xm ^£/V THE FLORA ,0F THE ALPS VOLUME THE FIRST KA/^y>A>-^ XV — DIANTIIUS GLACIALIS. The Flora of the Alps BEING A DESCRIPTION OF ALL THE SPECIES OF FLOWERING PLANTS INDIGENOUS TO SWITZERLAND ; AND OF THE ALPINE SPECIES OF THE ADJACENT MOUNTAIN DISTRICTS OF FRANCE, ITALY, <£r= AUSTRIA INCLUDING THE PYRENEES BY LIBRARY ALFRED W. BENNETT NEW YORK BOTANICAL M.A., B.SC., F.L.S. ^^^^^^^ LECTURER ON BOTANY AT ST. THOMAS' HOSPITAL W/TN ONE HUNDRED AND TWENTY COLOURED PLATES IN TWO VOLUMES VOLUME THE FIRST LONDON JOHN C. NIMMO [4 KING WILLIAM STREET, STRAND MDCCCXCVII 34 \h'l Printed by Ballantyne, Hanson & Co. At the Ballantyne Press INTRODUCTION The Flora of the Alps is a subject of never-failing in- terest even to the casual visitor to the " playground of Europe." Probably nowhere on the face of the globe is to be found, especially in the spring and early summer, a greater wealth of brightly coloured flowers, often growing in enormous masses, festooning the rocks, and making of the alpine pastures a veritable floral carpet; and the interest is greatly increased by the ease with which many of them can be cultivated in our flower-beds or on our rockeries. The scope of the present work does not fall in exactly with that of any other in the English language. Its object is to provide the tourist with a handbook by w^hich he can recognise the plants which are likely to attract his attention in his Alpine wanderings. There are excellent Floras of Switzerland, of which the best is Gremli's, translated by Paitson (Nutt) ; but the area of that book is strictly confined to the Republic of Switzerland. There 'are also Alpine Floras the range of which extends to the ^ adjacent mountain regions, especially Tirol, such as Dalla- S Torre's ''Tourist's Guide to the Flora of the Alps," trans- it lated and edited by the present writer (Sonnenschein) ; ^ but in this Httle book '' alpine " plants only are enume- ^ rated; many lowland species which are altogether un- vi INTRODUCTION familiar to the English tourist being passed over. The range of this latter book does not extend to the Pyre- nees ; and in neither of those already mentioned are there any illustrations. The illustrated work most famiHar to the English botanist is probably Seboth's ^'Alpine Plants Painted from Nature," also translated by the present writer (Sonnenschein), in which 400 of the most beautiful and interesting plants are admirably dehneated in coloured plates. Correvon's pretty little Flore coloriee de Poche des Mo7itagnes (Paris, Klincksieck) has a wider range, including also the Pyrenees, and is illustrated by beauti- fully executed coloured drawings of 180 species ; but the total number described is comparatively limited. In the present work every species of flowering plant which is reported by competent authorities as growing wild in Switzerland is at least named, and a short description given of all except the commonest English plants, which are familiar to every one interested in our wild flowers. But with regard to the other more south- ern countries named on the title-page, the lowland plants (not found in Switzerland) are not referred to, since they belong to a totally different flora, the Mediterranean ; but only those which, from the altitude at which they grow, have a claim to be regarded as alpine. In choosing the illustrations for the present volumes, an attempt has been made to represent every leading type of alpine flowering plant. At least one plate is given to every natural order which includes any consider- able number of alpine species ; and in the case of those genera which especially attract the attention of tourists, such as the Pinks, the Saxifrages, the Gentians, and the Primulas, drawings are given of several species. As the INTRODUCTION vii Flora is not limited to Switzerland, a considerable pro- portion of the illustrations are of natives of other alpine regions, especially of the Pyrenees. As the traveller with botanical tastes approaches Swit- zerland by any of the ordinary routes through Northern and Eastern France, he notes but little difference in the vegetation from that with which he is familiar in our southern counties. A few strangers soon make their appearance ; the spiny heads of Eryngium canipestre are seen by the road-sides, and the damp meadows are coloured by the yellow thistle {Cirszuin oleraceuni). In the vineyards he would also find some unfamiliar weeds, such as various species of Delphinium. But until he reaches Macon or Pontarlier the general aspects of the vegetation are the same : it is the flora of North- Western Europe. In the mountain woods of the French Jura or of the northern cantons of Switzerland he will come across much more to attract his attention ; such plants as Veronica urticcBfoliay Prenanthes purpureUy and As- trantia mi^ior meet him everywhere ; Prunella grandi- flora is common by the road-sides ; species of Dianthus and Gentiana become gradually more predominant; while among the bushes by the road-sides or in damp meadows he will notice the red-berried elder, Sambucus raceinosa, and the feathery Spircea Aruncus. The sylvan flora of the calcareous Jura chain is especially interesting; here are found in abundance the alpine honeysuckle, Lonicera alpigena, with its twin red berries, the mezereon, the weird herb-Paris, Paris quadrifolia, the pretty little Maianthe- mum bifoliuniy the red-berried crowberry, more than one species of Phyteuma, and many another which the inex- perienced botanist will transfer with delight to his vascu- X INTRODUCTION our shores than they are found elsewhere, especially into Cornwall and Devonshire, South Wales, and the south and west of Ireland ; and this is the case with some of our most famihar plants. So accustomed are we to the glories of our gorse-commons and of our hills clad with purple heather, that we can scarcely believe how limited is the range of these plants ; and it is only gradually that the English botanist visiting Switzerland begins to realise that in her woods there are no bluebells ; on her banks no purple foxgloves; that the gorse and the broom are hardly ever seen; that in her cornfields are no corn- marigolds; and that from her mountain-sides our bell- heathers are entirely absent. To the same category belong also a number of other plants, not so abundant, but yet familiar enough to the botanist, especially in our western counties, which he will fail to find in Switzer- land, or, if at all, only very rarely. Among these may be mentioned the Cornish and the Connemara heaths, the ill-scented Iris fcetidissima, the Pennywort, Cotyledon Umbilicus^ with its singular peltate leaves, and quite a number of bog-plants, such as the fragrant bog-myrtle, the ivy-leaved bellflower, the yellow butterwort, Pingui- cula lusitanica^ the delicate bog-pimpernel, and the bog St. John's wort, Hypericum elodes. There are also one or two arctic aquatic and bog plants abundant with us, such as Lobelia Dortmanna and the bright yellow bog- asphodel, Narthecium ossifragum, which do not reach so far south as the Alps. The origin of the alpine flora has been a subject of much controversy among the authorities in geographical botany. The natural orders which are especially charac- teristic of all mountain regions are the Rosaceae, Ranun- INTRODUCTION xi culace^, Saxifragacese, Primulaceae, Campanulacese, and Gentianaceae ; in the flora of the Alps the Compositae, Leguminosae, Cruciferae, and Caryophylleae are also very strongly represented. In a paper read before the Linnean Society in 1895, but not yet pubHshed, the highest authority on the flora of the Alps, the late Mr. John Ball, for some years President of the Alpine Club, gives the geographical distribution of every Swiss plant, in tables which are the result of an enormous amount of careful work. He enumerates 2010 species of flowering plants, in addition to 335 sub-species. Of these, 11 17 species, or a little over one-half, belong to the upper zone of the Alps. The chain on the southern side of the Rhone Valley is far richer than the Alps of Central and Eastern Switzerland or of Savoy. In an introduction to this paper, Mr. Thiselton-Dyer gives an admirable resume of the views on the origin of the alpine flora advocated by the two highest authorities, M. Alphonse De Candolle and Mr. John Ball. Both these experts agree in a recog- nition of the fact that " there is an element of great anti- quity in the alpine flora, which cannot be simply accounted for by a migration from the north during the glacial epoch." De Candolle points out that some of the most ancient fragments of the alpine flora, species of Primula^ Pedicularis, and Oxytropis^ are now to be found only on the southern slopes of the Alps, existing neither in the interior of Switzerland nor in the North of Europe. Furthermore, the alpine species of Campanula peculiar to Mont Cenis, the Simplon, and the neighbouring valleys, are not related to arctic species, but to those of moun- tain chains to the eastward. Mr. Ball further states that of the species included in the alpine flora, 17 per xii INTRODUCTION cent, only are common to the Arctic region, while 25 per cent, are common to the Altai range of Northern Asia. The subject is, as Mr. Thiselton-Dyer says, a complex one; but it can hardly be doubted that ^'the alpine flora is a very ancient one, and probably a decay- ing survivor of one of which the extension was at some former time far more considerable." The closer resemblance of the flora of the European Alps to that of the Asiatic Alps than to that of Scan- dinavia may be partly accounted for by the fact of the climatic conditions being more nearly alike. In the Arctic Zone the plants which blossom in their brief summer are exposed to almost uninterrupted daylight for many weeks, during which there are no nocturnal dews. In the mountain chains of the Temperate Zone, on the other hand, bright hot days are succeeded by nights of nearly equal duration, during which the temperature is often very low and the dews very heavy. It is obvious, therefore, that the external characters of alpine and of arctic plants may differ considerably, and that a large amount of adaptation may be necessary before an arctic form could become established in the Alps, while no such adaptation need accompany the migration of a species from Central Asia to Central Europe. Some of the special characteristics of the alpine flora are familiar to every visitor to the Alps. Either from the large size or the bright colour of the flowers, or from their being grouped together in great masses, they are far more conspicuous, especially in the spring and early summer, than is the case in the lowlands. Although these brilliant masses of flowers often belong to genera which are especially alpine, like the Gentians and the INTRODUCTION xiii Primulas, yet in other cases it is evidently the result of adaptation to local conditions; whether brought about solely by the operation of natural selection, or partly also by the direct action of external influences, it is not necessary to inquire. A large number of instances could be named in which species belonging to the same genus, and therefore nearly related to one another, differ from one another in having more or less conspicuous flower according as they grow at a higher or a lower elevation. It will be necessary only to remind the botanical reader of such genera as Anemone^ Ranunculus ^ DianthuSy Pru- nella^ Salvia^ and Scutellaria. On the other hand, the number of fragrant plants is probably smaller at high than at low altitudes ; the reason being no doubt that, whatever may be the purpose served by the odour of flowers, it would be neutralised by the strong winds which so constantly prevail among the mountains. The explanation usually offered of the bright colour and large size of alpine flowers is that it is necessary for the attraction of the comparatively small number of winged insects which inhabit the regions of the Alps, and which are required for the pollination of the flowers and the fertilisation of the ovules. That the number of insects which could assist in cross-pollination is small in the Alps is undoubted ; though Dr. Joly states that numbers are attracted to the glaciers and snowfields in the dusk by the reflected light, and perish there in large numbers. But a doubt is raised as to whether this is the true expla- nation of the beauty of the alpine flora, from the fact that a comparatively small number of alpine plants are dependent on the ripening of the seeds for their pro- pagation. xiv INTRODUCTION But there are other points of structure besides the colour and brightness of the flowers in which alpine species show characteristic differences from their lowland cousins. The summer, the period of the ripening of the seeds, is short ; consequently but few species are annual, and therefore entirely dependent on seeds for their pro- pagation. The root-system is, as a rule, strongly deve- loped ; both in order to afford sufficient protection against the prevalent strong winds, and for the purpose of draw- ing as large an amount of nutriment as possible from the scanty soil. On the other hand, in the parts above the surface of the soil the development of woody tissue is often but small. The leaves are protected in various ways against excessive transpiration or evaporation of moisture from the hot summer sun. They are often very crowded (caespitose), or are covered with a dense felt of hairs ; or they are thick and fleshy, their tissue being permeated by canals and chambers containing water. The very early period of flowering of many of the most beautiful species is due to their almost invariably perennial character. The plant has not to spring up from seed and then to produce its buds and flowers ; the flowers are already there, formed during the preceding summer, and gradually developing beneath the friendly covering of snow, ready to expand as soon as the April zephyrs call them forth from their hiding-place. Further evidence that the alpine flora is the result of adaptation to climatic conditions is afforded by the fact that, within the bounds of what must unquestionably be regarded as a single species, individuals change in character as we ascend to higher altitudes, the leaves becoming more hairy or more fleshy, and the flowers brighter or larger. Professor G. INTRODUCTION xv Bonnier, who has bestowed on this subject an enormous amount of research, has pubHshed, in the Annates des Sciences Naturelles for 1 894, the results of a very large series of experiments on the cultivation, at different alti- tudes, of individuals obtained by the division of a single parent stock, which fully confirm these statements. Pro- fessor Chodat also, of Geneva, has established in the Jura an alpine botanic garden for the observation of similar phenomena. It is hoped that, with the present work in his hand, the tourist who is already acquainted with the most familiar English plants will be able to recognise, in the great majority of cases, the plants which he meets with in his alpine wanderings. But he must not expect to be able to do so in all cases. The experienced botanist is often at a loss in distinguishing between two nearly allied species, even with much fuller descriptions before him. The acceptance of the theory of evolution, now all but universal, implies that there may be no hard and fast lines between species, any more than there are between varieties ; that a species is not a sharply defined assemblage of individuals which has existed as such from time immemorial; that varieties, species, genera, tribes, orders, may all pass into one another by insen- sible gradations. There are some genera — among these may be especially mentioned the large families of Brambles, Roses, Hawkweeds, and Willows — in which different autho- rities differ most widely in their interpretation of what constitutes specific difference ; Continental botanists, as a rule, describing a much larger number of species than their English confreres. In these cases special manuals must be consulted. And in other instances, as, for example, in VOL. I. b xvi INTRODUCTION the orders Umbelliferae and Compositse, and in the genera Saxifi'aga, Achillea, Euphrasia, and Carex, a full de- scription of the minute differences between the species would have extended the work to an unwieldy size. The common practice of systematists of giving a clavis of the genera in each order and of the species in each genus has been discarded, because this frequently results necessarily in naming only a single character by which species may be distinguished, to the omission of others much more useful to the unpractised botanist. In all the larger genera the species are first of all classified into a number of groups, some conspicuous character being used, such as the colour of the flower, or the arrange- ment of the flowers or leaves, which does not necessarily imply genetic affinity, and which therefore often separates species which would be placed near to one another in a more scientific flora. We may give as an example of this Anemone sulphurea, which is undoubtedly nearly allied to A. alpina, the former being found on the grani- tic, the latter on the calcareous Alps; and yet they are placed in different sections owing to the difference in the colour of their flowers. With regard to the cultivation of alpine plants in our gardens and rockeries, it must always be borne in mind that their chief enemy in our climate is not cold, but excessive moisture in the winter, from which they are protected in their native country by the friendly covering of snow. As to practical details, we cannot do better than quote the substance of the instructions given by Graf in his Introduction to Seboth's " Alpine Plants":— "The great object of the cultivation of alpine plants INTRODUCTION xvii should be to reproduce, as nearly as possible, the condi- tions under which they grow in their native habitat. For this purpose, it should be observed, in the first place, whether they are natives of the calcareous or of the granitic Alps. If they belong to the latter category, it is quite possible that even a small amount of lime in the soil would be fatal to their vigorous growth. A suitable soil having been prepared, they should then be placed in a position where their roots are not constantly saturated with moisture. This is best effected by planting them in a rockery, not too much exposed to the sun, and, at all events at first, sprinkHng them with moisture several times a day. If planted in pots — which is generally desirable on first transplantation from their native mountains — care should also be taken that the soil, though not suffered to get dry, should be thor- oughly well drained by broken pottery or other similar material. " Many alpine plants will remain for several years in the same spot, and thrive better when not disturbed. This is the case with all shrubby species, and with those whose roots penetrate very deep into the soil, as, for example, the species of Astragalus ^ Oxytropis, Astraittiay &c. ; others, on the contrary, must be transplanted every year. In some species, the older portions of the rhizome die off in consequence of their continued growth, as may be seen in VVulfenia carinthiacay Armeria alpinay and many species of Valeriana and Primula^ It has already been remarked that the majority of alpine plants are not dependent upon the production of seeds for their natural propagation. Many will, how- xviii INTRODUCTION ever, ripen their seeds in our climate. But the greater number will have to be multipHed by division, or, in the case of the more shrubby species, by slips or cuttings. With a little experience, and probably after a few failures, the tourist will find that he is able, in his own garden, to perpetuate the recollection of many of his most cherished finds. Species of Saxifraga and Sem- pervivum are among those which will best repay his attention. The following are the works which have been chiefly consulted in the preparation of the accompanying Flora : — Gre:\ili. " The Flora of Switzerland!'' Translated by Paitson. Christ. ^'' Das Pflanzenlebe?i der SchweizP CORREVON. " Les Plantes des AlpesP CORREVON. " Flore coloriee de Poche de la Suisse^ &r>c." Dalla-Torre. " Tourists Guide to the Flora of the Alps'' Translated by Bennett. Seboth. " Alpine Plants Painted from NatureP Edited by Bennett. Weber. " Die Alpenpflanzen Deiitschlands u?zd der Schweizy Nyhan. " Conspectus FlorcE EtiropcecB." Ardoino. '■''Flore du Departenient des Alpes Maritimes.^^ Grenier & GODRON. '^ Flore de France.^^ Philippi. " Flore des Pyrenees." Hooker. " The Students Flora of the British Islands!' Thurmann. " Essai de Phytostatique applique d la Chaine du furaP Woods. " The Tourist's Flora!' Lenticchia. " Co7itribuzioni alia Flora delta Svizzera italiana!' (Ticino.) In Nuovo Giorn. Bot. Ital. for 1896. INTRODUCTION xix I have also to thank the Council of the Linnean Society for their courtesy in allowing me to see proof-sheets of the unpublished essay by the late Mr. John Ball, to which reference has already been made. ALFRED W. BENNETT. 6 Park Village East, Regent's Park, April 1896. LIST OF COLOURED PLATES VOLUME THE FIRST I. Atragene alpina . To face page 2 2. Anemone alpina . 4 3. Ranunculus parnassifolius 6 4. Aquilegia pyrenaica , 10 5. Papaver alpinum 14 6. Cardamine trifolia 18 7. Draba aizoides 24 8. Iberis Bernardiana 30 9. Helianthemum roseum 34 10. Viola biflora , 36 II. Polygala Chamcebuxus , 38 12. ,, calcarea , 38 13. Dianthus Carthusianorum 40 14. ,, Seguieri 42 15. „ glacialis (/a<^^ 43) Frontispiece 16. ,, gallicus . To face page 44 17. Saponaria ocymoides . 44 18. Silene acaulis , 46 19. Lychnis viscaria . , 46 20. Lychnis alpina . , 48 21. Alsine verna 52 22. Linum alpinum . , 56 23. Geranium cinereum 60 24. Erodium petraeum 62 25. Hypericum Richeri , 64 26. " nummularium . (>(y 27. Astragalus monspessulamus , 78 28. Oxytropis pyrenaica . . 80 LIST OF COLOURED PLATES PLATE 29. Coronilla minima 30. Hedysarum obscurum 31. Dryas octopetala . 32. Potentilla nitida . 33. Rosa alpina . 34. Saxifraga oppositifolia 35. ,, mutata 36. , , ambigua 37. ,, aizoides 38. , , Aizoon 39. Parnassia palustris 40. Sedum turgidum . 41. Sedum sexangulare 42. J, reflexum . 43. Sempervivum arachnoideum 44. ,, montanum 45. Epilobium alpinum 46. Astrantia major . 47. Bupleurum stellatum 48. Meum athamanticum 49. Linncea borealis . 50. Lonicera alpigena 51. Valeriana supina . 52. Campanula alpina 53- 5 J longifolia 54. ,, linifolia 55. ,, pulla . 56. , , carpathica 57. Phyleuma pauciflorum 58. ,, humile Toface page 82 84 90 94 98 100 102 102 104 104 108 no 112 112 114 114 120 124 128 148 158 I5S 160 160 162 164 164 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS Sub-Kingdom I.— ANGIOSPERMS. Seeds contained in a closed ovary. Division L — DICOTYLEDONS or EXOGENS. Stem, when woody and perennial, with distinct pith, bark, and annual rings of wood; leaves usually net- veined ; sepals, petals, and stamens usually in fours or fives ; embryo with two opposite cotyledons. Class I.—THALAMIFLORAl, Flowers usually with both calyx and corolla; petals (when present) distinct ; stamens springing from beneath the ovary. (Orders L-XXIV.) Order L— RANUNCULACEiE. Flowers regular or irregular; stamens indefinite in number ; sepals usually 5 or more^ deciduous, often coloured ; petals usually 5 or more, often minute or o ; carpels usually numerous and distinct, maturing into 2 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS achencs or follicles. Abundant throughout the temperate and colder parts of the globe. Tribe ClExM ATIDE.^. — Sepals valvate, coloured. Shrubs with opposite leaves. Genera I, 2. I. Clematis, L. Corolla o; sepals green or white (in European species), usually 4. The Swiss species are C. Vitalba^ L., the Traveller's Joy or Old Man's Beard of our hedges, and C. recta, L., an erect shrub, with white sepals, hairy at the edge only, growing in thickets. C. Flavimula, L., a cHmbing species with white scented flowers, occurs also in the Mediterranean Alps, and in Styria. 2. Atragene, L. Petals numerous, minute ; sepals large, lilac. A. alpma, L. (PI. i), the only species, a beautiful climbing shrub, with large lilac flowers, rarely white, occurs in bushy places in the Alps, Carpathians, and Eastern Pyrenees. Tribe ANEMONES. — Sepals imbricate ; fruit com- posed of achenes, each with i pendulous seed. Herbs. Genera 3-6. 3. Thalictrum, L. Sepals imbricate; petals o; fruit a small head of achenes. The following species are alpine or sub-alpine : — T. aquilegifoliunty L. ; a beautiful plant with stalked carpels, conspicuous violet or Hlac stamens, and thrice- ternate leaves ; frequent in bushy places ; T. alpinum, L. ; a small high-alpine plant, with the flowers in a simple \-i WAnv\' K A ] /P I iV A RANUNCULACE.^ 3 terminal raceme, and flower-stalk reflexed after flowering. The remaining alpine or sub-alpine species, often difficult to distinguish, are as follows : — T. ininuSy L. ; leaves ternate, stem geniculate, flowers in branched panicles. T. majus, Jacq. ; very much resem- bling the last, but larger. T. fcetidiim^ L. ; the whole plant covered with numerous glandular hairs ; local. T. simplex^ L. (Pyrenees) ; a dwarf plant, v/ith the flowers almost buried in the leaves. T. saxatile, DC. (Valais), {T. alpestre, Gaud.); a small species with leaves crowded towards the middle of the stem. T. alpicolum, Jord. {BauJmti^ Crntz.) ; (very local), with numerous flowers in dense panicles. T. a?igustifolluin, L. (Jura, Southern Tirol, Dauphiny) ; flowers in a pyramidal panicle, stamens pendant. T. flavinn^ L., our English Meadow Rue, is common in wet places ; and the nearly allied T. exaltatunt^ Gaud., is found on the shores of Lake Lugano. T. viacrocarpu7ii, Gren., with swollen carpels, and T. tuberosum, L., with yellowish flowers and large persistent sepals, occur also in the Pyrenees. 4. Anemone, L. Sepals 4-20, imbricate, petaloid; petals o; leaves all radical ; stem with three or more leaf-like bracts. Besides our own A. nevtorosa^ L., Wood Anemone or Windflower, and A. Pulsatilla, L., Pasque-flower, with purple flowers, neither of v/hich is alpine, the following species occur in Switzerland : — A. Flowers in umbels of 2-10, surrounded by an involucre : — A. narcissiflora, L. ; flowers 3-6, white ; Alps, Jura, Pyrenees. 4 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS B. Flowers solitary ; sepals white, or pink on the out- side ; involucral bracts usually resembling the leaves : — A. baldensis, L. ; style of fruit short, not feathery, sepals hairy beneath, usually 9; Alps, Pyrenees, Dauphiny. A. sylvesirisy L. ; calyx hairy, leaves 5 -partite, carpels very woolly, style not feathery; Dauphiny, Pyrenees. A. trzfolia, L. ; sepals glabrous beneath, usually 6, style not feathery; Tirol, Carinthia. A, alpina, L. (PI. 2); style of fruit long, feathery, sepals 6-9, lanceolate; common. A, Burseriana^ Scop. ; resembling the last, but sepals broadly ovate, usually 7 ; frequent. C. Sepals purple or violet : — A. Halleriy All. ; flower solitary, lilac, whole plant covered with long silky hairs ; local; Nicolaithal, Dauphiny. A. vernalis, L. ; flowers light violet or nearly white, solitary, involucral leaves sessile, united into a sheath. A. montana^ Hoppe ; flowers solitary, dark violet, drooping, leaves glabrous, with linear lobes; local. A. hortensis^ L. ; the origin of our garden Anemone; flowers variable in colour, erect, sepals glabrous outside, carpels woolly ; Pyrenees. D, Flowers yellow: — A. sulphurea, L. ; flowers soli- tary, sulphur-yellow, style of fruit long, feathery; high Alps. A. ranunculoideSy L. ; flowers 1-3, small, yellow, sepals 5-8, pubescent, plant glabrous; Jura, Dauphiny, Vosges, Pyrenees. E, Flowers small, blue, leaves 3-lobed: — A. Hepatica, L., the Hepatica ; Alps, Jura, Pyrenees. 5. Adonis, L. j Petals 5-16, conspicuous ; leaves divided into very narrow segments. Not alpine. II -ANRMOTCt: AJ.PINA RANUNCULACE^ 5 The Pheasant's-eyes are not alpine plants. A. autum- nalis, L., with purple-red petals (often with a black spot) ; A. csstivalis, L., with light red (rarely yellow) petals and glabrous sepals; A, flammea^ Jacq., with light red petals and hairy sepals; A. vernalisy L., with pale yellow petals and pubescent sepals; and A. pyrenaica, DC, with yellow petals and glabrous sepals, occur as weeds in cultivated land in the Pyrenees and extreme south of Switzerland. 6. Myosurus, L. Petals small, tubular; sepals 5, spurred; fruit a long spike of densely packed achenes. Not alpine. M. minimuSy L., Mouse-tail, the British and only European species, an inconspicuous plant in cornfields and sandy places. Tribe Ranuncule^. — Sepals imbricate; fruit com- posed of achenes, each with one erect seed. Genus 7. 7. Ranunculus, L. Petals usually 5, white or yellow. A. Flowers yellow ; petals 8-12 : — R. Ficaria^ L. ; our common Pilewort or Lesser Celandine; leaves nearly round, cordate ; everywhere. All our common meadow or cornfield species of Butter- cup or Crowfoot grow also in Switzerland, viz. : — R. acriSy L. ; repenSy L. ; bulbosuSy L. ; hirsutus^ Curt. ; arvensis, L. ; and auricomus, L.; also the marsh species, R. sceleratus^ L. ; the very handsome Great Spearwort, R. Lingua^ L. ; and the Lesser Spearwort, R. Flammula, L., both with 6 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS narrow, undivided leaves. The following are alpine or sub-alpine : — B. Flowers 3'ellow ; petals 5 ; leaves narrow, undivided : — R. gra7mneuSy L. ; flowers i-y, all the leaves linear- lanceolate ; Southern Switzerland, Pyrenees, rare. R. ophioglossifolms, Willd. ; flowers numerous, lower leaves cordate, upper elliptical ; Pyrenees. C. Flowers yellow ; petals 5 ; leaves peltate or reni- form : — R. Phthora^ Crntz. ; leaves reniform, radical leaves on long stalks, root-fibres tuberous ; local. R. Thora, L. ; leaves reniform, radical leaves o, root-fibres tuberous ; Alps, Jura, Pyrenees, local. R. Schottii, Dalla Torre, Styria, scarcely differs. D. Flowers yellow ; petals 5 ; all the leaves more or less divided : — R. lanuginosus, L. ; leaves palmately 3-5- partite, the whole plant covered with yellowish hairs ; mountain forests; Switzerland, Jura, Pyrenees, rare. R. pygmcsus, Whlb. ; stem with one leaf and one very small flower (J in. diam.) ; high ; Tirol, Salzburg, Car- inthia, rare. R. neinorosus, DC. {aureus, Schleich.; sylva- ticuSy Gren.); flowers large (J to i in.), golden yellow, fruit-stalk furrowed, beak of fruit strongly recurved ; woods. R. polyantheinos, L. ; resembling the last, but flower smaller, beak shorter; woods, rare; Chur. R, Villarsiif DC. {aduncus, G. and G.); stem 6-18 in., beak of fruit hooked ; Southern Switzerland, Carinthia, Pyrenees. R. Gouani, Willd. ; stem 4-15 in., stem-leaves amplexicaul, beak of fruit long, curved ; Pyrenees. R. Breyniamis, Crntz.; stem iJ-6 in., radical leaves with sharply toothed segments ; Switzerland. R. minutus, Leyb. ; stem i -flowered, sepals narrow, as long as the petals, leaves \ in. diam. ; Carinthia, rare. R. mon- m*>fj III.-RAXUNCULUS PARNASSIFOLIUS. RANUNCULACE.^ 7 tanusj Willd. ; stem i-flowered, 2-6 in., sepals pubes- cent, leaves hair^^; pastures; Alps, Jura, Pyrenees. K. caj'tjithiaais, Hoppe ; stem i -flowered, delicate; sepals shorter than petals ; Eastern Alps. E. Flowers pink; petals 5: — R. I'oseus, Heg. ; calyx covered with rough hairs ; glaciers ; Switzerland, rare. F. Petals more than 5, white with yellow base : — R. ruiarfoliuSy L. {Callianthe7nu7}i rutc^folimn, Mey.); petals 6-12, obovate, radical leaves doubly pinnate ; high; Swit- zerland, Dauphiny, Pyrenees. R. anemofioidcs^ Zahl. ; petals 9-20, linear-cuneate, radical leaves biternate ; high ; Southern Tirol, Styria, rare. G. Petals 5, white or slightly pink ; leaves entire : — R. pyrencEus^ L. ; radical leaves linear-lanceolate, stem-leaves not amplexicaul ; Alps, P3Tenees. R. parfiassifolius, L. (PI. 3); radical leaves cordate-ovate, stem-leaves am- plexicaul ; high ; Southern Switzerland, Dauphiny, Pyrenees, rare. R. amplcxicaulis, L. ; radical leaves ovate-lanceolate, stem-leaves amplexicaul; P3Tenees. H, Petals 5, white or slightly pink ; leaves more or less divided : — R. glacialis^ L. ; calyx woolly with rough hairs, radical leaves ternate ; very high ; Switzerland, Dauphiny, Pyrenees. R. acojiitifolhis , L. ; stem 1-3 ft., flexuous ; flowers \-\ in. ; petals with a nectariferous scale at the base, leaves divided to the base ; high, damp ; Alps, Jura, Vosges, PjTenees. R. Pacheri, Dalla Torre; flowers smaller, plant more hairy ; Carinthia. R. platani- folius, L. ; smaller than aconitifoliuSy lower leaves divided I, upper nearly entire ; Alps, Jura, Pyrenees. R. Seguieri^ Vill. ; plant 2-4 in., villous, 1-3-leaved, leaves deeply palmate; Dauphiny, Jura, Carinthia, local. R. alpestris^ L. ; stem 2-4 in., radical leaves 3-5-cleft, beak of fruit 8 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS hooked ; Alps, Jura, Dauphiny, Pyrenees, Carpathians. R. Traunfellneri, Hoppe; resembling the last, but beak of fruit only curved, leaves more deeply cleft ; Tirol, Car- niola, rare. R. crenatus^ W.K. ; radical leaves entire, serrate, petals roundish-ovate, beak of fruit curved ; Styria. R. bilobuSy Bert. ; radical leaves entire, crenate, petals cuneate-ovate, beak hooked ; Southern Tirol, rare. /. Petals 5, white ; aquatic plants {Batrachium) : — Most of the British species of Water Crowfoot, viz., R. aquatilis^ L., with its numerous sub-species ; fluitanSy Lamk. ; cir- ci7iat2iSy Sm., are found also in Switzerland. Tribe HelleborE/E. — Sepals imbricate; fruit composed of a few many-seeded follicles. Genera 8-17. 8. Caltha, L. Flowers regular ; sepals petaloid ; petals o. Not alpine. Our English Marsh Marigold, Cpalustris^ L., is common throughout Switzerland and the Pyrenees. 9. Trollius, L. Flowers regular; sepals 5-15, yellow; petals small, entire. The beautiful Globe-flower, T. europceusy L., a native of our northern counties, is abundant in sub-alpine pastures. 10. Eranthis, L. Flowers regular; sepals petaloid, deciduous; petals small, 2-lipped. The Winter Aconite, E. hyemalisy Salisb., with yellow sepals and petals, occurs rarely in bushy places in Jura and Vosges. RANUNCULACE.^ 9 II. Helleborus, L. Flowers regular; sepals green or white, persistent; petals small, 2-lipped. H. viridiSy L., Bear's-foot, with annual leafy stems and green sepals, is found in pastures in Switzerland and Pyrenees. H. fceiidus, L., Stinking Hellebore, with perennial leafy stems and green sepals, is very abundant in stony pastures in Western Switzerland (Jura) and Pyrenees. H. niger, L., Christmas Rose, with white sepals and leafless stem, occurs locally on calcareous soil in Switzerland, especially in Ticino. 12. NiGELLA, L. Flowers regular; sepals blue; petals 2-lipped, necta- riferous; folHcle terminated by a long curved style; leaves divided into linear segments. Not alpine. Three species of Love-in-a-puzzle, N. arvensiSy L., sativa^ L., and darnascena^ L., are weeds in cultivated land in Pyrenees ; and A^. arvensis, distinguished by the absence of an involucre, also in Southern Switzerland. 13. ISOPYRUM, L. Sepals 5, petaloid, deciduous; petals 5, minute, cornu- copia-shaped ; fruit of I -3 follicles. /. thalictroideSy L., with panicles of small white flowers and delicate twice-ternate leaves ; in mountain copses in Savoy, Dauphiny, and Pyrenees. 14. Aquilegia, L. Flowers regular ; sepals coloured; petals large, spurred; follicles 5. lo THE FLORA OF THE ALPS A. Spur of the petals rolled up at the apex: — Our English Columbine, A. vulgaris^ L., is common through- out Switzerland and Pyrenees. A variety, A. atrata, Koch, with dark violet flowers, is found in bushy places in the Alps. A, Hcenkeana, Koch, with very large violet flowers, is a native of Carinthia, Carniola, and Tirol. B. Spur of petals straight or slightly curved: — A, alpiiiay L., resembling A. vulgaris ^ but with larger flowers, is rare in bushy places in Switzerland, Dauphin}^ and Pyrenees. A. pyrenaica, DC. (PL 4), with a slender spur and smaller leaves, is a native of Pyrenees and Southern Switzerland. A. Einseleana, Y: Schultz, with viscid stem and hairy spur; and A. thalictrifolia, Sch. and K., with glabrous spur and linear-lanceolate leaf- segments, are rare plants in Tirol, and the former also in Carinthia. 15. Delphinium, L. Flowers irregular; sepals and petals coloured and spurred. D. elatiivif L., with azure-blue sepals, rough grey petals with a long narrow spur, and 3-4 carpels, is found locally in dry sub-alpine meadows in Switzerland and Pyrenees ; and D. tirokftse, Kern., with dark blue sepals and petals and narrower leaf-segments, in Northern Tirol. Our English Larkspur, D. Consolida, L., with one carpel, is a cornfield weed in Switzerland ; and several other species in Pyrenees. 16. ACONITUM, L. Flowers irregular ; sepals and petals coloured ; dorsal sepal large, hooded ; petals small, clawed. IV.— AQUILEGIA PVRENAICA. RANUNCULACE-^ 1 1 Several species of Monkshood are common sub-alpine plants. A. Sepals blue, violet, or white; spur hooked or slightly curved : — A. NapelluSy L., a glabrous plant, with bright blue (occasionally white) flowers, is abundant in alpine pastures in Switzerland and Pyrenees. A. pani- cu latum, Lam., with a looser raceme, hairy stem, and dark bluish-violet flowers, occurs in damp bushy places in Switzerland, Dauphiny, and Pyrenees; and A. varie- gatum, L., with spotted sepals and erect petals, in Switzerland. A. Storkeanmn, Rchb., is probably a hybrid. B. Sepals yellow or yellowish-white ; spur coiled : — A. Lycocto7tuvi, with pale yellow flowers, palmate leaves, and glabrous folHcles, is common at low elevations ; and A. Anthora, L., with more erect darker flowers and hairy follicles, at higher elevations, in the Alps and Pyrenees. A. rmiunculifolium, L., with palmate leaves and hood nearly three times as high as broad; and A. commutatum, Dall. Torn, resembling the last, but with shorter leaflets, inhabit the calcareous Alps. A. pyrenai- ruviy L., with velvety golden-yellow flowers and very fleshy leaves, is found in Pyrenees. 17. P^ONIA, L. Flowers sohtary, regular; sepals 5, green, persistent; petals numerous, very large. Three species of Peony are occasionally met with in bushy places in Styria, Tirol, Carinthia, and Southern Switzerland, viz. : — P. corallina, Retz., with 4-5 carpels horizontal in ix\i\\.', peregTina, Mill., with 2-3 erect carpels 12 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS (Monte Generoso) ; and pubens, Sm., resembling the last, but with narrower leaflets. Tribe AcT/EE^. — Flowers nearly regular ; fruit a berry. 1 8. ACTvEA, L. Flowers small; sepals 3-5, petaloid; petals small or o. A. spicatUj L., Bane-berry, with black many-seeded berries, small white flowers in a simple raceme, and ter- nately compound leaves, is met with in copses in Switzer- land and Pyrenees. Order H.— BERBERIDE^. Flowers regular, trimerous ; stamens definite, opposite the petals ; anthers opening by recurved valves ; carpel I ; fruit a i-2-seeded berry or drupe. A small order of shrubs or small trees, belonging mostly to the temperate regions. I. Berberis, L. Sepals 8-9, petaloid ; petals 6 ; stamens 6 ; fruit a i-2-seeded berry. Not alpine. B, vulgaris^ L., our Barberry, grows in thickets throughout the district, and is especially abundant in Eastern Switzerland (Grisons). 2. Epimedium, L. Sepals, petals, and stamens 4 each ; flowers in a very loose raceme. E. alpinuniy L. ; flowers reddish-brown, leaves bi- ternate, leaflets cordate ; Tirol, Carniola ; not wild elsewhere. NYMPH.EACE^ 13 Order III.— NYMPH JEACEiE. Flowers regular ; stamens numerous ; stigma sessile on the many-celled ovary. A small order of aquatic plants, usually with large handsome flowers and floating leaves. 1. Nymph^a, L. Sepals 4 ; petals numerous, gradually passing into the stamens. N, alba, L., the White Waterlily ; in lakes and ponds. 2. NUPHAR, Sm. Sepals 5-6, yellow ; petals and stamens numerous. N. luteiuUj Sm., our Yellow Waterlily; in lakes and ponds. N. pinnilum^ Sm., with much smaller flowers, unguiculate petals, and oblong leaves ; rare ; in moun- tain lakes in Switzerland, Vosges, Tirol, and Carinthia. Order IV.— PAPAVERACE.E. Flowers regular ; sepals 2, deciduous ; petals 4 ; sta- mens indefinite. Herbs with a milky or coloured juice (latex). A small order, belonging chiefly to the temperate zone. I. Papaver, L. Ovary i -celled, with internal projections to which the very numerous ovules are attached, opening by small pores beneath the sessile persistent stigma. Our three species of Poppy, P, Rhceas^ L., duhmni^ L. (including Lecoguii, Lam., and collmuvi. Bog.), and Arge- mone^ L., are cornfield weeds ; also P. hybriduniy L., with 14 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS a short ovoid capsule covered with stiff very spreading hairs, in Southern Switzerland and Pyrenees. P. alpimini^ L., the Alpine Poppy (PL 5), one of the most beautiful plants of the Alps, with white or less often yellow flowers, is not uncommon on calcareous or slaty moun- tain-sides in Switzerland, Dauphiny, and Pyrenees (/^. pyrcnaicum^ Willd.; rhcsticum, Ler.). 2. Meconopsis, Vig. Style distinct ; stigmas 4 ; ovary not septated ; ovules parietal. M. cambrica, Vig., the Welsh Poppy, with pale yellow flowers ; mountain woods in Pyrenees. 3. Chelidonium, L. Ovary i -celled; capsule elongated. Not alpine. C. majus, L., Celandine ; hedges and waste places ; common. 4. Glaucium, Scop. Ovary 2-celled ; capsule greatly elongated; leaves thick, fleshy. Not alpine. G. luteum, Scop, {flavum, Crntz.), the Yellow Horned Poppy ; shores of Lake Neuchatel ; G. corniculatum^ Curt. {phcenicetmi, Crntz.); petals scarlet, with a black spot at the base ; fields ; Southern Switzerland, Pyrenees. 5. Hypecoum, L. Stamens 4; styles 2; capsule greatly elongated, jointed. H. procuinbens, L. ; with yellow flowers ; Pyrenees. V. - PAPAVER AL PI X L' M FUMARIACE.'E 15 Order V.— FUMARIACE^. Flowers irregular; sepals 2, deciduous; petals 4, one or two of them gibbous or spurred ; stamens 6, in two bundles of 3 each; ovary i-celled. A small order; chiefly of western distribution. Not alpine. I. FUMARIA, L. Flowers small, usually pink ; one only of the outer petals spurred; fruit globose, i -seeded. Our EngHsh species of Fumitory ; F. officinalis, L., parviflora, Lam., and Vaillantiiy Lois, are weeds in cul- tivated and waste land ; and F. capreolata, L., locally in the neighbourhood of Geneva, Lausanne, and Eastern Pyrenees. 2. CORYDALIS, DC. Flowers usually larger, and white, yellow, or violet ; one petal only spurred ; fruit a 2-valved capsule, many- seeded. A. Root tuberous; flowers violet, purple, or white: — C. cava, Schw., with thick curved spur; C. fabacea, Pers., with straight spur and nearly sessile flowers ; and C. solida, Sm., with straight spur and flowers on longer stalks ; in hilly woods in Jura, Southern Switzerland, Vosges, Dauphiny, and Pyrenees. B, Root fibrous : — C. lutea, DC, with large yellow flowers ; Ticino, very local. C. clavicuiata, DC. ; a very pretty climbing plant, with small nearly white or very pale yellow flowers ; Pyrenees. C. ochrolezica, Koch, flowers yellowish-white with dark tips, is reported from Monte Generoso. 1 6 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS Order VL— CRUCIFER^. Flowers regular, mostly white or yellow, in bractless racemes; sepals 4; petals 4; stamens 6, of which 2 have shorter filaments than the other 4 (rarely only 4) ; fruit a siliqua or silicule. A very large order of herbaceous plants, most abundant in the Temperate and Arctic regions of Europe and Asia. Tribe Arabide^. — Seed-vessel elongated, much longer than broad (a siliqua) ; seeds in one or two rows ; radicle accumbent. Genera 1-7. I. Matthiola, Br. Stigma erect or decurrent on the style; flowers large, lilac. M. valeszaca, Boiss., a woolly plant with flowers a dirty violet, is recorded from Southern Switzerland and Tirol ; but no species of Stock are alpine plants. 2. CHEIRANTHUS, L. Stigma terminal ; flowers large, yellow or variegated ; lateral sepals saccate at the base. Not alpine. C. Clieiriy L., Wall-flower; on walls and rocks in Southern Switzerland, often introduced. 3. Nasturtium, Br. Stigma terminal ; flowers yellow or white ; sepals equal at the base; seed-vessel turgid; seeds in two rows. N. pyrejtaicinn^ R.Br., the only sub -alpine species. CRUCIFER^ 17 with yellow flowers, and auricled pinnatifid leaves with linear segments, grows on dry mountain-sides in Switzer- land. The other Swiss species are also English, and are aquatic or moisture-loving plants of the lowlands, viz.: N. officinale^ Br., Watercress, with white flowers; and N. sylvestre, Br. ; pa lustre, DC. ; and amphibium, Br. ; all with small yellow flowers. 4. Barbarea, Br. Stigma terminal ; flowers 3'ellow; sepals equal ; petals clawed ; seed-vessel 4-angled ; seeds in one row. Not alpine. B. vulgaris, R.Br., Winter Cress, with its sub-species, is a very common hedgerow plant. 5. Arabis, L. Stigma terminal; flowers usually white; seed-vessel linear, compressed ; seeds in one row. A. Flowers blue: — A, ccsj^ulea, Haenke ; a very pretty plant of the High Alps and Dauphiny, with pale blue flowers and long erect seed-vessels. B. Flowers pale yellow ; stem-leaves amplexicaul, auricled: — A. perfoliata. Link {Turritis glabra, L.) ; plant nearly glabrous, stem-leaves sagittate, seeds not winged; stony places. A. Turrita, L. ; plant pubescent, seeds winged ; stony places. C. Flowers cream-coloured : — A. stricta, Huds. ; leaves thick, shining, stem-leaves not amplexicaul ; Saleve, Dauphiny, Pyrenees. D. Flowers pink or lilac: — A. aj-enosa, Scop.; calyx VOL. I. B iS THE FLORA OF THE ALPS gibbous, radical leaves pinnatifid; damp sandy places. A . ovij-ensis^ Wulf. ; radical leaves simple, on long stalks ; Carinthia. E. Flowers white ; stem-leaves cordate or sagittate, amplexicaul : — A. alpiiia^ L. ; stem with barren shoots, two of the sepals saccate at the base; rocky places, common. A. saxatilisy All. ; stem without barren shoots, petals \-\ in. long; local. A. brassiccBforviis^ Wallr. ; leaves thick, fleshy, stem - leaves amplexicaul ; stony places; Alps, Vosges, Jura, Dauphiny, Pyrenees, rare. A. auriadatay Lam. ; stem -leaves amplexicaul, raceme flexuose; Jura, Dauphiny, Pyrenees, rare. A. hirsuta^ Scop.; stem and leaves hispid; and A. sagittaiay DC, stem-leaves cordate-sagittate with pointed auricles ; road- sides in the lowlands. F. Flowers white; stem-leaves narrowed or rounded at the base, not amplexicaul : — A . serpyllifolia^ Vill. ; stem flexuose, all the leaves entire; Switzerland, Jura, Dauphiny, Pyrenees. A. bellidifolia, Jacq. ; radical leaves dentate, stem-leaves entire, semi-amplexicaul ; moist ; Alps, Pyrenees, Carpathians. A. ptimzla, Jacq.; radical leaves dentate, stem-leaves entire, sessile, not amplexi- caul; Alps, Dauphiny, Carpathians. A. petrceay Lam.; very dwarf, radical leaves dentate, stem-leaves entire, stalked; Styria. A. Halleri, L. ; radical leaves lyrate- pinnatifid, stem-leaves dentate; Engadine, Simplon, rare. A. vochhiensis, Spreng. ; stem stoloniferous ; Tirol, Car- inthia. A. alpestrisy Schleich. {ciliata, Koch); stem straight, fruit-stalk erect, leaves dentate, hairy or ciliate ; Alps, Jura, Dauphin}^, Pyrenees. A. muralis^ Bert; stem-leaves rounded at the base, plant very hairy ; walls and rocks in the lowlands. VI.— CARDAMIXE TRIFOLIA. CRUCIFERiE 19 6. Cardamine, L. Stigma terminal ; flowers pink or white ; seed-vessel flat, with elastic valves ; sepals equal at the base. A. Flowers large, usually lilac; not alpine: — C. pratensis^ L., Cuckoo-flower, Lady's Smock; very com- mon in damp meadows. B. Flowers white; not alpine: — C. Jiirsjita^ L., and sylvatica^ L., with very small flowers and pinnate radical leaves, the former usually with only 4 stamens ; in shady places. C. ainara^ L., Bitter Cress; with large creamy- white flowers and pinnate leaves ; river-sides, scarce ; and C. inipaticns, L. ; leaves with stipule-like fringed auricles ; shady places, local. C. Flowers white; alpine plants: — C. alpiua, Willd. ; stem 1-2 in. high, leaves ovate, entire; frequent. C. trifolia, L. (PI. 6) ; radical leaves tripartite, on long stalks, stem-leaves o ; Jura, Tirol, Styria, Carinthia. C. Plumierii^ Vill. ; lower leaves reniform, cordate, upper leaves with 3 or 5 segments ; Dauphiny. C. resedifolia, L. ; radical leaves oblong, entire, on long stalks, stem- leaves pinnatifid ; moist rocks ; Alps and Pyrenees, rare. C. asarifoliuj L. ; stem 6-12 in., flowers in a corymbose panicle, leaves reniform, toothed; Southern Switzerland, rare. 7. Dentaria, L. Stigma terminal ; flowers large, white, purple, or yellow; seed-vessel flat, with elastic valves; funicle of seed dilated ; stem-leaves often opposite or in whorls. All the species of Toothwort are sub-alpine plants, growing in moist or shady places : — D. enneapJiyllos, L. ; 20 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS flowers yellowish-white, stem-leaves in whorls of three ; Tirol. D. digitata^ Lam. ; flowers pink or lilac, leaves alternate, lower with 3, upper with 5 segments ; Switzer- land, Tirol, Pyrenees. D. alternifolia, Hausm. ; flowers yellowish-white, leaves alternate, with 3 segments ; Tirol, Styria. D. intermedia^ Sond. ; flowers lilac or white, leaves with 5 segments ; Southern Tirol, rare. D. bulbi- fera^ L., Coralwort ; flowers Hlac or white, lower leaves pinnatifid, upper undivided, with axillary bulbs ; Switzer- land, Dauphiny. D. polyphylla, W. & K. ; flowers yellowish-white, 7-14, all the leaves pinnatifid ; rare ; Switzerland, Carinthia. D. pinnata^ Lam. ; flowers white or hlac, 3-7, all the leaves pinnatifid; Switzerland, Pyrenees. Tribe SiSYMBRlE/E. — Seed-vessel elongated, seeds usually in one row ; radicle incumbent, straight, plano- convex; flowers white, yellow, or lilac. Genera 8-12. 8. Sisymbrium, L. Plant glabrous or with simple spreading hairs ; leaves usually toothed or pinnatifid; flowers in loose racemes, usually yellow. Not alpine. The following British species occur in corresponding situations in Switzerland : — 5. Thaliana, Koch, with very small white, and 5. Alliaria, Scop., Jack-by-the- hedge, Sauce-alone, with larger white flowers; 5. offi- cinale^ Scop., Hedge Mustard, with very small yellow, and 5. Irio, L., and 5. Sophia^ L., with larger yellow flowers. Also the following in Southern Switzerland : — Flowers yellow: — 5. austriacum, Jacq., leaves runcinate; I CRUCIFER^ 21 5. str{cttssz7nm?t, L., leaves entire or glandular-dentate ; 5. Cohimnce, Jacq. (orientale^ L.), river- sides, Lugano; and .S. altissimum^ L., with pale yellow flowers and ver}^ spreading sepals. Also 5. supinum, L. [Braya supi7ia, Koch), with very small white flowers solitary in the axils of the leaves ; and S. pinnatifidum, DC. {Braya pinnatifida, Koch), with spotted sepals ; in rocky places ; Pyrenees, Dauphiny, and Southern Switzerland. 6*. Sina- pistrum^ Crntz. {pajtnofiicum^ Jacq.), closely resembles officinale^ with longer pods, 9. Braya, Sternb. Seed - vessel nodose, cylindrical ; leaves undivided ; flowers small, white ; seeds in two rows. B. alpina, Sternb.; stem 1-3 in. high; raceme very short and crowded ; Alps, Carinthia, rare. B. pinnatay Sternb. ; leaves linear-lanceolate, entire or with a very few teeth, flowers crowded, corymbose, violet when dry ; very rare ; Tirol, Carinthia (Gross-Glockner). 10. HUGUENINIA, Rchb. Seed-vessel cyhndrical, 2-edged ; leaves pinnatifid ; flowers yellow. H, tanacetifolza, Rchb. {Sisymbrium tanacetifolium, L.) ; segments of leaves lanceolate, toothed ; rare ; St. Bernard, Arollathal, Dauphiny, Pyrenees. II. Erysimum, L. Plant hoary with adpressed forked hairs ; sepals erect ; leaves narrow, entire ; flowers yellow or white, often fragrant. 22 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS The species of Treacle Mustard are mostly lowland plants, growing on walls, waste ground, &c. Several species with yellow flowers occur in Southern and West- ern Switzerland, Pyrenees, &c., and are difficult to dis- tinguish from one another, viz. : E. cheiranthoideSy L., with small flowers on long stalks ; E. vh-gatumy Roth., with larger flowers and leaves almost entire ; E. strictuiUy Wett., with darker flowers and sinuate-dentate leaves ; E. ochroleticujH, DC, with linear-lanceolate shghtly toothed leaves ; Jura ; also E. perfoliatiiiUy Crntz. {Covin gia orientalisy Rchb.), with white flowers and amplexicaul stem-leaves. E. pumiluiny Gaud. {Jtelveticuniy Koch), is an alpine plant with small fragrant yellow flowers, and sepals very saccate at the base, found at high elevations in the Alps and Pyrenees. 12. Hesperis, L. Plant pubescent with spreading hairs ; leaves entire ; sepals saccate at the base ; flowers large. Not alpine. H. viatronalisy L., Dame's Violet, with white or lilac flowers, fragrant in the evening; in hedges, woods, &c., throughout the South. Tribe Brassice^. — Seed-vessel elongated ; seeds in 1-2 rows; radicle incumbent, longitudinally folded or concave. Genera 13-16. 13. Brassica, L. Seeds in one row ; sepals erect ; flowers yellow. Not alpine. B. campestrisy L., the Wild Turnip, is the only un- doubtedly wild species in Switzerland. CRUCIFER^E 23 14. Sin APIS, L. Seeds in one row; sepals spreading; flowers yellow. Not alpine. S. nigra^ L., Black Mustard ; vS. alba^ L., White Mus- tard ; 5. arvensisy L., Charlock ; and 5. Cheira7ithus, M.K., with very deeply divided leaves; are all common weeds in cultivated ground. 15. DiPLOTAXIS, DC. Seeds in two rows; sepals spreading; flowers yellow; leaves pinnatifid. Not alpine. D, muralis^ DC, with hispid leafy stem ; D. tcnui- folza, L., with much larger flowers ; in waste places. 16. EruCASTRUM, Pr. Seeds in one row ; otherwise like Diplotaxis, Not alpine. E. obtusanguluniy Rchb., with amplexicaul leaves; E. Pollichiij Schp., with smaller pale yellow flowers and leaves not amplexicaul ; and E. incanuin, Koch (Hirsch- feldia adpressaj Moench.), with small yellow flowers and short cylindrical seed-vessel, the upper leaves lanceolate, undivided ; are Southern lowland plants. 17. Eruca, DC. Seeds in two rows ; sepals equal at the base ; seed- vessel cylindrical ; stigma bilobed. Not alpine. E. sativa. Lam. ; flowers dirty-white veined with violet, leaves pinnatifid ; slopes ; Rhone valley. 24 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS Tribe Alyssine^. — Seed-vessel short (silicule), not compressed or jointed ; seeds in two rows ; radicle accumbent ; flowers white or yellow. Genera 18-25. 18. Alyssum, L. Stem leafy; leaves entire; flowers small, white or yellow ; sepals equal, entire or bifid ; filaments toothed or winged ; seed-vessel cylindrical, few-seeded. A. alpestre, L. ; with small pale yellow petals, scarcely longer than the sepals, and woody stem; Nicolaithal, Pyrenees, Dauphiny, rare. A, Wulfenianum^ Bernh. ; with golden - yellow flowers and sharp teeth on the filaments ; Switzerland, Tirol, Styria, Carinthia, rare. A, Rochelii, Andrz. ; with golden-yellow flowers and blunt filament-teeth; Carinthia, also in rocky places in the Pyrenees. A. montanum^ L., a shrubby plant with larger yellow flowers; and A. perusianum^ Gay, A. spznosuntj L., and A. pyrenaicum, L., with white flowers, the last two spiny ; Pyrenees. A . calycinum^ L., flowers yellow, is a weed in cultivated land. A. incanumy L. {Berteroa incana, DC.); flowers white, plant grey with stellate hairs ; road-sides ; Southern Switzerland, rare. 19. COCHLEARIA, L. Sepals short, equal, spreading; flowers small, white; seed-vessel globose, many-seeded ; filaments not toothed. Three species of Scurvy Grass are alpine, viz. : C. saxatilis, Lam. {Kernera saxatiliSy Rchb.); stem 6-8 in. high, diffusely branched, radical leaves obovate, dentate, or lyrate, common ; C, alpiiia^ Tausch. ; stem X VII.— DRABA AIZOIDES. CRUCIFER^ 25 dwarf, 1-2 inches, radical leaves spathulate, usually entire ; Tirol, rare ; and C. officinalis^ L. {pyrenaica^ DC); with cordate more fleshy radical leaves and fleshy stem; abundant on wet mountain-sides. C. Armoraciay L. {Armoracia rusticanay Wett.), Horse- radish, grows in ditches in the lowlands. 20. Petrocallis, Br. Petals entire, lilac or pink ; seed - vessel oval, few- seeded ; leaves in a dense rosette, 3-cleft at the apex. P, pyrenaica^ R.Br. ; a pretty dwarf alpine plant with pink flowers and wedge-shaped leaves in dense tufts ; common in the Alps, Dauphiny, and Pyrenees. 21. Erophila, DC. Petals bifid, white ; flowers small, on a leafless scape. Not alpine. E. vulgaris^ DC. {Draba verna, L.), Whitlow Grass ; a very small plant, abundant on walls, &c., in the very early spring. 22. Draba, L. Petals entire, yellow or white ; flowers usually crowded ; filaments not toothed; radical leaves entire; seed-vessel many-seeded. A. Flowers yellow : — D. aizoides^ L. (PI. 7) ; a beauti- ful alpine plant, with rosettes of rigid linear ciliated leaves and a leafless scape, 1-4 in. high, bearing a short corym- bose raceme of bright yellow flowers; abundant in the Alps, Jura, Pyrenees, and Dauphiny. D. affiniSy Host. ; alpine chain, local ; differs in having the petals four times 26 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS as long as the sepals (instead of twice). D. Hoppeana, Rchb. {Zahlbritckneri, Host.) ; Switzerland, Styria, rare ; has a much shorter style and a few leaves on the stem. D. Saziterz, Hoppe, and D. Spitzelii^ Hoppe ; Styria, Tirol, Salzburg; are dwarf forms, about i in. high, with short lanceolate ciHate leaves, the latter covered with spreading hairs. D. cuspidata, Bieb.; Pyrenees; scarcely differs from D. aizoides except in its broader seed-vessel. D. nemorosa, L. ; flowers large, stem-leaves few, with rounded base ; rocky places ; Pyrenees. The differences between some of the species in the following sections are but slight, and hybridisation is probably not uncommon. B. Flowers white ; radical leaves forming a single rosette : — D. incana, L. ; stem very leafy, petals twice as long as sepals ; rocky, local. D, Thomasii^ Koch ; stem- leaves few, petals not much longer than sepals ; Switzer- land, Tirol, Carinthia, local. C. Flowers white ; radical leaves in numerous rosettes ; very csespitose : — D.puinila, Miel. ; stem leafless, scarcely higher than the rosette of leaves ; Salzburg. D, tomeit- tosUy Whlb. ; flowers large, petals emarginate, stem-leaves and leaf-stalk tormentose, leaves cordate, coarsely dentate, silicule ciliate ; dry, local. D.frigida, Saut. {dubta, Sut.) ; stem few-leaved, leaves grey-green on both sides, hairy, silicule glabrous ; dry, local. D. Pacheri, Stur. ; leaves yellowish-green above, entire or coarsely dentate, densely hairy beneath ; Southern Tirol, Carinthia, rare. D. stel- lata, Jacq. ; stem glabrous, stem-leaves dentate, petals with short claw, emarginate, style of silicule long ; Alps. D, niveay Saut. ; stem glabrous, petals snow-white, with long claw, style of silicule very short; Tirol, Carinthia, CRUCIFER.^ 27 rare. D. Wahlenbergii, Hartm. {iapp07iica, DC.) ; stem and leaves nearly glabrous, silicule spreading, style very short; dry, frequent. D. Johannis, Host, {cai'inthiaca, Hoppe) ; leaves and stem with scattered stellate hairs, stem glabrous ; dry, frequent. D. inuralis ; stem-leaves cordate, half amplexicaul, dentate ; stony places in the lowlands. D. Flowers white ; leaves ciliate : — D. ciliata^ Whlb. ; leaves rather thick, shining, glabrous, petals three times as long as sepals, silicule linear ; Tirol, Carinthia. D. lactea, Adans. ; leaves ciliate at the base, stem stellate- hairy below, silicule elliptic-lanceolate ; Tirol, Carinthia, rare. 23. LUNARIA, L. Seed-vessel broadly elliptical, on a long stalk ; two of the sepals gibbous at the base ; petals large, violet. L. rediviva^ L., Moonflower ; with large cordate-lanceo- late, dentate leaves, and large fragrant flowers ; in bushy places in the Alps, Dauphiny, Pyrenees. 24. CLYPEOLA, L. Sepals equal at the base ; filaments winged and toothed ; silicule orbicular, winged, containing only a single seed. Not alpine. C. Gaudini, Trachs. ; flowers yellow, fruit-stalk arched ; slopes; Southern Switzerland, rare. 25. Vesicaria, Poir. Seed-vessel nearly globular, sessile, not winged. V. utriculata^ Poir., with lanceolate leaves and pale yel- low flowers ; clefts of rocks ; Valais, Dauphiny. 28 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS Tribe Cameline^. — Silicule short, dehiscent, pyriform or turbinate ; seeds in 2 rows. 26. Camelina, Crntz. Flowers yellow; leaves auricled. Not alpine. C. sativa, Fr., Gold of Pleasure ; C. fcetida, Fr. ; and C.sylvestriSjYv. ; are weeds, chiefly among flax, in Southern Switzerland and Pyrenees. Tribe Lepidine^e. — Seed-vessel short (silicule), dehis- cent, and compressed at right angles to the septum ; radicle incumbent ; flowers white. Genera 27-29. 27. CapSELLA, Moench. Valves of silicule boat-shaped, keeled ; seeds numerous ; flowers small. C. bursa-pastoris^ Moench., Shepherd's Purse ; every- w^here. C. pauciflora, Koch ; lower leaves 3-cleft, upper lanceolate, undivided, raceme 3-6 flowered ; Switzerland, Tirol, rare. C. rubella, Reut. ; petals not longer than the sepals, which are streaked with red ; Western Switz- erland, rare. C. pi'ocumbens, Fr. ; racemes elongated, leaves pinnatifid ; Fribourg. 28. Senebiera, DC. Silicule didymous, 2-seeded ; flowers very small. Not alpine. vS". CoronopuSy Poir. ; silicule deeply wrinkled ; a com- mon weed. 5. didyina ; silicules didymous; occasional. 29. Lepidium, L. Sepals very small; petals very small or o; silicule oblong, 2-4-seeded. Not alpine. CRUCIFER^ 29 Several species of Cress are weeds in cultivated land, viz., the English species, L. ruderale, L., campestre, Br., and Draba, L. ; also L. gTaminifolium^ L., with linear-lanceolate stem-leaves; in Southern Switzerland and Pyrenees. Tribe ThlaspidiE/E. — Silicule short, dehiscent, com- pressed at right angles to the septum, horizontal ; radicle accumbent; flowers white or lilac. Genera 30-35. 30. Thlaspi, L. Silicule entire or notched; petals equal; sepals erect, equal ; filaments without scales. A. Flowers lilac, violet, or pink, rarely white; alpine plants : — T. rotundifolitiin, L. ; silicule rounded at the apex, radical leaves roundish, stalked, stem-leaves am- plexicaul ; frequent ; Switzerland, Dauphiny. T. corym- bosuni^ Gay ; a more compact plant with lanceolate radical leaves ; Zermatt. T. cepecEfolium^ Koch ; silicule notched at the apex, radical leaves dentate ; Carinthia, Carniola, Tirol. B. Flowers white ; the following are alpine plants : — T. alpestre^ L. ; with the raceme elongated in fruit, the silicule broadly winged and notched, and leaves nearly entire; Switzerland, Dauphiny, Pyrenees. T. Salisiiy Briigg. ; resembling the last, but with a more branched stem and dentate leaves ; Switzerland, Tirol. T. alpi7ium, Crntz. ; growing in loose tufts, the silicule narrowly winged and scarcely notched, stem - leaves cordate ; pastures ; generally distributed. T. Mureii, Gremli ; re- sembHng the last, but with longer stamens. T. mon- tanuiHy L. ; with larger flowers and obcordate broadly 30 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS winged silicule; Pyrenees, Dauphiny, Jura; and T. prcBcox^ Wulf. (probably only a variety of the last); Tirol, Styria, Carniola. T, perfolzatmn, L., with obcor- date silicule and cordate amplexicaul stem-leaves, is found in lowland calcareous districts; and T. arvense^ L., Penny Cress, with broadly winged silicule and sagittate stem-leaves, is a weed in cultivated land. 31. Iberis, L. Sepals equal ; petals very unequal, the two outer ones larger ; flowers white or pink ; silicule 2-seeded. /. amara^ L., Candytuft ; flowers usually white ; cultivated land. Also the following in rocky places in the Pyrenees : — /. spathulata ; leaves nearly orbicular, flowers lilac. /. Bernardiana^ G. and G. (PI. 8), (/. nana^ Lap.) ; sepals and petals violet, leaves linear- oblong. /. ciliatay All. ; flowers white or slightly purple, leaves linear, ciliated. /. Garrexiana, All., Perennial Candytuft; flowers white, leaves thick, linear-obovate, flower-stalk thickened in fruit. /. saxatilis ; leaves fleshy, mucronate, flowers white, sepals coloured at the edge ; also in Jura, Dauphiny. /. pinnata, L., with pinnate, and /. pandurceformis, Pourr., with deeply toothed stem- leaves, occur occasionally in cultivated ground. 32. Tees D ALIA, Br. Flowers small, white ; petals usually unequal ; fila- ments with a scale at the base. Not alpine. T. nudicatdis, Br. ; stem 4-6 in. high, leafless ; two outer petals twice as long as inner ones; sandy and gravelly places. VIII.— IBERIS BERNAKDIANA. CRUCIFER^ 31 33. HUTCHINSIA, Br. Flowers small, white; petals equal; filaments without scales; silicule 2-16-seeded; leaves pinnatifid. H. alpina, Br. ; stem leafless, 1-3 in. high, silicule 4-seeded; Jura, Dauphiny, Pyrenees. H. brevicaulis, Br. ; a smaller plant, with shorter fruit -raceme, silicule 2-seeded ; moist alpine rocks. //. procuinbens, Desv. ; stem leafy, prostrate, silicule 12-16-seeded ; Pyrenees, Southern Switzerland. H. petrcea, Br. ; stem ascending, leafy, petals not longer than sepals, silicule 4-seeded ; limestone rocks. 34. ^THIONEMA, Br. Sepals unequal, two gibbous at the base; longer fila- ments toothed ; silicule winged ; valves boat-shaped. A. saxatile^ Br.; leaves thick, glabrous, flowers very small, pink or white ; rocky ; Pyrenees, Southern Switz- erland, Dauphiny. 35. BiSCUTELLA, L. Sepals usuall}^ equal ; flowers yellow ; stem leafy ; silicule separating into two distinct I -seeded valves. B. IcBvigata^ L. ; stem erect, much branched, leaves shining, upper ones amplexicaul, flowers fragrant; rocky ; Alps, Pyrenees, Dauphiny. B. cichoriifolia, Lois. ; two of the sepals gibbous ; Pyrenees, Carniola. Tribe IsATIDEyE. — Silicule indehiscent, unilocular, i-seeded. Genera 36-38. 32 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS 36. ISATIS, L. Petals equal; flowers 3^ellow; silicule compressed, flat. /. tinctoriay L., Dyer's Woad ; stem erect, branched, stem-leaves arrow-shaped ; cultivated land in the South. /. alpzna, All. ; a smaller more leafy plant, flowers larger, bright yellow ; pastures ; Pyrenees, Dauphiny. 37. Neslia, Desv. Petals equal ; flowers yellow ; silicule globular. N. paniciilata, Desv. ; stem slender, branched, leaves entire or slightly toothed, silicule wrinkled, flowers small, pale yellow ; pastures ; Jura, Pyrenees. 38. Calepina, Adans. Petals unequal ; silicule globular, beaked. C. Corvini, Desv. ; flowers small, white, the two outer petals larger than the two inner ones, radical leaves runcinate, stem-leaves auricled, arrow-shaped; grass}^ places ; Southern Switzerland, Pyrenees. Tribe BUNIADE.E. — Silicule indehiscent, with 2-4 I -seeded loculi. 39. BUNIAS, Br. Petals equal, entire or emarginate ; silicule 4-angled. Not alpine. B. Enicago, L. ; flowers small, 3^ellow, radical leaves runcinate, stem-leaves lanceolate, sessile; fields; Western and Southern Switzerland. CRUCIFER^ 33 Tribe Raphane^. — Siliciile indehiscent, jointed. 40. Raphanus, L. Silicule elongated, separating into several i -seeded joints ; flowers white or pale pink. Not alpine. R. Raphanistru7n, L., Wild Radish ; cultivated land. 41. Rapistrum, Boerh. Silicule separating into two i -seeded joints; flowers yellow. Not alpine. R. rugosum, Bergt.; lower leaves lyrate, upper oblong, sessile ; road-sides ; Western Switzerland, Pyrenees. R. peremie, All. ; all the leaves pinnatifid, acute ; Southern Switzerland. Order VII.— RESEDACE^. Flowers in racemes, irregular ; sepals unequal ; petals unequal, deeply divided, springing from a broad necta- riferous disk; stamens 10-40, pendant. I. Reseda, L. Petals 4-7 ; seed-vessel a capsule, opening at the apex before the seeds are ripe. A very small order, chiefly Mediterranean. The two British species, R. lutea, L., Wild Mignonette, and R. Luteola, L., Weld, are frequent; also R. Phyteuma^ L. ; sepals and petals 6, stem-leaves trifid at the apex, capsule large, subtended by the very large calyx ; Pyre- nees, Jura, Carniola; and R. glauca, L. ; sepals and petals 5, leaves linear, entire, whole plant glaucous; sub-alpine valleys in the Pyrenees. VOL. I. C 34 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS 2. ASTROCARPUS, Neck. Carpels 4-6, distinct, i -seeded, each opening by the ventral suture. A. sesamoideSy Gay ; flowers white, stamens 7-9, carpels 5, leaves linear-lanceolate, the radical ones form- ing a rosette; alpine and sub-alpine localities in the Pyrenees. Order VIII.— CISTACE.E. Flowers conspicuous, fugacious ; sepals usually 3 ; petals usually 5 ; stamens numerous ; ovary usually I -celled with three parietal placentae ; style i ; stigmas 3. A small order, chiefly Mediterranean. I. CiSTUS, Tourn. Sepals 3-5 ; petals large, brightly coloured. Balsamic shrubs, with large handsome very fugacious flowers. C. salvifoliuSy L. ; flowers solitary, axillary, \\-2 in., white with yellow base ; Southern Switzerland, Locarno, Ascona, Pyrenees. Several other species are natives of the departments of the Pyrenees, but belong to the Mediterranean flora. 2. Helianthemum, Tourn. Sepals 5, 2 of them usually smaller; leaves opposite. A . Leaves stipulate : — H. salicifoliuniy Pers. ; flowers opposite to the leaves, sepals ovate-lanceolate, not acumi- nate ; Southern Switzerland (rare), Pyrenees. H. vulgare^ Gaertn., our English Rock Rose; very abundant on dry IX.— HELIAXTilEMUM ROSEUM. i CISTACEiE 35 hill-sides ; flowers yelloW; occasionally rose-coloured (var. roseum, PI. 9), especially in the Pyrenees, or white. H. polifoliuniy Pers. ; flowers white, sepals tomentose, leaves hoary on both sides ; Ticino, Jura, rare. B. Leaves without stipules : — H. alpestre^ Rchb. {pelandiann, DC.) ; flowers yellow, leaves slightly hairy ; high elevations ; Alps, Ticino, and Pyrenees. H. canum^ Dun. {vinealej Pers.); flowers small, yellow, calyx hairy, leaves hoary beneath ; at lower elevations ; Jura, Dauphiny, Pyrenees. H. Fumana, Mill. {Fumana pro- cumbens, G. and G.) ; capsule partially 3-celled, stamens 20-40, the outer ones sterile; Jura, Ticino, Dauphiny, Pyrenees. Several other species occur in the Pyrenean valleys. Order IX.— VIOLACE^. Leaves stipulate, axillary and solitary, or in small cymes, with two small bracts ; calyx and corolla usually irregular; seed-vessel a i -celled 3-valved capsule, with three parietal placentae. A rather large order, distri- buted through the temperate and tropical regions of the globe. I. Viola, L. Flowers soHtary or in pairs; sepals unequal; petals unequal, the lower ones larger and spurred at the base ; anthers sessile, the two lower ones often with appendages projecting into the spur of the corolla. A . Stipules not leafy ; upper petals directed forwards ; stigma beaked. The species of this section commonly produce closed apetalous flowers in the autumn, which are fertile. It includes the following familiar English species : 36 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS — V. odorata, L., Sweet Violet ; V. camna, L., Dog Violet, with its numerous sub-species ; V. sylvaticUy Fr., Wood Violet, with its sub-species ; V. palustris^ L., with small pale blue flowers and reniform leaves, in marshes; and F. hirta, L., resembling odorata, but smaller and scent- less, on open hill-sides. V. Beraudii, Bor., Rhone valley, is probably a variety of odorata, with blue flowers and a white throat ; V. multicaulis, also of odorata, with dusky violet flowers; perplexa, Grml, a hybrid; V. stagnina, Kit. {lactea, Rchb.), and elatior, Fr., both occa- sional in swampy meadows, varieties of canina. The following species are mostly alpine or sub- alpine : — a. Stigma terminating in an oblique disk; seed-vessel pendant : — V. pinnata, L.; leaves all radical, palmate with pinnatifid segments, stem-leaves o, flowers light violet, fragrant ; very high ; Switzerland, Tirol, Dauphiny, Carinthia, blossoming very early. b. Style pointed, curved; fruit-stalk horizontal on the ground ; seed-vessel globular : — V. alba, Bess. ; flowers white, fragrant, sepals obtuse, leaves ovate-acuminate, stipules very narrow, seed-vessel hairy ; Switzerland, very rare ; Jura, Zug. V. sciaphila, Koch ; flowers small, violet, fragrant, sepals oval, petals bearded, seed- vessel glabrous ; Switzerland, Tirol, Dauphiny, Carin- thia, rare. V. ambigua, Koch (Thoinasiana, R and S.); leaves lanceolate-ovate, flowers large, violet-red, fra- grant, seed-vessel hairy; Ticino, Pusterthal. V. collina, Bess.; flowers blue, fragrant, leaves cordate-ovate, seed- vessel globular, pubescent, stipules fimbriate, pubescent; Switzerland, lowlands. c. Style pointed, curved ; fruit-stalk erect ; seed-vessel X.— VIOLA BIFLORA. VIOLACE^ 37 trigonous: — V. areytaria^ DC; flowers pale blue, stipules fimbriate, whole plant covered with a soft down ; Switzer- land, Dauphiny, rare. V. niirabilis, L.; flowers pale blue, fragrant, stipules ovate-lanceolate, ciliate, sepals ovate- lanceolate, acute ; Switzerland, rare. V. pratensis^ Koch {puniila^ VilL); flowers blue, leaves decurrent on the petiole, stipules inciso-dentate ; damp places ; Jura, South- ern Switzerland, rare. V. uliginosa, Bess. ; stem very short, spur short, leaves obovate, sub-cordate, stipules entire; moist places ; Carniola, Carinthia. B. Stipules not leafy ; style thickened ; stigma bifid ; the two upper and two lateral petals directed upwards : — V. biflora, L. (PI. lo); flowers yellow streaked with brown, two in each leaf-axil, leaves kidney-shaped, crenate ; Alps, Jura, Pyrenees, frequent. C. Style pointed, curved; stipules leafy: — V. montana, L. {stricta, Horn.) ; flowers large, violet-blue, sepals acute, spur obtuse, green, stipules dentate; Southern Switzer- land, Tirol. V. Schultzii, Bill. ; flowers pale yellow then white, spur green then yellow, leaves cordate, stipules dentate; Jura, Carniola, Tirol. D. Stipules leafy ; the two upper and two lateral petals directed upwards ; stigma globular, hollow, bearded : — V, tricolor, L., Heartsease, Pansy, with its sub-species, in cultivated land; also the following alpine and sub- alpine species : — V. alpina, L. ; flowers large, blue, rarely white, radical leaves rounded-ovate, crenate, stipules adnate to the leaf-stalk, stem-leaves o ; Eastern Swit- zerland, Tirol, Carpathians, frequent. V. cenisia, L., flowers violet, leaves entire, hispid, spur of corolla as long as calyx, stipules entire; Switzerland, Tirol, Dauphiny, Pyrenees. V. Coinollia, Mass. ; resembling 38 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS the last, but spur shorter than calyx, sepals fringed ; Southern Tirol. V, calcarata, L. ; flowers large, violet or yellow, fragrant, spur slender, as long as the corolla, leaves ovate-lanceolate, crenate, stipules spathulate, nearly entire ; Jura, Tirol, Carinthia. V. lutea, Huds. ; flowers yellow or variegated with blue, lower leaves cordate-ovate, crenate, upper lanceolate, stipules very deeply divided ; marshy ground, frequent. V. hetero- phylla, Bert. ; resembling the last, but with a longer spur, flowers blue ; dry, calcareous ; Southern Tirol. V. cormcta, L. ; flowers blue, sepals with very long appendages, spur of corolla elongated, leaves ovate, crenate, stipules dentate; Pyrenees. V. nummularis foliuj All.; flowers small, violet, spur short, leaves rounded, entire ; Dauphiny. Order X.— POLYGALACEiE. Flowers irregular ; 2 inner sepals large, petaloid (wing- sepals) ; stamens 8 ; ovary 2-celled, 2-seeded. A rather large order, chiefly tropical and sub-tropical, represented in Europe by a single genus. I. POLYGALA, L. Petals combined below with the split sheath composed of the eight filaments ; corolla usually crested ; anthers opening by oblique pores ; stigma spathulate. A. Corolla not crested; filaments distinct nearly to the base: — P, ChamcsbuxuSy L. (PL ii); suffruticose, flowers large, corolla usually yellow, wing-sepals purple or white, leaves ovate, coriaceous, evergreen ; ^\^. XL— POLVGALA CHAMAEBUXUS. I XIL — POLYGALA CALCAREA. \ POLYGALACE^ 39 a beautiful plant, frequent in bushy places in the Alps, Dauphiny, and Pyrenees. B. Corolla with a fimbriate crest; filaments united half-way; flowers much smaller: — P. vulgaris^ L., Milk- wort; flowers blue, pink, or white, very common on dry banks. P. depressa^ Wend. ( P. serpyllacea, Weihe) ; stem more procumbent, flexuous; P. calcarea^ Schultz (PI. 12); a much more compact plant, with spreading leafy branches ; P. austriaca, Crntz. (tiliginosa, Rchb.) ; with small flowers and very narrow wing-sepals; P. amara, L. {P. alpestris^ Rchb.) ; a smaller plant with small flowers, nearly simple stem, thick spathulate leaves, and narrow inner sepals ; all with blue flowers ; in similar localities. P. coinosa, L. ; resembling P. vul- garis^ but a larger erect plant, with the bracts greatly exceeding the unopened flowers ; hillsides ; Southern Switzerland, Tirol, Pyrenees. P. rosea, Desf. {niccseiisis, Riss.); flowers large, pink, in terminal spikes, wing- sepals very large, \-\ in., nearly round, capsule w^ith a broad border; Ticino, Simplon, Pyrenees. Order XL— DROSERACE^. Sepals 4-8 ; petals 4-8 ; stamens 4-20 ; ovary free, i- 5-celled; styles 1-5. A small order of aquatic or marsh plants with insectivorous habit. I. Drosera, L. Flowers small, white, in scorpioid cymes, on leafless scapes ; radical leaves fringed with capitate tentacles, which exude a mucilaginous excretion. The pretty little 40 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS Sundews are remarkable for their insectivorous habit, insects being detained by the viscid excretion from the stalked glands which cover the margin and upper surface of the leaf, and then digested in a chamber formed by the infolding of the leaf. The three British species, D. rotundifolia^ L. ; inter- niediay Hay.; and the larger and less common, D. anglicay Huds. {longifolia, L.) ; are found in similar situations throughout the region, in Sphagnum bogs and by moun- tain streams. 2. Aldrovanda, L. Flowers solitary, axillary ; petals 5 ; sepals 5 ; leaves in whorls. Aquatic. A. vesiculosa, L. ; the whorls of 6-9 very thin sub- merged leaves bear bladders, in which small aquatic animals are captured and digested ; a Southern plant ; Lake of Constance, Tirol, Pyrenees. Order XH.— CARYOPHYLLEiE. Flowers regular ; inflorescence always cymose ; sepals and petals usually 5 each ; stamens usually 10, in two rows; ovary i -celled with central placentation, or par- tially 2-5 -celled with axile placentation; leaves always opposite and entire, springing from swollen joints. A large order, almost confined to the arctic and temperate zones of the Old World. Tribe SlLENE^. — Sepals 4-5, more or less united at the base; styles 2-5, free; disk elongated, bearing the petals and stamens. Genera 1-8. XIIL— DIAXTHUS CARTIIUSIANORUM. CARYOPHYLLE^ 41 I. GyPSOPHILA, L. Calyx campanulate, 5 -angled, without scales at the base; petals not clawed, gradually narrowed to the base, without a corona; styles 2. G. muralisy L. ; an annual plant, with somewhat pu- bescent stem, flowers inclined, petals white, veined with red ; on walls in the lowlands. G. repeats, L. ; a perennial very glabrous plant, inflorescence many-flowered, flowers erect, petals usually white, sometimes pink ; in all alpine situations. 2. Tunica, L. Calyx campanulate, 5-angled, with 2 or more scales at the base ; otherwise like Gypsophila. T. saxifraga, L. ; dry places in all alpine regions, common. 3. DiANTHUS, L. Calyx tubular - campanulate, with two or more im- bricating scales at the base, 5-toothed ; petals 5, clawed, usually cut or fringed, pink or red ; ovary i -celled ; styles 2. Many species of Pink are alpine plants, growing at a great elevation ; others belong to the Mediterranean flora. A. Flowers in crowded terminal cymes enclosed in a common involucre : — D. barbatus^ L. (Sweet William) ; leaves broadly lanceolate, shortly stalked, sheathing, calyx - scales green, petals irregularly dentate ; Swit- zerland (rare), Pyrenees, Carniola, Carinthia, Styria. 42 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS D. Armericiy L., Deptford Pink, flowers small (J in. diam.), in loose cymes, petals narrow, distant, toothed, red with dark spots, bracts green, downy; dry banks in the lowlands. D. prolifer^ L. ; leaves short with scabrous margins, petals contiguous, notched, purplish red; dry pastures, common. D. Carthusianoruni, L. (PI. 13); leaves linear-lanceolate, acute, calyx ciliate, petals con- tiguous, irregularly dentate, uniformly red, involucral bracts brown, coriaceous; dry meadows, common. D. atrorubens, All. {yaginatus^ Vill.) ; similar, but with smaller darker flowers, petals not contiguous, and slender stem ; Southern Switzerland, Tirol, Dauphiny, Pyrenees. B. Flowers solitary or in loose cymes ; petals toothed : — D. Segiiieriy Chx. (PI. 14) ; flowers large, usually 2-4, petals deeply toothed, pink with a row of red spots at the base, bearded, contiguous, calyx C3^1indrical, calyx- scales ciliate; alpine; Southern Switzerland, Dauphiny, Pyrenees. D. attenuatus, Sm. ; flowers smaller, usually 2-4, uniformly pink, calyx conical, petals not contiguous, crenulate or dentate, leaves subulate ; rocks ; Eastern Pyrenees. D. p?mge?is, L. ; flowers 1-3, pink, not con- tiguous, nearly entire, leaves subulate, glaucous, tufted ; rocks ; Eastern Pyrenees. D. subacaulis^ Vill. ; flowers solitary, very small, pink, petals not contiguous, nearly entire, calyx cylindrical, leaves stiff"; a very dwarf plant, forming a glaucous turf; Dauphiny. D. neglectus^ Lois. ; flowers usually solitary, purple, petals not contiguous, deeply toothed, outer sepals with a short stiff awn, leaves 3-nerved; Mont Cenis, Dauphiny, Pyrenees. D. del- toides, L., Maiden Pink ; flowers solitary, f in. diam., pink spotted with white, petals not contiguous, leaves soft, downy, 3-nerved; mountain pastures, common. XIV.— DIANTHUS SEGUIERI. CARYOPHYLLE^ 43 D. ccBsiuSy Sm., Cheddar Pink ; flowers usually solitary, pink, I in. diam., fragrant, petals contiguous, bearded, calyx cylindrical; Switzerland, Tirol. D. sylvestris, Wulf.; flowers solitary, peach-coloured, petals contiguous, not bearded, nodes of stem purple, leaves soft, flat (stem often wanting, plant densely caespitose, D. frigiduSy Koch) ; high elevations. D. alphiuSy L. ; flowers soli- tary, large, fragrant, petals crimson spotted with white, greenish on the under side, jagged, stem 2-3 in. high, leaves linear-lanceolate, i -nerved, outer sepals with a membranous awn ; high alpine pastures ; Switzerland, Tirol, Carpathians. D. glacialis^ Hanke (PI. 15); re- sembling the last, but petals not spotted, leaves linear; very high ; Switzerland, Tirol, Styria, Carinthia. C. Flowers solitary or in loose cymes; petals fringed or slit : — D. supe^-biiSy L. {speciosus^ Rchb.) ; flowers large, soHtary, very deeply fringed, pink, very fragrant, leaves linear-lanceolate ; moist pastures ; Jura, Southern Tirol, Dauphiny, Pyrenees. D. monspessulanus^ L. {alpestris, S. and H.); resembling the last, flowers lighter, petals not so deeply divided, leaves linear, acuminate ; Ticino, Jura, Dauphiny, Pyrenees, Carniola, Carinthia, Styria. D.galliciiSy Pers. (PI. 16); flowers soHtary, pale pink or white, very fragrant, petals slit to one-third of their length, calyx cylindrical, whole plant pale green, glau- cous ; sandy ; Western Pyrenees. D. plumarius, L. ; flowers solitary, large, i in. diam., pink, deeply cut, fragrant, leaves grooved above, i -nerved; Styria, Car- niola, Carinthia : said to be the origin of the garden Pinks. D, Caryophyllus^ L., Carnation, Clove Pink, is not wild in Switzerland. 44 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS 4. SAPONARIA, L. Flowers in compound cymes; calyx tubular; petals 5, clawed ; seed-vessel bursting by 4 valves ; styles 2 ; disk small. vS. officinalis^ L., Soapwort; fields and wet places. 5. Vaccaria, L. ; stem ascending, 15-20 in., flowers pink, leaves lanceolate, acute, the upper ones somewhat am- plexicaul ; cultivated land. The following are alpine : — S. ocymoides, L. (PI. 17); stem decumbent, petals pink or lilac, leaves broadly lanceolate; Switzerland, Tirol, Carinthia, Pyrenees. 5. lutea, L. ; flowers crowded, petals yellow, violet at the base, stem erect, simple, leaves linear; very rare; Monte Rosa, Dauphiny. vS. ccBspitosa, DC. ; plant caespitose, flowers pink, leaves linear, coriaceous, keeled; higher Pyrenees. 5. SiLENE, L. Calyx inflated, 5-toothed ; petals 5, clawed, with 2 scales at the base of the blade, forming a corona ; disk columnar ; ovary partially 3-celled ; styles 3 ; seed- vessel bursting into 6 valves. The following lowland species are English, all with white flowers : — vS. inflata^ Sm. (S. CucubaluSy Wib.), Catchfly, Bladder Campion, common ; 5. nutans, L., Nottingham Catchfly, frequent; 5. Otites, L., Switzer- land; vS. conica, L., Dauphiny, Pyrenees; S.gallica, L., Dauphiny, Pyrenees, Jura ; vS. noctiflora, L. {Melandriwtn noctiflorum, Fr.), flowers fragrant at night, frequent. Also in the southern districts: — 5. Armeria, L., with small pink flowers, rarely white, and broad ovate leaves ; af.. XVI.— DIANTHUS GALLICUS. XVII — SAPONARIA OCVMOIDES. CARYOPHYLLE^ 45 S. italica^ Pers., with small fragrant white or light pink flowers, hairy stem, and narrow ciliated leaves; and S. linicola^ GrmL, a weed among flax. The following are alpine species : — A. Flowers white or slightly coloured : — ^. alpina, Thom. {inflata^ var. maritima^ With.), csespitose, flowers large, calyx swollen ; closely resembling 6". inflata^ but with darker anthers and more fleshy leaves; com- mon at high altitudes. 5. alpestris, Jacq. ; stem some- what viscid, branched, petals 4-toothed, calyx glan- dular-hairy, leaves lanceolate, coriaceous; Switzerland, Tirol, Carniola, frequent. 5. guadrifida, L. ; petals 4-toothed, stem viscid above, leaves linear; Switzer- land, Pyrenees, frequent. 5. rupestris, L. ; petals notched, milk-white, sometimes reddish, twice as long as calyx, leaves broadly lanceolate ; frequent. 5. saxi- fragaj L. ; stem 4-6 in. high ; petals deeply bifid, green- ish or reddish beneath, calyx glabrous; Switzerland, Dauphiny, Pyrenees, rare. S. paradoxa, L. ; inflores- cence pyramidal, flowers nocturnal and fragrant, petals bipartite, stem viscid above ; Dauphiny. B, Flowers pink or red, rarely white : — 5. Pumtlio, Wulf. ; flowers large, solitary, petals undivided, calyx elongate-campanulate, reddish, hairy; Eastern Switzer- land, at high altitudes. vS. Elisabethcs, Jan. ; flowers few, large, stem simple, downy, erect, petals obcordate, deeply bilobed, lobes sharply toothed, leaves broadly lanceolate ; Tirol, rare. vS. pudibunda, Hofl". ; petals 4-toothed, overlapping, leaves broadly linear; Switzer- land, rare. 6". valesia, L. ; flowers solitary or very few, large, petals bifid, calyx very elongated, pubes- cent; rare; Monte Rosa, Great St. Bernard, Dauphiny. 46 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS S. acaulis, L., Moss Campion (PI. i8); densely csespi- tose, flowers small, solitary, calyx campanulate, seed- vessel oblong, longer than calyx ; one of the prettiest of the common alpine plants. ^. exscapa, All. ; resembHng the last, but petals light pink, seed-vessel oval, scarcely longer than corolla ; Switzerland, local. ^S. ciliata, Pourr. ; flowers solitary or in a unilateral cyme, petals bifid, leaves soft, hairy, ciliate ; Pyrenees. 6. CUCUBALUS, Gsert. Petals 5, with scales at the throat forming a corona; stamens lo; styles 3 ; fruit a berry. Not alpine. C. bacciferuSf L. ; flowers pale green, petals deeply bifid, berry black when ripe, subtended by the cup- like calyx ; damp places in the lowlands. 7. Lychnis, L. Flowers often dioecious; petals 5, divided, with one or two scales at the base of the lamina, red or white; styles 5. L. diurna^ Sibth. {Melandrium dmrnum, Crep.), Red Campion ; vespertina, Sibth. ; and Flos-cuculi, Ragged Robin, are common English plants. L, Viscariay L. {Viscaria vulgaris^ Roehl), (PI. 19); stem viscid at the nodes, flowers crowded, catyx swollen, petals pink, notched, lower leaves lanceolate, upper narrower; dry hill-sides ; sub-alpine. L. Flos-Jovis, Lam. {Agrostemma Flos-Jovis^ L.) ; flowers crowded, petals deeply divided, pink, leaves thick, lanceolate-acuminate, stem and leaves covered with a white down ; exposed sub-alpine pastures ; XVIII —SILENE ACAULIS. .*-. XIX.— LYCPIXIS VISCARIA. CARYOPHYLLE^ 47 Southern Switzerland, Savoy, Dauphiny. L, coronaria^ Lam. {Agivstemma coronariay L.) ; flowers large, in a loose cyme, petals pink, entire, leaves thick, lanceolate, stem and leaves tomentose ; stony places ; Southern Switzerland, Pyrenees, rare. L. alpina, L. (PI. 20) ; flowers in compact cymes, petals pink, bifid; lower leaves lanceolate, upper narrower, stem 3-6 in. high ; a caespitose glabrous plant; high altitudes; Switzerland, Dauphiny, Pyrenees. L. nummularia, Lap. (Petrocoptis pyrenaicUy Br.) ; caespitose, flowers white, in loose cymes, calyx campanulate, petals entire or emarginate, wedge- shaped, styles 5-6 ; rocks ; Western Pyrenees. 8. GiTHAGO, Desf. Calyx coriaceous, with leafy teeth ; petals entire, desti- tute of a corona, clawed; styles 5. Not alpine. G, segetum^ Desf. {Agrostemma Githago, L.), Corn Cockle ; woolly, flowers large, solitary, petals light purple; cultivated land. Tribe Alsine^. — Sepals distinct; petals clawed, not furnished with a corona, usually white and small; disk small; styles free. Genera 9-21. 9. HOLOSTEUM, L. Petals jagged ; styles 3 ; capsule cylindrical, 6-valved ; stem viscid. Not alpine. H. umbellatum, L. ; stamens often only 3, radical leaves narrowly elliptic, stem nearly leafless ; walls and dry places ; not common. 48 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS lo. Cerastium, L. Flowers white, usually small ; petals notched or bifid ; styles 3 or 5 ; capsule cylindrical, curved, 6- or lo- toothed, when ripe usually greatly exceeding the calyx. Herbs with pubescent stem and leaves, mostly prostrate. The following EngHsh lowland species of Mouse-ear Chick weed are found also in Switzerland : — C glomera- tum, Fr. ; semidecandrum, L. ; triviale, Lk. ; arvense^ L. ; vulgatum, L. ; viscosum, L. C. brachycarpuin, Schm.^ and suffruticosum, L., are probably mountain forms of arvense ; and C. macrocarpuni, Schm., of vulgatum. C. brachypetaluvi, Pers., is very nearly allied to glomera- tuvi. C. glutinosuin, L., covered with a glutinous down, is a Southern lowland species. The following are more or less alpine, but the specific characters are often very difficult to determine: — C. grandifioruin, W. and K. ; plant covered with a thick grey tomentum, leaves linear, fleshy, teeth of capsule revolute ; very rare ; Upper Styria. C. lanatuin, Koch ; resembling the last, but with broader leaves, teeth of capsule straight ; very high ; Southern Switzerland, rare. C. alpinu7n, L. ; usually more or less glandular-hairy, stem 1-5 -flowered, with rosettes of leaves, flower-stalk oblique after flowering, sepals obtuse, with a membranous margin ; high altitudes ; frequent. C. latifolium, L. ; leaves ovate-elliptical, stiff, brittle, flowers large, few, petals more than twice as long as sepals, deeply bifid, capsule nearly globose ; high ; Switzerland, Dauphiny. C. unifloruvty Mur. ; resembling the last, but leaves soft, very hairy, capsule narrower; Switzerland. C. pyre- naiainij Gay; similar, but petals and stamens cihate, XX.— LYCHNIS ALPINA. CARYOPHYLLE^ 49 flowers smaller; Eastern Pyrenees. C.filiforine, Schleich.; corolla bell-shaped, plant very slender, with long flower- stalks; high glaciers in the Alps. C. ovatuniy Hoppe; stem csespitose, 6-9 flowered, sepals with a broad white margin, bracts with a broad membranous margin; dry rocks, frequent. C. alpicoluvi^ Briigg. ; stem densely caes- pitose, 1-3 in. high, 5-10-flowered, stem and leaves glandular-hairy ; rocks at a high elevation. C. trigynuniy Vill. {Stellaria cerastoideSy L.); nearly glabrous, petals deeply bifid, styles 3, leaves glabrous, often recurved; moist alpine situations, frequent. II. MCENCHIA, Ehrh. Flowers small, white ; petals entire, shorter than the calyx; stamens 4-10. Small glabrous herbs ; not alpine. M. erecta, Ehrh. {Cerastiuin quaternellimiy Fnzl., C. glaucunty Gren.) ; sepals, petals, styles, and stamens 4 or 8 {octandrum, Gay), flowers on long stalks, branches slender, stiff, whole plant glaucous ; sandy places in the lowlands. M. mantica, Bartl. ; sepals, petals, and styles 5, stamens 10; Southern Switzerland, Carniola, rare. 12. Stellaria, L. Flowers white, in dichotomous cymes; petals 5, bifid, without a corona, clawed; stamens 10; styles 3; capsule sphtting into 6 valves. Not alpine. The following British species occur : — vS. mediaj Vill., Chickweed ; everywhere. 6". HolosteUy L., Larger Stitch- wort; and graminea, L., Smaller Stitchwort; hedges and grassy places. 5. nemoruniy L. ; woods. S.palustriSy VOL. I. D 50 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS Ehrh. {glauca, With.) ; and uliginosa^ Murr. ; wet places, the latter ascending to high elevations. 5. Friesiana, Ser. (Engadine), resembles uliginosa, with longer petals and narrower leaves. 5. pallida^ Pire, is an apetalous variety of media. 13. Malachium, Fr. Resembhng Stellaria, but styles 5 ; capsule splitting into 5 bifid valves. Not alpine. M. aquaticum, Fr. {Stellaria aquatica^ Scop.); wet places. 14. Mgehringia, L. Petals 5, rarely 4, expanded; stamens 10, rarely 8; styles usually 3 ; capsule 3-6-valved ; seeds with a mantle-Hke appendage at the base. Caespitose, mostly alpine plants, with small white flowers. A . Sepals and petals 4 ; stamens 8 ; styles 2 : — M. muscosa, L. ; petals longer than sepals, leaves linear, plant very fragile ; high moist places, common. B. Sepals and petals 5 ; stamens 10; styles 3: — M. sphagnoideSy Rchb. ; stem densely caespitose, flowers on very short stalks, leaves imbricate, trigonous ; Tirol, rare. M. stenopetala, Hausm. ; petals not longer than sepals, very narrow; Tirol, very rare (Gross Glockner). M. diversifolia, Doll. ; petals as broad as sepals, but not longer, lowermost leaves ovate, on long stalks, upper- most linear ; wet rocks ; Styria, Carniola, Carinthia, rare. M. glaucovirens, Bert, {glauca, Leyb.) ; leaves all linear, semi-cylindrical, glabrous, flowers on long stalks, petals not longer than sepals; Tirol, rare. M, villosa, Fnzl. ; CARYOPHYLLE^ 51 petals longer than sepals, lanceolate, acute, nerveless, lowermost leaves elliptical ; Carniola, rare. M. polygo- noidesy M.K. {ciliata, Scop.); petals broadly lanceolate, obtuse, 3-nerved, sepals obtuse, leaves linear, crowded ; frequent on wet rocks. M. bavarica, L. {Ponce, Fnzl., dasyphylla, Brun.); very fragile, glaucous, petals longer than sepals, leaves distant, apiculate, fleshy, stem 2-6 in. long ; wet rocks ; Tirol, Styria, Pyrenees. M. trinerviay Clairv. ; petals shorter than sepals, leaves 3-5 -nerved, ciliate ; a common lowland plant. 15. Arenaria, L. Petals 4-5; stamens 8-10; styles usually 3; capsule 6-lobed; seeds without an appendage. Most species of Sandwort are alpine plants with small white flowers. A. Petals twice as long as sepals ; leaves lanceolate- subulate : — A. grandiflora, L. ; leaves with a thickened margin, i -nerved beneath; Jura, Tirol, Pyrenees, B. Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate; petals rather longer than sepals: — A. biflora, L. ; leaves nearly orbi- cular, blunt, petals elliptical; moist rocks, high, local. A. Huteri, Kern.; leaves ovate-lanceolate, acute, hairy, petals ovate; Southern Tirol. A, ciliata, L. ; leaves ovate, ciliate; dry, rocky; Switzerland, Dauphiny, Pyrenees. A. inulticatclis, L., is a more procumbent variety. C. Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate; petals shorter than sepals: — A. alpina, Gaud. {Marschlinsii, Koch); petals ovate, sepals broadly lanceolate, acuminate, with a scarious margin; very high; Switzerland, Tirol, Carin- thia. A . Moritzii, Briigg. ; resembling the last, but petals 52 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS elliptical, often tinged with red; rare; Engadine. A. serpyllifoliay L., is a very common plant in the lowlands ; and A. leptoclados^ Guss., a more delicate plant, with smaller flowers and narrower sepals, in the South. D. Petals longer than sepals, usually tinged with red ; capsule cyHndrical : — A. purpurascens^ Ram.; leaves ovate-lanceolate, glabrous or ciliate ; Pyrenees, abundant. 1 6. Alsine, Wahl. Petals 5, rarely 4, entire or slightly notched; stamens 5, 8, or 10; styles usually 3; capsule 3-valved. Csespi- tose or procumbent plants, usually with Hnear or linear- lanceolate leaves ; mostly alpine. A. Leaves roundish, ovate, ovate-lanceolate, or lanceo- late:— A. aretioideSf M.K. {cherlerioides, Schrad., herni- arioides^ Riou) ; plant forming a dense tuft, sepals and petals 4 , stamens 8 ; very high ; Switzerland. A. lanceo- lata, M.K. (Facchinialanceolataj Rchb., Stellaria riipestris, Scop.), densely csespitose, sepals and petals 5, stamens 10; high; Switzerland, Tirol, Dauphiny, Carinthia. A. cerastifolia, Fnzl. ; flower-stalk 2-flowered, corolla often light pink ; Pyrenees. B. Leaves linear or subulate ; petals about one-third as long as sepals : — A. Jacquini, Koch ; flowers in fascicles ; hill-sides; Switzerland, Jura, Tirol. C Leaves linear or subulate ; petals about as long as sepals : — A. mucronata, L. {rostrata, Koch) ; caespitose, flowers in a terminal corymb, sepals white ; high ; South- ern Switzerland, Tirol. A. stricta^ Whlb. {uliginosa, Schleich.) ; plant glabrous, flowers 3-5, flower-stalk very elongated ; peat-swamps ; Jura, rare. A. recurva, Whlb. ; XXI.— ALSINE VERNA, CARYOPHYLLE^ 53 plant glandular-hairy, flowers 1-3, flower-stalk short, leaves linear, thick, reflexed ; high, frequent. A, verna, Bartl. (PI. 21), (Gerardi. Whlb., nivalis, Fnzl.) ; caespitose, plant glandular-hairy, flowers more numerous, leaves flat ; Jura, Pyrenees. D, Leaves linear or subulate; petals i| to twice as long as sepals: — A. laricifolia, Crntz. [striata^ Gren.) ; flowers large {\-\ in.), sepals linear, oblong, obtuse, calyx not glandular, capsule as long as calyx ; Alps, Jura, Dauphiny, Pyrenees. A. liniflora, Heg. ; flowers large, sepals linear-oblong, obtuse, calyx glandular, capsule longer than sepals; Jura. A. biflora, Whlb.; sepals linear-lanceolate, acute, flower-stalk 1-2-flowered, flower about \ in. ; Southern Switzerland, Tirol, very rare. A. austriaca, M.K. ; sepals linear-lanceolate, acute, flower- stalk very long, 2-flowered ; Tirol, Styria, Car- niola, Carinthia. A. Vi/larsii, M.K. ; sepals linear-lanceo- late, acute, flower-stalk very long, 3-7-flowered ; Southern Switzerland, Carinthia, Dauphiny, Pyrenees, rare. A /sine tenui/olia, Crntz., a very slender plant, with petals half as long as sepals, is generally distributed through the lowlands ; and A. viscosa, Schreb., covered with a glandular pubescence, is occasional in sandy places. 17. Cherleria, L. Petals 5, very narrow or o; stamens 10; sepals united at the base. C. sedoides, L. (A /sine C/ier/eri, Fnzl.); densely caespi- tose, leaves linear, trigonous, flowers small, sessile, petals green or often wanting ; very high ; Alps, Pyrenees, Carpathians, frequent. 54 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS l8. BUFFONIA, L. Sepals 4, membranous ; petals 4 ; stamens 4 ; styles 2 ; capsule opening with two valves. Plants of a rush-like habit ; not alpine. B, macrosperma, Gay {paniculatUj Del); inflorescence compound, crowded, leaves setaceous; gravelly places; Southern Switzerland, Dauphiny. 19. Sagina, L. Flowers usually small, solitary, on long stalks ; sepals 4-5; petals 4-5, often wanting; stamens 4-10; styles 4-5 ; capsule opening by 4-5 valves ; leaves subulate, connate at the base. Small caespitose inconspicuous plants. A . Sepals and petals usually 4 : — The English species of Pearlwort, 5. procuinbens^ L., with very small petals, and apetaluy L., usually apetalous, are universally diffused. ^. bryoides, Rchb., with ciliate leaves, is probably a mountain variety of procumbens (Tirol, Carinthia), and 6". ciliata, Fr. (Southern Switzerland, rare), also with ciliate leaves, a variety of apetala. B. Sepals and petals usually 5 : — S. repens, Burn. {glabra^ Koch) ; glandular-hairy, petals I J-2 times as long as sepals ; local ; St. Bernard, Southern Tirol, Dauphiny. vS. Linncety Presl. (Spergula saginoides, L.) ; petals shorter than sepals, capsule as long as sepals ; pastures. vS. macrocarpa, Maly; petals about as long as sepals, capsule twice as long as sepals ; pastures, local. The English species, wS. subulata^ Presl, with the leaves narrowed into a long awn ; and S. nodosa^ FnzL, with 1 CARYOPHYLLE^ 55 much larger flowers and very swollen stem-nodes, occur also, the former in dry, the latter in moist pastures. 20. Spergula, L. Petals 5; sepals 5 ; stamens 5-10; styles 5; capsule opening by 5 entire valves ; leaves very narrow, with small scabrous stipules. Small herbs ; not alpine. 6". aruensisj L., Spurrey; very common in cultivated land. 21. Spergularia, L. Sepals 5; petals 5; stamens 2-10; styles 3; capsule opening with 3 valves; leaves linear, with scarious sti- pules. Prostrate herbs ; not alpine. S. rubra, Presl {Arenaria rubra, L.), with pink flowers and flat leaves ; and 5. media, Pers. {marina, Leb.), with pale pink flowers and fleshy leaves, both with decumbent habit; sandy places. 5. segetalis, Fnzl., with white flowers ; fields ; Switzerland, occasional. Order XIIL— PORTULACACEiE. Petals 4 or more ; sepals 2 ; stamens 3 or more ; style simple or trifid. A small order, chiefly American ; not alpine. I. MONTIA, L. Flowers minute, white; petals 5, united at the base; stamens 3 ; seed-vessel a globose capsule with 1-3 tuber- culated seeds. M. fontana, L. ; marshy places ; the form M. minor, 56 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS Gmel., with yellowish-green leaves and opaque seeds, common; rivularis^ Gmel., with dark green leaves and shining seeds, in Aargau, Vosges, and Black Forest. Order XIV.— ELATINACE^E. Flowers small, in the axils of the leaves; sepals and petals 2-5; stamens 2-10; styles 2-5; seed-vessel a septicidal many-seeded capsule. A very small order; not alpine. I. Elatine, L. Flowers minute; sepals and petals 2-4. Very incon- spicuous creeping plants, growing in very wet places or under water. E, Alsinastrum, L.; leaves in whorls; Western Switzer- land. E. Hydropiper^ L. ; leaves opposite, flowers sessile, sepals and petals 4 each ; Western Switzerland. E, hex- andra, DC. ; leaves opposite, flowers stalked, sepals and petals 3 each, stamens 6 ; Lake of Geneva. E. triandra^ Schk. ; resemWing the last, but stamens 3 ; Jura. Order XV.— LINAGES. Inflorescence cymose, flowers regular; sepals 4-5, sometimes united at the base; petals 4-5, distinct; stamens 4-10; seed-vessel a septicidal capsule; leaves always simple and entire. A small order, widely diffused. I. LiNUM, L. Flowers in dichotomous cymes, very fugacious ; sepals, petals, and stamens 5 each ; capsule splitting into 5 XXII.— LINUM ALPIXUM. LINAGES 57 valves containing lo oily seeds. The species of Flax are mostly lowland plants. A. Flowers small, white ; leaves opposite : — L. cathar- ticuin, L. ; dry banks, very common. B. Flowers large, bright blue: — L. viscosuin, L. ; stigmas club-shaped, sepals glandular-ciliate, leaves pu- bescent ; Tirol, Carinthia, Eastern Pyrenees. L. narbo- nensCf L. ; stigmas filiform, sepals lanceolate-acuminate, flowers very large (i in. diam.); Tirol, Styria, Carniola, Pyrenees. L. alpinum, L. (PI. 22); stigmas capitate; outer sepals lanceolate-acuminate, inner ovate, obtuse, stems several, wiry, prostrate or ascending; alpine pas- tures, local ; Jura, Dauphiny, Pyrenees. L. austriacum^ resembling the last, but with deflexed flower-stalks; Eastern Pyrenees. L. perenne^ L. ; sepals ovate, with membranous border, stems 1-2 ; Carniola, Pyrenees. C. Flowers Hlac or pale pink : — L. temiifolium, L, ; flowers pale lilac, stigmas capitate, sepals glandular- ciliate, sepals elliptical, subulate ; local ; Switzerland, Pyrenees. L. suffruticosuniy L. ; flowers pale pink, stigmas capitate, stem tortuous, woody, pubescent ; Pyrenees. D. Flowers yellow : — L. flavum, L. ; Eastern Pyre- nees, Lombardy. 2. Radiola, Gml. Flowers very small, in corymbose cymes; sepals, petals, and stamens 4 each ; ovary 4-celled ; styles 4 ; leaves opposite. Not alpine. R. linoideSy Gmel. {Mtllegrana, Sm.), a very incon- spicuous plant with minute white flowers ; wet sandy places, occasional. 58 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS Order XVL— MALVACEAE. Flowers regular ; calyx 5-lobed, often with an epicalyx ; petals 5, twisted in the bud ; stamens numerous, the filaments united into a tube surrounding the numerous styles ; seed-vessel composed of many carpels ; leaves stipulate. A large order, chiefly tropical and subtropical ; no alpine species. I. Malva, L. Flowers axillary, conspicuous, fugacious, subtended by an epicalyx of 3 bracts ; seed-vessel a flat whorl of nume- rous I -seeded indehiscent carpels. The two common English Mallows, M, sylvestris, L., and rotundifolia, L., are widely distributed ; and M. mos- chata, L., Musk Mallow, with lighter coloured flowers and more divided leaves, occurs occasionally. Also M. Alcea, L. ; bracts of epicalyx ovate, acute, leaves deeply divided, plant hairy; road-sides, frequent. 2. Alth^A, L. Flowers axillary or in racemes, large ; epicalyx of 6-9 bracts. A. hirsuta, L. ; flowers i in. diam., pink, on long stalks, leaves kidney-shaped, on long stalks, plant hispid ; cultivated land, occasional. A. officinalis j L., Marsh Mallow; flowers 1-2 in. diam., pink, in axillary cymes, leaves on short stalks, a pubescent shrub; marshes, but usually introduced. Other species of Althcsa, also of Lavatera, L., some of MALVACE^. 59 them shrubby, are found in the Departments of the Pyre- nees, but are Mediterranean plants. Order XVII.— TILIACE^. Trees with alternate stipulate leaves ; flowers in cymes, nectariferous; sepals and petals usually 5, stamens nume- rous ; ovary free, 2-10 celled. A moderately large order, chiefly tropical ; not alpine. I. TiLIA, L. Flowers in axillary or terminal cymes ; peduncle with a leafy decurrent bract; leaves oblique, cordate; seed- vessel globose, indehiscent, 1-2 seeded. The two English wild species of Lime or Linden, T, platyphylloSy Scop., with larger leaves, pubescent beneath ; and parvifolia, Sm. (ulmifolia^ Scop.), with smaller gla- brous leaves, occur throughout Central Europe ; also T. vulgaris, Hayne, our cultivated species, with leaves gene- rally glabrous, but pubescent in the axils of the veins beneath. Order XVIII.— ACERACE^. Trees with opposite exstipulate leaves ; flowers in ra- cemes or corymbs, often imperfect; calyx 5 -fid; petals 5 or o ; stamens 8 or more ; fruit of two or more spread- ing samaras. A small order, widely distributed ; not alpine. I. Acer, L. Leaves simple, entire or lobed. A. campestre, L., Maple, occurs generally in woods and 6o THE FLORA OF THE ALPS hedges; and A. pseudo-plataniis^ L., Sycamore, in woods. Also the following : — A. opulifoliu7n, Vill. ; corymbs at last drooping, wings of samara nearly parallel, leaves 5- lobed; mountain woods; Jura, Vosges, Dauphiny, Pyre- nees. A.platanoides^'L.) inflorescence corymbose, leaves very thin, with acuminate lobes ; mountain woods ; Jura, Vosges, Dauphiny, Pyrenees. A. monspessulanum, L. ; leaves thick, 3-lobed, lobes nearly entire, flowers appear- ing before the leaves ; Pyrenees, Geneva. Order XIX.— GERANIACE^. Flowers regular ; sepals 5; petals 5; stamens 5 or 10; seed-vessel a beaked capsule, composed of i -seeded car- pels which separate by their base from the beak. A large order, generally distributed, with but few alpine species. I. Geranium, L. Flowers on axillary flower-stalks ; stamens 10 ; leaves stipulate. The following British species of Crane's Bill occur in similar situations in Central Europe : — The two large meadow species, G. pratense^ L., with purple, and sylva- ticum, L. (sub-alpine), with reddish-purple flowers ; G. sanguineuniy L., with large crimson flowers and nearly orbicular 5-7-partite leaves ; open pastures, especially calcareous, local. G. Robertimiuvi, L., Herb-Robert, with foetid smell ; everywhere. G. pyrenaicunt, L. {j?erenne^ Huds.), with smaller violet-red flowers and kidney-shaped leaves ; frequent. G. rotundifoliuvi, L,, a hairy plant, with soft nearly orbicular 7-9-lobed leaves; stony places. XXIIL— GERANIUM CINEREUM. GERANIACEyE 6i local. G, coluinbinuvi, L., with smooth leaves, and flowers in pairs on very long and slender flower-stalks. G. dissec- tuin, L., with deeply-divided smooth leaves, and flowers on much shorter flower-stalks. G. luciduniy L., leaves orbicular, 5-lobed, glabrous, very shining, tinged with red, flowers small, bright red ; rocky places, rare. G. molle, L., and pusillum, L., small very pubescent plants, with small flowers, the former bright pink, the latter paler ; common in cultivated and waste land. The following are nearly all not British, and are mostly alpine : — A. Flowers white with red veins : — G. rivulare^ Vill. {aconitifolium^ L'Her.) ; leaves mostl}^ opposite, with narrow rhomboidal segments and membranous acuminate stipules; rare; Grisons, Valais, Tirol, Dauphiny. B. Flowers red, pink, or purple; leaves polygonal in their general outline, with rhomboidal lobes : — G. bohe- micum^ L. ; petals violet-blue, broadly wedge-shaped, emarginate, ciliate, plant covered with long spreading glandular hairs ; very local ; Valais, Tirol, Pyrenees. G. nodosuuiy L. ; petals light pink, wedge-shaped, deeply emarginate, ciliate, sepals with a long awn, plant finely pubescent; Southern Switzerland, Dauphiny, Pyrenees, rare. G. phceuiUy L. ; petals dark violet, nearly entire, ciliate on the claw, plant covered with soft hairs ; moun- tain woods ; Western Switzerland, Dauphiny, Pyrenees, rare. G, palustre, L. ; petals large, purple, entire, ciliate on the claw, fruit-stalk reflexed, plant covered with non-glandular hairs ; wet places ; Switzerland, Pyrenees. G. purptcreuin, Vill. ; flowers small, petals glabrous, re- sembling RobertianuiHy but with smaller flowers and not foetid ; hedge -banks; Switzerland, Dauphiny. 62 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS C. Flowers red, pink, or purple; leaves nearly orbi- cular in their general outline, 5-7-lobed : — G. cinereum ^ Cav. (PI. 23) ; flowers large, pale pink veined with purple, plant 2-6 in. high, almost stemless, leaves very deeply divided, grey-green ; Central Pyrenees, rare. G. argen- teuniy L. ; flowers large, pale pink veined with purple, petals slightly emarginate, plant grey-green, covered with silky hairs; high; Tirol, Carniola, Dauphiny, Pyrenees, rare. G. divaricatuni^ L. ; flowers small, pink, leaves pale green, unequilateral, with one of the lateral lobes larger than the other, plant \\-2 in. high, pubescent, viscous ; road-sides ; Southern Switzerland, Pyrenees. G. maa^orhizoriy L. ; flowers reddish -purple, petals nar- rowed at the base, stem 1-2 ft., springing from an oblique or horizontal root-stock ; Tirol, Styria, Carinthia, Car- niola, local. 2. Erodium, L'Her. Resembling 6'^r<3:/222^;;^; but stamens 5; flowers usually in umbels. Two Enghsh species of Stork's Bill,, E. cicutariuniy L., with deeply cut hairy leaves, and mosckatum, L., with soft pinnate leaves, the whole plant pubescent and smelling of musk, occur in sandy places, the latter local. The following sub-alpine species are found in the Pyrenees : — E. Manescavi, Boub. ; flowers large, }-i in. diam., bright crimson, forming an umbel with a large bract at the base, petals emarginate, sepals acuminate, leaves all radical, pinnate, with large linear-lanceolate stipules, flowering stems springing from the root, 12 to 15 in. high, whole plant hairy. E. petrcBum, Wifld. (PI. 24) ; > I S T E L L AT U M UMBELLIFER.^. 129 inflexed lobe; vittae one in each furrow, elongated. Not alpine. F. RivinZy Host, {vulgaris, Bernh.) ; flowers small, white, leaves rather thick, radical ones stalked, entire or ternate, stem-leaves pinnatifid, with linear lobes ; fields ; Switzerland (rare), Pyrenees. 17. BUPLEURUM, L. Flowers yellow ; bracts of partial involucre usually coloured and resembling a corolla ; calyx-teeth o ; petals hooded, with an inflexed point ; vittae o, or 1-2 in each furrow ; leaves simple, entire. Mostly alpine. A. General involucre o: — B. rotiindifolium, L., Hare's Ear ; partial involucre of 3-5 bracts, connate at the base, upper stem-leaves nearly round, perfoliate ; fields, occasional. B. General involucre present ; bracts of partial in- volucre connate at the base : — B. stellatmn^ L. (PI. 47) ; bracts of partial involucre 5-10, bright yellow, stem- leaves very few, Hnear-ovate, radical leaves linear-lanceo- late ; alpine pastures ; Switzerland, Tirol, Carinthia, Dauphiny. C. General involucre present ; bracts of partial in- volucre free ; leaves with one principal nerve : — B. longi- folium, L. ; bracts of partial involucre 5-7, ovate-acumi- nate, yellowish-green or brown, upper leaves cordate- amplexicaul ; thickets ; Switzerland (rare), Jura, Vosges, Dauphiny. B. angidostim, L. {pyrencsum, Gou.) ; bracts of partial involucre yellowish-green, nearly round, not mucronate, stem leafy, lower leaves linear-acuminate, upper cordate-amplexicaul, plant glaucous ; Pyrenees. VOL. I. I I30 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS D. General involucre present ; bracts of partial in- volucre free ; leaves with several nerves : — B. falcatum, L. ; flowers very small, bracts of partial involucre narrow, awned, leaves all linear-lanceolate, often sickle-shaped ; hill-sides; Western Switzerland, Styria, Pyrenees. B. petrcsuiUy L. {graminifolium^ Vahl.); umbel solitary, nodding, stem simple, leafless or with one leaf, radical leaves linear, curved ; very high ; Southern Tirol, Carin- thia, Dauphiny. B. ranunculoideSy L. ; bracts of partial involucre broad, elliptic, umbel few -flowered, radical leaves ovate or cordate, upper very narrow, stem 4-18 in., branched ; dry alpine pastures. B. caricifolium, Willd. ; petals ovate, ochre-yellow, radical leaves linear, fruit ribbed ; Switzerland, local. B. canalense, Wulf. {caricifolium^ Rchb.); petals very small, pale yellow, fruit not ribbed ; Ticino, Carinthia, Pyrenees. B. gramineuniy Vill. ; bracts of partial involucre linear-lanceolate, acumi- nate, umbel nodding, lower leaves linear-lanceolate, stem leafy; Dauphiny, Pyrenees. Several other species occur in the Pyrenean valleys. 18. Carum, L. Bracts of general and partial involucre few or o ; calyx- teeth minute or o ; petals with a long inflexed tip ; vittae I in each furrow, elongated. Not alpine. C. Carui, L., Caraway ; general and partial involucre o or of very few bracts, flowers white, outer larger and irregular, leaves bi-pinnate,stem slender, branched, hollow; waste places. C. Bulbocastanimi^ Koch [Buniurn Bulbo- castanuiHy L.), Pig-Nut; general and partial involucre of 5-7 linear bracts, flowers white, outer rather larger. UMBELLIFER^ 131 leaves ter-pinnate, root a solitary tuber; Western and Southern Switzerland, Carniola, Pyrenees. 19. iEGOPODIUM, L. Bracts of general and partial involucre few or o ; calyx- teeth o ; petals broad, unequal, with an inflexed point ; leaves bi-ternate, leaflets broad ; vittae o. Not alpine. ^. Podagraria, L., Gout-Weed ; leaves very large, deltoid ; waste places, common. 20. PiMPINELLA, L. General involucre o, partial involucre of a few bracts, or o; flowers white, pink, or yellow; calyx-teeth o; petals with a long inflexed point ; vittae numerous. P. Saxifraga, L., Burnet Saxifrage ; stem 1-3 ft., slender, terete, radical leaves pinnate, stem-leaves bi- pinnate ; P. magna, L. ; stem 3-4 feet, angular, leaves all pinnate; both in meadows and on hill-sides, common. P. alpestris, Spreng., is a mountain variety of Saxifragaj and P. dissecta, Retz., of magna ; P. rubra, Hoppe, is a form with pink flowers. P. Tragium, Vill.; stem shrubby below, flowers white, umbel nodding, uppermost leaves reduced to one, sheath surrounding the leaf-stalk ; rocky places; Dauphiny, Pyrenees. Tribe SCANDICINEiE. — Fruit elongated, compressed laterally, commissure narrow; seed grooved ventrally. Genera 21-25. 21. Myrrhis, L. Flowers white ; bracts of general involucre few or o, of partial many, membranous ; calyx-teeth minute or o ; 132 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS petals with a very short inflexed point ; leaves decom- pound ; vittas I in each furrow or o ; fruit almost winged. M. odoratay L., Cicely ; aromatic, leaves densely pubes- cent, fruit large, shining; mountain pastures, common. 22. CONOPODIUM, Koch. Flowers white; general and partial involucre o or of very few bracts ; calyx-teeth o ; petals of outer flowers often irregular ; vittae several in each furrow. Not alpine. C. denudatuiUf Koch {Buniuni flexnosuuiy With.), Earth- Nut ; bracts o, leaves 3-ternate ; dry banks ; Dauphiny, Pyrenees. 23. SCANDIX, L. Flowers white; leaves bi- or ter-pinnate, with linear segments ; umbels simple ; bracts of general involucre i or o, of partial involucre membranous ; calyx-teeth small or o ; fruit very elongated. Not alpine. 5. Pecten Veneris ^ L., Shepherd's Needle, Venus's Comb ; a cornfield weed. 24. CHyEROPHYLLUM, L. Leaves decompound ; bracts of general involucre few or o, of partial involucre many; fruit oblong or linear, ribbed, not beaked ; vittae i in each furrow. A, Petals not ciliate : — C. temuluiUy L,; leaves bi-pin- nate, pubescent ; hedge-rows, very common. C. auremn, L.; leaves ter-pinnate, leaflets pinnatiiid, stem thickened at the joints, often spotted, glabrous ; mountain woods. B. Petals more or less cihate : — C. eleganSy Gaud.; petals ciliate only at the tip, bracts of partial involucre linear, membranous ; rare ; St. Bernard, Vorarlberg. C. UMBELLIFER^ 133 hirsutumy L. ( Villarsii, Koch) ; petals completely ciliate, stem very hairy; Alps, Jura, Vosges, Dauphiny. C. Cicutariuy Vill.; flowers white or pink, petals ciliate all round, stem glabrous ; damp meadows ; Switzerland, local. 25. Anthriscus, L. Leaves decompound ; bracts of general involucre few or O, of partial involucre many ; calyx-teeth minute or o ; fruit with a short beak, scarcely ribbed ; vittae solitary or o. A. Umbels with 8-15 rays: — A. sylvestris, Hoffm.; umbels on long stalks, leaves hairy, fruit glabrous; hedge-rows, very coijimon. A. alpina, Jord.; leaves doubly pinnatifid, leaflets with linear segments; rocky, very rare ; Bern. A. iiitida, Gark.; leaves twice ternately pinnatifid, middle flowers of umbels barren ; rare ; Jura, Saleve. B. Umbels with 2-5 rays: — A. vulgaris, Pers.; leaves ter-pinnate, stem glabrous, flowers minute, fruit with hooked bristles ; road-sides, Western and Southern Swit- zerland, rare. A. Cerefoliuniy Hoffm., Chervil; umbels sessile, stem hairy, fruit glabrous; rubbish-heaps. A. fumarioides, Spreng.; stem, leaves, and leaf-stalks ashen- grey, covered with silky hairs, ultimate segments of leaves very narrow ; Carinthia, very rare. Tribe SESELINE.E. — Fruit globose or ovoid, not com- pressed laterally; commissure broad, lateral ridges usually distinct. Genera 26-44. 26. Seseli, L. Bracts of general involucre various, of partial many, entire ; flowers white ; petals with a long inflexed point, 134 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS notched ; calyx-teeth small ; fruit subterete, ridges not thickened or corky. 6". LibanotiSy Koch {Libanotis montana^ Crntz.), (includ- ing daucifolium and gracile) ; general involucre of many bracts, leaves bi-pinnate, bluish-green beneath, fruit rough with short hairs ; mountain slopes. 5. montanumy L. ; general involucre o, bracts of partial involucre with narrow membranous edge, branches of umbel 6-10 ; calcareous hills. vS. annuuni^ L. (coloratum, Ehrh.) ; branches of umbel 15-20, bracts of partial involucre with broad membranous edge ; hill-sides, local. vS. tortiiosum, L. ; resembling the last, but with tortuous stem, much branched from the base, branches of umbel 3-10; Tirol, Pyrenees. vS. caruifolium, Vill. ; stem slightly branched, solitary, bracts of partial involucre with broad mem- branous border, fruit glabrous ; pastures ; Dauphiny. 27. LiBANOTIS, All. General and partial involucre of many bracts; calyx- teeth subulate ; petals with a long inflexed point ; vittae I, rarely 2, in each furrow. L. athamantoideSf DC. ; lower leaves bi- or ter-pinnate, with ovate leaflets and mucronate segments, fruit gla- brous ; pastures ; Carniola. 28. Athamanta, Koch. General involucre of few, partial of many bracts ; petals hairy on the outside ; fruit flask-shaped, hairy. A. cretensis, L. (including rupestris. Scop.) ; leaves ter- pinnate, hairy or nearly glabrous, with linear segments, fruit ovate, covered with short distant hairs; pastures, UMBELLIFER^ i35 frequent. A. Matthioli, Wulf. ; leaves glabrous, fruit velvety ; Tirol, Carniola. 29. Trochiscanthes, Koch. Bracts of general involucre o or i ; leaves several times ternate; flowers greenish -white, the greater number barren ; fruit slightly winged ; vittse 3-4 in each furrow. T. nodiflorusy Koch; leaf- segments ovate-lanceolate, toothed, stem glabrous, striated, hollow, much branched ; woods ; Rhone Valley, Tirol, Dauphiny. 30. LIGUSTICUM, L. General involucre various, partial of many bracts • flowers white or pink ; calyx-teeth small or o ; petals with a long inflexed point; fruit densely compressed; vittae numerous ; stem leafy. L. ferulaceuniy AIL, Lovage ; stem 1-2 ft., bracts of general involucre numerous, pinnatifid ; Jura, Saleve, Dauphiny, rare. L. Seguieri, Koch ; stem 2-4 ft., bracts of general involucre o or very few, entire ; rare ; Monte Generoso, Monte Baldo, Carniola. 31. Pachypleurum, Led. General involucre of many bifid or trifid bracts ; flowers white or pink ; petals with a long inflexed point ; calyx- teeth o ; leaves bi- or ter-pinnate ; fruit much compressed ; stem leafless. P. simplex, Rchb. {Gay a simplex, Gaud.) ; leaf-segments Hnear, bracts of general involucre 7- 10, flowers often dark pink, in crowded umbels ; very high ; Switzerland, Dauphiny, Pyrenees. 136 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS 32. Malabaila, Hacq. General involucre of many bracts ; calyx 5-toothed ; leaves greatly divided, shining; fruit compressed; vittae solitary. M, Golaka^ Hacq. ; partial involucre of many bracts, stem branched, leaves ternately decompound, with doubly pinnatifid leaflets and pinnatifid segments; rare; Southern Tirol, Carniola. 33. Meum, Jacq. Bracts of general involucre few or o, linear, of partial 4-8 ; flowers white or pink ; calyx-teeth o ; petals with a short inflexed point ; fruit compressed dorsally ; vittae numerous; fragrant. M. athamanticuniy Jacq. ; Bald-Money (PI. 48) ; leaf- segments capillary, almost verticillate, stem 6-12 in., flowers white , high pastures ; Eastern Switzerland, Jura, Vosges, Dauphiny, Pyrenees. M. Mutellina^ Gaert. ; stem 12-18 in., leaf-segments linear-lanceolate, mucronate, flowers often reddish; high pastures. M. pyrenaicuni^ Gay {Endressia pyrenaica^ Gay); umbels very small, nearly globular, lower leaves on long stalks ; Eastern Pyrenees. 34. Selinum, L. Bracts of general involucre few or o, of partial many, small ; flowers white or yellow ; calyx-teeth o ; fruit com- pressed dorsally ; vittae solitary. Not alpine. 5. caruifoliuniy L., Milk Parsley; stem angular, almost winged, leaf-segments mucronate, umbels corymbose; marshes, rare. XLVm Ml- i;M ATViAMANTlCL^M UMBELLIFER^ 137 35. FCENICULUM, Adans. General and partial involucre o ; calyx-teeth o ; flowers yellow ; petals with a short obtuse point, entire ; fruit ovoid or oblong ; vittae solitary. Not alpine. F. officinale^ All., Fennel ; very glabrous, leaf-segments linear; stony places, occasional. 36. Cnidium, Cuss. Involucre variable ; calyx-teeth o ; petals obovate, emar- ginate, with an inflexed point ; fruit ovoid or oblong ; vittae solitary. C. apioideSy Spreng. ; bracts of general and partial in- volucre, when present, linear, leaves ter-pinnate with ovate segments, leaf-sheaths loose, standing out from the stem ; rare ; Monte Generoso, Dauphiny. 37. Dethawia, Endl. General involucre of 1-3, partial of many linear bracts ; calyx-teeth 5, acute; petals elHptic, acute; fruit ovoid; vittae solitary. D. tenuifoliay Endl. ( Wallrothia tenuifolia^ DC.) ; leaves shining, ter-pinnate, with linear segments, stem flexuous, 4-15 in., glabrous, nearly leafless, slightly branched ; rocky places ; Central Pyrenees. 38. Xatardia, Meissn. General involucre o or of two bracts, partial of 4-12 linear bracts ; calyx-teeth o ; petals lanceolate, entire ; vittae solitary. X. scabraj Meissn. ; stem 6-8 in., very thick, glabrous, 138 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS hollow, nearly simple, flowers greenish -yellow, leaf-sheaths often very broad and tinged with violet ; Eastern Pyre- nees (rare), Vallee d'Eynes. 39. (Enanthe, L. Bracts of general and partial involucre very few or o ; calyx-teeth acute ; petals with a long inflexed point ; stem hollow. Glabrous, mostly aquatic or marsh plants ; not alpine. CE. fistulosuy L., Water- Dropwort ; umbels with 2-4 branches, on hollow stalks, leaves on long stalks, with few narrow segments ; ditches,rare. CE. Phellandrium, Lam. ; umbels with 7-10 branches, stem very thick, leaves often submerged, with capillary segments ; ditches, rare. CE. Lachenaliiy Gmel. ; leaves bi-pinnate, umbel with 8-15 branches, root-fibres tuberous; marshy meadows, rare. CE. peucedanifolia^ Poll. ; resembling the last, but ulti- mate leaf-segments narrower, root-fibres not tuberous; ditches ; Southern Switzerland, Jura, rare. 40. iETHUSA, L. Bracts of general involucre i or o, of partial about 3, always deflexed and on one side only ; vittae solitary. Not alpine. JE. Cynapium, L., Fool's Parsley; cultivated land, common. 41. SiLAUS, Bess. Bracts of general involucre few or o, of partial many, small ; flowers yellowish ; calyx-teeth o ; petals with an incurved tip ; fruit ovoid, oblong ; vittae obscure. Not alpine. UMBELLIFER^ 139 5. pratensisy L. ; leaves ter-pinnate, with linear-lanceo- late segments ; damp meadows, common. 42. Angelica, L. Bracts of general involucre few or o, of partial usually many ; flowers white or pink ; petals with a short inflexed point ; leaves ternately bi-pinnate ; fruit ovoid, compressed dorsally, with broad membranous wings ; vittae 1-2 in each furrow. A. sylvestrisy L. ; leaf-segments oval or oval-lanceolate, toothed, with large sheaths; damp copses, common. A. montanay Schleich, ; leaflets elliptic, sharply serrate, leaf- sheaths very large, inflated ; bushy; alpine. A, Razuliiy Gou.; flowers pink then white, stem 1J-3 ft., hollow, leafy, leaf-segments narrowly lanceolate, decurrent at the base; pastures; Pyrenees. A. pyrenaicay Spr. ; stem 4-12 in., simple, furrowed, nearly leafless, leaf-segments linear, cuspidate ; pastures ; Pyrenees, Vosges. 43. Archangelica, Hofl'm. Bracts of partial involucre many ; flowers greenish ; petals entire; leaves ternately bi-pinnate; fruit broadly winged. A. officinalis y Hoffm. [Angelica Archangelica, L.), Arch- angel; leaflets cordate-ovate, unequally serrate, leaf- sheaths connate, inflated ; bushy ; Styria, Carniola. 44. LevISTICUM, Koch. Bracts of general and partial involucre numerous; flowers yellow ; calyx-teeth o ; petals orbicular, with an T40 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS inflexed point ; fruit winged ; vittse solitary. Not alpine. L. officinale, Koch ; stem thick, hollow, 4-6 ft., leaves large, glabrous, bi- or ter-pinnate with rhomboidal seg- ments; Tirol, Dauphiny, Pyrenees. Tribe PeUCEDANE^. — Fruit much compressed dor- sally, lateral ridges broadly winged; style short, stout. Genera 45-52. 45. Peucedanum, L. Involucre various ; flowers white, yellow, or pink ; calyx-teeth small ; petals with an inflexed often bifid point ; vittae 1-3 in each furrow. A. General involucre o, or of not more than 3 bracts : — P. verticillare, Koch {Tornmasinia verticillarisy Bert.); stem 3-5 ft., much branched, upper branches in whorls, flowers greenish-yellow, fruit nearly globose; mountain slopes, local. P. OstruthiumyK.och. {Imperatoria Ostru- thiuffty L.) ; calyx-teeth o, flowers white, leaves thick, leaflets ovate, dentate ; bushy places, frequent. P. angustifoliunty Rchb. ; leaves thin, bi-ternate, leaflets con- nate, acuminate, incised, pinnatifid at the base ; Ticino, rare. P. caruifolium, Vill. {Chabrceiy Rchb.); leaves simply pinnate, segments pinnatifid with linear lobes, flowers greenish or yellowish ; Jura, Pyrenees. P. offici- nale, L. ; flowers yellow, stem i J-3 ft., glabrous, leaf- segments linear-acuminate ; marshes. B. General involucre of 4 or more bracts; edges of carpels winged : — P. austriacum, Koch ; stem furrowed, leaflets ter-pinnate, segments linear-lanceolate, flowers UMBELLIFER^ 141 white ; stony hills ; Western and Southern Switzerland, Styria, Carinthia. P. raiblensCy Koch ; resembling the last, but leaf-segments narrowly linear ; rare ; Ticino, Southern Tirol, Carinthia, Carniola. C. General involucre of four or more bracts ; edges of carpels narrow ; leaf-stalk triangular, channelled above : — P. ve7ietum, Koch; flowers white, involucre spreading, umbels small, stem furrowed, leaf-segments linear-lanceo- late ; stony hills ; Southern Switzerland, Tirol. P. Oreo- selinuui, Monch. ; flowers white, involucre reflexed, fruit orbicular, leaves green on both sides, segments deeply incised; dry hill-sides. P. Cervaria, Cuss.; flowers white or pink, involucre reflexed, fruit ovoid, leaves glau- cous beneath, segments with mucronate teeth ; dr}^ hills. P. alsaticum, L. ; flowers yellow, involucre spreading, fruit ovoid, leaves green on both sides ; Jura, Pyrenees. D. General involucre of four or more bracts, leaf-stalk cylindrical : — P. palustre^ L. ; flowers small, white, um- bels large, fruit ovoid, on a long stalk, leaflets lanceolate, plant very glabrous ; marshes. 46. Pastinaca, L. General and partial involucre o ; flowers small, white ; calyx-teeth o; fruit with rather narrow wings; leaves simply pinnate. Not alpine. P. sativa, L. {Peucedamim sativumy Benth.), Wild Parsnip; stem pubescent, leaflets in 2-5 pairs, broad, pubescent; waste places, common. P. opaca, Bernh.; resembling the last, but taller, the umbels smaller, pubes- cence denser; Switzerland. 142 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS 47. Heracleum, L. Involucre various ; flowers white, pink, or yellowish ; calyx-teeth small or o ; petals generally unequal, with an inflexed point ; fruit orbicular, with narrow wings ; vittse solitary, club-shaped, or o. A . Outer flowers of umbel rayed ; flowers white or pink ; petals bifid ; leaves pinnate, pinnatifid, or ternate : — H. Sphondylium^ L., Cow-Parsnip; leaves very large, coarse, pinnate, lobes of larger petals oval, spreading; meadows, very common {H. eleganSy Jacq., is a mountain variety). H, moittanuntj Schleich. {Panaces, Rchb.) ; leaves glabrous or tomentose beneath, segments acumi- nate, lobes of larger petals linear, spreading; mountain pastures, rare; Zermatt, Ticino, Jura, Styria, Dauphiny, Pyrenees. H. austriacum, L. ; leaves bi-pinnate, leaf- sheaths narrow, flowers white, fruit glabrous; Tirol, Styria, Carniola, Carinthia. H. siifoliumy Rchb. ; re- sembling the last, but flowers pink, fruit hairy ; Carniola. B. Leaves palmate; leaflets cordate at the base; flowers white ; larger petals bifid : — H. palmatum, Baumg. ; leaves 7-9-lobed, leaflets broad, acuminate, serrate, fruit warty ; Tirol. H, alpinum, L. ; leaves very large, 3-5 lobed, leaflets roundish ; Jura, Valais. H. pyrenaicunty Lam. ; lobes of larger petals oval, lower leaves orbicular in out- line, leaves downy beneath ; Pyrenees, Monte Baldo. C. Flowers greenish-yellow ; petals nearly alike : — H. sibiricumy Koch (including longifoliumy Jacq., and flavescenSy Bess.) ; leaves pinnate, leaflets in about five pairs, serrate ; alpine pastures. D. Outer flowers of umbel rayed ; vittae o : — H. UMBELLIFER/E 143 imniimnn, Lam.; stem 4-12 in., procumbent, flowers white, leaves small, bi-pinnate ; Dauphiny. 48. TORDYLIUM, L. Bracts of general and partial involucre linear, small, or o: petals with an incurved point, often unequal; fruit compressed dorsally ; vittae 1-3 in each furrow. No alpine. T. maximum, L. ; leaves simply pinnate, rough ; flowers small, white or pink ; plant hispid ; Switzerland, rare (Canton de Vaud), Pyrenees. 49. Daucus, L. Bracts, when present, pinnatifid ; calyx-teeth narrow or o; petals often unequal; umbel the shape of a bird's nest ; fruit spiny ; vittae solitary, beneath the secondary ridges. Not alpine. D. Carota, L., Wild Carrot ; very common. 50. Caucalis, L. Bracts of general involucre o or very few ; flowers white or purplish ; petals often unequal ; leaves pinnate, hispid; ridges of fruit with 1-3 rows of spines; vittae solitary beneath the ridges. Not alpine. C. daucoideSy L. ; leaves bi- or ter-pinnate, spines of fruit hooked ; fields, frequent. C. latifolia, L. {Turgenia latifoliay Hoffm.) ; very hispid, leaves simply pinnate, flowers pink, spines of fruit spreading, not hooked; fields, occasional. 144 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS 51. TORILIS, HofFm. Resembling Caucalis^ but fruit covered with bristles between the primary ridges. Not alpine. T. Anthriscus, Gmel. ; bracts of involucre usually 7-9, spines of fruit not hooked; hedge-banks, very common. T. infesta, Hoffm. (arvensisy Huds., helveticuy Jacq.) ; bracts of general involucre o or i, spines of fruit hooked ; hedge-banks, occasional. 52. Orlaya, Hoffm. Resembling DaucuSy but bracts entire ; secondary ridges of fruit keeled, bearing 2-3 rows of subulate spines. O. grandiflora, Hoffm. ; outer petals very large, ten times as long as the inner ones, leaves bi or ter-pinnate, with linear segments; cornfields, especially at a high elevation. Tribe Thapsie^E. — Fruit compressed dorsally; primary ridges filiform; some or all of the secondary ridges broadly winged. 53. LASERPITIUM, L. Bracts of general and partial involucre usually many ; calyx 5 -toothed; petals obovate, emarginate, with an in- flexed point ; fruit with 4 or 5 broad wings ; aromatic. A. Leaves bi-pinnateonly: — L. prutenicu^Uy L.; flowers white, leaf-segments pinnatifid, with lanceolate lobes, stem deeply furrowed ; damp meadows, local. L. peucedanoideSy L. ; flowers white, leaf-segments undivided, linear, fruit ovoid ; Tirol, Carniola, rare. L. Gaudini, Mor. ; general UMBELLIFER^ 145 involucre o, or of 1-3 leaves, petals yellow with a red border, stem round ; rare ; Switzerland (St. Gallen), Tirol. B. Leaves ter-pinnate or decompound; flowers white: — L. Siler, L. ; leaves ter-pinnate, with lanceolate entire segments, glabrous, fruit linear; Switzerland, Jura, Dauphiny, Pyrenees. L. latifoliuvi, L. ; leaf-segments large, ovate, cordate at the base, glabrous or rough beneath, stem terete; stony hills. L. hirsutuvi^ L. {L. Panax, Gou.); resembling the last, but leaflets small, ovate, with linear segments ; dry, high ; Switzerland, Carniola, Dauphiny. L. Chironium, Scop. ; bracts of general involucre with white margin, stem angular, furrowed, leaf- sheaths inflated; Carniola, rare. L. Nestleriy Soy. {aquilegicefolium, DC); general involucre of 1-3 setaceous bracts, leaf-sheaths swollen; Pyrenees. L. gallicuin, Bauh. ; bracts of general involucre many, reflexed, linear-lanceolate, ciliate, bifid or trifid, leaves decompound, stem striated ; Dauphiny, Pyrenees. Order XXXIX.— ARALIACEiE. Flowers usually in umbels; calyx-teeth, petals, and stamens 5 each ; ovary entirely inferior ; fruit a drupe or berry, with one or more I -seeded cells. A rather large order of erect or climbing shrubs or trees, chiefly tropical, with only one Central European representative. I. Hedera, L. Climbing shrubs with simple leaves ; flowers in umbels ; fruit a black berry. H. Helix, L., Ivy; rocks and walls. VOL. I. K 146 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS Order XL.— CORNACEiE. Flowers small, regular; calyx-teeth 4-5, small, or o; petals and stamens 4-5; ovary 1-4-celled, inferior; fruit a 1-4-stoned drupe. A very small order belonging to the North Temperate Zone. I. CORNUS, L. Flowers in dichotomous cymes or involucrate umbels ; calyx-teeth, petals, and stamens 4 each ; ovary 2-celled ; fruit a drupe with a 2-celled stone. C. sanguinea, L., Dogwood, Cornel ; a shrub with op- posite ovate leaves, white flowers in terminal cymes, and small black drupe ; hedges and thickets. C. mas, L. ; flowers yellow, appearing before the leaves, in simple umbels, surrounded by an involucre of four bracts, drupe red ; mountain woods, frequent. Class III.^COROLLTFLORjE. Corolla composed of petals more or less united at the base, rarely o ; stamens hypogynous or epipetalous. Orders XLL— LXVIH. Order XLL— CAPRIFOLIACE^. Flowers regular or irregular, collected into cymes ; calyx-teeth 3-5 ; corolla sometimes 2-lipped ; stamens 4-10; ovary entirely inferior; leaves opposite, simple or pinnate ; fruit a berry or drupe. A small order, chiefly of the Northern Hemisphere, mostly shrubs. CAPRIFOLIACEiE 147 1. Sambucus, L. Flowers small, in corymbose cymes ; corolla regular, rotate or campaniilate, 3-5-lobed ; stamens 5 ; leaves pinnate; fruit a berry. 6'. nigra, L., Elder; a small tree, stipules very small or o, corolla white, berry black ; woods. 5. Ebulus, L., Danewort; stem herbaceous, corolla white tipped with pink, stipules large, leafy, berry black; road-sides, local. S. racemosa, L. ; stem woody, corolla greenish-yellow, flowers in ovoid panicles, stipules minute or o, berry red ; mountain woods. 2. Viburnum, L. Flowers small, in corymbose or globular cymes ; corolla regular, rotate or tubular ; calyx-teeth, corolla-lobes, and stamens 5 each ; leaves simple ; fruit a dry or fleshy drupe. Shrubs ; not alpine. V. Lantana, L., Wayfaring-Tree ; leaves ovate-cordate, serrate, very pubescent beneath, without stipules, flowers small, white, drupe black ; woods and hedges. V. Opu- lus, L., Guelder- Rose ; leaves 3-lobed, nearly glabrous, stipulate, inflorescence nearly globular, outer flowers large, barren, with neither pistil nor stamens, drupe red ; woods and thickets. 3. Adoxa, L. Flowers small, green, 4-5 in a dense umbel ; leaves ternate. A. Moschatellina, Moschatel ; a small glabrous herb, 2-4 in. high, with a musky odour, flowering in the very early spring, lower leaves bi-ternate, upper ternate ; 148 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS woods and hedge-banks ; Western Switzerland, Jura, Vosges, Dauphiny, Pyrenees, not common. 4. LlNN^A, L. Flowers two on each stem, large, nodding, campanulate ; stamens 4 ; stem trailing ; leaves simple. L. borealis, L. (PL 49) ; corolla white with red streaks, leaves thick, glabrous, evergreen, nearly orbicular, on short stalks. This very beautiful plant is found chiefly in fir-woods in Eastern and Southern Switzerland (Ori- sons, Valais), Tirol, Carinthia, and Salzburg. 5. LONICERA, L. Shrubs with entire leaves, often climbing ; flowers in pairs or in small cymes ; calyx-teeth 5, often unequal ; corolla tubular or campanulate, often 2-lipped ; stamens 5 ; ovary 2-3 -celled ; fruit a 2-3 -celled berry. A. Stem climbing; flowers 2-Hpped, with a very long tube, fragrant, in terminal heads or axillary cymes : — L. periclymenum, Woodbine, Honeysuckle ; cymes united into stalked terminal heads, flowers cream-coloured or red ; woods ; Switzerland (not common), Jura, Pyrenees. L. Caprifoliuin, L. ; flower-heads sessile, flowers purple or yellowish-white, upper leaves connate at the base; Southern Switzerland (rare), Pyrenees. L. etrusca, Saut.; flower-heads on long stalks, flowers purple or orange, leaves not connate; Southern Switzerland, Tirol, Car- niola, Pyrenees, rare. B. Stem not climbing; flowers few, axillary, with a short tube, or campanulate: — L. Xylosteum^ L., Fly-Honey- suckle; flowers two in each leaf-axil, yellowish-white, XLIX.— LINN.EA BOREALIS. CAPRIFOLIACE^. 149 ovaries connate at the base, tube of corolla short, gib- bous, leaves pubescent, stalked, berries red ; hedges. L. nigra, L. ; flowers pink, tube of corolla short, gibbous, ovaries connate at the base, flower-stalk very long, leaves nearly glabrous, berries black ; mountain woods. L. alpigena, L. (PI. 50); flowers pale pink, tube of corolla short, gibbous, flower-stalk very long, ovaries almost completely connate, leaves acuminate, berries red ; alpine woods ; in the Jura the red berries are very common in the woods in autumn. L. pyrenaica, L.; flowers very light pink, fragrant, tube campanulate, scarcely gibbous, limb nearly regular, ovaries connate at the base, leaves very shortly stalked, berries red ; Pyrenees. L. ccerulea, L.; flowers yellowish, corolla campanulate, nearly regu- lar, flower-stalk short, leaves blunt, ovaries nearly com- pletely coherent, berries blue-black ; thickets ; Alps, Jura, Pyrenees. Order XLIL— RUBIACE.E. Ovary 2-celled, inferior; fruit 2-lobed, 2-seeded. All the European genera belong to the tribe StellaT/E : — Flowers small, in axillary or terminal cymes; calyx 4-5- toothed, or teeth o ; corolla 4-5 -lobed ; stamens 4; leaves always forming a whorl, with or without the foliaceous stipules. A very large tropical order, of which the STELLATiE are the only representatives in the Northern Temperate Zone. I. RUBIA, L. Calyx-limb o; flowers yellowish ; corolla 5-lobed ; fruit a berry. Not alpine. R. peregrina, L., Madder ; leaves lanceolate, 4-6 in a I50 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS whorl, with reflexed bristles ; hedges ; Southern Switzer- land (rare), Pyrenees. 2. Galium, L. Flowers very small, white, red, or yellow, in axillary or terminal cymes; calyx-limb annular; corolla usually 4-lobed; leaves (and stipules) in whorls of 4-12. Prostrate or scrambling herbs with weak stem ; mostly lowland. A. Flowers yellow : — G. Cruciata, Scop.; leaves 4 in a whorl, elliptic, hairy ; and verum^ L. ; Lady's Bedstraw, leaves 8-12 in a whorl, linear; are common lowland plants ; also G. vernmn^ Scop. ; flowers few, leaves 4 in a whorl, oval or lanceolate, ciliate ; stony places ; Ticino, Pyrenees. G. ochroleucum, Wolf., is probably a hybrid. B. Flowers red or purple : — G.purpureuifiy L. ; flowers small, blood-red, in a branched panicle, flower-stalk de- flexed, leaves 8-10 in a whorl, linear, mucronate; Southern Switzerland, Carniola, Carinthia. G. rubruniy L.; flowers large, wine-red, petals acuminate, leaves 8 in a whorl, linear ; Switzerland, Tirol, Lombardy, rare. C. Flowers white, usually few ; stem and leaves more or less hispid ; not alpine : — G. palustre^ L. (including elongatuiUf PresL); and uliginosuniy L., are common English marsh species. G. Aparine^ L., Goose-Grass, Cleavers, with very hispid stem, leaves, and fruit, is very common in hedges. G. tricorne^ L., with larger fruit, and the fruit - stalks arched and reflexed, occurs occasionally in hedges. G. spuriuui, L. ( Vaillantii, DC.), with very small greenish flowers and narrower leaves, is found on cultivated land, especially among flax. G. parisiense, L. {anglicum, Huds.) ; flowers greenish, leaves )NICERA ALPK RUBIACE^ 151 mucronate, finally reflexed ; Western and Southern Switzerland, Jura, Pyrenees. G. saccharatum, L.; flowers often unisexual, fruit large, tubercular ; occasional. D. Flowers white ; stem and leaves not hispid ; leaves broader than linear : — G. Mollugo, L. (including elatuMj Thuill., and erectum, Huds.) ; and saxatile, L. ; are very common English plants. G. boreale^ L. ; leaves 4 in a whorl, lanceolate, fruit hispid ; damp meadows and rocks. G. rotundifolium, L. ; leaves 4 in a whorl, broadly ovate, fruit rough ; mountain woods. G. pedemontanum^ All. ; leaves 4 in a whorl, elliptic, cymes axillary, stem prickly ; sandy places ; Southern Switzerland, Piedmont. G. tri- flormn^ Mich. ; leaves 6 in a whorl, oblong - lanceolate, fruit small, prickly, plant fragrant ; woods ; Switzerland, very rare. G. sylvaticuni, L. ; leaves oblong-lanceolate ; flower-stalk very slender, drooping, stem ridged ; woods. G. aristatuMj L. {Icevigatum, L.); leaves narrower, corolla- lobes acuminate - mucronate ; Pfeffers, Geneva, Ticino, Dauphiny, Pyrenees. G. helveticuin, Weig. ; leaves 7-8 in a whorl, oblong-lanceolate, mucronate, fleshy, flowers almost concealed among the leaves, fruit large, fruit- stalk deflexed ; Switzerland, Tirol, Styria, Dauphiny, Pyrenees. G. sylvestre^ Poll, (including austriacumy Jacq. ; cornmutahim^ Jord. ; montanum^ Vill. ; Lapeyrou- sianum, Jord.; anisophyllon, Vill.; and tenuej Vill.) ; leaves variable, y-Z in a whorl, usually oblinear - lanceolate, mucronate, fruit-stalk not deflexed ; meadows. G. myri- anthuin, Jord. (including obliquuniy Vill. ; luteolum^ Jord. ; and leucophceuniy G. and G.); leaves variable, 9-12 in a whorl, usually lanceolate - oblong, mucronate, softly pubescent beneath, flowers more numerous; Southern Switzerland, Jura, Dauphiny. G. ruegalospermum^ Vill. 152 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS ( Villarsii^ DC.) ; flowers in short terminal cymes, leaves 6 in a whorl, very fleshy, fruit large; high; Dauphiny, Pyrenees. E. Flowers white ; stem and leaves not hispid'; leaves very narrow : — G. rigidimiy Vill. {cinereum, Gaud. ); resembling Mollugo^ but the leaves linear-subulate ; Switzerland, very rare. G. alpicola^ Jord. ; cyme narrow, pyramidal, leaves 8-9 in a whorl, linear, mucronate, re- flexed, stem somewhat hispid towards the summit ; high ; Dauphiny. S. intertextumy Jord. ; cyme broad, spread- ing, leaves 7-9 in a whorl, linear, mucronate, reflexed, somewhat warty ; Dauphiny. G. argenteum, Vill. ; leaves 6-8 in a whorl, linear, covered with silvery glands, stem flexuose ; high ; Dauphiny. G. pusillmUy L. {pumilumy Lam. ; hypnoidesy Vill.) ; cyme short, leaves linear, with a long awn, sometimes hispid, plant caespitose ; Pyrenees, Styria. G. ccespitosuvZj Ram. ; very caespitose ; flowers in small cymes, almost hidden among the leaves, leaves 6-8 in a whorl, linear, awned; Pyrenees. G. pyrenaicunty Gou. ; caespitose, flower-stalks shorter than the leaves, I -flowered, leaves 6 in a whorl, linear, with long awns; Pyrenees. G. margaritaceumy Kern. ; Southern Tirol ; and baldense, Spreng., Switzerland, rare ; probably belong to this section, but are insufficiently described. F. Flowers white, with a distinct tube : — G. glaucum^ L. ; leaves 6-Z in a whorl, linear, flowers in long-stalked cymes ; stony places ; Dauphiny, Pyrenees. 3. ASPERULA, L. Flowers very small, white, blue, or pink, in axillary or terminal cymes ; calyx-limb 4-toothed ; corolla funnel- or bell-shaped, 4-lobed ; stamens 4. Not alpine. RUBIACE^ 153 A. Flowers white: — A. odorata^ L., Woodruff; leaves 6-8 in a whorl, lanceolate, ciliate, fruit hispid, plant fragrant; woods, common. A. taurina^ L. ; flowers crowded, fragrant, subtended by ciliate bracts, leaves 4 in a whorl, lanceolate, ciliate, fruit glabrous ; woods ; Southern Switzerland, Jura, Dauphiny. A, glauca^V>^^^, {galioides, M.B.) ; leaves 8 in a whorl, linear, stiff, glaucous ; Switzerland, Jura, Styria, rare. B. Flowers light pink, occasionally white : — A. cynan- chica^ L. ; flowers few, small, funnel-shaped, stem pros- trate, leaves 4 in a whorl, linear, fruit tubercular; hill- sides, especially calcareous, common. A. flaccida, Ten. {longiflora, W.K.); stem 1-2 ft., corolla-tube longer than in the last, about twice as long as limb ; Ticino. A. montana, Willd. ; corolla-tube three times as long as limb, leaves shorter; Ticino. A. tincioria, L. ; corolla often 3-lobed, stem usually solitary, erect ; Western and Northern Swit- zerland, Jura, Vosges, Carniola, Pyrenees, rare. A. hirtUy Ram. ; corolla-tube somewhat longer than limb, leaves 6 in a whorl, linear, ciliate, plant hairy ; Pyre- nees. C. Flowers blue : — A. arvensis, L. ; corolla-tube about as long as limb, bracts ciliate, leaves 6-8 in a whorl, linear ; cultivated land ; Western Switzerland, Pyrenees. 4. Sherardia, L. Flowers small, blue or pink, in terminal heads sur- rounded by bracts ; corolla funnel-shaped ; fruit didymous, crowned by the enlarged calyx-limb. Not alpine. 6". arvensiSf L. ; flowers pink, leaves 4-6 in a whorl, lanceolate, awned ; cultivated land, common. 54 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS Order XLHL— VALERIANACEiE. Flowers in compound cymes, often unisexual, usually irregular; calyx-limb often developing into a feathery pappus ; calyx-lobes, corolla-lobes, and stamens 1-5 each ; ovary inferior, 3 -celled ; leaves opposite. A small order, belonging chiefly to the Northern Temperate Zone. I. Centranthus, L. Calyx-limb developing into a feathery pappus ; corolla 5-lobed, irregular, spurred at the base; stamen i. C. angustifolius^ DC. ; flowers pink or white, spur of corolla about as long as ovary; leaves linear or linear- lanceolate ; rocky places ; Jura, Pyrenees. C. ruber ^ DC, Red Valerian ; spur slender, upper leaves trian- gular, ovate, plant very glabrous ; Ticino, Lombardy. 2. Valeriana, L. Calyx-limb developing into a feathery pappus ; corolla 5-lobed, nearly regular or gibbous at the base; stamens 3. The two English species of Valerian, V. officinalis, L., with bisexual, and dioica, L., with unisexual flowers, are common in damp places. The following also occur : — F. sambucifoliay Mik. ; flowers pale pink, all the leaves pinnate; wet places, frequent. V. supina, L. (PI. 51)^ flowers pink, in a dense terminal capitate cyme, stem 1-3 in., leafless except beneath the flowers, leaves spathu- late, ciliate, entire or slightly toothed ; wet rocks ; Swit- zerland, rare (Miinsterthal, Val Muschem), Tirol, Styria, JLI -VALERIATnA SUPINA VALERIAN ACE.^ i55 Carinthia, Salzburg. V. saliunca, All. ; flowers light pink, fragrant, in a dense terminal capitate cyme, stem 2-6 in., leafy, leaves lanceolate, entire, glabrous ; high ; Western Switzerland, Jura, Tirol, Piedmont, Dauphiny, rare. V. celtica, L. ; flowers yellowish, in small axillary cymes, forming an interrupted spike, stem 2-8 in., leaves linear-lanceolate, entire, whole plant fragrant; high rocks ; local. V. saxatilis^ L. ; flowers white, in loose panicles, stem 4-12 in., leafless, radical leaves lan- ceolate, entire, on long stalks ; high ; Eastern Switzer- land, Lombardy. V. elongata, L. ; flowers yellow, in a loose panicle, radical leaves on long stalks, stem-leaves in about two pairs, ovate, sessile, coarsely toothed, stem about I ft., slender; high; Southern Tirol, Carniola, Carinthia, Styria. V. tripteris^ L. ; flowers white or pink, fragrant, crow^ded in a terminal cyme, stem 1-2 ft., leafy, leaves of the barren shoots cordate, of the flower- ing shoots pinnate with 3-5 leaflets ; bushy ; alpine. V. Diontanay L. ; flowers pink or white, in a crowded corym- bose cyme, stem 1-2 ft., leaves of the barren shoots rounded at the base, of the flowering shoots entire, rarely 3 -cleft ; high, moist. V. pyrenaica, L. ; flowers pink, in corymbose cymes, stem 2-4 ft., hollow, radical leaves very large, cordate, coarsely and unequally toothed, stem- leaves of 3 leaflets ; Pyrenees. V. tiiberosa^ L. ; flowers pink, unisexual, lower leaves elliptical, stalked, upper pinnate, with 3-4 pairs of linear segments, stem 4-8 in., root tuberous ; Carinthia, Pyrenees. V, globtilaricsfolia, Ram. ; resembling the last, but root not tuberous, bracts linear-lanceolate, ciliate ; Pyrenees. 156 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS 3. Valerian ELLA, To urn. (Fedia, Rchb.). Flowers very small, solitary or in axillary cymes; corolla regular, funnel-shaped, 5-lobed ; stamens 3. Small annual weeds in cultivated land ; not alpine. The English species of Lamb's-Lettuce or Corn-Salad, V. olitoria^ Mcench., carinatay Lois., Auricula^ DC, and dentata. Poll. {Morisonii^ DC), occur in similar situations in Central Europe, and are difficult to dis- tinguish. Order XLIV.— DIPSACACEiE. Flowers small, collected into a dense spike or capitule, subtended by an involucre of bracts; calyx-limb cup- shaped, entire or 5-lobed, surrounded by an involucel; corolla funnel-shaped, 4-5-lobed ; stamens 4, free ; ovary I -celled with one pendulous ovule; fruit indehiscent; leaves opposite or whorled. A small order, chiefly Asiatic. I. Cephalaria, Schrad. Capitule hemispherical; involucre composed of many soft green undivided bracts ; involucel cup-shaped, with eight bristly teeth ; receptacle covered with soft scales. C. alpina, Schrad. ; flowers pale yellow, stem 3-4 ft., leaves pinnate, leaflets 9-15 ; Southern Switzerland, Jura, Dauphiny, Pyrenees. C. pilosa, G. & G. ; flowers white, involucel many-toothed, leaves pinnatifid at the base only, stem spiny in the upper part ; Jura, Pyrenees. C, leucanthay Schrad. ; flowers white, radical leaves simple, stem -leaves pinnatifid, capitule globular, plant almost shrubby; Pyrenees. DIPSACACE^ 157 2. DiPSACUS, Tourn. Capitule oblong or cylindrical ; involucre composed of many very rigid, often spiny, bracts ; leaves often connate at the base. Not alpine. D. sylvestriSj L., Wild Teasel ; flowers purplish, leaves simple, obovate-lanceolate, sessile, prickly; road-sides. D. pilosus^ L. ; flowers nearly white, leaves stalked, with two small segments at the base ; damp hedges. D. laciniatus, L. ; flowers nearly white, stem-leaves pinnatifid, bristly ; Western Switzerland (rare). Jura, Dauphin}^, Pyrenees. 3. SCABIOSA, L. Capitule hemispherical or flat ; involucral bracts green, soft, undivided ; outer flowers often larger and irregular, inner flowers tubular ; calyx-limb awned ; corolla curved. 6'. lucidaj Vill. ; flowers violet or pink, outer ones rayed, leaves shining, lower simple, lanceolate, crenate, upper deeply pinnatifid, leaflets serrate ; alpine rocks and pastures, frequent. vS. graminifolia^ L. ; flowers light violet, outer ones rayed, leaves linear, entire, silky ; stony pastures ; Ticino (rare), Carinthia, Dauphiny. vS. suaveo- lens, Desf. ; flowers light violet, outer ones rayed, leaves of barren shoots entire, of flowering shoots pinnate with linear entire segments, awns of calyx very long ; Bale, Schaff hausen, Carniola, Vosges. 5. Colmjzbaria, L. ; flowers lilac, outer ones strongly rayed, lower leaves inciso-lyrate, upper pinnate with pinnatifid lobes, all finely pubescent, stalk of capitule very slender ; dry hills, common. 5. ochroleuca, L. ; resembhng the last, but 158 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS with yellow flowers ; Switzerland. 5. affinis^ G. and G. ; resembling Columbaria^ but capitule nearly globular ; Dauphiny. 5. gramontia, L. {agrestis, W.K. ; pyrenaica^ All.) ; leaves more finely divided, awns of calyx shorter ; Southern Switzerland, Tirol, Styria, Pyrenees. vS. succisa, L. {Succisa arvensis, Moench.), Devil's Bit ; flowers blue, outer ones not rayed, capitule nearly globular, leaves simple, root premorse ; marshes, common. 4. Knautia, Coult. Resembling Scabiosa, but awns of calyx deciduous. K. arvensis, Koch, Field-Scabious ; flowers violet-blue, upper leaves pinnatifid ; very common. K. sylvatica, Duby ; flowers reddish-blue, leaves nearly entire ; woods. K. transalpina, Christ; flowers pink or purple, outer flowers not much larger, stem about 6 in., white with rough i^irs ; Switzerland, rare. K. longifolia^ Koch ; flowers lilac, outer ones much larger, stem 1-2 ft., glan- dular-viscid, leaves oblong-lanceolate ; Jura, Tirol, Styria, Pyrenees. K. mollis, Jord. ; flowers purple, leaves pubes- cent, almost silky, flower-stalk covered with glandular hairs ; Dauphiny, Pyrenees. Order XLV.— CAMPANULACE^. Calyx 5 -cleft; corolla regular, 5 -cleft ; stamens 5; anthers connivent round the style; ovary inferior, 2-3- celled ; style i ; stigmas 2-8 ; fruit a two- or more-celled berry or capsule. A large order, chiefly of Temperate climates. ^y«9 LII. -CAMPANULA ALPINA. JP*?^ LIII.— CAMPANULA LOXGIFOLIA. CAMPANULACE.'E 159 I. Campanula, L. Flowers in spikes or racemes, not surrounded by an involucre, usually blue ; calyx sometimes with five reflexed basal lobes ; corolla campanulate, often nearly entire ; filaments with broad dilated base; fruit a 3-5 -celled capsule, dehiscing below the calyx-limb by pores or valves. A. Corolla bearded within, light blue : — C. barbata^ L.; flowers drooping, calyx with a reflexed appendage between the lobes, stem 6-8 in., i-io flowered, leaves lanceolate, entire, plant woolly ; alpine pastures, frequent ; Switzer- land, Jura, Carpathians, Erzgebirge, Dauphiny. C. Zoysii, Wulf. ; flowers erect, corolla inflated below, tur- binate, with five triangular teeth, stem 2-4 in., nearly pros- trate, 1-5 flowered, leaves broadly elliptical, entire; clefts of rocks, rare ; Eastern Alps, Styria, Carinthia, Carniola. B. Corolla not bearded, bright blue ; calyx with five appendages : — C. alpina^ L. (PI. 52); flowers large, azure- blue, stem 1-6 in., lower leaves linear-spathulate, slightly crenate, upper linear-lanceolate, entire, plant woolly; rare; Eastern Alps, Tirol, Styria, Carinthia. C. longi- folia, Lap. {speciosa, Pourr.) (PI. 53); flowers large, calyx- teeth Hnear-lanceolate, ciliate, with short appendages, stem 4-12 in., leaves linear-lanceolate, entire, ciliate; Pyrenees. C.Allionii, Vill. ; flowers large, solitary, erect, violet, corolla-lobes spreading, calyx-teeth lanceolate, leaves linear-lanceolate, not ciliate ; Dauphiny, Piedmont. C. Calyx not appendiculate ; corolla not bearded ; flowers large, sessile, in dense spikes, blue or yellow : — C. spicata, L. ; flowers violet, in an interrupted spike, narrowed above, leaves oblong-lanceolate, plant hispid; i6o THE FLORA OF THE ALPS Valais, Ticino, Tirol, Dauphiny, Carinthia, Carniola. C. thyrsoidea, L. ; flowers dull yellow, in a dense conti- nuous spike, corolla hairy without, leaves lanceolate, entire, hairy like the stem, which is glandular-viscid below ; alpine pastures ; Switzerland, Jura, Carpathians. C. petrcea^ L. ; flowers light yellow, stem 4-12 in., leaves broadly lanceolate, serrate, tomentose beneath, bracts elongated ; rare ; Tirol, Dauphiny, Lombardy. C, Cer- vicaria, L. ; flowers blue, calyx-lobes short, obtuse, leaves narrowed into a leaf-stalk, whole plant hispid ; thickets ; Switzerland, Jura, Lombardy, Vosges, rare. C. glome- rata, L. ; flowers small, blue or white, in dense clusters, stem 4-12 in., lower leaves cordate or rounded, calyx- teeth lanceolate ; open hill-sides. D. Calyx and corolla as the last ; flowers blue, stalked, in racemes or panicles, or solitary; capsule inclined or pendant. C. latifolia, L., Giant BeU-Flower ; flowers very large, erect, solitary in the axils of the leaves, corolla-teeth lanceolate, stem 3-4 ft., leaves ovate-lanceo- late, acuminate, serrate ; mountain woods. C. Trachelium^ L., Bell-Flower ; flowers 2 or 3 in the axils of the leaves, erect, smaller than the last, stem 1-3 ft, stem-leaves nearly triangular, coarsely dentate, plant hispid ; woods, frequent. C. rapunculoides, L.; flowers pendant, in long slender unilateral racemes, funnel-shaped, corolla-lobes recurved, calyx-lobes reflexed after flowering, stem-leaves ovate-lanceolate, toothed ; road-sides ; Switzerland, Dau- phiny. C. bojzoniensis, L.; flowers smaller (| in.), nearly sessile, leaves lanceolate, finely toothed, tomentose be- neath, stem 12-18 in., tomentose; thickets; Southern Switzerland, Dauphiny, rare. C. rhomb oidalis , L.; stem simple, 12-18 in., radical leaves usually o, stem-leaves LI v.— CAMPANULA LINIFOLL\. LV._CAMPANULA PULLA. CAMPANULACE^ i6i sessile, ovate, with sharp teeth, calyx-teeth linear, two- thirds as long as corolla ; Switzerland, Jura, Dauphiny, Pyrenees, rare. C. lanceolata^ Lap.; resembling the last, but calyx-teeth only one-third as long as corolla, leaves crowded, finely ciliate ; pastures ; Pyrenees. C. rotundi- folia^ L., Harebell ; root-leaves cordate or reniform, crenate, stem - leaves Hnear - lanceolate ; common. C. carnica, Sch. (Carniola, Carinthia), is probably onl}^ a mountain form of rotundifolia. C. Imifolia, Lam. (PI. 54) ; resembling rottmdifolia, but calyx-teeth hardly half as long as corolla, stem-leaves linear, stem and leaves glandular-hairy; Dauphiny, Pyrenees. C. Scheuchzeri^ Vill.; similar, but a larger plant with larger flowers, radical leaves elliptic or lanceolate ; pastures, frequent. C. pus ilia, Haenk.; caespitose, flowers light blue, nodding, nearly hemispherical, stem i- or very few-flowered, 2-4 in., lower leaves spathulate, upper linear-elliptical, plant nearly glabrous ; rocks, frequent. C. ccespitosa, Scop.; very similar, corolla longer, dark blue, plant more hairy ; local. C. tenella, Jord. (Dauphiny), and Mathoneti, Jord. (Dauphiny), are scarcely distinguishable from the preceding. C. pulla, L. (PI. 55); flowers dark blue, solitary, nodding, stem 2-6 in., leaves all lanceolate or ovate, crenate, lower ones stalked ; high ; Styria, Carin- thia, Carniola. C, excisa, Schleich.; corolla-lobes incised at the base and separated by a rounded sinus, calyx-teeth reflexed ; very high ; Southern Switzerland, rare (Sim- plon, Furka). C. carpathica, J acq. (PL 56) ; flowers large, blue or white, funnel-shaped, on long stalks, stig- mas sometimes 4, stem 6-12 in., radical leaves lanceolate with rounded leaves, crinkled ; Carpathians. E. As the last, but capsule erect : — C. Rapunculus, L., VOL. I. L i62 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS Rampions ; flowers in an erect pyramidal panicle, blue, calyx-teeth very long, subulate, corolla deeply divided, leaves mostly ovate, on long stalks ; road-sides, frequent. C. patula^ L. ; flowers violet, funnel-shaped, with spread- ing lobes, on long slender stalks, calyx-teeth linear, leaves mostly lanceolate, glabrous ; hedge-rows ; frequent. C. persicifolia, L. ; flowers few, large, in a loose raceme, calyx-teeth lanceolate, corolla not deeply divided, with rounded lobes ; woods and meadows, not uncommon. C. cenisiay L. ; flowers small, about J in., corolla funnel- shaped, divided half-way down, dark blue, solitary, calyx hairy, stem 2-3 in., leaves small, obovate, entire, cihate ; very high ; Switzerland, Tirol, Dauphiny. C. Moj^ettiana^ Rchb. ; flowers violet, solitary, f-i in., campanulate, corolla divided half-way down, leaves small, ovate, stalked, serrate ; clefts of rocks ; Tirol, rare. C. Raineri, Perp. ; flowers large, blue, f-i in., solitary or very few, cam- panulate, corolla divided half-way down, leaves spathulate, crenate, stalked ; rocks ; Southern Switzerland, Tirol, rare (Monte Generoso). 2. Adenophora, Bess. Resembling Campanula, but with a tubular hypogy- nous disk at the base of the style. A.liliifoliaj Bess. ; styles much exceeding corolla ; rare ; Ticino, Tirol, Lombardy, Carniola. 3. Specularia, Heist. Resembling Campanula, but ovary very long and slen- der ; corolla rotate. Not alpine. 5. Speculum, DC. ; flower large (^-f in.), violet-purple, LVL— CAMPANULA CARPATHICA CAMPANULACE^. i6 cal3'X- lobes linear; cultivated land; Switzerland. S. hybrida^ DC. ; flowers smaller (J in.), lilac, calyx-lobes lanceolate, longer than corolla ; cultivated land ; Bale, Schaffhausen. 4. JASIONE, L. Flowers small, blue, in terminal heads surrounded b}^ an involucre; corolla regular, 5 -cleft to the base; anthers partially connate. Not alpine. J. Dwntanaj L. ; flowers lilac-blue, bracts of involucre entire, leaves obovate-oblong, plant pubescent ; wood- sides, common. J. perennis, Lam, ; flowers blue, bracts of involucre serrate, leaves oblong-lanceolate ; Pyrenees, Jura, Vosges. 5. Edraianthus, DC. Flowers blue, in terminal heads, surrounded by an in- volucre; corolla campanulate, 5-lobed. E. croaticusj Kern. ; stems 3-4 in., caespitose, corolla j in. long, leaves linear ; pastures ; Carniola, rare (Schnee- berg). 6. Phyteuma, L. Flowers usually blue, in dense heads or spikes, sur- rounded by an involucre of bracts ; corolla curved in bud, 5 -cleft, with linear segments, anthers free; stigmas 2-3. An almost exclusively alpine genus, especially charac- teristic of Switzerland and Tirol. A. Flowers stalked: — P, coinostnn, L. ; corolla inflated below, large, lilac with dark violet tip, stem 2-6 in., leaves lanceolate, coarsely toothed; clefts of rocks; South- ern Tirol, Carinthia, Carniola, Lombardy, Carpathians. 1 64 J^ THE FLORA OF THE ALPS J /■^B. Flowers sessile, in nearly hemispherical heads: — P. Scheuckzeri, All. {Charmelzi, Vill.) ; flowers lilac, bracts of involucre linear, much longer than the inflorescence, stigmas 2, stem slender, 12-18 in., radical leaves linear, crenate or serrate, on long stalks, sometimes cordate, stem-leaves linear ; alpine, rocky. C. pauciflorum, L. (PI 57) ; flowers blue, 5-7 in each capitule, stem 2-3 in., invo- lucral bracts oval, blunt, leaves obovate- lanceolate, slightly crenate; alpine pastures, fi*equent. P. humile^ Schleich. (PI. 58); flowers violet, ten or more in an inflorescence, bracts nearly as long as flowers, ovate-lanceolate, usually dentate, stem 2-4 in., leaves linear, ciliate, calyx often coloured ; very high ; Southern Switzerland, Tirol, Pied- mont, Carinthia, Salzburg, rare. P. hemisphczricum^ L. ; flowers blue, elongated, inflorescence about lo-flowered, bracts acuminate, about half as long as flowers, stem 2-4 in., leaves linear, glabrous ; very high, local. P. lati- folium, Heuff. (confusum, Kern.); resembling the last, but bracts acute or obtuse, not acuminate, leaves spathulate, slightly crenate ; very high ; Carinthia, Styria. P. Sieberi, Spreng. ; flowers violet, inflorescence rather longer, bracts ovate, apiculate, serrate, stem 2-6 in., leaves ovate-lanceo- late, crenate ; very high ; Tirol, Styria, Carniola, Carinthia. P. orbiculare, L. ; flowers blue, stigmas 3, exserted, bracts lanceolate, serrate, stem 6-12 in., often hollow, leaves very variable in width, crenate-serrate ; pastures, common. C. Flowers sessile, numerous, in elliptical or cylindri- cal spikes : — P. spicatum, L. ; flowers yellowish-white or rarely blue, stigmas 2, exserted, stem 1-2 ft., leaves cordate -ovate, often spotted with brown; woods and thickets, frequent. P, Halleri, All. ; flowers dark blue LV il -PHVTEUMA PAUC J FLORUM . LVni -PHYTEUIVTA HUM 11.^ CAMPANULACE^ 165 or violet, filaments woolly, stem 2-3 ft., hollow, lower leaves cordate-ovate, upper lanceolate, plant glabrous; alpine pastures, frequent, P. scorzoncercBfolium, Vill. {Mickelii, All.) ; flowers blue, stigmas generally 2, stem 1-2 ft., glabrous, leaves glabrous or ciliate, linear-lanceo- late ; pastures ; Southern Switzerland (Spliigen), Tirol, Dauphiny, local. P. betoniccefoliuin, Vill. ; flowers blue, stigmas generally 3, stem 8-18 in., leaves usually hairy, lower lanceolate or cordate-lanceolate, on long stalks ; pastures; Switzerland, Piedmont, Dauphiny, Pyrenees, frequent. P. nigrum, Schmidt ; flowers dark blue, other- wise like spicatuni ; Jura (Val de Joux), Pyrenees, rare. Order XLVL— AMBROSIACEiE. Flowers unisexual ; male flowers in globular capitules, corolla regular, 5-lobed ; female flowers solitary or in pairs, enclosed in an involucre, corolla o. A small order, not alpine. I. Xanthium, Tourn. Female flowers in pairs ; seed-vessel a spiny achene. X, strumarium, L. ; flowers green, seed-vessel covered with hooked prickles, leaves cordate, stalked, not spiny; rubbish heaps. END OF VOL. I. Printed by Ballantyne, Hanson & Co. Edinburgh and London New York Botanical Garden Library QK 315. B4 1897 V.1 gen Bennett, Alfred Wil/The flora of the Alp 3 5185 00108 1296 r Mi;