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VOLUME THE SECOND

MUIOX MAN AUVUAAI

ie Mi a

~
oD a

~

LXXIX.—SOLDANELLA ALPINA.

_—
iis

THE

FLORA OF THE ALPS

BEING A DESCRIPTION OF ALL THE SPECIES OF FLOWERING
PLANTS INDIGENOUS TO SWITZERLAND; AND OF THE
ALPINE SPECIES OF THE ADJACENT MOUNTAIN
DISTRICTS OF FRANCE, ITALY, & AUSTRIA
INCLUDING THE PYRENEES

BY

Ba ER EW. BENN EST
MoAL, ac.,, LS;

LECTURER ON BOTANY AT ST. THOMAS
HOSPITAL

WITH ONE HUNDRED AND TWENTY
COLOURED PLATES

IN TWO VOLUMES

VOLUME THE SECOND

LIBRARY *
NEW YORK
BOTANICAL

GARDEN
LONDON

JOHN C. NIMMO
14 KING WILLIAM STREET, STRAND
MD CCCXECVl

ae
Pairs t §

fot. OF COLOURED PLATES

VOLUME THE SECOND

PLATE
59. Homogyne alpina ; : : : . . To face page 2
_60. Asteralpinus. : : : : 2 . oe 6
61. Gnaphalium Leontopodium . an 10
62. Achilleanana . : ‘ P : ; : - 14
63. Arnica montana . : : : : : ; iy 20
64. Centaurea phrygia 30
65. Dabeocia polifolia ss 42
66. Phyllodoce coerulea ' a 44
67. Rhododendron Chamecistus n 44
68. a ferrugineum . ; F : , 5 46
69. Pyrola uniflora . ; : é : : : 45 46
70. Androsace villosa ts 48
71. Primula farinosa . : , ; : : : vs 50
mo. Ss longiflora ‘5 50
73. a, watineta |. . : : ; ; a 52
74. >» »vealycina . a 52
75. a minima . : ; : ‘ ; : i" 54
76. - pedemontana . ys 54
a of viscosa . : : ‘ . ‘ - 56
78. Cortusa Matthioli ; ; f ; : : si 56
79. Soldanella alpina (fage 56). A : d . Frontispiece
80. “ minima . : : : ‘ To face page 58
$1. Cyclamen repandum vs 58
82. Trientalis europea . : : 2 : ne 60
83. Gentiana lutea . ; : F ; i P ae 62
84. a acaulis . : : . ‘ A ‘ as 64
85. se bavarica i : ; ; : ys 64
86. 7" verna . é : . ; P ; ‘ 66

vl

LIST OF COLOURED PLATES

PLATE

87.
88.
89.
90.
gl.
92.
93-
94.
95:
96.
97:
98.
99.
100.
IOI.
102.
103.
104.
105.
106,
107.
108,
109.
110.
DLE:
112,
ii:
114.
115.
116.
117.
118,
110.
120,

Lithospermum prostratum
Myosotis alpestris
Ramondia pyrenaica
Linaria alpina

» origanifolia
Erinus alpinus
Veronica spicata .

ap prostrata

a nummularia .
Pedicularis elongata

3 comosa

Pinguicula alpina
Globularia nana .
Horminum pyrenaicum
Micromeria Piperella .
Scutellaria alpina
Teucrium pyrenaicum .
Oxyria digyna
Daphne cneorum
Salix reticulata
Orchis globosa
Gymnadenia odoratissima
Cypripedium Calceolus
Crocus nudiflorus
Narcissus juncifolius
Leucojum vernum
Lloydia serotina .
Paradisia Liliastrum
Scilla bifolia
Fritillaria Meleagris
Bulbocodium vernum .
Eriophorum alpinum
Sesleria spheerocephala
Juniperus nana

To face page 68

70
74
76
78
80
82
84
86
88
90
94
96
100
102
104
108
116
122
130
134
138
142
144
146
148
150
152
156
158
162
172
188
196

THE

Seana OF. THE ALPS

Order XLVII.—COM POSIT.

Inflorescence a capitule surrounded by an involucre of
bracts; flowers small, all tubular, or the outer ones
(florets of the ray) ligulate, the inner ones (florets of the
disk) tubular; all bisexual, or some female, some male or
neuter, and some bisexual; calyx-limb o or a feathery
pappus; stamens 5, anthers always connate (syngene-
sious); ovary inferior, 1-celled, 1-ovuled, stigmas 2; fruit
a I-seeded achene, often surmounted by the feathery
pappus. A vast order, the largest among flowering plants,
comprising about one-tenth of the flowering flora of the
globe, belonging to all climates and all altitudes. Many
of the genera are distinguished only by minute characters,
and in some of the genera the species are very difficult,
running into one another by insensible gradations.

Sub-Order TUBULIFLORA.—Flowers all tubular, or
disk - flowers tubular, ray-flowers ligulate; no milky
juice.

Tribe EUPATORIE&. — Flowers all tubular, bisexual ;

calyx pappoid; anther-cells not tailed; branches of style
VOL. II. ‘ A

NEW YOR
BOTANICA
GARDEN

2 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS

slender, half-terete, papillose; leaves often opposite.
Genera I-2.

1. EUPATORIUM, L.

Capitules few-flowered, in terminal corymbs; branches
of style long, exserted; leaves opposite. Not alpine.

EE. cannabinum, L., Hemp-Agrimony; flowers pale
purple, heads very large and many-flowered, leaves of 3—5
leaflets ; wet places, common.

2. ADENOSTYLES, Cass.

Capitules few-flowered, numerous, in large compound
corymbs; flowers pink; involucre usually of a single row
of bracts; leaves alternate. Alpine or sub-alpine.

A. albifrons, Rchb. (albida, Cass., Allzaria, Kern.);
capitules 3—6-flowered, stem 1-2 ft., stout, lower leaves
reniform-cordate, stalked, upper auricled, all irregularly
toothed and tomentose beneath; mountain woods, fre-
quent. A. alpina, BI. (viridis, Cass.) ; corymb less dense,
leaves regularly toothed, glabrous or only slightly hairy
beneath, upper ones not auricled ; moist mountain woods,
frequent. A. leucophylla, Rehb. (candzdtsstma, Cass.,
hybrida, DC.); capitules 10-20-flowered, compact, leaves
tomentose on both sides; high; Alps, Southern Switzer-
land, Piedmont, Dauphiny; less common.

Tribe TUSSILAGINE2.—Capitules many-flowered, soli-
tary or corymbose ; flowers partially unisexual; branches
of style connate in the disk-flowers; leaves alternate.

Genera 3-5.

ALPINA

GENE.

1O

COMPOSIT :

3. HOMOGYNE, Cass.

Capitule usually solitary, on a nearly leafless scape,
appearing before the leaves; involucre usually of one row
of bracts; leaves mostly radical, stalked, round. Alpine.

H. alpina, Cass. (Pl. 59); flowers yellowish-red, capi-
tule solitary, stem 6-12 in., woolly, leaves cordate-reniform,
crenate, green on both sides; alpine pastures, frequent.
H.. discolor, Cass.; flowers yellow, capitule solitary, stem
3-9 in., woolly, bracts of involucre purple, leaves cordate-
reniform, lighter and tomentose beneath; pastures; Tirol,
Styria, Carinthia, Carniola. 7. sylvestris, Cass.; flowers
yellow, stem 6-12 in., hairy, with I-3 capitules, leaves
green on both sides, cordate-reniform, coarsely dentate,
upper with sheathing leaf-stalk; pastures ; Styria, Car-
inthia, Carniola.

4. TUSSILAGO, L.

Capitule solitary, on a leafless scape; ray-flowers
female, disk-flowers male, all yellow; leaves appearing
after the flowers. Not alpine.

T. Farfara, L., Colt’s-Foot ; very common.

5. PETASITES, Tourn.

Capitules numerous, forming a terminal panicle on a
leafless scape; flowers purple, red, or white; ray-flowers
mostly female, with filiform corolla; leaves very large,
appearing after the flowers.

P. officinalis, Moench. (vulgaris, Desf.) Butter-bur;
flowers pink, leaves up to 3 ft. in diam., tomentose or
cobwebby beneath ; wet places in the lowlands, common.

4 THE FLORA’ OF: THE ALPS

P. albus, Geertn. ; flowers yellowish-white, often mostly
female, leaves roundish-cordate, thinly tomentose be-
neath; by mountain streams; Switzerland, Jura, Vosges,
Dauphiny. /. zzveus, Baumg.; flowers white or reddish,
often chiefly female, leaves cordate-triangular, tomentose
and snow-white beneath; by mountain streams, frequent.

Tribe ASTEROIDEZ.—Ray-flowers female or neuter,
ligulate, rarely all tubular, branches of style linear,
blunt, glabrous; disk-flowers bisexual, anther-cells not
tailed, branches of style linear, glabrous, tipped with a
pubescent cone; pappus-hairs rigid or 0; leaves alternate.
Genera 6-11.

6; BELIIS.. Ts

Capitule solitary ; -disk-flowers yellow, ray-flowers
white or pink; involucre campanulate, bracts in I or 2
rows, soft, green. Not alpine.

B. perennis, L., Daisy ; everywhere.

7, BELLIDIASTRUM, Cass.

Resembling 4e//zs, but achenes crowned by the per-
manent pappus. :

B. Micheli, Cass., Alpine Daisy; resembling Bed/zs
perennis, but a larger plant, with more coarsely crenate
leaves, and the bracts of the involucre acute; mountain
pastures, frequent.

8. ERIGERON, L.

Ray-flowers female, blue or purple, in several rows;
disk-flowers bisexual, yellow; bracts in several rows;
receptacle flat, pitted; pappus persistent. Mostly alpine.

COMPOSIT 5

A. Ray-flowers erect:— A. acris, L., Flea- bane;
capitules numerous, stem-leaves linear-oblong, half clasp-
ing, entire, slightly hairy; dry banks in the lowlands;
common. &. angulosus, Gaud.; leaves narrower, glabrous,
ray-flowers pink or bright red; dry, alpine.

B. Ray-flowers spreading; capitule solitary :—£. unz-
florus, L.; ray-flowers lilac or white, involucral bracts
green, very woolly, radical leaves blunt; alpine pastures.
E. neglectus, Kern. ; ray-flowers peach-coloured, bracts
reddish-brown, very woolly, radical leaves short, thick ;
Alps, Tirol.

C. Ray-flowers spreading ; capitules usually numerous:
—E. alpinus, L.; stem 4-12 in., branched, with from 2
to 5 capitules, covered like the leaves with long hairs,
leaves linear-oblong ; alpine pastures ; Switzerland, Jura,
Dauphiny, Pyrenees. &. V2llarszz, Bell.; stem glandular-
hairy, IO-I5 in., capitule larger (1 in. diam.), ray-flowers
purple; Switzerland, Tirol, Carinthia, Dauphiny. JZ.
Schleichert, Grml.; stem 4-6 in., slightly glandular, capi-
tules smaller, ray-flowers white or light violet; Southern
Switzerland, rare (Simplon, Zermatt, Saas). £. glabra-
tus, H. and H.; stem 4-6 in., female flowers few or o,
leaves ciliate, stem-leaves nearly glabrous; alpine pas-
tures; local. &. Prantliz, Dal. Tor.; female flowers
humerous, stem and stem-leaves hairy; Bavaria.

9g. SOLIDAGO, L.

Capitules usually in branched scorpioid cymes; flowers
all yellow; ray-flowers female; stigmas of disk-flowers
tipped with papillose cones. Not alpine.

S. Virgaurea, L., Golden Rod; woods, common. 5S.

6 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS

alpestris, W. K., and mznuta, Gaud., are mountain
forms.

10. ASTER, L,

Disk-flowers bisexual, yellow; ray-flowers ligulate,
female, blue or purple; involucral bracts in many rows;
receptacle flat, pitted; pappus of many rows of hairs,
persistent. Alpine.

Aster alpinus, L. (Pl. 60); stem 2-4 in., capitule large
(14-2 in.), solitary, ray-flowers violet, involucral bracts
lanceolate ; high; Switzerland, Jura, Dauphiny, frequent.
A. Garibaldiz, Briigg.; capitules 2-7, much smaller, ray-
flowers violet; Eastern Alps, rare. A. Wolfiz, Favr.;
stem 8-10 in., capitule large, solitary, ray-flowers blue,
involucral bracts linear; rare; Sion. A. pyreneus, DC.;
stem 14-3 ft., pubescent, capitules solitary or 3-5, ray-
flowers blue, stem-leaves semi-amplexicaul; Pyrenees.
A. Amellus, L.; stem 1-14 ft., pubescent, capitules
numerous, corymbose, ray-flowers blue; dry hills; Swit-
zerland, Jura, Dauphiny.

11, LINOSYRIS, DC.

Flowers all tubular and bisexual; receptacle flat, pitted ;
pappus-hairs in two rows.

L. vulgaris, Cass. (Chrysocoma Linosyris, L., Aster
Linosyris, Bernh.), Goldilocks; capitules small, in dense
terminal corymbs, flowers yellow, stem simple, wiry,
leafy, leaves linear; open hill-sides, rare; Switzerland,
Jura, Dauphiny.

Tribe INULE&.—Flowers often unisexual ; ray-flowers
yellow, ligulate, or 0; disk-flowers tubular, bisexual ;

ALPINUS.

Xx.—ASTER

=)

r
f

COMPOSIT& -

anther-cells with a slender tail; branches of style and
pappus as in the last; leaves alternate. Genera 12-14.

12. INULA, L.

Ray-flowers female or neuter, in one row; capitules
solitary or in corymbs; receptacle flat; involucral bracts
in many rows. Not alpine.

I. Conyza, DC. (Conyza squarrosa, L.), Ploughman’s
Spikenard; capitules very numerous, involucral bracts
brown, plant strongly scented; thickets. J. spzreefolia,
L.; stem very leafy, leaves coriaceous, ciliate, glabrous ;
thickets ; Southern Switzerland, Dauphiny. | /. Azrta, L.;
capitule often solitary, stem and leaves villous, involucral
bracts erect; rocky; Southern Switzerland, Jura, rare.
I. salicina, L.; capitules generally few, upper leaves cor-
date, amplexicaul, lower linear-oblong, toothed; damp
meadows; Southern Switzerland, Jura. Jf. Vazllantzz,
Vill.; leaves grey-tomentose beneath, stem-leaves lan-
ceolate, narrowed at the base; damp thickets; Western
Switzerland, Dauphiny. /. drvztannica, L.; leaves soft,
slightly toothed, stem-leaves cordate, amplexicaul, achenes
villous; marshy fields; Switzerland, rare. J. montana,
L.; capitule large, solitary, leaves covered on both sides
with long silky hairs, achenes villous; dry; South-
Western Switzerland, Dauphiny.

13. PULICARIA, Gaertn.

Resembling /zuwla, but pappus with an outer row of
short scales. Not alpine.

The two English species, P. dysenterica, Gaertn.,
woolly, with half-amplexicaul leaves, and ray-flowers

8 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS

longer than the involucre; common; and P. vulgarts,
Gaertn., pubescent, ray-flowers erect, as long as invo-
lucre; less common; both in wet places.

14. BUPHTHALMUM, L.

Resembling /uzz/a, but receptacle covered with scarious
scales.

B. salicifolium, L.; flowers yellow, capitules large,
solitary, leaves oblong-lanceolate, upper linear-lanceo-
late, all entire; Southern Switzerland, Jura, Dauphiny,
not common. &. grandiflorum, L.; capitules larger,
bright yellow, leaves longer and narrower; rare.

Tribe GNAPHALIEZ.—Resembling /nuuleg, but ray-
flowers slender, tubular; pappus silky ; whole plant soft.
Genera I5-19.

15. GNAPHALIUM, L.

Flowers often unisexual, but moncecious; capitules
small, collected into spikes or racemes; ray-flowers very
slender, female, in I or more rows; disk-flowers bisexual ;
involucral bracts soft, adpressed, as long as the flowers.
Soft woolly herbs.

The three English lowland species of Cud- Weed,
G. luteo-album, L., with pale yellow flowers; G. sylva-
ticum, L., with the capitules in leafy racemes or spikes,
flowers white; and G. wliginosum, L., with the capitules
in terminal heads, flowers white; occur also in Switzer-
land ; the last in wet, the two others in dry sandy places ;
the first in Southern and Western Switzerland, the two
others everywhere.

COMPOSIT 9

The following species are alpine :—

G. supinum, L. ; czespitose, stem very slender, I-6 in.,
capitules one or very few, outer involucral bracts more
than half as long as the capitule; very high; Switzer-
land, Jura, Carpathians, Dauphiny, Pyrenees. G. nor-
vegicum, Gunn.; stem 6-12 in., capitules in simple spikes,
dark brown, outer involucral bracts one-third as long
as capitule; very high. G. Hoppeanum, Koch; stem 1-6
in., with 1-5 heads, plant very tomentose; very high;
Switzerland, Tirol, Carinthia, Salzburg.

16. FILAGO, L.

Resembling Guaphalium ,; but the outer flowers of the
capitule concealed by the involucral bracts. Small tom-
entose herbs; not alpine.

The English species, F. germanica, L. (including afz-
culata, Sm., canescens, Jord., and spathulata, Presl.);
minima, Fr.; and gallica, L., in sandy fields; also, in
similar situations, /. arvenszs, L., a more branched plant,
with capitules forming a panicle.

17. ANTENNARIA, Gaertn.

Resembling Guaphalium, but usually dicecious. Alpine
or sub-alpine.

A. dioica, Gaertn. (Guaphalium dioicum, L.), Cat’s-
Foot ; heads in simple corymbs, usually pink, stem 2-8
in., stoloniferous; pastures, common. A. carpathica,
Bl.; flowers white, involucral bracts brown, stem not
stoloniferous ; high; Alps, Carpathians, Dauphiny, Pyre-
nees.

TO); THE FLORA OF THE ALPS

18. LEONTOPODIUM, Br.

Resembling Guaphalium, but heads surrounded by a
whorl of long densely tomentose bracts, expanded like
a star.

L. alpinum, Cass. (Gnaphalium Leontopodium, Scop.),
Edelweiss (Pl. 61). This beautiful and favourite alpine
plant occurs in Switzerland, Jura (Déle), Tirol, Car-
pathians, Dauphiny, and Pyrenees; but is much more
abundant, and grows at a lower elevation, on the Alps
south of the Rhone valley, than in Northern Switzerland,
where it is largely cultivated by the guides.

19. Micropus, L.

Interior row of involucral bracts concave, forming a
cap which envelops the capitules. Not alpine.

M. erectus, L.; stem 4-8 in., whole plant covered by a
woolly tomentum; Southern and Western Switzerland,
Dauphiny, rare.

Tribe HELIANTHEA.—Ray-flowers ligulate, female or
neuter, yellow, or 0; disk-flowers bisexual; leaves alter-
nate or opposite. Genera 20-21.

20, DIDENS, UL.

Flowers all tubular, or ray-flowers ligulate, neuter;
leaves opposite. Not alpine.

The English species, 2. tvzpartzta, L., capitules erect,
leaves usually 3-partite; and &. cernua, L., capitules
nodding, leaves undivided; in wet places, the former
common. }

Se

LXI.--GNAPHALIUM LEONTOPODIUM.

COMPOSIT 4 II

21. CARPESIUM, L.

Flowers all tubular; leaves alternate. Not alpine.

C. cernuum, L.; stem 4-12 in., leaves soft, pubescent,
lanceolate, sinuate-dentate, capitules nodding; damp
slopes; Rhone Valley, Geneva, Thun, Constance, Vier-
wald-statter See, Dauphiny.

Tribe ANTHEMIDEZ.—Ray - flowers usually ligulate,
sometimes very slender and tubular, mostly white; anther-
cells not tailed; branches of style linear, with truncate
papillose or penicillate tips; pappus 0; leaves alternate.
Genera 22-28.

22. ANTHEMIS, L.

Capitule solitary ; ray-flowers ligulate, female or neuter,
usually white ; disk-flowers perfect, yellow, rarely white ;
branches of style short, with papillose tips; leaves bi-
pinnatifid; plant often strongly scented.

A. arvensis, L., Corn-Chamomile; and Cotula, L,
foetid, are common weeds in cultivated land; also A.
tinctorza, L.; ray-flowers yellow; waste places and road-
sides in the South. The following are alpine :—A. mon-
tana, L. (styriaca, Vest.); capitule about 1? in., disk-
flowers yellow, involucral bracts broad, dark brown;
Pyrenees, Styria. A. 7rium/fetti, All.; ray-flowers white,
linear-oblong, twice as long as involucre, leaf-segments
slightly toothed; rare; Ticino (Monte Generoso), Pyre-
nees. A. alpina, L.; capitule about I in., ray- and disk-
flowers both white, involucral bracts narrow, brownish ;
Tirol, Styria.

12 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS

23. MATRICARIA, L.

Ray-flowers ligulate, white, female, in one row, or O;
disk-flowers bisexual; anther-cells not tailed; receptacle
hollow, elongated after flowering; pappus o. Not
alpine.

M. Chamomilla, L., Wild Chamomile, with its pecu-
liar odour; and MM. inodora, L. (Pyrethrum tnodorum,
Geertn.), distinguished by its want of scent and its very

narrow leaf-segments; are common weeds in cultivated
land.

24. LEUCANTHEMUM, Tourn.

Ray-flowers ligulate, female, white; disk - flowers
tubular, bisexual, yellow; involucre usually flat or con-
cave ; involucral bracts with scarious margins; pappus
© or a membranous wing; fruit of ray-flowers ribbed,
of disk-flowers compressed.

L. vulgare, DC. (Chrysanthemum Leucanthemum, L.),
Ox-eye Daisy; and L. Parthenium, G. Gr. (Matricaria
Parthentum, L.), Feverfew, are common lowland plants.
The following are alpine or sub-alpine :—

A. Involucre hemispherical; heads corymbose:—L.
corymbosum, G. Gr.; leaf-segments in 8-I5 pairs, those
of the upper leaves linear-lanceolate, inciso-dentate ;
mountain woods; Western Switzerland, Dauphiny, Pyre-
nees, not common.

B. Receptacle somewhat concave; capitule solitary ;
stem nearly leafless:—Z. alpinum, Lam.; stem I-3 in.,
glabrous, upper leaves linear, entire; alpine pastures.
L. minimum, Vill.; plant small, tomentose, with viscid
or rough hairs; rare; Zermatt.

COMPOSIT 13

C. Receptacle flat or somewhat concave; stem leafy :—
L. heterophyllum, DC.; stem-leaves nearly regularly
toothed, lower leaves narrowed into a leaf-stalk, border
of involucral bracts narrow; Southern Switzerland, Tirol,
Carinthia, rare. L. atratum, DC.; resembling vulgare,
but dwarf, achenes of the ray with a membranous crest;
alpine pastures, local. ZL. Gaudinz, Dal. Tor.; resembling
vulgare, but lower leaves nearly entire; alpine pastures,
frequent. JL. coronopzfolizum, Vill.; leaves fleshy, brittle,
glabrous, deeply incised, radical leaves elliptical ; high ;
Switzerland, Piedmont, Dauphiny, Pyrenees. JL. cera-
tophylloides, All.; leaves fleshy, brittle, glabrous, shal-
lowly pinnatifid, radical leaves wedge-shaped ; very rare;
Switzerland (Linderskopf), Dauphiny. L. maximum,
DC.; capitule solitary, very large, stem up to 2 ft.,
ray-achenes more or less crested; pastures; Dauphiny,
Pyrenees.

25. CHRYSANTHEMUM, L.

Resembling Leucanthemum, but ray-flowers yellow;
achenes of ray-flowers triquetrous.

C. segetum, L., Corn-Marigold; cultivated fields (not
in Switzerland).

26. ACHILLAA, L.

Capitules small, in dense corymbs; ray-flowers few,
ligulate, short, white, yellow, or red; disk-flowers tubu-
lar, bisexual; receptacle scaly; pappus 0; leaves very
deeply divided; often densely czespitose. The alpine
species appear often to hybridise.

A. Millefolium, L., Milfoil, Yarrow, is very common in
grassy places; and A. Ptarmzca, L., Sneezewort, in damp

14 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS

meadows. A. setacea, W. K., with linear leaf-segments,
is a mountain variety of Mzllefolium. The remaining
species are alpine.

A. Ray-flowers 6-20 (usually 10), as long as, or longer
than, the hemispherical involucre (Parmuca, DO.)

a. Plant very tomentose or silky:—A. Clavene, Lous
leaves silky, elliptic-cuneate in outline, pinnatifid, with
elliptic, blunt, entire or 2-3-toothed segments, stem erect,
3-6 in.; alpine pastures, common. <A. xana, L. (PI.62)3
leaves tomentose, pectinate-pinnatifid, segments linear-
lanceolate, often bifid, stem erect, 2-6 in; very high, rare ;
Switzerland, Tirol, Carinthia, Piedmont, Dauphiny.

b. Plant not tomentose or silky :—A. alpina, L.; leaves
pinnatifid-dentate ; very rare; St. Gothard, Aosta. A.
macrophylla, L.; corymb very compound, stem I-I ft.,
leaves large, much divided; moist; Switzerland, Jura,
Carinthia, local. A. glabrata, Koch; corymbs simple,
stem I-10 in, leaves cuneate-elliptic in outline, pinnate,
with blunt segments; high; Carinthia, Salzburg. we
moschata, L.; stem about 4 in., leaves pectinate-pinna-
tifid, with acute entire lobes, dotted; high, frequent. A.
atrata, L.; stem 3-10 in., leaves pinnatifid, with pinna-
tifid mucronate segments, involucral bracts with a broad
black margin; damp pastures, frequent. A. Clustana,
Tausch.; resembling the last, but leaves bipinnate, with
acute toothed segments; damp pastures; Styria, Carin-
thia, Carniola, Salzburg. A. pyrenaica, Sibth.; plant
pubescent, stem 8-I5 in., leaves pale green, strongly

dotted, lanceolate, attenuate, dentate ; Pyrenees. A.

herba-rota, All., stem 6-8 in., leaves pale green, strongly
dotted, stem-leaves simple, oblong-cuneate, dentate, plant
aromatic; Dauphiny, Pyrenees.

EE ee

LXI—-ACHILLA A: NANA

eae = « .
Hea
el : se

5 : Poth ay
Th OMY a a :
7 , f ®

f id

ee \

a

COMPOSIT 15

B. Ray-flowers 3-7, not so long as the flat involucre :
—A. tanacetzfolia, All. (including stvzcta, Schleich., dzs-
tans, W. K., and dentifera, DC.) ; flowers very often pink,
leaves pinnate or pinnatifid, rachis of middle leaves winged
and toothed; high, frequent. A. zodzlis, L.; flowers
white, leaves oblong-oval in outline, rachis not winged;
Switzerland, rare (Bale, Bienne, Neuchatel), Dauphiny.
A. magna, Heenk.; flowers often red, leaves very finely
ter-pinnatifid, involucral bracts with a broad black-brown
margin ; alpine pastures, Switzerland, Dauphiny, local.

A. tomentosa, L.; ray-flowers yellow, leaves woolly ;
Southern Switzerland, Savoy, is not alpine.

27. TANACETUM, L.

Flowers all tubular, yellow; involucral bracts in many
rows; outer flowers female, inner male; anther-cells not
tailed ; pappus 0; strongly scented. Not alpine.

T. vulgare, L., Tansy ; dry places, frequent.

28. ARTEMISIA, L.

‘Capitules small, few-flowered, in racemes or panicles ;
involucral bracts in few rows, with scarious margins;
flowers all tubular, outer female, inner male or bisexual;
pappus O; bitter aromatic herbs or small shrubs.

A. vulgaris, L., Mugwort; flowers all perfect, and
leaves woolly only beneath, is very common by road-
sides; and A. Adsinthtum, Wormwood; outer flowers
only fertile, leaves silky on both sides, not unfrequent in
stony places. The following species are alpine :—

A. Capitules globular; receptacle hairy :—A. Mutel-
lina, Vill.; capitules 12~-15-flowered, yellowish, in spikes.

16 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS

or racemes, the lowermost on long stalks, stem 3-6 in.,
leaves triply 3-partite, with silky adpressed hairs; fre-
quent. A. glacialis, L.; capitules 30—40-flowered, corym-
bose, sessile, golden-yellow; very high, rare; Switzer-
land (Zermatt, Simplon), Dauphiny, Pyrenees, Piedmont.
A. nitida, Bert. (lanata, Koch, pedemontana, Balb.); stem
6-12 in., capitules nodding, forming a long leafy raceme,
leaves covered with a white wool; Southern Tirol, Pied-
mont, Lombardy, rare.

B. Capitules nearly globular; receptacle glabrous ;
disk-flowers bisexual and fertile:—A. sfzcata, Wulf. ;
czespitose, tomentose, stem 3-6 in., ending in a simple
raceme, stem-leaves inciso-serrate; very high, rare;
Alps, Carpathians, Dauphiny, Pyrenees. <A. éanacetzfolza,
All.; capitules glabrous, nodding, stem 6-18 in., often
branched below, leaf-segments mucronate; Carniola,
rare. A. mana, Gaud.; stem 4-6 in., generally simple,
capitules small, unilateral, leaf-segments narrowly lanceo-
late; rare, Valais, Tirol, Dauphiny. A. xorica, Leyb.;
capitules large, not unilateral, spike leafy, leaves auricled
at the base, leaf-segments broadly lanceolate; Tirol, very
high, rare (Gross-Glockner, Gross-Venediger). A. pon-
tica, L.; stem 14-2 ft., branched, capitules grey, tomentose,
forming a panicle; Styria. A. zuszpzda, Vill. ; stem 12-16
in., silky-white, capitules unilateral, panicled, leaves bi-
pinnate, with linear segments, mucronate; high, Dauphiny.
A. Villarsiz, G. and G.; czespitose, stem 4-12 in.,, silky-
white, capitules nodding, corolla hairy, leaves silky-white ;
high ; Dauphiny, Pyrenees. A. atrata, Lam.; stem 8-12
in., leaves glabrous, stalked, dotted, corolla velvety ;
Dauphiny, Piedmont, Carniola. <A. chamemelifolia,
Vill. ; aromatic, stem 12-30 in., corolla glabrous, leaves

COMPOSIT 17

glabrous, not dotted, stem-leaves sessile, amplexicaul ;
Dauphiny, Piedmont.

C. Capitules ovate; receptacle glabrous; disk-flowers
hermaphrodite and sterile; not alpine:—A. campestris,
L.; capitules in long slender racemes, yellow, drooping,
leaves pinnatifid; sandy places. A. valeszaca, All.; leaves
tomentose, snow-white, pinnate, with narrow linear seg-
ments; Southern Switzerland.

Tribe SENECIONE.—Flowers usually all bisexual
and ligulate, generally yellow; receptacle naked; anther-
cells not tailed; branches of style free in the disk-
flowers ; pappus-hairs usually very soft; leaves alternate.
Genera 29-32.

20. SENECIO,. L.

Capitules solitary or in corymbs; ray-flowers female or
0; branches of style with penicillate tips; pappus-hairs
soft, slender, deciduous; involucral bracts in one row,
sometimes with a short outer involucre.

The following English lowland species are found also
in Switzerland, &c.:—S. vulgaris, L., Groundsel; sy/-
vaticus, L., a somewhat larger fcetid plant; /acobea, L.,
Ragwort; vzscosus, L., a viscid plant with broad leaves ;
eructfolzus, L., pubescent, with simply pinnatifid leaves ;
aquaticus, Huds. (including darbareefolius, Krock.) ; and
paludosus, L., both in wet places, the former with divided,
the latter with undivided cottony leaves. The remaining
species are mostly alpine.

A. Capitule with an outer involucre of small bracts;
leaves simply or doubly pinnatifid:—S. abrotantfolius, L.;

flowers orange-yellow, leaves bi-pinnate (upper simply
VOL. II. B

18 THE FLORA ‘OF THE “ALPS

pinnate), with linear segments, glabrous; high; Eastern
Switzerland,Carpathians. S. ¢zvolzenszs, Kern.; resembling
the last, but stem thickened beneath the capitule, leaf-
segments shorter and stiffer; Tirol. SS. xebrodensis, L.;
leaves woolly when young, leaf-rachis toothed, involucral
bracts long, black-tipped, ray-flowers often 0; Engadine,
Styria. S. adonidifolius, Lois.; leaf-segments linear, leaf-
stalk somewhat winged ;: Jura, Dauphiny, Pyrenees. S.
unifiorus, All.; czespitose, stem I-4 in., capitule large,
solitary, leaves white, very tomentose, fruit hairy; rare;
Zermatt, Simplon, Southern Tirol, Piedmont. S. zzcanus,
L.; capitules several, small, fruit glabrous or slightly
pubescent at the tip, stem 2-4 in., leaves pectinate-
pinnate, covered with a white woolly tomentum; rare;
Switzerland, Mont Cenis, Tirol, Piedmont, Dauphiny.
S. carniolicus, Willd. ; resembling the last, but leaves less
divided, grey with adpressed silky hairs ; Southern Swit-
zerland, Tirol, Carniola, Carinthia, Styria.

&. Capitule with an outer involucre of small bracts;
lower leaves simple :—S. Doronicum, L.; flowers orange-
yellow, stem 8-18 in., capitules large, usually 1-3, lower
leaves elliptic, upper oblong, dentate; not common. 5S.
Cacaliaster, Lam.; flowers pale yellow, ray-flowers 0,
leaves lanceolate, serrate, upper half-amplexicaul; moist,
rare; Southern Tirol, Carinthia, Tirol, Styria. 5S. sar-
racenicus, L. (Fuchsiz, Gmel.); involucre shortly cylind-
rical, leaves nearly glabrous, upper ones with a narrowly
winged leaf-stalk, not amplexicaul; mountain woods.
S. nemorensts, L. (Jacquinianus, Rchb.); involucre cam-
panulate-cylindrical, leaves hairy beneath, half-amplexi-
caul; mountain woods. S. Dorza, L.; capitules small,
numerous, lower leaves large, attenuated into a winged

COMPOSIT 19

petiole, upper amplexicaul, decurrent, crenulate ; pastures;
Carinthia, Pyrenees. SS. cordzfolius, Gou. (including
auriculatus, Jacq., and subalpinus, Koch); capitules large,
lower leaves cordate-ovate, serrate, webbed, with auricled
leaf-stalk, uppermost pinnatifid; Switzerland, Bavaria,
Tirol, Styria, generally near chalets.

C. Capitules without an outer involucre (Czeraria,
L.) :—S. crispus, Jacq.; leaves coarsely notched and un-
equally dentate, often curled, with broadly winged entire
or dentate leaf-stalk; damp pastures. S. spathulefolius,
DC. ; leaves nearly entire, white beneath, radical leaves
on very long stalks, often nearly linear, achene covered
with short stiff hairs; mountain swamps. S. dongzfolzus,
Jacq. ; resembling the last, but ovary and achene downy ;
Tirol. S. pyrenaicus, G. and G.; leaves oblong or elliptic,
attenuated into a leaf-stalk, floccose beneath; Pyrenees.
S. Clusianus, Jacq. ; radical leaves on short stalks, very
woolly, ovary and achene glabrous; Austrian Alps, rare.
S. alpestris, DC.; radical leaves and lower stem-leaves
on very long stalks, woolly; pastures; Tirol, Carniola.
S. leiocarpus, Koch; resembling a/festris, but leaves
webbed on the upper, covered with a dense white wool
on the under side; Austrian Alps. S. croceus, Koch
(Cineraria crispa, Jacq. var.); flowers saffron-yellow,
involucral bracts purple-brown, leaves with long winged
leaf-stalks, ovary glabrous; pastures. S. aurantzacus,
DC.; flowers orange-yellow, involucral bracts reddish-
brown, leaves shortly stalked, woolly; moist pastures;
Switzerland, Dauphiny, S. campestris, DC. (Cineraria
alpina, Huds.) ; flowers yellow, radical leaves narrowed
into a winged leaf-stalk, involucral bracts green; Jura,
Pyrenees, Tirol, rare.

20 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS

30. DORONICUM, L.

Resembling Sezeczo, but involucral bracts in several
rows; ray-flowers usually female; stem-leaves amplexi-
caul; pappus-hairs rigid. Alpine.

D. austriacum, Jacq.; flowers golden-yellow, stem 2-3
ft., radical leaves cordate, obtuse, stem-leaves auriculate,
receptacle pubescent; mountain-woods; Bavaria, Tirol,
Styria, Carniola, Jura, Pyrenees, Puy-de-Déme. JD. Par-
dalianches, L., Leopard’s-Bane; capitules numerous, um-
bellate, radical leaves cordate-ovate, stalk of stem-leaves
sheathing, root-stock tuberous; mountain-woods, local. D.
Matthioli, Tausch.; capitules fewer, on elongated stalks ;
Switzerland, Austrian Alps, local. DD. cordatum, Kern.
(Columne, Ten.); stem 14-3 ft., leaves glabrous, lower
cordate-ovate; Tirol, Styria, Carpathians, Salzburg.

31. ARONICUM, Neck.

Resembling Doronzcum, but achenes of both ray- and
disk-flowers crested. Alpine.

A, glaciale, Rcehb.; capitule large, solitary, leaves thick,
s‘iff, ovate-lanceolate, sinuate-dentate; very high, near
glaciers. A. Doronicum, Jacq. (Clusiz, Koch, hersutum,
Lam.); leaves entire or distantly toothed, soft, stem and
leaves hairy ; Alps, Dauphiny, Carpathians. A. Bauhznz,
Saut.; leaves inciso-dentate, stem and leaves covered
with rough hairs; Tirol, rare. A. scorpiotdes, Rehb.
(grandifiorum, Lam.); stem 9-18 in., capitules I-—4,
radical leaves cordate-ovate, on long stalks, coarsely den-
tate, stem-leaves not auricled, plant foetid; high ; Swit-
zerland, Jura, Austrian Alps, Dauphiny, Pyrenees. -A.

COMPOSIT Az 21

Jacquint, Tausch.; leaves serrate-dentate, lower and
middle stem-leaves auricled; Carinthia, Styria, local.

32. ARNICA, L.

Achenes of ray- and disk-flowers crested ; stem-leaves
opposite, entire. Alpine.

A. montana, L. (Pl. 63); stem 1-2 ft., capitules 1-3,
large (24-3 in.), flowers orange-yellow, leaves nearly
entire, stem and leaves downy; alpine pastures, frequent.

Tribe CYNAREZ.—Involucre usually globular, with
hard or spiny bracts; flowers all tubular, bisexual, or the
outer ones female or neuter; cowlla-tube bulbous in the
upper part; leaves alternate, often spiny. Genera 33-47.

33. JURINEA, Cass.

Flowers all bisexual ; involucral bracts usually unarmed;
anther-cells with two filiform appendages; pappus deci-
duous, composed of several rows of toothed hairs.

J. mollis, Rchb. (pyrenaica, G. and G.); capitule soli-
tary, flowers purple, involucral bracts erect, leaves pin-
natifid, somewhat tomentose; Styria, Carniola, Pyrenees
(Vallée d’Eynes).

34. BERARDIA, Vill.

Flowers all bisexual; involucral bracts unarmed; an-
ther-cells with two filiform appendages; receptacle pitted ;
pappus persistent, composed of several rows of toothed
hairs twisted spirally.

B. subacaulis, Vill.; capitule large, solitary, flowers

22 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS

white, leaves coriaceous, tomentose, nearly entire, stem
2-6 in.; high; Dauphiny.

35. SAUSSUREA, DC.

Flowers purple or violet; capitules usually numerous,
corymbose; involucral bracts unarmed; anther -cells
tailed ; pappus-hairs in two rows, the outer rough, the
inner feathery. Alpine.

S. alpina, DC.; stem 6-18 in., leaves lanceolate,
webbed beneath with grey hairs, involucral bracts narrow;
high, rocky. S. macrophylla, Saut.; leaves broader, in-
volucral bracts broad; Tirol, Salzburg, Pyrenees, rare.
S. depressa, Gren. ; capitules few, stem very short (2 in.),
leafy, leaves grey-white beneath; very rare; Southern
Switzerland, Tirol (Gross-Glockner), Dauphiny. S. dzs-
color, DC.; leaves lanceolate-cordate, with a snow-white
tomentum beneath; high, rare. S. pygmc@a, Spreng.;
flowers red-violet, capitule solitary, stem 2-6 in., leaves
linear, entire or denticulate; Tirol, Carniola, Carinthia,
Styria, rare.

26, (CARLINA, jL..

Flowers purple; outer involucral bracts spiny, spread-
ing, white, inner coloured, shining; fruit silky, with
feathery pappus; leaves pinnatifid, spiny.

The English C. vulgarzs, L., Carline-Thistle, with single
sessile white capitule; very common on open hill-sides.
Also C. acaulis, L.; capitule solitary, much larger (up to
3 in.), stem © or very short ; mountain pastures, frequent,
especially in Jura. C. longifolia, Rchb. (nebrodensts,
Koch); stem up to 18 in., capitules several, leaves elliptic-

= Sn ee ea,

COMPOSITA 23

lanceolate; Switzerland, Tirol, Vosges, Jura, Salzburg,
rare. C. acanthifolza, All. ; nearly stemless, capitule soli-
tary, very large, leaves tomentose beneath, very spiny ;
Dauphiny, Pyrenees.

37. ARCTIUM, L.

Capitules globose; involucral bracts with long spread-
ing stiff hooked tips; leaves very large, simple. Not
alpine.

A. majus, Schk. (Lappa major, Geertn., L. officinalis,
All.), Greater Burdock; and A. mznus, Schk. (Lappa
minor, DC.), Smaller Burdock; very common. A. tomen-
tosum, Schk.; capitules strongly webbed, smaller and
more numerous; at higher elevations. A. nemorosum,
Lge. (zutermedtum, KRchb.); capitules webbed, lower
leaves coarsely toothed; woods.

38. XERANTHEMUM, Tourn.

Flowers purple, outer sterile, with a bi-labiate corolla;
involucral scales unarmed; stamens with completely free
filaments. Not alpine.

AX. tnapertum, Willd. (erectum, Pr.); inner involucral
bracts expanded only in the sunshine, leaves tomentose ;
dry; Southern Switzerland.

39. SERRATULA, DC.

Flowers purple or white; capitules solitary or nume-
rous; involucral bracts unarmed; anther-cells not tailed ;
pappus-hairs rigid.

24 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS

A. Involucral bracts lacerated, or with a broad mem-
branous appendage; leaves tomentose (Rhaponticum,
DC.) :—S. Rhaponticum, DC. (R. scariosum, Lam.) ; capi-
tule large, solitary, appendages of bracts ciliate, stem 1}—
2 ft., leafy below, naked above; Valais, Dauphiny, rare.
S. helenifolia, G. and G.; capitules solitary or several,
stem 3-4 ft., leafy throughout, involucral appendages not
ciliate, stem-leaves often lyrate; high, local. S. cynaroz-
des, DC.; capitules very large, usually solitary, involucral
scales lacerated, stem about 3 ft., leafy; Pyrenees.

&. Involucral leaves not appendaged; leaves nearly
glabrous :—S. ¢zxctoria, L., Saw-Wort; capitules small,
numerous, oval, often unisexual, involucral bracts rigid,
strongly ciliate, stem-leaves usually lyrate - pinnatifid ;
thickets, frequent. S.Vulpzz, Fisch., alpina (var.), G. and
G.; and montzcola, Bor., are mountain forms of tzuctorza,
often with only a single capitule. S. xudzcaulis, DC.;
capitule large (up to I in.), solitary, bisexual, upper part
of stem leafless, radical and uppermost leaves entire,
intermediate serrate; Saleve, Piedmont, Dauphiny. SS.
heterophylla, Desf.; resembling the last, but stem leafy
throughout, lower stem-leaves pinnatifid at the base;
Dauphiny.

40. CRUPINA, Cass.

Resembling Serratula, but outer flowers of capitule
sterile; inner row of pappus-hairs reduced to scales.
Not alpine.

C. vulgaris, Cass.; flowers 3-5 in a capitule, purple,
stem-leaves pinnatifid, with linear toothed segments,
stony places; Western Switzerland.

COMPOSIT 25

41. ECHINOPS, L.
Flowers all bisexual; capitules 1-flowered, united into
a globular head with a common receptacle; involucral
bracts hard, keeled, shining. Not alpine.
E. spherocephalus, L.; flowers pale blue, stem 3-5
ft., with a single globular head, or several; road-sides;
Western Switzerland, Dauphiny, occasional.

42. SILYBUM, Geertn.

Flowers bisexual; outer involucral bracts spiny; pap-
pus deciduous, formed of several rows of denticulate
hairs; filaments connate into a sheath. Not alpine.

S. Marianum, Geertn., Milk-Thistle; involucral bracts
reflexed, leaves very large, spiny, spotted with white;
waste places; Valais, but often introduced.

43. ONOPORDON, L.

Flowers bisexual, purple; capitules very large; involu-
cral bracts spiny, webbed; anther-cells tailed; pappus
composed of ciliate hairs, deciduous. Not alpine.

O. Acanthium, L.,Cotton-Thistle; stem strongly winged,
leaves large, very spiny; waste places.

44. CIRSIUM, Tourn. (Cyzcus, L.).

Flowers bisexual, usually purple; capitule usually
globular, involucral scales very stiff, acuminate or spiny ;
receptacle covered with bristles; pappus feathery; leaves
spiny. The species appear to hybridise freely.

Several very common species of Thistle belong to this
genus, viz.:—C. lanceolatum, Scop., Spear-Thistle, and

26 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS

arvense, Scop., in meadows; C. palustre, Scop., and pra-
tense, Willd. (anglicum, Lam.), in damp fields.

The following are less common or are not English :—

A. Flowers yellow :—C. oleraceum, Scop.; whole plant
soft and succulent, involucral bracts ending in a short
spine, leaves pale green, ciliate-spiny, upper part of stem
very leafy; wet meadows, common. C. spinoszssimumy,
Scop.; involucral bracts ending in a long strong spine,
capitules surrounded by yellowish-white lanceolate spiny
pinnatifid leaves; alpine pastures, frequent. C. Arasz-
thales, Scop.; capitules nodding, involucre viscid, not
surrounded by spiny leaves, stem nearly leafless above ;
pastures ; ‘Switzerland, Jura, Dauphiny. C. carniolicum,
Scop.; involucre not viscid, not surrounded by spiny
leaves, stem and stalk of capitule rusty-tomentose ;
Southern Tirol. C. glabrum, DC.; flowers pale yellow,
involucre very spiny, surrounded by linear-lanceolate
dentate spiny leaves, leaves linear-lanceolate, pinnatifid,
coriaceous; Pyrenees.

L. Flowers purple; leaves with rough spines on the
upper surface:—C. eriophorum, Scop.; capitule very
large, webbed, leaves not decurrent; subalpine pastures.
C. spathulatum, Gaud.; resembling the last, but invo-
lucre less strongly webbed, bracts spathulate-concave,
with pectinate-ciliate appendages; Ticino.

C. Flowers purple; leaves not spiny above :—C. acaule,
Scop.; plant nearly or quite stemless, capitule solitary,
sessile; pastures, frequent. C. pauciflorum, Spreng. ;
leaves very large, all undivided, stem-leaves amplexicaul,
lowermost somewhat webbed; pastures; Styria, Car-
niola, local. C. tuberosum, All.; leaves deeply pinnatifid,
root tuberous; Western Switzerland. C. heterophyllum,

COMPOSITA 24

All.; leaves entire or pinnatifid, very soft, white-tomen-
tose beneath, stem 2-3 ft., cottony; pastures, frequent.
C. revulare, Link; capitules 2-4, large (up to ? in.), on
long stalks, lower leaves usually undivided, stem nearly
leafless above ; damp pastures, frequent. C. montanum,
Spreng. ; stem leafy up to the summit, leaves deeply pin-
natifid; Southern Tirol, rare. C. dulbosum, DC.; capi-
tules few, on long stalks, leaves somewhat tomentose
beneath, root-fibres bulbous; Jura, Dauphiny, Geneva.
C. monspessulanum, All. ; capitules small, corymbose, stem
pubescent, winged, branched, involucre not webbed, bracts
with black spots; Carniola, Styria, Dauphiny, Pyrenees.

45. CARDUUS, L.

Resembling Czrszum, but pappus-hairs rough and stiff,
united, deciduous.

C. nutans, L., with large nodding heads; crispus, L.,
with much smaller erect heads and continuous wing to
the stem; and acanthoides, L., like the last, but with
fewer and larger heads and spiny bracts, are common
English thistles.

The following are mostly not British :—

A. Capitules oblong or ovoid-oblong, deciduous when
mature :—C. pycnocephalus, L.; capitules small, in clusters,
wing of stem continuous; Geneva, Pyrenees, rare. C.
tenutfiorus, Curt. ; resembling the last, and scarcely distin-
guishable, capitules more numerous and smaller, wing
of stem broader; Geneva, Pyrenees.

4. Capitules globose or ovoid, not deciduous :—C.
platylepis, Saut.; capitule large, solitary, erect, involu-
cral bracts recurved, spiny; meadows, occasional. C.

28 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS

carduelis, L. (arctiordes, Willd., alpestris, W. K.); capi-
tule solitary, terminal, leaves pinnatifid, glabrous; moist
pastures, occasional. C. defloratus, L. (including glaucus,
Baumg., vzvzdis, Kern., rhetecus, DC., and carlinefolius,
Gaud.); branches ending in a long leafless peduncle bear-
ing a single capitule, stem winged, leaves more or less
sinuate-dentate and spiny, usually glabrous beneath ; very
variable; pastures. C. Personata, Jacq. ; capitules nume-
rous, racemose, branches leafy to the summit, upper leaves
with long spines, lower deeply pinnatifid ; pastures, fre-
quent. C. agrestis, Kern.; resembling the last, but capi-
tules less numerous, lower leaves sinuate-pinnatifid ;
Tirol, rare. C. nzgrescens, Vill.; peduncles white-tomen-
tose, leafy to the summit; Dauphiny. C. hamulosus, Ehrn. ;
stalk of capitule tomentose, leafless; Carniola, Dauphiny,
Cevennes. C. aurosicus, Vill.; capitules corymbose, on
short stalks, involucral bracts strongly spined ; very rare;
Mont Auronse, Dauphiny.

46. KENTROPHYLLUM, Neck.

Outer involucral bracts foliaceous, pinnate, spiny ; pap-
pus of ray-flowers o, of disk-flowers composed of dentate
scale-like hairs. Not alpine.

K. lanatum, DC. (Carthamus lanatus, L.); flowers yel-
low, capitule solitary, stem leafy, woolly above, leaves
sinuate-pinnatifid ; dry, stony; Canton de Vaud, Valais,
Geneva, Pyrenees.

47. CENTAUREA, L.

Involucral bracts adpressed, scarious, fringed, or spiny ;
receptacle bristly ; flowers all tubular, outer ones usually

COMPOSIT | 29

larger, neuter, inner bisexual ; pappus-hairs short, scabrid,
rarely O.

A. Flowers blue:—C. Cyanus, L., Cornflower, Blue-
bottle; cornfields. C.szontana, L., commonly sold as Corn-
flower; leaves green, entire, slightly webbed, involucral
bracts with a narrow black fringe, capitule solitary ;
bushy, alpine, common. C. axillaris, Willd.; capitules
often several, leaves white, webbed, involucral bracts
with a broad silvery fringe; bushy, alpine; Southern
Switzerland, Dauphiny.

B. Flowers yellow :—C. solstztzalzs, L.; involucre spiny,
stem winged, cottony, lower leaves lyrate, upper linear,
decurrent; cultivated land.

C. Flowers red, involucre spiny :—C. Calctrapa, L. ;
stem-leaves pinnatifid, not decurrent.

D. Flowers red, involucre not spiny; bracts dentate-
fringed, but not appendaged :—C. Scabiosa, L., with
pinnatifid leaves and broadly-rayed capitules, is common
in English meadows; the others are not British. C.
valestaca, Jord.; involucral bracts strongly veined, lateral
fringes 5—7 on each side; waste places; Valais. C. panz-
culata, L.; involucral bracts with a spiny terminal fringe ;
very rare; Valais, Bale, Nyon. C.maculosa, Lam. }; involu-
cral bracts with a black spot at the tip, lateral fringes 7-12
on each side; Lower Engadine, Chur, Bale, Dauphiny.
C. alpestris, Heg. (Kotschyana, Koch, Menteyerica,
Chaix) ; fringe almost silvery, more or less hiding the in-
volucre, capitules very large (#-1I in.) ; mountain pastures,
local; Southern Switzerland, Dauphiny. C. /eucophea,
Jord.; capitules forming an elongated panicle, outer flowers
rayed, leaves very pale green; Dauphiny, Pyrenees.

&. Flowers red; involucre not spiny; bracts appen-

30 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS

daged :—C. nzgra, L., Knapweed, Hardhead, is a very
common plant in English meadows. The following low-
land species are very nearly allied :—C. nzgrescens, Willd. ;
glabrous, involucre cylindrical, appendages with recurved
tip, pappus 0. C. transalpina, Schleich.; similar, but
plant covered with rough hairs, involucre variegated with
black and green. C. pratenszs, Thuill.; marginal flowers
barren, appendages lighter, pappus 0. C. unzflora, L.;
capitule large, solitary, stem quite simple, very leafy,
4-15 in., leaves cottony on both sides, lower ones with
a long winged stalk; High Alps, Dauphiny. C. nervosa,
Willd. (plumosa, Lam., Thomaszana, Grml., Ferdinandz,
Gren.); leaves grey-green, auricled; High Alps, Southern
Switzerland, Tirol, Carniola, Dauphiny. The remaining
species are lowland or sub-alpine :—C. alta, L. (splendens,
Gaud.); leaves pinnate or bi-pinnate, with linear segments,
appendages of involucre white; Ticino. C. /acea, L.
(including amara, L.); very nearly allied to mzgra, but
involucral appendages undivided, finely denticulate or
lacerated, pappuso; frequent. C.rhetica, Mor. (austriaca,
Koch, cévrhata, Rcehb.); involucre elliptical, appendages
long, pointed, pinnatifid, not concealing the involucre,
stem and leaves usually glabrous; Southern Switzerland,
Tirol, Styria, Piedmont. C. phrygia, L. (austriaca, Willd.)
(Pl. 64); stem 14-3 feet, branched, ray-flowers very
slender, appendages brown, leaves broadly lanceolate,
dentate; sub-alpine pastures, frequent. C. pseudo-phrygia,
Mey.; resembling the last, but appendages black-brown ;
pastures; Switzerland, Tirol.

Sub-Order LIGULIFLOR&.—Plants with a milky juice
(latex); flowers all ligulate.

——is oF —_

LXIV.—CENTAUREA PHRYGIA.

COMPOSITA& 31

Tribe CICHORIACE#.— Style cylindrical, pubescent
above, branches of style linear, pubescent at the back.
Genera 48-68.

48. CICHORIUM, L.

Flowers blue; involucral bracts in two rows; anther-
cells not tailed; pappus scaly. Not alpine.
C. Intybus, L., Chicory ; road-sides, common.

49. ARNOSERIS, Geertn.

Flowers yellow ; capitules small, few, on leafless scapes;
pappus Oo; fruit crowned by a coriaceous ring. Not
alpine.

A. pusilla, Geertn.; leaves 2-4 in. long, narrowly ob-
ovate, toothed, scape greatly thickened below the capitule ;
sandy fields, rare; Switzerland, Lombardy.

BO. ‘(LAPSANA,* 1.

Flowers yellow; capitules very small, numerous; in-
volucral bracts in one row, erect; receptacle flat; anther-
cells not tailed; pappus o.

L. communzs, L., Nipple-Wort ; stem leafy, lower leaves
lyrate, pinnatifid, upper entire. Waste ground, common.

51. APOSERIS, Neck.

Flowers yellow; capitule large, solitary, on a leafless
scape; involucral bracts in one row, with an outer row
of small scales; pappus o.

A. fetida, Less.; foetid, leaves all radical, runcinate-

* Continental botanists spell this word Lampsana.

32 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS

pinnatifid; flowers sulphur-yellow; pastures; Western
Switzerland, Savoy, Dauphiny, Pyrenees.

52. LEONTODON, L.

Flowers yellow; capitules on simple or branched leaf-
less scapes; involucral bracts in several rows ; receptacle
naked; pappus (at least partially) feathery.

Three species of Hawkbit are English, in meadows
and on dry banks, viz. :—L. autumnalis, leaves glabrous,
lanceolate, pappus of all the flowers feathery ; L. hzspzdus,
L. (Apargia hispida, Willd.), leaves oblong-lanceolate,
hispid, pappus of dll the flowers in two rows, outer
scabrid, inner feathery; and ZL. hirtus, L. (Thrinaa
hirta, Roth.), leaves oblong, hispid, pappus of inner
flowers feathery, of outer composed of toothed scales.

The following are alpine or sub-alpine:—JL. zucanus,
Schrk. ; capitule nodding in bud, pappus-hairs all feathery,
stem, leaves, and involucre hoary with a grey pubescence ;
Eastern and Southern Switzerland, Tirol, Dauphiny,
Lombardy. JZ. saxatélis, All.; involucre with black
woolly hairs, pappus snow-white; Switzerland. JZ.
Taraxaci, L.; corolla of outermost flowers streaked with
red beneath, pappus-hairs feathery, brown, involucre
densely covered with dark brown hairs; high, frequent.
L. pyrenaicus, Gou.; upper part of stem with a few scales,
leaf-stalk narrow, leaves often pinnatifid, flowers often
orange; high, frequent. JL. hastzlis, L.; leaves lanceo-
late, dentate or sinuate-dentate, very variable; frequent.
L. crispus, Vill.; leaves sinuate-dentate or pinnatifid,
hispid; Ticino, Southern Tirol. L. c¢enuzflorus, Rchb. ;
leaves sinuate-dentate with distant teeth, outer row of

COMPOSITA 33

pappus-hairs short, rough; Ticino, Lombardy. ZL. alpz-
nus, Vill.; corolla red on the under-side, leaves all
radical, dentate, not pinnatifid ; very high ; Dauphiny.

53. HYPOCH ARIS, L.

Flowers yellow ; capitules on simple or branched leaf-
less scapes; pappus of one row of feathery hairs and
usually an outer row of short stiff bristles ; receptacle
scaly.

Hf. glabra, L., with toothed or sinuate, and rad?-
cata, L., with runcinate-pinnatifid leaves, are common
meadow plants. H. maculata, L.; capitules liree ea)
stem thickened towards the top, involucral bracts entire,
leaves usually spotted with dark brown ; high alpine
pastures. //. uniflora, Vill.; capitule very large, solitary,
with greatly thickened stalk, involucral bracts fringed,
woolly; very high; Switzerland, Carniola, Dauphiny,
Carpathians.

54. TARAXACUM, Juss.

Flowers yellow; capitule solitary, on a leafless hollow
scape; involucral bracts in several rows, the outer ones
often recurved ; receptacle naked, pitted ; pappus-hairs in
several rows; fruit ribbed and beaked.

I. officinale, Web., Dandelion ; everywhere. J. palus-
tre, DC.; differing in its erect outer involucral scales ;
wet places, common. 7. /evigatum, DC.; with smaller
and paler capitules and more divided leaves ; dry pastures,
local. TZ. nzgricans, Kit.; flowers golden-yellow, outer
involucral bracts spreading, stalk of pappus much longer

than the fruit; alpine pastures, local. 7. Pacheri, Schultz ;
mai. TI, C

34 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS

flowers golden-yellow, whitish beneath, outer involucral
bracts erect, ripe fruit as long as stalk of pappus ; Carin-
thia, very rare.

5s, WILLEMETIA, Neck.

Flowers yellow; capitules usually several ; involucral
bracts in one row with an outer row of scales; receptacle
naked; fruit beaked, toothed, teeth forming a terminal
crest; pappus-hairs feathery, simple, white.

W. hieractoides, Monn. (stipitata, Jacq., apargiordes,
Willd.); stem angular, stem and involucre rough with
dark brown hairs, leaves obovate, sinuate-dentate ; pas-
tures, frequent.

56. PICRIS, L.

Flowers yellow ; stem branched, leafy, hairy ; capitules
usually numerous, corymbose ; involucral bracts in seve-
ral rows, the outer ones spreading ; fruit curved ; pappus-
hairs in two rows, feathery.

P. hieracioides, L. (crepoides, Saut.); very hispid, stem-
leaves half-amplexicaul; common. P. pyrenatca, L,; capi-
tules larger, leaves covered with long soft hairs; Jura,
Dauphiny, Vosges, Pyrenees, local.

57. HELMINTHIA, Juss.

Resembling P2cris, but outer involucral bracts cordate ;
fruit beaked.

H. echioides, Geertn.; very hispid, capitules large
(1 in.), lower leaves sinuate-dentate, upper amplexicaul ;
cultivated land; Jura, Styria, Dauphiny, local.

COMPOSIT 35

58. TRAGOPOGON, L.

Flowers yellow or purple; capitule large, solitary;
involucral bracts in one row, narrow, usually longer than
the flowers; leaves entire, amplexicaul; fruit with a long
beak ; pappus-hairs in several rows, rigid, feathery. Very
milky plants; flowers always closing by mid-day.

A. Flowers yellow :—T. pratensis, L. (including orzen-
talis, L.), Goat’s-Beard ; involucral bracts not longer than
the flowers, stem not much thickened below the capitule ;
meadows, common. 7. dubzus, Vill.; involucral bracts
twice as long as the flowers, stem of capitule not much
thickened, leaves narrower; road-sides, local. Z. major,
Jacq.; involucral bracts longer than the flowers, stem
greatly thickened below the capitule; road-sides ; Swit-
zerland, Dauphiny.

4. Outer flowers purple, inner yellow :—7. crocifoltus,
L.; involucral bracts 5-8, longer than the flowers, leaves
linear ; very rare; Great St. Bernard, Dauphiny.

59. SCORZONERA, L.

Flowers yellow, purple, or pink ; capitules one or more;
involucral bracts in several rows; leaves entire; fruit
elongated, not beaked; pappus feathery. Alpine.

A. Flowers yellow:— S. austriaca, Willd.; capitule
solitary, stem 4-15 in., with a few scale-like leaves, root-
leaves broadly oval, glabrous; Southern Switzerland,
Jura, Savoy, Tirol, Styria, Dauphiny. S. humilis, L.;
stem bearing I-3 capitules, with a few small leaves,
woolly, involucre more or less woolly at the base;
Southern Switzerland, Jura, Pyrenees. S. hzspanica, L.,

36 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS

Salsify ; stem bearing several capitules, leafy below, 13-3
ft.; rare; Aostathal, Dauphiny (but often cultivated).
S. aristata, Ram.; capitule solitary, stem leafless, stem
8-16 in.; Tirol, Carinthia, Carniola, Salzburg, Pyrenees.

B. Flowers pink :—S. rosea, W. and K.; leaves linear-
lanceolate ; rare; Tirol, Carniola, Carinthia, Carpathians.

60. PODOSPERMUM, DC.

Resembling Scorzonera,; but achenes swollen, prolonged
at the base into a stalk; leaves pinnatifid. Not alpine.

P. laciniatum, DC.; flowers pale yellow, stem erect,
simple, capitule solitary, leaf-segments distant, usually
linear ; road-sides; Valais, Dauphiny, Pyrenees. /P. cal-
citrapefolium, DC. (decumbens, G. and G.); stems often
decumbent ; Dauphiny.

OI. DONCHUS, L.

Flowers yellow; capitules numerous, corymbose; in-
volucral bracts in many rows; pappus-hairs simple, silky.
Very milky plants; not alpine.

Our English species of Sow-Thistle, S. oleraceus, L.,
with very soft pinnatifid leaves ; asfer, All., with spiny
leaves; and arvenszs, L., with much larger capitules and
auricled stem-leaves, are common in cultivated land. SS.
palustris, L., with pale yellow flowers and sagittate stem-
leaves, is occasionally met with in marshes in Southern
Switzerland.

62. PRENANTHES, L.
Flowers purple; capitules small, numerous, few-

flowered; involucral bracts in one row, few; pappus- —
hairs simple.

COMPOSITA 37

P. purpurea, L.; stem much branched, glabrous, leaves
cordate-amplexicaul, bluish-green beneath; mountain
woods, common.

63. CHONDRILLA, L.

Flowers yellow ; capitules of only 7-12 flowers in two
rows; involucral bracts few, in one row, surrounded by
small scales; pappus-hairs simple, white; achene beaked,
with five spine-like teeth.

C. juncea, L.; stem 2-3 ft., capitules small, racemose,
radical leaves runcinate, stem-leaves linear; dry hills;
Western Switzerland, Pyrenees. C. prenanthoides, Vill. ;
stem 8-12 in., capitules larger, corymbose, radical leaves
obovate-lanceolate, toothed, upper leaves linear; beds of
mountain streams; Grisons, St. Gallen, Tirol, Salzburg,
Carinthia.

O4- LACTUCA,. ‘L.

Flowers yellow or blue; capitules generally small,
few-flowered, corymbose; involucral bracts in several
rows; pappus of many soft slender feathery hairs ; fruit
beaked.

A. Flowers blue :—L. perennis, L.; capitules large, on
long stalks, involucral bracts cordate, lower leaves pin-
natifid, upper lanceolate, stem very thick (4-1 in. diam.) ;
stony slopes ; Switzerland, Jura, Pyrenees, local. ZL. alfz-
nus, Benth. (Sonchus alpinus, L., Mulgedium alpinum,
Less.) ; stem 2-4 ft., purple, glandular-hairy, capitules
large (1 in. diam.), racemose, leaves lyrate with a very
large terminal segment; high, not uncommon; Switzerland,
Jura, Vosges, Pyrenees. ZL. Plumieri, G. and G. (Sonchus
Plumieri, L.); involucral bracts cordate, lower leaves

38 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS

very large, runcinate, with winged leaf-stalk; Western
Switzerland, Jura, Vosges, Dauphiny, Pyrenees.

B. Flowers yellow; stem-leaves decurrent :—L. vzmz-
nea, Lk. (Phaenixopus vimineus, Rchb.); flowers pale
yellow, slightly violet beneath, stem simple, white, 2-4
in.; stony places; Valais, Dauphiny, Piedmont, Pyre-
nees. JL. chondrilleflora, Bor.; stem branched, flowers
bright yellow on both sides; Pyrenees.

C. Flowers yellow; stem-leaves not decurrent :—The
four English species :—JL. muralzs, Fresn.; leaves lyrate-
pinnatifid; very common. JL. wzrosa, L.; leaves bristly
beneath; waste places, occasional. ZL. Scariola, L.; less
prickly, capitules smaller ; stony places, local. L. saligna,
L.; scarcely bristly, capitules sessile, crowded, flowers
pale yellow; Western Switzerland, local.

65, }(CREPIS.. 1.

Flowers yellow, orange, or pink; capitules small, nume-
rous, many-flowered ; involucral bracts numerous, linear ;
stem usually branched, few-leaved; pappus-hairs in many
rows, simple, silky.

A. Flowers pink or white:—C. montana, Scop. (zn-
carnata, Wulf.) ; capitules numerous, corymbose, stem
nearly leafless; pastures; Tirol, Carniola, rare.

ZL. Flowers orange-red :—C. aurea, Cass.; stem usually
unbranched, nearly leafless, capitule solitary, stem and
involucre covered with black hairs, leaves glabrous;
pastures; Alps, Jura, Dauphiny, Pyrenees, Carpathians.

C. Flowers yellow; stem nearly leafless:—C. pre-
morsa, Yausch.; stem simple below, panicled above,
leaves nearly entire; bushy; Switzerland, Jura, Vosges.

COMPOSITA 39

C. pygmea, L.; stem somewhat prostrate, leaves sinuate-
dentate, leaf-stalk winged; high; Switzerland, Tirol,
Piedmont, Dauphiny, Pyrenees. C. Frélichiana, DC.
(parvifiora, Schleich.); flowers light yellow, capitules 3-7;
pastures, local. C. jubata, Koch; stem simple, 1-2 in.,
capitule solitary, involucre woolly; Switzerland, Tirol,
rare.

D. Flowers yellow; stem more or less leafy :—C.
virens, L., nearly glabrous, upper leaves sagittate; C.
biennis, L., hispid, upper leaves sessile; and C. ¢ectorum,
L., with the leaves rolled back at the edges, are common
lowland plants. The following are alpine or sub-alpine —
C. hyosertdtfolta, Tausch. (tergloviensis, Kern.); stem
simple, leafy to the top, thickened beneath the solitary
capitule, stem and involucre woolly; high, local. C.
blattariotdes, Vill.; capitules 1-5, large, flowers light
yellow, upper part of stem leafless, stem-leaves cordate
or sagittate, amplexicaul; high, local. C. chondrillozdes,
L. (/acquinz, Tausch.); stem branched, involucre nearly
glabrous, lower leaves nearly entire, stem-leaves pinnatifid;
alpine pastures. C.alpestris, Tausch.; stem not thickened
below the capitule, leaves sinuate-dentate or runcinate ;
alpine pastures. C. pontana, L. (Soyerta montana, Jacq.) ;
capitules very large (1% in.), stem thickened below the
capitule, leaves irregularly denticulate; Alps, Jura, Pyre-
nees. C. grandiflora, Tausch. (conyze@folia, Gou.) ; capi-
tules large, 2-10, leaves glandular-pubescent, stem-leaves
sagittate-amplexicaul; dry,local. C. hzeraciotdes, W. and
K. (succes@folia, Tausch.); capitules several, leaves
rounded at the base, glabrous or hairy, nearly entire,
flowers golden-yellow; pastures, frequent. C. lampsan-
otdes, Frol.; involucral bracts acuminate, radical and

40 THE ‘FLORA’ Or THE ALS

lower stem-leaves lyrate, upper auriculate-amplexicaul,
flowers dark yellow; Pyrenees. C. paludosa, Mcench. ;
capitules numerous, stem-leaves cordate or sagittate, in-
volucre covered with black glandular hairs ; damp woods.

E. Flowers golden-yellow; lower involucral bracts
greatly elongated :—C. albzda, Vill.; capitule usually soli-
tary, on a long leafless stalk, stem glandular-pubescent,
whole plant whitish; Dauphiny, Pyrenees.

66. BARKHAUSIA, Meench.

Resembling Cyrepzs, but achenes beaked, minutely
hispid. Not alpine.

The two English species, B. fetzda, DC., foetid, with
yellow styles and flower-stalk thickened upwards; and.
taraxactfolia, DC., with brown styles and very slender
flower-stalks, not unfrequent on dry banks; also B.
setosa, Hall., involucre covered with very stiff yellowish
hairs; in cultivated fields.

67. HIERACIUM, L.

Flowers yellow or orange; capitules solitary, or more
often numerous, corymbose; involucral bracts in several
rows; receptacle naked, pitted ; fruit not beaked; pappus-
hairs in one row, simple, rigid, brown.

The Hawkweeds are among the most difficult genera
of flowering plants. Different authors differ very widely
as to the value of the specific characters; the extreme
forms pass into one another by insensible gradations; and
hybridisation appears to be common. Gremli enumerates
85 Swiss species, and Dalla Torre 94 as natives of the
Alps; while Hooker includes the very numerous English

i

COMPOSIT Az 41

forms under only 10 species. No attempt is made here
even to enumerate all the forms which are regarded as
species by the compilers of Swiss floras; the leading
types only are mentioned, round which the remainder
may be regarded as grouping themselves.

A. Stem simple, leafless or with very few leaves ; Capi-
tules very2w ; flowers light yellow ; plant usually with
long runners:—H. Pilosella, L.; a very common low-
land species ; with which are associated the alpine forms
Hoppeanum, Schultz; Peleterianum, Mér; and Zardans,
N. P.

B. Resembling the last, but stem more leafy ; capitules
more numerous :—//. Aurzcula, Law., a lowland species ;
with the alpine forms fuscum, Vill.: acutifolium, Vill.
(Jurcatum, Hoppe); alpicolum, Schleich.; and glacéale,
Reyne.

C. Resembling the last, but stem much branched, leafy;
capitules numerous, crowded; flowers often orange :-—/7.
aurantiacum, L.; piloselloides, Vill. ; Laggeri, Schultz.

LD. Root-stock without stolons, but with rosettes of
radical leaves at the time of flowering; capitules solitary,
umbellate ; involucral bracts in many rows.

a. Pits of receptacle neither ciliate nor margined :—
fl. helveticum, Briigg.; alpinum, L.; nigrescens, Fries;
Slanduliferum, Hoppe; armertotdes, Arv.; piliferum,
Hoppe ; Bernense, Christ ; villosum, L.; flexuosum, W.
and K.; dentatum, Hoppe; glabratum, Hoppe; arenz-
cola, Godr.; bupleuroides, Gmel.; porrifolium, L.

6. Pits of receptacle with a ciliate or slit membranous
Margin ; involucre and stalk of capitule glandular-hairy :
—f1. longifolium, Schleich. ; amplextcaule, L.; pulmon-
arioides, Vill.

42 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS

&. Capitules usually numerous, in terminal cymes;
involucral bracts in a single row, with one or two outer
rows :—H. humile, Jacq.; lacerum, Reut.; Tvrachselia-
num, Christ; ceszum, Fr.; Schmidtiz, Tausch.; atratum,
Fr.; rupicolum, Fr.; alpestre, Griseb.; canescens, Schleich. ;
porrectum, Fr.; pseudoporrectum, Christ; Epimedzum,
Fr.; jurassicum, Fr.; mactlentum, Fr.

F. Root-stock without stolons ; radical leaves withered
at the time of flowering; stem leafy:—/. znutybaceum,
Wulf. ; valestacum, Fr.; macrocephalum, Hut.; pecrotdes,
Vill. ; ochroleucum, Schleich.; valdepilosum, Vill.; stric-
tum, Fr.; perfoliatum, Frol.; prenanthotdes, Vill.; dentz-
culatum, Sm.; umbellatum, L.; gothicum, Fr.

Several of the common English species, which occur
also in Switzerland, are not mentioned in the above list ;
as HY. murorum, L. (including pallidum, Fr.), nearly re-
lated to H. cesium; H. sylvaticum, Fr. (including va-
gatum, Fr., and ¢ridentatum, Fr.), nearly related to
gothicum ; and H. boreale, Fr. (sabaudum, Sm.).

The number of species of Wzeraccum named by Philippi
as natives of the Pyrenees is 31; the mountain species
are mostly the same as those of the Swiss Alps, but the
number of forms is not so large.

68. CHLOROCREPIS, Griseb.

Resembling //zeractum, but pappus white, soft, and
flexible.

C. staticifolia, Griseb. (Hzeractum staticifolium,
Griseb.); flowers light yellow, capitules 1-3, stem leaf-
less, radical leaves bluish-green, glaucous, linear-lan-
ceolate ; Switzerland, Jura, Dauphiny.

LXV.—DABEOCIA POLIFOLIA.

VACCINIACE 43

Order XLVIII.— VACCINIACE.

Flowers regular ; calyx 4—5-lobed, often minute ; corolla
regular, 4—5-cleft ; stamens 8—Io, anthers opening by ter-
minal pores or slits; ovary inferior; fruita berry. Small
woody usually evergreen shrubs, often with edible berries,
belonging to the colder parts of the globe, mostly Ameri-
can.

I. VACCINIUM, L.

Flowers solitary or in racemes, white or red; calyx-
tube short; style filiform.

V. Myriillus, L., Whortleberry, Bilberry; stem erect,
somewhat winged, leaves deciduous, flowers solitary, pale-
green tinged with red, berry blue-black ; woods, common.
V. Vites-I[de@a, L., Cowberry ; prostrate, evergreen, flowers
in terminal racemes, corolla campanulate, white or red,
berry red; woods, common. JV. uliginosum, L.; creep-
ing, leaves deciduous, flowers in small clusters, corolla
pale pink, berry black; bogs, not uncommon. JV. Oxj-
coccos, L. (Oxycoccos palustris, Pers.), Cranberry; stem
filiform, creeping, leaves small, evergreen; flowers on
long stalks, nodding, red, corolla rotate, berry red; bogs.

Order XLIX.—ERICACE.

Flowers regular; calyx 4—5-lobed, often minute ; corolla
4-5-lobed, campanulate; stamens 4-10, hypogynous,
anthers opening by terminal pores or slits, often awned ;
Ovary superior; fruit a berry, drupe, or capsule. Chiefly
in the cooler parts of the globe; especially abundant in
Western Europe, the Himalayas, and at the Cape.

44 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS

1; WERIGA, Ly

Leaves in whorls, very narrow and rigid; stamens 8,
anthers awned; ovary 4-celled; fruit a 4-celled capsule.

£. carnea, L.; leaves four in a whorl, corolla pink,
stamens and style projecting beyond .the corolla; Alps,
Carpathians. Our two common English species of Bell-
Heather, &. cenerea, L., and Tetralix, L., are entirely
absent from Switzerland, but occur at low elevations in
the Pyrenees.

2. CALLUNA, Salisb.

Leaves minute, decussate; flowers axillary; sepals
coloured; stamens 8, anthers awned; fruit a 4-celled
capsule.

C. vulgaris, Salisb., Ling; common.

3. DABEOCIA,* Don.

Flowers large, in terminal racemes; sepals 4; corolla
4-lobed, pitcher-shaped ; stamens 8, not awned.

D. polifolia, Don (Menztesia poltfolia, Sm.), St.
Dabeoc’s Heath (Pl. 65); flowers pink, drooping, stem
I—2 ft., decumbent, glandular-hairy, leaves elliptical, with
recurved margins, white and woolly beneath; Pyrenees.

4. PHYLLODOCE, Salisb.

Flowers large, pitcher-shaped, in terminal umbels;
sepals 5; corolla 5-lobed ; stamens 10, not awned.
P. cerulea, Bab. (Menziesia cerulea, Sm.) (Pl. 66);

* Often erroneously spelt Dadbecia.

' LXVI.—PLHYLLODOCE C@ERULEA

—_—=- ~F

LXVIT.—RHODODENDRON CHAM-ECISTUS.,

ERICACE 45

flowers few, purple, on long stalks, leaves linear, crowded,
rigid, with reflexed margins; Pyrenees, Carniola.

5. LOISELEURIA, Desv.

Stem shrubby, rigid, branching; flowers terminal ;
sepals, corolla-lobes, and stamens 5 each; leaves small,
entire, opposite, with revolute margins. Alpine.

L. procumbens, Desv. (Azalea procumbens, L.); flowers
small, in clusters of 2-4, pink, leaves oval; high; Alps,
Carpathians, Pyrenees.

6. RHODODENDRON, L.

Flowers large, handsome, usually red; sepals and
corolla-lobes 5 each; stamens 10; leaves alternate, often
large. European species alpine.

Two species of Alpine Rose are common in Switzerland,
and appear to replace our Heaths :—A. ferrugineum, L.
(Fig. 68); flowers pendant, in terminal umbels, calyx-
lobes broader than long, leaves glabrous, glandular-viscid
and rusty brown beneath. &. hirsutum, L.; flowers
pendant, in terminal umbels, calyx-lobes longer than
broad, leaves ciliate, green on the under-side; both fairly
common at high elevations. Also R. Chamecistus, L.
(Fig. 67); flowers solitary or few, erect, pale pink, leaves
crowded; high; Tirol, Lombardy, Carniola, Carpathians.

7, ARCTOSTAPHYLOS, Adans.

Flowers in terminal racemes, white or pale red; sepals
5; corolla globose, with five reflexed teeth; stamens Io,
anthers awned; fruit a drupe, with 5-10 stones. Alpine.

46 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS

A. alpina, Spreng.; raceme 2-6-flowered, flowers
greenish-white, leaves thin, deciduous, crenate, fruit
black; Alps, Jura, Carpathians, Dauphiny, Pyrenees.
A. uva-urst, Spreng.; raceme 6—10-flowered, flowers
pink, leaves leathery, thick, entire, fruit red; Alps, Jura,
Dauphiny, Pyrenees.

8. ANDROMEDA, L.

Stem shrubby ; flowers in terminal umbels; sepals 4;
corolla 5-lobed; stamens 10, anthers awned; fruit a
5-valved capsule. Alpine.

A. polifolia, L.; flowers drooping, purplish, with
revolute lobes, leaves elliptic-lanceolate, leathery, glau-
cous, with revolute margins; bogs; Switzerland, Jura,
Vosges, Tirol, Pyrenees.

GEVROLAS Z.

Flowers solitary or in racemes, usually white, nodding;
sepals 5; petals 5, nearly or quite distinct; stamens 10;
leaves shining, evergreen.

A. Petals quite distinct; flowers in racemes, small,
nearly white ; Winter-Green :—P. mznor, L.; calyx-lobes
triangular-oval, style shorter than the ovary, leaves
orbicular-cordate, slightly crenate; woods; Alps, Jura,
Vosges, Pyrenees, frequent. P. media, Sw.; calyx-lobes
oval-lanceolate, style deflexed, leaf-stalk broadly winged ;
woods; South-Western Switzerland, Tirol, Piedmont,
Dauphiny, rare. P. rotundifolia, L.; calyx-lobes lanceo-
late-acuminate, raceme many-flowered, leaves orbicular-
obovate, style long, deflexed; moist woods; Switzerland,
Jura, Pyrenees, rare. P. chlorantha, Sw.; resembling

LXVIIIL—RHODODENDRON FERRUGINEUM.

LXIX.—PYROLA UNIFLORA.

: ee

ERICACE 47

the last, but raceme fewer-flowered, calyx-lobes oval-tri-
angular, corolla greenish ; woods ; Switzerland, Dauphiny,
Pyrenees, rare. PP. secunda, L.; raceme unilateral, leaves
ovate, acute, crenate-dentate; woods, frequent.

B. Flowers solitary, large; petals slightly coherent :—
P. uniflora, L. (Moneses grandifiora, Salisb.) (Fig. 69);
stigma 5-lobed, leaves nearly round, serrate; moist
woods, rare.

C. Flowers in umbels :—P. umdellata, L. (Chimaphila »
umbellata, Nutt.); flowers in umbels of 5-6, pink; leaves
in whorls, lanceolate, dentate ; moist woods; Switzerland,
Vosges, Styria, rare.

10. MONOTROPA, L.

Leafless brown parasites on the roots of trees; flowers
in racemes; petals saccate at the base; calyx-lobes, corolla-
lobes, and stamens variable in number. Not alpine.

M. Hypopithys, L. (including glabra, Bernh.), (Hypo-
pithys multiflora, Scop.), Bird’s-nest ; stem fleshy, whole
plant yellowish-brown ; fir and beech woods, occasional.

Ledum palustre, L.; an arctic bog-plant, with white
flowers in terminal umbels, is reported from Styria.

Order L.—PLUMBAGINEZ.

Flowers regular; calyx tubular, 5-lobed; petals 5;
stamens 5; ovary superior, I-celled; ovule solitary,
suspended from a long basal funicle; fruit enclosed in
the persistent calyx-tube. A small widely distributed
order; the European species chiefly maritime.

48 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS

1. ARMERIA, Willd.

Leaves all radical, narrow; flowers small, on naked
scapes, collected into dense umbellate cymes, surrounded
by an involucre of bracts; calyx funnel-shaped.

A. alpina, Willd.; leaves linear, acute; probably an
alpine form of A. vulgaris, Willd. (Statice Armerza, L.),
the Thrift or Sea-Pink; high elevations, rare; Furka,
Styria, Carpathians, Dauphiny, Pyrenees. A. plantaginea,
Willd. ; leaves somewhat broader, outer involucral bracts
acuminate; Valais (very rare), Dauphiny, Pyrenees.

Order LI.—OLEACE.

Flowers small, unisexual or bisexual; calyx 4-lobed or
0; petals 4 or 0; stamens 2; leaves simple, or pinnate
with an odd leaflet, always opposite; fruit a berry or
samara. A small order of trees or shrubs; mostly
Northern. Not alpine.

1. LIGUSTRUM, Tourn.

Flowers small, white, in terminal cymes; calyx small,

4-toothed ; corolla 4—lobed ; fruit a 2-celled berry. Shrubs.

with opposite entire usually evergreen leaves.
L. vulgare, L., Privet; thickets and hedges, common.

2. FRAXINUS, Tourn.
Flowers dicecious ; calyx and corolla often 0; fruit a
broadly winged samara. Trees with opposite pinnate

leaves.
F. excelsior, L., Ash; common. /. Ovnus, L., the

7

LXX.—ANDROSACE VILLOSA.

o

OLEACE® 49

Manna-ash, with white flowers in a terminal thyrse, is
doubtfully wild in the South.

Order LIJ.—PRIMULACE.

Calyx 5-cleft; corolla regular, 5-lobed, rarely 0; stamens
5, epipetalous, opposite the corolla-lobes; ovary I-celled,
with central placentation; style 1; stigma capitate; style
often of different lengths in different individuals ; fruit a
capsule. A very large order, belonging chiefly to the
Temperate and Arctic Zones.

1. ANDROSACE, Tourn.

Flowers small, white, yellow, or pink, in umbels sur-
rounded by an involucre of bracts, or solitary in the axils
of the leaves; corolla rotate, 5-lobed, with a long tube.
A very pretty genus of almost exclusively alpine plants.

A. Flowers solitary, yellow:—A. Vztaliana, Nees
(Aretia Vitaliana, L., Gregoria Vitaliana, Dub.) ; corolla-
tube twice as long as calyx, corolla-lobes entire, stem
prostrate, leaves linear, in rosettes; high; Valais, Pied-
mont (Mont Cenis), Tirol, Pyrenees, rare.

&. Flowers in umbels, red or pink; alpine plants :—
A. carnea, L.; flowers pink, corolla-lobes entire, stem,
flower-stalk, and calyx hairy, leaves linear-subulate, nar-
rowed upwards; high; Switzerland, Tirol, Vosges, Dau-
phiny, Pyrenees, local. A. Wulfeniana, Sieb.; flowers
red, pink, or purple, stalked, about 4 in. diam., funnel-
shaped, with cordate corolla-lobes, leaves small, hairy ;
rare ; Carinthia, Styria, Salzburg. A. Hausmanuz, Leyb.;

flowers reddish, 4 in. diameter, saucer-shaped, with emar-
VOL. II. D

Bs THE FLORA OF THE: ALPS

ginate corolla-lobes, plant very ceespitose ; rare; Southern
Tirol, Styria, Carpathians. A. Heeriz, Heg.; flowers
pink, % in. diam., saucer-shaped, leaves elliptic-lanceolate,
blunt ; Switzerland, very rare (Martinsloch).

C. Flowers in umbels, white; alpine plants :—A. va/-
losa, L. (Fig. 70); flowers white with yellow or dark red
throat, on short stalks, leaves crowded into hemispherical
rosettes, linear-oblong, ciliate, woolly; Jura, Dauphiny,
Styria, Carniola, Pyrenees. A. /actea, L.; flowers 2-3,
in an umbel or solitary, rather large, pure white, with
cordate corolla-lobes, on long stalks, leaves linear, stem,
flower-stalk, and calyx glabrous ; dry, at high elevations ;
Stockhorn, Jura, Vosges, Piedmont, Dauphiny. A. obtu-
stfolia, All.; flowers white or pale pink, leaves lanceo-
late, blunt, ciliate, plant softly pubescent ; Switzerland,
Tirol, Carpathians, Erzgebirge, Dauphiny. A. chame-
jasme, Host.; flowers white or pale pink with yellow
throat, leaves elliptical, ciliate, in open rosettes, stem
hairy, involucral bracts ciliate; Switzerland, Piedmont,
Tirol, Carpathians.

D. Flowers in umbels; annual or biennial lowland
plants :—A. septentrionalis, L.; flowers small, white or
pink with yellow throat, calyx glabrous, shorter than the
corolla; fields; Engadine, Nicolaithal, Saasthal, Tirol.
A. maxima, L.; flowers larger, white with yellow throat,
calyx hairy, longer than the corolla, involucral leaves
very large; fields; Valais, Dauphiny, Pyrenees.

E. Flowers solitary, red or white :—A. zmbricata, Lam.;
flowers white or pink with red throat, shortly stalked, leaves
covered with a dense grey tomentum; very high, rare;
Valais, Ticino, Aar Glacier, Southern Tirol, Dauphiny,
Pyrenees. <A. helvetica, Gaud.; flowers white or light

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LXXIIL—PRIMULA LONGIFLORA.

PRIMULACE 51

pink with yellow centre, nearly sessile, plant densely
czspitose, leaves very small, blunt, pubescent; high,
clefts of rocks. A. glaczalzs, Hoppe; flowers red, rarely
white, stalked, corolla-lobes entire, plant czspitose, leaves
lanceolate, blunt, hairy; very high; Switzerland, Styria.
A. pubescens, DC.; flowers white with yellow centre,
leaves lanceolate, acute, hairy ; Switzerland, Dauphiny,
Pyrenees, rare. A. Charpenterit, Heer; flowers pink, on
long stalks, corolla-lobes incised, plant czespitose, leaves
spathulate, blunt, hairy; very rare; Valais, Ticino. J.
pyrenaica, Lam.; flowers white, on long stalks, with 2-3
lanceolate bracts, calyx pubescent, leaves lanceolate,
keeled; Pyrenees. A. cylindrica, DC.; flowers small,
white, on long hairy stalks, leaves in dense cylindrical
rosettes, linear-lanceolate, hairy; Pyrenees.

2. /PRIMUDA,) de,

Flowers in umbels surrounded by an involucre of
bracts, rarely solitary, pink, violet, yellow, or white;
stem always leafless; calyx 5-toothed ; corolla funnel- or
saucer-shaped, 5-lobed; stamens 5, epipetalous; ovary
nearly globular, style filiform, stigma capitate; seed-
vessel a 5-valved capsule. Many species of Primula dis-
play marked dimorphism or heterostyly—that is, some
flowers have shorter and some longer styles; in the
former, the nearly sessile anthers are placed in the throat
of the corolla, nearly level with the stigma in the other
form ; in the latter, the anthers are fixed half-way down
the corolla-tube, and again nearly level with the stigma
in the other form. Since the flowers in the same plant
are always all of one kind, this promotes cross-fertilisation

52 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS

by the agency of insects, the pollen of the long-styled
plants being deposited on the stigma of the short-styled
plants, and vwice verséd. Other examples of a similar
heterostyly are presented by Oxalis, Lythrum, and Pul-
monarta. Several of the yellow- flowered species of
Primula are familiar meadow or hedge-row plants; all
the rest are more or less alpine, and are especially char-
acteristic of the range south of the Rhone Valley; the
number of species in Northern Switzerland being com-
paratively small, and in the Pyrenees still smaller.

A. Flowers yellow :—P. vulgaris, Huds. (acaulzs, L.),
Primrose; common. P. verds (officinalis, Jacq.), Cowslip,
Paigle; frequent. /. elatzor, Jacq., Oxlip; distinguished
by the open throat of the corolla, and the flowers being
rather larger and paler than those of the Cowslip; very
local in England, much the more common on the Conti-
nent. P. Auricula, L., the Auricula; flowers fragrant,
leaves glabrous, upper side of the leaves, leaf-stalk, calyx,
and throat of the corolla covered with white meal; local;
Switzerland, Jura, Dauphiny, Pyrenees, Carpathians. PP.
Balbisiz, Lehm.; flowers scentless, leaves with a few
glandular hairs, calyx usually not mealy; Tirol, very
rare (Monte Baldo).

B. Flowers red or violet, rarely white; leaves mealy
beneath or on the margin:—P. farinosa, L. (PI. 71),
Bird’s-eye Primrose; corolla-tube somewhat longer than
calyx, calyx-teeth ovate, scape 2-6 in.; damp meadows;
one of the commonest and prettiest of the sub-alpine
plants. P. longifiora, All. (Pl. 72); flowers much
larger, corolla-tube three times as long as corolla, calyx-
teeth lanceolate; alpine pastures; local. P. venusta,
Host. ; calyx and throat of corolla mealy, leaves obovate,

LXNIII. --PRIMULA MARGINATA.

LXXIV.—PRIMULA CALYCINA.

a Die ————

PRIMULACE 53

dentate-serrate; Southern Tirol, Carniola, rare. P. mar-
ginata, Curt. (Pl. 73); calyx mealy within, leaves ovate-
elliptical, with white mealy cartilaginous margin, coarsely
serrate; Western Alps, Piedmont, Dauphiny.

C. Flowers purple, lilac, or violet; leaves glabrous on
both sides, not mealy; margin of leaf usually not cartila-
ginous :—P. carniolica, Jacq.; flowers violet, fragrant,
petals obcordate, leaves thick, obovate, nearly entire, com-
pletely glabrous; Southern Tirol, Lombardy, Carniola.
P. integrifolia, L.; umbel 1-2-flowered, corolla-lobes
deeply bifid, leaves entire, slightly glandular; Switzer-
land, Piedmont, Lombardy, Pyrenees. VP. calycina, Dub.
(glaucescens, Mor.) (Pl. 74) ; umbels 3-8-flowered, flowers
red, corolla deeply bifid, calyx longer than corolla-tube,
involucral bracts very narrow, leaves quite glabrous and
entire, with narrow cartilaginous margin ; Southern Swit-
zerland, Lombardy. /P. alpina, Schleich. (rhetica, Koch) ;
flowers purple-violet, throat not mealy, corolla-lobes not
deeply incised, umbel many-flowered, involucral bracts
ovate, leaves toothed; Rhetian Alps. P. pubescens,
Jacq. (ri@etzca, Gaud., helvetica, Don); resembling the
last, but tube of corolla shorter, yellow, throat mealy,
calyx-teeth long, acute; Tirol, rare (Gross -Glockner,
Gnitschthal). PP. discolor, Leyb.; resembling a/pzna, but
corolla purple-violet, with wide tube, calyx-teeth short,
blunt ; South-Western Tirol. ?. M/uretiana, Mor.; umbel
2-4-flowered, corolla-lobes deeply incised, involucral
bracts ovate-lanceolate, leaves downy, dentate near the
tip; Switzerland, Tirol. VP. g/utinosa, L.; flowers violet,
umbel 3-6-flowered, corolla-lobes deeply divided, calyx
nearly as long as corolla-tube, leaves oblanceolate, serrate
above the middle, viscid; Eastern Switzerland, Tirol,

54 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS

Lombardy, Styria, Carinthia, Carpathians. PP. mznzma,
L. (Pl. 75); flowers large, solitary, nearly sessile, pink,
calyx-tube very narrow, nearly as long as corolla-tube,
petals deeply bifid, leaves thick, shining, coarsely toothed
at the tip, plant not more than I in. high; very high;
Switzerland, Tirol, Styria, Carpathians. PP. Floerkeana,
Schrad. ; umbel 3—5-flowered, stem and leaves somewhat
viscid, leaves obovate, dentate above the middle; Tirol,
Styria, rare.

D. Flowers lilac, purple, or violet; leaves not mealy,
glabrous on both sides, with a thickened cartilaginous
margin :—P. Facchiniz, Schott (/loerkeana, Facch.);
umbel 1-—2-flowered, stem 4-14 in., leaves obovate,
coarsely serrate ; Southern Tirol, Carinthia. P. Cluszana,
Tausch. ; flowers purple, corolla-lobes deeply bifid, leaves
glabrous, entire; Tirol, Styria, Carinthia, Salzburg, Car-
pathians. VP. spectabilis, Tratt.; flowers large, purple
4—3 in. diam.), stem 2—4 in., umbels 1—5-flowered, leaves
elliptical, nearly entire, with narrow white margin ; South-
ern Tirol, Lombardy, Carniola, Carpathians. P. Waufl-
jenitana, Schott; stem I-3 in., umbels 1—3-flowered,
flowers very large (1 in. diam.), leaves lanceolate, with
broader margin; Tirol, Carniola, Carinthia, rare.

EF. Flowers purple, lilac, or violet; leaves downy on
both sides, not mealy; margin usually not cartilaginous,
always dentate:—P. pedemontana, Thom. (Pl. 76); flowers
lilac, stem about 6 in., leaves sinuate-dentate in the upper
half, glandular-ciliate, whole plant somewhat viscid ; Pied-
mont. JP. tirolzenszs, Schott; leaves thick and succulent,
forming a dense imbricate rosette, glandular-viscid, with
cartilaginous teeth, flowers large, solitary, pink, petals
deeply bifid, calyx-tube very short, teeth triangular,

LXXV.—PRIMULA MINIMA.

bs

ie a. te

ai .

LXXVI.—PRIMULA PEDEMONTANA.

en me

PRIMULACE® 55

spreading; Southern Tirol, rare. P. viscosa, All. (PI.
77); flowers violet, corolla saucer-shaped, with a long
slender tube, leaves soft, obovate, dentate above the
middle; Engadine, Ticino, Tirol, Carinthia, Dauphiny,
Pyrenees. . commutata, Schott; flowers pink, umbel
many-flowered, leaves spathulate, glandular-hairy, doubly
serrate above the middle, involucral bracts ovate-lanceo-
late, acute; Styria. PP. vzllosa, Wulf.; flowers light
purple with white tube, calyx half as long as corolla-tube,
teeth triangular, spreading, involucral bracts small, leaves
obovate, coarsely toothed, whole plant viscid; Styria,
Carniola, Carinthia, rare. PP. celzata, Schrk.; leaves
strongly glandular-ciliate, serrate near the tip, calyx-
teeth rather broad; Tirol, Salzburg. J. confints, Rchb.;
calyx-teeth broadly ovate, acute, leaves densely covered
with brownish-red glandular hairs; Piedmont. P. hzrsuta,
Vill. (Zatefolia, Lap.); leaves thin, obovate or nearly
orbicular, dentate, capsule shorter than the calyx; Swit-
zerland, Tirol, Dauphiny, Pyrenees, frequent. P. @nensts,
Thom. (daonensis, Leyb.); leaves thick, lanceolate-crenate,
denticulate towards the tip, very viscid, capsule as long
as the calyx; Switzerland, Tirol.

Other species are described in local floras, but many of
them are probably hybrids.

3. CORTUSA, L.

Flowers in an umbel, subtended by an involucre;
corolla 5-lobed; stamens 5, united at the base into a
tube; fruit a 5-valved capsule; leaves all radical.

C. Matthioli, L. (Pl. 78); flowers red- purple, campanu-
late, long-stalked, on a leafless hairy scape 3-6 in. high,

56 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS

leaves cordate, palmately lobed, hairy, involucral bracts
lanceolate, often bifid. This beautiful plant is found occa-
sionally in moist woods at a high elevation in Southern
Switzerland (Engadine), Tirol, Piedmont (Mont Cenis),
Styria, Carinthia, and Salzburg.

4. HOTTONTIA, LE.

Flowers in racemes, heterostylous; corolla salver-
shaped, 5-lobed, fringed; stamens 5; capsule 5-valved,
valves cohering at the top. Aquatic herbs.

Hl. palustris, L., Water-Violet; flowers large, lilac
with a yellow eye, leaves in whorls, pectinate, very
deeply divided; ponds and ditches ; Southern Switzerland
(rare), Jura, Dauphiny, Pyrenees.

5. DOLDANELLA, lL.

Flowers solitary, on long stalks, or in few-flowered
umbels; corolla drooping, finely divided into many linear
segments, usually blue; leaves all radical; fruit a 5—6-
valved capsule, each valve with two teeth. The beautiful
Snowbells are among the most favourite alpine plants,
the flowers making their appearance in the very earliest
spring, often on the edge of the snow; they occur espe-
cially in the Swiss Alps.

A. Flowers in 2—5-flowered umbels; style as long as,
or longer than the corolla :—.S. alpina, L. (PI. 79); leaves
cordate-reniform, entire or slightly crenate, thick, glabrous,
corolla divided half-way down, with five membranous
scales between the stamens; alpine pastures ; Switzer-
land, Jura, Black Forest, Erzgebirge, Pyrenees. SS. 2on-
tana, Willd.; leaves roundish, crenate, light green, usually

LXXVII.—PRIMULA VISCOSA.

MATTHIOLYL.

LXXVIIT.—CORTUSA

re

i
BAG
iv

PRIMULACEZ 57

violet beneath, upper part of scape and flower-stalks
downy ; bushy pastures, local; Tirol, Carinthia, Styria,
Carpathians, Salzburg, Pyrenees. SS. pyrolefolia, S. and
K.; leaves roundish, crenate, coriaceous, dark green, leaf-
stalk very long, stem and flower-stalk glabrous ; Carniola.
&. Flowers solitary or in pairs; style shorter than.
corolla :— 5. mznzma, Hoppe (Pl. 80); flowers pale lilac,
bell-shaped, corolla slit to } its length, leaves small,
nearly round, quite entire, thick and shining; very high;
Grisons, Tirol, Carniola, Carinthia, Styria. S. puszilla,
Baumg. ; corolla slit to about 4 its length, without scales,
violet, funnel-shaped, leaves cordate-reniform, somewhat
sinuate, leaf-stalk glandular; very high, local; Switzer-
land, Tirol, Carinthia, Styria, Carpathians, Salzburg.

6. CYCLAMEN, L.

Flowers large, solitary, nodding, on leafless scapes,
which are coiled spirally after flowering; corolla 5-lobed,
lobes reflexed; stamens 5 ; seed-vessel a 5-valved cap-
sule with reflexed valves; leaves all radical, undivided ;
root-stock tuberous.

C. europeum, L.; flowers fragrant, corolla pink or
purple, rarely white, not toothed, leaves roundish-ovate,
cordate or reniform, sinuate-crenate, root-stock globular ;
this beautiful plant is found occasionally on stony bushy
hill-sides in Switzerland, Jura. C. neapolitanum, Ten.;
flowers scentless, throat of corolla toothed ; stony bushy
hill-sides ; Valais, very rare. C. repandum, Sm. (Pl. 81);
flower red, longer than that of C. europeum, throat of
corolla not toothed, leaves cordate-ovate, somewhat
angular, root-stock elongated ; Pyrenees.

58 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS

7, LYSIMACHIA, L.

Flowers yellow, solitary and axillary, or in spikes or
racemes ; calyx 5-6-toothed; corolla 5-—6-lobed, rotate;
stamens 5-6; capsule nearly globular, 5-valved; leaves
usually opposite or in whorls. Not alpine.

A. Stem erect; flowers in cymes or racemes :—L.
vulgaris, L., Yellow Loosestrife; flowers yellow spotted
with orange, in panicled cymes, leaves opposite or in
whorls of three; shores of lakes and streams, frequent.
L. punctata, L.; resembling the last, but corolla-lobes
glandular-ciliate ; damp thickets, very rare; Bale, Ziirich-
horn. L. thyrsiflora, L.; flowers smaller, in dense axil-
lary branched racemes, corolla-lobes linear; marshes;
Switzerland, rare.

B. Stem prostrate; flowers solitary in the axils of the
leaves :—L. Nummularia, L., Creeping Jenny, Money-
wort; flowers large, bell-shaped, leaves cordate, nearly
round ; damp places, common. JL. nemorum, L., Yellow
Pimpernel; flowers small, rotate, leaves ovate; woods
and banks, common.

8. ANAGALLIS, L.

Flowers solitary, axillary, red, pink, or blue, rotate;
leaves opposite, entire; seed-vessel a I-celled capsule
splitting horizontally (pyxis). Not alpine.

A. arvensis, L., Scarlet Pimpernel, Poor Man’s Weather-
glass ; flowers scarlet or rarely blue (A. cerulea, Schreb.) ;
cultivated land, common. A. ¢enella, L., Bog Pimpernel ;
flowers very delicate, pale lilac with darker veins, leaves
nearly round; bogs, rare; Valais, Tirol, Vosges, Pyrenees.

—
**
“Ty

.
'

LXXX.-—-SOLDANELLA

h

r
A

INIMA.

REPANDUM.

LXXXI.—CYCLAMEN

PRIMULACE 59

g. CENTUNCULUS, L.

Flowers minute, solitary, axillary; calyx-teeth, corolla-
lobes, and stamens each 4-5; leaves usually opposite ;
capsule splitting horizontally. Not alpine.

C. minimus, L.; a very small plant with minute white
or pink flowers, and small ovate glabrous sessile leaves ;
wet places, rare; Switzerland, Jura, Pyrenees.

10. TRIENTALIS, L.

Flowers solitary, white, on slender erect flower-stalks ;
calyx-teeth, corolla-lobes and stamens each 5-9; leaves
in whorls of 5-7; capsule splitting into five valves.

T. europea, L. (Fig. 82); flowers 1-4, from a whorl of
5-7 leaves, calyx-teeth linear, leaves ovate, shining; sub-
alpine heaths; very rare; Switzerland, Southern Tirol,
Carniola, Pyrenees.

II. SAMOLUS, Tourn.

Flowers small, white, in terminal racemes or corymbs ;
stamens 5; ovary 4-inferior ; seed-vessel a 5-valved cap-
sule. Not alpine.

S. Valerandi, L., Brookweed; stem partially prostrate,
leaves obovate, entire, mostly alternate; wet places, rare;
Valais, Jura, Vosges, Pyrenees.

Order LII].—APOCYNACE.

Flowers regular; calyx usually 5-toothed; corolla
usually 5-lobed, lobes oblique, contorted in bud; stamens
usually 5; ovary 2-celled; seed-vessel usually of two many-

60 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS

seeded follicles; seeds often with a tuft of silky hairs;
leaves opposite, entire. A large order, chiefly of tropical
and sub-tropical trees and shrubs with a milky juice; the
European species are very few; none are alpine.

1. VINCA, L.

Stem decumbent; flowers large, solitary, axillary, blue
or white; style terminating in a pencil-like brush.

V. minor, L., Lesser Periwinkle; shady places, fre-
quent. V. major, L., Larger Periwinkle; Pyrenees,
naturalised in Southern Switzerland.

Order LIV.—ASCLEPIADE.

Flowers regular; calyx 5-toothed; corolla 5-lobed;
stamens usually 5, united into a column round the stigma ;
pollen coherent into a pollinium in each anther-lobe ; ovary
2-celled, the carpels connate above; seed-vessel a pair of
follicles, with numerous seeds clothed with silky hairs;
leaves opposite, entire. A large order, chiefly of tropical
and sub-tropical trees and shrubs with a milky juice; the
number of European species is small; none are truly
alpine.

I. CYNANCHUM, L.

Corolla rotate, 5-lobed, with five internal scales ; stigma
apiculate.

C. Vincetoxicum, R. Br. (Vencetoxicum officinale,
Meench.); flowers small, yellowish-white, in axillary
clusters of 2—3, stem erect, middle leaves cordate-ovate ;
rocky woods, frequent.

LXXXII.—TRIENTALIS EUROPAEA.

GENTIANACE# 61

Order LV.—GENTIANACE.

Flowers regular, solitary or in cymes; calyx 4-5-
toothed ; corolla 4—5-lobed; stamens 4-8; ovary usually
2-celled ; seed-vessel usually a 1-2-celled capsule; leaves
generally opposite and entire. A large order, belonging
chiefly to the cold and temperate parts of the globe.

i (CHLGRA, 1.

Flowers yellow, in dichotomous cymes; calyx-teeth,
corolla-lobes, and stamens 6-8 each; ovary 1I-celled;
style bifid; seed-vessel a 2-valved capsule. Not alpine.

C. perfoliata, L., Yellow Centaury; stem-leaves com-
pletely connate at the base; open hill-sides, frequent.
C. serottna, Koch; a smaller plant with paler flowers,
calyx-teeth longer, stem-leaves only partially connate;
very rare; Canton de Vaud, Valais, Ziirich.

2. ERYTHRAA, Pers.

Flowers small, usually pink, in trichotomous cymes ;
corolla funnel-shaped; calyx-teeth, corolla-lobes, and
stamens 4-5 each; anthers twisted spirally; ovary par-
tially 2-celled. Not alpine.

E. Centaurium, Pers., Centaury, with numerous varie-
ties; stem-leaves partially connate; banks, common.

3. SWERTIA, L.

Flowers in racemes; calyx 5-toothed; corolla rotate,
5-lobed, with two nectariferous glands; capsule r-celled.

62 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS

S. perennis, L.; stem 6-12 in., flowers blue-violet,
on longish stalks, upper stem-leaves opposite, leaf-staik
square ; boggy alpine meadows, local.

4. PLEUROGYNE, Esch.

Flowers solitary; calyx 5-toothed; corolla rotate,
5-lobed, bearded, without nectariferous glands; stigma
sessile upon the ovary; capsule 1-celled.

P. carinthiaca, Griseb. (Lomatogonium carinthiacum,
A. Br.); flowers light or dark blue, on long stalks, stem
I—2 in., branched, leafy, leaves ovate, acute; high alpine
pastures, rare; Grisons, Valais‘: (Saas, Zermatt), Glarus,
Tirol, Carinthia, Carniola, Salzburg.

5. GENTIANA, L.

Flowers solitary or in terminal cymes, usually deep
blue; calyx-teeth, corolla-lobes, and stamens each 4-6;
corolla often bearded at the throat; ovary I-celled; stigmas
2, persistent; seed-vessel a 2-valved capsule. Although
some species are lowland plants, the Gentians are espe-
cially an alpine genus, and are among the commonest and
most beautiful of the plants of the higher Alps.

A. Flowers large, in whorls, yellow or purplish :—G.
lutea, L. (Pl. 83); stem erect, 2-4 ft., corolla yellow with
brown dots, 5-cleft nearly to the base, leaves thick, stem-
leaves half-clasping ; alpine pastures, frequent. G. pur-
purea, L.; calyx sheathing, split on one side only, corolla
6-lobed half-way down, purple outside, yellowish inside ;
pastures; Southern Switzerland, Vorarlberg, Tirol, rare.
G. pannonica, Scop.; calyx-teeth equal, reflexed, corolla

or

GENTIANACEZ 63

purple spotted with black, leaves ovate-lanceolate; alpine
pastures, frequent. G. punctata, L.; calyx-teeth equal,
erect, corolla yellow with dark purple spots, 6-cleft for
+ the length of the tube; alpine pastures, frequent. G. |
Cruciata, L.; corolla yellow, 4-cleft, leaves very large
and thick, elliptic-lanceolate, decussate, with three very
prominent ribs; damp pastures, common. G. Bursert,
Lap. (dz/oba, DC.); resembling punctata, but corolla
obconical-campanulate, anthers connate into a tube;
Dauphiny, Pyrenees.

B. Flowers small, blue or violet ; corolla 4-cleft, throat
bearded :—G. czlzata, L.; flowers solitary, corolla azure-
blue with greenish tube; moist rocky places, frequent.
G. tenella, Rottb. (glactalis, Thom.); flowers on long
stalks, corolla divided almost to the base, violet or white,
stem I-4 in., only slightly branched ; very high, frequent.
G. campestris, L.; calyx-teeth very unequal, the two outer
lobes 3—4-times as broad as the inner ones, flowers lilac;
sub-alpine pastures, common.

C. Resembling the last, but corolla usually 5-cleft :—
G. Amarella, L.; stem 3-6 in., usually much branched,
calyx-lobes nearly equal, flowers violet or white; pas-
tures. G. germanica, Willd.; resembling the last, but
larger and stouter, calyx-lobes more unequal; pastures,
common. G. obtusifolia, Hoppe; stem erect, 3-12 in.,
calyx-teeth equal, linear-lanceolate, corolla violet, with
a long tube, leaves 3-nerved, stem-leaves spathulate;
pastures. G. nana, Wulf.; very dwarf, stem 1-14 in.,
‘flowers small, solitary, violet with a white fringe, calyx
inflated, divided almost to the base, stem-leaves few, very
small, elliptic; very high, rare; Tirol, Carniola, Carinthia,
Salzburg.

—

64 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS

D. Flowers usually bright blue (azure), corolla 5-cleft,
campanulate, throat not bearded:—G. asclepzadea, L.; stem
6-18 in., nearly simple, leafy, flowers large (14-2 in.),
axillary, upper leaves often in whorls; woods and
thickets, frequent. G. /7volzchzz, Jan.; stem simple, 1-4
in., flowers solitary, terminal, I in. long, light blue, leaves
lanceolate; high; Carniola, Carinthia. G. frigzda, Heenk. ;
stem 3-4 in., nearly simple, flowers yellowish-white
spotted with dark blue, solitary or in pairs, I-13 in. long,
leaves linear-lanceolate; very high; Styria. G. acaults,
L. (Pl. 84); stem 13-2 in., flowers very large, 13-2 in.
long, solitary, bright blue, calyx-teeth spreading, leaves
thick, lanceolate, blunt, soft; alpine pastures, not un-
common. G. Clusiz, P. and S.; resembling the last, but
leaves stiff, coriaceous, acute, calyx-teeth erect and con-
nivent; alpine pastures. G. exczsa, Presl. (alpina, Vill.) ;
similar, but leaves softer and broader, flowers smaller and
paler; pastures; Alps, Jura, Pyrenees. G. Pneumonanthe,
‘L.; stem 14-12 in., nearly simple, flowers large, bright
blue, 13-2 in. long, on short stalks, leaves linear or linear-
lanceolate ; marshes, not uncommon.

E. Resembling the last section; but corolla rotate or
saucer-shaped :—G. davarica, L. (Pl. 85); flowers azure,
4-3 in., terminal and solitary, stem 2~3 in., leaves small,
ovate or obovate, only a few distant pairs on the stem;
moist, high, frequent. G. zmbricata, Frol. (¢ergloviensts,
Hacq.); flowers smaller, paler, leaves small, ovate-lanceo-
late, densely crowded ; very high ; Tirol, Carinthia, Carpa-
thians. G. pumila, Jacq.; stem I-2 in., simple, flowers soli-
tary, bright blue, leaves linear-lanceolate, radical leaves in
dense tufts; Tirol, Carniola, Carinthia, Styria, Carpathians.
G. brachyphylla, L.; flowers solitary, sessile, azure, leaves

LXXXIV.—GENTIANA ACAULIS.

1) 2a = ne
A mat A — ee
= Ya — NN
AA. (A eS

= A == P y Z

SS

LXXXV.—GENTIANA BAVARICA.

GENTIANACE 65

small, thick, nearly orbicular, in densely imbricate rosettes ;
alpine pastures, local. G. verna, L. (Pl. 86); stem 1-2
in., flowers solitary, azure, about I in., angles of the
calyx winged, leaves elliptic-lanceolate, not in rosettes ;
alpine and sub-alpine pastures, common. G. @stiva, R.S.
(angulosa, Bieb.) ; flowers somewhat larger, angles of the
calyx with broader wings, leaves lanceolate ; pastures,
frequent. G. pyrenaica, L.; stem 14-23 in., flowers soli-
tary, calyx with five triangular appendages between the
lobes, leaves stiff, linear, mucronate; Pyrenees.

fF’, Corolla blue, 5-lobed, not bearded ; annual plants :—
G. utriculosa, L.; stem 2-8 in., branched, flowers terminal,
azure, about # in. long, calyx inflated, with broad wings
at the angles, radical leaves in rosettes, nearly orbicular,
stem-leaves lanceolate; marshy meadows, frequent. G.
nivalis, L.; stem 2-4 in., branched, flowers small (3-3
in.), azure, calyx slender, cylindrical, angular, radical
leaves ovate, in rosettes, stem-leaves lanceolate; high
alpine pastures, frequent. G. prostrata, Heenke; stem
about 2 in., prostrate, branched, flowers small, light blue,
with triangular appendages between the corolla-lobes,
calyx cylindrical, with projecting angles, leaves obovate,
not in rosettes; Tirol, Styria, Carniola, Carinthia, Car-
pathians, Salzburg.

6. MENYANTHES, L.

Flowers in racemes; calyx-teeth, corolla-lobes, and
Stamens each 5; corolla fleshy; ovary 1-celled; stem
leafless ; radical leaves of three leaflets. Bog plants.

M. trifoliata, L., Bog-Bean; flowers white or pink;

bogs, frequent.
POL. Ii. E

66 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS

7, LIMNANTHEMUM, Gmel.

Flowers yellow, in umbels; calyx 5-toothed ; corolla-
lobes and stamens 5-8; ovary I-celled; leaves cordate or
peltate, floating. Aquatic plants.

L. peltatum, Gmel. (Villarsia nympheoides, Vent.) ;
ponds and slow streams, very rare; reported from Bale.

Order LVI.—POLEMONIACE.

Flowers in terminal dichotomous cymes; calyx-teeth,
corolla-lobes, and stamens 5 each; ovary 3-celled; stig-
mas 3; seed-vessel a many-seeded 3-celled capsule. A
small order, chiefly American, with very few European
species.

I. POLEMONIUM, L.

Leaves pinnate ; flowers in dense corymbose cymes.

P. ceruleum, ., Jacob’s Ladder; flowers large, 7-1
in., drooping, violet or white, leaves of a large number of
lanceolate leaflets; bushy places, rare; Bale, Bern, Jura,
Tirol, Carniola, Pyrenees.

Order LVII.—CONVOLVULACE:.

Flowers regular; sepals, petals, and stamens 5 each;
filaments often unequal and dilated at the base; ovary
2-A4-celled, ovules few in each cell; seed-vessel a I-4-
celled capsule; leaves, when present, large and simple.
A large order of twining or climbing, or of leafless para-

LXXXVI.—GENTIANA VERNA.

se

—oe

CONVOLVULACE 67

sitic plants, in the former case containing a milky latex;
chiefly tropical, with no alpine species.

I. CONVOLVULUS, L.

Flowers large, axillary, fugacious; corolla twisted in
bud ; ovary 2-celled, with two seeds in each cell. Prostrate
or twining herbs, with undivided leaves and a milky
latex.

C. sepium, L. (Calystegza sepium, Br.), Larger Bind-
weed, with very large white flowers ; and C. arvensis, L.,
Smaller Bindweed, with smaller white or pink flowers;
both very common, the former in hedges, the latter by
road-sides.

2; CUSCUTA, E.

Leafless parasites, entirely destitute of leaves, with
very slender red stem, provided with “haustoria” or
sucking-organs, by which they are attached to the host-
plant, and dense clusters of small wax-like flowers. The
species of Dodder are difficult to distinguish, and are best
recognised by the plants on which they are parasitic, and
to which they are frequently very destructive. |

C. europea, L., the species with largest flowers ; occa-
sional on stinging-nettle, hop, and other plants, especially
by water-sides. C. epithymum, L., much the commonest
species; on gorse (in this country), thyme, and other
plants. C. Trifoliz, Bab., Clover Dodder; on clover and
lucerne; very destructive. C. Epzlinum, Weihe, Flax
Dodder; on flax; very destructive. C. suaveolens, Ser.
(corymbosa, R. and P., racemosa, Mart.), with flowers in
corymbose panicles; on lucerne.

68 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS

Order LVIII.—BORRAGINE.?

Flowers usually regular, in scorpioid cymes; calyx
persistent, 5-lobed, valvate; corolla 5-lobed, often with
5 projections (staminodes) between the stamens; stamens
5, epipetalous ; ovary 4-lobed, 4-seeded ; fruit of four inde-
hiscent I-seeded nutlets; leaves alternate, undivided and
entire, usually hispid. A large order, belonging to ali
climates, especially the warmer temperate ; but with very
few alpine species.

I. CERINTHE, Tourn.

Ovary composed of two carpels; corolla yellow, throat
naked, without scales; plant glabrous. Alpine.

1. C. major, L. (aspera, Roth); corolla golden-yellow
with red centre, or purple, anthers as long as the fila-
ments, leaves ciliate; very rare; Sion. C. alpina, Kit.
(glabra, Mill.); corolla light yellow spotted with red,
anthers four times as long as filaments, leaves not ciliate ;
dry places at a high altitude, local. C. mznor, L.; a
smaller plant, with smaller flowers and narrower corolla-
lobes ; Dauphiny.

2. SYMPHYTUM, L.

Corolla regular, tubular, throat closed with scales;
flowers in terminal forked cymes; leaves hispid, stem-
leaves usually decurrent ; carpels 4. Not alpine.

S. officinale, L., Comfrey; stem branched, strongly
winged from the decurrent leaves; wet places, common.

1 Usually spelt Boraginee in English botanical works, and the genus
from which the order takes its name, Borago,

_ LXXXVII.—LITHOSPERMUM PROSTRATUM.

BORRAGINE 69

S. tuberosum, L.; stem nearly simple, not strongly
winged, corolla-scales enclosed, root-stock very fleshy ;
Friburg, Ticino, Pyrenees. S. dulbosum, Schimp.; stem
nearly simple, not strongly winged, corolla-scales pro-’
minent, root-stock slender, tubercular; Locarno.

3. ANCHUSA, L.

Corolla regular, salver-shaped, throat clothed with
scales; flowers in scorpioid cymes; carpels 4. Not
alpine.

A. arvensis, Bieb. (Lycopsts arvensis, L.), Bugloss;
flowers blue, corolla-tube curved ; waste places, common.
A. officnalis, L., Alkanet; corolla-tube straight, flowers
purple - blue; Switzerland, occasional, Pyrenees. A.
ttalica, Retz.; corolla-tube straight, flowers azure-blue,
corolla-scales tufted; Southern Switzerland, occasional,
Pyrenees.

4. ONOSMA, L.

Corolla regular, campanulate, without scales; carpels
4; flowers yellow.

O. echiordes, L.; flowers large, pendant in bud, pale
yellow, anthers included, stem 4-8 in., leaves very
rough; high; Dauphiny, Pyrenees. O. avenartum, W.
and K. (including helvetzcum, Boiss., and vaudense, Grml.) ;
a smaller plant, with smaller flowers and exserted an-
thers; Rhone Valley.

5. LITHOSPERMUM, L.

Corolla regular, funnel- or salver-shaped, throat naked
or clothed with scales; flowers in bracteate cymes; nut-
lets 4, very hard.

70 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS

L. arvense, L.; flowers small, white, stem annual,
nutlets wrinkled ; cultivated land, common. LL. officinale,
L., Gromwell; flowers small, yellowish-white, stem per-
ennial, nutlets smooth, shining; road-sides. L. purpureo-
ceruleum, L.; flowers large, purplish-blue, cymes few-
flowered; mountain woods; Southern Switzerland (rare),
Jura, Pyrenees. ZL. prostratum, Lois (Pl. 87); flowers
large, bright blue, axillary, velvety - pubescent within,
stem prostrate, woody ; sandy places; Pyrenees.

6. EcHIuUM, L.

Flowers irregular, large, in unilateral cymes, throat
naked, filaments unequal, with exserted anthers; leaves
hispid; nutlets 4. Not alpine.

E. vulgare, L., Viper’s Bugloss; flowers pink, then
blue, rarely white; road-sides, common. J£. ztalicum, L.;
flowers smaller, white or light red, stem more branched;
Southern Switzerland (rare), Pyrenees.

7, PULMONARIA, Tourn.

Flowers regular, in terminal cymes; corolla funnel-
shaped, with five pencils of hairs between the stamens;
stamens included.

P. officinalis, L., Lungwort; flowers pale purple, leaves
ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute, spotted with white;
thickets; Southern Switzerland, Dauphiny, Pyrenees.
P. obscura, Dumort.; leaves cordate-oblong, acuminate,
twice as long as broad, spotted with white or not spotted,
flowers much smaller; Switzerland. P. angusttfolza, L.
(azurea, Bess.) ; leaves narrowly lanceolate, spotted with

oe

LXXXVIII.—MYOSOTIS ALPESTRIS.

BORRAGINE nt

pale green, flowers azure, corolla-tube glabrous within
below the ring of hairs; thickets, local; Schaffhausen,
Engadine, Tirol, Lombardy, Puy-de-Déme, Pyrenees.
P. tuberosa, Schr. (vulgaris, Mer.); leaves very rough,
not spotted, inflorescence rough and bristly, corolla-tube
pubescent below the ring of hairs; Eastern Switzerland
(rare), Dauphiny, Pyrenees. PP. montana, Lej. (mollis,
Wolff); flowers violet, inflorescence covered with viscid
glands, corolla-tube hairy below the ring of hairs, leaves
soft with glandular hairs; Southern Switzerland, Pyre-
nees, rare.

8. MYOSOTIS, L.

Flowers regular, small, blue, in terminal scorpioid
cymes; corolla saucer-shaped, the throat closed by five
scales alternate with the stamens; calyx-tube long.

All the English lowland species of Forget-me-not are
found also in Switzerland, viz.:—JZ. palustris, With.
(including stvzgulosa, Rchb.), the marsh species with
large flowers; JZ. verszcolor, Rchb., with large flowers,
at first yellow, then dull blue, on dry banks; MW. sylvatica,
Hoffm., the wood species with large flowers; J. cespz-
tose, Schulz., the marsh species with small flowers; and
the two small-flowered species found on dry banks in the
very early spring, J7. arvensis, Hoffm. (zxtermedia, Link),
and collina, Hoffm. (hzspzda, Schlecht.). Also JZ. stricta,
Link; under-side of the leaves covered with hooked
hairs; fields in the south. The following are alpine :—
M. alpestris, Schm. (Pl. 88); closely resembling sy/vatzca,
stem 2-6 in., flowers crowded, at first reddish, then azure,
corolla-tube entirely concealed by the calyx; common at
high elevations. JZ. pyrenaica, Pourr.; flowers bright

72 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS

blue, large, tube equalling the calyx in length, radical
leaves forming a dense rosette; Pyrenees.

g. ERITRICHIUM, Schrad.

Flowers regular, small, blue, in few-flowered cymes ;
corolla saucer-shaped, the throat closed by five small
scales between the stamens; fruit with a membranous
margin.

E. nanum, Schrad. (¢ergloviense, Kern.) ; stem I-2 in.,
woolly, flowers I-5, crowded into small cymes, resem-
bling those of MWyosotis palustris, leaves densely czspi-
tose, elliptical, woolly; alpine rocks, very high, not
uncommon.

10. CYNOGLOSSUM, Tourn.

Flowers small, usually blue-purple, in bifurcate cymes,
regular; corolla funnel-shaped, throat closed by pro-
minent scales; nutlets 4, covered with hooked or barbed
bristles. Not alpine.

C. officinale, L., Hound’s-Tongue; leaves hoary with
soft hairs; waste places, frequent. C. montanum, Lam.
(germanicum, Jacq.); flowers blue, leaves thinner, not so
hairy ; mountain woods.

II. ECHINOSPERMUM, Swartz.

Flowers regular, small, blue; corolla saucer-shaped,
closed at the throat by five small scales; nutlets 4, tri-
quetrous, bordered by several rows of barbed bristles.

E. Lappula, Lehm.; stem branched in the upper part,
fruit-stalks erect, flowers in small extra-axillary clus-
ters; waste places and walls; Switzerland, Pyrenees. J.

BORRAGINE 73

deflexum, Lehm.; stem branching from the middle or
lower part, fruit-stalks deflexed ; shady gorges ; Oberland,
Glarus, Valais, very rare.

12. OMPHALODES, Tourn.

Flowers regular, large, bright blue; corolla rotate,
throat closed by five scales; nutlets 4, depressed in a
cavity of the receptacle. Not alpine.

O. verna, Mecench.; flowers in small axillary or ter-
minal few-flowered racemes, corolla twice as long as
the downy calyx; Southern Tirol, Styria, Pyrenees.

13. ASPERUGO, L.

Flowers regular, small, blue, in axillary cymes; corolla
funnel-shaped, throat closed by scales; calyx with five
large leafy lobes, enlarged after flowering and concealing
the fruit.

A. procumbens, L.; flowers I or 2 in the axils of
the leaves, stem procumbent, prickly, leaves narrow,
hispid ; rubbish-heaps; Southern Switzerland, Pyrenees.

14. HELIOTROPIUM, L.

Flowers regular ; corolla saucer-shaped, with five longi-
tudinal folds at the throat; nutlets ovoid-triquetrous.

HI. europeum, L., Heliotrope; flowers small, white
or bluish, in dense axillary or oppositifoliar rolled-up
cymes, calyx expanded in fruit, leaves whitish-green,
pubescent ; fields; Southern Switzerland, Jura, Pyrenees.

Lorrago officinalis, L., Borage, is naturalised through-
out Central and Southern Europe.

74 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS

Order LIX.—SOLANACE:,

Flowers regular, in axillary or supra-axillary cymes ;
calyx 5-cleft, persistent, often enlarged in fruit; corolla
5-lobed ; stamens 5, epipetalous ; ovary 2- or incompletely
4-celled ; seeds small, very numerous; fruit a berry or
capsule. A large order, chiefly tropical, with very
poisonous properties; no alpine species.

I. SOLANUM, Tourn.

Flowers solitary or in cymes; corolla rotate; anthers
connate, opening by terminal pores; fruit a 2-celled berry.

S. Dulcamara, L., Bitter-Sweet ; flowers violet, with
large yellow anthers, in cymes opposite the leaves, stem
weak, scrambling, berry red; hedges, common. 5S.
nigrum, L. (including mznzatum, Bernh., and humile,
Mill.), an annual weed with small white flowers, and
black, yellow, or red berry. S. vz/losum, Lam.; flowers
larger, white, leaves pubescent, berry greenish-yellow ;
cultivated land.

2.. PHYSALIs,. L.

Flowers solitary ; corolla rotate; calyx enlarged after
flowering, and enveloping the 2-celled berry as a bladder.

P. Alkekengi, L., Winter Cherry; flowers pendant,
solitary or in pairs, dirty white, envelope of berry at
length red; hedges; Switzerland, Jura, Pyrenees.

3. ATROPA, L.

Flowers large, solitary or few, campanulate ; stamens
distinct; fruit a 2-celled berry ; leaves entire.

fy)

YS

LXXXIX—.RAMONDIA PYRENAICA.

SOLANACE 75

A. Belladonna, L., Deadly Nightshade ; a small shrub,
stem 2-3 ft. flowers greenish-purple, I in. wide, berry
black, very poisonous ; thickets, occasional.

4. HYOSCYAMUS, L.

Flowers axillary or in scorpioid cymes; corolla bell-
shaped; stamens distinct; fruit a 2-celled capsule, split-
ting horizontally (pyxis), enclosed in the persistent calyx.

Ff. niger, L., Henbane; foetid and poisonous; flowers
in a unilateral cyme, dull yellow veined with purple,
stem-leaves amplexicaul, lobed or toothed; waste places
in the South.

52 DATURA, EL.

Flowers large, funnel-shaped; seed-vessel a 4-valved
capsule, bursting vertically, very spiny.

D. Stramonium, L., Thorn-Apple; flowers very large,
usually white ; waste places in the South.

Order LX.—GESNERACE:.

Flowers usually irregular; calyx 5-toothed; stamens
usually 4, epipetalous; ovary superior, usually 1-celled,
with parietal placentation and numerous ovules. A
rather large order, chiefly tropical and American ; repre-
sented in Europe by only a single species.

I. RAMONDIA, Rich.

Corolla regular; stamens 5; capsule 2-celled.
R. pyrenaica, Rich. (Pl. 89); flowers large, violet,
solitary, or 2-3 on leafless scapes 24-6 in. high, nod-

76 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS

ding, corolla rotate, with a fringe of orange hairs in the
centre, leaves all radical, large, oval, hairy, crenate,
crinkled; damp shady rocks; Eastern and Central
Pyrenees.

Order LXIL—SCROPHULARIACE:.

Calyx 5-lobed or bidentate, usually persistent ; corolla
usually very irregular, 4-5-lobed; stamens usually 4,
epipetalous, 2 with longer, 2 with shorter filaments (didy-
namous), rarely 2; ovary 2-celled, style simple; ovules
usually very numerous; seed-vessel a many-seeded cap-
sule. A very large order, dispersed over the whole globe ;
some of the genera are parasitic.

I. VERBASCUM, L.

Flowers in simple or compound racemes ; corolla nearly
regular, 5-lobed, rotate, yellow; stamens 5, unequal, with
bearded filaments; leaves usually woolly. Not alpine.

The species of Mullein are very difficult to define,
owing to their frequent hybridisation. The following
English species occur also in Switzerland :—V. Thapsus,
L., Moses’s Flannel, the commonest species, with very
woolly decurrent leaves. V. nigrum, L.; leaves not
woolly nor decurrent, lower stem-leaves cordate. V.
Blattaria, L.; flowers in slender panicles, hairs of fila-
ments purple, leaves nearly glabrous. V. Lychnztizs, L.;
flowers small, nearly white, hairs of filaments white,
leaves tomentose beneath. V. pulverulentum, Vill. (floc-
cosum, WW. K.); flowers bright yellow, hairs of filaments
white, stem and leaves mealy, flocculent. Also the fol-

XC.—LINARIA ALPINA.

SCROPHULARIACE 77

lowing :—V. montanum, Schreb.; resembling 7hapsus,
but flowers larger, filaments of all the stamens woolly,
leaves not so strongly decurrent; hilly woods. V. ¢hap-
siforme, Schrad.; resembling 7hapsus, but flowers much j
larger (1} in.), leaves more distinctly crenate and acumi-
nate; Switzerland, Dauphiny, Pyrenees. V. phlomozdes,
L.; similar, but leaves not so strongly decurrent, tomen-
tum yellow; rare.

2. LINARIA: L.

Flowers axillary, solitary, or in racemes; corolla per-
sonate with a spurred tube; stamens 4; stigma notched
or 2-lobed; capsule of two nearly equal cells, dehiscing
by pores; lower leaves sometimes opposite or in whorls.
Nearly all the species of Toadflax are lowland plants.

A. Flowers yellow, in racemes:—JL. vulgaris, Mill;
our common English Yellow Toadflax; hedge-banks,
common (flowers sometimes regular, with 5 spurs and
5 stamens, var. Peloria). V. ttalica, Trev.; flowers
smaller and paler, axis of raceme and flower- stalks
glabrous; mountain valleys; Southern Switzerland,
Styria, Dauphiny, Pyrenees. JL. supzna, Desf. (including
pyrenaica, DC.); racemes short, stem glandular-pubes-
cent, leaves linear, somewhat fleshy, the lower often
in whorls, annual; sub-alpine; Piedmont, Dauphiny,
Pyrenees. JL. szmplex, DC.; flowers very small, in short
terminal racemes, leaves linear; Pyrenees.

£. Flowers purple or violet, in racemes :—JL. alpina,
Mill (Pl. 90); stem glabrous, somewhat prostrate, flowers
in a loose raceme, violet with yellow throat, leaves
linear, somewhat fleshy, in whorls of 4; high, fre-
quent. V. arvensis, Desf.; annual, flowers very small,

78 THE fLORAGOF THE ‘ALPS

flower-stalk and calyx glandular-pubescent, leaves linear,
somewhat fleshy, the lower in whorls of 4; fields; South-
ern Switzerland (very rare), Pyrenees. V. striata, DC.
(repens, Ait.); perennial, flowers larger, corolla striped
with violet and yellow, or rarely white, spur sometimes
wanting, flower-stalk glabrous, stem I-3 ft.; Southern
Switzerland (very rare), Lombardy, Dauphiny, Pyrenees.
L. Pelisseriana, Mill.; annual, stem erect, 6-10 in., gla-
brous, leaves linear, often in whorls, seeds with a fimbriate
wing; fields in the South. JL. oviganzfolza, DC. (Pl. 91);
perennial, stem partially decumbent, racemes short, leaves
oblong or obovate, shortly stalked ; Pyrenees.

C. Flowers purple or violet, axillary, usually solitary :—
L. Cymbalaria, L., lvy-leaved Toadflax, Mother of Thou-
sands; perennial, stem prostrate, leaves 3—7-lobed, glab-
rous; wallsandrocks. L. mznor, Desf.; annual, flowers on
long stalks, leaves linear-oblong, alternate; fields, common.

D. Flowers yellow, solitary, axillary :—L. spurza, Mill.,
a very hairy plant with ovate or orbicular leaves; and
L. Elatine, Mill., a very hairy plant with hastate leaves,
are annual weeds in cultivated land.

‘Several other species occur in cultivated land in the
Pyrenean lowlands.

3. ANTIRRHINUM, Tourn.

Flowers axillary or in racemes; corolla personate, with
a saccate tube; stamens 4; stigma shortly 2-lobed; cap-
sule of two unequal cells, dehiscing by pores; leaves
usually entire and alternate.

A. majus, L.; Snapdragon, Frog’s-Mouth; flowers
large, radical leaves lanceolate; walls (naturalised in
Switzerland). A. latifolium, DC. ; flowers yellow, leaves

—_

XCI.—LINARIA ORIGANIFOLIA.

SCROPHULARIACEE 79

broader, leaves and stem covered with soft hairs; Pied-
mont, Dauphiny, Pyrenees. A. sempervirens, Lap.;
flowers smaller, white or very pale yellow, on long stalks,
leaves opposite, entire, stem much branched; rocks ;
Pyrenees. A. Orontium, L.; annual, flowers axillary,
red ; cultivated land.

4. ANARRHINUM, Desf.

Corolla deeply 5-lobed, bilabiate, with a slender tube,
throat open; stamens 4; capsule of 2 equal cells, each
opening by a pore.

A. bellidifolium, Desf.; stem 8-24 in., flowers small,
violet, in long spike-like racemes, radical leaves oblong-
ovate, stem-leaves 5-7-partite; stony fields; Geneva,
Lombardy, Piedmont, Dauphiny, Pyrenees.

5. GRATIOLA, L.

Calyx 5-partite, with two bracts at the base; corolla
4-lobed, irregular, 2-lipped, not spurred ; stamens 2 or 4,
two of them barren; capsule dehiscing by bifid valves.
Not alpine.

G. officinalis, L.; flowers white or pink, axillary, soli-
tary, on long stalks, leaves opposite, lanceolate, sessile,
toothed ; marshes; Switzerland, Jura, Dauphiny, Pyrenees.

6. SCROPHULARIA, L.

Flowers in panicled cymes, small, greenish-purple,
violet, or yellow; corolla 2-lipped, not spurred, tube
ventricose ; stamens 4, with a scale representing the 5th;
stigma notched ; capsule acute.

The two English species of Figwort, S. zodosa, L., with
triangular-cordate doubly serrate leaves; and aquatica,

80 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS

L. (including Sadbzszz, Hornem., Ehrhartz, Stev., and
Neesiz, Wirtg.), occur similarly in wet places; also the
following :—S. canina, L.; panicle with nearly sessile
glands, upper lip of corolla one-third as long as tube,
flowers black-purple mixed with white, stem nearly simple,
leaves pinnatifid; stony places; Rhine Valley, Rhone
Valley, Jura, Pyrenees. S. Hoppez, Koch; flowers violet,
panicle with stalked glands, upper lip of corolla more than
half as long as tube, leaves pinnate; dry, alpine, frequent.
S. vernalis, L.; cymes on axillary peduncles, flowers
greenish-yellow ; hedge-banks ; Switzerland (possibly in-
troduced), Dauphiny, Pyrenees. S. pyvenazca, Benth. ;
flowers in stalked leafy axillary cymes, yellow, upper lip
purple, leaves on long stalks, deeply incised, whole plant
hairy; Pyrenees. S. alpestris, Gay; flowers in a leaf-
less pyramidal panicle, purple, leaves pubescent, cordate,
serrate; high; Pyrenees. S. Scofolz, Pers.; resembling
the last, but leaves smaller, ovate, not cordate, less hairy ;
Carniola, Carinthia.

7. ERINUS, L.

Flowers in short terminal leafless cymes; corolla
saucer-shaped, nearly regular, with five emarginate lobes,
violet ; stamens 4; capsule curved. “

E. alpinus, L. (Pl. 92); stem 2-5 in., leaves spathulate,
strongly serrate in the upper part, ceespitose ; alpine pas-
tures, frequent.

8. LIMOSELLA, L.

Flowers very small, solitary, axillary; corolla 5-lobed,
nearly regular; stamens 4; leaves very narrow. Ceespi-
tose aquatic herbs.

XCII.—ERINUS ALPINUS.

SCROPHULARIACEZ 81

L. aquatica, L.; flowers 75 in., pink or white, leaves
narrowly spathulate; marshy places, rare; Switzerland,
Dauphiny, Pyrenees.

9. DIGITALIS, L.

Flowers in terminal racemes, large, purple or yellow,
rarely white, usually spotted inside; corolla campanulate
or ventricose, the margin scarcely lobed, bearded inside ;
stamens 4; stigma 2-lobed.

D. purpurea, L., Purple Foxglove; Vosges, Dauphiny,
Pyrenees, wanting in Switzerland and Jura. WD. purpu-
rascens, Roth; corolla large, I in. long, reddish-yellow
or light purple, tubular-campanulate, narrowed below,
ciliate, leaves glabrous on both sides, serrulate; Vosges,
Pyrenees. D. grandiflora, All. (ambigua, Murr.) ; corolla
large, 1-14 in. long, yellow spotted with brown inside,
glandular-pubescent within, leaves pubescent on both
sides; dry banks. WD. lutea, L., Yellow Foxglove; corolla
smaller, about # in. long, yellow, not glandular, not spotted,
leaves glabrous, ciliate; dry banks, more common.

10. WULFENIA, Jacq.

Flowers in terminal unilateral racemes ; corolla ringent,
spurred, not bearded; stamens 2, seated near the throat
of the corolla-tube, filaments very short.

W. carinthiaca, Jacq.; stem erect, simple, 6-18 in,
woolly below, with a few small leaves in the upper part,
flowers violet-blue, crowded, radical leaves large, obovate-
lanceolate, glabrous, coarsely toothed; Carinthia, very

local (Kulweger and Watschiger Alps).
VOL. II. F

82 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS

LT. \\PADEROTA) iL:

Flowers in terminal unilateral racemes; corolla ringent,
spurred, not bearded; stamens 2, seated at the base of
the corolla-tube, beneath a row of hairs; stem leafy, leaves
opposite. Alpine.

P. Ageria, L.; corolla pale yellow, the upper lip bifid,
calyx and bracts green, stamens shorter than the corolla,
stem erect, 4-6 in., leaves ovate-lanceolate, acute, serrate,
glabrous; high, rocky; Tirol, Styria, Carniola, Carinthia.
P. Bonarota, L.; corolla blue, upper lip usually entire,
calyx and bracts purple, stamens longer than the corolla,
stem 4-6 in., leaves broadly ovate, sessile, downy, coarsely
toothed; high, stony; Tirol, Lombardy, Styria, Carniola,
Carinthia.

12), VERONICA, L.

Flowers in axillary or terminal racemes, rarely solitary,
usually blue and small in European species ; calyx 4-cleft;
corolla rotate, 4-lobed, nearly regular; stamens 2, exserted,
seated at the throat of the corolla-tube. Mostly lowland
plants; but with many alpine species.

Of the common English species of Speedwell, the fol-
lowing are found also in Switzerland :—In woods, hedge-
banks, and shady places:—V. Chamedrys, L., German-
der Speedwell, with bright blue fugacious flowers in lax
racemes; V’. montana, L., resembling the last, but flowers
paler, and leaves alternate instead of opposite; V. office-
nalis, L., with much smaller lilac flowers in a crowded
spike. In marshes and by water-side :—V. Beccabunga,
L., Brooklime, with bright blue flowers and broad serrate
shining leaves; V. Anagallis, L., with lilac flowers, and

~~ ——— we ae ee
Se ee ee es

XCIII.—VERONICA SPICATA.

errr

Sr hae am,

SCROPHULARIACE 83

narrower serrate leaves; V. scutellata, L., with pink flowers
and linear-lanceolate nearly entire leaves. Annual weeds
in cultivated land:—V. agrestzs, L., nearly glabrous, with
pale blue flowers and ovate-cordate coarsely serrate
stalked leaves; V. folzta, Fr., similar, but flowers bright
blue, and seeds more numerous; V. persica, Poir. (Bux-
baumiz, Ten.), resembling agrestzs, but with much larger
bright blue flowers, like those of Chamedrys; V. hedere-
folia, L., very pubescent, with very small pale blue
flowers, and broadly ovate 5—7-lobed leaves; V. arvenszs,
L., pubescent, with pale blue flowers, and ovate-cordate
irregularly crenate-serrate leaves. On dry banks :—V.
serpyllifolia, L., with small very pale flowers and thick
glabrous ovate-lanceolate nearly entire leaves.

The following lowland annual weeds are found in Swit-
zerland, but are rare or do not occur in this country :—
V. opaca, L.; corolla dark blue, leaves dark green, nearly

orbicular, with short hairs; rare; Western and Central
Switzerland. V. verna, L.; stem erect, glandular-pubes-
cent, leaves pinnatifid, bracts entire; grassy places. V. ¢rz-
phyllos, L.; stem erect, leaves palmately 3—7-lobed, bracts
3-5-fid; grassy places. V. acinzfolia, L.; flowers light
blue with yellow throat, stem glandular, leaves rather
thick, slightly crenate; fields, rare. V. pre@cox, L. ; flowers
blue, stem erect, radical leaves somewhat cordate, deeply
crenate ; fields.

The following are perennial species, and mostly more
or less alpine :—

A. Raceme simple, terminal :—V. sfzcata, L. (Pl. 93);
stem 6-18 in. nearly leafless above, flowers bright blue,
in a dense raceme, leaves opposite, lanceolate-ovate,
crenate-serrate; dry hill-sides.

84 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS

B. Racemes several, terminal:—V. alpina, L. ; flowers
small, bright blue, crowded, leaves broadly ovate, sessile,
nearly entire, ciliate; alpine pastures, frequent. V. dellz-
dtotdes, L.; resembling a/pzna, but the radical leaves larger,
obovate, crowded into a rosette, whole plant more hairy,
leaves entire; alpine pastures, frequent. V. Townsend,
Grml.; leaves fewer, dentate, raceme grandular, anthers
white; Valais, rare. V. aphylla, L.; flowers light blue,
in a very short corymbose raceme, inflorescence not
glandular, very pubescent, stem I-2 in., leafless, radical
leaves crowded, ovate, ciliate; high, alpine, frequent. ,
fruticulosa, L.; flowers large, light pink with darker
veins, leaves opposite, ovate, sessile, nearly entire, glab-
rous, stem woody below, 6-9 in. high; alpine rocks;
Switzerland, Jura, Pyrenees. V. saxatilis, Scop. (frutz-
cans, Jacq.); flowers larger, } in. diam., bright blue with
a purple ring at the base, leaves thick, elliptic, nearly
entire, nearly glabrous; high alps; Switzerland, Jura,
Vosges, Carpathians. V. nummularia, Gou. (Pl. 95);
flowers bright blue, in a crowded sessile raceme, leaves
small, very crowded, thick, glabrous, elliptic, lower part
of stem often leafless; Pyrenees. V. Pone, Gou.;
flowers violet, in a loose raceme, leaves large, oval,
strongly serrate, stem 12-18 in.; Pyrenees.

C. Racemes axillary :-—V. urticefolia, L. (latifolia, L.) ;
flowers violet, stem I-2 ft., hairy, leaves opposite, distant,
lanceolate, serrate; mountain woods, common. V. xum-
mulartotdes, Lec.; flowers lilac or nearly white, stem 2-6
in., racemes many-flowered, somewhat elongated, glandu-
lar-hairy ; Switzerland, rare. V. Allionzz, Vill.; flowers
large, very dark blue, in crowded racemes, leaves thick,
coriaceous, ovate or obovate, nearly entire, glabrous; a

XCIV.—VERONICA PROSTRATA.

SCROPHULARIACE 85

very handsome plant; Dauphiny, Lombardy. V. Teu-
crium, L.; flowers large, bright blue, calyx 5-toothed;
leaves ovate-lanceolate or cordate, sessile; grassy places,
not uncommon. V. grostrata, L. (Pl. 94); calyx 5-
toothed, flowers blue, stems slender, prostrate, branched,
leaves linear-lanceolate; grassy slopes; Valais, Jura,
Ziirich. V. austriaca, L. (dentata, Schm.); resembling
the last, but stem less branched, ascending; Neuchatel,
Styria, Carniola, Carinthia.

13. MELAMPYRUM, L.

Flowers solitary, axillary, or in leafy spikes; calyx
tubular or campanulate, 4-toothed ; corolla 2-lipped, upper
lip short, truncate; stamens 4, seated beneath the upper
lip of the corolla, anthers hairy ; leaves narrow, opposite ;
seeds I-2 in each cell. Annual herbs, parasitic on roots,
black when dry. Most species of Cow-wheat are lowland
plants.

A. Flowers axillary :—J/. pratense, L.; calyx-teeth as
long as corolla-tube, corolla pale yellow, anthers reddish-
brown, bracts toothed, leaves linear-lanceolate, sessile,
entire; woods, common. J/. commutatum, Tausch. ;
similar, but calyx-teeth longer than corolla-tube, anthers
yellow; bushy, local. JZ. sylvaticum, L.;-calyx-teeth
triangular-lanceolate, spreading, shorter than corolla-
tube, corolla bright yellow, bracts entire ; mountain woods,
common. JZ. evicetorum, Kern.; similar, but calyx-teeth
as long as corolla-tube, lower lip of corolla folded, upper
bracts toothed; high; Tirol. WZ. nemorosum, L.; corolla
orange-yellow, calyx villous, bracts cordate, the upper
ones violet; Vevey, Bienne, Savoy, Dauphiny, Pyrenees.

86 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS

B. Flowers in spikes:—J/. arvense, L.; corolla with
yellow throat and purple lips, bracts pinnatifid at the
base, spotted, leaves lanceolate ; fields, local. 7. crista-
tum, L.; spikes very dense, quadrangular, bracts ovate-
cordate, finely pectinate, purple, corolla yellow tipped
with purple, leaves linear-lanceolate; woods and fields,
local.

FAS OA Z TAL:

Flowers solitary in the axils of the upper leaves;
calyx very short, tubular, 5-toothed; corolla 2-lipped,
upper lip bifid, lower lip 3-cleft ; leaves opposite, sessile.

T. alpina, L.; stem erect, square, scaly at the base,
corolla golden-yellow with red spots on the lower lip,
leaves ovate, crenate-dentate; moist alpine places, fre-
quent.

I5. RHINANTHUS, L. (Alectorolophus, Wimm.).

Flowers yellow, in unilateral spikes, with broad bracts ;
calyx ventricose, compressed, 4-toothed, enclosing the
seed-vessel like a bladder; corolla 2-lipped; stamens 4,
concealed in the upper lip of the corolla; capsule com-
pressed ; seeds winged; leaves opposite, narrow, toothed.
Annual herbs, parasitic on roots, black when dry.

R. Crista-gallt, L. (minor, Ehrh.), Yellow Rattle;
corolla-tube as long as calyx, lobes of upper lip short,
leaves linear-oblong ; damp meadows, common. LF. major,
Ehrh. ; plant taller (14-2 ft.), flowers larger, corolla-tube
longer than calyx, lobes of upper lip elongated; damp
pastures, frequent. i. Azrsutus, Lam.; calyx and bracts
very hairy ; cultivated land, frequent. L. a/sznus, Baumg.;

XCV.—VERONICA NUMMULARIA.

SCROPHULARIACEA: 87

stem usually simple, corolla pale yellow, calyx spotted
with black, bracts toothed, leaves oblong - lanceolate, -
crenate; high; Grisons, Valais, Canton de Vaud. R&,
aristatus, Celak.; stem usually branched, corolla yellow
and blue, calyx not spotted, bracts with subulate teeth,
leaves narrowly lanceolate, crenate; alpine pastures,
frequent. &. angustifolcus, Gmel.; similar, but a larger
plant, with narrower leaves ; alpine pastures.

16. BARTSIA, L.

Flowers in spikes, with leafy bracts; calyx 4-toothed ;
corolla tubular, 2-lipped, upper lip arched; stamens 4,
concealed under the upper lip; capsule elongated ; leaves
usually opposite. Herbs, parasitic on roots.

B. alpina, L.; flowers large, in the axils of purple
bracts, dark purple-violet, anthers bearded, leaves ovate-
serrate, upper ones amplexicaul, whole plant very hairy ;
alpine pastures, frequent. &. spicata, Ram.; spike not
leafy, bracts linear - lanceolate, plant finely pubescent
above; Pyrenees. b. viscosa, L. (Eufragia viscosa,
Griseb.) ; flowers pale yellow, leaves ovate-lanceolate,
sessile, coarsely serrate, whole plant glandular-viscid;
meadows and pine-woods, rare; Valais, Piedmont, Dau-
phiny, Pyrenees. 2. lutea, L.; flowers bright yellow,
ringent, leaves linear-lanceolate, nearly entire, plant
pubescent but not glandular; dry hills; Switzerland,
Jura, Pyrenees. &. Odontites, Huds. (Euphrasia Odon-
tites, L., including sevotzna, Lam., divergens, Jord., and
rubra, Rchb.); flowers small, pink, stem branched, end-
ing in slender leafy racemes, lower bracts leafy; moist
waste places, common.

88 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS

17, EUPHRASIA, L.

Flowers small, in unilateral bracteate spikes; calyx
4-toothed; corolla tubular, 2-lipped, upper lip concave ;
stamens 4, concealed by the upper lip, anthers hairy ;
capsule oblong; leaves opposite, lobed or incised. Small
erect herbs, parasitic on roots.

A. Flowers white, usually dotted or streaked with
violet, or dotted with yellow; leaves ovate or ovate-
lanceolate, deeply serrate. The species of this section
pass into one another, and are very difficult to distin-
guish :—E£. officinalis, L., Eyebright, the English species,
common. £. Rostkoviana, Hayne (pratensis, Fr.);
flowers larger, corolla streaked with violet, lower lip
with a yellow spot; dry banks, common. &. hzrtella,
Jord.; flowers smaller, corolla-tube enclosed in the
calyx, leaves broad, stem rigid, plant densely hairy ;
meadows; Western and Southern Switzerland. £. salzs-
burgensis, Funke; flowers small, leaves with deeply cut
lobes at the base, narrower, glabrous; alpine pastures,
frequent. . versicolor, Kern.; flowers larger, tube of
corolla projecting beyond the calyx-teeth, lower leaves
cuneate; meadows, frequent. . alpina, Lam.; flowers
large, corolla white, often tinged with violet, stem not
more than 14-2 in., upper leaves broad with spreading
teeth; pastures. &. stricta, Host.; stem 4-6 in., lobes
of lower lip of corolla unequal, with a yellow spot; mea-
dows. E£. pulchella, Kern. ; flowers large, lower lip white
with yellow spots, upper blue-violet, leaves wedge-shaped,
with a few teeth; Tirol. £. montana, Jacq.; closely
resembling officinalis, but stem usually simple, leaves
fewer, broader; damp mountain pastures.

XCVI.-PEDICULARIS ELONGATA

SCROPHULARIACE/# 89

B. Flowers white spotted with yellow and violet;
leaves linear :—BE. tricuspidata, L.; flowers large, leaves
with one short tooth on each side; alpine pastures ;
Southern Tirol, Lombardy, Carniola, Carinthia.

C. Flowers usually entirely violet; leaves ovate or
ovate-lanceolate :—£. rigzdula, Jord. (nemorosa, Mart.) ;
corolla purple-lilac, with curved tube, flowers in a lax spike,
capsule deeply emarginate; alpine pastures. £. evzce-
torum, Jord.; closely resembling the last, but flowers
somewhat larger, spikes denser, stem more branched;
Valais, Geneva, Ticino. £. pumila, Kern.; corolla light
violet with darker streaks, flowers in dense spikes, tube
straight, stem not more than 24 in., capsule not emargi-
nate; pastures; Tirol.

D. Flowers very small, yellow, or upper lip tinted
with violet :—. mznima, Jacq.; leaves ovate, toothed ;
alpine pastures, common.

18. PEDICULARIS, L.

Flowers large, red or yellow, usually in bracteate spikes
or racemes; calyx tubular or campanulate, often inflated ;
corolla 2-lipped, sometimes dilated, upper lip often pro-
longed into a long beak; stamens 4, concealed in the
upper lip of the corolla; leaves usually alternate and
deeply divided. The Louseworts are erect herbs, para-
sitic on roots, turning black when dried; nearly all the
species are alpine or sub-alpine.

A. Flowers yellow; upper lip of corolla drawn out to
a narrow beak :—P. elongata, Kern. (Pl. 96); stem 6-12
in., few-leaved, nearly glabrous, spike elongated, calyx-
teeth leaf-like, inciso-dentate, bracts pinnatifid, leaves

90 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS

pectinate-pinnate; high pastures; South-Eastern Tirol,
rare. PP. tuberosa, L.; stem 4-6 in., densely woolly,
spike short, umbel-like, calyx-teeth leaf-like, inciso-den-
tate, glabrous, leaves bipinnate; high, moist, frequent.
P. Barrelierit, Rehb. (ascendens, Gaud.); spike long and
lax, calyx-teeth lanceolate, entire; high; Switzerland,
Dauphiny, rare

£. Flowers yellow; upper lip of corolla not prolonged
into a long beak:—P. Oederi, Vahl (verszcolor, Whib.) ;
upper lip of corolla with a dark purple spot, spike dense,
stem about 3 in., leaves pectinate-pinnate, with crenate
segments ; Switzerland, Tirol, Styria, Piedmont, Bavaria,
Carpathians. P. /folzosa, L.; flowers large, sulphur-
yellow, spike leafy, bracts leaflike, longer than the
flowers, upper lip of corolla woolly, leaves pinnatifid, with
irregularly incised segments; high, frequent. 2. Fre-
derici-Augusti, Tomm.; resembling /olzosa, but flowers
very light yellow, corolla with a ciliate ridge at the back;
Mount Slavnik, Carniola. P. Hacquetiz, Graf; flowers
sulphur-yellow, spike 4-10 in. long, stem, leaves, and
corolla glabrous; pastures; Tirol, Carniola, rare. P.
comosa, L. (Pl. 97); flowers large, citron-yellow, spike
elongated, dense, upper bracts lanceolate, entire, stem 6-9
in., downy, leaves pectinate-pinnate, with narrow incised
segments; Southern Tirol (Monte Baldo), Dauphiny,
Pyrenees.

C. Flowers red; corolla beaked; stem-leaves alter-
nate :—P. zucarnata, Jacq.; stem 9-24 in., leafy, flowers
large, light red, spike long and lax, calyx-teeth nearly
entire, calyx and bracts woolly, leaves pectinate-pinnatifid,
glabrous, segments inciso-serrate ; alpine pastures, fre-
quent. /P. cenzsia, Gaud.; stem nearly leafless, spike

———— = .

XC VII

— PEDICULARIS

COMOSA

hh
Cg ive
oe

Te)

SCROPHULARIACE gt

very short, calyx-teeth pinnatifid; Great St. Bernard,
Piedmont, Dauphiny. VP. asplentfolia, Flor.; flowers
few, pink, large, calyx-teeth nearly entire, with recurved
tip, stem I-3 in., leaves small, pinnatifid ; high, moist ;
Grisons, Tirol, Styria, Carinthia, Salzburg. /. rostrata,
L. (/acquint, Koch); flowers large, few, pink, with a
long darker beak, calyx-teeth glabrous, crenate, with a
recurved leaf-like tip, stem I-4 in., leaves pectinate-
pinnate; high, moist, frequent. P. Kernert, Dal. Tor. ;
beak of corolla shorter, stem more prostrate, leaves often
with a calcareous incrustation ; high, moist (very rare in
Switzerland). P. Portenschlagit, Saut. (geminata, Port.);
stem I-3 in., flowers large, pink, few (spike 1-5
flowered), with a long tube and short recurved beak,
calyx-teeth crenate, with recurved tip, leaves pectinate-
pinnatifid, with linear-lanceolate segments ; Jura, Tirol,
Styria, Carinthia, Salzburg, Carpathians. P. gyroflexa,
Gaud. (including /asceculata, Bell.) ; spike many-flowered,
calyx-teeth pinnatifid, beak of corolla short, lower lip
very small; Southern Switzerland, Jura, Southern Tirol,
Piedmont, Dauphiny. PP. pyrenaica, Gay (including
mixta, Gren.) ; spike short, few-flowered, calyx glabrous,
corolla-beak very long, corolla-tube bearded, bracts pin-
natifid ; Pyrenees.

D. Flowers red; corolla not beaked ; stem-leaves alter-
nate :—/P. sylvatica, L., with nearly simple stem; and
palustris, L., a larger branched plant, with larger flowers,
are common English plants, the former in damp spots on
heaths, the latter in bogs. The remainder are alpine or
sub-alpine. PP. rosea, Wulf.; flowers large, light pink,
in a dense short spike, stem, bracts, and calyx woolly,
stem often nearly leafless, leaves pectinate-pinnate, with .

92 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS

linear incised segments ; alpine pastures (not in Switzer-
land). PP. vecuteta, L.; stem I-2 ft., glabrous, leafy,
flowers dark red, in a long dense spike, calyx-teeth
lanceolate, entire, ciliate, leaves pectinate-pinnatifid, with
broad segments; high, moist, frequent. PP. atrorubens,
Schleich.; spike very dense, corolla dark purple-red,
calyx-teeth broadly lanceolate, finely serrate; Great St.
Bernard, Tirol, rare.

&, Flowers pink; stem-leaves in whorls :—/. vert-
ctllata, L.; stem simple, with a few whorls of 3—5 narrow
pinnatifid leaves, flowers in crowded orbicular spikes,
calyx inflated, corolla not beaked; alpine pastures,
frequent.

f’, Flowers pink ; stem 0:—P. acaulis, Scop.; flowers
very large, light pink, turning to red, shortly stalked,
springing from the root-stock, calyx-teeth strongly den-
tate, leaves large, pinnate, with pinnatifid segments ;
bushy places, rare; Lombardy, Southern Tirol, Carniola.

19; (LATHR A&A. Ls

Leafless root-parasites ; calyx 4-cleft ; corolla 2-lipped,
ringent ; stamens 4.

L. squamaria, L., Toothwort; whole plant fleshy,
yellowish-white or light purple, raceme unilateral, droop-
ing; parasitic on the roots of hazel and other shrubs;
occasional. JL. clandestina, L.; stem 0, flowers in a few-
flowered corymb; damp places in sub-alpine woods ;
Pyrenees.

OROBANCHACE 93

Order LXII.—OROBANCHACE.,

Brown leafless root-parasites; stem usually simple;
flowers in spikes or racemes; sepals 4-5; corolla 2-
lipped; stamens 4, didynamous; ovary I-celled; seeds
numerous, minute. Widely distributed, chiefly in South-
ern Europe and Eastern Asia; not alpine.

I. OROBANCHE, L.

Characters of the Order. The numerous species of
Broom-Rape are best characterised by the plant on the
root of which they carry on a parasitic growth. The
following species are recorded from Switzerland :—

O. minor, Sutt.; style violet; much the most common
species ; on various plants, very commonly on clover. O.
loricata, Rchb.; style yellow; on Artemisia campestris ;
Valais. O. Picridis, Vauch.; whole plant very pale; on
Picris. O. Scabiose, Koch; corolla yellow tinted with
violet, covered with blackish tubercles; on Scadbzosa
Columbaria, and on species of Carduus and Cirsium.
O. epithymum, DC. (rubra, Sm.); flowers scented, corolla
reddish-brown, covered with small brown tubercles; on
Thymus, not uncommon. O. Zeucriz, Sch.; spike short,
few-flowered; on Teucrium and Thymus. O. caryophyl-
lacea, Sm. (Galiz, Vauch.) ; plant yellow, flowers scented ;
on Galium. O. Frolichitz, Rchb.; on Petasttes albus ;
Appenzell. O. flava, Mart.; upper lip of corolla with
reflexed lobes; on species of Petasztes. O. Hedere,
Vauch.; spike elongated; on ivy, frequent. O. Salvia,
Sch.; corolla yellow; on Salvia glutinosa. O. lucorum,
A. Br.; corolla brownish-yellow; on erberis; Engadine,

94 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS

Ticino. O. Laserpitit Sileris, Rap.; stem swollen at the
base into a large ball, corolla brownish-yellow streaked
with violet; on Laserpitzum Siler; Jura, Saleve, Bern.
O. elatzor, Sutt.; plant yellow, corolla reddish-brown ; on
Centaurea Scabiosa. O. Cervarig, Suard.; corolla fawn-
coloured tinted with violet, sepals distinct; on various
Umbellifere. O. rudens, Wallr.; corolla reddish-brown,
sepals 2-3-cleft; on various Leguminosz, rare. .O.
major, L. (Rapum, Thuill.); tall, coarse, with large
brown flowers; on Leguminose, frequent. O. cruenta,
Bert.; smaller, corolla yellowish; on Leguminosz. O.
cerulea, Vill.; whole plant blue-purple, anthers glabrous ;
on Achillea millefolium. O. arenaria, Berk.; similar,
but anthers hairy; on Artemisia campestris; Vaud,
Valais. O. ramosa, L.; stem branched; on tobacco and
hemp.

The following additional species are recorded from the
Pyrenees :—O. cesta, Rchb. ; bracts woolly ; on Artemzsza
gallica. O. variegata, Wallr.; flowers yellow veined
with brown and purple; on Leguminosz. O. sfeciosa,
DC.; whole plant scaly; on Vzcca Faba. Also O.
amethystea, Thuill.; whole plant violet, bracts linear-
lanceolate; on Eryngium campestre and other plants;
Piedmont ; and many other species in the South of France
and North of Italy.

Order LXIII.—LENTIBULARIACEZ.

Flowers solitary or in racemes; calyx persistent,
2-lipped or 5-toothed; corolla 2-lipped, with short tube ;
ovary I-celled, stigma 2-lipped; ovules numerous, on
a free central placenta. A small order of aquatic or

XCVIIL._—PINGUICULA ALPINA.

Pas
be
nts
!

LENTIBULARIACE 95

bog plants with insectivorous habit, belonging to the
colder parts of the globe.

I. PINGUICULA, Tourn.

Flowers solitary, on leafless stalks; corolla ringent,
spurred; calyx unequally 5-cleft; stem 0; leaves all
radical, in rosettes, succulent, entire, with incurved mar-
gin and numerous capitate glands. The species of
Butterwort are all bog plants. The glands on the upper
surface of the leaves exude a viscid secretion, by which
insects are detained, and the softer parts of their bodies
digested, as in a stomach.

P. vulgaris, L.; corolla violet, with a long spur, calyx-
teeth obovate-lanceolate, spreading, leaves ovate-lanceo-
late, very succulent; bogs, especially at a high elevation,
common. J. longifolia, Ramb. (leptoceras, Rchb.); simi-
lar, but flowers rather smaller, leaves narrowly lanceolate ;
bogs. PP. grandiflora, Lam.; flowers larger than in vu/-
garis, leaves ovate-lanceolate, calyx-teeth obovate or
nearly orbicular, touching; bogs; Alps, Jura, Pyrenees.
P. alpina, L. (Pl. 98); corolla white with yellow spots on
the lower lip, spur short, conical; alpine bogs and wet
rocks, not uncommon.

2, UTRICGULARIA, Li

Flowers solitary or in spikes or racemes, yellow ; calyx
2-partite; corolla personate; leaves (in the European
species) divided into linear segments and furnished with
minute bladders. All the European species of Bladder-
wort are aquatic plants with submerged leaves and hand-
some flowers appearing above the surface of the water.

96 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS

The pitcher-like bladders with which the leaves are pro-
vided capture water animalcules, which are then consumed
and digested as in a stomach.

The four British species :—U. mznor, L., flowers light
yellow, leaf-segments denticulate-spiny, spur of corolla
minute; U. vulgaris, L., flowers dark yellow, upper lip of
corolla about as long as palate, spur conical; U. neglecta,
Lehm., upper lip of corolla two or three times as long as
palate; and U. zutermedia, Heyne, spur conical, acute,
bladders on separate branches; also U. Breemzz, Heer,
resembling mor, but lower lip of corolla flat; all in
marshes and swamps.

Order LXIV.—GLOBULARIACE.

Flowers small, in dense terminal umbels, surrounded
by an involucre ; calyx 5-cleft ; corolla 4—5-cleft, obscurely
2-lipped ; ovary I-celled with a single pendulous ovule.
A small order, belonging almost entirely to the extra-
tropical Eastern hemisphere.

I. GLOBULARIA, L.

Flowers in dense globular umbels, blue; calyx 4-cleft,
with linear teeth; stamens 4, nearly equal in length;
stigma simple, capitate. Alpine.

G. cordifolia, L.; stem 1-24 in., leafless, with barren
prostrate leafy shoots, leaves small, obcordate, a very
ceespitose plant; alpine pastures, frequent. G. nudz-
caulis, L.; stem 2-6 in., nearly leafless, with no barren
shoots, leaves large, 3-4 in. long, obovate-lanceolate ;
alpine pastures; Switzerland, Dauphiny, Pyrenees. G.

XCIX.—GLOBULARIA NANA.

GLOBULARIACE 97

Willkommiz, Nym. (vulgaris, auct.); stem leafy; hill-
sides; Switzerland, not uncommon. G. xana, Lam. (PI.
99); densely czespitose, umbels nearly sessile, leaves very
small and narrow; Pyrenees.

Order LXV.—VERBENACEZ-.

Flowers usually in cymes; calyx usually 5-toothed ;
corolla irregular, often 2-lipped; stamens usually 4, didy-
namous; ovary 2-4-celled. A very large order, chiefly
of tropical and sub-tropical trees and shrubs, represented
in Europe only by a very small number of species; not
alpine.

I. VERBENA, L.

Flowers in terminal bracteate spikes or racemes;
calyx 5-toothed ; corolla 2-lipped; ovary 4-celled; leaves
usually opposite.

V. officenalis, L., Vervain; road-sides and waste places,
very common; almost always near houses.

Order LXVI.—LABIAT-.

Flowers solitary, or in opposite, axillary, crowded,
stalked or sessile cymes, having the appearance of
whorls; calyx persistent, 5-cleft; corolla 2-lipped; sta-
mens 4, epipetalous, didynamous, rarely only 2; ovary
of two connate deeply 2-lobed carpels; style 1; stigma
forked into two arms, and not mature till a considerably
later period than the maturity of the stamens in the

same flower (proterandrous) ; fruit of four 1-seeded nut-
VOL. II. G

98 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS

lets; stem always square; leaves always opposite and
decussate, often glandular and fragrant. A very large
order, belonging chiefly to the Temperate Zone.

I. MENTHA, L.

Flowers small, in dense axillary cymes, often com-
bined into leafy spikes; corolla-tube short, limb 4-lobed ;
stamens nearly equal; whole plant usually strongly fra-
grant. Not alpine.

The Swiss species of Mint are the same as the English,
viz.:—In wet places, road-sides, &c.:—W. sylvestris, L.
(including zemorosa, Willd.), Horse-mint ; with whorls in
terminal spikes and obovate or lanceolate leaves; J.
rotundifolia, L.; similar, but leaves nearly round, shaggy;
M. piperita, Huds., Pepper-mint; very strongly scented,
with glabrous stalked leaves; JZ. aquatica, L.; with
softer leaves, and very crowded whorls; very common ;
M. sativa, L. (including rubra, Sm., gracilis, Sm., pra-
tensis, Sol., and genitzlzs, L.); distinguished from the last
by the inflorescence being more concealed in the leaves.
In cultivated land :—JV/. arvensis, L.; a very hairy pros-
trate plant; very common; J/. Pulegium, L., Penny-
royal; a smaller plant, whorls quite distinct, calyx 2-
lipped. Other forms described are probably hybrids.

a Tycopus, iy

Flowers small, in dense axillary sessile cymes; calyx
nearly regular, 4-5-toothed; corolla nearly regular ;
stamens 4, two of them imperfect. Not alpine.

L. europeus, L., Gipsy-wort; stem 2-3 ft., flowers
very small, white dotted with purple ; wet places.

LABIATZ£ 99

3. ORIGANUM, Tourn.

Flowers small, crowded, in corymbose cymes; calyx
regular ; corolla obscurely 2-lipped; stamens 4, perfect ;
plant very fragrant. Not alpine.

O. vulgare, L., Marjoram; open hill-sides, especially
calcareous.

4. THYMUS, L.

Flowers small, in few-flowered axillary cymes, often
unisexual; calyx 2-lipped; corolla obscurely 2-lipped ;
stamens 4, perfect, very unequal; leaves small, entire;
stem procumbent ; plant very fragrant.

T. Serpyllum, L. (including pannonicum, All.), Wild
Thyme; frequent. 7. Chamedrys, Fr.; more czespitose,
branches square, cymes forming a spike; the more
common species in the Alps. TZ. vulgaris, L., Garden
Thyme; flowers larger, stem more erect, edges of leaves
revolute ; Pyrenees, doubtfully wild in Southern Switzer-
land.

5. CALAMINTHA, Meench.

Axillary cymes usually few-flowered, generally stalked ;
calyx tubular, 2-lipped ; corolla with a long straight tube,
2-lipped, upper lip erect, lower lip spreading, 3-lobed;
stamens 4.

A. Flowers red-purple:—C. Cthnopodium, Benth.
(Clinopodium vulgare, L.), Wild Basil; flowers numerous,
in dense nearly sessile cymes, surrounded by numerous
ciliate bracts, leaves pubescent; copses, common. C.
officenalis, Mcench., Calamint; flowers 5-15 in stalked
cymes, calyx-teeth very unequal; thickets. C. menthe-
Jolta, Host. (ascendens, Jord.); very similar, but with

100 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS

smaller paler flowers, and cymes on shorter stalks ;
thickets. C. Wepeta, Sav.; similar, but cymes denser,
stem more branched, leaves crenate instead of serrate;
Ticino. C. mepetotdes, Jord.; very similar, but a more
hairy plant, with smaller nearly entire leaves; South-
ern Switzerland, Dauphiny, Pyrenees. C. grandiflora,
Mcench.; flowers much larger (1 in. long), 3-5 in
stalked cymes, leaves deeply serrate; mountain woods;
Southern Switzerland, Dauphiny, Pyrenees.

B. Flowers blue-purple or violet :—C. Acznzos, Clairv.
(Thymus Acinos, L.), Basil Thyme; flowers small, spotted,
leaves pubescent, stalked, nearly entire; dry stony fields.
C. alpina, L.; flowers larger, violet with white throat,
leaves small, ovate, serrate, calyx downy, open; dry
alpine slopes.

6. HORMINUM, L.

Flowers large, reddish-violet, in few-flowered cymes,
forming a terminal spike on a nearly leafless scape;
corolla-tube long, with a hairy ring, upper lip truncate;
leaves mostly radical, forming a rosette. Alpine.

Hi. pyrenaicum, L. (Pl. 100); radical leaves large,
coarse, ovate-elliptical, crenate, glabrous, stem 4-8 in.;
alpine pastures, frequent.

7. SATO RET AL As.

Calyx campanulate, 5-toothed, not 2-lipped; corolla
2-lipped, upper lip flat; stamens 4.

S. montana, L.; flowers white spotted with pink,
leaves shining, coriaceous, entire, stem woody, 8-18 in.,
plant fragrant; rocks; Carniola, Dauphiny, Pyrenees.

C.—HORMINUM PYRENAICUM

Aus
7 ,
- Z '
BAY joes 3 ‘
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rth hy): byt
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LABIAT A: IOI

8. MICROMERIA, Benth.

Cymes few-flowered, on short stalks, unilateral; calyx
cylindrical, 5-toothed, not 2-lipped; corolla 2-lipped,
lower lip of three nearly equal lobes; stamens 4.

M. Piperella, Benth. (Pl. 101); cymes 1-3-flowered,
flowers red-purple, corolla with a very long slender tube,
leaves small, ovate, sessile, glabrous ; Piedmontese Alps.
M. greca, Benth.; cymes 2-10-flowered, flowers pink,
lower leaves oval, upper linear-lanceolate ; Ticino, very
rare.

Go OALVIA, E.

Cymes collected into a leafy spike or raceme; calyx
and corolla 2-lipped; stamens 2, connective long and
slender, bearing at its two ends one perfect and one
abortive anther-lobe; plant often very fragrant. The
peculiar structure of the stamens in the various species
of Sage is a remarkable contrivance for cross-pollination.
An insect entering the flower in search of honey strikes
against the barren anther-lobe, and thus empties on to its
back the pollen out of the perfect lobe. At this time the
style is very short and the stigmas then immature (pro-
terandrous). At a later period the style has elongated
greatly, and the two stigmas project out of the corolla.
When the insect visits another flower in this condition,
the pollen which was lodged on its back is caught by and
deposited on the projecting stigma, and the ovules are
thus cross-fertilised.

A. Flowers yellow:— S. glutinosa, L.; cymes 2-3-
flowered, flowers very large, dirty yellow, upper lip of
calyx entire, leaves cordate-hastate, pubescent; moun-
tain woods, frequent.

102 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS

B. Flowers blue or violet :—5S. Sclarea, L., Sage; very
fragrant, flowers very large, variegated with violet and
white, bracts very large, red or violet; dry hills and
vineyards; doubtfully wild in Southern Switzerland. S.
pratensis, L., flowers large (about I in.), bright blue, bracts
small, green, upper lip of corolla long, arched, viscid ;
dry banks and road-sides, common. S. vertecdllata, L. ;
flowers small, light blue, leaves cordate-triangular, often
auricled ; road-sides, occasional.

TO. NEPETA, 'L.

Cymes axillary or terminal ; calyx 5-toothed; flowers
small; corolla 2-lipped, middle lobe of lower lip large,
upper lip truncate; stamens 4.

N. Cataria, L., Cat-mint; flowers about 4 in., white
spotted with purple, stem branched, leaves cordate-ovate,
inciso-serrate, white and pubescent beneath ; banks, occa-
sional. JV. zuda, L.; flowers small, white or violet, stem
much branched, leaves cordate-oblong, pubescent, green
on both sides ; rocky places; Southern Switzerland, Tirol,
Piedmont, Dauphiny, Pyrenees. JV. lanceolata, DC. (Vepe-
tella, All.); strongly scented, flowers white, calyx-teeth
lanceolate-subulate, leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate ;
high; Southern Switzerland, Dauphiny, Pyrenees. J.
Glechoma, Benth. (Glechoma hederacea, L.), Ground Ivy ;
flowers blue; everywhere.

11. DRACOCEPHALUM, L.

Flowers large, violet ; cymes axillary, collected into ter-
minal spikes; calyx 2-lipped, 5-toothed ; corolla ringent ;
stamens 4. Alpine. :

D. Ruyschiana, L.; leaves linear-lanceolate, undivided,
entire, stem erect, 4-12 in.; alpine pastures; Southern

CI.—MICROMERIA PIPERELLA.

LABIATA: 103

Switzerland, Southern Tirol, Piedmont, Dauphiny, Pyre-
nees, local. D. austriacum, L.; cymes in an interrupted
spike, leaves pinnate, with 3—7 linear mucronate segments,
stem 8-12 in.; rocky places; Grisons, Valais, Tirol,
Dauphiny, Carpathians, Pyrenees, rare.

£2, MPRBET Lise ts

Cymes few-flowered ; flowers large, white spotted with
pink or purple; calyx broadly campanulate with rounded
lobes ; corolla-tube broad, orbicular; stamens 4; lobes of
style ovate. Not alpine.

M. Melissophyllum, L.; flowers very large (about 14
in.), often solitary, leaves cordate-oval; woods; Switzer-
land, Dauphiny, Pyrenees.

13. LAMIuM, L.

Cymes many-flowered, sessile; upper lip of corolla
arched, lower lip spreading; stamens 4; anthers hairy.
Not alpine. :

All the English species are found in Switzerland, viz.:
—L. album, L., White Dead-Nettle; common. JZ. pur-
pureum, L., Purple Dead-Nettle; and its sub-species
hybridum, Vill. (L. znctsum, Willd.), with more deeply
incised leaves; common. JL. maculatum, L.; flowers
large, light pink, leaves usually with white stripes; com-
mon. JL. amplexicaule, L.; flowers very small, pink,
usually closed, leaves orbicular-reniform, amplexicaul ;
cultivated land. Also L. longijfflorum, Ten.; flowers
large, purple, corolla-tube much dilated, leaves stalked,
cordate-ovate, doubly crenate; high; Piedmont. L.
Galeobdolon, Crantz. (Galeobdolon luteum, Huds.), Yellow
Archangel; flowers yellow; woods, common.

104 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS

14. BALLOTA, L.

Cymes many-flowered, dense; calyx-teeth 5-I0,
spreading; corolla-tube with a ring of hairs inside, upper
lip erect ; stamens 4. Not alpine.

B. nigra, L. (including alba, L., fetida, Lam.), Stink-
ing Horehound; very foetid; hedge-banks, very common.

15. PRUNELLA,* LC,

Cymes few-flowered, in dense terminal heads, sur-
rounded by orbicular leaf-like bracts; calyx closed in
fruit; upper lip of corolla flat, lower lip 2-lobed; stamens
4, filaments bifid. Not alpine.

P. vulgaris, L., Self-heal, Heal-all; very common. P.
alba, Pall. (dacenzata, L.); flowers yellowish-white, leaves
pinnatifid; dry banks; Southern and Western Switzer-
land, Dauphiny, Pyrenees, local. JP. grandiflora, Jacq. ;
flowers large, purple (#—1 in.), stem less leafy than vw/-
garis ; banks and meadows, common.

16. SCUTELLARIA, L.

Flowers solitary or in pairs, axillary, purple or violet ;
calyx 2-lipped, closed after flowering ; corolla-tube long,
not hairy inside, upper lip helmet-shaped, lower lip 3-
lobed ; stamens 4.

S. galericulata, L., Skull-cap; flowers blue, about
2 in., stem 6-18 in., branched, leaves ovate-lanceolate,
glabrous; water-sides. S. hastzfolia, L.; flowers violet,
cymes in a terminal leafy spike, leaves ovate or lanceolate-
hastate, glabrous; Rhone Valley. S. alpina, L. (Pl. 102) ;

* Continental botanists spell this word Brunella.

CII.—_SCUTELLARIA ALPINA.

LABIATA: 105

flowers very large, violet with yellowish-white lower lip,
solitary in the axils of ovate membranous bracts, forming
a dense terminal spike; alpine pastures, rare; South-
Western Switzerland, Piedmont, Dauphiny, Pyrenees.

17. LEONURUS, L.

Flowers small, pink or white, in dense axillary cymes ;
calyx turbinate, truncate, with five triangular spreading
teeth ; corolla 2-lipped, upper lip entire; stamens 4. Not
alpine.

L. Cardiaca, L., Mother-wort ; flowers pink, upper lip of
corolla villous, stem 2-4 ft., very leafy, lower leaves pal-
matifid, upper 3-lobed; waste places.

18. MARRUBIUM, L.

Flowers small, in dense cymes in the axils of leaf-like
bracts; calyx tubular, 5—10-toothed; corolla short, upper
lip erect; stamens 4. Not alpine.

M. vulgare, L., Horehound; strongly fragrant, flowers
white, leaves thick, cordate-ovate, wrinkled, hoary like
the stem; waste places.

19. SIDERITIS, L.

Cymes forming an elongated spike; corolla 2-lipped ;
calyx-teeth ending in spines; stamens 4.

S. hyssopifolia, L.; spike short, ovoid, continuous ;
flowers pale yellow; leaves elliptical or linear-lanceolate,
nearly entire, stem woody, 4-12 in.; rocky places; Jura,
Piedmont, Dauphiny, Pyrenees.

106 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS

20. STACHYS, L.

Cymes few-flowered, forming elongated terminal spikes
or racemes; calyx-teeth nearly equal; corolla-tube cylin-
drical, lateral lobes of lower lip often reflexed ; stamens 4.

A. Flowers pink or purple :—S. sylvatica, L., Wound-
wort ; foetid, flowers red spotted with white; woods, com-
mon. S. palustris, L.; leaves lanceolate, sessile, flowers
light pink; wet places, common. S. amdigua, Sm., is
probably a hybrid between these two. SS. germanica,
L.; stem and leaves shaggy with silky hairs, lower leaves
cordate, crenate-serrate, flowers pale pink; stony places ;
Southern Switzerland, Dauphiny, Pyrenees. .S. avvenszs,
L.; flowers very small, pink and white; a small annual
weed in cultivated ground. SS. alpina, L.; stem erect,
glandular-hairy above, leaves broadly ovate, flowers dark
purple ; mountain woods.

B. Flowers yellow :—S. recta, L.; cymes few (3-5-
flowered), forming an elongated spike, calyx-teeth ending
in a short spine, leaves lanceolate, hairy, stems 8-18 in. ;
stony places, frequent. S. axznua, L.; leaves oblong-
lanceolate, nearly glabrous, bracts lanceolate; an annual
weed in cultivated land.

21. (bE TONICA, iL,

Resembling Szachys, but cymes in dense short terminal
spikes.

B. officinalis, L. (Stachys Betonica, Benth.), Wood-
Betony ; flowers pink, upper leaves narrowly lanceolate ;
woods, common. JS. zrsuta, L.; flowers purple, much
larger, calyx twice as long, net-veined, stamens as long

if

LABIAT 107

as upper lip of corolla, stem hairy; alpine meadows;
Western Switzerland, Carniola, Dauphiny, Pyrenees. J.
Alopecuros, L.; flowers pale yellow, leaves cordate-ovate,
coarsely serrate, hairy like the stem, stamens much
shorter than upper lip of corolla; alpine pastures, fre-
quent.

22. GALEOPSIS, L.

Cymes dense, many-flowered, axillary and terminal ;
bracts foliaceous; calyx nearly regular, 5-toothed, teeth
ending in spines ; corolla-tube straight, upper lip arched,
middle lobe of lower lip bifid or obcordate; stamens 4,
exserted. Not alpine.

A. Flowers red or pink:—G. Tetrahzt, L., Hemp-
Nettle; leaves ovate-lanceolate, stalked, coarsely serrate,
hispid, stem hispid, swollen at the nodes; cultivated land,
common. G. Ladanum, L. (including angustifolia, Ehrh.,
and zztermedza, Vill.) ; leaves narrower, on shorter stalks,
pubescent, stem not thickened at the nodes; fields, com-
mon. G. pubescens, Bess.; flowers bright purple, tube
longer than calyx-teeth, leaves oval, stem thickened at
the nodes; road-sides, rare; Chur, Bregenz. G. dzfida,
Bonn.; resembling Zefrahz¢, but softer, flowers smaller,
middle lobe of lower lip 4-cornered; rare; Constance,
St. Gallen, Schwyz, Thun. G. pyrenaica, Bartl. ; cymes
forming a broad panicle, flowers larger, calyx covered
with white glandular hairs, leaves oval, obtuse, crenulate,
tomentose; Pyrenees.

BL. Flowers yellow or variegated:—G. dubia, Leers.
(ochroleuca, Lam.); flowers large (1-1} in.), whole plant
glandular - pubescent; fields, occasional. G. sfeciosa,
Mill. (verszcolor, Curt.); flowers as in the last, whole

108 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS

plant hispid, stem thickened at the nodes; rocky places,
occasional. G. sulfurea, Jord.; Dauphiny; scarcely
differs.

23. AJUGA, L.

Upper lip of corolla very short, notched, lower lip
3-lobed, spreading; stamens 4, protruding beyond the
upper lip.

A. rveptans, L., Bugle; flowers blue, plant glabrous,
furnished with long leafy stolons, leaves ovate or obovate,
crenate; verycommon. A. alpina, Vill., with shorter or
no stolons, flowers violet, is an alpine form of this. A.
pyvramidalis, L.; no stolons, flowers blue, bracts very
large, coloured, cymes forming a pyramidal spike, lower
leaves very large, czespitose; alpine pastures, frequent.
A. genevensis, L.; no stolons, flowers bright blue, radical
leaves evanescent, bracts coarsely dentate-crenate ; moun-
tain pastures; Switzerland, Jura. A. Chamepitys, Schreb.,
Ground- Pine; flowers small, yellow, solitary, bracts
yellow, leaves deeply 3-fid, with linear lobes; a small

annual weed in calcareous soil; rare.

24. TEUCRIUM, L.

Cymes forming leafy unilateral spikes or racemes;
calyx 5-toothed, the upper teeth often broader and re-
flexed; corolla short, upper lip very small, 3-partite,
lateral lobes of lower lip large; stamens 4.

A. Flowers red or pink:—7Z. Chamedrys, L.; stem
woody below, 6-18 in., leaves ovate, stalked, inciso-
crenate; dry banks, frequent. 7Z. Scordium, L.; flowers
in pairs in the axils of the upper leaves, leaves ovate,
sessile, crenate, soft, stem 4-8 in., branched; wet places,

ee eee ees a ee 7

CIII.—TEUCRIUM PYRENAICUM.

LABIATA® TO9

occasional. Z. Sotrys, L.; annual, plant glandular-
villous, leaves doubly pinnatifid, calyx saccate at the
base; cultivated land, frequent. 7. lucidum, L.; cymes
2—3-flowered, forming an elongated leafy unilateral spike,
calyx glabrous, leaves inciso-dentate, glabrous ; Dauphiny.

B. Flowers yellow or variegated :—Z. Scorodonia, L.,
Wood - Sage; very fragrant, flowers small, greenish-
yellow, leaves ovate-cordate, crenate, stalked; woods,
verycommon. 7. montanum,.L.; flowers yellowish-white,
in crowded terminal heads, leaves linear-lanceolate, en-
tire, tomentose beneath; dry mountain-sides, frequent.
T. pyrenaicum, L. (Pl. 103); flowers large, upper lip
purple, lower lip yellow, cymes in dense terminal heads,
lower lip of corolla toothed, stems several, 4-8 in.,
leaves nearly orbicular, deeply crenate ; rocky ; Dauphiny,
Pyrenees. 7. aureum, Schreb.; flowers golden-yellow,
tomentose, calyx and leaves very hairy, leaves sessile,
oblong, crenate, upper ones often yellow; Dauphiny,
Provence.

Order LXVII.—PLANTAGINACE:.

Flowers small, bisexual or unisexual, in crowded spikes
on leafless scapes; sepals 4; corolla 4-lobed, very incon-
spicuous ; stamens 4, with large exserted anthers; ovary
superior, 2—4-celled, with a single ovule in each cell;
stigma feathery; fruit a 1-4-celled capsule. A very
small order, belonging to the Temperate parts of the
globe.

EL. (PLAN TAGO, -L.

Flowers bisexual ; stamens epipetalous ; capsule a pyxis
splitting horizontally; seeds with a mucilaginous testa.

110 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS

The three familiar English species of Plantain or Rib-
Grass, P. major, L., lanceolata, L.,. and media, L., are
equally abundant in Switzerland, in meadows and by
road-sides. The following also occur:—/P. alpina, L.;
scape 2-6 in., spike oblong-cylindrical, corolla-tube hairy,
leaves linear, 3-nerved; alpine pastures. PP. serpentina,
Vill.; scape 6-12 in., spike elongated, cylindrical, leaves
thick, glaucous, root-stalk elongated ; Southern Switzer-
land, Jura, Tirol; rare. P. montana, Lam.; scape 3-6
in., spike few-flowered, corolla-tube glabrous, leaves
lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, glabrous, many-nerved ;
pastures; Switzerland, Jura, Dauphiny, Pyrenees. P.
fuscescens, Jord.; scape 3-6 in., spike many-flowered,
with large bracts, leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate,
many -nerved, silky; rare; Zermatt, Louéche, Tirol,
Piedmont, Dauphiny. P. avenaria, W. K.; stem pros-
trate, scapes in the axils of stem-leaves; very rare;
Geneva. P. Cynops, L.; stem woody, with axillary
scapes; Switzerland, rare (Freiburg), Jura, Dauphiny,
Pyrenees. /P. argentea, Chaix; spike very dense, nearly
globular, stem 8-16 in., bracts acuminate, leaves linear-
lanceolate, covered on both sides by silky hairs; alpine
rocks; Dauphiny. LP. monosperma, Pourr.; resembling
the last, but spike more elongated, not so dense, bracts
oval; high valleys; Pyrenees.

2 TATTORELLA, i

Flowers unisexual; female flowers in few - flowered
spikes; male flowers solitary; stamens hypogynous.
Aquatic herbs.

L. lacustris, L.; filaments very long and slender; wet
places, occasional.

ILLECEBRACE III

Order LXVII]—ILLECEBRACEZ (Paronychiacee).

Flowers very small, usually bisexual; sepals 4-5,
petals very minute or O; ovary superior, I-celled, with
one ovule; leaves entire. A very small order of incon-
spicuous czespitose herbs.

I. CORRIGIOLA, L.

Leaves alternate, with scarious stipules; petals 5,
small, white; stigmas 3; stamens 5. Not alpine.

C. littoralis, L.; stem prostrate, spreading, leaves
linear-oblong ; sandy places, very rare; Bale, Geneva,
Pyrenees.

2. HERNIARIA, L.

Leaves opposite or alternate ; flowers axillary, minute ;
sepals 4-5, green; petals 4-5, green, setaceous, minute,
or O; stamens 3-5; stigmas 2.

H1. alpina, L.; leaves obovate, ciliate, flowers 1-3 in
axillary clusters, calyx hairy; high pastures, frequent.
Hf, glabra, L.; leaves oblong, glabrous or ciliate, calyx
giabrous, flowers more numerous; sandy places. JZ.
hirsuta, L.; calyx and leaves very hairy, flowers some-
what larger ; sandy places.

3. ILLECEBRUM, L.

Leaves opposite ; flowers in crowded axillary clusters ;
sepals 5, white; petals 5, very minute, setaceous ; stamens
5, hypogynous; stigmas 2. Not alpine.

I. verticillatum, L.; stem prostrate, branched, leaves

I12 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS

ovate or obovate; damp sandy places, very rare ; Ticino,
Lombardy, Pyrenees.

4. TELEPHIUM, L.

Leaves alternate; sepals 5 ; petals 5, white, as long as
the sepals; stamens 5, styles 3. Not alpine.

T. Imperatt, L.; flowers white, in crowded clusters at
the ends of the branches; stem leafy, leaves ovate, glau-
cous; rocky places, rare; Valais, Pyrenees.

6 SCLERANTHUS,: de:

Leaves opposite, connate; calyx funnel-shaped, 4—5-
lobed, green; petals 0; stamens 5, hypogynous; stigmas
2. Erect weeds in cultivated land; not alpine.

S. perennis, L.; perennial, calyx-lobes with broad
white margin; and S. annuus, L.; annual (as the rest),
calyx-lobes with narrow membranous margin, flowers axil-
lary; both very common. S. verticzllatus, Tausch.; flowers
smaller, calyx-lobes almost without a membranous
margin; grassy places. S. collinus, Horng.; flowers in
clusters at the joints of the stem, stem not much branched ;
open hill-sides.

Crass IV.—MONOCHLAM VDE or
INCOMPLYS 7a.

Corolla wanting or petals very minute ; flowers usually
unisexual, and either moncecious or dicecious, generally
inconspicuous. Orders LXIX.—LXXXIII.

AMARANTHACE 113

Order LXIX.—AMARANTHACEZ:.

Flowers small, unisexual or bisexual, surrounded by
dry scarious bracts which are often coloured, and col-
lected into dense spikes; stamens 3-5, hypogynous ;
leaves alternate; ovary superior, I-celled. A small order ;
not alpine.

1. AMARANTHUS, L.

Flowers in clusters, subtended by three bracts, uni-
sexual, green; sepals distinct ; seed-vessel containing a
single seed.

A. Blitum, L. (Euxolus viridis, Moc., Albesia Blitum,
Kunth); seed-vessel indehiscent, stem glabrous, leaves
ovoid-rhomboidal, glabrous, toothed near the tip, often
spotted ; road-sides, common. A. deflexus, L. (Albersia
defiexa, Gren.) ; seed-vessel indehiscent, stem hairy above,
leaves of three linear-lanceolate lobes; on walls. A.
viridis, L. (sylvestris, Desf.) ; seed-vessel dehiscing hori-
zontally, sepals and stamens three each, leaves lanceolate-
rhomboidal, stem glabrous ; road-sides. A. retroflexus,
L.; sepals and stamens five each, stem hairy; road-
sides.

2. POLYCNEMUM, L.

Flowers subtended by two bracts, bisexual ; sepals 5 ;
stamens usually 3, filaments somewhat united.

P. arvense, L.; bracts shorter than sepals, seed-vessel
very minute; cultivated land, rare. P. majus, A. Br.;
bracts longer than sepals, seed-vessel larger, plant more

robust; fields, rare.
VOL. II. H

114 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS

Order LXX.—CHENOPODIACEZ.

Flowers small, unisexual or bisexual; calyx inferior,
sepals 3-5; stamens usually 5; ovary I-celled, stigmas
2-4; leaves alternate; seed-vessel 1-seeded, frequently
enclosed in the swollen calyx. A large order of incon-
spicuous herbs, widely distributed ; not alpine.

I. CHENOPODIUM, L.

Flowers small, bisexual, without bracts; stem angular ;
seed-vessel a membranous utricle, often enclosed in the
persistent calyx.

All the species of Goosefoot are weeds (usually an-
nual) in cultivated land or waste places in the lowlands.
The only Swiss species not English are C. opulfolium,
Schrad., with orbicular-rhomboidal leaves, and C. Botrys,
L., with sinuate-pinnatifid pubescent-glandular leaves.
The remaining species are English, viz.:—C. Vulvarza, L.,
and polyspermum, L., with entire leaves, the former mealy,
the latter glabrous; C. album, L., fictfoliéum, Sm., and
urbicum, L., erect, mealy, with more or less toothed or
lobed leaves, distinguished by the form of the leaf,
deltoid-ovate in the first, oblong-hastate in the second,
and triangular in the third; C. hybridum, L., and murale,
L., glabrous, erect, with toothed or lobed leaves, acumi-
nate in the former, deltoid-ovate in the latter; C. rubrum,
L., erect, glabrous, usually red-tinted; C. glaucum, L.,
prostrate, leaves mealy beneath; and C. Lonus-Henricus,
L., Good King Henry, perennial, leaves large, triangular.

CHENOPODIACE 115

2, BLITUM, L,

Flowers bisexual; sepals persistent, fleshy and swollen;
styles 2; seed-vessel enclosed in the fleshy berry-like
calyx.

B. virgatum, L.; stem very leafy, flowers green then
red, solitary in the axils of the leaves, and forming a
long leafy spike; stony places; Southern Switzerland,
Tirol, Dauphiny.

3. ATRIPLEX, Tourn.

Flowers small, unisexual, without bracts, in clusters
collected into branched cymes; stamens 3-5; styles 2;
leaves alternate; seed-vessel a utricle enclosed in the
enlarged calyx.

The only species of Orache undoubtedly wild in Swit-
zerland are A. patula, L., with oblong or oblong-lanceolate
leaves ; and sastata, L., with broader more hastate leaves ;
both in waste places, the latter rare.

Order LXXI.—POLYGONACE.

Flowers usually bisexual, often pink; sepals 3-6, per-
sistent, green or pink; stamens 5-8; ovary superior,
I-celled, 1-ovuled; styles 1-3; leaves alternate, usually
quite entire, with sheathing stipules (ochrez) ; seed-vessel
a nut containing a single seed. A large order, chiefly of
temperate regions ; very few alpine species.

1. POLYGONUM, L.

Flowers in terminal spikes or racemes; sepals 5,
usually pink; stamens 5-8; stigmas 2-3.

116 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS

Two species only are alpine, viz.:—P. alpinum, L.;
flowers in a paniculate raceme, sepals yellowish-white or
pink, leaves lanceolate, wavy; pastures; Southern Swit-
zerland, Tirol, Piedmont, Dauphiny, Pyrenees; frequent.
P. viviparum, L.; flowers in a terminal simple spike,
sepals white, rarely pink, stem 3-8 in., inflorescence with
bulb-like buds in the axils of the lowermost bracts ;
pastures, common. All the other Swiss species are
familiar English plants, viz. :—

P. Bistorta, L., Bistort, Snake-root; stem I-3 ft.,
flowers in a dense cylindrical terminal spike, sepals pink
or purple; damp meadows. In wet places:—P. am-
phibium, L., with short pink spikes, and lanceolate floating
leaves on long stalks; P. Hydropiper, L., with elongated
green spikes, and lanceolate leaves with a very biting
taste; £. mite, Schrank, a smaller plant, with much
smaller spikes; and P. mznus, Huds., similar, with
narrower leaves and very small flowers. In waste
places :—P. lapathifolium, L., with very large lanceolate
leaves, usually spotted with black, and greenish-white
flowers; and Perszcarza, L., with smaller leaves and pink
or white flowers. Prostrate road-side plant:—P. avicu-
lave, L., Knotgrass, with pink flowers, very common.
Plants with twining stem :—/. Convolvulus, L., with cor-
date-sagittate leaves and green flowers; and P. dume-
torum, L., similar, the three outer sepals with broad
membranous wings.

2. ROUMEX, 1,

Flowers unisexual or bisexual, in racemose or panicled
whorls; sepals 6, in two rows, the inner ones enlarged in
fruit; stamens 6.

CIV--OXYGIA DIGYNA

POLYGONACE 117

The following species are alpine:—R. alpinus, L., Alpine
Dock; leaves large, roundish-cordate, leaf-stalk strongly
channelled, stem 2-3 ft.; pastures, common, especially
near cow-huts. A. scutatus, L.; stem prostrate, glabrous,
very brittle, leaves hastate or sagittate, with large basal
lobes; stony places and walls, frequent. . arzfolius,
All.; stem ascending, I-3 ft., leafy, leaves thin, with
spreading auricles; pastures and damp places, not un-
common. &. xzvalzs, Heg.; stem 2-4 in., simple, leaf-
less, flowers in whorls, leaves rather thick, with indistinct
auricles ; very high ; Switzerland, Tirol, Carniola, Bavaria.

The remaining species are English, viz. :—The various
species of Dock :—RK. obtusifolius, L., conglomeratus, L.,
pulcher, L., Fiddle-Dock, crzspus, L., sanguzneus, L.,
nemorosus, L., distinguished largely by the form of the
enlarged inner sepals in fruit, and by the presence or
absence of callosities on them. The Water-Docks :—
R. aquaticus, L., and Hydrolapathum, Huds., with very
large leaves; RK. maritimus, L., and palustris, Sm., in
marshes and by sandy shores of lakes. The Sorrels:—R.
Acetosa, L.,and Acetosella, L., Sheep’s Sorrel, plants with
very acid glabrous cordate-hastate leaves, in meadows.

2, Oxyera, LL.

Resembling Rumex, but sepals 4; stigmas 2.

O. digyna, Hill. (ventformzs, Hook.), Mountain Sorrel
(Pl. 104); stem 6-18 in., nearly leafless, flowers in
whorls, forming a slender lax raceme, fruit with broad
wings, red when mature, radical leaves reniform, glab-
rous, on long stalks; wet rocks at a high elevation,
common.

118 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS

Order LXXII.—EUPHORBIACE.

Flowers small, usually unisexual; sepals 0 or 2 or
more; petals 0; the flower or the inflorescence usually
subtended by bracts which are often large and coloured ;
ovary a 2—3-celled capsule with 2—3 simple or bifid styles ;
leaves usually alternate and simple. A very large order
of herbs, shrubs, and trees, generally with a milky juice,
chiefly Tropical and Sub-Tropical, represented in Europe
by only a very few genera. Not alpine.

ty LL UPHORBIA, 4;

Inflorescence composed of many male and one female
flower collected into a cluster, subtended by bracts and
glands, which are usually yellow and crescent-shaped ;
ovary 3-celled, with three bifid stigmas; seed-vessel a
3-lobed capsule. Herbs (the European species), with
abundance of latex.

The annual species of Spurge, which are common weeds
in cultivated land in this country, are equally common in
Switzerland, viz.:—EZ. Heloscopia, L., platyphyllos, L.,
Peplus, L., and exzgua, L.; also, in the South and West.
£. falcata, L., having a prickly point to the upper leaves ;
and segetalis, L., with linear-lanceolate acuminate leaves.
£. Lathyris, L., Caper-Spurge, stem 14-3 ft., leaves oppo-
site, capsule very large, is occasional in cultivated land.
E. amygdaloides, L., stem 6-12 in., very stout and leafy,
leaves obovate-lanceolate, is frequent (in the spring) ; and
E. Cyparissias, L., stem 6-12 in., leaves acicular, very
crowded, very common; both woods. £. vérgata, W. K.,

EUPHORBIACEZ II9

resembling the last, but with broader leaves, is reported
from Canton Ziirich. £. stricta, L., resembling Platy-
phyllos in its tuberculated capsule, but umbel only 3-
instead of 4-5 rayed, occurs by wood-sides; &. verru-
cosa, Lam., with numerous perennial stems, and yellow
elliptic bracts tinged with red, on dry hills; E. palus-
tris, L.; stem 3-6 feet, lateral barren branches very long,
exceeding the umbel, in marshes; £. dulcis, L., with
triangular-oval bracts, leaves denticulate towards the
tip, and tuberculated capsule, in woods; and &£. Gerar-
diana, Jacq., with linear-lanceolate glaucous leaves,
umbel with very numerous rays, and smooth capsule, in
stony places.
2. MERCURIALIS, Tourn.

Flowers small, usually dicecious ; sepals 3; stamens 8—
20; ovary 2-celled; leaves opposite, stipulate; not milky.
Both the English species of Dog’s-Mercury, IZ. perennis,
L., perennial, flowering in the spring; and aznua, L.,
annual, flowering in the autumn, occur also in Swit-
zerland.
3. Buxus, Tourn.

Flowers moncecious; sepals 4-12; stamens 4; ovary
3-celled ; seed-vessel a woody 3-celled capsule; an ever-
green shrub with opposite leaves; not milky.

B. sempervirens, L., Box; hills on a calcareous soil ;
Jura, Pyrenees.

Order LXXIII.—URTICACE.

Flowers usually unisexual, small, green; calyx 3-8-
cleft ; stamens 3-8 ; ovary usually I-celled; style I ; seed-

120 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS

vessel an indehiscent nut. A very large order of herbs,
shrubs, and trees, belonging chiefly to Tropical and Sub-
Tropical countries, with very few European representa-
tives ; not alpine.

t, URTICA, Lourn.

Flowers unisexual ; calyx 4-cleft; stamens 4; leaves
opposite, stipulate, furnished with stinging glands.

Our two English species of Stinging Nettle, U. dzozca,
L., with dicecious ; and wrens, L., with moncecious flowers,
are equally common in Switzerland.

2. PARIETARIA, Tourn.

Flowers in dense clusters, mostly unisexual; calyx 4-
cleft; stamens 4; leaves entire, without stipules; pollen
expelled in puffs by the bursting of the anther.

P. officinalis, L., Wall-Pellitory, with its sub-species
erecta and atffusa (ramifiora, Monch.); common on walls
and rocks.

3. HUMULUS,L-

Flowers small, dicecious ; sepals 5 ; stamens 5; female
flowers ‘in the axils of large membranous bracts, which
form a dense catkin-like spike; ovary 1-celled; stem
twining.

H. Lupulus, L., Hop.; hedges, common.

A. AIEMUS, Le:

Flowers bisexual, in clusters; leaves with deciduous
stipules ; fruit a 1-seeded samara. Trees with deciduous
leaves.

URTICACEA: 121

U. campestris, L. (glabra, Mill.), our common Elm. ;
montana, With. (major, Sm.), Wych Elm, with some-
what larger leaves; common everywhere; and U. effusa,
Willd. (gedunculata, Foug.); flowers pendant, on long
stalks; Bale, Aargau, Schaffhausen, rare.

5. CELTIS, Tourn.

Calyx 5-cleft; fruit a fleshy drupe.
C. australis, L.; a tree with solitary stalked flowers in
the axils of the leaves; Southern Switzerland.

Order LXXIV.—EMPETRACE:.

Sepals 2-3; petals 2-3, very minute; stamens 3-4;
fruit a drupe with 2-9 stones. Prostrate shrubby plants
with very small leaves. A very small order.

I. EMPETRUM, L.

Flowers pink or white; sepals and petals 3 each;
leaves linear, with recurved margins meeting on the
under-side of the leaf.

E. nigrum, L., Crowberry; drupe black; hill-sides,

common.

Order LXXV.—THYMELAACEX.

Flowers usually bisexual, solitary or in cymes; calyx
4-5-lobed, often conspicuous, coloured; stamens 2-10;
Ovary superior, I—2-celled; fruit a drupe or berry. A
small order, of Temperate and Tropical regions; often
fragrant shrubs.

122 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS

I. PASSERINA, L.

Calyx persistent, with an urceolate or cylindrical tube,
4-lobed; stamens 8; ovary I-celled, 1-ovuled; fruit dry,
enclosed in the persistent calyx.

P. annua, Spr. (Lygia Passerina, Fas.); flowers
greenish, I-3 in the axils of the leaves, forming a long
leafy spike, leaves linear or linear-lanceolate; dry fields ;
Switzerland, Pyrenees. PP. dioica, Ram.; flowers yellow,
sessile, solitary or in fascicles in the cluster of the leaves,
leaves crowded, linear-oblong, stem prostrate, woody;
Pyrenees, high. 2. calycena, Lap.; flowers greenish-
yellow, solitary, axillary, leaves crowded, linear, stem
woody, 4-8 in.; Pyrenees, high.

2. DAPHNE, L.

Calyx 4-lobed, with a long tube, pink, yellow, or white,
fragrant; stamens 8; fruit a coriaceous or fleshy drupe
or berry. Shrubs.

A. Flowers pink, fragrant :—D. Mezereum, L., Meze-
reon; flowers appearing before the leaves in clusters of
2 or 3, leaves deciduous, berry bright red; mountain
woods; Switzerland, Jura (abundant), Dauphiny, Pyr-
enees. JD. striata, Tratt.; stem prostrate, flowers sessile,
calyx glabrous, leaves leathery, linear-cuneate, mucronate,
glabrous, with revolute margins; alpine rocks, frequent.
D. Cneorum, L. (Fig. 105);°stem erect, flowers shortly
stalked, in many-flowered terminal clusters, calyx pub-
escent, leaves linear-ovate, crowded ; Jura, Ticino, Car-
niola, Pyrenees. D. feir@a, Leyb.; stem brittle, knotty,

CV.—DAPHNE. CNEORUM.

THYMELAACE 123

leaves stiff, coriaceous, sessile, not mucronate; Southern
Tirol, rare.

B. Flowers white or yellowish-green :—D. Laureola,
L., Spurge-Laurel; flowers yellowish-green, drooping, in
stalked few-flowered axillary cymes, leaves thick, ever-
green, lanceolate; mountain woods, local. D. alpina, L.;
flowers white, in terminal umbels, calyx woolly, leaves
thin, light green, ovate, deciduous; alpine rocks, local.
D. Blagayana, Fr.; flowers white, fragrant, in terminal
umbels, stem unbranched, leaves obovate, evergreen ;
bushy places; Styria, Carniola, rare.

Order LXXVI.—SANTALACE.

Flowers small, unisexual or bisexual, solitary or in
cymes; calyx 3—5-lobed, often coloured; stamens 3-5 ;
ovary I-celled; ovules 2-5, of very simple structure,
without integument; fruit a I-celled 1-seeded achene;
leaves entire. A small widely distributed order; mostly
parasites.

I. THESIUM, L.

Flowers minute, bisexual, green or white, solitary in
the axils of the leaves, or in corymbose cymes; calyx
usually 5-lobed; stem usually prostrate, wiry; leaves
narrow. Root-parasites. The species of Bastard-Toad-
flax run into one another, and are very difficult to dis-
tinguish.

A. Flowers subtended by a single bract :—7. vostra-
tum, M. K.; stem terminating in a tuft of leaves without
flowers; pastures; Switzerland, Tirol, Salzburg, Bavaria,
rare.

124 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS

£. Flowers subtended by three bracts; calyx rolled
up to the base after flowering, one-third as long as the
fruit :—TZ. montanum, Ehrh.; stem erect, 14—2 ft., leaves
linear-lanceolate, acuminate, dark blue-green; thickets,
frequent. 7. linophyllum, L. (including humzfusum,
DC., zxtermedium, Schrad., and dzvaricatum, DC.),
stem prostrate, leaves linear, acute, yellowish-green ;
open hill-sides ; Switzerland, Jura, Pyrenees, local.

C. Flowers subtended by three bracts; calyx rolled up
only at the tip after flowering, equal to or longer than
the fruit:—Z. alpinum, L.; stem prostrate, 4-6 in.,
branching on one side only, flowers in a dense terminal
unilateral raceme; alpine pastures, frequent. TZ. Zenuz-
foltum, Saut.; resembling the last, but stem more erect,
flowers in a bilateral panicle; Switzerland, local. 7.
pratense, Ehrh.; stem prostrate, 6-12 in., branching on
all sides, very flexuose; pastures, common.

Order LXXVIT.—LORANTHACE:.

Flowers unisexual or: bisexual; sepals thick, 4-8;
stamens 4-8; ovary entirely inferior, I-celled, 1-ovuled ;
ovules very rudimentary ; fruit a I-seeded berry; leaves
usually opposite, coriaceous. Woody evergreen plants,
parasitic on trees. A moderately large order, of Tro-
pical and Temperate climates; very few in Europe; not
alpine.

Ee VISCUM, Au,

Flowers small, green, dicecious; leaves opposite, entire,
yellowish-green ; stem jointed, brittle; fruit a very viscid
berry.

LORANTHACE® 125

V. album, L., Mistletoe; parasitic on various trees,
chiefly apple, hawthorn, and lime; not very common.

Order LXXVIII.—ELZ AGNACE.

Flowers small, regular, unisexual or bisexual, white or
yellow, solitary or in cymes; calyx 2-6-cleft ; ovary en-
closed in the thickened base of the calyx, 1-celled, 1-ovuled;
fruit a utricle enclosed in the calyx-tube; leaves covered
with brown or silvery peltate scales. A very small order
of trees or shrubs; not alpine.

1. HIPPOPHAE, L.

Flowers dicecious, the female solitary, the male in
axillary clusters; sepals 2; stamens 2; leaves silvery
with peltate scales.

FH. rhamnoides, L., Sea-Buckthorn; spiny, leaves linear-
lanceolate ; beds of streams ; Switzerland, Tirol, Styria,
Carinthia, Salzburg, Dauphiny.

Order LXXIX.—ARISTOLOCHIACE.

Flowers large, bisexual, solitary or in spikes or racemes,
regular or irregular; calyx tubular, campanulate, or
trumpet-shaped ; stamens 6-12; ovary 4-6-celled; styles
6; fruit a capsule or berry; stem often climbing; leaves
entire or lobed. A small order, chiefly Tropical ; not
alpine.

I. ARISTOLOCHIA, L.

Calyx coloured, inflated, trumpet-shaped; anthers
usually 6, adnate in a whorl to the very short 6-lobed
style ; leaves entire.

126 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS

A. Clematitis, L., Birthwort; flowers in clusters of
4-6, yellow, leaves cordate, apiculate, stem erect, not
twining; waste places and vineyards; Switzerland,
Dauphiny, Pyrenees, rare. <A. rotunda, L.; flowers soli-
tary, elongated ; leaves cordate, obtuse ; Ticino, Dauphiny,
Pyrenees, rare.

2. ASARUM, L.

Flowers bisexual, solitary; calyx lurid purple, cam-
panulate, 3-lobed; stamens 12; ovary partially inferior,
6-celled ; styles 6; leaves all radical.

A. europeum, L., Asarabacca; flowers large (4 in.),
on short woolly leafless scapes, leaves reniform-orbi-
cular, on long stalks; woods and thickets, rare; Switzer-
land, Jura, Vosges, Puy-de-Déme, Pyrenees.

Order LXXX.—CERATOPHYLLACE.

Flowers solitary, axillary, minute, moncecious; calyx
O; stamens numerous; ovary I-celled, 1-ovuled; leaves
in whorls, sessile, divided into capillary segments. Sub-
merged aquatic herbs. A very small order, consisting of
the single genus

I. CERATOPHYLLUM, L.

Characters of the order.
C. demersum, L. (including submersum, L.), Hornwort ;
stagnant water in the lowlands; not common.

Order LXXXI.—CUPULIFER.

Trees or shrubs with alternate stipulate leaves; flowers
unisexual, monoecious; male flowers in catkins, female

CUPULIFER® 127

flowers solitary or in fascicles; fruit a nut seated in a cup
(cupule), formed by the coalescence of a whorl of har-
dened often woody bracts. A moderately large order,
belonging chiefly to the Northern Temperate Zone; no
alpine species.

L. -FAGUS,, L:

Fruit usually in pairs, enclosed in the hardened or
coriaceous scaly involucre (beech-mast).
F. sylvatica, L., Beech; common.

2° OURRCUS, L:

Fruit an acorn, seated in a smooth or spiny cup.

Our two English Oaks, Q. pedunculata, Ehrh., with
sessile leaves, and acorns on long stalks; and sessz/zflora,
Salisb., with longish leaf-stalk, and acorns nearly sessile;
common. Also Q. pubescens, Willd. (lanuginosa, Thuill.),
a much smaller tree, the under surface of the leaves
pubescent ; Southern and Eastern Switzerland, Pyrenees.
QO. Cerrzs, L.; stigmas yellow, scales of cup long, linear-
subulate, twisted, spreading; Ticino, Jura, rare.

3. CASTANEA, L.

Fruit enclosed in a spiny capsule-like involucre.
C. vulgaris, Lam. (satzva, Mill., vesca, Geertn.), Spanish
Chestnut, Sweet Chestnut; South of the Alps.

An CORMLTS yh:
Fruit a woody 1-seeded nut, enclosed in the greatly
enlarged coriaceous involucre.
C. Avellana, L., Hazel; very common.

128 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS

5. CARPINUS, L.

Fruit 1-celled, 1-seeded, enclosed in the greatly enlarged
leafy lobed involucre.
C. Betulus, L., Hornbeam ; frequent.

6. OSTRYA, Scop.

Female flowers in strobiliform catkins; fruit I-seeded,
enclosed in the bladdery papyraceous involucre.

O. carpinifolia, Scop.; leaves oval, acuminate, slightly
cordate, doubly serrate; Grisons, Ticino, rare.

Order LXXXII.—BETULACE.

Flowers unisexual, moncecious; male flowers in pen-
dulous catkins, female flowers beneath the scales of the
female catkins; stamens 2-4; sepals o in female flowers;
ovary inferior, 2-celled, with one ovule in each cell; Tem-
perate and Arctic Zones.

1. BETULA LL.

Stamens 2; scales of female catkin thin, deciduous,
3-fid.

B. alba, L. (verrucosa, Ehrh.), our common Birch. J.
pubescens, Ehrh. (glutinosa, Fr.); leaves orbicular or
rhomboid, pubescent beneath, fruit with a broad wing;
peat-bogs, local. L. zztermedia, Thom.; resembling the
last, but a shrub; peat-bogs; Jura, rare. &. nana, L.;
a small shrub, I-3 ft., female catkins erect, sessile,
leaves broader than long, crenate; peat-bogs at a high
elevation ; Switzerland (rare), Jura.

BETULACE 129

2, ALNUS, L.

Stamens 4; scales of female catkin persistent, woody.

A. glutinosa, Gaertn., our common Alder; also grown
largely for making charcoal for gunpowder. A. vzrzdczs,
DC.; leaves ovate, acute, doubly serrate, green on both
sides, fruit broadly winged ; frequent at a high elevation.
A. incana, Willd.; leaves glaucous or downy beneath,
fruit not winged; sides of streams; Switzerland, Jura,
Lombardy. A. corylifolia, Kern.; leaves roundish-ovate,
nearly uniformly serrulate, covered with short hairs be-
neath; Tirol, rare (Pusterthal, Scheiblingstein).

Order LXXXIII.—SALICACE:.

Flowers unisexual, dicecious; male and female flowers
in catkins; calyx 0; stamens 2 or more; ovary I-celled;
styles 2; ovulesnumerous. Trees and shrubs, belonging
chiefly to the Northern Temperate and Arctic Zones.

Ee PORuLts, i:

Catkins drooping, scales lobed or cut, crenate; stamens
4-30. Lofty trees; not alpine.

P. alba, L., White Poplar; leaves cottony beneath;
occasional. P. nzgra, L., Black Poplar; more common,
especially by water. . canescens, Sw.; possibly a
hybrid; occasional. PP. tremula, L., Aspen; common.

a URSA Pa.) BS!

Catkins usually erect; scales entire; stamens usually

2-3. Small trees or shrubs.
VOL. II. I

130 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS

The very numerous species of Willow present great
difficulties, owing to the minute characters which sepa-
rate them, and their tendency to hybridise. There are a
large number of alpine or sub-alpine forms, viz. :—

A. Catkins lateral on the shoots of the previous year,
stalked or sessile; ovary distinctly stalked:—S. nzgricans,
Sm. (including JZzeléchhoferz, Saut.); catkins on leafy
stalks, leaves dark green above, bluish-green beneath,
becoming black when dry, style often very long; wet
places. S. Aastata, L.; scales of catkins covered with
long white silky hairs, leaves green or bluish beneath ;
rocks at a high elevation ; Switzerland, Dauphiny, Pyre-
nees, rare. S. myrtilloides, L.; style very short, leaves
elliptic - lanceolate or obovate, stipules cordate-ovate ;
Upper Bavaria. S. grandzfolta, Ser.; style o, leaves
downy, glabrous when old, up to 5 in. long; a shrub 3-6
ft. high; Alps, Jura, frequent. S. pubescens, Schleich.
(albicans, Bonj.); a shrub not more than 3 ft., with
knotted branches, leaves very hairy; high; Vaud, Valais
(Rhone Glacier), Tirol.

B. Catkins as in the last; ovary very shortly stalked
or sessile :—.S. g/abrva, Scop. ; catkins cylindrical, on short
leafy stalks, scales pink at the tip, leaves broadly lanceo-
late, crenate or serrate, bluish-glaucous beneath, ovary
glabrous, style long; high, frequent. SS. cesza, Vill.;
catkins smaller, style short, leaves entire; very high,
local. S. repens, L.; leaves small, lanceolate or elliptic,
silvery white beneath, stipules lanceolate; peat-mosses ;
Switzerland, Jura, Tirol, Lombardy. S. Arduscula, L.
(including fetida, Schleich., and Waldstecniana, Willd.) ;
stem erect, leaves broadly lanceolate or elliptic, light-
green or grey-green beneath, catkins stalked, slender,

Ay iy My
a

Synths,

Soaks

CVI

SALIX

RETICULATA

i By:
a
aha
ps
5 ap
rn
ue

fh

er
Fy

SALICACEA# 131

ovary covered with white tomentum ; alpine pastures. S.
phylicifolia, L. (including Wezgelzana, Willd.) ; similar,
but catkins thick, dense, sessile; Tirol. S. Myrsinites,
L. (including ovata, Ser., and /acquinzana, Willd.); stem
prostrate, leaves green and shining on both sides, catkins
on long stalks, ovary at first woolly; alpine pastures,
frequent. S. daphnoides, Vill. ; catkins appearing before
the leaves, branches glaucous-blue; sub-alpine. S. Lap-
ponum, L. (helvetica, Vill.); leaves elliptic-lanceolate,
densely white-tomentose beneath, stipules half-cordate,
catkins sessile; high, moist, frequent. S. glauca, L.;
leaves narrowly lanceolate, silky on both sides, after-
wards glabrous, stipules ovate, acute, catkins on long
stalks; alpine pastures ; Switzerland, Tirol.

C. Catkins terminal, at the apex of shoots of the same
year; low shrubs:—S. retzculata, L. (Pl. 106); leaves
large, elliptic, entire, with prominent nerves and white
tomentum beneath, catkins silky, on long stalks; high,
frequent. S. vestzfa, Pursh.; resembling the last, but
leaves more woolly, catkins on short stalks, tomentose ;
Salzburg, rare. S. herbacea, L.; stem prostrate, leaves
very small, nearly orbicular, crenate-serrate; very high ;
Switzerland, Dauphiny, Pyrenees. S. retusa, L. (including
Kiutatbeliana, Willd.); leaves obovate, entire, truncate,
with parallel nerves; high, frequent. S. serpyllzfolza,
Koch; leaves smaller, acuminate, catkins very few-
flowered, stems interwoven ; high, frequent.

The lowland Swiss species may be arranged under the
following groups :—.S. ¢vzandra, L.; stamens 3. S. pen-
tandra, L.; stamens usually 5. S. fragzlis, L., Withy;
leaves lanceolate-acuminate, stipules half-cordate, deci-
duous. S. alba, L., White Willow ; leaves narrowly lan-

i232 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS

ceolate, stipules ovate-lanceolate, deciduous. S. Caprea,
L., Sallow; leaves elliptic, tomentose beneath; a small
tree. S. aurita, L.; leaves obovate-oblong, catkins short,
dense-flowered. S. vzminalis, L., Osier; leaves linear-
lanceolate, catkins sessile, branches very flexible. SS.
purpurea, L.; leaves linear-lanceolate, catkins with purple-
black scales.

Division I].—MONOCOTYLEDONES or ENDOGENS.

Stem, when perennial, with irregularly dispersed woody
bundles, not in concentric circles, with no central pith
or separable bark; leaves usually parallel-veined ; sepals,
petals, and stamens usually in threes; embryo with one
cotyledon.

Crass; Vee PETALOLO A

Calyx and corolla usually both present and coloured.
(Orders LXXXIV.—XCIX.)

Order LXXXIV.—HYDROCHARIDEZ:..

Aquatic herbs with floating or submerged opposite or
whorled leaves; flowers usually unisexual and dicecious,
buds enclosed in spathes; perianth 6-parted, coloured or
inconspicuous ; stamens 3-12; ovary I-6-celled. A very
small order, widely distributed; not alpine.

I. HYDROCHARIS, L.
Dicecious ; sepals 3, green; petals 3, white ; stamens
12, some of them imperfect; ovary 6-celled; styles 6;
leaves orbicular, entire.

HY DROCHARIDE 133

FH], Morsus-Rane, L., Frog-bit; an aquatic plant with
floating leaves; Southern Switzerland, Pyrenees, rare.

2. VALLIGRERIA, L.

Dicecious ; male flowers small, on short stalks; female
flowers on long stalks which coil up before and after
flowering ; both enclosed in spathes; leaves all radical,
very long, grass-like; ovary unilocular; styles 3.

V. spiralis, L.; Lake Lugano. The contrivance for fer-
tilisation in this plant is very remarkable. The very long
stalk of the female flower is coiled up till the flower is
mature, when it uncoils, bringing the flower to the sur-
face. At the same time the male flowers mature, break
off from their flower-stalk, rise to the surface, and dis-
charge their pollen, which floats to the stigmas of the
female flowers. After pollination has been effected, the
stalk of the female flower again coils up, bringing it below
the surface to ripen its seeds.

Elodea canadensis, Mich. (Anacharis Alsinastrum,
Bab.), the Canadian Water-Weed, is naturalised in the
Swiss lakes and throughout Europe.

Order LXXXV.—ORCHIDE.

Flowers bisexual, irregular; sepals 3, usually nearly
alike, coloured; petals 3, the lower one or lip usually
larger and often spurred; stamens I-2, confluent with
the style; pollen generally collected into a pollinium in
each anther-cell; ovary inferior, I-celled; stigma sessile ;
ovules minute, very numerous, on three parietal placentee ;

134 THES FLORA OF PHE ALPS

seed-vessel a 3-valved capsule. A very large order, be-
longing to nearly all climates, but most abundant in the
Tropics.

1 “ORCHIS; L.

Root composed of globose, ovoid, or palmate tubers ;
leaves chiefly radical, sheathing ; flowers in a usually dense
spike; corolla spurred, with a decurved or deflexed lip
(labellum) ; pollen-masses falling forwards after removal ;
a projecting rostellum beneath the anther-lobes ; ovary
generally twisted.

A. Lobes of labellum not coiled spirally; sepals and
lateral petals connivent into a hood:—O. ustulata, L.,
Dark-winged Orchis ; stem 3-6 in., flowers small (4 in.),
lip white with dark purple spots, hood black-purple, lip
3-cleft for half its length, spike elongated, cylindrical ;
pastures, chiefly calcareous ; Switzerland, Jura, Pyrenees.
O. tridentata, Scop.; resembling ustulata, but flowers
larger, lip pale lilac spotted with red, spur longer;
Ticino. O. coriophora, L.; spike dense, cylindrical,
sepals and lateral petals acuminate, hood reddish-brown,
lip reddish with purple dots; meadows, local. O. globosa,
L. (Pl. 107); spike dense, hemispherical, flowers pink,
lip with darker dots, sepals and lateral petals ending
in a broad spathulate point, stem 8-18 in., leafy, tuber
undivided; meadows, frequent. O. Morio, L., Green-
winged Orchis; spike lax, flowers pink with green veins,
sepals and petals obtuse, lip spotted, spur nearly straight;
meadows, common. O. purpurea, Huds. (fusca, Jacq.);
stem I-3 ft., spike dense, flowers large (? in.), sepals and
petals green-purple outside, spotted inside, lip spotted
with purple, spur short; thickets, occasional. O. mz/2-

CVIl.—ORCHIS GLOBOSA

ORCHIDE 135

taris, L.; stem 1-14 ft., flowers in a dense oblong spike,
large (1 in.), purple, lip pale, lateral lobes linear, leaves
large; thickets; Switzerland, Jura, Lombardy, Pyrenees.
O. Simia, Lam. (tephrosanthos, Vill.); resembling the
last, but more slender, lobes of crimson lip and segments
of central lobe very narrow; thickets, occasional.

B. Lobes of lip not coiled spirally; lateral sepals
spreading or reflexed:—O. Sfztzeliz, Saut.; flowers
purple, spur conical, shorter than ovary, pointing down-
wards, tubers undivided; meadows, rare; Tirol, Salz-
burg. O. pallens, L.; flowers pale yellow with a darker
spot, middle lobe of lip entire or crenate; thickets, rare ;
Switzerland, Dauphiny, Pyrenees. O. mascula, L., Purple
Meadow-Orchis; spike lax, flowers purple, middle lobe
of lip crenate, spur long, leaves usually spotted; meadows
common. O. sfeciosa, Host.; resembling mascula, but
sepals and lateral petals very acuminate; occasional. O.
laxiflora, Lam.; flowers purple, large (1 in.), in a lax
spike, middle lobe of lip shorter than the lateral ones,
often o, leaves broad, tubers undivided; wet meadows.
O. palustris, Jacq.; resembling /aazflora, but middle lobe
of lip as long as the lateral ones, spur short, leaves nar-
rower; wet meadows, local. O. Jlatzfolia, L., Marsh-
Orchis; stem I-3 ft., leafy, flowers dull purple, lip
spotted, 3-lobed, lobes entire, leaves spreading, usually
spotted; marshes, frequent. O. zucarnata, L.; resembling
latifolia, but flowers larger, darker, leaves narrower, erect,
not spotted; meadows, frequent. O. Traunstetnert, Saut.
(angustifolia, Rchb.); resembling zzcarnata, but stem
more slender, leaves linear; Switzerland, rare. O. ma-
culata, L., Spotted Meadow-Orchis; spike few-flowered,
flowers pale pink or white, lateral lobes of lip toothed,

136 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS

leaves usually spotted with black; meadows, common.
O. sambucina, L.; flowers very large, yellow, rarely
purple, spur as long as ovary or longer, stem 4—I0 in. ;
sub-alpine meadows, local. O. cordigera, Fr. ; spike 4-6-
flowered, flowers purple, stem about 3 in., lip cordate,
spur short, conical; Salzburg, rare.

In this and the previous section there are many inter-
mediate forms, which are probably hybrids.

C. Lobes of lip not coiled spirally ; spur very long :—
O. pyramidalis, L. (Anacamptis pyramidalis, Rich.) ;
flowers pink, in a short crowded pyramidal spike, stem
6-18 in., nearly leafless, leaves linear-lanceolate, acute;
hill-sides, local.

D. Lobes of lip very long, coiled spirally in bud ; sepals
and petals forming a green hood; spur very short :—QO.
hircina, L. (Himantoglossum hircinum, Sprg.), Lizard
Orchis; flowers large (14 in.), lip white with purple spots,
stem 1-4 ft., nearly leafless, bracts very long; middle lobe
of lip very long, strap-shaped; hill-sides, rare.

2. OPHRVS, AL.

Sepals and petals spreading, lip usually convex, vel-
vety, not spurred; ovary not twisted; otherwise like
Orchis. Not alpine.

O. apifera, Huds., Bee-Orchis; sepals pink or white
inside, lip dark purple, very convex and velvety, re-
sembling the body of a humble-bee, lateral petals linear ;
open hill-sides, especially calcareous, local. O. musczfera,
Huds., Fly-Orchis; sepals yellow-green, lip nearly flat,
narrow, bright red-brown, lateral petals linear ; open hill-
sides, especially calcareous, rare. O. aranzfera, Huds.,

ORCHIDE 137

Spider-Orchis; sepals yellow-green inside, lip broad,
convex, usually lobed, lateral petals oblong, nearly
glabrous; open hill-sides, rare. O. fuctfera, Sm.; re-
sembling avanzfera, but sepals pink, lateral petals downy
within, lip usually not lobed; open hill-sides, rare.

3. CHAMORCHIS, L.

Sepals and petals connivent, forming a hood; lip
3-lobed, not spurred, lobes entire, but with a blunt tooth
on each side of the lip; tubers 2-3, undivided.

C. alpina, Rich. (Ophrys alpina, L.); flowers small,
greenish-yellow, in a lax spike, stem about 4 in., leaves
linear, as long as the stem; alpine pastures, local.

4. ACERAS, Br.

Sepals and petals connivent into a hood; lip elongated,
4-lobed, not spurred; pollen-masses falling forwards.
Not alpine.

A. anthropophora, Br., Man-Orchis; flowers small,
green, lip with two lateral and two terminal lobes; dry
pastures, chiefly calcareous, local.

5. HERMINIUM, Br.

Sepals and petals incurved; flowers small, lip 3-lobed,
not spurred, leaves usually two.

Hf. Monorchis, Br., Musk-Orchis; stem 4-6 in., flowers
very small, green, in a slender dense spike, fragrant at
night, leaves narrow, 2 radical and 1 stem-leaf; alpine
pastures, chiefly calcareous, local.

138 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS

6. SERAPIAS, L.

Sepals and petals connivent into a hood ; flowers large ;
lip 3-lobed, not spurred, lateral lobes ascending; stigma
prolonged into a beak. Not alpine.

S. longtpetala, Poll. (pseudo-cordigera, Mor.); spike
elongated (2-4 in.), bracts very large, coloured, sepals
acuminate, lip 2-lobed, lanceolate, pubescent, very long,
stem 12-15 in.; Ticino, Pyrenees. S. Lingua, L.; spike
few- (2-4) flowered, bracts lanceolate, shorter than the
flowers, sepals lanceolate, lip 3-lobed, glabrous, stem
4-12 in.; Pyrenees.

7, NIGRITELLA, Rich.

Flowers small, fragrant, very dark purple; sepals and
petals nearly alike, spreading; lip undivided, turned up-
wards, with a short saccate spur; tubers palmate.

NV. angustifolia, Rich. (nzgra, Rchb.); flowers black-
purple, rarely pink, spur about a quarter as long as ovary,
lip scarcely half as broad as long, spike short, dense,
stem 3-6 in., leaves lincar; alpine pastures, frequent.
Several other species are described, which appear to be
hybrids with different species of Gymnadenia.

8. GYMNADENIA, Br.

Sepals spreading; lip 3-lobed, decurved, with a long
spur; stigma large, tumid, 2-lobed ; tubers 2, palmate.

G. conopsea, Br., Sweet-scented Orchis (/labenaria
conopsea, Benth.); fragrant, spike slender, elongated,
flowers pink, spur very long and slender, 14-2 times as

CVIll.—GYMNADENIA ODORATISSIMA.

ORCHIDEZ 139

long as ovary, stem 6-8 in., leafy, leaves linear-lanceo-
late, keeled; pastures, frequent. G. odoratissima, Rich.
(Pl. 108); very fragrant, flowers pink, spur not longer
than ovary, leaves linear; alpine pastures, frequent.

g. CCQELOGLOSSUM, Hartm.

Sepals connivent into a hood ; lip 3-lobed or tridentate,
with a very short spur; stigma depressed ; root-tubers 2
or more, lobed.

C. albtdum, Hartm. (Habenaria albida, Br., Gymna-
denia albida, Rich.); flowers small, greenish-white, in a
cylindrical spike, lip deeply 3-lobed, spur one-third as long
as ovary, stem I-6 in., leafy, leaves broadly lanceolate,
root-tubers numerous, slender; pastures, frequent. C.
viride, Hartm. (Habenaria viridis, Br.), Frog Orchis ;
flowers yellowish-green tinged with brown, in a lax elon-
gated spike, lip with 3 teeth, spur very short, saccate,
leaves narrower, root-tubers 2.

10. PLATANTHERA, Rich.

Flowers large, white, fragrant, in a lax spike; sepals
spreading; lip undivided, with a long spur; stigma de-
pressed ; root-tubers 2, lobed.

P. bifolia, Rich. (Habenaria bifolia, Br.), Smaller But-
terfly-Orchis; flowers pure white, very fragrant, stem
6-8 in., with usually two often opposite ovate leaves, lip
linear, spur very slender, 14—2 times as long as ovary ;
thickets, frequent. PP. chlorantha, Cust. (Habenaria chlo-
rantha, Bab., P. montana, Rchb.), Larger Butterfly Orchis ;
flowers larger, greenish- white, not so fragrant, spur
slightly swollen at the tip; thickets.

140 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS

£1. CORALLORHIZA, 1.

Brown leafless saprophytes; flowers few, small; upper
sepal and petals connivent; lip short, deflexed, with a
very small spur; pollen-masses 4; stem with sheathing
scales; root of branched fleshy interlacing fibres.

C. znnata, Br., Coral-Root; stem slender, greenish-
white, flowers yellowish, lip spotted with red, root coral-
like; moist woods; Switzerland, Jura, Vosges, Dauphiny,
Pyrenees, rare.

12; LIPARIS: JRich,

Sepals and petals spreading, linear; lip entire; pollen-
masses 4; stem leafless. Not alpine.

L. Leseliz, Rich. (Sturmia Leseliz, Rchb.); stem 4-8
in., swollen at the base, root-leaves usually 2, elliptic-
lanceolate; peat-bogs; Switzerland, Jura, Tirol, rare.

13. MALAXIS, Sw.

Flowers small, green; sepals and petals spreading, the
latter very small; lip minute, concave; pollen-masses 4;
leaves few.

M. paludosa, Sw.; stem 1-4 in., swollen at the base,
leaves few, fringed with bulbils, flowers minute, yellowish-
green, lip erect; swamps, very rare; Einsiedeln, Vosges.
M. monophylla, Sw.; flowers minute, greenish, lip acu-
minate, stem triangular, with usually one leaf; moist
meadows; Switzerland, Tirol, rare.

14. NEOTTIA, L.

Brown leafless saprophytes; sepals and petals in-
curved ; lip with a saccate base, bifid; pollen-masses 2,

ORCHIDE: 141

powdery; stem covered with brown sheathing scales.
Not alpine.

NV. nidus-avis, L., Bird’s-nest Orchis; stem thick,
flowers about 4 in., grey-brown, root a mass of succulent
stout interlacing fibres; woods; Switzerland, Pyrenees,
local.

ES. - LISTERA, (Dt.

Flowers small, green; sepals and petals spreading; lip
deflexed, not spurred; lateral lobes oO or very small;
pollen-masses 2, powdery ; rostellum elongated ; leaves 2,
opposite.

L. ovata, Br., Twayblade; stem 1-1} ft., bearing two
ovate leaves, flowers yellowish-green, lip linear, bifid;
bushy places, frequent. JL. cordata, Br.; stem 3-4 in.,
slender, bearing two cordate leaves, flowers yellowish-
green, lip 3-fid, with two small linear lobes; mountain
woods, rare; Switzerland, Jura, Vosges, Pyrenees.

16. GOODYERA, Br.

Flowers small, in spiral spikes; lateral sepals deflexed;
lip decurved, saccate at the base; pollen-masses 2, cohe-
rent ; rostellum beaked ; root-stock creeping.

G. repens, Br.; flowers white, few, leaves ovate, net-
veined, the lower ones stalked, root-stock branched ; pine-
forests, rare.

17. EPIPOGUM, Gmel.

Leafless saprophytes; sepals and petals spreading;
lip 3-lobed, with a short stout spur; rostellum 0; pollen
granular. Not alpine.

EL. Gmelini, Rich. (aphyllum, Sw.); flowers few (3-5),

142 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS

large, pale yellow, stem 4-8 in., tumid at the base, root-
stock coral-like ; on rotten wood, very rare.

18. LIMODORUM, Sw.

Sepals and petals sub-campanulate ; lip entire, concave,
spurred ; pollen-masses 2. Not alpine.

L. abortivum, Sw.; whole plant of a violet tinge,
flowers large, violet, stem 15-30 in., leaves reduced to
sheathing coloured scales; woods; Switzerland, Jura,
Styria, Pyrenees, very rare.

19. SPIRANTHES, Rich.

Flowers small, white, in spiral spikes; sepals and
petals alike, sepals gibbous at the base, forming a tube
round the lip; pollen-masses 4, powdery; stem leafy.

S. autumnalis, Rich. (Veottia spzralis, Sw.), Lady’s-
Tresses ; stem 4-6 in., slender, with small distant leaves,
spike dense, pubescent, lower leaves in lateral rosettes,
ovate, acute; open hill-sides, local. .S. @st¢valzs, Rich. ;
stem 6-18 in., spike elongated, slender, flowers larger,
stem with two or three linear-lanceolate leaves ; bogs, rare.

20. EPIPACTIS, Rich.

Flowers in bracteate racemes, green or purple; ovary
straight, on a twisted stalk; basal lobe of lip concave;
pollen-masses 2, powdery; rostellum short, erect; stem
leafy ; capsule pendant; root-stock creeping.

E.. latifolia, Sw., Helleborine ; flowers green variegated
with purple, lip lilac, stem 2-3 feet, leaves broadly ovate ;

CIX.—CYPRIPEDIUM CALCEOLUS.

a

ORCHIDE® 143

woods, frequent. £. rudbiginosa, Crntz. (atrorubens, Sch.);
flowers purple, smaller, scented, terminal lobe of lip
pointed, recurved, protuberance at the base wrinkled,
stem more slender; thickets, especially calcareous, local.
E. microphylla, Sw.; plant more slender, stem 8-18 in.,
leaves much smaller, flowers fragrant, lip gibbous at the
base; mountain woods; Western Switzerland, rare. F&.
palustris, Crntz.; flowers few, large, variegated with
white, green, and purple, terminal lobe of lip blunt,
rounded ; bogs; Switzerland, Jura, Dauphiny, Pyrenees,
rare.

21. CEPHALANTHERA, Rich.

Flowers large, white or red, in few-flowered bracteate
spikes ; ovary twisted; sepals and petals incurved; lip
saccate; pollen-masses 2, powdery; rostellum 0; stem
leafy ; capsule erect; root-stock creeping.

C. grandifiora, Gray (pallens, Rich.); flowers large
(4 in.), white, distant, bracts longer than the ovary, leaves
ovate, acuminate, stem 12-24 in.; thickets, occasional.
C. enstfolia, Rich. (xiphophyllum, Rchb.); flowers white,
smaller, distant, bracts much shorter than the ovary,
leaves lanceolate, the upper ones linear; bushy places,
rare. C. rubra, Rich.; flowers red-purple, ovary pubes-
cent, bracts longer than ovary, leaves lanceolate, acute,
stem 6-18 in.; bushy places, especially calcareous, local.

22. CYPRIPEDIUM, L.

Flowers very large, usually few; sepals and petals
spreading; lip very large, inflated, not spurred ; stamens
2 (1 in all the other genera); rostellum 0; stem leafy ;
root-stock creeping.

144 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS

C. calceolus, L., Lady’s Slipper (Pl. 109); flowers soli-
tary or 2-3, subtended by a leafy bract, lip slipper-
shaped, yellow spotted with red, sepals brown-purple,
acuminate. This, one of the most striking of European
plants, is met with occasionally in stony woods at a
moderately high elevation, in Switzerland, Jura, Tirol,
Lombardy, Dauphiny, and Pyrenees, but is nowhere
abundant.

Order LXXXVI.—IRIDEE.

Flowers usually regular; sepals and petals 3 each, all
coloured; stamens 3; style simple; stigmas 3, often
dilated; ovary inferior, 3-celled; seed-vessel a 3-celled
capsule ; leaves springing from a creeping rhizome, corm,
or bulb, often ensiform. A large order, most abundant
in the warmer Temperate Zone; no truly alpine species.

I, CROCUS) 1;

Flowers solitary or in clusters, large; ovary under-
ground; stigmas dilated or laciniate; stem 0; leaves all
radical, springing from a fleshy corm surrounded by
membranous sheaths.

C. vernus, Wulf.; flowers few, violet or white, sepals
and petals elliptic-obovate, concave, stigmas exceeding
the anthers, bright yellow, denticulate; pastures; Alps
(calcareous), Jura, Dauphiny, Pyrenees. C. albiflorus,
Kit.; very similar, but stigmas shorter than the anthers,
leaves narrower ; Switzerland, Tirol, Carinthia, Salzburg.
C. nudifiorus, Sm. (Pl. 110); flowers always solitary,
appearing in the autumn (the leaves in the spring), violet,

CX.—CROCUS NUDIFLORUS.

’

IRIDEZ 145

stigmas orange, truncate, corm small, enclosed in a fibrous
envelope ; Pyrenees.

2. io lee AL.

Flowers regular, enclosed in a green or brown spathe;
sepals usually larger than the petals, all brightly coloured;
stigmas 3, petaloid, bifid at the apex, arching over the
stamens ; leaves chiefly radical, ensiform, springing from
a fleshy rhizome.

A. Sepals bearded on the inside:—J/. germanica, L.,
Purple Flag; flowers large, several on a stem, nearly
sessile, sepals chiefly blue, reflexed, filaments as long as
the anthers; rocks and walls; Southern Switzerland,
Pyrenees. J. pallida, Lam.; stem bearing several flowers,
sepals violet, stem longer than the leaves; Western
Switzerland, Tirol. J. vtvescens, Red.; fiowers whitish-
yellow, tube of perianth enclosed in the spathe, stem
longer than the leaves; rocks; Sion. J. pumila, L.;
tube of perianth much longer than the spathe, stem 2-4
in., shorter than the leaves, flowers variable in colour;
Southern Tirol.

&. Sepals not bearded on the inside :—J/. Pseudacorus,
L., Yellow Flag; flowers yellow, sepals recurved, striped
with brown, petals very small and narrow; by water,
frequent. J/. szbzrtca, L.; flowers violet, petals larger
than the stigmas, stem 13-3 ft., longer than the leaves,
cylindrical; damp meadows; Switzerland (rare), Jura,
Tirol, Piedmont, Lombardy, Pyrenees. JZ. graminea, L.;
flowers violet, petals larger than the stigmas, stem 6-9 in.,
shorter than the narrowly lanceolate leaves, 2-edged ;

Ticino (rare), Vosges, Pyrenees.
VOL. II. K

146 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS

2. (GLADIOLUS, 1:

Flowers in a unilateral spike, somewhat irregular ;
sepals and petals 3 each, all coloured, combined into a
short tube; stigmas 3, broad, undivided.

G. segetum, Gawl.; flowers numerous, purple, stem
18-30 in., anthers longer than the filaments; cultivated
land ; Geneva, Lugano. G. communis, L. (including z/ly-
ricus, Koch); flowers. 5-10, stem 12-24 in., anthers
shorter than the filaments; Canton-de-Vaud, Pyrenees.
G. imbricatus, L.; very similar, but flowers more nume-
rous, more crowded; Ticino. G. palustris, Gaud. ; spikes
few- (2-5) flowered; anthers shorter than the filaments ;
corm enveloped in a fibrous tissue; damp meadows;
Switzerland (rare), Tirol, Lombardy, Salzburg.

Order LXXXVII.—AMARYLLIDE.

Flowers usually regular, solitary or few on a leafless
scape; sepals and petals conspicuous, coloured, often
united at the base, and with a crown at the mouth of the
tube; stamens 6; stigmas I-3; ovary inferior, 3-celled ;
seed-vessel usually a 3-celled capsule; leaves radical,
springing from a bulb. A large order, belonging chiefly
to the warmer Temperate and Tropical Zones; no truly
alpine species.

1. NARCISSUS, L.

Flowers solitary or in umbels, large, yellow or white,
enclosed in a brown membranous spathe; sepals and
petals united below into a tube, the mouth of which is
surmounted by a circular crown.

2
=

CXI.—NARCISSUS

JUNCIFOLIUS,

AMARYLLIDE 147

A. Crown bell-shaped; leaves broadly linear :—J.
Pseudo-narcissus, L., Daffodil, Lent-Lily; crown as long
as the perianth-segments ; meadows, common. JV. zzcom-
parabilis, Curt.; flowers paler, crown bright yellow, half
as long as the perianth-segments; Valais, Ticino.

£. Crown shallow; tube of perianth elongated; leaves
nearly flat:—/V. foeticus, L.; flowers large, usually
solitary, white, fragrant, crown yellow with a red
crenulated border; meadows, local; Southern Switzer-
land, Jura, Carinthia, Pyrenees. WV. dzflorus, Curt. ;
flowers large (14 in.), fragrant, usually in pairs, pale
yellow, crown dark yellow; Valais, Geneva, Lombardy,
Pyrenees. JV. radizflorus, Salisb.; flower solitary, white,
sepals and petals lanceolate, not overlapping, ovary cylin-
drical, stem more slender, leaves narrower; meadows ;
Switzerland, Jura, Styria, Savoy.

C. Tube elongated; crown saucer-shaped; leaves
subulate or cylindrical :—lV. zuncefolius, Req. (Pl. 111);
flowers I-3, yellow, fragrant, crown orange, tube very
long and slender, leaves subulate; Pyrenees.

Many other species of Varczssus, especially belonging
to the sections /ouxquzlla and Tazetta, grow in the plains
of Lombardy and in the Pyrenean valleys.

2. GALANTHUS, L.

Flowers solitary, white, pendulous, enclosed in a mem-
branous spathe; sepals spreading; petals small, erect,
with green streaks; leaves 2, linear.

G. nivalis, L., Snowdrop; meadows and orchards;
Switzerland, Pyrenees ; not common.

148 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS

3. LEucojuM, L.

Resembling Galanthus, but scape 2—6-flowered ; petals
larger ; leaves more numerous and broader.

L. e@estivum, L., Snowflake; scape 12-20 in., 3-6-
flowered; damp meadows, rare; Yverdun, Jura, Pyre-
nees. L. vernum, L. (Pl. 112); scape 8-15 in., I-3-
flowered, flowering earlier than the last (March); damp
meadows; Switzerland, not uncommon.

Order LXXXVIII.—LILIACEZ.

Flowers usually regular and conspicuous; sepals and
petals usually three each, all brightly coloured, distinct or
united; stamens usually 6; anthers bursting inwards;
ovary superior ; styles 1-3; fruit a 3-celled capsule or
berry; stem and leaves mostly springing from a bulb or
creeping rhizome. A very large order, belonging to all
climates, chiefly the warmer ; the number of alpine species
is very small.

1. CONVALLARIA, L.

Flowers small, white, in racemes, nearly orbicular, on

a leafless scape; leaves 2-3, elliptical, springing from

a slender rhizome; fruit a berry.
C. majalis, L., Lily of the Valley; fragrant; woods,

common.
2. POLYGONATUM, Tourn.

Flowers axillary and solitary or in racemes, pendulous,
usually greenish-white ; sepals and petals united below ;
stem leafy, springing from a stout rhizome; perianth

CXII.—LEUCOJUM VERNUM.

LILIACEZ 149

tubular-campanulate; leaves broad, usually alternate ;
fruit a berry.

P. multifiorum, All., Solomon’s Seal; stem 2-3 ft.,
peduncles axillary, bearing 2-5 flowers, leaves elliptic,
alternate, berry blue-black ; woods, frequent. P. officinale,
All. (Convallaria Polygonatum, L.); stem 6-12 in,
flowers larger, usually solitary, stem angular; woods,
frequent. /. vertzcillatum, All. (Convallaria verticillata,
L.); leaves linear-lanceolate, in whorls of 3-7, flowers
axillary, greenish-white, berry violet; mountain woods,
local, abundant in Jura.

3. MAIANTHEMUM, Wigg.

Sepals and petals 2-3 each, distinct; stamens 4-6;
flowers small, white, in few-flowered racemes; rhizome
slender ; fruit a berry.

M. bifolium, DC. (M. Convallaria, Roth, Convallaria
bifolia, L., Smilacina btfolia, Desf.); stem 4-8 in,
slender, bearing two thin cordate-ovate stalked leaves ;
mountain woods, common.

4. STREPTOPUS, Rich.

Flowers solitary in the axils of the leaves, white; sepals
and petals distinct, reflexed ; stigmas 3; fruit a berry.

S. amplexifolius, DC.; flower-stalk geniculate, stem
12-20 in., leaves cordate-amplexicaul, berry red; moun-
tain woods, rare.

5. ASPARAGUS, L.

Flowers small, axillary, often unisexual; stem slender,
branched, springing from a creeping rhizome; leaves

150 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS

reduced to minute scales, with fascicles of needle-like
branches in their axils; fruit a berry.

A. officinalis, L., Asparagus ; stem 20-40 in., flower-
stalk jointed near the middle, berry about the size of a
pea; stony places near water; Switzerland, rare. A.
tenutfolius, L.; stem 12-20 in., flower-stalk jointed close
to the flower, berry about the size of a cherry; mountain
woods ; Ticino, Dauphiny, rare.

6. Roses, -L:

Flowers unisexual and dicecious ; stem shrubby; leaves
reduced to minute scales, and bearing in their axils leaf-
like branches (cladodes), with the flowers on their upper
surface; stamens 3, united into a short column; fruit
usually a I-celled berry.

R. aculeatus, L., Butcher’s-Broom, Knee-Holly ; stem
IO-24 in., erect, cladodes very stiff, ending in a short
spine, berry bright red; stony thickets; Southern Switzer-
land, Jura, Savoy, Dauphiny, Pyrenees, rare.

7, LLOYDIA, Salisb.

Flowers erect, white or yellow, solitary ; stem usually
simple, leafy, springing from a small scaly bulb; leaves
linear ; seed-vessel a 3-celled capsule.

L. serotina, Rchb. (Pl. 113); stem 2-8 in., flowers
solitary, milk-white with yellowish base and three red
streaks, leaves linear; rocky places, very high.

8. LILIUM, L.

Flowers large, white, yellow, or red; sepals and petals
distinct; stem leafy, springing from a bulb covered with

Cae TLV OIA SER OTIN AGE

LILIACEZ 151

fleshy scales; anthers dorsifixed; leaves alternate or in
whorls ; radical leaves 0; seed-vessel a 3-celled capsule.

A. Flowers erect, bell- or funnel-shaped:—ZL. dul6z-
Serum, L.; flowers orange or yellowish-red, upper leaves
with axillary bulbils ; rocky places; Grisons, Jura, very
rare. L. croceum, Chaix; flowers yellowish-red with
purple spots, leaves without axillary bulbils; rocky
places; Switzerland, Jura, Dauphiny, rare.

£. Flowers pendant, with recurved perianth-leaves :—
L. Martagon, L., Turk’s-cap Lily; flowers pink or lilac
spotted with dark purple, fragrant at night, leaves in
whorls; mountain woods, frequent. JL. carniolicum, L.;
flowers scarlet or yellow with dark brown warts, leaves
alternate; Styria, Carniola, Carinthia, local. ZL. pyre-
naicum, Gou.; flowers yellow spotted with black, stem
stout, leafy almost to the summit, leaves narrowly lanceo-
late or almost linear, in whorls, very crowded ; Pyrenees.

9. ERYTHRONIUM, L.

Flowers solitary on a leafless scape; perianth-leaves
strongly reflexed ; leaves all radical ; seed-vessel a 3-celled
capsule.

E., dens-canis, L., Dog’s-tooth Violet; flowers pink or
white, leaves 2, elliptic, spotted with red; thickets, local ;
Ticino, Geneva, Jura, Southern Tirol (Monte Baldo),
Carinthia, Styria, Carniola, Puy-de-Déme, Pyrenees.

10. ASPHODELUS, L.

Flowers white, numerous; perianth-leaves spreading ;
stamens hypogynous, filaments ciliated, dilated at the
base.

152 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS

A. albus, Mill.; flowers in a compact spike, stem 3-6
ft., simple, leafless; Southern Switzerland, very rare
(Valais, Monte Generoso), Pyrenees. A. vamosus, L.;
stem 14-3 ft., branched above, flowers much smaller,
in panicles formed of loose spikes; high; Pyrenees,
Dauphiny.

11. ANTHERICUM, L.

Flowers white, in a lax terminal raceme, on a leafless
scape springing from a tuberous root-stock; sepals and
petals distinct, spreading ; leaves narrow.

A. ramosum, L.; panicle branched, flowers distant,
stem 13-2 ft., slender, leaves linear, channelled, shorter
than the stem; mountain woods, frequent. A. Lzlago,
L.; flowers larger (about I in.), raceme not branched,
stem 4-18 in.; open hill-sides; Switzerland, Jura,
Pyrenees.

12. PARADISIA, Mazz.

Flowers large, funnel-shaped, white, in a terminal uni-
lateral raceme on a leafless scape; leaves very narrow ;
ovary shortly stalked.

P. Liliastrum, Bert. (Anthericum Liltastrum, L.)
(Pl. 114); flowers very large (2 in.), milk-white, racemes
2—8-flowered, leaves linear, as long as the stem, stem
12-18 in.; alpine pastures, rare; Valais, Jura (Déle),
Tirol, Carniola, Carinthia, Dauphiny, Pyrenees.

13. ALLIUM, L.

Flowers in umbels surrounded by a membranous
spathe, on a usually leafless scape springing from a
tunicated bulb; sepals and petals distinct; seed-vessel

CXIV.—PARADISIA LILIASTRUM.

ce

) a es: foe ” 3
iia Ser Teac Se voy

LILIACEA: 153

a 3-celled few-seeded capsule; plants with a strong smell
of garlic (Onions).

A. Filaments of the three inner stamens 3-toothed, the
central tooth bearing the anther; leaves flat :—A. Scoro-
doprasum, L.; perianth-segments purple with white margin,
umbel with purple stalked bulbils, leaves keeled; hedges;
Bale, Aargau, Geneva, Dauphiny, Vosges, Pyrenees. A.
rotundum, L.; flowers purple, umbel without bulbils,
leaves narrowly linear ; among corn; Schaffhausen, Bale, |
Geneva.

8. Filaments as in A.; leaves cylindrical, hollow :—
A. vineale, L.; umbel small, flowers green or pink, some-
times entirely replaced by bulbils; cultivated land, fre-
quent. A. spherocephalum, L. (including descendens, L.);
umbels large, spherical, without bulbils, flowers purple;
dry hills, frequent.

C. Filaments not toothed (or teeth very short); leaves
flat :—A. urstnum, L., Ramsons ; umbel nearly flat, with-
out bulbils, flowers white, scape nearly leafless, radical
leaves ovate-lanceolate; thickets and hedges, common.
A. Victorialis, L.; umbel globular, with sessile bulbils,
flowers greenish-white, scape leafy, leaves ovate-lanceo-
late; high rocky slopes, frequent.

D. Filaments as in C.; leaves cylindrical :—A. Scheno-
prasum, L., Chives; umbel dense, globular, without bul-
bils; flowers campanulate, light purple, stamens included,
anthers yellow; moist meadows, frequent. <A. folzosum,
Clar.; resembling the last, but a taller plant with lilac
anthers; moist alpine pastures. A. ochroleucum, Koch
(including ericetorum, Thor., suaveolens, Dub., and strac-
tum, Schrad.); umbel globular, with or without bulbils,
flowers yellowish-white or light pink, stamens longer than

154 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS

the perianth-segments, anthers yellow; dry hill-sides,
frequent. A. oleraceum, L., Field-garlic; umbel globu-
lar, with bulbils, spathe longer than the umbel, flowers
whitish-green, stamens included; fields, frequent. A.
carinatum, L.; resembling oleraceum, but flowers bright
pink, filaments much longer than perianth-lobes, leaves
flatter; dry places, not common. A. pulchellum, Don
(paniculatum, Gaud.), resembling the last, but umbel
without bulbils; Western Switzerland, Ticino, Jura,
Pyrenees. A. flavum, L.; flowers yellow, umbel without
bulbils, anthers exserted; Jura, Auvergne, Puy-de-Dome,
Pyrenees.

E. Root-stock a horizontal rhizome, with the bulbs on
its upper surface; umbel without bulbils :—A. xarczsst-
florum, Vill. (grandifiorum, Lam.); umbel few-flowered,
flowers very large (about } in.), pink or white, drooping,
stamens included, leaves linear, flat; high; Dauphiny,
Pyrenees. A. fallax, Don (including acutangulum,
Schrad., and angulosum, DC.); flowers small, numerous,
light purple, stamens about as long as perianth-segments,
stem 12-18 in., leaves linear, flat ; Ticino, Western Swit-
zerland, Jura, Pyrenees. A. smontanum, Schm.; flowers
small, pink, anthers extruded, stem leafless, 8-10 in.,
leaves angular; rocky places ; Switzerland, rare.

Several other species are escapes from cultivation.

14. GAGEA, L.

Flowers yellow, in umbels subtended by leafy bracts, on
a leafless scape springing from a bulb; stamens attached
to the base of the perianth-leaves; anthers basifixed.

G. lutea, Ker, Yellow Star of Bethlehem; bulb soli-

LILIACEZE 155

tary, radical leaf solitary, linear-lanceolate, flat, flower-
stalks smooth; woods, not uncommon. G. Lzottardz,
Schult. ; flowers 1-5, flower-stalks villous, bracts 2, oppo-
site, radical leaves 1-2, tubular, bulbs 2; damp alpine
pastures, frequent. G. pratensis, Schult. (stenopetala,
Fr.); bulbs 2-3, without a common envelope, flowers 2-5,
stalk glabrous, radical leaf solitary, linear; grassy places ;
Switzerland, Tirol, Lombardy, local. G. a@rvenszts, Dum.;
bulbs 2, enclosed in a common envelope, flowers 2-20,
radical leaves usually 2, linear, channelled; fields and
pastures, not uncommon. G. mznzma, Schult.; flowers
2-5, perianth-segments acuminate, flower-stalk glabrous,
bract solitary, radical leaf solitary, linear, bulbs 2; alpine
pastures ; Switzerland, rare. G. saxatzlzs, Koch; flowers
I—5, perianth-segments obtuse, radical leaves setaceous ;
dry hills; Valais, rare.

I5. ORNITHOGALUM, L.

Flowers white or yellow, in racemes or corymbs, on a
leafless scape springing from a bulb; stamens hypogy-
nous, anthers dorsifixed ; sepals and petals distinct; leaves
all radical, linear.

O. nutans, L.; flowers large, white, with a green mid-
rib to each perianth-leaf, 5-9 in a unilateral raceme,
filaments 3-fid; lowland meadows and orchards. 0.
pyrenaicum, L.; flowers greenish-yellow, smaller, very
humerous, in an elongated raceme, filaments entire,
dilated; mountain woods, frequent. O. umbellatum, L.,
Star of Bethlehem; flowers white, 5-20, crowded in a
Short umbel-like raceme, filaments not 3-cleft; copses
and fields, frequent.

156 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS

TO. SCILDA,: bs.

Flowers blue or rarely pink, few, in a short raceme, on
a short leafless scape springing from a small bulb; sepals
and petals distinct, spreading; filaments flattened; seed-
vessel a 3-celled few-seeded capsule.

S. bifolia, L. (Pl. 115); flowers 2-5 on erect flower-
stalks, bracts 0, stem 4~8 in., glabrous, leaves 2, lanceo-
late; woods and orchards, frequent. SS. zéalica, L.;
flowers more numerous, each subtended by two linear-
lanceolate bracts, stem 8-12 in., leaves 2-5, linear-lan-
ceolate ; rare; Bern, Valais, Dauphiny. S. verna, Huds.,
Squill; raceme very short, few-flowered, each flower
subtended by one linear-lanceolate bract, stem 8-12 in.,
leaves numerous, broadly lanceolate, recurved; high
' pastures ; Pyrenees.

Our English Blue-bell or Wild Hyacinth (Scclla nutans,
Sm., Agraphis nutans, Lk.) occurs at low elevations in
the Pyrenees, but is entirely absent from Switzerland.

17. MUSCARI, Tourn.

Flowers very small, blue, globose, in a dense raceme
on a leafless scape springing from a small bulb;
perianth-leaves all united below; stamens attached to
the middle of the corolla-tube, filaments very short. Not
alpine.

M. comosum, Mill., Grape-Hyacinth; racemes at first .
dense, afterwards much elongated, flower-stalks hori-
zontal, longer than the flower, many of the flowers often
sterile, stem 12-18 in., leaves channelled; grassy slopes ;
Southern and Western Switzerland, Pyrenees. JV. dotry-

CXV.—SCILLA BIFOLIA.

LILIACE 157

oides, DC.; leaves 2-3, broader towards the tip, erect;
orchards and slopes; Switzerland, Jura, Dauphiny, occa-
sional. JZ. racemosum, DC.; flowers fragrant, upper ones
often imperfect, leaves prostrate, grooved above; grassy
slopes ;. Switzerland, Jura, Pyrenees. /. neglectum,
Guss.; plant more robust, flowers larger, leaves broader,
more deeply channelled ; vineyards; Bale, Winterthur.

18. HEMEROCALLIS, L.

Flowers large, funnel-shaped, in loose spikes; perianth-
leaves united at the base into a long tube; stamens in-
serted in the throat of the perianth, anthers dorsifixed ;
root tuberous.

HT. fulva, L.; flowers very large (4 in. long), reddish-
yellow variegated with purple, sharply veined trans-
versely, leaves broadly linear; orchards; Rhone Valley,
Tirol, Lombardy, Carinthia, Salzburg. A. flava, L.,
flowers smaller (3 in. long), yellow, scented, not veined
transversely, leaves narrowly linear; orchards; Lindau,
Bregenz, Piedmont, Lombardy, Styria, Carinthia, Pyre-
nees.

19. ‘ToLirs, 'L.

Flowers very large, solitary, on a leafy scape; sepals
and petals distinct; stamens hypogynous, anthers basi-
fixed; stigma sessile, with radiating lobes ; leaves broad.
Not alpine.

T. sylvestris, L., Tulip; flowers yellow; meadows and
vineyards; Switzerland, Jura, Pyrenees, not common.
IT. Didiert, Jord.; flowers deep purple with a black spot
at the base of each perianth-leaf; Sion.

158 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS

20.. FRITILLARIA,, L,

Flowers large, solitary or few, bell-shaped, drooping,
on leafy scapes ; sepals and petals distinct ; anthers dorsi-
fixed; styles 3; leaves narrow. }

F. Meleagris, L., Fritillary, Snake’s-Head (Pl. 116);
flowers solitary, yellow or variegated with purple, 14 in.
long, stem 10-18 in., leaves linear; damp meadows; Neu-
chatel, Jura, Savoy, Carinthia, Styria, Pyrenees. /. pyre-
natca, L..; flowers yellow- or purple-brown, petals larger
than the lanceolate sepals, leaves lanceolate, broader than
in the last; Pyrenees. F. delphinenszs, Gren.; resembling
the last, but sepals oblong, stem-leaves numerous ; high ;
Dauphiny. /. zzvolucrata, All.; perianth-leaves all oblong
and submucronate, leaves linear-lanceolate, mostly oppo-
site, a whorl of three beneath the flower; Dauphiny.

Order LXXXIX.—JUNCACEZ.

Flowers small, bisexual, in axillary or terminal cymes ;
sepals and petals 3 each, distinct, brown or green; sta-
mens 6, rarely 3; ovary superior; stigmas 3, feathery;
seed-vessel a I-—3-celled capsule; stem smooth, pithy;
leaves very narrow.

Tt. JUNCUS, i.

Sepals keeled; ovary 3-celled with axile, rarely 1-celled
with parietal ovules. Very glabrous plants, with usually
cylindrical leaves and pithy stem.

Most of the lowland English species of Rush are found
also in Switzerland, viz.:—/. effusus, L. (communis,

CXVI.—FRITILLARIA MELEAGRIS.

JUNCACEZ 159

Mey.), conglomeratus, L., glaucus, Ehrh., obtusiflorus, L.,
compressus, Jacq., and lamprocarpus, Ehrh.

The following are not British, or are more or less
alpine :—

A. Stem leafless :—/. filzformzs, L. ; flowers brownish-
green, cyme in nearly the middle of the stem; wet places,
high, frequent. /. arctzcus, Willd. ; flowers dark brown,
cyme in the upper part of the stem; moist, local; Upper
Engadine, Saas, Zermatt, Tirol, Dauphiny, Pyrenees. //.
triglumis, L.; cyme terminal, flowers few (2-4), sur-
rounded by brown bracts, stem slender, 3-5 in.; moist
alpine pastures, frequent. /. sguarrosus, L.; flowers
numerous, in branched terminal cymes, stem 8-12 in.,
rigid ; Ormonds, St. Gothard, Jura, Lombardy, Pyrenees.
j/. capitatus, Weig.; annual, sepals and petals acuminate,
longer than the fruit; rare; Valais, Jura, Pyrenees.

£. Stem more or less leafy :—/. trifidus, L.; leaves
with a slit and ciliate ligule at the mouth of the sheath,
radical leaves very short; high, frequent. /. Hoszzz,
Tausch.; resembling the last, but radical leaves much
longer, stem-leaf often only one; high, frequent. /.
alpinus, Vill. ; leaves hollow, septated, branches of cyme
erect, perianth-leaves all blunt ; moist meadows, common.
J. Wulfenz, Saut.; resembling the last, but perianth-
leaves acuminate, the inner ones longer, curved down-
wards; Salzburg, rare. /. affinzs, Gaud.; similar, but
stem more leafy, perianth-leaves nearly equal, outer ones
acute, inner blunt; Tirol, Salzburg, rare. /. Jacquznt,
L.; cyme single, 4-10 flowered, stem with a single linear-
subulate septated leaf; dry, frequent.. /. stygzus, L.;
stem slender, cymes I-3, leaves flat, flowers pale-green ;
peat-mosses, very rare; Einsiedeln, Zug, Tirol, Carinthia.

160 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS

J. castaneus, Sm.; cymes 1-3, flowers chestnut-coloured,
leaves flat; moist, rare; Grisons, Tirol, Carinthia, Styria,
Salzburg. /. supinus, Moench.; stem 2—I0 in., often de-
cumbent, flowers often replaced by tufts of leaves, stamens
3; wet places, frequent. /. sylvatecus, Rchb.; stem
erect, perianth-segments acuminate, capsule acuminate-
mucronate; wet places; Switzerland, Jura, rare. /.
Gerardi, Lois; flowers distinct, capsule strongly mu-
cronate; salt marshes. /. dufonzus, L., Toad-Rush;
flowers solitary or in bunches of 2-3, green, perianth-seg-
ments very unequal, acuminate, stamens often 3, whole
plant very pale green; wet places, common. /. Tenxageia,
Ehrh.; similar, but perianth brown, capsule nearly globu-
lar; rare; Bale, Jura, Ticino, Styria, Pyrenees.

24 LLUZULA, De.

Ovary I-celled, with 3 erect ovules; stamens 6; leaves
narrow, grass-like, not cylindrical, always more or less
ciliate with long white hairs.

L. campestris, Willd., is a very common plant on dry
banks; and L. maxima, DC. (sylvatica, Gaud.), Wood-
Rush, a tall plant with very compound cymes; in woods;
also L. vernalis, DC. (fzlosa, Willd.), and L. Forsteri,
DC.; more slender plants in woods, not socommon. The
following are alpine or sub-alpine :—

A. Flowers solitary, distant, stalked:—Z. flavescens,
Gaud. ; flowers yellowish; mountain woods, frequent.

&. Flowers in clusters, forming a connected spicate
cyme:—L. albida, DC. (including angustifolia, Garck.,
and zemorosa, Poll.); flowers large, white or copper-
coloured, cyme lax; woods, frequent. JZ. nzvea., DC.

JUNCACE# 161

flowers white, silvery, large, cyme dense; mountain
woods, local. ZL. Szeberz, Tausch.; resembling sylvatica,
but smaller, leaves more hairy; high. JL. spadicea, DC. ;
cyme lax, flowers black-brown, leaves linear, bearded
at the base; alpine pastures, frequent. L. lutea, DC.;
leaves glabrous, linear-lanceolate, cyme spreading, flowers
golden-yellow; alpine pastures, frequent. L. glabrata,
Koch ; cyme lax, flowers black-brown with white margin,
leaves shortly lanceolate ; dry; Tirol, Styria, Salzburg.

C. Flowers in spikelets, forming a cyme, panicle, or
umbel:—Z. spicata, DC.; spikes forming a drooping
umbel, flowers dark brown, leaves linear; alpine pastures,
frequent. L. multiflora, Lej. (including al/pzna, Hoppe,
and nzgricans, Desv.); ceespitose, spikelets black-brown,
forming an umbel, leaves linear, hairy ; alpine pastures,
frequent. L. pedzformis, DC.; flowers forming an oblong
drooping spike, leaves linear, stem 18-24 in.; Dauphiny,
Mont Cenis, Pyrenees.

Order XC.—MELANTHACEZ.

Resembling Lz/zaceg, but root-stock a corm or creeping
rhizome; anthers bursting laterally or outwardly. Dis-
tribution similar.

1. COLCHICUM, L.

Flowers solitary or in clusters, springing from a fleshy
corm; perianth with a very long tube; stamens 6; leaves
all radical. (Closely resembling Crocus, but with a superior
ovary.)

C. autumnale, L., Meadow Saffron, Autumn Crocus ;
VOL, TL L

162 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS

leaves lanceolate, flowers pale purple, sepals lanceolate-
oblong; meadows, common. C. alpinum, DC.; flowers
pink or lilac, sepals linear-elliptic, leaves linear-lanceolate ;
Valais, Ticino, Savoy, Tirol, Piedmont, Dauphiny.

2. BULBOCODIUM, L.

Perianth-segments spreading, united at the throat by
small scales; stamens 6; styles 3, united nearly to the
summit.

B. vernum, L. (Pl. 117); flowers pink or white, ap-
pearing with the lanceolate concave leaves; meadows,
rare; Valais, Savoy, Piedmont, Dauphiny.

3. MERENDERA, Ram.

Resembling Sulbocodium, but styles distinct.

M. Bulbocodium, Ram.; flowers pink, perianth-segments
distinct nearly to the base, leaves linear, not appearing
with the flowers; pastures, Pyrenees.

4. VERATRUM, L.

Flowers in branched panicles, sometimes unisexual ;
stem leafy, springing from a creeping rhizome; leaves
oval, with very strong nerves.

V. album, L. (including Lodelzanum, Bernh.) ; flowers
white or greenish, perianth-segments longer than the
flower-stalk, leaves downy beneath; pastures, frequent.
V. nigrum, L.; flowers very dark red, perianth-segments
not longer than flower-stalk, leaves glabrous; rare, Ticino,
Carniola, Styria.

CXVII.—BULBOCODIUM VERNUM.

MELANTHACE 163

5. TOFIELDIA, Huds.

Flowers small, in spikes or racemes at the end of a
slender leafless scape; leaves linear; seed-vessel com-
posed of 3 follicles.

T. calyculata, Whib.; flowers yellow or reddish, sub-
tended by a calyx-like involucre; damp pastures, fre-
quent. TZ. palustris, Huds. ; involucral scales at the base
of the flower-stalk, but not beneath the flower, spike
shorter ; damp pastures, not so common.

Order XCI.—ALISMACE:.,

Flowers usually bisexual, in panicles or umbels; sepals
and petals 3 each, the former green or coloured ; stamens
6 or more; ovary of many carpels; leaves chiefly radical.
Aquatic or marsh plants; not alpine.

I. ALISMA, L.

Flowers bisexual; sepals green; petals white or light
pink ; carpels very numerous, free; leaves erect.

A. Plantago, L., Water-Plantain ; flowers in a branched
panicle, carpels arranged in a whorl, stem I-3 ft., leaves
ovate-lanceolate ; ditches, common. <A. ranunculoides, L.;
flowers in an umbel, carpels arranged in a globular
head, stem 6-18 in., leaves linear-lanceolate; ditches ;
Switzerland, rare. <A. parnassifolium, L.; flowers in a
panicle, leaves obtuse, cordate; Tirol, Carinthia, Styria,
Dauphiny.

164 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS

2. SAGITTARIA, L.

Flowers unisexual, in whorls; sepals green; petals
white; stamens numerous; leaves erect, arrow-shaped,
thick, very shining

S. sagittefolia, L., Arrow-head; ditches; Switzerland,
rare.

3. BUTOMUS, L.

Flowers bisexual, in umbels subtended by an involucre ;
sepals and petals pink; stamens 9; carpels 6.

B. umbellatus, L., Flowering Rush; stem 6-12 in.,
flowers I in. diameter, leaves linear, erect; ponds and
streams ; very rare (Bale).

Order XCII.—TYPHACE.

Flowers monececious, in globular or cylindrical spikes
or heads; perianth reduced to membranous scales or
hairs; ovary I-celled, with usually one pendulous ovule;
leaves narrow, with sheathing base; root-stock a creeping
rhizome. Aquatic or marsh plants.

I. SPARGANIUM, L.

Heads globose, subtended by leafy bracts; perianth of
3-6 membranous scales ; fruit a small I-2-celled drupe.

S. ramosum, Huds., Bur-Reed; stem erect, branched,
leaves triquetrous ; ditches, common. SS. szmplex, Huds.;
stem erect, simple; and S. mznzmum, Fr. (including ~
natans, Koch, and affine, Schn.); stem and leaves float-
ing; not so common.

TYPHACE 165

2. [YPHA, L.

Spikes very dense, brown, cylindrical, with deciduous
leafy bracts; stamens several ; monadelphous; ovaries
stalked, often imperfect.

I. latifolia, L., Greater Reed-Mace (often called Bul-
rush); stem 3-6 ft., spikes 6-12 in. long, I in. diameter ;
ditches and ponds, frequent. Z. angustifolia, L., Smaller
Reed-Mace ; leaves narrower, spike 4-2 in. diameter, not
continuous; not so common. TZ. minima, Hin. (Lax-
mannt, Lep.); stem 1-3 ft., stem-leaves very small,
scale-like; water-sides, occasional. TZ. Shuttleworthit,
Koch; inflorescence composed of two contiguous grey
spikes; Switzerland, Dauphiny, occasional.

Order XCIII.—NAIADE&.

Flowers unisexual or bisexual, inconspicuous ; perianth
0 or 3-4-lobed, inferior ; ovary of 1-4 carpels, with one
Seed in each carpel.. Aquatic or marsh plants, usually
with floating leaves sheathing at the base.

I. POTAMOGETON, L.

Flowers bisexual, in axillary or terminal spikes; peri-
anth-segments 4, green; stamens 4; carpels usually 4;
leaves submerged and translucent, or floating and opaque,
often with connate stipules.

No species of Pond-Weed are truly alpine, though some
are found at considerable altitudes. The species are often
difficult to distinguish, and require more minute descrip-
tions than can be given here. The following are given

166 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS

by Gremli as natives of Switzerland, all being also British
plants: — PP. densus, L., leaves opposite; zatans, L.,
floating leaves thick, coriaceous; /luztaus, Roth; colo-
vatus, Vahl (plantagineus, Ducr., Hornemanni, Koch) ;
rufescens, Schrad. (alpinus, Balb.); gramineus, L. (hetero-
phyllus, Schreb.), submerged leaves linear - lanceolate ;
lucens, L., leaves very large and shining; 2zz2z, Roth.;
crispus, L., leaves crisp, wavy; jperfoliatus, L., leaves
cordate-amplexicaul ; prelongus, Wulf., leaves oblong,
half-amplexicaul; decipzens, Nol.; pectinatus, L., leaves
very long, filiform ; szarznus, All., spikes on long stalks,
alpine lakes; compressus, L. (soster@foltus, Sch.), stem
winged, leaves linear, half-amplexicaul ; acutzfolzus, Link. ;
obtustfolius, M. K.; mucronatus, Schr.; puszllus, L., spike
very few-flowered.

2. ZANNICHELLIA, L.

Flowers minute, solitary or in pairs, axillary, in a
cuplike sheath; leaves submerged, linear.

Z. palustris, L. (including pedunculata, Rchb.), Horned
Pond-Weed ; stem very slender, leaves opposite ; stagnant
water ; Switzerland, rare.

SAN ATAS. ios

Flowers unisexual, solitary or few, enclosed in sheaths ;
perianth 0; stamen 1; carpel 1, with I ovule; leaves
linear, very narrow.

N. major, All. (marina, L.); flowers dicecious, solitary,
leaves dentate-spiny ; stagnant water; Switzerland, Pyr-
enees, rare. JV. minor, All. (Caulinza fragilis, Willd.) ;
flowers moncecious, solitary or few, leaves nearly entire,

NAIADEZ 167

a very fragile plant; stagnant water; Switzerland, Pyre-
nees, rare.

Order XCIV.—JUNCAGINE.

Resembling Naiadez; but leaves erect, rush-like.
Marsh plants.

I. TRIGLOCHIN, L.

Flowers in racemes, small, green, without bracts, on
leafless scapes; leaves very narrow; fruit composed of
3-6 3-pointed carpels.

I. palustre, L.; carpels 3, leaves filiform; marshes ;
Switzerland, Jura, frequent.

2: SCHEUCHZERSEA,..L,

Flowers in racemes, small, green, bracteate, on leafy
scapes; leaves slender; fruit composed of 2-3 inflated
follicles.

S. palustris, L.; scape curved, leaves with dilated
brown sheaths and a pore at the tip; sub-alpine marshes,
frequent. |

Order XCV.—SMILACE.

Flowers unisexual or bisexual, regular; sepals, petals,
and stamens 8-10; sepals green or coloured; ovary
superior; leaves net-veined. A tropical order, with very
few European representatives ; not alpine.

b PARIS. L.

Flower solitary ; sepals green; stem simple; leaves in
whorls, net-veined; stamens 8-12; fruit a berry.

168 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS

P. quadrifolia, L., Herb-Paris ; flowers terminal, about
14 in. diam., sepals green, acuminate, petals yellow, stem
6-12 in., bearing a whorl of usually 4 ovate leaves,
berry large, black; mountain woods, frequent.

Order XCVI.—DIOSCORES.

Flowers small, unisexual, in axillary racemes or
panicles; sepals and petals green ; stamens 6; ovary
inferior, 3-celled. Climbing shrubs with net-veined
leaves. A tropical order, with only two representatives
in Europe.

1. fAMUS UL.

Perianth campanulate, green.
T. communts, L., Black Bryony; leaves ovate-cordate,
acuminate, shining, berry red; hedges; Switzerland,

Pyrenees.

Order XCVIIJ.—AROIDE.

Flowers in a spadix enclosed in a leafy spathe; peri-
anth oO; fruit a berry; leaves often net-veined. A large
tropical order, with very few European representatives.

1. ARUM, L.

Spadix terminated by a naked cylindrical column ;
female flowers at the bottom of the spike, consisting of
nothing but ovaries; surmounted by the male flowers, con-
sisting of nothing but sessile anthers; and above them
neuter flowers; leaves all radical, thick, shining, sagittate,

net-veined.

AROIDE® 169

A. maculatum, L., Cuckoo-Pint, Lords-and- Ladies ;
leaves spotted, appearing in the spring, spadix violet;
hedge-banks; Switzerland, Pyrenees. A. z¢alicum,
Mill. ; spadix yellow, leaves not always spotted; Ticino,
Pyrenees.

FC ART AShL:

Spadix entirely covered with flowers; anthers on long
filaments.

C. palustris, L.; leaves cordate, spathe white inside ;
marshes ; Lucerne, Vosges.

2/ AGORUS;) | L.

Perianth-segments membranous; stamens 6.
A. Calamus, L.; Sweet-Flag; leaves ensiform ; wet
places, rare.

Order XCIX.—LEMNACE.,

Perianth 0; stem and leaves reduced to floating green
disks. Aquatic plants; not alpine.

1. LEMNA, L.

Our four species of Duckweed, ZL. mznor, L., gibba,
L., trisulca, L., and polyrhiza, L., all occur in Switzer-
land, though the first only is common; they are very
rarely seen in flower.

2. WOLFFIA, Hork.

An extremely minute floating plant, resembling Lemna,
but much smaller; perianth o.

W. arhiza, Wimm.; the smallest European flowering
plant ; Switzerland, very rare.

170 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS

Crass VI.—GLUMIFERZ:.

Perianth o, or of bristles or very minute scales.

(Orders C.—CI.)

Order C.—CYPERACE.

Flowers unisexual or bisexual; perianth O or com-
posed of bristles; stamens I-6; stigmas 2-3; grassy or
reed-like herbs, with solid, usually triangular stem; the
leaves very narrow, with closed sheaths. A very large
order, belonging to all climates.

1 CYPERUS, Hy:

Flowers bisexual, in compound umbels or panicles;
perianth o.

C. longus, L.; perennial, stem 2-3 ft., stigmas 3; by
water, rare; Switzerland, Tirol, Pyrenees. C. Moniz,
L. ; similar, but stigmas 2; rare; Ticino, Pyrenees. C.
fiavescens, L.; annual, stem 2-8 in., flowers yellowish,
stigmas 2; wet places; Switzerland, Jura, Pyrenees. C.
fuscus, L.; annual, stem 2-8 in., flowers dark brown,
stigmas 3; wet places; Switzerland, Jura, Pyrenees.

2. HELBOCHARIS,* 1.

Flowers bisexual; spikelet solitary, terminal; perianth
of 3-8 bristles. Small marsh plants.
H, palustris, R. Br. (including umzglumis, Lk.); wet

* Often spelt Eleocharis.

CYPERACEZ 171

places, very common. WJ. acicularis, R. Br.; stem very
slender, almost square, stigmas 3; Switzerland, Jura.
H. ovata, R. Br.; annual, spikelets many - flowered,
achenes yellowish; Switzerland, Jura, very rare. JZ.
Lereschiz, Thom.; annual, spikelets few-flowered, achenes
black ; Switzerland, very rare (Lausanne).

2) SCIRPUS bk

Flowers bisexual; spikelets usually collected into
heads; perianth o or of 3-8 bristles. Tall water or
smaller marsh plants.

The only Swiss species which are not British are :—
S. alpinus, Schleich. ; stem 2-3 in., nearly leafless, spikelet
solitary, terminal, perianth 0, stigmas 3; very high, rare;
Engadine, Zermatt, Simplon, Mont Cenis. S. mucrona-
tus, L.; stem angular, 14-23 ft., spikelets sessile, bristles
present ; bogs, rare. S. supznus, L.; stem 2-8 in., cylin-
drical, spikelets in clusters, perianth-bristles 0; very
rare; Lake of Geneva, Lombardy.

The following are British species :-—

A. Spikelets large; stem leafless:—5S. lacustris, L.,
Bulrush (including Zadernemontani, Gmel., and carina-
tus, Sm.); stem 1-8 ft., cymes terminal, branched; S.
trigueter, L. (trigonus, Roth); stem triquetrous; S. pun-
gens, Vahl; similar but more slender; all by water-sides.

B. Spikelets large; stem leafy ; cymes terminal, leafy:
—S. maritimus, L.; stem 1-3 ft., leaves 4 in. broad,
spikelets brown; by water. S. sylvaticus, L.; stem
1-3 ft., leaves flat, cyme very large; moist woods.

C. Spikelets small, lateral; perianth-bristles o:—S.
setaceus, L.; stem very slender, spikelets 1-3; ditches.

172 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS

S. Holoschenus, L.; spikelets in compact globose cymose
heads; wet places, rare.

D. Spikelets small, terminal, solitary; bristles 3-8 :—
S. cespitosus, L.; stems 6-12 in., very czespitose, bristles
longer than the fruit; S. pauczflorus, Lightf.; resembling
the last, but stem leafless; S. arvulus, R. and S.; very
dwarf, 1-2 in., spikelets of 3-4 very small flowers; all
in wet sandy places, the last very rare.

&. Spikelets in a distichous spike:—5S. compressus,
Pers. (S. Caricis, Retz.; Blysmus compressus, Panz.) ;
stigmas 2; wet meadows. ;

4. FIMBRISTYLIS, Vahl.

Flowers bisexual; style dilated at the base and per-
sistent.

F. laxa, Vahl; stem leafy, spikelets 3-5; very rare;
marshes; Ticino.

5. ERIOPHORUM, L.

Flowers bisexual; perianth-bristles very long and
slender, cottony.

A. Spikelets several, drooping, in lateral cymes :—AZ.
polystachion, L. (including angustzfolium, Roth, and
latifolium, Hoppe), Cotton-Grass; marshy meadows,
very common. £&. mznus, Koch, is a mountain form.
E.. gracile, Koch; very similar, but more slender, with
narrower leaves; peat-bogs.

&. Spikelet solitary, terminal:—Z. alpinum, L. (PI.
118); stem 6-10 in., very slender, head snow-white,
perianth-bristles wavy; moist alpine pastures, frequent.
EL. vaginatum, L.; heads snow-white, perianth - bristles

“= _ =; =
.

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:
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CXVIL.-ERIOPHORUM

ALPINUM

CYPERACEA: 173

straight, stem trigonous; peat-bogs, frequent. 4. Scheuch-
gerz, Hoppe; heads dark grey, perianth-bristles, straight,
stem cylindrical; high, frequent.

6. RHYNCHOSPORA, Vahl.

Flowers unisexual or bisexual; spikelets terete, in
axillary and terminal panicles or corymbs; bristles 6 or
more.

R. alba, Vahl; spikelets white, stamens 2; FX. fusca,
R. and S.; spikelets dark brown, stamens 3; bothin bogs,
frequent.

7, CUCADIUM, KR. Bt.

Flowers mostly bisexual; bristles 0; spikelets in
panicles or cymes; leaves rigid, glaucous.

C. Mariscus, Br. (germanicum, Schrad.); stem 2-3
ft., leaves denticulate, with very sharp edges and keel;
marshes; Switzerland, Jura, Pyrenees; not common.

8. SCHENUS, L.

Spikelets in compressed terminal bracteate heads;
flowers very few, bisexual; bristles I-6; stamens 3.

S. nigricans, L.; stem 12-18 in, spikelets 5-10,
blackish-brown; S. ferrugineus, L.; stem 6-12 in.,
spikelets 2-3, rusty-brown; both frequent in bogs.

9. ELYNA, Schrad.
Spikelets 2-flowered in a terminal spike; each flower

with a large scale-like bract at its base, unisexual.
E. spicata, Schrad. (Bellardi, Degl.); leaves semi-

174 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS

circular, furrowed, spikelets brown; very high, moist;
Switzerland, Styria.

10. KOBRESIA, Willd.

Flowers unisexual; spikelets few-flowered, in a ter-
minal compressed ovoid spike.

K. caricina, Willd.; stem 4-8 in., lower spikelets of
one female, upper usually of 2 male flowers; very high ;
Switzerland, Tirol, Mont Cenis, Styria, Pyrenees, rare.

Pp VCARH XIU.

Flowers unisexual, usually moncecious; male flowers
without perianth-bristles; stamens 2-3; female flowers
enclosed in a bidentate sac or utricle; stigmas 2-3; seed-
vessel enclosed in the enlarged sac or perigyne.

The following enumeration of the alpine species of the
very difficult genus of Sedges is founded on Dalla-Torre’s
classification.

A. Spikelet solitary, terminal, without bracts at the
base; stem nearly leafless:—C. diotca, L.; spikelet
dicecious, stigmas 2, stem terete, 3-8 in.; moist. C.
Davalliana, Sm.; dicecious, stigmas 2, stem triangular,
up to I ft.; moist. C. rupestris, All.; lower flowers of
spikelet female, upper male, fruit erect; pastures. C.
pauciflora, Lightf.; spikelet similar, 4-6-flowered, fruit
bent downwards; moist. C. mzcroglochin, Whib.; spike-
let similar, 10-12-flowered, fruit bent downwards, with a
long green bristle at the base; Valais.

B. Spikelets united into a head, with 2-3 green in-
volucral leaves at its base:—C. baldenszs, L.; rare;
Southern Tirol, Salzburg, Upper Bavaria.

CYPERACE 175

C. Inflorescence a spike, raceme, or panicle, consisting
of small few-flowered spikelets, composed of male and
female flowers ; stem leafless.

(a.) Stigmas 3 :—C. curvula, All.; moist, rare.

(2.) Stigmas 2; lower flowers female, upper male :—C.
incurva, L.; root-stock stoloniferous, fruit inflated; pas-
tures, local. C. fetida, All.; head compact, globular,
red-brown; Switzerland, Tirol, Salzburg, rare. C. Lag-
gert, Wimm.; spike ovate-lanceolate, dark red-brown;
very rare (Grimsel). C. mzcrostyla, Gay; stem slender,
spike elliptic, few-flowered; Switzerland, Salzburg, rare.

(c.) Stigmas 2; lower flowers male, upper female :—C.
mactlenta, Fr.; root-stock stoloniferous; calcareous hills.
C. leporina, L.; spikelets crowded, ovate, fruit winged ;
pastures. C. lagopina, Whlb.; spikelets round, fruit
not winged; pastures. C. Grypus, Schk. (stel/ulata,
Good.) ; spikelets distant, forming an interrupted spike ;
peat-bogs. C. elongata, L.; spikelets linear or elliptic,
forming an interrupted distichous spike; moist, local.
C. Persoontt, Sieb.; stem 6-12 in., rough, spikelets 5-8,
brown and green; moist. C. canescens, L.; stem 2—4 in.,
rough, spikelets usually 6, pale green; moist. C. ¢etra-
stachya, Traunst.; stem rough, spikelets 4; Tirol, very
rare.

PD. Inflorescence composed of one or more terminal
male spikelets, beneath which are one or more (usually
stalked) female spikelets ; stigmas 2:—C. mucronata, All.;
fruit lanceolate, leaves setaceous; moist. C. dzcolor, All.;
fruit elliptic, not beaked; very high. C. vulgaris, Fr. ;
fruit obovate, beaked, leaves narrowly linear; moist. C.
vigida, Good.; fruit elliptic, not beaked, leaves broadly
linear; Tirol, very rare.

176 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS

E. Inflorescence similar; stigmas 3.

(2.) Terminal spikelet male in the lower, female in the
upper half; leaves flat, linear:—C. fulzgznosa, Schk. ;
fruit lanceolate, beaked (elliptic, not beaked, in the
remainder); dry. C. alpina, L. (Vahliz, Schk. ; spikelets
short, crowded, fruit green; dry, local. C. nigra, All;
spikelets short, crowded, fruit black; dry, local. C.
atrata, L.; spikelets 3—5, distant, very dark, stem 8-15 in.,
leafy ; pastures. C. aterrima, Hoppe; spikelets 3-5, nearly
black, crowded, stem rough; rare. C. dzstachya, Willd.;
spikelets 2-3, brown, stem slender, leafless; Salzburg,
very rare. C. castanea, Miel. ; spikelets stalked, chestnut-
coloured, stem thick, flat, leafless ; Salzburg, very rare.

(0.) Upper spikelets male; fruit not beaked or beak
very short :—C. ericetorum, Poll. (membranacea, Hoppe);
male spikelet 1, fruit finely hairy, leaves rather broad;
rare. C. brevifolia, Host.; fruit ciliate (glabrous in the
remainder), male spikelets 2, distant, stalked; moist;
Tirol. C. spadicea, Host.; spikelets elongated, on long
stalks, fruit elliptic, leaves channelled; Tirol (Monte
Baldo). C. zvvigua, Sm.; spikelets elliptic, on long
stalks, fruit trigonous; moist; Tirol, Carniola. C. pal-
lescens, L.; spikelets elliptic, on short stalks; bushy,
frequent. C. ornithopodiordes, Hausm.; spikelets small,
capitate, involucral leaves composed only of a mem-
branous sheath; Tirol, rare. C. claveforme, Hoppe;
involucral leaves with amplexicaul sheaths; Styria, Car-
niola, rare. C. sparsiflora, Steud. (vagznata, Tausch.);
sheath of involucral leaves I-2 in. long; rare. C. ustulata,
Whilb.; sheath of involucral leaves not more than + in.
long ; local.

(c.) Upper spikelets male; fruit with a long beak :—C.

~~

CYPERACE 177

subglobosa, Miel.; fruit nearly globose, inflated; Salz-
burg, rare. C. ¢enuzs, Host.; stem slender, 6-12 in.,
fruit ribbed; frequent. C. sylvatica, Huds.; female
spikelets pendant, on very long stalks, leaves broad;
bushy. C. /frigzda, All.; spikelets shining, black-brown,
the lowest very distant, on a long stalk; frequent. C.
jirma, Host.; stem 2-8 in., leaves short, rigid, linear-
lanceolate ; frequent. C. capzllaris, L. ; stem very slender,
3-8 in., somewhat exceeded by the erect linear leaves,
lower female spikelets very distant, nodding; moist,
frequent. C. hzspidula, Gaud.; stem filiform, rough,
angled, nearly leafless, anthers twisted; Switzerland,
Tirol, very rare. C. sempervirens, Vill.; czspitose, stem
smooth, lowermost spikelet erect ; dry, frequent. C. ferru-
ginea, Scop. ; root-stock stoloniferous, lowermost spikelet
pendant ; moist, frequent. C. alfigena, Kern. (Kernert,
Kohts); similar, but all the spikelets erect; Tirol, rare.
The following lowland British species also occur in
Switzerland :—In marshes and bogs and by river-sides:
—C. pultcaris, L.; disticha, Huds.; vulpina, L.; pant-
culata, L. (including paradoxra, Willd.); teretiuscula,
Good.; strecta, Good.; acuta, Fr.; Buxbaumiz, Whlb.;
Pseudocyperus, L.; flava, L. (including Cdert, Ehrh.,
and J/epzdocarpa, Tausch.); punctata, Gaud.; distans, L.
(including Horuschuchiana, Hoppe); irta, L.; Lémosa,
L. ; filtformis, L.; glauca, Murr.; tomentosa, L.; ampul-
lacea, Good.; vestcarza, L.; paludosa, Good.; riparia,
Curt.; panecea, L. In woods and thickets:—C. remota,
L. ; pendula, Huds. ; depauperata, Good. ; strigosa, Huds. ;
digitata, L. (including ornzthopoda, Willd.) On dry
banks and hill-sides :—C. humzlis, Leyss. ; montana, L. ;
pilultfera, L.; murtcata, L.; precox, Jacq. (verna, Vill.).
WOOL. LI. M

178 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS

Gremli also records the following lowland species (not
British) as occurring in Switzerland:—C. chordorhzza,
Ehrh.; resembling zzcurva, but stem much _ longer,
branched; peat-bogs; Jura. C. drzgoides, L.; resem-
bling adzstzcha, but spikelets yellowish, less numerous ;
woods. C. cyperoides, L.; head subtended by two folia-
ceous bracts, which greatly exceed it in length, fruit with
a long beak ;. dried-up ponds, very rare. C. Heleonastes,
Ehrh.; resembling /agofzna, but stem rough, fruit com-
pressed; peat-bogs. C. pilosa, Scop.; leaves broad,
ciliate, exceeding the almost leafless stem, root-stock
stoloniferous; woods, local. C. xztzda, Host.; bracts
sheathing, the upper one ending in a green point, female
spikelets dense; dry slopes. C. alba, Scop.; female
spikelets 1-3, erect, whitish; woods. C. Halleriana,
Asso. ; lowermost female spikelet springing from close to
the root, on a very long stalk; rare; Neuchatel, Aargau.
C. longifolia, Host.; leaves longer than the stem, male
spikelet thick, clavate; woods, rare.

Order CI.—GRAMINEZ.

Stem jointed, usually cylindrical and with hollow inter-
nodes; leaves alternate, narrow; sheath split, often with
a ligule at the point of junction with the blade; flowers
usually bisexual; perianth replaced by brown or green
scales (glumes and pales); stamens usually 3, with
slender filament and versatile anther; ovary I-celled,
with I ovule; stigmas feathery; fruit a caryopsis, the
seed adnate to the pericarp. The Grasses form a vast
order, distributed through the entire globe, but there
are comparatively few Alpine species.

GRAMINEZ 179

Tribe I. ORYZEA.—Spikelets compressed laterally ;
lower (barren) glumes minute or 0; uppermost glume
and pale bearing a single flower. Not alpine.

I. LEERSIA, Sol.

Characters of the tribe.
L. oryzoides, Sw. (Oryza clandestina, Br.); panicle
often undeveloped ; in water, rare.

Tribe PANICEA:.—Spikelets usually compressed dor-
sally ; terminal glume only bearing a flower. Not alpine.
Genera 2-4.

2. PANICUM, L.

Glumes 4; pedicel of spikelet naked or hairy.

P. glabrum, Gaud. (Digitaria humifusa, Pers.); spike-
lets about 3, digitate, leaves and sheaths glabrous ; road-
sides, occasional. P. czlzare, Koel.; leaves and sheaths
hairy, empty glume ciliate ; road-sides, local. P. sangut-
male, Scop.; similar, but empty glume not ciliate; road-
sides. P. Crus-Galli, L. (Echinochloa Crus - Galli,
Beauv.) ; spikelets in racemes or panicles, glumes awned ;
road-sides, common. VP. undulatifolium, Ard. (Oplis-
menus undulatifolzus, Beauv.); leaves broad, stem and
leaf-sheaths with long hairs; Ticino.

3. SETARIA, Beauv.

Glumes 4; pedicel of spikelet with stiff bristles.

S. viridis, Beauv.; bristles clustered, scabrid; road-
sides. .S. verticillata, Beauv.; bristles single or in pairs,
barbed ; road-sides, rare. S. glauca, Beauv.; spikelets

180 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS

farger, bristles russet-yellow; road-sides. S. ambigua,
Guss., is possibly a hybrid.

4. TRAGUS, Hall.

Spikelets of two flowers, the lower neuter, the upper
bisexual.

T. racemosus, Desf.; spikelets in a linear racemose
panicle, with small hooked bristles, leaves ciliate; sandy
places; Valais.

Tribe 3. PHALARIDEA:.—Spikelets compressed later-
ally ; glumes usually 6, uppermost only fertile ; pale o or
i-nerved. Not alpine. Genera 5-8.

5. PHALARIS, (L.

Glumes 6, two of them imperfect, not awned; stamens 3.
P. arundinacea, L.; panicle elongated, spreading and
red when in flower; ditches.

6. ANTHOXANTHUM, L.

Glumes 6, two of them imperfect, awned ; stamens 2.
A. odoratum, L., Sweet Vernal Grass ; everywhere.

7. HIEROCHLOE, Gmel.

Glumes 6; upper flower bisexual with 2, two lower
flowers male with 3 stamens.

H. borealis, R. and S.; flowering glumes shortly awned ;
water-sides, very rare; Ziirich, Einsiedeln.

GRAMINEE 181

8. ALOPECURUS, L.

Glumes 3 or 4; spikelets jointed on the pedicel.

A. agrestis, L., Fox-tail Grass; in meadows. A. pra-
tensis, L.; with more cylindrical panicle; wet fields. A.
geniculatus, L.; lower part of stem prostrate, rooting; in
water. A. fulvus, Sm.; resembling the last, with yellow
anthers ; ditches.

Tribe ANDROPOGONE#.—Spikelets in pairs, one ses-
sile, the other stalked, with a single bisexual or male
flower. Not alpine.

9. ANDROPOGON, L.

Glumes 2, equal or nearly so.

A. Ischenum, L.; spikelets 5-10, fascicled-digitate,
hairy; stony places. A. Gryllus, L. (Pollinia Gryllus,
Spreng.); spikelets with a crown of reddish-yellow hairs
at the base; Vaud, Valais, Ticino, Pyrenees. A. Aliz-
onit, DC. (Heteropogon Allioniz, R. S.); glumes with long
twisted awns; rocky places; Ticino.

Tribe AGROSTIDE#.—Spikelets terete or compressed
laterally; glumes 3; flower solitary, bisexual; pale 2-
nerved. Genera 10-17.

10. MILIuM, L.
Panicle spreading ; flowering glume hardening round
the fruit. Not alpine.
M. effusum, L., Millet Grass; leaves broad, flat, ulti-
mate branches of panicle very slender ; woods, common.

182 THE, FLORA OF THE ALPS

Ti, PALeOM,

Panicle dense, cylindrical ; flowering glume enclosing
the fruit; empty glumes often truncate.

P. pratense, L., Timothy Grass; very common. P.
alpinum, L. (including commutatum, Gaud.); panicle
ovoid, upper leaf-sheath inflated; alpine pastures, fre-
quent. P. Micheli, All.; glumes lanceolate, glabrous,
with long stiff hairs on the keel; alpine pastures. /P.
asperum, Jacq.; glumes wedge-shaped, the keel rough-
tubercular; waste ground, rare. P. Lehmert, Wib.;
glumes linear-oblong, spotted-tubercular ; waste ground.

12. MIBORA, Adans.

Spikelets compressed dorsally, in a simple sub-disti-
chous spike; styles very long. Not alpine.

M. minima, Desv. (Knappia agrostidea, Sm.); densely
czespitose, stems very slender, I-3 in.; wet sandy places,
rare.

13. AGROSTIS, L.

Panicle loose, with whorled branches; spikelets I-
flowered ; flowering glume small, hyaline.

A. vulgaris, With., Bent Grass; everywhere. A.
canina, L..; leaves narrower; wet places. A. alba, L.;
ligule long, acute; common. A. rupestrzs, All. ; branches
of panicle glabrous, spikelets small; rocky; alpine, fre-
quent. <A. alpina, Scop.; spikelets smaller, panicle oval,
branches rough; rocky; alpine, common. A. Schletchert,
Jord.; a larger plant, panicle lanceolate in outline, branches
rough; Switzerland, Jura, rare. A. Spzca- Vent, L. (Apera

GRAMINEZ 183

Spica- Venti, Beauv); flowering glume with a long awn,
panicle large (3 in.), spreading; cultivated land. A. zn-
terrupia, L., similar, but panicle narrow, interrupted >
cultivated land.

14. CALAMAGROSTIS, Adans.

Rachis of spikelet with long silky hairs; spikelets in
a close panicle with whorled branches, 1-flowered; stem
tall, leafy.

A. Flowering glumes hyaline:—C. LEfzgejos, Roth;
panicle open, awn of flowering glume inserted above the
middle; wet places. C. /anceolata, Roth; panicle open,
awn terminal; swamps. C. ¢ezella, Host.; stem 18-24
in., slender, hairs of rachis few; dry; alpine. C. Ha/-
leriana, DC.; stem 2-34 ft., rachis very hairy; alpine
meadows. C. “4torea, DC.; panicle rather drooping, stem
usually very rough; river-banks, local.

4. Flowering glumes not hyaline, or only at the edge,
awn of flowering glume twisted (Deyeuxza, Clar.) :—C.
varia, Lk. (montana, DC.) ; awn bent, hairs of rachis very
long; bushy; alpine. C. arundinacea, Roth (sylvatica,
DC.); hairs of rachis not so long, awn bent; bushy;
alpine. C. meglecta, Fr.; awn straight; peat-bogs, very
rare ; Pontarlier, Constance.

15. LASIAGROSTIS, Lk.

Resembling Calamagrostis, but only the empty glumes
enveloped in long silky hairs.

L. Calamagrostis, Lk.; panicle spreading, white, shin-
ing, awn of empty glume very long; rocky; alpine.

184 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS

16. GASTRIDIUM, Beauv.

Empty glumes large, boat-shaped, flowering glume
minute, 4-toothed. Not alpine; annual.

G. lendigerum, Gaud. ; panicle glistening, spikelets with
a long awn; sandy places, rare ; Geneva, Como, Pyrenees.

Ly so VIPAS as

Spikelet composed of one stalked bisexual flower;
flowering glume with a twisted awn.

S. pennata, L.; awn 8-12 in. long, plumose; high,
rocky. S. capillata, L.; awn half as long, rough, not
plumose; high, rocky; Southern Switzerland, Jura,
Dauphiny, Pyrenees.

Tribe AVENE&.—Spikelets in panicles, 2-, rarely 3-
or 4-flowered; glumes 4 or more, the two lowest empty ;
flowering glumes with twisted awns. Genera 18-22.

18. AIRA, L.

Spikelets 2-flowered; flowers all perfect, or the upper
ones imperfect.

A. Rachis of spikelet not produced beyond the upper-
most flowering glume:—A. precoxr, L.; panicle com-
pressed, spike-like; sandy places; Valais, Piedmont,
Pyrenees. A. caryophyllea, L.; panicle spreading, stem
very slender; sandy places. <A. multeculmis, Dum.;
similar, but spikelets smaller, more crowded.

B. Rachis not produced; awn nearly straight (Des-
champsia, Beauv.):—A. cespitosa, L.; panicle pyramidal ;
moist, frequent. A. flexuosa, L.; panicle very lax,

GRAMINEZ 185

branches wavy, awn slightly bent, leaves filiform ; wood-
sides, frequent. A. rhenana, Grml.; similar, but spike-
lets much larger, panicle narrower; Schaffhausen.

C. Rachis not produced ; awn bent in the middle, with
swollen tip (Corynephorus, Beauv.):—A. canescens, L.;
czespitose, leaves short, rigid; sandy places, rare; Schaff-
hausen, Geneva, Dauphiny, Lombardy, Pyrenees.

ro: HOLCUS, ° E.

Spikelets 2-flowered ; lower flower not awned, upper im-
perfect and awned ; stem and leaves very soft. Not alpine.

Our two English species; 7. /anatus, L., tomentose,
awn short; and mo/l/zs, L., villous at the nodes, awn very
long; are common meadow-grasses.

20. TRISETUM, Pers.

Spikelets 2-6-flowered ; glume deeply bifid, awned.

T. flavescens, Beauv.; panicle loose, spikelets often
violet; meadows, common. 7. dstichophyllum, Beauv. ;
panicle loose, stem 4-6 in. leaves stiff, flat; stony,
alpine. TZ. argenteum, Sch.; panicle loose, stem up to
4 in., leaves setaceous, channelled ; stony, alpine ; Grimsel,
Ticino, Lombardy, Tirol, Styria, Carinthia, Salzburg.
T. subspicatum, Beauv.; panicle spike-like, stem hairy
above, spikelets yellowish-green ; high, alpine. 7. Gaudt-
nianum, Boiss.; panicle spike-like, stem hairy above,
spikelets variegated with violet; sandy places; Valais.

21. AVENA, L.

Spikelets 2-6-flowered ; flowering glume entire or bi-
dentate, with a long twisted awn.

186 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS

A. Spikelets at length drooping; annual plants :—A.
Jatua, L., Wild Oat; common. A. strigosa, Schreb. ;
very similar, but smaller and more slender; cornfields.
A. nuda, L.; spikelets generally 3-flowered; cornfields,
rare.

B. Perennial; leaves and lower leaf-sheaths downy or
woolly :—A. alfestris, Host.; spikelets 3-flowered, 3-6 in
each branch of the panicle; Tirol, Styria. A. pubescens,
L.; spikelets I-2 in each branch, leaves pubescent ;
pastures. A. amethystina, Clar.; similar, leaves and
leaf-sheaths woolly; Southern Tirol, rare (Monte
Baldo).

C. Perennial; leaves rough:—A. pratensis, L.; pani-
cle nearly linear, leaves very rough; hill-sides. A. planz-
culmis, Schrad.; leaf-sheaths flat, 2-edged; pastures ;
Styria, Carinthia. A. Scheuchzeri, All.; leaves smooth
on the upper side, spikelets 5-flowered, variegated ; alpine
pastures. A. pseudoviolacea, Kern.; similar, but spike-
lets 3-flowered, panicle looser; Tirol, rare. A. Par-
latortt, Woods; panicle spreading, leaves stiff; high, dry
(not in Switzerland). A. alpina, Sm.; panicle racemose,
leaves very rough; dry; Tirol, Carniola. A. luczda,
Bert.; panicle simple, leaves very narrow; Southern
Tirol, rare. A. montana, Vill.; spikelets shining, violet ;
Piedmont, Dauphiny, Pyrenees.

22. ARRHENATHERUM, Beauv.
Spikelets 2-flowered; upper flower bisexual, lower
male. Not alpine.
A. avenaceum, Beauv. (elatzus, M. K.), False Oat;
everywhere.

GRAMINE 187

Tribe CHLORIDE#.—Spikelets in one or two rows
on a flattened rachis, compressed laterally, I- or more-
flowered.

23. CYNODON, Rich.

Characters of the tribe. Not alpine.
C. Dactylon, Pers., Dog’s-tooth Grass; spikes digitate,
purplish, spikelets 1-flowered ; sandy places.

Tribe FESTUCEA.—Spikelets in spikes or panicles ;
glumes 6 or more, two lowest empty, the others flower-
ing. Genera 24-38.

24. DANTHONIA, DC.

Spikelets 2- or more-flowered, in panicles; empty
glume with a long awn.

D. decumbens, DC. (Triodia decumbens, Beauv.) ; stems
prostrate, rigid, czespitose, panicle 1-2 in., leaves and leaf-
sheaths hairy; alpine pastures. D. provincialis, DC.
(calycina, Vill.); stem erect, up to 18 in, leaf-sheaths
bearded, awn twisted at the base; alpine pastures in the
South, rare.

25. PHRAGMITES, Trin.

Spikelets 2- or more-flowered; rachis bearded with long
silky hairs. Not alpine.

P. communis, Trin. (Arundo Phragmites, L.), Reed;
panicle very large and soft, dull purple, leaves 14-2 in.
broad, stem up to 8 ft.; in water, common.

26. SESLERIA, Scop.

Spikelets capitate or in spikes, with empty soft glumes
beneath them. Alpine.

188 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS

S. cerulea, Scop. ; panicle cylindrical, blue, leaves flat,
linear; rocky woods, frequent. SS. denuzfolia, Host.;
panicle elliptic-cylindrical, leaves setaceous, lower ones
webbed; Southern Carniola, rare. S. spherocephala,
Ard. (Pl. 119); panicle globose, white, leaves narrowly
linear, flowering glume shortly awned; high; Ticino,
Tirol, Lombardy, Carniola, Carinthia, Styria. S. ovata,
Kern. ; panicle ovate, dark blue, flowering glumes ending
in five awns; high; Tirol, Lombardy, Carinthia, Styria,
Salzburg. S. disticha, Pers.; raceme simple, unilateral,
spikelets in two rows; very high, frequent. S. pedemon-
tana, Reut.; spike small, oval, leaves soft; Dauphiny.

27. CYNOSURUS, L.

Resembling Seslervia; but empty glumes setaceous.
Not alpine.

C. cristatus, L., Dog’s-tail Grass; spike linear, awns
very short; pastures. C. echinatus, L.; panicle dense,
awns long; fields; Valais, Ticino, Pyrenees.

28. KG@:LERIA, Pers.

Spikelets forming a cylindrical spike, 2- or more-
flowered ; flowering glumes scarious. Alpine.

K. hirsuta, Gaud.; empty glumes awned, stem tomen-
tose; high; Switzerland (rare), Tirol, Carinthia, Lom-
bardy, Salzburg. KX. eriostachya, Pan. (carniolica, Kern.) ;
empty glumes not awned, stem covered with a grey felt ;
Southern Tirol, Carinthia, Carniola. K. valeszaca, Gaud.
(setacea, DC.) ; empty glumes not awned, radical leaves
setaceous, rolled up; Valais, Neuchatel, Aigle, Savoy,
Ticino, Piedmont, Pyrenees. . cristata, L.; empty

4
a

CX1IxX.—_ SESLERIA SPAAD ROCEPHALAS

GRAMINE 189

glumes not awned, glabrous, leaves blue-green, panicle
violet; alpine pastures. . splendens, Presl. (including
pubescens, Hausm.); similar, but empty glumes covered
with dense wool; Tirol, Carinthia. XK. alpicola, G. and
G.; empty glumes awned, spikelets 2-flowered, ashy-
white ; Piedmont, Dauphiny.

29. MOLINIA, Schr.

Spikelets in a contracted panicle, 2- or more-flowered,
conical, terete.

M. cerulea, Mcench. ; stem wiry, nearly leafless, spike-
lets dark violet ; moist, sub-alpine, common. JM. serotina,
M. K. (Diplachne serotina, Lk.); stem leafy, spikelets
shortly awned; slopes; Valais, Vaud, Ticino.

30. CATABROSA, Beauv.

Spikelets in a diffuse panicle with whorled branches,
2- or more-flowered. Not alpine.

C. aquatica, Beauv.; panicle large, pyramidal, stem
6-12 in., bent below, leaves flat; in water.

31. MELICA, L.

Spikelets 2- or more-flowered ; upper flowering glumes
empty, convolute, forming a club.

M. nutans, L.; spikelets drooping, with two fertile
flowers; woods, common. JZ. unzflora, Retz.; spikelets
very few, erect, on long stalks, with only one fertile
flower; mountain woods, frequent. MW. ciliata, L.;
panicle dense, continuous; rocky hills; Southern Swit-
zerland, Jura, rare. M. glauca, Schultz (nebrodensis,

190 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS

Parl.; panicle loose, leaves setaceous, rolled-up; rocky
hills.

22. DACTVLIS, us.

Spikelets few-flowered; lowest branch of panicle dis-
tant, on a long horizontal stalk. Not alpine.
D. glomerata, L., Cock’s-Foot Grass ; everywhere.

Bo) Rae Ae by

Spikelets many-flowered, distant, pendulous, on very
slender stalks. Not alpine.
B. media, L., Quaking Grass; common.

ga) POA, yl.

Spikelets in panicles, few- or many-flowered ; flower-
ing glumes compressed, keeled ; pale bifid.

A. Stem thickened at the base like a bulb :—P. alpina,
L.; ligules truncate, spikelets often replaced by leafy
buds (viviparous) ; alpine pastures, common. <A. bulbosa,
L.; spikelets pubescent, ligules oblong, acute; waste
places: har. concinna, Gaud.; czespitose, leaves rolled up,
panicle dense ; Valais, Piedmont, very rare (Sion, Aosta).

B. Stem and leaf-sheaths compressed :—P. compressa,
L.; root-stock with elongated stolons; dry banks and
walls, common. VP. sudetica, Heenk.; leaves suddenly
acuminate and cap-shaped at the apex; alpine pastures,
frequent. P. hybrida, Gaud.; flowers woolly at the base,
leaves gradually narrowed ; alpine pastures, local.

C. Stem and leaf-sheaths nearly cylindrical ; root-stock
with elongated stolons :—P. pratenszs, L. ; meadows, very
common. P. distichophylla, Gaud.; spikelets dark violet;

GRAMINEA# IgI

alpine pastures, frequent. P. cenzsza, All. (pallens, Gaud.);
panicle spreading, spikelets greenish-yellow ; alpine pas-
tures, frequent.

LD. Similar; but stolons short or 0; branches of panicle
smooth :—/P. annua, L.; Meadow Grass; everywhere.
P. minor, Gaud.; branches of panicle capillary, stem 2-6
in.; alpine pastures, frequent. P. Jara, Henk.; spike-
lets few-flowered, stem 3-6 in.; alpine pastures, frequent.
P. pumila, Host.; panicle erect, leaves setaceous, con-
volute ; Carinthia, Carniola, very rare. P. supina,
Schrad., appears to be a mountain form of annua.

£, Similar; but branches of panicle rough :—P. ¢rz-
vialis, L.; meadows, common. VP. palustris, L. (serotzna,
Ehrh.); leaf-sheaths smooth ; damp meadows. P. xemo-
valis, L.; woods, common. FP. c@sza, Sm.; plant bluish-
green, ligules covering the nodes; alpine rocks, local.

35. GLYCERIA, A. Br.

Spikelets many-flowered; flowering glumes convex,
obtuse, not awned. Aquatic grasses.

The English species; G. aquatica, Sm., with greatly
branched panicles ; fluztans, Br. (including Alzcata, Fr.),
with nearly simple panicle; and dzstans, Whlb., with
very long and slender panicle; all in wet places, the
last local.

36. FESTUCA,, L.

Spikelets 3- or more-flowered, in spikes or panicles;
flowering glumes convex, acute, or awned at the tip;
ovary usually glabrous.

The following British species of Fescue Grass occur
also in the lowlands of Switzerland :-—/. pratensis, Huds.,

1g2 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS

in meadows ; élatzor, L. (arundinacea, Schreb.), by water;
gigantea, Vill., in damp woods; oveza, L. (including
durtuscula, L., rubra, L., and valeszaca, Schl.), in hilly
woods and sub-alpine pastures ; sylvatica, Vill., in woods.
Also the following annual species :—/’. Myuros, L. (Vulpia
Myuros, Rehb., including czlata, Lk., pseudo-myuros, Koch,
and sczuroides, Roth); flowering glumes with slender
awns, stamens I-3; sandy places; and F. vzgzda, Kunth
(Sclerochloa rigida, Lk.), a small, very rigid plant; walls
and dry places.

The following are more or less alpine :—

A. Stem thickened and bulb-like at the base:—F.
spadicea, L.; spikes brownish-yellow; high alpine pas-
tures in the South.

B. Leaves more or less folded; ligule lobed at the
base; caespitose :—/. amethystina, L.; panicle lax, often
blue, leaves filiform; rare; Switzerland, Tirol, Salzburg.
F. alpina, Sut.; stem 3-5 in., flowers often replaced by
buds; high; Switzerland, Dauphiny. /. Hallerz, Vill.
(Gaudini, Kunth); panicle small, denser, often violet ;
high elevations in the South, also Bale, Jura.

C. Stem-leaves flat; ligule lobed at the base; czespi-
tose :—F. heterophylla, Lam. (including nzgrescens, Lam.);
leaves very long, panicle loose, drooping; wood -sides.
P. violacea, Gaud.; panicle spike-like, dark violet, leaves
capillary; high, frequent.

D. Leaves setaceous; ligule not lobed :—/. jz/osa,
Hall.; spikelets bearded, 3-5-flowered; pastures, local.
F. Brenneri, F. and H.; spikelets bearded, 6—8-flowered ;
Tirol, rare. F. flavescens, Bell; panicle spike-like, nod-
ding, spikelets 3—5-flowered, glume not awned ; Carinthia,
Carniola, Dauphiny. FF. pumila, Chaix; panicle race-

GRAMINEZ: 193

mose, glume awned; high, frequent. /. varia, Host.
(including Fskza, Ram.); leaves long, thick, rigid,
panicle expanded, spikelets larger, 4—8-flowered; high
elevations in the South.

&. Stem-leaves flat; ligules not lobed:—/F. J/aza,
Host. ; panicle large, lax, lowermost leaves folded, ovary
hairy at the apex; Carniola, Carinthia, rare. /. Scheuch-
gert, Gaud. (pulchella, Schrad.); panicle lax, leaves
linear, smooth, ovary glabrous at the apex ; high, frequent.
F’, spectabilis, Jan.; panicle broad, nodding, leaves linear,
rough, ovary hairy at the apex; alpine pastures in the
South, rare.

37. BROMUS, ..L.

Spikelets in panicles, many-flowered ; flowering glumes
convex ; ovary villous at the apex. Not alpine.

The Swiss species which are also English fall under two
groups, viz.:—(a.) Lower empty glume I-nerved, upper
3-nerved (Festucotdes,C.and D.):—B. asper, Murr. (including
serotinus, Ben., and ramosus, Huds.) ; erectus, Huds. ; and
sterilis, L. (0.) Lower empty glume 3-5-nerved, upper
5-many-nerved (Serrafalcus, Parl.):—B. mollis, L.;
racemosus, L. (including commutatus, Schrad.); secalinus,
L. (including velutinus, Schrad.); and arvenszs, L.

The following are not British :—Sect. (a.) :—B. znermzs,
Leyss. ; lowest empty glume not awned; very rare; Bale,
Orbe. JB. tectorum, L.; panicle dense, drooping on one
side, branches smooth; road-sides. Sect. (0.):—B.
patulus, M. K.; and sguarrosus, L.; panicle much
branched ; waste places, frequently introduced. Also B.
transylvanicus, Steud.; panicle loose, lowest branches

very long, leaves ciliate; meadows; Tirol, Carniola.
VOL. II. N

194 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS

38. BRACHYPODIUM, Beauv.

Resembling Lromus ; but spikelets in spikes or simple
racemes. Not alpine.

The two English species; BL. pzznatum, Beauv., leaves
narrow, spike erect, awn short; and Bb. sylvaticum, R.
and S., leaves broad, hairy, spike drooping, awn longer ;
both in woods.

Tribe HORDEA&.—Spikelets 1- or more-flowered, sessile
in the notches of a simple rachis. Genera 39-44.

30, LOLIUM, Li

Spikelets solitary, many-flowered, with their sides to
the rachis. Not alpine.

Our common English species, ZL. zemulentum, L.,
Darnel; and perenne, L. Also L. multeflorum, Gaud. ;
spikelets composed of 10-25 flowers; fields. L. regzdum,
Gaud.; stem branched at the base, flowers not awned;
hills, rare; Sion. JL. lznzcolum, A. Br.; stem slender,
flowers not awned; among flax. L. speciosum, Bieb.;
flowers with long wavy awns; among corn.

40. AGROPYRUM, Gaertn. (Z77etzcum, Huds.).

Spikelets solitary, many-flowered, with their faces to
the rachis. Not alpine.

Our common English species ; A. caninum, Beauv., and
vepens, Beauv., Couch-Grass, Twitch-Grass. Also A.
glaucum, Desf. (¢ntermedium, Host.) ; glumes very obtuse
or truncate; hills; Vaud, Valais.

GRAMINEZ 195

41. NARDURUS, Rchb.

Resembling Agvopyrum,; but spikelets stalked. Not
alpine.

NV. unilateralts, Boiss. (tenellus, Rchb., Festuca tenut-
flora, Koch); spike unilateral, flowers generally with a
long awn; dry places, rare; Geneva, Valais, Saleve,
Dauphiny. JV. Lachenaliz, Godr. ; spike distichous, flower
usually not awned; dry places; Ticino, Aargau.

42. HORDEUM, L.

Spikelets 2-3 in each cluster, 1-flowered. Not alpine.

The English species . murinum, L., Wild Barley,
very common by road-sides ; pratense, Huds. (secalinum,
Schreb.), meadows, rare; and sylvatzcum, Huds. (Elymus
euvropeus, L.), mountain woods.

43. GAUDINIA, Beauv.

Resembling Agropyrum ,; but fruit contracted at the
apex, and ending in a small ciliated cup. Not alpine.

G. fragilis, Beauv.; spike long, slender, rachis geni-
culate, stem branching from the base; road-sides; Vaud,
Valais, Geneva, Jura.

44. NARDUS, L.

Spikelet solitary, secund, 1-flowered; empty glumes o.
NV. stricta, L., Mat Grass; densely ceespitose, leaves
setaceous, rigid, spikelets awned; mountain pastures.

196 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS

Sus-Kinepom II].—GYMNOSPERMS.

Seeds naked, not enclosed in an ovary. (Orders

Ci SChL)

Order: Cll.—_CONIFERA,

Flowers unisexual, moncecious or dicecious; perianth
o; male flowers in false catkins, composed of one or
more anthers; female flowers solitary or arranged,
usually in pairs, on the under side of open carpellary
leaves, which harden into woody scales, forming a cone;
seeds often winged; leaves usually rigid, subulate, often
in fascicles. Trees or shrubs, usually evergreen, and
mostly resinous. A rather large order, most abundant
in the colder parts of the Northern Hemisphere.

i JUNIPERUS, .L.

Male catkins small; female cones ripening the second
year, few-flowered, small, globose, berry-like, resinous,
composed of fleshy scales, blue when ripe; ovules 1-2
under each scale; leaves subulate or scale-like, resinous.

J... communzs, L., Juniper; open hill-sides; Switzer-
land, Pyrenees. /. xana, Willd. (alpzna, Clus.) (Pl. 120);
leaves linear, shorter and broader than in the last, in
whorls of 3, stem prostrate or ascending ; open hill-sides,
high; Switzerland, Jura, Tirol, Carpathians, Dauphiny, ~
Pyrenees. /. Sabina, L., Savin; cone on a short re-
curved stalk, leaves of two kinds, small rhomboidal scales,
imbricate in four rows, and acicular, spreading; high;
Switzerland, Tirol, Carniola, Styria, Dauphiny, Pyrenees.

NANA

CONIFER 197

2, YTARUS, E.

Male catkins few-flowered ; carpellary leaves peltate ;
female flowers of a few minute scales and one terminal
ovule, ultimately seated in a red fleshy cup; leaves linear,
resinous.

T. baccata, L., Yew; woods, frequent.

3. PINUS, -L.

Male catkins many-flowered; cone usually ripening
the second year, composed of many female flowers, each
consisting of a woody carpellary leaf, bearing two seeds
on its under side; leaves acicular, in fascicles. Resinous
usually evergreen trees.

P. sylvestris, L., Scotch Fir; cone stalked, recurved
when young, seeds winged, leaves 2 in a sheath; moun-
tain woods, common. P. uzcinata, Ram. ; cone oblique at
the base, seeds winged, leaves two in a sheath; mountain
woods; Switzerland, Dauphiny, Pyrenees. P. Mughus,
Scop. (#ontana, Mill.); stem partially prostrate, cone
straight, longer than the leaves, scales with a depressed
point in the middle, seeds winged; common at a high
elevation. P. Pumzlio, Henk.; resembling the last, but
more prostrate, cone shorter than the leaves, scales with
a depressed point below the middle; less common;
Switzerland, Jura, Bavaria, Styria, Dauphiny. P. Lariczo,
Poir. (zgricans, Host., pyrenaica, Lap.); leaves in pairs,
glaucous, very long; Carniola, Pyrenees. PP. Cemobra,
L. ; leaves 3—5 in a sheath, very long; seeds not winged,
very large, edible; very local; Grisons, Valais, Tirol,
Salzburg, Dauphiny. P. Larix, L. (Adzes Larix, Lam.,
Larix europea, DC.), Larch; leaves in clusters of 15-20,

198 THE FLORA OF THE ALPS

deciduous; mountain woods; Southern Switzerland,
Lombardy, Bavaria, Dauphiny.

4. ABIES, DC.

Resembling Pzzus,; but the leaves solitary; always
evergreen.

A. excelsa, Poir. (Pinus Abies, L.), Spruce Fir; leaves
numerous, somewhat 4-edged, cone cylindrical, pendant,
scales denticulate; mountain woods, frequent. A. pectz-
nata, DC. (Pznus Picea, L.), Silver Fir; leaves pectinate,
silvery-white beneath, cones erect, with blunt adpressed
scales ; mountain woods, frequent.

Order CIII.—GNETACE.

Flowers unisexual, moncecious or dicecious; male
flowers with a tubular membranous perianth; otherwise
resembling Conzfere. A very small order, chiefly of
Tropical plants ; no alpine species.

I. EPHEDRA, L.

Dicecious; stems slender, jointed; leaves very small,
scale-like, in whorls at the joints.

E. helvetica, Mey. (dtstachya, L., vulgaris, Rich.);
stem 1-2 feet, female catkins appearing, when ripe, like
red berries ; rocky places; Valais, Dauphiny, very local,
but often abundant (Sion).

GLOSo ee RY

Accumbent (of the radicle)—Folded against the edge of the
cotyledons (Cruczfer@).

Achene—A dry indehiscent fruit, containing only a single seed
(Ranunculus, Composit@).

Amplexicaul (of leaves)—Embracing the stem.

Anemophilous (of flowers)—Pollinated by the agency of the wind.

Anther—The pollen-sac of the stamen.

Aril—An outgrowth from the coat of a seed (Euonymus).

Auricled (of leaves)—With a large lobe at the base.

Axile (of ovules)—Attached to the axis of the ovary (Zpzlobium,
Tris).

Axillary—In the axil of a leaf or in the angle made by the upper
side of the leaf-stalk with the branch.

Basifixed (of the anther)—Fixed to the filament by its base.

Bisexual (of flowers)—Having both pistil and stamens in the same
flower.

Bract—A small leaf at the base of a flower or flower-stalk.

Cespitose (of stems or leaves)—Very crowded.

Capitule—A dense head of small flowers seated on a flat or conical
receptacle (Composite).

Capsule—A dry dehiscent fruit (Caryophyllee, Iris).

Carpfel—The portion of the female organ which corresponds struc-
turally to a leaf.

Caryopsts—An achene in which the seed is adherent to the wall of
the ovary (Grasses).

Czliate—F urnished with fine hairs at the margin.

Cladode—A fiat leaf-like branch (Auscis).

Claw (of petals)—The narrow stalk-like part (Dianthus, Stellaria).
199

200 GLOSSARY

Connate—Adhering by the edges.

Connective—The membrane which unites the two lobes of the
anther.

Cordate (of leaves)—Heart-shaped.

Corm—A short thick rhizome, resembling a bulb in form (Crocus).

Corymb—Any flat-headed inflorescence (der).

Cotyledons—The first leaves of a plant formed within the seed.

Cremocarp—A seed-vessel consisting of two achenes (Umdellifere).

Crenate (of leaves)—With rounded teeth (Vzo/e?).

Cross-pollination—Pollination of the stigma by pollen brought
from another flower of the same kind.

Crown or Corona—An outgrowth from the mouth of the corolla
(Szlene, Narcissus).

Cupule—A cup in which a flower or group of flowers is seated
(Acorn).

Cyme—An inflorescence in which the upper or inner flowers open
before the lower or outer ones (Sedum, Sambucus).

Decurrent (of leaves)—Running down the stem.

Decussate (of leaves)—Growing in opposite pairs, each pair at
right angles to the pair above and below it (Ladza/e).

Dehiscent (of seed-vessels)—Bursting to allow of the escape of the
seeds (cf Capsule, Legume).

Dentate (of leaves)—With sharp teeth pointing outwards (/o/ly).

Diadelphous (of stamens)—Where there are ten stamens, nine of
the filaments being partially coherent, the tenth distinct (Legz-
MiNOS@).

Didynamous (of stamens)—Two long and two short (Ladéaze).

Digitate (of leaves)—Composed of several leaflets all springing
from the same point (//orse-Chestnuz).

Dimorphic (of flowers)—Of two different kinds.

Diecious—Having male and female flowers on different individuals
(Willow).

Disk—The part of the flower intermediate between the pistil and
the stamens.

Dorsifixed (of the anther)—Fixed to the filament by its back.

Drupe—A stone-fruit.

GLOSSARY 201

Enstform (of leaves)—Sword-shaped.

Entire (of leaves)—When the margin is not notched (Privet, Pert-
winkle).

Entomophilous (of flowers)—Pollinated by the agency of insects.

Epicalyx—A whorl of small leaves outside the true calyx (Malva).

Epigynous (of stamens)—Springing from above the ovary.

Epipetalous (of stamens)—Attached to the corolla.

Female (of a flower)—Having a pistil but no stamens.

Filament—The stalk of a stamen.

Follicle—A dehiscent seed-vessel bursting down the front only
(Aguilegia, Saxifraga).

Free central (of placentze)—When the ovules are attached to an
elevation in the centre of the ovary (Przmula).

Fruit—The seed-vessel with its seeds.

Funicle—The stalk of an ovule.

Glabrous—Without hairs.

Glaucous (of leaves)—Smooth and shining.

Glume (in sedges and grasses)—A membranous leaf at the base
of a simple inflorescence or of each branch of a compound
inflorescence.

Haustorium—tThe special organ by which a parasite obtains its
nutriment from its host (Dodder, Mistletoe).

FHleterostylous—Having styles of unequal lengths in different indi-
viduals (Oxalis, Primula).

Hypogynous (of stamens)—Springing from beneath the ovary.

Incumbent (of the radicle)—Folded against the back of one of the
cotyledons (Crucifere).

Indehiscent (of seed-vessels)—Not bursting to allow of the escape
of the seeds (cf Achene, Drupe).

Inferior (of calyx)—Below the ovary ; (of ovary)—apparently below
the calyx.

Inflorescence—A group of flowers.

Internode (of stems)—The space between two nodes.

202 GLOSSARY

Involucre—A. whorl of bracts beneath a flower or an inflorescence.
Irregular (of a flower)—Where the petals are not all alike.

Labellum (in Orchideze)—One of the petals which is usually much
larger than the others.

Latex—A milky juice formed in special receptacles (Papaver, Son-
chus, Euphorbia).

Legume—A dehiscent seed-vessel splitting down both back and
front (Leguminos@).

Ligule (in grasses)—A small appendage to the leaf at the point
where it springs from the stem.

Loculus—A division or chamber of the ovary.

Maile (of flowers)—Having stamens but no pistil.

Mericarp—Each half of a cremocarp (Umbelizfere).

Monadelphous (of stamens)—The filaments all more or less cohe-
rent (Leguminos@).

Monectous—Having male and female flowers on the same indivi-
dual (/aze/).

Mucronate (of leaves)—When the mid-rib projects beyond the leaf
like a tooth.

Nectary—Any organ that secretes nectar.
Node (of stems)—The zone from which one or more leaves spring.
Nutlet—A small dry indehiscent fruit (Borraginee).

Ochrea—A stipule-like structure forming a sheath round the stem
(Polygonace@).

Ovary—The lower part of the pistil containing the ovules.

Ovule—A rudimentary seed.

Pale (in grasses)—An inner bract, from the axil of which springs a
flower.

Panicle—A branched raceme (Gramine@).

Pappus—The crest of silky hairs into which the calyx is sometimes
transformed (Composite).

Parasite—A plant which obtains its sustenance from the living
tissues of another plant (Dodder, Mistletoe).

GLOSSARY 203

Parietal (of ovules)—Attached to the wall of the ovary (Vzola).

Pedicel—A flower-stalk.

Peltate (of leaves)—Nearly round, with the petiole in the centre
(Hydrocotyle).

Penicillate—Having the form of a pencil of hairs.

Perianth—The calyx and corolla together or calyx alone (used
chiefly in describing Endogens).

Pericarp—The wall of the ovary.

Perigyne (in Cyperacee)—The same as utricle.

Perizynous (of stamens)—Attached to the calyx.

Petiole—A leaf-stalk.

Pinnate (of leaves)—Composed of numerous leaflets arranged in
pairs on an axis (Vetch, Elder).

Pinnatifid (of leaves)—Partially divided in a pinnate manner.

Placenta—The part of the wall of the ovary to which the ovules are
attached.

Placentation—The mode of attachment of the ovules to the
Ovary.

Pollinatton—The falling of the pollen on the stigma.

Pollintum—The contents of an anther-lobe where the pollen-
grains are attached together in a solid mass (Asclefiadee,
Orchidee).

Proterandrous—When the stamens are mature before the stigma
in the same flower (Ladzaie).

Proterogynous—When the stigma is mature before the stamens in
the same flower.

Pseudocarp—An apparent fruit formed of some other part of the
flower in addition to the mature ovary (Strawberry, Apple).

Pyxis—A capsule splitting horizontally (Hyoscyamus, Anagallis).

Raceme—An inflorescence composed of stalked flowers arranged
on an axis, and opening in succession from below upwards
(Bluebell, Laburnumy).

Rachis—The axis of an inflorescence or of a pinnate leaf.

Radicle—The part of the embryo which develops into the root.

Receptacle—The apex of the flower-stalk from which the flowers
spring.

204 GLOSSARY

Regular (of flowers)—When the petals are all alike.

Rhizome—A fleshy horizontal underground stem putting up stems
from its upper surface (So/omon’s-Seal).

Root-stock—An underground stem.

Rostellum (in Orchideze)—A projecting lobe of the stigma beneath
the anther,

Rotate (of the corolla)—When the lobes are spread out flat (Przm-
rose, Forget-me-not).

Runcinate (of leaves)—With large coarse lobes near the base.

Samara—A winged indehiscent seed-vessel (Sycamore, Elm).

Scabrid—Rough and tubercled.

Scape—The stalk of an inflorescence (usually leafless).

Scarious—Dry and shrivelled.

Septum—A division wall within an ovary.

Sessile (of leaves or anthers)—Without a stalk.

Setaceous (of leaves)—Very stiff and narrow ; bristle-like.

Szlicula—A short broad siliqua (Shepherd’s-Purse).

Szligua—An elongated bilocular capsule, with the ovules attached
to the margin of the septum (Crucifere).

Spadix—A fleshy spike of unisexual flowers (Arum).

Spathe—A large bract enveloping an inflorescence (Arum, Allium).

Spike—An inflorescence composed of sessile flowers arranged on
an axis (Plantago, Wheat).

Staminode—An imperfect stamen (Borraginea).

Stigma—The portion of the pistil which receives the pollen-
grains.

Stipule—A leaf-like growth at the base of a leaf or leaf-stalk ;
stipules may be /vee (Violet) or adnate to the petiole (Straw-
berry).

Style—The portion of the pistil intermediate between the ovary
and the stigma.

Stolon—A prostrate branch ending in a tuft of leaves which
becomes detached and roots itself.

Strobile—A catkin-like inflorescence with large bracts (Hof).

Superior (of calyx)—Apparently above the ovary ; (of ovary)—
above the calyx.

GLOSSARY 205

Subulate (of leaves)—Awl-shaped.
Syngenestous (of stamens)—Where the anthers are coherent, the
filaments being free (Composti@).

Tetradynamous (of stamens)—Four long and two short (Crucifere)_
Thyrse—A pyramidal panicle (Privet, Lilac).

Trifoliolate (of leaves)—Having three leaflets (Clover, Laburnum).
Turbinate— Top-shaped.

Umbel—An inflorescence composed of numerous flowers on stalks
springing from a common point ; umbels may be szmfle
(Cowslzp) or compound (Umbellifere).

Unisexual (of flowers)—Having either stamens and no pistil, or
pistil and no stamens.

Utricle— An inflated tubular structure surrounding the pistil
(Carex).

Versatile (of anthers)—Attached to a long slender filament (P/an-
tago, Grasses).
Vitte—The oil-glands in the pericarp of Umbelliferee.

INDEX OF LATIN NAMES

ABIES, ii. 198
Acer, i. 59
Aceracez, i. 59
Aceras, ii. 137
Achillea, ii. 13
Aconitum, i. 10
Acorus, li. 169
Actza, i. 12
Adenophora, i. 162
Adenostyles, ii. 2
Adonis, i. 4
Adoxa, i. 147
Egopodium, i. 131
fEthionema, i. 3
fEthusa, i. 138
Agraphis, ii. 156
Agrimonia, i. 96
Agropyrum, li. 194
Asrostemma, i. 46
Agrostis, ii. 182
Aira, ii. 184
Ajuga, ii. 108
Albersia, ii. 113
Alchemilla, i. 97
Aldrovanda, i. 40
Alectorolophus, ii, 86
Alisma, ii. 163
Alismacez, ii. 163
Allium, ii. 152
Alnus, ii. 129
Alopecurus, li. 181
Alsine, i. 52
Althaea, i. 58.
Alyssum, i. 24

Amaranthacee, ii. 113
Amaranthus, ii. 113
Amaryllidez, ii. 146
Ambrosiacez, i. 165
A melanchier, i. 101
Anacamptis, li. 136
Anacharts, ii. 133
Anagallis, i. 58
Anarhinun, ii. 79
Anchusa, il. 69
Andromeda, ii. 46
Andropogon, ii. 181
Androsace, ii. 49
Androsemum, 1. 65
Anemone, i. 3
Angelica, i. 139
Antennaria, il. 9
Anthemis, ii. 11
Anthericum, ii. 152
Anthoxanthum, ii. 180
Anthriscus, i. 133
Anthyllis, i. 77
Antirrhinum, ii. 78
Apargia, ii. 32

A pera, ii. 182
Apocynaceee, ii. 59
Aposeris, ii. 31
Aquilegia, i. 9
Arabis, i. 17
Araliacee, i. 145
Archangelica, i. 139
Arctium, il. 23
Arctostaphylos, ii. 45
Aremonia, i. 97

208 INDEX OF LATIN NAMES

Arenaria, i. 51
Aretia, ii. 49
Aristolochia, li. 125
Aristolochiaceze, ii. 125
Armeria, ii. 48
Armoracia, i. 25
Arnica, il. 21
Arnoseris, il. 31
Aroidex, ii. 168
Aronia, i. IOI
_Aronicum, il. 20
Arrhenatherum, ii. 186
Artemisia, il. 15
Arum, ii. 168
Arundo, ii. 187
Asarum, ii. 126
Asclepiadesze, ii. 60
Asparagus, il. 149
Asperugo, li. 73
Asperula, i. 152
Asphodelus, ii. 151
Aster, ii. 6
Astragalus, 1. 78
Astrantia, 1. 124
Astrocarpus, i. 34
Athamanta, i. 134
Atragene, i. 2
Atriplex, il. 115
Atropa, li. 74
Avena, ii. 185
Azalea, il. 45

BALLOTA, li. 104
Balsamineze, i. 63
Barbarea, i. 17
Barkhausia, ii. 40
Bartsia, ii. 87
Batrachium, i. 8
Bellidiastrum, ii. 4
Bellis, ii. 4
Berardia, ii. 21
Berberidez, i. 12
Berberis, i. 12

Berteroa, i. 42
Berula, i. 127
Betonica, ii. 106
Betula, ii. 128
Betulacez, ii. 128
Bidens, ii. 10
Biscutella, i. 31
Blitum, il. 115
Borraginez, ii. 68
Borrago, ii. 73
Brachypodium, ii. 194
Brassica, 1. 22
Braya, i. 21
Bromus, ll. 193
Brunella, ii. 104
Bryonia, i. 122
Buffonia, i. 54
Bulbocodium, ii. 162
Bunias, i. 32
Bunium, i. 130, 132
Buphthalmum, ii. 8
Bupleurum, i. 129
Butomus, li. 164
Buxus, li. 119

CALAMAGROSTIS, ii. 183
Calamintha, ii. 99
Calepina, i. 32

Calla, ii. 169
Callianthemum, 1. 7
Callitriche, i. 117
Calluna, il. 44
Caltha, i. 8
Calystegia, ii. 67
Camelina, i. 28
Campanula, i. 159
Campanulacee, 1. 158
Caprifoliaceze, i. 146
Capsella, i. 28
Cardamine, i. 19
Carduus, ii. 27

Carex, il. 174
Carlina, li. 22

INDEX OF LATIN NAMES 209

Carpesium, il. 11
Carpinus, ii. 128
Carthamus, ii. 28
Carum, i. 130
Caryophyllez, i. 40
Castanea, ii. 127
Catabrosa, ii. 189
Caucalis, i. 143
Caulinia, ii. 166
Celastracez, i. 67
Celtis, ii. 121
Centaurea, ii. 28
Centranthus, i. 154
Centunculus, ii. 59
Cephalanthera, ii. 143
Cephalaria, i. 156
Cerastium, i. 48
Ceratophyllacez, ii. 126
Ceratophyllum, ii. 126
Cerinthe, ii. 68
Cheerophyllum, i. 132
Chameorchis, ii. 137
Cheiranthus, i. 16
Chelidonium, i, 14
Chenopodiaceee, ii. 114
Chenopodium, ii. 114
Cherleria, i. 53
Chimaphila, ii. 47
Chlora, ii. 61
Chlorocrepis, ii. 42
Chondrilla, ii. 37
Chrysanthemum, ii. 13
Chrysocoma, ii. 6
Chrysosplenium, i. 109
Cichorium, li. 31
Cicuta, i. 128
Cineraria, li. 19
Circzea, i, I21
Cirsium, ii. 25
Cistaceze, i. 34
Cistus, i. 34
Cladium, li. 173
Clematis, i. 2

VOL. II.

Clinopodium, ii. 99
Clypeola, i. 27

| Cntcus, li. 25

_ Cnidium, i. 137

| Cochlearia, i. 24

| Cceloglossum, ii. 139

Colchicum, ii. 161
Colutea, i. 82
Comarum, i. 92
Composite, ii. I
Conifer, ii. 196
Conium, i. 126
Conopodium, i. 132
Convallaria, ii. 148
Convolvulacez, ii. 66
Convolvulus, ii. 67
Conyza, ii. 7
Corallorhiza, ii. 140
Coringia, i. 22
Cornacex, i. 146
Cornus, i. 146
Coronilla, i. 82
Corrigiola, ii. 111
Cortusa, ii. 55
Corydalis, i. 15
Corylus, ii. 127
Corynephorus, ii. 185
Cotoneaster, i, IOI
Crassulacez, i. I10
Crateegus, i. IOI
Crepis, ii. 38
Crocus, il. 144
Cruciferze, i. 16
Crupina, ii. 24
Cucubalus, i. 46
Cucurbitacee, i. 122
Cupuliferze, ii. 126
Cuscuta, il. 67
Cyclamen, ii. 57
Cynanchum, ii. 60
Cynodon, ii. 187
Cynoglossum, ii. 72
Cynosurus, li. 188

210 INDEX OF LATIN NAMES

Cyperacesze, ii. 170
Cyperus, il. 170
Cypripedium, ii. 143
Cytisus, i. 71

DABEOCIA, ii. 44
Dactylis, ii. 190
Danthonia, ii. 187
Daphne, ii. 122
Datura, il. 75
Daucus, 1. 143
Delphinium, i. 10
Dentaria, i. 19
Deschanipsia, ii. 184
Dethawia, 1. 137
Deyeuxia, ii. 183
Dianthus, i. 41
Dictamnus, i. 66
Digitalis, ii. 81
Digitaria, ii. 179
Dioscorez, ii. 168
Diplachne, ii. 189
Diplotaxis, i. 23
Dipsacaceze, i. 156
Dipsacus, i. 157
Doronicum, ii. 20
Dorycnium, 1. 77
Draba, i. 25
Dracocephalum, li. 102
Drosera, 1. 39
Droseracez, i. 39
Dryas, i. 91

Echinochloa, ii. 179
Echinops, ii. 25
Echinospermum, il. 72
Echium, ii. 70
Edraianthus, i. 163
Eleeagnacex, li. 125
Elatinacez, i. 56
Elatine, i. 56
Eleocharis, ii. 170
Elodea, ii. 133

Elymus, ii. 195
Elyna, ii. 173
Empetraceze, ll. 121
Empetrum, ii. 121
LEndressia, i. 136
Ephedra, ii. 198
Epilobium, i. 118
Epimedium, i. 12
Epipactis, ii. 142
Epipogum, ii. 141
Eranthis, i. 8
Erica, il. 44
Ericaceze, il. 43
Erigeron, il. 4
Erinus, ii. 80
Eriophorum, ii. 172
Eritrichum, ii. 72
Erodium, i. 62
Erophila, i. 25
Eruca, i. 23
Erucastrum, i. 23
Ervum, i. 84
Eryngium, i. 125
Erysimum, i. 21
Erythreea, 11. 61
Erythronium, ii. 151
Eufragia, ii. 87
Euonymus, i. 67
Eupatorium, il. 2
Euphorbia, ii. 118
Euphorbiacee, ii. 118
Euphrasia, ii. 88
Luxolus, ii. 113

Facchinia, i. 52
Fagus, ii. 127
Falcaria, i. 128
Fedia, i. 156
Festuca, li. 191
Festucoides, ii. 193
Filago, ii. 9
Fimbristylis, ii. 172
Foeniculum, i. 137

INDEX OF LATIN NAMES

Fragaria, 1. 93
Frangula, i. 68
Fraxinus, ii. 48
Fritillaria, ii. 158
Fumana, i. 35
Fumaria, i. 15
Fumariacee, i. 15.

GAGEA, ii. 154
Galanthus, ii. 147
Galeobdolon, ii. 103
Galeopsis, ii, 107
Galium, i. 150
Gastridium, ii. 184
Gaudinia, il. 195
Gaya, 1. 135
Genista, i. 70
Gentiana, ii. 62
Gentianacez, li. 61
Geraniacez, i. 60
Geranium, i. 60
Gesneracez, ii. 75
Geum, i. 92
Githago, i. 47
Gladiolus, ii. 146
Glaucium, i. 14
Glechoma, ii. 102
Globularia, ii. 96
Globulariaceze, 11. 96
Glyceria, ii. 191
Gnaphalium, ii. 8
Gnetacez, ii. 198
Goodyera, il. 141
Graminez, li. 178
Gratiola, ii. 79
Gregoria, il. 49

Grossulariacez, i. 109

Gymnadenia, ii. 138
Gypsophila, i. 41

HABENARIA, ii. 138
Hacquetia, i. 124
Haloragez, i. 116

| Hedera, i. 145
Hedysarum, 1. 84
Heleocharis, ii. 170
Helianthemun, i. 34
Heliotropium, ii. 73
Helleborus, i. 9
Helminthia, ii. 34
Helosciadium, i. 127
Hemerocallis, ii. 157
Ilieracleum, 1. 142
Herminium, ii. 137
Herniaria, li. I1I
Hesperis, i, 22
Heteropogon, ii. 181
Hieracium, il. 40
Hierochloe, ii. 180
Himantoglossum, ii. 136
Hippocrepis, i. 83
Hippophaé, ii. 125
Hippuris, i. 116
Hirschfeldia, i. 23
Holcus, il. 185
Holosteum, i. 47
Homogyne, ii. 3
Hordeum, ii. 195
Horminum, ii. 137
Hottonia, ii. 56
Tiugueninia, i. 21
Humulus, ii. 120
Hutchinsia, i. 31
Hydrocharidez, li. 132
Hydrocharis, ii. 132
Hydrocotyle, i. 123
Hyoscyamus, il. 75
Hypecoum, i. 14
Hypericacez, i. 64
Hypericum, i. 64
Hypocheeris, il. 33
Hypopithys, tie 47

IBERIS, i. 30
Ilex i. 66
Llicinez, i. 66

211

212 INDEX OF LATIN NAMES

Illecebracex, ii. III
Illecebrum, ii. 111
Impatiens, i. 63
Imperatoria, i. 140
Inula, il. 7

Iridez, ii. 144

Iris, il. 145

Isatis, i. 32
Isnardia, i. 121
Isopyrum, i. 9

JASIONE, i. 163
Juncacez, ii. 158
Juncaginee, ii. 167
Juncus, ii. 158
Juniperus, ii. 196
Jurinea, ii. 21

KENTROPHYLLUM, li. 28
Kernera, i. 24

Knappia, ii. 182
Knautia, i. 158
Kobresia, ii. 174
Keeleria, ii. 188.

LABIATA, il. 97
Lactuca, Ji. 37
Lamium, li. 103
Lappa, ii. 23
Lapsana, ii. 31
Laserpitium, i. 144
Lasiagrostis, ii. 183
Lathrzea, ii. 92
Lathyrus, i. 87
Lavatera, i. 58
Ledum, ii. 47
Leersia, ii. 179
Leguminosz, i. 69
Lemna, ii. 169
Lemnacez, ii. 169
Lentibulariaceze, ii. 94
Leontodon, ii. 32
Leontopodium, ii. 10

Leonutus, ii. 105
Lepidium, i. 28°
Leucanthemum, ii. 12
Leucojum, ii. 148
Levisticum, i. 139
Libanotis, i. 134

| Ligusticum, i. 135

Ligustrum, ii. 48
Liliacez, ii. 148
Lilium, ii. 150
Limnanthemun,, ii. 66
Limodorun, ii. 142
Limosella, ii. 80
Linaceze, i. 56
Linaria, ii. 77
Linnea, i. 148
Linosyris, ii. 6
Linum, i. 56
Liparis, ii. 140
Listera, il. 141
Lithospermum, ii. 69
Littorella, ii, 110
Lloydia, i. 150

| Loiseleuria, ii. 45
| Lolium, ii. 194
Lomatogoniumt, ii. 62

Lonicera, i. 148
Loranthacee, ii. 124
Lotus, i. 77
Ludwigia, i, 121
Lunaria, i. 27
Luzula, il. 160
Lychnis, i. 46
Lycopsts, i. 69
Lycopus, ii. 98
Lygia, il. 122
Lysimachia, ii. 58
Lythraceze, i. 117
Lythrum, i. 117

MAIANTHEMUM, ii. 149
Malabaila, i. 136
Malachium, i. 50

INDEX OF LATIN NAMES

Malaxis, ii. 140
Malva, i. 58
Malvaceze, i. 58
Marrubium, ii. 105
Matricaria, ii. 12
Matthiola, i. 16
Meconopsis, i. 14
Medicago, i. 73
Melampyrun, ii. 85
Melandrium, i. 44, 46
Melanthacex, ii. 161
Melica, ii. 189
Melilotus, i. 74
Melittis, ii. 103
Mentha, ii. 98
Menyanthes, ii. 65
Menziesia, ii. 44
Mercurialis, ii. 119
Merendera, ii. 162
Mespilus, i. 100
Meun, i. 136
Mibora, ii. 182
Micromeria, ii. 101
Micropus, ii. 10
Milium, ii. 181
Meehringia, i. 50
Meenchia, i. 49
Molinia, ii. 189
Molospermum, i. 126
Moneses, ii. 47
Monotropa, ii. 47
Montia, i. 55
Mulgedium, ii. 37
Muscari, li. 156
Myosotis, ii. 71
Myosurus, i. 5
Myricaria, i. 118
Myriophyllum, i. 116
Myrrhis, i. 131

NAIADEA, ii. 165
Naias, ii. 166
Narcissus, ii. 146

Nardurus, ii. 195
Nardus, ii. 195
Nasturtium, i. 16
Neottia, ii. 140
Nepeta, ii. 102
Neslia, i. 32
Nigella, i. 9
Nigritella, ii. 138
Nuphar, i. 13

| Nymphzea, i. 13

Nympheeacee, i. 13

OENANTHE, i. 138
Oleacez, ii. 48
Omphalodes, ii. 73
Onagracez, i, 118
Onobrychis, i. 83
Ononis, i. 72
Onopordon, ii. 25
Onosma, ii. 69
Ophrys, ii. 136
Oplismenus, li. 179
Orchidese, ii. 133
Orchis, ii. 134
Origanum, ii. 99
Orlaya, 1. 144
Ornithogalum, ii. 155
Ornithopus, i. 83
Orobanchacee, ii. 93
Orobanche, ii. 93
Orobus, i. 86, 88
Oryza, ii. 179
Ostrya, li. 128
Oxalidez, i. 63
Oxalis, i. 63
Oxycoccos, il. 43
Oxyria, li. 117
Oxytropis, i. 81

PACHYPLEURUM, i. 135

Peederota, ii. 82
Peonia, i. II
Panicum, ii. 179

213

214 INDEX OF LATIN NAMES

Papaver, i. 13
Papaveracee, i. 13
Paradisia, li. 152
Parietaria, ii. 120
Paris, ii. 167
Parnassia, i. 108
Paronychiacea, ii. 111
Passerina, il. 122
Pastinaca, i. 141
Pedicularis, ii. 89
Peplis, i. 118
Petasites, ii. 3
‘Petrocallis, i. 25
Petrocoptis, 1. 47
Peucedanum, i. 140
Phaca, i. 80
Phalaris, ii. 180
Phleum, ii. 182
Phenixopus, ii. 38
Phragmites, ii. 187
Phyllodoce, ii. 44
Physalis, ii. 74
Physospermum, i. 125
Phyteuma, i. 163
Picris, ii. 34
Pimpinella, i. 131
Pinguicula, ii. 95
Pinus, ii. 197
Plantaginaceze, ii. 109
Plantago, ii. 109
Platanthera, ii. 139
Pleurogyne, ii. 62
Pleurospermum, i, 126
Plumbaginez, li. 47
Poa, ii. 190
Podospermum, ii. 36
Polemoniacee, ii. 66
Polemonium, ii. 66
Pollinia, ii. 181
Polycnemum, ii. 113
Polygala, i. 38
Polygalacez, i. 38
Polygonaceze, ii. 115

Polygonatum, ii. 148 |
Polygonum, ii. 115
Populus, ii. 129
Portulacaceze, i. 55
Potamogeton, ii. 165
Potentilla, i. 93
Poterium, i. 98
Prenanthes, ii. 36
Primula, ii, 51
Primulacez, ii. 49
Prunella, ii. 104
Prunus, i. 89
Ptarmiica, ii. 14
Ptychotis, i. 128
Pulicaria, il. 7
Pulmonaria, il. 70
Pyrethrum, ii. 12
Pyrola, li. 46

Pyrus, i. 100

QUERCUS, il. 127

RADIOLA, i. 57
Ramondia, ii. 75
Ranunculacee, i. I
Ranunculus, i. 5
Raphanus, i. 33
Rapistrum, 1. 33

| Reseda, i. 33

Resedacee, 1. 33
Rhamnacex, i. 67

| Rhamnus, i. 67

Rhaponticum, i. 24
Rhinanthus, il. 86
Rhodiola, i. 110
Rhododendron, ii. 45
Rhus, 1. 68
Rhynchospora, ii. 173

| Ruibes, i. 109

Rosa, i. 98
Rosacez, i. 89
Rubia, i. 149
Rubiacez, i. 149

INDEX OF LATIN NAMES 215

Rubus, i. 91
Rumex, ii. 116
Ruscus, ii. 150
Ruta, i. 65
Rutaceze, i. 65

SAGINA, i. 54
Sagittaria, ii. 164
Salicaceze, ii. 129
Salix, iil. 129
Salvia, ii. 101
Sambucus, i. 147
Samolus, ii. 59
Sangutsorba, i. 98.
Sanicula, i. 123
Santalacee, ii. 123
Saponaria, i. 44
Sarothamnus, i. 70
Satureja, ii. 100
Saussurea, ii. 22
Saxifraga, i. 102
Saxifragacece, 1. IOI
Scabiosa, i. 157
Scandix, i. 132
Scheuchzeria, ii. 167
Scheenus, il. 173
Scilla, ii. 156
Scirpus, ii. 171
Scleranthus, ii. 112
Sclerochloa, ii. 192
Scorzonera, ii. 35
Scrophularia, ii. 79
Scrophulariaceze, ii. 76
Scutellaria, ii. 104
Sedum, i. 110
Selinum, i. 136
Sempervivum, i. 113
Senebiera, i. 28
Senecio, ii. 17
Serapias, ii 138
Serrafalcus, ii. 193
Serratula, li. 23
Seseli, i. 133

Sesleria, ii. 187
Setaria, ii. 179
Sherardia, i. 153
Sibbaldia, i. 92
Sideritis, ii. 105
Siteversia, i. 92
Silaus, i. 138
Silene, i. 44
Silybum, ii. 25
Sinapis, i. 23
Sison, i. 127
Sisymbrium, i. 20
Sium, i, 127
Smilacez, ii. 167
Smilacina, li. 149
Solanaceze, li. 74
Solanum, ii. 74
Soldanella, ii. 56
Solidago, ii. 5
Sonchus, li. 36
Sorbus, i. 100
Soyeria, ii. 39
Sparganium, il. 164
Spartium, i. 69
Specularia, i. 162
Spergula, i. 55
Spergularia, i. 55
Spirzea, i. 90
Spiranthes, ii. 142
Stachys, ii. 106
Staphylea, i. 67
Statice, ii. 48
Stellaria, i. 49
Stipa, i. 184
Streptopus, ii. 149
Sturmia, il. 140
Swertia, il. 61
Symphytum, ii. 68

TAMARISCINEA, i. 118
Tamus, ii. 168
Tanacetum, ii. 15
Taraxacum, ii. 33

216 INDEX OF LATIN NAMES

Taxus, ll. 197 ULExX, i. 69
Teesdalia, i. 30 Ulmus, ii. 120
Telephium, ii. 112 Umbelliferze, i. 122
Terebinthacez, i. 68 Umbilicus, i. 116
Tetragonolobus, i. 78 Urtica, ii. 120
Teucrium, ii. 108 Urticacex, ii. 119
Thalictrum, i. 2 | Utricularia, ii. 95

Thesium, ii. 123
Thlaspi, i. 29
Thrincia, ii. 32
Thymeleeaceze, ii. 121
Thymus, ii. 99
Tilia, i. 59
Tiliaceze, i. 59
Tofieldia, ii. 163
Tommasinia, i. 140
Tordylium, i. 143
Torilis, i. 144

VACCINIACEA, ii. 23
Vaccinium, ii. 43
Valeriana, i. 154
Valerianaces, i. 154
Valerianella, i. 156
Vallisneria, il. 133
Veratrum, ii. 162
Verbascum, il. 76
Verbena, ii. 97
Verbenacex, il. 97
Pia Veronica, ii. 82

wy ormentilla, 1. 93 Wecicaria aie
es oe 4 Viburnum, i. 147
Tragopogon, il. 35 Wace ee
Sea ae Villarsia, ii. 66
Tees magats Vinca, ii. 60
eas - 39 Vincetoxicum, ii. 60
Trifolium, 1. 74 Maslesae as
Triglochin, ii. 167 sie

Trigonella, i. 73
Trinia, 1. 128

Violaceze, 1. 35
Viscaria, i. 46
Viscum, li. 124

Triodia, ii. 187 Sie
Trisetum, ii. 185 ee
Triticum, il. 194 Wallrothia, i. 137
Trochiscanthes, i. 135 Willemetia, ii. 34
Trollius, i. 8 Wolffia, ii. 169
Tulipa, li. 157 Wulfenia, ii. 81

Tunica, i. 41
Turgenia, 1. 143
Turritis, 1. 17
Tussilago, ii. 3
Typha, ii. 165 ZAHLBRUCKNERA, i. 108
Typhaceee, ii. 164 | Zannichellia, ii. 166

XANTHIUM, i. 165
Xatardia, 1. 137
Xeranthemum, il. 23

INDEX OF ENGLISH NAMES

AGRIMONY, i. 96
Alder, ii. 129
Alder-Buckthorn, i. 68
Alkanet, ii. 69

Alpine Daisy, ii. 4
Alpine Poppy, i. 14
Alpine Rose, ii. 45
Alpine Strawberry, i. 93
Arrow-head, ii. 164
Asarabacca, ii. 126
Ash, ii. 48

Asparagus, ii. 150
Aspen, ii. 129
Auricula, ii. 52
Autumn-Crocus, ii. 162

BALD-MONEY, i. 136
Bane-berry, i. 12
Barberry, i. 12

Barley, ii. 195

Barren Strawberry, i. 93
Basil, ii. 99
Basil-Thyme, ii. 100
Bastard-Toadflax, li. 123
Bear’s-Foot, i. 9

Beech, ii. 127
Bee-Orchis, ii. 136
Bellflower, i. 160
Bell-Heather, ii. 44
Bent-Grass, ii. 182
Betony, ii. 106
Bilberry, ii. 43
Bindweed, ii. 67

Birch, ii. 128

| Bird-Cherry, i. 89

Bird’s-eye Primrose, ii. 52
Bird’s-Foot Trefoil, i. 83
Bird’s-Nest, ii. 47
Bird’s-Nest Orchis, ii. 141
Birthwort, ii. 126
Bistort, ii. 116
Bitter-Sweet, ii. 74
Bitter-Cress, i. 19
Blackberry, i. 91

Black Bryony, ii. 168
Black Mustard, i. 23
Blackthorn, i. 89
Bladder-Campion, i. 44
Bladder-Nut, i. 67
Bladder-Senna, i. 82
Bladderwort, ii. 95
Bluebell, ii. 156
Bluebottle, ii. 29
Bog-Bean, ii. 65
Bog-Pimpernel, ii. 58
Borage, ii. 73

Box, li. 119

Bramble, i. 91
Brooklime, ii. 82
Brookweed, ii. 59
Broom, i. 70
Broom-Rape, ii. 93
Bryony, i. 122, ii. 168
Buckthorn, i. 67

Bugle, ii. 108

Bugloss, ii. 69

Bullace, i. 89

Bulrush, ii. 165, 171

218 INDEX OF ENGLISH NAMES

Burdock, ii. 23

Burnet, i. 98
Burnet-Saxifrage, i. 131
Bur-reed, ii. 164
Butcher’s Broom, ii. 150
Butter-bur, ii. 3
Buttercup, i. 5

Butterfly Orchis, ii. 139
Butterwort, ii. 95

CALAMINT, ii. 99
Campion, i. 44, 46

Canadian Water-weed, ii. 133

Candytuft, i. 30
Caper-Spurge, ii, 118
Caraway, i. 130
Carline-Thistle, ii. 22
Carnation, i. 43
Carrot, i. 143
Catchfly, i. 44
Cat-Mint, ii. 102
Cat’s-foot, ii. 9
Celandine, i. 5, 14
Centaury, ii. 61
Chamomile, ii. 12
Charlock, i. 23
Cheddar-Pink, i. 43
Cherry, i. 89

Chervil, i. 133
Chickweed, i. 49
Chicory, ii. 31
Christmas-Rose, i. 9
Chives, ii. 153
Cicely, 2132
Cleavers, i. 150
Clove-Pink, i. 43
Clover, i. 74
Cock’s-Foot Grass, ii. 190
Codlins-and-Cream, i. 119
Colt’s-Foot, li. 3
Columbine, i. 10
Comfrey, ii. 68
Coral-root, ii. 140

Corn-Chamomile, ii. 11
Corn-Cockle, i. 47
Cornflower, ii. 29
Corn-Marigold, ii. 13
Cornel, i. 146
Corn-Salad, i. 156
Cotton-Grass, ii. 172
Cotton-Thistle, ii. 25
Couch-Grass, ii. 194
Cowberry, ii. 43
Cow-Parsnip, i. 142
Cowslip, ii. 52
Cow-Wheat, 11. 85
Crab-Apple, i. 100
Cranberry, ii. 43
Cranesbill, i. 60
Creeping Jenny, ii. 58
Cress, 1. 29

Crocus, il. 144
Crowberry, li. 121
Crowfoot, i. 5
Cuckoo-flower, i. 19
Cuckoo-Pint, ii. 169
Cudweed, ii. 8
Currant, i. 109

DAFFODIL, il. 147

Daisy, il. 4

Dame’s Violet, i. 22
Dandelion, ii. 33
Danewort, 1. 147
Dark-winged Orchis, ii. 134
Darnel, ii. 194

Deadly Nightshade, ii. 75
Dead-Nettle, ii. 103
Deptford-Pink, 1. 42
Devil’s Bit, i. 158
Dewberry, i. 91

Dock, il. 117

Dodder, ii. 67

Dog-Rose, i. 99
Dog’s-Mercury, ii. 119
Dog’s-Tail-Grass, ii. 188

INDEX OF ENGLISH NAMES 219

Dog’s-Tooth-Grass, ii. 187
Dog’s-Tooth- Violet, ii. 151
Dog-Violet, i. 36
Dogwood, i. 146
Dropwort, i. 90
Duckweed, ii. 169

Dutch Clover, i. 75

Dyer’s Woad, i. 32

EARTH-NUT, i. 132
Edelweiss, ii. 10

Elder, i. 147

Eln, ii. 121

Enchanter’s Nightshade, i. 121
Everlasting Pea, i. 87
Eyebright, ii. 88

FALSE OAT, ii. 186
Fennel, i. 137
Fescue-Grass, ii. 191
Feverfew, ii. 12
Fiddle-Dock, ii. 117
Field-Garlic, ii. 154
Field-Scabious, i. 158
Field-Vetch, i. 84
Figwort, ii. 79

Flag, ii. 145

Plax, 1. 57
Flea-Bane, ii. 5
Flowering-Rush, ii. 164
Fly-Honeysuckle, i. 148
Fly-Orchis, ii. 136
Fool’s-Parsley, i. 138
Forget-me-not, ii. 71
Foxglove, ii. 81
Fox-tail-Grass, ii. 181
Fritillary, ii. 158
Frog-Bit, ii. 133
Frog-Orchis, ii. 139
Frog’s-Mouth, ii. 78
Fumitory, i. 15
Furze, i. 69

| GENTIAN, ii. 62

Germander-Speedwell, ii. 82
Giant Bellflower, i. 160

| Gipsy-wort, ii. 98

Globe-Flower, i. 8
Goat’s-Beard, ii. 35
Golden Rod, ii. 5
Golden Saxifrage, i. 109
Goldilocks, ii. 6

Gold of Pleasure, i. 28
Good-King-Henry, ii. 114
Gooseberry, i. 109
Goosefoot, ii. 114
Goose-Grass, i. 150
Gorse, i. 69

Gout-Weed, i. 131
Grape-Hyacinth, ii. 156
Grasses, ii. 178

Grass of Parnassus, i. 108
Green-winged Orchis, ii. 134
Gromwell, ii. 70
Ground-Ivy, ii. 102
Ground-Pine, ii. 108
Groundsel, ii. 17
Guelder-Rose, i. 147

HARDHEAD, ii. 30
Harebell, i. 161
Hare’s-Ear, i. 129
Hare’s-Foot Trefoil, i. 75
Hautboy-Strawberry, i. 93
Hawkbit, ii. 32
Hawkweed, ii. 40
Hawthorn, i. 101

Hazel, ii. 127

Heal-all, ii. 104
Heartsease, i. 37

Hedge- Mustard, i. 20
Heliotrope, ii. 73
Helleborine, ii. 142
Hemlock, i. 126
Hemp-Agrimony, ii. 2
Hemp-Nettle, ii. 107

220 INDEX OF ENGLISH NAMES

Henbane, ii. 75
Hepatica, i. 4
Herb-Paris, ii. 168
Herb-Robert, i. 60
Holly, i. 66
Honeysuckle, i. 148
Hop, ii. 120
Hop-Trefoil, i. 76
Horehound, ii. 105
Hornbeam, ii. 128
Horned Pondweed, ii. 166
Hornwort, ii. 126
Horse-Mint, ii. 98
Horseshoe-Vetch, i. 83
Hound’s Tongue, ii. 72
House-Leek, i. 113
Hyacinth, ii. 156

Ivy) id 45
Ivy-leaved Toadflax, ii. 78

JACK-BY-THE-HEDGE, i. 20
Jacob’s Ladder, ii. 66
Juniper, ii. 196

KIDNEY VETCH, 1. 77
Knapweed, ii. 30
Knee-Holly, ii. 150
Knotgrass, ii. 116

LABURNUM, i. 71
Lady’s Bedstraw, i. 150
Lady’s Fingers, i. 77
Lady’s Mantle, i. 97
Lady’s Slipper, ii. 144
Lady’s Smock, i. 19
Lady’s Tresses, ii. 142
Lamb’s Lettuce, i. 156
Larch, ii. 197
Larkspur, i. 10
Lent-Lily, ii. 147
Leopard’s Bane, ii. 20
Lesser Celandine, i. 5

Lily, ii. 151

Lily of the Valley, i. 148
Lime, i. 59

Linden, 1. 59

Ling, ii. 44
Lizard-Orchis, ii. 136
London Pride, i. 104
Loosestrife, i. 117, i. 58
Lords-and-Ladies, ii. 169
Lousewort, ii. 89
Lovage, i. 135
Love-in-a-Puzzle, i. 9
Lucerne, i. 74

Lungwort, ii. 70

MADDER, 1. 149
Maiden-Pink, i. 42
Mallow, i. 58
Manna-Ash, ii. 49
Man-Orchis, ii. 137
Maple, i. 59
Mare’s-Tail, i. 116
Marjoram, li. 99
Marsh Mallow, i. 58
Marsh Marigold, i. 8
Marsh Orchis, ii. 135
Mat-Grass, il. 195
Meadow-Grass, li. IQI
Meadow-Rue, 1. 3
Meadow-Saffron, ii. 161
Meadow-Sweet, i. 90
Medlar, i. 100
Melick, i. 74

Melilot, i. 74
Mezereon, li. 122
Mignonette, i. 33
Milfoil, ii. 13
Milk-Parsley, i. 136
Milk-Thistle, ii. 25
Milkwort, i. 39
Millet-Grass, ii. 181
Mint, ii. 98
Mistletoe, ii. 125

INDEX OF ENGLISH NAMES

Moneywort, ii. 58
Monkshood, i. 11
Moonflower, i. 27
Moschatel, i. 147
Moses’s-Flannel, ii. 76
Moss-Campion, i. 46
Mother-of-Thousands, ii. 78
Motherwort, ii. 105
Mountain-Ash, i. 100
Mountain-Sorrel, ii. 117
Mouse-ear Chickweed, i. 48
Movsetail, i. 5

Mugwort, ii. 15

Mullein, ii. 76
Musk-Mallow, i. 58
Musk-Orchis, ii. 137
Mustard, i. 23

N1PPLEWORT, ii. 31
Nottingham-Catchfly, i. 44

OAK, ii. 127

Oat, ii. 186

Old Man’s Beard, i. 2
Onion, ii. 153
-Orache, ii. 115
Orpine, i. I10

Osier, ii. 132

Ox-eye Daisy, ii. 12
Oxlip, ii. 52

PAIGLE, ii. 52
Pansy, i. 37
Parsnip, i. 141
Pasque-Flower, i. 3
Pear, i. 100
Pearlwort, i. 54
Penny-Royal, ii. 98
Pennywort, i. 123
Peony, i. II
Peppermint, ii. 98
Periwinkle, ii. 60
Pheasant’s-Eye, i. 5

Pig-Nut, i. 131

Pilewort, i. 5

Pimpernel, ii. 58

Pink, i. 41

Plantain, ii. 110
Ploughman’s-Spikenard, ii, 7
Pondweed, ii. 166

221

Poor Man’s Weatherglass, ii. 58

Poplar, ii. 129

Poppy; 1. 13

Primrose, ii. 52

Privet, ii. 48

Purple Loosestrife, i. 117

Purple Meadow-Orchis, ii. 135

QUAKING-GRASS, ii. 190

RADISH, i. 33
Ragged-Robin, i. 46
Ragwort, ii. 17
Rampions, i. 162
Ramsons, ii. 153
Raspberry, i. 91
Red Valerian, i. 154
Reed, ii. 187
Reed-Mace, ii. 165
Rest-Harrow, i. 73
Rib-Grass, ii. 110
Rock-Rose, i. 34
Rose, i. 98
Rose-Bay, i. 119
Rose-Root, i. 110
Rowan, i. 100

Rue, i. 66

Rush, ii. 158

SAGE, li. IOI
Sainfoin, i. 83
Sallow, ii. 132
Salsify, ii. 36
Sandwort, i. 51
Sauce-alone, i. 20
Savin, ii. 196

222 INDEX OF ENGLISH NAMES

Saw-wort, li. 24
Saxifrage, i. 102
Scabious, i. 158
Scarlet Pimpernel, ii. 58
Scotch Fir, ii. 197
Scotch Rose, i. 99
Scurvy-Grass, i. 24
Sea-Buckthorn, ii. 125
Sea-Pink, ii. 48

Sedge, ii. 174
Self-heal, ii. 104
Service-Tree, i. 100
Sheep’s-Sorrel, 11. 117
Shepherd’s Needle, 1. 132
Shepherd’s Purse, i. 28
Silver Fir, ii. 198
Silver Weed, 1. 95
Skull-cap, il. 104

Sloe, i. 89

Snake’s- Head, ii. 158
Snake-Root, ii. 116
Snapdragon, ii. 78
Sneezewort, li. 13
Snowbell, ii. 56
Snowdrop, il. 147
Snowflake, ii. 148
Snowy Medlar, i. 101
Soapwort, 1. 44
Solomon’s-Seal, ii. 149
Sorrel, ii. 117
Sow-Thistle, ii. 36
Spanish Chestnut, ii. 127
Spear-Thistle, 25
Spearwort, i. 5
Speedwell, ii. $2
Spider-Orchis, ii. 137
Spindle-Tree, i. 67
Spear-Thistle, ii. 25
Spotted Meadow-Orchis, ii. 135
Spruce Fir, ii. 198
Spurge, ii. 118
Spurge-Laurel, ii. 123
Spurrey, 1. 55

Squill, ii. 156

St. Dabeoc’s Heath, ii. 44
St. John’s Wort, i. 64
Star-of-Bethlehem, ii. 155
Stinging-Nettle, ii. 120
Stinking Hellebore, i. 9
Stinking Horehound, ii. 104

_Stitchwort, i. 49

Stock, i. 16

Stonecrop, i. 112
Storksbill, i. 62
Strawberry, i. 93
Strawberry Trefoil, i. 75
Sumach, i. 68

Sundew, i. 40

Sweet-Briar, i. 99

Sweet Chestnut, ii. 127
Sweet Flag, ii. 169
Sweet-scented Orchis, ii. 138
Sweet Vernal-Grass, ii. 180
Sweet Violet, i. 36
Sweet-William, i. 41
Sycamore, i. 60

TANSY, li. 15

Tare, i. 83

Teasel, i. 157

Thistle, ii. 25
Thorn-Apple, i. 75
Thrift, 11. 48

Thyme, ii. 99
Timothy-Grass, ii. 182
Toadflax, il. 77
Toad-Rush, il. 160
Toothwort, i. 19, ii. 92
Touch-me-not, i. 64
Traveller’s Joy, i. 2
Treacle-Mustard, i. 21
Tree-Mallow, i. 58
Trefoil, i. 74

Tulip, il. 157
Turk’s-cap Lily, ii. 151
Turnip, i. 22

INDEX OF ENGLISH NAMES

Tutsan, i. 65
Twayblade, ii. 141
Twitch-Grass, ii. 194

VALERIAN, i, 154
Venus’s-Comb, i. 132
Vervain, ii. 97

Vetch, i. 84

Violet, i. 36
Viper’s-Bugloss, ii. 70

WALLFLOWER, i. 16
Wall-Pellitory, ii. 120
Wall-Pepper, i. 112
Watercress, 1. 17
Water Crowfoot, i. 8

Water-Dropwort, i. 138

Water-Hemlock, i. 128
Waterlily, i. 13
Water-Milfoil, i. 117
Water-Nut, i. 121
Water-Plantain, ii. 163
Water-Purslane, i, 118
Water-Starwort, i. 117
Water-Violet, ii. 56
Wayfaring-Tree, i. 147
Weld, i. 33

Welsh Poppy, i. 14
White Bryony, i. 122
White Mustard, 1. 23
Whitethorn, i. 101
Whitlow-Grass, 1. 25
Whortleberry, ii. 43

Wild Turnip, i. 22
Willow, ii. 130
Willow-Herb, i. 119
Winter Aconite, i. 8
Winter Cherry, ii. 74
Winter Cress, i. 17
Wind-Flower, i. 3
Winter-Green, ii. 46
Withy, ii. 131
Wood Anemone, i. 3
Wood-Avens, i. 92
Wood-Betony, ii. 106
Woodbine, i. 148
Woodruff, i, 153
Wood-Rush, ii. 160
Wood-Sage, ii. 109
Wood-Sorrel, i. 63
Wood- Vetch, i. 86
Wood-Violet, i. 36
Wormwood, ii. 15
Woundwort, ii. 106
Wych-Elm, ii, 121

YARROW, ii. 13

Yellow Archangel, li. 103

Yellow Centaury, ii. 61

Yellow Horned Poppy, i. 14
Yellow Loosestrife, ii. 58
Yellow Pimpernel, ii. 58

Yellow Rattle, ii. 86

223

Yellow Star-of-Bethlehem, ii. 154

Yew, li. 197

THE END

Printed by BALLANTYNE, Hanson & Co.

Edinburgh and London

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