271. E. B. t. 1236. Has. Road-sides and waste places, very common. July—September. ©). Small Nettle.—Stems 12-18 inches high. Leaves bright green, plentifully armed with offending bristles. Stipules minute, reflexed. Clusters of Jlowers scarcely longer than the petiols. 2. U. dioica, leaves opposite, cordate-acuminate ; clusters of flowers mostly in pairs, much branched. Lighif? p.578. Smith, Fl, Brit. p. 1016. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 271. E. B. t. 1750. Has. Waste places, very commén. July, August. Great Neiile.—Root creeping. Stems 3-4 feet high. Leaves petiolate, sca- brous, armed with stinging bristles. Stipules ovate, erect. Sufficiently distinguished from the preceding by the much branched clusters of flowers.—The young shoots in spring are not unfrequently gathered by the country people to make nettle-kail. IV. POLYANDRIA. 10. CERATOPHYLLUM. (Nat. Ord.—Situation uncertain, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 297.) 1. C. demersum, fruit with three spines. Light p. 580. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 1020. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 272. E. B. t. 947. Has. In ponds and ditches. Canonmills Loch, 1809, abundant, Mr Neill. July. Common Hornwort.—Whole plant under water. Stem slender, long, much branched. Leaves whorled, linear, dichotomous, the segments setaceous, serrate. Flowers axillary, sessile, minute, with sessile anthers.:—Differs from C. demersum solely in the armed fruit. i 202 MONCCIA. POLYANDRIA. Myriornytuium. 11. MYRIOPHYLLUM. (Nat. Ord. HaLoracE®, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 258.) 1. M. spicatum, flowers whorled, forming an interrupted leafless spike. Lightf: p. 581. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 1021. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 272. E. B. t. 83. Has. Ponds and ditches, frequent. Duddingston Loch, Mr Neill. July, August. 2. Spiked Water Milfoil__Plant immersed in the water except the spike. Stem slender, long, branched. Leaves 4, whorled, spreading, finely pectinate. Spikes erect, terminal, composed of 6-8 whorls of flowers, the lowermost pistilliferous. Stamens longer than the small red petals. Stigma villose. 12. ARUM. (Nat. Ord. ARoIDE, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 190.) 1. A. maculatum, leaves all radical, hastato-sagittate, lobes deflexed; spadix club-shaped, obtuse, shorter than the spatha. Lightf: p. 528. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 1024. Hook. Fl. Scot. p: 272. (EH: Bet. 1298: Has. Woods and hedges, rare about Edinburgh. “Woods at Dalhousie, abundant; and at Bogsmill near Slateford, Maughan. April. 2/. Cuckow-pint or Wake-Robin.—Root tuberous. Plant glabrous. Leaves all radical, large, shining, sometimes spotted. Spatha large, 6-8 inches high, or more in shady places, pale green, very concave, the margins convolute, the summit acute. Spadia long, fine purple or deep carmine ; at its base are the germens and sessile anthers. F'rwit bright scarlet ber- ries on a blunt spike, ripening after the leaves and spatha are passed away.—Plant excessively acrid, but the roots afford a farinaceous nour- ishment when properly prepared, which is sold in some parts of Eng- land. 13. QUERCUS. (Wat. Ord. CorYLAcE®, Hook. Scot. p. 2. 195.) 1. Q. Robur, leaves deciduous, obovate-oblong, sinuate and lobed, their sinuses rather acute, the lobes obtuse; fruit-stalks elongated. Lightf p.581. Smith, FI. Brit. p. 1026. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 273. E. B. t. 1342. Has. Woods and hedge-rows, frequent. h. Common British Oak.—A noble tree with spreading branches, a rough bark, and very hard wood. Leaves alternate, subsessile, glabrous, shining above, the number and form of the lobes varying. Flowers in axillary racemes, the stameniferous ones pendulous, yellow, many-flowered ; the pistilliferous ones on long, about 3-flowered peduncles. Fruit the well- known acorn, which is contained in a beautiful receptacle, the acorn-cup of poetic celebrity, from which it is deciduous.—An extensively useful tree. 2. Q. sessiliflora, leaves deciduous, petiolate, oblong, sinuate and lobed, the sinuses subopposite and somewhat acute ; fruit sessile. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 278. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 1026. E. B. t. 1845. Has. Woods. Rosslyn woods, Maughan. |. Sessile-fruited Oak.—A large tree, but much inferior in hardness of wood to CastanEaA. MON(MCIA. POLYANDRIA. 203 the preceding. Leaves on longer petiols than the preceding, and more regularly lobed; but it is quite sufficient to notice the fruit, whose re- ceptacles are perfectly sessile. 14, CASTANEA. (Nat. Ord. CoryLacE®, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 196.) 1. C. vulgaris, leaves oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, mucro- nato-serrate, glabrous on each side. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 273. Fagus Castanea, Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 1027. E. B. t. 886. Has. Plantations. May. hh. Spanish Chesnut-tree.—A beautiful tree, growing, if unmolested, to a prodi- gious size. Bark deeply cleft. Leaves glabrous, petiolate. Flowers in racemes ; sterile ones on racemes, 5-7 inches long, pendulous ; fertile ones on separate racemes. Fruit large, prickly ; seeds mostly 2._Fruit the well-known chesnuts of the dessert in this country, and used as regular food in the south of Europe. 15. FAGUS. (Nat. Ord. CoryLacEe&£, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 196.) 1. F. sylvatica, leaves ovate, glabrous, obsoletely dentate, ci- late. Lightf p. 584. . Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 1028. Hook. FI. Scot. p. 274. E. B. t. 1846. Has. Woods and plantations, frequent. The Meadows, Mr Neill. May. h. Beech-tree.—A large, handsome, spreading tree, with a smooth, entire bark. Leaves alternate, very numerous, shining. Sterile flowers in a small, axil- lary, pedunculate, villous head. Stamens 5-12. Fertile flowers terminal, shortly pedunculate. Fruit covered with a somewhat prickly brown, simple fringe. 16. BETULA. | (Nat. Ord. Saricin®, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 201.) 1. B. alba, leaves ovato-deltoid, acute, doubly serrate, gla- brous. Lightf p. 572. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 1012. Hook. FI. Scot. p. 274. E. B. t. 2198. Common Birch.—A moderate-sized tree, with a white bark, which peels off in thin layers. Branches very slender, and often drooping gracefully. Leaves small, scarcely an inch long, petiolate, subpubescent beneath, especially when young. Flowers in drooping aments (catkins) ; sterile ones the longest, cylindrical, yellow ; fertile ones not an inch long, on short peduncles, green. 17. CARPINUS. (Nat. Ord. CorYLacE®, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 196.) 1. C. Betulus, scales or bracteas of the fruit plane, oblong, serrated, 2-lobed at the base. Lightf p. 585. Smith, FI. Brit. p. 1029. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 274. E. B. t. 2032. Has. Woods and hedges, occasionally. Hedges about Rosslyn. May. hy. Hornbeam.—A small tree, with the habit (as Smith observes) of an Elm. Leaves alternate, petiolate, ovate, acute, doubly serrate, glabrous, ribbed with parallel veins. Sterile flowers in pendulous catkins, yellowish, with ovate scales; anthers 8-12. Fertile flowers in terminal clusters, at the base of the scale-like bracteas, the styles 2. Bracteas enlarging as the 204 DIGECIA. DIANDRIA. SALIx. fruit advances, in the form of a solitary ovate nut, enveloped by the an- gular perianth. 18. CORYLUS. (Nat. Ord. ConyLacE&, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 195.) 1. C. Avellana, stipules oblong, obtuse; leaves roundish- cordate, acute; ‘** involucre of the fruit campanulate, rather spreading, lacerate.” (Hook.) Lightf p. 586. Smith, Fl. Brit. p- 1030. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 275. E. B. t. 723. Has. Woods and hedges, very common. March, April. hh. Hazel-nut Tree—A small tree. Young branches hairy. Leaves alternate, on short petiols, roughish, coming out after the flowers. Sterile flowers in drooping catkins 1-2 inches long, the stamens which accompany each scale about 8. Fertile flowers in small, sessile, scaly, bud-like involucres, the styles about 12, exserted at the apex, fine crimson. Fruit the well- known hazel-nut, deciduous from the involucre. : 19. PINUS. (Nat. Ord. ContIFER#, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 194.) 1. P. sylvestris, leaves in pairs, rigid ; cones ovate-conical, acute, cernuous as long as the leaves, 1-3 together. Lightf p. 587. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 1031. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 275. E. B. t. 2460. Has. Forests, but about Edinburgh in plantations. May. h. Scotch Fiy.—A magnificent tree in the Highlands, where it is truly wild, and differing as much from the formal ornament of the plantation, as the hardy mountaineer from the sedentary mechanic of a crowded city. Trunk reddish brown, the bark scaling off in thickish plates. Branches sent off at regular intervals. Leaves evergreen, but of a melancholy hue. Sterile flowers yellow, in a densely spiked catkin. Anthers sessile, with a profusion of pollen. Cones tessellated, tuberculate.—The only native species. Splinters of the wood used by the Highlanders in the place of candles, the younger individuals of a family holding them in turn. XXII. DIGECIA. I. DIANDRIA. 1. SALIX *. (Nat. Ord. Sauic1n£, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 196.) * Leaves serrate, smoothish. 1. S. Lambertiana, monandrous, erect ; leaves obovato-lan- ceolate, serrate, glabrous ; stipules none; germens shortly * As I have not such authentic specimens of many Salices as I could wish, the following characters and descriptions chiefly rest on the authority of Sir J. E,. Smith and Professor Hooker. SALix. DIGECIA. DIANDRIA. 205 ovate, very pubescent, sessile ; stigma nearly sessile. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 278. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 1041. E. B. t. 1359. Has. Banks of streams. Banks of the Water of Leith. Above Colt- bridge. Banks of the Esk above Musselburgh, Maughan. . April. }. Boyton Willow.—A small tree about 10 feet high. Leaves alternate or somewhat opposite, broadly lanceolate, on very short petiols, serrate to- wards the apex, and glaucous beneath. Catkins cylindrical, about #ths of an inch long, the scales orbicular, blackish—Dr Hooker thinks S. pur- purea, Helix, and the present one, varieties of the same species. 2. S. triandra, triandrous; leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute, serrate, glabrous; germens pedicellate, oblong-ovate, glabrous as well as the scale, the stigmas sessile, bifid. Hook. FI. Scot. p- 278. Smath, Fl. Brit. p. 1044. E. B. t. 1435. . Has. Marshes and banks of streams. Near Craigcrook, Maughan. April, May. hh. Short-leaved triandrous Willow.—A large tree, if unmolested, but, from its usefulness, generally cut down annually. Bark of the trunk and branches scaling off; the young branches even. “Leaves 2-3 inches long, closely serrate, “* linear-oblong’”’ (Sm.) perfectly glabrous on each side, bright green above, glaucous beneath. Stipules ovate, oblique, crenate, at length rounded and defiexed. Catkins yellow, erect, cylindrical, the scales yel- low, obovate, obtuse, villose. Stigmas spreading, cleft. 3. S. decipiens, leaves lanceolate, serrate, very glabrous, the petiols subglandular ; germens attenuate, pedicellate; branches smooth, and highly polished. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 279. Smith, BK. B. t. 1937. Has. Moist woods. Colinton woods, Maughan. May. h. White Welch or Varnished Willow.—* A small tree of handsome growth, readily known by the very smooth, shining bark of its last-year’s shoots, which is of a light reddish-brown, or clay-colour, appearing as if varnish- ed; the young twigs are often beautifully stained with crimson.” (Sm.) Leaves lanceolate, acuminate, serrate; those of the small flowering branches obtuse, nearly obovate, and recurved, except the terminal one. Sterile catkins yellow, cylindrical, the scales oblong. Germen pedicellate, glabrous. 4. S. Russelliana, leaves lauceolate, tapering at each extre- mity, strongly serrate, glabrous, the petiols glandular ; germens pedicellate, oblong-subulate, glabrous, style elongate ; scales lanceolate, narrow, slightly ciliate. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 279. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 1045. E. B. t. 1808. Has. Marshes and willow-grounds. Common near Edinburgh, Maughan. Duddingston Loch, Mr Bainbridge. April, May. . 2 Bedford Willow.—A tall tree of quick growth. Branches flexible and shining. Leaves petiolate, long, shining, glabrous, glaucous beneath. Stipules small, semi-cordate, toothed. Fertile catkins long, lax, erect, greenish. Germen much longer than the scale. 5. 8. fragilis, leaves ovate-lanceolate, acute, serrate, gla- brous; germens shortly pedicellate, ovate-oblong, glabrous, style elongate ; scales pubescent, and much ciliate. Lightf. 206 DIGICIA. DIANDRIA. ~ SALIX. p- 597. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 1051. Hook. FI. Scot. p. 279. E. B. t. 1807. Has. Banks of streams and moist hedge-rows. About Edinburgh less frequent than the preceding. Ravelrig-toll, Maughan. April, May. h- Crack Willow.—A large tree with crooked branches. The small branches very brittle at their origin. Leaves petiolate, oblong-lanceolate, acumi- nate, glabrous on both sides, shining above. Stipules semi-cordate, toothed, sometimes wanting. Catkins long, cylindrical, erect, the sterile ones yellow ; fertile ones greenish. Stamens 2-3. Germen scarcely longer than the scale. 6. S. pentandra, pentandrous; leaves obovato-acuminate, glanduloso-crenate, glabrous ; germens ovate-oblong, glabrous, subsessile, a little longer than the subpilose scale. Lightf. p.593. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 1046. Hook. Fl. Scot. p.279. E. B. t. 1805. Has. Moist woods and banks of streams. Banks of the Esk and Water of Leith, and at Ravelrig-toll, Maughan. Rosslyn woods. May, June. fh. Pentandrous or Sweet Bay Willow.—A handsome, small tree, with smooth, shining branches, and broad, shining, dark green leaves. Leaves shortly petiolate, elliptical-lanceolate, or broadly ovate and acuminate, with yel- low, sweet-scented glands at the margin, glabrous and shining on both sides, but paler beneath. Sterile catkins broad, yellow, lax. Scales as well as in the fertile ones pilose.—Varies with more than 5 stamens when cultivated. 7. S. nigricans, leaves obovate, (elliptical-lanceolate, .S%.) acute, crenato-serrate, glaucous and often downy beneath ; ger- mens pedicellate, lanceolate-subulate, very silky, the styles elongate, stigmas subentire; scales villous. Hook. FI. Scot. p- 280. Smath, FI). Brit. p. 1047. E. B. t. 1213. Haz. Marshes and willow-grounds. Banks of the Esk, G. Don. Craig- crook, Maughan. April, May. h. Dark Broad-leaved Willow.—A small shrubby tree, the branches brittle, with a smooth blackish bark. Leaves about 3 inches long, stoutly petiolate terminating at the petiol in rather a rounded manner, glaucous, and a good deal veined beneath. Stipules large, obliquely cordate, serrate, gla- brous, sometimes wanting. Catkins scarcely an inch long, oblong, the scales obovate-lanceolate, brown. ** Leaves serrate or subentire, more or less havry or silky. 8. S. arenaria, leaves oblong-lanceolate, entire, downy, espe- cially beneath ; germens sessile, lanceolate, downy, with a very long style, the stigmas linear, often entire. Hook. Fl. Scot. . 283. Smith, FI. Brit. p. 1058. E. B. t. 1809, and accord- ing to Dr Hooker, S. Stuartiana, E. B. t. 2586. Has. Chiefly on mountains. Colinton woods, rare, G. Don. June. hh. Downy Mountain Willow.—“ Plant 1-2 feet high, with a dark brown, glossy bark. Leaves downy or silky, slightly so above, but especially beneath, where they are almost white. Germen with a remarkably long, slender, dark coloured style. Scales almost black, very villous.” Hook.—Sir J. E. Smith quotes S. Lapponum of Lightfoot under S. arenaria. Dr Hooker refers it with a question to S. glauca, which does not grow in this neigh- bourhood. g SALIX. DICGCIA. DIANDRIA. 207 9. S. repens, ** monadelphous ; leaves elliptic-lanceolate, acute, entire, somewhat downy, glaucous, and generally very silky be- neath ; germens pedicellate, lanceolate, very silky, the styles short, with bifid stigmas; stems more or less procumbent.” Hook. F1. Scot. p. 284. az. * leaves entire, elliptic-lanceolate, submucronulate, nearly naked above, glaucous and silky beneath, stem depressed.” Sm. S. repens, Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 1061. E. B. t. 183. 8. arena- ria, Lightf. p. 604. g. * leaves somewhat toothed, elliptic-oblong, acute, glabrous above, glaucous beneath and silky ; petiols attenuated.” (S7m.) S. fusca, Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 1060. E. B. t. 183. Has. Moors, heaths, and bogs, common. a. Drumshoreland Muir ; Ravelrig-toll Moss; Pentland Hills. 6. Ravelrig-toll Moss, Maughan. May. Dwarf Silky Willow.—Plant with a dwarf, mostly subprocumbent habit, seldom rising higher than 2 feet, frequently only a few inches. “ The eaves in all are smoothish above, with prominent nerves beneath; the catkins are oblong, and differ in no respect, be the leaves ever so va- riable.” Hook. The leaves-vary from lanceolate to ovate-elliptical, al- ways more or less silky beneath. Having been so frequently perplexed in finding characters between S. re- pens, 8. adscendens, 8. parvifolia, and 8. fusca, of E. B., I have examined these plants and their varieties with more care than many other species, and cannot but concur with Dr Hooker in their reduction. That author has also brought S. argentea under his S. repens ; it is the only one of which I am doubtful. 10. S. cinerea, leaves cbovate-elliptical, slightly downy above, beneath pubescent, glaucous, reticulated with veins, recurved at the margin; stipules semi-cordate; ‘‘ germen _pedicellate, lanceolate-subulate, silky, the style short, with subentire stig- mas.” Hook. F). Scot. p. 284. Smith, Fl. But. p. 1063. E. B. t. 1897., and, according to Dr Hooker, S. aquatica, K. B. t. 1437. and SS. oleifolia, K. B. t. 1402. Has. Banks of streams, moist woods, and willow-grounds. Ravelrig- toll Moss, Maughan. Rosslyn woods. April. hh. Grey Willow.—A small tree, 12-20 feet high, with smooth branches, the youngest ones pubescent. Leaves obovato-lanceolate or somewhat ob- long, acute, glaucous beneath, reticulated, and hairy. The differences between the above quoted species, are, that S. aquatica has the leaves somewhat broader, less thick and downy, and more pliable, and the cat- kins not so large as in S. cinerea. S. oleifolia has.the catkins larger than either, the leaves less inclined to lanceolate, and the stipules, which in. the other two are semi-cordate, are here smaller and roundish; it is also a more early plant in flowering. These variations, which are col- lected from E. B. are surely not sufficient to designate species *. * The following are Sir J. E. Smith’s characters for the three species: S. cinerea, leaves slightly serrated, obovato-lanceolate, underneath reticulated with veins, glaucous, downy ; stipules semi-cordate, serrate. S. aquatica, leaves slightly serrated, obovato-elliptical, downy, flat, rather glaucous beneath; stipules rounded, toothed. S. oleifolia, 208 DICGECIA. DIANDRIA. SaLix: 11. S. caprea, leaves ovate, acute, the margin serrate and waved, downy and reticulated beneath; stipules semi-cordate ; germens pedicellate, lanceolate-subulate, silky, the stigma ses- sie, undivided: Lightf p. 607. Smith, Fl: Brit. p. 1067. Hook. F1. Scot. p. 286. E. B. t. 1488. Has. Woods and thickets, mostly in a dry soil. Verycommon. April, May. h.- Great round-leaved Sallow.—A small tree, if allowed to grow ; the youngest branches pubescent. Leaves large, broadly ovate, waved at the margin, and whitish and very downy beneath, above subglabrous. Stipules semi- cordate or roundish, recurved, less tomentose beneath than the leaves. Catkins ovate, large ; the sterile ones very yellow; the fertile ones green. Scales obovate, very pilose; shorter than the pedicellate fruit. 12. S. acuminata, leaves lanceolate-oblong, pointed, waved, slightly toothed, downy beneath ; stipules reniform ; fruit ovate, tapering. Hook. FI. Scot. p. 286. Smith, FI. Brit. p. 1068. E. B. t. 1434. Haz. Moist woods and hedges. Banks of the Esk, near Musselburgh ; and in Colinton woods by the river-side, Maughan. April, May. h. Long-leaved Sallow.—A small tree, with the habit of the preceding, accord- ing to Smith, but less. Youngest branches somewhat silky. Leaves 3 inches long, rather ovate-oblong, bright green and glabrous above, to- mentose beneath. Catkins oblong-cylindrical, obtuse, the scales ovate, hairy. Fruit on a long pedicel, pubescent; style short, with an obtuse, undivided stigma. 13. S. molltssima, leaves lanceolate, obscurely crenate, whitish and silky beneath; stipules small, acute, semi-cordate at the base ; germens lanceolato-subulate, very silky, shortly pedicel- late, the style elongate, with deeply divided (mostly entire, Hook.) stigmas. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 287. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 1070. E. B. t. 1509. | Has. Banks of streams and osier-grounds. Banks of the Esk, above Musselburgh, Maughan. April. hf. Silky-leaved Willow.—Branches erect, wand-like, reddish, smooth, when’ very young, pubescent. Leaves shortly petiolate, lanceolate or ovato- lanceolate, acuminate; green and glabrous above, silky beneath, and soft to the touch, veiny. Fertile catkins ovate, small and sessile, the scales obovate, brown, very hairy. Stigmas linear, divided to the base. —Said to be a useless plant. 14. S. viminalis, leaves linear-lanceolate, obscurely crenate, white and silky beneath ; stipules small, sublanceolate ; branches straight, slender; germens subsessile, lanceolate-subulate, with an elongate style, and long linear entire stigmas. Lnghtf p. 608. S. oleifolia, leaves obovato-lanceolate, flat, minutely indented, acute, under- neath glaucous and hairy ; stipules small, notched. It will be perceived, that the differential characters .are very slight, de- pending on a little difference in the form of the leaves, (which often vary ex- ceedingly in the same species), the degree of serrature at the margin, and a ' small difference in those variable organs, the stipules. 3 EmPretruM. DIGCIA. ‘TRIANDRIA. 209 Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 1070. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 287. EK. B. t. 1898. Haz. Marshes and osier-grounds, frequent. Rosslyn, &c. April, May. h. Common Osier.—Branches very long, wand-like, silky. Leaves 6-8 inches long, sublinear, almost entire, revolute at the margin, glabrous above, silky beneath. Stipules lanceolate, or wanting. Fertile catkins oblong- cylindrical, about an inch long; scales ovate, rounded, very pilose. Germen with an elongated style; stigmas slender, acute, entire.—The most useful osier. A large tree when allowed to grow. 15. S. alba, leaves elliptical-lanceolate, acute, regularly glan- duloso-serrate, silky beneath, often also above; germens ovate- ~ acuminate, subsessile, glabrous, the stigmas nearly sessile, short, recurved, bifid. Lightfi p. 610. Smith, Fi. Brit. p. 1071. Hook. FI. Scot. p. 287. E. B. t. 2430. S. cerulea, E. B. t. 2431. Haz. Moist coppices and osier-grounds, frequent. Rosslyn woods. May. Common white Willow.—A large tree of rapid growth. Youngest branches silky. Leaves shortly petiolate, very grey and silvery, the lower serra- tures glandular. Stipules wanting. Catkins terminal, on small lateral shoots, slender, cylindrical, yellowish green, an inch long or more. Scales lanceolate, pubescent. Stamens a little longer than the scales. Germen labrous.—There can be no question that Dr Hooker is right in identi- ‘cae S. cerulea with this species. he only difference given in Smith’s character is, the leaves being at length almost naked beneath. Il. TRIANDRIA. 2. EMPETRUM. (Nat. Ord. EMreTREaZ, Nuit.—Situation uncertain, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 297.) 1. E. nigrum, procumbent ; leaves linear-oblong. Lightf. p. 612. Smith, FI. Brit. p. 1072. Hook. FI. Scot. p. 287. E. B. t. 526. Has. Mountains, frequent. Pentland Hills. May. h. Black Crake-berry.—A low, little, trailing, somewhat shrubby plant, with abundance of small shining leaves. ‘Stems and branches procumbent, reddish, 8-16 inches long. Leaves patent, glabrous, revolute, ciliate only at the margin. Flowers minute, axillary, sessile, rose-coloured, to- wards the summit of the branches. Anthers red. Fruit small berries, black, globular, in dense clusters. Seeds 9._Berries not poisonous, but not agreeable. Hil. PENTANDRIA. 3. HUMULUS. (Nat. Ord. UntTIcE&, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 202.) 1. H. Lupulus. Lightf? p. 615. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 1077. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 288. E. B. t. 427. oO 210 DIGECIA. OCTANDRIA. Porutws. Hias. Hedges. Near Duddingston, Mr Arnott. July. 2. Common Hop.—Stems climbing, annual, very long, angular, and very sca- brous. Leaves cordate, opposite, petiolate, mostly 5-lobed, serrate, sca- brous. Stipules entire, glabrous. Flowers greenish yellow ; the fertile ones ovate, pendulous, cone-like catkins, at length scariose.—Catkins yield the bitter, requisite for the legal composition of beer. IV. OCTANDRIA. 4. POPULUS. (Wat. Ord. Saricin£, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 200.) 1. P. alba, ieaves roundish-cordate, lobed and toothed, downy and very white beneath; fertile catkins ovate; stigmas 4. Lightf: p- 616. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 1079. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 288. E. B. t. 1618. Has. Plantations, occasionally about Edinburgh. April. yh. Great White Poplar or Abele.—A large tree, with a smooth bark, and _hori- zontal roots, which throw up numerous young plants. Young branches tomentose. Leaves on longish downy petiols, dark green, glabrous, shining above. Sterile catkins long, cylindrical, the scales jagged in a palmate manner, very pilose. Anihers purple. Fertile catkins about an inch long. 2. P. tremula, leaves nearly orbicular, broadly toothed, gla- brous on both sides, the petiols compressed ; stigmas 4, auricled at thebase. Lighif p.616. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 1081. Hook. F]. Scot. p. 289. E. B. t. 1909. Has. Woods and hedges, frequent. Rosslyn woods.. April. hy. Aspen.—A rather large tree, though sometimes dwarfish, the bark smooth, greyish. oods running horizontally, and throwing up numerous young plants. eaves on long petiols, and trembling with the slightest wind. fertile catkins near 2 inches long; scales much jagged. Germen roundish ; stigmas 4.-From this tree is taken the proverb; ‘‘ to tremble like an Aspen.” 3. P. nigra, leaves deltoid, acute, serrate, glabrous on both sides ; fertile catkins cylindrical, lax ; stigmas 4. Lightf p. 618. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 1081. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 289. I. B. t. 1910. Has. Woods and plantations, frequent. Rosslyn woods. April. fh. Black Poplar.—A tall tree with a smooth bark; roots not throwing up young plants, like the two preceding species. eaves glabrous on both sides, dark green, entire at the base, or less serrate than towards the apex. Catkins pendulous, shortly pedunculate. Germen ovate. V. ENNEANDRIA. 5. MERCURIALIS. (Wat. Ord. EurHorBiacEe#, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 203.) 1. M. perennis, stem perfectly simple; leaves scabrous; root ereeping, perennial. Lightf. p. 620. Smith, Fl. But. p. 1083. Hook. ¥). Scot. p. 289. Ei. B. t. 1872. Juniverus. DICGACIA. MONADELPHIA. 211 Has. Moist woods and shady places, very common. April, May. 2. Perennial Mercury.—Stems about a foot high, chiefly leafy towards the summit. Leaves ovate, acute, opposite, petiolate, serrate, dark green. Flowers green, very small, in axillary, pedunculate, erect recemes. Fruié setoso-scabrous.—Supposed to be poisonous. 2. M. annua, stem branched, branches: opposite ; leaves gla- brous ; root fibrous, annual. Lighif p. 621. Smith, Fi. Brit. p- 1084. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 290. E. B. t. 559. Has. Woods and waste places, not frequent. Burntisland, Lightfoot. August. ©). Annual Mercury.—Glabrous, foetid, dark green. Stem a foot high, more or less branched. Leaves ovate, acute, serrate. Flowers green, in axillary racemes. Fruit minutely prickly. 6. HY DROCHARIS. (Nat. Ord. HypRocHariDE#&, Hook. Scot. 2. p, 187.) 1. H. Morsus Rane. Lightf: p. 622. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 1084. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 299. E. B. t. 808. Has. Ditches and lakes, rare. July. 2/. Common Frog-bit.—Plant floating, glabrous, stolpgiferous, sending down long simple roots into the mud. Leaves petiolate, reniform, entire, mostly purplish beneath. Flowers in a sort of umbel, one flower only expand- ing at a time; the peduncles arising from an erect, 2-leaved, membrana- ceous involucre. Flowers an inch in diameter, beautiful, delicate, white. Petals 3, evanescent. VI. MONADELPHIA. 7. JUNIPERUS. (Nat. Ord. ContFER, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 195.) 1. J. communis, leaves ternate, spreading, mucronate, longer than the mature fruit. Lightf p.613. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 1085. Hook. Fl. Scot. p 290. E. B. t. 1100. Has. Mountainous heaths. Pentland Hills, abundant. May. hh. Common Juniper.—A shrubby plant, 1-4 feet high, with spreading branches, thickly clothed with prickly, linear glabrous leaves. Flowers in very small, sessile, axillary catkins. Berries globose, blueish black, with a peculiar turpentine-like flavour. Seeds 3.—Leaves fragrant when bruised. Berries employed in the distillation of Geneva. XXIII. POLYGAMIA. Tt. MONGECIA. 1. ATRIPLEX. (Nat. Ord. CHENOPODES, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 208.) 1. A. portulacoides, stem shrubby; leaves ovate-lanceolate, 02 212 POLYGAMIA. MONCECIA. | Arripiex. entire. Lightf. p. 635. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 1090. Hook. FI. Scot. p. 291. E. B. t..261. Has. Sea-coast, in muddy places, rare. Leith, Sibbald. August. hh. Shrubby Orache or Sea Purslane.—Root somewhat creeping. Stem shrubby, 1-2 feet high, quadrangular above, hoary. Leaves opposite, petiolate, varying from lanceolate to obovate-lanceolate, attenuated at the base, silvery white. Flowers yellowish, small, in clusters on lateral short ra- cemes, forming altogether a sort of spiked leafy panicle. 2. A. laciniaia, stem herbaceous, diffuse ; leaves ovate-del- toid, angulato-dentate, extremely farinose beneath. Lightf- p. 626. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 1090. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 291. EE. B. t. 165. faz. Sea-shores. Beach at Caroline Park; Inchcolm, Mr Neill. New- haven, Sir J. E. Smith. Behind Fisherrow, Maughan. August. ©). Frosted Sea-Orache.—Plant hoary and silvery. Stems spreading, often quite procumbent, branched in a flexuose manner, whitish or reddish. Leaves alternate, shortly petiolate, somewhat attenuate towards the petiol, un- equally dentato-laciniate, beautifully frosted. Flowers axillary, 2-3 to- gether. Perianth of the fruit much enlarged, denticulate or tuberculate, enclosing a compressed seed. 3. A. patula, stem herbaceous, with very spreading branches ; leaves triangular, prostrate, glabrous above, irregularly toothed ; the upper ones entire ; perianth of the fruit more or less tuber- culate at the sides. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 291. Smith, Fl. Brit. p- 1091. E. B. t. 936. A. hastata, Lightf: p. 636. Has. Waste places, very frequent. Fields about Edinburgh, Mr Neill. July. Spreading Halbert-leaved Orache.—Stem suberect, much branched in a spread- ing, divaricate manner, sometimes prostrate, often reddish. Branches striate, very long, especially the lowest. Leaves alternate, frosted be- neath, more or less deeply toothed at the margin, very acute. Flowers in small clusters, on long, filiform, interrupted, spiked racemes. Pertanth- valves of the fruit triangular, acute, toothed towards the base, and tuber- culate on the sides. Seeds large, dotted. 4. A. angustifolia, stem herbaceous, spreading ; leaves lan- ceolate, entire, the lower ones somewhat hastate ; perianth of the fruit hastate, slightly tuberculate at the sides. Hook. FI. Scot. p. 291. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 1092. E. B.t. 1774. A. patula, Lightf. p. 63'7. Has. Waste places, frequent. July. ©. Spreading narrow-leaved Ovache.—Stems even more divaricate than those of the preceding, 3-4 feet long, of a deep glaucous hue, striated. Lower leaves hastate, but not togthed, nor sinuate ; wpper ones lanceolate, and likewise quite entire; all spreading horizontally. Valves of the fruit- bearing perianth hastate, or triangular, with an elongate, acute summit, entire at the edge, their disk either quite smooth or scattered with only a few tubercles. Seed but half the size of A. patula.—Character and de- scription from Smith. It is doubtfully distinct from the last, and not constant to its characters. - r 5. A. hittoralis, stem herbaceous, erect ; leaves all linear, en- Eeuiserum. CRYPTOGAMIA. EQUISETACEX. 213 tire or toothed; perianth of the fruit sinuate and muricate. Lightf. p. 638. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 1094. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 292. E. B.t. ‘708. A. marina, Lightf: p. 637. Has. Sea-shores. About Dysart Rock, Lightfoot. East of Caroline Park ; Guillon Loch, G. Don. July. ©. Grass-leaved Sea-Orache.—Stem erect, 1-2 feet high, angular and striate, branched. Leaves linear, petiolate, chiefly glauco-pulverulent beneath, varying considerably in the margin being entire, denticulate, or even sometimes sinuate. Flowers clustered in small, dense, lateral and termi nal spikes. XXIV. CRYPTOGAMIA*. I. EQUISETACER. Rich. 1. EQUISETUM fF. * Fertile stems simple. 1. E. arvense, sterile stems somewhat decumbent, with simple, tetragonous, scabrous branches; fertile ones erect, simple, their sheaths few, cylindrical, inciso-dentate. Lighif p. 647. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 1103. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 161. E. B. t. 2020 Has. Moist corn-fields, frequent. Marionville; Coltbridge field, Mr Neill. April, May. 2. , Corn Horsetail—_ Root creeping. Fertile stems appearing first, 6-8 inches high, with 3-5 sheaths, the spike ovate, rather large, brown. Sheaths rather remote, furrowed, the teeth brown, long, acute. Sterile stems a foot high or more, jointed, furrowed, scabrous. Branches simple, in whorls. —An injurious weed, very difficult to eradicate. 2. E. flwviatile, sterile stems with very numerous, long, sim- ple, roughish octagonal branches ; fertile ones simple, with many infundibuliform, lacerato-dentate sheaths, their teeth mucronato- setaceous. Lightf: p. 649. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 1104. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 161. E. B. t. 2022. Has. Moist banks and stream-sides. Lower end of Lasswade Paper- mill, Mr Neill. Rosslyn woods. May, June. 2/. - * In this most extensive and most difficult Linnean Class, so many plants have been discovered of late years, which it is impossible to include with any precision, under the Linnean orders and definitions, that I shall adopt the most approved orders, as they exist in the natural system of Jussieu and others; which will render the study ef the intricate genera they contain, in- comparably more easy. Nor, while we retain the name of the class, will this plan interfere with the Linnean method, the whole class being truly natural. + The Class Cryptogamiain Dr Hooker’s Flora Scotica forms the commence- ment of the second part, which contains a natural arrangement of Scottish plants. It is unnecessary, therefore, to continue the references to the Natural Orders in that work, as the synonyme will be sufficient ; except when I may happen to differ from the author. 214. CRYPTOGAMIA. EQUISETACE. Eauisetum. Great Water: Horseiail._F ertile stems appearing first, a foot high, very ro- bust, terminated by an oblong spike, 2 inches long or more; sheaths nu- merous, imbricated below. Sterile stems 2-5 feet high, sometimes near an inch in diameter at the base, with a great: number of joints, and a profusion of long,.simple, verticillate branches. 3. Ex hyemale, stems all simple, erect, closely scabrous, the sheaths short, whitish, black at the base and margin, which is at length crenate. Lightf p. 650. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 1105. Hook. Fi. Scot. 2. p..161. E. B. t. 915. y Hazs. Marshy woods. Rosslyn and Colinton woods, Maughan. Dal- keith, and between Lasswade and Mayis Bank, Sir J. E. Smith. July, August. 2/. Rough Horsetail.__ Root creeping. Stems divided at the very base beneath the surface of the ground, 1-2 feet high, perfectly simple, terminating in a small oval head, scarcely more than half an inch long; furrowed, the ribs close and very scabrous, which is most evident when rubbed with a hard substance. Sheatns nearly equidistant, about an inch and a half asunder.—This species contains more silex beneath its delicate epi- dermis than any other, and is consequently most employed in polishing hard wood, ivory, and even brass. ‘The silex is so abundant, that the vegetable matter may be destroyed, and the form retained, as was effect- ed by Mr Sivright *. ** Fertile stems more or less branched. 4. KE. limosum, stems branched upwards, (sometimes simple), the branches few, short, simple, pentagonous, glabrous ; spike oblong. Lightf p. 648. Smith, Fl. Brit. p.1105. Hook. FI. Scot. 2..p. 161. .E..B. t. 929. Has. Marshes and ditches, frequent. Rosslyn, Mr Neill. ‘Dudding- ston Loch, Mr Yalden. Ravelrig-toll Moss, abundant. June, July. 2. Smooth naked Horsetail.Stems 1-2 feet high, erect, furrowed, perfectly gla- brous, with numerous, short, cylindrical sheaths, with short, blackish, acute teeth. .Branches are not. unfrequently wanting altogether, and when they are present, they are usually short, unequal in length, and » My friend Dr Brewster has obligingly permitted me to consult an un- published paper, written by him on this subject. On subjecting a portion of the cuticle to the analysis of polarized light under a high magnifying power, Dr Brewster detected a beautiful arrangement of the siliceous particles, which are distributed in two lines parallel to the axis of the stem, and extending over the whole surface. The greater number of the particles form simple straight lines, but the rest are “ grouped into oval forms, connected together like the jewels of a necklace, by a chain of particles forming a sort of curvi- lineal quadrangle ; these rows.of: oval combinations being arranged in pairs.” Many of those particles which form the straight lines do not exceed the 500th part of an inch in diameter. Dr Brewster also observed the remarkable fact, that each particle has a regular axis of double refraction. In the straw and chaff of wheat, barley, oats, and rye, he noticed analogous. phenomena, but the particles were arranged in a different manner, and “ displayed figures of singular beauty.” From these data, the learned Doctor concludes, “ that the crystalline portions of silex, and other earths which are found in vege- table films, are not foreign substances of accidental occurrence, but are. inte- gral parts of the plant itself, and probably. perform some important function in the processes of vegetable life.” Brewster, MS. Pinutrarra. CRYPTOGAMIA. MARSILIACE®. 215 mostly in imperfect whorls. Spike brown, ovate or oblong, seldom an inch long. ; 5. E. palustre, stems deeply furrowed, glabrous, branched, the branches simple, pentagonous, curved upwards; spike ob- long, blackish. Lightf: p.648. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 1103. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 161. E. B. t. 2021. Haz. Ditches and marshes, frequent. Duddingston Loch, Mr Bain- bridge. June, July. 2. Marsh Horsetail__ oot creeping. Stems 12-18 inches high, erect, branch- ed, deeply sulcate, roughish. Branches “ minutely granulated in the surface, but scarcely rough to the touch,” (Sm.); short, whorled, sub- erect. Spike near an inch long, rather slender, blackish, the scales at length becoming lax and distant. 6. E. sylvaticum, branches of both the sterile and fertile stems compound, curved downwards, scabrous; sheaths deep cleft into broad membranaceous segments. Lightf. p. 646. Smith, F). Brit. p. 1102. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p.161.- E. B. t. 1874, Has. Woods and moist shady places. Braid Hermitage, Dr Parsons. Rosslyn woods, frequent, Mr Neill. Road-side half a mile east of Ravelrig-toll ; and Pentland Hills by the lower reservoir. April and May. 2/. Branched wood Horsetail._Stems 12-18 inches high, and so well marked by its 4 or 5 whorls of compound branches, that it can be confounded with no other species.—A most elegant plant. Il. MARSILIACE. Br. 2. PILULARIA. 1. P. globuitfera. Lightf. p. 683. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 1148. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p..160. E. B. t. 521. : Has. Marshes, rare. Braid Hill marshes, and Pentland Hills, Mr Ar- nott. June, July. 2. Pill-wort or Pepper-grass.—Stems creeping, tufted, striking roots and throw- ing up leaves at intervals from the same points. eaves filiform, grass- like, at first convolute, at length straight, erect, 3-4 inches high. Jnvo- lucres shortly pedunculate, solitary at the base of the leaves, about the size of a small pea, squameso-hirsute, dark brown, 4-celled. Cells in their upper part containing pyriform bodies, which are regarded as anthers enclosing pollens and in their lower part, oval membranaceous germens tipped with a minute stigma, containing numerous sporules intermixed with minute globules.—This most curicus plant requires a practised eye to discover it, as it generally grows in marshy places, part of the year under water, and along with grasses and carices, some of whose leaves resemble its own. For farther information respecting its structure, the reader is referred to the ‘best figure and description hitherto published, im the Flora Londinensis, by Dr Hooker. II. LYCOPODINE®. Br. 3. LYCOPODIUM. 1. L. clavatum, stem creeping, the branches ascending ; 216 CRYPTOGAMIA. LYCOPODINE. Lycoropiwm leaves scattered, incurved, hair-pointed; spikes gemiate, cy- lindrical, pendunculate, their scales piliferous. Lightf: p. 685. Smith, Fl. Brit. p.1108. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p.159. E. B. t. 224. Has. Alpine moors and heaths. Pentland Hills by the old reservoir, and in other places. July, August. 2. Common Club-moss.—Stems robust, yellowish-green, 1-4 feet in length, creeping closely on the ground, and throwing up flowering branches 3-6 inches in heighth. Leaves very numerous, imbricating the stem and often secund. Spikes of fructification yellowish, mostly geminate, rarely 3 together, about an inch in length. Seales piliferous, as are also those of the peduncle.—Sporules highly inflammable. Gi 2. L. alpinum, stems prostrate, throwing up fasciculated, sub- dichotomous branches; leaves quadrifarious, oblong-acute, im- bricate ; spikes terminal, short, solitary, sessile. Lighif. p. 690. Smith, Fl. Brit. p.1112. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 159, E. B. t. 234. Has. Mountains. Pentland Hills, Sir J. E. Smith, (mot frequent.) July, August. 2/. Alpine Club-moss.—Stems branched, creeping to a considerable extent, and throwing up abundant fasciculated, dichotomous branches, about 2 inches high, more or less closely imbricated with small, appressed, glaucous leaves, quite destitute of a hair point. Spike half an inch long or rather more, oblong-cylindrical ; the scales cordate-acuminate, bedrdless. 3. L. selaginoides, stem tiliform, creeping, branches suberect, the flowering ones simple, terminating in a leafy spike; leaves ciliate with distant spinose teeth. Lightf p. 686. Smith, FI. Brit. p. 1109. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 159. E. B. t. 1148. Has. Moist places on the mountains. Pentland Hills, Mr Neill, (not frequent.) August. 2/. Prickly Club-moss.—Stems slender at the base, creeping, the branches ascending, bright green, fertile ones 2-4 inches high, suberect, lax, yel- lowish-green, loosely clothed with lanceolate, spreading, shining Jeaves, larger than those of the sterile stems, all ciliate at the margin, with acute prickly teeth. Spike terminal, occupying about an inch of the fer- tile stems. 4. L. Selago, stems erect, fastigiate, branched dichotomous- ly ; leaves linear-lanceolate, pungent, entire, imbricated, rigid ; capsules axillary, not in a spike. Lightf p. 687. Smith, FI. Brit. p.1111. Hook. FI. Scot. 2. p. 159. E. B. t. 233. Has. Rocky moist places on the mountains. Pentland Hills on the rocks above Swanston Wood. June—August. 2. Fir Club-moss.—Stem 3-8 inches high, very robust and rigid, the branches of the same thickness from the base to the summit, where they are sub- equal in height. Leaves all similar, very rigid, erecto-patent, shining. Capsules axillary and sessile, and often scattered over two-thirds of the length of the branches. OpnHiocLossum.< CRYPTOGAMIA. FILICES. 217 IV. FILICES. Br. Div. I. Capsules 1-celled, adnate at the base, opaque, without a ring, semi-bivalved. OrntocLossrx.—( Fructification pedunculate; stem in the British species with a single lateral frond. ) 4. OPHIOGLOSSUM. 1. O. vulgatum, spike of fructification pedunculate ; frond ovate, obtuse. Lighifi p. 651. Smith, FI. Brit. p. 1106. Hook. F1. Scot. 2. p. 158. E. B. t. 108. Has. Moist shady pastures. Carlowrie, Mr Falconer. Balmuto, Miss Boswell. May, June. 2/. ; Adder’s Tongue.—Root simply fibrous. Whole plant glabrous, succulent, 5-9 inches high, the stem bearing a single, entire, subsessile frond, and then prolonged into a slender peduncle, supporting a linear-lanceolate spike about an inch in length. Capsules numerous, arranged along and within the margin, on each side, united together and bursting transverse- ly when mature.—The spike is sometimes, but rarely, found branched. 5. BOTRYCHIUM. 1. B. Lunaria, spike of fructification pedunculate; frond pinnate, the pinnules lunate, crenate. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 158. Osmunda Lunaria, Lightf: p. 652. Smith, FI. Brit. p. 1107. E. B. t. 318. Has. Dry pastures. Craiglockhart Hill, Mr Neill. Hills above Petty- cur; Pentland Hills, Maughan. Caroline Park, Mr Arnott. (In the latter station it is in tolerable abundance near the signal-post at the N.W. corner.) June. 7. Moonwort.—Root simply fibrous. Whole plant 3-8 inches high, glabrous. Frond produced above the middle, 1-3 inches long, the pinnules alternate, plane, with an odd one. Spike pedunculate, more or less branched in a distichous manner, the branches patent. Capsules numerous, sessile, at the margin and extremity of the branches, yellowish, bursting transverse- ly, and filled with a mass of minute seeds.—Dr Hooker, in his Flora Scotica, mentions, that Captain Carmichael has found specimens in which capsules were produced round the lower segments of the fronds. This is a curious fact, and brings the leaves of this and the preceding genus nearer to the nature of true fronds than had been supposed. Div. Il. Capsules 1-celled, furnished with an elastic jointed ring, and opening transversely. GynRate, Br. 6. BLECHNUM. 1. B. boreale, sterile fronds pinnatifid, the segments lanceo- late, rather obtuse, parallel, fertile ones pmnate, the pinnee h- near-acuminate. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 157. Simth, Fl. Brit. p- 1135. E. B. t. 1159. Osmunda spicant, Lightf. p. 654. 218° CRYPTOGAMIA. FILICES. Prents. Has. Woods and moorish banks, frequent. Pentland Hills in great profusion. July. 2. Northern Blechnum.—Root black and scaly. Fronds 6-18 inches high, erect, lanceolate, dark green. Pinne very numerous, somewhat alternate, en- tire. Lines of fructification nearer to the mid-rib than the margin of the pinnee. 7. PTERIS. 1. P. crispa, sterile frond bipinnate, the pinnules pinnatifid, with obovate, crenate segments; fertile one bipinnate, tripin- nate below, the pinnules linear-oblong, entire, narrowed at the base. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 156. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 1137. E. B. t. 1160. Osmunda crispa, Lightf: p. 655. Haz. Stony places on the mountains. Salisbury Craigs, Mr J. Stewart. (I fear there is some mistake connected with this station.) July. 2. Curled Stone Fern.—Fronds light green, 6-12 inches high, on long slender footstalks, glabrous, the general form somewhat deltoid. The pinnules of the fertile frond have a very convolute appearance beneath, the waved margin being much rolled over the capsules, which at first sight appear, when mature, to cover the whole surface. 2. P. aquilina, frond 3-partite, branches bipinnate, the pin- nz linear-lanceolate, upper ones undivided, lower ones pinnati- fid, the segments oblong, obtuse. Lightf p. 657. Smith, FI. Brit. p. 1136. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p.156. E. B. t. 1679. Has. Woods and heaths, common. July. 2. Common Brakes. Brachens.—Root long and fusiform. Plant 2-6 feet high, the stalk bhintly angular, stout, erect, glabrous. Frond very large, spreading, compound. Lines of fructification protected by the convolute and ciliated margin of the segments.—Thomas Smith, Esq. of the Temple, London, has observed an involucre besides the one formed by the con- volute margin of the frond, to which it is opposite, and curling inwards, covers the young capsules; the whole being protected by the outer one, or margin of the frond. (Vid. Hook. Fl. Scot. p. 157. Note.) The ferruginous filaments which are produced by the root of this plant, have been de- scribed by Agardh and other authors, as a conferva. Several other ferns possess similar ones, which, as Captain Carmichael (who ascertained the error) observes, have no superior claim to distinction. 8. SCOLOPENDRIUM. 1. S. vulgare. Hook. F1. Scot. 2. p. 156. Smith, Fl. Brit. p. 1133. E. B. t. 1150. Aspleniwm Scolopendrium, Lightf: p. 660. Haz. Moist shady rocky places. Not frequent near Edinburgh. Roof - of the Chapel at Rosslyn. Rocks west from Swanston, Pentland Hills, Mr Neill. July. 2. Common Hart’s-tongue.—¥ ronds suberect, on rather short stalks, 8-16 inches long, ligulate, entire, acute, cordate at the base, glabrous, fine green, paler beneath. Lines of fructification linear-oblong, oblique, in the direc- tion from the mid-rib to the margin, of different lengths. Involucre double, but appearing single when burst, and crowded with the mature capsules. AsPLENIuM. CRYPTOGAMIA. FILICES. 219 9. ASPLENIUM. 1. A. septentrionale, fronds mostly trifid, tapering down in- to along stipes, the segments acutely and deeply toothed to- wards the apex. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p.155. Smith, Fl. Brit. p- 1129. E. B. t. 1017. 4. R. farinacca, frond between rounded and compressed, smooth, somewhat pitted, bearing soredia, rigid, branched, Cornicutaria. CRYPTOGAMIA. LICHENES. 349 greyish-white ; branches linear and attenuated; fructification scattered, pedicellate, plane, subimmarginate, white. Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 298. Smith, E. B. t.889. Hook. F). Scot. 2. p. 68. Has. On trees. About Edinburgh ; Granton ; Swanston, Corstorphine, Rosslyn, and Auchindenny woods. Abundant. This species varies, says Acharius, with simple or multifid branches, or in. being variously fimbriate or proliferous. It also differs considerably in being slender or robust, suberect or pendulous, nearly naked, or thickly covered with soredia. Fructification very rare. 118. CORNICULARIA. Ach. 1. C. acuieata, glabrous, brownish-chesnut, roundish, angu- lose, pitted, subcompressed, nearly naked ; branches and branch- lets divaricated, flexuose, prickly ; fructification reddish, with the circumference subdentate reflexed. Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 299. 8, spadicea, frond glabrous, chesnut-coloured, plano-com- pressed, somewhat pitted, margin denticulate ; branches and branchlets short, patent, attenuated; fructification reddish- brown, radiated with spinous processes. Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 300. Hook. F1. Scot. 2. p.69. Lichen hispidus, Smith, E. B. t. 452. Has. Mountains and heaths, on the ground. Pentland Hills, not un- frequent. The whole plant is scarcely more than an inch high, much branched, the branches patent. It has a very prickly appearance, from the frequent, attenuated short ramuli, and the margin being fringed with subrigid short spines. Fructification obliquely peltate, inflated, with a radiate border. 119. USNEA. Dill. 1. U. fiorida, somewhat erect, rough, pale greyish or green- ish, set with fine horizontal fibres; branches patent, nearl simple; fructification plane, very broad, whitish, ciliated, the ci- liz radiating and elongated. Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 804. S'méth, E. B. t.872. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. '70. Has. On trees. Swanston wood, Maughan. A fine lichen, of 2—4 inches in length, and, from its rigidity, suberect habit, thicker branches, horizontal fibrillz, more frequent and larger fructifica- tion, distinguished from the following species. 2. U. plicata, pendulous, smooth, pale, branches lax, much di- vided, subfibrillose, the ultimate ones capillary; fructification plane, broad, ciliated, the ciliz slender, very long. Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 305. Smith, E. B. t.257. Hook. F1. Scot. 2. p. '70. Has. On trees. Balmuto; Pentland Hills; Drumshoreland Muir. It is very difficult to form an opinion respecting the species of this genus. Are the British ones actually distinct from each other ? 350 CRYPTOGAMIA. LICHENES. Cotrema. 120. COLLEMA. Hoffin. * Plant imbricated, plaited, suborbicular, composed of minute lobes (which are thick and turgid in a moist state). (En- chylium ). 1. C. crispum, suborbicular, the central lobes somewhat erect, granulated, those of the circumference depressed, larger, obtuse, crenulate ; fructification scattered, rather concave, reddish, with a granulated margin. Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 311. Smith, E. B. t. 834. Has. On the ground, and on rocks, &c. Walls about Edinburgh, Maughan. The different size of the central and external lobes is the most obvious character. Fructification in a young state often quite immersed. Colour © varying, but generally more or less glaucous. 2. C. meleenum, orbicular, substellate, imbricated ; lobes torn and lacimiate, with raised, waved, crisped and crenulate margins ; fructification marginal, plane, similar in colour to the frond, with the border granulated. Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 315. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 71. Lichen marginalis (C. melenum @), Smith, E. B. t. 1924. Has. Rocks. Walls, &c. about Edinburgh, J. Stewart. Gelatinous, black when dried ; lacinize long and radiating, imbricated, de- pressed, and, from the margins being somewhat elevated, canaliculate, very irregularly lobed, the lobes lacerate and crenate. Fructification when old reddish, and the disk dotted. x ** Foliacecous ; lobesmem branaceous, blackish-green. (Latha- grium). 3. C. nigrescens, foliaceous, membranaceous, submonophyl- lous, orbicular, depressed, plaited in a radiate manner, roundly lobed, black-green; fructification central, crowded, at length convex, brownish-red, with a very entire border. Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 821. Smith, HE. B. t. 345. Hook. FI. Scot. 2. p.'71. Has. Trunks of trees, and on rocks. About Edinburgh. Somewhat gelatinous, membranaceous, rugose and plicate on both sides, subpellucid, divided more or less deeply at the circumference into round- ed, entire and waved lobes. Fructification small, numerous, rather raised from the frond; in extreme age black. #** Foliaccous ; lobes rounded, membranaceous, thin, glaucous grey, subdiaphanous. Fructification subpedicellate. (Lep- togium). 4. C. tremelloides, foliaceous, membranaceous, thin, subdia- phanous, lead-colour, obsoletely rugose and dotted ; lobes round- ed, cut, entire; fructification scattered, subpedicellate, plane, -reddish, at length black, with a pale border. Ach. Syn. Lich. p: 326. Smith, E.B. t. 1981. Hook. FI. Scot. 2. p. 72. 3 Lerrania. CRYPTOGAMIA. LICHENES. 351 Has. Trunks of trees, or on the ground among mosses. Pentland Hills, rare. Gelatinous, membranaceous, marked with smooth impressions of obsolete ““rugz ; lobes broad, rather long, with a cut and lobed margin, lax and crowded. Border of the fructification pale and entire. 5. C. lacerum, foliaceous, membranaceous, subdiaphanous, subrugose, glaucous; lobes small, subimbricated, torn, laciniate, toothed or ciliate; fructification scattered, somewhat concave, red, with a pale margin. Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 327. Smith, E. B. t. 1982. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 72. “Has. On the ground among mosses. Craiglockhart. Lobes much crowded and variously laciniate, so much so, that the general aspect of the species is liable to be much changed. Lacinie often erect, and frequently densely fimbriate, sometimes toothed or even elongated into very narrow crowded ciliz. 'The whole plant is sometimes so dense and cushion-like, that, until it is torn asunder, the structure cannot be examined. 121. LEPRARIA. Ach. 1. L.? latebrarwm, grey or whitish, crust forming dense, light, cushion-like tufts, composed of minute granules, intermixed with hyaline, jointed filaments. Ach. Syn. Lich. p.331. Smith, E. B. t. 2147. Hook. FI. Scot. 2. p. 73. Has. Rocks. Braid Hermitage, and in Ravelston wood, Sir J. E. Smith. Pentland Hills. Crust extremely light, yet forming dense masses, an inch broad, and half an inch thick, spreading irregularly over shaded rocks.—Certainly not a Lepraria, but I confess myself at a loss to know what to do with it, as well as L. eruginosa, Jolithus, and Chlorina. 2. L.? eruginosa, light verdigris-green ; crust soft, light, pul- verulent, intermixed with branched, jointed, hyaline filaments. Smith, KE. B. t. 2182. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 73. Conferva pulveria, Dillw. Conf. Syn. 78. t. D. Has. Pillars of Rosskyn Chapel, Sir J. E. Smith. (It is abundant on the walis of the crypt). <~-—+=-<-=— aePee 3 Crust 2-3 lines thick, widely spreading on damp walls, from which it may be separated with facility. Filaments very obvious under a microscope, bearing masses of clustered granules.—This and the preceding have a si- milar structure. 3. L.? chlorina, crust thick, pulverulent, greenish-yellow, in the form of little conglomerated villous globules. Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 329. Smith, E. B. t. 2038. Hook. F1. Scot. 2. p. 73- Has. Rocks in shaded places. Arniston woods. Crust of considerable thickness, and soft texture, surface uneven. A very doubtful lichen : indeed the whole genus requires revision, and microsco- pical examination. 4. L. flava, spreading, even, thin, slightly cracked, very bright yellow, composed of naked, subglobose granules. Ach. 352 CRYPTOGAMIA. HYPOXYLA. Oprcrapna, Syn. Lich. p. $30. Smith, E. B. t. 1850. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 73. Has. Trunks of trees. About Edinburgh. Rosslyn and other weods, Maughan. The extremely bright yellow colour of this species, unmixed by any shade of even green or red, distinguishes it at first sight. 5. L. botryoides, crust thin, spreading, pulverulent, deep ereen, and composed of connected and clustered granules. Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 331. Smith, E. B. t. 2148. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 73. Has. Trunks of trees, abundant everywhere. Too well marked to need farther description ; the beaded manner in which the granules are connected is very striking, but the structure of the gra- nules themselves renders the propriety of retaining it in this genus ex- tremely doubtful. 6. L. nigra, crust filmy, greyish, granulated in patches, the granules extremely minute, in thin, even layers, quite black. Turn. & Borr. Lich. Brit. ined. p. 21. (fide Hook.) Smith, E. B. t. 2409. Has. Trunks of trees, old paling, &c. Colinton wood, Maughan. Sufficiently distinguished by its colour. 7. L. cinereo-sulphurea, very thin, submembranaceous, whit- ish, with its surface scattered over with very minute, aggregated, granules, greenish-yellow at first, afterwards cinereous. Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 330. Has. On the trunks of Scotch Firs. Swanston wood. The granules are yellow or greenish-white in the young state, becoming at length grey, or even brownish; scattered at first, but afterwards very crowded. XI. HYPOXYLA. De Cand. Grev. I. Psxupo-LicuEenes. Accompanied by a crust. Sporulife- rous mass obscure or not spontaneously emitied. 122. OPEGRAPHA. Pers. 1. O. vulgata, crust between cartilaginous and membrana- ceous, somewhat scaly, greenish-grey ; fructification long or roundish, waved, somewhat shining, the disk very narrow. Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 73. Smith, E.B.t.1811. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 43. Has. On trunks of trees, common. Crust very thin, smoothish, spreading irregularly in the clefts of the bark. Fructification without any peculiar direction. 2. O. notha, crust slightly cartilagmous, and somewhat pul- OrecrarHa. CRYPTOGAMIA. HYPOXYLA. 853 verulent, white; fructification scattered without order, roundish or oval, the disk plane, at length convex, and almost obliterating the border. Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 76. Smith, E. B. t. 1890. Has. Trunks of trees. Rosslyn woods, and at Braid Hermitage. This species is remarkable for the breadth of its disk, and narrow border. Crust very thin. 3 O. macularis, crust determinate, brownish-black ; fructifi- cation minute, very crowded, roundish-elliptical, at length ru- gose and irregular; disk a mere cleft. Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 72. Hook. F 1. Scot. 2. p. 43. QO. epiphega, Smith, BK. B. t. 2282. Has. On the bark of trees, very common. No plant can be better marked than the present one. It forms black, * rough-looking irregular spots, nearly an inch in length. 4. O. scripta, crust membranaceous, smooth, somewhat shining, whitish, with a black margin; fructification immersed, simple or branched, naked, furnished with a raised border formed by the crust. Smith, K. B. t. 1813. Graphis scripta, Ach. Syn, Lich. p. 81. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 45. Has. On the smooth bark of trees, not frequent. Auchindenny woods. The linear and paralle! branches of the fructification of this species have long been compared to Hebrew or Chinese characters, which in truth they strongly resemble. Crust greenish or brownish-white, growing only on smooth bark (the hazel and holly being mostly preferred). Disk smooth, broad.—This belongs to the genus Graphis of Acharius, but the generic distinction is, in my opinion, too subtle. 123. VERRUCARIA. Pers. 1. V. maura, crust exceedingly thin, smooth, cracked, black ; fructification very minute, subglobose, immersed, the apex pro- minent, umbilicated, the interior blackish. Ach. Syn. Lich, p: 95. , Hook. F). Scot. 2. p.43. Lichen maurus, Smith, KE. B. t. 2456. Has. Stones on the sea-coast. Islands of the Frith of Forth, and the coast in various places. Crust widely spreading, without a regular margin, very thin, and full of minute cracks; not separable from the stone. Wfructification a more or less imbedded tubercle. 2. V. epidermidis, crust exceedingly thin, spreading, quite white ; fructification minute, roundish, subelliptical, tubercles semi-immersed, the interior white. Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 89. Has. On the bark of the common Birch. Swanston wood. Crust spreading, without a margin, moist while on dead trees. Fructification minute black tubercles, the prominent portion convex-elliptical. Ina variety on dead bark, they are extremely minute. 3. V. nitida, crust very thin, cartilaginous, olive-green or brownish, smooth ; fructification numerous, hemispherical, some- Z 34 CRYPTOGAMIA. HYPOXYLA. Ponina. what immersed, shining tubercles. Pyrenula nitida, Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 125. Has. Trees. On hazel branches in Auchindenny wood. The fine shining black tubercles of this species are very conspicuous. The crust has often a reddish tinge, especially when the fructification is abun- dant. It has been described as a Spheria by some authors. 124. PORINA. Ach. 1. P. pertusa, crust smooth, whitish or greenish-grey ; fruc- tification spherules included in irregularly globose warts, open- ing by black orifices. Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 109. Hook. FI. Scot. 2. p.45. Lichen periusus, Smith, KE. B. t. 677. Has. On trunks of trees, frequent. Crust thin, quite smooth. Warts of the same colour, smooth and somewhat polished, very prominent, sometimes almost conglomerated, marked with several minute, black orifices, communicating with as many spherules. Il. PsEupo-Fuxer. Destitute of acrust. Stporuliferous mass evident ; often escaping: spontaneously. 125. RHIZOMORPHA. Roth. 1. R. subcorticalis, compressed, brown or black, shining, anas- tomosing, often broad and very extensive. Pers. Syn. Fung. p- 704. Rh. fragilis, Roth. Cat. Bot. 1. p. 232. Rh. patens, Sow. Fung. 392. f. 1, 2. Har. Between the bark and the wood of trees, especially Firs in decay. The whole year. Extremely common. ¥Variously anastomosing, and forming a rude network, extending for seve- ral feet, and surrounding the tree beneath the bark. The breadth of the main branches is commonly 1-2 lines, but it sometimes is as much as 4-6. The young branches are reddish-brown, and subcylindrical. 2. R. divergens, stem pale reddish, cylindrical, subflexuose, never anastomosing ; branches spreading in all directions, free ; fructification clavate, regularly patent. Clavaria phosphorea, Sow. Fung. t. 100. ? Has. Between the bark and the wood of the stumps of felled Fir trees. Drumshoreland Muir. Autumn. This, assuredly, is net.the preceding, to which it bears no resemblance, ei- ther in the recent or the dried state. F'ructifieation plentiful, about 2 lines long, arising from the branches at right angles, gently clavate, and pale at the apex: it is so abundant as to retain a quantity of soil or rotten wood, to remove which requires much patience. I do not think Sower- by’s figure is the preceding species; nor am I convinced of its being the present cone. 3. R. farinacea, long, straggling, remotely anastomosing, cy- lindrical, or subcompressed, white and pulverulent, reddish- brown within. Has. In very decayed stumps of trees which are partly filled with soil, or decomposed. ‘The whole year. Braid Hermitage, &c. Xytarta. CRYPTOGAMIA. HYPOXYLA. 355 The main stems very long, 1-14 lines thick, growing as much in the soil as on the wood, sending out capillary branches, anastomosing very irregu- larly at intervals of many inches, flexible and coriaceous when recent, and easily broken, but, when dried, ligneous and unyielding. It requires care and patience to procure a good specimen, as the stems must be fol- lowed by removing the soil and decomposed wood. 126. XYLARIA. Hill. 1. X. hypoaylon, gregarious, branched, compressed, black, white and farmaceous towards the apex, downy at the base. Spheria hypox. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 5. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 4. Sow. Fung. t. 55. Has. On the stumps of decaying trees; gate-posts, &c. near the ground, common. Extremely various in habit, simple or much branched, 1-3 inches long, acute at the apex, or dilated and laciniate. Sporules oval, small, in fili- form tubes. 2. X. digitata, gregarious, somewhat tufted, black ; peduncles glabrous, more or less united at their base; receptacle cylindri- cal, terminated by a sterile, acuminate apex. Spheria digitata, Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 6. Has. Rotten stumps of trees, frequent. Whoie plant 1-2 inches high, remarkabie for the receptacle (or fertile por- tion) being placed intermediate between the base and apex. It does not always grow in a digitate manner, but often solitary. Spherules much larger than in the preceding. 8. X. polymorpha, black, gregarious, simple or divided ; pe- duncle passing into a ventricose receptacle, containing spherules beneath its whole surface. Spheria polymorpha, Pers. Syn. p. 7. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p.4. Sph. digitata, Sow. p. 69. Has. Rotton stumps of old trees, not frequent. Slateford. Variable in form; 2-3 inches high, suberose, white within, and, when di- vided, exhibiting the black spherules in a beautiful marginal row. Re- ceptacle often half an inch thick, mostly obtuse at the apex. 127. STROMATOSPHARIA. Grev. * Receptacle free ; (not bursting through the bark). 1. St. concentrica, large, black, somewhat hemispherical, sur- face smooth, the orifices of the spherules scarcely at all raised ; within composed of regular concentric strata. Sipheria concen- trica, Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 8. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 4. Soph. Jraxinea, Sow. Fung. t. 160. Has. On trunks, chiefly of Ash trees. About Edinburgh. Trees in the Meadows. Receptacle 1-2 inches in diameter, an inch or more high, a part ofthe inter- nal concentric lines whitish, but at length black and shining. Substance light and suberose. : 2. St.deusta, large, pale and carnose, at length brownish- black and rigid, spreading, thick, undulato-rugose, a surface Z 356 CRYPTOGAM. HYPOXYLA. Srromarosrnertfa. dotted with raised points. Spheria deusta, Pers. Syn. Fung. p- 16. Hook. FI. Scot. 2. p.5. Sph. maxima, Sow. Fung. t. 338. Has. On rotten stumps of fallen trees about Edinburgh, not frequent. Substance at first carnoso-coriaceous, whitish, pulverulent on the surface + when old, black and fragile. It is often 2 or 3 inches wide, and near half an inch thick, very unequal. 3. St. fusca, brown, hemispherical, depressed, somewhat con- fluent when crowded, the interior of the same colour; spherules very slightly prominent. Sphaeria fusca, Pers. Syn. Fung. p- 12. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 5. Has. On dead branches, chiefly of hazel, common. One to three lines broad, suberese, of a rusty. brown colour, smooth, not shining, depressed, very rarely spherical. 4. St. undulata, black, thickish, undulato-rugose, whitish within; mouths of the spherules round, and somewhat promi- nent. Spheria undulata, Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 21, Hook. FI. Scot. 2. p. 5. Has. On the decayed branches and trunks of trees, rare. Two inches broad or more, 1-2 lines thick.—I have unfortunately mislaid the only specimens I gathered of this species, and can add no farther par- ticulars. 5. St. strieformis, black, gregarious, forming linear or oblong striz, smooth; spherules very minute, without obvious mouths. Spharia strief: Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 82. Hook. F1, Scot. 2. p- 6. Has. On the dead stems of the larger herbaceous plants. About Edin- burgh. Strie half a line to above a line long, parallel. Spherules globose, appa- rently without orifices, and quite concealed within the receptacle. G6. St. multiceps, black, irregular, mostly free, but sometimes bursting through the bark, spreading, confluent, thickish, green. within; mouths of the spherules obtuse, granulated, promment. Sphaeria multiceps, Sow. Fung. t. 395. Has. On dead branches not unfrequent. Rosslyn and Auchindenny woods. Forming coal-black, irregular masses, generally on the outside of the bark, about half a line toa line thick. The inside is always yellow-green. Mouths of the spherules more or less prominent,. but varying. ** Receptacle bursting through the bark. + Orifices of the spherules plane, or shghtly prominent. %. St. stigma, black, plane, spreading transversely on the branches, smooth, the inside whitish; mouths of the spherules not preminent. Spheria stigma, Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 21. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 5. Srromatosruz#rra. CRYPTOGAM. HYPOXYLA. 357 Has. On dead branches of hazel, and other trees, not unfrequent. Spreading, often quite round a branch, half a line thick, the surface smooth, cracked transversely. Mouths of the spherules nearly quite plane. 8. St. decorticata, black, plane, spreading longitudinally, white within; mouths of the spherules somewhat prominent, conical. Spheria decort. Sow. Fung. t.137.? Sph. stigma, 8, Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 21. Has. On dead branches of cherry, hazel, and other trees, not unfrequent. Spreading much like the preceding, and often extending many inches, but always longitudinally, white within, half a line thick. 9. St. data, black, plane, widely spreading, somewhat rugose, at first subdistinct, at length confiuent, and united by a kind of irregular crust; mouths of the spherules conical, rough and an- gular. Spheria lata, Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 29. Hook. FI. Scot. 2. p. 6. Has. On wood, and dead trees; about Edinburgh. Spreading in an irregular manner for two or three inches, of an opake, dull black ; not united at first by a regular receptacle, but gradually acquiring a sort of crust. 10. St. wlmaria, greyish-black, scattered, plano-convex, round- ish, parasitic on elm leaves ; surface papillose with the mouths of the spherules. Spheria ulmaria, Sow. Fung. t. 374. f. 3. Sph. xylomoides, De Cand. F1. Frang. Has. On the fallen leaves of Elm trees, not unfrequent. One to two lines broad, more or less round, depressed, dotted te the naked eye with the numerous, somewhat prominent orifices of the spherules, which are quite white within. 11. St. disciformis, scattered, distinct, very gregarious, round, elevated, plane, dark brown, dotted with the orifices of the sphe- rules; orifices nearly plane, 2—4-cleft. Spheria discif. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 24. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 5. Sph. depressa, Sow. Fung. t. 216. ? Has. On dead branches of Beech, Hazel, and other trees, frequent. One to two lines broad; greyish within. Spherules oblong, some of them never reaching the surface. 12. St. elliptica, scattered, gregarious, rather large, elliptical, rusty-brown, smooth, minutely pulverulent, blackish and friable within; mouths of the spherules quite concealed. Has. On dead branches of Birch trees, rare. Swanston wood. Three to five lines long, acute at each end, bursting transversely through ' the bark, convex, and rather turgid, quite even or slightly granulated with the concealed spherules.—A very distinct species. 13. St. ribesia, rather small, roundish-elliptical, dull black, bursting transversely through the bark, depressed, rugoso-sul- cate, surface minutely rough with the mouths of the spherules. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 14. Hook. FI. Scot. 2. p. 5. 358 CRYPTOGAM. HYPOXYLA. SrromarosPpHeRIA. Haz. On the dead stems and branches of the Red Currant, frequent. Half a line to near two lines in length, somewhat elevated, but with the surface nearly plane or depressed, and more or less transversely and ir- regularly furrowed. Spherules white within. 14. St. nigro-annulata, gregarious, distinct, bursting through the bark, which is marked with a narrow black ring; disk small, covered:by an evanescent membrane, beneath white, pul- verulent, dotted with the black orifices of the immersed sphe- rules. Has. On the dead branches of the Common Lime tree; not frequent. A beautiful species, of a depressed, conical figure, truncate at the apex, and splitting the bark into 2-3 acute laciniz. The black ring which sur- rounds the base is about a line and a half in diameter. Tt Orifices of the spherules more or less spinose. 15. St. nivea, scattered, very gregarious, somewhat conical, roundish, the disk pulverulent, white ; orifices of the spherules somewhat prominent and_converging. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 38. Hook. F 1. Scot. 2. p.6. Has. On the dead branches of the Oak and White Thorn. Common. Small, not a line in diameter, prominent, whitish, splitting the bark trans- versely, Orifices of the spherules sometimes only papillose. 16. St. prunastri, deep black, bursting transversely through the bark, oblong, elevated; orifices of the spherules crowded, level-topped, acutely 4-sided, and grooved. Pers. Syn. Fung. p- 37. Hook. FI. Scot. 2. p. 6. Has. On dead branches of the Sloe (Prunus spinosus), not unfrequent. Two to four lines long, one to near two lines broad, exhibiting a very dense, even mass of rather blunt spinous orifices. 17. St. quercina, black, round, much elevated, very grega- rious, the orifices thick, irregular, 4-sided. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 24. Has. On dead Oak branches, occasionally. Very gregarious, distinct, but often almost contiguous, 1-2 lines broad, nearly a line high, whitish within. Orifices of the spherules varying in length. 18. St. ferruginea, black, gregarious, sometimes subconfluent, bursting transversely through the bark, ferruginous within ; orifices of the spherules erect, straight, cylindrical, spinose. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 35. Hook. F1. Scot. 2. p. 6. Has. On the decayed branches of Hazel, frequent. One to three lines long, sometimes nearly round, Orifices unequal in length, either crowded or piercing the receptacle in a scattered manner. 19. St. corniculata, receptacle very small, black, spherules few, crowded with thickish, cylindrical, elongated, obtuse, co- Cucurpirarra. CRYPTOGAMIA. HYPOXYLA. 359 arctate orifices, umbilicate at. their apex, and piercing the bark Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 40. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 6. Has. On dead branches of various trees, not unfrequent. Concealed beneath the bark, except the orifices, which are considerably ex- serted. Ovifices pretty constantly umbilicate at the apex. 128. CUCURBITARIA. Gray. 1. C. Berberidis, black, elliptical-oblong, bursting longitudi- nally through the bark; spherules seated on the receptacle, crowded, rugose, somewhat tesselated. Grev. Crypt. Fl. t. 84. Spheria Berberidis, Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 52. Has. On the dead stems and branches of the Common Berberry- One to three lines long, acute at each extremity. Spherules round, without an orifice, white within. 2. C. pinasiri, clustered ; spherules globose, dotted, red, at length black, at first immersed in the receptacle; tubes contain- ing the sporules attenuated at each extremity. Grev. Crypt. Fl. t. 50. Has. Dead branches of Spruce Fir. Rosslyn woods. Gregarious, very numerous, a line broad. Spherules at first immersed in the receptacle, at length more or less seated on its surface, irregularly clustered, the mouth very minute, and somewhat papilliform. 3. C. coccinea, very gregarious ; spherules minute, clustered, scarlet, oval, irregular in size, smooth, the mouth papilliform. Spheria coccinea, Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 49. Hook. F. Scot. 2. pee ; Has. On the dead branches of various trees, frequent. Varying much in size, being sometimes above a line broad, at others mere- ly consisting of the receptacle and two or three spherules. The fine co- lour, ovate form, and smooth surface of the spherules, distinguish the species. i 4, C. decolorans, dull pale red; scattered or crowded on the receptacle; spherules globose, tuberculated and rugose. Spha- ria decolorans, Pers. Syn. Fung. p.49. Hook. F 1. Scot. 2. p. 6. Sph. fragiformis, Sow. Fung. t. 256. Has. On dead branches of various trees, frequent. One to two lines broad, elevated. Spherules larger than in the preceding, well distinguished by their rugose surface. 129. CRYPTOSPHARIA. Grev. * Spherules collected into circular clusters. 1 Cr. faginea, black ; spherules few, the mouths elongated, rough, converging. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 44. Has. On dead branches of Beech trees, not unfrequent. Small. Spherules usually 4-8, the elongated mouths curved upwards ra- ther suddenly, and protruded through the bark. 360 CRYPTOGAM, HYPOXYLA. CryrrosrHertia. 2. Cr. pulchella, black; spherules aggregated, forming a dense circle; mouths filiform, flexuose, converging, depressed. Grev. Crypt. Fl. t. 67. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 48. Has. On dead trunks and branches of the Birch tree, and Wild Cherry. Two lines to above half an inch broad. Spherules globose, somewhat shining, with their mouths long in proportion to the breadth of the cluster. Mouths depressed, but ascending at the apex, and sometimes piercing the bark. ** \Snherules more or less scattered, or simply aggregated. + Spherules with an orifice. 3. Cr. Gnomon, spherules few, aggregated, globose, black, the orifice suberect, filiform, shining, style-like. Spheria Gno- mon, Pers, Syn. Fung, p. 61. Haz. On Hazel leaves while yet green, occasionally. Spherules minute, about a dozen growing together, sometimes in an irregu- lar circle, producing a yellow spot on the leaves. 4. Cr. acuta, black, shining, very numerous, ovate-conical, the mouth short, thick, cylindrical, piercing the epidermis like a black poimt; after the decay of the epidermis, the spherules are naked, Spheria acuta, Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 62. Has. On dead stalks of Nettles, rarely on other large herbaceous plants. Almost invisible while the epidermis remains, but afterwards the spherules are exposed, very numerous, almost crowded, acute to the naked eye, very harsh to the touch, and many resembling large-bellied bottles in miniature. ‘ 5. Cr. millepunctata, spherules black, minute, very numerous, globose, white within, immersed in the substance of the bark, the mouth very short, scarcely piercing the epidermis, which seems covered with innumerable black dots. Has. On dead branches of the Ash tree, frequent. Nothing is visible of this species to the naked eye, but the black dots on the epidermis. The spherules, which are in the substance of the bark, fall with it. 6. Cr. Taxi, minute, scattered; spherules depressed, the mouth very short, not. exserted ; epidermis of the leaf convex and slightly ruptured ; sporules naked, extremely minute. Grev. Crypt. Fl. t.13. Spheria Taxi, Sow. Fung. t. 394. f. 6. Has. On dead leaves of the Yew and Silver Fir; frequent. Spherules 4-8 on a leaf, forming a line on each side the midrib, the orifice very obtuse, and piercing either side of the leaf indifferently. {. Cr. strobolina, black, roundish-oblong, scattered, bursting through the epidermis ; orifice? irregular, papillose. Spheria strobolina, Moug. et Nest. Pl. Exsice. No. 572. Hook. FI. Soot. 2.p.8. CryrrospHznta. CRYPTOGAM. HYPOXYELA. 361 Has. On the scales of dead Fir cones. About Edinburgh. Very irregular, mostly oblong, the surface uneven. Orifice dubious. 8. Cr. Lauri, scattered, rather minute, plano-convex, black- ish, splitting the epidermis in the centre, and becoming umbili- cated ; sporules naked, very minute. Sphaeria Lauri, Sow. Fung. t. 371. f. 4. Has. On the dead Leaves of the Common Laurel. Slateford and else- where. Scattered over the whole leaf, half a line broad, circular, rather prominent, the epidermis so closely attached and transparent as to seem a part of the plant, but splitting at the apex into 2-4 laciniz. 9. Cr.? bifrons, scattered, black, shining, plane, the margin slightly raised, the epidermis united with the plant, and burst- ing at the centre into 3-5 acute segments; sporules naked, ob- long, in 3-5 distinct masses. Spheria bifrons, Sow. Fung. t. 316. Has. On dead leaves of the Holly. About three-fourths of a line broad, occupying the whole substance of the leaf, and the epidermis of each side appearing as if incorporated with it. The interior is solid, dark brown, the centre containing mostly three ovate masses of sporules, which escape generally by the upper, but often by the under, surface. 10. Cr. awrantia, gregarious, often crowded; spherules yel- lowish, globose, somewhat carnose; mouths short, cylindrical, very obtuse, exserted, surrounded at their base by an orange web. Sphcria aurantia, Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 68. Has. On decaying Agarics and Boleti, rare. Newliston woods, Messrs. Wauch and Greville. : Spherules suicculent; mouths papilliform, penetrating a filamentous stratum. 11. Cr. Tamariscinis, scattered, under the epidermis, which is very convex and ruptured in the centre; mouth very short, ob- tuse, not exserted; sporules oval, in filiform tubes. Grev. Crypt. Fl. t. 45. Har. On the dead branches of Tamarix germanica, in the garden of Da- vid Falconer, Esq. Carlowrie. Spherules globose slightly depressed, their black colour appearing through the epidermis. 12. Cr. semi-immersa, scattered, globose, with a very short, rounded, umbilicated mouth ; at first the mouth only visible, at length the spherule itself semi-exserted, falling out in decay, and leaving a cavity. Spheria semi-immersa, Pers. in litt. Has. On dead branches of Honeysuckle. About Edinburgh. Unequally scattered, black, shining, the older spherules intermixed with the young ones, the latter appearing like mere dots. 13. Cr. Herbarum, spherules minute, scattered, very nume- rous, black, round, depressed, orifice papilliform, piercing the 362 CRYPTOGAM. HYPOXYLA. CnryprosrHerta. epidermis like minute dots, at length naked when it decays. Spheria Herbarum, Pers. Syn. Fung. p.78. Hook. ¥F 1. Scot. 2. Pade Has. On the dead stalks of large herbaceous plants, especially on the Umbellifere ; very common. Minute, very gregarious, mostly round, sometimes oval, depressed, often almost plane, the orifice very small. 14. Cr, nebulosa, spherules excessively minute, scattered, forming dark greyish, cloud-like, longitudinal spots on the smooth stalks of plants, the orifice somewhat acute, penetrating the epidermis. Spheria nebulosa, Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 31. Has. On the stalks of large herbaceous plants, as various Lilies, Day- lilies, &e.; frequent. Spots half an inch long or more, 2-3 lines broad, forming a grey ground on which the orifices of the spherules appear like deep black scattered dots. +t Spherules without an evident orifice. 15. Cr. capillata, parasitic on the leaves of dead grasses ; scattered, brown-black, white within, flatly hemispherical, the apex furnished with a tuft of black, rigid, diverging hairs. Grev. Crypt. Fl. t.69. Spheria capill. Nees, Syst. t. 43. f. 346. Has. On the dead leaves of Holcus mollis. Auchindenny woods. Very minute, but the black tufts of bristly hairs quite obvious, being one- third of a line broad. 16. Cr. Aigopodiz, scattered or in small groups, minute, blackish, roundish, producing pale spots on the leaf. Spheria fEgopodii, Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 89. Hook. F 1. Scot. 2. p. 8. Has. On the leaves of Agopodium Podagraria, while yet green, frequent. Spherules of unequal size, rugose under the microscope, black and somewhat shining. 17. Cr. punctiformis, scattered, very gregarious, punctiform, somewhat shining, rarely dehiscent. Spheria punctif. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 90. Hook. FI. Scot. 2. p. 8. Has. On dead Oak, Ivy, and other leaves; frequent. Very numerous, generally producing white spots on the leaf, collapsing. The var. on Ivy leaves (which may prove distinct) is larger, and often dehiscent, besides the leaf being of an uniform colour. 18. Cr. microscopica, excessively minute, very gregarious, 80 as to form dark cloud-like irregular spots on the leaf. Has. On dead leaves of Portugal Laurel. About Edinburgh. Finely punctiform. Cloud-like spots at first circular, at length confluent, the spherules very crowded, shining. 19. Cr. glauco-punctata, spherules very numerous, puncti- form, glaucous or blueish-black, rendering the leaf pale. Han. On dead leaves of Ruscus aculeatus. Slateford. Spp#rta. CRYPTOGAMIA. HYPOXYLA. 963 Spherules very minute, rendering the leaf somewhat clouded; under the microscope shining, somewhat dehiscent, and with a white point in the centre. 20. Cr. natida, punctiform, black, collected into small groups, prominent, convex, very shining. Has. On living leaves of Geranium robertianum. Not unfrequent about Edinburgh. Scarcely appearing to be of this genus at first sight, but the epidermis really surrounds the spherules, and is closely united to them. Under a pocket-lens, the highly polished spherules are very striking. 130. SPHAARIA. Haller. * Spherules with an orifice. + Spherules not hairy. 1. 8. spermoides, black, globose, nearly smooth, crowded, the orifice minute, slightly papilliform. Grev. Crypt. FI. t.6. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 75. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 7. Has. On rotten wood, not unfrequent. Spherules opake, black, usually excessively crowded. Sporules oblong, escaping in the form of a white powder. 2. S. Pexiza, fine red, minute, smooth, gregarious, globose, with a very minute papilliform orificé; spherules at length col- lapsed and concave. Pers. Syn. Fung. p.66. Hook. FI. Scot. 2. p: 7. Has. On dead, rather dry wood, frequent. Spherules growing in very irregular clusters, extremely minute, brittle. 3. S. Doliolum, black, scattered, gregarious, roundish-ovate, acute, shining, the mouth papilliform. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 78. Hook. F1. Scot. 2. p. 7. ee On dead stalks of large herbaceous plants, especially the Umbelli- ere. Spherules scattered, or so crowded as to be contiguous, somewhat conical, the mouth round, papilliform. 4. 5.? Patella, much scattered, black, cylindrico-globose, plane at the apex when moist, when dry collapsed, the margin rounded and plicate. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 76. Hook. FI. Scot. 2. p. 7. Has. On the dead stalks of large herbaceous plants, chiefly the Umbel- liferze, after the epidermis has been removed. i Spherules attached by the whole base, elevated, somewhat shining, remark- ably concave from collapsion.—This plant scarcely belongs to the genus $ the sporuliferous tubes within are erect and fixed. +t Spherules hairy, or arising from a hairy stratum. _5. 8. byssiseda, rather large, brownish-black, shining, globose, with a papilliform orifice, arising from a dense, brown, filamen- 3564 CRYPTOGAMIA. HYPOXYLA. = Sprenta. tous stratum, which sometimes partly envelopes the spherules. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 67. Has. On dead branches of trees. Abercorn Park, Duddingston. - Filamentous stratum, widely spreading, Spherules numerous, often very crowded, nearly a line in diameter. 6..S. hirsuta, gregarious, somewhat clustered, quite black, spherules roundish-ovate, somewhat tuberculate, with short, ri- gid, scattered hairs; orifice obtuse. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 73. Mook. F 1. Scot. 2. p. ‘7. Hap. On dead branches, wood, &c. Rosslyn woods. Spherules small, the hairs short, black, shining, appearing to be disposed in fasciculi. 7. S. pilosa, spherules minute, crowded, roundish, when young appearing like one mass of diverging brown hairs, at length al- most naked towards the apex, and black ; orifice minute papil- liform. - Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 73. Has. On dead wood in shady mossy places. Braid Hermitage. Sporules covered with rigid, diverging, shining hairs, which in age seem to be, as it were, worn off by attrition. 8. S. calva, black, gregarious, hemispherical, minutely gra- nulated, the apex naked, somewhat shining, the base hairy; ori- fice papillose. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 74. Has. On dry rotten branches and dead stalks of large herbaceous plants. Auchindenny woods. Spherules somewhat depressed, sessile on rather a broad base; when young covered with hairs, the upper half becoming quite naked. 9. S. aurea, gregarious very crowded, ovate, somewhat acu- minate, orange ; orifice indistinct, but the sporules escape in a pulverulent form. Grev. Crypt. FI. t. 47. Hap. On decaying large fungi. On the pileus of Polyporus squamosus, Newliston woods, Messrs Wauch and Greville. Spherules very minute, smooth, densely crowded into clusters several lines broad, and spreading irregularly. Sporules in filiform, hyaline tubes. ** (Spherules without an evident orifice. 10. 8. moriformis, gregarious, obovate, deep black, smooth, tuberculated. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 86. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 8. Sph. claviformis, Sow. Fung. t. 337. Han. On dead wood and decayed branches, not unfrequent. _ Spherules often contiguous, and arranged in lines, at other times more ge- nerally scattered, of different sizes, very rugose. 11. S. rugosa, minute, black, scattered, globose, very rugose and tuberculated, parasitic on the pileus of Polyporus abietinus. Grev. Crypt. Fl. t. 39. Has. On dead Polyporus abietinus, rare. Carlowrie, Potysticma. CRYPTOGAMIA. HYPOXYLA. 365 Spherules globose or oval, so rugose as to be almost tesselated. Sporules subglobose, in filiform hyaline tubes. 12. S. pulvis-pyrius, spherules black, minute, very numerous, crowded, roundish, somewhat tuberculate, and often with a transverse furrow. Pers. Syn. Fung. p.86. Hook. ¥'l. Scot. 2. p: 8. Has. On dead, dry wood, frequent. Spherules minute, very black, seed-like, generally so crowded as to be conti- guous. 131. POLYSTIGMA. Pers. ‘ 1. P. rubrum, reddish-orange, plane. Pers. in Moug. et Nestl. No. 270. De Cand. Fl. Frang. v. 5. p. 164. Xyloma rubrum, Hook. F 1. Scot. 2. p. 9. Has. On the living leaves of Prunus spinosus. Auchindenny woods. Two to four lines broad, plane, somewhat carnose, of an irregular form, the surface dotted with the orifices of the fructification. 2. P. typhinum, pale yellow-orange, investing the culms of living grasses. De Cand. Mem. du Mus. d’Hist. Nat. v. 3. Spheria typhina, Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 29. Hook. FI. Scot. 2. p. 6. Has. On the culms of living grasses, occasionally. Investing the culms of grasses for half an inch or more, carnose, pale at first, at length yellow, the surface slightly granulated. 182. NE MASPORA. Pers. 1. N. Carpini, spherules depressed, black, immersed, sporules large, ovate, escaping in the form of thick, black tendrils. Sow. Fung. t. 376. Has. On dead branches of Hornbeam, Sycamore, and other trees. Car- lowrie. Tendrils irregular, large, often nearly an inch long. Sporules dark~coloured under a high power of the microscope. 2. N. jilamentosa, spherules very small, grey-black ; sporules excessively minute, dust-like under a high magnifying power, escaping in the form of long, capillary, entangled, dull orange tendrils, aa Has. On dead branches. About Edinburgh. Tendrils half an inch long or more, slender, tortuous, tenacious. Sporiles pale yellowish when highly magnified. _ 3. N. Rosarum, spherules waved when divided horizontally, elevating the epidermis, orifice blackish, with a cottony margin 3 sporules very minute, forming a single, short, slightly tortuous whitish tendril. Grev. Crypt. FI. t. 20. Has. On dead branches of most Roses; frequent. ty . . bo Minute, slightly prominent, somewhat regularly scattered. Spherules black- 3 866 CRYPTOGAMIA. HYPOXYLA. Puacipivum. ish-brown. Sporules under.a high magnifying power dust-like, and almost colourless, 133. PHACIDIUM. Fries. 1. Ph. coronatwm, orbicular, subhemispherical, depressed, black, dehiscent in numerous acute segments; disk pale green- ish or yellowish. Grev. Crypt. Fl. t. 52. Xyloma pezizoides, Pers. Syn. Fung. p.105. Peziza comitialis, Sow. Fung. t. 118. Has. On dead Oak and Beech leaves in woods, frequent. Scattered, at first resembling a plane black circular spot, nearly a line broad; at length bursting in the centre, the segments becoming erect and slightly revolute. In dry weather it is generally closed. 2. Ph. dentatwm, four-sided, small, black, on whitish spots on the leaf, splitting into 4—5 acute segments; disk dingy. Schm. et Kunze, Mykol. Hefte, p.41. Spharia punctiformis, v, Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 91. Xyloma lichenoides, De Cand. Syn. FI. Gall. p. 53. Has. On Oak leaves in woods. Rosslyn woods. White spots on the leaf, about a quarter of an inch broad, on which 3-6 plants are scattered, much smaller than the preceding. - 134. STILBOSPORA. Hoff. 1. St. microsperma, black, granulated, irregularly ovate, at length shapeless; sporules ovate, attenuated at each extremity. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 96. Has. Mostly on dead branches of Beech, but also on various other trees, not unfrequent. Scattered, black, bursting through the bark, somewhat tuberculated. 2. St. biloculata, black, roundish, bursting through the bark ; sporules ovate, obtuse, 2-celled. Has. On dead branches of Furze (Ulex europeus ), frequent. Scattered, sometimes crowded, dull black, raised, the surface plano-convex. 155. HYSTERIUM. Pers. 1. H. quercinum, bursting through the bark, oblong-elliptical, flexuose, somewhat ventricose, greyish-brown. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 100. Has. On dead Oak branches, frequent. Auchindenny and Rosslyn woods. Gregarious, bursting through the bark in no particular direction, 2-3 lines long. 2. i. pulicare, gregarious, black, oblong or roundish-ellipti- cal, obtuse, somewhat striate. Pers. Syn. Fung. p.98. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 8. Has. On the rugged bark chiefly of Oak trees. Braid Hermitage. At first sight resembing an Opegrapha, but there is no crust; very grega- rious, lying on the bark in all directions. Sporuliferous tubes clavate, con- 3 Hystrrium. CRYPTOGAMIA. HYPOXYLA. 867 taining 3-4 yellow, narrow, pyriform bodies, divided by several ‘articula- tions. 3. H. angustatum, gregarious, linear, narrow, parallel, smooth, of a dull black. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 99. Hook. FI. Scot. 2. p. 8. Has. On dead wood and stumps of trees where the bark has fallen ; rare. Slateford. = Minute, very narrow, 1-2 lines long, growing ina lorgitudinal dirction Substance rather soft. 4. H. Frawxini, convex, tumid, cblong-elliptical, very black, disposed in a subconcentric manner; sporules large, oblong, yellow. Grev. Crypt. Fl. t. 72. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 100, Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 8. Spheria sulcata, Sow. Fung. t. 315. Haz. On dead Ash branches, frequent. Slateford, Craiglockhart, &c. At first bursting through the bark, at length naked, corneous, obtuse. Spo- rules 6-8 in clavate tubes. 5. H. Pinastri, minute, oval-elliptical, depressed, the margin plane, paler, often bounded by a darker line, the centre slightly raised. Grev. Crypt. Fl. t. 60. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. xxvii. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 8. Haz. On dead leaves of various species of Fir, but chiefly the Scotch - Fir. Very common. Scattered, growing longitudinally on each side the leaf, scarcely a line long. black. Sporules oblong, minute. 6. H. Juniperi, very minute, oval, shining, somewhat plane, growing longitudinally on the leaf; sporuliferous tubes clavate, acuminate at the apex. Grev. Crypt. Fl. t. 26. Has. On dead leaves of the common Juniper. Pentland Hills. Regularly oval, parallel with the nerve of the leaf, the dehiscence not ex- tending to the extremities. 7. H. gramineum, very minute, linear-elliptical, black, most- ly on the ribs of the leaf or culm. Pers. Grev. Crypt. FI. t. 87. Has. On the dead leaves and culms of various grasses, common. Gregarious, growing longitudinally and parallel, oblong or linear elliptical. Sporuliferous tubes few. 136. XYLOMA. Pers. * Large, compound, confluent. 1. X. acerinum, black, spreading in large irregular spots, which are either uniform, or composed of somewhat distinct dots; dehiscence irregular and rugose. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 104. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 9. X. punctatwm, Pers. |. c. p. 104. Has. On living leaves of the sycamore. (Acer pscudo-platanus), very common. Spots from one-fourth to above half an inch broad, quie black, the surface rugose, marked in age with gyrose lines. Perithecia contiguous, varying in form, mostly linear-flexuose, net always bursting. 308 CRYPTOGAMIA. HYPOXYLA. AsteEromsa. 2. X. salicinum, large, irregular, very thick, black, white within. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 103. Has. On living leaves of Salix caprea, not common. Rosslyn woods. Spots very thick, solid, firm, from one-fourth to half an inch broad, of no regular form, somewhat shining, the surface unequally rugose. ** Small, mostly punctiform, distinct, gregarious. 8. X. salignum, gregarious, sometimes crowded, roundish, slightly convex, brown, at length blackish. Pers. Syn. Fung. p- 106. Has. On decaying leaves of Salix caprea, not unfrequently ; Rosslyn woods. Spots about one-third, rarely half a line broad, at first pale yellowish-brown. 4. X. populinum, gregarious, rarely scattered over the whole surface, flattish, irregular, smooth, dull black. Pers. Syn. Fung. p- 107. Has. On the leaves of the aspen, not common. Near Kirkliston. Brownish at first, at length opake black, of no regular form, nearly a line broad. 5. &. Geranii, scattered, black, unequal in size, plane, the ~ surface rugose, and somewhat papillose in the centre. Has. On the living leaves of Geranium sylvaticum. Auchindenny woods. From half a line to a line broad, dull black, rarely-.erowded. 6. X. faginewm, minute, crowded, often in circular groups, round, black, shining, plane, rugose. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 107. Has. On dead leaves of the beech, (Fagus sylvaticus). About Edin- burgh. Balmuto. Extremely minute, quite black, very shining under a pocket magnifier, the centre depressed. 7. X. alnewm, very minute, regularly scattered, black, shining, round rugoso-papillose, within convex. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 108. Has. On the living leaves of Alnus glutinosus, rather rare. Rosslyn and Auchindenny woods. Punctiform, regularly distributed mostly over the whole leaf, without any disposition to become crowded in particular parts. 8. X. concava, minute, roundish, regularly scattered, black, shining, smooth, the upper half separatmg. Spheria concava, Sow. Fung. t. 307. Has. On dead leaves of the holly, very common. _ About one-fourth of a line broad, roundish, the upper half at length sepa- rating, and the lower one becoming concave after the escape of the spo- rules. 137. ASTEROMA. De Cond. }. A. Ulmi, filaments black, radiating, subdichotomous, at AMANITA. CRYPTOGAMIA. FUNGI. 369 length covered with confluent, rugoso-plicate, shining black tu- bercles. Has. On living leaves of the different species of elm. Not unfrequent. From 1-3 lines broad, the filaments distinct at the circumference, their branches divaricating. 2. A. Alchemille, filaments very minute, extremely fine, branched ; at length bearing subdistinct black tubercles; pro- ducing a pale spot on the leaf. Has. On living leaves of Alchemilla vulgaris. Auchindenny woods. One or two lines broad. Filaments so fine as often to be almost invisible to the naked eye, previous to the production of the tubercles. ‘The pale on the leaf is the best guide to it. XII. FUNGI. Link. Grev: Div. I. Plants with a pileus or cap; hymeniwm on the under surface, in the form of straight, simple lamellae, (gills,) (AcaRICoIDER). 138. AMANITA. Dill. 1. A. muscaria, margin of the pileus striated, orange-red, shining, warty, rarely naked ; volva vanishing, scaly ; stipes bul- bous. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 253. Hook. F 1. Scot. 2. p.19. Agar?- cus muscarius, Sow. Fung. t.286. Fries, Syst. Mycol. v. 1. p. 16. Has. Borders of woods, in autumn. Swanston wood, &e: It is not surprising that this splendid fungus should have received the name of Imperialis from Batsch, for there is no one which so well deserves pre- eminence. The pilews varies occasionally in colour, from blood-red to orange, whitish and brown; 3-7 inches broad, fleshy, convex, at length nearly plane. ZLamelle white, broad. Stipes 4-9 inches high, 4-1 inch thick, white, or pinkish, solid, or with a slight cavity, bulbous. Veil in the form of a deflexed collar. 139. AGARICUS. Series I. Vedl variously formed, or none. Lamelle not chan- ging colour, mostly white. ‘Sporules white. (Leucosporus; fries.) A. Furnished with a veil. Sect. 1. (Leprota, Pers.) Veil general, forming a subpersistent annulus. Stipes subsolid or filled with a fi- brous mass, the surface fibrillose. Pileus more or less fleshy, ovate, becoming campanulate, at length spreading dnd umbonate. Lamelle unequal, white, in a few varieties sometimes yellow.—Solitary fungi* growing on the ground, not speedily decaying. * One species Ag. melleus, is an exception, and grows often in dense clus- ters, though sometimes single ; and Ag. granulosus is occasionally found grow= ing 2 or 3 together from the same root. Sa. firecervtigales fbre<7 4 pepe E. 316 CRYPTOGAMIA. FUNGI. AGARICUS, 1. Ag. procerus, large ; pileus scaly, lamellee distant, white ;. stipes very long, bulbous, collar free. Curt. et Hook. Fl. Lond. ed. 1. & 2. with a fig. Sow. Fung. t. 190. Pers. Syn. p. 257. ie Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 28. Fries. Syst. Mycol. v. 1. p. 20. soot 10401 Has. In open woods, in autumn. About Rosslyn, Carlowrie, &e //secd, > Pileus 3-7 inches broad, spreading, broadly umbonate, dingy white, with dark scurfy scales formed out of the epidermis. Lamella distant, white. Stipes long, cylindrical, firm, half an inch thick, somewhat scaly, hollow, but filled with a silky fibrous mass. Annudus free; thicker at its lower margin. A tornelimes five, A very fine Agaric, with a good deal of the habit of an Amanita. In some of the Highland birch woods it grows in prodigious abundance. 2. Ag. clypeolarius, inodorous ;. pileus white, with the epi- dermis broken into feruginous scales ; lamellae white, numerous ; stipes subsquamose ; collar mostly fugacious. Sow. Fung. t. 14. fiook. Fl, Scot, 2. p. 23. Fries, Syst. Mycol. v. 1. p.21. Ag. colubrinus, Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 258. Has. In woods, borders of shaded fields. Duddingston, rare. Pileus 1-24 inches broad, whitish, with reddish scales, umbonate. Lamelle white, free, very numerous. Stipes 2-3 lines thick, 2-3 inches long, whitish or pale brownish, covered, more or less, with minute evanescent woolly scales, somewhat bulbous at the base. Collar generally vanishing. Whole plant without taste or smell. Bearing some resemblance to 4g. procerus, but smaller and more delicate. It varies much in size. The annulus is sometimes very fugitive, but I have also seen it persistent, and even free, as in 4g. procerus. 3. Ag. cristatus, highly odorous, surface of the pileus white, with reddish scales; lamellze distinct ; stipes smooth; collar fu- gacious. Bolt. Fung. t.7. Fries, Syst. Mycol. v.1.p.22. Ag. colubrinus, var. y. Pers. Syn. Fung. 259. Has. In bare places in woods, orchards, &c. At Foxhall, near the river side, Captain Wauch. Garden at Millburn. Autumn. Much smaller than the preceding. Pileus 3-14.inches across, white, um- bonate, epidermis collected into reddish, and often revolute scales. La- melle white, rather numerous, free. Stipes 14 inches high, scarcely 2 lines thick, silvery white or pale reddish, smooth. Collar fugacious. Taste and smell strong and ungrateful. 4. Ag. granulosus, pileus, with furfuraceous scales, reddish- yellow ; lamellze fixed, white; stipes subsolid, covered below the veil with squarrose scales. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 264. Fries, Syst. Mycol. v. 1. p. 24. _ Ag. croceus, Sow. Fung. t. 19. Has. In woods, especially among fir-trees, in Autumn. Swanston wood. Balmuto. - Pileus convex, becoming nearly plane, reddish-yellow, rough with scales, - sometimes smooth in the centre, 4-14 inches broad, obtusely umbonate, Lamelle yellowish-white, adnate with the stipes, numerous. Stipes 2-3 lines thick, 2-3 inches high, nearly straight, firm, subfistulose at the top, and somewhat thicker at the base, rough from the annulus downwards with squarrose, brownish scales.—Growing sometimes in small clusters of 3 or 4 together, but generally single and scattered. AGARICUS. CRYPTOGAMIA. FUNGI. 371 5. Ag. melleus, tufted, rarely single; pileus dingy yellowish or reddish, rough with scales formed of black, rigid, fascicu- lated hairs; lamelle slightly decurrent; stipes whitish, fibril- lose, with a large annulus. Bolt. Fung. t. 141. Fries, Syst. Mycol. v. 1. p. 30. Ag. stipitis, Sow. Fung. t. 101. - Hook. FI. Scot. 2. p. 20. Ag. polymyces, Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 269. Has. At the rocts of old trees, particularly such as have been felled, and sometimes singly on the ground in woods. Woods at Carlowrie and Newliston. Balmuto, growing gregariously in an open field. Autumn. Pileus spreading, margin mostly rounded and substriate, umbonate, 2-6 inches broad, brownish-yellow, dingy olive, or reddish-brown, rough and almost bristly with scales of fasciculated black hairs. Lamelle dingy white, becoming tinged with red, more or less decurrent, and sometimes forming regular streaks on the stipes down to the collar. Flesh rather thick white. Stipes 3-6 inches long, half an inch or more thick, firm, solid, somewhat incrassated at the base, generally whitish, or with a reddish tinge, fibrillose or slightly scaly. Coilar large, persistent, spread- ing. Sporules very numerous. Sect. 2. (Lrwacium, Fries.) Veil general, slimy, thin, extremely fugacious. Stipes firm, solid, or filled with a spongy mass, somewhat scaly or spotted. Pileus fleshy, convex, becoming more or less plane, firm, very slimy when young. Flesh white. Lamelle always adnate with the stipes and decurrent, thickish, distant, unequal, white.—Fungi of a mo- derate size, solitary, growing on the ground, autumnal, not quickly decaying. 6. Ag. eburneus, white ; pileus smooth, umbonate; lamellee broad, distant, very decurrent; stipes white, scurfy, solid, be- coming hollow in age. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 864. Fries, Syst. Mycol. v. 1. p. 83. Ag. virgineus, Sow. Fung. t. 2. and Ag. nitens ? t. 71. and Ag. cossus, t. 121. “Has. In open pastures, rarely in woods. Autumn. Common about Edinburgh. Pileus white, smooth, slimy when young and in wet weather, shining when dry, 1-2 inches broad, more or less umbonate, the margin turning up in age. Lamelle distant, white, thick, very decurrent, broad. Stipes 1-3 inches high, slightly crooked, firm, scurfy or nearly smooth, often at- tenuated at the base, solid, becoming hollow in age. Sect. 3. (Tricnotoma, Fics.) Veil very fugacious, partial, fibriilose or floccose. Stipes fleshy, firm, scaly, fibril« lose, or with the fibres so arranged as to produce a striated appearance. ileus Sleshy, either compact, hemispherical, at length spreading, rounded, &c. thinner and campanulate while young : margin thin, at first inflexed, and united with the veil. Lamelle unequal, juiceless, posteriorly obtuse —Large fungi, remaining a considerable time, solitary or gregarious, mostly growing on the ground. Many are esculent. 7. Ag. rutilans, pileus obtuse, convex, deep yellow, more or less covered with crimson-red squamulose fibres; lamellse round- ed, numerous, yellow; stipes solid or partly hollow, streaked with red. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 320. Fries, Syst. Mycol. v. 1. p. 41. Ag. Xerampelinus, Sow. Fung. t. 31. Aca 372 CRYPTOGAMIA. FUNGI. AGARICUS: Has. In woods, on the ground about the rocks or stumps of felled trees, particularly firs. Swanston wood, and on Dundas Hill, in autumn. Pileus convex, rarely becoming quite plane, 2-5 inches broad, fleshy, but not hard, purplish or crimson-red at first, but as the epidermis separates, becoming partly of a deep yellow, with thé woclly coloured remains of the epidermis scattered over it. Lamelle numerous, broad, yellow, thick- ish, partly adnate with the stipes. Flesh yellow, rather spongy. Stipes firm, unequal, incrassated at the base, solid, rarely hollow, 2-4 inches high, 4-% of an inch thick, yellow, variegated with red. B. Stipes destitute of a veil: Sect. 4. (Russuxa, Pers.) Veil none. Stipes equal,-smoath, firm, spongy within. Pileus with a fleshy disk and thin margin, hemispherical, becoming plane, with the centre depressed ; epidermis sometimes viscous. Margin only involute in the youngest state. Flesh firm, juice- less, white, with a subvesiculose structure. Lamelle juiceless, either entirely equal, or with short ones-intermixed, sometimes forked, thickish, somewhat rigid, yet brit- tle, a eee oe decurrent, from the stipes expanding into the pileus. Sporules decasionally. gellowish.—Rather large fungi, rigid, remaining a consi~ derable time, solita#y;’on the ground, chiefly occurring towards the end of summer. Colour of the pileus vdrious. 4 8. Ag. nitidus, pileus thin, with a sulcate margin; lamellee broad, subdistaadl, equal, yellow. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 444. Fries, Syst“ Myol. v, 1. p.55. Ag. nauseosus, Pers. Syn. Fung. p-. 446. and Ag. vitellinus, p. 442. Ag. integer, Sow. Fung. t. 201.? (the yellowone. ) Has. In woeds, pretty common. Dundas Hill. Autumn. Pileus somewhat fleshy, convex, becoming nearly plane, margin very thin, 1-2 inches broad, colour various, mostly yellow, with an occasional tinge of purple. Flesh white, spongy. Lamelle subdistant, yellow, regularly equal, connected by veins. Stipes 1-14 inches long, white or yellowish, solid, spongy. Tuste not acrid, but rather nauseous. 9. Ag. emeticus, pileus compact, somewhat depressed in the centre, with the margin at length sulcate; lamelle broad, sub- equal, very white. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 489. Fries. Syst. Mycol. v. 1. p. 56. Ag. integer, Sow. Fung. t. 201. Hook. FI. Scot. 2. p. 20. Ag. ochroleuca, Pers. Syn. 448. Has. In woods, and under trees in various situations, extremely com- mon from summer to the beginning of winter. Pileus 2-5 inches bread, glutinous when young, smooth, hemispherical, at length plane, depressed in the centre, margin thin, striato-sulcate, of a great variety of colours, purple, rose-red, blueish, fuscous, yellow, or even white. amelie subdistant, broad, rigid, thickish, connected together b small threads or veins, intermixed with a very few smaller lamellz, ai ways white. Stipes 2-3 inches high, firm, solid, white, or tinged with the colour of the pileus. Taste acrid. 10. Ag. adustus, large, pileus depressed, ash-coloured-olive, at length dark, and as if burnt, margin smooth; lamelle un- equal, distant, white, thick; stipes short, sclid, very robust. AGARICUS. CRYPTOGAMIA. © FUNGI. 373 Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 459. Fries, Syst. Mycol. v. 1. p.60. Ag. nigricans, Bull. t. 212-870. f. 2. & 579. B. elephantinus, pileus yellowish-brown; lamellee yellowish- white ; stipes solid, white. Ag. elephantinus, Sow. Fung. t. 36. Hook. F 1. Scot. 2. p. 20. Has. In woods and shaded places, rather rare about Edinburgh. Dun- das Hill, and at Balmuto. Autumn. : Pileus large, inelegant, 4-7 inches broad, rather pale when young, and glu- tinous, becoming yellowish dingy brown and cracking, at length black- ish, as if it had been exposed to fire. Flesh white, sometimes changing, on being broken, to a reddish or blackish colour. Lamelle@ very distant and thick, dingy white. Stipes 2-3 inches high, 2 inches thick, dirty white. Sect. 5. (Gatorrueus, Fries. Lacrirtuus, Pers.) Veil none. Stipes naked, equal, cylindrical, firm, expanding into the pileus. Pileus Jleshy, firm, plano-depressed, wmbilicate, margin smooth or tomentose, involute when young. Flesh firm, juicy. Lamelle lactescent, unequal, often forked, nar- row, adnate and decurrent. Large or moderately sized fungi, solitary, growing on the ground, firm, lasting some time, aromatic, of an acrid taste, found in sum- mer and autumn. The stipes as well as the pileus is generally lactescent ; but in- dividuals of various spevies sometimes occur entirely without juice. * Margin of the pileus involute, tomentose, (poisonous). ll. Ag. torminosus, pileus glabrous, pale, with a yellowish, brownish, or greyish tinge, margin tomentose ; stipes méstly hol- low in part, smooth. Sow. Fung. t. 103. Pers. Syn. t. 430. Fries, Syst. Mycol. v, 1. p. 63. Ag. piperatus, Hook. ¥ 1. Scot. 2. p. 20. Has. In woods, thickets, borders 0? fields, &c. in summer and autumn. Dundas Hill, and probably in many other places. Pileus 2-5 inches broad, pale, brownish, glutinous or dry, convex, becom- ing depressed, and often hollowed, very tomentose or fibrillose at the in- volute margin. Zamelle whitish or with a tinge of red, numerous. Flesh white. Stipes solid, scarcely central, yellowish-white, about 2 inches high. The juice is white like milk, and does not change colour, ex- tremely acrid. Highly poisonous. Dr Withering correctly ascertained this to be the pipe- ratus of Linnzeus. 12. Ag. Celicioides, pileus tomentose, dingy pale reddish, or salmon-colour ; lamellze yellowish, stipes robust, partly hollow. Fries. Syst. Mycol. v. 1. p. 63. Ag. necator, v. 2. With. Bot. Arr. ed. 6, v. iv. p. 227. ? Has. In woods, or in grassy places under large trees. Braid Hermitage, in autumn. Pileus depressed, margin rounded, involute, 2-4 inches broad, reddish-buff, sometimes glutinous, very tomentose, becoming fibrillose at the margin. Lamelle yellowish, irregular and often branching, apparently decurrent, from the expansion of the stipes into the substance of the pileus. Flesh yellowish-white, darker towards the surface. Stipes about 2 inches high, 374 CRYPTOGAMIA. FUNGI. AGanRricus, near | in diameter, dingy white, yellow, or brown. No juice, but there is considerable moisture on the surface’ of the pileus, which seems to originate from the plant. ** Pileus glabrous, glutinous, marginated. (Acrid but edible.) 13. Ag. deliciosus, pileus glutmous, obscurely zoned, dingy orange or reddish, very pale when dried; Jamelle and juice orange ; stipes becoming hollow, glabrous. Sow. Fung. t. 202. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 482. Fries, Syst. Mycol. v. 1. p. 67. Has. In woods, especially among fir-trees, and in shaded places. July to November. Ravelston wood, Withering. Hallyards, Messrs Wauch and Greville. Pileus 2-4 inches broad, plano-depressed, sometimes approaching towards funnel-shaped, orange or reddish, becoming dingy pale, and in decay greenish, glutinous, smooth, obscurely zoned. Lamelle apparently de- current, bright reddish orange, frequently but not regularly dichoto- mous, narrow, turning green on being wounded. Flesh pale orange, Stipes solid, becoming hollow, about 2 inches high, orange, somewhat attenuated at the base. The whole plant is exceedingly juicy, and exudes an orange milky fluid on being injured. It is more or less acrid, but much esteemed. *** Pileus not glutinous, margin naked. (More or less acrid. Subdulcis and plumbeus have been eaten.) 14, Ag. subdulcis, pileus lee flesh-coloured, at length ferruginous ; juice white, not chan- ging colour; stipes firm, smooth, becoming hollow. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 433. Fries, Syst. Mycol. v.1. p. 70. Ag. lactifluus, Sow. t. 204. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 19. Has. In woods, extremely common. Swanston wood. Dundas Hill, &c. Summer and autumn. Pileus 1-3 inches broad, convex, becoming depressed, at length often ap- proaching to funnel-shaped, sometimes umbonate, margin rounded, some- what involute, compact, buffish red, often obscurely zoned, very regu- lar in form. Lamelle numerous, pale buff, becoming reddish, decur- rent. Stipes about 2 inches high, longer in peculiar situations, cylindri- cal, thickish, buff, often tinged or streaked with red, straight or slightly crooked, firm, becoming hollow in age. Taste mild at first, rather nauseous afterwards, and sometimes, though rarely, acrid. glabrous, polished, reddish ; lamel- 15. Ag. plumbcus, pileus large, dry, zoneless, dark fuscous or deep dingy grey ; lamelle yellowish, rather numerous ; juice white. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 435. Fries, Syst. Mycol. v. 1. p73. Ag. Listeri, Sow. Fung. t. 245. Has. In woods; Dundas Hill. According to Fries, often in moist pla- ces among Polytricha. Autumn, rare. Pileus large, 3-5 inches broad, convex, becoming depressed, firm, never zoned or glutinous, margin mostly involute, dark fuliginous grey or brown. JVesh compact, white. Lamelle numerous, yellowish, varying Acanricus. CRYPTOGAMIA. FUNGI. S715 with different shades. Stipes 2-3 inches long, firm, thick, brownish or dingy olive. 16. Ag. piperatus, pileus depressed, becoming infundibuli- form, glabrous, whitish ; lamellse very narrow, crowded ; stipes solid, white, thick ; juice white, very acrid. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 429. Fries, Syst. Mycol. v. 1. p. ‘76. Has. Woods, borders of fields, &c. Autumn. Dundas Hill, and at Balmuto. Pileus 3-6 inches broad, not glutinous, white or yellowish, margin deflexed, involute, ‘ generally set sloping on the stipes,” (With. ), smooth. Lamelle very crowded, straight, very narrow, linear, repeatedly dichotomous, white or yellowish. Stipes scarcely 2 inches high, 1 thick or more, smooth, very firm, whitish. Juice very abundant, and excessively acrid and bit- ter. It is nevertheless eatable, according to Fries. This plant is sometimes monstrous, and irregular; Withering mentions their attaining the diameter of 10 inches. The stipes is not unfrequently ‘thicker than it is long. It has been used in medicine, and theught use- ful in dissolving calculi,—a property we may safely venture to deny it. Sect. 6. (Cxirrocyee, Fries. Part of Gymnopus and OmpHattia, Pers.) Veil nore. Stipes equal or attenuated above, not bulbous, smooth, tolerably firm. -Pileus more or less fleshy, either continuing convex, or becoming depressed, and sometimes at length infundibuliform. Lamelle unequal, juiceless, not changing colour, tenacious, variously fixed or free. Sporules white. Colour various.— Large or moderate sized fungi. * Pileus dry, smooth. Lamelle: numerous, decurrent or attenuato-adnate. 17. Ag. giganteus, very large, whitish or very pale brown ; ‘pileus becoming infendibuliform ; lamellze numerous, decurrent, becoming reddish ; stipes solid, very thick. Sow. Fung. t. 244. Fries, Syst. Mycol. v. 1. p. 80. Has. Meadows and pastures. Newliston, Captain Wauch. Autumn. Pileus 4-12 inches broad, broadly funnel-shaped, rarely lobed, -whitish. Flesh white, thin for the size of the plant. Zamelle numerous, decur- rent, white, becoming reddish. Stipes about 2 or 3 inches high, very thick and firm, similar in colour to the pileus. This is one of those species which form those circles known by the name of Fairy Rings, the origin of which is still as obscure as ever. 18. Ag. gilvus, large, pileus convex, umbonate, at length in- fundibuliform, smooth, firm, yellowish-white; lamellae nume- rous, decurrent, whitish; stipes straight, solid, subradicating. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 448. Fries, Syst. Mycol. v. 1. p. 80. Ag. pileolarius, Sow. Fung. t. 61. Has. Woods, especially among beech-trees. Autumn. Newliston woods; Messrs Wauch and Greville. _Pileus compact, 3-4 inches broad, “ moist, but not glutinous,” (Fries. 9) smooth, margin involute, yellowish-white or pale reddish, umbonate. Lamelle numerous, narrow, pale, sometimes branched, decurrent. Stipes 2-6 inches long, }—3 of an-inch thick, cylindrical, firm, somewhat incras- 376 CRYPTOGAMIA. FUNGI. AGARICUS. sated at the base, solid, the same colour as the pileus, subradicating, (penetrating somewhat into the ground). 19. Ag. odorus, fragrant, smooth, dull, blueish-green, umbo- nate, convex, becoming plane; lamelle numerous, adnato-de- current. Grev. Crypt. Fl. t. 28. Sow. Fung. t. 42. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 323. Fries, Syst. Mycol. v. 1. p. 90. Has. In moist woods, among dead leaves. Foxhall, Hallyards and Newliston woods, Captain Wauch. Woods at Carlowrie. Autumn. Pileus 2-3inches in breadth, pale grey, blueish-grey, or greenish, smooth, con- vex at first, becoming gradually plane, umbonate, rarely depressed, mostly subregular, but sometimes repand, not very fleshy. Lamelle somewhat decurrent, whitish, straight, irregular, changing to pale flesh-colour. Stipes 1-2 inches high, seldom straight, firm, 23 lines thick, whitish or greenish, solid. A beautiful species, with an odour like woodroof. 20. Ag. dealbatus, scentless; white, pileus unequal, thin, smooth; lamellz adnate, numerous; stipes solid, equal, gla- brous. Var. y. pileus repand, lobed, umbonate, stipes short, slender. Sow. Fung. t. 123. Fries, Syst. Mycol. v. 1. p. 92. Has. In pastures, waste places, &c. very common in autumn. Pileus smooth, slightly fleshy, plane, umbonate, sometimes depressed from the turning up of the margin, 1-4 inches broad, white. Lamelle narrow, irregular, white. . Stipes short, crooked or straight, rather tough, smooth, white.—Subgregarious, polymorphous. ** Pileus dry. Lamelle very distant, arched, decurrent. 21. Ag. pratensis, firm; pileus compact, convex, becoming partially expanded, smooth, brownish buff with a pink tinge ; lamellae decurrent, thick ; stipes short, solid, attenuated below. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 304. F'ries, Syst. Mycol. p.99. Ag. fub- vosus, Bolt. Fung. t. 56. (very bad). Ag. miniatus, Sow. Fung. t. 141. (good). Has. In open and dry pastures, as well as in meadows and more moist situations. King’s Park, very common. August to November. Pileus variable, often monstrous, firm, 1-2 inches broad, compact, margin thin, very dry, smooth, deep buff, convex, more or less umbonate, rarely becoming quite plane, but frequently remaining obtusely conical. La- melle very distant, thick, arched, decurrent, reddish buff: Stipes 1-2 inches high, 4-4 an inch thick, firm, generally somewhat crooked, attenu- ated towards the base, same colour as the pileus, but rather paler, solid, spongy in the centre. *%* Pileus moist, glutinous. Lamelle various. Stipes hollow. (Mild, but not eaten). 22. Ag. psittacinus, green, changing to yellow ; pileus cam- panulate, spreading; lamellze adnate, rather distant; stipes equal, smooth. Grev. Crypt. Fl. t.'74. Sow. Fung. t. 82. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 335. Fries. Syst. Mycol. v. 1. p. 102. AGARICUS. CRYPTOGAMIA. FUNGI. SYT Has. Pastures, meadows. King’s Park, very common. Summer and autumn. Pileus about | inch in breadth, conical, at length spreading, rarely concave from the margin turning up, smooth, glutinous, green at first, partly changing to yellow, of various intensity, often cracking. Lamelle slightly adnate, bright yellow, often shadowed with green, subdistant, thick, broad in the centre. St%ipes hollow, splitting, green, yellow at the base, very viscous, 2-3 inches high, about 2 lines thick. ~ 23. Ag. ceraceus, pileus nearly plane, slimy, substriate, yel- low ; lamellze adnato-decurrent, distant ; stipes rather unequal, gradually attenuated towards the base. Sow. Fung. t. 20. Pers. Syn. Fung. p, 337. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 23. Fries. Syst. Mycol. v. 1. p. 102, Has. Meadows and pastures, autumn. About Edinburgh, rare. Pileus plano-convex, nearly 1 inch in breadth, yellow, shining, dry and sometimes concave in age. Lamelle rather broad, distant, yellow, decur- rent. Stipes rather slender, 2-3 inches long, hollow, often compressed, yellow, attenuated at the base.—Plant subgregarious. 24. Ag. conicus, pileus conical, glutinous, mostly yellow or crimson; lamellz crowded, ventricose, attenuated and free; stipes substriate, splitting. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 335. Fries. Syst. Mycol. v. 1. p. 103. Ag. aurantius, Sow. Fung. t. 381. Hook. ¥F'1. Scot. 2. p. 22. Has. Meadows, pastures, grassy moors, &c., very common in summer and autumn. King’s Park and elsewhere around Edinburgh, abundant. A polymorphous plant, especially in regard to colour. Pileus acutely coni- cal, smooth, slimy, particularly while young, fleshy, margin striate, irre- gular, frequently lobed, 1-2 inches from the base to the apex of the cone, becoming partly expanded in age, the margins sometimes turning up, and even revolute, mostly some shade of deep yellow, orange or bright red, often intermixed with each other, in some varieties brown or even nearly black, the brightest colour then remaining longest at the margin. Lamelle numerous, more or less deep yellow, ventricose, but attenuated towards the stipes, to which they are frequently slightly attached. Stipes hollow, with a great tendency to split, variously coloured like the pileus, 2-3 inches high, diameter various. **** Pileus dry, minutely squamulose or scurfy. Lamellae usually arched and decurrent. 25. Ag. laccatus, gregarious, pileus scarcely fleshy, tough, farinaceous with minute scales, pale or deep flesh colour, disk depressed in age; lamellae distant ; stipes long, elastic. Fries. Syst. Mycol. v. 1. p. 107. Ag. furinaceus, Sow. Fung. t. 208. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 453. Hook. F 1. Scot. 2. p. 22. Has. In moist woods, and in pastures under trees, very abundant. Dundas Hill. Newliston woods. Abercorn Park, Duddingston. Bal- muto, &c. Pileus flesh colour, or pinkish brown, darker in wet weather, becoming pale, ~ farinaceous from very minute scales, striate when moist, convex, or even campanulate, becoming depressed in the centre, sometimes nearly plane ; margin irregular, often undulate, and in age frequently collapsed and rel- 378 CRYPTOGAMIA. FUNGI. AGARICUS. led, 1-14 inches broad. Zamelle distant, thick, arched, somewhat decur- rent, pink, sometimes branched, farinaceous, often with a sort of bloom. Stipes hollow, 3-5 inches high, crooked, unequal, 2-3 lines thick, flesh colour or pale brown. 26. Ag. amethystinus, pileus convex, becoming depressed, somewhat squamulose, purple; lamellse distant, thick, violet- purple; stipes purple, hollow when old. Sow. Fung. t. 187. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 465. Hook. F1. Scot. 2. p. 20. Has. In woods. Dundas Hill, and probably common elsewhere abeut Edinburgh. Autumn. Pileus convex, becoming depressed by age, 1-2 inches broad, rich purple, fading when dry, minutely squamulose, margin even or waved. Lamelle very distant, thick, slightly decurrent, margin more entire than in the preceding, deep, clear violet-purple. Flesh purple, fibrous. Stipes 2-4 inches long, unequal, attenuated towards the base, subsolid, hollow when old, greyish purple, seldom straight. *EEEE Pileus thin, not glutinous. Lamelle almost free ;— somewhat fragile. 27. Ag. compressus, pileus subcarnose, irregular, smooth, thin, fuscous; lamellz distant, white; stipes hollow, whitish, compressed. Sow. Fung. t. 66. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 363. Fries, Syst. Mycol. v. 1. p. 115. Has. In fir-woods and in pastures. Swanston wood, and in fields about Edinburgh. Autumn. Pileus campanulate, at length nearly plane, dry, smooth, thin, brittle, pel- lucid, 2-3 inches broad, dark grey brown, lighter at the margin. Lamelle distant, thickish, white, almost free, broad towards the stipes, and trun- cate, ‘‘ sometimes forked at the outer end,” (With). Stipes hollow, 2-3 inches high, }-3 an inch in diameter, compressed, often splitting, twisted or irregular.— Whole plant brittle, and of a watery substance. weeeKE Pileus fleshy, viscous. Lamelle scarcely fixed. Stipes radicating. 28. Ag. radicatus, pileus rugose, glutinous, tough ; lamelle white ; stipes tall, rigid, with a long fusiform root. Sow. Fung. t. 48. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 313. Fries. Syst. Mycol. v. 1. p. 118. Has. In woods, especially by the sides of the rotten stumps of felled trees. Autumn. Newliston wood, and at Foxhall. Woods at Balmuto, abundant. Pileus 2-5 inches in breadth, yellowish or greenish brown, viscous, rugose, tough, elastic, broadly conical, at length plane, umbonate. Lamelle white, distant, scarcely attached to the stipes. Stipes 4-8 inches high, gradually attenuated upwards, straight, yet twisted, firm and tough, greenish or whitish brown, with a very long fusiform root. ‘The pileus is so tough and elastic, that it may be folded between the fingers without injury. ‘The root’is often a foot long, and said by Fries to be perennial. 29. Ag. velutipes, pileus nearly plane, brown orange, gluti- nous; lamelle vyentricose, yellowish ; stipes incurved, velvety AGARICUS. CRYPTOGAMIA. FUNGI. 379 and reddish brown, or blackish towards the base. Sow. Fung. t. 263. and 384. f. 3. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 314. Fries, Syst. Mycol. v. 1. p. 119. Has. Woods, borders of fields, waste places, &c., on rotten stumps of hollow or felled trees. The whole year, but chiefly in the autumn. Very common. Pileus 1-3 inches broad, convex, at length nearly plane, thin, smooth, soft, brownish orange, regular or repand, sometimes waved at the margin, when very young, involute. Lameil/e numerous, white, at length yellow, unequal, some slightly adnate, others free, truncate. Stipes incurved, unequal, hollow, 2-9 inches long, near 3 of an inch in diameter, pale above, below reddish-brown or blackish, and villose or velvety. KEEREE Pilous tender, not glutinous. Lamelle free, numerous, white. Stipes thicker at the base. 80. Ag. dryophyllus, variable; pileus thin, watery, smooth, plane, sometimes depressed ; lamellee free, soft; stipes hollow, splitting, becoming thicker towards the base, pinkish or yellowish- white, more coloured at the summit. Sow. Fung. t.127. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 452. Fries, Syst. Mycol. v. 1. p. 124. Hook. Fl]. Scot. 2. p. 24. Has. Woods, pastures and meadows, from May to October, frequent- Balmuto. Braid Hermitage. Craiglockhart, &c. Plant solitary or tufted, very variable in point of size. Pileus whitish, pinkish, yellowish, or livid, 1-3 inches broad, plane, sometimes depres- sed, somewhat fleshy, thin, tender, easily injured, of a watery substance. Lamelle free, white, or very pale flesh-colour, soft, tender, entire or ser- rate, numerous. Stipes hollow, 2-3 inches long, about 3-3 of an inch thick, shining, splitting, sometimes twisted, same colour as the pileus, but the summit of the stipes is generally darker and pinkish. The whole plant is fragile, and the pileus is easily detached from the stipes. BREEEEKE Pileus subcoriaceous, dry. Lamelle free, distant, pale, 31. Ag. peronatus, pileus dry, leathery, convex, at length nearly plane; lamellae distant, pale reddish or buffish ; stipes solid, clothed towards the base with a woolly or strigose mass. Sow. Fung. t. 87. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 331. Fries, Syst. Mycol. v. 1. p. 126. Has. In oak woods among rotten leaves. Autumn. Foxhall, Captain Wauch. Newlisten woods and Dundas Hill. Pileus 1-24 inches broad, convex or campanulate, at length nearly plane, some- what umbonate, yellowish or pale reddish, and growing paler in age when the surface becomes subrugose or broadly striate, and very coriaceous. Lamelle distant, but varying, narrow, pale, reddish buff, free, but touch- ing the stipes. Stipes 2-3 inches long, scarcely two-eighths of an inch thick, cylindrical, smooth, solid, tough and firm, pale yellowish, opake, sur- rounded towards the base with a yellow woolly mass. Whole plant very coriaceous and juiceless; dries remarkably well. 32. Ag. oreades, pileus tough, subumbonate, reddish, be- coming buflish or very pale, opake ; lamellae distant, whitish ; 380 CRYPTOGAMIA. FUNGI. = Acaricvs. stipes solid, firm, cylindrical, thickest under the pileus, pale. Fries, Syst. Mycol. v.1.p.127. Hook. Fl. Scot.2.p.21. Ag. pratensis, Sow. Fung. t. 247. (not good. ) Haz. In meadows and pastures, frequent. May to November. Caro line Park, and probably common elsewhere. Pileus convex, or very obtusely conical, rarely becoming quite plane, gene- rally umbonate, 1-2 inches broad, buffish, at length nearly opake white, coriaceous, tough, edge often turning up in age; “ there is frequently a sudden depression of the border at some distance from the centre,” ( With. ) ’ Lamelle distant, rather broad, free, buffish white. Stipes solid, whitish, cylindrical, firm, 2-3 inches high, becoming suddenly enlarged under the pileus, so as to be contiguous to the lamellxe, and make them appear adnate at first sight. This species frequently forms Fairy-rings. It is eaten in France, and thought nearly equal to the true Moucheron. Sect. 7. (Coriysia, Fries. Part of Mycrena and Omruatia, Pers.) Stipes hollow, often, however, so slender, that a line is all that is visible, equal, firm, cylindrical, often radicating. Pilews carnoso-membranaceous, not britile, convex, at length plane, often depressed in the centre, smooth, not glutinous. Lamelle obtuse towards the stipes, either free or fixed, never decurrent, unequal, juiceless, eniire. General colour white, rarely yellowish.—Small, dry, persistent fungi, ofien gregarious, sometimes on the ground, but commonly on dead leaves, sticks, &c. The pileus very rarely attains 1 inch in breadth. * Pileus scarcely umbilicated. Lamelle distinct from the pileus. Stipes white or pale reddish. 33. Ag. tuberosus, pileus plane or somewhat umbonate; la- mellee adnate, numerous; stipes subfistulose, slightly tomen- tose at the base, and springing from a reddish tuberous root. Grev. Crypt. Fl. t.23. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 374. Fries, Syst. Mycol. v. 1. p. 133. Has. In woods on the black remains of some of the larger Agarics of a former season, and among moss and dead leaves. Autumn. Woods. Balmuto. Plant gregarious. ileus }-} of an inch broad, plane, smooth, rarely sub- umbonated, white, or tinged with brown, thin, dry. Lamelle very nume- rous, white, adnate, narrow. Stipes $-2 inches high, slender, subfistu- lose, smooth, white, often curved towards the base, and springing from a chesnut-coloured tuber. 34. Ag. clavus, pileus plano-convex, reddish orange ; lamellse white, rather broad, fixed ; stipes very slender, subsolid, whi- tish. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 392, Hook. Fl. Scot, 2. p.21. Fries, Syst. Mycol. v. 1. p. 134. Has. On dead sticks, &c. among leaves and moss. Autumn. Balmuto. Craiglockhart woods, and elsewhere, but not common. Plants minute, subgregarious. Pilews about 2 lines broad, slightly umbili- cate, delicate, convex, thin. Zamelle broad, adnate, white, not nume- rous. Stipes filiform, about an inch long, whitish: a longitudinal sec~ tion shows a mere line down the centre. Root sometimes long. AGARicuUSs. CRYPTOGAMIA. FUNGI. 381 35. Ag. ramealis, gregarious; pileus nearly plane, white, sometimes changing to reddish ; lamella adnate, white ; stipes short, minutely furfuraceous, marked within with a white line. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 875. Fries, Syst. Mycol. v. 1. p. 135. Has. On small dead sticks and twigs, in wodds, hedges, &c.: frequent during the whole year. Pileus opake, white, smooth, plane, in age somewhat wrinkled and depressed in the centre, 3-4 lines broad. Zamelle subdistant, narrow, white. Stipes short, 4-3 of an inch high, half a line thick, rather firm, whitish or red« dish white, minutely squamulose. ** Pileus mostly plicate. Lamelloe and pileus homogeneous. Stipes subcorneous, of a dark colour. 36. Ag. Rotula, pileus convex, umbilicate, plicate ; lamellee attached to a collar surrounding the stipes, white; stipes hol- low, striate, black below. Sow. Fung. t.95. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 467. Fries, Syst. Mycol. v. 1. p.136. Merulius collariatus, Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 25. ~ Has. In woods, on sticks, dead leaves, &c. the whole year. Foxhall, Captain Wauch. In moist woods about Edinburgh. Plant gregarious, often with an elongated, branching stipes. Pileus thin, more or less convex, one-eighth to three-eighths of an inch broad, white; plicate, dimpled in the centre, margin somewhat crenate. Lamelle white, distant, attached toa collar similar in substance to themselves, which sur- rounds, but does not touch the stipes. Stipes filiform, frequently branched and sarmentose, hollow, white above, and black below, corneous. 37. Ag. androsaceus, pileus convex, plicate, white, sometimes tinged with brown ; lamella simple, adnate, white ; stipes hol- low, furrowed, very glabrous, purplish brown or black, except at the summit. Sow. Fung. t. 93. Fries, Syst. Mycol. v. 1. p. 1389. Merulius androsaceus, Hook. ¥1. Scot. 2. p. 25. Has. In woods among dead leaves, on sticks, &e. The whole year, very common. Plant gregarious. Pileus convex or plane, scarcely depressed in age, 2-3 lines broad, thin, white. Lamelle white, subdistant, adnate. Stipes fili- form, 1-2 inches long, hollow, tough, twisted when dry, white at the top, black below. This species often produces very slender barren stems, which are much branched and entangled, some of the branches being as fine as a human hair. Fries has rightly conjectured it in this state to be Rhizomorpha seti« Sormis of Persoon. 38. Ag. epiphyllus, pileus nearly plane, rugose; lamelle few, adnate, resembling white prominent veins ; stipes hollow, very minutely velvety, reddish-brown below. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 468. Fries, Syst. Mycol. v. 1. p.139. Ag. squamula, Sow. Fung. t. 93. Merulius squamula, Hook. F1. Scot. 2. p. 25. Has. In woods on dead leaves, especially those of the ivy. Autumn. Foxhall, Captain Wauch. Plant gregarious. ileus white, nearly plane, at length umbilicate, 2-5 382 - CRYPTOGAMIA. FUNGI. Agaricus. Inies broad, pores gts Lamelle very few, remote, white, adnate. Stipes 4-1 inch long, very slender, hollow, white at the top, dark below, almost smooth to the naked eye. 39. Ag. fatidus, pileus convex, umbilicated, plicate, reddish- brown ; lamellz adnate, pale yellowish ; stipes hollow, reddish- brown, velvety. Fries, Syst. Mycol. v. 1. p. 188. Merulius Jetidus, Sow. Fung. t. 21. Has. On dead branches of trees in woods. Autumn. Foxhall, Captain Wauch. Plant gregarious. Pileus convex, rarely quite plane, plicate, reddish-brown, 4-3 of an inch broad, thin, glabrous. Lamelle adnate, narrow, yellowish, distant. Stipes about an inch long, thin, dark brown, minutely velvety or hairy.—Smell disagreeable. Sect. 8. (Mycrna, Pers.) Stipes with a fine hollow, slender, subcartilaginous, separating from the pileus, villose at the base, and mostly radicating, never bulbous. Pileus membranaceous, conical, at length campanulate, rarely more expanded, substriate, smooth, more or less transparent. Lamelle unequal, ascending, and attenuated towards the stipes. Sporules white. Colour various.—Rather small fungi, of litile. substance, slender, not evanescent, generally gregarious or tufted, often with a strong smell. None are edible. * Pileus more or less brown. Stipes smooth. 40. Ag. alliaceus, stinking; pileus becoming nearly plane, subcoriaceous; lamelle free, whitish ; stipes tall, covered with a sort of bloom, dark purplish, brown below, velvety at the base. Sow. Fung. t. 81. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 375. (in part). Fries, Syst. Mycol..v. 1. p. 140. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 23. Ag. por- reus, Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 376. (excluding Syn. Bull.) Pers. Syst. Mycol. v. 1. p. 128. (in part.) Has. In woods among dead leaves, in autumn. Rare. Foxhall, Cap- tain Wauch. Pileus campanulate, at length nearly plane, remotely striate, 4-1 inch broad, yellowish-brown, dry, thin, but not tender. Lamelle subdistant, whitish, free or nearly so. Stipes 3-4 inches long, 2 lines thick, hollow, shining, dark rich brown or blackish, pale at the top, velvety towards the base, sometimes only at the base, dry.—Plant generally smelling of garlic, but not constant in this respect. Much confusion exists between Ag. Alliaceus and porreus of authors, which Fries, in his late work, has rather increased than removed ; as is evident under Ag. porreus, where he quotes Bulliard and Sowerby, whose figures are very different. In the former the stem is solid, very hairy, and much attenuated upwards; the lamellz are numerous, and the whole habit different from the figures of the latter, the stems of which are hol- low, comparatively smooth, nearly equal, and the lamellze distant. 41. Ag. galericulatus, scentless, pileus brownish ; lamellee whitish, adnate, with a decurrent process ; stipes smooth, tena- cious, strigose at the base, and radicating. Sow. Fung. t. 165. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 376. Fries, Syst. Mycol. v. 1. p. 143. Has. By the sides of rotten stumps of trees, and among grass and moss; extremely common. Autumn. . i 2 AGARIcUws. CRYPTOGAMIA. FUNGI. 383 Plant very variable, scentless, insipid, tenacious, gregarious or solitary. Pileus more or less membranaceous, campanulate or conical, subrugose, more or less striate, 1-3 of an inch in diameter, various shades of dilute brown, sometimes brownish-white. Lamel/e subdistant, whitish, rather narrow, adnate. Stipes various, sometimes very long, rigid, scarcely shin ing, glabrous, except at the base which is strigose or woolly, hollow, pale, but of various shades of colour, most frequently blueish-grey or purplish.—In a variety which grows solitary, the stem is filiform, long, and less firm. ** Stines rigid, strongly striate. Pileus dark blueish-grey. 42. Ag. polygrammus, pileus obscurely striate, blueish-grey ; lamellae’ attenuated and subadnate, whitish ; stipes long, rigid, striate, glistening. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 377. Sow. Fung. t. 222. Fries, Syst. Mycol. v. 1. p. 146. Haz. In woods among dead leaves, and at the roots of trees, particularly hazel. -Autumn. Among the hazel trees in the garden at Foxhall. Plant gregarious, frequently tufted. Pileus conical, becoming campanulate, the margin at length turning up, in which state the centre appears um~- bonate, 4-1 inch broad, striate, tenacious, cinerous or blueish-grey. La- melle almost free, whitish, narrow. Stipes 3-5 inches long, or more, hol- low, firm, rigid, strongly striate, blueish, with a silvery lustre, rarely brownish. *** Pileus bright reddish, or rose-purple. Stipes smooth. 43. Ag. strobilinus, bright red; pileus acutely umbonate, with a striate margin; lamelle fixed, dilute, reddish; stipes firm, strigose and pale at the base. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 393. Fries, Syst. Mycol. v. 1. p. 150. Ag. coccineus, Sow. Fung. We Has. In woods, on dead leaves and twigs, or on the cones of the Scotch fir. Autumn. Balmuto. Plant subgregarious, subfasciculate. Pileus 3-5 lines broad, campanulate, with a rather short fleshy umbo, smooth, bright red or red orange, striate at the margin. Lamelle adnate, with a decurrent process, distant, whit-- ish-red, edges dull and darker red. Stipes hollow, 1-2 inches long, firm- smooth, pale red, strigose at the base and whitish, often with a long root. An elegant and rare species, as would appear from the few writers who. have noticed it. 44. Ag. roseus, pileus between fleshy and membranaceous,, convex, pale, rose-purple ; lamellz ventricose, rather paler than the pileus ; stipes smocth, villose at the base. Sow. Fung. t. ‘72. Ag. purus, Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 339. Fries, Syst. Mycol. v. 1. p. 151. Has. In shaded weods, frequent. Balmuto. Abercorn Park, Dudding-. ston. Autumn. Scattered, solitary or subgregarious. Pileus 4-2 inches broad, convex, ob-- tuse, smooth, very delicate, dilute rose-colour. Lamelle broad, ventri- cose, adnate, rather numerous, pale rose. Stipes unequal, hollow, 2-4 inches long, glabrous, somewhat incurved at the base, which is strigose, colour pale rose—-The colour of the whole plant varies from purplish, 384 CRYPTOGAMIA. FUNGI. AGARICUS. rose, and lilac to brownish, very pale, and, according to Fries, even to a yellowish hue. Sect. 9. (Omruatia, Pers.) Stipes solid, generally becoming hollow in age, not bulbous. Pileus membranaceous, or slightly fleshy, sometimes even carnoso-coriaceous, while young umbilicated; afterwards either plane or wholly funnel-shaped, margin reflexed or patent. La- melle adnate or decurrent, unequal, juiceless. Sporidia white. Colour various. * Small. Pileus submembranaceous. Lamelle decurrent. 45. Ag. fibula, pileus convex, glabrous, orange-yellow ; la- mellz whitish, distant; stipes yellowish. Sow. Fung. t. 45. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 471. Fries, Syst. Mycol. v. 1. p. 164: Ag. parous, Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 22. Has. On the ground, in woods among moss, and in pastures. Autumn. Slateford, Craiglockhart, Braid Hermitage, &c. Pileus 2-5 lines broad, depressed in the centre, margin turned down, pale in age, striate when moist, reddish orange. Lamelle broad, distinct, very decurrent, orange. Stipes solid in the young plant, at length hollow, 4-1 inch long, very slender, pale orange. 46. Ag. muralis, pileus convex, umbilicated, striate; lamelle broad, pale ; stipes solid, short, thickish. Sow. Fung. p. $22. Fries, Syst. Mycol. v. 1. p. 165. Has. On walls capped with turf, and in pastures. Autumn. About Edinburgh. Plant gregarious. ileus convex, umbilicated, 3-1 inch broad, reddish- brown, striate, margin often turned up in age. Lamelle broad, pale whitish-brown, distant, decurrent. Stipes short, 4-4 of an inch high, thickish, usually subincurved, pale brown, solid. 47 Ag. ericetorum, pileus depressed in the centre, margin turned down, striate; lamella distant, rather broad, white ; stipes short, pubescent at the base. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 472. Fries, Syst. Mycol. v. 1. p. 165. Has. On the ground, in sandy and heathy places. May to November. Pentland Hills. Plant subgregarious. Pileus 4-1 inch broad, depressed in the centre, mar- gin deflexéd, and sometimes waved, striate, whitish, whitish-brown or yellow, darker when moist. Lamelle broad towards the stipes, whitish, decurrent. Stipes 4-1 inch long, about 1 line thick, whitish or yellowish, paler below and pubescent. Liable to some variation in regard to colour, and the length and firmness of the stipes. ** Plants somewhat larger. Lamelle not decurrent. 48. Ag. fragrans, odorous; pileus nearly plane, pale yellow- ish or brownish-white when dry ; lamellae numerous, whitish ; stipes hollow, white. Sow. Fung. t. 10. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 455. Fries, Syst. Mycol. v. 1. p. 171. Has. In meadows and pastures. Autumn. I have mislaid my note of this species, but as far as I can recollect, it was gathered at. Carlowrie- 3 Acaricus. CRYPTOGAMIA. FUNGI. 385 Pileus 1-2 inches broad, plane, sometimes slightly depressed in the centre, subflaccid, smooth, striate at the margin when moist, colour pale, livid- yellowish or brownish; ‘“ stone-colour” (With). Lamelle, rather nume- rous, white. Stipes 2-3 inches high, 2-3 lines thick, solid, fibrous, whit- ish, somewhat attenuated upwards. 49. Ag. cyathiformis, pileus somewhat fleshy, funnel-shaped, smooth, dark brown grey, margin reflexed; lamellz distant, greyish ; stipes elastic, attenuated above. Fries, Syst. Mycol. v. 1. p. 173. Ag. sordidus, Dicks. Sow. Fung. t. 363. Ag. tardus, Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 461. Has. On the ground, in woods, in waste places, and among grass, &c. Autumn and mild winters. Foxhall, Captain Wauch. Pileus brown or fuliginose, 1-24 inches broad, smooth, becoming paler when dry, funnel-shaped. amelie adnate, but on account of the form of the pileus seemingly decurrent, brownish, always paler than the pileus, not very numerous, sometimes forked. Stipes 2-4 inches long, solid, at length hollow, subfibrillose, villous at the base, brown. Series II. Veil none. Lamelle changing colour. Sporules rose-coloured. (Hyvroruopius, fries.) Sect. 1. (Cxrroritus, Wries.—Part of Gymnopus, Pers.) Stipes tolerably firm, subequal, separating from the pileus. Pileus fleshy, campanu- late or convex, at length nearly plane, not glutinous, regular, rarely umbilicated. Lamelle unequal, changing colour, never much decurrent. Colour various.— Fungi of a moderate size, nearly scentless, mild. Not edible. 50. Ag. phiebophorus, pileus convex, at length plane, clear olive or yellowish-brown, smooth, but minutely rugose, as if veined towards the centre; stipes hollow, rather twisted ; la- mellze ventricose. Ditm. in Sturm’s Fung. t.15. Fries, Syst. Mycol. v. 1. p. 200. Has. On rotten. wood, saw-dust, &c. July--October, rare. In a saw- pit at Foxhall, Messrs Wauch and Greville. Pileus 1-24 inches broad, slightly convex or plane at maturity, submembrana- ceous, and thin for the size of the plant, but rather firm, pleasant yellowish- brown, apparently marked with branching- veins from the centre, which are in reality prominent rugose folds of the epidermis. Lamedie rather numerous, broad, ventricose, free, white, changing to rose-colour from the sporules. Stipes 2-4 inches long, 3-4 lines thick, whitish, somewhat twisted, mostly hollow, frequently incurved at the base, which is slightly thickened. Sect. 2. (Lepronta, Fries.—Part of Gymnorus, Pers.) Stipes separating from the pileus, when young filled with a fibrous mass, afterwards subhollow, equal. Pileus campanulate or convexo-plane, never viscous or striate, surface fibrillose. Flesh very thin. Lamelle subobtuse next the stipes, fixed or Sree, never decurrent, rather broad, at length rose-coloured. Colour ceruleous or grey.—Small, durable, scentless, insipid fungi. Not used as food. 51. Ag. chalybeus, pileus somewhat squamose, blue; lamelle blueish-white, adnate, at length purple; stipes solid, smooth, blueish. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 343. Fries, Syst. Mycol. v. I. p- 203. Ag. columbarius, Sow. Fung. t. 161. i B 386 CRYPTOGAMIA. FUNGI. AGaRiIcts. Has. Pastures, very common. July to September. .. Pileus campanulate, obtuse, slightky scaly, 4-I inch broad, becoming darker in age. Lamelle blueish, adnate, serrulate. Stipes 1-2 inches long, 1 line thick, rather fragile, solid, blue.—A beautiful species. Sertes IIT. furnished with a cobweb-like veil. Lamelle changing colour. Sporules ochraceous. (Continaria, Pers.) Secr. 1. (1notoma, Frics.—Part of Cortrnaria, Pers.) Veil in the form of free cobweb-like marginal filaments, fugacious. Stipes solid, bulbous, fibrillose, fleshy. Pileus fleshy, convex while young, at length expanded, » fibrillose or viscous, regular. - Substance succulent.. . Lamelle adnate, broad, changing colour. - Sporules copious. Colour of the pileus and the lamelle more or less violet.—Rather large fungi, firm, subsueculent, growing, on. the ground. None but Ag. violaceus have been tried. as Sood. 52. Ag. violaceus, pileus very convex, dull or brownish-vio- let; lamellae distant, violet; stipes spongy, greyish-violet within. Seu. Fung. t. 209. Hook. FI. Scot. 2. p. 20. Fries, Syst. Mycol. vi. p. 217. Ag. hercynicus, Pers. Syn. p. 278. Has. In woods. Autumn. SBalmuto. Dundas Hill, and elsewhere, frequent. Pileus 3-5 inches broad, convex, sometimes a little depressed in the centre in very old'plants, margin reunded, faint violet or violet-brown, colour brightest at the margin, smooth, or sometimes fibrillose, or somewhat isquamose, fleshy. Lamelle adnate, more or less violet, numerous, irre- gular in length. Stipes tomentose in young plants, 3-4 inches long, 4-3 of an inch in diameter, bulbous, solid, spongy, flesh tinged with violet. -53. Ag. glaucopus, compact, rounded ; pileus olivaceous, or brownish-grey, glutinous while young ; lamellae reddish: brown, tinged with violet ; ; stipes thick, tinged with violet... Sow. Fung. t. 223. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 282. Fries, Syst. Mycol.v.1. p, 225. Has. In woods, Balmuto. _ Newliston woods, &c., not unfrequent. Autumn. Pileus 2-4 inches bros de convex, margin much rounded, glutinous when young, aiterwards seeming var nished, colour rather various, chiefly pale reddish-brown, with a violet tinge towards the margin, which is mostly villose. Lamelle adnate, cinnamon colour, numerous, serrulate. Stipes 2-3 inches long, solid, often 1 inch in diameter, whitish, tinged with pur- ple, woolly when young, bulbcus at-the base. Flesh white, tinged with. pink or violet—Whole plant compact, insipid ;. frequently gregarious. Sect. 2. (DeErmocysBe, Fries.—Part of CorTINARIA. and Gymnopus, Pers. Veil dry, cobweb-hike, very fugacious. Stipes subequal, scarcely even bulbous, fi< brillose, firm, ‘solid, at length often hollow. Pileus more or less fleshy, margin. thin, convex, or \Sightly conical, often wnbonate, fibrillose. Lamelle wnequal,. broadish, numerous. Colour various.—Medium or small fungi remaining a long time ; not eaten. 54. Ag. cinnamomeus, pileus glabrous, subcarnose, ey umbotiate, cinnamon colour; lamella numerous, adnate, ye low-cinmamon ; stipes yellowish, rarely straight. Sow, Fung. AGAnRIc¢us. CRYPTOGAMIA. FUNGI. 387 t. 206. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 297. Hook. F). Scot. 2. p. 22. Fries, Syst. Mycol. v. 1. p. 229. Ag. croceus, Pers.Syn. p: 297. Has. In woods, frequent. Newliston woods ; Dundas Hill; Carlowrie, &es Pileus convex, or even obtusely conical when very young, becoming nearly plane, obtusely umbonate, 1-24 broad, deep reddish cinnamon colour, often cracking at the margin, which is thin and sometimes fibrillose, smooth, somewhat fleshy. Flesh yellowish. Lamelle numerous, adnate, yellow cinnamon, broad, margin often notched. Stipes 2-3 inches long, 2-4 lines thick, equal, fibrillose, yellow, solid, hollow in old large plants ? 55. Ag. helvolus, pileus pale reddish-buff, umbonate, sub- farinaceous; lamella cinnamon colour, broad, numerous ; stipes whitish, often with a few remains of the veil attached. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 273. Ag. hinnuleus, Sow. Fung. t.173. Hook: Fl. Scot. 2. p. 21. Has. In woods, borders of fields, &c. Autumn. Swanston woods, among beech and pine trees. Pileus plano-convex, bluntly umbonate, 1-3 inches broad, farinaceous, cin namon-buff colour, the farinaceous matter whitish, margin thin, uneven. Lamellg numerous, broad, adnate, but easily detached, and in old plants nearly free, cimnamon. Flesh white. Stipes 2-3 inches high, solid, 2-4 lines thick, whitish, or tinged with brown. ‘The remains of the veil are often left for a long time on the stipes, in some instances producing the - effect of a collar. Serres IV. Vel not cobweb-like. Lamelle changing colour: Sporules ferruginous. (Drerminvs, Fries.) A... Veil distinct. Sect. 1. (PxHoutpita, Frics.—Part of Lertora and Gymnoprus, Pers.) Veil dry, annular, either membranaceous or floccose and radiate. Stipes cylindrical, subsquammose, rarely bulbous. Pileus convex, at length nearly plane, not umbili= cated. Lamelle unequal, juiceless, changing colour. Sporules ferruginous. 56. Ag. floccosus, tufted; pileus fleshy, brownish or reddishz yellow, scaly with fasciculated filaments ; scales revolute ; stipes squarrose with scales.. Grev. Crypt. Fl. t. 2. Sow. Fung. t. 284. Ag. squarrosus, Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 268. , Friess Syst. Mycol. v. I. p. 248. © zg Haz. On rotten stumps of felled trees, common. Carlowrie. Balmuto. Aberdour. Duddingston, &c. Autumn. : Plant tufted, tufts sometimes very large: Pileus 2-5 inches broad, more or less convex, obtusely umbonate, covered with revolute brown scales. Lamelle numerous, irregular, rather narrow, pale yellowish, or greenish: ~ Stipes 3-7 inches loag, solid)» squarrose with scales ; equal or attenuated at the base, colour same as the pileus. Veil attached to the stipes in the form of a collar, sometimes ragged, and partly adhering to the margin of the pileus. 5%. Ag. mutabilis, pileus scarcely fleshy, glabrous, striate when moist, dull cinnamon colour, becoming pale; lamellee subdecurrent, numerous, reddish-broww; stipes hollow, subin~ Bb 388 CRYPTOGAMIA. FUNGI. AGARICUS. curved. Fries, Syst. Mycol. v. 1. p. 245. Ag. Xylophyllus, Sow. Fung. t. 167. (good). Ag. caudicinus, Pers. Syn. p. 271. Haz. On trunks of trees, rotten wood, and on the ground. May to No- vember. Craiglockhart. _Newliston woods. Pileus nearly plane, subumbonate, smooth, rarely squamulose, nut-brown and striate when moist, becoming pale in drying. Lamelle numerous, dull reddish-brown, rather broad, slightly decurrent. Stipes 14-3 inches long, about 2 lines thick, hollow, subincurved, rarely straight, whitish- brown. Veil distinctly annular, but fugacious. B. Veil very fugacious or simply marginal. Secr. 2. (Inocyse., #ries.—Part of Cortinarta and Gymvorus, Pers.) Veil formed of a continuation of the fibres of the pileus, very fugacious. Stipes solid, rarely hollow, firm, scaly or fibrillose.. Pileus more or less fleshy, campanulate, convex, at length expanded, subumbonate, dry, firm, scaly or silky, with innate longitudinal fibres. Flesh white. Lamelle free, or nearly so, appearing adnate afterwards, from the change of form in the pileus, numerous, ventricose, whitish, often denticulate and discoloured at the margin. Colour whitish, subfuscous, Ke. —Medium or small fungi, solitary, growing on the ground, persistent. Probably poisonous. 58. Ag. scaber, pileus fleshy, obtuse, scaly, brownish-grey ; lamellze free, or nearly so; stipes solid, fibrillose. Sow. Fung. t. 207. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 3801. Fries, Syst. Mycol. v. 1. p. 225. Haz. On the ground, in woods, borders of moist fields, &e. Autumn. Foxhall, Messrs Wauch and Greville. Pileus 4-1 inch broad, campanulate, subumbonate, dingy greyish-brown, scaly. Lamelle pale dingy brown, rather numerous, nearly free. Stipes 1-14 inches long, 2-3 lines thick, solid, whitish, fibrillose, furnished with a sort of bark-like external coat.—Sometimes subgregarious. 59. Ag. rimosus, pileus dry, campanulate, at length nearly plane, surface splitting longitudinally, pale shining brown; stipes solid, somewhat tuberous at the base. Sow. Fung. t. 323. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 310. Has. Woods, waste places, &c. June to September. Abercorn Park, Duddingston. Pileus 1-24 inches broad, campanulate, becoming plano-convex, umbonate, pale sattiny brown, sometimes darker, surface splitting into numerous longitudinal small clefts. Zamel/e numerous, subadnate, pale brown, slightly ventricose. Stipes solid, 2-4 inches long, 2 lines thick, firm, whitish, somewhat tuberous at the base, rarely quite straight. Sowerby’s plate represents the variety with a dark coloured pileus; the colour, however, depends a good deal on the weather, being much paler in warm sunny days. 60. Ag. geophyllus, pileus conical, at length expanded, um- bonate, silky; lamellze subadnate; stipes solid, slender, sprink- led with white pulverulent particles. Sow. Fung. t.142. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 340. Fries, Syst. Mycol. v. 1. p. 258, Acaricus. CRYPTOGAMIA. FUNGI. 389 Has. On the ground, in woods and shaded places. July to October. Granton woods. Plant gregarious. Pileus conical, becoming campanulate, at length spread- ing, sharply umbonate, 4-1 inch broad, whitish, brown, or even violet, often cracking at the margin and on the surface of the pileus. Lamelle reddish-brown, often tinged with violet, rather broad, not numerous. Stipes 1-3 inches long, firm, solid, fibrillose, 1-2 lines thick, crooked, equal. Sect. 3. (Gatera, Fries.—Part of Mycena, Pers.) Veil floccose, very fugacious, but certainly present. Stipes hollow, slender, separa- ting from the pileus, rarely naked, but mostly covered with a sort of bloom or fi- brille. Pileus membranaceous, conical, afterwards campanulate, rarely more expanded, substriate when moist, becoming paler when dry, wholly without scales or superficial fibres. Lamelle either touching the stipes or adnate. Colour mostly red- dish-buff-—Slender, fragile fungi, mostly on moist ground. No smell, and useless. 61. Ag. tener, pileus obtusely conical, striate when moist, when dry smooth, ochraceous; lamella adnate, linear ; stipes long, glabrous, fragile. Sow. Fung. t. 33. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. ag Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 22. Fries, Syst. Mycol. v. 1. p- 265. Has. Pastures, grass-plots, &c., extremely common. May to November: Pileus very obtusely conical, smooth, deep rich buff, about half an inch from the base to the apex of the cone. Zamelle not numerous, adnate, rich reddish-brown, about 1 line broad, sometimes reaching below the margin of the pileus. Stipes hollow, 3-4 inches long, scarcely more than 1 line thick, striate towards the top, brown, fragile.—The whole plant is of a deeper colour in moist weather, when it acquires a subpeliucid appear- ance. 62. Ag. Hypnorum, minute ; pileus campanulate, striate when moist, reddish-buff, becoming pale; lamellz adnate, rather broad, distant; stipes somewhat crooked, filiform. Pers. Syn. Fung. p- 385. Fries, Syst. Mycol. v. 1. p. 267. Ag. acicula, Sow. Fung. t. 282. Haz. On the ground, among moss. Autumn. Foxhall, Captain Wauch. Pileus reddish, brownish, buffish-red, &c., very small, not 3th of an inchin diameter, conical, at length campanulate, striato-suleate when moist, membranaceous. Lamelle few, adnate, reddish-brown, rather broad. Stipes about an inch high, filiform, hollow, rather paler than the pileus, slightly crooked. This plant is liable to much variation, and Fries has no fewer than five varieties. It is very common, and in a short time the varieties will pro- bably be discovered in this vicinity. y and 3, grow in bogs. Secr. 4. (Tapinia, F'ries.—Part of OmpHattia, Pers.) Veil marginal, villose, fugacious. Stipes equal, expanding into the pileus. Pileus more or less fleshy, smooth, naked, plano-convexr when young, with a villose invo- lute margin, afterwards depressed, and broadly umbilicate. Lamelle adnato-de- current, numerous.—Persistent fungi, mostly on the ground ; not edible. 63. Ag. involutus, compact ; pileus depressed, ochrey-brown, with a tomentose involute margin ; lamelle mostly dichotomous ; 390 CRYPTOGAMIA. FUNGI: = Acaricus. stipes thick, often excentrical.. Pers. Syn. Fung, p. 448... Fries, Syst. Mycol. v. 1. p. 271. Ag. contiguus, Sow. Fung. t. 98. Has. On the ground in woods; frequently on turf-walls and banks. ~ Autumn. Foxhall, Captain Wauch. Balmuto. Newliston woods, &c, Pileus 2-3 inches broad, depressed in the centre, margin much rounded, in- volute and villose, yellowish or ochrey-brown, very smooth when dry. Lamelle rather numerous, sometimes simple, but mostly irregularly forked, brown-yellow, somewhat decurrent. Stipes 2-3 inches long, solid, firm, sometimes hollow in old plants, 4-1 inch thick, brownish-buff, frequently stained or spotted, often not central, and incurved at the base. Series V. F urnished with a veil, not cobweb-lke. Lamelle changing colour, mottled, more or less dissoluble.. Sporules brownish-purple. (Prateyia, Pers.) Sect. 1. (Psatutota, Mries.—Part of PrarEtia and _. °° Leyrtora, Pers.) Veil in the form of a collar, subpersistent, partial. Stipes firm, subequal, separating - from the pileus. Pileus more or less fleshy, convex or broadly campanulate, either viscous or furnished with scales or fibrille. Lamelle free or fixed, broad, becom- ing dark.—Some are edible. Traces of a nearly general veil are seen in Ag. campestris, Georgii and. zeruginosus. 64. Ag. campestris, pileus white, fleshy, dry, subsquamose or sericeous ; lamella free, ventricose, pink, changing to dark fuscous ; stipes solid, white, with an annular veil. Sow. Fung. t. 305. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 418. Hook. FI. Scot. 2. p. 21, Fries, Syst. Mycol. v. 1.:p. 281. Has. Pastures and meadows, less frequently in woods. Extremely com- mon. April—September. ; Plant frequently gregarious. Pileus fleshy, convex; at length plane, 2-5 inches broad, white, changing to yellowish or brownish, subsquamose or nearly smooth. Flesh white. Lamelle numerous, free, rose-pink, chan- ging to deep purplish-brown, broad. Stipes 2-3 inches long, $—3 of an inch thick, white, firm, solid, bulbous at the base, furnished with an annular veil. This is the well known Mushroom of the English market, and frequently ' cultivated by artificial means. 65. Ag. Georgii, pileus very fleshy, convex, white or pale yellowish, mostly smooth; lamelle broad, whitish, at length deep purple-brown ; stipes thick, with a persistent collar. Sow. Fung. t. 304. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 21. Has. In meadows, woods, and near buildings, &c. Autumn. Frequent. Plant gregarious. Pileus convex, at length nearly plane, 4-12 inches broad or ‘more, somewhat scaly, white or yellowish, at length discoloured, ra- ther tough. Flesh thick, white, turning yellowish on being cut, and in some specimens exuding a yellow juice. Lamelle numerous, white, or very pale flesh colour, changing at length to deep purplish-brown, broad, free. Stipes 2-5 inches long, 3-1 inch thick, solid, whitish or yellowish, nearly smooth, and furnished with a strong persistent collar. Ag. Georgii derives its name, according to Parkinson, from springing up about the time of St George’s day. It is unquestionably the largest of the Bri- tish agarics. It has been known to weigh 14 1b. Mr Hopkirk mentions AGARICUS. CRYPTOGAMIA.. FUNGI. 391 one that weighed 5 lb. 6 ounces, and measured 43 inches in circumference ; but Mr Stackhouse found it to attain the enormous size of 18 inches in diameter, which isi54\in circumference, having a stem as.thick as aiman’s wrist. The best distinguishing ‘marks are,—the extreme paleness of the Jamellee at the period of the bursting of the-veil, compared with the true mushroom; the greater convexity and thickness of flesh at the same pe- riod, and shortly afterwards the miore yellowish and tough pileus. 66. Ag. semiglobatus, pileus hemispherical, smooth, gluti- nous, reddish-yellow ; lamellze adnate, mostly horizontal, darkly mottled; stipes hollow, crooked, firm, glabrous. Sow. Fung. t. 248. Pers. Syn. Fung. p- 407. Hook. F. Scot. 2. p. 23, Ag. virosus, Sow. Fung. t. 407. & 408. Has. Pastures, meadows, and grassy woods. ee common. eh - to November. Pileus_ 4-14 inches diameter, seeaepheceal: asi in large Seaerene be- coming plano-convex, yellow, or “yeddish- -orange, very slimy, smooth. Lamell@ yather numerous, broad, horizontal, (extending in a straight line or nearly so from the margin of the pileus to the stipes), ‘broad, much-mottled with the purplish-bla ack sporules.- Stipes: 346 inches long, pale yellowish, firm, more or less ercoked, hollow, glutinous, furnished with a more or less perfect annular veil. 67. Ag. wruginosus, pileus fleshy, yellow, but bane covered with a blue slime, appearing greenish ; lamellze adnate, purple- brown ; stipes hollow, squamese. Sow. Fung. p. 264. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 419. fries, Syst. Mycol. v. 1. p. 286. Has. On the ground in woods, meadows, er on rotten stumps, &c. Au- tumn, very common. Foxhall, Captain Wauch. . Abundant elsewhere. Pileus 1-4 inches broad, convex, at length nearly plane, umbonate, verdi. gris-green, very slimy, the slime blue, which, when removed, leaves the pileus of a yellowish or reddish-yellow colour. Flesh white, tinged with blue. Lamelle rather numerous, purplish-brown, adnate, broad. Stipes 2-3 inches leng, 3-6 lines thick, whitish, verdigris-oreen, hollow, fur- nished with a subpersistent white collar. In old plants, the glutinous matter which covers the pileus is often partially washed off by the rain, or removed by other causes. Sect. 2. (Hyrnotoma, Fries.—Part of Corrinus and Pra- TELLA, Pers.) Veil, a web-like curtain, fugacious, fixed to the siipes, and to the margin of the ‘pileus. Stipes somewhat hollow, firm, separating from the pileus. Pileus fleshy, convex, at length nearly plane. Lamelle adnate, numerous, becoming more or less moist. —Tufted fungi, growing mostly from rotten stumps. 68. Ag. lacrymabundus, pileus fleshy, very fibrous, pale yel- low-brown ; lamellze dull reddish-brown, exuding a thin grey fluid ; stipes hollow, fibrillose, thickest at the base. Sow. ane. t. AL. Hook. FI. Scot. 2. p..23. Fries, Syst. Mycol. v. p- 287. Ag. velutinus, Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 409. — Has. In woods, borders of fields, road-sides, &c. chiefly on or near old stumps of felled trees. Autumn. Caroline Park. Tufted. Pileus convex, at length nearly plane, often irregular, fleshy, 2-4 inches broad, pale yellowish-brown, surface very woolly cr fibrous. La 392 CRYPTOGAMIA. FUNGI. AGARICUS. melle numerous, adnate, pale, becoming reddish, at length brownish- purple, broad, exuding a thin, grey, transparent fluid at their margins. Stipes 2-4 inches long, 2-4 lines thick, whitish or whitish-brown, hollow, fibrillose, somewhat incrassated at the base. Veil leaving traces and por- tions on the stipes and margin of the pileus. 69. Ag. fascicularis, pileus somewhat fleshy, umbonate, ochra- ceous, or reddish-orange ;- lamellae greenish, numerous; stipes hollow, rather slender, long. Sozw. Fung. t. 285. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 421. Fries, Syst. Mycol. v. 1. p. 288. Hae. On rotton stumps of trees, or near trees. May to November. Very common about Edinburgh. Tufted. Pileus 14-2 inches broad, plano-convex, umbonate, yellowish, red- dish-buff or brownish-orange, smooth, margin thin. amelie adnate, nu- merous, rather narrow, pale yellowish, at length greenish, mottled. Stipes 2-9 inches long, about 2 lines thick, equal, hollow, yellowish. Veil very fugacious, scarcely leaying a permanent trace upon the stipes. Taste ex- tremely bitter. When growing out of a hollow tree, &c. the stipes is very long.—The sur- face of the pileus of some of the plants is often completely discoloured by the falling of the sporules of those immediately above them. 70. Ag. lateritius, pileus fleshy, obtuse, brown-orange, la- mellze slightly greenish ; stipes filled with a spongy mass, stain- ed by the veil. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 421. Fries, Syst. Mycol. v. 1. p. 288. Haz. On rotten stumps of trees, or among grass, but attached to roots of trees. May to October. Auchindenny woods, and probably in many other places. Tufted. Pileus fleshy, brown-orange, paler at the margin, when young se- riceous, 2-5 inches broad, convex, sometimes glutinous, rarely scaly. Lamelle adnate, rather broad, pale, greyish, at length somewhat greenish, numerous. Stipes 2-5 inches long, about 3d of an inch thick, firm, cylin= drical, crooked, scarcely quite solid, but filled with a fibrous spongy mass. Flesh yellowish-white. Veil fugacious, staining the stipes more or less. Taste bitter. Secr. 3. (Coprrnanius, Fries.—Part of Corrinus and Pra- TELLA, Pers.) Veil attached to the margin, rarely annular, mostly very fugacious. Stipes hollow, slender, subfragile, separating from the pileus. Pileus slightly fleshy or membra- maceous, smooth, subpersistent. Lamelle subdeliquescing. Sporules black. 71. Ag. semiovatus, pileus somewhat fleshy, obtusely campa- nulate, glutinous, yellowish or brownish white; lamellz adnate, greyish-black ; stipes long, white; veil annular, entire. Sow. Fung. t.131. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 408. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2, p- 25. Fries, Syst. Mycol. v. 1. p. 300. Has. On dung in pastures, from spring to autumn; very common. Pileus campanulate, but very obtuse at the summit, 4-1} inches from the base to the apex, not expanding at the base without cracking, yellowish- white, glutinous, smooth, polished, “ wrinkled when old lke wash-lea- ther,” (With.) Lamelie 2-3 lines broad, vanishing towards the margin of the pileus, very dark grey, numerous. Stipes 3-6 inches high, white AGARICUS. CRYPTOGAMIA. FUNGI. 393 hollow, rather firm, 2-3 lines thick, shining, somewhat bulbous, sprinkled with the dark sporules. Veil rather fugacious. 72. Ag. titubans, pileus membranaceous, plicate, viscous, yel- low; lamellze scarcely attached to the stipes, pale purplish, at length brown flesh-colour ; stipes equal, shining. Sow. Fung. t. 128. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 415. Fries, Syst. Mycol. v. 1. p. 304. Has. On horse and cow dung. Autumn. Foxhall, Captain Wauch. Carlowrie. Pileus conical, at length plane, 4-3 of an inch broad, membranaceous, pli- cate, pale yellow, deepest in the centre, and smooth. Lamelle distant, pee at length brown-red or flesh colour, narrow, mottled. Stipes scarce- y more than 1 line thick, 3-4 inches long, hollow, weak, yellow.—A very elegant species, possessing, according to Withering, a strong and disa- greeable smell. 73. Ag. disseminatus, gregarious, small, pileus ovato-campa- nulate, plicate; lamella subadnate, whitish, at length grey ; stipes incurved, glabrous. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 403. Fries, Syst. Mycol. v. 1. p. 205. Ag. striatus, Sow. Fung. t. 166. Has. On decaying trunks, and rotten stumps of felled trees, extremely common. Spring to autumn. Crowded. Pileus ovate, conical, at length campanulate, }-3 an inch from the base to the apex, striated and plicate, membranaceous, pale buff or reddish-brown, at length grey, becoming flaccid and dissolving. Lamelle distant, narrow, pale brown. Stipes 1-3 inches long, slender, weak, brittle, crooked, hollow, pale yellowish, whitish or greyish.—Particularly partial to old willow trees, and when growing on a stump of a felled tree often covering nearly a square yard. Serires VI. Lamelle free, dissolving along with the pileus. Veil general. Sporules black. (Corxrinus, Pers.) Stipes hollow, straight, fragile, subsquamose, white. Pileus membranaceous rarely somewhat fleshy, ovato-conical when young, becoming campanulate, at length tear- ing and revolute, dissolving ; more or less covered with separating flocculi (the re- mains of the veil), and separating from the stipes. Lamelle white, at length blackish. Fugacious fungi, mostly on dunghills, rich grassy places, and rotten trunks of trees, delighting in rainy or moist weather. Taste nauseous. Not edible. 74. Ag. comatus, pileus somewhat fleshy, white, scaly; la- mellze white, changing to red-purple and to black ; stipes subbul- bous; veil annular, moveable. Pers. Syn. Fung. p.395. Fries, Syst. Mycol. v.1. p. 307. Ag. cylindricus, Sow. Fung. t. 189. Has. In rich grass, waste ground near stables, and in kitchen-gardens. Very common. Autumn. Subgregarious. ileus cylindrical when young, at length conico-campanu- late, 3-6 inches from the base to the apex, white, with the surface form- ed into large woolly scales, at length changing to a pinkish hue, and at last splitting, turning up, and dissolving into a black fluid. Lamelle crowded, contiguous, broad, white, changing to a pink-brown and black free. Stipes white, hollow, fibrous within, cylindrical, bulbous. 394 CRYPTOGAMIA: FUNGI. AGanicus, 15. Ag. atramentarius, tufted ; pileus somewhat fleshy, grey, becoming reddish-brown, smooth, scaly at the apex; lamelle ventricose, white, changing to purplish-brown ;. stipes. equal, naked. ries, Syst. Mycol. v.1. p.309. Ag. fimetarius, Sow. Fung. t.188. Ag. plicatus, Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 396. Has. In villages, and in the neighbourhood of dunghills, also at the roots of trees, extremely common. Autumn. Tufted. .Pileus brown-white or silvery grey, darker at the summit, re- maining campanulate for a considerable time, above 2 inches from the base to the apex, obtusely and irregularly plicate, unequal, at length be- coming plane and revolute. Lamelle free, silvery, grey, changing to black, contiguous to each other, ventricose, dissolving in age. Stipes hollow, white, 3-8 inches long, cylindrical, about 4d of an inch thick. : : \ This ‘species is well marked by the large folds or plaits which often extend - from the base to. the very apex of the pileus. - (6. Ag. micaceus, tufted ; pileus membranaceous, furrowed, furfuraceous, brown-orange; lamelle pale, changing to black ; stipes equal, fragile. Fries, Syst. Mycol. v. 1. p:309. Ag. fer- rugineus, Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 400.' Ag. congregatus, Sow. Fung. t. 261. (excellent). Hook. F |. Scot. 2. p. 23. i Has. At the roots of trees, gate-posts, &c. extremely common. May te November. ; Tufted. Pilews ovato-companulate, 1-14 inches from the base to the apex, striated and furrowed, brownish-orange or yellow, sometimes ferruginous, surface sprinkled with shining particles, in. age turning up, becoming plane, and dissolving into a blackish fluid. Lamelle numerous, free, whitish, passing from brown-grey and reddish to black. Stipes 3-5 inches long, 3-6 lines thick, white, fragile, cylindrical, somewhat atte- nuated upwards. 77. Ag. cinereus, pileus furrowed, subtomentose, . cinereous, smooth on the summit ; lamelle linear ; stipes tall, attenuated upwards. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 398. Hook. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 24. Fries, Syst. Mycol. v. 1. p. 310. Eopla ¢ Has. In gardens; rich meadows, and on dung. Very common. July to October. Pileus conico-campanulate, 1-2 inches broad, dark grey, furfuraceous or mi- nutely scaly, smooth at the apex, plicate, membranaceous, very fuga- cious, soon becoming plane and revolute, and dissolving. amelie, 1 line broad, dark grey, free, very tender. Stipes 5-9 inches high, hollow, white, about 3. lines thick, brittle, delicate, attenuated upwards, and “ swelling below like the stem of an onion,” (Bolt.) sometimes scaly. Extremely rapid in its growth, attaining perfection and dissolving in the course of a few hours. At its first appearance, it is covered with the de- . licate frosted remains of the veil. 78. Ag. niveus, pileus campanulate, farinose with minute scales; stipes snow-white, tomentose ; lamellae narrow, at length brownish-black. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 400. Fries, Syst. Mycol. y. L..p.. 31h 3; ae SRS oi Has. On dung, frequent. Autumn. Pileus campanulate, straight, at length expanded and revolute, 4-1 inch broad, white while young, and covered with delicate white farinose scales, AGanicus. ERYPTOGAMIA. FUNGI. 395 membranaceous, turning reddish and at last black. Zamele very narrow, free, but touching the stipes, distant, white, soon becoming reddish and black. Stipes 2-4 inches long, about 2 lines thick, white, fragile, some- _ what attenuated upwards, hollow but fibrous. 79. Ag. plicatilis, very tender, pileus. conical, at length plane, umbilicated, plicate ; lamellae not reaching to the stipes, distant, dark grey; stipes’ smooth, weak. Sow. “Fung. t. 864... Hoolk. Fl. Scot. 2. p. 24. Fries, Syst. Mycol. v. 1. p. 312. Ag. pul- cher, Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 404. Has. On dung, and in reaper oe extremely common. dispense to autumn. Plant extremely fugacious. Pileus cylindrical, faciencoondl at length _plane, nearly naked, umbilicated, grey, yellowish-brown .in the centre, ~ beautifully plicate, membr. anaceous, subpellucid. Lamelle free, dark grey, subdistant, very narrow, tender. Stipes 1~3-inches long, very slender, fragile, smooth, grey tinged with brown, sometimes white, hollow. A beautiful object, “and so regular as to appear almost artificial. 80. Ag. ephemerus, ovato-campanulate, scaly while young, af- terwards elabrous, bécoming ‘expanded and revolute, grey or tinged with brown, very thin, splitting; lamellze distant; stipes tiaked. Pers. Syn. Fung. ‘p. 149." Fries, Syst. Mycol. Vike iP Sous: Ag. stercorarius, Sor. Fung. t. 262. Hook. F 1. Scot..2. p. 25. Has. -On dunghils. May to autumn; very common.” Very fugitive. Pileus rpanulate,: Be gradually becoming: expanded and plane, splitting and revolute, while young squamose, white, often tinged with brown, at length dark grey-black and deliquescing, 4-14 inches broad. amelie white at first; then purplish, afterw ards black and more distant, somewhat ventricose.. Stipes 2-5 inches long, 2 lines thick, white, glabrous, brittle, slightly attenuated upwards, ine 81. Ag. radiatus, very delicate and fugacious, pileus grey, furfuraceous, at length splitting 1 ina radiated manner, glabrous, brownish in the centre ; stipes filiform. Pers. Syn. Fune. g. p. 407. Fries, Syst. Mycol. v. 1. p. 314. ee Has. On dung, not uncommon. - May to. November. Pileus 1-2 lines broad, exceedingly delicate, ovate when young , and bello! ish-brown, at length plane, and grey, the lamellze fort ming “angles at the margin, producing the effect of the “* spokes of: a wheel, > centre ochra- ceous, striate, splitting. Lamelle few, narrow. Stipes: filiform, 1-13 inches long, very weak, destroyed by a breath. Series VII. Stipes decidedh ly eechipicul or idthene or none. (PLEuRotus, Fries.) 82. Ag. uwlmarius, pileus compact, smooth, pale whitish ; la- mella adnate or subdecurrent, whitish ; stipes strong, ascends ing, incrassated at the base, excentrical.. jSow.- Fung. t. oi. Pers. Syn. p. 473. Fries, Syst. Mycol. v. 1. p- 186. | Has. On the trunks of living trees, chiefly Elms. Autumn. Trees at Carlowrie; rare. Pileus obtuse, 3-5 inches broad, smooth, subcoriaceous, but within very 396 CRYPTOGAMIA. FUNGI. AGARICUS. white, soft, yet of ‘close texture, thick, sometimes marbled with livid spots. Lamelle numerous, broad, white, adnate or somewhat decurrent, irregular. Stipes excentrical, ascending, 2-3 inches long, about 1 inch thick, solid, firm, incrassated at the base, white, sometimes furfuraceous. —Single or in tufts, varying a good deal in its texture. 83. Ag. ostreatus, tufted; stipes sublateral or none; pileus smooth, fleshy, pale blueish-grey or brown; lamellze whitish, of- ‘ten anastomosing at the base. Sow. Fung. t. 421. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 477. Fries, Syst. Mycol. v. 1. p. 182. Has. Trunks of trees. Spring to autumn. Dundas Hill, rare. Tufted. Pileus at first dark grey, then brownish, at length becoming pale, sometimes yellowish, 2-7 inches broad, smooth, plano-convex, margin rounded and involute, coriaceous. Lamelle numerous, whitish, decurrent, broad, anastomosing at the base. Stipes when present, almost lateral, so- lid, very short, frequently wanting, especially in large plants.. 84. Ag. mollis, gregarious; pileus soft, smooth, gibbous, pale yellow-brown ; lamella pale reddish-brown, somewhat ventri- cose; stipes none. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 480. Sow. Fung. t. 98. Has. On trunks of decaying trees, and rotten stumps of felled trees. Autumn. Foxhall, Captain Wauch. Abercorn Park, and elsewhere, in woods. Gregarious. Pileus soft, becoming less so in age, 1-2 inches broad, plano- convex, pale yellowish or brownish, slightly fleshy, smooth. Lamelle ra- ther distant, or not numerous, pale reddish-brown, somewhat ventricose towards the base, much attenuated towards the margin. Stipes none. 85. Ag. variabilis, pileus membranaceous, white, cottony, at first subresupinate, at length reflexed; lamelle whitish, after- wards pinkish-buff. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 483, Fries, Syst. Mycol. v.1. p. 275. A. niveus, Sow. Fung. t. 97. Has. On sticks in damp woods and hedges. Spring to autumn, very common. Often gregarious. Pileus -1 inch broad when reflexed, at first subresupi- nate, and involute, surface fine white, cottony. amelie numerous, at first white, at length reddish or pinkish-buff. Div. II. Plants mostly furnished with a stipitate or sessile pi- leus, but sometimes resupinate or effused. Hymenium either an the form of obtuse subparallel veins, or irregular sinuous or pore-like folds. (CANTHARELLIDEZ). 140. CANTHARELLUS. xivii lvii liii ab2 Ixxi Ixxv XXXV lxxi Ix 1xxx lxxix 1 XXxili XXXiV Ixvii lxii XXXVili xlii xii xlix lxix lv xii lxvii ~ xlvi xlix XXXVIi Ixxiv xlix lili dvi lvii XXXIX lvii xxi liv lxvii xliv Ixxx lvii xxi Ixiv XXXIX it xiv XXXVI lxv lxv liv INDEX. 132 Chrysosplenium, 2. 301 Cichorium, ~= “1. 143 Cicuta, - Ve 252 Cinclidotus, - 1 134 Circzea, - 1. 180 Cladosporium, - 2. 82 Cladostephus, - 2. 59 Clavariay) =) 14s 131 Clematis, - 1. 203 Clinopodium, - 1. 174 Cnicus, - 5 217 Cochlearia, 3 346 "| ~Collema, - 5. 403 Comarum, spall 46 Conferva, - 21. 339 Conium, - Iie 217 Convallaria, - 1. 468 Convolvulus, - 2. 458 Corallorrhiza, - 1. 146 Cornicularia, - 1. 24 Cornus, - 2s 27 Coronopus, - 1. 307 Corydalis, ae als 265 Corylus, - 1. 63 Cratzegus, Bioadinec h 92 Craterium, - 2 251 Crepis, - 1. Crithmum, - 1. 139 Cryptospheria, 20. 328 Cucurbitaria, - 4 188 Cuscuta, - 1. 88 Cyathus, - 3. 311 Cylindrosporium, 1. 127 Cynoglossum, - 1. 142 Cynosurus, - 1. 50 Cystoselra, - 2. 396 143 Dactylis, - al 171 Deedalea, 2 PH 189 Daphne, - ie 203 Daucus, - ie 69 Delesseria, - 8. 203 Dianthus, mee 2 342 Dicranum, - 15. 182 Diderma, - 1M 310 Didymodon, - 4. 102 Digitalis, = iff 466 Dipsacus, - 1. 201 Doronicum, =: 1. 340 Draba, - 2. 281 Draparnaldia, .- 1. 68 Drosera, - 1. 321 Dyplotaxis, - 1. 145 119 Eehium, = 1. 57 Ectocarpus, - 3. 290 Empetrum, - 1. 288 Encalypta, - ab 180 Endocarpon, - 4. xii lit. XXXixX lxi XXXi lxxxi lxvili lxxv xlvi xlvili liii Sb S & Ix xii xlv Ixviii XXXViii xli XXXVIii Ixxiii lxxili XXXVii Ixxix 1xxxi XXXVi XXXIV lxiv XXXIi1 xlix [xviii xl all XXXV Ixvili lvili lxi Ixx INDEX. Epilobium, - 6. xii 85 | Helvella, =» 2 | bexvi Epimedium, - J. xxxiv 38 | Heracleum, - 1. xxxix Epipactis, - 1. lv 186 | Hesperis, =. 1 Equisetum, - 6. lix 213 | Hieracium, - 7. hii Erica, - 2. xli = 87 Himantia, - 41. Ixxxi Erineum, - 0. Ixxvii 449 Himanthalia, - 1. lxiv Eriophorum, - 3. XXX1 12 Hippuris, - 1. XXxXi Erodium, Sr Bt 1 148 Hookeria, - 1. Lxiii Ervum, - 1. li 158 Holcus, - 3. XXXII Eryngium, - J. xxxvii 61 Hordeum, - 2 xxxiii Erysimum, - 1. 1 1 | Humulus, - 1. lviii Erysiphe, - 14 Ixxix 459 | Hyacinthus, - 1. xli Erythrea, - 3. xxxvi- 54 | Hydnum, = bos lxxv Euonymus, - 1. xxxvii 55 Hydrocharis, - 1. lvili Eupatorium, - 1- lit 174 Hydrocotyle, - 1. xXxxviii Euphorbia, - 5. xliv 106 Hyoscyamus, - 1. xxxvi Euphrasia, = 1. xlvii_ 135 Hypericum, - 5. li Evernia, - 1. Ixxi 342 Hypocheris, - 1. li : Hypnum, - 46. xii Fagus, - 1. lvii_ 203 Hysterium, - 7 Ixxiv Fedia, - 2. XXxii & Festuca, - 8 xxxiv 25 Tlex, - 1. XXXV Ficaria, - 1s xlvi 126 Imperatoria, - J. xxxix Fistularia, =yeu4- Ixvi 300 Tris, = 1. XXXii Fontinalis, - 2. Ixili 251 Isaria, = 1, Ixxx Fragaria, - I. xlv 115 Isidium, a ails Ixxi Fragillaria, - 1. Ixvili 321 Fraxinus, - 1. XxXxli 2 Juncus, = 10 xl Fucus, - 5. lxiv 283 Jungermannia, 33. xiii Fumaria, - 2 li 153 | Juniperus, - 1 lix Funaria, = 1. Ixii 247 Furcellaria, - 1. Ixv 286 Lactuca, . 1 liti ' Fusarium, - I. Ixxxi 471 Laminaria, 3. lxiv Fusidium, =). 2 Ixxx 464 Lamium, - 4. xlvii Lapsana, : 1. hii Galanthus, - 1. xli 75 Lathreea, = Ws xviii Galeopsis, - 3. xlvii_ 131 Lathyrus, - 2. hi Galium, - Sho siee-chye)) Si) Lavatera, aii. li Genista, - 3. li 154 | Leangium, 1. Ixxviii Gentiana, - 2. xxxvii 60 Lecanora, 16. lxx Geoglossum, - 2. Ixxvi 416 Lecidea, =e eeullia: lxix Geranium, - 12. li 149 Lemna, = Ss XXxXii Geum, - 2. xlv 118 | Leocarpus, 1. xxviii Gigartina, - 4. Ixv 289 | Leontodon, 2. hii Glaucium, - 1. xlv 119 Leonurus, 1. xlvii ' Glaux, = 1. xxxvii 56 | Leotia, : 3. ixxvi Glechoma, - Il. xlvi_ 130 | Lepidium, Py. xlix Gloionema, - 3. Ixvi 301 Lepraria, = as Ixxii Gnaphalium, - 5. lii 176 Licea, = 20 xsxvaa Griffithsia, - 2. Ixvii 312 Lichina, = 2. Ixv Grimmia, - 6. lIxi 234 Ligusticum, 1. XxXXvill Gymnadenia, - 1. lv 184 | Ligustrum, 1. XXX1 Gymnostomum, 10. lxi 226 | Linckia, = 2: lxix Gyrophora, - 1. Ixx 328 | Linum, - 2. xl : Listera, = 3. lv Habenaria, ms lv 185 Littorella, appl lvi Hedera, : 1. xxxvii 56 Lithospermum, 3. XXXV Helianthemum, 1. xlvi 121 Lolium, = 1.) axa Helleborus, - 1. xlvn 127 Lonicera, = 2) EXOT 476 Lotus, - Luzula, = Lychnis, = Lycogola, - Lycoperdon, Lycopodium, Lycopsis, - Lysimachia, Malva, «= - Marchantia, Marrubium, * Matricaria, Medicago, Melampyrum, Melica, - Mentha, = Menyanthes, Mercurialis, Merisma, - Merulius, - Milium, - Montia, = Morchella, - Myosotis, - Myriophyllum, Myrrhis, - Mucor, = Neemaspora, Narcissus, - Nardus, - Narthecium, Nasturtium, Neckera, - Nodularia, - Nostoc, - Nuphar, - Nymphzea, - Odonthalia, @nanthe, - Ononis, - Onopordon, Opegrapha, Ophioglossum, ‘Orchis, - Origanum, Ornithopus, wy Ornithogalum, © ‘Orobanche, Orobus, - Orthotrichum, Oscillatoria, Oxalis, - Ozonium, - Palmella, - Papaver, = = NOS Fe ese cal ky r POTS SNS) tee Poetlen! a Oh) rire e *” Sire oes Seabert bre ce weer be 109. 4 Rte ae oe om oe he See be ROS aes XKXIX Ixxvii Ixxiii xli XXxii xli xlix lxiii Ixvi lxix” xivi - xlvi ixv XXXVili li lili Ixxiii_ Ix lv xivii lii xii xlviii li 1xii lxvi xliii Ixxxi Ixix xlv INDEX. 162 Parietaria, 1. 81 Paris, - 1. 102 Parmelia, - 16. 452 Parnassia, set 456 Pedicularis, 2s 215 Peltidea, - 4. 47 Penicillium, 2 48 Peplis, - 1. Peziza, = 35. 152 Phacidium, 2 279 Phacorhiza, 2 133 Phallaris, ene? 18] Phallus, - 1. 163 Phascum, = 7 135 Phellandrium, 1. 20 Phleum, = 2. 128 Physarum, 5. 48 Pilobolus, =i) Als 210 Pilularia, - 1. 411 Pimpinella, 1. 397 Pinguicula, 1. 15 Pinus, - 1. 33 Plantago, - +d. 417 | Poa, A 10. 43 Polymonium, 1. 202 PolygWla, (W- 1. 67 Polygonum, 7- 448 Polypodium, 3. is Polyporus, 16. 365 Polysiphonia, 8. 75 Polystigma, 2. 13 Polytrichum, the 71 Populus, : 3. 144 Porina, = 1. 251 Potamogeton, d- 300 Potentilla, 7. 322 Primula, is 4, 120 Prunella, - 1. ib. Prunus, - 5. Pteris, - 2. 296 Pterogonium, _—1. 62 Ptilota, acs an bn 155 Puccinia, =) 29: 174 Pulmonaria, ls 352 Pyrethrum, 3. 217 Pyrola, S PA: 183 Pyrus, - 3. 133 2 158 Quercus, = 2. 76 138 Raccodium, 1. 156 Ramalina, mice. 4 247 Ranunculus, 11. 303 Raphanus, 1. 101 Reseda, = or 470 Reticularia, 2. Rhinanthus, 1. 323 Rhizomorpha, 3. 119 Ribes, - 2. XXXKV xiii 1xx xl xlviii Ixxi 1exx xii Ixxvi Ixxiv Ixxvi Ixxvi zi XXxXix XXXiil Ixxviii Ixxvii lix XXXIX XXXi lvii XXXIV XXXili XXXvi li xlii lx xxv Ixvii Ixxiii dxii lviii Ixxiii XXXV xlv EXXVi xlvii xliv Ix xii Ixvi 1xxvii XKXV liv xliii xiv lvii lxxxi Ixxii xlvi 1 xliv Ixxvili xlviii Ixxili XXXVI Riccia, - Rosa, - Rotbollia, - Rubus, - Rumex, - Ruppia, - Sagina, - Salicornia, Salix, = Salsola, = Salvia, - Sambucus, Samolus, - Sanicula, - Saponaria, - Saxifraga, - Scabiosa, . Scandix, - Schoenus, - Scirpus, - Scleranthus, Sclerotium, Scleroderma, Scolopendrium, Scrophularia, Scutellaria, Scytosiphon, Scytonema, Sedum, é Sempervivum, Senecio, - Sepedonium, Sherardia, Silene, - Sinapis, - Sison, - Sistotrema, Sisymbrium, Sium, “ Smyrnium, Solanum, - Solidago, - Sonchus, - Sparganium, Spergula, - Sphacellaria, Sphagnum, Spheeria, . Spheerococcus, Spheerophoron, Spireea, 2 Spiloma, 2 Splachnum, Spongiocarpus, Sporochnus, Sporotrichum, Spumaria, “ Stachys, ,- iewesa ge G2 tgs — my OR OTD 09 GO eB DD et tn ND tt 0 et BO NR et et DO re Cet eek ae CO SO Le Oe whe Kore reel Ol. (8) Senet nee Say le es OCW lent lern le . ee Crees 4 USS Eves beatles Ooi) lx xly XXX xlv xli XXKV XXXV XXXi lvili XXXVI xXXX1 XX XIX XxXxix XXXV1 xliv lxviil lxi Ixxili lxv Ixxii xlv lxix lxi lxv lxv Ixxx Ixxvili xlvii INDEX. 280 Stachylidium, 1p lll Statice, - 1. 33 Stellaria, - 6. 114 Stemonites, 74, 82 Stereocaulon, 1 42 Sticta, - 3. Stilbospora, 2. 42 Stilbum, - Ie 1 Stratiotes, = Lk 204 Stromatospheeria, 19. 59 Subularia, 1. 6 Symphytum, 2. 72 55 Tetraphis, - 2 61 Teucrium, Sieueli 95 Thalictrum, 2. 93 Thelephora, 19. 34 Thelotrema, 1. 72 Thesselinum, 1. 9 Thlaspi, - 2. 10 Thymus, = 1. 94 Tila, ° 1, 461 Torilis, - 2. 457 Tortula, - 8. 218 Torula, - Ie 137 Tragopogon, 1. 134 “Tremella, =e tafe 288 Trichia, - 3. 302 Trichoderma, 1. 100 Trichostomum, 6. 107 Tricothecium, 1. 178 Trifolium, Tk 466 Triglochin, 2. 34 Triticum, - A. 96 Trollius, S 15 147 Tubercularia, 2. 62 Tussilago, 2. 405 Typha, - i 145 64 Ulex, - 25 70 Ulnus, = 2. SW4 Ulva, z ae 179 Urceolaria, 2s 165 Uredo, = 45. 189 Urtica, - 2s 104 Usnea, - 2. 313 Utricularia, 2s 223 363 Vaccinium, = Bt 294 Vaginaria, L 347 Valeriana, 4, 110 Variolaria, 3. 324 Vaucheria, 6. 231 Verbascum, 1. 286 Verbena, - 1. 287 Veronica, = iO 464 Verrucaria, Ue 452 Viburnum, 4, 132 | Vicia, si 6. i XXXVI xlvili XXXi 478 INDEX. Vinca, - 2. XXXvVl 57 Xyloma, « 8 Viola, - 6. xxxvii 51 Zannichellia, 1. Weissia, - 7- Ixii 236 Zonaria, Ds : Zostera, = is Xylaria, 2 3. lxxi «355 Zygnema, A, Genera, 521.. Species 1794. Phzenogamous Plants, 771.—Cryptogamous, 1023. Acotyledons, 1023.—Monocotyledons, 182.—Dicotyledons, 589: FINIS. P. Netz, Printer. Ixxiv lv lxvi lvi lxviii itty smn bet nk